Timothy John Evans (20 November 1924 – 9 March 1950) was a Welshman who was wrongfully accused of murdering his wife Beryl and infant daughter Geraldine at their residence in Notting Hill, London. In January 1950, Evans was tried and convicted of the murder of his daughter, and on 9 March he was executed by hanging.

During his trial, Evans accused his downstairs neighbour, John Christie, who was the chief prosecution witness, of committing the murders.

Three years after Evans's execution, Christie was found to be a serial killer who had murdered several other women in the same house, including his own wife Ethel. Christie was himself sentenced to death, and while awaiting execution, he confessed to murdering Mrs. Evans. An official inquiry concluded in 1966 that Christie had murdered Evans's daughter Geraldine, and Evans was granted a posthumous pardon. The High Court dismissed proceedings to officially quash Evans's murder conviction in 2004 on the grounds of the cost and resources that would be involved, but acknowledged that Evans did not murder his wife or his daughter, a full 54 years after his wrongful execution by the British government.

The case generated much controversy and is acknowledged to be a miscarriage of justice. Along with those of Derek Bentley and Ruth Ellis, the case played a major part in the removal of capital punishment for murder in 1965 and, later, its abolition for all crimes.

Early life
Evans was a native of Merthyr Tydfil in Glamorgan, Wales. His father Daniel abandoned the family in April 1924 before Evans's birth. Evans had an older sister, Eileen, born in 1921 and a younger half-sister, Maureen, who was born in September 1929. Evans's mother remarried in September 1933. As a child, Evans had difficulty learning to speak and struggled at school. Following an accident when he was eight, Evans developed a tubercular verruca on his right foot that never completely healed and caused him to miss considerable amounts of time from school for treatments, further setting back his education. As a result, when he reached adulthood Evans possessed low literacy skills, often needing others to read lengthy documents to him, although he did possess some ability to read simple passages such as in comics, newspaper football reports and on his wages and receipts. He liked boxing and football, supporting Queens Park Rangers, as did Christie. He was also prone to inventing stories about himself to boost his self-esteem, a trait that continued into adulthood and interfered with his efforts to establish credibility when dealing with the police and courts.

In 1935, his mother and her second husband moved to London, and Evans worked as a painter and decorator while attending school. He returned to Merthyr Tydfil in 1937 and briefly worked in the coal mines but had to resign because of continuing problems with his foot. In 1939, he returned to London to live again with his mother, and in 1946 they moved to St Mark's Road, Notting Hill. This was just over two minutes' walk from 10 Rillington Place, his future residence after he married. Evans was fined 60 shillings at West London Magistrates court on 25 April 1946 for stealing a car, and driving without insurance or a licence.

Married life
On 20 September 1947, Evans married Beryl Susanna Thorley, whom he had met in January 1947 on a blind date. The couple initially lived with Evans's family at St Mark's Road but after Beryl discovered she was pregnant in 1948 they moved into the top-floor flat at 10 Rillington Place in the Ladbroke Grove area of Notting Hill. Their neighbours in the ground-floor flat were the serial killer John Christie, then working as a post office clerk, and his wife, Ethel Christie. Timothy's and Beryl's daughter Geraldine was born on 10 October 1948.

Their marriage was characterised by angry quarrels; Beryl was alleged to be a poor housekeeper and incapable of managing the family's finances, while Timothy misspent his wages on alcohol, and his heavy drinking at the time exacerbated his already short temper. The arguments between Timothy and Beryl were loud enough to be heard by the neighbours and physical violence between them was witnessed on several occasions. In 1949, Beryl revealed to Timothy that she was pregnant with their second child. Since the family was already struggling financially, Beryl decided to have an abortion. After some initial reluctance, Evans agreed to this course of action.

Events leading to Evans's arrest

Several weeks later, on 30 November 1949, Evans informed police at Merthyr Tydfil that his wife had died in unusual circumstances. His first confession was that he had accidentally killed her by giving her something in a bottle that a man had given him to abort the foetus; he had then disposed of her body in a sewer drain outside 10 Rillington Place. He told the police that after arranging for Geraldine to be looked after, he had gone to Wales. When police examined the drain outside the front of the building, however, they found nothing and, furthermore, discovered that the manhole cover required the combined strength of three officers to remove it.

When re-questioned, Evans changed his story and said that Christie had offered to perform an abortion on Beryl. Evans stated that he had left Christie out of his first statement in order to protect him (abortion being illegal in the UK at this time).  After some deliberation between Evans and his wife, they had both agreed to take up Christie's offer. On 8 November, Evans had returned home from work to be informed by Christie that the abortion had not worked and that Beryl was dead. Christie had said that he would dispose of the body and would make arrangements for a couple from East Acton to look after Geraldine. He said that Evans should leave London for the meantime. On 14 November, Evans left for Wales to stay with relatives. Evans said he later returned to 10 Rillington Place to ask about Geraldine, but Christie had refused to let him see her.

In response to Evans's second statement, the police performed a preliminary search of 10 Rillington Place but did not uncover anything incriminating, despite the presence of a human thigh bone supporting a fence post in the tiny (about ) garden. On a more thorough search on 2 December, the police found the body of Beryl Evans, wrapped in a tablecloth in the wash-house in the back garden. Access to the locked wash-house was only possible by using a knife kept by Mrs. Christie. Significantly, the body of Geraldine was also found alongside Beryl's body – Evans had not mentioned he had killed his daughter in either of his statements. Beryl and Geraldine had both been strangled.

Although they examined the garden, the police did not find traces of the skeletal remains of two prior victims of Christie, despite their shallow burial. Christie actually removed the skull of Miss Eady when his dog dug it up from the garden around this time, and he disposed of it in a bombed-out building nearby. This vital clue was ignored when the skull was then discovered by children playing in the ruins and handed in to police.

When Evans was shown the clothing taken from the bodies of his wife and child, he was also informed that both had been strangled. This was, according to Evans's statement, the first occasion in which he was informed that his baby daughter had been killed. He was asked whether he was responsible for their deaths. To this, Evans apparently responded, "Yes." He then apparently confessed to having strangled Beryl during an argument over debts and strangling Geraldine two days later, after which he left for Wales.

This confession, along with other contradictory statements Evans made during the police interrogation, has been cited as proof of his guilt. Several authors who have written about the case have argued that the police provided Evans with all the necessary details for him to make a plausible confession, which they may have in turn edited further while transcribing it. Furthermore, the police interrogated Evans over the course of late evening and early morning hours to his physical and emotional detriment, a man already in a highly emotional state. Evans later stated in court that he thought he would be subjected to violence by the police if he did not confess, and this fear along with the shock of discovering that both his wife and daughter had been strangled, likely induced him to make a false confession. The police investigation was marred by a lack of forensic expertise, with significant evidence overlooked.

The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions (2003) states that some of the phraseology of the confession seemed more in line with language a police officer might use, rather than that used by an illiterate man as Evans was.  Evans was kept in solitary confinement for two days before being handed over to the London police. He did not know what was happening other than his wife's body had not been found in the drain as expected. At Notting Hill police station, he was shown his wife's and daughter's clothing, and the ligature which had been used to strangle his daughter. This book cites Ludovic Kennedy as a source for the conclusion that Evans felt tremendous guilt over not doing more to prevent the deaths of his wife and daughter, and particularly that his daughter's murder must have been a tremendous shock.

