Joyce is an Irish and French given name and surname. It is derived from the Old French masculine name Josse, which derived from the Latin name Iudocus, the Latinized form of the Breton name Judoc meaning "lord". The name became rare after the 14th century, but was later revived as a female given name, which derived from the Middle English  meaning "rejoice".

The name originated with Saint Joyce (Judoc) (600–668), a Breton prince and hermit and the son of Judicael, king of Brittany.

As a first name

 Joyce Anderson (1923–2014), American furniture designer and woodworker
 Joyce Anderson (artist) (1932–2022), Canadian painter and art teacher
Joyce Ballantyne (1918–2006), American painter of pin-ups
Joyce Dennys (1893–1991), English cartoonist, illustrator and painter
Joyce Wieland (1931–1998), Canadian experimental filmmaker and mixed media artist

Business
Joyce Chen (1917–1994), chef and restaurateur
Joyce Hall (1891–1982), American businessman and founder of Hallmark Cards
Joyce Kiage, businesswoman from Papua New Guinea
Joyce Nicholson (1919-2011), Australian author and businesswoman

Film, television, and theater
Joyce Blair (1932–2006), British actress and dancer
Dr. Joyce Brothers (1927–2013), TV personality
Joyce Bulifant (born 1937), American actress
Joyce Carey (1898–1993), British actress
Joyce Chopra (born 1938), American film director
Joyce Coad (1917–1987), American child actress
Joyce Compton (1907–1997), American actress
Joyce DeWitt (born 1949), American actress best known for her role in Three's Company
Joyce Giraud (born 1975), Puerto Rican actress and model
Joyce Godenzi (born 1965), beauty queen and actress of Chinese and Australian descent
Joyce Gordon (1929–2020), American actress and union representative
Joyce Grenfell (1910–1979), British actress, comedian and singer-songwriter
Joyce Hyser (born 1957), American actress
Joyce Jacobs (1922–2013), British character actress
Joyce Jimenez (born 1978), Filipino American actress
Joyce MacKenzie (1925–2021), American actress
Joyce Nizzari (born 1940), American model and actress
Joyce Randolph (born 1925), American actress
Joyce Redman (1915–2012), British actress
Joyce Sparer Adler (1916–1999), American critic, playwright, and teacher
Joyce Van Patten (born 1934), American actress

Literature and print
Joyce Cary (1888–1957), Irish novelist
Joyce Cavalcante (born 1949), Brazilian novelist
Joyce Brabner (born 1952), writer of political comics
Joyce Dyer (born 1947), American scholar and writer
Joyce Hawkins (died 1992), English lexicographer and dictionary editor
Joyce Jillson (1946–2004), American astrologer, actress, and author
Joyce Johnson (author) (born 1935), American author
Alfred Joyce Kilmer (1886–1918), American poet
Joyce Lussu (1912–1998), Italian writer, translator, and partisan
Joyce Mansour (1928–1986), British-Egyptian surrealist poet
Joyce Maynard (born 1953), American writer
Joyce Carol Oates (born 1938), American novelist
Joyce Carol Thomas (1938–2016), African American playwright, illustrator, and author of children's books

Music
Joyce Auguste, Saint Lucian musician and leader of The Hewanorra Voices
Joyce Blackham (1934–2018), British opera singer
Joyce Cooling, American smooth jazz guitarist
Joyce Chu, Malaysian singer
Joyce DiDonato (born 1969), American opera singer
Joyce Hatto (1928–2006), British pianist, known for the extensive fraudulent release of other performer's live recordings under her own name
Joyce Kennedy, American singer with the funk rock band Mother's Finest
Joyce Moreno (musician) (born 1948), Brazilian singer-songwriter, formerly known as Joyce
Joyce Paul (1937–2016), American country music singer
Joyce Sims (1959–2022), American singer-songwriter and pianist
Joyce Wright (1922–2020), British opera singer and actress
Joyce Yang (born 1986), Korean pianist
Joyce Zhao Hong Qiao (born 1979), Taiwanese actress and member of music group 7 Flowers

Politics
Joyce Anelay, Baroness Anelay of St Johns (born 1947), Conservative member of the House of Lords
Joyce Banda (born 1951), Malawian Member of Parliament
Joyce Baird (1929–2015), British trade unionist
Joyce Beatty (born 1950), American politician, member of the Ohio House of Representatives
Joyce Butler (1910–1992), British Labour Co-operative politician
Joyce Cusack (born 1942), American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives
Joyce Fairbairn (1939–2022), Canadian Senator and first woman Leader of the Government in the Senate
Joyce Gemayel, wife of former President of Lebanon Amin Gemayel and mother of the assassinated politician Pierre Amine Gemayel
Joyce Henry, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Joyce Hens Green (born 1928), American district court judge
Joyce Karlin Fahey (born 1951), Venezuela-born American prosecutor, Los Angeles County Superior Court judge, and two-term mayor of Manhattan Beach, California
Joyce L. Kennard (born 1941), American judge, associate justice of the California Supreme Court
Joyce Mojonnier (born 1943), American politician, California Assemblywoman from 1983 to 1991
Joyce Mujuru (born 1956), Zimbabwean politician, co-vice-president of the Zanu-PF party
Joyce Quin, Baroness Quin (born 1944), British Labour Party politician
Joyce Elaine Roop (1952–1995), American attorney and environmental activist
Joyce Savoline (born 1946), Canadian politician
Joyce Steele (1909–1991), Australian politician and the first woman elected to the Parliament of South Australia
Joyce Trimmer (1927–2008), Canadian politician
Joyce Watson (born 1955), Welsh Labour Party politician and Member of the National Assembly for Wales

Sports
Joyce Barry (1919–1999), Australian cyclist
Joyce Chepchumba (born 1970), Kenyan long-distance runner
Joyce King (1920–2001), Australian sprinter
Joyce Moreno (footballer) (born 1974), Panamanian-Spanish footballer
Joyce Slipp (born 1950), Canadian basketball player and coach
Joyce Walker (born ca. 1961), American basketball player (Harlem Globetrotters) and coach
Joyce Wethered (1901–1997), British golfer
Joyce Ziske (born 1935), American golfer

Other
Joyce Baird (diabetologist) (1929–2014), Scottish diabetes clinician and academic researcher
Joyce Bishop (1896–1993), English educator
Joyce Chiang (1970–1999), Taiwanese-American murdered in Washington, D.C.
Joyce Echaquan (1982/83–2020), Atikamekw woman
Joyce Gemayel, spouse of former Lebanese President Amine Gemayel
Joyce Giraud (born 1975), Miss Universe 1998
Joyce Ladner (born 1943), American sociologist and author
Joyce Lambert (1917–2005), botanist
Joyce Marcus, American archaeologist
Joyce Meyer (born 1943), Christian Evangelical author and speaker
Joyce Ohajah, British journalist and news anchor
Joyce Piliso-Seroke (born 1933), South African educator, activist, and community organizer
Joyce K. Reynolds, computer science professor
Joyce Robinson (1925–2013), Jamaican public servant
Joyce Snell (born 1930), British statistician
Joyce Ann Tyldesely, British archaeologist, academic, and freelance writer
Joyce Waley-Cohen (1920–2013), English educationist and public servant
Joyce Winifred Vickery (1908–1979), Australian botanist

As a last name

Business
Alan Joyce (born 1966), Irish-Australian Qantas CEO
David Joyce (1825–1904), American lumber baron and industrialist
Morton Dean Joyce (1900–1989), of New York City
Patrick H. Joyce (1879–1946), American railroad executive
Ron Joyce (1930-2019), Canadian billionaire and co-founder of Tim Horton's donut chain

