Sildavya, Hergé'nin Tenten serisinin belirli kitaplarında konu edilen kurgusal bir Balkan ülkesidir. Konuşulan dil Sildavyaca'dır.

Genel bakış
 Sildavya, Ottokar'ın Asası kitabı sırasında Muskar XII tarafından yönetilen bir monarşidir.
 Başkenti Klow, eski adıyla Zileherum, Moltus ile Wladir Irmakları'nın karıştığı yerde bulunmaktadır.
 Diğer bilinen şehirler Niedzdrow, Istow, Dbrnouk ve Zlip'tir.
 Sildavya'nın 642,000 kişilik nüfusunun 122,000'i Klow'da yaşamaktadır. Ülkenin bayrağı Arnavutluk bayrağına benzerdir.
 Krallığın vecizesi Eih bennek, eih blavek!, Hergé tarafından Qui s'y frotte s'y pique yani "Bulaşan pişman olur" olarak çevrilmiştir—ama bu sadece Lorraine Dükalık'ına, amblemine ve devedikenine bir göndermedir. Bu vecize Hollanda deyimi Hier ben ik, hier blijf ik "Buradayım, burada kalacağım" sözcüğünün bir Brüksel lehçesi versiyonu olarak yorumlanabilir. [İngiliz versiyonunda çevirmenler vecizeyi "If you gather Thistles, expect Prickles" (Devedikenini toplayan dikenine katlanır) olarak çevirmiştir.]
 Sildavya'nın ulusal havayolları Sildair'dir.

Sildavya aynı zamanda Siyah Pelikan Krallığı olarak da bilinir.
(Bu ülke aynı zamanda bir Slav ülkesi olarak gizlenmiş Belçika olarak da tanımlanır. Sildavyalılar soda içmekten zevk alırlar, bu da Tenten'in yol arkadaşlarından biri olan viski sever Kaptan Haddock'un pek hoşuna gitmez.

Sildavya'nın yeri
Büyük ihtimalle Kuzey Slovenya civarındaki Celje bölgesindeki bir alanı kaplamaktadır; bazıları ise Vojdovina bölgesinde düşünürler.

Sildavya'nın kırsal kesiminin resmedilme şekline bakılırsa ülkenin daha çok Balkan Yarımadası'nın güneyinde olması gerekir. Çevre kurak ve verimsiz olarak gösterilmiştir, bu da Karadağ, Arnavutluk, Makedonya ve hatta Bulgaristan'a benzemektedir. Köyler kiliselerden çok camiler göstermektedir (yine de bunlar, Córdoba'daki Mezquita katedrali gibi, eski Türk-yapımı gözüken camilerden çevrilmiş kiliseler olabilirler, çünkü kraliyet sarayı Hristiyan gözükmektedir). Türklerin ve pelikan sözcüğünün bahsi bu kurgusal ülkenin daha güneyde de olabileceğini işaret etmektedir. Hedef Ay  albümünde sayfa 61'deki bir panel Sildavya ay roketinin Tuna nehrinin kuzeyinden kalktığını göstermektedir.

Tarih
 Sildavya halkının geçmişi belirsizdir.
 Modern Sildavya kabile reisi Hveghi Türk fatihlerini kovup Muskar adını aldığı gün 1127'de kurulmuştur.
 Bordurya ülkeyi 1195'te ele geçirmiş, 1275'te I. Ottokar onları ülkeden kovmuştur.
 Kral IV. Ottokar Sildavya'nın yöneticisinin asayı koruması gerektiğini, yoksa yetkisini kaybedeceğini buyurmuştur.
 Bu gelenek 1939'a kadar bile hükmünü sürdürmüştür.
 1939'da Sildavya, Kral XII. Muskar'a karşı yapılan bir girişimle neredeyse komşusu Bordurya tarafından kuşatılacaktı. Bu olay 1938'de Avusturya'daki Anschluss olayına çok benzemektedir (fakat sonuç aynı değildir). Tenten durumun düzeltilmesine katkıda bulunmuştur.
 1950'lerde Sildavya Sbrodj bölgesinde gizli ama başarılı bir uzay programı gerçekleştirmiştir.

Sildavya dili
Tintin Ketje de Bruxelles kitabında (Casterman, 2004 ISBN 2-203-01716-3), Daniel Justens ve Alain Préaux, Sildavya dilinin nasıl Brüksel'in işçi (şimdilerde popüler) bölgesi olan Marolles şivesi olan Marols veya Marollien'''den aldığını belgelemiştir. Hergé'nin büyükannesinden öğrendiği Marols, Fransızca kökenli pek çok kelimenin yanı sıra İspanyol Engizisyonu sırasında (1500 civarı) Alçak ülkeler'in işgaline dayanan bir İspanyol etkisinin de bulunduğu bir Flemenk lehçesidir.

 Kaynakça
Sildavya'yı içeren Tenten hikâyeleri:
 Le Sceptre d'Ottokar (Ottokar'ın Asası, 1939)
 Objectif Lune (Hedef Ay, 1953)
 On a marché sur la Lune (Ay'a Ayak Basıldı, 1954, sadece dünya sahnelerinde)
 L'Affaire Tournesol (Turnösol Olayı, 1956)

La Unión adlı İspanyol bir grubun bu kurgusal ülke hakkında Syldavia'' adlı bir şarkısı bulunmaktadır.

Tenten ülkeleri
Kurgusal Avrupa ülkeleri
Çizgi romanlarda yerler

Sildavya


Balthasaria, maleni biljni rod iz porodice Pentaphylacaceae kojemu pripoada dvije vrste vazdazelenog drveća u zapadnoj i istočnoj tropskoj Africi, poglavito na planinama Uluguru i otoku São Tomé. Tipična vrsta je endem Balthasaria mannii s otoka São Tomé.

Vrsta B. schliebenii može narasti od 6 do 40 metara visine

Vrste
 Balthasaria mannii (Oliv.) Verdc.
 Balthasaria schliebenii (Melch.) Verdc.; Uluguru

Izvori

Pentaphylacaceae

Balthasaria


Akamai Technologies, Inc. is an American content delivery network (CDN), cybersecurity, and cloud service company, providing web and Internet security services. The company operates a network of servers worldwide and rents the capacity of the servers to customers wanting to increase the efficiency of their websites by using Akamai owned servers located near the user. When a user navigates to the URL of an Akamai customer, their browser is directed by Akamai's domain name system to a proximal edge server that can serve the requested content. Akamai's mapping system assigns each user to a proximal edge server using sophisticated algorithms such as stable matching and consistent hashing, enabling more reliable and faster web downloads. Further, Akamai implements DDoS mitigation and other security services in its edge server platform.

History
The company was named after akamai, which means 'clever,' or more colloquially, 'cool' in Hawaiian, which Lewin had discovered in a Hawaiian-English dictionary after the suggestion of a colleague.

Akamai Technologies entered the 1998 MIT $50K competition with a business proposition based on their research on consistent hashing, and were selected as one of the finalists. By August 1998, they had developed a working prototype, and with the help of Jonathan Seelig and Randall Kaplan, they began taking steps to incorporate the company. Akamai Technologies was incorporated on August 20, 1998.

In late 1998 and early 1999, a group of business professionals and scientists joined the founding team. Most notably, Paul Sagan, former president of New Media for Time Inc., and George Conrades, former chairman and chief executive officer of BBN Corp. and senior vice president of US operations for IBM. Conrades became the chief executive officer of Akamai in April 1999. The company launched its commercial service in April 1999 and was listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market from October 29, 1999.

On July 1, 2001, Akamai was added to the Russell 3000 Index and Russell 2000 Index.

On September 11, 2001, co-founder Daniel M. Lewin died in the September 11 attacks at the age of 31 when he was stabbed by one of the hijackers. He was seated closest to the hijackers and attempted to foil the hijacking during his flight aboard American Airlines Flight 11, the first plane to crash into the World Trade Center.

In 2005, Paul Sagan was named chief executive officer of Akamai, taking over from Conrades. Sagan worked to differentiate Akamai from its competitors by expanding the company's breadth of services. Under his leadership, the company grew to $1.37 billion in revenue.

In July 2007, Akamai was added to the S&P 500 Index.

In 2013, co-founder Tom Leighton was elected to the position of chief executive officer, replacing Sagan.

On February 9, 2021, Akamai announced it would reorganize into two internal groups: Security Technology and Edge Technology. The company also re-established the role of chief technology officer, and named Robert Blumofe to serve in that role. Long-time chief security officer (CSO) Andy Ellis announced he would leave in March 2021.

Akamai's headquarters are in Kendall Square. Akamai started in Technology Square and later expanded to multiple buildings in Cambridge Center. They consolidated their offices in a purpose-built building at 145 Broadway in December 2019.

Technologies

Akamai Intelligent Edge Platform
The Akamai Intelligent Platform is a distributed cloud computing platform that operates worldwide. It is a network of over approximately 365,000 servers deployed in more than 135 countries. These servers reside in roughly 1,350 of the world's networks gathering real-time information about traffic, congestion, and trouble spots. Each Akamai server is equipped with proprietary software that uses complex algorithms to process requests from nearby users, then serve the requested content.

Content delivery process

The content delivery process begins with a user submitting a request to a browser. When a user enters a URL, a DNS request is triggered to Akamai's authoritative DNS  and an IP address is retrieved. With the IP address, the browser can then directly contact the Akamai edge server for subsequent requests. In a content delivery network (CDN) structure, the domain name of the URL is translated by the mapping system into the IP address of an edge server to serve the content to the user.

Akamai delivers web content over its Intelligent Platform by transparently mirroring elements such as HTML, CSS, software downloads, and media objects from customers' servers. The Akamai server is automatically chosen depending on the type of content and the user's network location. Said servers are located in more than 200 countries and territories. Receiving content from an Akamai server, near the user, allows faster downloads and less vulnerability to network congestion. Akamai claims to provide better scalability by delivering the content over the last mile from servers close to end-users, avoiding the middle-mile bottleneck of the Internet. The Download Delivery product line includes HTTP downloads for large downloadable objects, a customizable application for consumers, and analytics tools with metrics that monitor and report on the download process.

Peer-to-peer networking
In addition to using Akamai's own servers, Akamai delivers certain content from other end-users' computers, in the form of peer-to-peer networking.

Network Operations Command Center
Akamai's Network Operations Command Center (NOCC) is used for proactive monitoring and troubleshooting of all servers in the global Akamai network. The NOCC provides real-time statistics of Akamai's web traffic. The traffic metrics update automatically and provide a view of the Internet traffic conditions on Akamai's servers and customer websites.

State of the Internet
Akamai releases quarterly a report called the State of the Internet, which is based on data gathered from its Intelligent Platform. The platform provides global Internet statistics such as connection speed, broadband adoption, attack traffic, network connectivity, and mobile connectivity.

Visualizing the Internet
Akamai's data visualization tools display how data is moving across the Internet in real-time. Viewers are able to see global web conditions, malicious attack traffic, and Internet connectivity. In addition, the net usage indices monitor global news consumption, industry-specific traffic, and mobile trends.  Akamai also offers the Internet Visualization application, which allows users to view real-time data on their mobile device.

OPEN Initiative
On October 9, 2013, Akamai announced its Open Initiative at the 2013 Akamai Edge Conference. OPEN allows customers and partners to develop and customize the way they interact with the Akamai Intelligent Platform. Key components of OPEN include system and development operations integration, real-time big data integration, and a single-point user interface.

Plume Partnership
In January 2021, Akamai partnered with Plume. The partnership combines Akamai Security and Personalization Services (SPS) mobile security suite and real time threat intelligence with Plume's Consumer Experience Management (CEM) Platform.

Primary domains
Akamai Technologies owns about 60 other domains, but the primary domains it uses include:

Corporate
 akamai.com – Akamai's domain

Content (delivery) domains
 akamai.net
 akamaiedge.net
 akamaihd.net
 edgesuite.net
 edgekey.net
 srip.net
 akamaitechnologies.com
 akamaitechnologies.fr

DNS servers
 akamaitech.net
 akadns.net
 akagtm.org
 akam.net
 akamaistream.net
 akamaiedge.net
 akamaihd.net
 akamai.com

Customers
On July 21, 1999, at Macworld Expo New York, Apple and Akamai announced a strategic partnership to build Apple's new media network, QuickTime TV (QTV), based on QuickTime Streaming Server. Both companies later announced that Apple had made a $12.5 million investment in the company the previous month. Apple continues to use Akamai as their primary CDN for a wide range of applications including software downloads from Apple's Website, QuickTime movie trailers, and the iTunes Store.

