Arthur Gordon Webster (né le  à Brookline (Massachusetts), décédé le  à Worcester (Massachusetts)) est un physicien américain qui a fondé l'American Physical Society.

Biographie
Arthur Webster est né le 28 novembre 1863 à Brookline, Massachusetts, fils de William Edward Webster et de Mary Shannon Davis. Le 8 octobre 1889, il épouse Elizabeth Munroe Townsend, fille du capitaine Robert Townsend et de Harriett Munro d'Albany, New York.

Webster a obtenu son diplôme du Harvard College en 1885 comme major de sa promotion et y est resté pendant un an en tant qu'enseignant en mathématiques et en physique. À la fin de cette année, il est allé à l'Université Humboldt de Berlin où il a étudié pendant quatre ans avec Hermann von Helmholtz, obtenant son doctorat en 1890. Helmholtz aurait considéré Webster comme son étudiant américain préféré. Pendant cette période, Webster a également étudié à Paris et à Stockholm. Il était exceptionnellement compétent en littérature et parlait couramment le latin, le grec, l'allemand, le français et le suédois, avec une bonne connaissance de l'italien et de l'espagnol et des compétences en russe et en grec moderne.

Le président de l'Université Clark, G. Stanley Hall, a nommé Webster professeur adjoint et chef des laboratoires de physique en 1892, lorsque le physicien Albert A. Michelson est parti pour la nouvelle université de Chicago. À cette époque, seules l'Université Johns-Hopkins et l'Université Clark avaient des programmes de doctorat en physique. Webster a été promu professeur titulaire en 1900.

Il a eu 27 doctorants à l'université Clark. En 1898, il devient conférencier à l'American Mathematical Society (AMS) pour un colloque sur les équations aux dérivées partielles de la propagation des ondes.

Webster était hors norme pour son époque en ce qu'il était à la fois un mathématicien compétent et un expérimentateur compétent.

Les recherches de Webster étaient dans le domaine de l'acoustique et de la mécanique. On lui attribue le développement d'un instrument pour mesurer l'intensité absolue du son (le phonomètre) et pour la recherche sur le gyroscope. Il a également donné des conférences supérieures en physique théorique à l'Université Clark, qui ont été publiées sous forme de trois manuels.

Un groupe de 20 physiciens, invités par Webster, a fondé l'American Physical Society lors d'une réunion au Fayerweather Hall de l'Université Columbia le 20 mai 1899. En 1903, Webster devient président de l'American Physical Society et est élu à la National Academy of Sciences.

Il a donné en 1910 son nom à l'équation de Webster utile au calcul des pavillons en acoustique.

Webster s'est suicidé en 1923, à la suite de la fermeture du département de mathématiques de Clark, après la rumeur selon laquelle le département de physique serait le prochain à être fermé par le nouveau président. Avec un revolver qu'il avait acheté quelques heures auparavant, Webster s'est tiré deux balles dans la tête dans son bureau privé alors qu'une classe l'attendait à côté. Webster était sceptique vis-à-vis de la théorie de la relativité et de la théorie quantique naissante. Il a laissé une lettre d'adieu à son fils dans laquelle il se plaignait d'être arrivé dans une impasse avec ses recherches :

Publications
 [iarchive:theoryofelectric00websuoft|Théorie de l'électricité et du magnétisme, cours de physique mathématique] (Londres, MacMillan, 1897)
 [iarchive:dynamicsofpartic00websrich|La dynamique des particules et des corps rigides, élastiques et fluides: être des conférences sur la physique mathématique] (Leipzig, BG Teubner, 1912)
 The Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics (1927) (posthume, avec une deuxième édition de Samuel J. Plimpton publiée par Teubner en 1933. Cette deuxième édition a été réimprimée par Douvres en 1966)

Notes et références

Bibliographie

 Brevets pris par Webster
 Observing and Recording the Operation of Ordnance Numéro de brevet : 1489566 (8 avril 1924).
 Articles sur Webster dans des revues savantes
 A. Wilmer Duff "Arthur Gordon Webster" Examen physique . 21, 585 (1923).
 .
 .
 A. Wilmer Duff "Arthur Gordon Webster—Physicien, mathématicien, linguiste et orateur" American Journal of Physics 6,  (1938).
 Melba Phillips "Arthur Gordon Webster, fondateur de l'APS" Physics Today, 40, 48 (1987).
 Articles sur Webster dans la presse populaire
 Le Boston Globe du 16 mai 1923
 Time, lundi 28 mai 1923 Avis de décès de AG Webster
 Time, lundi 11 juin 1923 Éditorial sur la situation à l'Université Clark en 1923.
 New York Times mercredi 16 mai 1923 et dimanche 20 mai 1923.
 Le numéro du 13 juin 1923 de The Nation.
 Le Boston Globe du 17 juin 1923

Liens externes

 Webster sur le Web
 Une page Web sur Arthur Gordon Webster à l' Université Clark
 Une photo du gyroscope d'Arthur Gordon Webster

Membre de l'Académie nationale des sciences
Physicien américain du XXe siècle
Acousticien
Professeur à l'université Clark
Naissance en novembre 1893
Décès en mai 1923
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Décès à 29 ans

Arthur Gordon Webster


Brunei millî futbol takımı, Brunei'yi uluslararası arenada temsil eden futbol takımıdır.

Turnuva tarihi

FIFA Dünya Kupası tarihi

Asya Kupası tarihi
 1956 - 1968 arası - Katılmadı
 1972 - 1976 arası - Elemeleri geçemedi
 1980 - 1996 arası - Katılmadı
 2000 - 2004 arası - Elemeleri geçemedi
 2007 - Katılmadı
 2011 - Elemeleri geçemedi

Kaynakça

Asya'da millî futbol takımları
Millî futbol takımı

Brunei millî futbol takımı


El archipiélago Chinijo es un conjunto de islas españolas situadas en el noreste de Canarias, frente a la costa norte de la isla de Lanzarote. Es un espacio natural protegido y constituye la reserva marina más grande de la Unión Europea, con 700 kilómetros cuadrados.

Lo integran la isla de La Graciosa, así como los islotes de Alegranza, Montaña Clara, Roque del Este y Roque del Oeste, todas pertenecientes al municipio de Teguise.

Además de sus valores medioambientales, La Graciosa es una zona de alto valor arqueológico. Esta riqueza se puede observar sobre todo en el estrecho que la separa de Lanzarote, El Río, donde se han encontrado numerosas anclas y pecios.

Toponimia
El término chinijo significa "pequeño" y es propio del léxico de Lanzarote, donde principalmente se utiliza para referirse cariñosamente a los niños. La denominación de chinijo para este archipiélago comienza a usarse en torno a 1980 en mapas turísticos, ensayos divulgativos y otras publicaciones. Sin embargo, no se ha popularizado en la sociedad lanzaroteña, siendo común llamar al archipiélago Los Islotes.

El término islote en Lanzarote puede hacer referencia a dos accidentes geográficos: insular, referido al archipiélago Chinijo y otros islotes de la costa de Arrecife y de Tinajo, y volcánico, para pequeños espacios de tierra cultivable que quedaron rodeados de roca volcánica.

Demografía
La Graciosa es la única isla que está habitada. Cuenta con 734 habitantes según él padrón municipal de 2018 del INE, de los cuales 409 ( %) son varones y 325 ( %) son mujeres. En 1910, Caleta del Sebo contaba con 169 habitantes, llegando a 604 habitantes según el padrón municipal de 1996.

Origen de la población del archipiélago
En lo que respecta a La Graciosa, el origen de la población se remonta al . En 1861 el Gobierno permite a la empresa anglo-española Cappa y Maqueda el establecimiento de una factoría de salazón de pescado. Este establecimiento conllevó la construcción de los almacenes y las primeras casas de la isla. A finales del , con el afán por establecer las pesquerías canario-africanas en la isla, se formó la aldea de Caleta del Sebo.

Caleta del Sebo y Pedro Barba
Ambos núcleos de población comparten el origen pesquero ―centrado en la actividad pesquera del banco pesquero canario-sahariano―, pero no se han desarrollado de la misma manera.

Caleta del Sebo ha conservado su carácter tradicional de asentamiento pesquero a pesar del crecimiento experimentado por Caleta del Sebo, debido a la política municipal encargada de adjudicar solares a los hijos de los habitantes del pueblo que derivó en la reparcelización y venta de solares debido a que no se estableció un control explícito de su asignación; también ligado a intensificación de la actividad turística. Sin embargo, no ocurre lo mismo con Pedro Barba, que también nació como asentamiento pesquero pero que ha derivado en su recalificación como urbanización turística, reconocida en el Plan Insular de Ordenación del Territorio de Lanzarote, en el que su Revisión Parcial le asigna 4 hectáreas y establece su capacidad de alojamiento en 120 personas (30 hab/ha).

Geografía
El archipiélago Chinijo se encuentra en el extremo noreste del archipiélago canario, en el sector septentrional de Lanzarote, frente a la costa de los municipios de Teguise y Haría. Está compuesto por una isla y cuatro islotes. Está situado sobre una amplia plataforma submarina de menos de cien metros de profundidad, aunque alcanza los doscientos metros en algunos puntos.

El acceso al archipiélago se realiza principalmente por medio de embarcaciones que comunican el puerto de Órzola (Haría) con el de Caleta del Sebo (La Graciosa). El brazo de mar que separa Lanzarote de La Graciosa se le conoce como El Río.

Parque natural del Archipiélago Chinijo

Todos los islotes se encuentran incluidos en el parque natural del Archipiélago Chinijo. Adquirió la condición de espacio protegido en 1986, y fue reclasificado y reconocido como zona de especial protección para las aves en 1994.

Además, Montaña Clara y los roques del Este y del Oeste cuentan con la protección adicional de la reserva natural integral de Los Islotes.

El parque natural también incluye el risco de Famara en el norte de la isla de Lanzarote, en los municipios de Teguise y Haría. Ocupa, en total, 46 263 hectáreas: 37 151 corresponden al entorno marino, mientras que la superficie terrestre consta de 9112 ha, repartidas entre los municipios mencionados.

Geomorfología

Hay dos entidades geomorfológicas perfectamente diferenciadas: los riscos de Famara y el conjunto de islas e islotes.

 Los Acantilados de Famara formando parte del Macizo de Famara que se corresponden con un escudo volcánico parcialmente erosionado. Estos riscos constituyen una excelente muestra de las emisiones fisurales basálticas que conformaron el basamento insular de Lanzarote, presentando edades comprendidas entre los 5 y 10 millones de años.
 La isla de La Graciosa, los islotes de Montaña Clara y Alegranza, y los Roques del Este y del Oeste conforman un conjunto volcánico, muy bien conservado (originado durante el Cuaternario) y que se encuentra apoyado sobre una plataforma submarina de menos de 200 m de profundidad que acaba al noroeste de Alegranza.

Flora y fauna

Flora
El parque natural cuenta con 120 especies de líquenes, número similar al de otras zonas comparables del Archipiélago Canario.

Unos 390 taxones de flora vascular se localizan en el espacio protegido. Unos 62 son endémicos canarios, que representan el 12 % del total para toda Canarias, y el 78,5 % de los endemismos presentes en Lanzarote y sus islotes. Se destacan algunos como: Bupleurum handiense, Caralluma burchardii, Euphorbia balsamifera, etc. En flora marina destaca el alga Codium.

Fauna

Se han encontrado más de 390 taxones, muchos de ellos endémicos. Existen 44 taxones endémicos exclusivos de este parque natural. Entre las especies amenazadas citar al gasterópodo C. Ryptella famarae incluido como "vulnerable" en el Catálogo de Especies Amenazadas de Canarias.

En el espacio nos encontramos con tres especies endémicas de Fuerteventura, Lanzarote y sus islotes: el perenquén majorero o rugoso (Tarentola angustimentalis), el lagarto atlántico (Gallotia atlantica) y la lisneja o lisa majorera (Chalcides simonyi).

Este espacio es de vital importancia para la nidificación de aves marinas, rapaces y otras aves muy escasas. Por lo que está catalogado desde 1994 como zona de especial protección para las aves. Algunas de estas aves son: Pandion haliaetus, Falco pelegrinoides, Chlamydotis undulata, Oceanodroma castro, etc.

La musaraña canaria (Crocidura canariensis), especie endémica, es el único mamífero terrestre autóctono que cría en dicho espacio, las demás especies son introducidas. En alguno de los islotes se han localizado algunos ejemplares que podrían tratarse del murciélago de borde claro (Pipistrellus kuhlii), aunque no se ha comprobado su reproducción.

Las aguas del archipiélago son igualmente ricas en especies exóticas subtropicales, tanto animales como vegetales, cabe destacar: la lapa, la estrella de mar espinosa, langostas, meros, etc.

Algunos cetáceos son observables en las aguas del parque, sobre todo en meses de migración, algunos como: Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Grampus griseus, Delphinus delphis, etc.

También se tiene constancia de la visita ocasional de focas monje del Mediterráneo (Monachus monachus), especie en crítico peligro de extinción, que habitó en esa zona en el pasado.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ocio Lanzarote: Archipiélago Chinijo

Parques naturales de las Islas Canarias
Reservas marinas de España

Archipiélago Chinijo


Ruđevica (lat. Oxyria), rod zeljastih biljaka iz porodice dvornikovki raširen po velikim dijelovima Euroazije i Sjeverne Amerike. Postoje tri priznate vrste, od kojih samo planinska ruđevica raste u Hrvatskoj.

Ime roda dolazi od grčke riječi oxys (oštar), prema prema oksalnoj kiselini koja joj daje kiselkast okus.

Vrste
 Oxyria caucasica Chrtek & Šourková
 Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill
 Oxyria sinensis Hemsl.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Rumiceae

Ruđevica


Le Caproni Ca.7 était le septième modèle d'avion conçu par le pionnier de l'aviation italien Giovanni Caproni. Il est resté à l'état de projet.

