Horbury is a town in the City of Wakefield in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is situated north of the River Calder about three miles (5 km) south west of Wakefield and two miles (3 km) to the south of Ossett. It includes the outlying areas of Horbury Bridge and Horbury Junction. At the 2001 census the Horbury and South Ossett ward of Wakefield Metropolitan District Council had a population of 10,002. At the 2011 census the population was 15,032.  Old industries include woollens, engineering and building wagons for the railways. Horbury forms part of the Heavy Woollen District.

History

Toponymy
The name Horbury is attested in 1086 as (H)orberie. It is derived from Old English horu 'dirty land' and burh (in its dative form byrig), which translates as 'filthy fortification' or 'stronghold on muddy land'. Other spellings include Orberie, Horbiry and Horberie. The name possibly referred to a fortification near an old fording point of the River Calder.

Manor
The settlement predates the Domesday Book of 1086 in which Horbury and Crigglestone, on the south side of the River Calder, were the only parts of the Manor of Wakefield not described as "waste". The survey recorded about 40 people and four ox-drawn ploughs in 'Orberie' and 'Crigeston' combined. About  of land were in cultivation and much woodland. Horbury had a church dating from about 1106 which was a daughter church of the church in Wakefield and possibly replaced an earlier Saxon church. The Norman church had a tower, nave and chancel.

The Manor of Wakefield was given by the crown to the Earls Warenne in 1106 and was held by them until 1359.
Sir Robert de Horbiry and Sir John de Horbiry were stewards to the Earl de Warenne, who granted Sir John the village of Horbury and its lands for life.  After the death of Sir John de Horbury in 1306, it became one of the constituent 'graveships' of the Manor of Wakefield.

The oldest surviving house in the town is Horbury Hall in Church Street, built by Ralph Amyas, deputy steward of the Manor of Wakefield. It has been dated by dendrochronology to 1474. Other old buildings include the tithe barn. The land in Horbury was divided into three great fields, Northfield, Southfield and Westfield, and remains of medieval ridge and furrow of strip cultivation are visible in Carr Lodge Park.

Horbury Bridge

A wooden bridge spanned the River Calder on the road from Wakefield to Huddersfield in the 15th century. Money for its upkeep was left in local wills dated 1404 and 1492, a custom that continued into the 16th century. A stone-arched bridge that replaced the wooden structure in the 17th century lasted until it partly collapsed in 1918. A new bridge was completed in 1930 and was repaired in 1991 at a cost of £2 million. Horbury Bridge was flooded after heavy rain in 1946.

Industrial history

Wool spinning and cloth manufacture were important originally as cottage industries. At the start of the Industrial Revolution steam engines were installed at Race's Mill in Dudfleet and Foster's Mill on Engine Lane in 1795. Resistance to the implementation of new textile machinery and the factory system was shown when Luddites, who blamed the new factories for depriving weavers from earning a living in a time of widespread hunger and poverty, destroyed Fosters Mill.

Albion Mills and Millfield Mills were built in the 1870s. William Sykes's sports goods works which became part of Slazengers was established at about this time. Slazenger had four factories which produced sports equipment. Since the factories closed the name is preserved in Slazengers Sports and Social Club, which has facilities and floodlit grounds for many different sporting activities.

Charles Roberts (1831–1892) who described himself as a joiner, moved the Buffer and Wagon Works he had established on Ings Road, Wakefield to a site at Horbury Junction in 1873. Between 1901 and 1956 the company built 110,000 railway wagons of varying types and by 1945 Charles Roberts and Co.'s works covered 45 acres including the adjacent site of the Horbury Junction Iron Company which it had taken over in 1923. During the First World War the firm was among the first to employ women who were employed to forge shell covers. During the Second World War, the wagon works was used for armament manufacture, and made 1,300 Churchill tanks, half a million naval shells and one and a half million trench mortar bombs. The Horbury Junction Iron Company site was used to build tram bodies for Blackpool and Sheffield trams.

The works later became owned by Procor and then Bombardier Inc. The last vehicles constructed at the site were Bombardier Voyager trains, the plant closed in 2005; the engineering company Eddison & Wanless now occupies the site.

In 1905, Richard Sutcliffe (1849–1930), who had worked as part-time manager at Hartley Bank Colliery across the valley in Netherton, opened his Universal Works on the site of the old dye house mill on the Horbury-Wakefield boundary in 1905 and started to manufacture conveyor belts and mining machinery. In 1972 the company employed 742 people at its Horbury site.

Governance

Historically Horbury was a chapelry in the parish of Wakefield, in the lower division of the Wapentake of Agbrigg and Morley and part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Following the implementation of the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, Horbury became one of the 17 constituent parishes of the Wakefield Poor Law Union formed in 1837. Horbury Town Hall was commissioned by the Urban District Council; its foundation stone was laid by Joshua Harrop on 30 July 1902 and it was built by Henry Fallas & Sons of Horbury.

Geography
Horbury encompasses the neighbourhoods of Horbury Bridge, named after the crossing of the River Calder and Horbury Junction, named after the railway junction. It covers an area of . The River Calder flows generally west to east in a wide valley across the south of the town alongside the Calder and Hebble Navigation which made the river navigable to Sowerby Bridge. The town centre is on a hill on the north side of the River Calder and most of the land slopes towards the river. The A642 Wakefield to Huddersfield road bypasses the town to the south of the town centre with a branch road to Horbury Junction. The B6128 goes through the town centre and connects with Ossett to the north. The M1 motorway passes to the east of the town with the nearest access at J40 A638 in Ossett.

Location grid

Demography
In 2008 Horbury had a largely white population compared with Yorkshire and the Humber.

Population change
The  population  of Horbury in 2001 was 10,002

Transport
A network of local buses, coordinated by West Yorkshire Metro connects Horbury with Wakefield, Ossett, and Huddersfield. The M1 motorway to the east of the town is accessed at junctions 39 at Durkar and 40 at Ossett.

Proposals were made for a railway through Horbury in the 1830s and an Act of Parliament was passed for the Manchester and Leeds Railway engineered by George Stephenson in 1836. Horbury has had three stations, Horbury & Ossett at Horbury Bridge of 1840, Horbury Junction on Green Lane of 1853 and Millfield Road at Horbury Junction opened in 1927. All are closed.

Education
Horbury Town School on Tithe Barn Street was enlarged in 1789 but it is not known when it was built. By 1870 there were 113 pupils paying fees of 3d to 6d weekly. It closed in 1886. The "Gaskell School" was built on New Road in 1842 by Daniel Gaskell of Lupset Hall. It was used until 1887. St Peter's Church of England School was founded in 1849 close to the church. It was replaced by the present school in the early 1980s. In September 2010 St Peter's Junior School amalgamated with Clifton Infant School to form a new primary school. A new building is proposed to be built on the current St Peter's site with a completion date of September 2012.

Horbury Council School catering for all age groups on Northfield Lane was opened in 1913 becoming Horbury County Secondary Modern in 1952. The infant school remained on the site and the junior school moved to the Wesleyan School at Horbury Junction. In 1962 secondary pupils moved to a new school. The Northfield Lane school became Horbury County Junior School and Horbury County Infant School. After a fire in 2000 and a £1m upgrade the schools amalgamated, becoming Horbury Primary School in 2002.

Horbury Academy (formerly Horbury School) caters for pupils aged 11 to 16 in a new building completed in 2009 on the same site as the old one.

Religion

Horbury had a chapel of ease to the Church of All Saints in Wakefield, from before the time of the Domesday Book. The chapel was replaced by a Norman chapel with a nave and tower that stood until it was replaced by the present church in 1790. St Peter and St Leonard's Church, the parish church, was designed by John Carr, the Horbury born architect who built it in the Georgian neo-classical style between 1790 and 1794 at a cost to himself of £8,000. He is buried in a vault beneath the north aisle.

The foundation of St John's Church at Horbury Bridge was in a mission meeting in a room in what is now the hairdressers in 1864. Funds were raised and the church was built with stone from Horbury Quarry in 1884. The curate, Sabine Baring-Gould, wrote the hymn "Onward Christian Soldiers" in 1865 for the Whitsun procession to Horbury Church. Another mission was set up at Horbury Junction in 1887 and St Mary's Church was built in 1893.

A Methodist society was established in Horbury in about 1746, meeting for worship in a private house in Cluntergate. In 1765 the congregation built a chapel seating perhaps 200, also in Cluntergate, adjacent to the house which later became the Working Men's Club. In 1824 a branch of Methodism called the New Connexion erected a chapel in Northgate; the Society was short-lived but the building survives to this day - as a private house. The Primitive Methodists built their first chapel in Horbury in 1841 in High Street, and four years later the Wesleyans built a chapel on the adjoining plot to replace the one in Cluntergate. The Free Methodists built a small chapel in Queen Street in 1857 which served them until 1900, when they built a larger one at the bottom of Bank Street which was bought by Nettleton's in 1958.

The Primitive Methodists built a larger chapel in 1875 on the site of their 1841 building, and the Wesleyans similarly replaced their 1845 chapel in 1884. The Wesleyans had established a mission in Horbury Junction in 1878 and built a chapel there in 1887.

In 1958, many years after Methodist Union, the congregations of the former Wesleyan and Primitive churches amalgamated using the 1884 Wesleyan building for worship and the Primitive's Sunday school for other activities. The congregation of the Horbury Junction chapel joined them in 1969.

In 2012 the 1884 building, having been found to be unsafe, was demolished and a new church was constructed further back from the High Street and connected to the old Sunday School. The new building was formally opened on 10 September 2016.

The Salvation Army corps' former headquarters on Peel Street is now disused, the congregation moving to the Leeds Road, Gawthorpe, Ossett premises. The former Tithe Barn Christian Centre, Westfield Road, is now similarly disused.

Public services
Horbury Library on Westfield Road was built in 1905 with a donation from the Carnegie foundation. It celebrated its centenary in 2005 with the making of a community tapestry, which now hangs in the library.
Horbury is policed by the West Yorkshire Police force from Ossett Police Station and is within the DA, Wakefield division, which covers the whole district. The statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service from Wakefield Fire Station. Hospital services are provided by the Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust. Pinderfields Hospital is the nearest hospital with an Accident and Emergency department. Community health services, including GPs, district and community nurses, dentists and pharmacists, are co-ordinated by Wakefield District Primary Care Trust. Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority. Horbury's distribution network operator for electricity is CE Electric via Yorkshire Electricity. Yorkshire Water manages Wakefield's drinking and waste water with a Waste Water Treatment Works for the Horbury area on Dudfleet Lane.

Notable people
Architect John Carr was born in Horbury in 1723. His nephew bought Sunroyd House in 1789 and renamed it "Carr Lodge". Horbury Bridge is known as the home of Onward, Christian Soldiers, the hymn written by Sabine Baring-Gould, when he was curate of the Horbury Bridge church. Stan Barstow, author of Joby and A Kind of Loving, was born in Horbury. In his autobiography, he said that Ossett and Horbury were the "border country" where the north-west of the coalfield merges with the south-east of the wool towns. William Baines, born in 1899, was a pianist and prolific composer who died in 1922 of tuberculosis; he composed two hundred works, the majority for solo piano.

Two children from Horbury, Christianne and Robert Shepherd, died of carbon monoxide poisoning while on holiday in Corfu in October 2006. Their deaths resulted in changes to health and safety policies in the travel industry. A memorial garden was opened at Horbury Primary School, which they both attended.

See also
Listed buildings in Horbury and South Ossett

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Horbury News

Villages in West Yorkshire
Unparished areas in West Yorkshire
Geography of the City of Wakefield
Heavy Woollen District

Horbury


Ömer Onan (4 de febrero de 1978, Mersin) es un exjugador profesional de baloncesto turco que actualmente ejerce como entrenador asistente en el Fenerbahçe Ülker que disputa la Türkiye 1 y la Euroliga.

Equipos
 Efes Pilsen S.K. (1995-2004)
 Fenerbahçe (2004-2005)
 Ülkerspor (2005-2006)
 Fenerbahçe Ülker (2006-2014)

Palmarés

Efes Pilsen S.K.
 Copa Korac (1996)
 Türkiye 1 (1996, 1997, 2002, 2003 y 2004)
 Copa de Turquía (1996, 1997, 1998, 2001 y 2002)
 Supercopa de Turquía (1996, 1998 y 2000)

Ülkerspor
 Türkiye 1 (2006)

Fenerbahçe Ülker
 Türkiye 1 (2007, 2008, 2010 y 2011)
 Copa de Turquía (2010 y 2011)
 Supercopa de Turquía (2007 y 2011)

Selección nacional

Campeonato del Mundo
  Medalla de plata en el Mundial de 2010.

Campeonato de Europa
  Medalla de plata en el Europeo de 2001.

Enlaces externos
Perfil en Fenerbahce.org
Perfil en Euroleague.net

Baloncestistas de Turquía
Entrenadores de baloncesto de Turquía
Baloncestistas de la selección de Turquía
Baloncestistas del Fenerbahçe Ülkerspor
Baloncestistas del Ülkerspor
Baloncestistas del Anadolu Efes S. K.

Ömer Onan


Tomb of Horrors is an adventure module written by Gary Gygax for the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) role-playing game. It was originally written for and used at the 1975 Origins 1 convention. Gygax designed the adventure both to challenge the skill of expert players in his own campaign and to test players who boasted of having mighty player characters able to best any challenge. The module, coded S1, was the first in the S-series, or special series of modules. Several versions of the adventure have been published, the first in 1978, and the most recent, for the fifth edition of D&D, in 2017 as one of the included adventures in Tales from the Yawning Portal. The module also served as the basis for a novel published in 2002.

The module's plot revolves around the tomb of the demilich Acererak. The player characters must battle their way past a variety of monsters and traps, with the ultimate goal of destroying Acererak. Tomb of Horrors was considered the third greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by the staff of Dungeon in 2004. The module has influenced later Dungeons & Dragons products, and was followed by three other (unrelated) modules in the S-series: S2 White Plume Mountain, S3 Expedition to the Barrier Peaks, and S4 The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth.

Plot summary
Tomb of Horrors is set in the World of Greyhawk, a D&D campaign setting. In Tomb of Horrors, the player characters encounter many perilous tricks and traps while trying to get into the crypt of a wizard. As the scenario begins, the players are told that the evil wizard Acererak is said to linger in his ancient tomb in undead form. Originally a powerful lich, he has (unbeknownst to the players) become a demi-lich, a more powerful form of undead that has transcended the need for any physical body apart from its skull. Player characters must survive the deadly traps in the tomb and fight their way into the demi-lich's elaborately concealed inner sanctum to destroy him.

