Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation (AHIF) was a charity foundation, based in Saudi Arabia. Under various names it had branches in Afghanistan, Albania, Bangladesh, Bosnia, Comoros, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Somalia, Tanzania, and the United States, and "at its height" raised between $40 and $50 million a year in contributions worldwide. While most of the foundation's funds went to feed poor Muslims around the world, a small percentage went to Al-Qaeda, and that money (and money from other charities) was "a major source of funds" for the terrorist group. In 2003, Saudi authorities ordered Al-Haramain to shut down all overseas branches, and by 2004 Saudi authorities had dissolved Al-Haramain. However, US intelligence officials believed it had reopened branches under new names.

On 7 June 2004, the founder and former leader of AHIF, Aqeel Abdulaziz Aqeel al-Aqeel, was listed on an INTERPOL-United Nations Security Council Special Notice for being associated with Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden or the Taliban for "participating in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing or perpetrating of acts of activities by, in conjunction with, under the name of, on behalf or in support of" Al-Qaeda.

In September 2004, the U.S. Department of the Treasury alleged that its investigation had found "direct links" between the foundation and Osama bin Laden. Between 2004 and 2010, fourteen branches of the charity were listed on the UN Security Council Al-Qaeda Sanctions Committee list of "individuals, groups, undertakings and other entities associated with Al-Qaeda" and subject to "sanctions measures (assets freeze, travel ban and arms embargo) imposed by the Security Council".

History
The Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation was founded in the Pakistani city of Karachi in 1988 with the aim of religious propagation and charity, but moved its headquarters to Riyadh in 1992. It set up a branch in Somalia in 1992 also. In September 2001 AHIF was named a Specially Designated Terrorist Entity by the US government.
In 2002 the US and Saudi Arabia "jointly designated the Bosnian and Somalian branches of AHIF as financiers of terror, although as of 2008 critics have raised questions as to whether the Saudi government "actually closed the offshore branches of AHIF". According to author Jimmy Gurul, the US government had evidence that "AHIF offices and representatives operating throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe provided financial and logistical support" to groups "designated foreign terrorist organizations by the US State Department", including al-Qaeda, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Jemaah Islamiyah, Al-Ittihad Al-Islamiya, Lashkar e-Taibah, and HAMAS.

In 2004 the US "designated" 11 other branches including the US branch in Ashland, Oregon. Finally, later in 2004 the US designated the entire entity, including its headquarters in Saudi Arabia. At the time of its closing, AHIF had been operating in 50 countries and employed 5,000 workers.

Humanitarian and proselyting activities
The foundation undertook religious activities such as sponsorship of orphans, preachers, imams and teachers as well as publishing and distributing Islamic books, like translations of the Qur'an, Hadith and other religious writings in Muslim countries.

The foundation also undertook building and supervising mosques, schools, Islamic centers, scholarships for students in poor Muslim countries, organizing Shariah courses, distribution of Ramadan breakfasts and blankets in the winter. As part of its activities, the foundation also distributed food, clothes and medicine for victims of wars and natural calamities all over the world. The closure of the charity led directly to the closure of a number of orphanages supported or run by the foundation in Somalia.

Financing terror attacks

East Africa
According to the Associated Press, Al-Qaeda provided funds to a suspect in the November 2002 bombing of an Israeli hotel in Kenya, using sympathizers inside Al-Haramain and other Islamic charities.
A wholesale fish business financed with Al-Haramain funds used some of its profits to help the al Qaeda cell behind the August 1998 bombings of the U.S. Embassies in East Africa.

Indonesia
According to the UN Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee, the foundation funded the 2002 Bali bombings that killed over 200, mostly foreign tourists.
Using a variety of means, Al-Haramain Foundation provided financial support to Al-Qaida operatives in Indonesia and to Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). According to a senior Al-Qaida official apprehended in South-East Asia, Al-Haramain Foundation was one of the primary sources of funding for Al-Qaida network activities in the region. JI has committed a series of terrorist attacks, including the bombing of a nightclub in Bali on 12 October 2002 that killed 202 persons and wounded over 300 others.(QE.A.4.01).

United States

The U.S. branch of AHF was established in 1997. As of 2004 it had headquarters in Ashland, Oregon and an office in Springfield, Missouri. (In a 2000 US taxation form the Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation reported its "prayer houses are located in Ashland, Oregon and Springfield, Mo."

The U.S. government accused Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation of Ashland, Oregon of sending $150,000 through Saudi Arabia to fund terrorist activities and support Chechen mujahideen under the guise of humanitarian aid. It also was accused of receiving money from Osama bin Laden in August 1998 and providing funding to an American imam who attended a training camp run by a terrorist organization in Pakistan.
On 19 February 2004, the assets of the U.S. branch were blocked by the US Treasury Department pending investigation, the results of which showed "direct links between the U.S. branch and Usama bin Laden". On 9 September 2004 Treasury announced "the designation" of the U.S. branch of Al Haramain along with one of its directors, Suliman Al-Buthe. The Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury had already banned various branches of this organization at various times.

On 19 June 2008, U.S. Department of the Treasury "designated" the Al Haramain Islamic Foundation (AHF) "for having provided financial and material support to al Qaida, as well as a wide range of designated terrorists and terrorist organizations."  As a consequence, an "assets held by any office of the AHF organization under U.S. jurisdiction [were] frozen and U.S. persons [were] prohibited from engaging in any transactions with AHF."

Al-Haramain suit

On 28 February 2006 the American branch of the foundation filed a lawsuit against President George W. Bush, the NSA, FBI, and several other US officials. The suit asserted that the Bush administration had circumvented the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act by authorizing warrantless wiretaps.  They asserted that the President lacked the authority to authorize wiretaps that circumvented the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.  Three individuals whose conversations were intercepted, Suliman al-Buthe, Wendell Belew and Asim Ghafoor, learned of the eavesdropping when U.S. officials accidentally delivered logs of phone calls to them. Al-Buthe, who had traveled intermittently to the United States but who has always resided in Saudi Arabia, had been one of the directors of the Ashland chapter.  Belew and Ghafoor were two of the Foundation's U.S. lawyers.

The foundation filed another suit in August 2007, challenging the Department of Treasury's 2004 designation of Al Haramain as a "specially designated global terrorist" and the seizure and freezing of all of its assets. In September 2011, an appeals court ruled that United States officials correctly designated the charity as supporting terrorism, but found the Treasury department's Office of Foreign Assets Control improperly seized the charity's assets using a "blocking order" to freeze them without a warrant supported by probable cause, violating the Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable seizures, and that they also violated the charity's procedural due process rights by failing to give a post-seizure explanation of the basis for the seizure.

In 2010 one of the charity's founders (Pete Seda) was convicted of tax-fraud but the conviction was overturned in 2013. In August 2013, the group filed a petition with a committee of the United Nations Security Council to remove the nonprofit from its list of entities associated with al-Qaida.

In 2013, Al-Buthe (who was one of the directors of the Ashland chapter and who had been wiretapped by the US government) was taken off a United Nations list of people subject to sanctions for ties to Al-Qaeda but remained on a similar US list. His attorney Tom Nelson said the UN action is some vindication for his client, but that Al-Buthe is a victim of the post-9/11 anti-terrorism paranoia.

Thomas H. Nelson of Welches, Oregon, another Foundation lawyer, filed the lawsuit. Court records show he filed a motion to place the relevant material under seal.

On 31 March 2010, US District Court Judge Vaughn R. Walker ruled that the Bush administration should have gotten warrants for its wiretaps of Al Haramain.

In July 2014 the criminal indictment of Pete Seda was dismissed, and in June 2020 the court dismissed the indictment and arrest warrant of Al-Buthe on motion of the United States Department of Justice, which stated that such dismissal was "in the interests of justice."

Balkans
Al-Haramain funded and supported a Bosnian mujahideen battalion in Zenica Bosnia. ImIn Albania, a member of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Ahmad Ibrahim al-Najjar, joined al-Haramain's Tirana office in 1993. He was apprehended in Albania and extradited to Egypt in June 1998 for an attempted bombing of the Khan el-Khalili Souq (market) in Cairo in 1997.

Russia
Although not necessarily alleging attacks against civilians, the Russian FSB (Federal Security Service) accused Al-Haramain (among other charities) of operating for years in Chechnya (see Arab Mujahideen in Chechnya) and Dagestan, financing Wahhabi based training for emigrant would-be Jihadists. The FSB accused Al-Haramain of wiring $1 million to Chechen rebels in 1999 and of arranging to buy 500 heavy weapons for them from Taliban units.

Pressure to close
On 22 January 2004, in a joint press conference, U.S. Treasury Secretary John Snow and Adel al-Jubeir, Foreign Affairs Advisor to then Crown Prince Abdullah, called upon the United Nations Sanctions Committee to designate four branch offices of the Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation as financial supporters of terrorism. As a result, Al-Haramain was folded into the National Commission. Aqeel Al-Aqeel was then removed from his position of the chairmanship of the foundation. In 2014, Aqeel Al-Aqeel was acquitted of all charges brought personally against him by the Riyadh Appeal court, though the foundation is still banned.

References

External links
Foreign Affairs ministry reports on status of Al-Haramain Foundation, Saudi Embassy, Washington DC, 5 May 2003
Designated Charities and Potential Fundraising Front Organizations for FTOs,  US Treasury
NSA Snooped on Lawyers Knowing Spying Was Illegal, Wired, 10 July 2007

1988 establishments in Saudi Arabia
Organizations established in 1988
Charities based in Saudi Arabia
Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist
Organizations designated as terrorist by Iraq
Organisations designated as terrorist by Pakistan
Organizations designated as terrorist by Russia
Islamic charities
International charities
United States civil forfeiture case law
Islamist front organizations
Al-Qaeda activities
Jihadist groups in India
Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States

Al-Haramain Foundation


Orrefors Kosta Boda AB er en svensk glasbrukskoncern, der etableredes i 1990 af de syv glasbruk: Kosta glasbruk, Åfors glasbruk, Boda glasbruk, Orrefors glasbruk, SEA glasbruk i Kosta, Sandviks glasbruk i Hovmantorp og Johansfors glasbruk. Koncernen solgtes i 1997 till Royal Scandinavia og havde 1.068 ansatte i 1998.

Produktionen på Johansfors glasbruk solgtes i 1994 til de ansatte ved glasbruket, Boda glasbruk blev nedlagt i 2003 og Sandviks glasbruk 2004. Koncernen er siden 2005 en del af New Wave Group AB. Fremstillingen i Orrefors og Åfors blev nedlagt i juni 2013.

Alle koncernens glasbruk lå i Glasriget i Småland. Brukene har en lang historie men er i dag moderne, ISO-certificerede arbejdspladser med omkring 250 ansatte.

Orrefors Kosta Boda fremstiller og sæljer brugs- og kunstglas under varemærkerne Orrefors, Kosta Boda og Sea. Produkterne er formgivet af mere end tyve formgivere, der er tilknyttet virksomheden. I sortimentet indgår service- och barglas, vaser, skåle og lamper samt kunstglas. Formgivningsprocessen er nært knyttet til både fremstillingen og markedet, et særkende for den svenske glasindustri.

Varemærker

Fremstillingssted og varemærke har ikke været koblet til hinanden siden 2005. I dag fremstilles Kosta Boda kunstglas og Orrefors serviceglas hovedsageligt i Kosta og udenlands.

Helejede datterselskaber

 Glasma AB i Emmaboda fremstiller råvarer til glasfremstilling.
 Orrefors Kosta Boda Inc., salgsselskab i USA

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Orrefors
 Kosta Boda
 Om Kosta-Boda glasbruket

Glasværker i Glasriget
Glasværker i Sverige

Orrefors Kosta Boda AB


Borrowed Time es una canción y un sencillo de Steve Lukather, el guitarrista de la banda de rock Toto.

Canción
La canción aparece como la pista Nº 7 en el álbum Candyman. Es un tributo y homenaje al exbaterista de Toto, que falleció en 1992. El sencillo se lanzó con 2 tributos a Jimi Hendrix, con las canciones "Red House", bonus track del disco en Japón, y "Freedom", la pista Nº 2 del disco. El sencillo solamente se promocionó en Europa y se tocó en vivo en el "Candyman World Tour". Como las otras pistas del disco, contiene el género del jazz fusion, además de contener influencias del pop rock.