Histoire
Gianni Caproni a commencé à s'occuper de la conception du Ca.7 au début des années 1910.

Ce premier avion multimoteur Caproni est considéré comme le précurseur des grands bombardiers fabriqués ensuite par l'ingénieur du Trentin pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.

Description
Le projet Caproni Ca.7 portait sur un biplan bimoteur équipé d'un double système d'empennages horizontaux, montés respectivement aux extrémités avant (plan canard) et arrière du fuselage, comme pour le Ca.6.

En plus du pilote logé à l'avant, immédiatement devant les ailes, l'avion pouvait emporter deux passagers assis derrière les moteurs.

Ces deux moteurs accouplés placés au-dessus du fuselage entraînaient, au moyen de chaînes, deux hélices propulsives placées de part et d'autre du fuselage. Les deux moteurs étaient reliés par un embrayage mécanique, afin qu'ils puissent fonctionner ensemble ou séparément.

Cette conception inhérente à l'utilisation de deux propulseurs tous deux logés dans le fuselage et dont un sur deux aurait dû pouvoir être éteint, même en vol, a occasionné des problèmes insurmontables de refroidissement des moteurs.

Ces difficultés ont empêché la construction de l'avion, qui est donc resté au stade de projet.

Notes et références

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Voir aussi
 Caproni Ca.6
 Caproni Ca.8
 Musée de l'aéronautique Gianni-Caproni

Avion à hélices
Avion biplan
Avion bimoteur
Aéronef expérimental
Avion construit en Italie
Avion des années 1910
Caproni

Caproni Ca.7


Ceratizit Challenge by La Vuelta (før 2020 La Madrid Challenge by La Vuelta) er et cykelløb for kvinder, der blev etableret i 2015. Løbet er en del af UCI's kalender og er klassificeret som et løb i kategori 1.1.. I 2016 blev løbet en del af UCI Women's World Tour.

Vindere

Referencer

Madrid Challenge by La Vuelta


En el siglo XVII, se dio el nombre de cameronianos en Escocia a una secta que tenía por jefe a Arquibaldo Cameron, ministro presbiteriano de un carácter singular.

No quería recibir la libertad de conciencia que Carlos II rey de Inglaterra concedíó los presbiterianos; porque según él, era reconocer la supremacía del rey y considerarle como jefe de la Iglesia. En este rasgo se reconocía el genio característico del calvinismo. Estos sectarios, no contentos con haber producido un cisma con los demás presbiterianos, llevaron el fanatismo hasta declarar a Carlos II inhábil para la corona y se sublevaron. Se los redujo con facilidad y en 1690, en el reinado de Guillermo III, se reunieron a los demás presbiterianos. En 1706, comenzaron de nuevo a excitar turbulencias en Escocia, se reunieron en gran número y tomaron las armas cerca de Edimburgo pero fueron dispersados por las tropas disciplinadas que se enviaron en su persecución. Se cree que tenían más odio a los presbiterianos que a los episcopales.

Es preciso no confundir el jefe de estos cameronianos con Juan Cameron, otro calvinista escocés que pasó a Francia y enseñó en Sedan, Saumur y Montauban. Este era un hombre muy moderado que desaprobó el fanatismo de los que se sublevaron contra Luis XIII y experimentó muy malos tratamientos por su parte. Dejó algunas obras recomendables.

Referencias
Diccionario de teología, 1, Nicolas Sylvestre Bergier, 1845

Presbiterianismo

Cameronianos


Enriqueta Corina Duarte Ibarra García (n. en Buenos Aires el 26 de febrero de 1929) es una nadadora argentina, reconocida por ser la primera mujer latinoamericana en cruzar a nado el Canal de la Mancha, con un tiempo récord de 13 horas y 26 minutos.

Trayectoria
Sus padres la mandaron a practicar natación, donde comenzó en el Club Obras Sanitarias, como actividad de esparcimiento. Realizó su primera carrera en 1942, con casi 13 años de edad, y el entrenador le pidió a los padres que la dejaran formar parte del equipo oficial.

Estudió en la Escuela Presidente Roque Sáenz Peña, donde se recibió de maestra. Fue capitana del equipo de natación, ganando varios torneos intercolegiales (1944, 1945 y 1946).

En 1948 fue la representante argentina en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres, donde compitió en 100 metros libres, 400 metros libres y la posta 4 x 100 metros.

En 1949 se enferma de los oídos severamente, lo que le hace pensar que no podrá competir más en natación, y comienza a practicar esgrima. Además inicia estudios en la Facultad de Derecho.

En 1950 el nadador argentino Antonio Abertondo realiza el cruce del Canal de la Mancha. Enriqueta se entera de la noticia y desea realizarlo.

Cuando tenía 19 años se afilió al Partido Peronista Femenino. Conoció a Eva Perón y pudo conseguir ayuda económica para participar en 1951 en la competencia de cruce a nado del Canal de la Mancha (uniendo Inglaterra con Francia). Este concurso había sido organizado por el periódico Daily Mail, y Enriqueta fue seleccionada entre 1500 solicitudes de deportistas. También realizaron el cruce ese mismo año Antonio Abertondo y el nadador peruano Daniel Carpio, quienes demoraron más que Enriqueta, que cruzó en 13 horas y 26 minutos.

Después de que volviera de Londres en 1948, Rodolfo Valenzuela recibió la orden de Perón de darle a ella y a la esgrimidora Irma Grampa, una casa, un auto y 500 mil pesos; nunca los recibieron y años después cuando la citaron a declarar al Comité Olímpico Argentino se enteró de que habían falsificado su firma en un documento referido a ese hecho y lo mismo le pasó a Irma Grampa.

Debido a su afiliación al Partido Peronista Femenino fue proscripta y perseguida durante la Revolución Libertadora. En 1956 la dictadura de Pedro Eugenio Aramburu le prohibió asistir a eventos deportivos dentro y fuera del país. Lo que la obligó a exiliarse en Londres para continuar con su carrera. Tras la recuperación de la democracia, el presidente constitucional Arturo Frondizi levantó el veto y Enriqueta pudo continuar con su carrera olímpica.

En 1976 se exilió en Venezuela debido a problemas surgidos por la mala relación con su marido, donde vivió casi 30 años. Trabajó en la compañía Panam, de la que llegó a ser directora regional. En este país comenzó a competir en la categoría máster.

También realizó otras hazañas como cruzar a nado el los lagos argentinos Lago Nahuel Huapi, por primera vez en 1963 (luego lo haría cuatro veces más), y Lácar (en 1965) y en 1998 los ríos Orinoco y Caroní, en Venezuela, llegando primera en su categoría y compitiendo contra otros 600 nadadores. Entre 1985 y 2006 fue campeona máster de natación en torneos nacionales e internacionales. Desde el año 2006 organiza la "Prueba Internacional de cruce a nado del Lago Nahuel Huapi".
En el año 2014 fue homenajeada por La Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora junto con otros deportistas perseguidos y prohibidos durante la dictadura autodenominada "Revolución Libertadora".

Premios y distinciones
 Personalidad destacada del deporte, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 2011.
 Personalidad destacada del deporte, Tigre, 2011.
 Premio a la Trayectoria Deportiva, Cámara de Diputados de la Nación, 2007.
 Premio Delfo Cabrera, Cámara de Senadores de la Nación, 2007.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Entrevista televisiva, programa "Vivo en Argentina" emitido el 11/10/2011

Porteños
Deportistas perseguidos por la Revolución Libertadora
Exiliados de la Revolución Libertadora
Peronistas
Nadadores de Argentina
Nadadores de Argentina en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 1948
Exiliados argentinos en el Reino Unido

Enriqueta Duarte


Josip (Josef) Schrott (Svetice, 28. veljače 1791. – Čavoš, mađ. Csávos, današnji Grănicerii u Rumunjskoj, 6. rujna 1857.)

Župnik u Kutjevu i Brdovcu, zagrebački kanonik, prepošt Zagrebačkog kaptola, prior vranski i naslovni biskup beogradski i smederevski, na političkom i crkvenom području. Obnašao je visoke dužnosti i na svjetovnom području – bio je virilni član Hrvatskoga sabora, a od 1844. do 1853. vrhovni ravnatelj škola u Hrvatskoj.

Izvori
Biskup Josip Schrott – Čovjek izvan struje

Hrvatski katolički svećenici

Josip Schrott


The National People's Army (, ; NVA ) were the armed forces of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1956 to 1990.

The NVA was organized into four branches: the  (Ground Forces), the  (Navy), the  (Air Force) and the  (Border Troops). The NVA belonged to the Ministry of National Defence and commanded by the National Defense Council of East Germany, headquartered in Strausberg  east of East Berlin. From 1962, conscription was mandatory for all GDR males aged between 18 and 60 requiring an 18-month service, and it was the only Warsaw Pact military to offer non-combat roles to conscientious objectors, known as "construction soldiers" (). The NVA reached 175,300 personnel at its peak in 1987.

The NVA was formed on 1 March 1956 to succeed the  (Barracked People's Police) and under the influence of the Soviet Army became one of the Warsaw Pact militaries opposing NATO during the Cold War. The majority of NATO officers rated the NVA the best military in the Warsaw Pact based on discipline, thoroughness of training, and the quality of officer leadership. The NVA did not see significant combat but participated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, deployed military advisors to communist governments in other countries, and manned the Berlin Wall where they were responsible for numerous deaths.

The NVA was dissolved on 2 October 1990 with the GDR before German reunification, and its facilities and equipment were handed over to the  (the armed forces of West Germany), which also absorbed most of its personnel below the rank of non-commissioned officer.

History

The German Democratic Republic (GDR) established the National People's Army on 1 March 1956 (six months after the formation of the West German ) from the . This formation culminated years of preparation during which former  officers and communist veterans of the Spanish Civil War helped organize and train paramilitary units of the People's Police. Though the NVA featured a German appearance – including uniforms and ceremonies patterned after older German military traditions – its doctrine and structure showed the strong influence of the Soviet Armed Forces.

During its first year, about 27 percent of the NVA's officer corps had formerly served in the Wehrmacht. Of the 82 highest command positions, ex- officers held 61; however, very few of them had served in high ranks. The military knowledge and combat experience of these veterans were indispensable in the NVA's early years, although by the 1960s most of these World War II veterans had retired. (The West German  was even more reliant on  veterans, who initially comprised the majority of its commissioned ranks.)

Notable former  officers in the NVA command
The following list includes the NVA generals who were awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in the  during the Second World War.

  Wilhelm Adam (17 December 1942 as )
  Otto Korfes (22 January 1943 as )
  Vincenz Müller (7 April 1944 as )

The following list includes the NVA generals who were awarded the German Cross in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War.

  Rudolf Bamler (12 March 1942 as )
  Bernhard Bechler (28 January 1943 as )
  Otto Korfes (11 January 1942 as )
  Arno von Lenski (21 January 1943 as )
  Vincenz Müller (26 January 1942 as  i.G.)
  Hans Wulz (25 January 1943 as )

In its first six years the NVA operated as an all-volunteer force. (West Germany, in contrast, re-introduced universal military service in 1956.) The GDR introduced conscription in 1962. According to the Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security:

Like the ruling communist parties of other Soviet satellites, the East German Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) assured control by appointing loyal party members to top positions and by organizing intensive political education for all ranks. The proportion of SED members in the officer corps rose steadily after the early 1960s, eventually reaching almost 95 percent.

The NVA saw itself as the "instrument of power of the working class" (). According to its doctrine, the NVA protected peace and secured the achievements of socialism by maintaining a convincing deterrent to imperialist aggression. The NVA's motto, inscribed on its flag, read: "For the Protection of the Workers and Farmers' Power".

The NVA never took part in full-scale combat, although it participated in a support role in the suppression of the Prague Spring of 1968, provided medical support during the Soviet–Afghan War, and NVA officers often served as combat advisers in Africa. Some of the first NVA advisors went to the Republic of the Congo in 1973. During the 1980s at various times the NVA had advisors in Algeria, Angola, Ethiopia, Guinea, Iraq, Libya, Mozambique, South Yemen, and Syria. When the Soviet Union prepared to occupy Czechoslovakia in 1968, the GDR government committed the 7th Panzer Division and the 11th Motorised Infantry Division to support the intervention (assigned to 20th Guards Army and 1st Guards Tank Army respectively), becoming the first deployment of German troops outside Germany for the first time since the Second World War. But the East German participation raised Czech ire, and the two divisions were "kept out of sight in the Bohemian forests" and allowed to travel only at night. In a few days they were withdrawn.

In the early 1970s the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG) high command assigned to the NVA the wartime mission of capturing West Berlin. The NVA plan for the operation, designated "Operation Centre", called for some 32,000 troops in two divisions, accompanied by the GSFG's Soviet 6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade. The plan was regularly updated until 1988, when a less ambitious plan that simply aimed at containing Berlin was substituted.

In the autumn of 1981 the NVA stood ready to intervene in Poland in support of a possible Soviet invasion, but the declaration of martial law in Poland (13 December 1981) averted the crisis.

The NVA went into a state of heightened combat readiness on several occasions, including the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, and, for the last time, in late 1989 as protests swept through the GDR.

Ideology
The NVA operated as a professional volunteer army until 1962, when conscription was introduced. The GDR's National Defense Council controlled the armed forces, but the mobile forces came under the Warsaw Pact Unified Command. Political control of the armed forces took place through close integration with the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which vetted all officers. Military training (provided by the school system) and the growing militarization of East German society bolstered popular support for the military establishment. From a Leninist perspective, the NVA stood as a symbol of Soviet-East German solidarity and became the model communist institution – ideological, hierarchical, and disciplined. The NVA synthesized communist and Prussian symbolism, naming its officers' academy, the Friedrich Engels Military Academy, after Karl Marx's co-author Friedrich Engels, and its highest medal after Prussian Army General Gerhard von Scharnhorst.