In September 1999, Microsoft and Akamai formed a strategic relationship to incorporate Windows Media technology in Akamai's FreeFlow service, as well as to facilitate the porting of the FreeFlow product to the Windows platform; this relationship exists to this day. Microsoft Azure offers Akamai (along with Verizon) as options for its "standard" CDN service.

Arabic news network Al-Jazeera was a customer from March 28, 2003, until April 2, 2003, when Akamai decided to end the relationship. The network's English-language managing editor claimed this was due to political pressure.

In June 2008, The NewsMarket teamed with Akamai to accelerate dynamic content and applications to global media ahead of the Beijing Olympics.

The BBC iPlayer uses Akamai to stream its recorded and live programs, focused through an XML playlist.

The entire China Central Television website, including its streaming video, has been hosted on Akamai's edge servers since late 2009. Hulu uses Akamai for hosting video. MIT OpenCourseWare utilizes Akamai's EdgeSuite for its CDN.

Trend Micro uses Akamai for their Housecall antivirus application.

Valve's Steam service uses Akamai's CDN for storing screenshots and icons uploaded by users.

Akamai provided streaming services to ESPN Star (India) during the course of the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011.

Rackspace's Cloud Files use Akamai's CDN for storing its customer's files.

Other customers include Adobe Systems, Airbnb, AMD, AutoTrader.com, COS, ESPN, The Great Courses, Hewlett-Packard, Hilton Worldwide, IBM, J. C. Penney, Jehovah's Witnesses, MTV Networks, NASA, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, NBC Sports, Pearson Education, Red Bull GmbH, Red Hat, Sony PlayStation and Yahoo!.

Nintendo uses Akamai's Media Delivery Solutions for the Nintendo Switch Online service as well as in their mobile apps, like Super Mario Run.

Acquisitions
 On February 10, 2000, Akamai acquired Network24 Communications for 621,000 shares of common stock and $12.5 million in cash.
 On April 20, 2000, Akamai acquired InterVU Inc. for 10.0 million shares of common stock.
 On July 25, 2000, Akamai acquired CallTheShots, Inc., for an aggregate purchase price of $3.7 million.
 On June 10, 2005, Akamai acquired  Speedera Networks, Inc. for 10.6 million shares of Akamai common stock and options to purchase 1.7 million shares of Akamai common stock.
 On December 13, 2006, Akamai acquired Nine Systems, Inc., for an aggregate purchase price of $157.5 million.
 On March 13, 2007, Akamai acquired Netli Inc. (Netli), for an aggregate purchase price of $154.4 million.
 On April 12, 2007, Akamai acquired Red Swoosh Inc. for an aggregate purchase price of $18.7 million.
 On November 3, 2008, Akamai acquired aCerno Inc., for an aggregate purchase price of $90.8 million.
 On June 10, 2010, Akamai acquired Velocitude LLC, for an aggregate purchase price of $12 million.
 On February 7, 2012, Akamai acquired Blaze Software, Inc., for an aggregate purchase price of $19.3 million.
 On March 6, 2012, Akamai acquired Cotendo, Inc., for an aggregate purchase price of $278.9 million.
 On September 13, 2012, Akamai acquired FastSoft, Inc., for an aggregate purchase price of $14.4 million.
 On December 4, 2012, Akamai acquired Verivue, Inc., for an aggregate purchase price of $30.9 million.
 On November 8, 2013, Akamai acquired Velocius Networks for an aggregate purchase price of  $4.3 million.
 In February 2014, Akamai acquired cyber security provider Prolexic Technologies for an aggregate purchase price of $390 million.
 In February 2015, Akamai acquired Xerocole Inc., a domain name system technology company.
 On April 6, 2015, Akamai acquired Octoshape, a cloud OTT IPTV service provider, for an undisclosed amount.
 On November 2, 2015, Akamai acquired Bloxx, a provider of Secure Web Gateway (SWG) technology, for an undisclosed amount.
 On September 28, 2016, Akamai acquired Concord Systems, a provider of technology for the high performance processing of data at scale, for an undisclosed amount.
 On October 4, 2016, Akamai acquired Soha Systems, an enterprise secure access delivered as a service provider, for an undisclosed amount.
 On December 19, 2016, Akamai acquired Cyberfend, a bot and automation detection solutions provider, for an undisclosed amount.
 On March 29, 2017, Akamai acquired SOASTA, a digital performance management company based in Mountain View, CA, for an undisclosed all-cash amount.
 On October 11, 2017, Akamai acquired Nominum, a carrier-grade DNS and DHCP provider and one of the major players in the creation of the modern DNS, for an undisclosed all-cash amount.
 On January 24, 2019, Akamai acquired CIAM provider Janrain.
 In October 2019, Akamai agreed to acquire security software provider ChameleonX for $20 million.
On October 27, 2020, Akamai acquired IoT and mobile security provider Asavie.
On February 1, 2021, Akamai acquired Inverse Inc. a Montreal Canadian based security company making an open source Network Access Controller (NAC) called PacketFence.
On September 29, 2021, Akamai Technologies acquired Guardicore for $600 million.
On February 15, 2022, Akamai acquired Linode for $900 million.

Litigation

One of Akamai's patents covers delivering electronic data using a CDN. Internet Web site proprietors (content providers) contract with Akamai to deliver their Web sites' content to individual Internet users. The patented method permits large files, such as video or music files, to be stored on Akamai's servers and accessed from those servers by Internet users. This increases the speed with which Internet users access the content from Web sites.

Akamai's patent was written in a way that called for or permitted actions by multiple persons or entities—such as the content-provider customer and the company providing the CDN service. Akamai's competitor Limelight chose to operate its allegedly infringing service in that manner—it performed most steps of the patented process, and its customers performed a so-called tagging step. Under the interpretation of patent law, when Akamai sued Limelight for patent infringement, a method patent could be infringed upon only when a single actor performed all the steps. The court, therefore, overturned a $40 million jury verdict in Akamai's favor.

Akamai initially lost the case, even taking it to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court returned the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, however, with an invitation to re-evaluate its rule, if it chose to do so, that all the steps of a method had to be performed by a single actor for there to be infringement. On remand, the Federal Circuit considered the matter en banc (all active circuit judges) and modified its rule. It now held that a patent could also be directly infringed upon if "an alleged infringer conditions participation in an activity or receipt of a benefit upon performance of a step or steps of a patented method and establishes the manner or timing of that performance". On that basis, the Federal Circuit reinstated the $40 million jury verdict. It said that "Akamai presented substantial evidence demonstrating that Limelight conditions its customers' use of its CDN upon its customers' performance of" the steps that Limelight does not itself perform. This has been considered a substantial change in patent law.

Controversies

In 2013, the Securities and Exchange Commission charged a former executive at Akamai Technologies for illegally tipping non-public information about the company's financial predicament as part of the insider trading scheme operated by now-imprisoned Galleon Management hedge fund founder Raj Rajaratnam.

The National Security Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation have reportedly used Facebook's Akamai CDN to collect information on Facebook users.  This report appears to show intelligence analysts intercepting communications between Facebook and its CDN provider, but does not indicate Akamai as being complicit in this process.

According to researchers from the Universities of Cambridge and California-Berkeley, University College London, and International Computer Science Institute-Berkeley, Akamai has been blocking access to web sites for visitors using Tor. This feature, known as 'network lists,' is optional for and implemented by customers of Akamai, and is a feature common to many major IT vendors that provide network security feeds, such as Emerging Threats, which provides such a feed for free.

Key scientific publications

These papers that appear in scientific conferences and journals, are describing Akamai's technology in greater detail.

 Karger, D., Lehman, E., Leighton, T., Panigrahy, R., Levine, M., Lewin, D. Consistent Hashing and Random Trees: Distributed Caching Protocols for Relieving Hot Spots on the World Wide Web. ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 1997, pp. 654–663.
 J. Dilley, B. Maggs, J. Parikh, H. Prokop, R. Sitaraman, and B. Weihl. "Globally Distributed Content Delivery", IEEE Internet Computing, September/October 2002, pp. 50-58.
 Bruce Maggs and Ramesh Sitaraman. "Algorithmic nuggets in content delivery".  ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume=45, Issue=3, 2015.
 F. Chen, R. Sitaraman, and M. Torres. "End-User Mapping: Next Generation Request Routing for Content Delivery". ACM SIGCOMM conference, Aug 2015.
 Kyle Schomp, Onkar Bhardwaj, Eymen Kurdoglu, Mashooq Muhaimen, and Ramesh K. Sitaraman. "Akamai DNS: Providing Authoritative Answers to the World's Queries", ``ACM SIGCOMM conference, Aug 2020.
D. Gillman, Y. Lin, B. Maggs and R. K. Sitaraman. "Protecting Websites from Attack with Secure Delivery Networks", IEEE Computer, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 26-34, Apr. 2015.

Notable people

Martin McKeay (born 1971), computer security expert and blogger

See also

 Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.

References

External links

Internet technology companies of the United States
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
American companies established in 1998
Computer companies established in 1998
Technology companies based in the Boston area
Companies based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Content delivery networks
Cloud computing providers

1998 establishments in Massachusetts
1999 initial public offerings
Apple Inc. partnerships

Akamai Technologies


قائمة الجزر في الخليج العربي يحوي الخليج العربي على ما يزيد من 100 جزيرة أكبرها جزيرة قشم ثم بوبيان الكويتية، ولجميع الدول المطلة على الخليج جزر ما عدا العراق.

يعد الخليج العربي موطنًا للعديد من الجزر ، معظمها صغيرة ، موزعة في كامل المنطقة الجغرافية للخليج وتديرها الدول المجاورة. معظم الجزر ذات كثافة سكانية منخفضة ، بعضها قاحل ، وبعضها يستخدم للاتصالات أو العسكرية أو كأحواض للسفن. بعض الجزر في الخليج العربي هي جزر مبنية بشكل جزر اصطناعية. غالبًا ما تكون الجزر الاصطناعية منتجعات سياحية أو مشاريع سكنية أو فنادق. على الرغم من صغر حجمها ، تسببت بعض هذه الجزر الاصطناعية في مخاطر جسيمة على النظام البيئي المتهالك بالفعل في الخليج العربي والحياة البرية والحياة البحرية المتضائلة فيه. كما أن عددًا قليلاً من جزر الخليج لها أهمية تاريخية ، حيث استخدمتها الإمبراطوريات القديمة ، والممالك المجاورة ، وفي الآونة الأخيرة ، القوى الاستعمارية مثل الإمبراطورية البريطانية ، والإمبراطورية البرتغالية. جعلت العولمة الحديثة واكتشاف النفط بعض جزر الخليج العربي مهمة جدًا للدول المتقدمة كمصدر للنفط والمواد الصناعية الخام. جعلت الحروب الأخيرة والاضطرابات السياسية هذه الجزر مواقع عسكرية استراتيجية للقوى الأجنبية من أمريكا وأوروبا. بعض الجزر في الخليج العربي هي دول بحد ذاتها مثل البحرين وهي  دولة خليجية مستقلة و الوحيدة التي هي أيضًا جزيرة.

قائمة الجزر

مواضيع متعلقة
 قائمة الجزر العربية
 شبه جزيرة
 أرخبيل
 شعب حلقي
 دولة جزيرة
 جزيرة اصطناعية
 قائمة الجزر حسب الكثافة السكانية
 قائمة جزر البحر الكاريبي
 قائمة الجزر العربية
 قائمة جزر الإمارات العربية المتحدة
 قائمة جزر البحرين
 قائمة جزر قطر
 قائمة جزر عمان
 قائمة جزر الكويت

المصادر

جزر عربية
قوائم جزر
قوائم متعلقة بالوطن العربي
الخليج العربي
جزر السعودية
جزر قطر
جزر البحرين
جزر الإمارات
جزر عمان
جزر الكويت
جزر إيران
جزر إيرانية

قائمة جزر الخليج العربي


Patrick Daniel Tillman Jr. (November 6, 1976 – April 22, 2004) was an American professional football player for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL) who left his sports career and enlisted in the United States Army in May 2002 in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. His service in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as subsequent death, were the subject of national attention. Attention increased after it was revealed that he was killed by friendly fire.