Lista de canciones

Personal
Steve Lukather: Voz, guitarra, coros.
Simon Phillips: Batería.
John Peña: Bajo.
Lenny Castro: Percusión
Fee Waybill: Coros.
Richard Page: Coros.
Kevin Curry: Coros.

Referencias

Canciones de Steve Lukather

Borrowed Time (canción de Steve Lukather)


Yumi Lambert (Bruxelas, 11 de abril de 1995) é uma modelo belga. Ela foi um Victoria's Secret angel por duas vezes.

Carreira
Ela foi contratada aos 15 anos por uma agência de modelos em Bruxelas. Assim, ela começou uma carreira internacional nesta tenra idade. Ela foi descoberta dois anos depois por Chanel, o que a fez ascender ao estrelato.

A partir de 2012, Yumi Lambert já desfilou para Prada, Miu Miu, Rodarte, Yohji Yamamoto, Victoria's Secret e até Calvin Klein. Ela também desfilou para Dior, Balenciaga, Givenchy e Versace, entre outros.

Vida pessoal
Sua avó paterna é japonesa e ela tem um irmão chamado Maxime. Seu nome significa "beleza e elegância" e foi dado a ela por sua avó japonesa. Em seu tempo livre gosta de desenhar mangás. A partir de 2020 ela tinha um namorado, com quem passou um tempo na ilha de Maui. Ela trabalhou com as Nações Unidas e faz campanha por causas sociais em sua conta do Instagram.

Modelos da Bélgica
Supermodelos
Victoria's Secret Angels

Yumi Lambert


Agneza od Dampierrea (fra. Agnès de Dampierre; 1237. – 7. rujna 1288.) bila je francuska plemkinja, gospa i nasljednica Bourbona iz Dinastije Dampierre. Bila je mlađa kći lorda Archambauda IX. Mlađega († 1249.) i njegove supruge, Jolande I. od Neversa te tako sestra Matilde II. od Neversa (Mathilde II).

Brakovi
Agneza se u veljači 1248. udala po prvi put; njezin je prvi muž bio Ivan Burgundski (1231.-1268.). Njihovo je jedino dijete bila kći zvana Beatrica (Béatrice de Bourgogne), gospa Bourbona te supruga francuskog princa Roberta Capeta. Agnezin je drugi muž bio Robert II. od Artoisa (Robert II d'Artois); vjenčali su se 1277.

Izvori i bilješke

Burbonci
Francusko plemstvo

Agneza od Dampierrea


Das Gasthaus zum Kreuz in Gundelfingen an der Donau, einer Stadt im schwäbischen Landkreis Dillingen an der Donau in Bayern, wurde Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts errichtet. Das Gebäude an der Hauptstraße 30 ist ein geschütztes Baudenkmal.

Architektur
Das schräg zur Straße stehende zweigeschossige Giebelhaus aus dem frühen 17. Jahrhundert steht auf einem hohen Keller. Eine zweiläufige Freitreppe führt zur Haustür mit Oberlicht, in deren Füllungen aufgesetzte Rokokoschnitzereien in Form von Vierpässen vorhanden sind. Ein schmales Profilgesims trennt die beiden Geschosse, ein breiteres Gesims bildet die Giebelbasis. Die beiden oberen der drei Giebelgeschosse werden durch Lisenen in sechs Zonen geteilt. Die Gesimse sind an den Lisenen verkröpft, den seitlichen Abschluss bilden S-Stufen mit Profilrand.

Der Mittelgang des Hauses ist mit einer flachen Tonne gedeckt, ebenso wie die Küche im rückwärtigen Teil. Am Hof schloss sich ein landwirtschaftliches Gebäude mit Brauerei an.

Literatur
 Die Kunstdenkmäler des Landkreises Dillingen an der Donau. Bearbeitet von Werner Meyer (= Die Kunstdenkmäler von Bayern. Die Kunstdenkmäler von Schwaben. Band VII. Landkreis Dillingen an der Donau). R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 1972, ISBN 3-486-43541-8, S. 342–343.

Weblinks

Bauwerk in Gundelfingen an der Donau
Baudenkmal in Gundelfingen an der Donau
Erbaut im 17. Jahrhundert
Gundelfingen

Gasthaus zum Kreuz (Gundelfingen an der Donau)


Schöllkrippen is a market community in the Aschaffenburg district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (municipal association) of Schöllkrippen. It has a total population of around 4,300 (2020).

Geography

Location

Schöllkrippen is the largest settlement of the Kahlgrund and lies on the river Kahl on the western edge of the Spessart (range).  The main Ortsteil of Schöllkrippen lies at the foot of the Reuschberg.

Subdivisions
Schöllkrippen's Ortsteile are Schöllkrippen,  and .

Schöllkrippen Ortsteil consists of the following Orte: , , , Röderhof,  and Schöllkrippen proper.

Neighbouring communities
The neighbouring communities are from the north (clockwise): Westerngrund, Kleinkahl,  (an unincorporated area), Sommerkahl, Blankenbach, Krombach and Geiselbach.

History

Schöllkrippen has long been the central settlement of the Upper Kahlgrund and a meeting point of roads at least since the Middle Ages. Old long distance trade routes such as the Birkenhainer Straße and the Eselsweg pass nearby.

What had in the past been considered a prehistoric Celtic circular rampart, the Alte Burg or Altenburg on the nearby Reuschberg, is now thought to date to medieval times.

The church St. Katharina is first mentioned in a document in 1184. In 1449, the Lukaskapelle is built.

Due to its location, the town served as seat of the local administration of the Archbishops of Mainz In 1338, it became the seat of one of six Forsthuben in the Spessart territory controlled by Mainz. For a long time, Schöllkrippen also was a border town, as the river Kahl was the border to the Krombacher Landgericht, which from 1666 until its integration into the Kingdom of Bavaria was owned by the Counts of Schönborn.

In 1814, Schöllkrippen came to the Kingdom of Bavaria and was granted town rights.

In 1898, the Kahlgrundbahn (railway) commenced service between Schöllkrippen and Kahl am Main, creating economic impetus for the region by linking it to the national railway system.

Economy
Schöllkrippen's central location in the Kahlgrund has led the market community to grow into a local shopping hub since the mid-1990s. The many discount retailers serve not only customers from the Spessart from Wiesen through Heigenbrücken to Heinrichsthal, but also from the upper Kahlgrund from Geiselbach to Blankenbach and the middle Kahlgrund from Königshofen through Mömbris to Niedersteinbach along with Eichenberg, Rottenberg and Feldkahl.

After the carwash manufacturer WashTec withdrew from its Schöllkrippen location at the Augsburg-based mother company's behest, the sprawling halls and plots of land on the Ernstkirchen Gemarkung (traditional rural cadastral area, this one lying on the way out of the community towards Blankenbach) lay empty for nearly three years. In mid-2006, the community managed to sell the Industriepark Ernstkirchen to various firms. Roughly two thirds of the area went to the firm Ferratec from Hösbach, who then housed their production equipment here. The rest was shared among four smaller firms as well as the market community of Schöllkrippen, which built a new building yard there.

In late 2004, Schöllkrippen was chosen as the most livable place in the Bavarian Lower Main (Bayerischer Untermain).

Governance

The market community () is the administrative seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft of Schöllkrippen, which, besides Schöllkrippen, includes the communities of Blankenbach, Kleinkahl, Krombach, Sommerkahl, Westerngrund and Wiesen. Schöllkrippen has held the status of "market" since 1963.

Town council

The council is made up of 16 council members, not counting the mayor.

(as at municipal election held on 2 March 2008)

Coat of arms
The community's arms might be described thus: Per fess gules a wheel spoked of six argent, Or in base a mount of three vert issuant therefrom three morningstars sable, the dexter in bend, the middle in pale and the sinister in bend sinister.

The arms were designed sometime about 1950.

After the Counts of Rieneck died out in 1559, Schöllkrippen passed to the Archbishopric of Mainz, with which it stayed from 1670 to 1803. As early as 1670, the Bishops of Mainz held great parts of the area around Schöllkrippen. For this hegemony stands the six-spoked silver wheel – the Wheel of Mainz – on the red field. The tinctures gules and argent (red and silver) were Mainz's colours. The three morningstars below the partition are taken from a seal of the Amt of Schöllkrippen, whose circumscription read "SIG. AMPT SCHÖLLKRIPPEN". Although this does indeed mention the name Schöllkrippen, it was surely no municipal seal, but rather more likely a local official's personal coat of arms. Strengthening this assumption are the letters M and W on each side of the arms, although any official in Schöllkrippen at that time with these initials is thus far unknown. Because the morningstars were such an unusual charge, they were chosen for the community's new coat of arms, which has been borne since 1954.

Attractions

The town centre features the medieval Lukaskapelle, a small fortified church (1449). The former Schloss nearby is now the seat of the local administration. Its original moat and curtain wall have been removed. The Sackhaus, which was used to store local taxes paid in goods, is today the largest half-timbered building in town. Its oldest part dates to 1473.

The church St. Katharina in Ernstkirchen was mentioned first in 1184. In the 14th century, the original Romanesque church was reconstructed with a Gothic vaulted ceiling and an octagonal tower. Over the centuries, the church was redesigned several times in different styles (Baroque, Gothic Revical), but in 1958/67 the church was mostly returned to its early Gothic state (although the tower roof retains its Baroque onion shape). During this renovation, an early medieval stone tablet of unknown date was discovered, which indicates a very early ecclesial presence at this location. About one meter in height, stylistically, it has been linked to the Hiberno-Scottish mission. The tablet shows a Crux gemmate surrounded by other symbols that are hard to identify, including possible moon and sun symbols and a type of "checkers board". It likely was removed from a visible position in the church around the year 1300 and buried beneath the altar.

The  on the peak of the Reuschberg is a sort of circular rampart, with remains of both earth and masonry walls, long thought to date to the La Tène period. However, excavations in 2005 indicate that it most likely is a 10th-century refuge castle, with some elements added later (11th or 12th century). Over the centuries, locals have used the fortification as a source of construction materials, reducing the remains to just foundations. The fortifications are roughly oval in form and encompass an area of roughly 1,300 square meters. A break in the wall likely once served as a gate. Research also revealed signs of internal buildings, including the foundation of a central tower.

Infrastructure

Transport
Schöllkrippen is the seat of the Kahlgrund Verkehrs-GmbH (KVG; "Kahlgrund Transport Company, Limited"), which runs the railway line to Kahl am Main. This has been served since 11 December 2005 by trains of the Hessische Landesbahn ("Hessian State Railway" – even though Schöllkrippen is in Bavaria), most of which go to the main railway station in Hanau. The KGV also runs its extensive bus network in the north Spessart as far as Aschaffenburg. With route changes, this has been expanded into neighbouring Hesse. New bus connections to Gelnhausen, Freigericht/Somborn and Heigenbrücken were brought into service on 10 December 2006 to afford the region of the upper Kahlgrund and its many commuters better links to neighbouring Hesse.

Schöllkrippen is connected to the road network as follows:
Autobahn A 3 (through the Hösbach interchange), between Frankfurt (roughly 50 km away) and Würzburg (roughly 80 km away).
Autobahn A 45 (through the Alzenau interchange), between Gießen (90 km away) and Aschaffenburg (roughly 20 km away).
Autobahn A 66 (through the Gelnhausen/West interchange), between Fulda (90 km away) and Gelnhausen/Hanau (roughly 15 and 30 km away, respectively).
 Staatsstraßen (State Roads) 2305 (Frammersbach-Schöllkrippen-Alzenau) and 2306 (Schöllkrippen-Geiselbach-Gelnhausen).

Education
The district's biggest Hauptschule served an estimated 550 students in the 2007/2008 school year. The school takes in pupils from Heigenbrücken, Heinrichsthal, Geiselbach and Krombach.

Notable people
  (b. 1973 in Schöllkrippen) German radio and television moderator and comedian.

References

External links

 Administrative Community's official webpage

Aschaffenburg (district)

Schöllkrippen


Vieira do Minho Portekiz'de aynı adı taşıyan Vieira do Minho belediyesine bağlı olan, 8,15 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 2.289 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vieira do Minho

Vieira do Minho (bucak)


جميع الحقوق محفوظة  عبارة أدخلتها قوانين حقوق النشر كجزء من إخطارات حقوق النشر. تعني مالك حقوق النشر يحتفظ بالحقوق التي تمنحها قوانين حقوق النشر كحق النشر والتوزيع وإنشاء نسخ مُشتقة؛ أي أنه لا يتخلى عن أي من هذه الحقوق. لم تعد قوانين حقوق نشر معظم البلدان تتطلب هذه العبارة، لكنها لا تزال مستخدمة.