During the Peaceful Revolution that led to the downfall of the GDR's communist government, some NVA forces were placed on alert but were never deployed against protesters. At the same time, the Soviet government ordered its troops in the GDR to remain in barracks. After the forced retirement of SED and state leader Erich Honecker and other conservatives from the ruling Politburo at the height of the crisis in October 1989, the new SED leadership ruled out using armed force against the protesters.

Composition
The manpower of the NVA consisted of some 85,000 soldiers in 1962, climbed to 127,000 by 1967, and remained essentially steady through 1970. In 1987, at the peak of its power, the NVA numbered 175,300 troops. Approximately 50% of this number were career soldiers, while the others were short-term conscripts.

According to a 1973 study, NVA leaders from the late 1950s through the 1960s came predominantly from working-class backgrounds, with few from middle-class or professional families and no representatives of the aristocracy present in the upper echelons. Excepting specialized military or political instruction, most NVA leaders reported primary school as their highest level of formal education.

Post-unification

The NVA disbanded with the dissolution of the East German government in October 1990. Under the process of "Army of Unity" (), NVA facilities and equipment were handed over to the , the federal defense force of the unified Germany.  Eastern Command () was set up for the control of units or facilities in the territory of former East Germany, and was led by Lieutenant General Jörg Schönbohm. Most facilities closed, and equipment was either sold or given to other countries. Most of the NVA's 36,000 officers and NCOs were let go, including all officers above the rank of . The  retained only 3,200 – after a demotion of one rank. In addition, all female soldiers (at this point it was still prohibited for women to become soldiers in the ) and all soldiers over the age of 55 were discharged.

Until 1 March 2005, Germany listed time served in the NVA as time "served in a foreign military". Service in the NVA did not count for points towards federal pensions in the unified Germany. Retired NVA soldiers and officers received only minimal pensions after unification: a thirty-year veteran would receive a pension smaller than a graduate-student stipend. After the reform of 2005, service in the NVA became known as "served outside of the ".

Many former NVA officers feel bitter about their treatment after unification. While receiving only minimal pensions, few have been able to find jobs except as laborers or security guards. Former NVA officers are not permitted to append their NVA rank to their name as a professional title; no such prohibition applies to rank attained in the  or in the  during the Nazi era.

One of the few former NVA facilities to remain open was a base in Storkow near Berlin, which housed the NVA's camouflage and deception center. This became the Bundeswehr Unit for Camouflage and Deception.

Utilization of former NVA materiel after 1990

The NVA was, in relation to its equipment and training, one of the strongest armies in the Warsaw Pact. It was equipped with a large number of modern weapons systems, most of Soviet origin, from which a small portion were given back to the Soviet Union in 1990.

The remaining equipment and materiel was still substantial, including large quantities of replacement parts, medical supplies, atomic, biological and chemical warfare equipment, training devices and simulators, etc.

One of the first measures taken after the reunification was a survey and securing of weapons and devices by former members of the NVA. The federally operated Materiel Depot Service Gesellschaft (MDSG) was charged with taking custody of and warehousing this equipment. The MDSG employed 1,820 people who were primarily taken from the . The MDSG was privatised in 1994. Much of the materiel was given free of charge to beneficiaries in the new federal states or other departments, to museums, or to friendly nations in the context of military support for developing countries. The German Federal Intelligence Service secretly sold NVA equipment to several countries, violating international and German laws as well as international treaties.
The rest was destroyed.

 767 aircraft (helicopters, fixed wing aircraft), 24 of which were MiG-29s
 208 ships
 2,761 tanks
 133,900 wheeled vehicles
 2,199 artillery pieces
 1,376,650 firearms
 303,690 tons of ammunition
 14,335 tons of fuel and cleaning materials

24 modern MIG-29s became part of the Luftwaffe. After 1999, 23 of the 24 aircraft were given to Poland.

Recruitment and conscientious objection

Before the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, military service in the GDR was voluntary, though the Free German Youth and public schools mounted intensive recruitment drives, and service in the NVA was often a prerequisite for career advancement. Compulsory military service had been introduced in 1956 in West Germany, one year after the West German military was established, but the GDR held back from this step until 1962. The situation changed when the border was sealed in August 1961, and five months later the government announced a mandatory service term of 18 months for men.

There was, at first, no alternative service for conscientious objectors. This changed in 1964 when, under pressure from the Protestant Church in Germany, the GDR's National Defence Council authorised the formation of  (construction units) for men of draft age who "refuse military service with weapons on the grounds of religious viewpoints or for similar reasons".

The construction soldiers wore uniforms and lived in barracks under military discipline, but were not required to bear arms and received no combat training. In theory, they were to be used only for civilian construction projects. The GDR therefore became the only Warsaw Pact country to provide a non-combat alternative for conscientious objectors. However, fearing that other soldiers would be contaminated by pacifist ideas, the government took care to segregate the construction units from regular conscripts. Moreover, conscripts who chose the alternative service option often faced discrimination later in life, including denial of opportunities for higher education.

Organization

The NVA had four main branches:
 The  (Ground Forces) with an active strength of 108,000 in the following divisions:
1st Motor Rifle Division (Potsdam-Eiche)
4th Motor Rifle Division (Erfurt)
6th Motor Rifle Division (Königswartha)
7th Panzer Division (Dresden)
8th Motor Rifle Division (Schwerin)
9th Panzer Division (Eggesin)
10th Motor Rifle Division (Ronneburg)
11th Motor Rifle Division (Halle)
17th Motor Rifle Division (Petersroda)
19th Motor Rifle Division (Wulkow)
20th Motor Rifle Division (Bredenfelde)
 The  (People's Navy) with a strength of 18,300
 The  (Air Forces/Air Defence) with a strength of 58,000

In wartime, mobilization of the NVA's reserves would have nearly doubled its strength. GDR authorities also had at their disposal the internal security troops of the Ministry of the Interior (the ) and the Ministry for State Security (the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment) along with the 210,000 strong party auxiliary "Combat Groups of the Working Class" (), who were available in times of war.

The highest level of leadership for the NVA was the Ministry for National Defense () headquartered in Strausberg near East Berlin. NVA administration was divided into the following commands:
 the  based in Geltow near Potsdam
 the  based in Strausberg
 the  based in Rostock
 the  based in Pätz near Berlin

Appearance

Uniforms
The first military units of the Central Training Administration () were dressed in police blue. With the restructuring of the Barracked Police (CIP) in 1952, khaki uniforms similar in shape and colour to those of the Soviet Army were introduced. The desire for a separate "German" and "socialist" military tradition, and the consequent founding of the NVA in 1956, introduced new uniforms which strongly resembled those of the . They were of a similar cut and made of a brownish-gray, called stone gray, cloth. The dark high-necked collar was later removed, except on the coats from 1974 to 1979.

Even the NVA's M-56 "gumdrop" army helmet, in spite of its easily noticeable resemblance to well-known Soviet designs, was actually based on a prototype "B / II" helmet that was initially developed for the  by the Institute for Defence Technical Materials Science in Berlin. The helmet had seen trials since 1943, but was not adopted by the .

With the exceptions of the People's Navy, whose dark-blue uniforms were consistent with the styles of most navies around the world, and the Combat Groups of the Working Class (), who wore their own olive-green fatigue uniforms, all NVA armed services, the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment, the Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic, and the  wore the same basic uniform. Several later modifications were introduced, but the style and cut remain fundamentally the same. There were a variety of uniforms worn according to the setting (work or social) and season (summer or winter). Most uniforms (service, semi-dress, and parade) were stone grey, a brownish-grey colour that was conspicuously different from the grey-green of the People's Police. Officers' uniforms differed from those of enlisted personnel by better quality and texture cloth. The field and service uniforms were normal attire for most day-to-day functions.

Uniform categories
Several basic categories of uniforms were worn:

Parade uniform ()

The parade uniform for ground forces officers was the semi-dress/walking-out tunic with all authorized orders, awards and decorations attached, breeches and riding boots, steel helmet, white shirt, dark-gray necktie, and a ceremonial dagger worn on the left side and fastened to a silver-gray parade belt. Officers in guards of honor, as well as officers of cadet schools when on parade, carried sabers. In winter, a greatcoat, scarf, and gloves were worn. Naval officers wore dark blue uniforms with a peaked cap while ratings wore sailor caps.

Service uniform ()
The summer service uniform for officers was a bloused jacket, called a Hemdbluse, worn without a shirt, trousers, and a visored service cap. The winter service uniform featured a tunic with four large buttoned-down patch pockets, a black waist belt, the service cap, breeches, shirt, tie, and pants belt; high boots were reserved for officers and NCOs. A long, heavy, belted greatcoat was also part of the winter uniform.

Semi-dress/walking-out uniform ()
With a few details, the semi-dress uniform was the same for all ranks and was worn for walking-out purposes (i.e. off-duty and off-post). It consisted of a single-breasted tunic without belt, a silver-gray shirt with dark-gray tie, the service cap, long trousers, and black low-quarter shoes. Officers also wore the tunic with a white shirt. During periods of warm weather, there was the option of omitting the tunic, and furthermore omitting the tie. A double-breasted jacket was optional for officers and warrant officers.

Field service uniform ()

The summer field uniform for both officers and enlisted consisted of a jacket and trousers originally in  and then in , a dark-brown (later a forest green) raindrop camouflage pattern on a stone-gray background; a field cap, service cap, or steel helmet; high black boots; and a gray webbing belt with y-strap suspenders. In winter, a quilted stone gray padded suit without a camouflage pattern was worn over the service uniform. Later winter uniforms were also of the same camouflage pattern as the summer variant. The winter uniform also included a fur pile cap or a steel helmet, boots, knitted gray gloves, belt, and suspenders.

Work uniform ()
Seasonal considerations and weather governed the kind of work uniforms worn. Generally, reconditioned articles of service uniforms (field, semi-dress, and padded winter uniforms) were dyed black and issued for all types of fatigue and maintenance details. Coveralls are also used by the lower ranks, especially armor and air force personnel. Officers in technical branches supervising fatigue details wore a laboratory-style smock.

Other uniforms

High-ranking officers occasionally wore white uniforms (or white jackets), and staff officers were issued distinctive staff service uniforms.

Women wore uniforms consisting of jackets, skirts or slacks, blouses, caps, boots or pumps, and other appropriate items according to season and occasion.

Personnel, such as paratroopers, motorcyclists, and tank troops, wore additional items with their uniforms identifying them as such.

NVA personnel initially wore the  as worn by the , but later reverted to white except for generals who wore red.

The uniforms of the Border Troops were distinguished from that of the NVA ground force and Air Force/Air Defense Force by a green armband with large silver letters identifying the wearer's affiliation.

Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment uniforms were nearly identical to those of the NVA and were distinguished primarily by the dark red MfS service color of its insignia and by an honorary cuff-band on the left sleeve bearing the regiment's name. Other Stasi officers wore a similar uniform, but without the cuff-band.

Rank insignia

NVA personnel displayed their rank insignia on shoulder boards or shoulder loops on service, semi-dress, and parade uniforms, and subdued sleeve insignia midway between the shoulder and elbow on the left sleeve of the field uniform, coveralls, or other special uniforms. A general officer rank was denoted by five-pointed silver stars mounted on a gold and silver braided shoulder cord set on a bright red base. All other officers and NCOs wore a four-pointed star. Like many of the armies of the other Warsaw Pact countries, NVA rank insignia followed the Soviet pattern in the arrangement of stars.

The  followed similar shoulder insignia for the naval officers (who also used sleeve insignia) and enlisted ratings except that these were blue and white or yellow (in the case of naval ratings).

Awards and decorations

The GDR had some seventy decorations for persons or groups it wished to recognize, and it bestowed them liberally. Some, such as battle decorations, were specifically set aside for armed forces personnel, many awarded to soldiers and civilians alike, and others, although ordinarily civilian awards, can on occasion be earned by those on military duty. The latter group included decorations for achievement in the arts, literature, production, and work methods. They were awarded to service personnel or specific units that participated in civil production projects or assisted during harvesting.

The Order of Karl Marx, Patriotic Order of Merit, Star of People's Friendship, Banner of Labor, Order of Scharnhorst, and the National Prize were among the more important awards. Some, including the Order of Merit and the Star of People's Friendship, were awarded in three classes. A few were accompanied by substantial monetary premiums. The NVA did not permit military personnel to wear  awards and decorations.

Periodicals
The two main periodicals of the NVA were the weekly newspaper  and the monthly soldier's magazine .

Relics
The former Nazi holiday complex at Prora, on the island of Rügen, contains a number of museum displays. One of these is devoted to the NVA, which had used part of the complex as a barracks. Many German military museums host former NVA equipment like tanks and aircraft.

