This is a list of aviation-related events from 1950:

Events
 Arrow Air is founded.
 The Piper Aircraft Corporation purchases the Stinson Aircraft Company
 The Brazilian Navy begins to reestablish an air arm of its own when an aeronautics directorate is created within the Ministry of the Navy.

January
 The Pan American Airways Corporation officially renames itself Pan American World Airways, the name the airline had begun to use for itself unofficially in 1943.
 January 3 – A Pan American Boeing 377 Stratocruiser makes the first commercial nonstop flight from Tokyo, Japan, to Honolulu, Hawaii.
 January 5 – Attempting to land at Koltsovo Airport at Sverdlovsk in the Soviet Unions Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic during a heavy snowstorm with high winds, a Soviet Air Force Lisunov Li-2 crashes, killing all 19 people on board. Almost the entire Soviet Air Force ice hockey team, VVS Moscow – 11 players, a team physician, and a masseur – dies in the crash.
 January 21 – A TAM–Transporte Aéreo Militar Douglas C-47 Skytrain (registration TAM-10) on a domestic flight in poor weather in Bolivia crashes near Vacas, killing all 32 people on board the aircraft and one woman on the ground.
 January 24 – A Société Transatlantique Aérienne (STA) Douglas C-47A-50-DL Skytrain (registration F-BFGD) on a domestic flight in Madagascar crashes into a  mountain  west of Tamatave, killing all 14 people on board.
 January 26 – A United States Air Force Strategic Air Command C-54D-1-DC Skymaster with 44 people on board disappears without trace over Canadas Yukon Territory near Snag during a flight from Elmendorf Air Force Base outside Anchorage, Territory of Alaska, to Great Falls Air Force Base in Cascade County, Montana. No wreckage or bodies are ever found.
 January 31
The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff estimate that the Soviet Union will have 10 to 20 atomic bombs by mid-1950 and 70 to 135 by mid-1953, and recommends that the United States Air Forces air defense capability in the United States be increased from 30 to 67 squadrons.
President of the United States Harry S. Truman announces that he has ordered the United States Government to develop the hydrogen bomb.

February
 Early February – A U.S. Weapon Systems Evaluation Group reports that the U.S. Air Forces Strategic Air Command would suffer heavy losses in an air offensive against the Soviet Union, with the most favorable assumptions allowing 70 to 85 percent of atomic bombs to be delivered to their targets. It estimates bomber losses of about 35 percent in night raids and 50 percent in daylight raids, and that the bombers could deliver the planned 292 atomic bombs called for in the initial attack but would suffer losses too high to allow the follow-on strikes with conventional bombs required by U.S. war plans.
 February 13 – A U.S. Air Force B-36B Peacemaker bomber participating in the first full-scale practice for a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union suffers the failure of all six of its engines during a mission to simulate a Soviet nuclear attack on San Francisco, California. The crew jettisons the Mark 4 atomic bomb the plane is carrying, which detonates over the Pacific Ocean in the first loss of a nuclear weapon, then bails out – which 12 of the 17 men on board survive – over Princess Royal Island, British Columbia, Canada, leaving the plane to fly on autopilot out over the Pacific Ocean and crash. Instead, some of its engines apparently recover power on their own, and the bomber flies unmanned for several hours and crashes on a remote mountainside in northern British Columbia; this remains unknown until it is discovered lying almost intact on the mountain in 1953.
 Mid-February – A U.S. military Joint Advanced Study Committee reports that the United States will have to rely heavily on atomic weapons in achieving its strategic objectives in a war with the Soviet Union, with early atomic strikes critical during a war. It finds that the U.S. Air Force will have to strike Soviet atomic bomb assembly and storage sites and Soviet Air Force long-range bomber bases early in a conflict to protect the United States from Soviet atomic attacks.
 Late February – The U.S. Joint Intelligence Committee reports that at the beginning of a war the Soviet Air Force could field 1,725 long-range bombers and 18,325 other aircraft and that the Soviet Navy could deploy 3,225 aircraft, while the United States Navy could deploy four fleet aircraft carriers off Europe. It notes that the U.S. Air Force has 14 bomber and  fighter groups.

March
 Sixty aircraft from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier  make a tight-formation flyover over Saigon in the State of Vietnam to encourage the population and government there to support the French in French Indochina and oppose the expansion of communism, beginning U.S. aid to the French in the region.
 March 7 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 307, a Martin 2-0-2, hits a flagpole and crashes into a house in Minneapolis, Minnesota, while on approach to Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport, klling all 13 people aboard the plane and two children in the house.
 March 12 – The Llandow air disaster occurs, as the Avro Tudor V airliner Star Girl (G-AKBY) on a private charter flight from Dublin, Ireland, crashes on final approach to Lladow aerodrome in South Wales. Three passengers survive, but 80 people (75 passengers and all five crew members) die in the worst aviation accident in history to that time.
 March 15 – The last operational prototype of the United States Air Force's Northrop YB-49 jet-powered flying wing bomber is destroyed when its nose gear collapses during high-speed taxiing tests simulating takeoff runs at Muroc Air Force Base, California. The incident brings the YB-49 bomber program to an end, although the U.S. Air Force continues development of the YRB-49A reconnaissance version of the aircraft.
 March 20 – The Royal Air Force sends Avro Lincoln bombers to Singapore for use against the Communist guerillas of Malaya in the Malayan Emergency.
 March 24 – Three CSA Czech Airlines Douglas DC-3 airliners carrying a combined 85 people are hijacked during domestic flights – one flying from Brno to Prague, one from Ostrava to Prague, and one from Bratislava to Prague – over Czechoslovakia and forced to fly to Erding Air Base in the American occupation zone in Allied-occupied Germany. Twenty-six of the people on board choose to remain in Germany rather than return to Czechoslovakia.
 March 25 – A Devlet Hava Yollari (DHY) Douglas C-47A-75-DL Skytrain (registration TC-BAL) crashes and catches fire on landing at Etimesgut Airport in Ankara, Turkey, killing all 15 people on board.
 March 28
A SEMAF Latécoère 631 flying boat (registration F-WANU) suffers a mechanical failure and crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off Cap Ferret, France, during a test flight, killing all 12 people on board.
 A Douglas C-47 Skytrain on a United States Embassy flight from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, to Washington, D.C., catches fire in mid-air and crashes on a snow-covered farm near Ramsayville. One man parachutes to safety, and but the other five people on board are killed, including United States Ambassador to Canada Laurence Steinhardt.

April
 April 5 – To demonstrate support for the government of Synghman Rhee in South Korea, the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier  arrives in the Yellow Sea off Inchon, South Korea, and flies her F9F Panther, F4U Corsair, and AD Skyraider aircraft over the city in a show of strength.
 April 8 – A Soviet Lavochkin La-11 (NATO reporting name "Fang") fighter shoots down a United States Navy PB4Y Privateer maritime patrol aircraft over the Baltic Sea. The Privateers entire crew of 10 men dies.
 April 10 – A Royal Pakistan Air Force Douglas C-47 Skytrain crashes into a mountain near Suberi in Rajasthan, Pakistan, killing all 12 people on board.
April 11 – A United States Air Force B-29 Superfortress carrying a nuclear bomb and four spare detonators for it crashes into a mountain near Manzano Base three minutes after takeoff from Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico, starting a fire visible for  and killing its entire crew of 13. The bomb is damaged, but all nuclear components and the detonators are recovered.
 April 18 – The worlds first flight by a turboprop-powered flying boat takes place, when the U.S. Navys Convair XP5Y-1, prototype of the R3Y Tradewind, flies for the first time at San Diego, California.
 April 21 –  off course during a flight from Kadena Air Base on Okinawa to Tachikawa Airfield in Tokyo, Japan, a U.S. Air Force Douglas C-54D-10-DC Skymaster crashes into the side of  Mount Hirugatake, killing all 35 people on board. It is the second-deadliest aviation accident in Japanese history at the time.

May
 May 2 – An Avianca Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain on a domestic flight in Ecuador crashes in mountainous terrain just north of Chimborazo near Simiatug, killing all 15 people on board. Its wreckage is discovered on May 4.
 May 24 – A Limitada Nacional de Servicio Aéreo Douglas C-47A-55-DL Skytrain crashes into the stratovolcano Galeras just west of Pasto, Colombia, killing 26 of the 27 people on board. The only survivor is a 10-year-old girl.
 May 30 – After an Aerovias Brasil Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain (registration PP-AVZ) begins a descent from  through clouds, it encounters severe turbulence that causes the displacement of passengers and cargo. The crew loses control of the aircraft, which enters a dive too steep for its design limits, loses both its wings, and crashes near Ilhéus, Brazil, killing 13 of the 15 people on board.

June
 During the month, Overseas National Airways is founded.
 June 1
British European Airways commences the first regular passenger service to be flown by helicopter, between Liverpool and Cardiff.
Arizona Airways, Challenger Airlines, and Monarch Airlines merge to form Frontier Airlines.
 June 5 – After both its engines overheat during an evening flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Wilmington, North Carolina, a Westair Transport Curtiss C-46F Commando ditches in the Atlantic Ocean  east of Melbourne, Florida. Twenty-eight passengers die, but all three crew members and the other 34 passengers make it into life rafts. The next day, they are found by a United States Coast Guard aircraft and rescued by the United States Navy destroyer .
 June 9 – During a flight from Kingston, Jamaica, to Maracaibo, Venezuela, a New Tribes Mission Douglas DC-3 (registration N16030) strikes a tree about  above the ground on a mountaintop in the Serrania de Valledupar Range, loses parts of both its wings, crashes inverted at an elevation of  near the top of a mountain  east-northeast of Fonseca, Colombia, and catches fire, killing all 15 people on board. Its wreckage is not discovered until July 6.
 June 12 – The Air France Douglas DC-4 Ciel de Picardie crashes into the Persian Gulf southeast of Bahrain while on approach to land there after a flight from Karachi, killing 46 of the 52 people on board.
 June 13 – The prototype of the Cierva W.11 Air Horse helicopter (registration G-ALCV) crashes at Eastleigh, Hampshire, England, due to a transmission failure, killing all three people on board. Cierva Autogiro Company chief test pilot Alan Marsh is among the dead.
 June 14 – The Air France Douglas DC-4 Ciel de Gascogne crashes into the Persian Gulf southeast of Bahrain while on approach to land there after a flight from Karachi, killing 40 of the 53 people on board. The crash occurs within a mile (1.6 km) of the virtually identical Air France crash two days earlier.
 June 19 – The U.S. Navy Martin JRM-2 Mars flying boat Caroline Mars sets a new record for the number of passengers carried in a single aircraft over the Pacific Ocean, carrying 144 men on a 2,609-mile (4,201-km) flight from San Diego, California, to Honolulu, Hawaii.
 June 23 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2501, a Douglas DC-4, crashes into Lake Michigan  north-northwest of Benton Harbor, Michigan, after entering a squall line and turbulence, killing all 58 people on board. It is the deadliest commercial airliner accident in American history at the time.
 June 24 – U.S. President Harry Truman dedicates Friendship International Airport – the future Baltimore–Washington International Airport – in Baltimore, Maryland.
 June 25
The Korean War breaks out as North Korea invades South Korea. The North Korean Air Force totals 210 mostly obsolete Soviet-made planes. The South Korean Air Force has 16 planes, 13 of them observation aircraft.
The United States Air Force begins evacuating American citizens from South Korea.
 June 26 – The Australian National Airways Douglas DC-4 Amana crashes northwest of York, Western Australia, killing all 28 people on board. It is the second-deadliest aviation accident and deadliest civil aviation accident in Australian history at the time.
 June 27
 Flying a [Lockheed F-80C] U.S. Air Force [1st Lieutenant] [Robert "Bob" E Wayne] shoots down 2 North Korean Air Force [Soviet made] Ilyushin-2 Shturmovik fighters in the first American Jet victories
Flying a North American F-82 Twin Mustang, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant William G. "Skeeter" Hudson shoots down a North Korean Air Force Yakovlev Yak-9, the first air-to-air kill of the Korean War.
U.S. Air Force B-29 Superfortresses of the 19th Bombardment Group attack Seoul railway station and the bridge over the Han River in the first strategic bombing mission of the Korean War.
U.S. Air Force C-47 Skytrains and C-54 Skymasters evacuate U.S. nationals from Korea.
Japan-based PBM-5 Mariners of Patrol Squadron 47 (VP-47) begin the first U.S. Navy maritime air patrols of the Korean War.
 June 28 – U.S. Air Force B-26 Invaders fly the first United Nations strike mission into North Korea.
 June 29 – Eight C-47 Skytrain cargo aircraft cross the Pacific Ocean from the United States to French Indochina to deliver the first American military aid to French forces fighting against the Vietminh in the First Indochina War.
 June 30
A U.S. Air Force Douglas C-54D Skymaster crashes into a  high hill northwest of Pusan, South Korea, killing all 23 people on board.
F-51 Mustangs of the Royal Australian Air Forces No. 77 Squadron are sent to Korea as part of Australia's contribution to the United Nations forces in the Korean War.
Prototype four-engined SNCASE Armagnac airliner crashes at Toulouse Airport, France killing two.