انظر أيضا
 الخالي من حقوق الملكية

مراجع

حقوق التأليف والنشر
رخص حقوق النشر
عبارات وجمل إنجليزية
مصطلحات قانونية

كافة الحقوق محفوظة


Giselle je baletna tragedija u dva čina Adolphea Adama i jedna od najznačajnijih baletnih tragedija. Prototipom je francuske romantičarske škole, koja će iznjedriti europski klasični balet. Libreto su napisali francuski parnasovac Théophile Gautier i dramatičar Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges na temelju pripovijetki Fantomi Victora Hugoa i Njemačka - jedna zimska priča Heinricha Heinea.

Praizveo ju je Kraljevski baletni ansambl Pariške opere 1841. godine.

Baleti

Giselle


The Veneralia was an ancient Roman festival celebrated April 1 (the Kalends of Aprilis) in honor of Venus Verticordia ("Venus the changer of hearts") and Fortuna Virilis ("Manly" or "Virile Fortune").

The cult of Venus Verticordia was established in 220 BC, just before the beginning of the Second Punic War, in response to advice from a Sibylline oracle, when a series of prodigies was taken to signify divine displeasure at sexual offenses among Romans of every category and class, including several men and three Vestal Virgins. Her statue was dedicated by a young woman, chosen as the most pudica (sexually pure) in Rome by a committee of Roman matrons. At first, the statue was probably housed within the temple to Fortuna Virilis. This cult, older than that to Venus Verticordia but possibly perceived as weak or gone to seed, may have benefited from the moral and religious support of Venus as a relatively new but senior deity; for Ovid, Venus's acceptance of the epithet and its responsibilities represented the goddess's own change of heart. In 114 BC Venus Verticordia was given her own temple. She was meant to persuade Romans of both sexes and every class, whether married or unmarried, to cherish the traditional sexual proprieties and morality known to please the gods and benefit the State. During the Veneralia, her cult image was taken from her temple to the men's baths, where it was undressed and washed in warm water by her female attendants, then garlanded with myrtle. At the Veneralia, women and men asked Venus Verticordia for her help in affairs of the heart, sex, betrothal and marriage. Fortuna Virilis was given cult on the same day.

See also
 April Fools' Day

References

External links
A description of the festival

Ancient Roman festivals
April observances
Religious festivals in Italy
Venus (mythology)

Veneralia


Melchior Rinck (Hesse, 1493-Katzenelnbogen, después de 1551) fue un teólogo alemán, anabaptista.

Juventud
De origen campesino; en 1516 obtuvo una Licenciatura en Artes liberales y Humanismo en la Universidad de Leipzig, donde fue alumno del teólogo Johann Lange y conoció al reformador Hermann Tulichius. Luego fue profesor de griego en Erfurt, por lo que se le conocía como "el griego".

Reforma y anabaptismo
Aunque algunas fuentes señalan que participó del movimiento anabaptista del los llamados "profetas de Zwickau", en 1521, solamente se sabe con certeza que en 1523 era capellán en los alrededores de Hersfeld, donde se unió con el pastor Heinrich Fuchs para promover el protestantismo. Después de algunos disturbios, en diciembre de 1523, Rinck y Fuchs fueron arrestados y desterrados de Hersfeld. Ambos se establecieron entonces en Turingia, donde Rinck, con el apoyo del reformador Jacob Strauß, fue nombrado pastor en Oberhausen, cerca de Eisenach y posteriormente en Eckardtshausen. Contrajo matrimonio con Anna Eckard.

Atraído por las ideas de Thomas Müntzer se unió al levantamiento campesino y participó en la Batalla de Frankenhausen, el 15 de mayo de 1525. Derrotados los campesinos, tuvo que ir de un lugar a otro.

En 1527 se unió al movimiento anabaptista pacifista de Hans Denck, con quien estuvo en Landau exponiendo sus tesis teológicas. Luego se establecieron en Worms, junto con Ludwig Haetzer y Jakob Kautz. Fueron desterrados después de fijar las siete tesis de los anabaptistas en la puerta de una iglesia.

Cárcel
Se establecieron entonces en Turingia donde reunieron muchos adeptos y Rinck se atrevió a solicitar un permiso para predicar públicamente en Hersfeld. El príncipe Felipe I de Hesse recibió personalmente a Rinck y oyó sus argumentos, pero sometió su solicitud al estudio de los teólogos de la Universidad de Marburgo. En agosto de 1528, estos rechazaron las tesis anabaptistas, por lo que Felipe decidió ordenar el destierro de Rinck, mientras que el elector Juan de Sajonia exigía que fuera ejecutado por herejía.

Rinck fue detenido en territorio de Hesse y encarcelado en Haina, desde abril de 1529, hasta mayo de 1531. Durante este tiempo se dedicó a escribir sobre el bautismo y además a debates con teólogos y a contestar la demanda de anulación de su matrimonio interpuesta por su suegro luterano. Fue liberado, con la condición de no regresar a Hesse ni a Sajonia. Rinck regresó a Hesse y fue detenido en noviembre de 1531 en Vacha y condenado en 1532 a cadena perpetua, de la que hubiera podido escapar si se retracta de sus ideas anabaptistas. Varios amigos, como el teólogo Georg Witzel, intentaron convencer a Rinck de retractarse, pero él se negó. Fue recluido en Bärbach, condado de Katzenelnbogen, donde se sabe que se encontraba en 1551. Murió en la cárcel.

Obras
Sus escritos se han perdido, excepto tres: una epístola escrita conjuntamente con Antonio Jacobsz, que explica por qué el bautismo de infantes no es un verdadero bautismo; una manuscrito refutando la necesidad de bautizar a los niños y; una carta a Eberhard von der Tann, escrita desde la cárcel de Haina.

Fuentes
 Schowalter, Paul. (1959) ; Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia, Online. Consultada el 13 de febrero de 2012.
 ADB:Rink, Melchior; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB), Band 28, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1889, S. 646.

Enlaces externos

Teólogos de Alemania del siglo XVI
Anabaptismo
Teólogos protestantes

Melchior Rinck


Piotr Piasecki (né le  à Szczecin) est un cavalier polonais de concours complet.

Carrière
Enfant d'une famille ayant des chevaux, il commence sa carrière en 1967. Malgré de lourds préparatifs, il ne va pas aux Jeux Olympiques de 1972 à Munich, de 1980 Moscou et de 1988 à Séoul.

Piotr Piasecki participe deux fois aux Jeux Olympiques.

Aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992 à Barcelone, il est  de l'épreuve individuelle et neuvième de l'épreuve par équipes.

Aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1996 à Atlanta, il est éliminé de l'épreuve individuelle.

Il est présent auparavant aux Jeux équestres mondiaux de 1990, où il termine treizième.

Il est sextuple champion de Pologne du concours complet (1976, 1979, 1986-1988, 1994) et trois fois deuxième du pays (1980, 1981, 1993).

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1952
Naissance à Szczecin
Cavalier polonais de concours complet
Cavalier aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992
Cavalier aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1996

Piotr Piasecki


Ryō Tsunoda (jap. , Tsunoda Ryō; * 26. Juni 1990 in Hakuba, Präfektur Nagano) ist ein japanischer Biathlet und Skilangläufer.

Ryo Tsunoda war zunächst Skilangläufer. Seine ersten internationalen Rennen bestritt er seit Dezember 2006 im Far East Cup, erreichte aber in den nächsten zwei Jahren keine nennenswerten Resultate in der Rennserie und wechselte zur Saison 2010/11 zum Biathlonsport. Seine ersten internationalen Biathlonrennen bestritt er in der Saison 2010/11 im IBU-Cup, wo er in Martell in seinem ersten Einzel 49. wurde. Es war zugleich sein bislang bestes Resultat in der zweithöchsten Rennserie des internationalen Biathlons. Erster Höhepunkt der Karriere und erste internationale Meisterschaft wurden die Weltmeisterschaften 2012 in Ruhpolding. Tsunoda kam hier im Einzel zum Einsatz und belegte den 107. Platz. Zudem wurde er an der Seite von Junji Nagai, Kazuya Inomata und Hidenori Isa als Schlussläufer der japanischen Staffel eingesetzt, und kam mit dieser als überrundetes Team auf den 23. Platz.

Weltcupstatistik

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Skilangläufer (Japan)
Biathlet (Japan)
Japaner
Geboren 1990
Mann

Ryō Tsunoda


Keşmir keçisi (Capra hircus laniger), Himalaya Dağları'nın doğu yaylalarında yaşayan ufak boylu evcil keçi ırkı.

Yünü beyazdan kahverengiye kadar değişir. Hindistan'dan başka Tibet, Moğolistan ve Çin'de de geliştirilmiştir. Dokumacılıkta yalnız ince tüyleri (postun taranmasıyla elde edilen tiftik) kullanılır, verimi keçi başına en çok 150 gramı bulur. Bu bakımdan değeri çok olan kaşmir yününden, bebek giyim eşyaları, yumuşak paltıloklar ve dünyaca ünlü kaşmir şalları yapılır.

Keçi ırkları
Hayvan ürünleri

Keşmir keçisi


أسرار المدينة مسلسل درامي سوري تمثيل مجموعة من الممثلين السوريين ومنهم باسل خياط وديما بياعة وخالد تاجا ووائل رمضان ومها المصري وبسام لطفي والممثلة اللبنانية ماغي بو غصن وغيرهم.

القصة
يتحدث المسلسل عن شاب يعيش مع عائلته الفقيرة، ويتعرف على بنت وتنشأ بينهما قصة حب. أبطال المسلسل باسل خياط بدور عامر، ديما بياعة بدور غادة. تتصارع الأحداث بصورة مشوقة جدا لتكون نهايته في الحلقة 25 مآساوية حيث يتعرض البطل لحادث مدبر ليتشوه وجهه وجسمه.. ليعيش أبد حياته مع هذه التشوهات.. وعلى أثرها يرفض إكمال لعب دور البطل في قصة حبه مع غادة..

معلومات

 إنتاج عام 2000م
 تأليف: حسن سامي يوسف
 إخراج: هشام شربتجي

بطولة:

 أمل عرفة
 منى واصف
 عبد الهادي صباغ
 خالد تاجا
 مها المصري
 ديما بياعة
 باسل خياط

مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية سورية
مسلسلات نسرين الحكيم

أسرار المدينة (مسلسل)


ඉස්ලාම්හි කුළුනු 5 Sunni Islam අත්‍යාවශය සිරිත් වේ. Shia's පුස්කර්ම 8ක් අනුසක් කරන අතර, එම 8 මෙම කුළුණු 5 ට සැලකිය යුතු ප්‍රමාණයක් අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.

කලීමා (لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله)
කලිමා ෂහාදත් ඉස්ලාම්හි මුලික පදනම වේ. මෙයින් ප්‍රකාශ වනුයේ අල්ලාහ් දෙවියන් හැර නැමදීමට සුදුස්සෙක් නොමැති බවත් මුහම්මද් සල්ලල්ලාහු අලෛහි වසල්ලම් තුමාණන් දෙවියන්ගේ පණිවිඩකරු බවට මම සාක්ෂි දෙමි යන්නය. මෙම ප්‍රකාශය ඉස්ලාම්හි අනෙකුත් ඇදහිලි හා සිරිත් වල පදනම වේ.(Shi'a මෙය වෙනම කුළුණක් බව නොසලකන අතර, එය ඇදහිල්ලකට සිමා කර ඇත.) මුස්ලිම්වරැන් යාඥාවලද, ඉස්ලාමය වැළදගැනීමට අපේක්ෂා කරන අය මෙය පැවසිය යුතුයි.

