Dato' Sri Haji Mohammad Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak (, ; born 23 July 1953) is a Malaysian politician who served as the sixth Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2009 to 2018. In 2020, he was convicted of corruption in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, one of the largest money-laundering and embezzlement scandals in history. He is the son of former prime minister Abdul Razak Hussein. Najib Razak was the chairman of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition from April 2009 to May 2018 and the president of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) from November 2008 to May 2018, which had maintained control of Malaysia's government with a parliamentary majority for more than sixty years until the coalition's defeat in the 2018 general election.

Najib was elected to the Parliament of Malaysia in 1976, at the age of 23, replacing his deceased father in the Pahang-based seat of Pekan. In the same year, he was appointed the head of UMNO Youth's Pekan branch and became a member of the youth wing's Executive Council. In the early years of his political career, Najib took on a deputy minister role in 1976, and between 1982 and 1986, he was the Menteri Besar of Pahang. Thereafter, until 2009, he was rotated throughout the Cabinet of Malaysia, taking on various ministerial portfolios in defence, education, culture, youth and sports, and finally finance. Between 1993 and 2009, Najib was a vice-president of UMNO.

Najib's tenure as prime minister, between 2009 and 2018, was marked by economic liberalisation measures, such as cuts to government subsidies, loosening of restrictions on foreign investment, and reductions in preferential measures for ethnic Malays in business. After the 2013 election, his government pursued a number of its critics on sedition charges, the imprisonment of opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim following a conviction for sodomy and the implementation of a Goods and Services Tax (GST). He also led the country through the Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disaster and a dispute with North Korea following the assassination of Kim Jong-nam. In 2015, Najib became implicated in a major corruption scandal involving state investment firm 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) which led to rallies calling for his resignation, spearheaded by the grassroots movement Bersih. These protests culminated in the Malaysian Citizens' Declaration by Mahathir Mohamad, Pakatan Harapan and NGOs which sought to oust Najib.

Najib's response to the corruption accusations was to tighten his grip on power by replacing then-deputy prime minister Muhyiddin Yassin, suspending two newspapers and pushing through parliament a controversial National Security Council Bill that provides the prime minister with unprecedented powers. Najib's various subsidy cuts have contributed to soaring living costs, while fluctuating oil prices and the fallout from the 1MDB scandal led to a depreciation of the Malaysian currency. These ended with BN's loss in the 2018 general elections, the results of which Najib then accepted and promised to help facilitate a smooth transition of power.

On 3 July 2018, Najib was arrested by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC), which investigated how RM42 million (US$10.6 million) went from SRC International, a company related to 1MDB, into Najib's bank account. In the process, the police seized a number of fashion accessories worth $273 million while searching through his properties. Najib was subsequently charged and convicted by the High Court on abuse of power, money laundering and criminal breach of trust, becoming the first Prime Minister of Malaysia to be convicted of corruption, and was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and fined RM210 million. The sentence was upheld by the Federal Court on 23 August 2022. He is currently serving his sentence in Kajang Prison.

Early life and education
Najib was born on 23 July 1953 at the Pahang State Secretary official residence in Bukit Bius, Kuala Lipis, Pahang. Najib is the eldest of second Malaysian Prime Minister Abdul Razak's six sons, and the nephew of the third PM Hussein Onn. His younger brother, Dato' Seri Mohd Nazir Abdul Razak, runs the country's second-largest lender, Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings Bhd. Najib is also one of the Four Noblemen of the Pahang Darul Makmur (Royal Court) by virtue of his inherited title as the Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar. He received his primary and secondary education at St. John's Institution, Kuala Lumpur. He later attended Malvern College in Worcestershire, England, and subsequently went to the University of Nottingham, where he received a bachelor's degree in industrial economics in 1974. Najib Razak returned to Malaysia in 1974 and entered the business world, serving briefly in Bank Negara Malaysia and later with Petronas (Malaysia's national oil company) as a public affairs manager.

Early political career
The eldest son of Malaysian Prime Minister, Abdul Razak Hussein, was elected to the Parliament of Malaysia in 1976 replacing his deceased father in the Pahang-based seat of Pekan. The national outpouring of grief following Tun Razak's death and the respect for his father helped Najib win election unopposed as Member of Parliament at the very young age of 23. In 1986 Najib won re-election to the same seat.

From 1982 to 1986 he was the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Pahang, before holding various cabinet posts throughout the remainder of the 1980s and 1990s, including Defence and Education.  In 2004 he became Deputy Prime Minister  under Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, and replaced him 2009. Under his leadership, Barisan Nasional won the 2013 elections, although for the first time in Malaysia's history the opposition won the majority of the popular vote.

Najib was first assigned into the Cabinet of Malaysia at the age of 25 when he was appointed Deputy Minister of Energy, Telecommunications and Post in 1978, becoming the youngest deputy minister in the country. He served as the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Pahang between 1982 and 1986, becoming the youngest Menteri Besar in the state to enter office when he was sworn in at the age of 29. In 1986 he was appointed as Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports in the Cabinet of Mahathir Mohamad. He focused on improving Malaysian sports and introduced the National Sports Policy in 1988. In 1989 Malaysia achieved its best-ever performance at the South East Asia (SEA) Games, held in Kuala Lumpur.
Najib was appointed head of UMNO Youth's Pekan branch and became a member of UMNO Youth's Executive Council (Exco) in 1976. In 1981, he was selected as a member of UMNO's Supreme Council, before winning the post of Vice-President of UMNO Youth in 1982.

On 26 October 1987, the then leader of the opposition, Lim Kit Siang, called for the Anti-Corruption Agency to investigate how Najib, who was then Pahang MB, could give approval for a logging concession of 2000 acres to a resident of a low-cost housing estate. He asked ACA to investigate whether the logging concessionnaire was in fact a nominee for Najib himself.

In 1987, Najib was selected as the acting head of the Movement of UMNO Youth by Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim after Anwar was asked to contest the post of UMNO Vice-President. Following mounting ethnic tensions anti-Chinese sentiments were expressed at a UMNO Youth rally held in Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur the same year where Najib spoke. Rising tensions soon lead to fears of ethnic violence and eventually resulted in a security operation known as Operasi Lalang, that included numerous administrative detentions.

Following the complete reorganisation and founding of the "New" UMNO by Mahathir Mohamad in the aftermath of the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Najib was appointed president of UMNO Youth in 1988.

By 1993, Najib was elected as one of six vice-presidents of UMNO in response to Anwar's decision to contest as the deputy president of UMNO. Najib continued to defend his post in party elections held in 1993, 1996, and 2004.

Senior Ministerial career

Minister for Defence (1991–1995)
In 1991, Mahathir appointed Najib as Minister of Defence. Under Najib's direction, Malaysian troops were deployed to assist the UN peacekeeping forces in Bosnia in 1993 during the Bosnian War. Malaysian forces were greeted warmly by Bosnians as well as Serbs and Croats. Malaysia also assisted peacekeeping operations in Somalia in 1993, losing one soldier in an effort to aid US soldiers during the Battle of Mogadishu. Najib later criticised the UN's Somalia operation as putting too much emphasis on military action. Since then Malaysia has stated a preference for participating in Chapter 6 "peace enforcement" missions, rather than Chapter 7 "peacekeeping" missions. After four years at the Ministry of Defence, Najib assumed control of the Education Ministry in 1995. He returned to the Ministry of Defence in 2000.

Minister for Education (1995–2000)

In 1995, Najib left the Defence Ministry for the first time when he was appointed Minister of Education. His challenge was to respond to Malaysia's newly proclaimed aspiration to become a fully developed nation by 2020. The 1996 Private Higher Education Institutions Act, allowed foreign universities to establish degree-conferring schools in Malaysia, providing greater educational opportunities for Malaysians and positioning Malaysia as a regional learning hub.

During the 1999 general elections Najib suffered a major setback when he barely won re-election to the Parliament by a margin of 241 votes, compared to a margin of over 10,000 in the previous election. This is a surprise to political observers.

Return as Minister for Defence (2000–2008)
During his second tenure as Minister of Defence Najib coordinated Malaysia's relief efforts following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, and provided support to Indonesia in arresting those responsible for the 2005 Bali bombings. Najib also oversaw the deployment of Malaysian troops as a part of a UN peacekeeping force in 2006, when Malaysia volunteered to help stabilise Lebanon following the 2006 Lebanon War.

As Defence Minister, Najib instituted compulsory military service in December 2003, stating that it would encourage interaction and friendship between youth of different ethnic groups and religions. During its first five years of operation, over 339,000 Malaysian youth participated in the PLKN (the Bahasa Malaysian acronym for "Malaysian National Service"), which is intended to promote tolerance, teamwork, and community engagement. The programme, however, has faced challenges.  Safety issues in the program have been reported and several people died during or shortly after their terms of service during the program's first few years. In response, Najib strengthened the PLKN's health screening requirements and reinforced the government's commitment to punish negligent PLKN officials.

The Altantuyaa affair

French courts investigated allegations of corruption in the purchases of two  submarines, by the Malaysian Ministry of Defence in 2002, at a time when Najib was the minister of defence. The allegations are that Abdul Razak Baginda, an aide of Najib, received "commission" payments from the French submarine builder DCNS. Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa, a Mongolian woman hired as a French translator to facilitate the purchase of the submarines and mistress to Baginda, tried to blackmail Baginda for a $500,000 cut and was subsequently murdered. 2 policemen, who were bodyguards posted to Najib, were charged and found guilty. Reviewing the Altantuyaa case, Tommy Thomas, Attorney General of Malaysia from 2018 to 2020, wrote that the evidence "implicated not only Najib Razak as the person who gave [one of the bodyguards] the order to kill, but also his aide-de-camp, Musa Safri".

Deputy Prime Minister (2004–2009)
In 2004, Mahathir retired and was replaced by his deputy, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Najib became Deputy Prime Minister and was given a broad portfolio of responsibilities, including oversight of FELDA, the Human Rights Commission (SUHAKAM), and the Election Commission (EC). Najib also chaired more than 28 cabinet committees. He remained as Minister for Defence.

In September 2008, Najib became the Minister for Finance, handing the Defence portfolio to Badawi. During the global financial crisis, Malaysia faced a strong recession and reduced levels of trade throughout the South Asian region.  In response, Najib announced a series of stimulus packages to be implemented over a two-year period with the intention of acting as a countercyclical response that might otherwise protect Malaysia's economy.  He also pressed for the country to move beyond existing manufacturing capabilities through education, research and development to develop greater strength as a provider of sophisticated business services.

