L'histoire de Neuchâtel Xamax FCS débute au début du  lorsque de jeunes étudiants dont le plus jeune Max Abegglen surnommé « Xam », qui a donné son surnom et son prénom à Xamax, cherchent à créer un club de football pour jouer face à des adversaires hors de leur collège.

Après avoir été créé en 1895, le Football Club Neuchâtel fusionne avec le FC Vignoble pour devenir en 1906, le Football Club Cantonal Neuchâtel. Six ans plus tard, en 1912, c'est au tour du Football Club Xamax d'être créé. Les deux clubs fusionnent en 1970, devenant le Neuchâtel Xamax, club qui fera faillite en 2012. Neuchâtel Xamax FCS naîtra en 2013 par la fusion de Neuchâtel Xamax 1912 et du FC Serrières.

FC Neuchâtel (1895-1906)

Premier club romand en Série A (1895-1906)
En 1895, après la dissolution de Neuchâtel Rovers FC, des neuchâtelois créent le FC Neuchâtel. Il joue pour la première fois en Série A lors de la saison 1898-1899 durant laquelle il perd 0-2 face à Yverdon-Sport Football Club.

Pendant la saison 1902-1903, le FC Neuchâtel participe pour la première fois aux finales du championnat. Après s'être incliné 0-5 face aux BSC Young Boys, il termine vice-champion du championnat, à égalité avec le FC Zürich.

FC Cantonal Neuchâtel (1906-1970)

Fusion, consécration et exploit (1906-1970)
Le , le Football Club Vignoble et le FC Neuchâtel fusionnent pour donner naissance au FC Cantonal Neuchâtel.

Dès sa création, le club joue en Série A et devient, le , champion de Suisse après avoir gagné face aux Old Boys de Bâle 5 à 1.

Le , le club inaugure le stade de la Maladière sous forme de tournoi opposant les Young Fellows de Zürich, les Young Boys de Berne, le Servette FC de Genève et le FC Cantonal Neuchâtel.

Le , le FC Cantonal Neuchâtel perd la finale de la Coupe de Suisse de football, se jouant au stade du Wankdorf, face au Lausanne-Sport (score final 0-4). La finale avait été joué un mois auparavant, mais le score avait été de 1-1 après prolongations.

Lors de son existence, le FC Cantonal Neuchâtel, n'est jamais descendu en dessous de la deuxième division suisse de football.

Le , le FC Cantonal Neuchâtel et dix autres clubs de la ville de Neuchâtel s'unissent sous le nom de Neuchâtel-Sport.

FC Xamax (1912-1970)

Genèse (1912-1943)
Aux alentours des années 1910, une équipe d'étudiants organise des matches de football, dans la cour du collège latin, le lieu où ils étudient, puis sur le terrain du Mail, à Neuchâtel. Entre 1912 et 1916, sous l'impulsion de Max Abegglen, ils décident de se structurer, afin de pouvoir jouer face à d'autres adversaires. La première assemblée générale se déroula, donc, le mardi , lors duquel ils décident de donner le nom de FC Xamax, à leur nouveau club. Xamax reprend le surnom et le prénom du plus jeune de l'équipe (Max Abegglen).

Un mois plus tard, le , le FC Xamax joue son premier match face au FC Columbia, à Colombier et le gagne 11 à 1.

Pendant les années 1920, le club construit son propre terrain, à Marin. À cause du manque de matérielle et de terrain, et malgré une fusion avec le FC Recordham de Colombier afin de pouvoir bénéficier du terrain des Allées, le club arrête la compétition. En 1927, il recommence la compétition en alignant plusieurs victoires, les menant en  ligue dès 1934. Malheureusement, c'est à nouveau un manque de terrain qui obligera le club à cesser son activité en 1943.

Après-guerre (1943-1970)
En 1953, le club est repris par Roger Facchinetti, surnommé « Galette ». Après avoir recommencer en  ligue lors de la saison 1953-54, le FC Xamax est promu l'année suivante en  ligue, puis en  ligue durant la saison 1954-55, lors de laquelle, le club eût marqué  pour 9 encaissés.

À la fin de la saison 1959-1960, le FC Xamax est promu en  ligue, puis  plus tard, le , il accède à la ligue nationale B.

Neuchâtel Xamax (1970-2012)

Naissance de Neuchâtel Xamax (1970-1986)
Fin des années 1960, les problèmes de terrain subsistent, donnant lieu à des discussions entre le FC Xamax et le FC Cantonal Neuchâtel.

Le , les deux clubs se réunissent, faisant naître Neuchâtel Xamax.

Gabriel Monachon, le médiateur  des négociations, est nommé président de Neuchâtel Xamax et Gilbert Facchinetti, le neveu de Roger Facchinetti, directeur sportif.

Au milieu des années 1970, au terme de la saison 1972-73 le club accède à la Ligue Nationale A. Neuchâtel Xamax termine alors sa première saison à la  place et atteint la finale de la coupe, perdue contre le FC Sion.

Pendant les années 1970, l'équipe termine entre le milieu et le bas du classement de la ligue national A. Les joueurs de football, les plus connus, sont Gilbert Gress, entraîneur-joueur entre 1975 et 1977, Michel Decastel pendant la saison 1978-79, Hans-Peter Zaugg, Christian Gross et Christian Constantin, entraînés par Erich Vogel. En 1979, Gilbert Facchinetti devient le président du club.

Lors du championnat 1980-81, l'équipe prend la  place du championnat et se qualifie pour la coupe UEFA. Cette année, Gilbert Gress revient au poste d'entraineur et Neuchâtel Xamax gagne ses 3 premières confrontations, en Coupe de l'UEFA, face au Sparta Prague (6-3 au total), à Malmö (2-0 au total) et au Sporting Lisbonne (1-0 au total), avant de perdre en quarts de finale contre le FC Hambourg (2-3), finaliste de cette même coupe.

Lors de la saison 1984-85, Neuchâtel Xamax termine le championnat à la  place du classement, il perd en finale de la coupe contre le FC Aarau et est éliminé au premier tour de la coupe UEFA contre l'Olympiakos Pirée (score final 2-3).

Ueli Stielike arrive en provenance du Real Madrid, durant la saison 1985-86, dans le contingent composé de joueurs tels que Engel, Hermann, Don Givens, Perret, Mottiez, Ryf et Lüthi. L'équipe atteint pour la deuxième fois de son histoire les quarts de finale de la coupe UEFA lors desquels, elle perd 2-3, face au Real Madrid, malgré une victoire par 2-0 au stade de la Maladière, devant près de . Elle arrive à la deuxième place du championnat avec  de moins que le premier.

Consécration (1986-1998)
Lors de la saison 1986-87, Neuchâtel Xamax devient champion de Suisse avec  d'avance sur le deuxième. La victoire finale sera assisté de plus de , contre le FC Aarau, le titre ayant été acquis lors du match précédent (score final 1-1) face à Lausanne. La saison qui suit, le club remporte son deuxième titre national (1987-88), dans le dernier match avec une victoire au stade de la Maladière et perd en huitièmes de finale de la coupe des clubs champions européens après s'être imposé contre le Bayern Munich par 2-1 à domicile et avoir perdu par 0-2 à L'Olympiastadion.

Les 2 saisons suivantes, le club annonce le départ de Gilbert Gress et l'arrivée de Roy Hodgson. Il finit, les , dans le milieu de classement du championnat et perd sa troisième finale de coupe face à Grasshoppers. En huitièmes de finale de la coupe des clubs champions européens de 1988-1989, le club perd 3-5 score final face à Galatasaray. Trois ans plus tard, en coupe UEFA 1991-1992, Neuchâtel Xamax, gagne face au Celtic de Glasgow 5-1, à la Maladière, dont quatre buts inscrit par le surnommé « Papin africain » (Hossam Hassan). Le huitième de finale qui s'ensuit est la retrouvaille avec le Real de Madrid. Neuchâtel Xamax victorieux à l'aller (1 à 0 à Neuchâtel), perd le match retour (0-0 à la mi-temps, au Santiago Bernabéu, puis 4-0, à la fin du match).

Roy Hodgson appelé en 1992 à entraîner l'équipe nationale suisse à plein temps, Neuchâtel Xamax procède à un échange avec Ueli Stielike, l'entraîneur de la Suisse, après que Roy Hodgson ait entraîné les deux équipes durant quelques mois. Début 1992, Stéphane Henchoz, futur défenseur de Hambourg et Liverpool, effectue ses tout débuts au sein du club.

En 1994, Gilbert Gress fait son retour à la tête de l'équipe neuchâteloise et Xamax, retrouve les compétitions européennes et finit deuxième du championnat suisse de 1996-97. En Coupe UEFA 1995-1996 et 1996-1997, il élimine l'Étoile rouge Belgrade et le Dynamo Kiev, puis à la coupe UEFA 1997-1998 doit concéder sa première défaite européenne à domicile par 0-2 contre l'Inter de Milan, ceci après 28 rondes sans défaite en coupe d'Europe, à domicile. Cette même saison sera la dernière pour Gilbert Gress qui quitte son poste.

La stabilité et un nouveau stade (1998-2011)
Alain Geiger devient entraîneur en 1998 mais, contraint par des finances de plus en plus maigres, se lance dans un long travail de formation de jeunes joueurs. Le club reste stable pendant 2 saisons (1998-99 et 1999-2000), mais est condamné deux saisons d'affilée à passer la moitié de l'année à disputer le tour contre la relégation. Mais les incertitudes quant à l'avenir sportif et surtout financier du club sont de plus en plus présentes dans les médias et des rumeurs de reprise du club par des investisseurs étrangers également.

En  Claude Ryf remplace Alain Geiger, lui aussi un héros du club. Ce dernier, poursuivant la politique formatrice de son prédécesseur obtint des résultats positifs, Neuchâtel Xamax termine  du championnat, à 21 et  de Grasshoppers et Bâle. Cette fin de saison 2002-03 se produit également la  défaite de Neuchâtel Xamax en finale de coupe par 6-0 contre le FC Bâle au Stade Saint-Jacques. Pendant la saison 2003-2004, une sortie en coupe UEFA face à l'AJ Auxerre précéda une série de défaites et matchs nuls, de manque de financement, de rumeurs quant à un repreneur du club et d'un stade qui ne répond plus aux normes UEFA et ASF. La ville de Neuchâtel, à qui appartient le stade de la Maladière, parvient à un accord avec une entreprise générale afin d'obtenir la construction d'un nouveau stade de la Maladière.

Dès , Neuchâtel Xamax joue au stade de la Charrière, à la Chaux-de-Fonds, pendant , durant la construction du nouveau stade, qui ouvre au .

En , Gilbert Facchinetti, le président de Xamax qui aura passé  à la tête du club cède ce dernier à Alain Pedretti.

Les finances et la situation sportive étant mauvaise, l'investisseur français Alain Pedretti, malgré une minorité de pour, parvient à prendre une prise de participation dans le capital de la société anonyme du club, affichant des ambitions sportives pour Neuchâtel Xamax. Pedretti écarte Ryf, après plusieurs mauvais résultats, et place René Lobello et Christophe Moulin à la tête de l'équipe. Neuchâtel Xamax sauve sa place dans la ligue nationale A, dans un match de barrage, gagné 2-0, 1-2 contre le FC Vaduz.