Film, television, and theatre
Alice Joyce (1890–1955), American actress
Brenda Joyce (actress) (1912–2009), American actress
Elaine Joyce (born 1945), American actress
Ella Joyce (born 1954), American actress
Emily Joyce (born 1969), British actress
Natalie Joyce (1902–1992), American film actress
Peggy Hopkins Joyce (1893–1957), American actress
Yootha Joyce (1927–1980), British actress

Literature and print
Brenda Joyce (author) (born c.1963), American author
Graham Joyce, British science fiction writer
James Joyce (1882–1941), Irish novelist
John A. Joyce (1842–1915), American military officer, poet and writer
Michael Joyce (born 1945), American author and professor of English
Patrick Weston Joyce (1827–1914), Irish author and brother of Robert Dwyer Joyce
Rachel Joyce (born 1962), English novelist and radio playwright
Robert Dwyer Joyce (1830–1883), Irish poet
Stanislaus Joyce (1884–1955), Irish illustrator

Music
Archibald Joyce, British composer (1873–1963)
Bradley Joyce, American songwriter (born 1968)
Don Joyce (musician) (1994–2015), member of the experimental music group Negativland
Eileen Joyce (1912–1991), Australian pianist
Mike Joyce (born 1963), British drummer with The Smiths

Politics
Barnaby Joyce (born 1967), Australian politician
Brian A. Joyce (1962-2018), Democratic Senator from Massachusetts
Charles Herbert Joyce (1830–1916), U.S. Representative from Vermont
Eric Joyce (born 1960), British politician and member of Parliament
George Joyce (1618–1670?), agitator in the English Civil War
Janet J. Joyce (1940-2015), Illinois state senator
Jeremiah E. Joyce (born 1943), Illinois state senator
Jerome J. Joyce (1939–2019), Illinois state senator
John Joyce (New Zealand politician) (1839–1899), New Zealand politician
Kevin Joyce (politician), Illinois State Representative
Steven Joyce (born 1963), New Zealand politician
William Joyce (1906–1946), Anglo-Irish Nazi propagandist (known as "Lord Haw-haw")

Religion
Gilbert Cunningham Joyce (1866–1942), educator and Bishop of Monmouth
Isaac Wilson Joyce (1836–1905), American bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church
Jeremiah Joyce (1763–1816), Unitarian minister and writer

Sports
Alan Joyce (born 1942), Australian footballer
Bill Joyce (1887–?), Scottish footballer
Bill Joyce (baseball) (1865–1941), American baseball player
Bob Joyce (born 1966), Canadian ice hockey player
Cecelia Joyce (born 1983), Irish cricketer
Darragh Joyce (born 1997), Australian rules footballer
Dominick Joyce (born 1981), Irish cricketer
Don Joyce (American football) (1929–2012), American football player
Ed Joyce (born 1978), Irish cricketer
Gus Joyce (born 1974), Irish cricketer
Isobel Joyce (born 1983), Irish cricketer
Jim Joyce (born 1955), Major League Baseball umpire
Joan Joyce (1940–2022), softball icon, among other sports
Joe Joyce (born 1961), English footballer
Joe Joyce (born 1985), British boxer
John Joyce (footballer) (1877–1956), English goalkeeper, known as "Tiny"
Kaelan Joyce (born 1982), Gibraltarian amateur boxer
Kara Lynn Joyce (born 1985), American swimmer
Leilani Joyce (born 1974), professional squash player from New Zealand
Luke Joyce (born 1987), American soccer player for Carlisle United F.C.
Mark Joyce (born 1983), English snooker player
Matt Joyce (1972), American football player
Matt Joyce (1984), Major League Baseball outfielder
Michael Joyce (tennis player) (born 1973), American tennis player
Pádraic Joyce (born 1977) Irish Gaelic football player for County Galway
Rachel Joyce (born 1978), British triathlete
Regina Joyce (born 1957), Irish long-distance runner
Sean William Joyce (born 1967), English footballer
Warren Joyce (born 1965), English footballer

Other
Ernest Joyce (RNZAF officer) (1920–1944), New Zealand flying ace of the Second World War
Gerald Joyce (born 1956), American scientist
Kenyon A. Joyce, a U.S. Army officer during World War II.
Kerry Joyce, American interior designer
Lucia Joyce (1907–1982), ballet dancer and daughter of writer James Joyce
Maolra Seoighe (Myles Joyce), Irishman executed by British authorities
Nan Joyce (1940–2018), Irish Travellers' right activist
Philip Michael Joyce (1920–1942), U.S. Navy ensign for whom the U.S. destroyer escort USS Joyce (DE-317) is named
Rosemary Joyce, American anthropologist
Thomas Athol Joyce (1878−1942), British anthropologist
Seoighe Inish Bearachain, Irish rowing champions

Fictional characters
Joyce Barry, character in The Prisoner
Joyce Barnaby, character in  Midsomer Murders  (TV Series)
Joyce Benson, character in the 1970s comedy Angie
Joyce Byers, character in Stranger Things
Joyce Davenport, character in Hill Street Blues
Joyce Hayward, eponymous heroine of Joyce, an 1888 novel by Margaret Oliphant
Joyce Kinney, character in Family Guy
Joyce Summers, character in Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Gilda Joyce, character in the Gilda Joyce mystery novels

See also
 Joyce Country, a region of counties Galway in Ireland in which the Joyce family name is common.

References

Given names
Surnames
English feminine given names
Feminine given names
English unisex given names
English-language unisex given names
English-language surnames
Surnames from given names
Surnames of Irish origin
Surnames of French origin

Joyce (name)


Peeter Munitsõn (* 9. November 1965 in Tartu) ist ein estnischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Peeter Munitsõn siegte 1982 erstmals bei den nationalen Titelkämpfen in der Estnischen SSR. Bis 2000 gewann er insgesamt zehn Titel in seiner Heimat, davon sieben im Doppel, zwei im Mixed und einen im Einzel.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
http://www.spordiinfo.ee/esbl/biograafia/Peeter_Munits%F5n

Badmintonspieler (Estland)
Badmintonspieler (Sowjetunion)
Estnischer Meister (Badminton)
Este
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1965
Mann

Peeter Munitsõn


Private Resort (Punto De Recreo  o Playa Privada en español) es una Comedia Cinematográfica de 1985, dirigida por George Bowers y escrito por Gordon Mitchell, Ken Segall, y Alan Wenkus. La película fue protagonizada por Rob Morrow (su primera aparición), Johnny Depp y Andrew Dice Clay.

Argumento

Jack (Johnny Depp) y Ben (Rob Morrow), son amigos de la adolescencia que están al acecho sexual de chicas guapas, ricas en una lujosa playa de Miami donde han sido invitados un fin de semana. También a la caza está El Maestro (Héctor Elizondo), un experto ladrón de joyas, que intenta robar el collar de diamantes de Amanda Rawlings (Dody Goodman). Cuando accidentalmente le dan un vuelco al El Maestro, Ben y Jack se irán con las manos llenas.

Private Resort fue la tercera de una serie de películas de jugueteos sexuales de adolescentes de la productora R. Ben Efraim, cada una con la palabra Privado en el título.

Reparto

Enlaces externos

Private Resort


An Octomeria unguiculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Octomeria unguiculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Octomeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Octomeria

Octomeria unguiculata


Kukla, tek aktörlü, üç boyutlu, taklit ve söze, karşılıklı konuşmaya dayalı geleneksel seyirlik oyunu.

