Shah Karim al-Husayni (; born 13 December 1936), known by the religious title Mawlānā Hazar Imam by his Ismaili followers and elsewhere as Aga Khan IV, is the 49th and current Imam of Nizari Ismailis. He has held the position of imam and the title of Aga Khan since 11 July 1957, when, at the age of 20, he succeeded his grandfather, Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III. The Aga Khan claims direct lineal descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali, who is considered an imam by Nizari Ismailis, and Ali's wife Fatima, Muhammad's daughter from his first marriage.

His grandfather, Aga Khan III, states in his memoirs that the Shias had a "need (for) Divine guidance" after the Prophet of Islam's death, this need being fulfilled by the Imamate. According to the Aga Khan III as mentioned in his memoirs, he has actual "Divine power, guidance, and leadership (authority)." The Institution of Imamate has continued to present day with the Aga Khan IV as the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Community. The Aga Khan is a business magnate with British and Portuguese citizenship, as well as a racehorse owner and breeder.

Aga Khan's net worth has been estimated at $13.3 billion. Forbes describes the Aga Khan as one of the world's fifteen richest royals. He is the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, one of the largest private development networks in the world.

Since his ascension to the Imamate of the Nizari Ismailis in 1957, the Aga Khan has been involved in complex political and economic changes which have affected his followers, including the independence of African countries from colonial rule, the expulsion of Asians from Uganda, the independence of Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan from the former Soviet Union and the continuous turmoil in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Aga Khan IV became the first faith leader to address the Joint Session of the Parliament of Canada on 27 February 2014.

Early life and education

The Aga Khan IV is the eldest son of Prince Aly Khan (1911–1960), and his first wife, Princess Taj-ud-dawlah Aga Khan, formerly Joan Yarde-Buller (1908–1997), the eldest daughter of the British peer John Yarde-Buller, 3rd Baron Churston.

Born in Geneva, Switzerland, on 13 December 1936, Prince Karim was declared healthy despite being born prematurely. His brother, Amyn Aga Khan, was born less than a year later. In 1949, his parents divorced in part due to Prince Aly Khan's extramarital affairs, and Prince Aly Khan shortly after married American actress Rita Hayworth – with whom he had a daughter, Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, the half-sister of Aga Khan IV.

The Aga Khan IV also had a half-brother, Patrick Benjamin Guinness (1931–1965), from his mother's first marriage, as Joan Yarde-Buller was previously married to Loel Guinness of the banking Guinnesses.

Prince Karim spent his childhood in Nairobi, Kenya, where his early education was by private tutoring. Prince Karim later attended the Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland, the most expensive boarding school in the world, for nine years where he ended up with, in his words, "fair grades". Prince Karim was admitted to MIT and wanted to study science, but his grandfather, Aga Khan III, vetoed the decision and Prince Karim attended Harvard University, where he was elected a member of The Delphic Club and majored in Islamic history.

When his grandfather died, the young Prince was thrust into the position of the Aga Khan (IV). A university student with a small allowance became the very wealthy new Nizari Imam. He said about it: "Overnight, my whole life changed completely. I woke up with serious responsibilities toward millions of other human beings. I knew I would have to abandon my hopes of studying for a doctorate in History". He graduated from Harvard University in 1959, two years after becoming the Imam of the Nizari Ismailis, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in History (with Cum Laude honours) and his varsity H for the Harvard Crimson men's soccer team.

The young Aga Khan was a competitive downhill skier, and skied for Iran in the 1964 Winter Olympics.

Ascension to Nizari Ismaili Imamat
Following the death of his grandfather the Aga Khan III, Prince Karim, at the age of 20, became the 49th Imam of the Nizari Ismailis and Aga Khan IV, bypassing his father, Prince Aly Khan, and his uncle, Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, who were in direct line to succession. In his will, the Aga Khan III explained the rationale for choosing his eldest grandson as his successor (which marked the second time in the history of the Nizari Ismaili chain of Imamat that a grandson of the preceding Imam – instead of one of the sons of the preceding Imam – was made the next Imam):

In view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world has provoked many changes, including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interests of the Nizari Ismaili community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age, and who brings a new outlook on life to his office.

In light of his grandfather's will, the Aga Khan IV has sometimes been referred to by Nizari Ismailis as the "Imam of the Atomic Age". The will of the Aga Khan III added that the next Aga Khan, in the first several years of his Imamat, should look to the Aga Khan III's widow for guidance on general matters pertaining to the Imamat:

I DESIRE that my successor shall, during the first seven years of his Imamat, be guided on questions of general Imamat Policy, by my said wife, Yvette called Yve Blanche Labrousse Om Habibeh, the BEGUM AGA KHAN, who has been familiar for many years with the problems facing my followers, and in whose wise judgment, I place the greatest confidence.

Nizari Ismaili Imamat

Upon taking the position of Imam, the Aga Khan IV stated that he intended to continue the work his grandfather had pursued in building modern institutions to improve the quality of life of the Nizari Ismailis. Takht nashini (installation of the new Imam) ceremonies occurred at several locations over the course of 1957 and 1958. During this time, the Aga Khan emphasized to his followers the importance of fostering positive relations with different ethnicities – a message highly appropriate considering the racially tense atmosphere in East Africa at the time between blacks and South Asians. During the Aga Khan's installation ceremonies in the Indian subcontinent, the Aga Khan stressed his commitment to improving the standard of living of Nizari Ismailis and encouraged co-operation with individuals of other religions.

In 1972, under the regime of President Idi Amin of Uganda, people of South Asian origin, including Nizari Ismailis, were expelled. The South Asians, some of whose families had lived in Uganda for over 100 years, were given 90 days to leave the country. The Aga Khan phoned his long-time friend Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Trudeau's government agreed to allow thousands of Nizari Ismailis to immigrate to Canada. The Aga Khan also undertook urgent steps to facilitate the resettlement of Nizari Ismailis displaced from Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, and Burma, to other countries. Most of these Nizari Ismailis found new homes in Asia, Europe and North America. Most of the initial resettlement problems were overcome rapidly by Nizari Ismailis due to their educational backgrounds and high rates of literacy, as well as the efforts of the Aga Khan and the host countries, and with support from Nizari Ismaili community programs.

The Aga Khan has encouraged Nizari Ismailis settled in the industrialised world to contribute towards the progress of communities in the developing world through various development programs. He has described his role as Imam as being partly to uplift the material and spiritual wellbeing of Nizari Ismailis – a duty which requires an understanding of Nizari Ismailis in the context of their geographic location and their time. He elaborated on this concept in a 2006 speech in Germany, saying "The role and responsibility of an Imam, therefore, is both to interpret the faith to the community, and also to do all within his means to improve the quality, and security, of their daily lives and the people with whom Ismailis share their lives." This engagement of the Aga Khan with Nizari Ismailis is said to extend to the people with whom the Nizari Ismailis share their lives, locally and internationally.

The Aga Khan is one of several Shia signatories of the Amman Message which gives a broad foundation for defining those denominations of Islam that should be considered as part of the wider Muslim Ummah.

During the Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy, he said:

I have two reactions to the pope's lecture: There is my concern about the degradation of relations and, at the same time, I see an opportunity. A chance to talk about a serious, important issue: the relationship between religion and logic.

When the Aga Khan IV was asked about his view on the consumption of alcohol in a 1965 interview with The Sunday Times, he said, in line with Muslim teaching:

Our belief is that the thing which separates man from the animals is his power of thought. Anything that impedes this process is wrong. Therefore, alcohol is forbidden. I have never touched alcohol. But this, to me, is not a puritan prohibition. I don't want to drink. I've never wanted to drink. There's no pressure being placed on me by my religion.

The Status of the Imam in Nizari Ismailism

The Ismailis are a community of Shi'a Islam, and their theology is derived from the teachings of the Shi'i Imams – 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad al-Baqir and Ja'far al-Sadiq. According to early Shi'i Ismaili theology, God or Allah is absolutely transcendent and unique. Unlike Sunni theology where God's Essence is conjoined to eternal attributes, the early Shi'i Imams emphasized a theology according to which God's Essence is beyond all names and attributes. The first creation of God is a spiritual entity (Ruhani) or light (nur) called the Intellect ('Aql), the Light of Muhammad (nur Muhammad) or the Light of Ali. This cosmic Intellect or Light exists prior to the creation of the physical world and is the highest of created beings is identified with the Eternal Imam or the spiritual essence of the Prophet Muhammad and the Shi'i Imams. The historical Imams on earth are the locus of manifestation (mazhar) of the Light (nur) or Intellect (aql). Ismaili philosophers developed these ideas further using Neoplatonic frameworks and identified the Intellect ('Aql) or Light of the Imam with the Universal Intellect (Nous) of Plotinus. Similarly, the Imam's human soul – revered as pure based on Qur'an 33:33 – is regarded as the reflective mirror of the Universal Intellect.

The 1975 Ismailia Association Conference – a meeting of the Aga Khan with senior Nizari Ismaili council leaders from several countries – addressed the question of the status of the Imam. It mentioned:

"The Imam to be explained as the 'mazhar' ["locus of manifestation"] of God, and the relationship between God and the Imam to be related to varying levels of inspiration and communication from God to man." Paris Conference Report

The term mazhar is also used in Sufi literature by Ibn 'Arabi ("Bezels of Wisdom"), Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ("Contemplation and Action", "The Paradise of Submission") and many others. The meaning of the word mazhar denotes the idea of a mirror in which an object is reflected as an image but not incarnate. Similarly, the Imam as mazhar (locus of manifestation, mirror) 'differs greatly' from the idea of incarnation or indwelling (hulul) in which the Divine dwells inside a material body. The Imam is not seen as an incarnation of divinity. The Imam is also the Pir (Sufism) within Nizari Ismailism denoting a title from the Sufi heritage of Nizari Ismaili history.

Silver Jubilee Year of Imamat
From 11 July 1982 to 11 July 1983 – to celebrate the present Aga Khan's Silver Jubilee, marking the 25th anniversary of his accession to the Imamat – many new social and economic development projects were launched. These range from the establishment of the US$450 million international Aga Khan University with its Faculty of Health Sciences and teaching hospital based in Karachi, the expansion of schools for girls and medical centres in the Hunza region (one of the remote parts of Northern Pakistan bordering on China and Afghanistan that is densely populated with Nizari Ismailis), to the establishment of the Aga Khan Rural Support Program in Gujarat, India – and the extension of existing urban hospitals and primary health care centres in Tanzania and Kenya.

Golden Jubilee Year of Imamat
11 July 2007 to 13 December 2008 marked the 50th Anniversary of the Aga Khan's reign of Imamat (Golden Jubilee). On this occasion, leaders representing Nizari Ismailis from different areas of the world gathered at the Aga Khan's residence to pay homage to the Imam. As part of the Golden Jubilee, the Aga Khan made official visits to various countries – using the visits to recognize the friendship and longstanding support of certain leaders of state, government, and others, to the Aga Khan and his Nizari Ismaili community, as well as to lay the foundations for certain future initiatives and programmes. Areas of the world visited included the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. During his visit to Houston, US, he announced the establishment of the Ismaili Center Houston. The Aga Khan also organized a Nizari Ismaili sports meet in Kenya, and teams of Nizari Ismailis from different areas of the world came to play in this event.