Fin 2004, malgré une assemblée générale de réconciliation entre les actionnaires Fachinetti et Pedretti, une tension s'installe et Gianni Della Casa, le manager du club, s'en va au FC Sion.  Le , une nouvelle équipe au Conseil d'administration est nommée et Sylvio Bernasconi devient le président du club.

Début 2005, René Lobello  démissionne et Alain Geiger est appelé à la tête de l'équipe. L'équipe termine la saison au  rang, et se qualifie pour la coupe Intertoto.

Après une dizaine de matches dans le championnat de Suisse 2005-06, Miroslav Blazevic,  de la Coupe du Monde 1998 en tant qu'entraîneur avec l'Équipe de Croatie de football, remplace Alain Geiger.

À la fin de la saison 2005-06, Neuchâtel Xamax finit  du championnat, à  de la  place. Il affronte donc le FC Sion en match de barrage. Alors que le match aller, à l'extérieur, se termine sur un score de 0-0, le match retour est une défaite de 0-3, qui fait relégué le club en ligue nationale B. La première fois de  de présence discontinue en  division Suisse. Malgré une déception énorme, la perspective d'un avenir meilleur fait son effet dans le club.

Fin , le contrat de Miroslav Blazevic n'est pas reconduit et Gérard Castella est intronisé entraineur. Pendant la saison 2006-07, seule une moitié de l'équipe de la saison précédente est conservée, auxquels des renforts sont venus s'ajouter afin de viser l'objectif de Neuchâtel Xamax, durant cette saison : la remontée immédiate.

La faillite de Neuchâtel Xamax (2011-2012)
Début , Sylvio Bernasconi, le président du club, vend ses actions à Bulat Chagaev, un citoyen russe d'origine tchétchène, qui devient ainsi le nouveau propriétaire. L'ancien footballeur russe Andreï Rudakov est nommé président du club le  lors de l'assemblée générale du club.

Inculpé de gestion déloyale, Bulat Chagaev est placé en détention provisoire le . Le vice-président de Xamax, Islam Satujev, est également inculpé pour gestion déloyale et emprisonné à Neuchâtel le .

En , la presse révèle que les dirigeants de Xamax subventionnaient des associations islamiques.

La licence de Neuchâtel Xamax FC est retirée avec effet immédiat le  par la Swiss Football League (SFL). Xamax ne participe plus à la Super League où il occupait la  place en . La SFL justifie cette décision par les retards dans le paiement des salaires de joueurs et par la non-présentation des documents financiers.

Bulat Chagaev libère les joueurs de l'équipe première le . Deux jours plus tard, le club dépose le bilan12. Dans la foulée, la justice neuchâteloise prononce la faillite de Neuchâtel Xamax.

Neuchâtel Xamax FCS (depuis 2013)

La fusion avec le FC Serrières (depuis 2013)
Après la faillite qui a dévasté Neuchâtel Xamax au début de l'année 2012, le mouvement junior est sauvé par la Fondation Gilbert Facchinetti et une  équipe est remise sur pied par un comité, le président Christian Binggeli et son fils Grégory, vice-président.

Le , le FC Serrières fusionne avec Neuchâtel Xamax 1912 pour devenir Neuchâtel Xamax FCS.

À sa création, les dirigeants du nouveau club avaient comme objectif de faire revivre une  équipe afin que ses fans puissent continuer de vibrer pour elle. Cet objectif est atteint grâce à l'affluence au stade de la Maladière et parce que le club est passé de  ligue interrégionale à la Super League en . En 2013, il est champion de  ligue interrégionale, champion de  ligue classique en 2014, champion de Promotion League en 2015, deux fois vice-champion de Challenge League en 2016 et en 2017 et c'est en 2018 que les Rouge et Noir retrouvent la Super League. Un record de promotions successives inégalé, à ce jour, en Suisse.

En 2019, après une saison passé en Super League, le club, avant-dernier, doit passer par les barrages, face au FC Aarau, pour se sauver. Neuchâtel Xamax FCS perd 0-4, à la maison, au match aller, mais retourne le score au match retour (4-0) et gagne au tir au but et se sauve, notamment grâce au seul arrêt de la série de tirs au but, arrêté par le gardien neuchâtelois Laurent Walthert.

Au milieu de la saison 2018-2019, Stéphane Henchoz remplace Michel Decastel (arrivé en 2015), jusqu'à la fin de l'année. Il est ensuite remplacé à la fin de l'année par Joël Magnin.

À la fin de la saison 2019-2020, le club termine dernier du championnat et relègue,  après la faillite du club, en Challenge League.

Le , Christian Binggeli, président ayant redressé le club après sa faillite, quitte la présidence pour la transmettre à, son actionnaire depuis 2020, Jean-François Collet.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
FC Neuchâtel
FC Xamax
FC Cantonal Neuchâtel
Neuchâtel Xamax
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS
Stade de la Maladière (1924 – 2004)
Stade de la Maladière

FC Neuchâtel
FC Cantonal Neuchâtel
FC Xamax
Neuchâtel Xamax
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS

Histoire de Neuchâtel Xamax FCS


Urban agriculture refers to various practices of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in urban areas. The term also applies to the area activities of animal husbandry, aquaculture, beekeeping, and horticulture in an urban context. Urban agriculture is distinguished from peri-urban agriculture, which takes place in rural areas at the edge of suburbs.

Urban agriculture can appear at varying levels of economic and social development. It can involve a movement of organic growers, "foodies" and "locavores," who seek to form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism. These networks can develop by way of formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development. For others, food security, nutrition, and income generation are key motivations for the practice. In either case, the more direct access to fresh vegetable, fruit, and meat products that may be realised through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety while decreasing food miles, leading to lower greenhouse gas emissions, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation.

History
Some of the first evidence of urban agriculture comes from Mesopotamia. Farmers would set aside small plots of land for farming within the city's walls. (3500BC) In Persia's semi-desert towns, oases were fed through aqueducts carrying mountain water to support intensive food production, nurtured by wastes from the communities. In Machu Picchu, water was conserved and reused as part of the stepped architecture of the city, and vegetable beds were designed to gather sun in order to prolong the growing season.

 The idea of supplemental food production beyond rural farming operations and distant imports is not new. It was used during war and depression times when food shortage issues arose, as well as during times of relative abundance. Allotment gardens emerged in Germany in the early 19th century as a response to poverty and food insecurity.
In 1893, citizens of a depression-struck Detroit were asked to use vacant lots to grow vegetables. They were nicknamed Pingree's Potato Patches after the mayor, Hazen S. Pingree, who came up with the idea. He intended for these gardens to produce income, food supply, and boost independence during times of hardship. Victory gardens sprouted during WWI and WWII and were fruit, vegetable, and herb gardens in the US, Canada, and UK. This effort was undertaken by citizens to reduce pressure on food production that was to support the war effort.

During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson called upon all American citizens to utilize any available open food growth, seeing this as a way to pull them out of a potentially damaging situation. Since most of Europe was consumed with war, they were unable to produce sufficient food supplies to be shipped to the US and a new plan was implemented with the goal of feeding the US and even supply a surplus to other countries in need. By 1919, over 5 million plots were growing food and over 500 million pounds of produce was harvested.

A very similar practice came into use during the Great Depression that provided a purpose, job and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times. These efforts helped raise spirits and boost economic growth. Over 2.8 million dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression. By World War II, the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities. With this new plan in action, as many as 5.5 million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over nine million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for 44% of US-grown produce throughout that time.

Main types

There is no overarching term for agricultural plots in urban areas.  Gardens and farms, while not easy to define, are the two main types. According to the USDA, a farm is "any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold." In Europe, the term "city farm" is used to include gardens and farms. Any plot with produce being grown in it can be considered an urban farm.  Size does not matter, it is more about growing produce on your own in your personal plot or garden.

Gardens
Many communities make community gardening accessible to the public, providing space for citizens to cultivate plants for food, recreation and education. In many cities, small plots of land and also rooftops are used for community members to garden. Community gardens give citizens the opportunity to learn about horticulture through trial and error and get a better understanding of the process of producing food and other plants. All while still being able to feed those people in need from the community.  It holds as both a learning experience as well as a means of help for those people in need.  A community gardening program that is well-established is Seattle's P-Patch. The grassroots permaculture movement has been hugely influential in the renaissance of urban agriculture throughout the world. During the 1960s a number of community gardens were established in the United Kingdom, influenced by the community garden movement in the United States. Bristol's Severn Project was established in 2010 for £2500 and provides 34 tons of produce per year, employing people from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Farms

The first urban agriculture method of growing occurs when family farms maintain their land as the city grows around it. City farms/Urban farms are agricultural plots in urban areas, that have people working with animals and plants to produce food. They are usually community-run gardens seeking to improve community relationships and offer an awareness of agriculture and farming to people who live in urbanized areas. Although the name says urban, urban farming does not have to be in the urban area, it can be in the backyard of a house, or the rooftop of an apartment building.  They are important sources of food security for many communities around the globe. City farms vary in size from small plots in private yards to larger farms that occupy a number of acres. In 1996, a United Nations report estimated there are over 800 million people worldwide who grow food and raise livestock in cities.  Although some city farms have paid employees, most rely heavily on volunteer labour, and some are run by volunteers alone. Other city farms operate as partnerships with local authorities.

An early city farm was set up in 1972 in Kentish Town, London. It combines farm animals with gardening space, an addition inspired by children's farms in the Netherlands. Other city farms followed across London and the United Kingdom. In Australia, several city farms exist in various capital cities. In Melbourne, the Collingwood Children's Farm was established in 1979 on the Abbotsford Precinct Heritage Farmlands (the APHF), the oldest continually farmed land in Victoria, farmed since 1838.

In 2010, New York City saw the building and opening of the world's largest privately owned and operated rooftop farm, followed by an even larger location in 2012. Both were a result of municipal programs such as The Green Roof Tax Abatement Program and Green Infrastructure Grant Program.

In Singapore, hydroponic rooftop farms (which also rely on vertical farming) are appearing. The goal behind these is to rejuvenate areas and workforces that have thus far been marginalized. Simultaneously top level pesticide-free produce will be grown and harvested.

Aquaponics systems

Aquaponics is a closed-loop farming technique that ingeniously combines aquaculture and hydroponics to create a self-sustaining ecosystem. In this mutually beneficial relationship, fish waste serves as a natural fertilizer for the plants, while the plants filter and purify the water for the fish. This ingenious system not only minimizes water usage but also eliminates the need for chemical fertilizers, making it an eco-friendly and resource-efficient method of food production.

The origins of aquaponics can be traced back to the ancient Aztecs in Mexico, who practiced a form of this method by cultivating crops on floating rafts in nutrient-rich waters. In modern times, researchers like Dr. Mark McMurtry and Dr. James Rakocy further developed and popularized aquaponics during the 1970s and 1980s.

In practice, fish are raised in a tank, and their waste releases ammonia. Beneficial bacteria then convert the ammonia into nitrites and nitrates, which serve as essential nutrients for the plants. As the plants take up these nutrients, they cleanse the water, which is recirculated back to the fish tank, completing the sustainable loop.