The module is divided into thirty-three encounters, beginning with two false entrances to the tomb, and ending with "The Crypt of Acererak the Demi-Lich". Example encounters are the "Huge Pit Filled with 200 Spikes" (section 20), or encounter 22, "The Cavern of Gold and Silver Mists": "The mists are silvery and shot through with delicate streamers of golden color. Vision extends only 6'. There is a dim aura of good if detected for. Those who step into the mist must save versus poison or become idiots until they can breathe the clean air above ground under the warm sun.". The module ends with the destruction of Acererak without any postscript.

Publication history

Tomb of Horrors was written by Gary Gygax for official D&D tournament play at the 1975 Origins 1 convention. Gygax developed the adventure from an idea by Alan Lucien, one of his original Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) playtesters, "and I admit to chuckling evilly as I did so." Gygax designed the Tomb of Horrors modules for two related purposes. First, Gygax explains, "There were several very expert players in my campaign, and this was meant as yet another challenge to their skill—and the persistence of their theretofore-invincible characters. Specifically, I had in mind foiling Rob Kuntz's PC , Robilar, and Ernie Gygax's PC, Tenser."  Second, so that he was "ready for those fans [players] who boasted of having mighty PCs able to best any challenge offered by the AD&D game."

Tomb of Horrors was revised in late 1977 to be published as a module for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons. In 1978, TSR, Inc. published the module with a monochrome cover, revised and updated for use with first edition AD&D rules. The module included a twenty-page book, a twelve-page book, and an outer folder; the original printing featured a two-color cover. The module features a book of illustrations intended to be shown to the players as they progress in the adventure. Tomb of Horrors was republished in 1981 as a 32-page booklet with identical text but a new, full-color cover. The module has been described as the first adventure of a high-level scenario series, and was included as part of the Realms of Horror abridged compilation produced in 1987.

In 1998, the module was reprinted as part of the Return to the Tomb of Horrors module—a substantial expansion and sequel to the original adventure, written for 2nd Edition AD&D rules.  Wizards of the Coast released an updated version of the original module as a free download for Halloween 2005, retaining much of the original content; the updated content is from the Dungeons & Dragons supplement book Libris Mortis. This updated version was designed for use with the Dungeons & Dragons 3.5 Edition rules.  Tomb of Horrors was also adapted into a novel of the same name by Keith Francis Strohm for the Greyhawk Classics series published by Wizards of the Coast in 2002.

In July 2010, Wizards of the Coast released two adventures bearing the Tomb of Horrors name. One is a hardcover super-adventure written by Ari Marmell and Scott Fitzgerald Gray, which builds on and expands the legend of the original Tomb using the canon of Return to the Tomb of Horrors as a starting point. The second Tomb of Horrors is a conversion and update of the original module for 4th Edition rules, written by Scott Fitzgerald Gray and released to members of the RPGA as part of the DM Rewards program.

All four modules of the S-series were included as part of the Dungeons of Dread hardcover collection, released on March 19, 2013. Lawrence Schick wrote in the foreword: "The dungeon of the demi-lich Acererak was, for Gary, a kind of thought experiment: If an undead sorcerer really wanted to keep his tomb from being plundered by greedy adventurers, how would he do it? The answer, of course, was to defend the crypt with tricks and traps designed not to challenge the intruders but to kill them dead. And furthermore, to do it in ways so horrific that all but the most determined party would give up and leave well enough alone."

In 2017, Wizards re-released Tomb of Horrors updated to 5th Edition rules as part of the Tales from the Yawning Portal collection. The game design and the background of the third part of the Tomb of Annihilation campaign is based on the Tomb of Horrors.

2018 special edition of the book Art and Arcana contained a bonus pamphlet of the "original 1975 tournament module" previously unpublished.

As part of Extra Life 2019, Wizards of the Coast released Infernal Machine Rebuild, a time-hopping adventure that allows characters to travel back to the Tomb of Horrors during its construction.

Reception

Tomb of Horrors was ranked the 3rd greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004. Dungeon Master for Dummies lists Tomb of Horrors as one of the ten best classic adventures and posits that many of the adventure's traps would kill a character just for making poor choices. Lawrence Schick, in his 1991 book Heroic Worlds, calls the adventure "A very difficult scenario".

Don Turnbull reviewed Tomb of Horrors in issue No. 13 of the magazine White Dwarf and gave the module a rating of 10 out of 10. Turnbull commented on the adventure's difficulty, noting that the dungeon is "sprinkled extensively with subtle, insidious and carefully laid traps, and it will be a fortunate adventurer who manages to avoid them". He felt that the illustration booklet would add a great deal to the adventure's atmosphere and felt that the pre-generated character roster was useful. Turnbull noted that the module is "very hard and will be hard for the DM to learn in advance, though this is an essential prerequisite of running it properly for it is much more subtle than the G or D modules", and he said that this module has in common with those modules an "excellent format, for instance, and the comprehensive way in which the scenario is introduced. TSR's high quality has not been in any way compromised, and in S1 it has even been improved upon."

Wayne MacLaurin of SF Site describes the module as "a classic" and a "must have" for gamers, saying that when he played the game in high school, most of his group's characters quickly died. MacLaurin explains that Tomb of Horrors is a classic not because of its difficulty, but because it was the first module that did not involve killing large numbers of monsters; it was a "collection of puzzles and maps."  Its focus on traps rather than monsters was a surprise to gamers at the time.  One technique that some players used to get past the deathtraps was to drive cattle ahead of them, which Lore Sjöberg of Wired described as "a bit less than heroic", noting that in The Lord of the Rings, Gandalf did not send "50 head of cattle into the Mines of Moria to serve as Balrog bait." David M. Ewalt, in his book Of Dice and Men, discussed the adventure's reputation as "the deadliest game ever written", noting that it "unloads a series of complicated puzzles and nightmarish traps" on characters, concluding that "Few survive long enough to collect any treasure, and even fewer manage to find their way back through the deadly maze and escape with their spoils."

Something Awful presented a humorous article about the ways that Tomb of Horrors is the bane of gamers everywhere since it is basically a series of traps that kills off most of the characters. "One of the best (worst) things about this module is that Acererak the demi-lich is a huge asshole. He's an asshole for filling his tomb with traps AND treasure, he's an asshole because he leaves little messages throughout his tomb bragging about how he's going to kill the players."

Legacy

Tomb of Horrors has also influenced later Dungeons & Dragons products. Jason Bulmahn used the module, as well as Indiana Jones, as inspiration for some of the traps in the 2007 D&D supplement Dungeonscape. The computer role-playing game Icewind Dale, developed by Black Isle Studios, was influenced by the module; Black Isle Studios division director Feargus Urquhart said, "We wanted something that reminded everyone of their first foray into dungeons like the Tomb of Horrors, with traps around every corner, and the undead crawling out of the walls."

Tomb of Horrors is key to the plot of the novel Ready Player One by Ernest Cline, which is set in a virtual reality world created by a man who was a fan of the module. The character James Halliday recreated the dungeon in detail, which the novel's other characters must traverse to advance in the global contest and win Halliday's fortune. In the Ready Player One film adaptation, the graffiti on the back of Aech's van is from Tomb of Horrors, shunning the copper key's original location for a reference-packed race for the key.

References

External links
 The Acaeum's page on the D&D S-series modules

Greyhawk modules
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1978
Subterranean fiction

Tomb of Horrors


Thomas Gaskell Tutin (* 21. April 1908 in Kew (Surrey), Vereinigtes Königreich; † 7. Oktober 1987) war ein britischer Botaniker. Er war Spezialist für die Taxonomie der Höheren Pflanzen, arbeitete aber auch über Algen. Seine offizielle botanische Abkürzung ist "".

Lebenslauf
Tutin genoss seine Ausbildung in Bristol und Cambridge. Angeregt zur Botanik wurde er durch Humphrey Gilbert-Casing, der von 1921 bis 1950 Direktor des Botanischen Gartens in Cambridge war. Tutin studierte in Cambridge von 1927 bis 1931.
Bei der Cambridge Natural History Society lernte er verschiedene Kollegen kennen, darunter Edmund Frederic Warburg (1908–1966). Sie studierten die Flora Englands, sammelten zahlreiche Pflanzen und machten auch Exkursionen nach Madeira und den Azoren. Tutins spezielles Interesse galt der Gattung Carex und den Gräsern.

Von 1933 bis 1937 arbeitete er an der Marine Biological Station Plymouth und untersuchte die Gattung Zostera. 1937 nahm er an einer Expedition teil, die die Algen des Titicaca-Sees untersuchte. 1938 sammelte er Pflanzen in Peru und Bolivien. Seinen Master erhielt er 1939 in Manchester. Von 1939 bis 1944 war er in Manchester tätig. Er war Professor der Botanik an der Leicester University von 1947 bis 1973.

Werk
Im Jahr 1947 erhielt er zusammen mit Arthur Clapham und Warburg den ehrenvollen Auftrag, eine neue Flora der britischen Inseln zu schreiben. Die letzte  – aus der Feder von Sir Joseph Hooker (1817–1911) – stammte aus dem Jahre 1870. Diese Flora erschien 1952 und in weiteren Auflagen 1962 und 1987.
Sein wichtigstes Werk aber war die zunächst 1964 bis 1983 erschienene Flora Europaea. Dieser Gedanke, eine Flora von ganz Europa zu verfassen, war unter einer Reihe von britischen Botanikern auf den Internationalen Botaniker-Kongress in Paris im Jahre 1954 entstanden. Zu ihnen gehörte außer Tutin und Warburg noch Vernon Hilton Heywood (geb. 1927), David Henriques Valentine (1912–1987), David Allardice Webb (1912–1994) und andere. Das große Werk kam in fünf Bänden heraus, die alle im Abstand von vier Jahren erschienen sind. Es war ein wichtiger Fortschritt zur Erfassung der Flora  Europas und des Mittelmeergebietes. Es erschien in den Jahren von 1964 bis 1980, gedruckt von der Cambridge University Press.

Literatur
 Anthony David Bradshaw: Thomas Gaskell Tutin, 21 April 1908 – 7 October 1987. In: Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Band 38, 1992, S. 360–375, JSTOR.

Einzelnachweise

Botaniker (20. Jahrhundert)
Brite
Geboren 1908
Gestorben 1987
Mann

Thomas Gaskell Tutin


Charles Willis Pickering Sr. (born May 29, 1937) is an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi and, briefly, of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, based in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Early life and education
A native of Laurel in southern Mississippi, Pickering attended Jones County Junior College and then received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1959 from the University of Mississippi at Oxford. He earned his law degree in 1961 from the University of Mississippi School of Law.

Career
In the early 1960s, Pickering was active in the Democratic Party, but he switched affiliation in 1964 to the Mississippi Republican Party. At the time, Pickering said that "the people of his state were heaped with humiliation and embarrassment at the Democratic Convention" in Atlantic City, New Jersey. At the convention, African Americans, who had been disenfranchised in the Deep South except during Reconstruction, formed the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to challenge the party regulars. A month before the convention, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson had signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Along with other disaffected Democrats, Pickering played a key role in building his state's Republican Party.

As a young prosecutor in the 1960s, Pickering worked closely with the FBI to pursue the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi. In 1966, he testified against Klan member Sam Bowers, who was being tried for the murder of civil rights activist Vernon Dahmer. After testifying, Pickering and his family needed FBI protection. The Klan later claimed victory when Pickering was defeated in his campaign for a seat in the Mississippi House of Representatives.

Pickering was appointed and served as city prosecuting attorney in Laurel. He was thereafter elected and served four years as the Jones County prosecutor. After serving briefly as Laurel Municipal Judge, he was elected to two terms in the Mississippi State Senate from 1972 to 1980.

In 1978, Pickering sought the Republican nomination for the United States Senate seat being vacated by veteran Democrat James O. Eastland, but he lost his party's nomination to U.S. Representative Thad Cochran of Mississippi's 4th congressional district. Cochran won in a three-way general election against Democrat Maurice Dantin and Independent Charles Evers, a well-known figure in the civil rights movement. In 1979 Pickering ran for state attorney general, but he narrowly lost to Democrat and later Governor, William Allain. He ran on the ticket headed for the second consecutive time by the GOP gubernatorial nominee, businessman Gil Carmichael. From 1976 to 1978, Pickering was the chairman of the Mississippi Republican Party, having succeeded Clarke Reed.

In 1976, Pickering chaired the subcommittee of the Republican Party's Platform Committee, which called for a constitutional amendment to overturn Roe v. Wade, which established a woman's right to abortion. In 1984, as president of the Mississippi Baptist Convention, Pickering was presiding when the Convention adopted a resolution calling for legislation to outlaw abortion unless the life of the woman was in danger.

On October 2, 1990, Pickering was appointed to the federal district court by President George H. W. Bush.

Fifth Circuit nomination
On May 25, 2001, during the 107th Congress, President George W. Bush nominated Pickering for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit vacated by Henry Anthony Politz who had taken senior status in 1999, but Pickering's nomination was not acted upon favorably by the Senate Judiciary Committee then under the control of Democratic senator, Patrick Leahy, a Vermont Democrat. Nevertheless, on January 7, 2003, President Bush renominated Pickering to the same position. With the Republicans now in charge of the committee during the 108th Congress, Pickering's nomination was voted out to the full Senate. With no way to stop his confirmation, the Senate Democrats chose to filibuster Pickering in order to prevent him from receiving a straight up-or-down confirmation vote.

Democratic opposition to Pickering was based mainly upon two factors. First, during two hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee, he maintained a position opposing abortion. Second, he was accused of "glaring racial insensitivity" because of a 1994 hate-crime case in which he decided that 25-year-old Daniel Swan, who had participated with two others in a cross burning, should receive a reduced sentence. The other participants in the cross burning had escaped jail sentences for the crime because of plea bargaining. During the course of testimony, Pickering came to suspect that the Department of Justice Civil Rights Division had made a plea bargain with the wrong defendant. He felt that one of the other defendants, a 17-year-old, was more likely the ringleader of the group. When it came time to sentence Swan, Pickering questioned whether it made sense that the most guilty defendant got off with a misdemeanor and no jail time, while a less guilty defendant would be sentenced to seven and a half years in prison. "The recommendation of the government in this instance is clearly the most egregious instance of disproportionate sentencing recommended by the government in any case pending before this court," Pickering wrote. "The defendant [Swan] clearly had less racial animosity than the juvenile." Pickering sentenced Swan to two years in prison rather than to the seven and a half years originally requested by the Justice Department. The Clinton Justice Department later agreed with Pickering and requested a two-year sentence instead.