One of the initiatives of the Golden Jubilee was the Jubilee Games, firstly named as the Golden Jubilee Games but continued as the Jubilee Games. The first event was held in Kenya in 2008. The second Jubilee Games were held in Dubai, UAE in July 2016.

Diamond Jubilee Year of Imamat

11 July 2017 to 11 July 2018 was designated the Diamond Jubilee Year of the Aga Khan's 60th year of reign. The Aga Khan travelled throughout the Diamond Jubilee year to countries where his humanitarian institutions operate to launch new programs that help alleviate poverty and increase access to education, housing and childhood development. The Aga Khan's Diamond Jubilee opening ceremony was held in his Aiglemont estate. On 8 March 2018, Queen Elizabeth II hosted the Aga Khan at Windsor Castle at a dinner to mark his Diamond Jubilee. He has visited a number of countries including the United States, UAE, India, Pakistan, Canada, France, UK, Kenya, and others. The Diamond Jubilee ended with grand celebrations in Lisbon, Portugal on and around 11 July 2018. People from around the world came to celebrate with their worldwide community. There were many concerts, a Jubilee Arts festival, and other events planned for tens of thousands of people. Following a historic agreement with the Portuguese Republic in 2015, His Highness the Aga Khan officially designated the premises located at Rua Marquês de Fronteira in Lisbon – the Henrique de Mendonça Palace – as the Seat of the Ismaili Imamat on 11 July 2018, and declared that it be known as the "Diwan of the Ismaili Imamat".

Personal life
In 1964 Sports Illustrated wrote that despite the Aga Khan's reputation as "a gallivanting jet-setter who wants his horses, cars and women to be fast", he avoided most parties, never appeared in gossip columns, and had been associated with only one woman for the previous five years ("an exquisite, publicity-avoiding blonde named Annouchka von Mehks"). In 1969, the Aga Khan married former British model Sarah Frances Croker Poole, who assumed the name Begum Salimah Aga Khan upon marrying him. Sarah Frances was a divorcee, having previously been married to Lord James Charles Crichton-Stuart, son of John Crichton-Stuart, 5th Marquess of Bute. The wedding ceremonies were held on 22 October 1969 (civil) and 28 October 1969 (religious) at Karim Aga Khan's home in Paris. By 1984, the Aga Khan and Begum Salimah had taken to living separate lives. The Aga Khan and Begum Salimah had one daughter and two sons together, Zahra Aga Khan (born 18 September 1970), Rahim Aga Khan (born 12 October 1971) and Hussain Aga Khan (born 10 April 1974). Eleven years later, in 1995 they divorced.

On 30 May 1998, The Aga Khan married for the second time at his walled compound and chateau, Aiglemont, in Gouvieux, France. The bride was Gabriele Renate Thyssen, who assumed the name Begum Inaara Aga Khan at her wedding. Born to Roman Catholic German entrepreneur parents in 1963, Gabriele was twenty-seven years younger than the Aga Khan. She was also a divorcee, having previously been married to Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen, by whom she had a daughter, Teresa. On 7 March 2000, two years after the wedding, he had a son, Aly Muhammad Aga Khan. On 8 October 2004, after six years of marriage the couple announced they would be getting divorced.  In September 2011, seven years later, a divorce settlement was reached between them in the French courts, and the divorce settlement amount was agreed upon in March 2014.

Personal finances
Forbes describes the Aga Khan as one of the world's fifteen richest royals, and the most recent estimate of his net worth is $13.3 billion. He is unique among the richest royals in that he does not preside over a geographic territory. He owns hundreds of racehorses, valuable stud farms, an exclusive yacht club on Sardinia, Bell Island in the Bahamas, two Bombardier jets, a £100 million high speed yacht Alamshar, and several estates around the world, with his primary residence at Aiglemont estate in the town of Gouvieux, France, north of Paris. The Aga Khan's philanthropic non-profit institutions spend about US$600 million per year – mainly in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.

The Aga Khan is and has been involved in multiple business ventures, in such areas as communications media and luxury hotels. In 1959 he founded the Kenyan media company Nation Media Group. In the 1990s, the Aga Khan had a group of US$400 a night Italian luxury hotels, called Ciga. Currently the Aga Khan, through his for-profit AKFED, is the largest shareholder in the Serena Hotels chain. The Aga Khan's racing horse businesses bring in considerable income. He owns and operates the largest horse racing and breeding operation in France, the French horse auction house, Arqana, Gilltown Stud near Kilcullen in Ireland, and other breeding/stud farms in Europe.

In 2009, Forbes reported that the Aga Khan's net worth was US$1 billion. In 2013, Vanity Fair estimated his fortune to be well over US$1 billion.

In 2021 Aga Khan took delivery of a new Bombardier Global 7500 registered LX-PAK, operated by Global Jet Luxembourg. His previous aircraft, a Bombardier Global 6000, registered LX-ZAK, was sold in 2020.

Work

Aga Khan Development Network

The Aga Khan is the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, which coordinates the activities of over 200 agencies and institutions, employing approximately 80,000 paid staff, the majority of whom are based in developing countries. AKDN is partly funded by his followers and donor partners that include numerous governments and several international organisations. AKDN agencies operate in the fields of health, education, culture, rural development, institution-building and the promotion of economic development, with a special focus on countries of the Developing Nations. It is dedicated to improving living conditions and opportunities for the poor, without regard to their faith, origin or sex.

AKDN includes the Aga Khan University, the University of Central Asia, the for-profit Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, the Aga Khan Foundation, the Aga Khan Health Services, the Aga Khan Education Services, the Aga Khan Planning and Building Services, and the Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance. One of the companies that the AKFED is the main shareholder of is the Serena Hotels Group – a chain of luxury hotels and resorts primarily located in Africa and Asia.
The Aga Khan Award for Architecture is the largest architectural award in the world. The Aga Khan is also the chairman of the Board of Governors of the Institute of Ismaili Studies, which he founded in 1977. He is also a Vice-President of the Royal Commonwealth Society.

Focus Humanitarian Assistance, an affiliate of the AKDN, is responsible for emergency response in the face of disaster. Recent disasters that FOCUS was involved in helping address include the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan (AKDN earthquake response) and the South Asian tsunami.

Significant recent or current projects that are related to the development and that are being led by the Aga Khan include the Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat and the Global Centre for Pluralism in Ottawa, the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto, the Al-Azhar Park in Cairo, the Bagh-e Babur restoration in Kabul, and a network of full IB residential schools known as the Aga Khan Academies.

The Aga Khan has expressed concern about the work of the AKDN being described as philanthropy. In his address to the Evangelische Akademie Tutzing, when he was awarded their Tolerance Prize in 2006, he described this concern:

Reflecting a certain historical tendency of the West to separate the secular from the religious, they often describe [the work of the AKDN] either as philanthropy or entrepreneurship. What is not understood is that this work is for us a part of our institutional responsibility – it flows from the mandate of the office of Imam to improve the quality of worldly life for the concerned communities.

Promotion of Islamic architecture
In 1977, the Aga Khan established the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, an award recognising excellence in architecture that encompasses contemporary design and social, historical, and environmental considerations. It is the largest architectural award in the world (prize money for which is a million US dollars) and is granted triennially. The award grew out of the Aga Khan's desire to revitalise creativity in Islamic societies and acknowledge creative solutions for buildings facilities and public spaces. The prize winner is selected by an independent master jury convened for each cycle.

In 1979, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) established the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture (AKPIA), which is supported by an endowment from Aga Khan. These programs provide degree courses, public lectures, and conferences for the study of Islamic architecture and urbanism. Understanding contemporary conditions and developmental issues are key components of the academic program. The program engages in research at both institutions and students can graduate with a Master of Science of Architectural Studies specialising in the Aga Khan program from MIT's Department of Architecture.

Thoroughbred horse racing

The Aga Khan operates a large horse racing and breeding operation at his estate Aiglemont, in the town of Gouvieux in the Picardy region of France – about 4 kilometres ( miles) west of the Chantilly Racecourse. In 1977, he paid £1.3 million for the bloodstock owned by Anna Dupré and in 1978, £4.7 million for the bloodstock of Marcel Boussac.

The Aga Khan is said to be France's most influential owner-breeder and record winner of The Prix de Diane, sometimes referred to as the French Oaks.

The Aga Khan owns Gilltown Stud near Kilcullen, Ireland, and the Haras de Bonneval breeding farm at Le Mesnil-Mauger in France. In March 2005, he purchased the Calvados stud farms, the Haras d'Ouilly in Pont-d'Ouilly and the Haras de Val-Henry in Livarot. Haras d'Ouilly had been owned by such horsemen as the Duc Decazes, François Dupré and Jean-Luc Lagardère.

In 2006 the Aga Khan became the majority shareholder of French horse auction house Arqana.

On 27 October 2009 it was announced that Sea the Stars, regarded by many as one of the greatest racehorses of all time, would stand stud at the Aga Khan's Gilltown Stud in Ireland.

His unbeaten homebred filly, Zarkava, won the 2008 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. His homebred colt, Harzand, won the 2016 Epsom Derby and the 2016 Irish Derby.

The Aga Khan was the lead owner of Shergar, the Irish racehorse that was kidnapped from Ballymany stud farm in County Kildare, Ireland by masked men in 1983 and held for ransom. The Aga Khan and the other co-owners refused to pay a ransom, and the horse was not recovered. The Aga Khan, the police and the public suspected the Provisional Irish Republican Army of the abduction, though the IRA denied all involvement. In 1999, former IRA member Sean O'Callaghan published an autobiography in which he implicates the IRA as being responsible for the abduction. Shergar had become a national symbol in Ireland, and the IRA had underestimated the public outpouring of support for the horse and the backlash for the IRA even among Irish republicans who had historically supported the IRA, leading the IRA to deny involvement.

Yacht Alamshar
The Aga Khan is an ardent yachtsman. He co-founded the Yacht Club Costa Smeralda in Porto Cervo, Sardinia in 1967. He also commissioned a 164-foot yacht, Alamshar, named after a prized racehorse of his, with a price tag of £200 million. The cost and maintenance are partly covered by chartering. The yacht was advertised as having a top speed of 60 knots, capable of setting a new transatlantic speed record. It reached a speed in excess of 55 knots in its initial trials but despite the claims, it was never intended for transatlantic speed records as it does not have the range.

Titles, styles and honours
The titles Prince and Princess are used by the Aga Khans and their children by virtue of their descent from Shah Fath Ali Shah of the Persian Qajar dynasty. The title was officially recognised by the British government in 1938.