July
 July 1 – The United States Air Force disestablishes its Air Defense Command.
 July 3–4 – Aircraft from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier  make the first U.S. carrier strikes since World War II ended on 15 August 1945, with F4U Corsairs, AD Skyraiders, and F9F Panthers hitting targets around Pyongyang, North Korea. The F9Fs of Fighter Squadron 51 (VF-51) become the first U.S. jet fighters to go into combat, destroying three enemy aircraft on the ground in their first strike on July 3. They also shoot down two North Korean Yak-9 fighters; Lieutenant junior grade Leonard H. Plog becomes the first U.S. Navy jet pilot to score an aerial victory. It is the combat debut for both the Skyraider and the Panther. On July 3, Supermarine Seafires of 800 Naval Air Squadron and Fairey Fireflys of 827 Naval Air Squadron from HMS Triumph fly the first non-U.S. sorties over Korea, striking Haeju.
 July 4 – Seafires and Fireflies from Triumph strike targets of opportunity in Korea, including a railway bridge and a column of North Korean troops.
 July 5 – Bahrain-based Gulf Aviation, the forerunner of Gulf Air, begins flight operations. With a fleet of seven Avro Ansons and one de Havilland DH.86B Express, it offers service from Bahrain to Doha in Qatar and to Sharjah in the Trucial States.
 July 6 – U.S. Navy Patrol Squadron 46 (VP-46), based at Buckner Bay, Okinawa, begins maritime air patrols of the Taiwan Strait and coast of China to guard against any People's Republic of China action against Taiwan while the Korean War is raging.
 July 8 – U.S. Navy Lockheed P2V-3 Neptunes of Patrol Squadron 6 (VP-6) begin air patrols along the east coast of Korea.
 July 9 – An Aigle Azur Douglas C-47A Skytrain (registration F-BFGL) crashes during its initial climb after takeoff from Casablanca-Cazes Airport in Casablanca, Morocco, killing 22 of the 29 people on board.
 July 13 – A U.S. Air Force B-50 Superfortress carrying a nuclear bomb crashes near Lebanon, Ohio, during a training mission. High-explosive components of the bomb detonate, but no nuclear explosion occurs.
 July 16 – Okinawa-based U.S. Navy PB4Y-2 Privateers of Patrol Squadron 28 (VP-28) begin patrols of the coast of the Peoples Republic of China.
 July 17 – An Indian National Airways Douglas C-47A Skytrain (registration VT-ATS) loses its left wing in flight due to severe turbulence and crashes southeast of Pathankot, India, killing all 22 people on board.
 July 18
 A Direcção de Exploração dos Transportes Aéreos (DTA) Douglas C-47A Skytrain (registration CR-LBK) crashes into Bulobulo Mountain near Bocoio, Angola, during its approach to Lobito Airport in Lobito, Angola, in bad weather and poor visibility, killing all 12 people on board.
 The Peruvian Aviation Corps is reorganized to become the Peruvian Air Force.
 July 18–19 – AD Skyraiders and F4U Corsairs from the aircraft carrier  make the first naval air strikes along the east coast of Korea, hitting targets from near Pyonggang and Wonsan north to Hungnam and Hamhung, striking railroads, industrial plants, and airfields. At Wonsan, Skyraiders completely destroy an oil refinery, which burns for days. Aircraft from HMS Triumph provide a combat air patrol and antisubmarine patrols for Task Force 77 during the strikes.
 July 22 – AD Skyraiders and F4U Corsairs from the aircraft carrier  strike targets near Haeju and Inchon, Korea,
 July 23
 Ferrying 150 U.S. Air Force North American F-51 Mustang fighters to Japan, the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier  crosses the Pacific Ocean in record time, steaming from Alameda, California, to Yokosuka, Japan, in 8 days 16 hours.
 A U.S. Air Force Curtiss C-46D Commando (serial number 44-77577) loses its left aileron during its initial climb out of Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, causing its crew to lose control of it at an altitude of between . Both of the C-46D's wings fail, and it crashes just west of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, killing all 39 people on board.
 July 24 – An Israeli Air Force Spitfire fighter opens fire on an Air Liban Douglas DC-3 (registration LR-AAN) flying from Jerusalem to Beirut, Lebanon, with 28 passengers and a crew of three on board. The attack kills three passengers, but the airliner lands safely at Beirut Airport.
 July 25 – Near the Lebanese-Israeli border, an Israeli military aircraft fires on a Middle East Airlines Douglas Dakota aircraft flying from Jerusalem to Beirut, killing the Dakotas radio operator, Antoine Wazir, in his seat in the cockpit.
 July 27 – A U.S. Air Force Douglas C-47D Skytrain (serial number 44-76439) crashes into the sea 60 Miles ENE of Haneda Air Base, Japan, 20 minutes after taking off from Haneda in Tokyo, killing 25 of the 26 people on board.
 July 28
A U.S. Air Force B-29 Superfortress mistakenly shoots down a British Fleet Air Arm Supermarine Seafire of 800 Naval Air Squadron from HMS Triumph off Korea, apparently mistaking it for a Yakovlev Yak-9.
 Encountering bad weather and a low ceiling, a Panair do Brasil Lockheed L-049 Constellation (registration PP-PCG) aborts an attempted landing at Canoas Air Force Base at Canoas, Brazil. As the crew attempts to maintain visual contact with the ground while circling for another landing attempt, the aircraft strikes the  hill Morro do Chapéu and crashes, killing all 51 people on board. At the time it is both the deadliest aviation accident in Brazilian history and the deadliest accident involving the Lockheed L-049.
 July 29
A BEA Vickers Viscount makes the first turboprop-powered passenger flight on the route London(Northolt)-Paris(Le Bourget).
 The starboard wing fuel tank of a Compagnie Air Transport (CAT) Bristol 170 Freighter 21 (registration F-BENF) explodes in flight, leading to multiple structural failures. The aircraft crashes in the Tanezrouft area of French Algeria, killing all 26 people on board. At the time it is the deadliest aviation accident in the history of Algeria.
 July 30
 An Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-12 (registration CCCP-L1803) suffers an engine failure just after takeoff from Karaganda Airport in Karaganda in the Soviet Union's Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and crashes while attempting to return to the airport, killing all 25 people on board. The aircraft had suffered engine trouble previously, but a crew performing a test flight the previous day at Alma-Ata to see whether maintenance had corrected the problem had failed to report that engine trouble persisted after the attempted repairs. At the time it is the deadliest aviation accident in the history of Kazakhstan.
 Attempting to divert from São Borja Airport to Santa Maria Airport due to poor weather during a domestic flight in Brazil, a  SAVAG (Sociedade Anônima Viação Aérea Gaúcha) Lockheed 18-10 Lodestar (registration PP-SAA) strikes a hill near São Francisco de Assis, crashes and burns, killing all 12 people on board. Brazilian politician and former aviation minister Joaquim Pedro Salgado Filho is among the dead.
 July 31 – U.S. Navy aircraft have flown 716 combat and 431 patrol sorties over and around Korea since July 1, most of them by aircraft from the aircraft carrier . U.S. Navy aviators have claimed 26 enemy aircraft destroyed and 13 probably destroyed during the period, and have destroyed numerous tanks, locomotives, power stations, and bridges. In exchange, the U.S. Navy has lost six aircraft and one aviator.

August
 United States Navy helicopters enter combat for the first time. Operating from the heavy cruiser , they principally are assigned to spotting for naval gunfire.
 The U.S. Navys Convair XP5Y-1, prototype of the R3Y Tradewind, sets a world endurance record for a turboprop-powered aircraft, remaining aloft for 8 hours 6 minutes. It covers  during the flight.
 Birth of Yang Yuanyuan, Chinese aviation safety regulator.
 Early August – From the Yellow Sea, aircraft from the U.S. Navy aircraft carriers  and  strike targets south of the 38th parallel in Korea.
 August 3 – United States Marine Corps air operations over Korea commence, with Marine Fighter Squadron 214 (VMF-214) flying strike missions from . They are the first strikes launched from an escort aircraft carrier during the Korean War.
 August 5 – Suffering propeller malfunctions on two engines and problems with retracting its landing gear after taking off from Fairfield-Suisun Air Force Base in Fairfield, California, for a flight to Guam, a United States Air Force B-29 Superfortress carrying a Mark 4 nuclear bomb crashes while attempting an emergency landing at Fairfield-Suisun and catches fire. The fire causes the bomb's high-explosive material to detonate, although no nuclear explosion occurs. The crash, fire, and explosion kill 19 rescue personnel and members of the bomber's crew, including its command pilot, Brigadier General Robert F. Travis. The base will be renamed Travis Air Force Base in his honor.
 August 11 – Two hijackers commandeer a CSA Czech Airlines airliner and force it to land near Aichach, West Germany.
 August 12 – U.S. Air Force F-51 Mustang aircraft are forced to abandon the airfield at Pohang, Korea, due to North Korean People's Army attacks against it. They return to Japan.
 August 20 – The Soviet Union terminates the Ilyushin Il-30 program.
 August 22 – The U.S. Joint Intelligence Committee estimates that the Soviet Union has 20 atomic bombs and will have 165 by 1953.
 August 27 – F-51 Mustangs of the South African Air Forces No. 2 Squadron are sent to Korea as part of South Africa's contribution to United Nations forces in the Korean War.
 August 31
 Late in the evening, North Korean troops launch a heavy assault on the Pusan Perimeter. Aircraft from the U.S. Navy aircraft carriers USS Philippine Sea (CV-47) and USS Valley Forge (CV-45) provide support to defending forces.
 After a major fire breaks out in the No. 3 engine of Trans World Airlines Flight 903 – the Lockhead L-749A Constellation Star of Maryland (registration N6004C) – during a flight from Cairo to Rome, the crew attempts to return to Cairo, but the fire worsens and the engine detaches from the aircraft. The crew then attempts a crash-landing in the Libyan Desert, but the aircraft crashes near Wadi El Natrun, Egypt, killing all 55 people on board. Among the dead are architect  Maciej Nowicki and an Egyptian film star. It is the worst accident in history involving a Lockheed L-749, and at the time it is the deadliest aviation accident in Egyptian history.

September
 The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff report that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) requires an additional 8,636 aircraft for tactical and defensive operations if NATO is engage in a successful defense forward of the Rhine River against a Soviet offensive.
September 4
Captain Robert Wayne becomes the first pilot to be rescued from behind enemy lines by a helicopter.
During U.S. Navy carrier air strikes on targets north of Inchon, Korea, four F4U Corsair fighter-bombers from the aircraft carrier  intercept a twin-engine bomber approaching Task Force 77 off Korea and Lieutenant, junior grade, Richard Downs shoots it down over the Yellow Sea after it opens fire on them. A Soviet aviators body is recovered from the water, demonstrating direct Soviet air participation in the Korean War for the first time.
Suffering an engine failure just after takeoff from Oneida County Airport outside Utica, New York, Robinson Airlines Flight 32 – a Douglas DC-3-229 (registration N18936) – crashes into a grove of trees, killing 16 of the 23 people on board.
 September 5 – To divert enemy attention from the upcoming Inchon landing, U.S. Air Force bombers begin strikes on bridges and roads around Kunsan, Korea. To contribute to the deception over the next few days, carrier aircraft from  and  strike roads and bridges to the north of Kunsan, and aircraft from  and  attack targets between Seoul and Pyongyang.
 September 6 – A U.S. Air Force Douglas C-54D-5-DC Skymaster crashes just after takeoff from Itami Airport in Osaka, Japan, killing all 11 people on board. Three International News Service journalists are among the dead.
 September 8 – The first air launch of a Douglas Skyrocket research aircraft takes place. Bill Bridgeman pilots the aircraft, which is launched from a U.S. Navy Boeing P2B-1S Superfortress.
 September 10, 13, and 14 – United Nations carrier aircraft soften up targets in the Inchon area in preparation for the landing there.
 September 15 – Task Force 77, centered on five U.S. Navy aircraft carriers and one Royal Navy carrier, supports the U.S. Marine Corps assault on Green Beach, paving the way for the Inchon landing.
 September 17 – The only North Korean Air Force response to the Inchon landing takes place, when two Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters attack the U.S. Navy heavy cruiser  and Royal Navy light cruiser  off Inchon. They hit Rochesters aircraft crane with a  bomb that fails to explode and score seven near-misses, killing one man aboard Jamaica. Jamaica shoots one of them down.
 September 19 – A U.S. Navy Douglas R5D-3 Skymaster crashes into the Pacific Ocean just after takeoff from Dyess Army Airfield on Roi-Namur in Kwajalein Atoll, killing all 26 people on board.
 September 21
 A Jat Airways Douglas C-47A-25-DK Skytrain crashes on landing at Lučko Airport in Lučko in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, killing 10 of the 11 people on board.
A Bell 47 becomes the first helicopter to fly over the Alps.
 September 22 – U.S. Air Force Colonel David Schilling makes the first non-stop crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in a jet fighter, flying a Republic EF-84E Thunderjet from the United Kingdom to the United States in 10 hours 2 minutes with three aerial refuelings. The flight demonstrates that large numbers of fighters could be moved quickly across the Atlantic.
 September 26 – A U.S. Air Force Douglas C-54D-1-DC Skymaster taking part in the airlift of troops and supplies to Korea crashes into the sea just after takeoff from Ashiya Air Field in Ashiya, Japan, killing 23 of the 51 people on board.
 September 28 – Gulf Aviation, the forerunner of Gulf Air, inaugurates service between Bahrain and Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

October
 Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s from the 29th Fighter Aviation Regiment are supplied to support the North Korean Air Force. They are flown by Soviet and Chinese pilots.
 October 1 – The Royal Danish Air Force is re-established.
 October 3 – A U.S. Navy HO3S-1 helicopter from the light cruiser  is assigned to assist minesweepers clearing the harbor at Wonsan, Korea. It is the first time helicopters assist in naval minesweeping.
 October 14 – The U.S. Navy aircraft carrier  joins the aircraft carriers , , and  in Task Force 77 off Korea. It is the first time since 1945 that four Essex-class aircraft carriers have operated together.
 October 17 – After mechanical problems force its crew to shut down one engine just after takeoff from Northolt Airport in London, a British European Airways Douglas C-47A-1-DK Dakota C.3 attempts to return to the airport. It strikes trees and crashes at Mill Hill, killing 28 of the 29 people on board.
 October 20 – U.S. paratroops cut off supplies from Pyongyang, Korea.
 October 31 – The British European Airways Vickers VC.1 Viking Lord St. Vincent (G-AHPN) crashes while landing in thick fog at London Airport, killing 28 of the 30 people on board.

