සිම්බාබ්වේ ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම, ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් තුළ සිම්බාබ්වේ  නියෝජනය කරන අතර සිම්බාබ්වේ ක්‍රිකට් (කලින් සිම්බාබ්වේ ක්‍රිකට් සංගමය ලෙස හැඳින්වූ) විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබේ. තවද මෙය ෂෙව්රොන්ස් ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ. සිම්බාබ්වේ 1992 සිට ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ (ICC) පූර්ණ සාමාජිකයෙකි. 2022 මාර්තු වන විට, සිම්බාබ්වේ දැනට ටෙස්ට් ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම්වල 10 වැනි ස්ථානයේ ද, එක් දින ජාත්‍යන්තර (එක්දින) 13 වැනි ද, විස්සයි20 ජාත්‍යන්තර ICC (T20 ICC) අනුව 11 වැනි ස්ථානයේ ද සිටී.

ඉතිහාසය
Zimbabwe – known as Rhodesia until independence from the United Kingdom in 1980 – had a national cricket team before it achieved Test status.

Zimbabwe's first World Cup campaign in 1983 ended in the group stage, as they lost five of their six matches. However, they threw a surprise against Australia. Batting first, Zimbabwe reached a total of 239 for 6 in the allotted 60 overs, with skipper Duncan Fletcher top-scoring with 69 not out. Fletcher then produced career-best figures of 4 for 42 to restrict Australia to 226 for 7, thereby recording a stunning upset in cricket history.

In the 1987 World Cup, Zimbabwe lost all six of their group-stage matches, though they came very close to winning against New Zealand. Chasing 243 to win from 50 overs, wicketkeeper-batsman David Houghton scored 142, but Zimbabwe were all out for 239 in the final over, thus losing by three runs.

In the 1992 tournament, Zimbabwe failed to progress beyond the round-robin stage, losing seven of their eight matches, though there were two notable achievements. Against Sri Lanka in their first match, Zimbabwe posted their then-highest total of 312 for 4, with wicketkeeper-batsman Andy Flower top-scoring with 115 not out. However, the Sri Lankans chased this total down with four balls to spare, winning by three wickets.

In their final match, Zimbabwe faced England in an inconsequential encounter, England having already made the semi-finals. Batting first, Zimbabwe were all out for 134. Eddo Brandes then produced a stunning spell of 4 for 21, including dismissing Graham Gooch first ball, to help restrict England to 125 all out and thus give Zimbabwe a shock nine-run victory.

These twenty World Cup matches were Zimbabwe's only international games during this period.

Zimbabwe was granted Test status by the ICC in July 1992 and played its first Test match in October that year, against India at Harare Sports Club. They became the ninth Test nation.

Zimbabwe's early Test performances were consistently weak, leading to suggestions that they had been granted Test status prematurely. Of their first 30 Test matches, they won just one, at home against Pakistan in early 1995.

In spite of his team's difficulties, wicket-keeper/batsman Andy Flower was at one point rated the best batsman in world cricket. During this era, Zimbabwe also produced such cricketers as Flower's brother Grant, and allrounders Andy Blignaut and Heath Streak (who was later appointed national captain). Murray Goodwin was also a world-class batsman; following his retirement from international cricket, he has scored heavily for Sussex. Another world-class batsman was David Houghton, who holds the record for the highest individual Test score for Zimbabwe of 266 against Sri Lanka in 1994/95. Sometime captain and middle order batsman Alistair Campbell, leg-spinning all rounder Paul Strang, Eddo Brandes, and pace bowler/opener Neil Johnson were other important contributors for Zimbabwe on the world stage at this time.

With the appearance of these quality players, a breakthrough was achieved in levels of performance in the late 1990s where the Zimbabwean team began winning Tests against other nations, which included a series win against Pakistan. Unfortunately, the political situation in Zimbabwe declined at around the same time, which had a detrimental effect on the national team's performances.

Zimbabwe excelled at the 1999 Cricket World Cup, coming in fifth place in the Super Sixes and only missing out on a semi-final place due to having an inferior net run-rate than New Zealand.

In the group stage, Zimbabwe beat India by three runs, before facing their neighbours South Africa, then the best team in the world. Batting first, Zimbabwe made 233 for 6, with a well-fought 76 by opening batsman Neil Johnson. In reply, South Africa collapsed to 40 for 6, before Lance Klusener and Shaun Pollock scored half-centuries to reduce the margin of defeat to 48 runs. This was South Africa's first defeat against Zimbabwe and one of Zimbabwe's most famous wins. Neil Johnson also excelled with the ball, taking three wickets and claiming the Man of the Match award. Johnson quit playing for Zimbabwe after this tournament.

During this period, Zimbabwe beat all Test-playing nations (except Australia) regularly. Zimbabwe beat New Zealand both home and away in 2000–2001. The team also reached finals of many multi-national one day tournaments.

Increasing politicisation of cricket, including selectorial policy, along with the declining situation in Zimbabwe disrupted the 2003 Cricket World Cup, which was jointly hosted by Zimbabwe and South Africa.

England forfeited a match scheduled to be played in Zimbabwe, risking their own progress through the competition, citing "security concerns" as their reason.

Zimbabwean players Andy Flower and fast bowler Henry Olonga wore black armbands, for "mourning the death of democracy" in Zimbabwe. Both were immediately dismissed from the team and applied for political asylum overseas. This public political protest caused considerable embarrassment to the co-hosts and disrupted team harmony.

Since the 2003 World Cup, with a succession of Zimbabwe's best players ending their international careers early, a new side began to develop, featuring the likes of Travis Friend, Andy Blignaut, Hamilton Masakadza, Douglas Hondo, Craig Wishart, Ray Price, Sean Ervine, Mark Vermeulen, Tatenda Taibu, Elton Chigumbura, Prosper Utseya, Dougie Marillier, and Barney Rogers. Whilst not of the same calibre of Streak, Goodwin, and the Flower brothers, this new breed of predominantly multi-disciplined players formed a solid backbone to a competitive, if usually unsuccessful, side.

In late 2003, Zimbabwe toured Australia in a two-match series. The series was more memorable for Australian opener Matthew Hayden's innings in the first Test – in which he overcame a back strain to score a then record 380 runs – than for the Zimbabwean performance.

Zimbabwe lost its first match against Bangladesh in 2004.

In 2004, captain Heath Streak was sacked by the ZCU (now Zimbabwe Cricket), prompting a walkout by 14 other players in protest against political influence in the team's management and selection policies. A scheduled tour by Sri Lanka went ahead, but this was a lopsided affair, with Zimbabwe represented by fringe players who were not of international standard.

Because of this, the ZCU accepted that Zimbabwe were to play no further Test cricket in 2004, though its status as a Test nation was unaffected.

After a series of poor Test performances following the resignation of several senior players, the Zimbabwean team was voluntarily suspended from Test cricket in late 2005 by its cricket board, with ICC encouragement.

In early 2005, Heath Streak was reinstated into the national side, but the political situation in Zimbabwe involving Operation Murambatsvina disrupted the Zimbabwean team. During overseas tours, the players were often said to be buying necessities which were unavailable – or prohibitively expensive – at home, as opposed to the souvenirs which other touring teams would purchase.

In 2005 an agreement was signed which led to the return of many of the rebels to the Zimbabwe side. However, results failed to improve as in March Zimbabwe lost both their Tests on tour against South Africa by an innings. Worse was to follow in August, when they were crushed on home soil by New Zealand, in a match that was completed in just two days. In the process, Zimbabwe were humiliated; they became only the second side in Test history (after India in 1952) to be bowled out twice in the space of one day. Then they lost both their Tests to India at home later in September. After the series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team.

By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the local cricket hierarchy.

By January 2006, 37 Zimbabwean cricketers had failed to receive any offer of renegotiation talks from Zimbabwe Cricket after their contracts with the board had expired. This body of players demanded that the chairman and managing director of Zimbabwe Cricket, Peter Chingoka and Ozias Bvute, be removed from office for there to be any hope for the players to return to the international stage.

On 6 January 2006, the Sports and Recreation Commission, a division of the Zimbabwean government, took over the offices of Zimbabwe Cricket. The apparent takeover has resulted in the firing of all whites and Asians among the board directors, because of "their racial connotations and saving their own agendas and not government policy" according to Gibson Mashingaidze, an army brigadier and chairman of the government's Sports and Recreation Commission.

An interim board was appointed as the new leading party of cricket in Zimbabwe, with Peter Chingoka appointed as the committee's head. Given Chingoka's close ties to Bvute, it was likely that the latter would continue in his post as well.

On 18 January 2006, Zimbabwe Cricket announced that they were suspending the playing of Test cricket for the rest of the year. Zimbabwe's coach Kevin Curran said that Zimbabwe were aiming to play their next Test against the West Indies in November 2007. It was felt by observers that the Zimbabwean national team was not of sufficient Test standard, and that competing against Full Member sides would do little to improve standards, given the likely one-sided nature of the games. Bangladesh, for a long time seen as the 'whipping boys' of Test cricket, recorded their first win against Zimbabwe, and were thereafter regarded as being of a superior standard. On 8 August 2011, Zimbabwe recorded a resounding victory in the one Test match series over Bangladesh, played in Harare.

Domestically, the Logan Cup – Zimbabwe's first class competition played amongst the provinces – was cancelled in 2006 for the first time since its inception over a century ago (though the Cup was not played during some of the years of the World Wars). This was widely seen as due to concern by ZC that the standard of play would be so poor as to be both not worthwhile and potentially harmful to the external image of cricket in Zimbabwe. The one-day trophy, the Faithwear Cup, was contested, and drew complaints from observers that the quality was less than club level. As well as player exodus, the main reason for this catastrophic fall in standards was put down to wrangling within Zimbabwe Cricket, where internal politics motivated the removal of the historic provinces and their replacement with revamped, newly designated provincial teams. Zimbabwe's economic collapse led to scanty attendance at games and players not receiving their salaries for long periods of time.

In a further harmful incident, ex-player Mark Vermeulen was arrested after attempting to burn down ZC's offices, and successfully destroying the Zimbabwe Cricket Academy's premises. In a nation in increasing social and economic turmoil, such facilities are hard to replace, and their loss has proven difficult to manage for a cricket administration already short of top quality facilities.

In the period leading up to the 2007 Cricket World Cup in the West Indies, and to stop a similar exodus of players as after the 2003 World Cup, the selected players were asked to sign a new contract. The players were summoned to meet Ozias Bvute, Zimbabwe Cricket's managing director, a week or so before they were due to set off and given an ultimatum – sign the contract on offer or be removed from the squad. It is understood that they were not allowed to take advice, and were told they had to make the decision there and then.

One player told his teammates that there were certain things contained in the contracts that needed clarification. He was summoned back into Bvute's office and warned that it was a take-it-or-leave-it offer: this player was later revealed to be Anthony Ireland. Another said that when he told Bvute he wanted to consult with friends, Bvute picked up the phone and called Kenyon Ziehl, the head of selection, and told him he wanted the player replaced in the squad. Unsurprisingly, the player backed down and signed.

In light of the poor state of Zimbabwe's finances, and that Zimbabwe Cricket had to borrow around US$1 million in early 2007 pending receipt of monies from the World Cup to help them over an ongoing cash crisis, the board agreed to pay match fees in US dollars. The players were to be paid US$2000 per appearance and a series of US$500 bonuses based on wickets taken and fifties scored. The maximum payment was believed to be capped at around US$8000. However, fees were not paid until June 2007 to stop the exodus and help cash flow.