See also

 Conscientious objection in East Germany
 Combat Groups of the Working Class
 Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment
 Distinguished Service Medal of the National People's Army
 Military history of Germany

References

Bibliography

 Tsouras, P.G. Changing Orders: The Evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present Facts On File, Inc, 1994.
 David Stone, 'Fighting for the Fatherland: The Story of the German Soldier from 1648 to the Present Day,' Conway, London, 2006

Further reading
 Bickford Andrew. Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post-Unification Germany (Stanford University Press; 2011); 288 pages; An ethnographic study of former East German officers.
 Dale Roy Herspring, Requiem for an army: the demise of the East German military, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998, , 249 pages
 Jörg Schönbohm, Two armies and one fatherland: the end of the Nationale Volksarmee, Berghahn Books, 1996,
 Zilian, Jr., Frederick. 'From Confrontation to Cooperation: The Takeover of the National People's (East German) Army by the Bundeswehr,' Praeger, Westport, Conn., 1999, . Reviewed by Dale R. Herspring in The Journal of Military History, July 2000, pp. 912-914

External links

 NVA Forum (in German)
 Nationale Volksarmee & the GDR Forum
 AHF – Nationale Volksarmee (NVA)
 RFE/RL East German Subject Files: Armed Forces, Blinken Open Society Archives, Budapest
 some formation details on NPA

Germany, East
National People's Army (East Germany)
National People's Army (East Germany)
Disbanded armed forces
1956 establishments in East Germany
1990 disestablishments in Germany
Warsaw Pact
Military units and formations of the Cold War

National People's Army


වෘෂභ Taurus (Latin for "the Bull"; symbol: , Unicode: ♉) රාශිය යනු රාශි චක්‍රෙය් දෙවන රාශියයි.මෙය රාශි චක්‍රෙය් අංශක 30 ත් 60 අතර ස්ථානගතව පවතී.සූර්‍යයයා අප්‍රියෙල්  21 ත් මැයි 21 අතර වෘෂභ රාශිය මගින් ගමන් කරනබව තාරකා විද්‍යාඥයන් පවසයි බටහිර ජොතිෂ්‍ය මත අනුව හිරු වෘෂභ රාශියේ ගතකරන්නේ මැයි 16 ජුනි 16 වෙද්දී පෙරදිග වෛදික මත අනුව මැයි 14 ජුනි 14 අතරවෙයි ජෝතිෂ්‍ය මත අනුව නැගෙනහිර කිෂිතිජයෙන් වෘෂභ රාශිය උදාවී ඇති මොහොතක උපන් අයකු වෘෂභ රාශියෙන් උපන්නකු ලෙස සලකයි.

ඉතිහාසය

මෙසපොතේමියානු ශිෂ්ටාචාරවාසීන් විසින් මුල්වරට මෙම තරු රටාව හදුනාගෙන ඇත. මෙම තරුරටාව දෙවියන් විසින් එවූ ගවයා යන අරුතින් මෙම තරුරටාව නම් කළේය.එයට හේතුව සූර්‍යයයා මෙම රාශියට පැමිණෙන විට වසන්ත ඍතුවේ සුන්දරම කාලය උදාවන නිසාය.මෙම අවධියේ ගස්වැල් මලින් බරවී සමෘධිමත්වේ.පරාණ ඊජිත්තුවාසීන් වෘෂභ රාශිය හාතර් නම්වූ සුන්දරත්වය ආදරය හා සතුටට අධිපති දෙවගන ලෙසින් දිටීය., රෝමානු ජොතිෂ්‍යෙව්දීන්ට අනුව වෘශභ රාශියේ අධිපතීක්වය ඔවුන්ගේ සුන්දරත්වයට අධිපති දෙවගත වූ වීනස් දෙවගනට අයත්ය..පෙරදිග වෛදික ජෝතිෂ්‍ය මත අනුව ද වෘෂභ රාශියේ අධිපතීත්වය සුන්දරත්වයට හා ආදරයට අධිපති ලෙස සැලකෙන සිකුරු ග්‍රහයාට අයත්ය.ග්‍රීක බසින් වීනස් නමින් හදුන්වන්නේ ද සිකුරු ග්‍රහයාමය.මෙම තරු රටාවට තාරකා 23 අන්තර්ගතය.හද්දින්නත් තරු රටාව පිහිටියේද මෙම වෘෂභ තාරකා රාශිය තුලය.

වෛදික ජොතිෂ්‍ය මත

වෛදික ජොතිෂ්‍ය මත අනුව වෘෂභ රාශිය ගොනකු සංකේතවත් කරන අතර රාශි වක්‍රෙය් දෙවන රාශියයි.කැති නැකතේ 2ෙ.3.4 පාදයන්ද රෙහෙණ නැකතේ පාද හතරමද මුවසිරස නැකතේ 1.2 යන පාදයන්ද වෘෂභ රාශිය තුල පිහිටයි.වෘෂභ රාශිය ස්ත්‍රී රාශියකි පඨවි රාශියකි තිර රාශියකි සෞම්‍ය රාශියකි.අධිපති ග්‍රහයා ග්‍රහලොව මනාලිය ලෙස සැළකෙන ආදරයට හා සුන්දරත්වයට අධිපති සිකුරු ග්‍රහයායි.වන්ද්‍රයාගේ උච්ච රාශිය වන අතර බුධ ශනි රාහු යන ග්‍රහයන්ගේ මිත්‍ර රාශියකි.රවී හා ගුරුගේ සතුරු රාශියකි.කුජට වෘෂභය සමවේ.

සටහන්

බාහිර සබැදුම්
 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (over 300 medieval and early modern images of Taurus)
 https://si.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%B7_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=submit

රාශි චක්‍රය

වෘෂභ රාශිය


Geniş alan ağı, birden fazla cihazın birbiri ile bağlanmasına ve iletişim kurmasını sağlayan fiziksel veya mantıksal büyük ağdır. Yerel alan ağlarının birbirine bağlanmasını sağlayan çok geniş ağlardır. En meşhur geniş olan alan ağı İnternettir.

WAN Tasarlama Seçenekleri

WAN'lar, bir mekanda bulunan kullanıcı ve bilgisayarların başka bir mekanda bulunan kullanıcı ve bilgisayarlarla iletişim kurabilmesi için LAN'ları ve başka tip ağları birbirine bağlamakta kullanılır. Birçok WAN tek bir organizasyon için kurulmuştur ve özeldir. İnternet Servis Sağlayıcıları tarafından kurulan diğer WAN'lar ise bir organizasyonun LAN'ından Internet'e bağlantı sağlar. WAN'lar genellikle kiralık devreler kullanılarak kurulur. Kiralık devrenin her iki ucunda, bir yönlendirici bir tarafı ve WAN içinde bir kablo göbeği de diğer tarafı LAN'a bağlar. Kiralık devreler çok pahalı olabilmektedir. Kiralık devre kullanmak yerine, WAN'lar daha ucuza mal olan devre anahtarlama veya paket anahtarlama metotlarını kullanarak da kurulabilirler. TCP/IP'yi de içeren şebeke protokolleri taşıma ve adresleme işlevlerini iletir. SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM ve Frame Relay'in ötesinde Packet'i de içeren protokoller servis sağlayıcıları tarafından WAN'larda kullanılan bağları iletmek üzere kullanılır. X.25 eski ve önemli bir WAN protokolüdür ve Frame Relay'in bugün hala kullanımda olan, belli başlı birçok protokol ve işlevi gibi Frame Relay'in "babası" sayılır.

WAN'lar üzerinde yapılan akademik araştırmalar üç alanda incelenebilir: Matematiksel Modeller, Şebeke Emülasyonu ve Şebeke Simülasyonu.

Performans düzeltmeleri bazen WAF'lar veya WAN eniyileme algoritması ile iletilir. WAN bağlantı teknolojisi seçenekleri NonStop S-series sunucularına WANs bağlanmanın birçok yolu vardır. ServerNet Wide Area Network geniş alan ağı içeriğiyle veya SWAN 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 değiştiricileri yardımıyla Ethernet girişlerine ve uygun haberleşme yazılımına sahip olan sunuculara WAN alıcı bağlantısını sağlar. Eşzamansız geniş alan ağı sunucusu Asynchronous Wide Area Network da kullanılabilir. WAN bağlantısı için birkaç yol kullanılabilir.

Kaynakça

Geniş alan ağı


Abbâdîler (), İspanya'da 11. yüzyılda kurulmuş bir Müslüman-Arap devletidir.

İspanya'da Endülüs Emevi Devleti'nin 756-1031 yılları arasında karışıklıklar içinde bulunması nedeniyle Abbadiler 1023 yılında Sevilla kentinde bir devlet kurdular. Çevrelerindeki küçük krallıkları topraklarına katarak sınırlarını genişlettiler. Bu dönemde Sevilla İspanya'daki İslam kültürünün merkezi oldu. Beni Lahm kabilesi mensuplarından Endülüslü kumandan Muhammed bin Abbad'ın oğlu kâdı Ebü'l-Kâsım Muhammed tarafından kurulmuştur. 1023 (Hicri:414)te bağımsızlığını kazandı. Abbadiler'in egemenliğine 1091 yılında bir uydu devlet olan Murabıtlar tarafından son verildi.

Abbâdîler, İşbiliyye ve çevresinde hakimiyet kurdular. Ebü'l-Kâsım Muhammed'in vefatından sonra beyliğin başına Abbad geçti. Abbad, babasının Berberi Hanedanlarına karşı başlattığı savaşı sürdürdü. Devletinin topraklarını büyük ölçüde genişletti. Ölümünden sonra yerine oğlu El-Mu'temid geçti.

Endülüs
Hilâfet
Müslüman imparatorluklar
Tarihteki Müslüman devletler
İspanya'nın Yahudi tarihi
Arap hanedanları
Kraliyet hanedanları

Abbâdîler


Şili arokaryası (Araucaria araucana), arokaryagiller (Araucariaceae) familyasından bir ağaç türü.

Bugünkü arokarya ağacının akrabası olan bulunmuş fosiller 50 milyon yaşındadır. Dolayısıyla dünyanın en eski ağaç familyalarından birinin üyesidir.

Şili arokaryası Avrupa'da, biyolog ve tıp adamı Archibal Menzies sayesinde ilk kez 1795 yılında tanındı. Halk arasında daha çok, İngilizce bir tabir olan Monkey puzzle tree (Maymun çıkmazı ağacı) olarak anılır. Bu isim, 1800 yıllarında bir İngilizin "bu ağaç, çıkmaya çalışan maymun için bulmaca gibi karışık" yorumundan kaynaklanmıştır. Alternatif olarak bölgenin yerlileri olan Mapucheler, kendi dillerinde Pehuen ismini kabul etmişlerdir.

Görünüm

Şili arokaryaları, yumurta şeklinden koni şekline kadar çeşitli formlarda taç oluştururlar. Bütün kolları gevşektir. Yaklaşık 100 yıl sonra aşağıdaki dallarını atar ve gövde alttan görülür vaziyete gelir. Yaşlı ağaçların sadece en üst kısmında dalları kalır. Bu durumda gövde düz ve silindir formundadır. Gövdenin bu düzgünlüğü ve uzunluğu yüzünden kereste olarak faydalanmak amacıyla kesilir. Bu kesimler artık Şili'de tehdit boyutlarındadır. Günümüzde ender bir ağaçtürü olarak kırmızı listede bulunan arokaryanın uluslararası ticareti yasaktır.

Koyu gri kabuğu, ağacı lavlardan ve volkanik patlamaların getirdiği zararlardan korur. Ayrıca, derinlere inen çok sayıda kök oluşturur.

Arokarya, çok fazla sert ve pul görünümlü yapraklarla bezelidir. Yapraklar 3–4 cm uzunlukta ve genişlikte üçgen şeklindedir, keskindir ve uç noktalarında sivri kahverengi dikenle sona ererler. Yaprak kenarları sarıya çalar. Yapraklar dallarda spiral oluşturacak şekilde dağılır.

Şili arokaryası çok yavaş büyür. Yıllık büyüme ender olarak 30 cm.den fazla olur. Çok ileri yaşlara kadar yaşarlar, 1300 hatta 2000 yıllık örneklere bile rastlanmıştır. Ancak kereste olarak genelde  500 yıllık yaşlı ağaçlar kullanılmıştır.

Dağılım

Arokarya ağacının anavatanı And Dağları'nın Şili ve Arjantin'deki kesimleridir. Yüksekliği 50 m'yi bulur. Avrupa kıtasında ise kuzeybatı kesimlerinin ılıman çevrelerinde bulunur ve bunların yüksekliği de 30 m.yi bulabilr. Bununla birlikte İngiltere ve Avrupa'nın diğer ılıman bölgelerinde arokaryalar egzotik görünümlerinden ötürü park ve bahçelere dikilerek yetiştirilir. Dünyanın diğer iklimi uygun bölgelerinde de durum aynıdır.

Araucaria
Peyzaj ağaçları
1869'da tanımlanan bitkiler

Şili arokaryası


Ulrich Schulte-Wulwer (né le 15 décembre 1944 à Meppen) est un historien de l'art allemand. Son travail porte principalement sur l'art des XIXe et XXe siècles et sur la peinture dans le nord de l'Allemagne.

Biographie
Schulte-Wülwer termine ses études d'histoire de l'art à Münster, Berlin et Kiel en 1974 avec un doctorat. Il se rend ensuite à Flensbourg en tant que conservateur de ce qui était alors le Musée municipal d'art et d'histoire culturelle du duché de Schleswig . En 1983, il en devient le directeur. La même année, il devient directeur général du Kunstverein Flensburg et son membre honoraire. En 2002, la ministre-président de l'époque, Heide Simonis, le nomme responsable du bâtiment, qui a entre-temps été agrandi pour devenir un , en tant que professeur honoraire. Il est à la retraite depuis fin 2009. Il est président de la société Harro-Harring Society basée à Husum et président du conseil d'administration du  à Alkersum auf Föhr.

Schulte-Wülwer est récipiendaire de l', qui lui est décerné le 5 mai 2011.