After playing four seasons in the NFL, Tillman joined the Army Rangers and served several combat tours before he was killed in the mountains of Afghanistan. At first, the Army reported that Tillman had been killed by enemy fire. A month later, on May 28, 2004, the Pentagon notified the Tillman family that he was actually killed by fire from his own side. The family and other critics allege that the Department of Defense delayed the disclosure until weeks after Tillman's memorial service out of a desire to protect the image of the U.S. military. In 2007, the Pentagon released a report ruling Tillman's death as accidental.

Tillman was posthumously promoted from specialist to corporal. He also posthumously received the Silver Star and Purple Heart medals.

Early life and education
Tillman was born on November 6, 1976, in Fremont, California, the son of Mary (Spalding) and Patrick Kevin Tillman. The oldest of three sons, with Kevin and Richard as the other two, Tillman played competitive football. He went to Bret Harte Middle School and helped lead Leland High School to the Central Coast Division I Football Championship. Tillman did not always play football. In his freshman year of high school, he was catcher for his baseball team, but did not make the varsity team. In his sophomore year he decided to concentrate on football. Tillman then went to Arizona State University on a football scholarship.

Tillman was very close to his family and high school friends. He repeatedly mentioned in his personal journals during wartime service that he drew strength from and deeply valued his closest friendships, parents, wife and family. Tillman was very committed to his high school sweetheart, Marie Ugenti, whom he married shortly before his enlistment in the Army. He also was very close with his brother, Kevin, who enlisted with and served alongside him.

College career
He started his college career as a linebacker for Arizona State University in 1994, when he secured the last remaining scholarship for the team. Tillman excelled as a linebacker at Arizona State, despite being relatively small for the position at  tall. As a junior, he helped his team go undefeated that season as well as helping them make it to the Rose Bowl that year. In 1997, he was voted the Pac-10 Defensive Player of the Year. In the same year, Tillman was also named Arizona State's MVP.

Tillman majored in marketing and graduated in three and a half years with a 3.85 GPA. He also earned many academic awards including: the Clyde B. Smith Academic Award in 1996 and 1997; the Sporting News Honda Scholar-Athlete of the Year in 1997; and the 1998 Sun Angel Student Athlete of Year. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2010, and was also posthumously inducted into the Arizona Sports Hall of Fame in 2018.

Professional career

Arizona Cardinals

In the 1998 NFL draft, Tillman was selected as the 226th pick by the Arizona Cardinals. Tillman moved over to play the safety position in the NFL and started ten of 16 games in his rookie season.

At one point in his NFL career, Tillman turned down a five-year, $9 million contract offer from the St. Louis Rams out of loyalty to the Cardinals.

Sports Illustrated football writer Paul Zimmerman named Tillman to his 2000 NFL All-Pro team after Tillman finished with 155 tackles (118 solo), 1.5 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries, 9 pass deflections, and 1 interception for 30 yards.

Tillman finished his career with totals of 340 tackles, 2.5 sacks, 3 interceptions for 37 yards, 3 forced fumbles, 15 pass deflections, and 3 fumble recoveries in 60 career games. In addition, he also had 1 rush attempt for 4 yards and returned 3 kickoffs for 33 yards.

In May 2002, eight months after the September 11 attacks and after completing the 15 remaining games of the 2001 season which followed the attacks, Tillman turned down a contract offer of $3.6 million over three years from the Cardinals to enlist in the U.S. Army.

Military career and death
Tillman and his brother Kevin enlisted on May 31, 2002. In September 2002, they completed basic training together. The two brothers completed the Ranger Assessment & Selection Program in late 2002 and were assigned to the 2nd Ranger Battalion in Fort Lewis, Washington. Tillman resided in University Place with his wife before being deployed to Iraq. After participating in the initial invasion of Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, in September 2003, he entered Ranger School at Fort Benning, Georgia; he graduated on November 28, 2003.

Tillman was subsequently deployed to Afghanistan, and posted at FOB Salerno. On April 22, 2004, he was initially reported to have been killed by enemy combatants. An Afghan Militia Force allied soldier, Sayed Farhad, was also killed in the action. Tillman's platoon leader First Lieutenant David Uthlaut and his radiotelephone operator (RTO), 19-year-old Jade Lane, were wounded in the incident. The Army initially claimed that Tillman and his unit were attacked in an apparent ambush on a road outside of the village of Sperah about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Khost, near the Pakistan border. It was not until after his burial that investigations by the Department of Defense and U.S. Congress were launched, eventually ruling his death as having come by friendly fire.

The Washington Post reported that prior to his death, Tillman called the invasion and occupation of Iraq "fucking illegal".

An investigation by the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Division (CID) concluded that Tillman and the Afghan militia soldier were killed by friendly fire when one allied group fired upon another in confusion after nearby gunfire was mistakenly believed to be from enemy combatants. The CID Report summary, dated March 19, 2007, stated that:  ... during their movement through the canyon road, Serial 2 [Tillman's platoon had to split up because of a broken HMMWV; the parts were called Serial 1 and 2] was ambushed and became engaged in a running gun battle with enemy combatants. Serial 1 [Tillman's portion of the platoon] had just passed through the same canyon without incident and were approximately one kilometer ahead of Serial 2. Upon hearing explosions, gunfire, and sporadic radio communication from Serial 2, Serial 1 dismounted their vehicles and moved on foot, to a more advantageous position to provide overwatch and fire support for Serial 2's movement out of the ambush. Upon exiting the gorge, and despite attempts by Serial 1 to signal a "friendly position", occupants of the lead vehicle of Serial 2 opened fire on Tillman's position, where he was fatally shot.

The Army Special Operations Command initially claimed that there was an exchange with hostile forces. After a lengthy investigation conducted by Brigadier General Gary M. Jones, the U.S. Department of Defense concluded that both the Afghan militia soldier's and Tillman's deaths were due to friendly fire aggravated by the intensity of the firefight.

Tillman's brother testified before Congress, stating "The deception surrounding this case was an insult to the family, but more importantly, its primary purpose was to deceive a whole nation."

Awards and decorations

Silver Star Citation

Citation:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918 (amended by an act of July 25, 1963), takes pride in presenting the Silver Star (Posthumously) to Corporal Patrick D. Tillman, United States Army, for gallantry in action while serving with the 2d Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, during action in Afghanistan on 22 April 2004, against an armed enemy while serving as a Rifle Team Leader in support of Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. Caught between the crossfire of an enemy near ambush, Corporal Tillman put himself in the line of devastating enemy fire as he maneuvered his fire team to a covered position from which they could effectively employ their weapons on known enemy positions. His audacious leadership and courageous example under fire inspired his men to fight at great risk to their own personal safety, resulting in the enemy's withdrawal, his platoon's safe passage from the ambush kill zone, and his mortal wound. Corporal Tillman's personal courage, tactical expertise, and professional competence directly contributed to his platoon's overall success and survival. In making the ultimate sacrifice for his team and platoon, Corporal Patrick D. Tillman reflected great credit upon himself, the Joint Task Force, and the United States Army.

Awards

In addition to his military awards, Pat Tillman received the Arthur Ashe Courage Award from ESPN in 2003, as part of that year's ESPY Awards ceremony.

Aftermath and legacy

Questions surrounding Tillman's death

A report described in The Washington Post on May 4, 2005, prepared at the request of Tillman's family by Brigadier General Gary M. Jones, revealed that in the days immediately following Tillman's death, Army investigators were aware that Tillman had been killed by friendly fire, shot three times in the head at less than 10 yards away, according to Army doctors. Jones reported that senior Army commanders, including General John Abizaid, knew of this fact within days of the shooting, but nevertheless approved the awarding of the Silver Star, Purple Heart, and a posthumous promotion to the rank of Corporal.

Lieutenant General Stanley McChrystal approved the Silver Star citation on April 28, 2004, which gave a detailed account of Tillman's death including the phrase "in the line of devastating enemy fire," but the next day he sent a P4 confidential memo warning senior government members that Tillman might actually have been killed by friendly fire. Senior commanders within the U.S. Central Command, including former Commander of the United States Central Command (CENTCOM) General John Abizaid, were notified by the P4 memo, which described Tillman's "highly possible" fratricide, four days before Tillman's nationally televised memorial service during which he was lauded as a war hero for dying while engaging the enemy.

Jones reported that members of Tillman's unit burned his body armor and uniform in an apparent attempt to hide the fact that he was killed by friendly fire. His notebook, in which, according to author Jon Krakauer, Tillman had recorded some of his thoughts on Afghanistan, was also burned; "a blatant violation of protocol." Several soldiers were subsequently punished for their actions by being removed from the United States Army Rangers. Jones believed that Tillman should retain his medals and promotion, since, according to Jones, he intended to engage the enemy and behaved heroically.

Tillman's family was not informed of the finding that he was killed by friendly fire until weeks after his memorial service, although at least some senior Army officers knew of that fact prior to the service. According to Krakauer in his book Where Men Win Glory, the extensive coverup that followed Tillman's death included the military's order to Tillman's comrades to lie to his family at the funeral. Tillman's parents have sharply criticized the Army's handling of the incident; Tillman's mother believed that "this lie was to cover their image," while Tillman's father believed that the Army "purposely interfered in the investigation" because of the effect it could have on their recruiting efforts.

He also blamed high-ranking Army officers for presenting "outright lies" to Tillman's family and to the public.

On March 4, 2006, the U.S. Defense Department Inspector General directed the Army to open a criminal investigation of Tillman's death. The Army's Criminal Investigative Division was to determine whether Tillman's death was the result of negligent homicide.

On March 26, 2007, the Pentagon released their report on the events surrounding Tillman's death and coverup. The report reads in part:

Tillman's brother Kevin testified before the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform that: The deception surrounding this [Tillman] case was an insult to the family: but more importantly, its primary purpose was to deceive a whole nation. We say these things with disappointment and sadness for our country. Once again, we have been used as props in a Pentagon public relations exercise.

After Kevin's testimony, Pete Geren, acting secretary of the Army, stated to reporters, "We as an Army failed in our duty to the Tillman family, the duty we owe to all the families of our fallen soldiers: give them the truth, the best we know it, as fast as we can."

Tillman's diary was never returned to his family, and its whereabouts are not publicly known.

One investigation of the autopsy report and photographs by two forensic pathologists in November 2006 concluded that Tillman was most likely killed as a result of fire from a M249 light machine gun. The M249 uses the same ammunition as the M16 rifle and M4 carbine, but is capable of higher rates of fire. This would allow a competent user to place three bullets within a several-inch target from 40 or 50 yards away, even from a moving vehicle.

On July 26, 2007, Chris Matthews reported on Hardball that Tillman's death may have been a case of deliberate murder by Tillman's fellow soldiers – specifically that the bullet holes were tight and neat, suggesting a shot at close range. Matthews based his speculation on a report from the doctors who examined Tillman's body. The following day the Associated Press reported that a doctor who examined Tillman's body after his death wrote, "The medical evidence did not match up with the scenario as described", also noting that the wound entrances appeared as though he had been shot with an M16 rifle from fewer than  away. A possible motive was not identified. When officers and soldiers were asked during a criminal investigation, they said they were certain the shooting was accidental. According to one of his fellow soldiers, Tillman "was popular among his fellow soldiers and had no enemies."

In addition, in response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by the Associated Press, the Defense Department released 2,300 pages of documents which were reported to indicate:
 There has never been evidence of enemy fire found on the scene, and no members of Tillman's group had been hit by enemy fire.
 The three-star general who withheld details of Tillman's death from his parents for a number of months told investigators approximately 70 times that he had a bad memory and could not recall details of his actions.
 Army attorneys sent each other congratulatory e-mails for keeping criminal investigators at bay as the Army conducted an internal friendly-fire investigation that resulted in administrative, or non-criminal, punishments.
 Army doctors told the investigators that Tillman's wounds suggested murder because "the medical evidence did not match-up with the scenario as described."

Congressional inquiries
On April 24, 2007, Specialist Bryan O'Neal, the last soldier known to see Pat Tillman alive, testified before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform that he was warned by superiors not to divulge information that a fellow soldier killed Tillman, especially to the Tillman family. Later, Pat Tillman's brother Kevin Tillman, who was also in the convoy traveling behind his brother at the time of the 2004 incident in Afghanistan but did not witness it, testified that the military tried to spin his brother's death to deflect attention from emerging failings in the Afghan war.