Groups that opposed Pickering's confirmation to the Fifth Circuit included the national (but not the Mississippi chapter) of the NAACP, the Legislative Black Caucus, the Magnolia Bar Association, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the Mississippi Worker's Center for Human Rights, the Congressional Black Caucus, the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, the Alliance for Justice, the Human Rights Campaign, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund, the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, the National Bar Association, the American Association of University Women, the National Women's Law Center, the National Partnership for Women and Families, NARAL Pro-Choice America, the National Women's Political Caucus, the AFL–CIO, the American Federation of School Administrators, American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, the United Steelworkers of America, among others.

However, Pickering's nomination was supported by several past leaders of the NAACP in Mississippi. One of his strongest supporters was former senatorial candidate Charles Evers, brother of slain civil rights leader Medgar Evers.

Senate Republicans failed to overcome a filibuster of Pickering's nomination on October 30, 2003, when he did not receive enough votes to invoke cloture and end debate on his nomination. Frustrated with the obstruction of the Senate Democrats, on January 16, 2004, President George W. Bush gave Pickering a recess appointment to the Fifth Circuit.

In December 2004, unable to overcome the filibuster and with his recess appointment about to end, Pickering announced that he was withdrawing his name from consideration as a nominee to the Fifth Circuit and retiring from the federal bench. He later was replaced as a nominee by Michael B. Wallace, but Wallace's nomination was also eventually withdrawn because of Democratic opposition. Only in 2007 was the seat allowed to be filled with Leslie H. Southwick, who was confirmed.

Personal life
Pickering is married to Margaret Ann Pickering, with whom he has three daughters and one son, former U.S. Representative Charles "Chip" Pickering Jr. They have twenty-one grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.

See also
 George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies

References

External links

 PFAW - Editorial Memorandum Against Confirmation
 Transcript of 60 Minutes segment on Charles Pickering

1937 births
Baptists from Mississippi
Alliance Defending Freedom people
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi
Living people
Mississippi Democrats
Mississippi Republicans
Mississippi State Republican chairmen
Mississippi lawyers
Mississippi state senators
People from Laurel, Mississippi
Recess appointments during the George W. Bush administration
United States court of appeals judges appointed by George W. Bush
21st-century American judges
United States district court judges appointed by George H. W. Bush
20th-century American judges
University of Mississippi alumni
University of Mississippi School of Law alumni
Unsuccessful recess appointments to United States federal courts

Charles W. Pickering


Akdeniz anemisi, Akdeniz kansızlığı ya da tıptaki adıyla Talasemi; Akdeniz ülkelerindeki toplumlarda görülen, doğacak çocuğa anne-babasından "Beta Talasemi" geninin kalıtımsal olarak geçen bir tür "kansızlık" hastalığıdır.
Anemi (kansızlık) oluşmasına neden olan etmen, kanda alyuvarların yapısında yer alan "hemoglobin" molekülünün yapısındaki bozukluktur. Erkek ve kadınlar benzer hastalık oranlarına sahiptir.

Hastalığın iki apayrı biçimi vardır: Talasemi Major ile Talasemi Minör.

Talasemi Minör (Akdeniz anemisi taşıyıcılığı)
Talasemi minör, major'a göre çok daha hafif izler. Bireylerdeki tek bulgu yalnızca kansızlık ve buna bağlı halsizliktir. Üstelik, kimi hastalar evlenme işlemlerinde yapılan zorunlu kan incelemelerine dek taşıyıcı olduklarını hiç bilmeyebilirler. Bu hastalarda yapılan incelemede, serum demir düzeyi olağan ya da artmıştır. En çok görülen kansızlık türü olan ve bu hastalıkla en çok karıştırılan Demir eksikliği anemisi'nde ise demir azalmıştır.

Tanı, "Hemoglobin Elektroforezi" ile konur. Bu hastalığın anlaşılmasında işe yarayan en önemli inceleme ölçütlerinden biri olan HbA2 (kanda oksijenin taşınmasını sağlayan hemoglobin molekülünün küçük bir oranı) normal kişilerde %3,4 iken bu hastalıkta % 7 ye yükselmiştir; HbF ise küçük bir düzeyde (%2-6) artmıştır. T. Minor'ün asıl önemi bu hastalığın evli çiftin her iki bireyinde de olmasında ortaya çıkar; çocuğun %25 T. Major, yani hastalığın ağır ve ölümcül seyreden biçiminden olma olasılığı vardır.

Anne ve babadan yalnızca biri Akdeniz Anemisi taşıyıcısı (Talasemi Minör) ise doğacak çocuklarının taşıyıcı olma olasılığı % 50'dir. Talasemi major olma olasılıkları ise yoktur.

Talasemi Major (Cooley anemisi)
Talasemi Major hastalığın ağır izleyen biçimidir ve bir öbür adı da Cooley anemisidir.

Sağlıklı insanlarda iki alfa ve iki beta altbirimlerinden oluşan hemoglobin molekülünün aksine, Cooley anemisi olan hastada beta birimleri düzgün oluşamadığı için, sorunsuz oluşan alfa altbirimleri beta altbirimleri olmadan hücre içinde çöker, ve alyuvarların yaklaşık %90'ı daha olgunlaşmadan ilik içinde ölür. Buna etkisiz kan üretimi (inefektif hematopoez) denir.

Çoğunlukla bebek daha 6 aylıkken birdenbire başlayan ağır kansızlık sonucu kalp yetmezliği gelişir. Bunun olmaması için düzenli olarak sık sık kan nakli yapılmalıdır. Kan nakli yapılmazsa hasta birkaç yılda ölür. Kan nakli yetersiz yapılırsa, kan eksikliğini karşılamak için normalde kan yapımının gerçekleşmediği organlarda da (karaciğer, dalak, yassı kemikler (özellikle kafatası kemiklerinde)) ilik doku gelişmeye başlar ve bu kemiklerin kırılmalarına neden olup, aynı zamanda çocuğun yüz şeklinde belirgin değişikliklere yol açabilir. Kan yapımındaki tüm bu çabalara karşın, üretilen alyuvarların hemoglobinin yapısındaki bozukluk bu üretimi etkisiz kılar.

Yüz şeklinin değişmesi şu biçimdedir: Burun kökü çökük, alın ve elmacık kemikleri çıkıktır. Üst dişler öne fırlamıştır. Baş dört köşe şeklini alır. Dalak ve karaciğer büyür. Boy kısa kalır. Çocuk ergenlik çağına giremez. Kan nakilleriyle vücutta biriken aşırı demirin yol açtığı kalp sorunları (myokardit, kalp yetmezliği vs.) ileri yaşlarda çoğunlukla ölüm nedenidir. Hemoglobin elektroforezi incelemesinde; normal yetişkin insanlarda bulunmayan, ancak bu hastalıkta % 50-90 vakada görülen ve bir tür hemoglobin olan HbF'in kanda bulunması tanı koydurucudur.

Anne ile babanın ikisi de Akdeniz anemisi taşıyıcısı (Talasemi Minör) ise doğacak çocukların Talasemi Major olma olasılığı % 25, taşıyıcı olma olasılığı % 50 olacaktır. Ancak % 25 olasılıkla çocuk normal olacaktır.

Akdeniz Anemisi (Talasemi) Engel Oranı
Talasemi engel oranı, hastalığı şiddeti ve alt tipine bağlıdır, ancak şunları içerebilir: Engellilik değerlendirme tablosuna göre talasemi engel oranı şekildedir;

Tedavi
Tedavide kan nakillerinin yanı sıra nakledilen kan nedeniyle vücutta biriken fazla demirin idrarla atılımını sağlayan "Desferoksamin" ve "C vitamini" verilir. Aşırı büyümüş dalak ameliyatla alınır. Dalak ameliyatı öncesi pnömokok aşısı yapılır sonrasında da depo penisilin koruma tedavisi önerilir. Özellikle erken yaşta (henüz kan nakilleri fazlaca yapılmadan) kemik iliği nakli ile bu hastalar %70-80 tam olarak sağlıklarına kavuşabilmektedir.

Türkiye'nin de bir Akdeniz ülkesi olması nedeniyle bu hastalığın taşınma riski vardır. Türkiye nüfusunun yaklaşık % 2,1 i taşıyıcıdır. Bu oran Antalya, Antakya, Mersin gibi bölgelerde % 12 lere kadar çıkabilmektedir. Bunun için her çifte evlenmeden önce mecburi yapılan tahliller içinde Hemoglobin (Hemogram dahilinde) ve Hemoglobin Elektroforezi tahlilleri de yer alır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.xprodoksit.com/yazi/talasemi-nedir-tedavi-yontemleri-nelerdir

Otozomal resesif hastalıklar
Kansızlık
Genetik hastalıklar

Akdeniz anemisi


Filmekimi,   İstanbul Kültür Sanat Vakfı tarafından 2002 yılından başlayarak İstanbul'da, 2011'den başlayarak İstanbul'la birlikte Türkiye'nin değişik kentlerinde  her yıl gerçekleştirilen "Sonbahar Film Haftası" etkinliğidir.

Etkinlik boyunca,  dünyanın belli başlı festivallerinde sergilenen ödüllü filmler gösterilmekte, Türkiye'de gösterime de girecek olan bazı filmlerin gala gösterimleri bu etkinlik çerçevesince yapılmaktadır. 2002 yılından itibaren sekiz yıl boyunca İstanbul'da  Emek Sineması'nda gerçekleştirilen etkinliğin, 2011 yılında İstanbul dışında gerçekleştirilmeye başlamasından sonra Film Ekimi'nin düzenlendiği kentler arasında Ankara, İzmir, Trabzon, Bursa,  Edirne, Gaziantep, Diyarbakır, Batman, Eskişehir bulunur.