Trial and execution
Evans was put on trial for the murder of his daughter on 11 January 1950 before Mr. Justice Lewis and a jury. In accordance with legal practice at the time, the prosecution proceeded only with the single charge of murder, that concerning Geraldine. Beryl's murder, with which Evans was still formally charged, was not formally before the court, though evidence that he had murdered Beryl was used with the aim of establishing Evans's guilt of the murder of Geraldine. Evans, who was represented by Malcolm Morris, withdrew his confession during consultations with his solicitor and alleged that Christie was responsible for the murders in accordance with his second statement given to the police at Merthyr Tydfil. Although this allegation was dismissed by the court as "fantastic" and Evans's solicitors had also warned him that it was difficult to prove, Evans maintained this defence until his execution. It was subsequently found that his allegation was true.

Christie and his wife, Ethel, were key witnesses for the prosecution. Christie denied that he had offered to abort Beryl's unborn child and gave detailed evidence about the quarrels between Evans and his wife. The defence sought to show that Christie was the murderer, highlighting his past criminal record. Christie had previous convictions for several thefts and for malicious wounding. The latter case involved Christie striking a woman on the head with a cricket bat. But his apparent reform, and his service with the police as a special constable, may have impressed the jury. The defence also could not find a motive for which a respected person like Christie would murder two people, whereas the prosecution could use the explanation in Evans's confessions as Evans's motive. Unlike Christie, Evans had no previous convictions for violence, though he had been fined for theft and motoring offences. His conflicting statements undermined his credibility. Had the police conducted a thorough search of the garden and found the bones of two previous victims of Christie, the trial of Evans might not have occurred at all.

The case largely came down to Christie's word against Evans's and the course of the trial turned against Evans. The trial lasted only three days and much key evidence was omitted, or never shown to the jury. Evans was found guilty – the jury taking just 40 minutes to come to its decision. After a failed appeal held before the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Goddard; Mr. Justice Sellers and Mr. Justice Humphreys on 20 February, Evans was hanged on 9 March 1950 by Albert Pierrepoint, assisted by Syd Dernley at Pentonville Prison.

The safety of Evans's conviction was severely criticised when Christie's murders were discovered three years later. During interviews with police and psychiatrists prior to his execution, Christie admitted several times that he had been responsible for the murder of Beryl Evans. If these confessions were true, Evans's second statement detailing Christie's offer to abort Beryl's baby is likely to be the true version of events that took place at Rillington Place on 8 November 1949. Ludovic Kennedy provided one possible reconstruction of how the murder took place, surmising that an unsuspecting Beryl let Christie into her flat, expecting the abortion to be carried out, but was instead attacked and then strangled. Christie claimed to have possibly engaged in sexual intercourse with Beryl's body after her death (he claimed to be unable to remember the precise details) but her post-mortem had failed to uncover evidence of sexual intercourse. In his confessions to Beryl's death, Christie denied he had agreed to carry out an abortion on Beryl. He instead claimed to have strangled her while being intimate with her, or that she had wanted to commit suicide and he helped her do so.

One important fact was not brought up in Evans's trial: two workmen were willing to testify that there were no bodies in the wash-house when they worked there several days after Evans supposedly hid them. They stored their tools in the wash-room (a small outhouse measuring ) and cleaned it out completely when they finished their work on 11 November. Their evidence in itself would have raised doubts about the veracity of Evans's alleged confessions, but the workmen were not called to give evidence. Indeed, the police re-interviewed the workmen and forced them to change their evidence to fit the preconceived idea that Evans was the sole murderer. The murderer, Christie, would have hidden the bodies of Beryl and Geraldine in the temporarily vacant first-floor flat, and then moved them to the wash-house four days later when the workmen had finished.

John Christie

Three years later, Christie vacated his premises at 10 Rillington Place and the landlord allowed an upstairs tenant, Beresford Brown, to use Christie's kitchen. Brown found the bodies of three women (Kathleen Maloney, Rita Nelson and Hectorina Maclennan) hidden in a papered-over kitchen pantry, a recess immediately next to the wash-house where Beryl and Geraldine Evans had been found. A further search of the building and grounds turned up three more bodies: Christie's wife, Ethel, under the floorboards of the front room; Ruth Fuerst, an Austrian nurse and munitions worker; and Muriel Eady, a former colleague of Christie, who were both buried in the right-hand side of the small back garden of the building. Christie had even used one of their thigh bones to prop up a trellis in the garden, which the police had missed in their earlier searches of the property.

Christie was arrested on 31 March 1953, and during the course of interrogation confessed four separate times to killing Beryl Evans. He never admitted to killing Geraldine Evans, however. He confessed to murdering Fuerst and Eady, saying he had stored their bodies in the wash-room before burying them in shallow graves in the garden. It was in the same wash-room that the bodies of Beryl and Geraldine Evans had been found during the investigation into their murders. Christie was found guilty of murdering his wife and was hanged on 15 July 1953 by Albert Pierrepoint, the same hangman who had executed Evans at the same prison three years prior.

Because Christie's crimes raised doubts about Evans's guilt in the murders of his wife and daughter, the serving Home Secretary, David Maxwell-Fyfe, commissioned an inquiry to investigate the possibility of a miscarriage of justice. It was chaired by the Recorder of Portsmouth, John Scott Henderson, QC. The inquiry ran for one week and its findings upheld Evans's guilt in both murders with the explanation that Christie's confessions of murdering Beryl Evans were unreliable because they were made in the context of supporting his defence that he was insane. The conclusion was met with scepticism by the press and the public alike: if Christie's confessions were unreliable, why should those of Evans be acceptable? The inquiry ignored vital evidence and led to more questions in Parliament, especially from Geoffrey Bing, Reginald Paget, Sydney Silverman, Michael Foot and many other MPs. The controversy was to continue until it led eventually to the exculpation of Evans and a declaration of his innocence of the murder of both his wife and his daughter.

The murder of Beryl Evans was never a primary charge in the trials of either Evans or Christie. The former had been charged with the murder of his daughter and the latter with the murder of Mrs. Christie. Hence questions that went to the murder of Mrs. Evans were not those with which the trials were especially concerned. When Christie was later the subject of the Scott Henderson Inquiry, questions drafted by a solicitor representing Evans's mother were deemed not relevant and Scott Henderson retained the right of deciding if they could be asked.

Campaign to overturn Evans's conviction
In 1955, David Astor, editor of The Observer, Ian Gilmour, editor of The Spectator, John Grigg, editor of The National and English Review, and Sir Lynton Andrews, editor of The Yorkshire Post, formed a delegation to petition the Home Secretary for a new inquiry because of their dissatisfaction with the conclusions of the Scott Henderson Inquiry. In the same year, barrister Michael Eddowes examined the case and wrote the book The Man on Your Conscience, which argued that Evans could not have been the killer on the basis that if he were, there were a number of extraordinary coincidences with his crimes and Christie's, most notably that two strangler murderers, who both used a ligature to kill their victims, had been living in the same property at the same time, unknown to each other.

The television journalist Ludovic Kennedy's book Ten Rillington Place criticised the police investigation and evidence submitted at the 1950 trial in which Evans was found guilty. This produced another Parliamentary debate in 1961 but still no second inquiry.