අස් සලාහ් (සලාතය හෙවත් නැමදීම)
මෙය දවසකට පස් වතාවක් කළ යුතුය. එනම්  ෆජ්ර් - අලුයම සලාතය, ලුහර් - මුදුන් සලාතය, අසර් - සවස් සලාතය, මඃරිබ් - පූර්ව රාත්‍රී සලාතය, ඉෂා - අපර රාත්‍රී සලාතය යන පස්වේලාවන් ය. මනස කේන්ද්‍ර කිරිමටත් දෙවියන් සමග පෞද්ගලික සන්නිවේදනයක් මගින් දෙවියන්ව ඇදහිමට හා ස්තුතිය ප්‍රකාශ කිරිමටත් කරන්නයි. Salab අනිවාර්යය අතර අවස්ථාව අනුව නම්‍යතාවයන් සලසා දි ඇත. නම්‍ය මුස්ලිම් රටවල මෙම යාච්ඥාවට මතක් කිරි‍ම් පොදුවේ ප්‍රචාරය කෙරෙයි. එය මුස්ලිම් දේවස්ථාන මගි් යෝග්‍ය වේලාවට සිදු කෙරේ. මෙම යාඤ්ඥාව අරාබි බාෂාවෙන් වන අත.ර කුරානයේ පද්‍ය වලින් සමන්විතවේ.

Zakat (දන්දිම)
මෙය එකතු වු ධනයට සාපේක්ෂව සිදුකරන්නකි. මෙය සියළු ධනය තිබෙන මුස්ලිම්වරැන්ට අනිවාර්ය වේ. අවශ්‍යවුවන්ට/ දුප්පතු්ට දිමට ස්ථිර කොටසක් වෙනස් කර ඇත. මෙය ඉස්ලාම් ආගම දව්‍යාපා්ත කිරිම පිණිසද කරනු ඇත.. Zakat ආගමික ගැති බවක් ලෙස සැලකනෙ අතර ධනය ඇති අය දුප්පතුන්ට උදව් ලබා දිය යුත්තේ ධනවතුන්ගේ ධනය දෙවියන්ගේ තිළිණයක් ලෙස සැලකෙන නිසාය කුරානය හා Hadith යෝජනා කරන්නේ ධනය ඇත්තවුන් ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් දන්දිම කළ යුතුය. (Sodagah) බොහෝ මුස්ලිම්වරැන් වැඩිපුර මුදලක් Khums බදු ගෙවිය යුතය. මෙය වෙන්වු ආගමික සිරිතක් ලෙස සැල‍කේ.

Sawm (රමසාන් සමයේ උපවාස කිරිම)
මුස්ලිම් වරැන් අළුයම සිට ස'න්ධායව වනතුරැ ආහාර හා බිම නොගත යුතය. තව ද එම මාසදය තුළ තමන්ගේ පව් පිලිබදව සැලකිය යුතය. මෙම උපවාසය මගින් දෙවිය්නට කිට්ටු බවක් ඇති කිරිමට උදච් කෙරේ. මෙම කාලයේදී මුස්ලිම්වරැන් ඔවුන්ගෙ දෙවියන් වෙනුවෙන් කෙළෙහිගුණ දැක්වීම හා යැපීම පෙන්විය යුතය. කළ පව් වලට සමාව යැදීමට දුප්පතුන් පිළිබදව සිතිම ද කළ යුතය. මෙය අයුතු ක දෙයක් වන කණ්ඩායමහ් සදහා අත්‍යවශය නොවේ. අනෙක් අය සදහා තත්ත්වය අනුව නම්‍යශිලිත්වයක් ලබ ා දුන්න ද තපසු වු උපවාස කිරිම ඉක්මනින් made up යුතුය.

Haji (Dhu-al- Hijjah මක්කම් නග‍රයේ ඉස්ලාම් මාසයේ වන්දනාව) සැම ශක්තිය හා වත්කම ඇති මුස්ලිම්වරැන් හා මුස්ලිම්වරියන් තම ජීවිතයේ එක් වතාවක් හෝ මෙම වන්දනාව කළ යුතුය. මුස්ලිම්වරයා වාටු මුටුටු ගෙතු රෙදි දෙකකින් සැදුනු lhram නමැති අදුම mecca වට km10 ක් ඇතින් සිටියදි ඇද ගත යුතුය. hajji හි සිරිතක් වශයෙන් Kabbaවටේ 7 වරක් යාම අවශ්‍ය වේ. මෙහිදි කළු ගල (Blak stone)අල්ලමින් safa කන්ද හා Marwah කන්ද අතර හත් වතාවක් දුවමින් සංකෙක්මත් වශයෙන් Min stoning the devil කළ යුතය. haji වන්දනාමාන කළ තැනැත්තා/ තැනැත්තිය තම සමාජයේ ගරැත්වයට පත්වේ. ඉස්ලාම් ගුරැවරැන් පවසන්නේ මෙම වන්දනකාමානය දෙවියන්ට ඇති ශුද්ධාව පිළිබිමු කිරිමට මිස සමාජ තත්වයක් ලබා ගැනිමට නොකළ යුතු බවයි.

khums බද්දය අමතර මුස්ලිම්වරැන් තම අමතර සිරිත 3 ක් ඉස්ලාම් ආගමට අතවශ්‍ය ලෙස අනුගමහනය කරයි. පළමුව jihandi මෙය sumi ද වැදගත් ලෙස සැලකුව ද කුලුණක් ලෙස නොසැලකේ.
දෙවනැව Ami-Bil-Maruf හොද කිරිම අණ කිරිම මෙයින් සැම මුස්ලිම්වරයෙකුම සිල්වත් ජිවිතයක් ගත කිරිමට පවසන අතර අනන්‍යන් ද මෙයට නැඹුරැ කර ගැනිම සිදු කරයි.

තෙවනුව nahi-Anil- Mnkar අයහපත් ක්‍රියා කිරිමෙන් වැළකිමට අනුසස් දිම මෙමගින් මුස්ලිම්වරැන්ට දුසිරිතෙහි හා අකුසල් ක්‍රියා වලින් වැලකි සිටිමට පවසන අතර අනෙක් අයට ද එසේ කිරිමට ධෛර්යමත් කරයි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 ඉස්ලාම්

ඉස්ලාම් ආගම

ඉස්ලාම් හි පංචස්තම්භ


Taş baskı ya da litografi/litografya, kireç taşı üzerine yağlı mürekkeple çizilmiş şekil ve yazıların basım sanatı. Taşbaskıya el litografyası da denir. Taşbaskı, modern ofset litografyanın başlangıcıdır. Taşbaskı tekniğinin esası, yağın suyu itmesi özelliğine dayanır.

Kireçtaşı, kalsiyum karbonat olup gözeneklidir. Baskı kalıbı olarak kullanılacak kireç taşı 6–8 cm kalınlığında levha şeklinde hazırlanır. Yüzeyi pürüzsüz hale gelinceye kadar tesviye edilir. Bu düzgün yüzeye yazı veya resim özel bir mürekkeple nakşedilir. Mürekkebin özelliği yağlı olmasıdır. Yağlı mürekkep, arapsakızı eriyiğinin bir iki damla nitrik asitle karışımından yapılır. Baskı kalıbı, yazı işleri tamamlandıktan sonra yazıların ve resmin net bir görünüm alması için terebentinle silinir. Baskı kalıbı daha sonra su içine sokulup çıkarılır. Kireçtaşı gözenekli olduğu için yazılar ve resim çizgileri haricindeki sathın tamamındaki gözenekler suyla dolar. Baskı taşına bu durumda baskı mürekkebi sürülür. Mürekkep yazıların bulunduğu susuz yüzeylerden gözeneklere emilirken boş kısımlardaki sulu yüzeylerden itilir. Baskı kalıbı bir kağıda bastırılmak suretiyle istenilen baskı elde edilir. Gözeneklere emilen mürekkep bitinceye kadar baskı yapılabilir.

Kalıplar saklanarak ileride tekrar baskıda kullanılabilir. Tekrar baskı yapmak için baskı kalıbının terebentinle silinip suya sokulması yeterlidir. Bazen taş kalıp yerine kâğıt ıslatılır. Kağıt bilahare kurutulur.

Mürekkep rengi değiştirilerek, değişik renklerde baskı da yapılabilir. Renk ayrımına göre şekil ve yazıları ayrı ayrı hazırlanan taşlar, sırayla aynı kâğıt üzerine basıldığında ofset renkli taşbaskı elde edilmiş olur. Modern ofset litoğrafyanın esasını taşbaskı usulleri teşkil eder. Modern litografi, fotokimyasal metotlarla hazırlanmış çinko ve alüminyum levhaları kalıp (matris) olarak kullanır.

Taşbaskılarda taşın yazı ve resim çizgilerinin geldiği yerler hafif oyuk veya hafif kabarık olan türleri de vardır. Bu türe, taşbaskılarda taş üzerine gravürleme denir. Gravür şekli ile hazırlanacak ve kazılacak kelimeler hafif asitlerle ve özel gravür makinalarıyla hazırlanır.

Taş baskı tekniği 1831 yılında Türkiye'ye girmiştir. İlk taş baskı atölyesi bugünkü İstanbul Üniversitesi (Eski Harbiye Nezareti)nde kuruldu. İlk basılan kitaplar askeri eğitim gayeliydi. Daha sonra Anadolu'nun bazı büyük şehirlerinde de taş baskı atölyeleri kuruldu. Baskıda tipografinin gelişmesi üzerine, 20. yüzyılın başlarında yavaş yavaş taş baskıcılık yerini, bugünkü modern teknik baskıcılığa terk etti.

Alman icatları

Taş baskı


Ibrox () is a suburb of Glasgow, Scotland. It is situated south of the River Clyde and is part of the former burgh of Govan. The origin of the name Ibrox is unclear. It is often said to come from the Gaelic àth bruic, meaning "badger ford", but this is unconfirmed.

It is within walking distance of the Pacific Quay Media Park, housing BBC Scotland, STV and other production companies along with the Glasgow Science Centre.  The opening of the Clyde Arc provides a road connection to the other side of the River Clyde. Ibrox is served by Ibrox subway station of the Glasgow Subway system.

The home of football club Rangers F.C. is located at Ibrox Stadium.

Ibrox Primary School is a primary school located on Edmiston Drive, the main road through Ibrox, directly across from Ibrox Stadium. The building was designed by Bruce and Hay and was opened in 1906. The school was originally known as Ibrox Board School, was built for the Govan Parish School Board.

Ibrox is home to an original artwork by South African artist Faith47. Located on Copland Road opposite the entrance to Fairley Street, the piece was completed during the preparations for the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

Gallery

See also
 Glasgow tower blocks

References

Govan
Areas of Glasgow

Ibrox, Glasgow


Ko Zen Kuang ( 1914 - 1977) fue un botánico chino, que trabajó extensamente en el "Instituto de Botánica", de la Academia China de las Ciencias.

Algunas publicaciones

Libros
 . 1979. Angiospermae: Dicotyledoneae ; Myriaceae, Juglandaceae, Betulaceae. Volumen 21 de Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. Editor Kexue Chubanshe, 150 pp.

 ----------------. 1978. Flora Reipublicae popularis sinicae: delectis florae Reipublicae popularis sinicae. 'Angiospermae' : 'Dicotyledoneae' : 'Solanaceae. Volumen 67 y 61. Editor Science Press, 175 pp.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de China del siglo XX
Escritores en chino
Escritores en latín

Ko Zen Kuang


Nicholas IV can refer to:

 Patriarch Nicholas IV of Constantinople (1147–1151)
 Pope Nicholas IV (1288–1292)
 Patriarch Nicholas IV of Alexandria (1412–1417)
 Nicholas IV, Duke of Opava (c. 1400 – 1437)

Nicholas IV


Hiwi (), the German abbreviation of the word Hilfswilliger or, in English, auxiliary volunteer, designated, during World War II, a member of different kinds of voluntary auxiliary forces made up of recruits indigenous to the territories of Eastern Europe occupied by Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler reluctantly agreed to allow recruitment of Soviet citizens in the Rear Areas during Operation Barbarossa. In a short period of time, many of them were moved to combat units.

Overview
Hiwis comprised 50% of the 2nd Panzer Army's 134th Infantry Division in late 1942, while the 6th Army at the Battle of Stalingrad was composed of 25% Hiwis. By 1944, their numbers had grown to 600,000. Both men and women were recruited. Veteran Hiwis were practically indistinguishable from regular German troops, and often served in entire company strengths.

Between September 1941 and July 1944 the SS employed thousands of collaborationist auxiliary police recruited as Hiwis directly from the Soviet POW camps. After training, they were deployed for service with Nazi Germany, in the General Government, and the occupied East.