The spectre of continued problems with the ZC board influenced some players to cut their losses and seek to finish their careers abroad: Anthony Ireland accepted a contract to play for Gloucestershire during 2007, while opener Vusi Sibanda also left. More are thought to be considering following suit.

Zimbabwe fared poorly in the 2007 Cricket World Cup, even failing to beat non-Test playing Ireland.

Zimbabwe upset Australia in its opening match of the Twenty20 World Championship in Cape Town, defeating them by 5 wickets. Brendan Taylor led the way for Zimbabwe, with first class wicket keeping (a catch, stumping and run out) and a crucial unbeaten 60 from 45 deliveries. He was announced as Man of the Match. They then lost to England by 50 runs, meaning they exited the tournament at the first stage due to their net run rate being inferior to both Australia and England after Australia had beaten England in the other group match.

There was more encouraging news in October 2007, when it was announced that Zimbabwe would compete in all three domestic competitions in South Africa as part of Cricket South Africa's attempts to improve the standard of cricket in Zimbabwe.

However, their participation in the above competitions was thrown into doubt when the plans were postponed pending a Cricket South Africa board meeting. A compromise was reached late in November 2007, meaning Zimbabwe would have taken part in the MTN Domestic Championship and the Standard Bank Pro 20 Series, but not the SuperSport Series as originally planned. Instead, they played three first-class four-day games against a South African Composite XI made up of franchise and provincial players. The three games, in Paarl, Potchefstroom, and Kimberley were all won by Zimbabwe.

In between those games, they played a five match One Day International series against the West Indies, scoring an upset win in the opening match before losing the series 3–1. The final match was abandoned due to rain.

Zimbabwe's performance against Bangladesh during this time was extremely poor as they lost every ODI series except one at home, including a 0–5 whitewash in 2006.

Zimbabwe also lost against non-Test playing nation Kenya very often. But in 2009, they bounced back beating their African neighbours 9–1 in ten games.

Zimbabwe won an ODI and a T20I during their tour of the West Indies. Zimbabwe reached the finals of a triangular tournament which included India and Sri Lanka. They lost their remaining matches in the year except against Ireland whom they beat 2–1 at home.

Zimbabwe started their World Cup 2011 campaign with a 91-run defeat by Australia at Ahmadabad on 21 February 2011. They then recorded a comfortable victory over Canada, before losing by 10 wickets to New Zealand on 4 March 2011. Further heavy defeats by Sri Lanka and Pakistan followed, before a consolation victory over Kenya was achieved in Zimbabwe's final game of the tournament. After these defeats, opening batsman Brendan Taylor was announced as captain of all formats on 24 June 2011, replacing Elton Chigumbura.

Zimbabwe returned to Test cricket on 4 August 2011 after a six-year exile, hosting Bangladesh in a one-off Test match at Harare. The national team's re-introduction to Test cricket was successful, as they won by 130 runs.

As part of the lead-up to their Test return, Zimbabwe Cricket announced major upgrades to the Harare Sports Club and Mutare Sports Club grounds. Plans for a new Test ground at Victoria Falls were also revealed. ZC also signed a US$1 million deal with Reebok to sponsor the domestic competitions and manufacture the kits of the national team for three years.

Following the Test, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh contested a five-match ODI series. Zimbabwe won 3–2, thus recording their first ODI series win against a Test-playing nation since 2006.

Zimbabwe were beaten in all the formats by Pakistan. After this they played a home series with New Zealand. They were defeated 2–0 in the T20I series, and New Zealand were 2–0 up in the ODI series. The final ODI was being played at the Queen's Sports Club, Bulawayo. They were at a 12-match losing streak at that time.

Furthermore, when batting first, New Zealand scored 328 in 50 overs, nobody gave Zimbabwe a chance of winning. The Zimbabweans have never chased an ODI total in excess of 300 before. However, they did it successfully for the first time in their history.

Zimbabwe's main aim in the innings break was to lose with dignity. When opener Vusi Sibanda was out for a duck, even that seemed to be a tall order, but skipper Brendan Taylor changed the entire complexion of the match. Taylor scored a brilliant 75 before he was dismissed fresh from the centuries he scored from the last games.

After Taylor's dismissal, Tatenda Taibu's speedy fifty kept Zimbabwe in the hunt. However, the match-changing partnership was between the two all-rounders Malcolm Waller and Elton Chigumbura. Waller played one of the greatest innings in ODI history as he scored 99*. In the end, he even did not think of his century but to just take his team over the line. His selflessness brought about for Zimbabwe a much-needed victory. His partner Chigumbura scored a brisk 47 and was quite unlucky to miss out on his half-century, bowled by Jacob Oram after he along with Waller had taken the equation below a run a ball. When Keegan Meth was bowled two balls later for a duck, Waller kept his cool as he marshalled the middle order efficiently, assisted by a six by debutant Natsai Mushangwe, and then enough support by Ray Price brought the scores level. After Price was dismissed (caught), it was the last wicket Zimbabwe had and the new man in was another debutant Njabulo Ncube. Waller is said to have advised him, "'No matter what happens, if I get bat on ball, let's take the run.' And the run they did take, thereby recording a legendary victory for Zimbabwe. According to an interview later, Waller said that he was thinking of a swing and get the ball over the ground so that both his team could win and he could get a century, but later he though that he would rather take the team home rather than get 100,". Waller was the Man of the Match for his spectacular performance, while Brendan Taylor was Man of the Series.

Zimbabwe came close to winning the solitary Test between the teams. Chasing 366 to win in their second innings, Zimbabwe were well placed at 265 for 3, with Taylor making 117, before a collapse handed New Zealand a 34-run victory.

Zimbabwe then toured New Zealand in January and February 2012 for a single-Test, three-ODI and two-T20I series, but lost all six matches. In the Test, they were bowled out twice on the third day – for 51 (their lowest Test score) and 143 – to lose by an innings and 301 runs.

In June 2012, Zimbabwe beat South Africa in a t20 match of an unofficial triangular T20 tournament where Bangladesh national cricket team also featured. This was the 3rd match of the tournament. They beat South Africa by 29 runs. They also had beaten Bangladesh in the first match of that tournament by 10 runs. In the 3rd match against South Africa, although there were no AB de Villiers and Jacques Kallis, the South Africa team were very much strong. Winning the toss and electing to bat first, Vusi Sibanda and Hamilton Masakadza opened the innings and scored 58 and 55 respectively. The wicket keeper captain Brendan Taylor scored a quickfire 38 from 21 balls in the end. They scored 176/4 in 20 overs. Coming to chase, South African batsmen Richard Levi and Colin Ingram scored 40 and 48 respectively. But the other batsmen struggle to make it and went all out on 147 within 19.2 overs. Christopher Mpofu took 3 for 20. In the next meetings with South Africa and Bangladesh, Zimbabwe lost both of the matches and ended in the same points as those of South Africa and Bangladesh. Due to better net run rates, Zimbabwe and South Africa progressed to the final. On 24 June 2012, in the final match, South Africa batted first and scored 146 runs with the loss of 6 wickets in 20 overs. While an early collapse occurred in their innings, South Africa managed to get back with a fair score as Faf du Plessis scored 66 off 57 balls and Albie Morkel scored a quickfire 34 not out off 23 balls. Kyle Jarvis of Zimbabwe took 2 wickets for 22 runs. coming out to chase, Zimbabwe started well but Vusi Sibanda went out on 24 off 16. But then the captain Brendan Taylor and Hamilton Masakadza well built the innings scoring 59 not out and 58 not out respectively. They took Zimbabwe to victory as they scored 150 for the loss of 1 wicket in 17.1 overs. Zimbabwe won by 9 wickets and clinched the T20 series in front of a full house packed with native Zimbabwean crowd at the Harare Sports Club ground. Brendan Taylor was the man of the match and Hamilton Masakadza got the man of the series award.

Zimbabwe lost all their matches in 2010 and 2012 World t20s in the opening stage.

Zimbabwe toured West Indies again in 2013. This time they were less successful and lost all matches.

Zimbabwe then hosted Bangladesh in June. They won the One Day International series 2–1 while the Test and T20I series were tied 1–1. They then lost an ODI series 0–5 at home to world champions India.

During August and September 2013, Zimbabwe hosted Pakistan in a two-Test, three-ODI and two-T20I series. Pakistan won both T20Is, before coming from behind to win the ODI series 2–1. They then won the first Test following a double-century by Younis Khan in the second innings. However, Zimbabwe won the second Test by 24 runs – their first Test victory against a team other than Bangladesh since 2001 – to draw the series 1–1.

Throughout the period, Zimbabwe's financial condition deeply worsened. The ICC had to step in and provide financial assistance but the usage of monetary benefits has been a question of debate. Zimbabwe players have threatened boycott many times of late and have formed a players' Union. Zimbabwe team has struggled to attract sponsors and this has affected its domestic structure leading to cancellation of many tournaments such as Pro40. A number of franchises also have been cancelled. Multiple tours have been postponed, cancelled or have gone un-televised.

At the 2014 World Twenty20 in Bangladesh, Zimbabwe were eliminated in the group stage. A last-ball defeat against Ireland was followed by victories over the Netherlands (also off the last ball) and the United Arab Emirates, but a resounding win for the Netherlands over Ireland meant that the Dutch progressed to the Super 10 stage on net run-rate.

In July 2014, Zimbabwe hosted Afghanistan in a four-ODI series. They won the first two matches, before the Afghans won the last two to draw the series. The following month, Zimbabwe hosted South Africa in a single-Test and three-ODI series, losing all four matches.

Following the South African tour, Australia arrived in Zimbabwe for a triangular ODI series with the hosts and South Africa. While Zimbabwe lost their first two matches, to Australia and South Africa respectively, they pulled off a significant upset by beating Australia in the 4th match of the series. This was the first time Zimbabwe had beaten Australia in 31 years, with their last win coming in the 1983 world cup in England. Despite this win, Zimbabwe lost their final match and were knocked out of the tournament.

In late 2014, Zimbabwe toured Bangladesh for a three-Test and five-ODI series. They lost all eight matches. Following this, Stephen Mangongo was sacked as coach. In late December 2014, Zimbabwe Cricket appointed Dav Whatmore as coach, replacing Mangongo.

Zimbabwe geared up for the 2015 Cricket World Cup by winning all games against Northern Districts XI before facing New Zealand in their first warm-up game. New Zealand were reduced to 157/7 before rain intervened. In the next game, Zimbabwe upset Sri Lanka by seven wickets. Zimbabwe lost their opening game to South Africa, following which they beat the United Arab Emirates before losing to West Indies. Zimbabwe then went on to lose a close encounter to Pakistan.

During the Pool B match between Ireland and Zimbabwe, Sean Williams was caught by Ireland's John Mooney in a close run chase. Mooney was extremely close to the boundary and eight different television replays were inconclusive as to whether his foot had touched the boundary rope. Meanwhile, Williams had walked and the umpires signaled him out. Zimbabwe went on to lose the game and were knocked out of the tournament as a result. In their last game, Zimbabwe lost to India. Zimbabwe finished their world cup campaign with just one win over UAE in the first round. Despite this, Zimbabwe turned out to be very competitive and suffered four of the closest losses in the preliminary round of the tournament.

During the tournament, Brendan Taylor announced his retirement from Zimbabwe cricket even as he finished the tournament with 433 runs and two centuries. At the finish of the tournament, Taylor was among the leading run-getters of the tournament.

In May 2015, Zimbabwe became the first team in six years to tour Pakistan. Zimbabwe lost the T20I series 0–2 and the ODI series by an identical margin. In July that year, Zimbabwe hosted India and lost the ODI series 0–3, while the T20I series was tied 1–1, which included Zimbabwe's first T20I win in Harare.