Vertical farming

Vertical farming has emerged as a solution for sustainable urban agriculture, enabling crops to be cultivated in vertically stacked layers or inclined surfaces, within controlled indoor environments. This approach maximizes space utilization and facilitates year-round cultivation, making it an ideal choice for densely populated urban areas with limited land availability.

The concept of vertical farming dates back to the early 20th century, but its recent popularity has surged due to the challenges posed by urbanization and the growing demand for sustainable food production. Vertical farms have gained significant traction globally as they offer solutions to overcome the limitations associated with traditional agriculture.

In practice, vertical farms employ advanced techniques such as hydroponics or aeroponics, allowing plants to grow without soil by using nutrient-rich water or air instead. By utilizing vertical space, these farms achieve higher crop yields per square foot compared to conventional farming methods. The integration of artificial lighting and sophisticated climate control systems ensures optimal conditions for crop growth throughout the year.

Singapore stands at the forefront of the vertical farming movement, embracing this technology-driven agriculture to address its limited land availability and secure food sustainability. As a densely populated city-state, Singapore's adoption of vertical farming showcases how innovative approaches to agriculture can effectively tackle the challenges of urban living while promoting sustainable food production.

Indoor farms

Indoor farming is a method involves cultivating plants indoors, free from the constraints of traditional agriculture such as weather fluctuations and limited land availability.

The concept of indoor farming emerged as a solution to the challenges faced by conventional farming methods. With unpredictable weather patterns and urbanization taking up valuable arable land, indoor farming offers a sustainable alternative.

In practice, indoor farms utilize advanced techniques like hydroponics, aeroponics, or aquaponics to cultivate plants. These systems provide a soil-less environment, ensuring efficient use of resources and optimal plant growth. Climate control systems play a crucial role in maintaining the perfect conditions for crops, regulating temperature, humidity, and lighting. Artificial lighting, often powered by energy-efficient LED technology, ensures that plants receive the right light spectrum for photosynthesis, resulting in healthy and abundant harvests.

Perspectives

Resource and economic
The Urban Agriculture Network has defined urban agriculture as:

An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely
in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or metropolis, many types of privately and publicly held land and water bodies were found throughout intra-urban and
peri-urban areas. Typically urban agriculture applies intensive production methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air-based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, livelihood, and environment of the individual, household, and community.

With rising urbanization, food resources in urban areas are less accessible than in rural areas. This disproportionately affects the poorest communities, and the lack of food access and increased risk of malnutrition has been linked to socioeconomic inequities. Economic barriers to food access are linked to capitalist market structures and lead to "socioeconomic inequities in food choices", "less... healthful foods", and phenomena such as food deserts. Additionally, racialized systems of governance of urban poor communities facilitates the increasing prominence of issues such as unemployment, poverty, access to health, educational and social resources, including a community's access to healthy food.

Today, some cities have much vacant land due to urban sprawl and home foreclosures. This land could be used to address food insecurity. One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need. This would prevent up to $115 million in annual economic leakage. Using the rooftop space of New York City would also be able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields. Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food. Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of food waste. In order to fund these projects, it would require financial capital in the form of private enterprises or government funding.

Environmental

The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) defines urban agriculture to include aspects of environmental health, remediation, and recreation:

Urban agriculture is a complex system encompassing a spectrum of interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production, processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a multiplicity of other benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented. These include recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well being; landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation.

Modern planning and design initiatives are often more responsive to this model of urban agriculture because it fits within the current scope of sustainable design. The definition allows for a multitude of interpretations across cultures and time. Frequently it is tied to policy decisions to build sustainable cities.

Urban farms also provide unique opportunities for individuals, especially those living in cities, to get actively involved with ecological citizenship. By reconnecting with food production and nature, urban community gardening teaches individuals the skills necessary to participate in a democratic society. Decisions must be made on a group-level basis in order to run the farm. Most effective results are achieved when residents of a community are asked to take on more active roles in the farm.

Urban farming is not as regulated as commercial farming.  So chemicals can be applied and not regulated like a commercial grower would.  There is nothing in place that will tell anyone what was applied.  It is not regulated as strict so a lot can happen without being known, as far as what is applied.

Food security

Access to nutritious food, both economically and geographically, is another perspective in the effort to locate food and livestock production in cities. The tremendous influx of the world population to urban areas has increased the need for fresh and safe food. The Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC) defines food security as:

All persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all times.

Areas faced with food security issues have limited choices, often relying on highly processed fast food or convenience store foods that are high in calories and low in nutrients, which may lead to elevated rates of diet-related illnesses such as diabetes. These problems have brought about the concept of food justice which Alkon and Norgaard (2009; 289) explain that, "places access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food in the contexts of institutional racism, racial formation, and racialized geographies... Food justice serves as a theoretical and political bridge between scholarship and activism on sustainable agriculture, food insecurity, and environmental justice."

Some systematic reviews have already explored urban agriculture contribution to food security and other determinants of health outcomes (see )

Urban agriculture is part of a larger discussion of the need for alternative agricultural paradigms to address food insecurity, inaccessibility of fresh foods, and unjust practices on multiple levels of the food system; and this discussion has been led by different actors, including food-insecure individuals, farm workers, educators and academics, policymakers, social movements, organizations, and marginalized people globally.

The issue of food security is accompanied by the related movements of food justice and food sovereignty. These movements incorporate urban agriculture in how they address food-resources of a community. Food sovereignty, in addition to promoting food access, also seeks to address the power dynamics and political economy of food; it accounts for the embedded power structures of the food system, ownership of production, and decision-making on multiple levels (i.e. growing, processing, and distribution): Under this framework, representative decision-making and responsiveness to the community are core features.

Agroecological

Agroecology is a scientific framework, movement, and applied practice of agricultural management systems that seeks to achieve food sovereignty within food systems and prioritizes sustainability, farmer and consumer well-being, traditional knowledge revival, and democratized learning systems. Transdisciplinarity and diversity of knowledge is a central theme to agroecology, so many urban agroecology initiatives address topics of social justice, gender empowerment, ecological sustainability, indigenous sovereignty, and participation in addition to promoting food access.

Under an agroecological framework, urban agriculture has the potential to play a role as a "public space, as an economic development strategy, and as a community-organizing tool" while alleviating food insecurity.

Impact
In general, Urban and peri urban agriculture (UPA) contributes to food availability, particularly of fresh produce, provides employment and income and can contribute to the food security and nutrition of urban dwellers.

Economic
Urban and Peri-urban agriculture (UPA) expands the economic base of the city through production, processing, packaging, and marketing of consumable products. This results in an increase in entrepreneurial activities and the creation of jobs, as well as reducing food costs and improving quality. UPA provides employment, income, and access to food for urban populations, which helps to relieve chronic and emergency food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity refers to less affordable food and growing urban poverty, while emergency food insecurity relates to breakdowns in the chain of food distribution. UPA plays an important role in making food more affordable and in providing emergency supplies of food. Research into market values for produce grown in urban gardens has been attributed to a community garden plot a median yield value of between approximately $200 and $500 (US, adjusted for inflation).

Social

Urban agriculture can have a large impact on the social and emotional well-being of individuals. UA can have an overall positive impact on community health, which directly impacts individuals social and emotional well-being. Urban gardens are often places that facilitate positive social interaction, which also contributes to overall social and emotional well-being. Many gardens facilitate the improvement of social networks within the communities that they are located. For many neighborhoods, gardens provide a "symbolic focus", which leads to increased neighborhood pride. Urban agriculture increases community participation through diagnostic workshops or different commissions in the area of vegetable gardens. Activities which involve hundreds of people.

When individuals come together around UA, physical activity levels are often increased.  This can also raise serotonin levels akin to working out at a gym. There is the added element of walking/biking to the gardens, further increasing physical activity and the benefits of being outdoors.

UPA can be seen as a means of improving the livelihood of people living in and around cities. Taking part in such practices is seen mostly as an informal activity, but in many cities where inadequate, unreliable, and irregular access to food is a recurring problem, urban agriculture has been a positive response to tackling food concerns. Due to the food security that comes with UA, feelings of independence and empowerment often arise. The ability to produce and grow food for oneself has also been reported to improve levels of self-esteem or of self-efficacy. Households and small communities take advantage of vacant land and contribute not only to their household food needs but also the needs of their resident city. The CFSC states that:

Community and residential gardening, as well as small-scale farming, save household food dollars. They promote nutrition and free cash for non-garden foods and other items. As an example, you can raise your own chickens on an urban farm and have fresh eggs for only $0.44 per dozen.

This allows families to generate larger incomes selling to local grocers or to local outdoor markets while supplying their household with the proper nutrition of fresh and nutritional products. With the popularity of farmers markets recently, this has allowed an even larger income.

Some community urban farms can be quite efficient and help women find work, who in some cases are marginalized from finding employment in the formal economy. Studies have shown that participation from women have a higher production rate, therefore producing the adequate amount for household consumption while supplying more for market sale.

As most UA activities are conducted on vacant municipal land, there have been raising concerns about the allocation of land and property rights. The IDRC and the FAO have published the Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture, and are working with municipal governments to create successful policy measures that can be incorporated in urban planning.

Over a third of US households, roughly 42 million, participate in food gardening.  There has also been an increase of 63% participation in farming by millennials from 2008 to 2013. US households participating in community gardening has also tripled from 1 to 3 million in that time frame. Urban agriculture provides unique opportunities to bridge diverse communities together. In addition, it provides opportunities for health care providers to interact with their patients. Thus, making each community garden a hub that is reflective of the community.

Energy efficiency

The current industrial agriculture system is accountable for high energy costs for the transportation of foodstuffs. According to a study by Rich Pirog, associate director of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, the average conventional produce item travels , using, if shipped by tractor-trailer,  of fossil fuel per . The energy used to transport food is decreased when urban agriculture can provide cities with locally grown food. Pirog found that traditional, non-local, food distribution system used 4 to 17 times more fuel and emitted 5 to 17 times more  than the local and regional transport.

Similarly, in a study by Marc Xuereb and Region of Waterloo Public Health, it was estimated that switching to locally-grown food could save transport-related emissions equivalent to nearly 50,000 metric tons of , or the equivalent of taking 16,191 cars off the road.

In theory one would save money, but everything is being run on the house's power grid most of the time.  So prices can vary according to when you water, or how you water, etc.

Carbon footprint
As mentioned above, the energy-efficient nature of urban agriculture can reduce each city's carbon footprint by reducing the amount of transport that occurs to deliver goods to the consumer. Such areas can act as carbon sinks offsetting some of the carbon accumulation that is innate to urban areas, where pavement and buildings outnumber plants. Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide () and release breathable oxygen (O2) through photosynthesis. The process of Carbon Sequestration can be further improved by combining other agriculture techniques to increase removal from the atmosphere and prevent the release of  during harvest time. However, this process relies heavily on the types of plants selected and the methodology of farming. Specifically, choosing plants that do not lose their leaves and remain green all year can increase the farm's ability to sequester carbon.

Reduction in ozone and particulate matter
The reduction in ozone and other particulate matter can benefit human health.  Reducing these particulates and ozone gases could reduce mortality rates in urban areas along with increase the health of those living in cities.
A 2011 article found that a rooftop containing 2000 m2 of uncut grass has the potential to remove up to 4000 kg of particulate matter and that one square meter of green roof is sufficient to offset the annual particulate matter emissions of a car.