November
 November 1 – In the Korean War, United States Air Force F-51 Mustang fighters report coming under fire by Soviet-built MiG-15 jet fighters. It is the first encounter between United Nations forces and the MiG-15.
 November 3 – The Lockheed L-749A Constellation Malabar Princess, operating as Air India Flight 245, crashes on Mont Blanc in France, killing all 48 people on board. In 1966, Air India Flight 101 will crash in almost exactly the same spot.
 November 7
BOAC retires its last flying boat airliner from service.
On approach to Butte Municipal Airport in Butte, Montana, Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 115 – a Martin 2-0-2 (registration N93040) – crashes into a ridge  below its crest at an altitude of   from the airport control tower, killing all 21 people on board.
 November 8 – In the Korean War, the first jet-vs.-jet combat in history takes place, between United States Air Force F-80C Shooting Stars escorting B-29 Superfortress bombers and Soviet-made MiG-15s. U.S. Air Force First Lieutenant Russell Brown shoots down a MiG-15, the first victory by a jet over another jet.
 November 9 – Flying an F9F Panther, United States Navy Lieutenant Commander William T. Armen shoots down a MiG-15. It is the first victory by a U.S. Navy jet over another jet.
 November 9–20 – U.S. Navy AD Skyraiders and F4U Corsairs from the aircraft carriers  and  attempt to destroy railroad and highway bridges across the Yalu River. They destroy the highway bridge at Sinuiju and two bridges at Hysanjin and damage other bridges, although the railroad bridge at Sinuiju remains standing. Escorting F9F Panthers shoot down three MiG-15s. Nearly 600 sorties are flown, and no U.S. aircraft are lost.
November 10 – During a flight to return a Mark 4 nuclear bomb secretly deployed in Canada to the United States, a U.S. Air Force B-50 Superfortress suffers engine trouble and jettisons the bomb over the St. Lawrence River near Rivière-du-Loup, Québec, Canada, at an altitude of , set to self-destruct at an altitude of . The explosion shakes residents of the area and scatters nearly  of uranium-238 over the countryside.
 November 13 – A Curtiss Reid Flying Services C-54B-1-DC Skymaster flying  off course crashes on  Tête de l'Obiou mountain south of Grenoble, France, killing all 58 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in French history at the time.
 November 22 – Flying in fog, a New Tribes Mission Douglas DC-3C (registration N74586) crashes into Wyoming's Mount Moran at an altitude of , killing all 21 people on board, including eight children. A rescue party discovers the wreckage on November 25, but its location precludes recovery of the aircraft or bodies.
 November 23 – A Faucett Perú Douglas C-47B-25-DK Skytrain (registration OB-PAU-201) crashes at Cuzco, Peru, killing all nine people on board.
 November 25 – The People's Republic of China launches a major offensive across the Yalu River against United Nations forces in Korea. Under terrible winter weather conditions, United Nations aircraft are heavily committed to supporting ground forces, which are driven out of northern Korea by the end of the year.
 November 28 – An Indonesian Air Force Douglas C-47B-25-DK Skytrain (registration T-446) crashes into Mount Galunggung on Java south of Bandung, Indonesia, killing all 15 of the 27 people on board. in 1970, the airport at Banjarmasin in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, will be named Syamsudin Noor Airport in honor of one of the flight's pilots.
 November 30 – After a rushed replenishment in Japan, the U.S. Navys Task Force 77 returns to action off Korea, its aircraft carriers launching 39 sorties during the day in support of United Nations forces retreating in the face of the Chinese offensive in northern Korea.

December
 President of the United States Harry S. Truman authorizes the storage of unassembled atomic bomb components aboard a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier in East Asia.
 December 1
The United States Air Force removes the Tactical Air Command from the control of the Continental Air Command. The Tactical Air Command returns to the status of a major command for the first time since December 1948.
 An Iran Air Douglas C-47A-25-DK Skytrain (registration EP-AAJ) crashes into a mountain northwest of Chamaran, Iran, killing all eight people on board.
 December 2–25 – Four hundred aircraft from seven United Nations aircraft carriers support U.N. ground forces with air strikes while U.S. Air Force aircraft drop supplies to them as they break out of their encirclement in northern Korea and are evacuated successfully by sea from Hungnam in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.
 December 3 – The carrier aircraft of U.S. Navy Task Force 77 are tasked solely with support to United Nations ground forces in northern Korea retreating in the face of the Chinese offensive toward an evacuation at Hungnam, flying reconnaissance missions, attacking Chinese positions, and escorting military transport aircraft flying supplies into Hagaru-ri. Air controllers handle 359 U.N. aircraft on this day, most of them from Task Force 77.
 December 4
The Fighter Squadron 32 (VF-32) F4U Corsair of the first African American naval aviator, U.S. Navy Ensign Jesse L. Brown, operating off of the aircraft carrier , suddenly loses power while supporting the 1st Marine Divisions breakout from the Chosin Reservoir, forcing Brown to make a hard crash-landing, in which he is injured. His wingman, Lieutenant, junior grade, Thomas J. Hudner, crash-lands his own Corsair near Browns and attempts to help Brown, as does the pilot of a United States Marine Corps Sikorsky HO3S-1 helicopter that arrives later, but Brown dies before they can extricate him from the wreckage. For his actions, Hudner becomes the first member of the U.S. Navy to receive the Medal of Honor during the Korean War.
A Pan American World Airways Boeing 307 Strato-Clipper sets a new record time for a commercial flight from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Los Angeles California, making the trip in 7 hours 20 minutes.
 December 5 – Task Force 77 aircraft carriers launch a record 248 sorties in support of U.N. forces retreating toward Hungnam.
 December 6 – Douglas Dakotas of 13 Flight Royal Hellenic Air Force evacuate American casualties from the Chosin Reservoir.
 December 7 – Despite bad winter weather, aircraft of the Task Force 77 aircraft carriers , , , , and  fly 216 sorties in support of United Nations forces retreating toward Hungnam.
 December 8 – During its initial climb about four minutes after takeoff from Bangui Airport in Bangui, Ubangi-Shari, French Equatorial Africa, a Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux (TAI) Douglas C-54A-DO Skymaster (registration F-BELB) crashes into high ground  south of the airport, killing 46 of the 56 people on board. It is the worst aviation accident in the history of what would become the Central African Republic.
 December 9 – In Korea, Royal Australian Air Force 77 Squadron replaces its F-51 Mustangs with Gloster Meteors.
 December 13 – After its crew makes a navigational error, an Air India Douglas C-47B-5-DK Skytrain (registration VT-CFK) crashes into high ground near Rangaswamy Pillar, Kotagiri, India, killing all 21 people on board (including the statistician Abraham Wald).
 December 15 – An Avensa Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain (registration YV-C-AVU) crashes into mountains near Valera, Venezuela, killing all 31 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Venezuelan history at the time.
 December 17 – The United States Air Force F-86 Sabre fighter begins operations in the Korean War; four F-86s engage four MiG-15s and shoot down one of them.
 December 18 – Two French Air Force Junkers Ju 52s (registration 328/F-RBEH and 384/F-RBDK) are involved in an accident at Tourane, French Indochina, killing all 30 people aboard the two aircraft. At the time, it is the second-deadliest aviation accident in the history of what would later become Vietnam.
 December 19 – During a flight from Naha Air Base on Okinawa to Clark Air Force Base in the Philippines, a U.S. Air Force Douglas C-54E-5-DO Skymaster flying at  under instrument flight rules crashes into  Mount Tabayoc  north of Clark, killing all 37 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Philippine history at the time.
 December 30
 A Royal Australian Air Force CAC Wirraway crashes into a crowded beach at Maroochydore in Queensland, Australia, killing three children and injuring 14 other people on the beach. The two-man crew survives the crash.
 An Aerolineas Argentinas Douglas C-47A-20-DK Skytrain (registration LV-ACH) with between 15 and 18 people on board crashes during a night flight near Cobo, Argentina. An eight-year-old girl is the only survivor.
 Late December – The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff note that if the Korean War expands into an open war with the People's Republic of China, the United States will launch an air offensive against the Chinese mainland but would not engage in a major war in East Asia that would jeopardize the defense of Europe against the Soviet Union.

First flights
 Hiller HJ-1, prototype of the Hiller YH-32 Hornet

January
 January 13 – Mikoyan-Gurevich I-330, prototype of the MiG-17
 January 19 – Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck RCAF 18101
 January 24 – Nord 1601
 January 25 – North American YF-93 by George Welch
 January 28 – Brochet MB.70

March
 March 26 – XA2D Skyshark

April
 Chase XCG-20
 April 4 – Jodel D11 F-BBBF
 April 18 – Convair XP5Y-1 BuNo 121455, the first turboprop-powered flying boat to fly, prototype of the R3Y Tradewind
 April 30 – SNCASE Grognard

May
 May 1 – Indraéro Aéro 101
 May 4 – Northrop YRB-49A, prototype of the reconnaissance version of the Northrop YB-49 bomber.
 May 5 – Scottish Aviation Prestwick Pioneer prototype G-AKBF
 May 10 – de Havilland Heron G-ALZL

June
 June 3 – Republic YF-96A, prototype of the F-84F Thunderstreak
 June 10 – SNCASE SE-3110
 June 16 – FMA IAe 33 Pulqui II
 June 19 – Hawker P.1081 VX279
 June 20 – Blackburn and General GAL.60 Universal Freighter (Blackburn Beverley)

July
 July 16 – Boisavia Chablis

August
 August 4 – Nord 2800
 August 11 – Fairchild XC-120 Packplane

September
 September 1 – Avro Ashton

October
 October 9 – Dassault MD.80 ABC
 October 10 – Boulton Paul P.111 VT935
 October 13 – Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation prototype
 October 21 – Martin 4-0-4

December
December 1 – Texas A&M College Ag-1

Entered service
 Avro 701 Athena with the Royal Air Force
 Cessna L-19 Bird Dog with the United States Army and Cessna OE-1 Bird Dog with the United States Marine Corps (both redesignated Cessna O-1 Bird Dog in September 1962)
 Northrop C-125 Raider with the United States Air Force
 Westland WS-51 Dragonfly with the Royal Navy

June
 June 28 – Martin P4M Mercator with United States Navy Patrol Squadron 21 (VP-21)

July
 July 29 – Vickers Viscount with British European Airways (BEA)

August
 August 6 – Handley Page Hermes with BOAC

October
 Grumman AF Guardian with U.S. Navy Antisubmarine Squadron 25

References

 Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–52. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd, 1951.
 Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1979. .
 de Narbonne, Roland. "Janvier 1950, dans l'aéronautique française: Et le gagnant est...un planeur". Le Fana de l'Aviation, January 2010, No. 482. pp. 75–79 (in French).
 de Narbonne, Roland. "Mai 1950, dans l'aéronautique française: Un petit qui devi endra grand". Le Fana de l'Aviation, May 2010, No. 486. pp. 78–79 (in French).
 de Narbonne, Roland. "Août 1950, dans l'aéronautique française: Le Nord 2800: Un petit tour et puis s'en va". Le Fana de l'Aviation, August 2010, No. 489. pp. 78–79 (in French).

Aviation by year

1950 in aviation


Trepte către teatrul de mâine este un film românesc din 1994 regizat de Florin Mihăilescu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Andrei Șerban.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1994 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1994

Trepte către teatrul de mâine


De Materia Medica (numele în limba latină al lucrării grecești Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, Peri hules iatrikēs, ambele în traducere înseamnând "Despre materialele medicale") este o farmacopee de plante și medicamente. Lucrarea în cinci volume descrie mai multe medicamente ca fiind eficiente în tratarea diferitelor boli. Sunt descrise în jur de 600 de plante, minerale, animale și circa 1000 de medicamente care pot fi obținute din acestea.

A fost scrisă de către medicul grec Dioscoride Pedanios, între anii 50-70.