Becoming Prime Minister
After a poor showing by the ruling UMNO coalition in the elections of 8 March 2008 in which opposition parties gained control of five of thirteen Malaysian state governments, Badawi identified Najib as his intended successor. On 8 October 2008, Prime Minister Badawi announced he would step down in March 2009, paving the way for Najib to succeed him. However he said the onus was on Najib to win party elections set for March before he could take over. Najib ran for the presidency of UMNO and went on to win on 2 November 2008, without contest.

On 26 March 2009, Najib won the UMNO presidency unopposed. He was sworn in as Prime Minister of Malaysia on 3 April 2009 In 2012, Najib also assumed the role of women, family and community development minister, a position he held until the 2013 election.

Prime Minister (2009–2018)

During his tenure as Prime Minister, Najib implemented various economic and infrastructure development programs, including the 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) initiative. However, his leadership was marred by allegations of corruption and misappropriation of funds related to the 1MDB scandal, which led to his political downfall. In this scandal, it was alleged that billions of dollars were siphoned off from the 1MDB state investment fund, which Najib was closely associated with, into his personal accounts and those of his associates. These funds were purportedly used for various personal expenses, including luxury real estate, artwork, and even financing the production of Hollywood films.

Najib consistently denied any wrongdoing and claimed that the funds in his personal accounts were donations from a Saudi royal family member, which he said were used for political purposes and not for personal gain. However, investigations by various authorities in multiple countries, including the United States and Switzerland, uncovered evidence suggesting a different story.

In 2018, Najib's political career faced a significant setback when his party, Barisan Nasional, lost the general elections to the Pakatan Harapan coalition. Subsequently, he faced legal charges related to the 1MDB scandal.

Domestic policy

1Malaysia

1Malaysia is an ongoing campaign announced by Najib on 16 September 2008, calling for the cabinet, government agencies, and civil servants to emphasise ethnic harmony, national unity, and efficient governance. The eight values of 1Malaysia as articulated by Najib are perseverance, a culture of excellence, acceptance, loyalty, education, humility, integrity, and meritocracy. While the concept aimed to promote national unity and inclusiveness, some critics argued that it was primarily a political slogan and that it did not lead to significant policy changes to address the underlying issues of ethnic and cultural diversity in the country.

On 17 September 2008, Najib launched 1Malaysia.com.my in an effort to communicate with the citizens of Malaysia more efficiently and support the broader 1Malaysia campaign. He has used the site to highlight his policy initiatives and to provide a forum for Malaysians to their government. The 1Malaysia campaign makes extensive use of social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. Research has suggested that Najib and UMNO have made extensive efforts to establish a favourable online presence through the recruitment and support of bloggers and other social media users, sometimes known as 'cybertroopers.'

However, Najib has been criticised for an apparent deterioration of race relations in Malaysia during his tenure that has occurred despite the 1Malaysia programme. In 2014, the long-serving former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad withdrew his support for Najib citing, among other things, the abandonment by Chinese voters of the Barisan Nasional coalition. Najib's tenure has also been marked by increasingly aggressive racial rhetoric from elements within Najib's UMNO party, particularly towards Chinese Malaysians. Additionally, there were concerns that the government's efforts to promote 1Malaysia were seen by some as a way to consolidate power and influence.

So, while the 1Malaysia concept was intended to promote unity and inclusiveness, it did face controversy and criticism from various quarters during Najib Razak's tenure as Prime Minister.

BR1M Project
The first BR1M Project was a scheme devised by Najib Razak to help poor Malaysians. The amount of RM 500.00 Ringgit Malaysia was given to households with an income of less than RM 3,000 a month.

The second BR1M Project, also known as BR1M 2.0, with more than 2.5 billion ringgit will be distributed to Malaysians nationwide. This will affect 5.7 million household all over the country. In addition to the RM 500.00 for household, the government has also allocated RM 250.00 to single individuals. Those who have received RM 500.00 from the first BR1M project need not apply as it will be automatically processed.

BR1M 4.0, which was announced in 2014, saw an increase in handouts from RM 650 to RM 950 for individuals earning less than RM 2,000.00, while households earning less than RM 4,000 will receive RM 750.

Housing Programme

Perumahan Rakyat 1Malaysia (PR1MA) Berhad was established under the PR1MA Act 2012 to plan, develop, construct and maintain affordable lifestyle housing for middle-income households in key urban centres. Middle-income is defined as a monthly household (husband and wife) income of between RM 2,500 and RM 7,500.

PR1MA will be the first organisation that exclusively targets this middle segment with homes ranging from RM 100,000 to RM 400,000 in a sustainable community.

National Security Council Bill 2015

In December 2015, the National Security Council Bill 2015 was passed in Parliament after a marathon six-hour debate. The bill provides the Prime Minister of Malaysia with unprecedented powers, such as the ability to define what constitutes a security issue as well as deem any part of Malaysia a security area. Within that area, authorities may make arrests, conduct searches or seize property without a warrant. The bill was criticised by rights groups as inviting government abuse. The Malaysian Bar called it a "lurch towards an authoritarian government". The government has defended the bill, with cabinet minister Shahidan Kassim saying the law is necessary to enable better co-ordination and a uniform response in the event the country is faced with security threats, and that the law does not contravene the basic human rights guaranteed under the federal constitution.

Economic policy

New Economic Model

On 2 May 2009, Najib announced the government's plan to develop a New Economic Model that will speed Malaysia's transition to a high-income country. The plan will emphasise ways to increase the income and productivity of workers by encouraging knowledge industries and increasing investment from overseas.

Reform of government subsidies

Najib has started to implement comprehensive reform of government subsidies. On 16 July 2010, subsidies for petrol, diesel and LPG were cut as part of Malaysia's general programme of reducing and rationalising subsidies per the 10th Malaysia Plan and the New Economic Model. The government believes it will save RM 750 million by the end of 2010 through these measures with little negative impact on most citizens. Sugar and fuel subsidies were selected for reform because they disproportionately benefit the wealthy and foreigners, encourage over-consumption and create opportunities for fraud and smuggling. Najib expressed his hope that Malaysians would adopt a healthier lifestyle. He said, "there is no logic in the government allocating subsidies worth almost RM1 billion on a commodity that could endanger the people's health". Responding to concerns about how these reforms might affect the poor, the Prime Minister's Office pointed out that Malaysia will still be spending RM 7.82 billion per year on fuel and sugar subsidies and that prices for these commodities would remain the lowest in Southeast Asia. The government also stated that education and health care would continue receiving state support.

Economic liberalisation
Malaysia has implemented substantial measures to attract foreign investment including a moderation of preferences designed to benefit ethnic Malays. Specifically these reforms include allowing foreign investors to hold majority stakes in most enterprises excluding "strategic" industries such as banking, telecommunications, and energy, easing insurance regulation, curtailing powers of the Foreign Investment Committee and lowering the minimum quota for Malay ownership in publicly traded companies from 30 percent to 12.5 percent. As he introduced the reforms Najib stated, "The world is changing quickly and we must be ready to change with it or risk being left behind."

Since these reforms have been implemented, the American banking firms Goldman Sachs and Citigroup have been granted permission to expand their operations in Malaysia. Goldman Sachs received licenses to set up fund management and advisory operations.  Citigroup has obtained a permit to offer brokerage services. The approval of these licenses is a sharp break from Malaysia's history of domestically dominated and tightly regulated markets for financial services.

The International Institute for Management Development responded to these and other reforms by increasing Malaysia's ranking to the 10th-most competitive economy in the world in 2010 from 18th in 2009. Malaysia, which is now ranked fifth in the Asia Pacific region, scored well in business and government efficiency. Economists attributed the rise of Malaysia's ranking to the efforts of the Malaysian government to improve the country's business environment such as the New Economic Model, the Government Transformation Programme and the Economic Transformation Programme.

Stimulus packages
The Malaysian government passed two stimulus packages to mitigate the effects of the global economic downturn.  The first stimulus package, worth RM 7 billion, was announced on 4 November 2008. The second package, worth RM 60 billion, was announced on 10 March 2009. Since assuming office as Prime Minister, Najib has been monitoring the progress of the stimulus packages on a weekly basis. Government economists believe that the stimulus packages have successfully generated increased economic activity, especially in the construction sector. Malaysia's central bank reported that Malaysia's economy grew at an annualised rate of 9.5% during the first half of 2010. Najib says the country is on track to meet the 6% average annual growth to reach its goal of becoming a developed country by 2020. Commenting on this same economic data Najib said that as of August 2010 there were no plans for further economic stimulus. Rather he said the government would focus on improving Malaysia's economic fundamentals and increasing investment.

Foreign policy and state visits

Palestine

The government of Malaysia has long been a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank. Malaysia also supports unity between the Palestinian Fatah and Hamas factions. Najib visited the West Bank with his wife Rosmah Mansor, escorted by senior officers of the Malaysian government. Najib became the first Muslim leader from South East Asia to set foot on Palestinian soil. Najib says Palestinians can count on Malaysia, but for there to be lasting peace, Hamas and Fatah must unite to safeguard the safety and security of the Palestinian people. Malaysia will give Palestine the moral, financial and political support it needs to rise above its struggles, but securing a future of lasting peace hinges on the Palestinians being united. Najib also stated that for Palestine to move towards having a future it envisioned, Palestinians would have to take the first step – to unite among themselves.

United States

Najib's visit in September 2017 to the United States on the invitation of President Donald Trump successfully strengthened the Comprehensive Partnership that was established between Malaysia and the United States in 2014.

Najib enjoyed a close personal relationship with then US President Barack Obama and managed to upgrade Malaysia-US relations to a 'comprehensive partnership'.

Najib and Obama met just before the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington on 12 April 2010. This was their first one-on-one meeting. During their talk, Obama sought further assistance from Malaysia in stemming nuclear proliferation which Obama described as the greatest threat to world security. During the summit, Najib stressed that Malaysia only supported nuclear programmes designed for peaceful purposes. Najib's attendance at the summit was part of a week-long official visit to the United States.

India

Najib travelled to India on a five-day state visit in January 2010. His 200-strong entourage included cabinet ministers, deputy ministers, state government officials, members of parliament, and prominent business leaders. During his visit, Najib pushed for a free-trade agreement and co-operation across a wide range of fields. Najib and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh signed an extradition treaty and agreements to co-operate in the areas of higher education and finance. The two countries agreed to sign a free-trade agreement before the end of 2010 and Najib called for signing a "Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement" by the same date. These economic agreements have resulted in plans for RM 1.6 trillion in investment for Malaysia. In January 2010, Najib announced plans to develop a new visa regime for Indian nationals, specifically for managers and knowledge workers to visit Malaysia.