Filmler
2019 filmleri
 Dolor y gloria /(Acı ve Zafer/Pain and Glory)/Y: Pedro Almodóvar
 Portrait de la jeune fille en feu /(Alev Almış Bir Genç Kızın Portresi/Portrait of a Lady on Fire)/Y: Céline Sciamma
 Alice et le maire /(Alice ve Belediye Başkanı/Alice and the Mayor)/Y: Nicolas Pariser
 Madre /(Anne)/Y: Rodrigo Sorogoyen
 Nuestras madres /(Annelerimiz/Our Mothers)/Y: Cesar Diaz
 Bashtata /(Baba/The Father)/Y: Kristina Grozeva, Petar Valchanov
 Bacurau /(Nighthawk)/Y: Juliano Dornelles, Kleber Mendonça Filho
 Hvítur, Hvítur Dagur /(Bembeyaz Bir Gün/A White White Day)/Y: Hlynur Palmason
 The Painted Bird /(Boyalı Kuş)/Y: Václav Marhoul
 It Must Be Heaven /(Burası Cennet Olmalı)/Y: Elia Suleiman
 Cadı Üçlemesi 13+/(Witch Trilogy 13+)/Y: Ceylan Özgün Özçelik
 The Staggering Girl /(Çarpıcı Kız)/Y: Luca Guadagnino
 Premature /(Çok Erken)/Y: Rashaad Ernesto Green
 The Lodge /(Dağ Evi)/Y: Severin Fiala, Veronika Franz
 Le daim /(Deri Ceket/Deerskin)/Y: Quentin Dupieux
 Diego Maradona /(Diego Maradona)/Y: Asif Kapadia
 The Farewell /(Elveda)/Y: Lulu Wang
 Les plus belles années d'une vie /(En Güzel Yıllarımız/The Best Years of a Life)/Y: Claude Lelouch
 Frankie /(Frankie)/Y: Ira Sachs
 Le jeune Ahmed /(Genç Ahmet/Young Ahmed)/Y: Jean-Pierre Dardenne, Luc Dardenne
 A Hidden Life /(Gizli Bir Yaşam)/Y: Terrence Malick
 Gloria Mundi /(Gloria Mundi)/Y: Robert Guédiguian
 A Vida Invisível /(Görünmez Yaşam/The Invisible Life of Euridice Gusmao)/Y: Karim Aïnouz
 Nan Fang Che Zhan De Ju Hui /(Güney İstasyonunda Randevu/The Wild Goose Lake)/Y: Yi'nan Diao
 Il traditore /(Hain/The Traitor)/Y: Marco Bellocchio
 The Peanut Butter Falcon /(Hayallerin Peşinde/The Peanut Butter Falcon)/Y: Tyler Nilson, Mike Schwartz
 Hatsukoi /(İlk Aşk/First Love)/Y: Takashi Miike
 IRIS: A Space Opera by Justice /(Iris: Justice'ten Bir Uzay Operası)/Y: André Chemetoff, Armand Beraud
 La Gomera /(Islıkçılar/The Whistlers)/Y: Corneliu Porumboiu
 Jeanne /(Joan of Arc)/Y: Bruno Dumont
Joker, Y: Todd Phillips
 Koirat eivät käytä housuja /(Köpekler Pantolon Giymez/Dogs Don't Wear Pants)/Y: Jukka-Pekka Valkeapää
 Little Joe /(Küçük Joe)/Y: Jessica Hausner
 Lucy in the Sky /(Lucy in the Sky)/Y: Noah Hawley
 Marianne & Leonard: Words of Love /(Marianne & Leonard: Aşk Sözleri)/Y: Nick Broomfield
Marriage Story, Y: Noah Baumbach
 Matthias et Maxime /(Matthias ve Maxime/Matthias and Maxime)/Y: Xavier Dolan
 Miles Davis: Birth of the Cool /(Miles Davis: Birth of the Cool)/Y: Stanley Nelson
 Monos /(Monos)/Y: Alejandro Landes
 Fête de famille /(Mutlu Yıllar/Happy Birthday)/Y: Cédric Kahn
 Nimic /(Nimic)/Y: Yorgos Lanthimos
 Juo ren mi mi /(Nina Wu)/Y: Midi Z
 Chambre 212 /(Oda 2012/On a Magical Night)/Y: Christophe Honoré
 Guest of Honour /(Onur Konuğu)/Y: Atom Egoyan
 Liberté /(Özgürlük/Liberty)/Y: Albert Serra
 Gisaengchung /(Parazit/Parasite)/Y: Joon-ho Bong
 Roger Waters: Us + Them /(Roger Waters: Us + Them)/Y: Sean Evans, Roger Waters
 La vérité /(Saklı Gerçekler/The Truth)/Y: Hirokazu Koreeda
 Swallow /(Saplantı)/Y: Carlo Mirabella-Davis
 The Art of Self-Defense /(Savunma Sanatı)/Y: Riley Stearns
 Sibyl /(Sibyl)/Y: Justine Triet
 Roubaix, une lumière /(Suç Mahalli/Oh Mercy!)/Y: Arnaud Desplechin
 Babyteeth /(Süt Dişi)/Y: Shannon Murphy
 Jojo Rabbit /(Tavşan Jojo)/Y: Taika Waititi
 Lan Xin Da Ju Yuan /(Tehlikeli Oyun/Saturday Fiction)/Y: Ye Lou
 The Laundromat /(The Laundromat)/Y: Steven Soderberg
 Sorry We Missed You /(Üzgünüz, Size Ulaşamadık)/Y: Ken Loach
 And Then We Danced /(Ve Sonra Dans Ettik)/Y: Levan Akin
 Vivarium /(Vivarium)/Y: Lorcan Finnegan
 Wasp Network /(Wasp Network)/Y: Olivier Assayas
 The Burnt Orange Heresy /(Yanık Portakal)/Y: Giuseppe Capotondi
 La belle époque /(Yeni Baştan)/Y: Nicolas Bedos
 Parwareshghah /(Yetimhane/The Orphanage)/Y: Shahrbanoo Sadat
 Zombi Child /(Zombi Çocuk)/Y: Bertrand Bonello
2018 filmleri
 The Kindergarten Teacher /(Anaokulu Öğretmeni)/Y: Sara Colangelo
 Manbiki kazoku /(Arakçılar/Shoplifters)/Y: Hirokazu Koreeda
 Arctic /(Arctic)/Y: Joe Penna
 Netemo sametemo /(Asako I & II)/Y: Ryûsuke Hamaguchi
 Plaire, aimer et courir vite /(Beğen, Sev ve Hemen Kaç/Sorry Angel)/Y: Christophe Honoré
 A Star Is Born /(Bir Yıldız Doğuyor)/Y: Bradley Cooper
 We the Animals /(Biz Hayvanlar)/Y: Jeremiah Zagar
 Blaze /(Blaze)/Y: Ethan Hawke
 Doubles vies /(Çifte Hayatlar/Non Fiction)/Y: Olivier Assayas
 Climax /(Climax)/Y: Gaspar Noé
 Diamantino /()/Y: Gabriel Abrantes, Daniel Schmidt
 Dogman /(Dogman)/Y: Matteo Garrone
 The Man Who Killed Don Quixote /(Don Kişot'u Öldüren Adam)/Y: Terry Gilliam
 Le monde est à toi /(Dünya Senin/The World Is Yours)/Y: Romain Gavras
 Frères ennemis /(Düşman Kardeşler/Close Ennemies)/Y: David Oelhoffen
 Under the Silver Lake /(Gölün Altında)/Y: David Robert Mitchell
Herkes Biliyor, Y: Asghar Farhadi
 Le livre d'image /(İmgeler ve Sözcükler/The Image Book)/Y:
 Leave No Trace /(İz Bırakma)/Y: Debra Granik
 The House That Jack Built /(Jack'in Yaptığı Ev)/Y: Lars Von Trier
 Un couteau dans le coeur /(Kalpteki Bıçak/Knife + Heart)/Y: Yann Gonzalez
Kefernahum, Y: Nadine Labaki
 Kings /(Kings)/Y: Deniz Gamze Ergüven
 Girl /(Kız)/Y: Lukas Dhont
 The Field Guide to Evil /(Kötülük Kılavuzu)/Y: Ashim Ahluwalia, Can Evrenol, Severin Fiala, Veronika Franz, Katrin Gebbe, Calvin Reeder, Agnieszka Smoczynska, Peter Strickland, Yannis Veslemes
 Coincoin et les z'inhumains 1 /(Küçük Serseri Uzaylılara Karşı 1/Coincoin and the Extra Humans 1)/Y: Bruno Dumont
 Coincoin et les z'inhumains 2/(Küçük Serseri Uzaylılara Karşı 2/Coincoin and the Extra Humans 2)/Y: Bruno Dumont
 Jiang hu er nv /(Kül En Saf Beyazdır/Ash Is Purest White)/Y: Zhangke Jia
 Loro 1 /(Loro 1)/Y: Paolo Sorrentino
 Mandy /(Mandy)/Y: Panos Cosmatos
 Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot /(Merak Etme, Fazla Uzaklaşamaz)/Y: Gus Van Sant
 Lazzaro felice /(Mutlu Lazzaro/Happy as Lazzaro)/Y: Alice Rohrwacher
 Museo /(Müze/Museum)/Y: Alonso Ruizpalacios
 Ray & Liz /(Ray & Liz)/Y: Richard Billingham
Sarayın Gözdesi, Y: Yorgos Lanthimos
 En guerre /(Savaşta/At War)/Y: Stéphane Brizé
 En liberté! /(Seninle Başım Dertte/The Trouble With You)/Y: Pierre Salvadori
 Zimna wojna/(Soğuk Savaş/Cold War)/Y: Pawel Pawlikowski
 La quietud /(Sükunet/The Quietude)/Y: Pablo Trapero
 Beoning /(Şüphe/Burning)/Y: Chang-dong Lee
 Suspiria /(Suspiria)/Y: Luca Guadagnino
 Se rokh/(Üç Hayat/3 Faces)/Y: Jafar Panahi
 Di qiu zui hou de ye wan /(Uzun Bir Günden Geceye Yolculuk/Long Day's Journey into Night)/Y: Gan Bi
 Vision /(Vision)/Y: Naomi Kawase
 Whitney /(Whitney)/Y: Kevin Macdonald
Woman at War)/Y: Benedikt Erlingsson
 Leto /(Yaz/The Summer)/Y: Kirill Serebrennikov
 Oiktos /(Zavallı/Pity)/Y: Babis Makridis
2017 filmleri
 Mother! /(anne!)/Y: Darren Aronofsky
 Aşkın Gören Gözlere İhtiyacı Yok /(Blind Love)/Y: Onur Ünlü
 Call Me by Your Name /(Beni Adınla Çağır)/Y: Luca Guadagnino
 Borg McEnroe /(Borg McEnroe)/Y: Janus Metz
 Rebel in the Rye /(Çavdar Tarlasındaki Asi)/Y: Danny Strong
 La villa /(Deniz Kıyısındaki Ev/The House by the Sea)/Y: Robert Guédiguian
 Submergence /(Derin Sular)/Y: Wim Wenders
Aman Doktor, Y: Tony Gatlif
 Geu-hu /(Ertesi Gün/The Day After)/Y: Sang-soo Hong
 Battle of the Sexes /(Ezeli Rekabet)/Y: Jonathan Dayton, Valerie Faris
 Fortunata /(Fortunata)/Y: Sergio Castellitto
 Foxtrot /(Foxtrot)/Y: Samuel Maoz
 Gemini /(Gemini)/Y: Aaron Katz
 L'amant d'un jour /(Günübirlik Sevgili/Lover for a Day)/Y: Philippe Garrel
 L'insulte /(Hakaret/The Insult)/Y: Ziad Doueiri
 Housewife /(Ev Hanımı)/Y: Can Evrenol
 Un beau soleil intérieur /(İçimdeki Güneş/Let the Sun Shine In)/Y: Claire Denis
 England Is Mine /(İngiltere Benim)/Y: Mark Gill
 Jeannette, l'enfance de Jeanne d'Arc /(Jeannette/Jeannette: The Childhood of Joan of Arc)/Y: Bruno Dumont
 Jupiter holdja /(Jupiter'in Uydusu/Jupiter's Moon)/Y: Kornél Mundruczó
 120 battements par minute/(Kalp Atışı Dakikada 120/120BPM)/Y: Robin Campillo
 Wind River /(Kardaki İzler)/Y: Taylor Sheridan
 The Square /(Kare)/Y: Ruben Östlund
Kutsal Geyiğin Ölümü, Y: Yorgos Lanthimos
 Lucky /(Lucky)/Y: John Carroll Lynch
 Visages, villages /(Mekanlar ve Yüzler/Faces Places)/Y: JR, Agnès Varda
 Una mujer fantástica /(Muhteşem Kadın  /A Fantastic Woman)/Y: Sebastián Lelio
 Happy End /(Mutlu Son)/Y: Michael Haneke
 Nico, 1988 /(Nico, 1988)/Y: Susanna Nicchiarelli
Paramparça, Y: Fatih Akın
 Patti Cake$ /(Patti Cake$)/Y: Geremy Jasper
 Le Redoutable /(Redoutable)/Y: Michel Hazanavicius
 Rodin /(Rodin)/Y: Jacques Doillon
 Le Fidèle /(Sadakat/Racer and the Jailbird)/Y: Michaël R. Roskam
 Nelyubov /(Sevgisiz/Loveless)/Y: Andrey Zvyagintsev
 Sandome no satsujin/(Son Cinayet/The Third Murder)/Y: Hirokazu Kore-eda
 The Leisure Seeker /(Son Tatil)/Y: Paolo Virzì
 Good Time /(Soygun)/Y: Benny Safdie, Josh Safdie
 Tehran Taboo /(Tehran Taboo)/Y: Ali Soozandeh
 The Beguiled /(Kadın Affetmez)/Y: Sofia Coppola
 The Party /(The Party)/Y: Sally Potter
Suyun Sesi, Y: Guillermo del Toro
 Thelma /(Thelma)/Y: Joachim Trier
 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri /(Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri)/Y: Martin McDonagh
 Krotkaya /(Uysal Bir Ruh/A Gentle Creature)/Y: Sergei Loznitsa
 Jusqu'à la garde /(Velayet/Custody)/Y: Xavier Legrand
 Victoria & Abdul /(Victoria & Abdul)/Y: Stephen Frears
 La novia del desierto /(Yalnız Kalpler/The Desert Bride)/Y: Cecilia Atán, Valeria Pivato
 Zama /(Zama)/Y: Lucrecia Martel
 La Cordillera /(Zirve/The Summit)/Y: Santiago Mitre
 2016 filmleri
 Geumul /(Ağ/The Net)/Y: Kim Ki-duk
 Albüm /(Album)/Y: Mehmet Can Mertoğlu
 Juste la fin du monde /(Alt Tarafı Dünyanın Sonu/It's Only the End of the World)/Y: Xavier Dolan
 American Honey /(American Honey)/Y: Andrea Arnold
 Arrival /(Arrival)/Y: Denis Villeneuve
Aşk Mektupları, Y: Nicole Garcia
 On the Milky Road /(Aşk ve Savaş)/Y: Emir Kusturica
 I Am Not a Serial Killer /(Ben Katil Değilim)/Y: Billy O'Brien
 I, Daniel Blake/(Ben, Daniel Brake)/Y: Ken Loach
 The Birth of a Nation /(Bir Ulusun Doğuşu)/Y: Nate Parker
 Swiss Army Man /(Çakı Gibi)/Y: Dan Kwan, Daniel Scheinert
 A Monster Calls /(Canavarın Çağrısı)/Y: Juan Antonio Bayona
 Eshtebak /(Çatışma/Clash)/Y: Mohamed Diab
 La pazza gioia /(Deli Dolu/Like Crazy)/Y: Paolo Virzì
 Desierto /(Desierto)/Y: Jonás Cuarón
 Rester vertical /(Dimdik Ayakta/Staying Vertical)/Y: Alain Guiraudie
 Umi yori mo mada fukaku /(Fırtınadan Sonra/After the Storm)/Y: Hirokazu Koreeda
 Florence Foster Jenkins /(Florence)/Y: Stephen Frears
 Frantz /(Frantz)/Y: François Ozon
 War on Everyone /(Herkese Karşı)/Y: John Michael McDonagh
 Ah-ga-ssi /(Hizmetçi/The Handmaiden)/Y: Chan-wook Park
 Hell or High Water /(İki Eli Kanda)/Y: David Mackenzie
 Julieta /(Julieta)/Y: Pedro Almodóvar
 Ma vie de Courgette /(Kabakçığın Hayatı/My Life as a Courgette)/Y: Claude Barras
 Captain Fantastic /(Kaptan Fantastik)/Y: Matt Ross
 Goksung /(Kara Büyü/The Wailing)/Y: Hong-jin Na
 Miljeong /(Karanlık Görev/The Age of Shadows)/Y: Jee-woon Kim
 Kollektivet /(Komün)/Y: Thomas Vinterberg
 Câini /(Köpekler/Dogs)/Y: Bogdan Mirica
 Under the Shadow /(Korkunun Gölgesi)/Y: Babak Anvari
 Ma Loute /(Slack Bay)/Y: Bruno Dumont
 Les innocentes /(Masumlar/The Innocents)/Y: Anne Fontaine
 La fille inconnue /(Meçhul Kız/The Unknown Girl)/Y: Jean-Pierre Dardenne, Luc Dardenne
 Bacalaureat /(Mezuniyet/Graduation)/Y: Cristian Mungiu
 Nocturama /(Nocturama - Paris Yanıyor/Nocturama)/Y: Bertrand Bonello
 Elle /(O/Elle)/Y: Paul Verhoeven
 (M)uchenik /(Öğrenci/The Student)/Y: Kirill Serebrennikov
 Hymyilevä mies /(Olli Maki'nin En Mutlu Günü/The Happiest Day in the Life of Olli Mäki)/Y: Juho Kuosmanen
 American Pastoral /(Pastoral Amerika)/Y: Ewan McGregor
 Paterson /(Paterson)/Y: Jim Jarmusch
 Raman Raghav 2.0 /(Psycho Raman)/Y: Anurag Kashyap
Satıcı (film), Y: Asghar Farhadi
 Sieranevada /(Sieranevada)/Y: Cristi Puiu
 Fai bei sogni /(Tatlı Rüyalar/Sweet Dreams)/Y: Marco Bellocchio
 The Beatles: Eight Days a Week - The Touring Years /(The Beatles: Eight Days a Week – Turne Yılları)/Y: Ron Howard
 About Ray/(Three Generations)/Y: Gaby Dellal
 Toni Erdmann /(Toni Erdmann)/Y: Maren Ade
 Hunt for the Wilderpeople /(Hunt for the Wilderpeople)/Y: Taika Waititi
 Wiener-Dog /(Wiener-Dog)/Y: Todd Solondz
 Voyage of Time: Life's Journey /Zamanın Yolculuğu: Yaşamın Seyri)/Y: Terrence Malick
 Busanhaeng /(Zombi Ekspresi/Train to Busan)/Y: Sang-ho Yeon