In one instance, the German SS and police inducted, processed, and trained 5,082 Hiwi guards before the end of 1944 at the SS training camp division of the Trawniki concentration camp set up in the village of Trawniki southeast of Lublin. They were known as the "Trawniki men" () and were former Soviet citizens, mostly Ukrainians. Trawnikis were sent to all major killing sites of the "Final Solution", which was their training's primary purpose. They took an active role in the executions of Jews at Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka II, Warsaw (three times), Częstochowa, Lublin, Lvov, Radom, Kraków, Białystok (twice), Majdanek as well as Auschwitz, and Trawniki itself.

Use of term

The term 'Hiwis' acquired a thoroughly negative meaning during World War II when it entered into several other languages in reference to Ostlegionen as well as volunteers enlisted from occupied territories for service in a number of roles including hands-on shooting actions and guard duties at extermination camps on top of regular military service, drivers, cooks, hospital attendants, ammunition carriers, messengers, sappers, etc.

In the context of World War II the term has clear connotations of collaborationism, and in the case of the occupied Soviet territories also of anti-Bolshevism (widely presented as such by the Germans).

German historian  wrote that there were many different reasons why Soviet citizens volunteered. He argues that the issue has to be seen first and foremost with the German Vernichtungskrieg (war of annihilation) policy in mind. For example, volunteering allowed Soviet POWs to get out of the barbaric German POW camp system, giving them a much higher chance of survival. During World War II, Nazi Germany engaged in a policy of deliberate maltreatment of Soviet POWs, in contrast to their treatment of British and American POWs. This resulted in some 3.3 to 3.5 million deaths, or 57% of all Soviet POWs. Therefore it becomes very difficult to differentiate between a genuine desire to volunteer, and seeming to volunteer in the hope of a better chance of surviving the war.

A captured Hiwi told his NKVD interrogators:

Soviet authorities referred to the Hiwis as "former Russians" regardless of the circumstances of their joining or their fate at the hands of the NKVD secret police. After the war, thousands attempted to return to their homes in the USSR. Hundreds were captured and prosecuted, charged with treason and therefore guilty of enlistment from the start of judicial proceedings. Most were sentenced to the Gulag labor camps, and released under the Khrushchev amnesty of 1955.

The reliance upon Hiwis exposed a gap between Nazi ideologues and pragmatic German Army commanders. Nazi leaders including Adolf Hitler regarded all Slavs as Untermenschen and therefore of limited value as volunteers also. On the other hand, the manpower was needed, and German Intelligence had recognised the need to divide the Soviet nationals. The contradiction was sometimes disguised by reclassification of Slavs as Cossacks. Colonel Helmuth Groscurth (XI Corps' Chief of Staff) wrote to General Beck: "It is disturbing that we are forced to strengthen our fighting troops with Russian prisoners of war, who are already being turned into gunners. It's an odd state of affairs that the "Beasts" we have been fighting against are now living with us in closest harmony." The Hiwis may have constituted one quarter of 6th Army's front-line strength, amounting to over 50,000 Slavic auxiliaries serving with the German troops.

See also
 Collaboration during World War II
 Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts
 Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts
 Schutzmannschaft
 Selbstschutz

References

Further reading
 Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder, "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147–195.

Foreign volunteer units of the Wehrmacht
German military personnel of World War II
Military supporting service occupations

Hiwi (volunteer)


Le Punishers le/mc law enforcement motorcycle club (club motocycliste de force de l'ordre) est un club de moto old school dont les traditions et les débuts remontent au 04 juillet 1999 à New York aux États-Unis.

Il est le plus grand club de ce type au monde .

Le club dispose de plus 260 chapitres, principalement en Amérique et en Europe.

France
Création du premier chapter PUNISHERS MC en 2014 le " DEIBLER CREW "en souvenir du célèbre bourreau Anatole Deibler.
Il existe plusieurs chapitres en France et en Europe.

But
Organisation à but non lucratif de force de l'ordre, amateurs de moto US et custom. Ils organisent des rencontres, des balades en moto ainsi que des actions d'entraide.

Actifs dans les causes caritatives, ils collectent des fonds notamment au profit des enfants.

Ils œuvrent dans le plus grand respect de chacun.

Composition et recrutement

Le postulant passe par plusieurs stades comme on peut le retrouver dans d'autre club de Bikers. Dans un premier temps, il sera "hangaround" (un ami du club), le temps d'être évalué. Il pourra lui être proposé de devenir "prospect" (un apprenti). Puis, après avoir fait ses preuves il pourra devenir "full patch" (membre du club) sur vote.

La prospection n'a pas de durée déterminée. Le full patch pourra être destitué s'il porte préjudice au club voir exclu définitivement en "bad standing" (mauvaise réputation).

Doctrine
 Il n'entre en concurrence avec aucun autre MC ou club.
 N'est supporter d'aucun de ceux-ci non plus.
 Il ne revendique aucun territoire.
 Le club demande à ses membres intégrité, confiance et dévouement sans compromis.
 Les membres respectent un règlement interne au club.

Culture du club
On retrouve un certain nombre de patchs sur les Kuttes portés par les membres.

Voici quelques exemples :
 31 chapters : Le chapter éternel (hommage aux membres du club décédés)
 PFFP : Punishers Forever Forever Punishers (punishers toujours toujours punishers).
 PFL: Punishers For Live (punishers pour la vie).

Galerie

Annexes

Article de presse

https://elmoreautauganews-com.translate.goog/2020/07/24/international-punishers-lemc-president-john-boyan-coming-to-millbrook-for-blue-santa-poker-run-saturday/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=fr&_x_tr_pto=sc

https://www.rtl.be/info/regions/hainaut/les-motards-punishers-debarquent-a-charleroi-les-bras-tatoues-et-charges-de-cadeaux-pour-les-plus-demunis-photos--1185756.aspx

https://www.messinaoggi.it/website/2021/11/09/motociclisti-e-legalita-premio-nassiriya-per-la-pace-per-il-punishers-lemc-club/

https://abcnews.go.com/US/local-motorcycle-club-allegedly-bullied-girl-ride-school/story?id=39395162

Liens externes

Notes et références

Association motocycliste

Punishers lemc


Todas as Garotas em Mim (estilizado como TAGEM) é uma série de televisão brasileira produzida pela Formata Produções e exibida pela RecordTV entre 7 de junho e 2 de agosto de 2022, substituindo a 2ª temporada de Reis e sendo substituída pelo resumo das duas primeiras temporada de Reis. Escrita por Stephanie Ribeiro; com colaboração de Bárbara Carmona, Bianca Carturani, Edna Ribeiro, Irene Bosisio, Jaqueline Corrêa, João Gabriel Carneiro, Joaquim Assis, Méuri Luiza, Natália Sambrini, Niedja Alves, Raphaela Castro e Tamires Morais, supervisão de texto de Cristiane Cardoso, sob direção de Ajax Camacho e Hudson Viana e direção geral de Rudi Lagemann. Destaca-se como a pior audiência já registrada por uma obra dramaturgica da emissora, chegando a marcar apenas 1.5 pontos em 25 de junho de 2022.

Focada na vida de uma garota que relaciona os dramas da adolescência com acontecimentos bíblicos, é livremente inspirada na série Tudo o Que É Sólido Pode Derreter, onde a personagem-título relacionava sua vida com a literatura brasileira.

Contou com as atuações de Mharessa, Diego Kropotoff, Caio Vegatti, Gabriela Mag, Adriana Garambone, Ângelo Paes Leme, Rhaisa Batista e Lidi Lisboa nos papéis principais.

Produção
Em julho de 2021, é anunciado a criação de um formato, que segundo a RecordTV é considerado inédito na dramaturgia brasileira, o de série-novela, tendo previsão de estreia inicialmente para março de 2022. Tal projeto recebeu o nome de Todas as Garotas em Mim e teria inicialmente 13 episódios, misturando os contextos de época e contemporâneo.

Em 1.º de novembro de 2021, é iniciada a pré-produção da série, usando o contexto bíblico, mas através de uma menina de 17 anos que seria influenciada por personagens femininos da bíblia.

Em 2 de dezembro de 2021, é confirmado o nome de Rafael Sardão no elenco da série após interpretar o protagonista Miguel em Amor sem Igual (2019). Em 8 de dezembro, acontece o encontro do diretor Rudi Lagemann com o núcleo adulto da série, confirmando os nomes de Lidi Lisboa e Manuela do Monte. No dia 10 do mesmo mês, Juan Alba que interpretou o vilão Ramiro na mesma trama foi confirmado na série.

No dia 14 de dezembro, acontece a primeira reunião do elenco principal, que será totalmente formado por jovens, anunciando também Mharessa Fernanda como a protagonista Mirella, sendo seu primeiro papel principal em sua carreira. A atriz já fez uma participação especial em Carrossel (2012—13), interpretando a misteriosa Lola e em Cúmplices de Um Resgate (2015—16), onde foi a dublê de Larissa Manoela, além de interpretar a personagem Fabiana, com ambos os trabalhos no SBT.

As gravações tiveram início no dia 19 de janeiro de 2022, tendo como cenário as cidades de Gramado e Canela no Rio Grande do Sul, Florianópolis e outras cidades de Santa Catarina e Petrópolis no Rio de Janeiro. O Polo Cinematográfico de Paulínia, cedido pela Formata Produções, será usado para as cenas em estúdio, assim como foram encomendados 38 episódios, divididos em três temporadas.

No dia 17 de fevereiro de 2022, as gravações das cenas externas em Petrópolis no Rio de Janeiro precisaram ser suspensas, tendo como principal motivo a destruição de um dos cenários causados pelas enchentes e deslizamentos de terra na cidade, causando também muita comoção na equipe. As gravações na cidade foram retomadas com a diminuição da chuva.

Em 18 de abril de 2022, antes da série estrear, foi anunciado que a série teria mais 5 temporadas, sendo uma ordem direta de Cristiane Cardoso. Porém, em 6 de dezembro, foi anunciado que o projeto estava cancelado, sendo apurada internamente como a responsável por colocar a emissora na maior crise de audiência da história de sua dramaturgia e de atrapalhar os reality shows que vinham na sequência.

Temporadas
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Enredo
Mirela (Mharessa) é uma digital influencer, namorada do rapaz mais popular de um colégio, Gustavo (Caio Vegatti), e que desperta a paixão em Erick (Diego Kropotoff), o filho de Carla (Manuela do Monte). Apesar disso, a neta de Isis (Adriana Garambone) enfrenta alguns dilemas e sentimentos que não sabe explicar. É através da avó, dona de uma pousada naquela cidade gaúcha, que a adolescente passa a conhecer as histórias da Bíblia.

Isis é descrita como uma "mulher forte", "de firmes princípios e valores" e bastante "ativa, perspicaz e rápida". Ela é mãe de Heloísa (Rhaisa Batista), uma diretora de cadeia de hotéis em Santa Catarina, e sogra de Júlio (Ângelo Paes Leme).

No grupo de amigas de Mirela estão a popular Sabrina (Gabi Borges), a invejosa Nicole (Gabriela Magalhães), a ingênua Paloma (Luana Camaleão), a corajosa Verônica (Juhlia Ficer) e a patricinha Dara (Julia Zimmer), além do nerd Diogo (Euller Scarpinelli), do debochado Arthur (Hall Mendes), do cantor Felipe (Luckas Moura), do esnobe Plínio (Luan Argollo) e do mauricinho Otávio (João Pedro Preticcione).

Exibição
Inicialmente estrearia em março de 2022, substituindo a série canadense Quando Chama o Coração na faixa das 21h45, no entanto as gravações atrasaram e a estreia da série foi adiada para maio, o que também não ocorreu. Por fim foi anunciado a estreia para 7 de junho, substituindo Reis na faixa das 21h. A duas temporadas foram exibidas até o dia 2 de agosto.

Na semana da estreia foi lançada uma campanha no twitter intitulada #Mirelou, um trocadilho com o nome da personagem principal, para divulgar a série e atrair o público adolescente. No entanto, tal campanha acabou virando piada pelo fato de utilizarem imagens de artistas de outras emissoras e até de filmes estadunidenses como se estivessem divulgando a série.