Zimbabwe then hosted New Zealand in August for a three match ODI series and won the first game but went on to lose the series 1–2, as well as the lone T20I. Pakistan arrived in late September following a decision to postpone their tour. Pakistan won the T20Is 2–0 and the ODI series 2–1.

Following the series against Pakistan, Zimbabwe simultaneously hosted associates Ireland and Afghanistan in October. Zimbabwe beat Ireland 2–1 in ODIs. But, Afghanistan beat Zimbabwe 3–2 to win the ODI series. This was the first time an associate nation had beaten a full member in a bilateral series. Zimbabwe then went on to lose the T20I series 0–2 as well to Afghanistan. After series of losses within home soil, Zimbabwe toured Bangladesh in November. But, losses continued to attack Zimbabweans, where they lost the ODI series 0–3, while the T20Is were drawn 1–1.

At the end of 2015 and the start of 2016, Zimbabwe contested a five-ODI and two-T20I series against Afghanistan in the United Arab Emirates. They took the ODI series to the deciding match before losing 3–2, and lost both T20Is. Zimbabwe then toured Bangladesh for a four-T20I series which was drawn 2–2.

After Chigumbura stepped down as captain, Hamilton Masakadza was named skipper. During the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, Zimbabwe were knocked out in the first round after they lost to Afghanistan by 59 runs.

Zimbabwe axed coach Whatmore and captain Hamilton Masakadza before India tour in mid 2016. Makhaya Ntini the bowling coach was given interim responsibility of coaching while previously appointed vice-captain Graeme Cremer who had missed the ICC World Twenty20 2016 was appointed stand-in captain. Lance Klusener was appointed batting coach on a full-time basis.

India toured Zimbabwe for the fourth time in about six years for a three ODI and three t20I series. Indian selectors rested most of its senior players with the exception of skipper MS Dhoni who visited the country for the first time in the decade. Zimbabwe were thrashed 0–3 in the ODI series which led to angry reactions by the fans. To add injury to insult, several key Zimbabwe players like Sean Williams, Craig Ervine, Vusi Sibanda, Luke Jongwe, Richmond Mutumbami and Tinashe Panyangara were injured before or during the t20 series. Despite this, Zimbabwe managed to win the first T20I by two runs before going down meekly in the second. The series remained tied 1–1 after two games. In the last game, Zimbabwe went down fighting by 3 runs to lose the series 1–2. In 2016 season, New Zealand toured Zimbabwe in late July and won both tests convincingly, recorded as the Zimbabwe's sixth straight loss to Kiwis.

Before the Sri Lanka tour on late September, Streak was appointed as head coach of Zimbabwe, with Ntini appointed as bowling coach. The task was given to qualify for the 2019 ICC Cricket World Cup and go up through the ranks in coming years. Zimbabwe played their 100th Test match on 29 October 2016 against Sri Lanka, but lost the match by 225 runs in the last hour of the fifth day after a fighting innings by skipper Graeme Cremer. Zimbabwe went on to lose the two match series 0–2.

The test series was followed by a tri-series also featuring West Indies. Zimbabwe advanced to the finals with four different results – a loss, a tie, a no-result and a win. However, Zimbabwe lost the final to Sri Lanka by six wickets. In early 2017, Afghanistan again defeated Zimbabwe in the ODI series and won the series 3–2.

Zimbabwe's next one day international series was against Scotland in the European country in mid 2017 which was tied 1–1.

After 15 years, Zimbabwe toured Sri Lanka for 5-ODIs and single Test in late June 2017. In the first match against Sri Lanka at Galle on 30 June 2017, Zimbabwe recorded their first ODI win against Sri Lanka in Sri Lanka, which is also recorded as their first win in any format against them within Sri Lanka. Solomon Mire scored a match winning century and Zimbabwe successfully chased 319, which was also recorded as the first successful chase over 300 in Sri Lankan soil.

Despite the opening win, Zimbabwe went on to lose the next two games but bounced back to win the fourth game in a rain affected match. In the fifth game, Sri Lanka set Zimbabwe a total of 204 runs to chase with Sikandar Raza claiming a career best 3/21. In reply, Zimbabwe were 137–1 thanks to Hamilton Masakadza's 73 before a collapse saw them lose six wickets before reaching 175. Skipper Cremer joined Raza to score the remaining runs and Zimbabwe won with about 12 overs to spare.

Zimbabwe lost the following one-off test by 4 wickets. Despite this, Zimbabwe team and especially coach Heath Streak were showered with praises on their return.

මුලාශ්‍ර

සිම්බාබ්වේ ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම


Bartolomeo Sacchi (1421 – 21 de setembro de 1481), conhecido como Platina (em italiano il Platina [il ˈplatina]) depois de seu local de nascimento (Piadena), e comumente referido em inglês como Bartolomeo Platina, foi um escritor e gastronomista italiano renascentista humanista.

Platina começou sua carreira como soldado empregado como condottieri, antes de ganhar o patrocínio de longo prazo dos Gonzagas, incluindo o jovem cardeal Francesco, para quem escreveu uma história familiar. Ele estudou com o filósofo humanista bizantino John Argyropulos em Florença, onde freqüentou outros colegas humanistas, bem como membros da família Medici governante.

Por volta de 1462 mudou-se com Francesco Gonzaga para Roma, onde comprou um posto como escritor papal sob o humanista Pio II (Enea Silvio Piccolomini) e tornou-se membro da Academia Romana influenciada pelo platonismo fundada por Julius Pomponius Laetus. A estreita convivência com o renomado chef Maestro Martino em Roma parece ter inspirado um tratado teórico sobre gastronomia italiana intitulado De honesta voluptate et valetudine ("Sobre prazer e saúde honrados"), que alcançou considerável popularidade e tem a distinção de ser considerado o primeiro livro de receitas impresso.

O emprego papal de Platina foi abruptamente reduzido com a chegada de um papa anti-humanista, Paulo II (Pietro Barbo), que prendeu o rebelde Platina no Castelo Sant'Angelo durante o inverno de 1464-65 como punição por suas reclamações. Em 1468 ele foi novamente confinado no Castelo Sant'Angelo por mais um ano, onde foi interrogado sob tortura, após acusações de uma suposta conspiração por membros da Academia Romana de Pomponio envolvendo planos para assassinar o papa.

As fortunas de Platina foram revividas pelo retorno ao poder do papa fortemente pró-humanista, Sisto IV (Francesco della Rovere), que em 1475 o nomeou bibliotecário do Vaticano — uma nomeação que foi retratada em um famoso afresco de Melozzo da Forlì. Ele recebeu o cargo depois de escrever uma história inovadora e influente da vida dos papas que dá amplo espaço à história romana e aos temas da Antiguidade, e conclui difamando o inimigo de Platina, Paulo II.

Trabalhos publicados e inéditos

 Divi Ludovici Marchionis Mantuae somnium (ca. 1454–1456), ed. A. Portioli, Mantua 1887
 Oratio de laudibus illustris ac divi Ludovici Marchionis Mantuae (ca. 1457–1460), in F. Amadei, Cronaca universale della città di Mantova, ed. G. Amadei, E. Marani and G. Praticò, vol. II, Mantua 1955, pp. 226–234
 Vita Nerii Capponi (ca. 1457–1460), in Rerum Italicarum scriptores, vol. XX, Milan 1731, cols 478-516
 Vocabula Bucolicorum, Vocabula Georgicorum (ca. 1460–1461), MS Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Lat. qu. 488, fols 58r-59v, 59v-65r
 Commentariolus de vita Victorini Feltrensis (ca. 1462–1465), in Il pensiero pedagogico dello Umanesimo, ed. E. Garin, Florence 1958, pp. 668–699
 Epitome ex primo [-XXXVII] C. Plinii Secundi libro De naturali historia (ca. 1462–1466), e.g. MS Siena, Biblioteca comunale, L.III.8, fols 73r-357v
 Oratio de laudibus bonarum artium (ca. 1463–1464), in T. A. Vairani, Cremonensium monumenta Romae extantia, vol. I, Rome 1778, pp. 109–118
 Vita Pii Pontificis Maximi (1464-1465), ed. G.C. Zimolo, in Rerum Italicarum scriptores, 2nd ser., vol. III.3, Bologna 1964, pp. 89–121
 Dialogus de falso ac vero bono, dedicated to Paul II (1464-1465), e.g. Milan, Biblioteca Trivulziana, Mss., 805
 Dialogus de flosculis quibusdam linguae Latinae (ca. 1465–1466), ed. P. A. Filelfo, Milan 1481
 Dialogus contra amores (de amore) (ca. 1465–1472), in Platina, Hystoria de vitis pontificum, Venice 1504, fols B8r-C5r (ed. L. Mitarotondo, doctoral thesis, Università di Messina, 2003)
 De honesta voluptate e valitudine (ca. 1466–1467), ed. E. Carnevale Schianca, Florence 2015
 Historia urbis Mantuae Gonziacaeque familiae (1466-1469), ed. P. Lambeck (1675), reprinted in Rerum Italicarum scriptores, XX, Milan 1731, cols 617-862
 Tractatus de laudibus pacis (1468), in W. Benziger, Zur Theorie von Krieg und Frieden in der italienischen Renaissance, Frankfurt a.M. 1996, part 2, pp. 1–21
 Oratio de pace Italiae confirmanda et bello Thurcis indicendo (1468), ed. Benziger, Zur Theorie, part 2, pp. 95–105
 Panegyricus in laudem amplissimi patris Bessarionis (1470), in Patrologia Graeca, vol. CLXI, 1866, cols CIII-CXVI
 De principe (1470), ed. G. Ferraù, Palermo 1979
 De falso et vero bono, dedicated to Sixtus IV (ca. 1471–1472), ed. M. G. Blasio, Rome 1999
 Liber de vita Christi ac omnium pontificum (ca. 1471–1475), first published Venice 1479; critical edition: G. Gaida, in Rerum Italicarum, scriptores, 2nd ser., vol. III.1, Città di Castello 1913–1932; Latin and English: Lives of the Popes, vol. I, ed. A. F. D'Elia, Cambridge (MA) 2008 (the other volumes are forthcoming); Latin edition of the Life of Paul II: Bartolomeo Platina. Paul II. An Intermediate Reader of Renaissance Latin, ed. Hendrickson et al. Oxford (OH) 2017
 De vera nobilitate (ca. 1472–1477), in Platina, Hystoria de vitis pontificum, Venice 1504, fols C5v-D3v
 De optimo cive (1474), ed. F. Battaglia, Bologna 1944
 A polemical treatise or letter against Battista de' Giudici (1477); lost, but partly cited in the latter's reply in B. De' Giudici, Apologia Iudaeorum; Invectiva contra Platinam, ed. D. Quaglioni, Rome 1987, pp. 94–127
 Plutarch, De ira sedanda, translated by Platina (ca. 1477), in Vairani, Cremonensium monumenta, pp. 119–135
 Vita amplissimi patris Ioannis Melini (ca. 1478), ed. M.G. Blasio, Roma 2014
 Liber privilegiorum (ca. 1476–1480), MS Archivio segreto Vaticano, A.A. Arm. I-XVIII, 1288-1290
 Letters: Platinae custodia detenti epistulae (1468–69), ed. Vairani, Cremonensium monumenta, pp. 29–66; critical edition: Lettere, ed. D. Vecchia, Rome 2017
 Book edited by Platina: Josephus, Historiarum libri numero VII, Rome 1475.