Türkçe oyuncak bebek anlamına gelen ve bugün Anadolu'da yaşayan korçak, kudurcuk, kaburcuk, koğurcak, kavırçak, lubet, ninik gibi isimlerle yaşayan kukla seyirlik oyunların en eskilerindendir. "Korkolçak", "Çadır hayal" (ipli kukla) adı ile yaşayan kukla Orta Asya'da da aynı isimle yaşatılmakta ve Orta Asya'dan getirildiği sanılmaktadır.

Birçok Türk boyunda kendine özgü basit teknik içinde görülen ve 17. yüzyıldan beri Türkiye'de şehirlerde kukla adı ile bilinen oyun Anadolu'da köylüler arasında "bebek, çömce gelin, karaçör" gibi isimlerle yaygındır. Konusunu günlük yaşamdan ve edebi hikâyelerden alan kukla bir hareket ve hacim oyunudur. 14. yüzyıldan bu yana oynatıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu oyunun baş kahramanı "İbiş" ve ihtiyardır. İbiş kurnaz ve hazırcevaptır. İhtiyar ise varlıklı bir kişidir.

El kuklacısı, küçük bir sahnenin ardından iki eliyle kuklaları karşılıklı konuşturur, oynatır. İpli kuklada ise sahnenin üstünden iplerle kuklaları hareket ettirir. Sahnenin üstünde kukla köprüsü denilen bir yerde vardır kuklacı buraya çıkarak kendisi gözükmeden kuklasını oynatır. Sözlü veya sözsüz kukla olabilir. Eğer kukla oyunu sözlüyse perdenin arkasında seslendirilir.
Bir dönem kuklalar politik amaçlı kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca Hristiyan kiliselerinde dini konular kuklalar oynatılarak insanlara anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır.

Türkiye'de ipli kukla, el kuklası, araba kuklası, iskemle kuklası, yer kuklası, ayak kuklası, baş kuklası gibi türlerle bilinen kukla sanatı 19. yüzyıl sonlarında önemini kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Cumhuriyet döneminde sınırlı sayıda sanatçı yaşatmaya çalışmıştır. Türkiye'de en çok bilinen Karagöz ve Hacivat kuklaları gölge oyunu kategorisinde yer alır.

Kukla türleri
 Su kuklası
 Dijital kuklacılık
 Temsili kukla
 El kuklası
 Gölge kuklası
 Dev kukla
 Parmak kuklası
 Eldiven kuklası
 Çorap kuklası

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kuklacılık
 Kuklacı
 Supermarionation
 Oyuncak tiyatrosu
 Kukla tiyatrosu
 Poppet
 Pandomim
 Vantrilokluk
 Bunraku

Kuklacılık
Tiyatro
Gösteri sanatları

Kukla


Simcoe County is located in the central portion of Southern Ontario, Canada. The county is just north of the Greater Toronto Area, stretching from the shores of Lake Simcoe in the east to Georgian Bay in the west. Simcoe County forms part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe area, a densely populated and industrialized region, centred on the Greater Toronto Area.

The land area of the county is . The elevated Niagara Escarpment runs through sections of the western part of the county, and the Minesing Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention wetland of international importance, is located in the central area of the county.

The county administrative centre is on Highway 26 in Midhurst, outside Barrie.

Geography
Simcoe County is informally split into two subregions, "South Simcoe" and "North Simcoe".  The dividing line between these two areas is Simcoe County Road 90 (Mill St.).

South Simcoe municipalities are situated at the northern boundary of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and therefore generally have a closer socio-economic association with the GTA.  South Simcoe is also within the Toronto commuter belt as it is home to a relatively high proportion of people commuting to the GTA.  South Simcoe is home to five municipalities, including: the Town of Innisfil, the Township of Adjala-Tosorontio, the Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury, the Township of Essa and the Town of New Tecumseth (which includes: Alliston, Beeton and Tottenham).

North Simcoe is less connected to the GTA due to its more removed geographic location, is generally less industrial than South Simcoe, and generally has a closer socio-economic association with the Muskoka area, located immediately north. However, North Simcoe hosts two GO Transit train stations that provide daily commuter rail service to Toronto.  North Simcoe includes the Township of Clearview, the Township of Oro-Medonte, the Township of Ramara, the Township of Severn, the Township of Springwater, the Township of Tay and the Township of Tiny, the Town of Collingwood, the Town of Midland, the Town of Penetanguishene and the Town of Wasaga Beach. The cities of Barrie and Orillia are geographically within North Simcoe, but both are politically independent single-tier municipalities.

History
Simcoe County, in particular the former Wendake area near Nottawasaga Bay, was the site of the earliest French exploration and settlement of Ontario; they were the first Europeans in the area. Several historic sites, including Carhagouha and Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, mark the earliest known contacts between the area's traditional Huron population and French missionaries. The Huron capital, Ossossané, was at one time the largest aboriginal settlement in all of North America outside Mexico.

The County, named by Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada John Graves Simcoe in honour of his father Captain John Simcoe, was established as part of the Home District in 1798 by the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada. Its initial territory was described as follows:

At its beginning, the County existed only for purposes of military enlistment. In 1823, it became a separate constituency for elections to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, but, as eligibility to vote was dependent upon having title to property, and Simcoe's first registrar of deeds was not appointed until 1826, it did not send a separate member to the Assembly until the election of John Cawthra in 1828. It was withdrawn from the Home District in 1837, with its territory divided as follows:

Between 1837 and 1841 several acts were passed by the Legislature of Upper Canada which set apart Simcoe District. These acts named the townships that the County would encompass and authorized the levying of taxes for the purpose of constructing a jail and court house. On January 11, 1843, the jail and court house having been duly erected, the Governor General proclaimed the County of Simcoe to be a separate and distinct District. The province of Canada also appointed James R. Gowan as the first judge of the District of Simcoe.

The District was restructured in 1845, changing its composition to the following 24 townships:

 Adjala
 Artemesia
 Collingwood
 Essa
 Flos
 West Gwillimbury
 Innisfil
 Medonte
 Matchedash
 Mulmur
 Mono
 Nottawasaga
 Osprey
 Oro
 North Orillia
 South Orillia
 Saint Vincent
 Sunnidale
 Tay
 Tecumseth
 Tosorontio
 Tiny
 Uphrasia (sic)
 Vespra

Effective January 1, 1850, Simcoe District was abolished, and Simcoe County was organized for municipal purposes.

Between 1845 and 1851, there had been a campaign to have the part of West Gwillimbury south of the Holland River annexed to York County. The County Council finally agreed to this action in 1851, subject to arbitration as to the division of liabilities. It was implemented by an Act of the Parliament of the Province of Canada later that year.

On January 1, 1852, after transferring its five western townships to Grey County, the County was defined as including the following townships:

 Adjala
 Essa
 Flos
 Gwillimbury West
 Innisfil
 Matchedash
 Medonte
 Mono
 Mulmur
 Nottawasaga
 Orillia
 Oro
 Sunnidale
 Tay
 Tecumseth
 Tiny
 Tossorontio (sic)
 Vespra

Together with the unorganized territory bounded to the north by the French River, to the south by the Severn River and Rama Township, to the west by Lake Huron and to the east by the former boundary between the Home District and the Newcastle District as extended to the French River.