Internacional

Elenco

Participações Especiais

Repercussão

Audiência
A estreia marcou 4.8 pontos com picos de 7, segundo dados consolidados do Kantar IBOPE Media, referentes a Grande São Paulo, ficando na terceira posição, sendo este o pior resultado de uma estreia de novela ou série na emissora desde a retomada da dramaturgia em 2004 e uma queda de 51% com relação a antecessora Reis. O segundo episódio registrou sua maior média com 6 pontos. O terceiro episódio marcou uma média de 4 pontos, chegando a ficar em quarto lugar em alguns minutos atrás do Faustão na Band. Em 11 de junho, com o compacto da semana chegou a marcar 2.6 pontos, com picos negativos de 1.9, a pior audiência já marcada na história dramatúrgica da emissora. Tal pico negativo seria superado no dia 25 do mesmo mês, quando obteve 1.5 pontos, ficando em quarto lugar na audiência. O último episódio da 1ª temporada registou 3.7 pontos, sendo o pior resultado de um desfecho de novela ou série na emissora. A média geral da 1ª temporada foi de 4.5 pontos.

A estreia da 2ª temporada marcou 4.2 pontos. O segundo episódio marcou 4.4 pontos. O quinto episódio marcou 3.4 pontos, ficando em quarto lugar isolado por toda a sua exibição, contra 3.8 da Rede Bandeirantes, que transmitia uma entrevista especial no Faustão na Band com a dupla Chitãozinho e Xororó, que comemoravam 50 anos de estrada. Em 11 de julho, marcou 4.7 pontos. No dia 13 de julho, marcou 4.8 pontos. O último episódio da 2ª temporada registou 4.2 pontos. A média geral da 2ª temporada foi de 4.2 pontos.

A média geral da série foi de 4.38 pontos.

Críticas
O colunista André Santana do site TV História, destacou a série como "sem rumo" e uma "estreia constrangedora", destacando os rumos considerados equivocados que a dramaturgia da RecordTV, hoje coordenada por Cristiane Cardoso. Além disso, observou que a série não tem um público-alvo definido, fora as propagandas subliminares de Reis, a série-novela que ao mesmo tempo é a sua antecessora e sucessora. A jovem atriz Mharessa foi elogiada, porém, o texto da trama, não a ajuda, deixando os rumos da trama constrangedores.

Pelo público, a série foi avaliada negativamente, destacando que o núcleo adolescente é considerado "sem noção" por boa parte do público, além de fortes críticas pelo texto, com suposta exaltação ao machismo até a falta de representatividade, tendo apenas Lidi Lisboa como parte do elenco negro da trama.

Ligações externas

Programas de televisão do Brasil que estrearam em 2022
Séries da RecordTV
2022 na televisão no Brasil
Programas de televisão em língua portuguesa
Telenovelas da RecordTV
Telenovelas da década de 2020
Telenovelas em português

Todas as Garotas em Mim


Meek's Grain Store ist ein historisches Bauwerk in der Harbour Street im viktorianischen Stadtkern der neuseeländischen Stadt Oamaru in der Region .

Es wurde 1876 nach Entwürfen der Architekten Forrester & Lemon im historischen Stadtkern Oamarus für Thomas Meek's Getreidehandels- und Mühlenunternehmen J. And T. Meek als Getreidelagerhaus im Umfeld des Hafens erbaut. Das im viktorianischen Stil aus Oamaru Stone errichtete Bauwerk wurde über seine Geschichte vorwiegend als Lagerhaus für Getreide und Wolle verwendet. Während die Vorderseite des Gebäudes an die Harbour Street anschließt, hat es auf der Rückseite Anschluss an die Bahnanlagen des früher bedeutsamen Seehafens von Oamaru.

Am 2. Juli 1982 wurde das Gebäude vom New Zealand Historic Places Trust unter der Nummer 2288 als Denkmal der Kategorie 2 (Historic Place Category II) eingestuft.

Weitere mit Meeks Geschäftstätigkeit verbundene Baudenkmale in Oamaru sind Meek's Flourmill und Meeks Grain Elevator Building.

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Oamaru
Historic Place der Kategorie II
Erbaut in den 1870er Jahren
Baudenkmal in Oamaru

Meek’s Grain Store


Alexandrescu ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Andrei Alexandrescu (* 1969), rumänischer Informatiker
 Grigore Alexandrescu (1810–1885), rumänischer Schriftsteller, Dichter and Übersetzer

Alexandrescu


1953 wurden die 5. DDR-Meisterschaften im Ringen ausgetragen.

Ergebnisse

Griechisch-römischer Stil

Siehe auch
 Deutsche Ringermeisterschaften 1953

Weblinks
 Ergebnisarchiv auf sport-komplett.de

1953
Sportveranstaltung 1953

DDR-Ringermeisterschaften 1953


Nükleik asitler, bütün canlı hücrelerde ve virüslerde bulunan, nükleotid birimlerden oluşmuş polimerlerdir. En yaygın nükleik asitler deoksiribonükleik asit (DNA) ve ribonükleik asit (RNA)'dır. İnsan kromozomlarını oluşturan DNA milyonlarca nükleotitten oluşur. Nükleik asitlerin başlıca işlevi genetik bilgi aktarımını sağlamaktır.

Nükleik asitler başlıca hücre çekirdeğinde bulunmalarından dolayı keşfedildiklerinde bu şekilde adlandırılmışlardır. Bu polimerleri oluşturan nükleotid birimlerin her biri üç bölümden oluşur: 1) Azotlu heterosiklik bir baz, 2) beş karbonlu (pentoz) bir şeker ve 3) bir fosfat grubu. RNA'da bulunan şeker riboz, DNA'da ise deoksiribozdur. DNA ve RNA içerdikleri azotlu bazlarda da farklılık gösterirler: adenin, guanin ve sitozin her ikisinde, timin yalnızca DNA'da, urasil ise yalnızca RNA'da bulunur.

RNA molekülleri ilk sentezlendiklerinde bu dört temel bazdan oluşmalarına rağmen bazı RNA türleri sonradan enzimler tarafından modifikasyona uğrarlar ve başka tür bazlar da içerebilirler. RNA moleküllerinde bulunan, değişime uğramış (modifiye) baz türlerinin sayısı yüze yakındır.

Nükleik asitlerin dizinlerini oluşturan nükleotitler birer harflik kısaltmalarla yazılırlar. Adenin, sitozin, guanin, timin ve urasilin kısaltmaları sırasıyla, A, C, G, T ve U'dur. Dizinin yazılış yönü şekerlerin 5' ve 3' karbonlarının zincir üzerindeki sırasına göredir, bilimsel konvansiyonda dizinler şekerlerin 5'-3' karbonlarının doğrultusunda okunurlar.

Nükleik asitler tek bir zincirden oluşabildikleri gibi birbirine sarılmış iki zincirden de oluşabilirler. Spiral merdiven görünümlü bu yapıya çift sarmal denir. Çift sarmallı bir nükleik asitteki iki zincir, aralarında oluşmuş hidrojen bağları ile birbirlerine bağlıdırlar. Bazı tek zincirli nükleik asitler de kendi üzerlerine katlanıp iki sarmallı bölgeler oluşturabilir. DNA genelde çift sarmallı olmakla beraber bazı virüslerin içerdikleri DNA tek zincirlidir. RNA molekülleri de genelde tek zincirden oluşmakla beraber bazı virüslerin içinde çift sarmallı RNA bulunur.

Nükleik asit zincirindeki şeker ve fosfat grupları değişimli olarak birbirine bağlıdır, oksijen atomlarının paylaşılmasıyla oluşan bu bağlara fosfodiester grubu denir. Fosfat grupları şeker molekülünün 3' ve 5' karbon atomlarına bağlıdır. Azotlu bazlar pentoz halkasının 1' karbonuna bağlıdır.

Çift sarmallı nükleik asitlerde şeker-fosfatlı zincirler silindirik yapının dışında yer alır, azotlu bazlar ise bu yapının ortasına doğru uzanarak birbirleriyle hidrojen bağları oluştururlar. Hidrojen bağı kurmuş her bir baz çiftindeki bazlardan biri pürin sınıfından, öbürü pirimidin sınıfındandır, bunların toplam uzunluğu sabittir. Genelde çift sarmalın genişliği onu oluşturan baz dizininden bağımsız ve sabittir. DNA'da adenin her zaman timin ile, guanin de her zaman sitozin ile eşlidir. Bu baz çiftlerine tümleyici bazlar denir.

Bu eşlenmenin gerçekleşmesi için iki zincir birbirlerine göre ters yönde akarlar. Yani iki sarmalın dizini iki satır olarak yazıldıklarında bir satırdaki dizin 5'-3' yönünde, öbür satırdaki ise 3'-5' yönündedir. Bu iki dizinden biri öbürünün tümleyici dizinidir.

Baz eşlenmesinin bir diğer sonucu da iki zincirin birbirlerine sarılarak spiral merdiven gibi bir yapı oluşturmalarıdır. Bu çift sarmal genelde sağ el kuralına göre döner, bir dönmesinde 10 baz çifti vardır. James Watson ve Francis Crick DNA'nın bu üç boyutlu yapısını keşfedip 1962'de Nobel Tıp veya Fizyoloji ödülünü kazandılar.

İşlevleri
Nükleik asitler hücrede, bilgi depolama ve aktarımında önemli bir rol oynarlar. Dört temel taştan uzun polimerler oluşturabilmeleri, ayrıca bazların birbiriyle hidrojen bağı kurma özelliği, DNA'nın kendini ikilemesi, DNA'daki bilginin RNA'ya kopyalanması (transkripsiyon) ve diğer önemli hücresel süreçlerde kullanılır.

Bilgi aktarımı

Baz eşlenmesi, genetikte bilginin kopyalanması ve korunumunda çok önemli bir rol oynar. Hidrojen bağları, eşlenmiş bazları bir arada tutacak kadar güçlüdür, ancak iki nükleik asit zinciri ona etki eden çeşitli enzimler tarafından birbirinden kolaylıkla ayrılabilecek kadar zayıftır. Örneğin, DNA polimeraz enzimi tarafından katalizlenen DNA'nın kopyalanmasında iki zincir birbinden ayrılır ve her bir bazın karşısına onu tamamlayıcı bazı içeren nükleotid yerleştirilerek yeni bir zincir oluşturulur. DNA'daki bilginin RNA'ya kopyalanması da benzer bir mekanizmayla gerçekleşir.

Baz eşlenmesinin hücreye sağladığı bir diğer fayda, çift sarmalda bilginin iki kopya olarak saklı olmasıdır. DNA kopyalamasında meydana gelebilen hatalar bu sayede hücredeki hata kontrol mekanizmaları tarafından algılanıp tamir edilir.

Yapısı

DNA molekülünün çift sarmal yapısının aksine RNA, tek zincirli olmasından dolayı çok çeşitli şekiller alabilir. Bunları belirleyen, nükleotitlerinin diziliş sıralaması, yani dizinidir. Molekülün farklı bölgeleri tümleyici dizinlere sahipse, oralardaki bazlar birbirleriyle hidrojen bağları oluşturabilirler. Bu bölgelerdeki nükleotitler yapısal bir görev görürler, molekülün diğer kısımlarının ilmik veya saç firketesi gibi şekillere girmelerini sağlarlar. Karmaşık üç boyutlu şekiller oluşturabilmek RNA'nın başka moleküllerle etkileşiminde ve katalitik işlevlerinde önemlidir.

Bazı RNA molekülleri bir iskelet görevine sahiptir, çok sayıda proteinden oluşmuş komplekslerin bir araya gelmesi ve beraber kalmalarını sağlar. Bir örnek, protein sentezinde görev alan taşıyıcı RNA (tRNA) molekülleridir, bunların kendilerine has şekilleri hem ribozomdaki enzimler ve rRNA tarafından tanınmalarını sağlar hem de taşıdıkları aminoasitin ribozom üzerinde doğru noktaya yanaşmasını sağlarlar.

Katalitik
RNA molekülleri enzim gibi çalışabilirler. Bu moleküllerin üç boyutlu yapıları, içerdikleri bazların reaktif grupları bir kimyasal reaksiyonu katalizleyebilecek bir konumdadır. Bazı mRNA molekülleri bu şekilde kendi kendilerini kesme özelliğine sahiptirler. Ribozomlardaki ribozomal RNA (rRNA) molekülü de aminotransferaz reaksiyonunu katalizleyerek protein sentezinin gerçekleşmesini sağlar.