Referências

Fontes

  Contains detailed biography and bibliography.
 Bauer, Stefan (2017), "Sacchi, Bartolomeo, detto il Platina", in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 89 (2017), pp. 472-475

Ligações externas

 A 1498 edition of De honesta voluptate et valetudine
 Platina's Lives of the Popes in a 1485 edition

Escritores
Renascença italiana

Bartolomeo Platina


A mountain resort is a place to holiday or vacation located in an elevated and typically at least relatively isolated area.  The term resort implies integral hotel or inn accommodations, restaurants, and either or both sports facilities or scenic attractions.  These can either be part of a "destination resort" that provides both accommodations and activities, or in a "resort town" that offers amenities near outdoor areas.

Winter sports include skiing, snowboarding, and ice skating, and summer activities such as hiking, golf, and tennis. Sightseeing and related activities such as leaf peeping to appreciate Fall colors are also common where foliage turns.

In hot climates hill and mountain resorts are visited for the cooler temperatures at higher elevations.

North America

In the United States and Canada the term "mountain resort" usually denotes a resort visited all year, both for winter sports and summer activities, such as hiking, golf, tennis, and mountain biking.

Some North American mountain resorts - both resort towns and individual venues - include:
 Aspen, Colorado
 Attitash, New Hampshire
 Big Bear Lake, California
 Big Sky, Montana
 Cranmore, New Hampshire
 Flagstaff, Arizona
 Killington, Vermont
 Loghill Village, Colorado
 Mountain Village, Colorado
 Ouray, Colorado
 Teton Village, Wyoming
 Whistler, British Columbia
 Whitefish, Montana

India

In British India the colonial rulers developed resorts in the Himalayas and in mountainous areas of South India known as "hill stations", where they could escape the summer heat of the plains.

Other countries

In China the emperors of the Qing Dynasty built the Chengde Mountain Resort in the 18th century, as a retreat from the summer heat of Beijing.

In Pakistan, the Galyat areas are a popular summer destination. They are also favorite for a cold snowy experience in the winter. Murree, Ayubia, Nathiagali, Kalabagh are some of the popular places. Other places like the Northern Areas which include Gilgit Baltistan and Kashmir are also a choice.

In the Philippines, the American colonial government built its first summer capital in Baguio to escape Manila's heat.

In Turkey, city dwellers traditionally spent summer vacations at mountain resorts known as yaylas, to escape the summer heat.

In Cyprus the most popular mountain resort is Platres

In Thailand the third highest mountain is a popular resort at Doi Ang Kang in Chiangmai province Fang District.

See also
Ski resort
Mountain hut

References

 Dorward, Sherry (1990) Design for Mountain Communities: A Landscape and Architectural Guide Van Nostrand Reinhold

Mountain resort


La centrale hydroélectrique des Bois est une centrale hydroélectrique de France exploitée par Électricité de France et située en Haute-Savoie, à Chamonix-Mont-Blanc. Elle capte les eaux de fonte de la Mer de Glace à la source de l'Arveyron via une conduite souterraine sous le Montenvers et les rochers des Mottets. Les employés disposent d'un téléphérique de service pour se rendre sur les lieux du captage.

Lien externe

Bois
Énergie en Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Économie en Haute-Savoie
Géographie de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc
Centrale hydroélectrique Bois

Centrale hydroélectrique des Bois


Clarence Pinkston (Wichita, 1 de fevereiro de 1900 – 18 de novembro de 1961) é um saltador estadunidense, campeão olímpico.

Carreira

Pinkston competiu nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1920 em Antuérpia e venceu a prova masculina de plataforma de 10 metros com a pontuação total de 503.30. Ele frequentou a San Diego High, onde ganhou um título de ginástica aos quinze anos de idade. Foi o primeiro esportista deste clube a vencer uma medalha de ouro olímpica. Anos depois, tornou-se treinador de saltos.

Naturais de Wichita (Kansas)
Saltadores olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Campeões olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Saltadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1920
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1920
Saltadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1924
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1924

Clarence Pinkston


Les labyrinthes ethmoïdaux (ou masses latérales de l'ethmoïde) sont les deux parties de l'os ethmoïde qui contiennent les cellules ethmoïdales. Ils sont appendus de chaque côté de la lame criblée de l'ethmoïde et entre les orbites, en dehors, et la fosse nasale, intérieurement.

Il est constitué de cavités cellulaires à parois minces, les alvéoles ethmoïdales, disposées en trois groupes, antérieur, moyen et postérieur, et interposées entre deux plaques osseuses verticales ; la latérale faisant partie de l'orbite, la médiane faisant partie de la cavité nasale. Dans l'os désarticulé, beaucoup de ces cellules sont ouvertes, mais lorsque les os sont articulés, elles ne sont ouvertes que sur la cavité nasale.

Description
Leur forme est grossièrement cubique et présente six faces.

Face supérieure
La face supérieure est située de part et d'autre de la lame criblée et s'encastre au niveau de l'incisure ethmoïdale de l'os frontal.

Elle comporte des demi-cellules qui sont complétées par celles du bord de l'incisure ethmoïdale pour former les cellules fronto-ethmoïdales.

À l'avant, le sillon ethmoïdal antérieur est en continuité avec le sillon ethmoïdal de la lame criblée pour le passage de l'artère ethmoïdale antérieure et du nerf ethmoïdal antérieur.

À l'arrière, se trouve le sillon ethmoïdal postérieur pour le passage de l'artère ethmoïdale postérieure et du nerf ethmoïdal postérieur.

Face latérale
La face latérale correspond à la lame orbitaire de l'os ethmoïde ou os planum.

Elle forme la paroi interne de l'orbite. Elle est quadrilatère.

Son bord supérieur présente les deux échancrures ethmoïdales, antérieure et postérieure, correspondant aux deux sillons de la face supérieure. Il s'articule avec la partie orbitale de l'os frontal transformant ses deux échancrures en foramen ethmoïdal antérieur et en foramen ethmoïdal postérieur.

Son bord antérieur s'articule à l'os lacrymal.
Son bord inférieur s'articule avec l'os maxillaire en avant et avec le processus orbitaire de l'os palatin en arrière.
Son bord postérieur s'articule avec le bord latéral de la face antérieure du corps du sphénoïde.

Face postérieure
La face postérieure comporte de grandes cavités cellulaires irrégulières, les demi-cellules ethmoïdales qui sont complétées par les demi-cellules sphénoïdales.

Les trois-quart supérieurs de la face s'articulent avec la face antérieure du corps du sphénoïde, le quart inférieur répond au processus orbitaire de l'os palatin.

Face antérieure
La face antérieure est orientée en avant et en dehors.

En haut et médialement, elle comporte des demi-cellules qui sont complétées par les demi-cellules du processus frontal du maxillaire pour former les cellules ethmoïdo-maxillaires.

Latéralement, elle comporte d'autres demi-cellules qui sont complétées par les demi-cellules de l'os lacrymal pour former les cellules ethmoïdo-lacrymales.

Face inférieure
La face inférieure est très irrégulière. Elle s'articule dans sa portion latérale avec l'os palatin dans son tiers postérieur et avec le maxillaire dans ses deux tiers antérieurs.

En dedans se trouvent les fosses nasales, le cornet nasal inférieur, le processus uncinforme qui obture en partie le sinus maxillaire.

Face médiale
La face médiale fait partie de la paroi latérale des fosses nasales.

Elle comporte deux lames osseuses antéro-postérieures recourbées : le cornet nasal supérieur en haut et le cornet nasal moyen au milieu.

Notes et références

Crâne

Labyrinthe ethmoïdal


Tito, konačni pad je hrvatski dokumentarni film iz 2017. godine. Premijerno je prikazan 14. listopada 2017. godine u velikoj kino dvorani Studentskoga centra u Zagrebu. Film donosi nova otkrića o Titovim istupima i partizanskim zločinima. Zanimljiva je pripovijest oko nadgrobne ploče s devastiranoga karlovačkog židovskog groblja. Groblje su devastirali komunisti. Desetke takvih ploča jugokomunisti upotrijebili su za različite svrhe. Ogledni primjer je crna mramorna ploča sa židovskog groba gdje s jedne strane pišu podatci o osobi umrloj 1926. godine, a na drugoj strani komunisti su napravili spomen-ploču povodom 20. obljetnice ustanka naroda Jugoslavije i otvaranja jedne tvornice 1961. godine. U filmu govore još Dražen Budiša, Ivan Zvonimir Čičak, Ivo Banac, Zlatko Hasanbegović i Bruna Esih.

Izvori

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi

Tito, konačni pad


Vergilijeva grobnica () rimska je grobnica u Napulju, za koju se kaže da je grobnica pjesnika Vergilija (70.–19. pr. Kr.). Nalazi se na ulazu u stari rimski tunel poznat kao Crypta Neapolitana ili grotta vecchia u četvrti Piedigrotta u gradu, između Mergellina i Fuorigrotta.

Povijest
Vergilije je prije smrti bio predmet književnog divljenja i štovanja. U narednim stoljećima, a posebno u srednjem vijeku, njegovo je ime postalo povezano s legendama o čudesnim moćima, a njegova grobnica postala je predmetom hodočašća i poganskog štovanja.

U trenutku Vergilijeve smrti, blizu ulaza nalazilo se veliko drvo lovora. Prema lokalnoj legendi, umrlo je kada je Dante umro, a Petrarka je posadio novo; budući da su posjetitelji uzimali grane kao suvenire, stradalo je i drugo stablo.

Vergilijeva smrt
Kada je Vergilije umro u Brindisiju 19. godine prije Krista, tražio je da se njegov pepeo vrati u njegovu vilu u blizini Napulja. Tamo je za njega stvoreno svetište, a svake godine na njegov rođendan održavani su sveti obredi. Dani su mu obredi heroja, na čijem grobu pobožni mogu pronaći zaštitu i savjet. Vergilijev grob postao je mjesto hodočašća kroz mnoga stoljeća, a među onima koji su posjetili grob bili su Petrarka i Boccaccio.

Grobnica još uvijek sadrži tronožni plamenik izvorno posvećen Apolonu. Međutim, u grobnici nema ljudskih ostataka jer je Vergilijev pepeo izgubljen tijekom premještanja tijekom srednjeg vijeka.

Povezani članci

 Vergilijev grob (slike Josepha Wrighta)

Izvori

Grobnice
Arheološki lokaliteti u Napulju
Grobni spomenici i građevine u Napulju

Vergilijev grob


The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance Cristalul întunecat: Epoca rezistenței este un serial american de televiziune fantasy și de aventură întunecată care a fost produs de Netflix și de The Jim Henson Company. Este un prequel al filmului lui Jim Henson din 1982, The Dark Crystal - Cristalul întunecat. Au fost realizate zece episoade, iar serialul explorează lumea Thra creată pentru filmul original. Serialul a avut premiera pe 30 august 2019.

Rezumat
Pe planeta Thra, trei Gelflingi - Rian, Brea și Deet - inspiră o rebeliune împotriva Skeksis atunci când descoperă un secret îngrozitor din spatele puterii lor care amenință toată lumea Thra.