Ea a devenit lucrarea de referință în farmacologie în Europa și Orientul mijlociu timp de peste 1500 de ani. și a fost precursoarea tuturor farmacopeilor moderne

Manuscrisul cel mai vechi este cunoscut sub numele de Codex Aniciae Julianae, care se păstrează în categoria (Ms Medicus graecus I) și este format din 491 de coli de pergament cu dimensiunea de 36,5 x 30,5 cm. Se pare că ar fi fost redactat la Constantinopol în anul 512, iar pe una dintre primele miniaturi este pictat un portret al prințesei Anicia Juliana.

Lucrarea se compune din aproximativ 400 de miniaturi și prezintă mai mult de 600 de tipuri de plante.

Cuprins
Lucrarea este împărțită în cinci volume. Dioscoride a organizat diferitele substanțe după anumite similitudini, cum ar fi plante aromatice, sau viță de vie; aceste diviziuni nu corespund clasificărilor moderne. În opinia lui David Sutton gruparea a fost făcută pe baza efectelor asupra corpului uman.

Volumul I: Plante aromatice
Volumul I se referă la uleiurile plantelor aromatice, și unguente realizate din acestea. Acestea includ  nucșoara, valeriana, scortișoara, hameiul, terebentină, rășină de pin, gutuiul, mărul, piersicul, caisul, lămâiul, părul ,  prunul și multe altele

Note

Istoria medicinei
Farmacologie

De Materia Medica


Baron Walsingham, of Walsingham in the County of Norfolk, is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain.

This noble title was created in 1780 for Sir William de Grey on his retirement as Lord Chief Justice, who had previously served as Solicitor-General and as Attorney-General. His son, the second Baron, represented Wareham, Tamworth and Lostwithiel in the House of Commons and served as Joint Postmaster-General from 1787 to 1794; Lord Walsingham was also Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords for many years. His eldest son, the third Baron, was a Lieutenant-General in the Army, who was succeeded by his younger brother, the Archdeacon of Surrey, as fourth Baron. His grandson, the sixth Baron, was a Conservative Member of Parliament for Norfolk West and served as a Government Whip from 1874 to 1875 in Benjamin Disraeli's second administration. On his death the title passed to his half-brother, the seventh Baron, a barrister.

In 1929, his son Lieutenant-Colonel George de Grey succeeded as eighth Baron; he was appointed DSO, OBE and OStJ. His only son, Captain John de Grey MC, succeeded as the ninth and present Baron in 1965.

Ancestors
William de Grey (d. 1687), Member of Parliament for Thetford 1685
Thomas de Grey (1680-1765), Member of Parliament for Norfolk 1715–1727
Thomas de Grey (1717-1781), Member of Parliament for Norfolk 1764-1774;

Barons Walsingham (1780)
William de Grey, 1st Baron Walsingham (1719–1781)
Thomas de Grey, 2nd Baron Walsingham (1748–1818)
George de Grey, 3rd Baron Walsingham (1776–1831)
Thomas de Grey, 4th Baron Walsingham (1778–1839)
Thomas de Grey, 5th Baron Walsingham (1804–1870)
Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham (1843–1919)
John Augustus de Grey, 7th Baron Walsingham (1849–1929)
George de Grey, 8th Baron Walsingham (1884–1965)
John de Grey, 9th Baron Walsingham (b. 1925)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Robert de Grey (b. 1969)
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Thomas de Grey (b. 1997)

See also
 House of Grey
 Sir Roger de Grey

References

Bibliography

Baronies in the Peerage of Great Britain
Grey family
People from Walsingham
1780s introductions
Noble titles created in 1780

Baron Walsingham


Letture  (în traducere "Lecturi") a fost o publicație lunară de studii și recenzii literare fondată la Milano în 1946. A fost publicată până în 2009.

Istoric

 De la fondare până în 1956

În 1945, după sfârșitul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, arhiepiscopul de Milano, cardinalul Schuster, a cerut iezuiților de la Centrul San Fedele să reia publicarea "Rivista di Letture", fondată de preotul milanez Giovanni Casati. Apărut din 1914 până în 1945, revista a publicat recenzii ale cărților noi cu scopul de a ghida alegerile publicului catolic, interesat de o "bună lectură".

În 1946 preoții Giuseppe Valentini, Cipriano Casella și Achille Colombo au fondat revista. În anii care au urmat li s-au adăugat alți colaboratori, printre care preoții Guido Sommavilla, Alessandro Scurani, Armando Guidetti, Giuseppe Brunetta, Gabriele Casolari și Gaetano Bisol.

Letture era adresată unui public catolic și oferea un ghid de lectură creștină, cu un rezumat al cărților analizate și cu o judecată morală a fiecărui text analizat.

Letture era împărțită în mai multe părți. Ea conținea scurte note biografice ale scriitorilor contemporani, urmate de recenzii împărțite după genul literar, de la narațiunile italiene la cele străine, teatru, literatură, artă, religie, științe, biografii-monografii, documente, reviste.

Caracterul hotărâtor al revistei a fost dat în primii ani de promovarea și apărarea textelor moraliste. A fost "descurajată" citirea multor cărți foarte populare, ca Agostino de Alberto Moravia, Santuario de Faulkner, Il muro de Sartre, Il garofano rosso de Elio Vittorini și altele. Pe de altă parte, revista a avut meritul de a-i populariza publicului catolic pe cei mai cunoscuți scriitori francezi, printre care Léon Bloy și Charles Peguy, Paul Claudel, Julien Green, și Georges Bernanos și François Mauriac.

În anii 1950 revista a devenit un punct de referință pentru preoți și laici, profesori și bibliotecari; a crescut numărul articolelor pe teme generale, ca de exemplu industria editorială, libertatea presei, relația dintre moralitate și literatură.

 Din 1957 până în 1993

Din ianuarie 1957 Letture a apărut într-un nou format. Revista a fost lărgită și transformată în "Rassegna critica del libro e dello spettacolo"; au apărut rubrici de critică de film și de critică de teatru. Decizia de a se dedica criticii de teatru și de film s-a dovedit de succes în special în anii 1960, când cinematografia se afla într-o perioadă de avânt, ajungând o temă de interes mai ales în parohii, în cercurile catolice și în grupuri de tineri.

 Din 1994 până la închidere

În 1994 Letture a devenit parte a grupului Periodici San Paolo, care a preluat sarcina continuării revistei.

Publicarea revistei a fost suspendată în 2009, cu numărul din luna mai.

Directori
Gestione dei padri Gesuiti

 Giuseppe Valentini (1946 - 16 noiembrie 1979)
 Alessandro Scurani (1980 - 1994)

Gestione Periodici San Paolo

 don Giusto Truglia (1994 - decembrie 1999)
 don Antonio Rizzolo (ianuarie 2000 - mai 2009)

Note

Legături externe
  (raccolta dell'edizione cartacea 1999-2009)
 Tomaso Subini, La lagrimetta negata nel finale de "La dolce vita"
 Emeroteca Braidense, Rivista di letture (collezione annate 1914-1944)

Reviste literare din Italia

Letture


Campanula velebitica er fjölær tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Balkanskaga.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula velebitica


Veiga de Lila Portekiz'de Valpaços belediyesine bağlı olan, 14,37 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 330 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Valpaços

Veiga de Lila


This is a list of public holidays in Chad.

December 1, "Freedom and Democracy Day", remembers December 1, 1990 and celebrates the ascent of President Idriss Déby to power.

March 8 is celebrated as "International Women's Day"—La Journee Internationale de la Femme—and marks the culmination of a national week of activities (la Semaine Nationale de la Femme Tchadienne, or "SENAFET") celebrating women.  Observations of "huit mars", as it is known locally in French, vary from town to town, ranging from small ceremonies or a day off school for girls only to a week of events that includes races, contests and expositions by women's groups and ends with parades and community-wide celebrations.

References

Chadian culture
Chad
Holidays
Chad

Public holidays in Chad


Nahija Shaykh al-Hadid ()  je nahija u okrugu Afrin, u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Površina nahije je 93,52 km2. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 13.871 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Shaykh al-Hadid.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Alep

Shaykh al-Hadid (nahija)


The Sanjak of Acre (; ), often referred as Late Ottoman Galilee, was a prefecture (sanjak) of the Ottoman Empire, located in modern-day northern Israel. The city of Acre was the Sanjak's capital.

Acre was captured by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I in 1517, but the city fell into disuse soon thereafter and was governed under the Sanjak of Safad during 16th-18th centuries. Acre was the center of the Nahiya of Acre, a subdistrict of the sanjak, which also included the villages of Buqei'a, Al-Tira, Julis, Kafr Yasif, Kabul and Shefa-'Amr. Acre was the center of a major economic boom under the leadership of Zahir al-Umar during the late 18th century.

The Sanjak of Acre was created c. early 18th century as a prefecture of the Sidon Eyalet. The Sidon Eyalet later became known as the Acre Eyalet between 1775 and 1841 when Acre was designated as the eyalet's capital city. Following the promulgation of the Vilayet Law as per the then-ongoing Tanzimat, or administrative reforms, in 1864, the sanjak of Acre was annexed to the newly created Syria Vilayet. In 1888, the sanjaks of Acre, Latakia, Tripoli, Beirut, and Nablus were separated from the Syria Vilayet and transferred to the Beirut Vilayet.

Subdistricts
The sanjak was made up of five districts (kazas):
 Kaza of Acre (Akka)
 Kaza of Haifa (Hayfa)
 Kaza of Safed
 Kaza of Nazareth (Nasıra)
 Kaza of Tiberias (Taberiye)

References

District of Acre
States and territories established in 1519
Ottoman Galilee
Sanjaks of Ottoman Syria
1510s establishments in the Ottoman Empire
1918 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire

Acre Sanjak


Gesamtkunstwerk, bütünlüklü sanat eseri manasına gelir. Richard Wagner tarafından ortaya konulup operada devrim niteliğinde gelişmelere sahne olan ve sinemayı da etkileyen teoridir. Bu teori, müziğin, dramanın, şiirin ve sahnede bulunan her şeyin aynı düzlemde estetize edilmesiyle mükemmel ve tamamlanmış sanat eserine ulaşılacağını savunur.

Opera terminolojisi

Gesamtkunstwerk


Muzeul de la șosea este un film românesc din 2006 regizat de Anca Damian.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2006 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2006

Muzeul de la șosea


Thomas Butler (; - 1614), est un courtisan influent à Londres à la cour d'Élisabeth . Il est Lord trésorier d'Irlande de 1559 à sa mort. Il combat pour la couronne dans le Rough Wooing, les Rébellions de Desmond et la Rébellion de Tyrone.

Naissance et origines
Thomas est né vers février 1531. Il est le fils aîné de  et de sa femme Joan FitzGerald. Son père est le  comte d'Ormonde et chef de la dynastie Butler, une vieille famille anglaise qui descend de Theobald Walter, qui est nommé majordome en chef d'Irlande par le roi Henri II en 1177 . La mère de Thomas est une fille de James FitzGerald (10e comte de Desmond). Sa famille, les Geraldines, est également une vieille famille anglaise. Ses parents se marient vers 1520 .

Jeunesse
Le jeune Thomas Butler est né en Irlande mais est envoyé à Londres en mai 1544  pour être élevé à la cour d'Angleterre où il adopte le langage, l'habillement et les manières anglaises, ainsi que la religion protestante .

Élisabeth
Le futur Lord Ormond et la future reine Elizabeth se rencontrent à Londres alors qu'ils sont enfants. Thomas, le « fils d'un comte irlandais » et Elizabeth, la « fille illégitime d'Henri VIII », partagent une expérience commune : aucun n'est bien traité par les autres jeunes nobles à la cour. Ils sont des cousins éloignés () par sa mère, Anne Boleyn, dont la grand-mère paternelle, Lady Margaret Butler, est une fille du  comte. Elizabeth l'appelait son "mari noir".

Succession du père
Le 28 octobre 1546, alors que Thomas a 15 ans, son père, le  comte d'Ormonde meurt à Londres après avoir été empoisonné lors d'un banquet à Ely House  probablement à l'instigation d'Anthony St Leger, qui est lord adjoint d'Irlande et un adversaire politique. Thomas Butler devient  comte d'Ormonde et  comte d'Ossory. Il devient pupille du roi.

Lord Ormonde est fait chevalier le 20 février 1547, au couronnement d'Édouard VI . Le 10 septembre 1547, pendant le Rough Wooing il sert à la bataille de Pinkie sous Edward Seymour (1er duc de Somerset) contre les Écossais . En 1554, pendant le règne de Mary, Ormond aide à réprimer la Rébellion de Wyatt .

Sa mère se remarie à Francis Bryan en 1548, puis à Gerald FitzGerald (15e comte de Desmond) en 1551 .

En 1554, son fils illégitime, Piers FitzThomas Butler de Duisk, est né. Il y a des rumeurs selon lesquelles Elizabeth est la mère . Le fils de Piers, Edward devient le  vicomte Galmoye.

Le 17 novembre 1558 Elizabeth succède à Marie en tant que reine d'Angleterre . Le 26 août 1559 Ormonde est nommé Lord Trésorier d'Irlande par la reine   ce qui le fait automatiquement conseiller privé d'Irlande .