Singapore

Najib made a two-day visit to Singapore, on 21–22 May 2009. During the visit, both Najib and Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong agreed to move bilateral relations forward in a more productive manner and will either set aside or resolve the "legacy" problems between the two countries. During a speech in Singapore, Najib said he hoped his visit would signal "the beginning of a new era" between the two countries.

in 2010 Najib resolved a key diplomatic problem between the two countries by ending the impasse over transportation links and Singaporean investment in Iskandar Malaysia. He and Lee Hsien Loong have agreed to modify the Points of Agreement signed in 1990. Specifically, the two sides have promised to move the KTM railway station from Tanjung Pagar to Woodlands, set up a joint venture to be called M-S Pte Ltd to develop Marina One, and DUO in Bugis but the railway tracks were replaced by the "Green Corridor", develop a rapid transit and high-speed rail links, and allow Temasek and Khazanah to set up a joint venture for the purpose of developing a town in Iskandar Malaysia.

South Korea

Najib attended the ASEAN-South Korea Summit on 1 June 2009 hosted by South Korean President Lee Myung Bak.  During the summit, the ASEAN-Korea Investment Agreement was signed to boost economic and trade relations between ASEAN and South Korea After the summit, Najib said Malaysia is keen on emulating South Korea in developing a small-scale nuclear reactor for power generation, as well as South Korea's other low-carbon green technology.

China

Najib made a four-day visit to China on 2–5 June 2009. During the visit, Najib mentioned his family's special relationship with China, noting that his father, and Malaysia's second Prime Minister, first established diplomatic relations with China in 1974. During the visit, several substantive issues were discussed in meetings between Najib and Chinese President Hu Jintao and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao. The two sides signed an endorsed strategic action plan covering 13 major areas, which will serve as the guideline for relations between Malaysia and China.  Najib described the trip as most fruitful. Najib also received an honorary doctorate in international relations from the Beijing Foreign Studies University.

Indonesia

Najib made a visit to Indonesia on 22–24 April 2009. Several issues were discussed, including co-operation in the tourism, oil and gas, and high-technology industries, as well as electricity supply from the Bakun dam to Kalimantan. Najib and his entourage also attended an official dinner hosted by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his wife Ani Yudhoyono.

New Zealand

Under Najib's government, Malaysia signed a free-trade agreement (FTA) with New Zealand on 26 October 2009 to take effect 1 August 2010. The agreement will reduce or eliminate tariffs on thousands of industrial and agricultural products. The two countries have also agreed to reciprocate most-favoured nation status in private education, engineering services, environmental protection, mining services and information technology.

Myanmar
In a protest rally in December 2016, Najib criticized the Myanmar authorities for the military crackdown on Rohingya Muslims, and described the ongoing persecution as "genocide".

Philippines and the Moro people of Mindanao

The Moro Islamic Liberation Front has always favoured Malaysia as a mediator in their effort of becoming an autonomous state. On 15 October 2012, the Moro rebels and the Philippines authority devised a peace agreement brokered by Malaysia to maintain the safety and security of the nation. During the official ceremony of signing the agreement, the Malaysian government was invited as a witness to the long due treaty.

LCS scandal
Najib has been implicated in the misappropriation of funds in the purchase of littoral combat ships (LCS). There is a perception that Najib was "the most powerful decision-maker" in the LCS procurement arrangements as he was both prime minister and finance minister at the time (April 2009). In 2022, Najib commented that the project was given to contractor Boustead Naval Shipyard Sdn Bhd because it was owned by the Armed Forces Fund Board (LTAT) and all profits of the project would thus go to the armed forces.

14th Malaysian general election
Malaysia held its 14th general election in May 2018. Barisan Nasional was dealt a surprising defeat, failing to win a majority for the first time in the country's history. Observers credited the unpopular Goods and Services Tax as well as the swirling 1MDB corruption scandal as key factors in the defeat. On 12 May 2018, Najib resigned as President of UMNO and Chairman of BN and was replaced by UMNO vice-president, Hishammuddin Hussein.

Post-premiership (2018–present)
Najib accepted the defeat and pledged to facilitate a smooth transfer of power. On 12 May 2018, three days after he lost the general elections, a flight manifest stated that Najib and his wife, Rosmah were taking a private jet to Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport in Jakarta. In response, the Immigration Department, upon the orders of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, imposed a travel ban barring their exit from the country. Amidst the country's mood turning against him, Najib resigned as the leader of UMNO and Barisan Nasional on the same day.

The newly elected Pakatan Harapan government swiftly reopened investigations into the 1MDB scandal. Since 16 May 2018, the Malaysian police have searched six properties linked to Najib and Rosmah as part of the investigation into the 1MDB scandal. They have seized 284 boxes filled with designer handbags, 72 large luggage bags containing cash in multiple currencies, and other valuables. The Malaysian police commissioner confirmed that the police seized goods with an estimated value of between US$223 and US$273 million. The police described it as the biggest seizure in Malaysian history.

In January 2019, a 7-second video clip of Najib uttered "Malu Apa Bossku" ( "What's there to be ashamed of my boss") went viral on the internet. Najib later released a picture of him posed on a Yamaha Y150 motorcycle with the registration plate 8055KU (BOSSKU). The catchphrase and the picture went viral on social media, especially with Malay youths, and inspired videos, memes, t-shirts, caps, vehicle stickers and a music video. The phenomenon has contributed to Najib's rise in popularity. Najib also claimed that his "Bossku" phenomenon has contributed to a victory for his party in 2020 Kimanis by-election.

COVID-19 measure violations
On 6 May 2021 amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia, Najib was given two fines amounting to RM3,000 for failing to comply with standard operating procedures (SOPs) of the conditional movement control order (CMCO) at a chicken rice restaurant. On 11 January 2022, the police opened an investigation into an event attended by Najib over claims that there was a breach of COVID-19 SOPs.

On 27 February 2022, Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin said he will review a video depicting Najib purportedly violating COVID-19 SOPs during a campaign visit in Perling, Johor. On 10 March 2022, Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin revealed that his ministry had issued 42 compound notices for the violation of SOPs during the campaign period for the Johor election, including five to Najib.

Controversies and issues

Murder of Altantuya Shaariibuu

Mongolian model Altantuya Shaariibuu disappeared outside the house of Abdul Razak Baginda, formerly a close associate of Najib, on October 19, 2006. She was never seen alive again. Three weeks later, her remains were found in a forest in Selangor. In 2008, Abdul Razak was acquitted by the High Court of abetment in the murder of Altantuyaa. In 2015, Chief Inspector Azilah Hadri and Corporal Sirul Azhar Umar were found guilty of her murder and sentenced to death.

In 2007, a Mongolian witness caused a stir in court when she revealed that Altantuya had been photographed having a meal with a Malaysian government official named 'Najib'. Detective P. Balasubramaniam also linked Najib to Altantuya in a statutory declaration (SD) on July 3, 2008. Najib has repeatedly denied knowing Altantuya or that he had any part in her death. Reviewing the Altantuyaa case, Tommy Thomas, Attorney General of Malaysia from 2018 to 2020, wrote that the evidence "implicated not only Najib Razak as the person who gave [one of the bodyguards] the order to kill, but also his aide-de-camp, Musa Safri".

1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

On 2 July 2015, The Wall Street Journal ran an exposé alleging that MYR 2.672 billion (US$700 million) had been channelled from 1MDB into Najib's personal bank accounts, triggering widespread calls for his resignation. Najib denied any wrongdoing and announced plans to sue the newspaper for libel but eventually failed to do so. On 6 July 2015, amid the 1MDB scandal, the ringgit fell to 3.8050 against the US dollar, the first time it slid beyond the 3.80 currency peg, which was lifted in 2005. To back up the allegations, on 7 July 2015, The Wall Street Journal released a batch of partially redacted documents that purportedly show how nearly US$700 million (RM2.6 billion) was moved from 1MDB into Najib's personal bank accounts. These documents relate to transactions in March 2013, December 2014 and February 2015.

The multi-agency task force investigating these allegations reported on 10 July 2015 that Najib's bank accounts at AmBank Islamic were closed before The Wall Street Journal reported the transfers of billions of ringgit to those accounts, thereby confirming that Najib had two accounts at that bank. The task force also confirmed that the six accounts it had just frozen did not belong to Najib but did not name the holders of those accounts Najib's handling of the corruption scandal was criticised by, among others, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and then Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin. During Najib's mid-term Cabinet reshuffle on 28 July 2015, Najib dropped Muhyiddin from his position as Deputy Prime Minister, as well as other Ministers who had been critical of his leadership. Najib stated that the reason for this was to create a more "unified team".

On 1 August 2015, Najib addressed UMNO delegates in Seremban and in a clear reference to the Sarawak Report, the London-based whistleblower site founded and operated by journalist Clare Rewcastle Brown, demanded that "white people" stay out of Malaysia's affairs and stressed that he valued loyalty above all, and not smart people.

On 3 August 2015, the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission stated that the RM 2.6 billion that had been banked into Najib's personal account came from donors, not 1MDB, but did not elaborate on who the donors were or why the funds were transferred, nor why this explanation had taken so long to emerge since the allegations were first made on 2 July 2015. Umno Kuantan division chief Wan Adnan Wan Mamat later claimed that the RM 2.6 billion was from Saudi Arabia as thanks for fighting ISIS. He further claimed that the Muslim community in the Philippines as well as southern Thailand had also received similar donations, and that since the donations were made to Najib personally as opposed to UMNO, the funds were deposited into Najib's personal accounts.

The scandal took a dramatic twist on 28 August 2015 when a member of Najib's own party, Anina Saaduddin, UMNO's Langkawi Wanita (women's) representative, filed a civil suit against him alleging a breach of duties as trustee and that he defrauded party members by failing to disclose receipt of the donated funds, and account for their use.  This suit was filed in the Kuala Lumpur High Court and also named party Executive Secretary Abdul Rauf Yusof. Expressing fear that Najib would wield influence to remove any member of UMNO "for the sole purpose of avoiding liability" the court was also petitioned for an injunction to restrain UMNO, its Supreme Council, state liaison body, divisions and branches from removing the nominal plaintiff as a party member pending the determination of the suit. The plaintiff also sought repayment amounting to US$650 million, the amount allegedly deposited by Najib to a Singapore bank, an account of all monies that he had received in the form of donations, details of all monies in the AmPrivate Banking Account No 2112022009694 allegedly belonging to Najib, along with damages, costs, and other reliefs.