On July 13, 2007, Henry Waxman and Tom Davis, the leading members of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, revealed that the Bush administration and the Pentagon had withheld key documents relating to Tillman's death and denied any new document release request from Congress citing executive privilege.

On August 13, 2007, the Associated Press reported that on behalf of VoteVets, 20 U.S. military veterans who fought in Iraq and Afghanistan asked the NFL commissioner, Roger Goodell, to help secure the release of all documents relating to the death of Pat Tillman.

On July 14, 2008, the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform released a proposed report titled "Misleading Information from the Battlefield: The Tillman and Lynch Episodes". The committee stated that its "investigation was frustrated by a near universal lack of recall" among "senior officials at the White House" and the military. It concluded: The pervasive lack of recollection and absence of specific information makes it impossible for the Committee to assign responsibility for the misinformation in Specialist Tillman's and Private Lynch's cases. It is clear, however, that the Defense Department did not meet its most basic obligations in sharing accurate information with the families and with the American public.

Memorials and tributes
After his death, family and friends of Tillman including his widow Marie Tillman established the Pat Tillman Foundation to carry forward Tillman's legacy by inspiring and supporting those striving for positive change in themselves and the world. Marie would serve as executive director and then chair of the board.

A highway bypass around the Hoover Dam has a bridge bearing Tillman's name. Completed in October 2010, the Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge spans the Colorado River between Nevada and Arizona.

Lincoln Law School of San Jose has established the Pat Tillman Scholarship in honor of Tillman. Tillman's father earned his Juris Doctor from Lincoln in 1983.

On Sunday, September 19, 2004, all teams of the NFL wore a memorial decal on their helmets in honor of Tillman. The Arizona Cardinals continued to wear this decal throughout the 2004 season. Former Cardinals quarterback Jake Plummer requested to also wear the decal for the entire season, but the NFL turned him down, saying his helmet would not be uniform with the rest of the Denver Broncos. Plummer later grew a full beard and his hair long in honor of Tillman, who had such a style in the NFL before cutting his hair and shaving his beard off to fit military uniform guidelines.

The Cardinals retired his number 40, and Arizona State did the same for the number 42 he wore with the Sun Devils. The Cardinals have named the plaza surrounding their State Farm Stadium in Glendale Pat Tillman Freedom Plaza. Later, on November 12, 2006, during a Cardinals game versus the Cowboys, a bronze statue was revealed in his honor. ASU also named the football locker room entryway to Sun Devil Stadium the "Pat Tillman Memorial Tunnel" and made a "PT-42" patch that they place on the neck of their uniforms as a permanent feature. In 2011, Pat Tillman Veteran's Center in the lower level of the Memorial Union opened on the Tempe campus. Before the 2013 season, the Tillman Tunnel was renovated with new graphics and signage. Double doors separate the locker room from the tunnel, and a television with a sound system displays Tillman's career highlights. The gate which opens to the field features an image of Pat Tillman facing the field, looking as if he is leading the team out.

On Saturday, April 15, 2005, 5,000 participants turned out for the inaugural Pat's Run (which has become the annual fundraising event for the Pat Tillman Foundation) in Tempe. The racers traveled along the  course around Tempe Town Lake to the finish line, on the 42-yard line of Sun Devil Stadium in order to commemorate the number which Tillman wore as a Sun Devil and which was later retired in his honor. A second race took place in San Jose. Sponsored by the Pat Tillman Foundation, Pat's Run has continued to grow every year, with more than 28,000 attendees in April 2019. Various "honor runs", in locations such as Austin, Texas, take place around the country at the same time as Pat's Run and are supported by Arizona State University's Alumni Association.

In 2004, the NFL donated $250,000 to the United Service Organizations to build a USO center in memory of Tillman. The Pat Tillman USO Center, the first USO center in Afghanistan, opened on Bagram Air Base on April 1, 2005. As of 2019, the NFL continues to support the Pat Tillman Foundation through its Salute to Service campaign honoring United States military service members along with other military and veteran nonprofits.

The Pacific-10 Conference renamed its annual defensive player-of-the-year award in football to the Pat Tillman Defensive Player of the Year.

Forward Operating Base Tillman was close to the Pakistan border, near the village of Lwara in Paktika Province, Afghanistan.

Tillman's high school, Leland High School in San Jose, renamed its football field after him. In New Almaden, an unincorporated community adjacent to San Jose, where Tillman grew up, a memorial was constructed near the Almaden Quicksilver County Park. This memorial was dedicated in September 2007 during the annual New Almaden Day celebration. In Phoenix, the Balsz School District named a middle school in 2018 after Tillman.

The skateboarding bulldog featured on YouTube and in an Apple iPhone commercial was named after Tillman.

Two books about Tillman were published in 2009. Jon Krakauer, author of Into Thin Air and Into the Wild, chronicles Tillman's story in Where Men Win Glory: The Odyssey of Pat Tillman, published by Doubleday on September 15. Meanwhile, Tillman's mother, Mary Tillman, also wrote a book about her son, Boots on the Ground by Dusk, which was released in April 2008.

Following Tillman's death, the Ohio State Linebackers Corp consisting of A. J. Hawk, Bobby Carpenter and Anthony Schlegel, as well as center Nick Mangold, grew their hair in tribute to Tillman, imitating Tillman's trademark locks.

In September 2008, Rory Fanning, a fellow Army Ranger who was stationed with Tillman in Fort Lewis, Washington, began his "Walk for Pat", a walk across the United States in an effort to raise money and awareness for the Pat Tillman Foundation. The stated fundraising goal is $3.6 million, the value of the contract Tillman turned down when he decided to enlist in the military.

The Arizona State University Sun Devils football team wore special uniforms made by Adidas to honor Tillman and his career on October 29, 2015, when they faced the Oregon Ducks. All proceeds from the uniforms went to the Pat Tillman Foundation.

Super Bowl LVII, which was played in Arizona where he played collegiately and professionally, was dedicated to Tillman. Four Tillman Foundation Scholars performed the ceremonial coin toss.

Criticisms
After reports of Tillman's anti-war views became public, Ted Rall, who had previously written a comic calling Tillman a "fool" and "idiot", said that he was wrong to have assumed Tillman to be a "right wing poster child" when Tillman regarded the invasion of Iraq as illegal.

Then-Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Kauzlarich, Regimental Executive Officer at Forward Operating Base Salerno on Khost, Afghanistan, under which Tillman was serving at the time of his death, and led the second investigation into Tillman's death, made statements about the Tillman family's search for the truth based on Tillman's atheism. In comments to ESPN, Kauzlarich said: "These people have a hard time letting it go. It may be because of their religious beliefs" and "When you die, I mean, there is supposedly a better life, right? Well, if you are an atheist and you don't believe in anything, if you die, what is there to go to? Nothing. You are worm dirt. So for their son to die for nothing and now he is no more ... I do not know how an atheist thinks, I can only imagine that would be pretty tough."

Kauzlarich conducted the second investigation into Tillman's death which lasted a week, from May 8 to 15, 2004. Brigadier General Rodney Johnson, the Commanding General of the United States Army Criminal Investigations Command, testified before Congress that he found these statements "totally unacceptable". Acting Department of Defense Inspector General Thomas Gimble also testified that he was "shocked" that Lieutenant Colonel Kauzlarich would make these statements. According to AP analysis, three lower-level officers are expected to be punished, and Kauzlarich may be one of the three. Tillman's mother continues to reject the Pentagon's characterization of the officers' offenses as "errors" in reporting Tillman's death, because several officers have said they made conscious decisions not to tell the Tillman family that friendly fire was suspected.

Media analyses
Reviews by The New York Times reporter Dexter Filkins of Jon Krakauer's book Where Men Win Glory: The Odyssey of Pat Tillman noted that the book did well to compile the facts and "nauseating" details regarding the coverup of Tillman's death. "After Tillman's death, Army commanders violated many of their own rules, not to mention elementary standards of decency, to turn the killing into a propaganda coup for the American side," Filkins wrote.

A documentary film, The Tillman Story, was shown at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2010, and was released in August 2010.

On October 19, 2006, Kevin Tillman broke his silence about his brother's death, lashing out at the Iraq War (and American foreign policy in general) in a 660-word essay published on Truthdig, a progressive online journal of news and opinion. The essay was widely distributed and was cited in The New York Times and Associated Press.

Personal life
Tillman was an atheist. According to speakers at his funeral, he was very well-read, having read a number of religious texts including the Bible, Quran, and the Book of Mormon as well as transcendentalist authors such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. However, responding to religious overtones at the funeral by Maria Shriver and John McCain, his youngest brother, Richard, said, "Just make no mistake, he'd want me to say this: He's not with God, he's fucking dead, he's not religious." Richard added, "Thanks for your thoughts, but he's fuckin' dead." Another article quotes Tillman as having told then-general manager of the Seattle Seahawks, Bob Ferguson, in December 2003, "You know I'm not religious."

The September 25, 2005, edition of the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper reported that Tillman held views which were critical of the Iraq War. According to Tillman's mother, a friend of Tillman had arranged a meeting for Tillman with author Noam Chomsky, a prominent critic of American foreign and military policy, to take place after his return from Afghanistan.

See also
 A Second Knock at the Door

References

Further reading

External links

 Pat Tillman Foundation

1976 births
2004 deaths
American atheists
American football linebackers
American football safeties
American military personnel killed in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Arizona Cardinals players
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Cover-ups
Deaths by firearm in Afghanistan
Leland High School (San Jose, California) alumni
Military personnel from Arizona
Military personnel from California
Military personnel killed by friendly fire
Military scandals
National Football League players with retired numbers
Players of American football from Alameda County, California
Players of American football from Arizona
Players of American football from San Jose, California
Propaganda in the United States
Recipients of the Silver Star
Sportspeople from Fremont, California
United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
United States Army Rangers
United States Army soldiers

Pat Tillman


Vestnes er sveitarfélag í Mæri og Raumsdalur í Noregi. Fjöldi íbúa í sveitarfélaginu er 6.936 (2022).

Stjórnsýslumiðstöð sveitarfélagsins er þéttbýlið Vestnes. Til sveitarfélagsins fellur einnig þéttbýlisins  Fiksdal, Tomrefjord og  Tresfjord.

Sveitarfélagið á landamæri að sveitarfélögunum Rauma í austri, Fjord í suðri og Álasundi í suðri og vestri.
Sveitarfélög í Mæri og Raumsdal

Vestnes (sveitarfélag)


Megasoma gyas subsp. gyas é uma subespécie da espécie Megasoma gyas, inseto coleóptero da família dos melolontídeos (elolonthidae). É endêmica do Brasil. Consta na Lista de Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo de 2005 como criticamente em perigo; na Lista de Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção da Fauna do Estado de Minas Gerais de 2010 como em perigo; no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Ameaçada de Extinção no Estado de São Paulo de 2014 como em perigo; na Lista Oficial das Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas de Extinção do Estado da Bahia de 2017 como vulnerável; e na Lista Vermelha do Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) de 2018 como pouco preocupante.

Scarabaeoidea
Fauna da Mata Atlântica
Insetos do Espírito Santo (estado)
Insetos de Minas Gerais
Espécies citadas no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção da Fauna do Estado de Minas Gerais
Espécies citadas na Lista Oficial das Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas de Extinção do Estado da Bahia
Espécies citadas no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Ameaçada de Extinção no Estado de São Paulo

Megasoma gyas gyas


Velvet Volume er en dansk rockgruppe bestående af de tre søstre Noa, Naomi og Nataja Lachmi fra Aarhus. Gruppen blev officielt dannet i 2013 og blev for alvor kendt efter nogle tv-optrædener i 2015, og i 2017 udkom gruppens første album, Look Look Look!.

Karriere
De tre søstre, tvillingerne Noa og Naomi samt lillesøsteren Nataja, spillede tidligt musik, både hjemme og på deres skole N. Kochs Skole i Aarhus. De fandt efterhånden frem til deres nuværende instrumenter og en genre inspireret af blandt andre Jimi Hendrix, Lenny Kravitz og The Runaways, og de optrådte til forskellige arrangementer på skolen.