The unorganized territory, some of which had been surveyed into townships, together with parts of Victoria County and Nipissing District, was withdrawn in 1868-1869 to form the new District of Muskoka and District of Parry Sound. However, any municipalities established in them still formed part of the original counties for municipal purposes, and they were still responsible for the administration of justice, which proved to be problematic. The portions of the districts that were not part of Simcoe County were transferred to it in 1877. This lasted until 1888, when the territory contained within the districts was separated from Simcoe County.

Mono and Mulmur Townships were withdrawn from Simcoe County in 1881 and transferred to the newly formed Dufferin County.

Mara and Rama Townships were transferred to Simcoe County following the dissolution of Ontario County in 1974.

Restructuring (1994)

In 1994, the County was restructured into 16 local municipalities:

 Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury
 Town of Collingwood
 Town of Innisfil
 Town of Midland
 Town of New Tecumseth
 Town of Penetanguishene
 Town of Wasaga Beach
 Township of Adjala–Tosorontio
 Township of Clearview
 Township of Essa
 Township of Oro-Medonte
 Township of Ramara
 Township of Severn
 Township of Springwater
 Township of Tay
 Township of Tiny

The cities of Barrie and Orillia are separated from the County, as are three Indian reserves:

Christian Island 30
Christian Island 30A
Mnjikaning First Nation 32

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Simcoe County had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Government
The Corporation of the County of Simcoe comprises 16 local municipalities.  As an "upper tier" municipality, the County of Simcoe is responsible for municipal services which include social housing, land ambulance and emergency planning, environmental services (solid waste management), a County road system, Ontario Works, children's services, homes for the aged, a library co-operative, museum, archives, County forest management, tourism, a Geographic Information System (computer mapping) and land use policy planning.

The local, or "lower tier" municipalities are responsible for water and sewer services, local roads, public libraries, recreation services, fire and police services, land use development control and licensing and permitting services.

The cities of Barrie and Orillia, although separate politically and administratively from the County, are geographically and economically part of the County and send elected representatives to serve on County committees which provide services to the residents of the cities, including paramedic services, long term care facilities, social services, social housing, archives and Museum.  They are counted within the census division.

County Council is composed of the mayors and deputy mayors of each of the sixteen towns and townships which comprise the County of Simcoe.  The head of County Council is called the Warden and is elected for a one-year term by the council members at the Inaugural Meeting, held each December.

Though once a consideration according to the Wasaga Sun, Simcoe County has elected not to restructure itself as a regional municipality.

Federal and provincial representation
Simcoe County encompasses all or part of the federal electoral districts of Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte, Barrie—Innisfil, York—Simcoe, Simcoe—Grey and Simcoe North.

The current Members of Parliament representing Simcoe County are:
 Bruce Stanton (Conservative), Simcoe North
 Terry Dowdall (Conservative), Simcoe—Grey
 Doug Shipley (Conservative), Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte
 John Brassard (Conservative), Barrie—Innisfil
 Scot Davidson (Conservative), York—Simcoe

Simcoe County encompasses all or part of the provincial electoral districts of Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte, Barrie—Innisfil, York—Simcoe, Simcoe—Grey and Simcoe North.

The current Members of Provincial Parliament representing Simcoe County are:
 Jill Dunlop (Progressive Conservative), Simcoe North
 Brian Saunderson (Progressive Conservative), Simcoe—Grey
 Doug Downey (Progressive Conservative), Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte
 Andrea Khanjin (Progressive Conservative), Barrie—Innisfil
 Caroline Mulroney (Progressive Conservative), York—Simcoe

Local services

Law enforcement and policing
Five police services provide law enforcement and local policing in Simcoe County:
 Barrie Police Service in Barrie
 South Simcoe Police Service in Innisfil and Bradford West Gwillimbury
 Rama Police Service in Rama, Ontario and for the Chippewas of Rama First Nation
 Anishinabek Police Service on Christian Island and for the Beausoleil First Nation
 Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) for the rest of the county including Orillia, and enforcement on provincial highways, especially Ontario Highway 400 and Ontario Highway 11.

The Midland Police Service, which served the Town of Midland, was disbanded in February 2018. The OPP assumed policing responsibilities in Midland afterwards.

Canadian Forces Military Police provides policing and security for CFB Borden (25 km southwest of Barrie).

Public health
The local public agency for the county, the cities of Barrie and Orillia, and the neighbouring District Municipality of Muskoka is the Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit. It is responsible for delivering public health programs and services, enforcing public health regulations, and advising local officials and local governments on health issues.

Simcoe County has five hospitals:
 Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre in Barrie
 Orillia Soldiers' Memorial Hospital
 Stevenson Memorial Hospital in Alliston, Ontario (New Tecumseth)
 Collingwood General And Marine Hospital
 Georgian Bay General Hospital in Midland and Penetanguishene

Southern parts of the County are also served by the Southlake Regional Health Centre in Newmarket, Ontario (York Region).

The County operates ambulance and paramedic services (EMS) for the county and the independent cities of Barrie and Orillia. The Beausoleil First Nation (Christian Island) and the Chippewas of Rama First Nation (Rama) operate their own EMS services for their territories.

Economy
The economy of Simcoe County is diverse and includes a full range of businesses from agricultural, industrial and high-tech sectors.

Honda of Canada Manufacturing has been established in Simcoe County since 1986 and is one of the county's largest single employers.  In addition to the automotive industry, other industries include plastics, glass manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and aggregate resources. The county is also home to other institutions including Casino Rama, Georgian College, Canadian Forces Base Borden, a campus of Lakehead University and the Ontario Provincial Police Headquarters.

Agri-business is a diverse, multi-faceted industry and farmland in the region is among the best in all of Canada, including a section of the Holland Marsh in Bradford.

Tourism is a vital industry in Simcoe County, providing a diversity of jobs and economic impact in a variety of sectors including accommodation, restaurants, destinations, events and retail. Simcoe County plays host to over eight million visitors annually that contributes more than 570 million dollars in spending to its economy.

Transportation

Road
The road network in Simcoe County is based on a grid pattern, with most roads running north–south or east–west. The topography of the land has permitted roads to be set in predominantly straight lines.

Simcoe County is traversed by many Provincial Highways; Ontario Highway 400 being the most significant. Other provincial highways in Simcoe County include: Highway 11, Highway 12, Highway 26, Highway 89 and Highway 93.

Simcoe County also maintains an extensive series of County Roads, see List of numbered roads in Simcoe County.

Rail
GO Transit operates daily commuter rail services to and from downtown Toronto along its Barrie line with three stops in Simcoe County: one stop in Bradford West Gwillimbury (Bradford) and two stops in Barrie (Barrie South and Allandale Waterfront).

Via Rail's Canadian Toronto-Vancouver transcontinental passenger train makes request stops at the Washago railway station in Severn.

There are three main rail freight operators in Simcoe County; Canadian National Railway (CN), Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and Barrie Collingwood Railway.

Air
Lake Simcoe Regional Airport is a registered airport located almost midway between Barrie and Orillia, in the township of Oro-Medonte. The airport is owned jointly by the City of Barrie (60%), the Township of Oro-Medonte (20%), and the County (20%). The airport is equipped to accommodate propeller and jet aircraft, and is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency. The County is also served by the Orillia Ramara Regional Airport in Ramara, 12 km northeast of Orillia. The closest major airport, however, is Toronto Pearson International Airport.

Public transit

LINX

The County has operated an intercommunity regional bus service, LINX, since 2018. It also operates a subsidiary paratransit service called LINX+. The LINX system connects population centres in the area such as Barrie, Orillia, Midland, Penetanguishene, Wasaga Beach, and Collingwood, and acts as an intermediate transit layer between local community bus services and higher-order regional transit, such as GO Transit and Ontario Northland. Planned future routes would connect Alliston with Bradford West Gwillimbury, and Midland with Orillia.