In 1965, Liberal Party politician Herbert Wolfe of Darlington, County Durham contacted Harold Evans, then editor of The Northern Echo. He and Kennedy formed the Timothy Evans Committee. The result of a prolonged campaign was that the Home Secretary, Sir Frank Soskice, ordered a new inquiry chaired by High Court judge Sir Daniel Brabin in 1965–66. Brabin found it was "more probable than not" that Evans murdered his wife and that he did not murder his daughter. This was contrary to the prosecution case in Evans's trial, which held that both murders had been committed by the same person as a single act. The victims' bodies had been found together in the same location and had been murdered in the same way by strangulation.

Brabin went to great lengths to prefer police evidence wherever possible and exonerate them of any misconduct, and he did not address the allegations made by Kennedy about the validity of several of the confessions allegedly made by Evans. He also did not consider the incompetence of the police in their searches of the garden at Rillington Place. The enquiry did little to settle the many issues which arose from the case, but, by exonerating Evans of killing his child, was crucial in subsequent events.

Since Evans had only been convicted of his daughter's murder, Roy Jenkins, Soskice's successor as Home Secretary, recommended a royal pardon for Evans, which was granted in October 1966. In 1965, Evans's remains had been exhumed from Pentonville Prison and reburied in St Patrick's Roman Catholic Cemetery in Leytonstone, Greater London. The outcry over the Evans case contributed to the suspension and then abolition of capital punishment in the United Kingdom.

Status of Evans's guilty verdict

In January 2003, the Home Office awarded Timothy Evans's half-sister, Mary Westlake, and his sister, Eileen Ashby, ex gratia payments as compensation for the miscarriage of justice in Evans's trial. The independent assessor for the Home Office, Lord Brennan QC, accepted that "the conviction and execution of Timothy Evans for the murder of his child was wrongful and a miscarriage of justice" and that "there is no evidence to implicate Timothy Evans in the murder of his wife. She was most probably murdered by Christie." Lord Brennan believed that the Brabin Report's conclusion that Evans probably murdered his wife should be rejected given Christie's confessions and conviction.

On 16 November 2004, Westlake began an application for judicial review in the High Court, challenging a decision by the Criminal Cases Review Commission not to refer Evans's case to the Court of Appeal to have his conviction formally quashed. She argued that Evans's pardon had not formally expunged his conviction of murdering his daughter, and although the Brabin report had concluded that Evans probably did not kill his daughter, it had not declared him innocent. The report also contained the "devastating" conclusion that Evans had probably killed his wife. The request to refer the case was dismissed on 19 November 2004, with the judges saying that the cost and resources of quashing the conviction could not be justified, although they did accept that Evans had not murdered either his wife or his child.

In the media
 Ewan MacColl wrote the song "The Ballad of Tim Evans" (also known as "Go Down You Murderer") about the case.  MacColl said in his autobiography that the song was used in many news programmes and documentaries, but that many broadcasters were uncomfortable with the last verse which reads "They sent Tim Evans to the drop for a crime he did not do / It was Christy was the murderer and the judge and jury too." In some recordings of the song, this is altered to: "It was Christy was the murderer and everybody knew / They sent Tim Evans to the drop for a crime he didn't do." The song was covered by the American folk singer Judy Collins.
 The film 10 Rillington Place was released in the UK on 10 February 1971. It was directed by Richard Fleischer and starred Richard Attenborough as John Christie, Judy Geeson as Beryl Evans, John Hurt as Timothy Evans, and Pat Heywood as Ethel Christie.
 In the 2016 BBC dramatisation Rillington Place, Evans was portrayed by Nico Mirallegro.
 According to Yes, Minister co-writer Antony Jay, the Evans case was part of the inspiration for the television satire because of Frank Soskice's refusal to reopen the case despite having himself appealed for an inquiry while in opposition.
 "The Ballad of Tim Evans" is used as background in a scene in A Bucket of Blood and performed by actor and musician Alex Hassilev. The song serves as foreshadowing.

See also
 Francis Camps
 List of miscarriage of justice cases
 Mahmood Hussein Mattan, who was also wrongfully executed in the United Kingdom
 Philip Allen, Baron Allen of Abbeydale

Notes

Bibliography
 Report of an inquiry into certain matters arising out of the deaths of Mrs. Beryl Evans and of Geraldine Evans and out of the conviction of Timothy John Evans of the murder of Geraldine Evans. Report by Mr. J. Scott Henderson, Q.C. Cmd. 8896. HMSO, July 1953.
 The case of Timothy John Evans. Supplementary Report by Mr. J. Scott Henderson, Q.C. Cmd. 8946. HMSO, September 1953.
 Michael Eddowes, The Man on Your Conscience: An Investigation of the Evans Murder Trial, Cassell and Co (1955).

 The case of Timothy John Evans. Report of an Inquiry by The Hon. Mr. Justice Brabin. Cmnd. 3101. HMSO, October 1966.

External links
 Discussion of the case
  Archive of Documents
 Discussion of the murders

 Location and Mythology
 The long wait for justice

1924 births
1950 deaths
20th-century executions by England and Wales
1949 in London
Overturned convictions in the United Kingdom
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
People executed for murder
People from Merthyr Tydfil
People wrongfully convicted of murder
Recipients of British royal pardons
Executed Welsh people
Welsh people convicted of murder
Wrongful executions
People who have received posthumous pardons
People from Notting Hill

Timothy Evans


Nintendo Direct (任天堂ダイレクト Nintendō dairekuto) es una presentación en línea realizada por la compañía Nintendo, donde se presenta información de contenidos o franquicias relacionadas con Nintendo, como puede ser información sobre sus juegos y consolas. El evento es presentado por las diferentes divisiones donde reside la compañía, según la región. Esta presentación comenzó orientándose hacia Japón, pero después se fue extendiendo para Europa y América. Cada presidente de las divisiones, orientan sus comentarios e información a su estado de residencia, por lo tanto, varía la información.

Historia
Comenzó tan simple como una conferencia en donde se intentaba antes competir en lo que sería la próxima portátil de Sony, la PlayStation Vita, hablando únicamente de la portátil de Nintendo, la Nintendo 3DS, sobre en ese momento su poco contenido que vendría con la consola y de unos pocos anuncios que se esperarían al llegar al mercado internacional. Más tarde para su segunda edición se mostraron algunos tráileres de juegos que serían lanzados para la Nintendo 3DS en 2012 y contenido descargable en Nintendo eShop (para Japón) pero en esta versión se comenzó a hablar también de contenido para la Wii; y así comenzó a hacer eco internacional logrando que América y Europa pudiera pregrabar estas conferencias desde Japón.

Objetivo

A través de este tipo de programas, Nintendo quiere que sus clientes conozcan de mejor manera las actualizaciones, lo nuevo que se vendrá en sus sistemas de entretenimiento y la interacción por medio de entrevistas, comentarios o preguntas a los respectivos productores del juego al que se cita. Varían las conferencias según la compañía lo desee, pueden en algunas ocasiones hablar de solo una videoconsola, o de las dos al mismo tiempo, mencionan a detalle el proceso y la forma en que se están desarrollando su software y hardware. Gracias a esto, la prensa de los videojuegos y el mercado en sí, estarán muy enterados de lo que compañía está desarrollando en un futuro o están por publicarse. La base de estas conferencias es el modo en que se emplean, pues es muy original, y su finalidad es que el cliente conozca lo que Nintendo está desarrollando para el entretenimiento y puedan estar seguros de su compra.