Premier mariage
Vers 1559, Ormond épouse sa première femme, Elizabeth Berkeley, fille de Thomas Berkeley,  baron Berkeley et d'Anne Savage . Elle est considérée comme une beauté à la cour. Cependant, le mariage n'est pas heureux et elle a des amants. Ils se séparent en 1564 sans avoir eu d'enfants, mais elle refuse le divorce. Elle meurt le  septembre 1582 à Bristol. Tant qu'Ormonde n'a pas d'héritier, selon la règle normale de succession, son frère cadet Edmund est son héritier présomptif.

Dans les années 1560, il construit l'extension du manoir Tudor au château d'Ormonde sur les rives de la rivière Suir à Carrick-on-Suir, dans le comté de Tipperary . Tout cela devait fournir à Elizabeth un palais convenable où séjourner lorsqu'elle voyage en Irlande. Elizabeth a prévu de lui rendre visite à deux reprises : une fois en 1602 (visite annulée par sa maladie) ; et encore en 1603. Elle est cependant décédée avant que la visite prévue puisse avoir lieu. On sait qu'Elizabeth appréciait les efforts de Thomas et qu'elle l'aimait beaucoup, comme avec tous ses cousins maternels. Thomas survit à Elizabeth de 11 ans.

Rébellions de Desmond
Une grande partie de la vie d'Ormonde est consacrée à une féroce querelle avec ses ennemis héréditaires, les comtes de Desmond. Les Desmond sont les voisins des Ormondes des côtés ouest et sud. Malgré leur inimitié, ces deux familles se sont maintes fois mariées entre elles ; le dernier mariage de ce genre ayant été celui des parents d'Ormonde. Les rébellions de Desmond doivent également être vues dans le cadre plus large de la conquête de l'Irlande par les Tudor.

En 1560, l'intervention de sa mère permet une issue pacifique à une impasse à Bohermore (connue sous le nom de « la bataille qui n'a jamais eu lieu »). Cependant, seulement un peu plus d'un mois après sa mort le 2 janvier 1565,  le 8 février 1565, les deux parties s'affrontent à la bataille privée d'Affane, dans laquelle son mari Gerald FitzGerald (15e comte de Desmond) est fait prisonnier par la faction Ormonde  après que son fils Edmund lui ait tiré dans la hanche avec son pistolet . Les Lords Ormonde et Desmond sont convoqués à Londres et promettent de maintenir la paix.

Première rébellion
La première rébellion Desmond (1569-1573) est lancée par James fitz Maurice FitzGerald, capitaine des forces de Desmond en l'absence du comte. Il est soutenu par de nombreux Irlandais du sud de l'Irlande mais aussi par certains des six frères d'Ormonde, notamment Edmund . La rébellion est dirigée contre Henry Sidney le Lord Adjoint d'Irlande. Ormond revient en Irlande en débarquant à Waterford en juillet 1569 . Ses frères se soumettent rapidement.

Cependant, Edmund, Edward et Piers sont déclarés hors la loi en avril 1570  par un acte du Parlement irlandais. Cela signifie qu'Edmund cesse d'être l'héritier présomptif d'Ormonde et que le frère suivant, John Butler de Kilcash, prend sa place. Cependant, pas pour longtemps car John meurt le 10 mai 1570. Le fils aîné de John, Walter, devient donc l'héritier présomptif. James fitz Maurice FitzGerald se rend le 23 février 1573 et Gerald suit en septembre mettant fin à la première rébellion de Desmond.

Lord Desmond est libéré vers 1573 et autorisé à retourner d'Angleterre en Irlande. James FitzMaurice FitzGerald part pour le continent.

Deuxième rébellion
La deuxième rébellion Desmond (1579-1583) est déclenchée par le débarquement de James fitz Maurice FitzGerald à Dingle le 17 juin 1579 . Ormonde est nommé gouverneur de Munster et envoyé en Irlande.

Les deux rébellions ravagent le Munster pendant de nombreuses années. Ormonde est un protestant appartenant à l'Église d'Irlande  et a une grande influence auprès de la reine Élisabeth  et de ses ministres dans leurs efforts pour écraser les rebelles, bien qu'il ait été motivé autant par la rivalité entre factions avec la dynastie Desmond que par la religion. Il a le commandement de l'armée royale irlandaise chargée de la répression des rébellions.

Deuxième mariage et enfants
A l'âge de 51 ans, libéré par la mort de sa première épouse le  septembre 1582, Ormond se remarie avec Elizabeth Sheffield le 9 novembre à Londres. Elle est la fille de John Sheffield,  baron Sheffield et Douglas, fille de William Howard (1er baron Howard d'Effingham).

Thomas et Elizabeth ont trois enfants :

 Jean (1584-1589), mort jeune ;
 Elisabeth (avant 1593– 1628), épouse son cousin germain Theobald, fils du frère de Thomas Edmund, mais Theobald meurt sans enfant en 1613 ; elle se remarie à Richard Preston (1er comte de Desmond), et a une fille, Elizabeth Preston
 Thomas (avant 1601– 1606), mort jeune

Troisième mariage
Au printemps 1588, la reine fait d'Ormonde un chevalier de la Jarretière . Quand en été de cette année-là l'Armada espagnole menace l'Angleterre, il est avec elle à la revue des troupes à Tilbury où elle donne le discours patriotique à la troupe à Tilbury. Il a à cette occasion l'honneur de porter l'épée d'État devant elle .

En 1600, il aide à réprimer la rébellion de Tyrone. Entre avril 1600 et juin 1600, il est retenu captif par Owny MacRory O'More qui a envahi le Munster avec les forces irlandaises du Leinster.

La deuxième épouse d'Ormond meurt en novembre 1600 . En juin 1601, Ormonde, âgé de 70 ans, épouse sa troisième épouse, Helena Barry, fille de  . C'est son deuxième mariage, elle n'a pas d'enfant de son premier mari avec John Power.

Il est nommé vice-amiral de Leinster en 1602.

En 1613, son gendre Lord Tulleophelim meurt sans enfant dans la quarantaine . Un fils de Lord Thomond demande la main de sa veuve Elizabeth, mais le roi décide qu'elle devrait épouser Lord Dingwall, un de ses favoris écossais .

Le dixième Lord Ormonde meurt le 22 novembre 1614 . Comme le comte meurt sans descendance masculine légalement reconnue et que son frère cadet Edmund a été mis hors la loi, le comté revient dans la lignée masculine, à la branche cadette de Kilcash, qui descend du troisième frère John Butler de Kilcash et dont le représentant vivant est le fils de John, Walter.

Références

Sources

  – 1603 to 1642

  – 1613 to 1641
  – N to R (for Ormond)
  – Scotland and Ireland

  (for timeline)

  – Viscounts
  – Ormond Castle

Liens externes

Famille Butler
Chevalier de la Jarretière
Décès en 1614
Comte d'Ormonde
Lord Trésorier
Personnalité de l'époque Tudor

Thomas Butler (10e comte d'Ormonde)


An Festuca jansenii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Markgr.-dann. ngan Pieter van Royen. An Festuca jansenii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca jansenii


Plympton est une ville du comté de Middlesex, dans l'État du Massachusetts, aux États-Unis.

Elle a été incorporée en 1707.

Sa population était de  en 2020.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Comté de Plymouth (Massachusetts)
Town au Massachusetts

Plympton (Massachusetts)


Alianța otomano-bulgară (sau turco-bulgară) s-a format la Sofia prin semnarea unui acord la data de 19 august (6 august s. v.) 1914 în timpul primei luni de la începerea Primului Război Mondial, deși, în acest timp, părțile semnatare erau neutre. Ministrul de Interne Talaat Pașa, și Președintele Camerei Deputaților, Halil Bey, au semnat tratatul în numele Imperiului Otoman (Turcia), iar Prim-Ministrul Vasil Radoslavov l-a semnat în numele Regatului Bulgariei. Alianța otomano–bulgară poate fi considerată drept o condiție prealabilă pentru ca Bulgaria să se alăture Puterilor Centrale după ce Turcia a intrat în război.

Tratatul alianței avea șapte articole. A fost un pact pur defensiv: obliga semnatara să intre în război numai în cazul în care cealaltă țară a fost atacată de o altă țară balcanică. Cele două puteri au convenit de asemenea să nu atace orice altă țară balcanică fără a se consulta între ele. Articolul al IV-lea a lăsat deschisă posibilitatea ca trupele otomane să poată traversa teritoriul bulgar pentru a ataca o altă putere. În cazul unui conflict fără o consultare prealabilă, ele au promis că vor rămâne neutre. Bulgaria a promis să notifice Turcia de orice mobilizare din partea sa, și în Articolul V, Turcia a fost de acord să negocieze o afirmare de neutralitate a României. În plus, tratatul trebuia să rămână secret pe durata războiului. Deși învăluit în secret ca tratatul cu Germania negociat de Ministrul de Război Enver Pașa, pe 2 august, tratatul bulgar a fost un document mai coerent și cu însemnătate mai mare.

După semnarea acordului, Otomanii au continuat să facă presiuni pentru un extinderea ofensivei îndreptate spre Rusia, dar fără nici un rezultat. Pe 22 august (9 august stil vechi), Marele Vizir Sait Halim a respins interpretarea alianței otomano-germane, prin care Turcia era obligată să intre la război, atunci când Germania dorea să o facă. El a ordonat miniștrilor din guvern să continue negocierile cu mai multe țări: cu România, Rusia, Grecia și Franța. După ce negocierile pentru o alianță anti-rusă cu România din 30 august au eșuat, Otomanii au sugerat aliaților germani că o alianță bulgară direcționată spre Serbia și Grecia este mai fezabilă. Germanii s-au opus, dar otomanii au trimis oricum un colonel la Sofia pentru a începe negocierile cu șeful statului major bulgar. Chiar și după intrarea în război, otomanii nu i-au informat pe germani de existența tratatului cu Bulgaria până în 17 decembrie 1914; iar Bulgaria nu a fost de acord să intre în război de partea Puterilor Centrale, până la Convenția de la Sofia din 6 septembrie 1915.

Note

Surse

Bulgaria în Primul Război Mondial

Alianța otomano-bulgară


Agrilus geronimoi é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Knull, 1950.

Referências

geronimoi

Agrilus geronimoi


El condado de Torre Penela o de la Torre de la Penela es un título nobiliario español otorgado por el rey CarlosII el 31 de octubre de 1689 a favor de Pedro Tomás Ojea de Ulloa y Enríquez, señor de la Torre de Penela y caballero de la Orden de Santiago.

Su nombre se refiere a una torre defensiva medieval que aún existe en el lugar de La Penela, parroquia de Silvarredonda, ayuntamiento de Cabana de Bergantiños y partido judicial de Carballo (La Coruña).

Condes de Torre Penela

Historia de los condes de Torre Penela

 Pedro Tomás de Ojea Ulloa y Enríquez (Riobó, enero de 1649-10 de abril de 1719), I conde de Torre de Penela, caballero de Santiago en 1681 y señor del pazo de Santa Mariña de Castro de Amarante. Era hijo de Pedro de Ojea Ulloa y Taboada, señor de la casa de Riobó y capitán de la fortaleza y jurisdicción de Camba, y de su esposa Isabel de Ulloa Ribadeneira y Enríquez.
 Casó en primeras nupcias el 13 de diciembre de 1668 con Luisa Antonia de Ayala y Rojas, viuda del capitán Francisco Troncoso y Lira e hija de Juan de Ayala Royas y Sandoval, nieto de los condes de Gomera, y de su primera esposa, María Antonia Conde Salgado y Enríquez.  Contrajo un segundo matrimonio María Teresa Taboada Noboa y Camba, sin descendencia de este matrimonio. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Juan Antonio de Ojea y Rojas, II conde de Torre de Penela, y capitán de las milicias de la provincia de Betanzos.
 Contrajo matrimonio con María Francisca Ignacia de Figueroa, hija de Baltasar Pardo de Figueroa, marqués de Figueroa, y de Juana María Pardo de Figueroa y Prada. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Pedro Félix de Ojea y Pardo de Figueroa (m. Santa Mariña, 30 de agosto de 1781), III conde de Torre de Penela.
 Casó por poder, el 2 de agosto de 1736, con Ángela Somoza Taboada de Monsoriu, hija de José Antonio Somoza de Monsoriu y de Leonor Salgado. Sin sucesión legítima. Le sucedió su primo, hijo de Juan Antonio de Puga Ojea y Sotelo (1709-25 de mayo de 1789) —hijo, a su vez, de María Ignacia de Ojea y Rojas (1680-1739), hermana del II conde de Torre de Penela, y de su esposo Luis Antonio de Puga Sotelo Cadórniga y Solís—, y de su esposa, Ana María Vaamonde, con quien había casado en 1734, hija de Francisco Vaamonde y de Benita Rodríguez Araújo:

 Gregorio Luis de Puga Vaamonde (m. Santa Eufemia del Norte, 31 de enero de 1789), IV conde de Torre de Penela, señor de Toén y de Maus y regidor perpetuo de Orense.
 Contrajo matrimonio, el 28 de agosto de 1757, con Vicenta Arrojo y Gil-Taboada, hija de Melchor de Arrojo y Lemos y de María Cayetana Agustina Gil Teixeiro. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Antonio María de Puga y Arrojo (2 de octubre de 1758-Santa María de Amarante, 28 de febrero de 1800), V conde de Torre de Penela, señor de Xocín, Maus, Poedo y regidor perpetuo de Orense.
 Casó en 1795 con María de la Concepción Miranda y Gayoso, hija de Pedro Manuel Miranda Omaña y Trelles, III marqués de Santa María de Villar y IV conde de San Román. Le sucedió su hijo:

 José María de Puga y Miranda (26 de marzo de 1796-Santiago de Reboredo, 23 de junio de 1846), VI conde de Torre de Penela, coronel de las milicias de Galicia.
 Casó el 19 de octubre de 1821, en Santa Cruz de Ribadulla, con María de las Mercedes Armada y Guerra (m. 1868), hija de Juan Ignacio de Armada Ibáñez de Mondragón y de Petra Guerra y Briones, marqueses de Santa Cruz de Rivadulla. Sin descendencia, le sucedió su primo, hijo de su tío Juan Vicente de Puga y Arrojo y de Felipa Valbuena y Cortés:

 Carlos Luis de Puga y Valbuena (La Coruña, junio de 1800-13 de febrero de 1855), VII conde de Torre de Penela.
 Soltero, sin descendencia, sucedió su sobrina, hija de Ildefonso Flórez de Losada y Páramo, senador del reino y señor del pazo de Castro, y de su prima Dolores Quiroga de Puga, hija a su vez de Bernardo Quiroga Arias y de Benita de Puga y Arrojo, hija esta del quinto conde.