Gen ifadesinin denetimi
DNA ve RNA'nın içerdiği bazı dizinler DNA ve RNA'yı okuyan enzimlerin işleyişine etki edebilirler. Bu dizinleri tanıyan bir protein doğrudan oraya bağlanabilir. Bunun gen ifadesine etkisi duruma göre olumlu veya olumsuz olabilir. Mesajcı RNA (mRNA) durumunda, kendisiyle baz eşleşmesi yaparak oluşabilen çift sarmallı bir yapı ya bir proteinin ona bağlanmasına neden olabilir, ya da, aksine, üzerinde ilerlemekte olan bir ribozomun ondan ayrışmasına neden olabilir. MikroRNA (miRNA) adı verilen kısa RNA'lar ise mRNA ile eşleşerek çift sarmallı bir yapı oluşturur, bu da o mRNA'nın proteine çevirisini engeller.

Kaynakça
NCBI Books üzerinden Biochemistry, 5th ed. Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; and Stryer, Lubert nükleik asitlerle ilgili bölümler.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Deoksiribonükleik asit (DNA)
 Ribonükleik asit (RNA)

Nükleik asit


Ubu Roi (; "Ubu the King" or "King Ubu") is a play by French writer Alfred Jarry, then 23 years old. It was first performed in Paris in 1896, by Aurélien Lugné-Poe's Théâtre de l'Œuvre at the Nouveau-Théâtre (today, the Théâtre de Paris). The production's single public performance baffled and offended audiences with its unruliness and obscenity. Considered to be a wild, bizarre and comic play, significant for the way it overturns cultural rules, norms and conventions, it is seen by 20th- and 21st-century scholars to have opened the door for what became known as modernism in the 20th century, and as a precursor to Dadaism, Surrealism and the Theatre of the Absurd.

Overview
Ubu Roi was first performed in Paris on December 10, 1896, by Aurélien Lugné-Poe's Théâtre de l'Œuvre at Nouveau-Théâtre (today, the Théâtre de Paris), 15, rue Blanche, in the 9th arrondissement. The play – scheduled for an invited "industry" run-through followed by a single public performance the next night – caused a riotous response in the audience and denunciatory reviews in the days after. It is considered a wild, bizarre and comic play, significant for the way it overturns cultural rules, norms, and conventions. To some of those who were in the audience on opening night, including W. B. Yeats and the poet and essayist Catulle Mendès, it seemed an event of revolutionary importance, but many were mystified and outraged by the work's seeming childishness, obscenity, and disrespect. It is now seen by some to have opened the door for what became known as modernism in the 20th century. It is a precursor to Dada, Surrealism and the Theatre of the Absurd. It is the first of three stylised burlesques in which Jarry satirises power, greed, and their evil practice – in particular the propensity of the complacent bourgeoisie to abuse the authority engendered by success.

The title is sometimes translated as King Turd; however, the word "Ubu" is actually merely a nonsense word that evolved from the French pronunciation of the name "Hebert", which was the name of one of Jarry's teachers who was the satirical target and inspirer of the first versions of the play.

Jarry made some suggestions regarding how his play should be performed. He wanted King Ubu to wear a cardboard horse's head in certain scenes, "as in the old English theatre", for he intended to "write a guignol". He thought a "suitably costumed person would enter, as in puppet shows, to put up signs indicating the locations of the various scenes". He also wanted costumes with as little specific local colour reference or historical accuracy as possible.

Ubu Roi was followed by Ubu Cocu (Ubu Cuckolded) and Ubu Enchaîné (Ubu in Chains), neither of which was performed during Jarry's 34-year life. One of his later works, a novel/essay on "pataphysics", is offered as an explanation behind the ideas that underpin Ubu Roi. Pataphysics is, as Jarry explains, "the science of the realm beyond metaphysics". Pataphysics is a pseudo-science Jarry created to critique members of the academy. It studies the laws that "govern exceptions and will explain the universe supplementary to this one". It is the "science of imaginary solutions".

Synopsis

The story is a parody of Shakespeare's Macbeth and some parts of Hamlet and King Lear.

As the play begins, Ubu's wife convinces him to lead a revolution, and kills the King of Poland and most of the royal family. The King's son, Bougrelas, and the Queen escape, but the latter later dies. The ghost of the dead king appears to his son and calls for revenge. Back at the palace, Ubu, now King, begins heavily taxing the people and killing the nobles for their wealth. Ubu's henchman gets thrown into prison; who then escapes to Russia, where he has the Tsar declare war on Ubu. As Ubu heads out to confront the invading Russians, his wife tries to steal the money and treasures in the palace. She is driven away by Bougrelas, who is leading a revolt of the people against Ubu. She runs away to her husband, Ubu, who has, in the meantime, been defeated by the Russians, been abandoned by his followers, and been attacked by a bear. Ubu's wife pretends to be the angel Gabriel, in order to try to scare Ubu into forgiving her for her attempt to steal from him. They fight, and she is rescued by the entrance of Bougrelas, who is after Ubu. Ubu knocks down the attackers with the body of the dead bear, after which he and his wife flee to France, which ends the play.

The action contains motifs found in the plays of Shakespeare: a king's murder and a scheming wife from Macbeth, the ghost from Hamlet, Fortinbras' revolt from Hamlet, the reneging of Buckingham's reward from Richard III, and the pursuing bear from The Winter's Tale. It also includes other cultural references, for example, to Sophocles' Oedipus Rex (Œdipe Roi in French) in the play's title. Ubu Roi is considered a descendant of the comic grotesque French Renaissance author François Rabelais and his Gargantua and Pantagruel novels.

The language of the play is a unique mix of slang code-words, puns and near-gutter vocabulary, set to strange speech patterns.

Development
"The beginnings of the original Ubu", writes Jane Taylor, "have attained the status of legend within French theatre culture". In 1888, when he became a student at the Lycée in Rennes at the age of fifteen, Jarry encountered a brief farcical sketch, Les Polonais, written by his friend Henri Morin, and Henri's brother Charles. This farce was part of a campaign by the students to ridicule their physics teacher, Félix-Frederic Hébert (1832–1917). Les Polonais depicted their teacher as the King of an imaginary Poland, and was one of many plays created around Père Hébé, the character that, in Jarry's hands, eventually evolved into King Ubu. Les Polonais was performed as a marionette play by the students at their homes in what they called the "Theatre des Phynances", named in honor of Père Hébert's lust for "phynance" (finance), or money. This prototype for Ubu Roi is long-lost, so the true and complete details of the authorship of Ubu Roi may never be known. It is clear, however, that Jarry considerably revised and expanded the play.

While his schoolmates lost interest in the Ubu legends when they left school, Jarry continued adding to and reworking the material for the rest of his short life. His plays are controversial for their scant respect to royalty, religion and society, their vulgarity and scatology, their brutality and low comedy, and their perceived utter lack of literary finish.

Ubu

According to Jane Taylor, "the central character is notorious for his infantile engagement with his world. Ubu inhabits a domain of greedy self-gratification". Jarry's metaphor for the modern man, he is an antihero – fat, ugly, vulgar, gluttonous, grandiose, dishonest, stupid, jejune, voracious, greedy, cruel, cowardly and evil – who grew out of schoolboy legends about the imaginary life of a hated teacher who had been at one point a slave on a Turkish galley, at another frozen in ice in Norway and at one more the King of Poland. Ubu Roi follows and explores his political, martial and felonious exploits.

"There is", writes Taylor, "a particular kind of pleasure for an audience watching these infantile attacks. Part of the satisfaction arises from the fact that in the burlesque mode which Jarry invents, there is no place for consequence. While Ubu may be relentless in his political aspirations, and brutal in his personal relations, he apparently has no measurable effect upon those who inhabit the farcical world which he creates around himself. He thus acts out our most childish rages and desires, in which we seek to gratify ourselves at all cost". The derived adjective "ubuesque" is recurrent in French and francophone political debate.

Première
Both Ubu Cocu and Ubu Roi have a convoluted history, going through decades of rewriting and, in the case of the former, never arriving, despite Jarry's exertions, at a definitive version. By the time Jarry wanted Ubu Roi published and staged, the Morins had lost their interest in schoolboy japes, and Henri gave Jarry permission to do whatever he wanted with them. Charles, however, later tried to claim credit, but it had never been a secret that he had had some involvement with the earliest version. The music was composed and performed at the premiere by Claude Terrasse.

The first word of the play ("merdre", the French word for "shit", with an extra "r") may have been part of the reason for the response to the play in Paris. At the end of the performance a riot broke out, an incident which has since become "a stock element of Jarry biographia". After this, Ubu Roi was outlawed from the stage, and Jarry moved it to a puppet theatre.

Jarry said to the audience in a curtain speech just before that first performance in Paris: "You are free to see in M. Ubu however many allusions you care to, or else a simple puppet—a school boy's caricature of one of his teachers who personified for him all the ugliness in the world".

The poet W. B. Yeats, though he did not understand French, attended the premiere with a companion who interpreted the action for him.  He recalled, in his memoir The Trembling of the Veil, his dismay that the play challenged the symbolist, spiritual-themed literature he advocated: "Feeling bound to support the most spirited party, we have shouted for the play, but that night at the Hotel Corneille I am very sad, for comedy, objectivity, has displayed its growing power once more.  I say, 'After Stéphane Mallarmé, after Paul Verlaine, after Gustave Moreau, after Puvis de Chavannes, after our own verse, after all our subtle colour and nervous rhythm, after the faint mixed tints of Conder, what more is possible?  After us the Savage God.'"

Adaptations

20th century
In 1936 Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, the great Polish modernist and prolific writer and translator created in Polish Ubu Król czyli Polacy ("King Ubu, otherwise, The Poles"). Some of his phraseology in the play has passed into the language. In 1990, at the invitation of the Munich Opera, Krzysztof Penderecki wrote an opera buffa on Jarry's theme entitled Ubu Rex, staged on 8 July 1991 for the opening of the Munich Opera Festival; the opera was later mounted in Poland in 2003.

The first English translation was Ubu Roi. Drama in Five acts followed by the Song of Disembraining, by Barbara Wright, for which she wrote the preface. It was illustrated by Franciszka Themerson and published by the Gaberbocchus Press in 1951.

In 1964 the Stockholm Puppet theatre produced a highly popular version of Ubu Roi directed by Michael Meschke, with scenery by Franciszka Themerson.

Ubu Roi was translated into Serbian in 1964 by Ljubomir Draškić and performed at the Atelje 212 theatre in Belgrade for the next 20 years, until Zoran Radmilović, who played Père Ubu, died. The play was so successful that it was adapted into a movie in 1973.

Ubu Roi was translated into Czech by Jiří Voskovec and Jan Werich as Král Ubu, and premiered in 1928 at Osvobozené divadlo. The play was banned in Czechoslovakia after the 1968 Soviet invasion.

The play was the basis for Jan Lenica's animated film Ubu et la Grande Gidouille (1976).

In 1976–1977 Oakley Hall III translated and adapted Ubu Roi (called Ubu Rex) and its sequels, and directed them in New York City Off-Off-Broadway and at the Lexington Conservatory Theatre in Lexington, New York. The adaptations starred Richard Zobel, who also produced the play and created the masks for it.

In Lithuania (then part of the USSR) the play was adapted as Karalius Ūbas by director Jonas Vaitkus in 1983.

The play was adapted into an opera, with libretto by Michael Finnissy and Andrew Toovey and music by Toovey. It was produced by the Banff Centre Theatre, Canada, in collaboration with Music Theatre Wales, in May 1992, directed by Keith Turnbull.

A musical adaptation, Ubu Rock, book by Andrei Belgrader and Shelly Berc, music and lyrics by Rusty Magee, premiered at the American Repertory Theater in 1995 and was remounted at ART the following year.

The play was adapted for the Czech film Král Ubu, directed by F. A. Brabec in 1996. The film received three Czech Lion Awards.

Sherry C. M. Lindquist's adaptation was performed in Chicago, at The Public Theater in New York City, at the International Festival of Puppet Theater, and at the Edison Theater, St. Louis, Missouri, by Hystopolis Productions, Chicago, from 1996 to 1997.

Jane Taylor adapted Ubu Roi as Ubu and the Truth Commission (1998), a play addressing the emotional complexities revealed by the process of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which was formed in response to the atrocities committed during apartheid.