Presentaciones

 Nintendo Direct: Presentación de 15-50 minutos donde se muestran las novedades de Nintendo para Nintendo Switch. Anteriormente se mostraban novedades de Wii, Wii U, Nintendo DS y Nintendo 3DS.

 Nintendo Direct Mini/Micro: Presentación donde se muestran pequeñas novedades de Nintendo para Nintendo Switch. Anteriormente se mostraban novedades de Wii U y Nintendo 3DS. No suelen superar los 15 minutos de duración, pero el 26/03/2020, tuvo lugar un evento de este tipo que alcanzó los 28:55 minutos.
 Nintendo Direct Mini: Partner Showcase: Presentación de corta duración donde se muestran novedades sobre próximos títulos de los socios desarrolladores y distribuidores de Nintendo. La primera presentación de este tipo se publicó el 20/07/2020, y la compañía ha confirmado que a lo largo del año tendrán lugar más eventos "Partner Showcase".
 Nintendo Direct Especial: Presentación en donde se muestra información y detalles sobre un juego en específico.
 Nintendo Direct Mobile: Presentación en donde se muestra información y detalles sobre un juego para móviles de Nintendo.
 Nintendo 3DS Direct: Era una presentación  de 15-45 minutos donde se muestran novedades de Nintendo específicamente para Nintendo 3DS.
Wii U Direct: Era una presentación de 15-45 minutos donde se muestran novedades de Nintendo específicamente para Wii U.
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate – Mr. Sakurai Presents: Una presentación similar a los "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Direct" que comenzó con la llegada del héroe de la saga Dragon Quest, donde Masahiro Sakurai presenta los nuevos luchadores DLC para Super Smash Bros. Ultimate con un gameplay de los movimientos de cada personaje, y otros datos interesantes sobre cambios en el juego.
Pokémon Presents: Una presentación parecida a los "Pokémon Direct" donde se muestran noticias sobre juegos ya anunciados de la saga y juegos totalmente nuevos. La primera presentación "Pokémon Presents" tuvo lugar el 17/06/2020, con una segunda parte justo una semana después, el 24/06/2020.

Véase también

 Página oficial de Nintendo Direct
 Nintendo
 Satoru Iwata
 Reggie Fils-Aimé
 Tatsumi Kimishima

Referencias

Nintendo

Nintendo Direct


Aaron Russo (n. 14 februarie 1943, Brooklyn – d. 24 august 2007, Los Angeles) a fost un om de afaceri american din industria divertismentului, producător și regizor de film, politician libertarian și activist politic. Este cel mai cunoscut pentru producția unor filme ca  Pariul, Băieți deștepți și The Rose. Spre sfârșitul vieții sale, a creat diferite documentare politice, cele mai renumit fiind Mad as Hell și America: Freedom to Fascism. După șase ani de luptă cu un cancer de vezică urinară (en), Russo a decedat la 24 august 2007 la Cedars-Sinai Medical Center din Los Angeles..

Biografie
Aaron Russo s-a născut în Brooklyn, New York, în 1943. A crescut în Long Island, unde a lucrat pentru afacerea cu lenjerie  de corp a familiei sale.

În aprilie 1968, Russo a deschis clubul de noapte Kinetic Playground din Chicago, Illinois, denumit inițial Electric Theater.  Aici au cântat numeroase grupuri rock proeminente și muzicieni, cum ar fi The Grateful Dead, Iron Butterfly, Jefferson Airplane, Janis Joplin, Led Zeppelin, Rotary Connection sau The Who.

În plus față de deținerea propriului său club de noapte, Russo a administrat o serie de numere muzicale de-a lungul anilor 1970, inclusiv The Manhattan Transfer și Bette Midler.

Russo apoi a intrat în industria cinematografică, regizând și producând filme, șase dintre acestea cu nominalizări la Premiul Oscar și două având nominalizări la Premiul Globul de Aur.

Carieră politică
În ianuarie 2004, Russo și-a anunțat candidatura pentru președinția SUA, inițial în calitate de candidat independent, apoi ca reprezentant al libertarienilor. La 14 ianuarie 2007 l-a sprijinit pe congresmanul Ron Paul ca un candidat la președinția SUA.

America: Freedom to Fascism
Ultimul său film, America: Freedom to Fascism, este un documentar politic care critică  agenția SUA de colectare a taxelor IRS și Sistemul Federal de Rezerve și avertizează cu privire la venirea unei Noi Ordini Mondiale. Russo pune întrebări în acest documentar ocolite de orice politician, întrebări de genul: de ce poporul american permite unor bănci private să tipărească bani doar pentru ca guvernul american să se împrumute cu dobândă de la acestea? De ce guvernul american nu tipărește el însuși acești bani, dar acoperiți de rezervele de aur pentru a nu se crea inflație.

Documentarul acoperă o varietate de alte subiecte, cum ar fi impozitul pe venit, cardurile naționale (REAL ID Act), implantarea de cipuri oamenilor, sistemul Diebold de vot electronic, globalizarea, supravegherea totală a populației gen Big Brother,  precum și folosirea terorismului de către guvern ca mijloc de diminuare a drepturilor cetățenilor prin înscenarea unor atentate gen 11 septembrie.

Filmul a fost criticat pentru promovarea unor teorii ale conspirației și pentru unele inexactități, distorsiuni și interpretări eronate. În film apar unele citate atribuite în mod eronat judecătorului James C. Fox, președintelui Woodrow Wilson, Benito Mussolini, Bill Clinton etc.

Filmografie
 The Bette Midler Show (1976)- producător
 Bette Midler: Ol' Red Hair Is Back (1977) - producător
 The Rose (1979)
 Partners (1982) - producător
 Trading Places (Pariul, 1983)
 Teachers (1984)
 Wise Guys (Băieți deștepți, 1986)
 Rude Awakening (1989) - regizor și producător
 Off and Running (1991) - producător
 America: Freedom to Fascism (2007) - regizor

Referințe și note

Legături externe
America: Freedom to Fascism, Russo's last film

Virtual Memorial

Vezi și
 Alex Jones

Nașteri în 1943
Decese în 2007
Activiști americani
Teoreticieni ai conspirației
Producători de film americani
Regizori de film americani
Activiști antiglobalizare

Aaron Russo


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Olympique de Marseille Féminin (oftest omtalt som  Olympique de Marseille, Marseille eller blot l'OM er en fransk fodboldklub for kvinder, hjemmehørende i Marseille. Klubben har været kvindernes afdeling af Olympique de Marseille siden 2011.

 Aktuel trup Pr. 27. september 2016.''

Referencer

Kvindefodboldklubber i Frankrig

Olympique de Marseille (kvinder)


Polja smrti (kmerski: វាលពិឃាត, izgovara se : [ʋiəl pikʰiət]) u Kambodži su lokacije gdje je veliki broj ljudi ubijen i pokopan za vrijeme režima Crvenih Kmera. Tu je pogubljeno najmanje 200.000 ljudi (dok se procjenjuje da je ukupan broj mrtvih kao posljedica politike Crvenih Kmera, uključujući bolesti i izgladnjenost, od 1,4 do 2,2 milijuna od ukupne kambodžanske populacije od 7 milijuna). Na blisku je temu snimljen britanski cjelovečernji film o režimu Crvenih Kmera u Kambodži Polja smrti.