Soil decontamination

Vacant urban lots are often victims to illegal dumping of hazardous chemicals and other wastes. They are also liable to accumulate standing water and "grey water", which can be dangerous to public health, especially left stagnant for long periods. The implementation of urban agriculture in these vacant lots can be a cost-effective method for removing these chemicals. In the process known as Phytoremediation, plants and the associated microorganisms are selected for their chemical ability to degrade, absorb, convert to an inert form, and remove toxins from the soil.  Several chemicals can be targeted for removal, including heavy metals (e.g. Mercury and lead), inorganic compounds (e.g. Arsenic and Uranium), and organic compounds (e.g. petroleum and chlorinated compounds like PBCs).

Phytoremeditation is both an environmentally-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient measure to reduce pollution. Phytoremediation only costs about $5–$40 per ton of soil being decontaminated. Implementation of this process also reduces the amount of soil that must be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill.

Urban agriculture as a method to mediate chemical pollution can be effective in preventing the spread of these chemicals into the surrounding environment. Other methods of remediation often disturb the soil and force the chemicals contained within it into the air or water. Plants can be used as a method to remove chemicals and also to hold the soil and prevent erosion of contaminated soil decreasing the spread of pollutants and the hazard presented by these lots.

One way of identifying soil contamination is through using already well-established plants as bioindicators of soil health. Using well-studied plants is important because there has already been substantial bodies of work to test them in various conditions, so responses can be verified with certainty. Such plants are also valuable because they are genetically identical as crops as opposed to natural variants of the same species. Typically urban soil has had the topsoil stripped away and has led to soil with low aeration, porosity, and drainage. Typical measures of soil health are microbial biomass and activity, enzymes, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen, available nutrients, porosity, aggregate stability, and compaction. A new measurement is active carbon (AC), which is the most usable portion of the total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil. This contributes greatly to the functionality of the soil food web. Using common crops, which are generally well-studied, as bioindicators can be used to effectively test the quality of an urban farming plot before beginning planting.

Noise pollution
Large amounts of noise pollution not only lead to lower property values and high frustration, they can be damaging to human hearing and health. The study "Noise exposure and public health" found that exposure to continual noise is a public health problem. Examples of the detriment of continual noise on humans to include: "hearing impairment, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance." Since most roofs or vacant lots consist of hard flat surfaces that reflect sound waves instead of absorbing them, adding plants that can absorb these waves has the potential to lead to a vast reduction in noise pollution.

Nutrition and quality of food
Daily intake of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to a decreased risk of chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Urban agriculture is associated with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables which decreases risk for disease and can be a cost-effective way to provide citizens with quality, fresh produce in urban settings.

Produce from urban gardens can be perceived to be more flavorful and desirable than store bought produce which may also lead to a wider acceptance and higher intake. A Flint, Michigan study found that those participating in community gardens consumed fruits and vegetables 1.4 times more per day and were 3.5 times more likely to consume fruits or vegetables at least 5 times daily (p. 1).  Garden-based education can also yield nutritional benefits in children. An Idaho study reported a positive association between school gardens and increased intake of fruit, vegetables, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber among sixth graders. Harvesting fruits and vegetables initiates the enzymatic process of nutrient degradation which is especially detrimental to water soluble vitamins such as ascorbic acid and thiamin. The process of blanching produce in order to freeze or can reduce nutrient content slightly, but not nearly as much as the amount of time spent in storage. Harvesting produce from one's own community garden cuts back on storage times significantly.

Urban agriculture also provides quality nutrition for low-income households. Studies show that every $1 invested in a community garden yields $6 worth of vegetables if labor is not considered a factor in investment. Many urban gardens reduce the strain on food banks and other emergency food providers by donating shares of their harvest and providing fresh produce in areas that otherwise might be food deserts. The supplemental nutrition program Women, Infants and Children (WIC) as well as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have partnered with several urban gardens nationwide to improve the accessibility to produce in exchange for a few hours of volunteer gardening work.

Urban farming has been shown to increase health outcomes. Gardeners consume twice as much fruit and vegetables than non-gardeners. Levels of physical activity are also positively associated with urban farming. These results are seen indirectly and can be supported by the social involvement in an individual's community as a member of the community farm. This social involvement helped raise the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood, boosting the motivation or efficacy of the community as a whole. This increased efficacy was shown to increase neighborhood attachment. Therefore, the positive health outcomes of urban farming can be explained in part by interpersonal and social factors that boost health. Focusing on improving the aesthetics and community relationships and not only on the plant yield, is the best way to maximize the positive effect of urban farms on a neighborhood.

Economy of scale
Using high-density urban farming  with vertical farms or stacked greenhouses, many environmental benefits can be achieved on a citywide scale that would be impossible otherwise. These systems do not only provide food, but also produce potable water from waste water, and can recycle organic waste back to energy and nutrients. At the same time, they can reduce food-related transportation to a minimum while providing fresh food for large communities in almost any climate.

Health inequalities and food justice
A 2009 report by the USDA determined that "evidence is both abundant and robust enough for us to conclude that Americans living in low-income and minority areas tend to have poor access to healthy food", and that the "structural inequalities" in these neighborhoods "contribute to inequalities in diet and diet-related outcomes".  These diet-related outcomes, including obesity and diabetes, have become epidemic in low-income urban environments in the United States. Although the definition and methods for determining "food deserts" have varied, studies indicate that, at least in the United States,  there are racial disparities in the food environment. Thus using the definition of environment as the place where people live, work, play and pray, food disparities become an issue of environmental justice. This is especially true in American inner-cities where a history of racist practices have contributed to the development of food deserts in the low-income, minority areas of the urban core. The issue of inequality is so integral to the issues of food access and health that the Growing Food & Justice for All Initiative was founded with the mission of "dismantling racism" as an integral part of creating food security.

Not only can urban agriculture provide healthy, fresh food options, but also can contribute to a sense of community, aesthetic improvement, crime reduction, minority empowerment and autonomy, and even preserve culture through the use of farming methods and heirloom seeds preserved from areas of origin.

Environmental justice
Urban agriculture may advance environmental justice and food justice for communities living in food deserts.  First, urban agriculture may reduce racial and class disparities in access to healthy food. When urban agriculture leads to locally grown fresh produce sold at affordable prices in food deserts, access to healthy food is not just available for those who live in wealthy areas, thereby leading to greater equity in rich and poor neighborhoods.

Improved access to food through urban agriculture can also help alleviate psychosocial stresses in poor communities. Community members engaged in urban agriculture improve local knowledge about healthy ways to fulfill dietary needs. Urban agriculture can also better the mental health of community members. Buying and selling quality products to local producers and consumers allows community members to support one another, which may reduce stress. Thus, urban agriculture can help improve conditions in poor communities, where residents experience higher levels of stress due to a perceived lack of control over the quality of their lives.

Urban agriculture may improve the livability and built environment in communities that lack supermarkets and other infrastructure due to the presence of high unemployment caused by deindustrialization. Urban farmers who follow sustainable agricultural methods can not only help to build local food system infrastructure, but can also contribute to improving local air, and water and soil quality. Urban farming serves as one type of green space in urban areas, it has a positive impact on the air quality in the surrounding area. A case study conducted on a rooftop farm shows the PM2.5 concentration in the urban farming area is 7-33% lower than the surrounding parts without green spaces in a city. When agricultural products are produced locally within the community, they do not need to be transported, which reduces  emission rates and other pollutants that contribute to high rates of asthma in lower socioeconomic areas. Sustainable urban agriculture can also promote worker protection and consumer rights. For example, communities in New York City, Illinois, and Richmond, Virginia, have demonstrated improvements to their local environments through urban agricultural practices.

However, urban agriculture can also present urban growers with health risks if the soil used for urban farming is contaminated. Lead contamination is particularly common, with hazardous levels of lead found in soil in many United States cities. High lead levels in soil originate from sources including flaking lead paint which was widely used before being banned in the 1970s, vehicle exhaust, and atmospheric deposition. Without proper education on the risks of urban farming and safe practices, urban consumers of urban agricultural produce may face additional health-related issues.

Implementation

Creating a community-based infrastructure for urban agriculture means establishing local systems to grow and process food and transfer it from farmer to consumer.

To facilitate food production, cities have established community-based farming projects. Some projects have collectively tended community farms on common land, much like that of the eighteenth-century Boston Common. One such community farm is the Collingwood Children's Farm in Melbourne, Australia. Other community garden projects use the allotment garden model, in which gardeners care for individual plots in a larger gardening area, often sharing a tool shed and other amenities. Seattle's P-Patch Gardens use this model, as did the South Central Farm in Los Angeles and the Food Roof Farm in St. Louis. Independent urban gardeners also grow food in individual yards and on roofs. Garden sharing projects seek to pair producers with the land, typically, residential yard space. Roof gardens allow for urban dwellers to maintain green spaces in the city without having to set aside a tract of undeveloped land. Rooftop farms allow otherwise unused industrial roofspace to be used productively, creating work and profit. Projects around the world seek to enable cities to become 'continuous productive landscapes' by cultivating vacant urban land and temporary or permanent kitchen gardens.

Food processing on a community level has been accommodated by centralizing resources in community tool sheds and processing facilities for farmers to share. The Garden Resource Program Collaborative based in Detroit has cluster tool banks. Different areas of the city have tool banks where resources like tools, compost, mulch, tomato stakes, seeds, and education can be shared and distributed with the gardeners in that cluster. Detroit's Garden Resource Program Collaborative also strengthens their gardening community by providing access to their member's transplants; education on gardening, policy, and food issues; and by building connectivity between gardeners through workgroups, potlucks, tours, field trips, and cluster workdays. In Brazil, "Cities Without Hunger" has generated a public policy for the reconstruction of abandoned areas with food production and has improved the green areas of the community.

Farmers' markets, such as the farmers' market in Los Angeles, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers. Large cities tend to open their farmer's markets on the weekends and one day in the middle of the week. For example, the farmers' market of Boulevard Richard-Lenoir in Paris, France, is open on Sundays and Thursdays. However, to create a consumer dependency on urban agriculture and to introduce local food production as a sustainable career for farmers, markets would have to be open regularly. For example, the Los Angeles Farmers' Market is open seven days a week and has linked several local grocers together to provide different food products. The market's central location in downtown Los Angeles provides the perfect interaction for a diverse group of sellers to access their consumers.

Benefits
The benefits that UPA brings along to cities that implement this practice are numerous. The transformation of cities from only consumers of food to generators of agricultural products contributes to sustainability, improved health, and poverty alleviation.