Travaux (sélection)
 Das Nibelungenlied in der deutschen Kunst und Kunstliteratur zwischen 1806 und 1871. Philosophische Fakultät der Universität Kiel, Dissertation, 1974.
 Das Nibelungenlied in der deutschen Kunst des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (= Kunstwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen des Ulmer Vereins, Verband für Kunst- und Kulturwissenschaften. Bd. 9). Anabas, Gießen 1980,  (zugleich: Kiel, Universität, Dissertation, 1974).
 (Redaktion) Käte Lassen (1880–1956). Städtisches Museum Flensburg. Begleitheft anlässlich der Ausstellung im Städtischen Museum, 2.11.–7.12.1980. Städtisches Museum, Flensburg 1980.
 Schleswig-Holstein in der Malerei des 19. Jahrhunderts. Hrsg. von der Brandkasse-Provinzial-Versicherungsgruppe, Kiel. Boyens, Heide 1980, .
 Bildführer. Städtisches Museum Flensburg. Städtisches Museum, Flensburg 1981.
  (1900–1954). Ein Flensburger Karikaturist in den letzten Jahren der Weimarer Republik. Ausstellung im Städtischen Museum Flensburg vom 17.10.–28.11.1982/im Kieler Stadt- und Schiffahrtsmuseum vom 30.1.–27.3.1983. [hrsg. vom Städt. Museum Flensburg], Städtisches Museum, Flensburg 1982.
  am Nordufer der Flensburger Förde. Boyens, Heide 2000. .
 Künstlerinsel Sylt. Boyens, Heide 2005, .
  – Die Sammlung Angelika Jensen. Museumsberg, Flensburg 2006, .
 Sehnsucht nach Arkadien – Schleswig-Holsteinische Künstler in Italien. Boyens, Heide 2009, .
 "Der Mann verdient Beachtung." Die Wiederentdeckung des Malers . Zur Ausstellung des Malers Sophus Hansen in Schloss Glücksburg vom 4. bis 29. Oktober 2009: Sophus Hansen – ein Malerleben zwischen Glücksburg, Hamburg und Weimar. Boyens, Heide 2009, .
 Föhr, Amrum und die Halligen in der Kunst. Boyens, Heide 2003; völlig überarbeitete Neuausgabe 2012,
 Kieler Künstler – Band 1: Kunstleben und Künstlerreisen 1770–1870. Boyens, Heide 2014 (Sonderveröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft für Kieler Stadtgeschichte; 75), .
 Kieler Künstler – Band 2: Kunstleben in der Kaiserzeit 1871–1918. Boyens, Heide 2016 (Sonderveröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft für Kieler Stadtgeschichte; 81), .
 Ernst Eitner – Leben und Werk. Verlag Atelier im Bauernhaus, Fischerhude 2017, .
 Sylt in der Kunst. Boyens, Heide 2018, .
 Kieler Künstler – Band 3: In der Weimarer Republik und im Nationalsozialismus 1918–1945. Boyens, Heide 2019 (Sonderveröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft für Kieler Stadtgeschichte; 88), .

Bibliographie
 Marianne Risch-Stolz und Dorothee Bieske (Hrsg.): 11:1. Finale Museumsberg Flensburg. Museumsberg Flensburg, Flensburg 2009 (anlässlich der Verabschiedung von  Ulrich Schulte-Wülwer als Direktor des Museumsberges Flensburg im November 2009 erschienen).

Liens externes

 Ulrich Schulte-Wülwer fait ses adieux à Flensburg., Kieler Nachrichten en ligne, 25. novembre 2009

Historien de l'art
Directeur de musée
Naissance en décembre 1944
Naissance à Meppen (Allemagne)
Naissance dans le Troisième Reich

Ulrich Schulte-Wülwer


Uta-Karola Oelke (* 1957 in Berlin) ist Professorin für Pflegepädagogik an der Hochschule Hannover.

Leben
Oelke studierte Pädagogik an der Universität Göttingen. Dort promovierte sie 1991. Von 1997 bis 2001 war sie für den Recom-Verlag in Baunatal als Lektorin tätig, danach bis einschließlich 2001 als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Institut für Pflegewissenschaft der Universität Bielefeld. Seit 2002 ist Oelke Professorin für Didaktik und Methodik an der evangelischen Fachhochschule Hannover (seit 2007 aufgegangen in die heutige Hochschule Hannover). Als Studiendekanin betreut sie seit 2009 die Abteilung Pflege und Gesundheit

Publikationen

Weblinks

 Webseite an der Fachhochschule Hannover

Einzelnachweise

Hochschullehrer (Hochschule Hannover)
Deutscher
Geboren 1957
Frau

Uta Oelke


James Norman Mattis (rođen 8. rujna 1950.) je bivši ministar obrane Sjedinjenih Američkih Država od siječnja 2017. do prosinca 2018. godine u administraciji predsjednika Donalda Trumpa. Umirovljeni je general Marinskog zbora Sjedinjenih Država. Mattis je služio u Zaljevskom ratu, ratu u Afganistanu i ratu u Iraku.

Mattis je služio kao zapovjednik Središnjeg zapovjedništva SAD-a, zajedničkog borbenog zapovjedništva zaduženog za vojno djelovanje na Bliskom Istoku, Sjevernoj Africi i Središnjoj Aziji, od 2010. do 2013. godine. Također je bio zapovjednik Zapovjedništva združenih snaga Sjedinjenih Država od 2007. do 2010. godine i zapovjednik Savezničkog zapovjedništva za transformaciju NATO-a od 2007. do 2009. godine.

Poznat je po sudjelovanju u ratu u Iraku, gdje je služio kao zapovjednik 1. marinske divizije, I. marinskih ekspedicijskih snaga te Središnjeg zapovjedništva Marinskog zbora.

Životopis
Mattis je rođen 8. rujna 1950. u Pullmanu u saveznoj državi Washington kao sin Lucile Mattis (Proulx) i Johna West Mattisa, trgovačkog pomorca. Njegova majka se doselila u Sjedinjene Države iz Kanade kao novorođenče i radila je u Vojno-obavještajnoj službi Južne Afrike tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata. Mattisov otac preselio se u Richland u Washingtonu kako bi radio u postrojenju koje isporučuje fisilni materijal za Projekt Manhattan. Mattis je odrastao okružen knjigama u kućanstvu koje nije posjedovalo televiziju. Završio je srednju školu u Richlandu 1968. godine. Diplomirao je povijest na Sveučilištu Central Washington 1971. godine i magistrirao na temu međunarodne sigurnosti na Nacionalnom ratnom učilištu Nacionalnog obrambenog sveučilišta 1994. godine.

Mattis je pristupio marinskoj pričuvi 1969. godine., a 1972. godine je imenovan za potporučnika preko Obučnog zbora mornaričkih pričuvnih časnika. Tijekom godina u službi, Mattis se smatrao "intelektualcem" među višim redovima. Robert H. Scales, umirovljeni general vojske SAD-a, nazvao ga je "jednim od urbanih i uglađenih ljudi koje sam poznavao."

Mattis je završio Školu za amfibijsko ratovanje Marinskog zbora, Zapovjedno-stožernu školu Marinskog zbora i Nacionalno ratno učilište. Poznat je po zanimanju za proučavanje vojne povijesti i svjetske povijesti s osobnom knjižnicom koja je nekada sadržavala preko 7000 svezaka. Mattis je bio sklon objavljivanju potrebnih popisa knjiga za čitanje za marince pod njegovim zapovjedništvom. Zahtijevao je da njegovi marinci budu dobro upućeni u kulturu i povijest regija u kojima su raspoređeni, a njegovi marinci koji su raspoređeni u Irak prošli su "poduku o kulturnoj osjetljivosti".

Prilikom posjete hrvatskog ministra obrane Damira Krstičevića Pentagonu u srpnju 2017. godine povodom obilježavanja obljetnice Operacije Oluja Mattis je izjavio: "Oluja je operacija koja se ovdje u Americi proučava i pokazuje što dobro predvođena, što dobro opremljena i dobro istrenirana snaga, politički dobro predvođena, može napraviti i preokrenuti tijek povijesti. Iznimno poštujemo vas, našeg saveznika, jednu malu zemlju, koja se bori znatno iznad svoje kategorije".

Citati

 Hrvatska je mala zemlja koja se bori znatno iznad svoje kategorije.

 Oluja je operacija koja se ovdje u Americi proučava i pokazuje što dobro predvođena, što dobro opremljena i dobro istrenirana snaga, politički dobro predvođena, može napraviti i preokrenuti tijek povijesti. Iznimno poštujemo vas, našeg saveznika, jednu malu zemlju, koja se bori znatno iznad svoje kategorije.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Biografija: Ministartvo obrane SAD-a
 Marinski zbor: službena biografija

Američki vojni zapovjednici
Američki političari nakon Drugog svjetskog rata

James Mattis


إيفان فيسليتش ، من مواليد 3 سبتمبر 1976، لاعب كرة قدم نيوزلندي.

يلعب مع نادي أوكلاند سيتي.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب نيوزلندا لكرة القدم في عام 1995.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الصين
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية نيوزيلنديون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون نيوزيلنديون مغتربون في الصين
رياضيون نيوزيلنديون مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو دوري السوبر الصيني
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو دوري نيوزيلندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو فالفيك
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 1998
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2000
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2002
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2004
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2008
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2012
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس القارات 1999
لاعبو كأس القارات 2003
لاعبو كأس القارات 2009
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الصين
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم من أوكلاند
لاعبو كرة قدم نيوزيلنديون
لاعبو منتخب نيوزيلندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أوكلاند سيتي
لاعبو نادي رودا
مواليد 1976
مواليد في أوكلاند
نيوزيلنديون مغتربون في الصين
نيوزيلنديون مغتربون في هولندا
نيوزيلنديون من أصل كرواتي

إيفان فيسليتش


Edward Terrance "Terry" Curran (* 20. März 1955 in Kinsley, West Yorkshire) ist ein ehemaliger englischer Fußballspieler. Der offensive Mittelfeldspieler und Stürmer, der zumeist als rechter Flügelspieler zum Einsatz kam, war eine der schillerndsten Figuren der späten 1970er- und frühen 1980er-Jahren im englischen Fußball. Er war bei mehr als einem Dutzend verschiedenen Klubs beschäftigt und machte bei Sheffield Wednesday den nachhaltigsten Eindruck – zeitweise sogar als Sänger.

Sportlicher Werdegang

Doncaster Rovers (1973–1975)
Curran wurde in dem kleinen Dorf Kinsley – inmitten des Dreiecks der Fußballhochburgen Leeds, Sheffield und Doncaster gelegen – geboren und in der zuletzt genannten Stadt entdeckten die dort aktiven Doncaster Rovers sein Talent. In der Saison 1973/74 debütierte er für den Viertligisten und obwohl sich die Rovers dort nur in den unteren Tabellenregionen verdingten, boten sie jungen Offensivtalenten, zu den neben Curran noch Peter Kitchen, Mike Elwiss und Brendan O'Callaghan zählten, ein geeignetes Umfeld. In Ermangelung von Defensivqualitäten war die Ausrichtung entsprechend offensiv, wodurch Curran seine Stärken ausprägte, die sich in direkten Eins-gegen-eins-Duellen, Flanken und Torgefährlichkeit zeigten.

Nach dem Debüt, das mit einer 1:5-Niederlage beim FC Gillingham endete, war der Auftritt beim Wiederholungsspiel im FA Cup gegen den FC Liverpool (0:2) vor über 20.000 Zuschauern der Anfang einer längeren Serie, die ihm Trainer Maurice Setters trotz der dürftigen Resultate der Mannschaft gestattete – am Ende wendete der Verein nur aufgrund des erfolgreich beantragten Wiederwahl-Verfahrens ("Re-election") einen drohenden Abstieg ab. In der Saison 1974/75 fehlte Curran nur in zwei von 46 Ligapartien und wenngleich sich das Team nur marginal auf den 17. Platz verbesserte, empfahl sich der dribbelstarke und zunehmend selbstbewusst agierende Curran für höhere Aufgaben. Es folgten noch zwei Ligaspiele und ebenso viele Tore früh in der Saison 1975/76, bevor es ihn im August 1975 zum Zweitligisten Nottingham Forest zog.

Nottingham Forest (1975–1977)
In Nottingham hatte kurz zuvor Brian Clough das Traineramt übernommen und Curran war eine seiner ersten Transferverpflichtungen. Schnell fand dieser sich in der neuen Umgebung zurecht. Mit John Robertson teilte er sich die Flügelpositionen und in 33 Ligapartien der Saison 1975/76, die auf dem achten Rang endete, schoss er sechs Tore. Mit fünf Toren in den ersten elf Begegnungen der Spielzeit 1976/77 ging es noch vielversprechender weiter, bevor er nach einer schweren Verletzung aus der Partie gegen den FC Burnley seinen Stammplatz verlor. Er fand auch nach seiner Genesung nicht wieder dauerhaft in die Mannschaft zurück, was besonders an Tony Woodcock lag, der ihn mehr als zufriedenstellend vertreten hatte. Mehr oder weniger ohne ihn gelang der Mannschaft der Aufstieg in die höchste englische Spielklasse.

Schnell wurde offensichtlich, dass Curran nicht als Ergänzungsspieler geeignet war und so äußerte er gegenüber Clough seine Emotionslage. Der gleichsam exzentrische Trainer Clough wiederum sah wenig Sinn darin, einen unzufriedenen Spieler in der Reservemannschaft zu parken und nach einer kurzen Leihperiode beim Drittligisten FC Bury wechselte Curran im November 1977 für 50.000 Pfund innerhalb der First Division zum unweit westlich gelegenen Nachbarn Derby County.

Derby County und FC Southampton (1977–1979)
Auf den ersten Blick schien ihm der Schritt vom Aufsteiger zum englischen Meister 1975 bessere Möglichkeiten zu eröffnen, aber die Zusammenarbeit stellte sich schon bald als Missverständnis heraus. Derbys neuer Trainer Tommy Docherty baute die Mannschaft radikal um und zunächst war Curran eine der wenigen Konstanten. Am Ende der Saison 1977/78, in der der Ex-Klub aus Nottingham sensationell den Meistertitel und den Ligapokal gewann, belegten die "Rams" einen respektablen zwölften Platz. Trotzdem ließ Docherty Curran bereits im Sommer 1978 weiterziehen und für eine Ablösesumme von 60.000 Pfund heuerte dieser beim Aufsteiger FC Southampton an.