Izvori

Povijest Kambodže
Genocidi
Komunistička represija

Polja smrti (Kambodža)


The Heavenly Body  é um filme norte-americano de comédia romântica lançado em 1944. Dirigido por Alexander Hall e estrelado por William Powell e Hedy Lamarr. Baseado no romance de Jacques Théry, com o roteiro de Michael Arlen e Walter Reisch, o filme é sobre a bela esposa de um astrônomo profissional que se convence de que a previsão de seu astrólogo de que ela encontrará seu verdadeiro amor se tornará realidade.

Sinopse
Uma esposa desprezada recorre a um astrólogo, que lhe diz que ela conhecerá e se apaixonará por um belo desconhecido, para desgosto de seu marido astrônomo.

Elenco

 William Powell como William S. Whitley
 Hedy Lamarr como Vicky Whitley
 James Craig como Lloyd X. Hunter
 Fay Bainter como Margaret Sibyll
 Henry O'Neill como Professor Stowe
 Spring Byington como Nancy Potter
 Robert Sully como Strand
 Morris Ankrum como Dr. Green
 Franco Corsaro como Sebastian Melas
 Connie Gilchrist como Beulah
 Max Willenz como Dr. Gurtchakoff
 Earl Schenck como Forbes
 John Elliott como Prof. Collier (não creditado)
 Howard Hickman como Cientista (não creditado)

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1944
Filmes de drama dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia da década de 1940
Filmes de romance da década de 1940
Filmes da Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes em língua inglesa

The Heavenly Body


දමයන්ති දර්ශා (1975 පෙබරවාරි 13) යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, මීටර් 200 සහ මීටර් 400 දිවීමේ ඉසව්ව නියෝජනය කල මළල ක්‍රීඩිකාවකි.

වයස අවුරුදු 16 දී, එනම් 1991 වර්ෂයේ කොළඹදී පැවැත්වූ දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී ඇය මීටර 100 දිවීමේ ඉසව්වේ නව වාර්ථාවක්ද සමගින් රන් පදක්කම දිනා ගත්තාය. එම වසරේම පැවැති ආසියානු කණිෂ්ඨ ශූරතාවලියේදී මීටර 100 දිවීමේ ඉසව්වේ රන් පදක්කමද දර්ශා දිනා ගත්තාය.

1994 වසරේදී ජපානයේ හිරෝෂිමා හී පැවැති ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී මීටර 200 දිවීමේ ඉසව්ව වෙනුවෙන් ඇය ලෝකඩ පදක්කම හිමි කරගත්තාය. චීන තායිපේ ක්‍රීඩිකාවක් වූ Wang Huei-Chen සහ සුසන්තිකා ජයසිංහ එම තරගයේ ඇයට ඉදිරියෙන් වූ දෙපල වූහ.

2007 ජුලි මසදී, දර්ශා සිය මළල ක්‍රීඩා දිවියට සමුදෙන බව නිල වශයෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කර සිටියාය.

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

1975 උපත්
ක්‍රීඩක ක්‍රීඩිකාවෝ

දමයන්ති දර්ශා


David William Thomas  (born May 20, 1949) is a Canadian actor, comedian and television writer, known for being one half of the duo Bob and Doug McKenzie with Rick Moranis. He appeared as Doug McKenzie on SCTV, for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award out of two nominations, and in the film Strange Brew (1983), which he also co-directed. As a duo, they made two albums, The Great White North and Strange Brew, the former gaining them a Grammy Award nomination and a Juno Award.

His other notable acting credits include Stripes (1981), Sesame Street Presents: Follow that Bird (1985), Love at Stake (1987), Moving (1988), Coneheads (1993) and Rat Race (2001). He provided the voice of Tuke in Brother Bear (2003), and Brother Bear 2 (2006), and is also known for playing Russell Norton in the TV series Grace Under Fire (1993-1998).

Early life
David William Thomas was born May 20, 1949, in St. Catharines, Ontario. He is the eldest son of British parents, Moreen Duff Muir (May 4, 1928 - May 18, 2022), a church organist for thirty years originally from Glasgow, Scotland, and composer of church music, and John E. Thomas (1926–1996), a medical ethicist from Merthyr Tydfil, Wales who was head of the Philosophy Department at McMaster University, and the author of several books. Dave's younger brother, Ian, is a Canadian singer-songwriter.

The family moved temporarily to Durham, North Carolina, where his father attended Duke University and earned a PhD in philosophy. The family moved back to Dundas, Ontario, in 1961, where Dave Thomas attended Dundas District high school, and later graduated with an honours Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.

Career

Starting his career as a copywriter at ad agency McCann Erickson in 1974, he became the head writer of the Coca-Cola account in Canada within a year. After watching a Second City stage show in Toronto, and while suffering from self-described "boredom" in his advertising work, he auditioned for the Second City troupe and was chosen as a performer. He was a cast member of the Toronto production of Godspell, along with Victor Garber, Martin Short, Eugene Levy, Gilda Radner, and Andrea Martin. Paul Shaffer  was the musical director.

He first achieved fame as a cast member of the Canadian TV comedy series SCTV, joining Godspell castmates Levy, Martin and later Short, plus Rick Moranis, John Candy, Harold Ramis, Catherine O'Hara and others. Notable characters on the show include Doug McKenzie of beer-swilling brothers Bob and Doug McKenzie, editorialist Bill Needle, Scottish scone-chef/bluesman Angus Crock, motor-mouthed TV ad announcer Harvey K-Tel, Lowery organist/curio pitchman Tex Boil and the "Cruising Gourmet".

Thomas's first film role was in Home to Stay, directed by Delbert Mann, in which Thomas played in a scene with Hollywood legend Henry Fonda. He then wrote, co-directed, and starred in the Bob & Doug McKenzie feature film Strange Brew. Soon after, he wrote for and acted in The New Show, produced by Lorne Michaels during his hiatus from Saturday Night Live. Short-lived, this show featured a powerhouse writing staff including Thomas along with Buck Henry, George Meyer, Jack Handey, Al Franken, Tom Davis, Valri Bromfield and Steve Martin. Thomas tried his hand at network television hour-long shows in 1986 when he wrote and co-executive produced Steel Collar Man for CBS. The pilot was produced but did not go to series.

In 1988, Thomas wrote another hour long show for CBS, B Men, which was back ordered, but Thomas took a directing job at Paramount, which caused the network to drop the series. He reportedly introduced John Travolta and Kelly Preston while directing them in the Paramount film The Experts.

He wrote for, produced, and starred in The Dave Thomas Comedy Show (1990). In 1991, he starred in the Showtime comedy, Public Enemy #2. In 1992, he tried his hand at reality TV and co-executive produced ABC's America's Funniest People with Vin Di Bona, but left after thirteen weeks to appear in the film Coneheads.

In 1993, he officially co-starred in ABC's Grace Under Fire with Brett Butler and Tom Poston and continued with the show for 5 seasons. In 1995 Thomas starred in the ABC television film Picture Perfect with Mary Page Keller and Richard Karn. In 1995 Thomas tried his hand at TV Game shows, produced a pilot of a game show called Family Challenge for ABC. When ABC did not pick up the series, Thomas sold Family Challenge to the Family Channel, where he produced 144 episodes of the show spread over 2 seasons.  In 1996, Thomas played the title role in the Fox television film Mr. Foster's Field Trip aka Kidz in the Wood with Julia Duffy.