 UPA assists to close the open-loop system in urban areas characterized by the importation of food from rural zones and the exportation of waste to regions outside the city or town.
 Wastewater and organic solid waste can be transformed into resources for growing agriculture products: the former can be used for irrigation, the latter as fertilizer.
 Vacant urban areas can be used for agriculture production.
 Other natural resources can be conserved. The use of wastewater for irrigation improves water management and increases the availability of fresh water for drinking and household consumption.
 UPA can help to preserve bioregional ecologies from being transformed into cropland.
 Urban agriculture saves energy (e.g. energy consumed in transporting food from rural to urban areas).
 Local production of food also allows savings in transportation costs, storage, and in product loss, what results in food cost reduction.
 UPA improves the quality of the urban environment through greening and thus, a reduction in pollution.
 Urban agriculture also makes the city a healthier place to live by improving the quality of the environment.
 UPA is a very effective tool to fight against hunger and malnutrition since it facilitates the access to food by an impoverished sector of the urban population.
Poverty alleviation: It is known that a large part of the people involved in urban agriculture is the urban poor. In developing countries, the majority of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses being sold in the market. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), urban poor consumers spend 60–80% of their income on food, making them very vulnerable to higher food prices.
 UPA provides food and creates savings in household expenditure on consumables, thus increasing the amount of income allocated to other uses.
 UPA surpluses can be sold in local markets, generating more income for the urban poor.

Community centers and gardens educate the community to see agriculture as an integral part of urban life. The Florida House Institute for Sustainable Development in Sarasota, Florida, serves as a public community and education center in which innovators with sustainable, energy-saving ideas can implement and test them. Community centers like Florida House provide urban areas with a central location to learn about urban agriculture and to begin to integrate agriculture with the urban lifestyle.

Urban farms also are a proven effective educational tool to teach kids about healthy eating and meaningful physical activity.

Trade-offs
 Space is at a premium in cities and is accordingly expensive and difficult to secure.
 The utilization of untreated wastewater for urban agricultural irrigation can facilitate the spread of waterborne diseases among the human population.
 Although studies have demonstrated improved air quality in urban areas related to the proliferation of urban gardens, it has also been shown that increasing urban pollution (related specifically to a sharp rise in the number of automobiles on the road), has led to an increase in insect pests, which consume plants produced by urban agriculture. It is believed that changes to the physical structure of the plants themselves, which have been correlated to increased levels of air pollution, increase plants' palatability to insect pests. Reduced yields within urban gardens decreases the amount of food available for human consumption.
 Studies indicate that the nutritional quality of wheat suffers when urban wheat plants are exposed to high nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentrations. This problem is particularly acute in the developing world, where outdoor concentrations of sulfur dioxide are high and large percentages of the population rely upon urban agriculture as a primary source of food. These studies have implications for the nutritional quality of other staple crops that are grown in urban settings.
 Agricultural activities on land that is contaminated (with such metals as lead) pose potential risks to human health. These risks are associated both with working directly on contaminated land and with consuming food that was grown in contaminated soil.

Municipal greening policy goals can pose conflicts. For example, policies promoting urban tree canopy are not sympathetic to vegetable gardening because of the deep shade cast by trees. However, some municipalities like Portland, Oregon, and Davenport, Iowa are encouraging the implementation of fruit-bearing trees (as street trees or as park orchards) to meet both greening and food production goals.

See also

 Allotment (gardening)
 Asset-based community development
 Building-integrated agriculture
 Ecological sanitation
 Foodscaping
 Forest gardening
 Green wall
 Growbag
 Growroom
 Guerrilla gardening
 Market garden
 Metropolitan agriculture
 Permaculture
 Rooftop gardens
 Satoyama
 Sheet mulching
 Smallholding
 Subsistence agriculture
 Terraces (agriculture)
 Underground farming
 Urban horticulture
 Urban forestry
 Vertical farming
 Windowfarm

References

Notes

 Farming Goes Vertical
 Skyfarming (2 April 2007). New York Magazine.
 City Farm Grows Jobs, Knowledge, and Tomatoes, article about Chicago's City Farm

Further reading

External links

 Federation of City Farms & Community Gardens
 European Federation of City Farms
 FAO programs
 Water, Land, and Health of Urban and Peri-Urban food production
 Turning Shipping Containers Into Urban Farms
Built-Up Encroachment and the Urban Field: A Comparison of Forty European Cities.

Sustainable food system

Urban agriculture


Sybil Campbell ( - )  est une magistrate britannique. Elle est la première femme nommée juge à temps plein au Royaume-Uni.

Biographie
Campbell naît le  à Ceylan, où son père, Neill Graeme Campbell, est agent d'une compagnie de thé. Sa mère, Maude Georgiana, d'origine anglaise, est la fille de William Bovill, juge en chef à la Cour des plaids-communs. Sa famille paternelle est originaire d'Argyll en Écosse. Elle est éduquée à domicile par sa mère, avec des cours du Parents' National Educational Union, puis, à , elle est scolarisée dans une école de North Berwick. Après quelques mois de scolarité à Paris, des cours en auditrice libre à l'université d'Édimbourg et quelques cours privés, elle réussit l'examen d'entrée de Cambridge et s'inscrit au Girton College en 1908. Elle obtient une mention assez bien à la première partie des tripos en sciences naturelles et la même mention à la seconde partie des tripos en économie l'année suivante. Elle est présidente de la société de débat.

Elle est enquêteuse auprès des Trade Boards de 1913 à 1918 et agente d'exécution au ministère de l'Alimentation pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Le Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act de 1919 permet aux femmes de devenir avocates, magistrates et notaires, et Campbell se forme en droit au Middle Temple en 1920, puis elle est admise au barreau de Middle Temple le , avec neuf autres jeunes femmes, les .

Elle exerce dans le cabinet d'avocats de H. H. Joy. Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle participe à l'effort de guerre à nouveau au ministère de l'Alimentation, où elle s'occupe notamment de lutter contre le marché noir. Elle est nommée officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique en 1942.

Sybil Campbell est nommée magistrate à la Tower Bridge Court, en , fonction qu'elle occupe jusqu'à sa retraite en 1962. Elle est ainsi la première femme nommée juge à plein temps au Royaume-Uni.

Elle est secrétaire honoraire (c'est-à-dire bénévole) de la British Federation of University Women de 1921 à 1933 et vice-présidente de 1947 à 1977. Elle s'est notamment impliquée dans la création d'une résidence universitaire à Crosby Hall (Chelsea) pour les étudiantes internationales qui réalisaient un troisième cycle universitaire. Campbell est membre du conseil d'administration du Girton College de 1933 à 1942. Elle est membre de la Royal Historical Society.

Campbell prend sa retraite à Lochgilphead, dans l'Argyll. Elle meurt au Bon Secours Nursing Home à Langside, Glasgow le  et est inhumée à Lochgilphead.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 The Times, , p. 16, n° 60097, col. F.

Liens externes

 BFW Sybil Campbell Library Collection, Université de Winchester.

Avocate britannique
Juge britannique
Pionnière en droit
Officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Membre du Middle Temple
Naissance en octobre 1889
Naissance au Ceylan britannique
Décès en août 1977
Décès à Glasgow
Décès à 87 ans

Sybil Campbell


Hallo Moskva er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1993, der er instrueret af Kristoffer Nyholm efter manuskript af ham selv og John Stefan Olsen.

Handling
Telefonbygningen i Moskva. Nervecenteret i det russiske telefonnet. Der gøres klar til et historisk øjeblik, hvor præsident Boris Jeltsin skal tale med statsminister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen via tv-skærm. Sitrende stemning af spænding. Samtidig arbejdes der intenst i Tåstrup. Vil man nå at få signalerne igennem? Forinden er der gået seks år med forhandlinger og et kæmpearbejde med at nedlægge et stort lyslederkabel over enorme strækninger. Men der er tradition for, at Danmark er knudepunktet for kommunikation mellem øst og vest. Allerede i 1879 sørgede den første direktør for Det Danske Telegrafvæsen, Peter Faber, for en forbindelse mellem Fredericia og det fjerne østen, og nu skal Rusland gives bedre kommunikationsmuligheder. Det lykkes, Boris Jeltsin og Poul Nyrup Rasmusen rækker på skærmen hver for sig hånden ud til et samarbejdets håndtryk. Champagnepropperne springer i Tåstrup, vodkaen flyder i Moskva.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1993

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Hallo Moskva


Kyle Lafferty (Enniskillen, Irlanda del Norte, 16 de septiembre de 1987) es un futbolista norirlandés. Juega como delantero en el Johnstone Burgh F. C. de la West of Scotland Football League.

También es internacional con la selección de fútbol de Irlanda del Norte. Debutó con la selección norirlandesa en el año 2006. Desde ese momento ha jugado 89 partidos, en los que anotó en 20 ocasiones.

Comenzó su carrera en el Burnley Football Club inglés, con el que jugó un total de 83 partidos. Luego, firmó con el Rangers F. C. el 16 de junio de 2008, por 3,25 m £. En su primera temporada con el club escocés ganó la Premier league escocesa y la Copa de Escocia. Tras cuatro temporadas en el club, y luego de rechazar unirse a la nueva entidad formada después de la desaparición de la anterior, firmó en junio de 2012 por el F. C. Sion.

Trayectoria

Inicios en Inglaterra
En 2004, se unió al equipo juvenil del Burnley Football Club de la Championship. En la temporada siguiente, gracias a que causó una buena impresión, subió al primer equipo. Tuvo su debut profesional, el 6 de agosto de 2005, en la derrota 2-1 de su equipo contra Crewe Alexandra, sustituyendo a Garreth O'Connor.

En enero de 2006 se unió al Darlington F. C. Con su nuevo club jugó 9 partidos en los que anotó 3 goles, contando un gol en su debut contra el Notts County. Tras un corto paso con el equipo de Nottingham, regresó al Burnley en abril de 2006.

El 30 de abril de 2006 anotó su primer gol con el Burnley, el empate 1-1 contra el Luton Town. Durante su estancia en Burnley jugó 56 partidos, en los que anotó en 10 ocasiones.

Rangers F. C.

El 16 de junio de 2008, Burnley aceptó una oferta de tres millones de libras esterlinas más el traspaso de Alan Gow por Lafferty, pero el traspaso de Gow terminó cayéndose. Lafferty pudo trasladarse a Glasgow, luego de que sacaran de la oferta al delantero escocés. Debutó oficialmente el 5 de agosto de 2008, en un partido de la Liga de Campeones de la UEFA contra el F. B. K. Kaunas. Su primer gol con los Gers fue en su segundo partido en la Premier league escocesa contra el Heart of Midlothian, el 16 de agosto de 2008.

El 16 de mayo de 2009, en el penúltimo partido de liga en la temporada 2008-09, Lafferty estuvo involucrado en un altercado con el jugador del Aberdeen, Charlie Mulgrew. Ambos disputaron el balón, lo que dio lugar a que Lafferty reaccionara como si hubiera recibido un cabezazo. Tras esto, el árbitro Stuart Dougal expulsó a Mulgrew por conducta violenta, sin embargo, las imágenes de televisión demostraron que no hubo contacto entre los dos jugadores. Finalmente el Rangers ganó el encuentro por 2-1. Después de revisar el incidente el entrenador del Rangers Walter Smith, expresó su decepción por la conducta de Lafferty.  Dos días más tarde se supo que el Rangers había multado a Lafferty por su participación en el incidente. El caso fue llevado a la asociación escocesa de fútbol, con el fin de rescindir la tarjeta roja de Mulgrew y tomar acciones contra el jugador del Rangers por su simulación. El 7 de agosto de 2009 Lafferty recibió tres partidos de suspensión por la simulación, siendo la primera vez que la SFA toma acción en un caso como este.