Author Farhad Daftary wrote of how the honorific title Aga Khan (from Agha and Khan) was first given to Aga Khan I at the age of thirteen after the murder of his father: "At the same time, the Qajar monarch bestowed on him the honorific title (laqab) of Agha Khan (also transcribed as Aqa Khan), meaning lord and master." Daftary additionally commented, "The title of Agha Khan remained hereditary amongst his successors." On the other hand, in a legal proceeding, the Aga Khan III noted that 'Aga Khan' is not a title, but, instead a sort of alias or "pet name" that was given to Aga Khan I when he was a young man.

The style of His Highness was formally granted to the Aga Khan IV by Queen Elizabeth II in 1957 upon the death of his grandfather Aga Khan III. The granting of the title to the Aga Khan IV was preceded by a strong expressed desire of the Aga Khan III to see the British monarchy award the non-hereditary title to his successor. The style of His Royal Highness was granted in 1959 to the Aga Khan IV by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, later overthrown in the Iranian Revolution of 1979, but he uses instead His Highness.
Over the years, the Aga Khan has received numerous honours, honorary degrees, and awards.

Honours
 :
 Member 1st Class of the Order of Bahrain (2003)
 :
 Honorary Companion of the Order of Canada (CC, 2005)
 :
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Green Crescent (1966)
 :
 Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (2018)
 Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (2010)
 :
 Padma Vibhushan (2015)
  Iran:
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown (1967)
 Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14 October 1971)
 :
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1977)
 Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour (1988)
 :
 Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast (1965)
 :
 Chief of the Order of the Golden Heart of Kenya (CGH, 2007)
 :
 Grand Cross 2nd Class of the National Order of Madagascar (1966)
 :
 Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali (2008)
 :
 Commander of the National Order of Merit (1960)
 :
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Throne (1986)
 :
 Nishan-e-Pakistan (NPk, 1983)
 Nishan-i-Imtiaz (NI, 1970)
 :
 Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty (GCL, 2017)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (GCC, 2005)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (GCM, 1998)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (GCIH, 1960)
 :
 Grand Officer of the National Order of the Lion (1982)
 :
 Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (1991)
 :
 Recipient of the Order of Friendship (1998)
 :
 Collar of the Order of the Pearl of Africa (2017)
 :
 Ordinary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE, 2003)
  Upper Volta:
 Grand Cross of the National Order of Upper Volta (1965)
  Zanzibar:
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar (1957)

Honorary degrees
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, Simon Fraser University (2018)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of British Columbia (2018)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Calgary (2018)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, McGill University (1983)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, McMaster University (1987)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Toronto (2004)
 :  Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Alberta (2009)
 : Honorary DUniv degree, University of Ottawa (2012)
 : Honorary D.S.Litt. degree, University of Toronto (2013)
 : Honorary D.Litt. degree in medieval studies, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (2016)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Sindh (1970)
 : Honorary PhD degree, NOVA University of Lisbon (2017)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Wales (1993)
 : Honorary D.D. degree, University of Cambridge (2009)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, Brown University (1996)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, Harvard University (2008)

Awards
 : Key to the City of Ottawa (2005)
 : Honorary Canadian citizenship (2010)
 : Silver Medal of the Académie d'Architecture (1991)
 : Insignia of Honour, International Union of Architects (2001)
 : Associate Foreign Member, Académie des Beaux-Arts (2008)
 : Philanthropic Entrepreneur of the Year, by Le Nouvel Economiste, Paris (2009)
 : Die Quadriga Award, the United We Care Award (2005)
 : Tolerance Prize of the Evangelical Academy of Tutzing (2006)
 : Honorary Citizen of the Town of Arzachena (Sardinia) (1962)
 : Gold Mercury Ad Personam Award, Non-State Organization (1982)
 : Freeman of Abidjan, and presented with a Key to the City of Abidjan (1960)
 : One of The 500 Most Influential Muslims in the world, by Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre (2009–13)
 : State Award for Peace and Progress (2002)
 : Honoured Educator of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2008)
 : Honorary Citizen of the Town of Kisumu (1981)
 : Key to the city of Majunga (1966)
 : Honorary Citizen of the Islamic Ummah of Timbuktu (2003)
 : Citizen of Honour of the Municipality of Timbuktu (2008)
 : Honorary Colonel of the 6th Lancers by the Pakistani Army (1970)
 : Honorary Citizen of Lahore, and presented with a key to the city of Lahore (1980)
 : Honorary Membership, Pakistan Medical Association, Sindh (1981)
 : Key to the city of Karachi (1981)
 : Honorary Fellowship of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (CPSP) (1985)
 : Key to the City of Lisbon (1996)
 : Foreign Member, Class of Humanities, by Lisbon Academy of Sciences (2009)
 : 2013 North–South Prize of the Council of Europe (2014)
 : Key to the City of Porto (2019)
 : Carnegie Medal for Philanthropy (2005)
 : Guest of Honour of Granada (1991)
 : Honorary Citizen of Granada (1991)
 : Gold Medal of the City of Granada (1998)
 : Royal Toledo Foundation (Real Fundación de Toledo) Award (2006)
 : Archon Award, International Nursing Honour Society, Sigma Theta Tau International (2001)
 : Honorary Citizen of Dar es Salaam (2005)
 : The Gold Mercury International "AD PERSONAM" Award (1982)
 : Honorary Fellowship, Royal Institute of British Architects (1991)
 : Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy (2005)
 : Winner of the 10th annual Peter O'Sullevan Award at the Savoy in London (2006)
 : Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation Medal in Architecture, University of Virginia (1984)
 : Institute Honor of the American Institute of Architects (1984)
 : Honorary Member of the American Institute of Architects (1992)
 : Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1996)
 : Hadrian Award, World Monuments Fund (1996)
 : Vincent Scully Prize, National Building Museum (2005)
 : Key to the City of Austin (2008)
 : UCSF medal (2011)
 : Key to the City of Sugar Land, Texas (2018)
 : ULI J.C. Nichols Prize for Visionaries in Urban Development, Los Angeles (2011)
 : Honorary Citizen of the City of Samarkand and presented with a key to the city of Samarkand (1992)

Ancestry

Patrilineal descent

Shah Karim al-Hussaini Aga Khan's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.

Nizari Imams of the Fatimid Dynasty
Adnan
Ma'ad ibn Adnan
Nizar ibn Ma'ad
Mudar ibn Nizar
Ilyas ibn Mudar
Mudrikah ibn Ilyas
Khuzayma ibn Mudrika
Kinanah ibn Khuzayma
An-Nadr ibn Kinanah
Malik ibn Al-Nadr
Fihr ibn Malik
Ghalib ibn Fihr
Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib
Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy
Murrah ibn Ka'b
Kilab ibn Murrah b. ca. 372
Qusay ibn Kilab ca. 400-ca. 480
Abd Manaf ibn Qusai
Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, ca. 464-ca. 497
Abd al-Muttalib, ca. 497–578
Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, 535–619
4th Caliph and 1st Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib, 601–661, cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad
2nd Imam Husayn ibn Ali, 626–680
3rd Imam Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, 659–713
4th Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, 677–733
5th Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, ca. 702–765
6th Imam Ismail ibn Jafar, ca. 722-ca. 762
7th Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail, 740–813
8th Imam Ahmad al-Wafi, 795/746-827/828
9th Imam Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili), 813/814-839/840
10th Imam Radi Abdullah, 832–881
11th Imam Caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, 873–934
12th Imam Caliph Al-Qa'im, 893–946
13th Imam Caliph Al-Mansur Billah, 914–953
14th Imam Caliph Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, 932–975
15th Imam Caliph Al-Aziz Billah, 955–996
16th Imam Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, 985–1021
17th Imam Caliph Ali az-Zahir, 1005–1036
18th Imam Caliph Al-Mustansir Billah, 1029–1094
19th Imam Nizar al-Mustafa, 1045–1095
20th Imam Ali Al-Husayn Al-Hadi, 1076–1132
21st Imam Al-Muhtadi, Muhammad I, 1106–1157
22nd Imam Al-Qahir, Hasan I, 1126–1162
23rd Imam Hassan II of Alamut (also referred to as 'Alā Zikrihi-s-Salām), 1142/1145-1166
24th Imam Muhammad II of Alamut, 1148–1210
25th Imam Hassan III of Alamut, 1187–1221
26th Imam Muhammad III of Alamut, 1211–1255
27th Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah, ca. 1230-1256/1257
28th Imam Shams al-Din (Nizari), 1257–1310
29th Imam Qasim Shah, 1310–1368
30th Imam Islam Shah, d. 1424
31st Imam Muhammad ibn Islam Shah, d. 1464
32nd Imam Ali Shah Qalandar, al-Mustansir Billah II, d. 1480
33rd Imam Abd-us-Salam Shah, d. 1494
34th Imam Abbas Shah Gharib, al-Mustansir Billah III, d. 1498
35th Imam Abuzar Ali Nur Shah, d. ca. 1509
36th Imam Murād Mīrzā, d. 1574
37th Imam Zulfiqar Ali, Khalilullah I, d. 1634
38th Imam Nur al-Din Ali, d. 1671
39th Imam Ali, Khalilullah II, d. 1680
40th Imam Shah Nizar II, d. 1722
41st Imam Sayed Ali, d. ca. 1736
42nd Imam Al-Hassan Ali Beg, d. ca. 1747
43rd Imam Sayed Jafar, Al-Qasim Ali, d. ca. 1756
44th Imam Abū-l-Hasan ʻAlī, d. 1792
45th Imam Shah Khalilullah III, 1740–1817
46th Imam Hasan Ali Shah, Aga Khan I, 1804–1881
47th Imam Aqa Ali Shah, Aga Khan II, 1830–1885
48th Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III, 1877–1957
Prince Sayyid Aly Khan, 1911– 1960
49th Imam Shah Karim Al-Hussaini, Aga Khan IV, b. 1936

References

External links

 His Highness the Aga Khan
 NanoWisdoms Archive – Dedicated to the Aga Khan's speeches and interviews (over 600 readings and 1,000 quotes)
 His Highness the Aga Khan Spiritual Leader of Shia Ismailis
 An Islamic Conscience: the Aga Khan and the Ismailis – Film of HH the Aga Khan IV
 About His Highness the Karim Aga Khan
 About Her Highness the Begum Aga Khan (PIF)
 Aga Khan Development Network
 The Institute of Ismaili Studies
 The Institute of Ismaili Studies: Introduction to His Highness the Aga Khan and Selected Speeches
 Aga Khan article at SIPA (Columbia University)
 Brown University President Vartan Gregorian's introduction of the Aga Khan (1996 baccalaureate address)
 The Ismaili website
 Read the spirit
 A rare interview with the Aga Khan on poverty, climate change, and demystifying Islam Quartz
 The Secret Life of the Aga Khan