Local transit

Some of the County's larger urban centres have local public transit operations, which consist of bus services. These include Barrie Transit, BWG Transit (Bradford West Gwillimbury), Colltrans (Collingwood), Orillia Transit, Midland Penetanguishene Transit, and Wasaga Beach Transit.

Intercity bus

Intercity bus services serving Simcoe County include GO Transit (Route 68), and Ontario Northland.

Education

There are 4 public school boards which operate in Simcoe County:

 The Simcoe County District School Board operates all public schools within Simcoe County.
 The Simcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board operates the separate Catholic school system within Simcoe County.
 The Conseil scolaire Viamonde operates all French language public schools within Simcoe County.
 The Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir operates all French language Catholic schools within Simcoe County.

Undergraduate and graduate university programs are offered at Lakehead University in Orillia. Post-secondary education is also offered by Georgian College in Barrie, Midland, Orillia and Collingwood. A number of additional universities offer programs through the University Partnership Centre (UPC) in Georgian College.

See also
 List of municipalities in Ontario
List of townships in Ontario

Further reading

Notes

References

External links

Counties in Ontario

Simcoe County


මෙන්ඩල්ට පසුව විද්‍යාඥයන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රවේණික යාන්ත්‍රණයන් වේ. ඒවා නම්,
ප්‍රතිබද්ධය
අසම්පුර්ණ ප්‍රමුඛතාවය
සහ ප්‍රමුඛතාවය
බහු ඇලීලතාවය
ජාන අන්තර්ක්‍රියා
බහුජාන ප්‍රවේණිය
ලිංග නිර්ණය සහ ලිංග ප්‍රතිබද්ධය

ප්‍රතිබද්ධය - Linkage
ජීවියෙකු සතුව පවතින වර්ණදේහ ගණන සීමිත වන නමුදු ලක්ෂණ පාලනය කරන ජාන අතිවිශාල සංක්‍යාවක් පිහිටයි. එම නිසා අනිවාර්යයෙන්ම එක් වර්ණදේහයක් මත ජාන එකකට වඩා වැඩි සංක්‍යාවක් පිහිටිය යුතුයි. එලෙස විවිධ ලක්ෂණ පාලනය කරන ජාන එකම වර්ණ දේහයක පිහිටා තිබීම ප්‍රතිබද්ධය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

අසම්පූර්ණ ප්‍රමුඛතාවය - Incomplete dominance
ජ්ස්ජ්ස්ජ්ස්ස්ස්ස්

සහ ප්‍රමුඛතාවය - Co-dominance

බහු ඇලීලතාවය - Polyallelism

ජාන අන්තර්ක්‍රියා - Gene interaction

බහු ජාන ප්‍රවේණිය - Polygenetic inheritance

ලිංග නිර්ණය සහ ලිංග ප්‍රති බද්ධය - Sex determination

මෙන්ඩලීය නොවන ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව


Firavun (Arapça فرعون ; İbranice פַּרְעֹה ) Antik Mısır'da hükümdarlara verilen isim. "Büyük Ev, Saray" anlamını taşıyan kelime daha sonraları hükümdardan bahsetmek şeklini almıştır. Firavunlar aynı zamanda tanrı Horus'un yeryüzündeki simgesi ve beşinci hanedandan sonra da güneş tanrısı Ra'nın oğlu olarak da kabul ediliyordu.

Mısır toplumunda din günlük yaşamın merkeziydi. Firavun, tanrılar ve insanların aracısıydı. Böylece firavun tanrılara vekalet ederdi. Mısır'daki tüm topraklara sahipti, yasalar çıkarır vergiler toplardı ve Mısır'ı ordunun başkomutanı olarak işgalcilerden korurdu. Dini olarak, firavun dini törenleri üstlendi ve yeni tapınakları seçti. Ma'at'ı veya kozmik düzeni, dengeyi ve adaleti korumaktan sorumluydu ve bunun bir kısmı, gerektiğinde ülkeyi savunmak için savaşa girmeyi veya bunun Ma'at'a katkıda bulunacağına inanıldığında başkalarına saldırmayı içeriyordu.

Firavun olmak için anne tarafından soylu kan taşımanın daha önemli olduğuna inanılırdı. Böylece halktan kimi erkekler tam kan soylu bir kadınla evlenerek tahta çıkabilmişlerdi. Firavunların kutsal ve gizemli kabul edilen birçok adları vardır. Bunların sonuncusunu tahta çıktıkları zaman alıyorlardı ve genellikle bu ad, o firavunun izleyeceği politikanın bir habercisi olarak görülüyordu. Mesela savaş tanrısı Mantu'nun adını kullanarak Mantuhotep (Mantu hoştur) ismini alan bir firavun askeri seferler yapacağını ilan etmiş oluyordu.

Firavunlar ölene dek idarede kalıyorlardı. Bilinen en uzun iktidar 92 yılla eski krallıktaki son hükümdar Pepi II Neferkare'ye aittir. Uzun süre tahtta kalabilmek için her 30 yılda bir sihirli bir tören olan gençleşme festivali (heb-set) yapılıyordu. Firavun öldüğü zaman iç organları çıkarılıyor, cesedi mumyalanıyor, 70 günlük yastan sonra dirilince kullanmak üzere, özel eşyalarıyla birlikte bir lahite konuluyor ve mezar kapatılıyordu.

Firavunlar listesi

Kaynakça

Tevrat'taki kişiler

Firavun


Governo Regional da Crimeia () foi o governo de uma região autônoma no território da península da Crimeia durante a Guerra Civil na Rússia. Teve duas composições diferentes: o governo pró-alemão de Matvei Alexandrovich Sulkevich (25 de junho - 15 de novembro de 1918) e o Governo Zemstvo de Solomon Samoilovich Crimeia (15 de novembro de 1918 - abril de 1919).

História

Após a Revolução de Outubro de 1917 na Rússia, um governo étnico tártaro proclamou a República Popular da Crimeia. A república logo foi invadida pelas forças bolcheviques no início de 1918, que estabeleceram a República Socialista Soviética de Taurida e depois pelas forças da República Popular da Ucrânia com a assistência militar do Império Alemão na Ofensiva da Crimeia no final de abril de 1918.

O primeiro Governo Regional da Crimeia foi estabelecido em 25 de junho de 1918. Foi formado sob proteção alemã com o tártaro de Lipka General Matvei Alexandrovich Sulkevich como Primeiro-Ministro, Ministro do Interior e Assuntos Militares. Houve esforços da Ucrânia para exercer controle sobre a Crimeia, mas, com apoio alemão, o governo regional permaneceu separado da Ucrânia, embora, em setembro e outubro, houvesse negociações para efetivar uma federação dos dois.

Após a retirada das tropas alemãs da Crimeia, o impopular Sulkevich caiu do poder em 25 de novembro de 1918 e foi sucedido pelo político caraíta da crimeia e ex-membro do Kadet Solomon Crimeia. Este regime liberal e anti-bolchevique incluía o ex-membro do Kadet Maxim Vinaver como ministro das Relações Exteriores e Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov como Ministro da Justiça. No final de novembro de 1918, tropas dos Aliados da Primeira Guerra Mundial, principalmente franceses e gregos, desembarcaram na Crimeia, mas se retiraram em abril de 1919, após a perda de Odessa.