 Clotilde Flórez de Losada y Quiroga (m. La Coruña, 12 de abril de 1923), VIII condesa de Torre de Penela,
 Casó con el magistrado Pedro Sanjurjo Pérez, hijo de Pedro Sanjurjo Mosquera y de María Dolores Pérez Rey. Sucedió su hija en 1923:

 María de la Asunción Sanjurjo y Flórez de Losada (Valdeorras, 10 de julio de 1865-La Coruña, 17 de abril de 1940), IX condesa de Torre de Penela.
 Casó con Eduardo de Torres Taboada, diputado a Cortes y senador del reino, hijo de Fernando de Torres Adalid y de Amalia Taboada Rada. Sucedió su hijo:

 Pedro de Torres y Sanjurjo (n. 1894-La Coruña, 12 de diciembre de 1960), X conde de Torre de Penela.
 Casó, el 26 de octubre de 1960, con Elena Ozores y Miranda, hija primogénita de los Xcondes de Priegue. Sucedió su único hijo en 1963:

 Fernando de Torres y Ozores (m. 1987), XI conde de Torre Penela.
 Casó con María Luz Gestal Sabio, hija de José Gestal García y Carmen Sabio. Le sucedió su hijo en 1989:

 Álvaro de Torres y Gestal, XII conde de Torre Penela,
 Casado con Pilar Belando Ozores, hija de José María Ozores de Prado, diputado y senador  (1921-1922), miembro de la Real Academia Galega, y de Pilar Ozores y Arraiz.

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Torre Penela

Condado de Torre Penela


Hevelius ist ein Einschlagkrater am westlichen Rand der Mondvorderseite, am westlichen Rand des Oceanus Procellarum, südlich des Kraters Cavalerius.
Der Kraterrand von Hevelius ist sehr stark erodiert und im Norden und Süden teilweise eingeebnet, dass Innere ist von einem System von Bruchrillen durchzogen, den Rimae Hevelius.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem Astronomen Johannes Hevelius offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Hevelius auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)
Johannes Hevelius

Hevelius (Mondkrater)


مركبة جوية  هي طائرة يمكنها أن تطير خلال الغلاف الجوي للأرض أو خلال أي غلاف جوي آخر؛ معظم الصواريخ ليست مركبات جوية لأنها ليست مدعومة بواسطة الهواء المحيط.
بصورة عامة يمكن تقسيم المركبات الجوية إلى :

 أخف من الهواء
 أثقل من الهواء
تنقسم أيضا إلى عدة أقسام :
1- جسم الطائرة
2- اجنحتها
3- المحركات

انظر أيضا

 منطاد المراقبة
 ويفرايدر

مراجع

طائرات

مركبة جوية


El monasterio de Erdene Zuu o de Erdeni Dzu (en mongol: Эрдэнэ Зуу, nombre tradicional de Buda en Mongolia y que significa, según la interpretación, Cien Tesoros/Joyas o Corona de Joyas) es, probablemente, el más antiguo monasterio budista superviviente de Mongolia. Se encuentra en el aymag (provincia) de Övörhangay, a unos 2 kilómetros del centro de la ciudad de Kharkhorin y en la zona sur de la antigua capital del Imperio mongol, Karakórum.

Es parte del Patrimonio de la Humanidad llamado Paisaje cultural del Valle del Orjón.

Historia

El monasterio de Erdene Zuu comenzó a ser erigido por orden de Abtai Sain Kan en 1585, tras la segunda introducción del budismo tibetano en Mongolia y después de un encuentro en 1580 en el que el Dalai Lama de la época le dio instrucciones al respecto, para lo que se usaron en parte bloques de las ruinas de Karakórum en su construcción. La obra se consideró completa casi tres siglos después con el levantamiento de un muro que rodease el monasterio. Los lados de dicho muro miden 400 m de largo y el muro contiene en total 100 estupas a una distancia de unos 15 m unas de otras. Probablemente se proyectó que tuviera hasta un total de 108, número sagrado del budismo y el número de cuentas en un rosario budista, aunque nunca se alcanzó esa cantidad. Los muros de los templos del monasterio estaban pintados y los tejados de estilo chino estaba cubierto de tejas verdes. Ya desde sus primeros tiempos contaba con una gran cantidad de templos, hasta 1000 monjes residentes y acogía unos 300 gers (mongol: гэр, nombre que los mongoles dan a las yurtas), pues los monjes vivían en los situados en el interior del monasterio o alrededor de sus muros.
Sufrió daños durante las invasiones manchúes en la década de 1680 aunque en años anteriores la presión china había llevado a un cierto abandono como ya le ocurrió en el pasado a la antigua capital mongola y base del monasterio, Karakórum, pero se sucedieron varios proyectos de reconstrucción: el primero a cargo de Zanabazar en persona tras su regreso en 1701 que sirvió además para consagrar de nuevo los templos, otro que dio comienzo en torno al año 1760 y terminó en 1796 y uno más, a cargo del arquitecto mongol Manzushir, empezó en 1806 y terminó en 1814. Desde la finalización de esta reforma, a principios del , contenía 62 templos completos que combinaban influencias chinas y tibetanas y estuvo habitado por más de 1000 lamas durante el periodo de mayor esplendor.

En 1939 el líder comunista Horloogiyn Choybalsan ordenó la destrucción del monasterio como parte de una purga que arrasó cientos de monasterios de Mongolia, mató a más de diez mil monjes y envió a muchos otros a Siberia. Solo quedaron cinco templos (entre ellos los tres principales en la actualidad), unos pocos edificios pequeños y el muro exterior con sus estupas; los templos fueron convertidos en museos en 1947. Se suele decir que esta parte del monasterio se salvó de la destrucción por medio de las presiones de Iósif Stalin. Un investigador aseguró que dichas presiones estaban relacionadas con la corta visita de la delegación del vicepresidente estadounidense Henry A. Wallace a Mongolia en 1944. A pesar de este desastre una cantidad sorprendente de estatuas, máscaras tsam y pinturas en pergamino pudieron ser salvadas al ser enterradas en las montañas cercanas o escondidas en las casas de los vecinos del lugar. Aún hoy en día se producen robos y a principios de los 2000 fue necesario colocar alarmas ante la desaparición de diversas estatuas.

Erdene Zuu solo pudo continuar existiendo como museo debido a que el único monasterio con permiso oficial para seguir en activo en Mongolia era el Monasterio de Gandantegchinlen en Ulán Bator, y aún después de la transformación de sus funciones solo llegó a abrirse con esta finalidad en 1965, casi veinte años después. Esto cambió con la caída del comunismo en Mongolia en 1990, cuando el monasterio fue devuelto a los lamas y Erdene Zuu volvió a ser un lugar de culto. Hoy en día sigue siendo un monasterio budista en activo además de ser un museo abierto a los turistas.

Templos

Las primeros templos del complejo, de finales del  y principios del , presentaban características arquitectónicas propias de estilos chinos, apreciables en la forma de los tejados de los tres templos principales. Con el paso del tiempo se introdujeron otras influencias como la hindú (presente desde el principio en el diseño de las estupas), la tibetana o incluso un posterior estilo propiamente mongol, en cuyo desarrollo destacó la intervención del mismo Zanabazar, que sentó sus bases. Este estilo empezó usándose en templos móviles basados en los gers y una vez que comenzó a usarse en construcciones fijas destacó por el uso de estructuras angulares y geométricas en las que el techo se sostiene con muros y pilares, es plano y permite, por tanto la utilización del techo para otras funciones. El templo Laviran, el único usado aún para servicios religiosos y que aún funciona como monasterio al albergar a una pequeña comunidad de monjes, es un buen ejemplo de esta evolución.

Los tres grandes templos que sobrevivieron a la purga están dedicados a las tres fases de la vida de Buda: infancia, adolescencia y edad adulta. El templo situado al oeste, construido por Abtai Kan y su hijo, está dedicado a Buda adulto. Dentro, a ambos lados de Sakyamuni (transl. del sánscrito शाक्यमुनि, es el Buda histórico), hay estatuas de Divangar (transl. del mongol ᠳᠢᠸᠠᠩᠭᠠᠷ, adaptación del sánscrito Dīpankara; nombre traducido mongol: ᠵᠣᠯᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠥᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ᠂, Jula-yin Jokiyaγči), el Buda pasado, a la izquierda y de Maidar (transl. del mongol ᠮᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢ᠂, del sánscrito Maitreya, nombre traducido mongol ᠠᠰᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠣ, Asaraltu), el Buda futuro, a la derecha. Este último es uno de los bodhisattvas más populares, una deidad que retrasa su propia obtención del nirvana para guiar a otros. De hecho el mismo Zanabazar, tras una de sus visitas al Tíbet, llevó a cabo una serie de ceremonias que incluía una circunvalación del monasterio mientras portaba una imagen de dicho Buda, acto que se convirtió en tradicional en el budismo mongol y que aún se lleva a cabo ocasionalmente en el monasterio. Otros objetos exhibidos incluyen una "rueda de la eternidad" dorada, los naimin takhel u ocho símbolos favorecedores (en este caso paraguas, pez, jarrón, flores, cartas, diagrama de suerte, estandarte de victoria y rueda), figurillas de los siglos  y  y adornos tradicionales llamados balin, hechos de pasta de trigo y muy decorados, acompañados de carne de oveja y grasa de ganso.

El templo principal y central recibe el nombre de Zuu de Buda. La entrada está flanqueada por los dioses Tsagaan Mahagal (del sánscrito Sita Mahākāla, Mahakala blanco), a la izquierda, y Baldan Lkham (del tibetano Palden Lhamo, sánscrito: Shri Devi; nombre traducido mongol Ukin tengri) a la derecha. Ambos son dharmapalas, deidades coléricas de aterradora apariencia que son emanaciones de los bodhisattva, representan sus acciones furiosas y cuya función es destruir y eliminar los obstáculos que se presenten ante los seguidores sinceros de las doctrinas, actividad que se ve reflejada en el significado de su título de dharmapala: defensores o protectores del dharma (ley). Dentro y a cada lado del Buda infantil, están Otoch Manal (transl. del mongol Оточ Манла, sánscrito: Bhaiṣajyaguru), buda de la medicina, a la derecha y Amindavaa (transl. del mongol cirílico Аминдаваа, adaptación del sánscrito Amitābha; nombre traducido al mongol: ᠴᠠᠭᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ, Tsaglasi ügei gereltu), buda de la luz infinita y la justicia, a la izquierda. El templo contiene también estatuas de Niam y Dabaa, los dioses del sol y la luna respectivamente, unas cuantas máscaras tsam, algunos guardias tallados en postura agresiva de los siglos  y  y algunas muestras del trabajo del reverenciado escultor budista Zanabazar.

En el templo del este se exhibe una estatua que representa al Buda adolescente. La estatua a su derecha es Tsongkhapa, quien creó la tradición Gelug o "Tradición de los gorros amarillos" del budismo en el Tíbet. La figura a su izquierda es Migjid Janraisig (transl. del mongol ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ, del tibetano Jainraisig; sánscrito: Avalokitesvara, traducido al mongol como ᠨᠢᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ, Nidüber üjegci), el bodhisattva de la compasión.

El templete llamado Dalai Lama Sum (sum es uno de los nombres que reciben los templos budistas mongoles además de un tipo de división territorial) fue construido en 1675 para conmemorar la visita del hermano de Zabanazar, Chakhuundorj (Tusheet Kan de la época y parte de los Altan Kan de los Khalka), al Dalai Lama en el Tíbet en 1673. El templo es de color rojo, por los ladrillos usados en su construcción, y dorado. La habitación, que consiste en dos pequeñas capillas, está vacía excepto por la estatua de Zanabazar, y seis tankas, tapices pintados o bordados del  que representan a Sonam Gyatso, el tercer Dalai Lama, quien convirtió a Abtai Kan al budismo, y a varias deidades protectoras.