In 1996, he wrote the book SCTV: Behind the Scenes (McClelland & Stewart, publishers). From 1999-2002, he voiced various roles on the animated series Mission Hill.

Thomas co-starred in the Paramount feature Rat Race. As of 2001, Thomas has been the Executive Creative Director of Animax Entertainment, an animation studio based officially in Culver City, California. In 2001-2002 Thomas appeared with Eugene Levy and Martin Short on Short's show Primetime Glick as Bob Hope (an impression he had first developed for SCTV with great success). In 2002, he co-starred with Jason Priestley, Dave Foley and Ewen Bremner in Fancy Dancing. The next year he played a lead role in Beethoven's 5th. In 2003, he directed a hospital comedy feature film entitled Whitecoats, which he also wrote. As of 2004, Thomas was on the official Advisory Committee for the Comedy program at Humber College, the only such diploma program in the world. In 2004, he and Moranis again worked together voicing Rutt and Tuke, two moose based on the McKenzie Brothers, in Disney's animated feature Brother Bear.

Thomas has had a long career doing voices for animation including Animaniacs, Duckman, CatDog, The Adventures of Tarzan, Justice League and multiple roles on The Simpsons, King of the Hill and Family Guy. In 2005, he had a guest stint as Charlize Theron's "Uncle Trevor" on Fox's Arrested Development. In 2006, he reprised his voice role in Brother Bear 2 and appeared as himself in the feature film The Aristocrats. He began production on ArnoldSpeaks.com, a video blog, as the voice of Arnold Schwarzenegger; Animax Entertainment won an Emmy for a broadband animated series produced for ESPN, Off Mikes.

In 2007, Thomas and Rick Moranis reprised their roles as Bob and Doug McKenzie in a one-hour special, Bob & Doug McKenzie's Two-Four Anniversary, for CBC Television. The show featured cameos from McKenzie celeb fans like Ben Stiller, Dave Foley, Tom Green, Paul Shaffer, Andy Dick, Matt Groening, Barry Pepper, Martin Short, and Geddy Lee. Former Prime Minister of Canada Paul Martin was the host. In 2008, Thomas revived Bob and Doug McKenzie in a new animated series, Bob & Doug. While Thomas reprises the character of Doug in the new series, Moranis chose not to voice the character of Bob, which instead is voiced by Dave Coulier. Moranis is, however, involved in the series as an executive producer.

In November 2009, Thomas received an Honorary Doctor of Letters from his alma mater McMaster University and gave the fall convocation speech. In 2010 Animax continued to produce branded entertainment, advertising and digital shorts for corporations like Disney, Warner Brothers, NBC Universal, and Kodak. In 2011, Thomas's company Animax produced another animated show for MTV entitled Big Box along with numerous Internet shorts such as Life With Dad.

In 2012 and 2013 Thomas guest starred in the dramatic shows Perception and Bones as well as comedy shows Comedy Bang! Bang! and How I Met Your Mother.  In addition in 2013 Thomas voiced the recurring role of Jeff Foxworthy's father Jesco in the CMT show Bounty Hunters.

Thomas joined the writing staff of the Fox crime drama television series Bones beginning in 2013. Thomas worked for two seasons on Bones, writing several episodes and working on staff as consulting producer for two seasons.

In 2015 Thomas joined the writing staff of NBC's The Blacklist as a consulting producer.

In 2020 life-sized statues of Thomas and Rick Moranis as their characters Bob and Doug McKenzie was put in place at the ICE District Sports Arena in Edmonton, Alberta.

Also in 2020, the Governor-General of Canada announced that Thomas was being appointed to the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian award.

In 2021, Thomas and Max Allan Collins teamed to write a sci-fi mystery novel, The Many Lives of Jimmy Leighton.

Awards
 ACTRA AWARD for Best Variety Performer in 1978.
 Emmy Award in 1981 for Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Musical Program.
 Juno Award for Best Canadian Comedy Album of the Year in 1981.
 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album Nominated in 1983
 Juno Award in 1983-84 for Best Comedy Album of the Year.
 People's Choice Award with the cast of Grace Under Fire in 1994.
  Earl Grey Award in 1995 for his work on SCTV.
 In 2002, he and the cast of the SCTV received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame.
 Emmy Award in 2006 - Outstanding Achievement in Content for Non-Traditional Delivery Platforms – Thomas and his company Animax won this award for ESPN's Off Mikes
 Lifetime Achievement Award from Humber College Toronto in November 2009.
 Honorary Doctor of Letters from McMaster University in 2009
  AMPIA Special Achievement Award from Alberta Media Production Industries Association in 2013
 Honoured at the 2013 AMPIA Awards for his contribution to film and television.
In 2020, Dave Thomas was appointed as a member of the Order of Canada.
 In 2020, life-sized statues of Dave Thomas and Rick Moranis as their characters Bob and Doug McKenzie were put in place at the ICE District Sports Arena in Edmonton, Alberta.

Partial filmography

 SCTV (1976–1982, TV Series) as Doug McKenzie, Various
 Home to Stay Television MOW (1978, television film) as Petrie
 Riel (1979, television film) as Cdn. Captain
 Deadly Companion (1980) as Howie
 Stripes (1981) as M.C.
 Strange Brew (1983, also co-director) as Doug McKenzie
 The Get-Along Gang (1984, pilot episode) as Leland Lizard
 The New Show (1984, TV Series)
 Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird (1985) as Sam Sleaze
 My Man Adam (1985) as Jerry Swit
 In the Mood (1987) as Bob Hope (voice, uncredited)
 Love at Stake (1987) as Mayor Upton
 Moving (1988) as Gary Marcus
 Rocket Boy (1989, television film) as Rocket Boy
 The Experts (1989, director)
 The Dave Thomas Comedy Show (1990, TV Series) as Himself
 Parker Lewis Can't Lose (1991, TV Series) as Lionel Tower
 Boris and Natasha: The Movie (1992, television film) as Boris Badenov
 Camp Candy (1992) as Mr. Schnope (in "Bobby Bittman")
  Animaniacs (1993) as King Arthur (voice)
 Cold Sweat (1993) as Larry
 Coneheads (1993) as Highmaster
 Ghost Mom (1993, director)
 Grace Under Fire (1993–1998, TV Series) as Russell Norton
 Public Enemy Number Two (1993) as Wynn Dalton / Dwayne Gary Steckler
 Splitting Heirs (1993)
 The Larry Sanders Show (1994)
 Kidz in the Woods (1995)
 Picture Perfect (1995, television film) as Ernie Barrett
 The Simpsons (1997–2006, TV Series) as Bob Hope / Rex Banner (voice)
 The Red Green Show (1994–1995, TV Series) as Ben Franklin
 Pippi Longstocking (1997) as Thunder-Karlsson (voice)
 King of the Hill (1998–2007, TV Series) as Lane Pratley / Gretta (voice)
 Cosby (1999, TV Series) as Tully
 Most Valuable Primate (2000) as Willy Drucker
 Te wu mi cheng (2001) (voice)
 Rat Race (2001) as Harold Grisham
 That '70s Show (2001, TV Series) as Chris
 Space Ghost Coast to Coast (2001, TV Series) as Himself (voice)
 Fancy Dancing (2002) as Uncle Billy Gemmill
 Justice League (2002, TV Series) as Harv Hickman and Ernst (voice)
 New Beachcombers (2002, television film) as Dave McGonigal
 Who's Your Daddy? (2003) as Carl Hughes
 Brother Bear (2003) as Tuke (voice)
 Beethoven's 5th (2003) as Freddy Kablinski
 Intern Academy (2004) as Dr. Omar Olson
 Love on the Side (2004) as Red
 Santa's Slay (2005) as Pastor Timmons
 Arrested Development (2005, TV Series) as Trevor
 The Aristocrats (2005) as Himself
 Brother Bear 2 (2006, video) as Tuke (voice)
 Weeds (2006, TV Series)
 Bob & Doug McKenzie's Two-Four Anniversary (2007, television film documentary) as Doug McKenzie
 Bob & Doug (2009, TV Series) as Doug McKenzie
 Popzilla (2009, TV Series) (voice)
 Pound Puppies (2011–2012, TV Series) as Agent Todd (voice)
 Perception (2012, TV Series) as Bill Duffy
 Comedy Bang! Bang! (2012–2015, TV Series) as Burt Aukerman
 Bones (2013–2017, TV Series) as Dick Scarn / Andrew Jursic
 How I Met Your Mother (2013, TV Series) as Chuck Gerussi
 Bounty Hunters (2013, TV Series) as Jesco / Actor
 The Blacklist (2015–2016, TV Series)