2015 filmleri
 Mia Madre /(My Mother/Annem)/Y: Nanni Moretti
 Que Horas Ela Volta? /(The Second Mother/Annemle Geçen Yaz)/Y: Anna Muylaert
 Zonda: folclore argentino /(Arjantin)/Y: Carlos Saura
 Valley of Love /(Aşk Vadisi)/Y: Guillaume Nicloux
 Freeheld /(Aşka Özgürlük)/Y: Peter Sollett
 Babai /(Babam)/Y: Visar Morina
 Baskin /(Baskın)/Y: Can Evrenol
 Mistress America /(Bayan Amerika)/Y: Noah Baumbach
 Me and Earl and the Dying Girl /(Ben, Earl & Ölen Kız)/Y: Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
 Il racconto dei racconti /(Tale of Tales/Bir Varmış Bir Yokmuş)/Y: Matteo Garrone
 Carol /(Carol)/Y: Todd Haynes
 Shan he gu ren /(Mountains May Depart/Dağlar Uzaklaştığında)/Y: Zhangke Jia
 Maryland /(Disorder/Darmadağın)/Y: Alice Winocour
 Dheepan /(Dheepan)/Y: Jacques Audiard
 Cha-i-na-ta-un /(Coin Locker Girl/Emanet)/Y: Jun-hee Han
 Trois souvenirs de ma jeunesse /(My Golden Days/En Güzel Günlerim)/Y: Arnaud Desplechin
Ex Machina, Y: Alex Garland
Gençlik, Y: Paolo Sorrentino
 Zvizdan /(The High Sun/Güneş Tepedeyken)/Y: Dalibor Matanic
 Hasret: Sehnsucht /(Yearning)/Y: Ben Hopkins
 Comoara /(The Treasure/Hazine)/Y: Corneliu Porumboiu
 Hrútar /(Rams/İnatçılar)/Y: Grímur Hákonarson
 La loi du marché /(The Measure of a Man/İnsanın Değeri)/Y: Stéphane Brizé
 Ixcanul /(Ixcanul Volcano)/Y: Jayro Bustamante
 Knight of Cups /(Knight of Cups)/Y: Terrence Malick
 Chronic /(Kronik)/Y: Michel Franco
 Umimachi Diary /(Our Little Sister/Küçük Kız Kardeşim)/Y: Hirokazu Koreeda
 Life/(Life)/Y: Anton Corbijn
 Lolo /(Lolo)/Y: Julie Delpy
 London Road/(London Road)/Y: Rufus Norris
 Irrational Man/(Mantıksız Adam)/Y: Woody Allen
 Marguerite /(Marguerite)/Y: Xavier Giannoli
 Microbe et Gasoil /(Microbe And Gasoline)/Y: Michel Gondry
 A Perfect Day /(Mükemmel Bir Gün)/Y: Fernando León de Aranoa
 Mustang /(Mustang)/Y: Deniz Gamze Ergüven
 Nahid /(Nahid)/Y: Ida Panahandeh
 La patota /(Paulina)/Y: Santiago Mitre
 Slow West /(Sakin Batı)/Y: John Maclean
 Rak ti Khon Kaen /(Cemetery of Splendour/Saltanatın Mezarlığı)/Y: Apichatpong Weerasethakul
 Saul fia /(Son of Saul/Saul'un Oğlu)/Y: László Nemes
 Louder Than Bombs /(Sessiz Çığlık)/Y: Joachim Trier
 The Program /(Son Efsane)/Y: Stephen Frears
 El Club /(The Club)/Y: Pablo Larraín
The Lobster, Y: Yorgos Lanthimos
 The Witch /(The Witch)/Y: Robert Eggers
 An /(Umudun Tarifi)/Y: Naomi Kawase
 Desde allá /(From Afar/Uzaktan)/Y: Lorenzo Vigas
 Le tout nouveau testament /(The Brand New Testament/Yeni Ahit)/Y: Jaco Van Dormael

 2014 filmleri
 Adieu au langage /(Goodbye to Language/Dile Veda)/Y: Jean-Luc Godard
 Amour fou /(Mad Love/Çılgın Aşk)/Y: Jessica Hausner
 Björk: Biophilia Live /(Björk: Biophilia Live)/Y: Nick Fenton, Peter Strickland
 Boyhood /(Çocukluk)/Y: Richard Linklater
 Deux jours, une nuit /(Two Days, One Night/İki Gün, Bir Gece)/Y: Jean-Pierre Dardenne, Luc Dardenne
 En duva satt på en gren och funderade på tillvaron /(A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence/İnsanları Seyreden Güvercin)/Y: Roy Andersson
 Fehér isten /(White God/Beyaz Tanrı)/Y: Kornél Mundruczó
 Futatsume no mado /(Still the Water/Dingin Sular)/Y: Naomi Kawase
 Geronimo /(Geronimo)/Y: Tony Gatlif
 Gui lai /(Coming Home/Yuvaya Dönüş)/Y: Zhang Yimou
 I Origins /(Kök)/Y: Mike Cahill
 Il capitale umano /(Human Capital/İnsan Sermayesi)/Y: Paolo Virzì
 Il-dae-il /(One on One/Bire Bir)/Y: Kim Ki-duk
 Jersey Boys /(Jersey Boys)/Y: Clint Eastwood
 Jimmy's Hall /(Özgürlük Dansı)/Y: Ken Loach
 Kkeut-kka-ji-gan-da /(A Hard Day/Mezara Kadar)/Y: Kim Seong-hoon
 Kraftidioten/(In Order of Disappearance/Buz, Kar ve İntikam)/Y: Hans Petter Moland
 Kreuzweg /(Stations of the Cross/Çile)/Y: Dietrich Brüggemann
 Le meraviglie /(The Wonders/Mucizeler)/Y: Alice Rohrwacher
 Les combattants /(Love at First Fight/İlk Güreşte Aşk)/Y: Thomas Cailley
 Leviathan /(Leviathan)/Y: Andrey Zvyagintsev
 Maps to the Stars /(Yıldız Haritası)/Y: David Cronenberg
 Miss Julie /(Miss Julie)/Y: Liv Ullmann
 Mommy /(Ana)/Y: Xavier Dolan
 Mr. Turner /(Bay Turner)/Y: Mike Leigh
 Palo Alto /(Palo Alto)/Y: Gia Coppola
 Pasolini /(Pasolini)/Y: Abel Ferrara
 Ponts de Sarajevo /(Bridges of Sarajevo/Saraybosna'nın Köprüleri)/Y: Leonardo di Costanzo, Jean-Luc Godard, Kamen Kalev, Isild Le Besco, Sergey Loznitsa, Vincenzo Marra, Ursula Meier, Vladimir Perisic, Cristi Puiu, Marc Recha, Angela Schanelec, Aida Begic, Teresa Villaverde
 Retour à Ithaque /(Return to Ithaca/Havana'ya Dönüş)/Y: Laurent Cantet
 Rio, Eu Te Amo  /(Rio, I Love You/Seni Seviyorum Rio/Y: Vicente Amorim, Guillermo Arriaga, Stephan Elliott, Im Sang-soo, Nadine Labaki, Fernando Meirelles, Carlos Saldanha, Paolo Sorrentino, John Turturro, Andrucha Waddington, César Charlone
 Simindis kundzuli /(Corn Island/Mısır Adası)/Y: George Ovashvili
 Snow in Paradise /(Soğuk Cennet)/Y: Andrew Hulme
 The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby: Them /(Aşkın Halleri)/Y: Ned Benson
 The Drop /(Kirli Para)/Y: Michaël R. Roskam
 The Search  (Arayış)/Y: Michel Hazanavicius
 The Turning /(Dönüş)/Y: Jonathan auf der Heide, Tony Ayres, Jub Clerc, Robert Connolly, Shaun Gladwell, Rhys Graham, Justin Kurzel, Yaron Lifschitz, Anthony Lucas, Claire McCarthy, Ian Meadows, Ashlee Page, Stephen Page, Simon Stone, Warwick Thornton, Marieka Walsh, Mia Wasikowska, David Wenham
 Timbuktu /(Timbuktu)/Y: Abderrahmane Sissako
 Turist /(Force Majeure/Turist)/Y: Ruben Östlund
 Welcome to New York /(New York'a Hoş Geldiniz)/Y: Abel Ferrara
 Whiplash /(Whiplash)/Y: Damien Chazelle
 White Bird in a Blizzard /(Karda Bir Beyaz Kuş)/Y: Gregg Araki
 Young Ones /(Issız Toprak)/Y: Jake Paltrow
 Zwischen Welten /(Inbetween Worlds/Ayrı Dünyalar)/Y: Feo Aladag

 2013 filmleri
 3X3D /(3X3D)/Y: Jean-Luc Godard, Peter Greenaway, Edgar Pêra
 A Field in England /(A Field in England)/Y: Ben Wheatley
 Ain't Them Bodies Saints /(Ain't Them Bodies Saints)/Y: David Lowery
 As I Lay Dying /(As I Lay Dying)/Y: James Franco
 Când se lasa seara peste Bucuresti sau metabolism /(When Evening Falls on Bucharest or Metabolism)/Y: Corneliu Porumboiu
 Dabba /(The Lunchbox)/Y: Ritesh Batra
 Enough Said /(Enough Said)/Y: Nicole Holofcener
 Fruitvale Station /(Fruitvale Station)/Y: Ryan Coogler
 Gloria /(Gloria)/Y: Sebastián Lelio
 Grzeli nateli dgeebi  (In Bloom)/Y: Nana Ekvtimishvili, Simon Gross
 Heli /(Heli)/Y: Amat Escalante
 Ilo Ilo /(Ilo Ilo)/Y: Anthony Chen
 Inside Llewyn Davis /(Inside Llewyn Davis)/Y: Joel Coen, Ethan Coen
 Jeune & jolie /(Young & Beautiful)/Y: François Ozon
 La danza de la realidad /(The Dance of Reality)/Y: Alejandro Jodorowsky
 La vie d'Adèle /(Blue is the Warmest Colour)/Y: Abdellatif Kechiche
 Le Passé /(The Past/Geçmiş) /Y: Asghar Farhadi
 Les Salauds /(Bastards)/Y: Claire Denis
 Líbánky /(Honeymoon)/Y: Jan Hrebejk
 Locke/(Locke)/Y: Steven Knight
 Mamaros /(Mamarosh)/Y: Momcilo Mrdakovic
 Metro Manila /(Metro Manila)/Y: Sean Ellis
 Michael Kohlhaas /(Michael Kohlhaas)/Y: Arnaud des Pallières
 Moebius  Y: Kim Ki-duk
 Obrana i zastita /(A Stranger)/Y: Bobo Jelcic
 Omar /(Omar)/Y: Hany Abu-Assad
Sadece Aşıklar Hayatta Kalır, Y: Jim Jarmusch
Sen Aydınlatırsın Geceyi, Y: Onur Ünlü
 Soshite chichi ni naru /(Like Father, Like Son)/Y: Hirokazu Kore-eda
 The Broken Circle Breakdown /(The Broken Circle Breakdown)/Y: Felix Van Groeningen
 The Canyons /(The Canyons)/Y: Paul Schrader
 The Congress /(The Congress)/Y: Ari Folman
 The Look of Love  /(The Look of Love)/Y: Michael Winterbottom
 The Necessary Death of Charlie Countryman/(The Necessary Death of Charlie Countryman)/Y: Fredrik Bond
 Tian zhu ding /(A Touch of Sin)/Y: Jia Zhang-ke
 Wakolda /(The German Doctor/Aile Doktoru)/Y: Lucía Puenzo
 Wara no tate /(Shield of Straw)/Y: Takashi Miike
 We Are What We Are /(We Are What We Are)/Y: Jim Mickle
2012 filmleri
 7 días en La Habana /(7 Days in Havana/Havana'da 7 Gün)/Y: Laurent Cantet, Benicio Del Toro, Julio Medem, Elia Suleiman, Juan Carlos Tabío, Pablo Trapero, Gaspar Noé
 Ai Weiwei: Never Sorry /(Ai Weiwei: Asla Pişman Olma)/Y: Alison Klayman
 Amour /(Love/Aşk)/Y: Michael Haneke
 Anton Corbijn Inside Out /(Anton Corbijn ile içli dışlı)/Y: Klaartje Quirijins
 Beasts of the Southern Wild /(Düşler Diyarı)/Y: Benh Zeitlin
 Broken /(Koşulsuz Sevgi)/Y: Rufus Norris
 Camille redouble /(Camille Rewinds/Baitan Al)/Y: Noémie Lvovsky
 Compliance /(İtaat)/Y: Craig Zobel
 Der Müll im Garten Eden /(Garbage in the Garden of Eden/Cennetteki Çöplük)/Y: Fatih Akın
 Die vierte Macht /(The Fourth State/Dördüncü Kuvvet)/Y: Dennis Gansel
 Die Wand /(The Wall/Duvar)/Y: Julian Roman Pölsler
 Djega /(Children of Sarajevo/Çocuklar)/Y: Aida Begic
 Dupa Dealuri /(Beyond The Hills/Tepelerin Ardında)/Y: Cristian Mungiu
 I, Anna /(Ben, Anna)/Y: Barnaby Southcombe
 Infancia clandestina /(Clandestine Childhood/Kayıp Çocukluk)/Y: Benjamín Ávila
 Io e te/(Me and You/Ben ve Sen)/Y: Bernardo Bertolucci
 Jack and Diane /(Jack ve Diane)/Y: Bradley Rust Gray
 Jagten /(The Hunt/Onur Savaşı)/Y: Thomas Vinterberg
 Kebun binatang /(Postcards from the Zoo/Hayvanat Bahçesinden Kartpostallar)/Y: Edwin
 Killer Joe /(Katil Joe)/Y: William Friedkin
 La vie d'une autre /(Another Womens's Life/Başka Bir Kadın)/Y: Sylvie Testud
 Like Someone in Love /(Sevmek Gibi)/Y: Abbas Kiarostami
 Looper/(Tetikçiler)/Y: Rian Johnson
 Lore /(Savaşın Gölgesinde)/Y: Cate Shortland
 Marley /(Marley)/Y: Kevin Macdonald
 Mobile Home /(Seyyar Ev)/Y: François Pirot
 No /(No)/Y: Pablo Larraín
 Passion /(Tutku)/Y: Brian De Palma
 Pieta /(Acı)/Y: Ki-duk Kim
 Ruby Sparks /(Hayalimdeki Aşk)/Y: Jonathan Dayton, Valerie Faris
 Shadow Dancer /(Gölgede Dans)/Y: James Marsh
 Superstar /(Süperstar)/Y: Xavier Giannoli
 Svartur á leik /(Black's Game/Kara Oyun)/Y: Óskar Thór Axelsson
 The Angels' Share/(Meleklerin Payı)/Y: Ken Loach
 The Door /(Kapı)/Y: Istvan Szabo
 The We and the I /(Biz ve Ben)/Y: Michel Gondry
 Toutes nos envies /(All Our Desires/Tüm Arzularımız)/Y: Philippe Lioret
 W.E /(W. E)/Y: Madonna
 Wrong /(Yanlış)/Y: Quentin Dupieux