Cerca ya de la esquina noroeste se alza un gran templo blanco de estilo tibetano, el Lavrin Sum o Labran Sum (Templo Laviran), construido entre 1759 y 1770, donde se llevan a cabo ceremonias cada mañana, aproximadamente a las 11.

La Estupa Dorada, situada en la zona central del monasterio, fue construida en 1799 por el cuarto Bogd Gegeen, líder espiritual del budismo lamaísta mongol, y se encuentra rodeada por ocho estupas menores. La tradición dice que el templo situado su lado, el Khokh Sum, cuyo techo está decorado con un mandala, es el primero construido en Erdene Zuu.

Otros elementos

En el interior de los diferentes edificios del complejo destacan las pinturas y bordados en diferentes materiales así como la colección de su biblioteca, en la que se conservan manuscritos y textos en planchas de madera. Se tienen en alta estima sobre todo los trabajos artísticos obra de Zanabazar o de la escuela artística que lleva su nombre. De entre todos sus trabajos que se afirma se guardan en el monasterio solo puede contemplarse una pequeña estatua de Mahakala expuesta en el templo Zuu de la derecha. Entre los trabajos atribuidos a la escuela de Zanabazar se encuentran un gran Vajrasattva en el templo Tsampa enfrente de los tres templos principales, otra estatua de Mahakala en el Zuu de la izquierda y una pequeña estupa de bronce en el Zuu de Buda.

Enfrente del Dalai Lama Sum están las lápidas de Abtai Khan (1554-1588) y su nieto, el Tushet Kan de nombre Gombodorj (padre de Zanabazar), con inscripciones en mongol, chino, tibetano y árabe y en su parte trasera se encuentran tres leones de pequeño tamaño tallados en piedra al estilo chino. En la parte noreste del monasterio son visibles aún las piedras usadas como base de un gigantesco ger que recibió el nombre de Bat-Olziit, cuya traducción aproximada es "felicidad constante", (llamado hoy en día Lugar de la Felicidad y la Prosperidad), levantado en 1657 para conmemorar el cumpleaños de Zanabazar. Los testimonios dicen que el ger medía 15 m de alto y tenía entre 20 y 40 m. (incluso más en algunas fuentes) de diámetro, estaba formado por más de 30 khanas o paredes plegables, y podía acoger a 300 personas durante las asambleas de los kanes locales. Algún tiempo después el mismo Zanabazar hizo que lo trasladaran a la antigua Ulan Bator donde se convirtió en un templo dedicado a su bisabuelo Avtai Kan y todavía estaba allí a finales del , consiguiendo según el testimonio de un etnógrafo ruso que "los gers normales mongoles que se alzaban junto a él pareciesen meros juguetes en comparación". Se desconoce lo que ocurrió con el ger tras esa referencia. La depresión vacía de lo que una vez fue un lago artificial es visible al lado de los cimientos del ger en el monasterio. Todos estos elementos muestran que la vida de Zanabazar estuvo estrechamente ligada a Erdene Zuu y sus cumpleaños eran celebrados habitualmente en el monasterio con reuniones en las que se celebraban danshig naadam, competiciones tradicionales que incluían lucha libre mongola.

En una colina en el exterior del monasterio se halla un falo de piedra del que se dice que contiene los impulsos sexuales de los monjes y asegura su buen comportamiento. El falo está colocado de tal manera que apunte a una hondonada que asemeja dos piernas separadas y unos genitales femeninos. En los alrededores del templo se pueden ver aún dos "rocas de tortuga", una al noroeste y otra al sur, de las hasta cuatro una vez presentes, figuras talladas en piedra que servían para marcar los límites de la antigua Karakórum y que actuaban como protectoras de esta (las tortugas eran consideradas símbolos de eternidad). Estas tortugas contaban originalmente con estelas de piedra con inscripciones en su espalda. También se encuentran en sus cercanías las Inscripciones de Orjón, datadas en torno a los siglos  y .

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Guía turístico - Wikiviajes
 Página web oficial (en alemán)
 Artículo con fotografías (en inglés)
 Artículo en la Encyclopædia Britannica sobre Karakorum y Erdene Zuu. (en inglés)
 Algunas imágenes
 Extracto del artículo "The Life of Zanabazar". Comenta la construcción de Erdene Zuu. (en inglés)

Lugares del budismo tibetano
Bienes individuales inscritos Patrimonio de la Humanidad en Mongolia
Erdene
Arquitectura del siglo XVI
Arquitectura de Mongolia del siglo XIX
Budismo en Mongolia

Monasterio de Erdene Zuu


සරලම රූපවාහිනියක් සමඟ අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය වන්නේ දැනටමත් ඉතාමත් සාර්ථකව ඇති දෙයයි. මෙය මෙහි ප්‍රථම විශාල පිම්ම සිදු කළේ චැනල මාරු කිරීම සඳහා දුරස්ථ පාලකය භාවිතා කිරීමත් සමඟය. දුරස්ථ පාලක VCRවල නැවතීම, නැවත එතීම, වේගයෙන් ඉදිරියට යැවීම හා DVR වල වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් මඟ හැරීම වැනි දේ වලද සේවයෙහි යෙදවිණි. එය කිසියම් අන්තර්ගතයක් හෝ එහි ඇතුළත් රේඛීයතාව වෙනස් නොකරන අතර අපට සිදු කළ හැක්කේ අන්තර්ගතය දර්ශනය වීම පාලනය කිරීම පමණි. DVR පරිශීලක යන්ත්‍ර අන්තර්ගතයේ කාලය ඉදිරියට ඒමට ඉඩ ලබා දෙන අතර මෙය බොහෝමයක් VCR පරිශීලයන්හට කෙදිනකවත් ඉගනීමට නොලැබෙන දෙයකි. මෙය අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරී ටීවී වර්ගයක් වන නමුත් මෙමඟින් අදාල වදනෙහි මුළු අරුතම විදහා නොදක්වයි. එය බොහොමයක් නිවාසවල දැනටමත් සිදු වෙමින් පවතී. අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයේ උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ටීවී පණ ගැන්වීමට හා ක්‍රියා විරහිත කිරීමට දුරස්ථ පාලකයේ සරල භාවිතය ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම පොතක පිටු හැරවීමේ පොත අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරී යැයි කීම වැනිය.

රූපවාහිනියක් සමඟ අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය


الكولت-براونينج إم.كيه-12 هو مدفع طائرة 20 مم استخدم على نطاق واسع في البحرية الأمريكية بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية.

التطوير
يعد الإم.كيه-12 اشتقاقا متقدما من مدفع الحرب العالمية الثانية هيسبانو-سويزا إتش إس.404 والذي استخدم في العديد من الطائرات الأمريكية والبريطانية خلال هذه الحرب. حمل المدفع مقذوفا أخف ولكن شحنة أكبر لتكون سرعة الفوهة أسرع وليكون معدل إطلاق النار أفضل ولكن جاء هذا على حساب قوة الارتطام. دخل المدفع الخدمة في البحرية الأمريكية وقوات مشاة البحرية الأمريكية في منتصف الخمسينات وحل محل مدفع البحرية القديم إم-3.

كان الإم.كيه-12 أقل من المطلوب والمتوقع منه أثناء الخدمة. فعى الرغم من أن معدل إطلاق النار والسرعة الابتدائية كانا مقبولين إلا ان المدفع لم يكن دقيقا وكثيرا ما كان لا يعتمد عليه. رحب طيارون الإف-8 كروسادر في حرب فييتنام بالمدفع ولكن كثبرا ما كان يتوقف عن العمل وتحصل انسدادات بعد عدة مناورات حادة في عراك الكلاب.

رغم ذلك، كان الإم.كيه-12 المدفع الأساسي في كل مقاتلات البحرية ومشاة البحرية المزودة بالمدافع من بداية الخمسينات حتى نهاية الستينات. استخدم المدفع في طائرات إف-4 دي سكاي راي، إف-3 إتش ديمون إيه-4 سكاي هوك، إف-8 كروسادر والطرازات التي أعدت للبحرية من الطائرة إيه-7 كورسير.

مدافع آلية
مدفع طائرة
مدفعية عيار 20 ملم

كولت إم.كيه-12


LinuxQuestions.org (commonly abbreviated LQ) is a community-driven, self-help web site for Linux users. As of August 2011, it has over 462,200 registered members. Started in 2000 by Jeremy Garcia, LQ is one of the most popular free software community sites and is usually reputed for helpfulness.

The most popular section of the site are the forums, where Linux users can share their knowledge and experience. Newcomers to the Linux world (often called newbies) can ask questions and Linux experts can offer advice. Topics include security, installation, and networking. Currently available forums fall into the following categories: LinuxQuestions.org, Linux, Enterprise Linux, Other *NIX Forums, Non-*NIX Forums. As of April 2009, the forums had more than 3.5 million posts.

On March 5, 2004, LinuxQuestions.org set up a wiki aimed at building the largest online Linux knowledge base. The software used for this task is MediaWiki.

LQ also has a section where one can download CD/DVD ISO images of Linux installation and Live CDs. Other than the download section and forums LQ also has the following sections:
 Linux Podcast
 LQ Radio
 Linux distributions reviews
 Book reviews
 Linux Tutorials
 Linux hardware compatibility list
 Articles (member written and submitted)
 Linux Bookmarks
 Member Blogs

Despite its growth, it is still essentially run by one person — owner and founder Jeremy Garcia — with help from a team of moderators.  LQ is active in the community, often having either a stall or presence at Linux conferences or expositions. These are primarily in the United States, but have also been in the United Kingdom and in Canada.

See also

 List of Internet forums

Notes

External links
LinuxQuestions.org

Linux websites
Internet properties established in 2000
Internet forums

LinuxQuestions.org


යමහල් තීර () යනු විශාල ලෙස ගිණිකඳු ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයක් සහිත කලාප වෙයි. යමහල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර වැනි පද මෙවැනි කුඩා කලාප සඳහා භාවිතා වෙයි.

යමහල් තීර කඳු වැටි වලට සමාන මුත්, මෙම කඳු වැටිවල පවතින කඳු, ගිණිකඳු මිස, භූ කාරක තැටි ගැටීම හේතු කොටගෙන සිදුවන faulting සහ folding නිසා ඇතිවන කඳු නොවේ .

උදාහරණ
Andean Volcanic Belt
Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
Taupo Volcanic Zone
Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
Hotspot
Pacific Ring of Fire
Plate tectonics
යමහල් චාප
Volcanic field

මූලාශ්‍ර

Volcanology
Plate tectonics

යමහල් තීර


Me Libera Nega", música de autoria de Ítalo Gonçalves da Conceição, conhecido como Mc Beijinho, que virou "hit" no carnaval de Salvador, em 2017.

A música foi cantada por Filipe Escandurras, foi o primeiro que apostou na letra da música "Me Libera Nega". Chegou a ser cantada até pelo artista baiano Caetano Velsoso.

Prêmios

 Troféu Band Folia, Band, na categoria de melhor música,  em 2017;

Ligações externas

Caetano Veloso canta Me Libera Nega Ao Vivo Completo

Caetano Veloso cantando "Me Libera Nega"

CLAUDINHA E MC BEIJINHO CANTAM ME LIBERA NEGA | Band Folia 2017
Carnaval da Bahia
Singles de 2017
Canções de 2017
Canções de axé
Canções em português

Me Libera Nega


Cuentos de circunstancias es un libro de cuentos del escritor peruano Julio Ramón Ribeyro. Fue publicado en 1958
y constituye su segundo libro de relatos. Forma parte de La palabra del mudo.

En esta obra se incluye textos de realismo urbano como «Los merengues» o «Explicaciones a un cabo de servicio» con otros de corte fantástico como «Doblaje» o «La insignia». Asimismo, relatos evocativos como «Los eucaliptos» y «Páginas de un diario». A diferencia de otros libros de relatos, como Los gallinazos sin plumas, que tienen una unidad, Cuentos de circunstancias "parece un cajón de sastre", por los múltiples temas y estilos que toca.

Respecto al título el autor señala: "el título ya indica cuál es su contenido porque eran cuentos que habían sido escritos en diferentes épocas de mi vida, en diferentes circunstancias, que no tenían entre sí mayor unidad (...) Una estudiosa de la Universidad Católica que hizo una tesis sobre mí, dijo que el título de este libro no correspondía a lo que yo había querido decir (...) sino que el título mismo de Cuentos de circunstancias escondía una intención pues, según ella, en cada cuento había una circunstancia que determinaba la vida del personaje principal".