On 21 September 2015, the New York Times reported that US investigators were investigating allegations of corruption involving Najib as well as people close to him. In particular, investigators focused on properties in the United States that were purchased in recent years by shell companies owned by Najib's stepson Riza Aziz or connected to a close family friend, as well as a $681 million payment made to what is believed to be Najib's personal bank account.

The claimed MYR 2.6 billion "donation" into Najib's personal accounts led the opposition to table a no-confidence motion against Najib, on 18 October 2015.

On 26 January 2016, Malaysia's Attorney General Mohamed Apandi Ali announced that the investigation into the $681 million payment into Najib's personal bank account had been closed. The Anti-Corruption Commission investigating the gift, led by Apandi, concluded that no laws had been broken and that the gift did not amount to graft. Apandi was appointed attorney general by Najib in August 2015 after the previous attorney general, Abdul Gani Patail, was abruptly dismissed by Najib. Although Bernama, Malaysia's state-run news service, reported that Abdul Gani was removed for health reasons, many speculated that his dismissal was related to the 1MDB corruption investigation. The Attorney General then said that the [Saudi Royal Family] was the source of the $681 million gift, although doubts remained as the Saudi ministries of foreign affairs and finance had no information on the purported gift.

Najib was reported to have returned $620 million to the Saudi royal family in 2013, but no explanation was given as to the reason for the investment or what happened to the $61 million Najib did not return. Najib hailed the results of the investigation and reiterated his denial of any wrongdoing.

On 28 March 2016, the Australian television programme Four Corners in an episode called State of Fear: Murder and Money in Malaysia, aired new allegations about the large sums of money that have flowed into the bank accounts of Najib Razak.

On 30 March 2016, the Wall Street Journal, Time and several other news agencies reported that Prime Minister Najib Razak and his wife, Rosmah Mansor had spent $15 million on luxury goods and extravagant travel expenses. During Najib Razak's golf diplomacy with U.S. President Barack Obama on 24 December 2014, Malaysian investigation documents show that Rosmah Mansor had purchased items amounting to $130,625 at a Chanel store in Honolulu, Hawaii. The allegation was confirmed when a store employee at the Chanel store in the upscale Ala Moana Center recalled Najib's wife shopping there just before 25 December 2014.

In April 2016, Mohd Nazifuddin Najib, the son of Najib, has been named in the Panama Papers.

In July 2016, the United States Department of Justice launched a civil lawsuit to seize American assets worth over US$1 billion (4.1 billion MYR) allegedly obtained from US$3.5 billion (14.38 billion MYR) of misappropriated 1MDB funds. Within the civil lawsuit, a government official of high rank who had control over 1MDB was referred to as "Malaysian Official 1", and mentioned over 30 times. "Malaysian Official 1" was alleged to have received around US$681 million (2.797 billion MYR) of stolen 1MDB money via Falcon Bank, Singapore on 21 and 25 March 2013, of which US$650 million (2.0 billion MYR) was sent back to Falcon Bank on 30 August 2013. In September 2016, Najib was identified as "Malaysian Official 1" by Abdul Rahman Dahlan, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department and the Barisan Nasional strategic communications director. Dahlan also claimed that Najib was not named because he was "not part of this investigation".

On 15 June 2017, The United States Department of Justice followed up on its July 2016 lawsuit by issuing a civil action in rem to forfeit assets involved in and traceable to an international conspiracy to launder money misappropriated from 1Malaysia Development Berhad ("a strategic investment and development company wholly-owned by the government of Malaysia"). The writ provided detailed justifications for seeing to forfeit specific items and property located in the United States and abroad, including in the United Kingdom and Switzerland.

As a consequence of the 15 June 2017 writ, on 28 February 2018 Indonesian authorities seized the luxury yacht linked to the 1MDB investigations in waters off Bali, on behalf of the FBI. Additionally, on 7 March 2018 in Californian courts, the producers of the 'Wolf of Wall Street' film agreed to pay $60m to settle Justice Department claims it financed the movie with money siphoned from 1MDB.

In a speech in December 2017, US attorney general Jeff Sessions said of the scandal: "This is kleptocracy at its worst."

Subsequent arrest, legal proceedings and conviction

On 3 July 2018 after the 14th Malaysian general election, Najib was arrested by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) as part of investigations into how RM42 million (US$10.6 million) went from SRC International into Najib's bank account. The following day, Najib was indicted in the High Court in Kuala Lumpur on three counts of criminal breach of trust and one count of abuse of power in connection with SRC International funds totalling RM42 million. He was granted bail at RM1 million after pleading not guilty with his trial set for 18 February 2019.

On 8 August 2018, Najib was charged with three further counts of money laundering as part of the MACC's investigation into the 1MDB scandal. Najib has denied making three transfers totaling RM42 from SRC International into his bank accounts.

On 10 September 2018, Najib posted a copy of the letter that purportedly came from Prince Saud Abdulaziz Al-Saud of Saudi Arabia on his Facebook account, as a proof of the alleged financial donation of US$100mil (RM304.5mil) given to him in 2011. He said he decided to reveal the documents in a bid to clear his name of various accusations and slander, and would continue to do so on his social media accounts.

On 19 September 2018, Najib was arrested following two hours of questioning by the MACC, believed to be in relation to the RM2.6 billion donation he received in year 2013. Najib was charged on 20 September 2018 at the Sessions Court in Jalan Duta. However, he pleaded not guilty and was released on bail after his court appearance. On 21 September, he made a brief appearance at the Sessions Court registry to sign his bail at RM3.5 million for 25 counts of money laundering and abuse of power charges in relation to 1MDB. He has posted RM1 million for his bail, while the remaining RM2.5 million will be settled in instalments by the following week. In August 2019, during his second trial, Najib faces four charges of abuse of power and 21 charges of money laundering for receiving illegal transfers of RM 2.3 billion between 2011 and 2014.

On 28 July 2020, the High Court convicted Najib guilty on all seven counts of abuse of power, money laundering and criminal breach of trust in relation to the SRC International case, becoming the first Prime Minister of Malaysia to be convicted of corruption.
High Court judge Mohamad Nazlan bin Mohamad Ghazali has delivered the verdict regarding the misappropriation of RM42 million (US$10 million) from SRC International, a former subsidiary of 1MDB. In total, Najib faces 42 charges, of which 35 in another four trials are yet to be decided on.

On the day of his conviction, Najib was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and a fine of RM210 million (for the first charge). He was also given six concurrent sentences of 10 years' imprisonment for the other six charges. If he fails to pay the fine, he will be serving another five years in prison. He would be appealing against the verdict of the High Court. The High Court granted a stay of execution of the conviction with an increased bail of RM 2 million with reporting to the police on the first and the fifth day of every month.

Appeal
Najib's appeal hearing in front of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia began on 5 April 2021.  On 8 December 2021, the Court of Appeal of Malaysia dismissed Najib's appeal, therefore upholding both his conviction and 12-year sentence. Judge Abdul Karim Abdul Jalil has also condemned Najib's actions as a "national embarrassment". Najib's lawyer stated that his client, who remained outside prison on bail, would further appeal to the Federal Court of Malaysia against his conviction and sentence. On 16 August 2022, Malaysia's supreme court rejected Najib's appeal for a retrial, stating that the case had no evidence of bias. The Federal Court indicated that it would hear a final appeal by Razak in the SRC corruption case from 18 August 2022.

On 23 August 2022, when the Federal Court was finishing hearing the appeal, Najib's counsel made an application to recuse the Chief Justice Tengku Maimun. This application was dismissed and the Federal Court upheld the Court of Appeal's conviction, handing down its full judgment here. Upon the dissolution of Parliament on 10 October 2022, Najib's Pekan parliamentary seat was automatically vacated, and as he has been convicted of a crime, he is no longer eligible to stand in general elections.

Najib is the first Malaysian former prime minister to be convicted and jailed for corruption. Rumours that he would receive special treatment during his sentence were denied by officials.

Personal life

In 1976, Najib married Tengku Puteri Zainah Tengku Eskandar ('Kui Yie') with whom he has three children: Mohd Nizar Najib (born 1978), Mohd Nazifuddin Najib and Puteri Norlisa Najib.

In 1987, he divorced Kui Yie and married Datin Seri Rosmah Mansor with whom he has two children: Mohd Norashman Najib and Nooryana Najwa Najib. His daughter Nooryana is married to the nephew of former Kazakhstani President, Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Najib's extravagant lifestyle garnered significant attention and controversy during his time in power. His wife Rosmah faced scrutiny for her expensive shopping habits, which allegedly included purchasing luxury handbags, jewelry, and clothing from top fashion brands. A large collection of designer handbags, some of which were worth millions of dollars, was seized from their properties during investigations. Najib was accused of using state funds for personal expenses, including covering credit card bills and luxury purchases. These allegations became a focal point of the 1MDB scandal.

Najib Razak was an avid golf lover and he was known to have played golf with the two U.S. Presidents – Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Trump referred to Najib as his "favourite prime minister".

Najib Razak has four long-haired cats, named Kiki, Leo, Tiger and Simba.

Election results

Honours

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (DSAP) – Dato'
  Grand Knight of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (SIMP) – formerly Dato', now Dato' Indera
  Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (1985)
  Member 2nd class of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (DK II) (2010)
  :
  Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak (PNBS) – Dato Sri (1990)
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DP) – Datuk Patinggi (2008)
  :
  Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (2002)
  :
  (1992, suspended 6 May 2019, revoked 12 September 2022)
  (2004, suspended 6 May 2019, revoked 12 September 2022)
  :
  Ordinary Class of the Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA) – Dato' Seri Diraja (2004)
  :
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (SPMK) – Dato' (2004)
  :
  (2005, revoked 26 October 2018)
  :
  Knight Grand Companion of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail (SSSJ) – Dato' Seri Diraja (2007)
  :
  Knight Grand Commander of the Premier and Exalted Order of Malacca (DUNM) – Datuk Seri Utama (2007)
  :
  Member of the Supreme Order of Sri Mahawangsa (DMK) – Dato' Seri Utama (2008)
  :
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama (2009, revoked 15 September 2022)

Foreign honours
  :
 King Hamad Order for Development  – (2017)
 King Hamad (Al Nahda) First Medal – (2017)
  :
  Family Order of Brunei 1st Class (DK) – Dato Laila Utama (2010)
  :
  Member 1st Class of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud – (2010)
  :
  Order of the Union Medal  – (2014)

Honorary degrees
  :
 Honorary Ph.D. degree in Social Transformation from Limkokwing University (2008)
 Honorary Ph.D. degree from Monash University (2011)
  :
 Honorary Ph.D. degree from Meiji University (2010)
  :
 Honorary Ph.D. degree from al-Aqsa University (2013)

Other
On 1 February 2016, FinanceAsia has named Najib as the worst finance minister in 2016. The magazine said that 2015 had been a challenging year for the Malaysian economy, with a "double whammy" of the 1MDB scandal and the collapse in oil prices.