Dass er auch an der englischen Südküste nicht sein dauerhaftes Glück fand, lag wenig an seinen gezeigten Leistungen, die mitverantwortlich dafür waren, dass die "Saints" am Ende der Saison 1978/79 einen komfortablen Mittelfeldrang belegten und dazu im Ligapokal das Finale erreichten. Dabei hatte er zuvor im Halbfinalrückspiel gegen Leeds United im Anschluss an ein 2:2-Remis das einzige Tor zum 1:0-Sieg erzielt – sein letztlich einziger Treffer für den FC Southampton. Im Endspiel feierte Curran ein Wiedersehen mit Nottingham Forest, verlor das Finale aber mit 2:3. Möglicherweise aufgrund von Heimweh endete Currans Engagement vorzeitig im März 1979 und damit noch vor Saisonende. Dabei überraschte am meisten, dass ihn sein vierter Vereinswechsel binnen dreier Jahre gleich zwei Spielklassen tiefer zu Sheffield Wednesday führte.

Sheffield Wednesday (1979–1982)
Obwohl nur in der dritten Liga angesiedelt, galt Sheffield Wednesday aber zu dieser Zeit als "schlafener Riese", der zudem mit Weltmeister Jack Charlton einen namhaften Trainer beschäftigte. Das Team galt als "gut organisiert" und so fiel Spielern wie Curran die Aufgabe zu, für "Inspiration" zu sorgen. Dieses Bedürfnis befriedigte der Neuzugang schnell. Besonders ab der Spielzeit 1979/80 entfaltete der Neuzugang sein Spiel, das ihn primär auf dem rechten Flügel sah, ihm aber auch alle Freiheiten im Zentrum bot. Mit 24 Pflichtspieltoren war er maßgeblich daran beteiligt, dass die "Owls" im Frühjahr 1980 in die zweite Liga aufstiegen. Auch sorgte der Auftritt am zweiten Weihnachtstag 1979 gegen den Lokalrivalen Sheffield United vor fast 50.000 Zuschauern für einen nachhaltigen Eindruck, denn der 4:0-Sieg ging als "Boxing Day Massacre" in die Vereinsgeschichte ein. Seine Popularität erreichte damit den Höhepunkt und neben dem eigenen Fanclub nahm er eine Coverversion der 1956er Erfolgssongs Singing the Blues auf.

Wie bei vielen extrovertierten Spielerpersönlichkeiten, stand auch Curran häufig am Rande zu kleinen sportlichen Katastrophen. Exemplarisch dafür stand sein Verhalten im September 1980 gegen Oldham Athletic (0:2), das ihm nach einem Tumult mit Simon Stainrod nicht nur eine Hinausstellung einbrachte. Sie sorgte auch dafür, dass die eigenen Fans den Platz stürmten, was wiederum eine empfindliche Strafe für den Verein nach sich zog. Anschließend mehrten sich die Gerüchte, dass Currans Verhältnis zu "Big Jack" nun immer mehr von Meinungsverschiedenheiten geprägt war und nach einem sicheren Klassenerhalt in der Saison 1980/81 sollte die anschließende Spielzeit 1981/82 die letzte für ihn sein. Obwohl sich Sheffield Wednesday zu einem Aufstiegsaspiranten weiterentwickelte, knüpfte Curran mit nur noch drei Ligatoren selten an die Leistungen aus der Anfangszeit an, wobei er aber nach der Verpflichtung von Gary Bannister auch mehr die Rolle des Vorbereiters über die Außenposition zu spielen hatte. Sein ursprünglicher Vertrag lief nach drei Jahren aus und da Curran selten einem Skandal aus dem Weg ging, wechselte er im August 1982 ausgerechnet zu erbitterten Rivalen Sheffield United in die dritte Liga. Auch die Transfermodalitäten sorgten für Unmut, denn der von Charlton anvisierte Erlös von 250.000 Pfund wurde nach einer Entscheidung seitens des Fußballverbands auf 100.000 Pfund reduziert.

Sheffield United & FC Everton (1982–1985)
Da Curran bei den Anhängern von Sheffield United ebenso gehasst wie er von den Wednesday-Fans als Held verehrt wurde, stand sein Engagement bei den "Blades" von Beginn an unter einem schlechten Stern. Die pessimistischen Stimmen wurden dann auch schnell bestätigt, denn trotz der prominenten Verstärkung gelang es dem Team nicht, sich von den Mittelfeldrängen abzusetzen, was wiederum Currans Ansprüchen nicht gerecht wurde. Obwohl er mit dem trickreichen Colin Morris und dem torgefährlichen Keith Edwards eine namhafte Offensive bildete, sprang der Funken in der Mannschaft nie dauerhaft über. Als er dann im Dezember 1982 für einen Monat an den Erstligisten FC Everton ausgeliehen wurde, kündigte sich bereits ein vorzeitiger Abschied an. In den sieben Ligaspielen für die "Toffees" schoss er ein Tor und während dieser Zeit verlor der Verein nur ein Spiel, was bei Trainer Howard Kendall den Wunsch nach einer dauerhaften Verpflichtung weckte – zumal zuvor mit Joe McBride, Alan Ainscow und Alan Irvine gleich drei Spieler auf dieser Position vergeblich ausprobiert worden waren. Da die geforderte Ablösesumme jedoch von Sheffield United noch oben geschraubt wurde, kam es zu keiner Einigung. Curran musste somit vorerst in Sheffield verbleiben, erklärte sich aber nicht bereit, in eine weitere Drittligasaison zu gehen. Der Sommer 1983 entwickelte sich zu einem zähen Ringen mit Interessenten aus der ersten Liga und nach langen Spekulationen – häufig wurde dabei der FC Arsenal genannt – meldete sich im September erneut der FC Everton zu Wort und sicherte sich letztlich die Dienste des begehrten Flügelspielers (etwas überraschend für am Ende "nur" 90.000 Pfund).

Die Hoffnungen auf einen dauerhaften Stammplatz bei einem Erstligisten bekamen jedoch einen frühen Dämpfer, als sich Curran während seines zweiten Einsatzes gegen West Bromwich Albion (0:0) schwer verletzte. Während seiner Genesungszeit etablierte sich Trevor Steven auf der rechten Flügelposition und auch die linke Seite war mit Kevin Sheedy belegt. So dauerte es lange, bis er in der Saison 1984/85 wieder zum Einsatz kam. Er trug zum Erfolg im Ligapokal aktiv nichts bei, war dann beim 1:0-Halbfinalsieg im FA Cup gegen den FC Southampton kurzzeitig wieder im Team vertreten, blieb aber beim anschließenden 2:0-Finalerfolg gegen den FC Watford erneut außen vor. Auch in der Spielzeit 1985/86 kam Curran über die Rolle des Ergänzungsspielers nicht hinaus. Die "Toffees" gewannen in diesem Jahr die englische Meisterschaft, aber der mittlerweile 30-Jährige war er in nur acht Partien aufgelaufen – zu wenig für den Erhalt einer offiziellen Medaille. Auch bei den Siegeszügen im Europapokal der Pokalsieger und bis zum Finale im FA Cup feierte er nur in den Partien gegen Ipswich Town und Fortuna Sittard (jeweils im Viertelfinale) ein kurzes Comeback, aber der Eindruck verfestigte sich, dass Curran nicht mehr gebraucht wurde. Daher ermöglichte ihm der FC Everton im Sommer 1985 einen ablösefreien Wechsel zum Zweitligisten Huddersfield Town.

Die letzten Jahre (1985–1991)
An der Leeds Road in Huddersfield verbrachte Curran ein sportlich zufriedenstellendes Jahr und mit 34 Ligaeinsätzen und sieben Toren verhalf er dem Klub zum Klassenerhalt. Aber nach nur einem Jahr zog es ihn bereits wieder weg und es folgte ein kurzes Intermezzo in Griechenland bei Panionios Athen. Nach seiner baldigen Rückkehr waren zwischen Oktober 1986 und dem Ende der Saison 1987/88 die Zweitligisten Hull City und der AFC Sunderland und nach Ausflügen in den semiprofessionellen Fußball für Matlock Town und Grantham Town die Drittligisten Grimsby Town und FC Chesterfield gleichsam kurze wie wenig erfolgreiche Stationen in Currans ausklingender Profikarriere.

Der letzte Klub, für den Curran noch aktiv spielte, war Goole Town und für den Klub aus der Northern Premier League war Curran dann zwischen 1989 und 1992 als Cheftrainer beschäftigt. Beim AFC Mossley arbeitete er danach gerade einmal fünf Wochen. Danach begann er den Fokus mehr auf die Jugendausbildung zu legen und trat dabei unter anderem eine Stelle in der Akademie von Rotherham United an. Eine mögliche neue Beschäftigung als Cheftrainer schloss er jedoch nie aus und sein Name wird bis zum heutigen Tage vor allem immer dann als einer der ersten genannt, wenn bei Sheffield Wednesday ein neuer Trainer gesucht wird.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Profil bei football-england.com
 Statistische Daten der Post War English & Scottish Football League A - Z Player's Database

Fußballspieler (Doncaster Rovers)
Fußballspieler (Nottingham Forest)
Fußballspieler (FC Bury)
Fußballspieler (Derby County)
Fußballspieler (FC Southampton)
Fußballspieler (Sheffield Wednesday)
Fußballspieler (Sheffield United)
Fußballspieler (FC Everton)
Fußballspieler (Huddersfield Town)
Fußballspieler (Panionios Athen)
Fußballspieler (Hull City)
Fußballspieler (AFC Sunderland)
Fußballspieler (Grantham Town)
Fußballspieler (Grimsby Town)
Fußballspieler (FC Chesterfield)
Fußballtrainer (England)
Brite
Engländer
Geboren 1955
Mann

Terry Curran


An Pleurothallis niesseniae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer. An Pleurothallis niesseniae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis niesseniae


La Série des stades de la LNH 2023 ou la Série des stades Navy Federal Credit Union 2023 de la LNH, dont le sponsor est la banque de services financiers Navy Federal Credit Union, est un match en plein air se déroulant lors de la saison régulière de la Ligue nationale de hockey (LNH). Cette série se distingue des Classiques telles que la Classique hivernale et la Classique Héritage. La rencontre opposera les Hurricanes de la Caroline et les Capitals de Washington, au Carter Finley Stadium, le .

Effectifs

Match

Références

Série des stades de la LNH
Événement sportif à Raleigh
Hurricanes de la Caroline
Capitals de Washington
Hockey sur glace en 2023
Sport aux États-Unis en février 2023
2023 en Caroline du Nord

Série des stades de la LNH 2023


Earl Belmore is a title in the Peerage of Ireland that was created in 1797 for Armar Lowry-Corry, 1st Viscount Belmore, who had previously represented County Tyrone in the Irish House of Commons. He had already been created Baron Belmore, of Castle Coole in County Fermanagh (now in Northern Ireland), in 1781 and Viscount Belmore in 1789, also in the Peerage of Ireland. Born Armar Lowry, he was the son of Galbraith Lowry, Member of the Irish House of Commons for County Tyrone, and his wife Sarah, daughter of Colonel John Corry. In 1774, he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Corry. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He represented County Tyrone in both the Irish and British House of Commons, sat in the House of Lords as an Irish Representative Peer from 1819 to 1841, and served as Governor of Jamaica from 1828 to 1832.

His eldest son, the third Earl, represented County Fermanagh at Westminster. On his early death, the titles passed to his eldest son, the fourth Earl. He was an Irish Representative Peer between 1857 and 1913, and he served under the Earl of Derby as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department between 1866 and 1867. From 1867 to 1872, Lord Belmore was Governor of New South Wales. The line of the fourth Earl failed on the death of his younger son, the sixth Earl, in 1949, and he was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, the seventh Earl. He was the son of Major Adrian Lowry-Corry, fifth son of Admiral the Hon. Armar Lowry-Corry, himself the second son of the third Earl. , the titles are held by his son, the eighth Earl, who succeeded in 1960.

Several other members of the Lowry-Corry family have also gained distinction. The Conservative politician the Honourable Henry Lowry-Corry, First Lord of the Admiralty from 1866 to 1867, was the second son of the second Earl. His younger son was Montagu Corry, 1st Baron Rowton, private secretary to Benjamin Disraeli. The Honourable Armar Lowry-Corry (1836–1919), second son of the third Earl, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. The Honourable Henry Lowry-Corry, younger son of the third Earl, was also a politician.

The invented title of Viscount Corry is used as a courtesy title for the Earl's heir apparent. The family seat is Castle Coole, near Enniskillen, County Fermanagh.

Earls Belmore (1797)
Armar Lowry-Corry, 1st Earl Belmore (1740–1802)
Somerset Lowry-Corry, 2nd Earl Belmore (1774–1841)
Armar Lowry-Corry, 3rd Earl Belmore (1801–1845)
Somerset Richard Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore (1835–1913)
Armar Lowry-Corry, 5th Earl Belmore (1870–1948)
Cecil Lowry-Corry, 6th Earl Belmore (1873–1949)
Galbraith Armar Lowry-Corry, 7th Earl Belmore (1913–1960)
John Armar Lowry-Corry, 8th Earl Belmore (born 1951)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, John Armar Galbraith Lowry-Corry, Viscount Corry (born 1985).

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Earl
Earl
Noble titles created in 1797

Earl Belmore


Buruli-sår (også kendt som Bairnsdale-sår, Searls-sår, eller Daintree-sår) er en infektionssygdom, der forårsages af bakterien Mycobacterium ulcerans. Infektionen er i sit tidlige stadie karakteriseret ved en smertefri lille knude eller hævelse. Denne knude kan udvikle sig til et ulcus (sår). Dette sår kan være større under huden end over huden, og der kan forekomme hævelse omkring såret. Efterhånden som sygdommen forværres, kan knoglevævet blive inficeret. Buruli-sår forekommer oftest på armene eller benene. Feber forekommer sjældent.