Cuentos

La obra está compuesta por doce cuentos:
 «La insignia»
 «El banquete»
 «Doblaje»
 «El libro en blanco»
 «La molicie»
 «La botella de chicha»
 «Explicaciones a un cabo de servicio»
 «Página de un diario»
 «Los eucaliptos»
 «Scorpio»
 «El tonel de aceite»
 «Los merengues»

Referencias

Libros de cuentos de 1958
Libros de cuentos de Julio Ramón Ribeyro

Cuentos de circunstancias


Tscheremchowo () ist eine russische Ortsbezeichnung:
 Tscheremchowo, Stadt in der Oblast Iskutsk

 Tscheremchowo (Amur), Dorf in der Oblast Amur
 Tscheremchowo (Swerdlowsk), Dorf in der Oblast Swerdlowsk

 Tscheremchowo (Kaliningrad), Siedlung in der Oblast Kaliningrad (Dossitten, Kreis Königsberg/Samland, Ostpreußen)
 Tscheremchowo (Tomsk), Siedlung in der Oblast Tomsk

Tscheremchowo (Begriffsklärung)


أُنشئت أمانة منطقة الرياض، في المملكة العربية السعودية، كبلدية صغيرة في عام 1937، ثم توسعت لتصبح بمسمى «أمانة مدينة الرياض» وذلك في عام 1956، تعمل على تقديم خدمات بلدية لمدينة الرياض وساكنيها، والاهتمام بتطوير كافة مرافقها.

تاريخ
بدأت أمانة مدينة الرياض بلدية صغيرة في إمكانياتها ومهامها وموظفيها أنشئت عام 1356 ه وكان المسؤل عنها في ذلك الوقت «مدير البلدية»، وأول من عين في هذا الموقع هو الأستاذ حسن بخاري، حتى عام 1360 ه (1941 م)، ثم عين الشيخ زين العابدين بن عثمان البري سنة 1362 ه (1943 م) «رئيسا للبلدية» فقام بتشكيل بعض الأقسام للبلدية مثل قسم الإدارة، وقسم النظافة، وفي ذلك الوقت بدأت مهمة البلدية تتوسع بعض الشيء وترتبط بأجهزة الأمن والشرطة.

ثم عين الأستاذ عبد الله المشاط، ثم الأستاذ محمود جميل فطاني، ومن بعده عين الشيخ عمر خميس ثم الشيخ أحمد خليفة النبهاني، ثم الأستاذ عبد المحسن الصالح الرشيد، وجاء بعده الأستاذ محمد حسن أخضر، وقد عمل هؤلاء جميعا في عهد الملك عبد العزيز، وتراوحت مدة رئاسة كل منهم للبلدية بين سنة وسنتين تقريبا.

وفي سنة 1373 ه (1953 م) أصدر الملك سعود أمره بتعيين الأمير فهد الفيصل رئيسا لبلدية الرياض، وفي عام 1375 ه (1955م) صدر ا لامر السامي الكريم بتعديل اسم بلدية الرياض إلى «أمانة مدينة الرياض» وكان أول أمين لها هو الأمير فهد الفيصل.

ولأن المدينة اتسعت بعد نقل الوزارات إليها عام 1375 ه فقد أنعكس ذلك على نشاط البلدية حيث أصبحت الرياض منطقة جذب سكاني للهجرة الداخلية بحثا عن فرص العمل أو الدراسة أو الانتقال من البادية، واتسعت مهام وأعباء الأمانة وزادت ميزانيتها زيادة كبيرة، وكذلك زاد عدد الموظفين والعمال.

وقد استمر الأمير فهد الفيصل أمينا للمدينة مدة 13 سنة تقريبا، ثم عين بعده الأمير عبد العزيز الثنيان في 1/6/1386 ه الذي عمل 11 عاما تقريبا، وفي 2/11/1396 ه عين الأستاذ عبد الله العلي النعيم واستمر أمينا للمدينة إلى 6/1/1411 ه ثم خلفه المهندس مساعد بن عبد الرحمن العنقرى، الذي كان يعمل من قبل وكيلا للأمين للتعمير والمشاريع. وفي تاريخ 2/3/1418 ه صدر الأمر السامي الكريم بتعيين الأمير الدكتور عبد العزيز بن محمد بن عياف آل مقرن أمينا لمدينة الرياض. وفي تاريخ 4/8/1433 ه صدر الأمر السامي الكريم بتعيين المهندس عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن بن محمد المقبل أميناً لمنطقة الرياض. وفي تاريخ 9 / 4 / 1436ه صدر أمر ملكي بتعيين المهندس إبراهيم بن محمد بن إبراهيم السلطان أميناً لمنطقة الرياض بالمرتبة الممتازة. وفي 26 نوفمبر 2019 تم تعيين فيصل بن عبد العزيز آل مقرن، أمين منطقة الرياض.

وظائف الأمانة ومهامها
حدد المرسوم الملكي رقم م/5 وتاريخ 21/2/1397 ه وظائف ومهام البلديات والأمانات بنظام البلديات والأمانات بنظام البلديات والقرى على النحو التالي:

 تنظيم وتنسيق البلدة وفق مخطط تنظيمي معتمد من الجهات المختصة.
 الترخيص بإقامة الإنشاءات والأبنية، وجميع التمديدات العامة والخاصة، ومراقبتها.
 المحافظة على مظهر ونظافة البلدة، وإنشاء الحدائق والساحات والمنتزهات وأماكن السياحة العامة وتنظيمها وإدارتها بطريق مباشر أو غير مباشر ومراقبتها.
 وقاية الصحة البيئية العامة داخل المدينة، وردم البرك والمستنقعات، ودرء خطر السيول وإنشاء أسوار من الأشجار حول البلدة لحمايتها من الرمال.
 مراقبة المواد الغذائية والاستهلاكية، والإشراف على تموين المواطنين بها ومراقبة أسعارها وأسعار الخدمات العامة، ومراقبة الموازين أو المكاييل والمقاييس بالاشتراك مع الجهات المختصة.
 إنشاء المسالخ وتنظيفها.
 إنشاء الأسواق وتحديد مراكز البيع.
 الترخيص بمزاولة الحرف والمهن وفتح المحلات العامة ومراقبتها صحيا وفنيا.
 المحافظة على السلامة والراحة وبصورة خاصة اتخاذ ا لإجراءات اللازمة لدرء وقوع الحرائق وإطفائها وهدم الأبنية الآيلة للسقوط أو الأجزاء المتداعية منها، وإنشاء الملاجئ العامة.
 تحديد مواقف الباعة المتجولين والسيارات والعربات.
 تنظيم النقل الداخلي وتحديد أجوره بالاتفاق مع الجهات ا لمختصة.
 نزع ملكية العقارات للمنفعة العامة. تحديد واستيفاء رسوم وعوائد البلدية والغرامات والجزاءات التي توفى على ا لمخالفين لأنظمتها.
 الإشراف على انتخابات وترشيح رؤساء الحرف والمهن ومراقبة أعمالهم وحل الخلافات التي قد تحدث بينهم.
 حماية الأبنية الأثرية بالتعاون مع الجهات المختصة.
 تشجيع ا لنشاط ا لثقافي والرياضي والاجتماعي والمساهمة فيه.
 التعاون مع الجهات المختصة لمنع التسول والتشرد وإنشاء الملاجئ للعجزة والأيتام والمعتوهين وذوي العاهات وأمثالهم.
 إنشاء المقابر والمغاسل وتسويرها وتنظيفها ودفن الموتى.
 تلافي أضرار الحيوانات السائبة والكاسرة والرفق بالحيوان.
 منع وإزالة التعدي سواء على الأملاك الخاصة أو الأملاك العامة.
 أية اختصاصات أخرى يصدر بها قرار من مجلس الوزراء.

الهيكل التنظيمي والإدارات

الأمين: الامير فيصل بن عبدالعزيز آل مقرن. ويرتبط به مباشرة:

 مكتب الأمين
 إدارة التخطيط والتنسيق
 وحدة البلديات الفرعية
 وكالة الأمانة لشؤون بلديات المنطقة
 وكالة التعمير والمشاريع
 وكالة الخدمات
 الإدارة العامة لتنمية الاستثمارات
 البلديات الفرعية
 الإدارة العامة لتقنية المعلومات والخدمات الإلكترونية
 إدارة التطوير الإداري
 الإدارة القانونية
 وحدة المتابعة
 الإدارة العامة للشؤون المالية والإدارية، ويرتبط بها:
 إدارة شئون الموظفين
 مركز الاتصالات والمحفوظات
 إدارة الميزانية
 إدارة المشتريات
 إدارة المستودعات
 إدارة مراقبة المخزون
 إدارة الخدمات العامة
 إدارة الشئون المالية
 الإدارة العامة للحدائق وعمارة البيئة
 الإدارة العامة للنظافة
 إدارة العمليات المساندة
 إدارة مراقبة وتطوير النظافة
 إدارة الدراسات والتطوير
 الإدارة العامة لصحة البيئة:
 الإدارة العامة للأسواق
 الإدارة العامة الراحة والسلامة
 الإدارة العامة للخدمات الاجتماعية
 وكالة التعمير والمشاريع
 الإدارة العامة للتخطيط العمراني
 الإدارة المركزية لرقابة المباني والمنشآت
 إدارة التخطيط
 إدارة المساحة وتنفيذ المخططات
 الإدارة العامة للدارسات والتصاميم
 إدارة تصميم الطرق وتصريف السيول
 الإدارة العامة للإشراف والتنفيذ
 الإدارة العامة للتشغيل والصيانة
 الإدارة العامة للأراضي والممتلكات
 إدارة الأراضي
 إدارة الممتلكات
 الإدارة العامة لتقنية المعلومات والخدمات الإلكترونية
 إدارة خدمات المعلومات
 إدارة هندسة وصيانة وتشغيل الحاسب الآلي:
 إدارة تطوير التطبيقات الآلية
 وكالة الأمانة لشئون بلديات المنطقة
 إدارة الشئون الفنية:
 إدارة الشئون المالية والإدارية
 إدارة الأراضي
 إدارة التخطيط
 الإدارة العامة لتنمية الاستثمارات

البلديات الفرعية

بلديات ومجمعات المنطقة

فعاليات الأمانة

فعالية قاف
هي فعالية تقوم على المحاورة الشعرية، ويلتقي بها 6 من شعراء المحاور في مدينة الرياض تحديدا في ساحة العروض وسط أجواء تراثية.

تتضمن الفعالية إقامة سوق شعبي يستعرض به المشاركون سلع مختلفة مرتبطة بالموروث، وتخصيص أقسام للأسر المنتجة، بالإضافة إلى أنشطة ثقافية. وتستمر هذه الفعالية لمدة 3 أشهر، وتقام في يومي الخميس والجمعة من كل أسبوع.

طالع أيضاً
 أمانة العاصمة المقدسة.
 أمانة منطقة المدينة المنورة.
 أمانة منطقة عسير.

المصادر
 أمانة منطقة الرياض
 وزارة الشئون البلدية والقروية
 نبذة عن الأمانة

مراجع

اقتصاد الرياض
بلديات الرياض
تأسيسات سنة 1937 في السعودية
منطقة الرياض
منظمات مقرها في الرياض
وكالات حكومية أسست في 1937
وكالات حكومية في السعودية

أمانة منطقة الرياض


تركيا جمهورية ديمقراطية برلمانية تسمح بتعدد الأحزاب.

الأحزاب
الأحزاب الرئيسية المعرفة كأحزاب سياسيّة، والتي استلمت أكثر من 10% من أصوات الناخبين الأتراك خلال آخر انتخابات نيابية (22 يوليو/تموز 2007) أومُثّلت في البرلمان التركي، والأحزاب الصغيرة لبت شروط المجلس الانتخابات الأعلى وشاركت في الانتخابات ولم تمُثّل في البرلمان التركي.

الأحزاب الرئيسية

أحزاب صغيرة
 حزب العمل الشعبي الديمقراطي (DEHAP)
 حزب الشباب (GP)
 الحزب الليبرالي الديمقراطي (LDP)
 الحزب الشيوعي التركي (TKP)
 حزب الوطن الأم (YP)

الأحزاب التاريخيّة
الأحزاب التي اندمجت مع أحزاب أخرى، أوتفككت وحُلّت بسبب نزاعات داخلية أو عدم وجود ظروف ديمقراطية تسمح لأحزاب بممارسمة أنشطتها السياسيّة كالانقلابات العسكريّة التي اشتهرت بها تركيا.

أحزاب يمينيّة
 حزب تركيا الجديدة انضم لحزب الشعب الجمهوري.

أحزاب يساريّة
 الحزب الجمهوري الليبرالي حلّ نفسه عام (1929).

أحزاب محافظة
 حزب العدالة أغلق عام عام (1980) إثر انقلاب عسكري.

أحزاب إسلاميّة
 حزب الإنقاذ الوطني أغلق عام عام (1980) إثر انقلاب عسكري.

الأحزاب المحظورة
أحزاب حظرت بقرار من المحكمة الدستورية التركية أو خلال محاكمات استثنائية

أحزاب يساريّة
 حزب عمال تركيا

أحزاب إسلاميّة
 حزب الرفاه
 حزب الفضيلة

أحزاب تعددية
 الحزب الديمقراطي الشعبي

المصادر

أحزاب تركيا
قوائم الأحزاب السياسية حسب البلد
قوائم أحزاب سياسية في أوروبا
قوائم أحزاب سياسية في تركيا
قوائم متعلقة بتركيا

قائمة الأحزاب السياسية في تركيا