See also
 Najib Razak controversies
 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
 Corruption in Malaysia
 Kleptocracy
 The Kleptocrats
 Murder of Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa
 Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family

References

External links

  (Archived at the Wayback Machine)

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1953 births
Living people
People from Pahang
Malaysian people of Bugis descent
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Children of prime ministers of Malaysia
Presidents of United Malays National Organisation
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Prime Ministers of Malaysia
Deputy Prime Ministers of Malaysia
Leaders of the Opposition (Malaysia)
Government ministers of Malaysia
Defence ministers of Malaysia
Education ministers of Malaysia
Finance ministers of Malaysia
Chief Ministers of Pahang
Pahang state executive councillors
Members of the Pahang State Legislative Assembly
People educated at Malvern College
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Second Classes of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang
Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu
Knights Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak
Malaysian politicians convicted of crimes
20th-century Malaysian politicians
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Money launderers
People convicted of money laundering
Malaysian politicians convicted of corruption

Najib Razak


An Carex glaucescens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephen Elliott. An Carex glaucescens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex glaucescens


.ph ist die länderspezifische Top-Level-Domain (ccTLD) der Philippinen. Sie wurde am 14. September 1990 eingeführt und wird von der PH Domain Foundation mit Hauptsitz in Metro Manila verwaltet. Die Vergabestelle tritt öffentlich unter der Marke DotPH Direct auf.

Geschichte
Im Jahr 2004 beanspruchte die Regierung der Philippinen die Kontrolle über die Top-Level-Domain, konnte sich aber nicht gegen die bestehende Vergabestelle durchsetzen. Daraufhin wurde 2005 beschlossen, dass DotPH nicht mehr gleichzeitig als Registry und Registrar auftreten darf – seitdem beschränkt sich die Vergabestelle auf erstere Funktion. Laut einer Untersuchung von McAfee aus dem Jahr 2008 gehört .ph nach .cn zu den gefährlichsten asiatischen Top-Level-Domains.

Insgesamt darf eine .ph-Domain zwischen drei und 63 Stellen lang sein und nur alphanumerische Zeichen beinhalten. Domains, die ausschließlich aus Zahlen bestehen, sind nicht möglich.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website der Vergabestelle

Einzelnachweise

Medien (Philippinen)
Länderspezifische Top-Level-Domain

.ph


Sirsko ili Sirijsko pismo (sirski: ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ʾālep̄ bêṯ Sūryāyā, ܐܒܓܕ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ʾabgad Sūryāyā) je pismo koje se razvilo iz starog aramejskog i kurzivnoga palmirskog pisma. Njime su se služili sirski kršćani te je na njem ostala sačuvana bogata kršćanska literatura.

Povijest
Najstarije sirsko pismo razvilo se u 1. stoljeću, a naziva se estrangelo. Nekoliko stoljeća poslije došlo je do podjele sirskoga pisma na dva tipa. Prvi je zapadni, linearni tip pod nazivom jakobitsko ili serto pismo, kojemu su vokali nastali po uzoru na grčko pismo. Drugi, istočni tip karakterizira vokalna punktacija, a ime mu je nestorijansko pismo. Iz prvoga tipa razvilo se u 6. stoljeća melkitsko ili sirsko-palestinsko pismo te jezidsko, koje se koristilo u Kurdistanu. Iz nestorijanskoga pisma razvila su se dva pisma: karšuni i manihejsko pismo. Daljnji razvoj pisma temeljio se na manihejskom pismu, iz kojega se najprije razvilo sogdijansko, a potom ujgursko, mongolsko i kalmičko pismo.

Slova
Sirsko pismo sastoji se od sljedećih slova, prikazanih u svojim izoliranim (nespojenim) oblicima. Kada su izolirana, slova kāp̄, mīm, i mūn često su prikazana sa svojim početnim oblikom povezanim sa svojim konačnim oblikom. Slova ʾālep̄, dālaṯ, hē, waw, zayn, ṣāḏē, rēš i taw (i u ranim oblicima estrangela, slovo semkaṯ) ne povezuju se sa sljedećim slovom u riječi te su označena s asteriskom (*).

Bilješke

Izvori

Vidi još
 Sirski jezik

Vanjske poveznice

 Sirsko (Sirijsko) pismo, Proleksis enciklopedija

Pismo
Aramejski jezici

Sirsko pismo


باسنز هو تقسيم إداري يوجد في إقليم جيروند بجهة أكيتان في فرنسا.

توأمة
لباسنز جيروند اتفاقيات توأمة مع:

أعلام
 هيرمان جورج بيرغر

مراجع

بلديات جيروند
تقسيمات فرنسا

باسنز جيروند


An Quekettia jenmanii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Quekettia jenmanii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Quekettia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Guyana. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Quekettia

Quekettia jenmanii


La mezquita de San Petersburgo (, Sobórnaia metxet Sankt-Peterburg;  en tártaro, Sankt-Peterburg şəhəre camiğ məçete) es una mezquita de Rusia erigida en el centro de la ciudad de San Petersburgo, la mezquita más grande de Europa a principios del , ya que el minarete más alto de los dos que tiene alcanza los 49 metros, y su única cúpula mide 39 metros de alto. Tiene capacidad para cinco mil fieles y se puede ver su cúpula azul desde el puente de la Trinidad, al otro lado del río Nevá.

Historia

Inicios

En 1882, Salimgarei Tèvkelev fue nombrado mufti de Orenburg y acordó con el ministro Dmitri Tolstoi el proyecto de una mezquita para San Petersburgo. En 1906, el ministro formó una comisión especial encabezada por Gataullin Baiazítov para recaudar 750.000 rublos en los diez años que se previó que duraría la construcción de la mezquita. Se organizaron colectas por las poblaciones de Rusia, muchos patrocinadores contribuyeron con donaciones, y la comisión inyectó hasta 142.000 rublos en valores y sellos. El mayor donante fue Said Abdul Ahad, emir de Bukhara, ya que aportó todos los gastos de la edificación.

La localización de la mezquita era simbólica, de cara a la Fortaleza de San Pedro y San Pablo, en el centro de la ciudad. El 3 de julio de 1907, en Peterhof, el emperador Nicolás II de Rusia otorgó el permiso para la compra del terreno. En otoño, la comisión aprobó el proyecto del arquitecto Nikolai Vasíliev y el ingeniero Stepan Kritxinski, con la supervisión de la construcción por parte del académico Alexander Von Hohen. La fachada del edificio se construyó con la combinación de adornos orientales y de mosaico azul turquesa.

El 3 de febrero de 1910 tuvo lugar la ceremonia de inicio de las obras, dirigida por Baiazítov y con la asistencia de personalidades del gobierno, del clero y la sociedad civil. Entre otros, asistieron el emir de Bukhara, Harusin, Nóvikov, los embajadores de Turquía y Persia; Muhamediar Sultànov, mufti de Orenburg, y Tevkèlev, líder del partido musulmán en la Duma.

La primera piedra se puso en 1910 para conmemorar el vigésimo quinto aniversario del reinado de Sayyid Abd al-Akhad Khan en Bukhara. Por aquel entonces, la comunidad musulmana de la capital rusa superaba las ocho mil almas. La estructura era capaz de alojar su mayor parte. El arquitecto Nikolai Vasíliev la diseñó inspirándose en el Gur-e Amir, el mausoleo de Tamerlán en Samarcanda. En 1921 se terminó la construcción.

Las paredes se hicieron con granito gris y la cúpula y ambos minaretes se cubrieron de mosaicos de cerámica de color azul cielo. En la construcción de la mezquita trabajaron artesanos de todo el Asia central. Las fachadas se decoraron con frases del Corán escritas con caligrafía árabe. Las columnas del interior están realizadas con mármol verde. La mezquita se encuentra tapizada con alfombras artesanales tejidas por diversos lugares de Asia central. Los fieles quedan separados según el sexo mientras tienen lugar las plegarias y las mujeres ocupan el primer piso.

Edad Contemporánea
Con la segunda guerra mundial, en 1940 la mezquita fue cerrada a los fieles y se usó de almacén. A petición popular, la mezquita reabrió como centro de culto en 1956. En 1980 se hicieron importantes obras de restauración.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Fotografías y descripción (en inglés)
Los minaretes vistos desde el Nevá (en inglés)

Mezquitas de Rusia
Edificios y estructuras de San Petersburgo
Arquitectura de Rusia del siglo XX
Mezquitas del siglo XX
Edificios religiosos terminados en 1921
Mezquitas cerradas en la Unión Soviética

Mezquita de San Petersburgo


O HANBIT é uma família de foguetes desenvolvido pela Startup Sul-Coreana Innospace Corp

A Família HANBIT é composta por 4 foguetes:

 HANBIT-TLV
 HANBIT NANO
 HANBIT MICRO
 HANBIT MINI

Foguetes

HANBIT-TLV
TLV é uma sigla para Test Launch Veichle (Veiculo Lançador de Teste, em Português), este foguete é um demonstrador de tecnologia, um prototipo para demonstrar o funcionamento de um motor foguete hibrido em voo ele é uma versão sem segundo estágio do HANBIT NANO, esse veículo é sub-orbital

 O Primeiro voo do HANBIT-TLV aconteceu dia 19 de março de 2023

HANBIT NANO
O HANBIT-Nano é um lançador de nanossatélites de 2 estágios capaz de transportar uma carga útil de 50 kg para umaórbita SSO de 500 km. O 1º estágio emprega um motor de empuxo de 150kN e o 2º estágio, um motor de empuxo de 30kN. Ambos os estágios são alimentados por motores de foguete híbridos que usam propulsores à base de LOx / Parafina e usam um sistema de alimentação de bomba elétrica.

HANBIT MICRO
O HANBIT-Micro é um lançador de Microssatélite de 2 estágios capaz de transportar uma carga útil de 150 kg para uma órbita SSO de 500 km. O 1º estágio emprega um conjunto de quatro motores de empuxo de 150kN e o 2º estágio, um motor de empuxo de 60kN. Ambos os estágios são alimentados por motores de foguete híbridos que usam propulsores à base de LOx / Parafina e usam um sistema de alimentação de bomba elétrica.