I 2013 besluttede de tre piger at satse mere på musikken og indspillede under navnet Velvet Volume en demo, som de sendte ud til koncertarrangører over hele landet. Det gav gevinst - de fik engagement på den lokale Grim Fest. I 2014 spillede gruppen som opvarmningsband til en række koncerter med Blue Van, inden den i efteråret 2015 fik sit store gennembrud efter endnu en optræden på Grim Fest samt spilletid på landsdækkende tv til henholdsvis uddeling af Kronprinsparrets Priser, Gaffas prisuddelingsshow og "P6 Beat rocker Koncerthuset". I 2015 udsendte gruppen også sin første dobbeltsingle med numrene "Runnin' Wild" og "I Think I Need You".

I begyndelsen af 2016 udkom den anden dobbeltsingle med numrene "Honey" og "Here Comes the Man", som gruppen fik gennemspillet på landets efterskoler, efter de blev udvalgt af Dansk Rocksamråd (ROSA) til at spille på deres efterskoleturné. Desuden spillede gruppen i Pumpehuset i København, inden den optrådte på NorthSide. Få dage efter denne optræden blev de to ældste søstre studenter. Senere fulgte blandt andet Jelling Musikfestival og Smukfest,

I 2017 begyndte de at indspille debutalbummet, der udkom i oktober med titlen Look Look Look!. Året havde budt på flere engagementer, blandt andet tre koncerter på Reeperbahn Festival i Hamburg. Efter udgivelsen af Look Look Look! tog Velvet Volume på danmarksturné.

I maj 2020 udkom gruppens andet album med titlen Ego's Need.

Medlemmer
 Noa Lachmi (født 1997) - guitar og sang
 Naomi Lachmi (født 1997) - bas og sang
 Nataja Lachmi (født 1999) - trommer

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Rockgrupper fra Danmark
Musikgrupper fra 2013

Velvet Volume


The IBM 1800 Data Acquisition and Control System (DACS) was a process control variant of the IBM 1130 with two extra instructions (CMP and DCM), extra I/O capabilities, 'selector channel like' cycle-stealing capability and three hardware index registers.

IBM announced and introduced the 1800 Data Acquisition and Control System on November 30, 1964, describing it as "a computer that can monitor an assembly line, control a steel-making process or analyze the precise status of a missile during test firing."

Overview

Unlike the 1130, which was a desk-like unit, the 1800 is packaged in 6 foot high, EIA Standard 19 inch racks, which are somewhat taller than the racks used by S/360 systems of the same vintage, but the internal gates and power supplies were very much the same.

The IBM 1500 instructional system was introduced by IBM on March 31, 1966, and was based on an IBM 1130 or IBM 1800 computer. It supported up to 32 student work stations, each with a variety of audiovisual capabilities.

Two 1800s with automatic switchover between them powered each IBM 1750, 2750 and 3750 Switching System.

Components
The IBM 1800 DACS consisted of:
 D/A (Digital-to-Analog) Converter
 A/D (Analog-to-Digital) Converter
 IBM 1801 Processor Controller, with operator's panel
 IBM 1802 Processor Controller, with operator's panel, to include adapters for 2401/2402 Magnetic Tape Units.
 IBM 1803 Core Storage Addition
 IBM 1826 I/O Expansion Chassis (used for communications I/O, System/360 channels, 279x)
 IBM 1828 Process Expansion Unit (used for additional D/A or A/D converters, or to hold 1851 and/or 1854 multiplexors; there was an RPQ for a remote 1828 unit)
 IBM 1810 Disk (equivalent to 2310 on IBM 1130)
 IBM 1816 Printer Keyboard (System Printer)
 IBM 1851 Reed Relay Analog Multiplexor
 IBM 1854 Solid State Analog Multiplexor
 IBM 1894 generic model number for many 1800 RPQ hardware features, which inter alia, included support for IBM 109x data entry devices)
 IBM 1053 Printer
 IBM 1054 Paper Tape Reader Unit
 IBM 1055 Paper Tape Punch Unit
 IBM 1442 Card Reader/Punch Unit
 IBM 1443 Printer
 IBM 1627 Plotter
 IBM 2401 or 2402 Magnetic Tape Unit (its adapter included in IBM 1802)
 IBM 2311 DASD (attached via an IBM 2841 Control Unit, latter attached to a channel in the IBM 1826), the MPX operating system could map two 1810 disks per 2311, the 1810 drive mapping being seen as a Format 5 DSCB to S/360 OS)
 IBM 2260 CRT (attached via an IBM 2848 Control Unit, latter attached to a channel in the IBM 1826)
 IBM 2790 Data Communication System, one of the earliest token ring type local area networks were attached and controlled by the IBM 1800.

Use
The IBM 1800 systems were used mainly in the process industry plants worldwide.

In June 2010 the last four operating IBM 1800s operating at Pickering Nuclear Generating Station in Pickering, Ontario, Canada were removed from service.  Pickering is still using four ES-1800 computers which are IBM 1800 hardware emulators built by Cable & Computer Technologies.  A video showing the end of the Pickering IBM 1800 boot sequence is available on YouTube

Until 1984, Exxon USA (EUSA) had 18 IBM 1800 systems deployed at all 5 of its refineries. They were replaced with Honeywell TDC3000 process control systems.

References

External links
 IBM 1130.org which has significant information about the 1130 and 1800.
 Corestore.org which recently acquired an 1800 from a Canadian power plant and reports others are still in service.
"Evolution of Small Real-Time IBM Computer Systems" (1.25 MB PDF file), from the IBM Journal of Research and Development.
Opendragon site has two pictures of the 1800 in operation.
IBM Archives: IBM 1800 — Process control variant of the 1130
Bob Rosenbloom's IBM 1800 Photos
Blog relating efforts to restore a long-disused 1130 system to running condition

1800
1800

fr:IBM 1130 et 1800


Berlin Ablukası, 1948'de başlayıp 1949'da biten, Sovyetlerin Berlin'i kontrol altına almak ve Batı ittifakına gözdağı vermek için şehrin her türlü karayolu ve demiryolu bağlantısını kesmesi olayı.

Berlin, Almanya'nın doğusunda yer alır ve Sovyet işgaline uğramıştır, dolayısıyla Sovyet işgal bölgesi ile çevrili idi. Ancak sonradan Yalta Konferansı'nda Müttefikler Berlin'i dört bölgeye bölmüştü (Fransız, Britanyalı, Amerikalı ve Sovyet bölgeleri). Birleşik Krallık ve ABD, 1948'de hakimiyet bölgelerini birleştirdi ve bölgede yeni bir para birimi ilan etti. Almanya'nın güçlendirilerek kendisine karşı kullanılacağını düşünen Stalin, Batı birliklerinin hepsini Batı Berlin'den çıkarmak için harekete geçti. Şehrin batı bölümüne tüm demir ve kara yolları kesilerek abluka uygulanmaya başlandı.

Sovyet işgal alanı içinde bir parça olarak kalan Batı Berlin'e abluka uygulanması şehrin kara ikmal yollarının tamamen kapanmasına neden olunca erzaksız kalan şehre 26 Haziran 1948 ile 30 Eylül 1949 arasında yiyecek yardımları Batılı ülkelerin uçaklarıyla hava köprüsü kurularak yapıldı. Bu ikmal sırasında ABD'nin savaştan kalmış birçok ikmal ve bombardıman uçağı kullanıldı. Özellikle C-47 ve C-54 gibi sayısı çok olan uçaklar gün aşırı sortiler yaptı. SSCB, ABD'nin hava köprüsü karşısında etkisizleşen ablukayı 12 Mayıs 1949'da kaldırmak zorunda kaldı. Soğuk Savaş´ın gerginliği bu olayla daha da arttı.

Kaynakça

 Harrington, Daniel F. Berlin on the Brink: The Blockade, the Airlift, and the Early Cold War (2012), University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY, .
 Larson, Deborah Welch. "The Origins of Commitment: Truman and West Berlin," Journal of Cold War Studies, 13#1 Winter 2011, pp. 180–212

 Schrader, Helena P. The Blockade Breakers: The Berlin Airlift (2011)

Dipnotlar

Dış bağlantılar

  – Kurulan Berlin hava köprüsünün (Berlin Airlift) tarihi hakkında içerik.
 Berlin'in bölünmesine ilişkin antlaşma
 Berlin hava köprüsü: Lojistik, İnsani yardım ve Stratejik başarı
 Berlin Hava Köprüsü ABD Savunma Bakanlığı
 Berlin hava köprüsü

Soğuk Savaş
Ablukalar
Uluslararası krizler
Almanya tarihi
Abluka
Sovyetler Birliği'nin dış ilişkileri
İşgal Almanyası
1948'de Almanya
1948'de uluslararası ilişkiler
1948'de askerî tarih
1949'da Almanya
1949'da uluslararası ilişkiler
Soğuk Savaş çatışmaları
Soğuk Savaş'ta Almanya
Doğu Bloku
Almanya-Sovyetler Birliği ilişkileri
Birleşik Krallık-Sovyetler Birliği ilişkileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri-Sovyetler Birliği ilişkileri

Berlin Ablukası


La membrana vitelina  es la estructura biológica que se encuentra directamente adyacente a la superficie exterior de la membrana plasmática de un óvulo. En su gran mayoría está formada de fibras proteínicas, con los receptores proteínicos necesarios para adhesión del esperma, los cuales a su vez se encuentran ligados a los receptores de esperma de la membrana plasmática. La especificidad de especies de estos receptores ayudan a prevenir el cruce entre especies diferentes.

En los mamíferos se la denomina zona pelúcida.

Tan pronto como el espermatozoide se fusiona con el oocito (óvulo en erizos), tiene lugar la transducción de señales, la que resulta en un incremento de la cantidad de iones citoplasmáticos de calcio. Esto dispara la reacción cortical, que hace que diversas sustancias se depositen en la membrana vitelina mediante la exocitosis de los gránulos corticales, transformándola en una capa dura denominada la "membrana de fecundación", que sirve de barrera previniendo el acceso de otros espermatozoides. Este fenómeno es el denominado bloqueo lento de poliesperma.

Véase también
 Zona pelúcida
 Reacción cortical

Embriología

Membrana vitelina


Centros sociais autogeridos, também conhecidos como centros sociais autônomos são centros comunitários auto-organizados nos quais os antiautoritários realizam atividades voluntárias. Esses espaços autônomos, geralmente em locais multifuncionais afiliados ao anarquismo, podem incluir oficinas de bicicletas, infoshops, bibliotecas, escolas livres, espaços de reunião, lojas livres e salas de concerto. Muitas vezes, eles se tornam atores políticos por direito próprio.

Os centros são encontrados em todo o mundo, por exemplo, na Itália, nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido. Eles são inspirados por vários movimentos de esquerda, incluindo anarquismo e comunidades intencionais. Eles são ocupados, alugados ou de propriedade cooperativa.

Usos
Centros sociais autogeridos variam em tamanho e função dependendo do contexto local. Os usos podem incluir um infoshop, uma livraria radical, um centro de recursos que oferece conselhos, um hacklab, um café, um bar, um espaço de show acessível, cinema independente ou uma cooperativa habitacional. Além de um espaço para atividades, esses centros sociais podem se tornar atores na oposição a questões locais, como gentrificação ou megaprojetos. Ao lado dos acampamentos de protesto, os centros sociais são projetos nos quais os bens comuns são criados e praticados.

História
Os anarquistas ocidentais há muito criaram enclaves nos quais poderiam viver seus princípios sociais de não autoritarismo, apoio mútuo, dádivas e convívio no microcosmo. Alguns desses locais comunitários incluem salões de sindicatos Wobbly (décadas de 1910, 1920), centros comunitários de Barcelona durante a Revolução Espanhola e centros comunitários ocupados desde a década de 1960. Eles compartilham uma linhagem com as comunidades intencionais radicais que surgiram periodicamente ao longo da história e às vezes são denominadas Zonas Autônomas Temporárias ou "espaços livres", nos quais uma resistência contra hegemônica pode formar argumentos e táticas. Anarquistas fora da tradição de luta de classes e ativismo no local de trabalho se organizam por meio de espaços autônomos, incluindo centros sociais, ocupações, acampamentos e mobilizações. Enquanto essas instituições alternativas tendam a existir na transitoriedade, seus proponentes argumentam que suas ideias são consistentes entre as encarnações e que as instituições temporárias impedem que as forças do governo reprimam facilmente suas atividades.