O Governo de Crimeia, também chamado de Governo da Fronteira da Crimeia, começou a desmoronar no início de 1919 devido a tensões com o Exército Voluntário do Movimento Branco Russo sob Anton Denikin, que suspeitava da lealdade de suas principais figuras. O colapso das Potências Centrais da Primeira Guerra Mundial e a retirada dos Aliados tornaram a Crimeia novamente totalmente dependente da Rússia.

Em 2 de abril de 1919, o Exército Vermelho soviético ocupou Simferopol e o segundo Governo Regional da Crimeia foi dissolvido. A República Socialista Soviética da Crimeia foi então estabelecida apenas para ser retomada pelas forças brancas em junho de 1919. Os brancos sob Denikin e depois Pyotr Wrangel mantiveram a Crimeia até novembro de 1920.

Ver também

 Guerra Civil Russa

Referências

História da Crimeia
Guerra Civil Russa
Estados e territórios extintos em 1919
Estados extintos

Governo Regional da Crimeia


Théoden, J. R. R. Tolkien'in kurgusal Orta Dünya evreninde bir karakter, Rohan ülkesinin 17. kralı.

Kral Thengel'in ve Lossarnachlı Morwen'in tek oğludur. Biri kendinden büyük olmak üzere dört kız kardeşi vardır. En sevdiği kardeşi Theodwyn'dir. Üçüncü çağın 2948 yılında -Thengel kral olana kadar- ailesinin yaşadığı Gondor'da doğmuştur. Yetiştirilirken Rohirrimden çok Sindarin dilini ve Ortak Lisan'ı öğrenmiştir. Halkının dilini daha sonraları öğrenmiştir.

Babasının Ü.Ç. 2980'de ölmesi üzerine kral olmuştur. Denir ki, tacı devraldığı gün, dağlardaki kötü kalpli yaratıklar silahlarını geride bırakarak birden ortadan yok olmuşlardır.

Kardeşi Theodwyn'i yanına alarak tahtını Edoras'a kurmuştur. Gençliğinde elf kanı taşıyan biriyle evlenmiştir ancak kraliçe, oğlu Theodred'i doğururken ölmüştür. Theodwyn'in ve kocası Eomund'un ölümünün ardından yeğenleri Eomer ve Eowyn'i himayesine almış, kendi çocuğu gibi yetiştirmiştir.

Theoden, hükümdarlığının erken dönemlerinde güçlü, sağlıklı ve çok etkileyici bir kraldı. Çok çabuk ve iyi kararlar verir, halkının olabilecek en iyi şekilde yaşaması için çabalardı. İyi bir biniciydi. Halkının doğasında olan bir özelliği olarak, uzun boylu ve mağrur yapılıydı, oldukça güçlüydü.

Ordunun başkomutanı da olan Eomund'un ölümünden sonra, bu görevi kendisi üstlendi. Kılıcının adı Herugrim idi. denir ki, Theoden bu kılıçla hangi orkun canını almayı arzularsa, o orkun Theoden'in gazabından kaçışı olmazdı.

Yüzük savaşı zamanında, Theoden yaklaşık 30 yıldır hükümdardı, ve yaşının belirtilerini gösteriyordu. Başdanışmanı ve Saruman'ın ajanı olan, ve hatta denildiğine göre ona "yaşlandırıcı zehirler" veren Grima Solucandil'in etkisi altında kararlarını veriyordu. Ayrıca Gleowine adında bir vekilharcı vardı.

Yüzük Savaşı'nın ilk dönemlerinde, hükmünün ellerinin arasından kayıp gitmesine izin vermiş, ve Solucandil'in hükmü bu dönemde otoritesi oldukça güçlenmiştir. Rohan orduları da Isengard'daki Saruman'ın emrindeki orklarla ve güneylilerle tekrar çatışmaya başlamıştı.

Oğlu Theodred, Saruman'ın orklarıyla yaptığı İsen Sığlıkları Savaşı'nda ölümcül olarak yaralanınca, yeğeni Eomer'i varisi ilan etmiştir.

Gandalf ve Aragorn onunla konuşmaya geldiğinde Theoden, Gandalf'ın "atlarınızı Saruman'a karşı sürün" öğüdüne uymaya karar vermiş, Gandalf Grima'yı defettikten sonra Theoden eski gücüne tekrar kavuştu, kılıcını aldı ve atını Miğfer Dibi'ne sürdü. Bu andan sonra ona Edne (yenilenmiş) adı verildi, zira Saruman'ın ve Solucandil'in verdiği telkinden kurtulmuştu.

Genç Eorl'un yeminini tutarak, en kısa sürede Rohirrime liderlik ederek Gondor'un yardımına, Pelennor Çayırları Savaşı'na koşmuştur. Savaşta, kendi birliğinden kat kat güçlü olan Haradlı süvarileri ezmiş, ancak Angmarlı Cadı Kral'la karşılaştığı sırada, kara bir okla vurulan atı Karyele'nin altında kalarak ağır yaralandı ve kısa süre sonra da öldü.

Théoden'in kız yeğeni Eowyn bunu görüp Angmarlı Cadı Kral'ın karşısına çıkmış ve Meriadoc Brandybuck yardımıyla Cadı Kral'ı öldürmüştür. Théoden filmde son anlarını Eowyn'le geçirirken, kitapta Merry ile vedalaşmıştır.

Naaşı Sauron'un düşüşünden sonra Rohan'a taşınana kadar Minas Tirith'te kalmıştır. Kral Théoden, cenazesi alayı Gondor ve Rohan beraberliğinde yapılan ilk kraldır. Galadriel, Celeborn, Arwen, Elrond ve oğulları gibi bazı elfler de cenazeye eşlik etmişlerdir. Genç Eorl'a dayanan kralların ikinci soyunun son üyesidir.

Kaynakça
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070918075158/http://www.tuckborough.net/theoden.html

Orta Dünya insanları
Yüzüklerin Efendisi karakterleri
Kurgusal erkek karakterler

Théoden


Zekai Tunca (1944, Ankara -), Türk sanat müziği sanatçısı.

Hayatı
1963'te Ankara Erkek Teknik Yüksek Öğretmen Okulu'na girene kadar bir özel kuruluş ve Makina ve Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu (MKE) uçak fabrikasında, teknik ressam ve tesviyeci olarak çalıştı. Gazi Üniversitesi Yüksek Teknik Öğretmen Okulu'nu 1967'de bitirdi. Bulunduğu her ortamda şarkı söyletilmesi şeklindeki müzik ilişkisi 1960 yılında Hikmet Taşan vasıtasıyla katıldığı Dr. Recai Özdil topluluğunda notalı ve sistemli çalışmaya döndü. Bu toplulukta; Erol Sayan, Yıldırım Gürses, Yaşar Özel, Doğan Canku gibi üstadlarla çalıştı. Aynı yıllarda İsmail Baha Sürelsan topluluğu ile teması oldu.

Öğrenciliği sırasında, 1964'te Ankara Radyosu'nun stajyer sanatçı sınavını ilk 10 kişilik finaline kadar başardı. 1965'te Birleşmiş Türk Müziği Sanatçıları derneğinin ses yarışmasında Ankara birincisi oldu. 1966'da açılan geniş kapsamlı sınavı başardı. Altı aylık ilk dönem stajda, Saadet İkesus, Cengiz Tanç, Muammer Sun, Ferit Sıdal, Ruşen Ferit Kam, Turan Toper gibi hocaların derslerinden yararlandı. Özel nedenlerinden dolayı, başarılı giden bu stajı bırakmak zorunda kaldı. Ordu'da bulunduğu yıllarda, Trabzon'da düzenlenen Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi ses yarışmalarında, 1969'da ikinci, 1970'te birinci oldu. 1967 Ağustos'unda Nurcan Tunca ile evlendi ve Ordu Endüstri Meslek Lisesi'ne öğretmen olarak atandı. Ordu'daki hayatında da, hep müzikle ilgilendi.