Distribuție

Roluri principale de voce

 Taron Egerton ca Rian: un paznic Gelfling al castelului de cristal din clanul Stonewood
 Anya Taylor-Joy ca Brea: o prințesă Gelfling din clanul Vapra
 Nathalie Emmanuel ca Deet: O îngrijitoare de animale Gelfling din clanul Grottan
 Donna Kimball ca Aughra: întruchiparea planetei Thra și a unui astronom

Roluri secundare de voce

Gelflingi

 Eddie Izzard - Cadia: membru al Clanului Sifa
 Helena Bonham Carter ca Maudra Mayrin / All-Maudra: liderul clanului Vapra, regina Gelfling și mama lui Seladon, Tavra și Brea (sezonul 1)
 Caitriona Balfe ca Tavra: Un războinic al Clanului Vapra și una dintre surorile lui Brea
 Harris Dickinson ca Gurjin: membru al clanului Drenchen și cel mai bun prieten al lui Rian
 Shazad Latif ca Kylan: O povestitoare a clanului Spriton
 Toby Jones  - un bibliotecar: membru al clanului Vapra care lucrează în biblioteca Cetății Vapra
 Gugu Mbatha-Raw ca Seladon: Un membru al clanului Vapra și una dintre surorile lui Brea
 Lena Headey ca Maudra Fara / The Rock Singer: Liderul clanului Stonewood
 Alicia Vikander ca Mira: Un membru al clanului Vapra, un paznic al castelului de cristal și iubita lui Rian (sezonul 1)
 Hannah John-Kamen ca Naia: Membru al clanului Drenchen și a surorii geamene a lui Gurjin
 Natalie Dormer ca Onica: Membru al Clanului Sifa și iubita lui Tavra
 Mark Strong ca Ordon: Un membru al clanului Stonewood și tatăl lui Rian (sezonul 1)
 Theo James ca Rek'yr: Membru al clanului Dousan
 Louise Gold ca Maudra Argot / Shadow Bender: Liderul clanului Grottan
 Kemi-Bo Jacobs ca Maudra Seethi / Pictorul pielii: Liderul clanului Dousan

Skeksis

 Jason Isaacs ca skekSo / The Emperor: Liderul Skeksisilor și conducătorul crud al Planetei Thra
 Simon Pegg ca skekSil / The Chamberlain: Al doilea la putere pe tronul împăratului
 Awkwafina ca skekLach / The Collector: un Skeksis infectat care colectează tributuri din clanurile Gelfling (sezonul 1)
 Benedict Wong ca skekVar / Generalul: Un Skeksis cu temperament iute, care este cel mai loial împăratului (sezonul 1)
 Harvey Fierstein ca skekAyuk / Gourmand: Organizatorul banchetelor Skeksis
 Andy Samberg ca skekGra / The Conqueror: Un skeksis care este împotriva deciziilor celor din neamul lui și trăiește cu omologul său urGoh în autoexil în deșertul de cristal
 Ralph Ineson ca skekMal / The Hunter: Cel mai sălbatic și cel mai brutal dintre Skeksis (sezonul 1)
 Alice Dinnean ca skekEkt / The Ornamentalist: designerul articolelor de îmbrăcăminte Skeksis
 Keegan-Michael Key ca skekZok / Maestru ritualic: Marele preot al ceremoniei Soarelui
 Mark Hamill ca skekTek / The Scientist: Un vechi prieten al lui Aughra care acum folosește cristalul întunecat pentru experimente malefice
 Neil Sterenberg -  skekOk / The Scroll-Keeper: istoricul castelului de cristal căruia îi place foarte mult să-i manipuleze pe Gelflingi

Mistici

 Ólafur Darri Ólafsson ca urVa / Archer: Omologul Mistic al skekMal / The Hunter (Sezonul 1)
 Bill Hader ca urGoh / The Wanderer: Omologul Mistic pentru skekGra / The Conqueror care trăiește cu omologul său în exil.

Alții

 Dave Goelz ca Baffi: un Fizzgig care poartă ochelari
 Theo Ogundipe ca Vliste-Staba: Arborele sanctuarului
 Sigourney Weaver ca The Myth Speaker
 Victor Yerrid ca Hup: un Podling care este prieten cu Deet

Episoade

Joc video
În timpul unui Nintendo Direct la E3 2019, a fost anunțat că un joc video bazat pe seria Netflix, numit The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance Tactics, a fost dezvoltat de BonusXP și En Masse Entertainment. Jocul va fi lansat cândva în 2019 pentru Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows și macOS.

Referințe

Legături externe

Seriale Netflix
Seriale de televiziune din 2019
Seriale de televiziune fantastice
Filme regizate de Louis Leterrier
Seriale de televiziune americane

Cristalul întunecat: Epoca rezistenței


La  est une gare ferroviaire située sur le territoire de la commune suisse de Montreux, dans le canton de Vaud.

Situation ferroviaire
Établie à  d'altitude, la gare de Chamby est située au point kilométrique  de la ligne de Montreux à Lenk im Simmental.

Elle est dotée de quatre voies, dont deux sont dédiées à la ligne du MOB et deux autres sont réservées à la ligne reliant Chamby à Blonay. Parmi les deux voies de la ligne de Chamby à Blonay, une est en impasse et l'autre se raccorde à la ligne du MOB. Chacune des deux lignes possède un quai central entre ses deux voies.

Histoire
La gare de Chamby côté MOB a été mise en service en même temps que la section de Montreux aux Avants de la ligne de Montreux à Lenk im Simmental en .
La partie de la gare de Chamby correspondant à la ligne de Blonay à Chamby a, quant à elle, été inaugurée le , en même temps que le reste de la ligne de Vevey à Chamby, dont la construction avait commencé le . La ligne est fermée au trafic le  au vu de la trop modeste fréquentation des trains. Les circulations ont repris, à titre touristique, à partir du  avec la création d'une association spécifique. Le musée de la gare de Chaulin est aménagé dans la foulée et ouvre dès . Une tentative de reprise du trafic sur la ligne Blonay-Chamby a eu lieu entre le  et le  mais ne s'est pas révélée concluante, faute de fréquentation suffisante.

Service des voyageurs

Accueil
Gare du MOB, elle dispose d'un bâtiment voyageurs et d'un distributeur automatique de titres de transport. La partie de la gare dépendant du chemin de fer-musée Blonay-Chamby dispose également d'une cabane en bois pour la vente de ses propres titres de transport.

Desserte

Montreux Oberland-Bernois
La gare de Chamby est desservie toutes les heures par les trains Regio du MOB reliant Montreux aux Avants ainsi qu'un second train la demi-heure suivante reliant Montreux à Zweisimmen, semi-direct entre Montreux et Les Avants. En début et fin de journée, les trains omnibus reliant Montreux aux Avants sont prolongés jusqu'à Zweisimmen et assurent seuls la desserte de la ligne.

Chemin de fer-musée Blonay-Chamby

La gare est desservie les week-ends de mai à octobre par les trains du chemin de fer-musée Blonay-Chamby reliant Blonay à Chamby-Musée. Dans le sens contraire, la gare de Chamby n'est pas desservie. La desserte est assurée par les trains du musée qui peuvent être à traction électrique comme à vapeur. Contrairement aux lignes ferroviaires classiques du pays, cette ligne-musée n'est pas desservie à des horaires cadencés.
Quelques jours par an, un à deux allers-retours directs par jour sont assurés entre Vevey et le musée sous le nom .

Intermodalité
La gare de Chamby est en correspondance avec la ligne  exploitée par CarPostal qui relie la gare de Chernex à Villard-sur-Chamby et les Bains-de-l'Alliaz.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en Suisse
 Chemin de fer Montreux Oberland bernois

Liens externes

 .

Gare dans le canton de Vaud
Gare du Montreux Oberland bernois
Gare mise en service en 1901
Gare de Chamby

Gare de Chamby


Princesa es un municipio brasileño del estado de Santa Catarina. Tiene una población estimada al 2022 de 2964 habitantes. Ubicado en la frontera con Argentina, pertenece a la Región metropolitana del Extremo Oeste.

Toponimia
El origen del nombre viene de una leyenda de João Maria de Lara, un Caboclo que avistaba una princesa en lo alto de un pino.

Historia
Colonizado por inmigrantes italianos y alemanes, quienes fueron atraidos por las tierras fértiles y la madera. El municipio celebra a la patrona Nuestra Señora de los Dolores en la Kerbfest todos los 15 de septiembre. Se emancipó el 29 de septiembre de 1995.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio del municipio
 Sitio de la cámara del municipio

Localidades de Santa Catarina
Localidades establecidas en 1995
Brasil en 1995
Localidades fronterizas de Brasil

Princesa (Santa Catarina)


São João de Deus, Portekiz'de Lizbon belediyesine bağlı olan, 0,90 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 10.782 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Lizbon'ın bucakları

São João de Deus


Den gule sløjfe () er et af de tidligste etablerede farvesløjfer som benyttes til at skabe opmærksomhed omkring et emne.

Sløjfen har forskellige symbolske betydninger og er typisk bundet omkring et træ, båret af en person eller sat på et køretøj.

Historie
Den Gule sløjfe nævnes første gang i en march benyttet i det amerikanske forsvar. Den første version som blev registreret med ophavsret i USA, havde titlen Round her neck she wears a yellow ribbon og blev registreret i 1917 af George A. Norton. John Fords film Kavaleriets gule bånd (She Wore a Yellow Ribbon) er opkaldt efter denne march.

Teksten inspirerede sangen Tie a Yellow Ribbon (Round the Ole Oak Tree) af Irwin Levine og L. Russell Brown, som blev en hit med Dawn featuring Tony Orlando i 1973 og blev senere også sunget af andre kunstnere, eksempelvis Frank Sinatra. Teksten handler om en frigiven fange som kommer hjem og bekymrer sig om hvorvidt hans kone har forladt ham, om hun savner ham. Hvis han er velkommen hjemme skal hun nu som et tegn binde en gul sløjfe om den gamle eg.

I november 1979, under gidselkrisen i Iran, organiserede en komité en kampagne hvor man ved at binde en gul sløjfe rundt om et træ kunne vise sin sympati for gidslerne. Penelope Laingen, konen til diplomaten Bruce Laingen som var en af gidslerne, bandt en sådan sløjfe om et træ nær sit hus i december samme og hjalp på denne måde med til at sprede budskabet. Den gule sløjfe fik et yderligere gennembrud i USA da de pårørende til soldaterne i Golfkrigen begyndte at benytte symbolet. Flere andre lande rundt om i verden er efterfølgende begyndt at benytte en gul sløjfe til at vise støtte til veteraner og soldater.

Brug af den gule sløjfe
Betydningen af den gule sløjfe varierer fra land til land:

I Australien har Save Albert Park gruppen benyttet den gule sløjfe som et protestsymbol. Gruppen protesterer mod ekspropriationen af en del af Albert Park i Melbourne som en del af det årlige Formel 1 Grand Prix. Da løbet blev flyttet til Melbourne i 1996, blev gule sløjfer bundet om træerne i den del af parken der skulle eksproprieres. Selvom gruppens aktioner var frugtesløse bindes der alligevel gule sløjfer om nærliggende træer hvert år i tiden omkring løbet.

Den 16. september 2012 blev den gule sløjfe officielt antaget som støtte for det frivillige brandvæsen i delstaten Queensland og blev en måned efter ratificeret.

En gul sløjfe var ikke normalt i Canada før 1. verdenskrig. Under krigen blev sløjfen benyttet af mødre og koner til mænd der var draget i krig. Sløjfen repræsenterede forpligtelse, tro og håb overfor de canadiske soldater. I 1931 blev Westminsterstatutten vedtaget og Canada fik selvstyre og var på denne måde ikke længere underlagt militær kommando fra Storbritannien. Dette øgede nationalismen og nationalstoltheden da Canada trådte ind i krigen. Den gule sløjfe begyndte at repræsentere de tætte bånd landet havde med Frankrig og Storbritannien som man nu kæmpede side om side med som våbenbrødre. Da krigen nåede et lavpunkt for de allierede og et nederlag virkede næsten uundgåeligt repræsenterede sløjfen de tætte bånd soldaterne havde med deres hjemstavn og deres hjemland, Canada.