Um espaço livre, ou autônomo é definido como um lugar independente de instituições e ideologias dominantes, formado fora das relações econômicas padrão e promovendo a liberdade autodirigida por meio da autoconfiança. Essas regras não hierárquicas encorajam abordagens experimentais para organização, compartilhamento de poder, interação social, desenvolvimento pessoal, e finanças. Os centros sociais podem ser ocupados, alugados, ou de propriedade cooperativa. Eles são em grande parte autossuficientes por voluntários e muitas vezes fecham por motivos de esgotamento e participação reduzida, especialmente se o tempo livre do participante diminuir à medida que suas circunstâncias econômicas mudarem.

Itália

Desde a década de 1980, os jovens italianos mantinham centros sociais autogeridos (centri sociali), onde se reuniam para trabalhar em projetos culturais, ouvir música, discutir política e compartilhar informações básicas sobre a vida. Esses projetos são frequentemente ocupados e são conhecidos como Centro Sociale Occupato Autogestito (CSOA) (centros sociais autogeridos ocupados). Em 2001, havia cerca de 150 centros sociais, instalados em prédios abandonados, como antigas escolas e fábricas. Esses centros operam fora do controle do estado e do livre mercado, e têm uma relação de oposição com a polícia, muitas vezes retratada pela mídia conservadora como ímãs para o crime e comportamento ilícito. Os centros culturais italianos às vezes eram financiados pela programação cultural da cidade.

Estados Unidos
Nos Estados Unidos, os centros sociais autogeridos assumem principalmente a forma de infoshops e livrarias radicais, tais como Bluestockings em Nova York e Red Emma's em Baltimore. Desde a década de 1990, os anarquistas norte-americanos têm criado centros comunitários, infoshops e espaços livres para promover culturas, economias, mídia e escolas alternativas como uma contracultura com uma ética do faça-você-mesmo. Esses espaços sociais, distintos das comunidades intencionais regionais de meados do século, muitas vezes buscam integrar sua comunidade com o bairro urbano existente, em vez de "abandonar" totalmente a sociedade para comunas rurais.

Reino Unido
A ascensão de centros sociais no Reino Unido como atividades culturais e centros de organização política tem sido uma característica importante da política radical e anarquista da região. Por exemplo, o 1 and 12 Club em Bradford fornece um café, uma área de recreação infantil, um bar, um infoshop, grandes áreas de reunião e espaços para shows.

Infoshops

Infoshops são espaços multifuncionais que disseminam mídia alternativa e fornecem um fórum para atividades culturais, econômicas, políticas e sociais alternativas. Infoshops individuais variam em recursos, mas podem incluir uma pequena biblioteca ou sala de leitura e servir como um centro de distribuição para mídia alternativa gratuita e paga/varejo, particularmente a mídia com a política anarquista revolucionária. Enquanto as infoshops possam servir como uma espécie de biblioteca comunitária, elas são projetadas para atender às necessidades de informação  de seus usuários, em vez de competir com a biblioteca pública ou centros de informação pré-existentes. Para editores alternativos e grupos de ativistas, as infoshops podem oferecer serviços reprográficos de baixo custo para publicações do tipo faça-você-mesmo, e fornecem um endereço de entrega postal para aqueles que não podem pagar uma caixa de correio ou receber correspondência em um endereço ocupado. Na década de 1990, as ferramentas disponíveis variavam de fotocopiadoras simples a software de editoração eletrônica. Além dessas funções de publicação impressa, as infoshops também podem hospedar reuniões, discussões, concertos ou exposições. Por exemplo, à medida que o vídeo ativista cresceu na década de 1990, infoshops exibiam filmes e hospedavam grupos de discussão que, por sua vez, incentivavam o debate e a ação coletiva. A infoshop tenta oferecer um espaço onde os indivíduos podem publicar sem as restrições da grande imprensa e discutir ideias alternativas livres dehomofobia, racismo e sexismo.

Organizados por ativistas políticos, as infoshops costumam ser independentes, precariamente autofinanciadas, e não afiliadas a nenhuma organização ou conselho. Eles também costumam ser empregados por seus próprios usuários selecionados como voluntários e, como a mídia anarquista que distribuem, operam com recursos baratos, emprestados ou doados, tais como computadores e móveis de segunda mão. Como resultado, infoshops e outras instituições marginais geralmente têm vida curta, com renda mínima para pagar seus aluguéis de curto prazo em vitrines alugadas. Às vezes, as infoshops combinam a função de outros locais alternativos: cafés vegetarianos, lojas de discos independentes, head shops e livrarias alternativas. Mas acima de tudo, infoshops disseminam informações, servindo como biblioteca, arquivo, distribuidor, varejista, e centro de uma rede informal e efêmera de organizações e ativistas alternativos.

Escolas livres
Os anarquistas, em busca da liberdade do dogma, acreditam que os indivíduos não devem ser socializados para aceitar a autoridade ou o dogma como parte de sua educação. Em contraste com as escolas tradicionais, as escolas livres anarquistas são espaços autônomos, e não hierárquicos destinados ao intercâmbio educacional e compartilhamento de habilidades. Eles não têm critérios de admissão ou relações de subordinação entre professor e aluno. As escolas livres seguem um programa pouco estruturado que procura desafiar as instituições e ideologias dominantes sob uma divisão de poder não hierárquica e prefigurar um mundo mais igualitário. As aulas são ministradas por voluntários e realizadas em centros sociais autogeridos, centros comunitários, parques e outros locais públicos.

As escolas livres seguem a linhagem educacional anarquista da Escola Moderna do anarquista espanhol Francisco Ferrer e o resultante movimento escolar moderno no início dos anos 1900, através do movimento das escolas livres predominantemente americano dos anos 1960. O anarquista americano Paul Goodman, que se destacou neste último movimento, defendeu que pequenas escolas para crianças fossem mantidas em vitrines e que usassem a cidade como sala de aula.

Em um exemplo, uma escola livre em Toronto cresceu a partir do fechamento de um café comunitário contracultural com a abertura de um espaço livre anarquista. Procurou compartilhar ideias sobre como criar relações sociais antiautoritárias por meio de uma série de aulas. Todos foram convidados a propor e assistir a aulas, cujos temas incluíam: canções de amor dos anos 1920, economia alternativa, arte de rua, críticas ao patriarcado e como combater a violência contra as mulheres. As aulas mais antigas foram aquelas que introduziram o anarquismo e políticas relacionadas ao sindicalismo e ao socialismo libertário. Os instrutores do curso atuaram como facilitadores, fornecendo textos e incentivando a participação, e não como palestras de cima para baixo. O espaço livre também hospedou eventos de arte, festas e fóruns de conversação. Outras iniciativas foram de curta duração ou inúteis, como uma biblioteca anêmica de empréstimos e uma mesa gratuita de produtos usados. Outra escola livre em Nottingham descobriu que aulas orientadas para o compartilhamento de habilidades com pedagogia mais tradicional são mais populares do que sessões de educação radical.

Semelhante às escolas livres, os projetos universitários livres são executados nos campi universitários mais proeminentes da Europa. Organizadas por coletivos de estudantes voluntários, os participantes dessas iniciativas experimentam o processo de aprendizagem e não pretendem substituir a universidade tradicional.

Ver também
 Halkevleri

Bibliografia

Leitura adicional

Ligações externas
 Directory of self-managed social centers

Anarquismo
Educação
Comunidades anarquistas
Movimentos anarquistas
Autonomia
Comunidade
Escola democrática
Cultura maker
Organizações anarquistas
Reuniões
Cultura underground
Movimentos sociais

Centro social autogerido


Mariusz Jop [ˈmarjuʂ ˈjɔp] (n. 3 august 1978 în Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski) este un fotbalist polonez retras din activitate care a jucat pe postul de fundaș. Este triplu câștigător al Ekstraklasa.

Cariera
Jop și-a început cariera la KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski. El a câștigat Ekstraklasa cu Wisła Cracovia în sezoanele 2000-2001, 2002-2003 și 2003-2004. În timp ce juca la FC Moscova a devenit primul polonez care a înscris un gol în Prima Ligă Rusă. La FC Moscova a jucat cele mai multe meciuri din cariera sa ca fotbalist, și anume 86, marcând și patru goluri. Pe 11 iulie 2009 Jop a revenit la Wisła Cracovia, el rămânând liber de contract în urma despărțirii de FC Moscova. La data de 18 noiembrie 2011 Mariusz Jop și-a anunțat retragerea din activitatea de fotbalist.

Carieră la națională
A debutat la echipa națională de fotbal a Poloniei pe 30 aprilie 2003, într-un meci cu Belgia. Jop a fost selectat inclus în lotul de 23 de la turneul final al Campionatului Mondial de Fotbal 2006 din Germania, unde a jucat într-un singur meci în grupe, pierdut de polonezi în fața Ecuadorului. El a fost, de asemenea, inclus în lotul Poloniei la Euro 2008, jucând într-un meci din grupă împotriva Austriei. S-a retras de la națională în 2008, adunând 27 de selecții.

Statistici
Sursă:

Titluri

Wisła Cracovia
 Ekstraklasa: 2000-01, 2002-03, 2003-04
 Cupa Poloniei: 2001-02, 2002-03

Note

Legături externe
 Profilul jucătorului la 90minut.pl (poloneză)
 Mariusz Jop la pzpn.pl  (poloneză)

Nașteri în 1978
Fotbaliști ai Campionatului Mondial de Fotbal 2006
Fotbaliști ai Górnik Zabrze
Fotbaliști ai Wisła Cracovia
Fotbaliști internaționali polonezi
Sportivi polonezi în viață

Mariusz Jop


NGC 6963 je dvostruka zvijezda u zviježđu Vodenjaku.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6963
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6963 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
   DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6950 - 6999

6963

NGC 6963


هي إحدى المقاطعات التابعة إداريا إلى قضاء القرنة تبعد مسافة 70 كيلومتر عن مركز مدينة البصرة, يبلغ تعداد سكان منطقة الشرش 80 الف نسمة عام 2009.

ويسكنها العديد من العشائر الفاضلة ك(بني مالك والبعض بغاده وآل فتلة والبعض من بني منصور وقبائل أخرى) وبيت شلال الفضل خصوصا وترجع أصول هذه الأسرة إلى قبيلة بني وائل
وأشهر الشخصيات في الشرش الشهيد الشيخ شلال الفضل رئيس عام عشائر الشرش أول شهيد قدمته البصرة من شيوخها أثناء الاحتلال الإنجليزي للعراق عام 1914 م والشيخ هادي بن شلال الفضل الوائلي رئيس عشائر الشرش.
سميت هذه المنطقة بالشرش وذلك لأن الجيش العربي بقيادة افراسياب عندما أراد مواجهة الجيش الإيراني ومنعة من احتلال البصرة اعترضهم نهر الفرات ولم يستطيعوا العبور إلى الجهة المقابلة لملاحقة الجيش الإيراني فقرروا بناء جسر من القصب والبردي الذي اقتلعوه من المنطقة وشرشوه على الماء وعبروا عليه وسمي جسر الشرش ولذلك سميت هذه المنطقة بالشرش نسبة إلى ذلك الجسر.
يحد منطقة الشرش من الشمال نهر الفرات ومن الجنوب نهر الغميج ومن الغرب قضاء المدينة وهور صلين ومن الشرق شط العرب, تمتد لمسافة 8 كيلومتر من نهر الفرات إلى نهر الغميج ومسافة 6 كيلومتر من هور صلين إلى شط العرب.

قرى منطقة الشرش
 قرية الحمداوي.
 قرية الصويلح.
 قرية الكريم.
 قرية الحاج ناصر.
 قرية الشاهين.
 قرية الجلعة.
 قرية شلهة الموحي.
 قرية شلهة الحسن الرابعة.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة البصرة
قرى العراق
قرى محافظة البصرة

الشرش (قرية)


Les Écuelles es una película del año 1983.

Sinopsis
Este cortometraje transcurre en el norte de Burkina Faso, en un pueblo mossi. Vemos a dos hombres de avanzada edad elaborar con paciencia y precisión las escudillas tradicionales de madera que utilizan los habitantes a diario. Mientras, los jóvenes se marchan a la ciudad, olvidando estos oficios difíciles.

Referencias

Les Écuelles


Descobrindo Waltel es una película del año 2005.

Sinopsis
A pesar de ser desconocido para el gran público, el director de orquesta y guitarrista Waltel Branco es uno de los músicos más importantes de Brasil. Considerado el mejor arreglista de la música popular de su país, su carrera se inicia en la década del cuarenta y está asociada a diversos momentos y personalidades clave de la música brasileña.