 2011 filmleri
 A Dangerous Method /(A Dangerous Method)/Y: David Cronenberg
 Almanya - Willkommen in Deutschland /(Almanya'ya Hoş Geldiniz)/Y: Yasemin Şamdereli
 Beginners /(Beginners)/Y: Mike Mills
 Café de flore /(Ruh Eşim)/Y: Jean-Marc Vallée
 Contagion /(Salgın)/Y: Steven Soderbergh
 Elena /(Elena)/Y: Andrey Zvyagintsev
 Et maintenant, on va où? /(Where Do We Go Now?/Peki Şimdi Nereye?)/Y: Nadine Labaki
 Holiday /(Tatilde Katil)/Y: Guillaume Nicloux
 Hwanghae /(The Yellow Sea/Ölüm Denizi)/Y: Na Hong-Jin
 I rymden finns inga känslor/(Simple Simon/Aşkın Formülü Yok)/Y: Andreas Öhman
 In film nist /(This Is Not a Film/Bu Bir Film Değil)/Y: Mojtaba Mirtahmasb, Jafar Panahi
 Jane Eyre /(Jane Eyre)/Y: Cary Joji Fukunaga
 La guerre est déclarée /(Declaration of War)/Y: Valérie Donzelli
 Le gamin au vélo /(The Kid with a Bike/Bisikletli Çocuk)/Y: Jean-Pierre Dardenne, Luc Dardenne
 Le Skylab /(Gökten Bir Uydu Düştü)/Y: Julie Delpy
 Life in a Day /(Dünyada Bir Gün)/Y: Kevin Macdonald
 Ma part du gâteau /(My Piece of the Pie)/Y: Cédric Klapisch
 Margin Call /(Oyunun Sonu)/Y: J.C. Chandor
 Melancholia /(Melankolia)/Y: Lars von Trier
 Restless /(Senin İçin)/Y: Gus Van Sant
 Sleeping Beauty/(Uyuyan Güzel)/Y: Julia Leigh
 Snowtown /(Snowtown)/Y: Justin Kurzel
 The Artist/(Artist)/Y: Michel Hazanavicius
 The Devil's Double /(Şeytanın İkizi)/Y: Lee Tamahori
 The Future /(The Future)/Y: Miranda July
 This Must Be the Place /(This Must Be the Place/Olmak İstediğim Yer)/Y: Paolo Sorrentino
 Tomboy /(Erkek Fatma)/Y: Céline Sciamma
 Tyrannosaur /(Tiranozor)/Y: Paddy Considine
 Une vie de chat /(A Cat in Paris/Hırsız Kedi Paris'te)/Y: Jean-Loup Felicioli, Alain Gagnol
 We Need to Talk About Kevin /(Kevin Hakkında Konuşmalıyız)/Y: Lynne Ramsay

 2010 filmleri
 Akmareul Boatda /(I Saw the Devil/Şeytanı Gördüm)/Y: Kim Ji-Woon
 Alting Bliver Godt Igen /(Everything Will be Fine/Her Şey Güzel Olacak)/Y: Christoffer Boe
 Carlos /Y: Olivier Assayas
 Chatroom /Y: Hideo Nakata
 Cirkus Columbia/(Circus Columbia/Güzel Bir Hayat Düşlerken)/Y: Danis Tanovic
 Copie Conforme /(Certified Copy/Aslı Gibidir)/Y: Abbas Kiarostami
 Cyrus /(Anneme Dokunma!)/Y: Jay Duplass, Mark Duplass
 Der Räuber /(The Robber/Hırsız)/Y: Benjamin Heisenberg
 Des hommes et Des Dieux/(Of Gods and Men/İnsanlar ve Tanrılar)/Y: Xavier Beauvois
 Film socialisme /(Sosyalizm)/Y: Jean-Luc Godard
 Flickan Som Lekte Med Elden /(The Girl Who Played with Fire/Ateşle Oynayan Kız) /Y: Daniel Alfredson
 Get Low /(Mezara Kadar)/Y: Aaron Schneider
 Happythankyoumoreplease /(Mutluyum, Devam Et)/Y: Josh Radnor
 Inhale/(Nefes Nefese)/Y: Balthasar Kormákur
 Jack Goes Boating /(Jack'in Kayık Gezintisi)/Y: Philip Seymour Hoffman
 Kaboom /(Gümmm)/Y: Gregg Araki
 La princesse de Montpensier /(The Princess of Montpensier/Montpensier Prensesi)/Y: Bertrand Tavernier
 L'âge de raison /(With Love... from the Age of Reason/Aşka Fırsat Ver)/Y: Yann Samuell
 L'illusionniste /(The Illusionist/Sihirbaz)/Y: Sylvain Chomet
 Loong Boonmee Raleuk Chat /(Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives/Amcam Önceki Hayatlarını Hatırlıyor)/Y: Apichatpong Weerasethakul
 Mammuth /(Mamut)/Y: Benoît Delépine, Gustave Kervern
 My Son, My Son, What Have Ye Done /(Benim Güzel Oğlum Ne Yaptın Sen?)/Y: Werner Herzog
 New York, I Love You /Y: Fatih Akın, Yvan Attal, Randy Balsmeyer, Allen Hughes, Shunji Iwai, Shekhar Kapur, Joshua Marston, Mira Nair, Natalie Portman, Brett Ratner, Jiang Wen
 Revolución /(Devrim!)/Y: Gael Garcia Bernal, Mariana Chenillo, Fernando Eimbcke, Amat Escalante, Diego Luna, Gerardo Naranjo, Rodrigo Garcia, Rodrigo Plá, Carlos Reygadas, Patricia Riggen
 Room in Rome /(Ateşli Oda)/Y: Julio Medem
 Route Irish /(Tehlikeli Yol)/Y: Ken Loach
 Somewhere /(Başka Bir Yerde)/Y: Sofia Coppola
 Szelíd Teremtés - A Frankenstein-terv  	/ (Tender Son: The Frankenstein Project/Duyarlı Evlat - Frankestein Projesi)/Y: Kornél Mundruczó
 The Town /(Hırsızlar Şehri)/Y: Ben Affleck
 The Tree /(Ağaç)/Y: Julie Bertuccelli
 Tournée /(On Tour/Turne)/Y: Mathieu Amalric

 2009 filmleri
 9/Y: Shane Acker
 A Serious Man /(Ciddi Bir Adam)/Y: Ethan Coen, Joel Coen
 Amintiri din epoca de aur /(Tales from the Golden Age/Altın Çağdan Öyküler)/Y: Hanno Höfer, Razvan Marculescu, Cristian Mungiu, Constantin Popescu, Ioana Uricaru
 Bright Star /(Parlak Yıldız)/Y: Jane Campion
 Capitalism: A Love Story /(Kapitalizm: Bir Aşk Hikâyesi)/Y: Michael Moore
 Che Part One: The Argentine /(Che 1 - Arjantin)/Y: Steven Soderbergh
 Che Part Two: Guerrilla /(Che 2 - Gerilla)/Y: Steven Soderbergh
 Cheri /(Aşkım)/Y: Stephen Frears
 Eastern Plays /(Şark Oyunları)/Y: Kamen Kalev
 Eden à l'Ouest /(Eden Is West/Cennet Batıda)/Y: Costa-Gavras
 Five Minutes of Heaven /(Cennette Beş Dakika)/Y: Oliver Hirschbiegel
 Humpday /(Gel Porno Çevirelim)/Y: Lynn Shelton
 I Skoni Tou Hronou /(The Dust of Time/Zamanın Tozu)/Y: Theodoros Angelopoulos
 London River /(Londra Nehri)/Y: Rachid Bouchareb
 Looking for Eric /(Hayata Çalım At)/Y: Ken Loach
 Moon /(Ay)/Y: Duncan Jones
 Ne Te Retourne Pas /(Don't Look Back/Dönüşüm)/Y: Marina de Van
 Polytechnique /Y: Denis Villeneuve
 The Informant /(İspiyoncu)/Y: Steven Soderbergh
 The White Ribbon /(Das weiße Band/Beyaz Bant)/Y: Michael Haneke
 Thirst /(Kan Arzusu)/Y: Chan-wook Park
 Valhalla Rising /(Cennetin Kapısında)/Y: Nicolas Winding Refn
 Vengeance /(İntikam Peşinde)/Y: Johnnie To
 Whatever Works/(Kim Kiminle Nerede)/Y: Woody Allen

 2008 filmleri
 Vicky Cristina Barcelona  Y: Woody Allen
 Gomorra  Y: Matteo Garrone
 Körlük / Blindness  Y: Fernando Meirelles
 Sınıf / Entre Les Murs  Y: Laurent Cantet
 Beşir'le Vals / Waltz With Bashir  Y: Ari Folman
 Tıkanma / Choke  Y: Clark Gregg
 Tabu / Towelhead  Y: Alan Ball
 Lorna'nın Sessizliği / Le Silence De Lorna  Y: Jean-Pierre & Luc Dardenne
 Chelsea'de Rock / Chelsea on the Rocks  Y: Abel Ferrara
 O'Horten  Y: Bent Hamer
 Donmuş Irmak / Frozen River  Y: Courtney Hunt
 Zamanın Külleri / Ashes of Time Redux  Y: Wong Kar-wai
 Rüya / Bi-mong  Y: Kim Ki-duk
 Daima Mutlu / Happy-Go-Lucky  Y: Mike Leigh
 Denizkızı / Rusalka  Y: Anna Melikyan
 Küçük Denizkızı Ponyo / Gake No Ue No Ponyo  Y: Hayao Miyazaki
 Standard Operating Procedure  Y: Errol Morris
 Limon Ağacı / Etz Limon  Y: Eran Riklis
 Eve Dönüş / En Mand Kommer Hjem  Y: Thomas Vinterberg
 Palermoda Yüzleşme / Palermo Shooting  Y: Wim Wenders
 Cenova / Genova  Y: Michael Winterbottom
 Rachel Evleniyor / Rachel Getting Married  Y: Jonathan Demme

 2007 filmleri
 Persepolis  Y: Marjane Satrapi & Vincent Paronnaud
 Hairspray  Y: Adam Shankman
 Irina Palm  Y: Sam Garbarski
 Paranoid Park  Y: Gus Van Sant
 Zavet  (Promise Me This-Bana Söz Ver) Y: Emir Kusturica
 Eastern Promises  (Sessiz Tanık) Y: David Cronenberg
 Across The Universe  Y: Julie Taymor
 Tuya de Hun Shi  (Tuya'nın Evliliği) Y: Wang Quan'an
 Mio Fratello é Figlio Unico (Abim Evin Tek Çocuğu) Y: Daniele Luchetti
 Silk  (İpek) Y: François Girard
 Joe Strummer: The Future is Unwritten  (Joe Strummer: Gelecek Daha Yazılmadı) Y: Julien Templ
 Le scaphandre et le papillon  (Kelebek ve Dalgıç Giysisi) Y: Julian Schnabel
 Izgnanie  (Sürgün) Y: Andrei Zvyagintsev
 Deux Jours a Paris  (Paris'te 2 gün) Y: Julie Delpy
 Control  (Kontrol) Y: Anton Corbijn
 Bikur Ha-Tizmoret  (Bando) Y: Eran Kolirin
 Bobby  Y: Emilio Estevez
 Soom  (Nefes) Y: Kim Ki-duk
 Une Vielle Maîtresse  (Metres) Y: Catherine Breillat
 4 Luni, 3 Saptamini si 2 Zile  (4 Ay, 3 Hafta ve 2 Gün) Y: Cristian Mungiu
 Import Export Y: Ulrich Seidl

 2006 filmleri
 A Scanner Darkly  Y: Richard Linklater
 Brick  (Asi Gençlik) Y: Rian Johnson
 Grizzly Man  (Ayı Adam) Y: Werner Herzog
 Quinceañera  (Bakire Ve Hamile) Y: Richard Glatzer, Wash Westmoreland
 12.08 East Of Bucharest  (Bükreş'in Doğusu) Y: Corneliu Porumboiu
 A Little Trip To Heaven  (Cennete Kısa Bir Yolculuk) Y: Baltasar Kormákur
 Quelques Jours En Septembre  (Eylülde Birkaç Gün) Y: Santiago Amigorena
 Habana Blues  Y: Benito Zambrano
 Fast Food Nation  (Hamburger Cumhuriyeti) Y: Richard Linklater
 Paris, Je T'aime (I Love You Paris) Y: O. Assayas, F. Auburtin, E. Benbihy, G. Chadha, S. Chomet, E. Coen, J. Coen, I. Coixet, W. Craven, A. Cuarón, G. Depardieu, C. Doyle, R. LaGravenese, V. Natali, A. Payne, B. Podalydés, W. Salles, O. Schmitz, N. Suwa, D. Thomas, T. Tykwer, G. Van Sant
 Indigènes  (İsimsiz Kahramanlar) Y: Rachid Bouchareb
 Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man  (Leonard Cohen) Y: Lian Lunson
 The Wind That Shakes The Barley  (Özgürlük Rüzgârı) Y: Ken Loach
 Die Hohle Des Gelben  (Sarı Köpeğin Yuvasi) Y: Byambasuren Davaa
 Find Me Guilty  (Savunma Makami) Y: Sidney Lumet
 Free Zone  (Serbest Bölge) Y: Amos Gitai
 Thank You For Smoking  (Sigara İçtiğiniz İçin Teşekkürler) Y: Jason Reitman
 Ye Yan  (Şölen) Y: Feng Xiaogang
 Il Caimano  (Timsah) Y: Nanni Moretti
 Transylvania  Y: Tony Gatlif
 Shi Gan  (Zaman) Y: Kim Ki-duk

 2005 filmleri
 Va, Vis Et Deviens  (Bir Şans Daha) Y: Radu Mihaileanu
 Factotum  Y: Bent Hamer
 Je Préfère Qu'on Reste Amis  (Gel Arkadaş Kalalım) Y: Olivier Nakache, Éric Toledano
 Caché  (Gizli Saklı) Y: Michael Haneke
 Being Julia  (Julia Olmak) Y: István Szabó
 De Battre Mon Coeur S'est Arrêté  (Kalbim Bir An Durdu) Y: Jacques Audiard
 Born Into Brothels: Calcutta's Red Light Kids  (Kalküta'nın Çocukları) Y: Zana Briksi, Ross Kauffman
 Kiss Kiss Bang Bang  Y: Shane Black
 Manderlay  Y: Lars Von Trier
 Millions  (Milyonlar) Y: Danny Boyle
 Tian Bian Yi Duo Yun  (Serseri Bulut) Y: Ming-liang Tsai
 Dear Wendy  (Sevgili Wendy) Y: Thomas Vinterberg
 Clean  (Sil Baştan) Y: Olivier Assayas
 Sag-haye Velgard  (Şaşkın Köpekler) Y: Marzieh Meshkini
 Somersault  (Tepe Taklak) Y: Cate Shortland
 Voksne Mennesker  (Tutunamayanlar) Y: Dagur Kári
 Paradise Now  (Vaat Edilen Cennet) Y: Hany Abu-Assad
 Happily Ever After  (Ve Sonsuza Dek Mutlu Yaşadılar) Y: Yvan Attal
 Hwal  (Yay) Y: Kim Ki-duk