El 25 de abril de 2010, Lafferty marcó el gol del triunfo en la victoria 1-0 sobre el Hibernian, lo que le aseguró el título de la Premier League al Rangers, a un partido de acabar el campeonato. Después, el 22 de agosto del mismo año, Lafferty fue expulsado junto a su contrincante Kevin McBride en el mismo estadio, el Easter Road. Tras esto, marcó su primera tripleta con el Rangers, en la victoria 7-2 frente al Dunfermline Athletic.  Luego de la tripleta, Kyle comenzó a marcar con regularidad con su equipo, anotando en la victoria 4-0 sobre el Dundee United F. C.,  antes de ser criticado por no definir las oportunidades que tuvo en el Old Firm jugado en Ibrox, el 24 de abril de 2011. Luego marcó en tres partidos seguidos, frente al Motherwell, al Hearts y el Dundee United. El 15 de mayo de 2011 marcó su segunda tripleta frente al Kilmarnock, en un partido que acabó en la victoria 5-1 que definió el tricampeonato del Rangers. El 18 de septiembre de 2011, marcó su primer gol en un Old Firm, en la victoria 4-2 contra el Celtic. En junio de 2012 fue uno de varios jugadores de Rangers que rechazaran el traspaso de su contrato a la nueva corporación creada luego de que el club fuese liquidado.

F. C. Sion
Luego de que rechazara el traspaso de su contrato a la nueva corporación Rangers, Lafferty se unió al F. C. Sion de la Superliga Suiza en la temporada 2012-2013, jugando 28 partidos y anotando 8 goles.

US Palermo
En la temporada 2013-2014 fue fichado por el US Palermo que había descendido la temporada 2012-2013 a la Serie B italiana. Lafferty tuvo un buen año, jugando 36 partidos y anotando 12 goles, logrando el club el ascenso a la Serie A en una sola temporada.

Norwich City
Regreso a Inglaterra la siguiente temporada 2014-2015 y se unió al Norwich City de la FL Championship, donde no le fue muy bien, jugando un total de 20 encuentros anotando un solo gol.

Çaykur Rizespor
Laffery se unió para la temporada 2015-2016 al club turco Çaykur Rizespor de la Süper Lig, la principal liga de Turquía.

Selección nacional
A principios de 2006 representó a Irlanda del Norte sub-19 en la Copa Milk. Ese mismo año, recibió su primer llamado para jugar en la selección adulta, en una gira por Estados Unidos donde disputaron encuentros amistosos contra Rumania y Uruguay. Anotó su primer gol con Irlanda del Norte en un encuentro amistoso contra Finlandia, el 16 de agosto de 2006.

Durante las clasificatorias para la Eurocopa 2008 Lafferty se desempeñó como segundo delantero, acompañando a David Healy. Durante las clasificatorias anotó su primer gol en una competencia internacional frente Liechtenstein, el 23 de agosto de 2007. Luego, el 17 de octubre del mismo año, consiguió marcar el empate 1-1 frente a Suecia, lo que permitió mantener la incertidumbre hasta el final sobre que equipos -en el grupo F- clasificaron a la Eurocopa 2008. Finalmente y tras perder 1-0 contra España, Irlanda del Norte acabó tercera en su grupo, no clasificando a la competencia europea.

Actualmente es el goleador de su selección con 7 goles, en la clasificatorias para la Eurocopa 2016, donde Irlanda del Norte en gran campaña, clasificó a la Eurocopa a disputarse en Francia, liderando el Grupo F de la Clasificación para la Eurocopa 2016. Es la primera vez en su historia, que los Norirlandeses logran clasificarse a una Eurocopa.

Goles internacionales

Estadísticas de Kyle Lafferty en la selección nacional norirlandesa

Vida privada
Lafferty se casó con la ex Miss Escocia Nicola Mimnagh el 2 de junio de 2012. Tienen un hijo al que bautizaron como Taylor James Lafferty.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Kyle Lafferty en Soccerbase
Kyle Lafferty en Irish FA

Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-17 de Irlanda del Norte
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-19 de Irlanda del Norte
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-21 de Irlanda del Norte
Futbolistas de Irlanda del Norte en la Eurocopa 2016
Futbolistas del Burnley Football Club
Futbolistas del Darlington Football Club
Futbolistas del Rangers Football Club
Futbolistas del Football Club Sion
Futbolistas del Palermo Football Club
Futbolistas del Norwich City Football Club
Futbolistas del Çaykur Rizespor Kulübü
Futbolistas del Birmingham City Football Club
Futbolistas del Heart of Midlothian Football Club
Futbolistas del Sarpsborg 08 FF
Futbolistas del Sunderland Association Football Club
Futbolistas de la Urbs Sportiva Reggina 1914
Futbolistas del Kilmarnock Football Club
Futbolistas del Anorthosis Famagusta
Futbolistas del Linfield Football Club

Kyle Lafferty


Bryant & Stratton College (informally Bryant & Stratton or simply BSC) is a private college with campuses in New York, Ohio, Virginia, and Wisconsin, as well as an online education division. Founded in 1854, the college offers associate degree and bachelor's degree programs. The college is approved by the New York State Board of Regents and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

History
John Collins Bryant, Henry Beadman Bryant, and Henry Dwight Stratton were early graduates of Folsom Business College in Cleveland, Ohio, which they later purchased from the owner of the school, Ezekiel G. Folsom, who founded his school in 1848.  Folsom was a former student of Platt Rogers Spencer who developed a standardized style of writing useful in business transactions before the invention of the typewriter.

Platt Spencer also played a role in the formation of Bryant & Stratton College serving as a partner and teacher at the school which originally focused on bookkeeping and standardized penmanship. Bryant & Stratton College was organized in 1854 to provide practical workplace education, and was formerly known as Bryant and Stratton Business Institute.

In addition to purchasing the Cleveland school, Bryant and Stratton established a number of business schools that operated under the name of Bryant & Stratton & Co's chain of International Commercial Colleges in most major US cities. By 1864 as many as 50 schools existed. Tuition was $40 for an entire program of study. Today, there are around 20 schools across four states.

Academics

Bryant & Stratton College offers associate and bachelor's degrees in business, IT, legal services, and healthcare.

Alumni

Gallery

References

External links

1848 establishments in Ohio
Education in Buffalo, New York
Private universities and colleges in Ohio
Private universities and colleges in Virginia
Private universities and colleges in Wisconsin
Universities and colleges in Erie County, New York
Universities and colleges in Milwaukee
Universities and colleges in Syracuse, New York
USCAA member institutions

Bryant & Stratton College


Demi puede designar a:

Personas
Demi Moore (1962-), una actriz estadounidense.
Demi Delia (1967-), una actriz porno estadounidense.
Demi Lovato (1992-), una cantautora y actriz estadounidense.
Demi Harman (1993-), una actriz australiana.

Topónimos
 La Demie, una población y comuna francesa, situada en la región de Franco Condado, departamento de Alto Saona, en el distrito de Vesoul y cantón de Noroy-le-Bourg.
 Demi-Quartier, una población y comuna francesa, en la región de Ródano-Alpes, departamento de Alta Saboya, en el distrito de Bonneville y cantón de Sallanches.
 Neurey-lès-la-Demie, una población y comuna francesa, situada en la región de Franco Condado, departamento de Alto Saona, en el distrito de Vesoul y cantón de Noroy-le-Bourg.
 Tassin-la-Demi-Lune, una población y comuna francesa, en la región de Ródano-Alpes, departamento de Ródano, en el distrito de Lyon. Es el chef-lieu y mayor población del cantón de su nombre.

Miscelánea
El apócope de agua desmineralizada (especialmente en alemán Demineralisiertes Wasser)
Demi (álbum) (2013-), un álbum de la cantante estadounidense Demi Lovato.
Demi glace, una salsa marrón de la cocina francesa.
Demi monde, fue una cierta clase de mujeres galantes.

Prefijos
Hipocorísticos femeninos

Demi


Gandbolnîi Klub "Gorodniceanka" Grodno, prescurtat GK "Gorodniceanka" Grodno (în , în ) este o echipă de handbal feminin din Grodno, Belarus, care evoluează în Campionatul de Handbal al Belarusului. GK "Gorodniceanka" a fost fondată pe 19 iunie 2001, prin Hotărârea nr. 493 a Consiliului Local al orașului Grodno de înființare a Clubului Sportiv de Handbal "Gorodniceanka". Prin aceeași hotărâre a fost înființată și "Kronon" Grodno, secția masculină a clubului "Gorodniceanka".

Campioană a Belarusului în 2008, echipa feminină a câștigat numeroase medalii de argint și de bronz în campionatul intern și a participat la numeroase competiții europene.

Context
Prima echipă de handbal înființată în Grodno a fost una feminină, ale cărei baze au fost puse în 1967, la Liceul de Educație Fizică, de antrenorul M.F. Buroi. Începând din 1973 echipa a evoluat sub tutela Institutului Pedagogic din Grodno, iar în 1981 a ocupat locul al treilea la campionatul de handbal feminin pentru tineret al URSS desfășurat la Šiauliai, în RSS Lituaniană. Între 1974 și 1992 echipa din Grodno s-a aflat în mod constant pe podium la campionatele universitare ale RSS Bielorusă.

Între 1984 și 1992 echipa de fete a purtat numele "Avtomobilist" Grodno, iar în 1992 a fost redenumită "Universitet", continuând să evolueze sub tutela Institutului Pedagogic până în 2001.

Pe bazele fostei "Avtomobilist" a fost înființată o echipă feminină a regiunii Grodno, care a câștigat Cupa Republicii Belarus și campionatul de handbal universitar în anul 2007.

În urma succeselor echipelor feminine locale, în anul 2001 s-a luat decizia înființării primului club profesionist din Grodno, a cărei echipă feminină a evoluat în campionatul național în paralel cu "Universitet" Grodno. La conducerea ei a fost numit V. Kirilenko, primul său antrenor principal a fost Nikolai N. Todorașko, iar secunzii lui au fost Serghei P. Kambur și Mihail F. Bura.

Palmares
Campionatul de Handbal al Belarusului
Câștigătoare (1): 2008
Medalie de argint (10): 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
Medalie de bronz (4): 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018

Cupa Challenge EHF:
Optimi de finală (1): 2016

Echipa

Lotul de jucătoare
Echipa în sezonul 2018–19

Portari
 1  Iulia Kunțevici
 16  Viktoria Kozlova
 30  Anna Pașko

Extreme dreapta
 13  Ianina Eliseeva

Extreme stânga
 5  Aleksandra Kașkevici
 14  Veronika Rusilko

Pivoți
 92  Diana Suprunova

Intermediari stânga
 9  Anastasia Nikolaevici
 10  Inna Kravcenko
 19  Veronika Lukașevici

Centri
 2  Svetlana Petrenko
 7  Ilona Derneiko
 11  Irina Reznicenko

Intermediari dreapta
 3  Veronika Țvirko
 24  Anna Riabcenko

Banca tehnică
Sezonul 2018–19

Conducerea administrativă
Sezonul 2018–19

Antrenori
Conform paginii oficiale a clubului

Note

Legături externe
 Pagina oficială a clubului GK "Gorodniceanka" Grodno

Cluburi de handbal din Belarus
Fondări în 2001
Handbal în Grodno

GK „Gorodniceanka” Grodno


Plumbago  may refer to:

Genera
Plumbago, the leadworts, a genus of flowering plants
Plumbago (butterfly), a genus of skipper butterflies

Materials
 Used generically for lead ores such as galena and lead oxides such as red lead
 Plumbago (mineral) an archaic word for the mineral form of graphite
Plumbago drawing, graphite portraits of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Genus disambiguation pages

Plumbago (disambiguation)


Alkoholizirani mošt je u Republici Hrvatskoj, u smislu Pravilnika o proizvodnji vina, proizvod od grožđa. To je mošt kojem se dodatkom alkohola sprječava početak vrenja, a koji ima stvarnu alkoholnu jakost od 12 vol % do 15 vol %, pri čemu je alkohol vinskog podrijetla, alkoholne jakosti od 52 vol % do 95 vol %.