1970'te Trabzon'dan katıldığı TRT Çok Sesli Koro sınavını kazanarak, Ankara Radyosu'na geri döndü. Bu koroda Hikmet Şimşek, Muammer Sun, Müfide Özgüç, Cengiz Tanç, Saip Egüz, Erdoğan Okyay, Fehamettin Özgüç, Walter Sturaus gibi hoca ve şeflerle yapılan çalışma ve derslerle nota solfej ve şan bilgisi edindi. 1975 yılında verdiği bir sınavla Ankara Radyosu TSM yetişmiş sanatçısı oldu. Buradaki ilk yıllarında, Çinuçen Tanrıkorur'un desteğini gördü. 1976 yılında Kültür Bakanlığı KTM solisti olarak atanana kadar, bu görevinin yanı sıra, TRT Müzik Dairesi uzmanlığı, Repertuvar ve Denetleme Kurulları üyeliklerinde bulundu.

1978-1981 yılları arasında Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Türk Müziği topluluğunu çalıştırdı. 1979'dan bu yana 14 albüm yaptı. Radyo ve televizyon programları dışında, özel sahne çalışmaları ve halk konserleriyle kitlelere ulaştı. Yurt dışında; Cezayir, Suriye, SSCB, Avustralya, ABD, Almanya, Hollanda, İtalya, Bosna, Belçika, Arnavutluk'ta özel ve resmi konserler verdi. Çok sayıda bestesi vardır.

1998 yılında Kültür Bakanlığı'nca verilen Devlet Sanatçısı unvanını aldı ve hâlen Kültür Bakanlığı'na bağlı olarak solistlik görevini sürdürmektedir.

Diskografi
 1979: Çekemezler Sevgimizi
 1981: Alın Yazımsın
 1982: Kadın ve Peri Masalı
 1983: Bahar, Çiçek Çiçek
 1985: Aşka Zaman Yok
 1986: Aşk Olsun
 1989: İçime Doğdu
 1990: Rüyalarım Olmasa (İmkânsız)
 1992: Üzme Beni
 1993: Beni Sevmeye Devam Et
 1995: Tanrım
 1997: Zil, Şal ve Gül
 2002: Güvercinim
 2003: Seni Aşksız Bırakmam
 2007: Aşka Merakım Ezelden

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Zekai Tunca resmi sitesi

1944 doğumlular
Ankara doğumlu erkek oyuncular
Klasik Türk müziği şarkıcıları
Devlet Sanatçıları
Gazi Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Türk öğretmenler
Yaşayan insanlar
20. yüzyıl Türk bestecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk bestecileri
Kervan Plak sanatçıları
EMI Records sanatçıları

Zekai Tunca


An Dendrochilum gibbsiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Dendrochilum gibbsiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrochilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrochilum

Dendrochilum gibbsiae


Lista dos deputados estaduais de Santa Catarina - 20ª legislatura (2023 — 2027).

Eleitos nas eleições estaduais no Brasil em 2022 realizadas no dia 2 de outubro do mesmo ano. A posse do cargo está prevista para 1.° de fevereiro de 2023.

Composição das bancadas

Deputados Estaduais

Ver também
Santa Catarina
Assembleia Legislativa de Santa Catarina
Constituição do Estado de Santa Catarina
Lista de governadores de Santa Catarina
Deputado estadual

 2023

Lista de deputados estaduais de Santa Catarina da 20.ª legislatura


Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles. Clathrin was first isolated and named by Barbara Pearse in 1976. It forms a triskelion shape composed of three clathrin heavy chains and three light chains. When the triskelia interact they form a polyhedral lattice that surrounds the vesicle, hence the protein's name, which is derived from the Latin clathrum meaning lattice. Coat-proteins, like clathrin, are used to build small vesicles in order to transport molecules within cells. The endocytosis and exocytosis of vesicles allows cells to communicate, to transfer nutrients, to import signaling receptors, to mediate an immune response after sampling the extracellular world, and to clean up the cell debris left by tissue inflammation. The endocytic pathway can be hijacked by viruses and other pathogens in order to gain entry to the cell during infection.

Structure

The clathrin triskelion is composed of three clathrin heavy chains interacting at their C-termini, each ~190 kDa heavy chain has a ~25 kDa light chain tightly bound to it. The three heavy chains provide the structural backbone of the clathrin lattice, and the three light chains are thought to regulate the formation and disassembly of a clathrin lattice. There are two forms of clathrin light chains, designated a and b. The main clathrin heavy chain, located on chromosome 17 in humans, is found in all cells. A second clathrin heavy chain gene, on chromosome 22, is expressed in muscle.

Clathrin heavy chain is often described as a leg, with subdomains, representing the foot (the N-terminal domain), followed by the ankle, distal leg, knee, proximal leg, and trimerization domains. The N-terminal domain consists of a seven-bladed β-propeller structure. The other domains form a super-helix of short alpha helices. This was originally determined from the structure of the proximal leg domain that identified and is composed of a smaller structural module referred to as clathrin heavy chain repeat motifs. The light chains bind primarily to the proximal leg portion of the heavy chain with some interaction near the trimerization domain. The β-propeller at the 'foot' of clathrin contains multiple binding sites for interaction with other proteins.

When triskelia assemble together in solution, they can interact with enough flexibility to form 6-sided rings (hexagons) that yield a flat lattice, or 5-sided rings (pentagons) that are necessary for curved lattice formation. When many triskelions connect, they can form a basket-like structure. The structure shown, is built of 36 triskelia, one of which is shown in blue. Another common assembly is a truncated icosahedron. To enclose a vesicle, exactly 12 pentagons must be present in the lattice.

In a cell, clathrin triskelion in the cytoplasm binds to an adaptor protein that has bound membrane, linking one of its three feet to the membrane at a time. Clathrin cannot bind to membrane or cargo directly and instead uses adaptor proteins to do this. This triskelion will bind to other membrane-attached triskelia to form a rounded lattice of hexagons and pentagons, reminiscent of the panels on a soccer ball, that pulls the membrane into a bud. By constructing different combinations of 5-sided and 6-sided rings, vesicles of different sizes may assemble. The smallest clathrin cage commonly imaged, called a mini-coat, has 12 pentagons and only two hexagons. Even smaller cages with zero hexagons probably do not form from the native protein, because the feet of the triskelia are too bulky.

Function

Clathrin performs critical roles in shaping rounded vesicles in the cytoplasm for intracellular trafficking. Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) selectively sort cargo at the cell membrane, trans-Golgi network, and endosomal compartments for multiple membrane traffic pathways. After a vesicle buds into the cytoplasm, the coat rapidly disassembles, allowing the clathrin to recycle while the vesicle gets transported to a variety of locations.

Adaptor molecules are responsible for self-assembly and recruitment. Two examples of adaptor proteins are AP180 and epsin. AP180 is used in synaptic vesicle formation. It recruits clathrin to membranes and also promotes its polymerization. Epsin also recruits clathrin to membranes and promotes its polymerization, and can help deform the membrane, and thus clathrin-coated vesicles can bud. In a cell, a triskelion floating in the cytoplasm binds to an adaptor protein, linking one of its feet to the membrane at a time. The triskelion foot will bind to other ones attached to the membrane to form a polyhedral lattice, triskelion foot, which pulls the membrane into a bud. The foot does not bind directly to the membrane, but binds to the adaptor proteins that recognize the molecules on the membrane surface.