1936 births
20th-century imams
20th-century Islamic religious leaders
20th-century Ismailis
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
21st-century imams
21st-century Islamic religious leaders
21st-century Ismailis
21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam
.
Aga Khans
Alpine skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey
British male alpine skiers
British billionaires
British Ismailis
British imams
British people of Arab descent
British people of Iranian descent
British people of Pakistani descent
British philanthropists
Living people
Qajar dynasty
Quran reciters
Harvard University alumni
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Grand Crosses of the National Order of Mali
Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit (Portugal)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry
Grand Crosses of the Order of Liberty
Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
Imams in the United Kingdom
Olympic alpine skiers for Iran
Owners of Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winners
Owners of Prix Ganay winners
People from Geneva
People with multiple nationality
Portuguese people of Arab descent
Recipients of the Order of Merit for Labour
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in trade & industry
Royal Olympic participants

Aga Khan IV


Kærlighed gør stærk er en dansk stumfilm fra 1915 med ukendt instruktør.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Emilie Sannom, Nelly
 Peter S. Andersen, Morton
 Emanuel Gregers, Walker
 Valdemar Møller, Politibetjent
 Bertel Krause, Fangevogter
 Charles Løwaas

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1915

Kærlighed gør stærk (film)


Muntz Car Company foi uma fabricante de automóveis com sede nos Estados Unidos. A empresa foi fundada na década de 1950 na cidade de Glendale, na Califórnia, por Earl "Madman" Muntz, um conhecido revendedor local de carros usados e varejista de eletrônicos. Muntz foi auxiliado por Frank Kurtis, que já havia tentado produzir um carro esporte sob a marca Kurtis Kraft (o Kurtis Kraft Sport, que vendeu apenas 36 unidades em 1950).

História
Em 1951, Kurtis vendeu a licença para fabricar os carros para Muntz, que os rebatizou como "Muntz Jet", estendeu a carroceria para torná-lo um automóvel de 4 lugares e trocou o motor Ford por um Cadillac V8 maior. Mais tarde, esse motor seria substituído por uma válvula lateral Lincoln V8 mais barata.

O carro, um cupê esportivo, foi construído primeiro em Glendale, mas a manufatura logo mudou para uma nova fábrica em Evanston, em Illinois. Ele apresentava seu próprio design exclusivo, com painéis da carroceria de alumínio e um topo removível de fibra de vidro que foram fabricados internamente. Outras peças (como os motores) foram fornecidas por outros fabricantes. Era capaz de atingir 112 mph, uma conquista significativa para um carro de passeio na época.

Este modelo de carro foi capa da edição de setembro de 1951 da revista automotiva Popular Science (com um Jaguar e um MG).

A empresa conseguiu construir e vender apenas cerca de 400 carros durante 1951–1954 e, devido ao alto custo de fabricação, o próprio Muntz estimou que sua empresa perdeu cerca de US $ 1.000 em cada carro; isso acabou levando-o a fechar a empresa.

Os modelos "Muntz Jets" hoje são considerados peças de colecionador raras e valiosas.

Galeria

Legado
Thomas E. Bonsall credita o modelo Muntz Jet como sendo o primeiro carro pessoal de luxo. Em 2000, o jornalista Jerry Turnquist, do Daily Herald, o chamou de "o primeiro carro esportivo de quatro lugares e alto desempenho da América". É também um exemplo de carro órfão. Depois que a produção do Muntz Jet terminou em 1954, Madman Muntz inventou e fabricou o Muntz Stereo-Pak, um toca-fitas Stereo-Pak de 4 trilhas, o predecessor do toca-fitas de 8 trilhas. Em junho de 2000, a casa de infância de Madman Muntz, em Elgin, celebrou o 50º aniversário do Muntz Jet com um desfile apresentando vários modelos e seus proprietários.

Ver também
 Muntz Stereo-Pak

Fabricantes de automóveis extintas dos Estados Unidos
Madman Muntz

Muntz Car Company


Vavá (Edvaldo Izidio Neto) (12 Kasım 1934, Recife - 19 Ocak 2002), Brezilya millî futbol takımının forvetlerinden.

22 kez Brezilya millî takımı forması giydi ve 1958 ve 1962'de şampiyon kadro içinde yer aldı. Bu turnuvalarda toplam 9 gol attı. 1958 ve 1962 Dünya Kupalarında Brezilya forması giyen Vavá, art arda iki FIFA Dünya Kupası finalinde gol atan ilk ve tek oyuncu olarak tarihe geçti.

Kariyeri
 1949-1950 : Sport Club do Recife (Brezilya)
 1951-1958 : C.R. Vasco da Gama (Brezilya)
 1958-1961 : Atlético Madrid (İspanya)
 1961-1963 : Palmeiras (Brezilya)
 1964-1965 : CF América (Meksika)
 1965-1966 : Elche Club de Fútbol (İspanya)
 1966-1967 : CF América (Meksika)
 1967-1968 : Toros Neza (Meksika)
 1968-1969 : San Diego Toros (ABD)
 1969 : Portuguesa (Brezilya)

Başarılar
 FIFA Dünya Kupası Şampiyonluğu - 2 kez (1958, 1962)
 FIFA Dünya Kupası gol krallığı (1962)
 Sport Club do Recife ile şampiyonluk (1949)
 Vasco da Gama ile Rio de Janeiro şampiyonluğu - 3 kez (1952, 1956, 1958)
 Palmeiras ile São Paulo şampiyonluğu (1963)
 Vasco da Gama ile şampiyonluk (1958)

Dış bağlantılar

1934 doğumlular
Brezilyalı futbolcular
2002 yılında ölenler
1958 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
1962 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
Brezilya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
FIFA Dünya Kupası kazanan futbolcular
Brezilyalı teknik direktörler
CR Vasco da Gama futbolcuları
Atlético Madrid futbolcuları
SE Palmeiras futbolcuları
CF América futbolcuları
Brezilyalı gurbetçi futbolcular
Brezilyalı gurbetçi teknik direktörler
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Meksika'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki gurbetçi futbolcular
İspanya'daki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Katar'daki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
İspanya'daki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Meksika'daki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Katar'daki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Córdoba CF teknik direktörleri
Granada CF teknik direktörleri
La Liga futbolcuları
La Liga teknik direktörleri
San Diego Toros futbolcuları
Forvet futbolcular
Portuguesa futbolcuları
1952 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
Liga MX futbolcuları
North American Soccer League (1968-1984) futbolcuları
Brezilyalı Olimpiyat futbolcuları

Vavá


Hemiercus es un género de arañas que pertenece a la familia Theraphosidae (tarántulas).

Especies
 Hemiercus cervinus (Simon, 1889) — Venezuela
 Hemiercus inflatus (Simon, 1889) — Venezuela
 Hemiercus kastoni (Caporiacco, 1995) — Venezuela
 Hemiercus modestus (Simon, 1889) — Colombia
 Hemiercus proximus (Mello-Leitão, 1923) — Brasil

Véase también
 Lista de especies de Theraphosidae

Referencias
  2008. The World Spider Catalog, versión 9.0. American Museum of Natural History.

Enlaces externos

Theraphosidae
Arácnidos descritos en 1903
Géneros de arácnidos
Taxones descritos por Eugène Simon

Hemiercus


Dünya üzerindeki değişik dillerde ama özellikle Amerika kıtasında çoğunlukla konuşulan İngilizce, İspanyolca ve Portekizce dillerinde "Amerikan" sözcüğünün kullanımı konusunda çeşitli ve değişik görüşler bulunmaktadır.

Türkçede Türk Dil Kurumu'na göre "Amerikan" sözünün iki anlamı bulunmaktadır:
 (isim) Amerikalı.
 (sıfat) Amerika'ya özgü, Amerika ile ilgili olan.

"Amerikalı" sözcüğüne baktığımızda da "Amerika Birleşik Devletleri halkından olan kimse" olarak tanımlandığını görürüz.

İngilizce'de "American" sözcüğü genel olarak "Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile ilgili olan" anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Örneğin: "Elvis Presley was an American singer" yani "Elvis Presley Amerikalı bir şarkıcıydı." Özellikle Amerika kıtasındaki İngilizce konuşmayan ülkelerde "Amerikan" sözcüğünün anlamının doğru olarak kullanılmadığını öne süren bazı karşı çıkmalar bulunmaktadır. Sözcüğün bu kullanılışı Latince Totum pro parte olarak değerlendirilir.

Yine de günlük kullanım dışında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde bile "American" sözcüğü "Amerika kıtası ile ilgili" anlamında da kullanılmaktadır. Örneğin : "The ancient American civilizations of the pre-Columbian period were advanced in Mathematics and Astronomy" yani "Kolomb öncesi dönemin eski Amerikan medeniyetleri matematik ve astronomi alanlarında ileriydiler."

İspanyolca'da da "americano/americana" sözcüğü iki anlamda kullanılmaktadır:

 Geleneksel olarak "Amerika" kıtasındaki halklardan olanlar için
 Özellikle İngilizce'nin etkisiyle gelişen ikinci bir anlam ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri halkından olanlar için.

Bu farklı iki kullanım nedeniyle ve totum pro parte kullanımın doğal sonucu olarak şu noktalar karşıt görüşlerin çatışmasına neden olmaktadır:

 Amerika kıtasında bulunan ve dili İngilizce olmayıp Latin kökenli diller olan İspanyolca ve Portekizce olan ülkeler topluluğuna "Latin Amerika" denilmesi.
 Amerika kıtasının yapısı :
 Tek bir Amerika kıtasının varlığı
 Kuzey Amerika, Orta Amerika ve Güney Amerika gibi üç bölümden oluşan "Amerikalar"ın varlığı.

Bu konuda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nden olanların, Avrupalıların ve Amerika kıtasında İspanyolca ile Portekizce konuşulan ülkeden olanların hepsi tarihsel, coğrafî ve politik nedenlerden ötürü farklı görüşlere sahiptir.

"Amerika", Avrupalılar tarafından keşfedildikten sonra "Yeni Dünya" diye adlandırılan kıtaya yine Avrupalılar tarafından verilen, ve Amerika kıtasındaki, özellikle Avrupa kıtasından gelen ve Avrupa kültürü ile etnik yapısını taşıyan çoğunluk tarafından kabul edilmiş isimdir. Öte yandan, bu kıtanın en az "Eski Dünya"daki kıtalar kadar eski olduğunu ileri süren yerli halklar, milliyetçi bazı gruplar ve Amerika kıtasındaki solcular tarafından da kabul edilmeyen bir isimdir. Tarih boyunca birçok değişik şekilde adlandırılan kıtanın adlandırılması üzerine hâlâ farklı gruplar tarafından farklı görüşler öne sürülmektedir.

İsim kökeni
1500'lü yıllardan başlayarak "Amerikan" (American) sözcüğü Avrupalılar tarafından Yeni Dünya'nın yerli halklarını anlatmak için kullanıldı. Bu kullanım giderek o kıtaya yeni yerleşen Avrupalıları ve onların soyundan gelenleri de anlatmak için kullanılmaya başlandı.