 2004 filmleri
 La Mala Educación  (Kötü Eğitim) Y: Pedro Almodóvar
 Intermission  (Yanlış Hesap) Y: John Crowley
 Te Doy Mis Ojos  (Gözlerimi De Al) Y: Iciar Bollain
 Oldboy  (İhtiyar Delikanlı) Y: Park Chan-wook
 Motorcycle Diaries  (Motosiklet Günlüğü) Y: Walter Salles
 Les Chorsites  (Koro) Y: Christophe Barratier
 Zatoichi  Y: Takeshi Kitano
 Vibrator  (Vibratör) Y: Ryuichi Hiroki
 A Tale Of Two Sisters  (Karanlık Sırlar) Y: Ji-Woon Kim
 Gin Gwai 2  (Göz 2) Y: Oxide Pang Chun, Danny Pang
 The Story Of The Weeping Camel  (Ağlayan Devenin Öyküsü) Y: Byambasuren Davaa, Luigi Falorni
 My Architect (Mimar Babam) Y: Nathaniel Kahn
 Super Size  Me (Şişir Beni) Y: Morgan Spurlock
 Confidences Trop Intimes  (Mahrem İtiraflar) Y: Patrice Leconte
 Après Vous...  (Siz Buyurun) Y: Pierre Salvadori
 Ma Mère  (Annem) Y: Christophe Honoré
 Zelary  Y: Ondrej Trojan
 Kontroll  (Kontrol) Y: Nimród Antal
 Tasogare Seibei  (Samuray'ın Onuru) Y: Yôji Yamada
 Owning Mahowny  (Kumar Tutkusu) Y: Richard Kwietniowski

 2003 filmleri
 Sweet Sixteen  (Afili Delikanlı) Y: Ken Loach
 Noi Albinoi  (Buzdan Hayaller) Y: Dagur Kari
 Les Invasions Barbares  (Barbarların İstilası) Y: Denys Arcand
 Casa De Los Babys  (Bebekler Evi) Y: John Sayles
 Bug  (Böcek) Y: Phil Hay, Matt Manfredi
 Comandante  Y: Oliver Stone
 Dogville  Y: Lars Von Trier
 Los Lunes Al Sol  (Güneşli Pazartesiler) Y: Fernando Leon De Aranoa
 Io Non Ho Paura  (Hiç Korkmuyorum) Y: Gabriele Salvatores
 Hero  (Kahraman) Y: Yimou Zhang
 Broken Wings  (Kırık Kanatlar) Y: Nir Bergman
 Casomai  (Kısmetse) Y: Alessandro D'alatri
 Le Temps Du Loup (Kurdun Günü) Y: Michael Haneke
 Battle Royale  (Ölüm Oyunu) Y: Kinji Fukasaku
 El Ultimo Tren  (Son Tren) Y: Diego Arsuaga
 L'homme Du Train  (Trendeki Adam) Y: Patrice Leconte
 Folk Flest Bor I Kina  (Ütopya) Y: Thomas Robsahm, Martin Asphaug, Arild Fröhlich
 Lichter  (Uzak Işıklar) Y: Hans-Christian Schmid
 Embrassez Qui Vous Voudrez  (Yaz Kaçamakları) Y: Michel Blanc
 Zhou Yu De Huoche  (Zhou Yu'nun Treni) Y: Sun Zhou

 2002 filmleri
 Comment J'ai Tué Mon Père  (Babamı Nasıl Öldürdüm) Y: Anne Fontaine
 War Photographer  (Savaş Fotoğrafçısı) Y: Christian Frei
 In Praise Of Love  (Aşka Övgü) Y: Jean-Luc Godard
 Divine Intervention  (Kutsal Direniş) Y: Elia Suleiman
 Irréversible (Dönüş Yok) Y: Gaspar Noe
 Hable Con Ella  (Konuş Onunla) Y: Pedro Almodovar
 Blood Work  (Kan Borcu) Y: Clint Eastwood
 Super 8 Stories  (Süper 8 Öykü) Y: Emir Kusturica
 Atanarjuat  (Hızlı Koşucu) Y: Zacharias Kunuk
 Bully  (Baş Belası) Y: Larry Clark
 L'ultimo Bacio  (Son Öpücük) Y: Gabriele Muccino
 Le Souffle  (Nefes) Y: Damien Odoul

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 İKSV Web Sitesi
 İKSV Film Ekimi Sayfaları
 Internet Movie Database (İngilizce)

İstanbul Kültür Sanat Vakfı
İstanbul'daki film festivalleri
Ankara'daki film festivalleri
2008'de kurulan yinelenen olaylar

Filmekimi


نهر تشارلزهو نهر بطول 129 كم يقع في الجهة الشرقية لولاية ماساتشوستس بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. النهر الذي يجري باتجاه الشمال شرق يمر بـ 22 مدينة وقرية من منبعه في قرية هوبكنتون حتى يصب في المحيط الأطلسي عند مدينة بوسطن.
كما يوجد عليه سدان أحدهما سد وترتاون سد (بلدة المياه)

مراجع

نهر تشارلز
أنهار ماساشوستس
أنهار مقاطعة سوفولك (ماساتشوستس)
أنهار مقاطعة ميديلسكس (ماساتشوستس)
أنهار مقاطعة نورفولك (ماساتشوستس)
أنهار مقاطعة ووستر (ماساتشوستس)
تضاريس بوسطن
ملاعب تجديف

تاريخ ديدام (ماساتشوستس)
ملاعب تجديف في الولايات المتحدة

نهر تشارلز


تينزن غياتسو  الدالاي لاما الـ 14، حاصل على جائزة نوبل في السلام لمساهماته في ترويج مبادئ الحرية في التبت المحتلة من قبل الصين. ولد بتاريخ 6 يوليو عام 1935 لأبوين مزارعين في قرية صغيرة تقع شمال شرق التبت. أعلن على أنه التجسد الجديد للدالاي لاما عندما بلغ الثانية من عمره. بدأ مشوار تعليمه في دير بوذي وأنهى دراسته بالحصول على دكتوراه في الفلسفة البوذية.

عام 1950 وعندما بلغ الدالاي لاما الخامسة عشر من عمره اجتاحت الصين التبت، وفي شهر مايو من العام التالي أخرجت الحكومة الصينية للعلن اتفاقية تتعهد عدم إحداث أي تغيير في وضع المؤسسات الدينية والمدنية والثقافية في التبت. ومع قدوم عام 1954 توجه غياتسو إلى بكين للقاء الرئيس الصيني آنذاك ماو تسي تونغ وليتباحث معه حول مستقبل شعبه. ولكن سرعان ما تراجعت الصين عن الاتفاقية الآنفة الذكر مما دفع التبتيين بمتابعة المقاومة، وفي شهر مارس عام 1959 شهدت شوراع التبت تظاهرة كبيرة من الأهالي مطالبة بإنهاء ماوصفوه بالاحتلال الصيني لبلادهم.

حياته ونشأته
ولد لهامو دونداب المعروف بتينزن غياتسو في 6 يوليو 1935 في أسرة زراعية متاجرة بالأحصنة في قرية تاكتسر الصغيرة، أو تشيجا تاتشر (بالصينية: 红崖村؛ بينيين: Hóngyá Cūn؛ حرفيًّا: «قرية ريدكليف»)، على حافة منطقة أمدو التبتية في مقاطعة تشينغهاي. تُنسب عائلته إلى شعوب المونغور.

حياته بصفته دالاي لاما
تاريخيًّا، تولّى الدالاي لاما أو أوصياؤه القيادة السياسية والدينية للتبت من لاسا بدرجات متفاوتة من النفوذ استنادًا إلى مناطق التبت والفترات التاريخية. بدأ هذا مع حكم الدلاي لاما الخامس عام 1642 واستمر حتى خمسينيات القرن العشرين (باستثناء الفترة 1705-1750)، وفي أثناء تلك الفترة ترأس الدلاي لاما حكومة التبت أو غاندين فودرانج. لكن حتى عام 1912 عندما أعلن الدالاي لاما الثالث عشر الاستقلال الكامل للتبت كان حكمهم يخضع عمومًا لرعاية ملوك المغول الأوائل (1642-1720) وحمايتهم ثم سلاسة تشينغ التي قادها مانتشو (1720-1912). في عام 1939، وتحديدًا في سن الرابعة، أُخذ الدالاي لاما الحالي في موكب من اللاما إلى لاسا، وأمضى طفولته بين قصر بوتالا ونوربولينجكا مقر إقامته الصيفي، وكلاهما الآن من مواقع التراث العالمي التابعة لليونسكو.

مواقف اجتماعية

الإجهاض
قال الدالاي لاما إن الإجهاض من منظور المفاهيم البوذية يعَد قتلًا، وأوضح أيضًا أنه في بعض الحالات يمكن اعتبار الإجهاض مقبولًا أخلاقيًّا «إذا كان الطفل الذي لم يولد بعد معاقًا خلقيًّا أو إذا كانت الولادة ستخلق مشاكل خطيرة للأم»، وهو ما لا يمكن تحديده إلا على أساس كل حالة على حدة.

الديمقراطية، ونبذ العنف، والتسامح الديني، وعلاقة التبت بالهند
يقول الدالاي لاما أنه نشط في نشر رسالة الهند اللاعنفية السلمية والتسامح الديني في جميع أنحاء العالم. «أنا رسول معتقدات الهند القديمة في جميع أنحاء العالم». وقال إن الديمقراطية لها جذور عميقة في الهند، وأضاف أنه يعتبر الهند المعلّم والتبت تلميذًا لها، إذ ذهب علماء كبار من الهند إلى التبت لتعليم البوذية، وأشار إلى أن ملايين الأشخاص فقدوا أرواحهم في أعمال العنف وأن اقتصادات الكثير من الدول قد دُمّرت بسبب الصراعات في القرن العشرين. «فليكن القرن الحادي والعشرين قرن تسامح وحوار».

في عام 1993، حضر الدالاي لاما المؤتمر العالمي لحقوق الإنسان وألقى خطابًا بعنوان «حقوق الإنسان والمسؤولية العالمية».

في عام 2001، أجاب على سؤال فتاة في مدرسة سياتل بالقول إنه مسموح إطلاق النار على شخص ما دفاعًا عن النفس إذا كان ذلك الشخص «يحاول قتلك»، وأكّد أن إطلاق النار هذا ينبغي ألا يكون قاتلًا مميتًا.

في أبريل 2013، انتقد الدالاي لاما علنًا هجمات الرهبان البوذيين على المسلمين في ميانمار، وقال «إن بوذا يعلّمنا التسامح والرحمة دائمًا. إذا كنت تنظر من زاوية واحدة من عقلك، فإن بعض العواطف قد تجعلك ترغب في الضرب، أو القتل، فرجاء تذكر إيمان بوذا. نحن أتباع بوذا». وقال أيضًا إن كل المشاكل يجب حلها بالحوار والحديث. في مايو 2013، قال: «حقًّا، إنّ قتل الناس باسم الدين أمر مُحزن للغاية ولا يمكن تصوره». في مايو 2015، دعا الدالاي لاما الفائزة بجائزة نوبل للسلام أون سان سو تشي إلى بذل المزيد من الجهود لمساعدة مسلمي الروهينجا في ميانمار، مدّعيًّا أنه دعاها في وقت سابق إلى أن تتصدّى لمحنة الروهينجا على انفراد في لقائين منفصلين وأنها عارضت دعوته.

ردًّا على وفاة الصّيني ليو شياوبو الفائز بجائزة نوبل للسلام، الذي توفي أثناء احتجازه لدى الحكومة بسبب فشل عضو، أصدر الدالاي لاما البيان التالي في 14 يوليو 2017: «شعرت بحزن شديد عندما علمت أن الفائز بجائزة نوبل ليو شياوبو، قد توفي أثناء فترة سجن طويلة ... وأعتقد أن الجهود المتواصلة الحثيثة التي بذلها ليو شياوبو في سبيل الحرية ستودي بثمارها قريبًا».

حياته بعد النفي

اضطر غياتسو للفرار إلى الهند سيراً على القدمين خوف من أن يعتقل من قبل القوات الصينية، وهناك حصل على حق اللجوء السياسي واستقر مع حكومته في دارامسالا شمالي الهند حيث تبعه إلى تلك المنطقة وعلى مدى عدة أشهر حوالي 80 ألف من أهالي التبت. عمل الدالاي لاما على مساعدة اللاجئين من بني جلدته معطياً أهمية كبيرة للحفاظ على ثقافة التبت من خلال تعليم أبناءهم وإنشاء مؤسسات تعليمية وعلمية. وعمل غياتسو بنشاط كبير على تدويل قضية شعبه وطرحها في جميع المحافل، نتيجة لذلك أصدرت الأمم المتحدة قرارت باحترام وتأمين حماية أهل التبت وذلك أعوام 1959 و1961 و1965. كما قام بزيارات عديدة لزعماء سياسين ودينين حول العالم كان أبرزها زيارته للبابا الراحل يوحنا بولس الثاني.

تقدم الدالاي لاما باقتراح للحكومة الصينية عام 1987 يكون التبت بموجبه منطقة سلام تتوقف فيه عمليات إسكان قومية الهان في الإقليم. وبالرغم من حصوله على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 1989 إلا أن نظرة الصين له لم تتغير على اعتباره زعيماً لحركة تمرد انفصالية. وفي عام 1993 انهارت المحادثات بين الجانبين، وفي عام 2002 بعث غياتسو ممثلين عنه إلى بكين ولاسا عاصمة التبت لإعادة الحياة للحوار مع الحكومة الصينية دون إحراز أي نتيجة تذكر. وفي خطابه الذي ألقاه عام 2006 بمناسبة مرور ستين عاماً على الغزو الصيني للتبت قال الدالاي لاما أن هدفه هو الوصول للحكم الذاتي لإقليمه وليس الانفصال عن جمهورية الصين الشعبية.