Izvori

Enologija

Alkoholizirani mošt


Union Pacific (Alternativtitel: Die Frau gehört mir) ist ein US-amerikanisches Westernepos aus dem Jahr 1939, den Regisseur Cecil B. DeMille nach dem 1937 erschienenen Roman Trouble Shooter von Ernest Haycox für das Filmstudio Paramount Pictures drehte. Union Pacific wurde 2002 rückwirkend mit der Goldene Palme des Jahres 1939 ausgezeichnet.

Handlung
Zwischen den Eisenbahngesellschaften Union Pacific und Central Pacific kommt es zu einem Wettstreit im Streckenbau. Zielort ist die Stadt Ogden in Utah, welche jede der beiden Gesellschaften als Erste erreichen möchte. Bankdirektor Asa Barrows will durch Unterstützung der Central Pacific seinen Reichtum mehren. Er heuert den Abenteurer Sid Campeau an, damit er die Arbeiten der Union Pacific sabotiert.

Drei Jahre später schickt die Union Pacific die erste Lok auf die Schienen, die vom Lokomotivführer Monahan geführt wird. Jeff Butler soll dabei für Ordnung und Sicherheit auf der Strecke sorgen, Hilfe erhält er von Fiesta und Leach. Probleme machen besonders Spiel- und Trunksucht der Arbeiter, was von Campeau und dessen Partner Dick Allen, der Jeff aus seiner Zeit bei der Armee kennt, in die Wege geleitet wurde. Zudem werden die Arbeiten ständig von Indianerüberfällen unterbrochen. Dick und Jeff sind nicht nur Gegner am Schienenstrang. Beide fühlen sich zu Monahans Tochter Mollie hingezogen.

Campeau versucht, die Arbeiter wegen zu spät gezahlter Löhne aufzuwiegeln. Barrows wird von General Ulysses S. Grant gezwungen, Lohngelder für die Arbeiter der Union Pacific bereitzustellen. Der Bankdirektor heckt den Plan aus, das geliehene Geld durch einen Diebstahl des Geldsacks wiederzubekommen. Campeau beauftragt Dick mit dem Überfall. Tatsächlich gelingt es Dick, den Geldsack aus dem Zug zu stehlen, er wird aber schon bald von Jeff verfolgt. Dick versteckt den Sack in Mollies Postwagen. Als er zurückkehren will, ist er von Jeff eingeholt worden. Nun erscheinen auch die Männer von. Mollie akzeptiert die Verlobung mit Dick, um Jeff einen freien Abzug zu verschaffen.

Jeff sucht mit einigen Männern Campeaus Saloon auf. Er kann Campeau ein Geständnis abringen und lässt dann dessen Lokal zerstören. Danach geht Jeff zur Kirche, um Dick noch vor der Hochzeit mit Mollie wegen des Raubes zu verhaften. Jeff kommt allerdings zu spät. Mollie verhilft ihrem neuen Ehemann zur Flucht und wird von der Eisenbahngesellschaft gefeuert. Am nächsten Tag trifft Dick im fahrenden Versorgungszug auf Mollie, um mit ihr zu fliehen. Doch ein Überfall der Indianer verhindert dies. Den Angriff überleben nur Jeff, Mollie und Dick, alle anderen Arbeiter sind tot, der Zug vom Gleis gestürzt. Die drei Überlebenden können per Telegraf in Cheyenne um Hilfe bitten. Die Indianer greifen unterdessen immer weiter an, während die Armee eine Einheit zur Rettung schickt. Bei dem Kampf wird Mollie angeschossen. Jeff lässt bei der Ankunft der Armee Dick entkommen, der Jeff daraufhin Barrows als Urheber der Sabotagen nennt. Er verspricht, Mollie in Ogden aufzusuchen.

Um Ogden zu erreichen, müssen die Gleise über Schnee gelegt werden, der unter dem Gewicht nachgibt. Bei einem Unfall wird der Lokomotivführer Monahan getötet. Dennoch kann die Union Pacific das Wettrennen nach Ogden gewinnen. Als der letzte Streckennagel eingeschlagen wird, erschießt Campeau, der Jeff töten will, irrtümlich Dick. Jeff ist nichtsahnend ohne Waffe unterwegs, Campeau wird schließlich von Leach erschossen.

Hintergrund
Das Budget von Union Pacific betrug rund eine Million US-Dollar, was damals eine überdurchschnittliche Summe war. Drehorte waren unter anderem Cache in Oklahoma, Cedar City in Utah, Council Bluffs in Iowa, Kanab in Utah und Stockton in Kalifornien. Die Produktion des Films erfolgte in der typischen großzügigen Art DeMilles, wobei er sich der Unterstützung der Union Pacific Railroad versichern konnte, die dem Produktionsteam Konstruktionspläne, Lokomotiven und Waggons zur Verfügung stellte. Eine mehrere Meilen lange Gleisanlage wurde in Utah gebaut, die so groß war, dass Paramount eine Eisenbahnlizenz erwerben musste. DeMille war nach Fertigstellung des Films der Privatmann mit dem meisten Eisenbahnmaterial in den USA. Ebenso zum typischen DeMille-Stil gehörte der Nachbau der Stadt Cheyenne. Für den Überfall der Indianer wurden Hunderte von Navajos engagiert. Der im Film gezeigte goldene Nagel (Iron Strike) war das Original, das von der Stanford University ausgeliehen wurde.

Für seinen letzten Schwarzweißfilm wurde Regisseur DeMille, der sich vor den Dreharbeiten einer Operation unterziehen musste, auf einer Trage zu den Drehorten gebracht. Für die Überwachung der Kameraeinstellungen, die mittels Kränen vorgenommen wurden, musste eine spezielle Plattform gebaut werden.

Das Szenenbild stammte von Roland Anderson und Hans Dreier. Als Regieassistent arbeitete unter anderem auch Charles Barton, der später eine Karriere als Hauptregisseur hatte. Zahlreiche Nebenrollen wurden passend zum großen Budget mit bekannten Schauspielern besetzt. So spielten unter anderem Regis Toomey, Ward Bond, Lon Chaney jr., Monte Blue, Iron Eyes Cody, Max Davidson, Richard Denning, Will Geer, Elmo Lincoln, Walter Long, Nestor Paiva, Cyril Ring und Joe Sawyer kleine Rollen, die teilweise noch nicht einmal im Abspann erwähnt wurden.

Der Film feierte am 27. April 1939 in Omaha in Nebraska, dem Ausgangspunkt der Union Pacific Railroad und gleichzeitigem Unternehmenssitz, unter großem Aufwand seine Premiere. Drei Tage lang wurden DeMille und seine Stars per Zug, gezogen von einer Originallok, durch die Staaten gezogen und machten werbewirksame Stops. Partys und Paraden wurden dabei abgehalten, ebenso ein monumentaler Kostümball. Der Film startete im Premierenkino in Omaha durch einen Knopfdruck des Präsidenten Franklin D. Roosevelt. Nach der Premiere führten DeMille und seine Stars die Zugfahrt weiter, bis sie nach 15 Tagen die Ostküste erreichten. In Deutschland kam er 1939 in einer gekürzten Fassung unter dem Titel Die Frau gehört mir in die Kinos. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde er 1965 wieder aufgeführt. Am Ende des Films ist vor der Abblende ein moderner, von Diesellokomotiven gezogener Zug zu sehen. Die Lokomotiven entstammen offensichtlich der EMD E-Serie, die ab 1937, zunächst in kleiner Stückzahl, produziert wurde und nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg zusammen mit der EMD F-Serie das erste kommerziell erfolgreiche Baumuster für Diesellokomotiven war.

Kritiken
Das Lexikon des internationalen Films schrieb, der Film sei ein "groß angelegter patriotischer Western" mit spektakulären Actionszenen, insgesamt sei es damit überdurchschnittliche Kinounterhaltung. Frank S. Nugent von der New York Times bezeichnete den Film bei seiner Premiere 1939 als ganz prima, farbenprächtig, spektakulär und von ausgezeichneter Herkunft. Die Variety benannte den Film grundlegend als Super-Western. Der Evangelische Film-Beobachter vertrat die Auffassung, der Film sei gut anzusehen und schon für Jugendliche ab 14 Jahren ebenso spannend wie interessant.

Katja Nicodemus hob die Bedeutung der physischen Präsenz der Hauptdarstellerin hervor: "Was für ein Auftritt! Freihändig steht sie auf dem dahinrasenden Brennholzwagen, die Haare wehen im Wind, ihr Lachen ist herausfordernd und ihr Blick halb in die Ferne gerichtet. Barbara Stanwyck in Union Pacific, das ist der Geist der Eisenbahn in einem weiblichen Körper. In der Einstellung ist alles zusammengefasst, worum es in diesem Film geht: Eine Landschaft, die bezwungen, und eine Frau, die erobert werden will."

Auszeichnungen
Farciot Edouart, Gordon Jennings und Loren L. Ryder erhielten 1940 eine Oscar-Nominierung in der Kategorie Beste visuelle Effekte. 1975 wurde der Film mit dem Western Heritage Award bedacht.

Der Film sollte im Wettbewerb der erstmals veranstalteten Internationalen Filmfestspiele von Cannes 1939 gezeigt werden, die aber aufgrund des deutschen Überfalls auf Polen nicht stattfinden konnten. 2002 fand bei den 55. Filmfestspielen eine Retrospektive statt, bei der die Wettbewerbsfilme aus dem Jahr 1939 gezeigt wurden. Eine Jury vergab anschließend ehrenhalber rückwirkend den Hauptpreis der Goldene Palme 1939 an Union Pacific.

Synchronisation
Der Film lief im September 1939 in den deutschen Kinos an. Er gehörte damals zu den wenigen US-Produktionen, die noch in Deutschland gestartet wurden. Die seinerzeit angefertigte Synchronfassung war 30 Minuten kürzer als die US-Fassung. Sie kam 1947 in den alliierten Besatzungszonen nochmals zum Einsatz. 1965 wurde der Film im Zuge einer Wiederaufführung nochmals synchronisiert.

Auf der von Koch Media im Jahre 2017 für den deutschsprachigen Markt veröffentlichten Blu-ray sind beide Schnitt- und Synchronfassungen enthalten.