1776 yılında Bağımsızlık Bildirgesiyle birlikte "Amerika Birleşik Devletleri" ("The United States of America") adı altında yeni bir devlet kuruldu. Bu bildirgede yalnızca "America" ("Amerika") sözcüğü kullanılmış ve "United States" ("Birleşik Devletler") sözcüğü kullanılmamıştır.

18. yüzyılının sonlarından itibaren "American" ("Amerikan") sözcüğü hem tarihsel olan kıta ile ilgili anlamında hem de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile ilgili anlamında kullanılmıştır.

Anlam üzerindeki anlaşmazlıklar
"American" ("Amerikan") sözcüğünün Amerika Birleşik Devletleri yurttaşlarını tanımlamak için kullanılmasına özellikle Latin Amerikalılar karşı çıkmaktadır.. 1700'lü yılların sonunda İngilizce'de, ilk olarak Yeni Dünya'yı oluşturan topraklara verilen bu ad, anlam kaymasına uğrayarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri için kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Politik ve kültürel görüşler

İspanya
İspanya'da Batı yarımkürede yaşamış olan ve artık İspanya'da yaşayanlara "americanos" denmektedir. Real Academia Española (İspanyol Kraliyet Akademisi) tarafından basılan "Diccionario de la Lengua Española" (İspanyolca Dili'nin Sözlüğü) "americano" sözcüğünün anlamlarından birisi olarak "estadounidense" ("Birleşik Devletli") sözcüğünü vererek bunu "Birleşik Devletler'den gelen ya da Birleşik Devletler ile ilgili" olarak tanımlamaktadır. Günümüzde Güney Amerika'daki ülkelerden gelenler için daha çok "sudamericanos" ("Güney Amerikalı") sözcüğünün kullanılmasında ısrar edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dilbilim
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde kültür

Amerikan (sözcük)


Guido Fanti (* 27. Mai 1925 in Bologna; † 11. Februar 2012 ebenda) war ein italienischer Politiker, der Kommunistischen Partei Italiens (PCI) sowie der Partito Democratico della Sinistra (PDS), der unter anderem Bürgermeister von Bologna, Mitglied der Abgeordnetenkammer (Camera dei deputati) und Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments war.

Leben

Fanti, Sohn eines Anstreichers und einer Hausfrau, begann nach dem Schulbesuch ein Studium der Biologie an der Universität Bologna, musste das Studium allerdings wegen des Zweiten Weltkrieges unterbrechen. Im November 1943 desertierte er aus der Armee und schloss sich als Partisan der antifaschistischen Widerstandsbewegung an.

Zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges trat er am 21. April 1945 als Mitglied der PCI bei und arbeitete in den folgenden als Parteifunktionär. Nachdem er 1957 zum Mitglied des Stadtrates von Bologna gewählt worden war, erfolgte 1960 seine Berufung zum Sekretär der PCI in der Provinz Bologna sowie der Region Emilia-Romagna und dann 1965 zum Mitglied des Parteivorstandes der PCI.

Am 2. April 1966 wurde er als Nachfolger von Giuseppe Dozza zum Bürgermeister von Bologna gewählt und bekleidete dieses Amt bis 1970. Im Anschluss wurde er 1970 zum ersten Präsidenten der Region Emilia-Romagna und führte in dieser Funktion bis zum Ende seiner Amtszeit 1976 zahlreiche Reformen auf den verschiedenen Gebieten durch. Während seiner Regionalpräsidentschaft kam es zur Renovierung des historischen Stadtkerns von Bologna, der Auseinandersetzung mit der Suburbanisierung sowie zur Weiterentwicklung des Flughafens Bologna.

Nach Beendigung seiner Amtszeit als Präsident der Region Emilia-Romagna wurde er am 5. Juli 1976 zum Mitglied der Abgeordnetenkammer gewählt und gehörte diesem als Vertreter der Emilia-Romagna bis zum 1. Juli 1987 an.

Zugleich wurde er bei der Europawahl 1979 auch zum Mitglied des 1. Europäischen Parlamentes gewählt und gehörte diesem bis 1989 an, wobei er während der Legislaturperiode des 2. Europäischen Parlamentes zwischen 1984 und 1989 Vizepräsident des Europäischen Parlamentes war.

Nach der Umbenennung der PCI in PDS und deren politischen Neuausrichtung zog sich Fanti aus dem politischen Leben zurück.

Weblinks
 Eintrag auf der Homepage der Stadt Bologna
 Eintrag auf der Homepage der Deputiertenkammer
 Morto a Bologna Guido Fanti. Fu sindaco dal 1966 al 1970. In: L'Unità vom 11. Februar 2012

Bürgermeister (Bologna)
Mitglied der Abgeordnetenkammer (Italien)
Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für Italien
PCI-Mitglied
Mitglied der Democratici di Sinistra
Italiener
Geboren 1925
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Guido Fanti


Forsetakosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1984 fóru fram þriðjudaginn 6. nóvember 1984. Ronald Reagan sitjandi forseti og George H. W. Bush sitjandi varaforseti unnu sigur á Walter Mondale fyrrverandi varaforseta og Geraldine Ferraro fulltrúadeildarþingmanni fyrir New York.

Niðurstöður

Sjá einnig
 Kosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1984

Tilvísanir

Kosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1984
1984

Forsetakosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1984


Macagno Giovanni Automobili war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Giovanni Macagno übernahm 1909 das Unternehmen Società Automobili Lombarda Vetture Esperia aus Bergamo und begann mit der Produktion von Automobilen. 1913 endete die Produktion nach lediglich sechs oder sieben hergestellten Exemplaren.

Fahrzeuge
Im Angebot waren die Modelle 20/40 HP und 40/50 HP. Beide basierten auf Modellen von Esperia und verfügten über einen Vierzylindermotor.

Literatur

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Lombardei)
Unternehmen (Bergamo)

Macagno Giovanni Automobili


Adidas Predator er en serie af fodboldstøvler udviklet af den tyske sportsudstyrsproducent Adidas, som er baseret på et prototype-koncept udviklet af den tidligere australske fodboldspiller Craig Johnston. Det normale kendetegn på Predator-serien er tilstedeværelsen af gummistriber på toppen af skoen, designet til at øge friktionen mellem støvlen og bolden. Sent i 2010 designede Adidas den nye "Power-spine"-teknologi, som de hævder forbedrer skudstyrken ved at reducere den del, som en fod bøjer tilbage, mens den sparker bolden.
I 2014 vandt ungarske opfinder László Oroszi en retssag mod Adidas i forhold til Predator Precision-serien og tvang dermed Adidas til at betale royalty for den serie af støvler.

Predator-serien blev annulleret i maj 2015 for fodbold, men blev bragt tilbage sent i 2017 for at erstatte ACE-støvlerne, mens rugby-produkterne stadig sælger godt. Den nye elite-Predator bragt tilbage af Adidas hedder Predator 18+, som indeholder en syet overdel med et snørebåndsfrit design som i Ace 16+ og 17+. Den kraftige indersål som blev brugt i Ace 17+ blev også brugt på den nye Predator. Der er en variant med snørebånd, som også er tilgængelig.

Referencer

Fodboldudstyr

Adidas Predator


Pontevedra Viva é um jornal diário online galego fundado em Pontevedra (Espanha) em 1 de outubro de 2012.

Centra-se em notícias relacionadas com a cidade de Pontevedra e a província de Pontevedra. Trata também de assuntos nacionais e internacionais.

O jornal é publicado em espanhol e galego. A sua audiência ou número de leitores é de 207.399 em julho de 2022.

História
O jornal nasceu a 1 de outubro de 2012 com o objectivo de dar cobertura noticiosa sobretudo a Pontevedra e a sua região e às regiões de Umia, O Salnés, Arousa e O Morrazo.

O objectivo do jornal era levar as últimas notícias, actividades desportivas, culturais e de lazer a todos os utilizadores da Internet e ser um ponto de ligação na Internet para toda a população de Pontevedra, tanto dentro como fora da cidade.

A apresentação do jornal contou com a presença de cerca de 300 pessoas, incluindo representantes de uma vasta gama de grupos e sectores sociais.

Posteriormente, a empresa incorporou também a estação de rádio Pontevedra Viva Radio.

Ver também

Ligações externas
 Site do jornal Pontevedra Viva

Publicações fundadas em 2012
Mídia da Galiza
Economia de Pontevedra
Editoras da Galiza
Jornais em castelhano
Jornais da Galiza

Pontevedra Viva


An Rhinerrhiza divitiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller ngan George Bentham, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Herman Montague Rucker Rupp. An Rhinerrhiza divitiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhinerrhiza, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Rhinerrhiza

Rhinerrhiza divitiflora


Ignacio Sada Madero es un productor de telenovelas mexicanas.

Biografía
Ignacio Sada Madero comenzó su carrera como asistente de producción de la telenovela del productor Valentín Pimstein titulada, Rosa salvaje.

Como productor asociado comenzó en 1999 con la telenovela Alma rebelde, producida por Nicandro Díaz González.

Después debuta como productor ejecutivo con las telenovelas como Mujer bonita (2001) versión de Abandonada (telenovela) escrita por Inés Rodena y La intrusa (2001) versión de Valentina (telenovela venezolana) escrita por Inés Rodena ambas en el horario de las 20:00 horas con muy buenos resultados de audiencia.

En 2007 volvió a la producción tras 6 años de ausencia con Bajo las riendas del amor en el horario de las 17:00 horas versión de la telenovela Cuando llega el amor escrita por Rene Muñoz.

En 2012 regresa a producir Un refugio para el amor, versión de la telenovela La Zulianita escrita en 1971 por Delia Fiallo en el horario de las 16:00 horas con buenos resultados en audiencia.

En 2013 y 2014 produce la telenovela Por siempre mi amor, la nueva adaptación de la telenovela Mi segunda madre de 1989 en el horario de las 16:00 horas.

En 2015 produce la telenovela Simplemente María, la nueva adaptación de la telenovela Simplemente María escrita por Celia Alcántara en 1989 en el horario de las 16:00 horas.

En 2017 produce la telenovela Mi adorable maldición, la nueva versión de Bella calamidades producida  por Telemundo en 2010 en el horario de las 16:00 horas.

En 2017 y 2018 produce la telenovela Sin tu mirada, la nueva adaptación de Esmeralda escrita  por Delia Fiallo en 1970 en el horario de las 16:00 horas con muy buenos resultados de audiencia.

Regresa en 2020, después de los cambios de administración en Televisa con la telenovela Quererlo todo, la nueva adaptación de Herencia de amor escrita por Enrique Estevanez retomando la primera barra vespertina de telenovelas originales, siendo Y mañana será otro día, la última en haberse emitido en dicha barra desde su descontinuación en 2018 y dejándola libre para repeticiones de telenovelas anteriormente emitidas.