Celebrity impersonations on SCTV

 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
 Al Pacino (as Steve Burns)
 Arnold Schwarzenegger
 Art Linkletter
 Bennett Cerf
 Benny Hill
 Bob Hope
 Carl Sagan

 DeForest Kelley
 Fred Travalena (as Jim Nabors)
 G. Gordon Liddy
 Hal Holbrook (as James Whitmore)
 James Herriot
 Jerry Brown
 John Simon
 Ken Osmond

 Lee Iacocca
 Liberace
 Lloyd Bridges
 Michael Caine
 Neil Simon
 Orson Welles
 Phil Donahue
 Randy Newman

 Red Buttons
 Richard Harris
 Robert Duvall
 Rodney Dangerfield
 Roger Ebert
 Sean Connery
 Walter Cronkite

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Entry at thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
 Dave Thomas page at Godspell.ca (archive)
 Animax Entertainment
 Dave Thomas on 'The Hour'

1949 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian male comedians
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male television writers
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian people of Welsh descent
Canadian sketch comedians
Canadian television personalities
Film directors from Ontario
Juno Award winners
Male actors from Ontario
McMaster University alumni
People from Dundas, Ontario
People from St. Catharines
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Members of the Order of Canada
People from Oak Park, California
Comedians from Ontario
20th-century Canadian comedians
21st-century Canadian comedians

Dave Thomas (actor)


La mosquée Hadji Bani (en azéri: Hacı Bani məscidi) est une mosquée du  à Bakou, en Azerbaïdjan.

Histoire
Selon une inscription arabe, la mosquée a été construite par Hadji Bani au . La mosquée fait partie du Palais des Chirvanchahs. Le grand mihrab à plusieurs niveaux est situé en face de l'entrée. La mosquée a un dôme.
Selon le décret du Cabinet d'Azerbaïdjan, la mosquée Hadji Bani est un monument historique d'importance nationale.

Voir aussi

 Mosquée Molla Ahmad

Notes et références

Architecture en Azerbaïdjan
Mosquée à Bakou

Mosquée Hadjı Bani


Georg Struve ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Georg von Struve (1886–1933), deutsch-baltischer Astronom
 Georg Adam Struve (1619–1692), deutscher Jurist

Georg Struve


L'opération Bravo était un faux coup d'État planifié par Ngô Đình Nhu, le frère cadet et conseiller en chef du président du Sud-Vietnam Ngô Đình Diệm.

Opération
Nhu était conscient qu'il y avait un complot contre la famille Ngô, et avait l'intention de faire organiser une fausse rébellion par ses forces loyalistes, pour amener les dissidents à s'ouvrir, avant que ses loyalistes écrasent la « rébellion ». Il espérait que cela réaffirmerait le prestige et le pouvoir de sa famille. Cependant, le plan a échoué car Nhu ignorait que le général , qui devait diriger l'opération, faisait partie du véritable soulèvement. Ce qui était censé être l'opération Bravo a ensuite été intégré au véritable coup d'État et Diệm et Nhu ont été assassiné.

Notes et références

République du Viêt Nam
1963 au Viêt Nam
Coup d'État au Viêt Nam

Opération Bravo


bLudvig 1. af Bourbon-Vendôme (Ludvig 1., greve af Vendôme) (født 1376, død 21. december 1446) var greve af Vendôme fra 1403 til 1446. Han var tiptipoldesøn af kong Ludvig 9. af Frankrig (død 1270), og han blev tiptipoldefar til kong Henrik 4. af Frankrig.

Ludvig 1. deltog i flere krige.

Familie
Ludvig 1. var søn af grev Jean 1. af Bourbon-La Marche og Catherine af Vendôme (1354–1412).

Ludvig 1. var gift to gange. Hans andet ægteskab var med Jeanne de Montfort-Laval (død 1468). I dette ægteskab blev han far til to døtre og til sønnen Jean 8. af Bourbon-Vendôme.

Huset Bourbon
Grever fra Frankrig

Ludvig 1. af Bourbon-Vendôme


Masahiko Kumagai (født 23. november 1975) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kashiwa Reysol og Roasso Kumamoto.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masahiko Kumagai


Antarktika Yarımadası, Antarktika kıtasının en kuzey uzantısıdır. Kıtanın Güney Kutup Dairesi dışına çıkan tek uzantısı olan yarımada, aynı zamanda Antarktika'nın Amerika'ya en yaklaştığı yerdir. Yarımadanın ilk kez görülmesi 1820'li yılların başlarında gerçekleşmiştir. Yarımada, yükseklikleri yer yer 2,800 metreye ulaşan dik dağlar ile kaplıdır. Bu bölgedeki dağlar, Güney Amerika'daki And Dağları'nın devamı olarak kabul edilir. Yarımadanın paylaşılması konusunda Şili ve Arjantin arasında bazı politik problemler vardır. Antarktika Kıtası'nın en yumuşak ve sıcak iklime sahip olan bölgesi olduğundan, bölge ile ilgili araştırma yapan merkezlerin birçoğunun istasyonu burada konuşlandırılmıştır.

İklim

Antarktika Yarımadası, daha kuzeyde bulunduğu için Antarktika'nın diğer bölgelerinden daha ılıman bir iklime sahiptir. Burada sıcaklıklar haziranda 1 ila 2 °C'a kadar yükselir ve ocakta -15 °C ila -20 °C'a kadar düşer. Antarktika Yarımadası'nın burnunun 68 derece güneyi, yarımadanın en ılıman bölgesidir. Burada sıcaklıklar yazın 3–4 ay boyunca 0 °C'un üzerindedir ve kışın nadiren -10 °C'un altına düşer.