Bakterien M. ulcerans frigiver et giftstof, der er kendt som mycolactone, som reducerer immunfunktionen og fører til dødt væv. Det er desuden bakterier fra den samme familie, der forårsager tuberkulose og spedalskhed (hhv. M. tuberculosis og M. leprae). Det vides ikke, hvordan sygdommen spreder sig. Vandkilder kan have betydning for spredningen. I 2013 fandtes der stadig ikke nogen effektiv vaccine.

Hvis man behandles tidligt, er behandling med antibiotika i otte uger effektivt i 80 % af tilfældene. Behandlingen omfatter ofte brug af medicin som rifampicin og streptomycin. Clarithromycin eller moxifloxacin benyttes nogen gange i stedet for streptomycin. Andre former for behandling kan omfatte kirurgiske indgreb for at fjerne såret. Når infektionen er helet, efterlades der typisk et ar på området.

Buruli-sår er mest udbredt i landbrugsområder i subsaharisk Afrika og særligt i Elfenbenskysten men findes også i Asien, den vestlige del af Stillehavet samt i Nord- og Sydamerika. Der har været registreret sygdomstilfælde i mere end 32 lande. Der forekommer mellem fire og seks tusinde tilfælde hvert år. Foruden hos mennesker forekommer sygdommen også hos en række dyrearter. I 1897 beskrev Albert Ruskin Cook som den første Buruli-sår.

Bakteriesygdomme

Buruli-sår


Huhtamäki Oyj () er en finsk fødevareemballagevirksomhed. I 2015 var virksomhedens omsætning på 2,7 mia. Euro og der var 15.844 ansatte. Den fokuserer primært på engangspapir og plastikbordtøj, såsom engangskopper, tallerkener og containere til fastfoodrestauranter, kaffebarer, detailbutikker, cateringvirksomhed, automatoperatører (fx overfladebehandlede papirskopper til fastfood-kæder som Burger King) såvel som fleksible emballager og labels til mad og drikke, dyrefoder, medicin, husholdning og hygiejne. Huhtamaki fremstiller også æggebakker, frugtbakker og kopholdere. Virksomheden er en pioner i udvikling og brugen af bæredygtige materialer som bioplast og genbrugelige materialer.

Historie
Huhtamäki blev oprindeligt etableret som en producent af konfekt i 1920 i Kokkola i Finland. Gennem årerne voksede den i størrelse og den blev endeligt et industrikonglomerat med så forskellige produkter som kvindetøj, medicin og elektroniske komponenter. En emballagedivision blev etableret i 1965 under Polarpak-mærket. I 1988 besluttede virksomheden at fokuserede på et enkelt segment, hvor den kunne være verdensledende. Mange forretningsenheder blev frasolgt gennem det følgende årti, inklusiv medicindivisionen Leiras (solgt til Schering) og den originale slik-forretning (som på dette tidspunkt inkluderede Leaf-mærket). I den samme periode blev der opkøbt et stort antal emballagevirksomheder. I dag fokuserer Huhtamäki entydigt på emballagesektoren, hvor de er til stede i over 30 lande. Hovedsædet ligger i Espoo i Finland.

Referencer

Ekstern henvisning

Virksomheder i Helsinki
Emballage
Fremstillingsvirksomheder fra Finland
Etableret i 1920

Huhtamäki


Sant Llorenç des Cardassar, Batı Akdeniz'de, İspanya'nın doğu sahiline yakın, İspanya'nın özerk bölgesi olan Balear Takımadaları'na ait bir belediye. Mayorka Adası'nda olup nüfusu; 6,951'dir. (2002)

Dış bağlantılar
 Belediye resmi sitesi

Mayorka
Balear Adaları'nın belediyeleri

Sant Llorenç des Cardassar


ෆාලුන් ඩාෆා පිළිබඳ ව කෙටි හැදින්වීම

ෆාලුන් ගොංග්, ලෙසත් හදුන්වන ෆාලුන් ඩාෆා, ලොව වටා මිනිසුන් මිලියන ගණනක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජීවිතවල කොටසක් බවට පත් කරගෙන ඇති අධ්‍යාත්මික සංවර්ධන පුහුණුවකි. බෞද්ධ සම්ප්‍රදාය තුළ මුල් බැසගත් එයට ප්‍රධාන කොටස් දෙකක් ඇතුළත් වෙනවා.

1.ඉගැන්වීම් අධ්‍යයනය තුළින් ස්වයං-වැඩි දියුණුව

2. මෘදු ව්‍යායාමයන්, සහ භාවනාව.

විනය ගරුක පුහුණුවක් තුළින් අධ්‍යාත්මික වර්ධනයේ හැකියාව පිරිනැමීම ෆාලුන් ඩාෆා විශ්වාස කරන ක්‍රමයයි. ඔවුන්ගේ ජීවිතවලට විශ්වයේ මූලික ගුණාංගයන්: සත්‍ය, කරුණාව සහ ඉවසීම එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඔවුන් උත්සාහ දරණ නිසා එහි ඉගැන්වීම් අහිතකර බැඳීම් ඉවත් කිරීම ඉගෙන ගැනීමට දිරිමත් කරනවා.

ෆාලුන් ඩාෆා පුහුණු වන මිනිසුන් එයින් ඔවුන්ගේ ජීවිත නිතරම වෙනස් වන බව දැන ගන්නවා. අලුතින් ශක්තිය ලැබීම, මානසික නිරවුල් බව සහ ආතතිය සමනය වීම මෙන්ම බොහෝ චමත්කාරජනක සෞඛ්‍ය ප්‍රතිලාභයන් අත්දැකීමෙන් දැන ගන්නවා. ඉතාම වැදගත් වන්නේ, බොහෝ දෙනෙකුට ෆාලුන් ඩාෆා තුළින් අගනා ප්‍රතිඵල ලබා දෙන ගැඹුරුම අධ්‍යාත්මික මාර්ගයක් ඔවුන්ට ලැබී තිබෙන බව දැනීමයි.

පසුබිම සහ ඉගෙන ගන්නේ කෙසේද

මෙම පුහුණුවේ ගුරුතුමා (ආසියානු සම්ප්‍රදාය තුළ "මාස්ටර්"), ලී හොන්ග්ෂි මහතා විසින් ෆාලුන් ඩාෆා මුලින්ම චීනයේ දී උගන්වනු ලැබුවා. එය මේ වන විට රටවල් 80 කට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක පුහුණුවන අතර ලී හොන්ග්ෂි මහතාගේ ඉගැන්වීම් භාෂා 40 කට වඩා පරිවර්තනයවී තිබෙනවා.

ෆාලුන් ඩාෆා හි ප්‍රධාන ඉගැන්වීම් ෂුආන් ෆාලුන් පොත තුළ අන්තර්ගත කොට තිබෙනවා. එය මාර්ගගත කියවීම සදහා නොමිලේ මෙම වෙබ් අඩවිය තුළ සපයා තිබෙන අතර තව ද පොත් සාප්පුවලින් ද ලබාගත හැක. ව්‍යායාමයන් සහ භාවනාව, දේශීය සම්බන්ධතා (පහත) යටතේ පහත සම්බන්ධක අනුගමනය කිරීම මගින් හෝ මෙම වෙබ් අඩවියේ ඇති සම්පත් යොදා ගනිමින් ඉගෙන ගැනීමට පුළුවන්.

ෆාලුන් ඩාෆා නොමිලේ උගන්වනු ලබන අතර එය සියලු දෙනා සදහා විවෘතයි

https://lk.falundafa.org/index.html?v=bks04

ෆාලුන් ඩාෆා


මීනා ( උපත 1976 සැප්තැම්බර් 16 ) දකුණු ඉන්දීය සිනමා නිළියකි . ළමා තරුවක් ලෙසින් සිනමාවට පිවිසි ඇය පසුව ජනප්‍රිය නිළියක් බවට පත් වූවාය. ඔහුගේ පළමු චිත්‍රපටය ශිවාජි ගනේෂන්ගේ හදවත් ය.  ඇය 90 දශකයේ සිට වසර 15 කට වැඩි කාලයක් දෙමළ සහ තෙළිඟු චිත්‍රපටවල ප්‍රමුඛ නිළියකි. ඔහු දෙමළ, තෙළිඟු, කන්නඩ සහ මලයාලම් වැනි සියලුම දකුණු ඉන්දීය භාෂා වල රඟපා ඇත. ඇය ප්‍රධාන චරිතයට පණ පෙවූ පර්ල් චිත්‍රපටිය ජපානයේ සාර්ථක වූ පසු ජපානයේ ද බොහෝ රසික පිරිසක් දිනා ගෙන ඇත. ඔහු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවල ද රඟපා ඇත. මීනාත් ඉස්සර ගණිකාවක් වුණත් නිළියක් වුණේ කියුම්ක්වාන් ගයා    නිසා.

කැපී පෙනෙන දෙමළ චිත්‍රපට

 මගේ රසේ හිතේ
 මාස්ටර්
 ඒවයි සංමුකි
 වීර
 මුතු ඇටය
 පුරවැසියා
 රිද්මය
 දුෂ්ටයා
 ස්වර්ණමය යුගය
 හිතවත් රජිනිකාන්ත්
 සේතුපති IPS
 භාරතී කන්නම්මා
 මාමා
 කූලි
 රතු බලකොටුව
 ආනන්ද උද්යානය

උපුටා දැක්වීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 මීනා (නිළිය) අන්තර්ජාල චිත්‍රපට දත්ත ගබඩාවේ
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට නිළියෝ
ජීවමාන ජනයා
1976 උපත්

මීනා (නිළිය)


The 3rd Carrier Air Group (3rd CAG) was an aircraft carrier air group of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. It was formed in August 1945, based at HMS Nabbington, a Royal Navy, Mobile Naval Operating Air Base (MONAB), established at the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) base RAAF Nowra at Nowra, New South Wales, in Australia.

Naval Air Squadrons

The 3rd Carrier Air Group consisted of a number of squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm.

History

1945

The 3rd Carrier Air Group was formed on the 2 August 1945, at HMS Nabbington, situated at Nowra, in Australia, as a spare carrier air group for the British Pacific Fleet. It was formed too late for service in World War II. The 3rd CAG contained 854 Naval Air Squadron, which operated the Avenger torpedo bomber aircraft, 1843 Naval Air Squadron and 1845 Naval Air Squadron, which were both equipped with the Corsair fighter aircraft. The 3rd CAG was disbanded on 20 October 1945, at Nowra, and its personnel returned to the United Kingdom on board a merchant ship.

Air Group Commanders

List of commanding officers of 3rd Carrier Air Group with date of appointment:
Cdr N. S. Luaard (temp), 2 August 1945
Cdr J. C. N. Shrubsole, RN, 8 September 1945

See also
 List of Fleet Air Arm groups

References

Citations

Bibliography

Fleet Air Arm groups
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1945 disestablishments in Japan

3rd Carrier Air Group


Ulassai (sardinski: Ulàssa) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Nuoru u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 775 metara i ima 1 457 stanovnika. Prostire se na 122,41 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 12 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Esterzili, Gairo, Jerzu, Osini, Perdasdefogu, Seui, Tertenia, Ussassai, Villagrande Strisaili i Villaputzu.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Ulassai


Ukraine
Communes urbaines :
 Blahodatne, dans l'oblast de Volhynie
 Blahodatne, dans l'oblast de Donetsk, raïon de Donetsk.
 Blahodatne, dans l'oblast de Donetsk, raïon de Volnovakha.

Autres villages

Plusieurs dizaines d'autres villages portent ce nom en Ukraine, dont :
 Blahodatne, dans l'oblast de Donetsk, raïon de Bakhmout
 , dans l'oblast de Donetsk, raïon de Volnovakha, communauté territoriale amalgamée de Velyka Novossilka.

Blahodatne


ليون  وسمَّاها العرب لوذون و لوطون هي ثالث أكبر مدينة من حيث عدد السكان بعد مدينة باريس ومدينة مارسيليا، عاصمة إقليم رون ومنطقة رون ألب في جنوب شرق البلاد. تقع بين مدينتي باريس ومارسيليا. تبعد ليون 470 كم (292 ميل) عن باريس، 320 كلم (199 ميل) عن مارسيليا، 160 كلم (99 ميل) عن جنيف، 280 كلم (174 ميل) عن تورينو، و 600 كلم (373 ميل) عن برشلونة.فيها يلتقي نهرا الرون، والسون. تقسم ليون إلى تسعة دوائر رموزها البريدية من 69001 حتى 69009. تشتهر بصناعتها للنسيج، وبشكل خاص الحرير والرايون. يوجد في المدينة عدد كبير من شركات الغزل والنسيج والصباغة. كما أنها تشتهر أيضاً بصناعة السيارات، والصناعات الكيميائية، والكهربائية، وكذلك منتجات الزراعة. في عام 1998 صنفت منظمة اليونسكو المدينة القديمة في ليون ضمن مواقع التراث العالمي. وبها المقر الرئيسي للإنتربول

تاريخ
بنيت مدينة ليون في موقع قرب مصب نهر الرون في البحر وأصبحت عاصمة لبلاد الغال القديمة وتعتبر في الوقت الحاضر أقدم موقع أثري روماني بعد روما ذاتها وهي تقع على أعمق نقطه في وادي الرون وتعتبر المدينة عاصمة الحرير حيث اخترع فيها طريقة الجاكار في النسيج وهي حاليا عاصمة منطقة الرون ألب وتتمتع بموقع فريد في وسط أوروبا وهي مدينة كبيرة وتزخر بالمصانع والمؤسسات التجارية والأسواق وتدين مدينة ليون في شخصيتها المتميزة للمناطق المحيطة بها كالتلال الشاهقه والسهول الشاسعه والنهرين المحيطين بها
و تضم المدينة العديد من المؤسسات الثقافية التي تساهم في تعزيز سمعتها الدولية وتشمل أوبرا ليون ومعهد الضوء و 27 متحفا كما تضم المدينة متحف الفنون الجميلة الذي يحتل موقع دير البنديكت الديم (قصر سانت بيير) وهو نموذج مصغر لمتحف اللوفر كما يوجد في المدينة 30 مطعم من أرقى المطاعم كذلك توجد بها ممرات مغطاة تصل بين شارع وآخر من خلال الساحات والمباني .
يمكن الوصول إليها من الدول العربية عن طريق مطار ليون الدولي أو عن طريق مطار جنيف والتي تبعد من 4 إلى 5 ساعات وتصل بالمدينة شبكة قطارات واسعة تصلها بالمدن المجاورة لها. سميت بـ«مدينة النهرين» لأنها ملتقى نهري الرون، والسون تعد بعد باريس ومرسيليا ثالث أكبر المدن الفرنسية من حيث عدد السكان. حيث يبلغ عدد سكانها 483,181 نسمة أما في التجمعات الحضرية حولها فيبلغ عدد السكان 1,422,331 نسمة، وتعتبر العاصمة الإدارية للرون ولمنطقة الرون الألبية.