Referencias

Descobrindo Waltel


Margita Magi Stefanović (Beograd, 1. travnja 1959. – Beograd, 18. rujna 2002.), bila je srbijanska glazbenica, najpoznatija kao klavijaturistica beogradskog rock sastava Ekatarina Velika (EKV).

Životopis
Margita Stefanović rođena je u Beogradu 1959. godine kao jedinica u obitelji beogradskog kazališnog i TV-redatelja Slavoljuba Stefanovića-Ravasija.

Srednju glazbenu školu završava u klasi s Ivom Pogorelićem s kojim uzima privatne sate kod ruskog profesora Timikina. Kao apsolutna sluhistica i uz Pogorelića najtalentiranija u klasi dobiva ponudu za nastavak školovanja na moskovskom konzervatoriju. Ponudu je odbila i u Beogradu upisuje studij arhitekture koji uspješno završava 1984. godine. Kao studentica osvaja treću nagradu na međunarodnom natječaju u Japanu za rad na temu uređenja crnogorskog sela Reževići. Istodobno važi i za jednu od najtalentiranijih klasičnih pijanistica.

Prekretnicu u njezinoj glazbenoj karijeri predstavlja prisustvo na koncertu tek osnovanog sastava Milana Mladenovića Katarina II u kino sali "Topčiderska zvezda". Prvog svibnja 1982. godine upoznaje članove sastava Električni orgazam, a kroz druženje s njima i Milana Mladenovića. Mladenović je, fasciniran njezinim talentom i voljom za istraživanjem, poziva neka se pridruži skupini, te kupuje sintesajzer na kojem Stefanovićeva vježba. Nakon povratka s tromjesečnog puta po Južnoj Americi, Margita Stefanović postaje stalnom članicom sastava.

Katarina II 1985. godine mijenja ime u Ekatarina Velika i djeluje sve do 1994. godine. Tijekom tog razdoblja Margita Stefanović sklada i kazališnu glazbu (predstave Klasni neprijatelj, Tri sestre, S one strane duge i Majka hrabrost) kao i TV glazbu (drama Plavi, plavi), radi kao producentica (Karlowy Vary) i gostuje na albumima mnogih jugoslavenskih sastava (Elvis J. Kurtović, Van Gogh, Babe). Godine 1985. pojavljuje se u filmu Gorana Markovića Tajvanska kanasta u ulozi sestre glavnog junaka. U filmu se pojavljuje i EKV izvodeći pjesmu "Tatu" (engl. Tatoo).

Nakon raspada Ekatarine Velike nastavlja se baviti glazbom. S nekoliko beogradskih glazbenika krajem 1994. godine osniva sastav Kurajberi koji uglavnom izvodi obrade stranih i domaćih hitova po beogradskim klubovima. Godine 1995. osniva sastav EQV s glazbenikom Vladimirom Stojićem i izdaje CD Ti si sav moj bol (nazvan po pjesmi Ekatarine Velike) za bečku izdavačku kuću Coop Arts & Crafts Unlimited. Na CD-u se nalazi i tehno obrada istoimene pjesme. U tom razdoblju nastavlja gostovati i na albumima i koncertima jugoslavenskih sastava i povremeno svira sa sastavima Glisersi, Zion banda i Direktori.

Krajem 1990-ih njezina glazbena aktivnost slabi. Godine 2002. sklada glazbu za predstavu beogradske redateljice Hajdane Baletić Kaput mrtvog čoveka što je i njezino posljednje glazbeni djelo.

Margita Stefanović je posljednje tjedne života provela u beogradskom Centru za smještaj beskućnika, a umrla je 18. rujna 2002. godine, na beogradskoj Infektivnoj klinici.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Priča o tragičnoj sudbini i kraju Magi iz grupe EKV: Pad crnog anđela (B92, 28. kolovoz 2015)

Srbijanski klavijaturisti
Srbijanski rock-glazbenici
Glazbenici iz Beograda
Ekatarina Velika

Margita Stefanović


سد سيدي سالم هو أكبر السدود بتونس. يوجد على وادي مجردة، ويقع على بعد حوالي 8 كلم شمال غربي مدينة تستور. بدأت الأشغال لإقامة هذا السد عام 1977 وانتهت عام 1982. وذلك بتمويل من كل من ألمانيا الفيدرالية والبنك العالمي. يبلغ ارتفاعه 57 مترا ويمسح حوضه 4300 هكتارا. وتبلغ طاقة استيعابه من المياه 643 مليون متر مكعب.. وهو يسمح بري 38 ألف هكتار. ويحتضن هذا السد مولداً كهرومائياً ينتج 40 ميغاواط.

مراجع

بنية تحتية للطاقة اكتملت في 1981
سدود اكتملت في 1981
سيدي سالم
سدود ردمية
سدود كهرومائية في تونس
سيدي سالم

سد سيدي سالم


Vestavia Hills er en by i den centrale del af staten Alabama i USA. Byen er en velhavende forstad til byen Birmingham og har  indbyggere.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Vestavia Hills hjemmeside

Byer i Alabama
Bydele og forstæder i USA

Vestavia Hills


El Abierto de Estados Unidos 1970 es un torneo de tenis disputado en superficie dura, siendo el cuarto y último torneo del Grand Slam del año.

Finales

Senior

Individuales masculinos

 Ken Rosewall vence a  Tony Roche, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(2), 6–3

Individuales femeninos

 Margaret Court vence a  Rosemary Casals, 6–2, 2–6, 6–1

Dobles masculinos

 Pierre Barthès /  Nikola Pilić vencen a  Roy Emerson /  Rod Laver, 6–3, 7–6, 4–6, 7–6

Dobles femeninos

 Margaret Court /  Judy Tegart Dalton vencen a  Rosemary Casals /  Virginia Wade, 6–3, 6–4

Dobles mixto

 Margaret Court /  Marty Riessen vencen a  Judy Tegart Dalton /  Frew McMillan, 6–4, 6–4

Junior

Individuales masculinos
El torneo comenzó en 1973

Individuales femeninos
El torneo comenzó en 1974

Dobles masculinos
El torneo comenzó en 1982

Dobles femeninos
El torneo comenzó en 1982

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial

Referencias

Abierto de Estados Unidos 1970

Abierto de Estados Unidos 1970


Broderick Stephen "Steve" Harvey () este un actor american de film, televiziune, și voce.

Biografie

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1957
Nașteri pe 17 ianuarie
Americani în viață
Actori de voce americani
Actori de film americani
Actori de televiziune americani
Actori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Actori americani din secolul al XXI-lea

Steve Harvey


Huset Schauenburg, fra ca. 1485 kaldet Huset Schaumburg, var en tysk adelsslægt, der fra 1100- til 1600-tallet herskede over forskellige områder i det Tysk-romerske rige. Slægtens stamsæde var borgen Schauenburg ved floden Weser nær byen Rinteln i den nuværende tyske delstat Niedersachsen. Ud over stamgrevskabet Schaumburg med deres residenser Bückeburg og Stadthagen blev slægten forlenet med de nordtyske grevskaber Holsten og Stormarn og havde som sådan stor indflydelse på Danmarks historie i middelalderen.

Historie

Slægten har sit navn efter Schauenburg Slot ved floden Weser nær byen Rinteln, hvis ejere begyndte at kalde sig herrer (fra 1295 grever) af Schauenburg. Adolf 1. var sandsynligvis den første herre af Schauenburg i 1106.

I 1110 udnævnte hertug Lothar af Supplinburg sin vasal Adolf 1. af Schauenburg som efterfølger for grev Gottfried i Hamborg, som var faldet i kamp mod slaverne. Med denne udnævnelse begyndte i grevskabet Holsten en schauenburgsk regeringstid, som varede i næsten 350 år. I 1130 døde Adolf 1. og han blev efterfulgt af sin søn Adolf 2., som faldt i 1164 i slaget ved Verchen i Forpommern mod slaverne.

Skønt alle fra Adolf 1. til dennes barnebarn Adolf 3. oprindeligt ikke identificerede sig selv som grever i Holsten, blev de benævnt således af deres samtidige. Titlen greve tog først Adolf 4. i 1225 fra sin forgænger, den danske vasal grev Albrecht af Orlamünde. Indtil begyndelsen af Albrechts regering blev kun det holstenske øvre område kaldt "Holsten".

Fra 1261 blev familien delt løbet af nogle årtier i flere, delvist kortlivede slægter. Derved skabtes flere samtidige herskere i Holsten:
 Holsten-Itzehoe (Itzehoe-linjen, 1261–1290)
 Holsten-Kiel (Kiel-linjen, 1261–1316, arvet fra Plön -1390, atter delt: grev Albrecht 2. 1397–1403)
 Holsten-Segeberg (Segeberg-linjen, 1273–1308/1315)
 Holsten-Plön (Plön-linjen, 1290–1390)
 Holsten-Pinneberg eller Holsten-Schauenburg (Pinneberg-linjen, 1290–1640)
 Holsten-Rendsborg (Rendsborg-linjen, 1290–1459)

Delingen sluttede i 1390, da Rendsborg-linjen var indehaver af de meste af Holsten. Den opnåede fra 1326 flere gange forleningen af den danske hertugdømme Slesvig eller Sønderjylland. Kun det lille grevskab Holsten-Pinneberg, som var forbundet med grevskabet Schauenburg, forblev ved siden af.

Følgende grever var de vigtigste for Holsten og Stormarn:
 1111–1128 Adolf 1. af Holsten
 1128–1164 Adolf 2. af Holsten
 1164–1203 Adolf 3. af Holsten
 1203–1225 Albrecht af Weimar-Orlamünde; Holsten var under Albrechts regering en dansk lydprovins under svogeren Valdemar Sejr
 1225–1239 Adolf 4. af Holsten
 1239–1263 Johan af Holsten
 1263–1290 Gerhard 1. af Holsten
 1290–1312 Gerhard 2. af Holsten
 1312–1340 Gerhard 3. af Holsten
 1340–1385 Henrik 2. af Holsten
 1385–1404 Gerhard 6. af Holsten
 1404–1427 Henrik 4. af Holsten
 1427–1433 Gerhard 7. af Holsten
 1427–1459 Adolf 8. af Holsten
Da Adolf 8. døde barnløs, samledes repræsentanter for Holstens og Slesvigs adel i marts 1460 i Ribe og valgte Christian 1. til greve i Holsten og hertug over Slesvig på betingelsen at de to områder altid skulle forblive sammen.

Pinneberger-linjen regerede indtil 1640 i det lille grevskab Holsten-Pinneberg, i Schaumburg hjemlandet samt fra 1476 i herskabet Gemen.

Greveslægtens betydning i Niedersachsen

Schauenburgerne har gennemført en ordentlig kolonisering med byoprettelser som fx Stadthagen og Rinteln. Schaumburg-greverne var i det 13. århundrede distriktet Gografen Wennigsen (Deister) og velhavende Deister forstranden i mere end hundrede år. Denne omstændighed medførte, at greverne af Schauenburg var underlagt fogeder for klostret Wennigsen. Grevefamilien donerede ejendomme til klostret. Grevskabet Sternberg tilhørte fra 1377 til 1402-1405 Schauenburger-besiddelser, hvorefter det blev lovet adelsmænd i Lippe. Grev Johann 4. af Schauenburg og Holsten-Pinneberg overtog ved ægteskabet med Cordula von Gehmen (nu Gemen) dette herskab i 1476 af sin sønneløse svigerfar ved dennes afståelse (overdragelse).

Noter

Litteratur
 Esben Albrectsen: Herredømmet over Sønderjylland 1375-1404; København 1981;

Slesvig-Holstens historie

Huset Schauenburg


El municipio de Epatlán es uno de los 217 municipios pertenecientes al estado de Puebla en México. Localizado en el suroeste del estado, su cabecera es la población de San Juan Epatlán.

Grupos Olmecas fundaron el pueblo de Epatlán en el . En el  fue sometido a la guarnición mexicana de Itzocán, tributaria de la triple alianza. En 1520 es dominada por los españoles. A fines del  fue pueblo del Obispado de Puebla, en encomienda a Juan Pérez de Herrera, en beneficio de Tepeojuma. Fue en el año 1645 cuando el municipio se dio a conocer. En 1750 perteneció a la jurisdicción eclesiástica de Izúcar. El 28 de mayo de 1876 tuvo lugar una batalla de lerdistas contra porfiristas. El General José María Coutolenc se levantó contra el gobierno lerdista.