مصادر

 نبذة عن الدلاي لاما. الأحد 16 مارس 2008 موقع بي بي سي العربي

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي للدالاي لاما تينزن غياتسو
 الموقع الرسمي لإدارة التبت المركزية باللغة العربية
 الموسوعة البريطانية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من هايدونغ
اشتراكية بوذية
إنسانيون
بوذيون
تبتيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
حائزو جوائز رامون ماجسايساي
حائزون على جائزة نوبل للسلام
حائزون على ميدالية الكونغرس الذهبية
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة سانتياغو دي تشيلي
حاصلون على جائزة الحريات الأربع
دالاي لاما
رجال دين صينيون
رجال نسويون
رهبان بوذيون في القرن 21
رهبان بوذيون من التبت
زعماء الحرب العالمية الثانية
فلاسفة القرن 20
فلاسفة القرن 21
لاعنفيون
مواليد 1935
ناشطو حرية التبت
ناشطو حقوق مدنية
نسويون بوذيون
دعاة سلام بوذيون

تينزن غياتسو


الخِلاف ضيق الأوراق أو الزيزفون السوري أو الزيتون الروسي أو الزيتونية أو زقوم بلدي أو طبي الكلبة أو سَوْجَر أو زيزفون الشرق  نوع من الشجيرات أو الأشجار من جنس الخلاف من الفصيلة الخلافية. يعرف في بلاد الشام بالزيزفون، وهذا خطأ شائع لأنه يختلف جذرياً عن الزيزفون.

الوصف النباتي
يكون ارتفاع الشجرة من 5-8 أمتار. أوراقها موبّرة رمحية متطاولة طولها من 2 إلى 6 سم سطحها العلوي فضي والسفلي رمادي، وهذا اللون من أهم ما يميز الشجرة. النورات صغيرة متجمعة في إبط الأوراق لها رائحة زكية جداً يفوح عبيرها في نيسان على مسافةٍ بعيدةٍ جداً. الثمرة فضية تشبه ثمرة الزيتون.

مراجع

أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
بونساي
خلاف (نبات)
خلافية
نباتات آسيا الوسطى
نباتات أذربيجان
نباتات شرق أوروبا
نباتات غرب آسيا
نباتات مالطا
نباتات مجتاحة
نباتات وصفت في 1753

خلاف ضيق الأوراق


Lotherus o Lother según Saxo Grammaticus en su Gesta Danorum fue uno de los primeros reyes legendarios de la protohistoria de Dinamarca durante los primeros siglos de la Era cristiana. Lotherus era hermano de Humblus, ambos hijos de Danus y la matriarca Grytha, muy reverenciada entre los teutones. Dice la leyenda que entre los antiguos, existía la tradición de escoger rey jurando sobre unas piedras plantadas en el suelo y Humblus fue elegido, pero su hermano Lotherus llevaba la malicia consigo y fue a la guerra para obtener el poder, obligó a vender la corona a su hermano a cambio de su vida, la única salida que le ofreció tras su derrota.

Lotherus fue un rey insoportable, malvado, instaurando un reino lleno de arrogancia y crimen, hasta que su pueblo se levantó en armas y fue derrocado. Su maldad era tal, que cuando perdió la corona, se regocijó de su desgracia como si fuera una bendición.

La leyenda cita a Lotherus como descendiente de Danus, patriarca de todos los daneses.

Referencias

Véase también
 Reinos vikingos de Dinamarca
 Heremod

Bibliografía
 Dumézil, Georges (1973). From Myth to Fiction : The Saga of Hadingus. Trans. Derek Coltman. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-16972-3.
 Davidson, Hilda Ellis (ed.) and Peter Fisher (tr.) (1999). Saxo Grammaticus : The History of the Danes : Books I-IX. Bury St Edmunds: St Edmundsbury Press. ISBN 0-85991-502-6. First published 1979-1980.

Enlaces externos
 Elton, Oliver (tr.) (1905). The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus. New York: Norroena Society. Disponible en línea
 Olrik, J. and H. Ræder (1931). Saxo Grammaticus : Gesta Danorum. Disponible en línea

Reyes vikingos legendarios de Dinamarca

Lotherus


Ermengol V. (također Armengol V.; katalonski: Ermengol V d'Urgell; šp.: Ermengol V de Urgel; 1071./75. – 14. rujna 1102.) bio je španjolski plemić, grof Urgella. Znan je na španjolskom kao Ermengol el de Mollerusa (Mayeruca) – "Ermengol od Molleruse". Neko je vrijeme živio u Kastilji, gdje se i oženio.

Bio je sin i nasljednik grofa Ermengola IV. Majka mu je najvjerojatnije bila gospa Lucija (Lucía), prva supruga Ermengolovog oca. Godine 1092. Ermengol V. je naslijedio oca.

Brak
Ermengol je 1095. god. oženio Mariju Pérez od Valladolida. Marija i njezin muž bili su roditelji Don Ermengola VI., Doñe Terezije i Doñe Estefaníje.

Izvori i bilješke

Vanjske poveznice
Ermengol V d'Urgell

Grofovi Urgella

Ermengol V.


Gay-Lussac's law usually refers to Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes of gases, discovered in 1808 and published in 1809.  However, it sometimes refers to the proportionality of the volume of a gas to its absolute temperature at constant pressure.  The latter law was published by Gay-Lussac in 1802, but in the article in which he described his work, he cited earlier unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles. Consequently, the volume-temperature proportionality is usually known as Charles's Law.

Law of combining volumes

The law of combining volumes states that when gases chemically react together, they do so in amounts by volume which bear small whole-number ratios (the volumes calculated at standard temperature and pressure).

The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the gaseous products can be expressed in simple whole numbers.

For example, Gay-Lussac found that two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen would react to form two volumes of gaseous water. Based on Gay-Lussac's results, Amedeo Avogadro hypothesized that, at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of molecules (Avogadro's law). This hypothesis meant that the previously stated result
2 volumes of hydrogen + 1 volume of oxygen = 2 volume of gaseous water
could also be expressed as
2 molecules of hydrogen + 1 molecule of oxygen = 2 molecule of water.

It can also be expressed in another way of example,
100 mL of hydrogen combine with 50 mL of oxygen to give 100 mL of water vapour.
Hydrogen(100 mL) + Oxygen(50 mL) = Water(100 mL)

Thus, the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen which combine (i.e., 100mL and 50mL) bear a simple ratio of 2:1.

The law of combining gases was made public by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808. However, Avogadro's hypothesis was not initially accepted by chemists until the Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro convinced the First International Chemical Congress in 1860.

Pressure-temperature law

In the 17th century Guillaume Amontons discovered a regular relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas at constant volume. Some introductory physics textbooks still define the pressure-temperature relationship as Gay-Lussac's law. Gay-Lussac primarily investigated the relationship between volume and temperature and published it in 1802, but his work did cover some comparison between pressure and temperature. Given the relative technology available to both men, Amontons could only work with air as a gas, whereas Gay-Lussac was able to experiment with multiple types of common gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.

Volume-temperature law

Regarding the volume-temperature relationship, Gay-Lussac attributed his findings to Jacques Charles because he used much of Charles's unpublished data from 1787 – hence, the law became known as Charles's law or the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac.

Amontons's, Charles', and Boyle's law form the combined gas law. These three gas laws in combination with Avogadro's law can be generalized by the ideal gas law.

Gay-Lussac used the formula acquired from ΔV/V = αΔT to define the rate of expansion α for gases. For air, he found a relative expansion ΔV/V = 37.50% and obtained a value of α = 37.50%/100°C = 1/266.66°C which indicated that the value of absolute zero was approximately 266.66°C below 0°C. The value of the rate of expansion α is approximately the same for all gases and this is also sometimes referred to as Gay-Lussac's Law. See the introduction to this article, and Charles's Law.

See also

References

Further reading

Gas laws

de:Thermische Zustandsgleichung idealer Gase#Gesetz von Amontons
ga:Dlí Gay-Lussac

Gay-Lussac's law


Sūrīd bin Salhouk (, également connu sous le nom de Saurit, Saurid, et plus communément appelé Surid) est un roi légendaire de la tradition copte et islamique médiévale qui aurait vécu avant le déluge.

Dans les légendes, Surid était souvent confondu ou identifié avec le prophète biblique Hénoch, le prophète musulman Idriss, et Hermès Trismégiste. Surid, entre autres réalisations, a souvent été crédité de la construction des pyramides de Gizeh. Une légende en particulier raconte que, trois cents ans avant le déluge, Surid a fait un rêve terrifiant de fin du monde, et qu'il a donc ordonné la construction des pyramides afin qu'elles puissent abriter tout le savoir de l'Égypte et survivre jusqu'à nos jours.

Selon Martyn Smith, « L'histoire de Surid et de sa construction antédiluvienne des pyramides leur assigne une place dans l'histoire sacrée et établit un terrain narratif neutre sur lequel musulmans et chrétiens pourraient s'accorder. »

Voir aussi
 Khéops
 Hénoch
 Idris (prophète)
 Livre d'Hénoch

Références

Bibliographie

Prophète de l'islam
Roi légendaire
Coptologie
Pyramide de Gizeh

Surid Ibn Salhouk


Dave & Buster's (stylized in all caps) is an American restaurant and entertainment business headquartered in Dallas. Each Dave & Buster's has a full-service restaurant, full bar, and a video arcade. As of September 2023, the company has 156 locations in the United States, two in Puerto Rico and two in Canada.

History

The first Dave & Buster's was opened in Dallas in 1982 by David Corriveau and James "Buster" Corley. Corley had previously operated a bar called "Buster's" in Little Rock, Arkansas, next door to a saloon and game parlor called "Cash McCool's", owned by Corriveau. After opening Dave & Buster's, the two operated as co-CEOs.

In 1989, Edison Brothers Stores purchased a majority ownership in the restaurant to finance further expansion into other cities. Dave & Buster's was spun off from Edison Brothers, and went public with Andy Newman as chairman in 1995. By 1997 the chain had ten locations across the country.

D&B acquired nine Jillian's locations after Jillian's filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy in 2004. Seven of these Jillian's locations were rebranded with the Dave & Buster's name, while two were closed following the acquisition. The company announced on December 8, 2005, that it would be acquired by private equity firm Wellspring Capital Management.
On July 16, 2008, Dave & Buster's Holdings Inc, filed with the SEC to again become a publicly traded company. The company had set a date for the Initial public offering IPO of October 5, 2012. However, it pulled out right before it opened. In June 2010, Oak Hill Capital Partners, in partnership with the company's management team, completed its acquisition of Dave & Buster's from Wellspring Capital Management.

In October 2014, Dave & Buster's launched a second IPO, selling 5.88 million shares at an offering price range of $16–18. The offering raised $94 million, to be used for debt repayments. Shares are traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange using the symbol PLAY.

Dave & Buster's, as with all other entertainment and restaurant businesses, was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to restrictions on non-essential businesses. The company's same-store sales fell by 70% during fiscal year 2020. As restrictions eased, the company began to recover in fiscal year 2021, being down only 10%, although Omicron variant resulted in a decrease in the fourth quarter of 2021.

Dave & Buster's CEO Brian Jenkins retired in September 2021, with chairman Kevin Sheehan named interim CEO. On April 6, 2022, Dave & Buster's announced that it would acquire the Plano, Texas-based family entertainment center chain Main Event Entertainment from Ardent Leisure and RedBird Capital Partners for $835 million, with its CEO Chris Morris becoming the new CEO of Dave & Buster's upon the completion of the sale in June 2022. Main Event will operate alongside the main Dave & Buster's chain, differentiated by their formats (with Main Event locations typically being larger than the average Dave & Buster's location, and including activities such as bowling and laser tag) and market positioning (with Main Event having typically targeted families, and Dave & Buster's having typically targeted young adults). Dave & Buster's has not ruled out the possibility of converting some of its larger locations to the Main Event format, and opening smaller Dave & Busters locations in the same market to supplant them.

Operations

Food and drinks
Items on the Dave & Buster's menu are offered from early lunch until late night and include pastas, burgers, steaks, seafood, chicken and desserts. The menu is frequently updated to reflect current trends and guest favorites. Some locations serve Sunday brunch. Buffets are available for special events and private parties. All D&Bs offer full bar service. Dave & Buster's is more targeted towards an adult clientele than most location-based entertainment in general, with all guests under 21 required to be accompanied by a guardian and only allowed in until 10 p.m.

Games
Dave & Buster's dubbed their arcade section, which features interactive games and simulators, "Million Dollar Midway". In 1997, Dave & Buster's introduced the Power Card, a declining balance card or 'debit card' that replaces traditional tokens and tickets, and is required to activate most arcade games and can be reloaded at so called "power stations". The Power Card is intended to enable customers to activate games more easily and encourage extended play of games to increase customer spending. By replacing most coin operations, the Power Card has reduced the technical difficulties and maintenance issues associated with coin-operated equipment.  In 2015, Dave & Buster's installed proximity game card readers that allow guests to simply tap on the readers to play. Since 2020, Power Cards have been able to be added to Google Pay and Apple Wallet through the DING DING DING app.

Events and sponsorships
Dave & Buster's is a corporate sponsor of the Ultimate Fighting Championship organization. There are screening rooms for every UFC pay-per-view and episode of The Ultimate Fighter. D&B also sponsors the charity Dave Bevans' Children in the fundraising event "D&B for DB's".

Prior sponsorships include a World Wrestling Entertainment match and a 2009 tour by the rock band Bowling for Soup. The WWE match took place on the July 20, 2009, edition of WWE Raw on the USA Network. It is believed to be the first match on any WWE program to have a specific sponsor associated with it.

Dave & Buster's also sponsors postgame reports of San Jose Sharks games.

International
The firm opened a UK restaurant in 1998 in Cribbs Causeway. Another restaurant was subsequently opened in Solihull. The UK restaurants were unsucessfull and both have since closed.

In 2022, the firm announced a franchise deal that would see it expand into Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Egypt.

Death of founders

On January 2, 2023, co-founder James "Buster" Corley died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound sustained in his home near White Rock Lake. His daughter Kate Corley said that her father had not been the same after suffering a stroke four months earlier that caused severe damage to the communication and personality part of his brain. David "Dave" Corriveau died in 2015.

References

External links

1982 establishments in Texas
Companies based in Dallas
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Entertainment companies established in 1982
Entertainment companies of the United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
restaurants in Dallas
Restaurants established in 1982
Video arcades

Dave & Buster's


Isla Beaglehttp://www.itouchmap.com/?c=ec&UF=-924714&UN=-1368578&DG=ISL (antiguamente conocida en inglés como "Breakfast Isle") es el nombre que recibe una de las islas del archipiélago de las Galápagos ubicada en el océano Pacífico al oeste extremo del país suramericano de Ecuador. Se localiza en las coordenadas geográficas  en el Canal de San Salvador y está separada por un canal estrecho de la Isla de San Salvador (Santiago) ubicada muy cerca al norte, al oeste se encuentra la Isla Rábida, al sureste las Islas Guy Fawkes y al noreste las Rocas Bainbridge.

Referencias

Véase también
 Geografía de Ecuador
 Océano Pacífico

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Islas del archipiélago de las islas Galápagos

Isla Beagle