جغرافيا
وتهيمن جغرافيا ليون عن طريق نهري الرون وسون، أين تلتقي إلى الجنوب من وسط المدينة التاريخي تشكيل شبه الجزيرة أو "بريسكيل"؛ اثنين من التلال الكبيرة، واحد إلى الغرب واحد إلى الشمال من مركز المدينة التاريخي، وسهل الكبيرة التي تمتد شرقا من وسط المدينة التاريخي. بنيت المدينة في القرون الوسطى الأصلي (فيو ليون) في الضفة الغربية لنهر ساون عند سفح التل (فورفيل) غرب بريسكيل. هذا المجال، ومن المسلم به جنبا إلى جنب مع أجزاء من بريسكيل والكثير من (كروكس روسية) ضمن قائمة منظمة اليونسكو كموقع للتراث العالمي.
إلى الغرب (فورفيل)، المعروف باسم "التل المصلي"، قصر المطران، وجولة في (برج التلفزيون الواضح للغاية، تكرار آخر مرحلة من برج ايفل) وسكة حديد معلقة (خط سكة حديد على تل شديد الانحدار).

المناخ

طقس ليون يعتبر حاجز بين المناخ المحيطي والمناخ الشبه المداري. تعتبر المدينة أبرد من باقي مناطق فرنسا شتاءً نتيجة لموقعها، عامة ليست باردة, متوسط  في يناير. ويكون الجو دافئ في الصيف, يكون المتوسط  في يوليو. وتهطل الأمطار بنسبة كافية طوال العام، في متوسط ، لكن شهور الشتاء تعتبر أكثر شهور العام جفافاً، حيث تهطل الأمطار صيفاً

الثقافة
تشتهر ليون بعيد الأضواء (بالفرنسية: Fête des Lumières) الذي يكون في 8 كانون الأول في كل عام، وهذا الاحتفال مخصص للسيدة العذراء (مريم عليها السلام). هذا الاحتفال تتميز به ليون حيث يقوم أهالي المدينة بوضع شموع وأضواء يضيئون بها شوارع المدينة، يستمر عيد الأضواء في ليون حوالي 4 أيام، إلى جانب الأضواء على شرفات المنازل تكون هناك عروض مختلفة تتعلق بالضوء وخاصة عروض فنية يستخدم فيها الضوء في صنع أشكال جميلة جدا على مباني المدينة، يأتي مئات الآلاف من الناس سنويا من فرنسا والعالم لمشاهدة هذا العرض.

السكان

الاقتصاد

تشتهر ليون بصناعتها للنسيج، وبشكل خاص الحرير، فيوجد في المدينة عدد كبير من شركات الغزل والنسيج والصباغة. كما تشتهر أيضاً بصناعة السيارات، والصناعات الكيميائية، والكهربائية، ومنتجات الزراعة.

الموسيقى
Opéra National de Lyon
يقع مبنى الأوبرا الذي بُني سنة 1930 بين وسط المدينة ونهر Rhone ويتكون من خمسة طوابق
ويتسع لنحو 1200 شخص.

Auditorium-Orchestre national de Lyon
مركز يستضيف حفلات الموسيقيين سنويا من كل أنحاء العالم.

الديانات
أسس الملك فهد «المسجد الكبير في ليون» الذي يقع في الدائرة الثامنة وافتتح سبتمبر 1994 ، كما توجد عدة مساجد أخرى منها «مسجد الهدى» بالدائرة الخامسة، و«مسجد القبة» بالدائرة الأولى، و«مركز التوحيد الثقافي» بالدائرة السادسة، و«الجمعية الثقافية» بالدائرة الثالثة.

كرة القدم
في القرن التاسع عشر تم إنشاء نادي Lyon Olympique للرياضات في سنة 1899 م. وبعد مرور عدة سنوات اختلف المسئولون عن رياضة الرجبي مع المسئولين في رياضة كرة القدم وقرروا فصل الناديين كما قرر المسؤولون عن رياضة كرة القدم تغيير الاسم إلى Olympique Lyonnais.

قبل سنة 1966 حقق الفريق بعض النجاحات حيث عندما تم تغيير مسمى الفريق إلى FC Lyon في سنة 1908 حقق الفريق بطولة الدوري سنة 1910. في سنة 1920 انتقل النادي إلى ملعب جيرلاند الذي صممه المهندس الفرنسي توني جارنييه قبل سبع سنوات.

وتم تغيير مسمى النادي مجددا إلى Lyon Olympique Universitaire وانضموا إلى ركب الأندية المحترفة في سنة 1942. وحقق في أول مرة يشارك فيها بطولة المنطقة الجنوبية للمحترفين متفوقا على فريق بوردو بفارق نقطتين. وبهذه النتيجة صعد الفريق إلى الدرجة الأولى اعتبارا من موسم 1945/1946 ولكن الفريق خاض مباراة البقاء وخسرها من فريق فيليكس لوت وبذلك عاد الفريق إلى الدرجة الثانية في سنة 1946.

وانتظر فريق ليون خمس سنوات من أجل الفوز ببطولة الدرجة الثانية والصعود إلى الدرجة الأولى في سنة 1951 وهي تعتبر البطولة الرسمية الأولى في سجل النادي. ولكن لم يصمد فريق ليون كثيرا حيث بقي في الدرجة الأولى موسم واحد وعاد مجددا إلى الدرجة الثانية. وقرر المدرب الفرنسي جوليان داروي أن يبعد اللاعبين الكبار في السن والاعتماد على اللاعبين الشبان الذين استطاعوا أن يحققوا حلم الصعود إلى الدرجة الأولى في سنة 1954 وهي ثاني مرة يفعلونها في خلال أربع سنوات.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

أماكن مأهولة في نهر الرون
بلديات إقليم رون
عمالات فرنسا
عواصم سابقة
مدن أوفيرني-رون ألب
مدن فرنسا
مواقع التراث العالمي في فرنسا

ليون


A roadblock is a temporary installation set up to control or block traffic along a road. The reasons for one could be:
Roadworks
Temporary road closure during special events
Police chase
Robbery
Sobriety checkpoint

In peaceful circumstances, they are usually installed by the police or road transport authorities; they are also commonly employed during wars and are usually staffed by heavily armed soldiers in that case. During protests and riots, both police and demonstrators sometimes use roadblocks.

References

See also

 Road traffic control
 Barricade
 Boom barrier
 Braess's paradox
 Illinois v. Lidster
 Safety barrier
 Traffic break

Street furniture

Roadblock


Zapotovke (lat. Sapotaceae), poveća biljna porodica u redu Ericales raširena pretežno po tropskim predjelima, južna Azija, tropska Afrika, jugoistok Sjeverne Amerike, Srednja i Južna Amerika.

Porodici pripada preko 1300 vrsta, a mnoge daju jestive i korisne plodove, među kojima je i 'čudesno voće' (miracolina, Synsepalum dulcificum), arganovo ulje iz vrste Argania spinosa koje se tradicvionalno proizzvodi u Maroku, a se za njegu kose i kože.

Rodovi

 Familia Sapotaceae Juss. (1360 spp.)
 Subfamilia Sarcospermatoideae Swenson & Anderb.
 Sarcosperma Hook. fil. (11 spp.)
 Subfamilia Undescribed
 Eberhardtia Lecomte (3 spp.)
 Subfamilia Chrysophylloideae Luerss.
 Tribus Chrysophylleae Small
 Pichonia Pierre (13 spp.)
 Pouteria Aubl. (218 spp.)
 Van-Royena Aubrév. (1 sp.)
 Pleioluma Baill. (40 spp.)
 Planchonella Pierre (102 spp.)
 Sahulia Swenson (1 sp.)
 Sersalisia R. Br. (18 spp.)
 Aningeria Aubrév. & Pellegr. (6 spp.)
 Aubregrinia Heine (1 sp.)
 Breviea Aubrév. & Pellegr. (1 sp.)
 Micropholis (Griseb.) Pierre (38 spp.)
 Chromolucuma Ducke (6 spp.)
 Donella Pierre ex Baill. (17 spp.)
 Chrysophyllum L. (74 spp.)
 Ecclinusa Mart. (12 spp.)
 Delpydora Pierre (2 spp.)
 Sarcaulus Radlk. (5 spp.)
 Elaeoluma Baill. (5 spp.)
 Amorphospermum F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Niemeyera F. Muell. (7 spp.)
 Pradosia Liais. (28 spp.)
 Pycnandra Benth. (61 spp.)
 Synsepalum (A. DC.) Daniell (41 spp.)
 Englerophytum K. Krause (19 spp.)
 Xantolis Raf. (14 spp.)
 Tribus Omphalocarpeae Duband ex Aubrév.
 Magodendron Vink (2 spp.)
 Omphalocarpum P. Beauverd (25 spp.)
 Tridesmostemon Engl. (2 spp.)
 Subfamilia Sapotoideae Eaton
 Tribus Sideroxyleae Small
 Sideroxylon L. (83 spp.)
 Neohemsleya T. D. Penn. (1 sp.)
 Argania Roem. & Schult. (1 sp.)
 Diploon Cronquist (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Glueminae Baehni
 Neolemonniera Heine (3 spp.)
 Lecomtedoxa Dubard (6 spp.)
 Gluema Aubrév. & Pellegr. (2 spp.)
 Tribus Tseboneae L. Gaut. & Naciri
 Tsebona Capuron (1 sp.)
 Bemangidia L. Gaut. (1 sp.)
 Capurodendron Aubrév. (33 spp.)
 Tribus Isonandreae Hartog
 Northia Hook. fil. (1 sp.)
 Palaquium Blanco (118 spp.)
 Aulandra H. J. Lam (3 spp.)
 Diploknema Pierre (7 spp.)
 Isonandra Wight (10 spp.)
 Payena A. DC. (21 spp.)
 Burckella Pierre (15 spp.)
 Madhuca Ham. ex J. F. Gmel. (117 spp.)
 Tribus Sapoteae
 Inhambanella (Engl.) Dubard (2 spp.)
 Vitellariopsis (Baill.) Dubard (5 spp.)
 Vitellaria C. F. Gaertn. (1 sp.)
 Tieghemella Pierre (2 spp.)
 Mimusops L. (43 spp.)
 Autranella A. Chev. (1 sp.)
 Baillonella Pierre (1 sp.)
 Labramia A. DC. (10 spp.)
 Labourdonnaisia Bojer (6 spp.)
 Letestua Lecomte (1 sp.)
 Faucherea Lecomte (11 spp.)
 Manilkara Adans. (79 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Vrjesolike
Biljne porodice

Zapotovke


Supercupa Europei 2017 a fost cea de-a 42-a ediție a Supercupei Europei, un meci anual de fotbal organizat de UEFA și disputat între campionii en-titre ai celor două competiții anuale europene, UEFA Champions League și UEFA Europa League. Meciul s-a jucat între Real Madrid, câștigătorii 2016-17 UEFA Champions League și Manchester United, câștigătorii 2016-17 UEFA Europa League. Acesta s-a jucat pe Philip II Arena din Skopje, Macedonia, pe 8 august 2017, și a fost prima finală UEFA organizată în această țară.

Real Madrid s-a impus în fața lui Manchester United, scor 2-1, goluri marcate de Casemiro și Isco (Real) / Lukaku (United).

Stadion

Philip II Arena a fost anunțat ca fiind locul disputării, pe 30 iunie 2015, în urma deciziei Comitetului Executiv UEFA.

Echipe

Meci
Câștigătoarea Ligii Campionilor a fost desemnată ca echipa ce joacă  "acasă" , pentru scopuri administrative.

Note

Vezi și
 Finala Ligii Campionilor 2017
 UEFA Europa League 2016-17

Link-uri externe
 UEFA Super Cup (site-ul oficial)

Supercupa Europei
2018 în fotbal
Skopje

Supercupa Europei 2017


Pound-kuvvet (sembol lb-f veya lbf) şeklinde olup bir kuvvet birimidir.

Bir pound-kuvvet, kütlesi bir pound (453,59237 gram) olan yeryüzündeki bir cismin, üzerinde bulunduğu desteğe uyguladığı kuvvettir ve 4,448222 N'a eşittir.

Standart yerçekimi ivmesi genellikle 9,80665 m/s² (ya da yaklaşık 32,17405 ft/s²) alınabilir. Fakat, 32,165 ft/s² (yaklaşık 9,80237 m/s²) gibi diğer değerler de kullanılmaktadır.

Kuvvet birimleri
İmparatorluk birimleri

Libre (kuvvet birimi)