Trayectoria

Productor ejecutivo
Telenovelas
 Mujer bonita (2001)
 La intrusa (2001)
 Bajo las riendas del amor (2007)
 Un refugio para el amor (2012)
 Por siempre mi amor (2013-2014)
 Simplemente María (2015-2016)
 Mi adorable maldición (2017)
 Sin tu mirada (2017-2018)
 Quererlo todo (2020-2021)

 Contigo sí (2021-2022)
Nadie como tú (2023)

Cine
 La Chilindrina en apuros (1994)

Asesor de producción
 Primera parte de Soy tu dueña (2010)

Productor asociado
 Alma rebelde (1999)

Coordinador de producción
 Segunda parte de Simplemente María (1989-1990)
 Carrusel (1989-1990)

Asistente de producción
 Media parte de Rosa salvaje (1987-1988)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

https://twitter.com/nachosada

Productores de telenovelas
Productores de México

Ignacio Sada Madero


Sacerdote de Limoges (Sarlat-la-Canéda, Aquitania, ca. 670 - Limoges, ca. 720), también llamado Sacerdote de Calviac, Sardot o Sardou, fue un monje, abad y después obispo de Limoges. Es venerado como santo por la Iglesia católica.

Biografía

Había nacido en Sarlat, hijo de San Modano. Se hizo monje de la Orden de San Benito y fundó la abadía de Calviac, donde fue abad. Más tarde fue elegido obispo de Limoges. Fue exhumado en la Catedral de Sarlat, que se le dedicó en su nombre.

Tradición de San Sacerdote de Sigüenza

Sobre la existencia de la reliquia de una cabeza en la catedral de Sigüenza (Guadalajara), se creyó que correspondería a este santo, ya que una inscripción la identificaba como Sanctus sacerdos Seguntinum (literalmente "San Sacerdote de Sigüenza"). La inscripción solo decía que la cabeza era de un sacerdote de Sigüenza, considerado santo, pero con el tiempo se interpretó como un nombre propio y, pretendiendo el nombre del obispo de Limoges, se le dio por Juan Tamayo de Salazar el nombre y el culto de San Sacerdote de Sigüenza. La festividad litúrgica, significativamente, se fijó el 5 de mayo, día que el Martirologio romano destina al obispo de Limoges, confirmando el caso como una duplicación de personalidad hagiográfica. Más tarde se descubrió que la cabeza correspondía a San Martín de Hinojosa, cistercisense del , sacerdote de la diócesis. La confusión, sumada a las falsedades difundidas por los falsos cronistas de los siglos XVI y XVII, hizo que el culto a este supuesto santo diferenciado se alargara en la piedad popular, ya que el calendario oficial no lo aceptaba.

Tradición de San Sacerdote de Sagunto

Un nuevo error en la interpretación del topónimo hizo que en algunos santorales y calendarios apareciese un nuevo "santo" inexistente: Sacerdote de Sagunto, pensando que Seguntium correspondía a Sagunto, antiguo Morvedre, ciudad que llegó a tenenr un obispado.

Bibliografía
 Cordón, Constantino. Apologia sobre la cabeza de San Sacerdote, Obispo de Sigüenza, contra Don Juan Tamayo de Salazar .... 1720.
 T'Serclaes, Duque de. "Historia de la diócesis de Sigüenza y sus obispos" (ressenya), Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia (1912), p. 149-150.

Enlaces externos
 Saints of May 4: Sacerdos of Limoges

Santos católicos de Francia del siglo VIII
Santos de la Iglesia ortodoxa
Obispos de Francia del siglo VIII
Obispos de Limoges
Abades benedictinos
Benedictinos de Francia del siglo VIII
Obispos santos de Francia
Santos benedictinos
Nacidos en Sarlat-la-Canéda

Sacerdote de Limoges


Special Forces Support Group (SFSG) er en specialstyrkeenhed under det britiske forsvar.

SFSG blev oprettet den 3. april 2006 som støtte for Special Air Service og Special Boat Service og er den yngste enhed i UK Special Forces (UKSF).

Enheden består af fire angrebskompagnier og et støttekompagni med specialenheden NRBQ.2

Historie
I 2004 oprettede man to nye enheder til støtte for de britiske specialstyrker: Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR) og Special Forces Support Group (SFSG).

Specialstyrker fra Storbritannien
Etableret i 2006

Special Forces Support Group


Mendiburu ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Helios Mendiburu (* 1936), deutscher Kommunalpolitiker
 Manuel de Mendiburu (1805–1885), peruanischer Offizier, Politiker und Historiker
 Omar Mendiburu, mexikanischer Fußballspieler
 Ramón Mendiburu (* 1940), spanischer Radrennfahrer

Mendiburu


بلدة البويضة بلدة سورية تابعة لمدينة قطنا التابعة بدورها لمحافظة ريف دمشق، ترتفع 660 م عن سطح البحر تقع جنوب ناحية بلدة عرطوز

تحدها القرى والبلدات التالية:دروشة - مخيم خان الشيح - دير خبية

انظر أيضا
قائمة بلدات سوريا

مصادر

مراجع وهوامش

بلدات سوريا
قرى محافظة ريف دمشق

البويضة (ريف دمشق)


إن وأخواتها أو الأحرف الناسخة أو الأحرف المشبهة بالفعل هي مجموعة الحروف التي تنصب المبتدأ وترفع الخبر وتدخل على الجمل الاسمية فقط فتنسخها.
 تنصب المبتدأ ويسمى اسمها.
 ترفع الخبر ويسمى خبرها.

أقسامها
 إِنَّ: للتوكيد.
 أَنَّ: للمصدرية.
 كَأَنَّ: للتشبيه.
 لكِنَّ: للاستدراك، ولا يمكن أن تُبتدأ بها الجملة.
 لَيْتَ: للتمني.
 لَعَلَّ: للترجي والتوقع.
 لا: النافية للجنس.
وتسمى هذه الأَدوات أحرفاً مشبهة بالفعل لسببين: أَولهما أَن المعاني التي تؤديها وهي (التوكيد والاستدراك والتمني والترجي) تؤدى عادةً بأَفعالٍ، والثاني سبب صناعي إِذ كانت جميعاً عدا (لا) مبنية على الفتح فأَشبهت الفعل الماضي في ذلك.

إن وأخواتها وكان وأخواتها
هناك فرقان أساسيّان بين إنَّ وأخواتها وكان وأخواتها وهما:
 إنَّ وأخواتها حروف بينما كان وأخواتها أفعال.
 إنَّ وأخواتها تنصب المبتدأ ويُسمّى اسمها وترفع الخبر ويُسمّى خبرها بينما كان وأخواتها ترفع المبتدأ ويُسمّى اسمها وتنصب الخبر ويُسمّى خبرها.

أمثلة
 إن العلمَ نورٌ.
إن: حرف نصب واستقبال مبني على الفتح يدخل على الجملة الاسمية فينصب المبتدأ اسما له ويرفع الخبر خبراً له.
العلم: اسم إن منصوب وعلامة نصبه الفتحة الظاهرة.
نور: خبر إن مرفوع وعلامة رفعه الضمة الظاهرة.
 كأن الجنديين أسدان.
كأن: حرف تشبيه ونصب مبني على الفتح.
الجنديين: اسم كأن منصوب وعلامة نصبه الياء لأنه مثنى.
أسدان: خبر كأن مرفوع وعلامة رفعه الألف لأنه مثنى.
 ليت المدعوين مسرورون.
ليت: حرف ناسخ مبني على الفتح ينصب المبتدأ ويرفع الخبر.
المدعوين: اسم ليت منصوب وعلامة نصبه الياء؛ لأنه جمع مذكر سالم.
مسرورون: خبر ليت مرفوع وعلامة رفعه الواو؛ لأنه جمع مذكر سالم.
 لا رجلَ خائنٌ في الوطن.
لا: حرف ناسخ ينصب المبتدأ ويرفع الخبر.
رجلَ: اسم لا النافية للجنس مبني على الفتح في محل نصب.
خائنٌ: خبر لا النافية للجنس مرفوع وعلامة رفعه الضمة.
في: حرف الجر تفيد المكان.
الوطن: اسم المجرور وعلامة جره الكسرة الظاهرة.

قواعد

دخول لام التوكيد
قد يقترن اسم إن أو خبرها بلام التوكيد المفتوحة من دون تأثير في الحالة الإعرابية لاسم إن أو خبرها.
أمثلة:
 «وإن الساعة لآتية» (سورة الحجر 85)
إن: حرف توكيد ونصب.
الساعة: اسمها منصوب.
لآتية: خبرها مرفوع، واللام للتوكيد، ويصبح اسمها اللام المزحلقة.
 «وإن عليكم لحافظين» (سورة الانفطار 10)
إن: حرف توكيد ونصب.
عليكم: خبر إن شبه جملة مقدم.
لحافظين: اسم إن منصوب وعلامة نصبه الياء لأنه جمع مذكر سالم، واللام للتوكيد.

دخول ما الكافّة
إذا دخلت ما على إن وأخواتها منعت عملها ما عدا: ليت فيجوز إهمالها أو العمل بها.
أمثلة:
 «إنما المؤمنون إخوة» (سورة الحجرات 10)
إنّما: كافة ومكفوفة.
المؤمنون: مبتدأ مرفوع وعلامة رفعه الواو؛ لأنه جمع مذكر سالم.
إخوة: خبر مرفوع وعلامة رفعه الضمة.
 ليتما التلميذ ناجح
ليتما: حرف تمن ونصب وما زائدة.
التلميذ: اسمها منصوب بالفتحة.
ناجح: خبرها مرفوع بالضمة.

هذا في حالة إعمال ليت، أما في حالة إهمالها فنعرب:
التلميذُ: مبتدأ مرفوع بالضمة.
ناجح: خبر مرفوع بالضمة.

احكام لا النافية للجنس
سُميت لا النافية للجنس بهذا الاسم لأنها تفيد نفي خبرها عن جنس اسمها، مثل: لا طالبَ علمٍ مقصرٌ.