Literatur
 Katja Nicodemus: Die Frau gehört mir. In: Bernd Kiefer, Norbert Grob (Hrsg.), Marcus Stiglegger (Mitarbeit): Filmgenres. Western (= RUB. Nr. 18402). Reclam, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-15-018402-9, S. 97–100 [mit Literaturhinweisen].

Weblinks

 Horst-Jürgen Gerigk: Zur Topologie des Western, am Beispiel von Cecil B. DeMilles "Union Pacific" (1939)

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1939
US-amerikanischer Film
Schwarzweißfilm
Western
Ernest-Haycox-Verfilmung
Cecil B. DeMille
Schienenverkehr im Film

Union Pacific (Film)


Mikio Ozaki (jap. , Ozaki Mikio; * um 1955) ist ein ehemaliger japanischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Mikio Ozaki gewann 1979 seinen einzigen japanischen Titel, welchen er im Herrendoppel mit Nobutaka Ikeda errang. In der Folgezeit hatten beide ein regelrechtes Abonnement auf den Bronzeplatz im Doppel, den sie von 1980 bis 1983 vier Mal in Folge belegten. 1980 nahmen beide an der Weltmeisterschaft teil und wurden 17.

Sportliche Erfolge

Weblinks
 Kyōto-fu Badminton Kyōkai:
 Straits Times 1976

Badmintonspieler (Japan)
Japanischer Meister (Badminton)
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann
Japaner

Mikio Ozaki


Kevin Jacobsen ist ein US-amerikanischer Biathlet.

Kevin Jacobsen lebt in Bozeman und startet für die Bridger Ski Foundation in Montana. Bei den US-amerikanischen Meisterschaften im Sommerbiathlon 2010 in Tukwila gewann er im Sprint hinter Douglas Hoover und Danny Fink, im Verfolgungsrennen hinter Hoover und Shaun Marshall-Pryde die Bronzemedaillen. Im Massenstartrennen wurde er Siebter und verpasste damit in der Gesamtwertung als Viertplatzierter einen Sprung auf das Podest. In der Gesamtwertung des Biathlon-NorAm-Cups der Saison 2010/11 belegte er den 39. Platz. In der Saison 2011/12 erreichte er als Zweitplatzierter bei einem Sprint in West Yellowstone hinter Wynn Roberts und vor Brian Woodard erstmals eine Podiumsplatzierung in der höchsten kontinentalen Rennserie.

Belege

Biathlet (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Kevin Jacobsen


O trioză este un tip de monozaharidă care conține doar trei atomi de carbon. Sunt posibile doar trei trioze: L-gliceraldehida și D-gliceraldehida, ambele fiind aldotrioze (au o grupare carbonil de tip aldehidă la capătul catenei) și dihidroxiacetona, aceasta fiind cea mai simplă cetotrioză (are o grupare carbonil de tipul cetonă pe catenă).

Triozele sunt importante în procesul de respirație celulară. În timpul glicolizei, fructoză-1,6-difosfatul este transformat în gliceraldehidă-3-fosfat și dihidroxiacetonă-fosfat. Acidul lactic și acidul piruvic sunt derivați din aceste molecule.

Referințe

Vezi și
 Dioză
 Tetroză
 Pentoză
 Hexoză
 Heptoză

Monozaharide

Trioză


An Aloe comosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hermann Wilhelm Rudolf Marloth ngan Alwin Berger. An Aloe comosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo kulang hin datos. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Aloe

Aloe comosa


Keeth Smart () este un fost scrimer american specializat pe sabie, laureat cu argint pe echipe la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2008 de la Beijing.

Carieră
S-a apucat de scrimă împreună cu sora sa mai mică, Erinn, sub îndrumarea lui Peter Westbrook. Datorită talentului său a obținut o bursă la Universitatea St. John din New York. Sub conducerea lui Iuri Ghelman, a fost campion universitar (NCAA) în 1997 și 1999.

A participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2000 de la Sydney, fiind eliminat în tabloul de 32 de francezul Damien Touya. S-a răzbunat la ediția din 2004 de la Atena, unde l-a învins pe Touya în turul întâi, dar a pierdut cu italianul Aldo Montano, care a câștigat titlul olimpic în cele din urmă. La proba pe echipe Statele Unite au creat surpriză, eliminând Ungaria în sferturile de finală. În semifinala cu Franța Smart a închis meciul în fața lui Damien Touya. La scorul de 44-44, sabia lui Smart a perforat mâna lui Touya. După o pauză medicală, Touya s-a întors pe planșă cu un bandaj pe mâna, și a câștigat meciul. În finala mică cu Rusia, Smart s-a aflat din nou la 44–44 în ultimul releu, de data asta în față lui Stanislav Pozdniakov. Acesta a dat tușa decisivă și Statele Unite s-au întors fără medalie.

Smart a fost atât de dezamăgit, încât și-a oprit activitatea sportivă timp de un an. Părinții au murit succesiv și a fost diagnosticat cu o boală de sânge, purpura trombocitopenică imună, care i-a pus viața în pericol. La Jocurile Olimpice din 2008 de la Beijing a atins sferturile de finală în proba individuală, dar a fost învins de francezul Julien Pillet. La proba pe echipe Statele Unite, aflate pe locul 7 clasamentului FIE, au creat din nou surpriză, trecând la limită de numărul 2, Ungaria, după ce Smart l-a învins pe Zsolt Nemcsik cu scorul 9–4 în ultimul releu. În mod similar, Statele Unite au dispus la limită de numărul 3, Rusia, după ce Smart l-a depășit pe Stanislav Pozdniakov cu scorul 10–4 în ultimul releu. În finala echipa Statelor Unite a pierdut cu Franța și s-a mulțumit cu argintul.

S-a retras din activitate competițională după Jocurile de la Beijing pentru a urma un MBA la Universitatea Columbia.

Referințe

Legături externe
  Prezentare la US Fencing

Scrimeri olimpici americani
Sportivi americani în viață
Medaliați olimpici cu argint americani
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2000
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2004
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2008
Sabreri

Keeth Smart


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 12 Ocak – Antonio de Ulloa, İspanyol general ve Louisiana valisi (ö. 1795)
 15 Ocak – Philip Livingston, Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi'ni imzalayan Amerikalı siyasetçi (ö. 1778)
 20 Ocak
 Jean-Jacques Barthélemy, Fransız yazar (ö. 1795)
 III. Carlos, İspanya kralı (ö. 1788)
 26 Ocak – George Germain, İngiliz asker ve siyasetçi (ö. 1785)
 6 Mart – Pehr Kalm, Fin kâşif ve doğa bilimci (ö. 1779)
 29 Mayıs – Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, Fransız doğa bilimci (ö. 1800)
 18 Haziran – Joseph-Marie Vien, Fransız ressam (ö. 1809)
 23 Haziran – Fletcher Norton, İngiliz siyasetçi (ö. 1789)
 3 Ekim – Giovanni Battista Beccaria, İtalyan fizikçi (ö. 1781)
 6 Ekim – George Montague-Dunk, İngiliz devlet adamı (ö. 1771)
 4 Kasım – Wilhelm von Knyphausen (ö. 1800)
 16 Aralık – Louis-Jules Mancini-Mazarini, Fransız diplomat ve yazar (ö. 1798)
 25 Aralık – Johann Jacob Reiske, Alman bilim insanı ve doktor (ö. 1774)
 26 Aralık
 Thomas Gray, İngiliz yazar (ö. 1771)
 Jean François de Saint-Lambert, Fransız şair (ö. 1803)

Ölümler
 1 Ocak – William Wycherley, İngiliz oyun yazarı (d. 1640)
 14 Nisan – Arthur Herbert, İngiliz amiral (d. 1648)
 26 Nisan – John Somers, İngiliz lordu (d. 1651)
 28 Nisan – Saint Louis de Montfort, Yazar
 2 Haziran – Ogata Korin, Japon ressam (d. 1657)
 5 Haziran – Roger Cotes, İngiliz matematikçi ve felsefeci (d. 1682)
 8 Haziran – Johann Wilhelm (d. 1658)
 9 Haziran – Banda Bahadur, Sih komutan (d. 1670)
 28 Haziran – George FitzRoy, İngiliz general (d. 1665)
 8 Temmuz – Robert South, İngiliz rahip (d. 1634)
 5 Ağustos – Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa, Osmanlı veziri (d. 1667)
 28 Ekim – Stephen Fox, İngiliz siyasetçi (d. 1627)
 2 Kasım – Engelbert Kaempfer, Alman gezgin ve doktor (d. 1651)
 14 Kasım – Gottfried Leibniz, Alman düşünür, bilim insanı ve matematikçi (d. 1646)
 13 Aralık – Charles de La Fosse, Fransız ressam (d. 1640)

1716


Vikholmen est une île dans le landskap Sunnhordland du comté de Vestland. Elle appartient administrativement à Øygarden.

Géographie

Rocheuse et couverte d'une légère végétation en son centre, elle s'étend sur environ  de longueur pour une largeur approximative équivalente, ce qui lui donne une forme ronde.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des îles de Hordaland

Liens externes

 Fiche descriptive

Île de Vestland

Vikholmen (Fjell)


Milo Yiannopoulos (n. 18 octombrie 1984, anterior cunoscut și sub pseudonimul Milo Andreas Wagner) este un jurnalist, antreprenor, vorbitor public britanic, și fost redactor al Breitbart News, site de știri conservator cu sediul în Statele Unite.

Yiannopoulos a crescut în notabilitate în anul 2014, an în care a început să ofere o acoperire mass-media și să facă comentarii cu privire la . Caracterizându-se drept un "libertarian cultural" și "fundamentalist al libertății de exprimare", el este un critic vocal al feminismului, Islamului, a așa-zișilor "", corectitudinii politice, precum și altor mișcări și ideologii pretinse de el a fi autoritare sau care aparțin stângii regresive. Yiannopoulos a fost numit ca fiind un purtător de cuvânt al mișcării de dreapta Alt-right. Fapt negat de către Milo.  În iulie 2016 el a fost blocat definitiv pe Twitter.

Yiannopoulos este de asemenea un YouTuber popular, canalul său cu un conținut preponderent de dreapta și conservator, având peste 630 de mii de abonați (în august 2017).

Biografie

Yiannopoulos a fondat Kernel, un tabloid on-line despre tehnologie, pe care l-a vândut celor de la Daily Dot Media în 2014.

Cărți
La 4 iulie 2017, Yiannopoulos a lansat "controversata" sa carte – Dangerous ("Periculos"), care la scurt timp a devenit best-seller în secțiunea "Politic" pe Amazon.

Vezi și
Stefan Molyneux
Paul Joseph Watson
Steven Crowder
Gavin McInnes
Mark Dice

Referințe

Legături externe
Site web
Milo Yiannopoulos pe YouTube
Milo Yiannopoulos pe Facebook

Nașteri în 1983
Jurnaliști britanici
Poeți britanici
Alt-right
Breitbart News
Critici ai islamului
Critici ai feminismului
Activiști ai libertății de exprimare
Scriitori gay
Opoziție față de căsătoriile între persoane de același sex
Extremism de dreapta în Statele Unite ale Americii

Milo Yiannopoulos