Yağış oranları, yarımadada farklılık gösterir. Yarımadanın burnunun 68 derece güneyi yılda ortalama 35–50 cm yağış alır. Bu yağışın çoğu yaz aylarında olur ve yağmur biçimindedir. Yarımadanın doğu kıyısının 63 derece güneyinde yağış yılda 10–15 cm olarak değişir. Halbuki Subantarktik adalarda bile yağış yılda ortalama 1–2 metredir.

Kaynakça

Arjantin Antarktikası
Britanya Antarktika Toprakları
Şili Antarktikası
Tundra
Antarktika'daki yarımadalar
Batı Antarktika
Antarktika ekolojik bölgesi

Antarktika Yarımadası


Armand Lambert, né le  à Neuilly-sur-Seine (Seine, aujourd'hi Hauts-de-Seine, en France) et mort le  à Auschwitz (Allemagne nazie, aujourd'hui en Pologne), est un agrégé de mathématiques, astronome à l'Observatoire de Paris, professeur à la Sorbonne, directeur du Bureau international de l'heure à Paris. Il est déporté par le convoi  le , de Drancy vers Auschwitz, où il meurt onze mois plus tard.

Biographie
Armand Lambert est né le  à Neuilly-sur-Seine, dans ce qui était alors le département de la Seine (aujourd'hui dans les Hauts-de-Seine). Il est le fils de Bernard Lambert et de Rosalie Stern. Bernard Lambert, né le 16 septembre 1834 à Metz, en Moselle et mort le 28 décembre 1888 à Belfort, Territoire de Belfort, à l'âge de , est un huissier ou  négociant. Rosalie Stern est née en 1840 et meurt en 1924 à Paris, à l'âge de 84 ans. Les parents d'Armand Lambert se sont mariés le 23 mai 1864 à Landau in der Pfalz, Rhénanie-Palatinat, Allemagne.

Il est le plus jeune d'une fratrie de cinq enfants, dont deux sœurs, Mathilde Lambert et Cécile Lambert (1867-1938) et un frère, Alfred Lambert (1870-1938).

Son grand-père paternel, le rabbin Lion Mayer Lambert (1787-1863), grand-rabbin de Metz, est le premier direcreur de l'École Rabbinique de Metz, fondée en 1829, et transférée à Paris en 1859, devenant le Séminaire israélite de France (SIF).

Juif orthodoxe, Armand Lambert est un membre régulier de l'oratoire du Séminaire israélite de France.

En 1939, il entre au Comité Central de l'Alliance Israélite Universelle.

Études
Armand Lambert est reçu en 1905, en  place,  au concours de l'agrégation de mathématiques. En novembre 1907, il soutient avec succès sa thèse de doctorat Sur le développement de la fonction perturbatrice des planètes, obtenant la mention: "très honorable".  Le jury comprend Paul Appell, président, Henri Poincaré et Jacques Hadamard.

Observatoire de Paris
Le 18 juillet 1906, Armand Lambert devient élève astronome à l'Observatoire de Paris, sous la direction de Maurice Loewy.
Il travaille pendant un an au Bureau des calculs. Il entre ensuite dans le service cercle méridien du jardin (cercle Bischoffsheim). Le 1er avril 1908, il est nommé astronome adjoint. Il est nommé le 1er novembre 1919 par Henri Andoyer comme chargé de conférences d'astronomie et de travaux pratiques à la Sorbonne où il assure des cours jusqu'à sa radiation des cadres, en tant que Juif, en 1941. Il dirige le Service horaire de l'Observatoire de Paris,  puis devient, en 1927, chef du Service méridien et des longitudes et, en 1929, il devient adjoint au directeur du Bureau International de l'Heure. Il est nommé astronome titulaire le 18 mai 1930.

Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il conserve ses fonctions au Bureau international de l'heure, indépendant du Gouvernement français!

Il est secrétaire général du Comité national d'Astronomie et vice-président de la Société astronomique de France.

Auschwitz
Ancien combattant de la Première Guerre mondiale, Armand Lambert se croit protégé. Il refuse donc la proposition du directeur de l'Observatoire, Ernest Esclangon, de prendre refuge dans sa maison de Dordogne.

Armand Lambert arbore l'étoile jaune.

Il est arrêté le 20 août 1943 par la police française à son domicile du 99 boulevard Arago dans le 19e arrondissement de Paris, et interné à Drancy.

Le général Georges Perrier (28 octobre 1872, Montpellier-16 février 1946, Paris),membre de l'Académie des Sciences (France), en son nom et au nom de l'Institut de France entreprend des démarches (soutenues par tous les membres de l'Académie des Sciences) auprès du Maréchal Pétain, pour le sauver, sans succès.

Ernest Esclangon, directeur de l'Observatoire, écrit au ministre de l'Éducation nationale insistant qu'Armand Lambert « n'est actuellement pas remplaçable », sans plus de succès.

Armand Lambert est déporté par le convoi , en date du 2 septembre 1943, de Drancy vers Auschwitz, où il meurt soit le 17 septembre 1943 (selon les informations disponibles en 1951) ou soit onze mois plus tard, le 15 août 1944.

Le général Perrier communique à l'Académie des Sciences, la déportation d'Armand Lambert.

Mémoire
Le 17 décembre 1950, au cimetière Montparnasse, un service religieux est célébré à la mémoire d'Armand Lambert, en présence d'Albert Châtelet, Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences et de Gaston Fayet, membre de l'Académie des Sciences. Le rabbin David Feuerwerker, après les prières d'usage, rend hommage à Armand Lambert.

Publications
 Armand Lambert. L'Astronomie. Albin Michel: Paris, 1922

Bibliographie
 L'Univers israélite: journal des principes conservateurs du judaisme, Volume 1905, 1905. Original from	Harvard University. Digitized	Jul 3, 2008]
  Isaac Landman (Editor), The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An Authoritative and Popular Presentation of Jews and Judaism Since the Earliest Times, Volume 1.] Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, 1939. [Original from	the University of Michigan. Digitized	Aug 27, 2008]
 David Feuerwerker. Biographie d'Armand Lambert. Évidences. no.16, janvier 1951: 46-47
 Serge Klarsfeld. Le Mémorial de la déportation des Juifs de France. Beate et Serge Klarsfeld: Paris, 1978. Nouvelle édition, mise à jour, avec une liste alphabétique des noms.FFDJF (Fils et Filles des Déportés Juifs de France), 2012.
  Michèle Audin. Fatou, Julia, Montel: The Great Prize of Mathematical Sciences of 1918, and Beyond. Springer Science & Business Media, 2011. ,

Distinctions
 Prix Valz de l'Académie des sciences (France), 1915, pour l'ensemble de ses travaux d'observation et de ses recherches théoriques.
  Prix Lalande de l'Académie des sciences (France), 1926, pour son Catalogue des étoiles fondamentales de l'Observatoire de Paris.
 Prix Pierre Guzman  de l'Académie des sciences (France), 1935, pour l'ensemble de ses travaux.
 Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (décret du 11 août 1931).

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Observatoire de Meudon

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1880
Naissance à Neuilly-sur-Seine
Agrégé de mathématiques
Mathématicien français du XXe siècle
Astronome français du XXe siècle
Professeur à l'université de Paris
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
Lauréat du prix Lalande
Judaïsme orthodoxe
Victime de la Shoah en France
Décès en août 1944
Décès à Auschwitz
Décès à 64 ans

Armand Lambert