تدخل لا النافية للجنس على الجملة الاسمية وتعمل عمل إن وأخواتها فتنصب المبتدأ ويسمى اسمها وترفع الخبر ويسمى خبرها ولكن بشروط.
 شروط عمل لا النافية للجنس ثلاثة:

 أن يكون اسمها وخبرها المفرد نكرتين، مثل: لا شبابَ باقٍ، أما إذا جاء اسمها معرفة فلا تعمل ووجب تكرارها، مثل: لا الشبابُ باقٍ ولا الجمال.
 ألاَّ يفصل بينها وبين اسمها أي فاصل مثل: لا ماءَ في البيت ولا زادَ، أما إذا فصل بينهما فاصل، ألغي عملها ووجب تكرارها، مثل: لا في البيت ماءٌ ولا زادٌ.
 ألا تسبق بحرف جر (الباء)، فإذا سُبِقَتْ بحرف جر فإن عملها يُلغى، ويعرب الاسم بعدها اسم مجرور بالباء، مثل: المنافق بلا ضميرٍ.
 اسم لا النافية للجنس يأتي على ثلاثة أشكال:

 أن يكون اسمها مضافاً (يأتي بعده مضاف إليه نكرة فقط)، فإذا كان كذلك فإنه يجب أن يكون معربا منصوبا، مثل: لا رجلَ سوءٍ محبوبٌ.
 أن يكون اسمها شَبيهاً بالمضاف وهو ما اتصل به شيء يتمم معناه، وهو معرب، وهو غالباً اسم مشتق منون (اسم فاعل - اسم مفعول - صيغة مبالغة...).
 أن يكون مفرداً: ليس مضافاً ولا شبيهاً بالمضاف فيبنى على ما يُنصب به.
 يجوز حذف خبر لا النافية للجنس إذا فهم من سياق الكلام، مثل: الامتحان سهل لا شك، شك: اسم لا مبني على الفتح في محل نصب، وخبرها محذوف تقديره (في ذلك).
 يمكن دخول همزة الاستفهام على لا النافية للجنس مثل: ألا ضيف جالس معك؟
 لا العاملة يجوز تكرارها، مثل: لا عمل ولا جهد ضائعٌ عند الخالق.
 خبر لا النافية للجنس مثل خبر (إنّ) يأتي مفرداً أو جملة أو شبه جملة، مثل: لا طائرَ فوق الشجرة.
 قد يحذف اسم لا إذا فُهِمَ من الكلام، مثل: لا عليك، والتقدير هنا: (لا بأس عليك).

الترتيب بين عناصر الجملة الاسمية
يتقدم خبر إنَّ وأخواتها على اسمها وجوباً في الحالات التالية:

 إذا كان الخبر شبه جملة واسمها نكرة تامة غير مخصصة بوصف أو إضافة، مثل: إنَّ في المطالعةِ فائدةً.
 إذا كان الخبر شبه جملة، وعاد على بعضهِ ضميرٌ في اسمها، مثل: علمتُ أنَّ في الحقل صاحبَهُ.

همزة إنَّ وهمزة أنَّ
تُكسر همزة إنَّ وجوباً في المواضع التالية:

 إذا وقعت في ابتداء الكلام، مثل: إنَّ المدرسةَ قريبةٌ من منزلنا.
 إذا وقعت بعد القول، مثل: قالَ المعلمُ: إنَّ امتحانَ النحوِ بعد أسبوعٍ من اليوم.
 إذا وقعت في صدر جملة جواب القسم، مثل: ايمُنُ الله، إنَّ النصر قريبٌ.
 إذا وقعت بعد (ألا وأما) الاستفتاحيتين وبعد (إذ وحيثُ)، مثل: ألا إنَّ الصيامَ يُعوّدُ النفسَ على الصبرِ.
 إذا اقترن خبرها باللام المزحلقة، مثل: إنَّ الأقصى لفي القلوب.
 بعد واو الحال: قابلتهم وإنّي لمريض.
 إذا كانت خبراً عن اسم ذات: أَخوك إنه مسرور.

تُفتح همزتها إذا أَمكن تأْويلها مع جملتها بمصدر مرفوع أَو منصوب أَو مجرور، وذلك في المواضع الآتية:

 أَن تقع مع جملتها فاعلاً: سرني أَنك ناجح (سرني نجاحُك).
 أَن تقع مع جملتها نائب فاعل: أُشيع أَنك مسافر (أُشيع سفرُك).
 أَن تقع مع جملتها مبتدأً: من ذنوبك أَنك مهمل: (من ذنوبك إهمالُك).
 أَن تقع مع جملتها خبراً عن اسم معنى: اعتقادي أن التجارة رابحة: (اعتقادي ربْح التجارة).
 أَن تقع مع جملتها مؤولة بمصدر يقع مفعولاً به: علمت أَنك صالح: (علمت صلاحَك).
 أَن تقع مع جملتها خبراً لاسم (كان أَو إحدى أخواتها) على أَن يكون اسم معنى: كان ظني أَنك منصف: (إِنصافَك).
 أَن تقع مع جملتها بعد حرف جر أَو اسم يضاف إليها: أَكرمته لأَنه حييّ (أَكرمته لحيائه)، حضر يوم أَنك مرضت: (يوم مرضك).
 إذا وقعت جملة (إن) معطوفة على اسم أَو بدلاً منه: شاع سفرك وأَنك مرافقٌ أَخاك: (سفرُك ومرافقتُك أَخاك). أعجبت بأَخيك أَنه فصيحٌ: (بأَخيك فصاحتِه).

المراجع

انظر أيضًا
 كان وأخواتها
 ظن وأخواتها
 قواعد اللغة
 المواضع التي يجب فيها فتح همزة أن
 المواضع التي يجب فيها كسر همزة إن

نحو عربي

إن وأخواتها


Schrader puede hacer referencia a:

Carmen Schrader (1913, Grethem-2012, Córdoba), ciudadana hispano-alemana, reconocida por Israel como «Justa entre las Naciones».
 Heinrich Adolph Schrader, médico alemán.
 James A. Schrader, botánico estadounidense.
 Paulg Joseph Schrader, cineasta estadounidense.
Mathias Valentino Schrader

Schrader


Arbor Low is a well-preserved Neolithic henge in the Derbyshire Peak District, England. It lies on a Carboniferous Limestone plateau known as the White Peak area. The monument consists of a stone circle surrounded by earthworks and a ditch.

Description
The monument includes about 50 large limestone blocks, quarried from a local site, which form an egg-shaped circle. There were probably 41-43 stones originally, but some are now in fragments. They range in size from , with monoliths of between . One stone is partially upright; the rest are lying flat. Although it is often stated that the stones have never stood upright, it is possible that they had originally been set upright in shallow stone holes.

In the centre of the circle lie at least six smaller blocks known as the cove, originally believed to have been set in a rectangle.

The stones are surrounded by an earth bank, approximately  at the outside edges and  high, with an interior ditch about 2 metres deep and  wide. There are two causeway entrances breaching both the bank and ditch; a north-west entrance  wide, and a south-east entrance  wide. The inner bank encloses an area of .

Few henge monuments in the British Isles are as well preserved.

Finds
Human skeletal remains were discovered close to the cove during excavations between 1901 and 1902. Other finds have included flint scrapers, arrowheads, and bone and antler tools.

Surrounding landscape
A large Bronze Age round cairn or barrow was built later, to the east of the henge, using material taken from the earth bank. It was excavated in 1845 and found to contain a cremation burial, flint and bone artefacts, and two pots similar to Late Neolithic Peterborough ware now in the care of Weston Park Museum.

Arbor Low is part of a larger complex, and is linked by an earth ridge to the earlier Neolithic oval barrow of Gib Hill 320m away.

Construction and usage
The bank and ditch of the henge, as well as its two entrances, were probably established in the Late Neolithic period, with the stones added later, sometime before 2000 BCE. The site seems to have been in use until the Bronze Age, when the outer bank was reconstructed so that the round barrow could be erected. Both the earthworks and the stoneworks are probably later than the nearby Gib Hill.

Statutory protection

Arbor Low was one of the first ancient monuments to be given statutory protection, on 18 August 1882.  Small stone markers engraved VR and GR (for Victoria Regina and Georgius Rex) still stand around the henge, demarcating the protected area.

Access
The henge stands on private farmland but is accessible to the public. As of September 2020, an entrance fee of £1 per adult is requested. Children can enter free of charge.

See also
 The Bull Ring

References

Further reading

Addy, S.O. (1911). The 'Harbour' and Barrows at Arbour-Lows. Journal of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 33, 39–58.
Arnold-Bemrose, H.H. (1904). Geological notes on Arbor Low. Journal of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 26, 78–79.
Barnatt, J (1990). The henges, stone circles and ringcairns of the Peak District. Sheffield Archaeological Monographs, Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield. -
Bateman, T. (1848). Vestiges of Antiquity. John Russell Smith, London.
Cox, Rev. J.C. (1884). Some notes on Arbor Low. Journal of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 6, 97–107.
Gray, H. St George. (1903). On the excavation at Arbor Low 1901–2. Archaeologia, 38.
Heathcote, J.P. (1956). Arbor Low. Today, the Days of Old, and the Years of Ancient Times. 5th Ed.
Matthews, T.A. (1907). Some notes on Arbor Low and other lows in the High Peak. Journal of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 29, 103–112.
Matthews, T.A. (1911). Some further notes on the lows in the High Peak. Journal of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 33, 87–94.
Pegge, S. (1793). A Disquisition on the Lows or Barrows in the Peak of Derbyshire. Archaeologia, VIII, 131–148.
Radley, J. (1968). The origin of Arbor Low henge monument. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, 88, 100–103.

External links

 Visitor information (English Heritage)

Archaeological sites in Derbyshire
English Heritage sites in Derbyshire
History of Derbyshire
Peak District
Stone circles in Derbyshire
Tourist attractions in Derbyshire
Scheduled monuments in Derbyshire
Henges

Arbor Low


Le pont Maurice-Duplessis est un pont couvert situé près de Villebois et de Beaucanton dans le Nord-du-Québec.

Histoire
Le pont a été construit en 1948 au-dessus de la Rivière Turgeon. Il mesure 30 m de long. Il est situé sur la chemin des  et  Rangs.

Toponymie
Le pont a été nommé en l'honneur de Maurice Duplessis, Premier ministre du Québec de 1936 à 1939 et de 1944 à 1959.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Villebois
 Beaucanton
 Liste des ponts couverts au Québec
 Rivière Turgeon
 Pont Taschereau
 Pont des Souvenirs
 Pont des Pionniers
 Eeyou Istchee Baie-James

Liens externes

 Commission de toponymie du Québec
 Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec

Bâtiment au Nord-du-Québec
Maurice Duplessis
Pont couvert au Québec
Pont au Nord-du-Québec
Pont achevé en 1948
Pont en bois
Pont en treillis au Québec
Pont franchissant un cours d'eau au Canada
Pont routier au Canada
Histoire du Nord-du-Québec

Pont Maurice-Duplessis


Henry David Thoreau (12 Temmuz 1817 - 6 Mayıs 1862), Amerikalı harita mühendisi, yazar, filozof, şair, tarihçi, kölelik karşıtı, vergi direnişçisi, kalkınma eleştirmeni ve natüralist.