21st century

In Poland the play was adapted for the film Ubu Król (2003) by Piotr Szulkin, highlighting the grotesque nature of political life in Poland immediately after the fall of communism.

The play was translated by David Ball in The Norton Anthology of Drama in 2010, and performed at the University of Virginia the same year.

Inspired by the black comedy of corruption within Ubu Roi, the Puerto Rican absurdist narrative United States of Banana (2011) by Giannina Braschi dramatizes, with over-the-top grotesque flourishes of "pataphysics", the fall of the American Empire and the liberation of Puerto Rico.

The play was adapted and directed by Dash Kruck as part of Vena Cava Production's 2013 mainstage season. Performed in Brisbane, Australia, the adaptation made cultural political references to Queensland's Premier Campbell Newman, even including him in the show's promotional poster.

In 2013, the international theatre company Cheek by Jowl created a French-language production of Ubu Roi, directed by Declan Donnellan and designed by Nick Ormerod. The production was presented across Europe, Russia, the United-States and Mexico. It was live-streamed worldwide from the Lincoln Center in New York on 26 July 2015. According to The New York Times "the Cheek by Jowl production asks us to see Jarry's play through the eyes of a sulky, moody, sexually tormented adolescent, who is pitilessly judgmental of his elders."

In 2014, Toronto's One Little Goat Theatre Company produced Ubu Mayor: A Harmful Bit of Fun, combining the merde-filled sensibilities of Ubu Roi with the internationally renowned antics, absurdities and obscenities of Toronto's mayor Rob Ford and his brother Doug.

In 2016, the play was adapted by Jared Strange into UBU ROY: An American Tale, an updated version of the original play through the lens of the 2016 United States presidential election. The show opened November 3, 2016, in Lubbock, Texas, as the Lubbock Community Theatre's first play in their "LCT After Dark" season.

In 2020, the play was adapted and set in modern-day Tasmania, taking place on a purpose-built stage in the Cataract Gorge.

In 2020, the play was also adapted into a musical by Kneehigh Theatre company.

In February 2020, the Vernal & Sere Theatre staged a world-premiere adaptation in Atlanta, Georgia called UBU, which imagined the titular character of King Ubu as a principal walking the halls of a quintessential American school and called into question the fundamental system by which the United States governs and instructs its citizenry.

References in popular culture

In 1923, the Dadaist pioneer Max Ernst produced a painting entitled Ubu Imperator.

Alfred Jarry is one of the few real figures to appear among the many literary characters in Les Faux-Monnayeurs (The Counterfeiters, 1925), by André Gide. In Part III, Chapter 8, Jarry attends a literary banquet, where the fictional Comte de Passavant introduces him as the author of Ubu Roi, saying of the  literary set, "They have dubbed him a genius because the public have just damned his play. All the same, it's the most interesting thing that's been put on the stage for a long time".

Joan Miró used Ubu Roi as a subject of his 50 lithographs in 1940 called the Barcelona Series. These pictures could be Ubu Roi but they also satirise General Franco and his generals after he had won the Spanish Civil War.

In her book Linda McCartney's Sixties: Portrait of an Era, Linda McCartney mentions that Paul had become interested in avant-garde theatre and immersed himself in the writings of Jarry. This is how McCartney discovered the word "pataphysical", which he used in the lyrics of his song "Maxwell's Silver Hammer".

The American experimental rock group Pere Ubu is named after the main character. Their 2009 album Long Live Père Ubu! is an adaptation of Jarry's play.

Dead Can Dance's frontman Brendan Perry makes a reference to Père Ubu in the song "The Bogus Man" (on his second solo album Ark) with the line "Hail, Father Ubu, here comes the Grand Guignol".

The figure of Ubu Roi, particularly as depicted by Jarry in his woodcut, appears to have inspired the character Oogie Boogie in Tim Burton's animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas.

Television producer Gary David Goldberg named his dog Ubu and his production company Ubu Productions after Ubu Roi.

Australian band Methyl Ethel's song "Ubu" contains references to the play.

The protagonist of Walter Jon Williams' novel Angel Station is named Ubu Roy.

One of the SCP Foundation's 001 proposals, "The Last Ride of the Day" features a creature named SCP-UBU after Ubu Roi. SCP-UBU is an invincible and sadistic entity that tortures humanity for centuries.

Cast

Personnages
 Père Ubu
 Mère Ubu
 Capitaine Bordure
 Le Roi Venceslas, La Reine Rosemonde
 Boleslas, Bougrelas, Ladislas – leurs fils
 Le général Lascy
 Stanislas Leczinski
 Jean Sobieski
 Nicolas Rensky
 L'Empereur Alexis
 Giron, Pile, Cotice – Palotins
 La Machine à décerveler
 Le Commandant
 Michel Fédérovitch
 Nobles
 Magistrats
 Financiers
 Conseillers
 Toute l'Armée russe
 Toute l'Armée polonaise
 Les Gardes de la Mère Ubu
 Un Capitaine
 L'Ours
 Le Cheval à Phynances
 L'Equipage
 Conjurés & Soldats
 Peuple
 Larbins de Phynances
 Paysans

Characters
 Papa Ubu
 Mama Ubu
 Captain Bordure
 King Wenceslas and Queen Rosemonde
 Their sons Boleslas, Boggerlas, and Ladislas
 General Laski
 Stanislas Leczinsky
 Johannes Sobiesky
 Nicholas Rensky
 Emperor Alexei
 Palotins: Giron, Pile, Cotice
 The Disembraining Machine
 The Ship's Captain
 Michael Fedorovitch
 Nobles
 Magistrates
 Phynanciers
 Councilors
 The Whole Russian Army
 The Whole Polish Army
 Mama Ubu's Guards
 A Captain
 A Bear
 The Phynancial Horse
 The Crew
 Conspirators and Soldiers
 Crowds
 Lackeys of Phynance
 Peasants

References

Bibliography
Jarry, Alfred. Ubu Roi. Translated by Barbara Wright and illustrated by Franciszka Themerson. Gaberbocchus Press. 1951
Jarry, Alfred. Ubu Roi. Translated by David Ball as Ubu the King. [Norton Anthology of Drama, 2010.]
Jarry, Alfred. Ubu Roi. Translated by Beverly Keith and Gershon Legman. Dover, 2003.
Innes, Christopher. Avant-Garde Theatre 1892–1992. London and New York: Routledge, 1993. 0415065186.
Taylor, Jane. Ubu and the Truth Commission. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2007.
Pile, Stephen, The Return of Heroic Failures, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1988.
Fell, Jill: Alfred Jarry: An Inagination in Revolt. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2005
Brotchie, Alastair. Alfred Jarry, a Pataphysical Life. MIT Press. 2013.

External links

 UBU-ing a Theatre-Translation: Defense and Illustration by David Ball (with his translation of the first act). Metamorphoses, Spring 2001 (9.1).
Ubu on the Hill translated by Gabriel Quigley
  in the original French
Article about Polish adaptations of Ubu

Plays by Alfred Jarry
Plays and musicals based on works by William Shakespeare
1896 plays
French plays adapted into films
Plays adapted into operas
Plays set in Poland
Art works that caused riots
Obscenity controversies in theatre

Ubu Roi


Robert Kreuz ( - ) est un espérantiste allemand.

Biographie
Robert Kreuz nait le  à Mayence, dans l'Empire allemand.

Œuvres

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Espérantiste allemand
Naissance en juin 1894
Naissance à Mayence
Naissance dans le grand-duché de Hesse
Décès en janvier 1936
Décès à Zurich
Décès à 41 ans

Robert Kreuz


Mario Bratulić (Sveti Petar u Šumi, 1965.), hrvatski političar i doktor znanosti iz područja biomedicine, veterine, javnog zdravstva i sigurnosti hrane.

Životopis
Rođen je 1965. u Svetom Petru u Šumi. U mladosti se bavio atletikom, a danas obnaša dužnost dopredsjednika Hrvatskog atletskog saveza.

Kao doktor veterinarskih znanosti i biomedicine objavio je dvadesetak znanstvenih, stručnih radova i priručnika.

Oženjen je i otac četvero djece.

Politička karijera
Od 1997. godine uzastopno je biran za načelnika općine Sveti Petar u Šumi u pet mandata. Namještenje načelnika obnaša dobrovoljno. Član je HDZ-a.

Na Hrvatskim mjesnim izborima 2013. načelnički mandat osvojio je u prvom krugu (81,86%). Nije imao protukandidata.

Na Hrvatskim mjesnim izborima 2017. načelnički mandat ponovno osvaja u prvom krugu (79,35% glasova) bez protukandidata.

Za njegova mandata, općina Sveti Petar u Šumi više puta je proglašavana najvitalnijom istarskom općinom, a 2005. godine postala je prva općina u Hrvatskoj koja je pokrenula porođajne naknade za svako rođeno dijete. Sa suradnicima je pokrenuo europski sajam kobasica »S kobasicom u EU«, a i sam vodi vlastiti OPG u kojem proizvodi istarske kobasice.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Povjerenstvo za odlučivanje o sukobu interesa Imovinsko stanje dužnosnika - Mario Bratulić

HDZ-ovi političari
Hrvatski veterinari
Hrvatski znanstvenici

Mario Bratulić


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මුහුදුබඩ දුම්රිය මාර්ගයේ අම්බලන්ගොඩ හා බලපිටිය දුම්රිය ස්ථාන අතර පිහිටි උප දුම්රිය ස්ථානයකි. මෙම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය 1982 ජූලි 31 දින විවෘත කරන ලදී.

දුම්රිය කාල සටහන

ඉහලට

පහලට

කන්දෙගොඩ උප දුම්රිය ස්ථානය


La Torre steht für:

 La Torre (Ávila), eine spanische Gemeinde in der Provinz Ávila
 La Torre (Berg), der höchste Gipfel der Sierra de los Cuchumatanes in Guatemala
 La Torre, einen Ortsteil der Gemeinde Montelupo Fiorentino, Provinz Florenz, Italien

La Torre ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Pio La Torre (1927–1982), sizilianischer Politiker
 Todd La Torre (* 1974), US-amerikanischer Musiker

Siehe auch:
 Latorre
 Dalla Torre
 Torre

La Torre


Anders Haugen (Bø i Telemark, 24 de outubro de 1888 – Yucaipa, 14 de abril de 1984) foi um saltador de esqui estadunidense, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Anders Haugen e seu irmão Lars emigraram para os Estados Unidos em 1909 e construíram uma colina de salto de esqui com o Milwaukee Ski Club perto do Lago Nagawicka a oeste de Milwaukee. Nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 1924, primeira edição do evento, conquistou a medalha de bronze em sua modalidade; no entanto, apenas a recebeu em 1974, com 83 anos, por um erro de placar que a havia dado ao norueguês Thorleif Haug. Com a descoberta do equívoco, a neta de Haug lhe entregou a medalha original. Ele foi o primeiro e, até 2016, único estadunidense a conquistar uma medalha no salto de esqui.

Haugen foi introduzido no National Ski Hall of Fame em 1963, e sua medalha olímpica está exposta em Ishpeming. Ele morreu no Redlands Community Hospital em San Bernardino em 1984.

Ver também
 Haugen Hill

Saltadores de esqui olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Medalhistas olímpicos do salto de esqui
Saltadores de esqui nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 1924
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 1924

Anders Haugen


FF, Ff ya da ff şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 Final Fantasy (video oyunu)
 Final Fantasy

FF


VM i badminton 1987 var det femte VM i badminton afholdt af International Badminton Federation. Mesterskabet blev afviklet i Capitol Sports Hall i Beijing, Kina i perioden 18. - 24. maj 1987. Kina var VM-værtsland for første gang, og værtslandet løb med samtlige fem guldmedaljer. Det var ikke sket tidligere, at et land havde vundet alle fem VM-titler ved samme mesterskab.

Han Aiping blev den første spiller i VM-historien, som med held forsvarede et verdensmesterskab, da hun for andet VM i træk sejrede i damesingle. De øvrige tre medaljer i damesingle blev også vundet af kinesere, og det var første gang at alle fire medaljer i en række blev vundet af spillere fra samme land.

Medaljevindere

Medaljetabel

Kilder

Noter

Sport i 1987
1987

VM i badminton 1987


Vyšný Orlík este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Svidník din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 361 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Vyšný Orlík este atestată documentar din 1414.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Vyšný Orlík