El 1895 figura como municipio cuando formaba parte del antiguo distrito de Izúcar de Matamoros. La cabecera municipal es el pueblo de San Juan Epatlán.

Geografía
Epatlán se encuentra localizado en la parte suroeste del estado y forma parte del Valle de Matamoros, tiene sus coordenadas geográficas máximas en 18° 34' - 18° 40' de latitud norte y 98° 20' - 98° 25' de longitud oeste. Su extensión total es de 52.311 kilómetros cuadrados que representan el 0.15% del territorio estatal y su altitud fluctúa entre 1 300 y 1 800 metros sobre el nivel del mar.

Colinda al norte con el municipio de Tepeojuma, el municipio de Xochiltepec y el municipio de San Martín Totoltepec; al este con Xochiltepec, al sureste con el municipio de Ahuatlán y al sur y oeste con el municipio de Izúcar de Matamoros.

También cuenta con una variedad natural entre ellos una laguna llamada Tezonteopan,un río con nombre Atotonilco, un resbaladero que ha sido hecho por la misma naturaleza entre otros.

Demografía
De acuerdo a los resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda de 2010 realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, la población total del municipio de Epatlán asciende a 4 594 personas; de las que 2 216 son hombres y 2 378 son mujeres.

La densidad de población es de 87.82 habitantes por kilómetro cuadrado.

Localidades
El municipio incluye en su territorio un total de 17 localidades. Las principales, considerando su población del Censo de 2010 son:

Política

Representación legislativa
Para la elección de diputados locales al Congreso de Puebla y de diputados federales a la Cámara de Diputados federal, el municipio de Epatlán se encuentra integrado en los siguientes distritos electorales:

Local:
 Distrito electoral local de 23 de Puebla con cabecera en Acatlán de Osorio.

Federal:
 Distrito electoral federal 13 de Puebla con cabecera en la ciudad de Atlixco.

Presidentes municipales

Referencias

Notas

Fuentes

Municipios del estado de Puebla
Región Valle de Atlixco y Matamoros

Municipio de Epatlán


Unsworth Heights est une banlieue de la ville de North Shore dans la zone métropolitaine de la cité d'Auckland située dans la partie nord de la l'Île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation

La route  (aussi nommée : « Upper Harbour Highway ») passe au nord de la banlieue et la « Albany Highway » vers le sud.
Les deux routes se croisent juste à l'ouest de la localité de Unsworth Heights.
« Unsworth Reserve » est située à l'est .

Municipalités limitrophes

Démographie

Unsworth Heights, comprenant la zone statistique de « Unsworth Heights West » et «Unsworth Heights East », avait une population de  lors du recensement de 2018 en Nouvelle-Zélande en augmentation de  soit 7.0 % depuis le recensement de 2013 en Nouvelle-Zélande, et une augmentation de (12.2 %) depuis le recensement de 2006 en Nouvelle-Zélande.
Il y avait .
On notait la présence de  et , donnant un sexe-ratio de 0.96 hommes pour une femme, avec  (soit 16.0 %) âgées de moins de ,  (soit 22.7 %) âgées de ,  (soit  47.0 %) âgées de , et  (soit 14.4%) âgées de .

L'ethnicité était pour 45.8% européens/Pākehā, 5.0% Māori, 3.8% personnes du Pacifique, 42.3% Asiatiques et 10.1% d'autres ethnicités (le total peut faire plus de 100% dans la mesure où une personne peut s'identifier de multiples ethnies).

La proportion de personnes nées outre-mer était de 56.5%, comparée avec les 27.1 % au niveau national.

Bien que certaines personnes objectent de donner leur religion, 40.2% n'ont aucune religion, 42.9 % étaient chrétiens, et 12.7% avaient une autre religion.

Parmi ceux de plus de  d'âge,  (soit 33.5 %)  avaient le niveau de bachelier ou un degré supérieur, et  (soit 10.6%) n'avaient aucune qualification formelle.
Le statut d'emploi de ceux de plus de  était pour  (soit 52.2 %) employées à plein temps, pour  ( soit 13.8 %) étaient employées à temps partiel et  (soit 3.5%) étaient sans emplois

Éducation
 L'école « Westminster Christian School » fut établie en 1981 pour fournir une éducation pour les enfants des familles chrétiennes, en utilisant un cursus centré sur le Christ, fondé sur les conceptions du monde du point de vue Biblique.
C'est une école primaire interconfessionnelle,intégrée au public, mixte, assurant tout le primaire, de l'entrée jusqu'à l'année 8.
L'école a un effectif de  en .

L'école est installée sur un site ensoleillé de  au niveau de la banlieue d'Albany, sur le North Shore de la cité d'Auckland.
L'environnement clair et les arbres biens établis fournissent un arrière plan calme pour les bâtiments modernes, les salles de classe et les aires de jeux.

Voir aussi

Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Banlieue d'Auckland
North Shore
Région d'Auckland

Unsworth Heights


Enrique Guaita (født 11. juli 1910, død 18. maj 1990) var en argentinsk/italiensk fodboldspiller (angriber).

Guaita startede med at repræsentere det argentinske landshold, men efter han i 1933 var rejst til Europa for at spille for AS Roma, skiftede han til Italien, som han vandt guld med ved VM 1934 på hjemmebane. Han var på banen i fire af italienernes kampe i turneringen, og scorede ét mål.

Året efter rejste Guaita tilbage til Argentina og spillede efterfølgende igen for det argentinske landshold. Han nåede i alt at spille to kampe for Argentina og ti for Italien.
På klubplan spillede Guaita for henholdsvis Estudiantes de La Plata og Racing Club i hjemlandet, samt for AS Roma i Italien.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Argentina
Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra AS Roma
Fodboldspillere fra Estudiantes de La Plata
Fodboldspillere fra Racing Club de Avellaneda
Verdensmestre i fodbold

Enrique Guaita


"Kânun", ay adı olarak, Aralık ile Ocak ayının eski adıdır. Ar. "Ocak" anlamına gelen "كانون kânûn" sözcüğünden gelir. "Aralık" ayına 15 Ocak 1945 tarihli Resmî Gazete'de yayımlanan, 4696 sayılı Bazı Ay Adlarının Değiştirilmesi Hakkında Kanun'un yürürlüğe girmesinden önce; "Kânunievvel", "İlkkânun" ya da "Birincikânun"; "Ocak" ayına ise "Kânunisani" ya da "İkincikânun" denirdi.

Aylar

Kânun (ay adı)


Christian Otto Mohr (født 8. oktober 1835 i Wesselburen, Ditmarsken, død 3. oktober 1918 i Dresden) var en tysk ingeniør og professor.

Efter at have fuldendt sine studier i Hannover, virkede han i nogle år som ingeniør ved jernbaneanlæg, tiltrådte dernæst 1867 et professorat i Stuttgart i teknisk mekanik m. m., flyttede 1873 til den Tekniske Højskole i Dresden i samme egenskab, tog i 1900 sin afsked og tilbragte resten af sin levetid med videnskabeligt arbejde. Sin videnskabelige virksomhed begyndte Mohr allerede i 25-års alderen med en afhandling om kontinuerlige dragere, hvori han første gang påviste den store indflydelse af understøtningernes relative højdebeliggenhed, og han fortsatte den lige til sin høje alderdom. Nogle af hans betydeligste arbejder drejer sig om: nedbøjningslinijen som tovpolygon, anvendelse af virtuelle forskydninger til beregning af spændinger og formforandringer i statisk bestemte og statisk ubestemte systemer, beregning af sekundære spændinger, fremstilling af spændingstilstanden i et punkt af et elastisk legeme, materialanstrengelsen, o. m.fl. en samlet fremstilling af sine arbejder har han selv givet i: Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Technischen Mechanik (1906, 2. udgave 1914). Mohrs Betydning har været ganske overordentlig, hans arbejder banebrydende og grundlæggende på den tekniske mekaniks, den grafiske statiks og i det hele bygningsstatikens område.

Kilder

Ingeniører fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Tyskere i 1900-tallet

Christian Otto Mohr


السيد إبراهيم السيد كامل السيد علي الرفاعي هو جد الكاتب والروائي المهندس عبد الوهاب السيد الرفاعي، ويعتبر السيد إبراهيم أحد المربيين الأفاضل الذين كان لهم دور كبير في تعليم آباءنا في كويت الخمسينات، فقد ولـد المربي الفاضل السيد إبراهيم في الكويت عـام 1922، ونشأ في أجواء دينية وأسرة يصفها المربي بقوله «أنها كانت تحظي باحترام الناس لانتمائها لآل البيت من ذرية الحسين بن علي،».رضي الله عنهم

بدأ السيد إبراهيم تعلمه منذ صباه الباكر في كتاب الملا علي أبو طالب الملا الكندري، في حي الشيوخ، حيث درس القرآن الكريم والكتابة والفرائض ثم تلقي العلم بعد ذلك على يد المربي الفاضل الشيخ عبد العزيز الجاركي وقرأ معه «متن الغاية والتقريب» لأبي شجاع، وهو في فقه الشافعية.

بعد أن أنتهي المربي الفاضل من دراسته ووجد نفسه أهلا للتدريس، افتتح مدرسة أهلية جعل مقرها بيت إبراهيم العدساني بجاب مسقف (أي سقيفة)الشيخ عبد الله الأحمد الصباح ـ بفريج الشيوخ، حيث كان يدرس طلابه القرآن الكريم ومسك الدفاتر وبعض المعلومات العامة.

تعلم لديه الكثير من أبناء الكويت، وكان من تلاميذه آنذاك الأساتذة والسادة الأفاضل: الشيخ إبراهيم حمود الجراح، وعبد العزيز الجراح والشيخ علي عبد الله جابر الصباح، وعبد الله إبراهيم العوضي وجاسم إبراهيم العوضي ومحمد أبو القاسم وعلي عبد الله أحمد الكندري ومحمد عباس الكندري وأحمد محمد أبو طالب، وعلي أحمد محمد أبو طالب وحسين عبد الله أبو طالب ومحمد حبيب بدر وأحمد نعمة الله وعبد الله نعمة الله وسيد حمدي قطان وسيد كامل سيد محمد قطان.

استمر المربي الفاضل في تأدية رسالته التربوية نحو ست سنوات قبل أن ينتقل إلي ميادين آخري للعمل، حيث عمل في الشرطة، ثم انتقل إلي وزارة الأشغال كما عمل فترة من حياته بناء في منطقة الظهر، وعمل كاتباً في مركب السيد أحمد جمال والد الأستاذ جمال الكندري عضو مجلس الأمة السابق ـ هذا إلي جانب عمله مأذوناً شرعياً.وقد كان المربي الفاضل يتسم بقوة الشخصية والتواضع وحب الناس والسعي إلي خدمتهم ومعاونتهم ولعل هذا إلى جانب ورعه وتقواه ما جعل المقربين يلتمسون الشفاء علي يديه بإذن الله طالبين منه الرقي بالقرآن الكريم.

وفاته
انتقل السيد إبراهيم بن السيد كامل بن السيد علي إلى رحمة الله تعالي يوم السبت الموافق 4-7-1998 فجزاه الله خيراً عما قدم لوطنه الكويت من خدمات في مجال التربية والتعليم.

مواليد 1922
وفيات 1998
تربويون كويتيون

سيد إبراهيم السيد كامل


Dalbergia frutescens.  Nomes vulgares: rabo-de-bugio, cipó-de-estribo, cipó-pau. Observações morfológicas: a espécie é bastante variável morfologicamente, entretanto, pode ser reconhecida pelo hábito escandente, com os ramos geralmente formando gavinhas, pelas folhas imparipinadas com folíolos grandes, flores creme, pequenas, reunidas em inflorescências cimosas, axilares e legumes samaróides oblongos, bege.

Fonte: <A tribo Dalbergieae (Leguminosae-Faboideae) no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil Rodrigo Augusto Camargo Dissertação de Mestrado.>

Dalbergia
Fabaceae

Dalbergia frutescens


Handknattleiksárið 2021-22 var keppnistímabilið í íslenskum handknattleik sem hófst haustið 2021 og lauk vorið 2022. Valsmenn urðu Íslandsmeistarar í karlaflokki en Framstúlkur í kvennaflokki.

Handknattleikur á Íslandi

Handknattleiksárið 2021-22


Agrilus surrubrensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1917.

Referências

surrubrensis

Agrilus surrubrensis