Hayatı
1817 yılında Massachusetts eyaletine bağlı Concord'da doğdu. Harvard Üniversitesi'nden 1837 yılında mezun oldu. Hiçbir zaman geleneksel bir öğrenci olmamıştı, okul yıllarında transandantalizme ve Ralph Waldo Emerson'a olan ilgisi başladı. Harvard'dan mezun olunca bir süre babasının dükkânında çalıştı, daha sonra bir okulda öğretmenlik yaptı. Düşüncesel anlamda fazlasıyla etkisinde kaldığı ve ömür boyu dostu olacak Emerson 1841'de onu evine davet etti ve Thoreau 1843'e kadar sık aralıklarla Emerson'da kaldı. Emerson'ın asistanı gibiydi, The Dial isimli transendentalist dergiye şiir ve nesirleri ile katkıda bulundu. 1845 yılında Concord şehrinin dışında bulunan Walden Gölü kıyısında, Emerson'a ait olan bir arazinin üstüne bir kulübe inşa etti. Burada geçirdiği iki yılın meyvesi olarak "Walden" kitabını yazdı. Walden gölünün kıyısında geçirdiği doğayla bütünleşik ama yalnız iki yılın bir diğer meyvesi de, 1849'da yayınlanan, "A Week on the Concord and the Merrimack Rivers" (Concord ve Merrimack Irmakları Üzerinde Bir Hafta) idi. Thoreau'nun sağlığında yayımlayabildiği sadece bu iki kitabı vardır. Diğer eserleri ve günlükleri ölümünden sonra yayınlanmıştır.

1854'te yayınladığı başyapıtı "Walden" Amerika'nın en önemli entelektüel akımlarından biri olan New England Transandantalizmi için bir örnek eserdir. Eserde yer alan çevre konusundaki düşünceler ise modern çevreciliğin ve çevre korumanın en önemli satırlarıdır diyebiliriz. Amerikan düşünce tarihi, transendentalizm ve naturalizmde bıraktığı izler ne kadar önemliyse, "Sivil İtaatsizlik" (Civil Disobedience, 1849) isimli makalesi de siyasi tarihe bıraktığı iz de o kadar önemlidir. Meksika savaşı yüzünden, ki ona göre bu savaş sadece köleliği geliştirmek içindi, ödemeyi reddettiği vergi sonucu hapiste geçirdiği bir gece, onun "Sivil İtaatsizlik" isimli makalesini yazmasına neden olmuştur. Daha sonraları Gandi'nin en büyük ilham kaynağı olacak bu makale Thoreau'nun belki de en ünlü eseridir. Gandi'nin dışında Tolstoy ve Martin Luther King gibi önemli isimler de Thoreau'nun düşüncelerinden ve eserlerinden ilham almışlardır.

Thoreau, 1862'de, birkaç küçük gezi ve Harvard'daki öğrencilik dönemi dışında hiç ayrılmadığı Concord şehrinde, geçirdiği tüberküloz yüzünden ölmüştür. Bütün eserleri 20 cilt halinde 1906'da basılmıştır.

Kitapları
 Doğal Yaşam ve Başkaldırı / Sivil İtaatsizlik Makalesi ve Walden Gölü, ISBN 975-6698-10-1

Dış bağlantılar

 Biyografisi, düşüncesi, eserleri
 Biyografisi ve Sivil itaatsizlik üzerine

Kaynakça

1817 doğumlular
Massachusetts doğumlular
1862 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
19. yüzyıl filozofları
Amerikalı vejetaryenler
Amerikalı anarşistler
Amerikalı çevreciler
Amerikalı filozoflar
Amerikalı göçebeler
Fransız asıllı Amerikalılar
Harvard Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Panteistler
Transandantalizm
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde veremden ölenler

Henry David Thoreau


Der AC Marinhense (offiziell: Atlético Clube Marinhense) ist ein Sportverein aus der zentralportugiesischen Kreisstadt Marinha Grande. Neben Fußball verfügt er über Abteilungen für Leichtathletik und Rugby.

Geschichte
Der Verein wurde am 1. Januar 1923 gegründet. Zwischen 1934/35 und 1937/38 spielte der Verein drei Jahre in der II Liga. Seit 1945/46 pendelt der Verein zwischen der II Divisão (25 Saisonen), der III Divisão (27 Saisonen) und der II B (9 Saisonen). Die beste Platzierung seiner Vereinsgeschichte erreichte der Verein in der Saison 1970/71, als er in der Nordgruppe der II Divisão die Saison auf Platz 2 abschloss. In der Saison 1964/65 gewann Marinhense in der Taça de Portugal bei Sporting Lissabon mit 2:1. Seit dem Abstieg 2010 spielt der Verein in der III Divisão.

Stadion
Seine Heimspiele trägt der AC Marinhense im Estádio Municipal da Marinha Grande aus. Es fasst 6.000 Zuschauer.

Erfolge
 Campeonato de Leiria: 1929/30, 1930/31, 1934/35, 1936/37, 1937/38, 1942/43

Weblinks
 Website des Vereins  (portugiesisch)
 Vereinsprofil bei zerozero.pt (portugiesisch)

Marinhense
Ac
Gegründet 1923

AC Marinhense


Frederick William Gaisberg (1 January 1873 – 2 September 1951) was an American musician, recording engineer and one of the earliest classical music producers for the gramophone. He himself did not use the term 'producer', and was not an impresario like his protégé Walter Legge of EMI or an innovator like John Culshaw of Decca. Gaisberg concentrated on talent-scouting and persuading performers to make recordings for the newly invented Gramophone.

Gaisberg began working in the recording industry in America as a young man, becoming a pioneer of early recording, and also worked as piano accompanist for the Berliner Gram-O-Phone Company, the inventors of the practical lateral-groove disc and associated playback apparatus, the Berliner Gramophone.  In 1898, he joined the Gramophone Company in England as its first recording engineer.  In 1902, he recorded music sung by the tenor Enrico Caruso and the recordings became a sensation.  By 1921, Gaisberg was artistic director of HMV's 'international artistes' department.  After 1925, he concentrated on artist management.  In 1939, he retired from his position but continued as a consultant in the industry through the 1940s.

Biography

Early years
Gaisberg was born in Washington, D.C. His father Wilhelm was the son of German immigrants. Gaisberg was educated in Washington and was a chorister at St. John's Episcopal Church.

A musically talented youngster, he encountered the fledgling recording technology in the early 1890s and got a job working for the Berliner Gram-O-Phone Company in America. Poor sound quality and short playing time, however, meant that recordings were more of an amusing novelty than a serious means of reproducing music. In this decade the first of the recording industry's format wars was taking place, with the original cylinder recordings gradually being ousted by the more convenient Berliner flat disc. Gaisberg played an important role in this war, helping to establish 78 revolutions per minute as the standard playing speed and shellac as the standard material for making discs.

The Gramophone Company and HMV
In 1898, the Gramophone Company was formed in London. Gaisberg, by then working as piano accompanist and recording supervisor for Emile Berliner, left New York for London to join the Gramophone Company as its first recording engineer. He landed in Liverpool with recording outfit, a $25 bicycle, and introductions and instructions from Berliner. Among his first recordings in London were several made by Syria Lamonte, an Australian singer working at Rules Restaurant in Maiden Lane.

Gaisberg made some of the first recordings of the tenor Enrico Caruso, in Milan on 11 April 1902. The voice recorded well even on the primitive equipment of the time, and the entire enterprise paid off financially as well as artistically. It also sparked a long and happy transatlantic arrangement. In the US the recordings were issued under the label of the Victor Talking Machine Company, spearheading the March 1903 introduction of Victor's new premium Red Seal line. Caruso moved to the U.S. later in 1903, and recorded exclusively for Victor the rest of his life. Many of those Victor recordings, issued in the UK under the Gramophone Company's label and in continental Europe under the labels of its several sister companies, were even more popular and profitable. Caruso himself said, "My Victor records will be my biography."

Gaisberg's brother William worked with him. They signed up and/or recorded such international stars as Adelina Patti,  Francesco Tamagno, Feodor Chaliapin, Beniamino Gigli, Nellie Melba, John McCormack and Fritz Kreisler.  Gaisberg was the only record producer to record a castrato singer (Alessandro Moreschi of the Sistine Chapel choir), and the first person to produce recordings in India and Japan. He cut India's first gramophone recordings, which featured Gauhar Jaan singing a khayal, on 2 November 1902. These sessions took place in a makeshift studio rigged up in two rooms of a Calcutta hotel. In Japan, he recorded more than 270 titles in one single month of 1903.
Gaisberg made a number of trips to pre-Revolutionary Russia, where his recordings helped develop one of recorded music's largest early markets. He made the first recordings of the Russian tenor Vladimir Rosing.

Unlike his successors Legge and Culshaw, Gaisberg did not generally regard it as part of his function to influence the way performers performed. He found the best artists he could, signed them up and faithfully captured their performances on disc in the best possible sound available at the time of recording. He told a colleague that he saw his task simply as one of making as many sound photographs or gramophone (78-rpm) disc sides as possible during each recording session.

Later years
In 1921, Gaisberg became HMV's artistic director in the newly formed 'international artistes' department. After the introduction of electrical (microphone) recording in 1925, he delegated the role of producer and concentrated on artist-and-repertoire management. He remained as artistic director after the HMV and Columbia firms merged in 1931, creating Electric and Musical Industries (EMI). The recordings made under his supervision include Sir Edward Elgar's series of records of his symphonies, concertos and other major works. With Bernard Shaw, the BBC and others, Gaisberg was partly responsible for persuading Elgar to write a third symphony, although he died before he could complete any more than initial sketches. (They were eventually "elaborated" into a symphonic shape by the composer Anthony Payne four decades later.)

Gaisberg refused offers of a directorship at HMV, preferring to remain a link between the artists and the company. At age 66, in 1939, he retired but continued on as a consultant at EMI, exerting considerable influence on the recording industry. In the late 1940s he argued in favour of long-play (LP) records, introduced by Columbia Records in 1948, and stereophonic recording, introduced in 1958 after his death.  One of his last projects, in the early 1930s, was to conceive, and supervise the construction of, a major facility for classical recording, Abbey Road Studios.

A banquet was given at the Savoy Hotel to mark his retirement. It was attended by renowned musicians as diverse as Sir Thomas Beecham, Gracie Fields, Richard Tauber and Artur Rubinstein. Gaisberg retained his American citizenship to the end, and was a lifelong bachelor.  He died at his home in Hampstead in 1951 at age 78, and was buried in Hampstead Cemetery in West Hampstead.

Notes

References
Gaisberg, Frederick W., The Music Goes Round [ed. Andrew Farkas]. New Haven: Ayer, 1977.
Lipman, Samuel,The House of Music: Art in an Era of Institutions, 1984. See the chapter on "Getting on Record", pp. 62–75, about the early record industry, Fred Gaisberg, Walter Legge and FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording).
Gelatt, Roland, The Fabulous Phonograph.  New York: Collier Books,1977.
"Sound Revolutions: a Biography of Fred Gaisberg, Founding Father of Commercial Sound Recording".  London: Sanctuary, 1999 ( / ).

External links
 Fred Gaisberg recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

1873 births
1951 deaths
American people of German descent

Fred Gaisberg