Den 11. september 2001 blev tre fly kapret og fløjet direkte ind i World Trade Center 1 og 2 samt Pentagon. Et fjerde fly blev også kapret, men nåede ikke at ramme sit mål, Det Hvide Hus, før det styrtede. Næsten 3.000 amerikanere mistede livet. Den canadiske regering iværksatte operation Yellow Ribbon, der skulle tage imod de hundredevis af internationale fly der skulle flyve til USA efter landet etablerede en flyveforbudszone der dækkede hele landet. ICAO annoncerede klokken 0940 at alle fly over Canada, hvad enten de var på vej mod USA eller lige havde lettet fra USA skulle lande i Canada af sikkerhedshensyn. Operation Yellow Ribbon var Canada's støtte til USA i denne tid og viste solidariteten med landet ved at give alle de strandede passagerer mad, lægehjælp og husly indtil de kunne komme hjem.

I Danmark er den gule sløjfe mere eller mindre det officielle (dog ikke officielt anerkendt af Forsvaret) symbol for støtte til soldaterne i internationale operationer og landets veteraner. En lille gul sløjfe er de senere år ofte blevet båret på jakkereverset af Forsvarsministeren.

I Estland begyndte man den 13. maj 2011 at benytte den gule sløjfe efter Estlands præsident Hendrik Ilves skrev på Facebook: "Familierne til de syv estiske borgere der er taget som gidsler i Libanon behøver al vor støtte. Ikke påtrængende nysgerrighed, men derimod en stille og fast støtte der udtrykker: Jeres bekymringer er vores bekymringer, vi håber og tror sammen med Jer. I dag, for at vise min støtte til Jer, sætter jeg en gul sløfe i mit revers." De syv estiske statsborgere præsidenten refererede til blev taget som gidsler den 23. marts 2011 i det østlige Libanon under en cykeltur.

Den gule sløjfe repræsenterer almindelig valgret og kravet om demokrati i  HongKong da farven gul er den officielle farve for mange valgretsorganisationer. Disse er inspireret af den kvindelige valgretskampagne i USA i 1860. Den gule sløjfe bruge på forskellige måder, især på de sociale medier til at udvise solidaritet med de pro-demokratiske forkæmpere. Symbolet blev mere udbredt efter politiet i Hong Kong affyrerede tåregas og peberspray for at opløse den store mængde af protesterende som havde belejret Harcourt Road i Admiralty den 28. september under demonstrationerne i Hongkong i 2014. Betydningen af den gule sløjfe omfatter nu også ønsket om mindre magtmisbrug fra myndighedernes side.

I Indonesien bliver den gule sløjfe benyttet som et symbol på solidaritet og sympati for ofrene for det kaos og de optøjer der opstod i Indonesien i perioden 13–15 maj 1998. Ofrene var primært indonesisk-kinesiske.

I starten af august 2008 begyndte man, i den israelske provins Galilæa, at binde gule sløjfer om det venstre sidespejl på civile køretøjer som et symbol på håbet om frigivelsen af den israelske soldat Gilad Shalit som var taget til fange af Hamas i Gazastriben. Soldaten er siden hen blevet frigivet og tilbageleveret til Israel i en udveksling med 1027 Hamas-sympatisører fængslet af Israel.

I Italien bliver den gule sløjfe båret til støtte for krigsfanger. Sløjfen bliver også benyttet til støtte for de to italienske marineinfanterister under den diplomatiske krise mellem Italien og Indien.

En version af Japans æresmedaljer benytter en gul sløjfe til at anerkende personer som via deres arbejde er blevet samfundsmæssige rollemodeller.

I Kina benyttes den gule sløjfe som et minde om sænkningen af Dong Fang Zhi Xing.

I Kuwait bæres den gule sløjfe til støtte for de kuwaitiske krigsfanger i Irak fra den irakiske invasion i 1990 og frem til Bagdads fald den 9. april 2003. Bagdads fald markerede slutningen på Saddam Husseins regeringstid. Efterfølgende er et antal kuwaitiske grave fundet.

I Malaysia er den gule sløjfe et symbol for trykkefriheden.

I New Zealand skaber den gule sløjfe opmærksom omkring selvmord. New Zealand har en af verdens højeste ungdomsselvmordsrater. Sløjfen benyttes også som symbol om solidaritet og erindring for minearbejderne ved Pike River minen som blev fanget i minen efter en eksplosion og mistede livet den 19. november 2010.

I Filippinerne fik den gule sløjfe sit gennembrug under 1980'ernes militære undtagelsestilstande som et symbol på oppositionslederen Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. Inspireret af sangen Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree, hængte hans tilhængere gule sløjfer op langs vejene i Manila for at velkomme ham hjem fra sit selvvalgte eksil i USA: Aquino nåede aldrig at opleve sløjferne, han blev snigmyrdet da han forlod sit fly i Manila International Airport den 21. august 1983. Hans død førte til en række begivenheder som kulminerede i EDSA Revolutionen hvor præsident Ferdinand Marcos blev væltet. Farven gul var et symbol på oppositionen til Marcos og blev senere også associeret til den nye præsident, Aquinos enke, Corazon Aquino. Brugen af den gule sløjfes begyndte at stige igen i 2009 som støtte for en skrantende Corazón Aquino. Efter hendes død den 1. august 2009, bar folk gule trøjer og bandt gule sløjfer på gaderne i sorg. Kort efter blev sløjfen benyttet til at sprede ønsket om at Aquino-parrets søn burde deltage i præsidentvalget i 2010. Da Benigno Aquino III endelig stillede op til valget benyttede han sløjfen i sin kampagne. I september 2010 benyttede man igen den gule sløjfe som et symbol i Filippinerne ved at snøre gult isolerbånd rundt om pegefingeren. Symbolet viste støtte for "We Are One Filipino-bevægelsen", en filippinsk-amerikansk støttemøde for Benigno Aquino III på Plaza de César Chavez i San Jose i Californien. I Filippinerne er farven mere eller mindre associeret med Aquino-familien og i forlængelse deraf, det liberale parti.

I Singapore har regeringen iværksat en årlig gul-sløjfe-kampagne med det formål at give løsladte fra landets fængsler en ny chance i samfundet. Typisk viser en person i støtte ved at sætte en gul sløjfe-nål på sin trøje under en årlige kampagne i september måned.

Veteranforeningen Fredsbaskrarna Sverige har taget den gule sløjfe til sig til støtte for de soldater som gør tjeneste i internationale operationer for Försvarsmakten. For hvert solgt gul sløjfe går overskuddet ubeskåret til Fredsbaskrarnas kammeratstøtte, som har til formål at hjælpe veteraner som er blevet såret fysisk eller psykisk under sin udsendelse og har behov for rehabilitering eller anden hjælp.

Om morgenen den 16. april 2014 kæntrede færgen Sewol under sejladsen fra Incheon til Jeju. Da den japanskbyggede færge kæntrede færgen med 476 personer om bord, hovedparten var skoleelever fra Danwon High School i Ansan. I alt mistede 304 passengerer og besætningsmedlemmer livet. Den gule sløjfe blev benyttet som et symbol på solidaritet med ofrenes familier.

Sløjfen er et symbol for solidaritet og støtte og bliver ofte benyttet som et tegn på støtte til soldater i international tjeneste, men også civile initiativer benytter symbolet.

Se også
 Blå sløjfe
 Hvid sløjfe
 Lyseblå sløjfe
 Lyserøde sløjfe
 Røde sløjfe

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Fredsbaskrarnas sida om Gula bandet
Symboler

Gule sløjfe


Østermarkskolen er den ene af to byskoler beliggende i Aars by  i Vesthimmerlands Kommune. Skolen har 643 elever fordelt på børnehaveklasse til og med 9. klasse.

Skolen er fløjopdelt, med fløj I for børnehaveklasse – 2. klasse, fløj II med 4. klasse – 5. klasse, fløj III med 6. klasse – 8. klasse, fløj IV med 3. klasserne og 9. klasserne placeret i fløj VI.

Skolen har 45 ansatte lærere, 3 børnehaveklasseledere, 15 pædagoger, 1 skoleinspektør, 1 vieskoleinspektør, 1 SFO leder, 1 SFO souschef, 2 sekretærer, 1 serviceleder, 1 servicemedarbejder(deltid), 1 person i 50-50 jobordning, 5 personer i flexjob, 6 rengøringsassistenter. Skolen har også en sundhedsplejerske og psykolog fra pædagogisk psykologisk rådgivning er tilknyttet til skolen. Den nuværende skoleinspektør er Solveig Østergaard Kristensen. Skolen har et skole bibliotek betjenes af uddannede skolebibliotekarer. Elever og lærere kan låne undervisningsmilder.

Historie
I efteråret 2013 begynde man at renovere hele skolen på grund af skimmelsvamp som havde været et problem for skolen i en længere periode. det var blevet beslutte i oktober 2012 blev det besluttet af Vesthimmerlands kommunes byråd at Østermarkskolen skulle renovereres. Under renovering blev der lavet middelsertidlige klasse lokaler, som efter renoveringen skulle bruges som fælles lokale som kaldes for genhusningen. Renoveringen kom til at koste ca. 46 millioner kroner.

Udendørs
Skolen har en basketballbane og nogle fodboldbaner, og i 2016/2017 fik skolen en diskgolf bane. Skolen fulgte Aalborg, Aarhus og Randers eksempel, da de allerede havde discgolf baner. Ideen om at bringe en discgolf bane til Østermarkskolen blev forslået af to lærere, Lars Kjølby Lund, som er matematik og idræts lærer, og Christian Bunk Svane, der er idræts lære og geografilærer. Banerne er mellem 50 og 150 meter lange, og der er 6 baner banen kan både bruges i skole tiden og efter skole tiden.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

Folkeskoler
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Vesthimmerlands Kommune
Aars

Østermarkskolen


زكزل هي منطقة سياحية بإقليم بركان شمال شرق المغرب. تعد أهم منطقة سياحية في الجهة الشرقية يقصدها السياح لارتياح والنظر إلى غاباتها الخضراء. تضم زكرل 32.210 نسمة (حسب الإحصاء الرسمي 2004). وتُوجد بها مغارة يُطلق عليها اسم مغارة الجمل.

مراجع

جماعات قروية في الجهة الشرقية
أماكن مأهولة في إقليم بركان
جماعات قروية في المغرب

زكزل


An Prasophyllum hygrophilum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Lloyd Jones ngan D.T.Rouse. An Prasophyllum hygrophilum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Prasophyllum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Victoria. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Prasophyllum

Prasophyllum hygrophilum


Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminearum, (abreviado Prodr. Monogr. Scitam.), es un libro con ilustraciones y descripciones botánicas que fue escrito por el botánico, micólogo y pteridólogo ruso; Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow (1796-1865).

Se especializó en las pteridófitas, en la Micología y en las espermatófitas. Publica Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminarum en 1862, con el nombre de Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminearum Additis Nonnullis de Phytographia, de Monocotyleis et Orchideis. Petropoli [St. Petersburg].

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Libros de botánica
Publicaciones científicas

Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminearum


Os umbrá são uma etnia originaria que habita no Resguardo de Escopetera-Pirza, município de Riosucio (Caldas) e nas comunidades de Sardinero, Mápura y Opiramá, em Quinchai, departamento de Risaralda, na Colômbia.