HANBIT MINI
O HANBIT-Mini é um lançador de Minissatélite de 3 estágios capaz de transportar uma carga útil de 500 kg para uma órbita SSO de 500 km. O 1º estágio emprega um cluster de sete motores de empuxo de 150kN, o 2º estágio, um cluster de quatro motores de empuxo de 150kN e o 3º estágio um único motor de empuxo de 60kN. Todos os estágios são alimentados por motores de foguete híbridos que usam propulsores à base de LOx / Parafina e usam um sistema de alimentação de bomba elétrica.

Veículos de lançamento espacial

HANBIT (Foguete)


Cem Pamiroğlu (d. 17 Eylül 1957, İstanbul), Türk eski millî futbolcu, teknik direktör.

Futbolculuk kariyeri

Kulüp takımları kariyeri
1957'de İstanbul'da doğan Cem Pamiroğlu futbola Fenerbahçe minik takımında başladı. 1975'te A takıma yükselerek, 1987'ye kadar Fenerbahçe'de oynadı. Sol bekte ve savunmanın ortasında görev yapan, takım kaptanlığına kadar yükselen Pamiroğlu, Fenerbahçe'de 3 kez lig, 2 kez kupa şampiyonluğu kazandı. 508 maça çıkarak, kulüp tarihinde Müjdat Yetkiner, Lefter Küçükandonyadis, Şeref Has'tan sonra en çok oynayan dördüncü isim oldu. 1987'de Sarıyer'e transfer oldu ve futbolu 1990 yılında Sarıyer-Fenerbahçe jübile maçıyla lacivert-beyazlı kulüpte bıraktı.

Lig şampiyonlukları
1977-78 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi
1982-83 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi
1984-85 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi

Kupa şampiyonlukları
1978-79 Türkiye Kupası
1982-83 Federasyon Kupası

Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası
1984 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası
1985 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası

Başbakanlık Kupası
1980 Başbakanlık Kupası

Millî takım kariyeri
23 kez A milli, 6 kez Ümit, 14 kez A genç millî takım formasını giymiştir.

Teknik direktörlük kariyeri
Bir dönem ümit millî takımını da çalıştıran Pamiroğlu, Çaykur Rizespor, Şekerspor, Göztepe gibi takımların teknik direktörlüğünü de yaptı. 2008-09 sezonunda çalıştırdıği Çanakkale Dardanelspor'la 2. Lig Play-off şampiyonluğu yaşayarak 1. Lig'e yükselmeyi başardı.  Hâlen U-19 ve U-18 millî takım teknik direktörlerindendir.

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HŽ serija 7023 je serija niskopodnog dieselmotornog vlaka za regionalni promet proizveden je u Končar d.d. za potrebe Hrvatskih željeznica – Putnički prijevoz prema ugovoru sklopljenom 2014. godine.

Prototip vlaka za HŽ PP (7023 001) izgrađen je 2016. godine u sklopu velike isporuke EMV-a serije 6112.

Dizel-električni motorni vlak za regionalni prijevoz serije 7023 je trodijelna dizel-električna niskopodna garnitura. Maksimalna brzina vlaka je 120 km/h, ima 167 sjedećih mjesta i 175 stajaćih mjesta. Garnitura je sastavljena od dva krajnja motorna vagona s upravljačnicom i srednjeg vagona. Opremljen je s četiri para dvokrilnih vrata, a vlak ima dvije rampe za ulazak i izlazak osoba u invalidskim kolicima te prostor za bicikle. Sjedala su izvedena kao dvosjedi, osim u dijelu prostora namijenjenog osobama sa smanjenom pokretljivošću u koji su ugrađena preklopna sjedala. Zahvaljujući dvokrilnim širokim vratima, omogućen je brzi izlazak i ulazak većeg broja putnika, a prozorska stakla zatamnjena su 60% radi zaštite od sunca. Vlak je opremljen suvremenim sustavom grijanja i hlađenja te videonadzorom, a putnicima u vlaku omogućen je besplatan pristup internetu (WiFi). Zaustavljanja u službenim mjestima najavljuju se putem sustava za informiranje putnika, koji na temelju podataka o položaju vlaka iz GPS uređaja emitira poruke na displejima i putem razglasa.

Novi dizel-električni motorni vlak proizveden je na platformi elektromotornog vlaka serije 6112 za regionalni prijevoz. Izvedene su samo izmjene sustava napajanja, a u maksimalno mogućoj mjeri ostvarena je unifikacija dizel-električnih i elektromotornih vlakova, čime se ostvaruju znatne uštede u troškovima eksploatacije i održavanja cijele flote niskopodnih vlakova. Konstrukcija, dizajn i vozna svojstva vlaka omogućuju vrhunsku udobnost vožnje.

21. ožujka 2018. potpisan je dodatak Ugovoru za nabavu dizel-električnih motornih vlakova kojim je osigurana proizvodnja 4 nova dizel-električna motorna vlaka. Sredstva za vlakove osigurana su Zajmom Svjetske banke. Vlakovi su isporučeni u razdoblju od studenog 2019. do veljače 2020. godine t svakodnevno prevoze putnike na relaciji Zagreb - Zabok - Varaždin i obratno, Varaždin - Koprivnica i obratno.

Glavne tehničke karakteristike

 Širina kolosijeka: 1435 mm
 Raspored osovina: Bo'2'2'Bo
 Mjesta za sjedenje:

 prvi razred: 20
 drugi razred: 167

 Visina poda: 600 mm
 Širina vrata: 1300 mm
 Dužina preko kvačila: 58,5 m
 Širina vozila: 2885 mm
 Broj vrata za ulazak putnika: 4 (8)
 Visina vozila: 4280 mm
 Masa praznog vlaka: 115 t
 Maksimalna snaga na kotačima: 3x390 kW
 Vučna sila pri pokretanju 120 kN
 Maksimalno ubrzanje pri punom opterećenju: >0,7 m/s2
 Maksimalna brzina: 120 km/h

Dizelmotorni vlakovi u Hrvatskoj
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Končar

HŽ serija 7023


Festival Ispod bine, hrvatski glazbeni festival koji se održava u Splitu.

Kao tonski majstor i zvukovni umjetnik Hrvoje Pelicarić (iz sastava Zidar Betonsky) udružen s kustosicom i producenticom Natasahom Kadin pokrenuli su projektsound art festival, festival eksperimentalne i impro glazbe i zvukovne umjetnosti Festival Ispod bine, koji se u produkciji udruge Mavena i u suradnji s Multimedijalnim kulturnim centrom Split odvija u Domu mladih u Splitu od 2016. godine.

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Festival Ispod bine  Turistička zajednica Splita
Dragan Andrić: Danas počinje izvedbeni dio četvrtog "Ispod bine" festivala  SoundGuardian, 8. studenoga 2019.

Glazbeni festivali u Splitu

Festival Ispod bine


Jean Arnold Antoine Tuerlinckx (né le  à Aarschot ; décédé le  à Malines) était un facteur belge d'instruments de musique installé à Malines.

Biographie

Jean Arnold Antoine Tuerlinckx était le fils d'un horloger, qui l'a initié à la mécanique de précision et à la facture instrumentale. Jean Arnold Antoine Tuerlinckx rendait régulièrement visite à son frère, clarinettiste, habitant Malines. Lorsque ce frère eut 18 ans, il achète une clarinette à Paris, que Jean Arnold Antoine Tuerlinckx étudie avec soin, copie et offre au , président de l'ensemble musical de Malines. Le baron reconnaît la qualité de l'instrument et l'habileté du jeune Jean Arnold Antoine Tuerlinckx et lui commande trois bassons. Il facilite l'installation de Jean Arnold et son épouse, Catherina Meikens, à Malines dans une maison appelée Den Bloempot dans la Kathelijnestraat, où Tuerlinckx ouvre un magasin et installe un atelier.

En 1782, Tuerlinckx se marie et s'installe à Malines. L'atelier qu'il y fonde la même année fabrique des instruments à vent aussi bien des bois que des cuivres. Tuerlinckx fabrique entre autres des flûtes, des clarinettes y compris clarinette d'amour, des hautbois et des bassons (de différents formats et en différents bois, avec des ornements en ivoire, en corne ou en os et des clés en cuivre ou en argent), trompettes, cors, serpents, trombones, harpes à pédales, caisses claires, timbales et grosses caisses<ref name="nationale">{{Chapitre |langue =fr|auteur chapitre=Ernest Closson |titre chapitre =Tuerlinckx (Jean Arnold Antoine)|titre ouvrage =Biographie nationale de Belgique|volume= 25|éditeur =Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Thiry |lieu =Bruxelles |année=1930-1932| passage=824-825 |url=http://www.academieroyale.be/academie/documents/FichierPDFBiographieNationaleTome2073.pdf|format=pdf}}.</ref>.

L'Angleterre, la France, l'Allemagne, l'Autriche et la Bohême étaient les pays d'origine des instruments de musique que les musiciens militaires de passage donnaient à réparer à Tuerlinckx. Au cours des guerres de Coalitions, les habitants de sa région ont successivement obtenu trois nationalités différentes. Tuerlinckx se sert comme modèle les instruments militaires qu'on lui apporte à réparer et en profite pour faire des esquisses des innovations techniques pour lui-même, ce qui lui a permis de devancer la concurrence locale sur le plan technologique. Pendant la Terreur, il y a eu un changement de régime (1793/1794), Tuerlinckx fut emprisonné, mais il put ensuite développer ses affaires et gagner des clients en France et en Allemagne.

Tuerlinckx a été marié deux fois. Il a tout d'abord épousé Catherine Meikens en 1782. De ce mariage naquit son fils aîné, le compositeur Corneille Jean Joseph Tuerlinckx (1783-1855). Après le décès de sa première femme en 1808, Tuerlinckx épouse Marie Clavers l'année suivante. Parmi leurs enfants, on compte le sculpteur Joseph Jean Tuerlinckx (1809-1873) et le peintre et lithographe Louis Benoit Antoine Tuerlinckx (1820-1894). Au total, Tuerlinckx a eu six fils et cinq filles.

Après la mort de Tuerlinckx, l'entreprise fut reprise par son fils Corneille Jean Joseph Tuerlinckx. Aussi bien le père que le fils marquaient les instruments Tuerlinckx/Malines ou Tuerlinckx à Malines, ce qui rend presque impossible la distinction de leurs instruments. L'entreprise comptait 40 employés, fabriquait des instruments pour des orchestres civils et militaires et était le fabricant le plus important de Belgique dans son domaine.

 Œuvre
En dépit de la quantité d'instruments produite notamment à des fins militaires, il subsiste assez peu d'instruments marqués par Jean Arnold Antoine Tuerlinckx dans les collections.