História
Antes da colonização espanhola, os umbrá povoavam um território muito maior que alcançava os atuais municípios de Belén de Umbría (Risaralda) e Anserma (Caldas).<ref>Duque Escobar, Gonzalo (2012) "Anserma puntal del occidente por sus raíces Umbra"; La Patria, Manizales, Lunes, 1 de octubre de 2012.</ref> Esse território foi ocupado pelas tropas do conquistador Jorge Robledo em 1539. Durante os primeiros 40 anos da conquista A população indígena da área foi reduzida de 40.000 para 1.000 pessoas, que foram concentradas em 1597 no Resguardo de Pirza e Umbrá. Em 1627, os sobreviventes foram transferidos pelos espanhóis junto com povos indígenas de outras etnias e lugares para a Vega de Supía, em 1627. Em 1773 várias famílias umbrá voltaram para Pirza após a compra de algumas terras de parte de seu antigo território.6 Atualmente os Umbrá se dedicam à agricultura.

 Língua

A palavra "umbrá" em sua língua significa "da serra". Parte da população ainda fala sua própria língua,Rotavista, Martha K. (2012) "Descubren lengua indígena que se creía desaparecida; LaTarde, Pereira, 25 de março de 2012.que até agora não foi classificada, 9 mas já possui um primeiro estudo publicado, realizado graças à colaboração de nove falantes interessados em preservar sua língua materna.

A pesquisa lingüística e cultural constatou que os umbrá usavam um sistema de paus e cordas para enviar mensagens, chamado tãtũĩõ'', semelhantes aos quipos quíchuas; e além disso, realizavam representações gráficas dos números e também pictogramas e pinturas rupestres com significado.

Museu
O Museu Histórico e Arqueológico Elíseo Bolívar de Belén de Umbría, preserva o maior acervo da cultura Umbrá.

Povos nativos da Colômbia
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Povos originários)

Umbrá


Jean-Alain Boumsong  (d. 14 Aralık 1979; Douala, Kamerun), Fransız milli eski defans oyuncusu.

Kariyeri
Kariyerine Fransa liginin köklü kulüplerinden Le Havre'da başlayan Boumsong, oldukça üst düzey takımlarda futbol oynamıştır. Newcastle ile Premier League, Juventus ile de Serie A tecrübesi yaşamış olan millî oyuncunun şimdiki durağı ise Fransa'nın devlerinden O. Lyon. Raymond Domenech tarafından düzenli olarak Millî formayı da kapan Boumsong, 27 kez giydiği formayla 1 gole imza atmıştır.

Başarıları
 Gambardella Kupası: 2000 (Le Havre)
 Coupe de France : 2002/2003 (Auxerre), 2007/2008 (Olympique Lyonnais)
 İskoçya Premier Ligi : 2004/2005 (Rangers)
 İtalya Serie B : 2006/2007 (Juventus)
 Fransa Lig 1 : 2007/2008 (Olympique Lyonnais)

1979 doğumlular
Fransız futbolcular
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası kazanan futbolcular
Yaşayan insanlar
2003 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Le Havre AC futbolcuları
AJ Auxerre futbolcuları
Rangers FC futbolcuları
Newcastle United FC futbolcuları
Juventus FC futbolcuları
Olympique Lyonnais futbolcuları
Panathinaikos AO futbolcuları
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Defans futbolcuları
Kamerun asıllı Fransızlar
Fransa millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
Scottish Premier League futbolcuları

Jean-Alain Boumsong


Árbol sagrado es aquel que tiene un significado especial, de carácter religioso, para una comunidad. Hay dos maneras de entender el árbol sagrado, como especie y como individuo. Algunos pueblos consideran sagrada una especie determinada; de ese modo, los africanos adoran el baobab, como los celtas adoraban el roble. En cambio, algunas comunidades eligen un ejemplar determinado, como el ahuehuete de Oaxaca, en México, o el espino de Glastonbury, en Inglaterra. El árbol sagrado celta, también es conocido como Bilios, Bilé o Crann Bethadh. Estos árboles, suelen estar situados en el centro del bosque, y suele ser el árbol con el tronco más grueso.

Por otro lado, no podemos dejar de lado los árboles sagrados mitológicos, como el roble de Thor o el ciprés de Kashmar, e incluso especies consideradas fuentes de inmortalidad, como el melocotón en China o el manzano en la antigua Grecia.

La adoración a los árboles es la tendencia a crear mitos de los árboles por parte de muchas culturas.

Especies sagradas
En la actualidad, sólo unas pocas especies de árboles son consideradas sagradas, pero, en la Antigüedad, muchas, por su utilidad, escasez, tamaño o resistencia, se establecieron como sagradas para evitar su tala. Una lista muy abreviada de especies sería la que aparece a continuación. En África hay numerosas especies sagradas para tribus concretas que requerirían un estudio más profundo.

 Abedul: asociado al dios Belenus en la mitología celta y a la diosa Frigga en la mitología nórdica, aparece mencionado en el Kalevala para dar forma al arpa de Vainamoinen.
 Abeto: asociado a la Navidad, sustituye en la mitología nórdica al fresno Yggdrasil, que fue derribado por san Bonifacio y plantó un abeto como símbolo del amor eterno de Dios. Por su forma triangular, representa la santísima Trinidad en el cristianismo. Otras leyendas hablan de un niño salvado de la nieve por un abeto gigantesco o de un árbol caído que únicamente respetó a un abeto. Empezó a usarse como árbol de Navidad en el  en Europa.
 Acacia: en el Antiguo Egipto, fue el árbol sagrado de Hathor, diosa del amor y la belleza, y más tarde de Isis, diosa madre y diosa de la magia. Se cree que el Arca de la Alianza y el Tabernáculo de los hebreos estaban hechos de madera de acacia. Los masones lo consideran símbolo de pureza y entereza del alma, y plantaron una en el lugar donde fue asesinado Hiram, arquitecto del templo de Salomón. Es famoso el árbol del Teneré, en Níger, una vieja acacia que sobrevivió hasta 1973 en el desierto del Sahara.
 Acebo: era sagrado para los druidas, que aconsejaban meterlo en las casas como protección contra hadas y duentes, y aún hoy se usa con este fin. En la mitología celta, el Hombre Verde pudo proceder de un personaje mucho más antiguo, el Rey del Acebo. Los romanos los asociaban al dios Saturno, y celebraban las saturnales durante el solsticio de invierno, en lo que luego sería la Navidad cristiana.
 Ahuehuete: es una especie de ciprés de río que vive miles de años en México, donde se considera árbol nacional. Hay varios famosos, aunque el más importante es el que se conoce como árbol del Tule, en Oaxaca, de unos dos mil años de edad.
 Álamo: en Mesopotamia y Grecia se le relacionaba con los muertos. Heracles llevaba una corona de hojas de álamo cuando descendió al Averno. En la mitología celta se le llamaba aeda, "el que evita la muerte". En la Odisea aparece como uno de los tres árboles de la resurrección, junto con el aliso y el ciprés, y en la Edad Media se corrió el mito de que la cruz de Cristo estaba hecha de madera de álamo. El álamo negro estaba consagrada a Hécate, diosa de la muerte en Grecia. En Roma, la ninfa Egeria, diosa de las fuentes, era "la del álamo negro" y tenía un bosque sagrado a la entrada de Roma.
 Aliso: en la Antigüedad se asoció a Cronos. En la mitología galesa se asoció al dios cuervo Bran; se decía que la rama más alta del aliso era la cabeza oracular cantora de este dios. En la Odisea, es mencionado como uno de los árboles de la resurrección, junto con el álamo y el ciprés. Se cree que había una arboleda sagrada de alisos junto al complejo megalítico de Rollright Stones, en los Midlands ingleses.
 Ashoka: es un árbol del bosque tropical lluvioso (Saraca asoca), importante en las tradiciones culturales del sucontinente indio, donde se considera sagrado, especialmente en la India y en Sri Lanka. Está estrechamente asociado con las yakshini, seres míticos del hinduismo, el budismo y el jainismo. Es fácil encontrar a estos seres con cuerpo de mujer a la entrada de los templos budistas e hindúes, con los pies en el tronco y las manos sujetando las ramas de un árbol ashoka florecido.
 Avellano: era el árbol del conocimiento y la justicia para los celtas, aunque la especie más productiva fue introducido en Europa por los griegos. Los celtas castigaban a quienes cortaban avellanos o manzanos por considerarlos árboles sagrados. En Islandia, se consideraba un árbol de fertilidad. Las varitas de avellano se usan para encontrar agua.
 Baobab: es considerado sagrado en numerosos lugares de África, de ahí que se haya respetado y se encuentren en muchos lugares ejemplares gigantescos. En Madagascar es famosa la Avenida de los baobabs; en Namibia, los bosquimanos aseguran que son árboles del revés, arrojados así por la divinidad desde el cielo; en Senegal, los griots, guardianes de la memoria de los pueblos, son enterrados al pie de un baobab.
 Ceiba: es el árbol sagrado de los mayas, que unía el mundo subterráneo de Xibalba con el mundo de los vivos y situaba una en cada uno de los cuatro puntos cardinales. En la santería, su orisha es Iroko. También es sagrada para los abakuás, una cofradía cubana formada por descendientes de esclavos de Nigeria, de la tradición yoruba.
 Ciprés: su madera ha sido sagrada desde la Antigüedad, ya que con ella se construyó el arca de Noé y parte del templo de Salomón. Era adorado en el reino de Saba. En Grecia, se convirtió en el árbol de la muerte, consagrado a Saturno y más tarde a Plutón. La náyade Thyia, madre de los cipreses, dio nombre a la tuya. Las puertas de los templos griegos y romanos se hacían de ciprés, como están hechas las de la basílica de San Pedro de la Ciudad del Vaticano. En el zoroastrismo estaba consagrado a Ormuz. El ciprés de Kashmar es un árbol mítico de legendaria belleza y gigantescas dimensiones mencionado en el Shahnameh o Libro de los reyes persas.
 Encina: fue árbol sagrado en todo el Mediterráneo. Zeus meditaba debajo de una encina. En el santuario de Dodona, el murmullo de las hojas de una encina ayudaba al oráculo. En España, en Ayala (Álava), y otras localidades, se encuentran  santuarios de Nuestra Señora de la Encina.
 Espino: árbol de duendes y druidas, marca la entrada al otro mundo en la mitología celta. Estaba asociado a la diosa Olwen, la del blanco rastro, y a Blodeuwed. En Glastonbury hay un espino, el espino de Glastonbury, que se dice que procede del cayado de José de Arimatea y, cuando florece, una de sus ramas se regala a la reina de Inglaterra. La Virgen de Arantzazu, patrona de Guipúzcoa, fue encontrada sobre un espino albar por un pastor.
 Fresno: en la antigua Grecia se consideraba símbolo de la justicia divina. Estaba asociado a la ninfa Andrasteia, hija de Océano, y a Poseidón, pero donde más relevancia alcanza es en la mitología escandinava, ya que el árbol del mundo, Yggdrasil, es un fresno. Se dice que es el único árbol al que no se acercan las serpientes y que san Patricio las expulsó de Irlanda con una vara de fresno.
 Garoé: fue el árbol sagrado de los bimbaches, antiguos habitantes de la isla de El Hierro, en las Canarias. Se cree que podría haber pertenecido a la especie Ocotea foetens.

 Higuera: se cuenta que hay tres higueras sagradas, la que prestó la hoja para cubrir las partes pudentas de Adán y Eva, la que protegió a Buda mientras meditaba y la que utilizaba Hathor para alimentar a los peregrinos en el Antiguo Egipto, aunque en su caso fue un sicómoro, el Ficus sycomorus o falsa higuera. Son tres variedades distintas y la única que sigue conservando su carácter sagrado es la higuera sagrada de la India (Ficus religiosa) o Akshayavat, bajo uno de cuyos ejemplares, del que se conservan retoños, alcanzó la iluminación el Buda.
 Kadam: árbol tropical, el Neolamarckia cadamba, sagrado para los hindúes. En el norte de la India está asociado a Krishna, mientras que en el sur lo está a Parvati. Aparece mencionado en el Bhagavata Purana. En el mes de Bhaadra (sexto mes del año hindú, entre el 23 de agosto y el 22 de septiembre) se celebra el festival de la recolección de Karam-Kadamba, donde se hacen servir ramitas del árbol y donde se recuerda el viejo reino de Kadamba. El kadam también se asocia a una deidad llamada Kadambariyamman; en este sentido hay uno a la entrada del templo de Meenakshi, en Madurai.
 Kalpavriksha (Devanagari: कल्पवृक्ष), también conocido como kalpataru, kalpadruma y kalpapādapa, es un árbol imaginario, mitológico, mencionado en la literatura sánscrita como árbol divino, fuente de todos los deseos. En Mangaliyawas, cerca de Ajmer, Rajastán, hay dos árboles de más de ochocientos años reverenciados como kalpavrikshas. En el Padma Purana se dice que este árbol es el parijat, otro árbol sagrado. En Joshimath hay un kalpavriksha que es una morera, pero en otros lugares se identifica con un baniano (Ficus benghalensis), otro tipo de higuera, y en zonas costeras incluso se dice que es un cocotero, por su capacidad de satisfacer las necesidades humanas.
 Laurel: es el árbol del amor en la antigua Grecia, ya que el mito cuenta que Dafne fue convertida en laurel para escapar a los amores ciegos de Apolo. Cuando el dios lo descubre, lo declara árbol sagrado.
 Manzano: en la antigua Grecia, era el símbolo de Afrodita, y en jardín de las Hespérides había un bosquecillo de manzanos cuyo fruto tenía el don de la inmortalidad; además, estaba consagrado a Ceres, diosa de la agricultura. Muchas interpretaciones de la Biblia lo consideraban el árbol prohibido, pero es difícil estar seguro, ya que podría haber sido una higuera. En la isla de los Bendecidos, del mito artúrico, hay un manzano sagrado, del que proceden las tres manzanas mágicas que tienen un papel importante en la mitología celta.
 Mirto: es más un arbusto que un árbol. Aparece en numerosas ocasiones en la Biblia; en hebreo, su nombre significa "dulzura". Para los persas, era símbolo de alegría. Su nombre en griego significa "perfume" y, junto con la rosa, estaba asociado a Afrodita. El mirto se usaba en muchas celebraciones. En Roma incluso había una Venus Murcia, relacionada con Murtia, diosa del mirto.
 Olivo: está en el origen de Atenas y en el huerto de Getsemaní. Es símbolo de inmortalidad, de resurrección y esperanza. Dice el mito que cuando los persas cortaron el olivo sagrado del Erecteion, en Atenas, en una noche creció un palmo, para demostrar la fuerza de los atenienses. Fue el emblema de las Olimpiadas de 2004 en Atenas, para representar la importancia que tenía en la Antigüedad.
 Olmo: estaba asociado a la muerte y a la idea del renacimiento. Los griegos decían que el primer bosquecillo nació a la vuelta de Orfeo del infierno. Era el árbol de Hermes, estaba consagrado a Saturno, y en Europa del Norte, era el árbol de los duendes que vigilaban los túmulos de los muertos.
 Palmera datilera: ha sido venerada en el Antiguo Egipto por sus dátiles y como símbolo de renacimiento. Su importancia era tan grande que pasó al cristianismo como símbolo de renacimiento. Hay muchas variedades; una de ellas, la palmera de Doum, Hyphaene thebaica, representaba al dios Thot y su semilla se ha encontrado en numerosas tumbas de los faraones; otra, la Roystonea o palma real, es árbol sagrado en Cuba.
 Pārijāta: árbol celestial de la mitología hindú, se identifica con el árbol del coral (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis).  Aparece en el paraíso del dios Indra, entre otros mitos.
 Pino: en el Antiguo Egipto, estaba relacionado con Osiris, que se personificaba en un pino para enseñar el cultivo de las vides y los árboles frutales. En Grecia y Roma estaba consagrado a Dioniso. El dios Pan aparece coronado con ramas de pino. En la mitología celta, es un árbol benévolo, que ayuda a descansar al viajero.
 Roble: por su grandiosidad, muchas culturas lo han considerado árbol de los dioses. Probablemente, Zeus descansara bajo un roble en lugar de bajo una encina, aunque es difícil diferenciarlos en los mitos porque ambos pertenecen al género Quercus. En Roma estaba consagrado a Júpiter. El dios Esculapio lleva un bastón con una rama de roble como símbolo de Zeus. En la mitología báltica, el dios Perkunas estaba consagrado al roble; como Perun en la mitología eslava. En la Galia celta, Esus era el dios del roble. Los robles sagrados son comunes entre los druidas, que usaban los árboles viejos para sus rituales. Entre los robles famosos se encuentra el roble de Mamre, en Hirbet es-Sibte, a 2 km al sudoeste de Mamre, en Cisjordania, Palestina, también conocido como árbol de Abraham, donde cuenta la tradición que el profeta se encontró con tres ángeles.
 Sándalo: es un árbol sagrado en Oriente, donde se asocia al Buda Amitābha, el de la luz infinita, del que se hacen las estatuas con madera de sándalo. Los rosarios budistas tibetanos se hacen de cuentas de sándalo, como los del Tantra budista. En China y Japón se quema en los templos, y en India en los de Shiva y Visnú. El sándalo despierta la kundalini y conecta los chakras.
 Sauce: en la mitología griega, Perséfone tenía un bosquecillo de sauces en el infierno, y la bruja Circe tenía un cementerio de sauces dedicado a Hécate. En la mitología sumeria, Bel era dios del sauce, convertido en Belenos en la mitología celta, donde el sauce estaba asociado a la muerte.
 Tejo: árbol sagrado para los antiguos cántabros. Aún hoy se encuentran tejos milenarios en el centro de algunos pueblos de Cantabria, que eran lugares de reunión donde se celebraban las reuniones y concejos. El tejo es un árbol venenoso (hojas, fruto, savia...) y los antiguos guerreros cántabros en sus guerras contra el Imperio Romano llevaban siempre consigo un preparado del mismo para cometer suicidio en caso de caer en manos del enemigo.
 Zapis: es un árbol que en los pueblos de Serbia consideran sagrado y que suele hallarse en las cercanías. En su corteza, se graba una cruz y la gente acude al árbol, generalmente un roble, para rezar. Es una antigua tradición.
 Ziziphus spina-christi: se dice que es la especie de espino del que se hizo la corona de espinas de Jesucristo. Tiene una especial importancia para los judíos, pero también para cristianos y musulmanes.

Mitología nórdica
Siendo países donde los bosques son predominantes, los países del norte de Europa siempre han sentido adoración por los árboles y han llevado al ámbito de los sagrado a un buen número de ellos.

 Barnstokkr: árbol que crece en el centro de la sala del rey Volsung. Aparece mencionado en los capítulos 2 y 3 de la Saga Volsunga. No está claro si es un manzano o un roble.
 Roble de Thor o roble de Donar, árbol sagrado de la tribu germánica de los chatti.
 Glasir: árbol o arboleda descrita como la más bella entre los dioses y los hombres, cuyas hojas doradas relucen en el reino de Asgard, fuera de las puertas del Valhalla. Aparece mencionado en las Eddas.
 Irminsul: es un pilar que unía el cielo y la tierra, representado por el tronco de un roble. Podría estar relacionado con el fresno Yggdrasil y con el árbol sagrado de Upsala. Dice la leyenda que Carlomagno lo hizo cortar para imponer el cristianismo a los bárbaros.
 Læraðr: árbol de la mitología nórdica identificado a veces con Yggdrasil. Aparece en las Eddas.
 Mímameiðr: árbol que extiende sus ramas por toda la tierra conocida, inmune al fuego o al hacha, lleva el fruto que ayuda a las mujeres preñadas y en su copa se encuentra el gallo Víðópnir. Aparece en la Edda poética.
 Árbol sagrado de Upsala: fue un árbol sagrado que se encontraba en el templo de Upsala, en Suecia, en la segunda mitad del . No se sabe qué especie era, pero se cree que era un tejo. También podría ser un bosquecillo.
 Yggdrasil: es un fresno perenne, el árbol de la vida que une los nueve mundos, desde Asgard, en lo más alto, a Jötunheim, el mundo de los gigantes, y Helheim, el reino de los muertos.

Véase también
 Bosque sagrado
 Árbol de Guernica
 Jubokko

Referencias
 Abella, Ignacio: La magia de los árboles, RBA, Barcelona, 1997.
 Ávila Granados, Jesús: La mitología celta. Raíces y símbolos mágicos de la primera cultura europea, Martínez Roca, Barcelona, 2007.
 Becker, Lore: Die Mythologie der Bäume, Papyrus 1-2 (2002) .
 Brosse, Jaques: Mythologie des arbres (1989), ISBN 978-2-228-88711-3.
 Gollwitzer, Gerda: Botschaft der Bäume, DuMont Buchverlag Köln (1984).
 Hageneder, Fred: The Meaning of Trees: Botany, History, Healing, Lore (2005), ISBN 0-8118-4823-X.
 Huerta Fernánez, Helena: Árboles y mitos. Una visión vegetal de la mitología clásica. Ediciones Clásicas, Madrid, 2008.
 Lambert, Teo: Dioses y mitos del Antiguo Egipto, Océano, Barcelona, 2004.
 Malla, Bansi Lal: Trees in Indian Art, Mythology, and Folklore (2000), ISBN 81-7305-179-8.
 Newman, Alex: Árboles, guardianes de la magia, Océano, Barcelona, 2009.
 Porteous, Alexander: The Forest in Folklore and Mythology (2002), ISBN 0-486-42010-8.

Paganismo

Árbol sagrado


في 1 يناير 1976 أقلعت طائرة طيران الشرق الأوسط رحلة 438 من مطار بيروت الدولي بالعاصمة اللبنانية بيروت في طريقها إلى مطار دبي الدولي بإمارة دبي، كانت الطائرة من طراز بوينغ 720 وتقل على متنها 66 راكباً و15 من أفراد الطاقم، وأثناء تحليقها في المجال الجوي السعودي على ارتفاع 11,300 متر (37,000 قدم) وفي تمام الخامسة والنصف مساءً تعرضت منطقة الشحن الأمامية في الطائرة لانفجار قوي أدى إلى سقوطها وتحطمها على بعد حوالي 40 كم شمال غرب مدينة القيصومة السعودية، ونتج عن الحادث مقتل جميع الركاب وأفراد الطاقم. ولم يتم التعرف على منفذي هذا التفجير، لكن لبنان في هذا الوقت كانت تحت وطأة الحرب الأهلية.

مصادر

مكان سقوط الطائرة شمال الصفيري بمنطقة حفر الباطن معلومات عن الحادث

السعودية في 1976
لبنان في 1976
أحداث يناير 1976 في آسيا
تفجير طائرة
حوادث إرهابية في آسيا في 1976
حوادث إرهابية في السعودية
حوادث طائرات بوينغ 707
حوادث طيران في 1976
حوادث طيران في السعودية
طيران الشرق الأوسط
قتل جماعي في 1976
كوارث في السعودية 1976

طيران الشرق الأوسط الرحلة 438


30368 Ericferrante este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
30368 Ericferrante este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Socorro, New Mexico, în cadrul proiectului LINEAR. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,55 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 6,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 30001-31000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

30368 Ericferrante