Certains modèles d'instruments Tuerlinckx servent comme référence pour des reproductions, comme la flûte traversière à une clef .

Il est remarquable de noter la présence d'un barillet dans un jeu de trois clarinettes anciennes en ut,  et la'', signé TUERLINCKX de Malines, découvertes dans un étui constituant la panoplie d'un clarinettiste d'orchestre datant de 1820 environ.

Bibliographie
 .
  .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Facteur d'instruments à vent
Facteur de clarinettes
Facteur de hautbois
Naissance en novembre 1753
Naissance à Aarschot
Décès en décembre 1827
Décès à Malines
Décès à 74 ans

Jean Arnold Antoine Tuerlinckx


بلدية سان ميان (بالإسبانية: San Millán) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة ألافا التابعة لإقليم الباسك شمال إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية سان ميان 725 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية سان ميان

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ألافا
بلديات ألافا

سان ميان (ألافا)


Darkstalkers, known in Japan as , is a fighting game series and media franchise created by Capcom. The first game, Darkstalkers: The Night Warriors, was released in arcades in 1994. The series is set in a pastiche gothic fiction universe with characters based on monsters from international folklore, and features a stylized 2D graphic style. Darkstalkers introduced gameplay concepts used in later Capcom fighting games, including the Street Fighter Alpha and Marvel vs. Capcom series.

Besides video games, the Darkstalkers media franchise also includes an anime miniseries, an American cartoon TV series, a Canadian comic book series, and many books of various kinds and other media released only in Japan. Some individual characters, such as Morrigan Aensland and Felicia, appeared in later Capcom games, as well as in a few crossover games released by other companies.

Video games

Original arcade games
The Darkstalkers series is composed of five arcade games from which all subsequent games are based on.

Ports, remasters, and compilations

Future
Capcom producer Yoshinori Ono said in 2007: "Personally, I'd love to make a new Marvel vs. Capcom, and I'd also like to see the triumphant return of Darkstalkers to a new generation of technology. It would be an interesting challenge with Darkstalkers, because in the old games you'd see a lot of really interesting animations as characters would morph into different forms. That would be tricky to do with this 3D engine, but not impossible. In two or three years, if I got the chance to resurrect that series, I'd like to shock Hollywood with how good the graphics would look". In August 2010, Ono stated during an interview about Street Fighter X Tekken that a new installment to the series would be his "ultimate dream", but only fan demand would cause it to happen. He went on to say that it would take one million requests before Keiji Inafune, then head of research and development at Capcom, would comply. At that point, Capcom had received 5,000 requests. By March 2011, Ono reported that Capcom had received over 100,000 requests. He later expressed during an interview at a Nintendo 3DS launch in London that "one day, if it goes half a million, Capcom may raise its eyebrow a little bit and I could do what I did in London in 2007 when I announced the comeback of Street Fighter. In the near future, with your help, it may become true. It's on its way, because we're pretty much where we were with Street Fighter a few years back. So keep it up".

At 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International in July, Ono revealed during the Street Fighter X Tekken panel that while a new Darkstalkers title had not been approved, he reassured the series' fans that "Darkstalkers is not dead". He then proceeded to take a photo of the attendees at the panel holding up their money to send to decision makers at Capcom to show support for the game. Later the following year in June, a message "Darkstalkers are not dead" appeared in a trailer for the PlayStation Vita version of Street Fighter X Tekken; when asked about it, Ono wrote on his Twitter: "I can't announce about Darkstalkers yet". Ono later teased the presence of Darkstalkers at a panel for Street Fighter'''s 25th Anniversary Celebration at San Diego Comic-Con in July. Instead of taking a photo to send proof of demand to Capcom's upper management like he had done in the past, he stated: "This year, you don't have to do that, and it's not necessarily bad news!", but refrained himself from saying anything else.

Following the announcement of Darkstalkers Resurrection at 2012 New York Comic Con in October, a concept trailer was shown during Capcom's Street Fighter 25th Anniversary panel. Darkstalkers Resurrection producer Derek Neal and Yoshinori Ono told interviewers that the re-release bundle was the first step towards revitalizing the franchise. Neal also claimed that Capcom is using Darkstalkers Resurrection as a test to gauge audience interest in a new Darkstalkers installment. In April 2013, Capcom senior vice president Christian Svensson wrote: "We've not given up. But I'm disappointed in the opening sales response relative to any other fighting title we've put out on the same platforms given the frequency and urgency of requests we've had here over the last several years and the quality of the execution. It is the most fully featured and probably best project of this type we've done. And before people jump to the wrong conclusions, I'm not blaming fans who did buy it and supported the brand. I'm very thankful for those guys (thank you, to all of you). I'm more disappointed by my misread of the information in this particular case". There was no "Darkstalkers are not dead" line at San Diego Comic-Con 2013. Matt Dahlgren, Capcom's new fighting game manager, said that because "Darkstalkers Resurrection did not perform as well as we would have liked. You never know what the future may hold, but Street Fighter is definitely not dead. There is nothing Darkstalkers on the immediate horizon for sure".

Plot
The Darkstalkers games take place on the planet Earth that is in the process of merging with a realm known as Makai. The reason for this merger varies depending on the continuity, but a continuing theme is that the union of realms brings the arrival of the Darkstalkers to the human world, the term being a catch-all for the various creatures of legend. The greatest of these supernatural creatures, and the greatest among those who hunt them, meet in battle to determine who will rule the night.

In the original game and the sequel, Vampire Hunter (Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge), an alien overlord named Pyron returns to Earth after being away for many years. His quest to conquer the world using an army of robots brings the Darkstalkers out of hiding to oppose his rule over humanity and the supernatural. A second sequel, Vampire Savior (Darkstalkers 3), saw the debut of Jedah, previously one of the nobles of Makai, who decides that the only way to save the realm is to take control of it by force. Accordingly, he lures the Darkstalkers into a trap to use their collective souls to remake the realm and control both humanity and the supernatural.

CharactersDarkstalkers characters are either based on various iconic literary and cinematic monsters, or inspired by international mythology and fairy tales. The 1997 anime miniseries Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge, which was based on the first two titles, was faithful to the characters' in-game personalities. The 1995 American-produced cartoon series, simply titled Darkstalkers, dropped the backstory of the games altogether in favor of a standard good-versus-evil plot, altering certain characters' storylines in the process.

Related media
Japanese animated seriesNight Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge (originally titled  in Japan) is a four-episode Original Video Animation anime series by Madhouse under license from Capcom, directed by Masashi Ikeda and originally released in 1997–1998.

American animated seriesDarkstalkers (also known as Darkstalkers: The Animated Series) is an American children's animated TV series produced by Graz Entertainment and aired in broadcast syndication from September to December 1995. It was only loosely based on the games and ran for one season of thirteen episodes.

Comic booksDarkstalkers is a Canadian comic book series created by UDON and originally published through Devil's Due Publishing.

Manga books
There are many Darkstalkers manga books and series (including yonkoma parodies). A few of them were also published in North America:
 A manga adaptation authored by Run Ishida and published in Japan by ASCII in 1996. This manga was adapted by Viz Media under the title of Night Warriors: The Comic Series and published in 1998 as a six-issue comic book which were later collected in a single trade paperback volume.
 A one-shot Red Earth crossover manga Darkstalkers / Red Earth: Maleficarum authored by Mami Itou in 1997. It was released in English by UDON Comics in 2010.

Other books
Multiple other books (guide books, art books, illustrated books, and novels) were published as well, mostly in Japan only. However, some of them were also published in North America:
 In 2008, UDON released the Darkstalkers Graphic File, a collection of screenshots, storyboards and concept art from the series.
 In 2009, UDON released a 15th anniversary art book Darkstalkers Tribute. It consists of submitted artwork from fans of the series, along with artwork from some of UDON and Capcom's own artists and several famous manga artists such as Yasuhiro Nightow. The book was first available in August at several anime conventions before being widely released the following September.
 In 2014, UDON released a 20th anniversary art book Darkstalkers Official Complete Works that "collects the artwork of every Darkstalkers game, including key visuals, character illustrations, promotional artwork, rough concepts, and creator commentary", as well as "multiple new interviews with the creators behind the series, plus all-new tribute pin-ups" from Capcom artists.

Soundtracks
Soundtrack CDs for Darkstalkers games were released in Japan under different record labels including Sony Records, Suleputer and Victor Entertainment. A collection of original tracks from the games, previously included as a part of Vampire Sound Box in Japan, was released digitally by Sumthing Distribution in 2014.

PachisloVampire (ヴァンパイア) is a pachislo game using the license of Capcom's fighting game Darkstalkers announced on May 12, 2009 and released on July 6, 2009. The game was released by the Capcom subsidiary, Enterrise (エンターライズ, Entarāizu) utilizing a slot machine style featuring the cast of the original Darkstalkers game, Darkstalkers: The Night Warriors, although the game's website utilized artwork from Darkstalkers 3 along with new secondary characters exclusive to only this title.

Reception

Despite its limited commercial success, Darkstalkers was very well received by critics and acquired a sizable cult following. Destructoid's Kyle Mac Gregor described it as "beloved", and IGN's Richard George described it as both "obscure and beloved". According to MTV, although Darkstalkers "has developed a loyal fanbase over the years, it was never enough for the developer/publisher to give the series much attention". Including Darkstalkers in their list of video game franchises "founded on boobs", GamesRadar US called it "second only to Final Fantasy as an object of Japanophilic cosplay figurine collector worship. While the character design in immensely cool, some of the fan art is downright disturbing". Keith Stuart of The Guardian ranked the series fourth in his 2012 top list of vampiric video games, citing its "beautiful visuals and superb animation".

GamesRadar's Lucas Sullivan ranked Darkstalkers first on his 2012 list of "obscure" fighting games deserving an HD remake, opining it "offers just as much 2D fighting goodness as the venerable Street Fighter series, but it's never gotten the same kind of respect ... and that just ain't right". UGO.com included Darkstalkers on their 2010 list of the games that need sequels. Complex writers put Darkstalkers at number 40 in their 2012 ranking of best video game franchises, adding that they would "love to see a modern incarnation", and listed a hypothetical Darkstalkers 4 among the 15 games they wished would be announced at E3 2011. The magazine's Andrew Hayward ranked Darkstalkers first on his 2011 list of most missed fighting franchises, stating that "every time Capcom announces a new fighting game, the hardcore community gets whipped up about Darkstalkers'' continual absence, and demands a modern iteration. The supernatural 2D franchise wasn't a big hit, but fervent fans have kept its name alive and seem unwilling to let it fade away".

References

External links

Darkstalkers series at MobyGames
Hardcore Gaming 101 retrospective

Video game franchises introduced in 1994
Fighting video games by series
1996 manga
Capcom franchises
Fantasy video games
Horror video games
Trilogies
Video games adapted into comics
Video games adapted into television shows
Video games about vampires
Fighting games
2D fighting games
Video game franchises
Viz Media manga

Darkstalkers


Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder is a 1998 book by the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, in which the author discusses the relationship between science and the arts from the perspective of a scientist.

Dawkins addresses the misperception that science and art are at odds. Driven by the responses to his books The Selfish Gene and The Blind Watchmaker wherein readers resented his naturalistic world view, seeing it as depriving life of meaning, Dawkins felt the need to explain that, as a scientist, he saw the world as full of wonders and a source of pleasure. This pleasure was not in spite of, but rather because he does not assume as cause the inexplicable actions of a deity but rather the understandable laws of nature.

His starting point is John Keats's well-known, light-hearted accusation that Isaac Newton destroyed the poetry of the rainbow by 'reducing it to the prismatic colours.' See Keats's poem Lamia and Edgar Allan Poe's To Science. Dawkins's agenda is to show the reader that science does not destroy, but rather discovers poetry in the patterns of nature.

Summary

Preface
It is of little concern whether or not science can prove that the ultimate fate of the cosmos lacks purpose: we live our lives regardless at a "human" level, according to ambitions and perceptions which come more naturally. Therefore, science should not be feared as a sort of cosmological wet blanket. In fact, those in search of beauty or poetry in their cosmology need not turn to the paranormal or even necessarily restrict themselves to the mysterious: science itself, the business of unravelling mysteries, is beautiful and poetic.  (The rest of the preface sketches an outline of the book, makes acknowledgements, etc.)

The anaesthetic of familiarity

Opening lines
"We are going to die, and that makes us the lucky ones. Most people are never going to die because they are never going to be born. The potential people who could have been here in my place but who will in fact never see the light of day outnumber the sand grains of Arabia. Certainly those unborn ghosts include greater poets than Keats, greater scientists than Newton. We know this because the set of possible people allowed by our DNA so massively outnumbers the set of actual people. In the teeth of these stupefying odds it is you and I, in our ordinariness, that are here. We privileged few, who won the lottery of birth against all odds, how dare we whine at our inevitable return to that prior state from which the vast majority have never stirred?"

Summary
The first chapter describes several ways in which the universe appears beautiful and poetic when viewed scientifically.  However, it first introduces an additional reason to embrace science.  Time and space are vast, so the probability that the reader came to be alive here and now, as opposed to another time or place, was slim. More important, the probability that the reader came to be alive at all were even slimmer: the correct structure of atoms had to align in the universe.
Given how special these circumstances are, the "noble" thing to do is employ the allotted several decades of human life towards understanding that universe. Rather than simply feeling connected with nature, one should rise above this "anaesthetic of familiarity" and observe the universe scientifically.

Drawing room of dukes
This chapter describes a third reason to embrace science (the first two being beauty and duty): improving one's performance in the arts. Science is often presented publicly in a translated format, "dumbed down" to fit the language and existing ideas of non-scientists. This offers a disservice to the public, who are capable of appreciating the beauty of the universe as deeply as a scientist can. The successful communication of unadulterated science enhances, not confuses, the arts; after all, poets (Dawkins's synonym for artists—see page 24) and scientists are motivated by a similar spirit of wonder. We should therefore battle the stereotype that science is difficult, uncool, and not useful for the common person.

Barcodes in the stars
Studying a phenomenon, such as a flower, cannot detract from its beauty.
First, some scientists, such as Feynman, are able to appreciate the aesthetics of the flower while engaged in their study. Second, the mysteries which science unfolds lead to new and more exciting mysteries; for example, botany's findings might lead us to wonder about the workings of a fly's consciousness.
This effect of multiplying mysteries should satisfy even those who think that scientific understanding is at odds with aesthetics, e.g. people who agree with Einstein that "the most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious".
(For evidence, the rest of this chapter discusses the fascinating science and beautiful new mysteries which followed in the wake of Newton's "unweaving" of the rainbow, e.g. his explanation of the prismatic effects of moist air.)

Barcodes on the air
This chapter offers more evidence that science is fun and poetic, by exploring sound waves, birdsong, and low-frequency phenomena such as pendula and periodic mass extinctions.

Barcodes at the bar
A fourth reason to embrace science is that it can help deliver justice in a court of law, via DNA fingerprinting or even via simple statistical reasoning.
Everyone should learn the scientist's art of probability assessment, to make better decisions.

Hoodwink'd with faery fancy
This chapter explores what Dawkins considers to be fallacies in astrology, religion, magic, and extraterrestrial visitations. Credulity and Hume's criterion are also discussed.

Unweaving the uncanny
Amazing coincidences are much more common than we may think, and sometimes, when over-interpreted, they lead to faulty conclusions. Statistical significance tests can help determine which patterns are meaningful.

Huge cloudy symbols of a high romance
Unlike "magisterial poetry" (where metaphors and pretty language are used to describe the familiar), "pupillary poetry" uses poetic imagery to assist a scientist's thinking about the exotic (e.g. consider "being" an electron temporarily). Although it is useful, some authors take pupillary poetry too far, and, "drunk on metaphor", they produce "bad science"; i.e. postulate faulty theories. This is powered by humanity's natural tendency to look for representations.

The selfish cooperator
Genes compete with each other, but this occurs within the context of collaboration, as is shown with examples involving mitochondria, bacteria, and termites. Two types of collaboration are co-adaptation (tailoring simultaneously the different parts of an organism, such as flower colour and flower markings), and co-evolution (two species changing together; e.g. predator and prey running speeds may increase together in a sort of arms race).

The Genetic Book of the Dead
The body of any organism provides clues about its habitat. The genes allow one to reconstruct a picture of the range of ways of life that the species has experienced; in this sense DNA would act as a palimpsestic "digital archive" if only its language of encoding history could be fully understood. Finally, the curious genetics of cuckoos is discussed.

Reweaving the world
The brain is akin to a powerful computer, which creates a sort of virtual reality to model economically the environment. Neural circuitry is discussed, and a comparison is made between brains and genes: albeit over different time scales, both record the environment's past to help the organism make the optimal actions in the (predicted) future.

The balloon of the mind
The simultaneous explosions in hardware and software of the 20th century are together an example of what Dawkins calls "self-feeding co-evolution".
A similar event occurred over a longer time scale (millions of years) when the minds and brains of our ancestors simultaneously improved very rapidly. Five possible triggers of this improvement were: language, map reading, ballistics, memes, and metaphors/analogies.

Conclusion
The final two paragraphs of The balloon of the mind conclude by saying that human beings are the only animal with a sense of purpose in life, and that that purpose should be to construct a comprehensive model of how the universe works.

Petwhac

The book coins the acronymical term, petwhac, short for "Population of Events That Would Have Appeared Coincidental". Dawkins suggests that when one encounters an extremely unlikely coincidence, it should be considered in the broader context of other, similar events which would also have seemed coincidental.

An example would be a person on a foreign holiday encountering a friend they had not seen for years. In isolation this may feel like an impossible coincidence, but considering the wider petwhac (meeting any friend from around the same period, or meeting an acquaintance, or not meeting them but being told weeks later that they had been in the same city at that time) the true odds are more likely. In short, the bigger the petwhac, the stronger case you have to avoid ascribing something to fate or coincidence.

Dawkins offers several examples of petwhacs in the book, two of which are the bedside clock of a woman (Richard Feynman's wife) stopping exactly when she died, and a psychic who stops the watches of his television audience.

The first is explained by the fact that the clock had a mechanical defect which made it stop when tilted off the horizontal, which is what a nurse did to read the time of death in poor lighting conditions. The matter of the watches, in Dawkins's own words, is explained thus —

If somebody's watch stopped three weeks after the spell was cast, even the most credulous would prefer to put it down to chance. We need to decide how large a delay would have been judged by the audience as sufficiently simultaneous with the psychic's announcement to impress. About five minutes is certainly safe, especially since he can keep talking to each caller for a few minutes before the next call ceases to seem roughly simultaneous. There are about 100,000 five-minute periods in a year. The probability that any given watch, say mine, will stop in a designated five-minute period is about 1 in 100,000. Low odds, but there are 10 million people watching the show. If only half of them are wearing watches, we could expect about 25 of those watches to stop in any given minute. If only a quarter of these ring into the studio, that is 6 calls, more than enough to dumbfound a naïve audience. Especially when you add in the calls from people whose watches stopped the day before, people whose watches didn't stop but whose grandfather clocks did, people who died of heart attacks and their bereaved relatives phoned in to say that their 'ticker' gave out, and so on.

Notes

External links

Video interview with Dawkins about the book, Charlie Rose, 11 April 2000]
Dawkins's Rainbow Reduces Science to Truth, Beauty—and Fantasy – reviewed by Robert N. Proctor, American Scientist.
Richard Dawkins: The man who knows the meaning of life review from The Guardian.
How, Why and Wow! – reviewed by Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, The Spectator.
There is Poetry in Science – reviewed by Melvyn Bragg, The Observer.
Everyone a Scientist – reviewed by John Gribbin, The Literary Review.
The Poetry of Science – reviewed by Sam Hurwitt, The San Francisco Examiner.
The Science of Selfishness – reviewed by Andrew Brown, Salon.
Nature of Science: A Wondrous and Poetic Spectrum reviewed by Charles M. Vest, Science.
Frauds! Fakes! Phonies! – reviewed by Timothy Ferris, The New York Times.
Unweaving the Rainbow  reviewed by Paul R. Gross, The Wall Street Journal.
Finding Awe, Reverence, and Wonder in Science – reviewed by Kendrick Frazier, Skeptical Inquirer.
Unweaving the Rainbow – review from The Complete Review.
The Scientist As Poet – Arthur Winfree's 1964 essay

1998 non-fiction books
Books by Richard Dawkins
English-language books
English non-fiction books
Houghton Mifflin books
Science books
Science studies

Unweaving the Rainbow


4. Uluslararası Türkçe Olimpiyatı, Uluslararası Dil Öğretimi Derneği'nin düzenlediği, anadili Türkçe olmayan kişilerin katıldığı bir yarışmadır. 84 ülkeden gelen katılımcıların yarıştığı olimpiyat İstanbul Kongre ve Gösteri Merkezi'nde gerçekleştirilmiştir.

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Uluslararası Türkçe Olimpiyatları

4. Uluslararası Türkçe Olimpiyatları


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