Clathrin has another function aside from the coating of organelles. In non-dividing cells, the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles occurs continuously. Formation of clathrin-coated vesicles is shut down in cells undergoing mitosis. During mitosis, clathrin binds to the spindle apparatus, in complex with two other proteins: TACC3 and ch-TOG/CKAP5. Clathrin aids in the congression of chromosomes by stabilizing kinetochore fibers of the mitotic spindle. The amino-terminal domain of the clathrin heavy chain and the TACC domain of TACC3 make the microtubule binding surface for TACC3/ch-TOG/clathrin to bind to the mitotic spindle. The stabilization of kinetochore fibers requires the trimeric structure of clathrin in order to crosslink microtubules.

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) regulates many cellular physiological processes such as the internalization of growth factors and receptors, entry of pathogens, and synaptic transmission. It is believed that cellular invaders use the nutrient pathway to gain access to a cell's replicating mechanisms. Certain signalling molecules open the nutrients pathway. Two chemical compounds called Pitstop 1 and Pitstop 2, selective clathrin inhibitors, can interfere with the pathogenic activity, and thus protect the cells against invasion. These two compounds selectively block the endocytic ligand association with the clathrin terminal domain in vitro. However, the specificity of these compounds to block clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been questioned. In later studies, however, the specificity of Pitstop 2 was validated as being clathrin dependent.

See also
 Adaptin
 Cap formation
 Cell migration
 Dynamin

References

Further reading

  (Model of Clathrin assembly)
   (Review on involvement of clathrin in plant endocytosis)

External links
 MBInfo - Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis

 Clathrin structure
 Membrane Dynamics
 Clathrin Dynamics ASCB Image & Video Library

Proteins
Cell biology
Peripheral membrane proteins

Clathrin


Billeder af Fuglelivet ved Fil Sø er en naturfilm fra 1941 instrueret af Arthur Christiansen.

Handling
Præstekrave, klyde, vibe, rørskov, hættemågekoloni, fjordterne, sommerfugle (svalehale, nældens takvinge), kobbersneppe, brushaner kæmper, stære, klokkelyng, tårnfalk, dunhammer, skeand, rødben.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1941

Naturfilm fra Danmark

Billeder af Fuglelivet ved Fil Sø


Iskandar, Iskander, Skander, Askander, Eskinder, or Scandar ( ( Eskandar or سکندر Skandar), is a variant of the given name Alexander in cultures such as Iran (Persia), Arabia and others throughout the Middle East, Caucasus and Central Asia. In Egypt, its bearers are mostly of Christian (Coptic) descent. Originally referring to Alexander the Great, it was transmitted through works such as the Iskandarnamah and the Sirr al-Asrar, and became a popular name for rulers in the medieval period.

The Arabic version may also add the definite-article prefix al-, giving  ().
al-Iskandarīyah ("of Alexander") is the Arabic name of the Egyptian city of Alexandria.

Given name

Iskandar
 Sultan Iskandar (disambiguation), names of several Muslim rulers who share the same title and name
 Iskandar-i Shaykhi (died 1403), ruler of the Afrasiyab dynasty from 1393 to 1403. He was the son and successor of Kiya Afrasiyab
 Iskandar (Timurid dynasty) (), ruler of Persia
 Iskandar Dzhalilov (born 1992), Tajikistani footballer
 Iskandar Ghanem (1911–2005), Lebanese army general
 Iskandar Jalil (born 1940), Singaporean ceramist
 Iskandar Khatloni (1954–2000), Tajikistani journalist
 Iskandar Muda (), sultan of Aceh
 Iskandar bin Rahmat (born 1979), convicted murderer in Singapore
 Iskandar Ramis (born 1946), vice governor of Bengkulu
 Iskandar Safa (born 1955), French businessman
 Iskandar Thani (1610–1641), sultan of Aceh
 Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar (died 1359), ruler of the Paduspanid dynasty

Iskander
 Iskander Hachicha (born 1972), Tunisian judoka
 Iskander Mirza (1899–1969), first President of the Republic of Pakistan

Iskinder
 Iskinder Desta (1934–1974), member of the Ethiopian Imperial family and naval officer.

Eskandar
 Eskandar Shora (), Iranian boxer

Eskender
 Eskender Mustafaiev (1981-), Russian-Ukrainian paralympic swimmer.
 Eskender (Kwestantinos II or Constantine II) (1471-1494), Emperor of Ethiopia.

Eskinder
 Eskinder Nega (1969-), Ethiopian journalist.

Scandar
 Scandar Copti (born 1975), Palestinian Israeli filmmaker

Skandar
 Skandar Keynes (born 1991), English political advisor and former actor

Others
 Skanderbeg (1405–1468), 15th century war lord and national hero of Albania

Surname

Iskandar
 Afifa Iskandar (1921–2012), Iraqi singer
 Anang Iskandar (born 1956), Indonesian police officer
 Azri Iskandar, Malaysian actor
 Charbel Iskandar (born 1966), Lebanese actor
 Djoko Iskandar (born 1950), Indonesian zoologist
 Irawati Iskandar (born 1969), Indonesian tennis player
 Layla Iskandar (born 2002), Lebanese footballer
 Mohd Azlan Iskandar (born 1982), Malaysian squash player
 Muhaimin Iskandar (born 1966), Indonesian politician and government minister
 Noer Muhammad Iskandar (1955–2020), Indonesian Islamic cleric
 Nouri Iskandar (born 1938), Syrian musicologist and composer
 Nur Iskandar (born 1986), Indonesian footballer
 Samih Abdel Fattah Iskandar, Jordanian scout official
 Syaiful Iskandar (born 1985), Singaporean footballer

Iskander
 Amin Iskander (born 1952), Egyptian politician, writer and activist
 Fazil Iskander (1929–2016), Soviet Russian novelist
 Laila Iskander, Egyptian entrepreneur and politician
 Magda Iskander, Egyptian entrepreneur
 Maryana Iskander (born 1975), CEO of the Wikimedia Foundation
 Qara Iskander (), ruler of the Kara Koyunlu
 Willem Iskander (1840–1876), Indonesian writer, nationalist, teacher and educator

Military

 9K720 Iskander, a Russian missile system.

See also
İskender (disambiguation)
Skanderbeg (disambiguation)
Sikandar

References

Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names
Iranian masculine given names

Iskandar


Sébastien Hatton (né le  à Chartres) est un coureur cycliste français, principalement actif dans les années 1990.

Biographie

Ancien membre de l'USM Olivet puis du VS Chartres, Sébastien Hatton intègre la réserve de la formation Aubervilliers 93-Peugeot en 1996. Il passe professionnel dans cette équipe en 1997, après y avoir été stagiaire. Bon sprinteur, il se classe deuxième d'une épreuve de la Mi-août bretonne et d'une étape au Tour du Japon. Il termine également troisième de la dernière étape du Tour de l'Avenir.

Non conservé par ses dirigeants, il quitte le monde du vélo en 1999.

Palmarès
 1992
 Champion de la région Centre de cyclo-cross espoirs
 1993
  du Prix de la Saint-Laurent
 1995
  du Grand Prix de Fougères
  de Paris-Ézy
 1996
 Tour de la Haute-Marne
 Flèche Charente limousine
  du Grand Prix de Pérenchies
 1997
  du Prix Xavier Louarn

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste français
Naissance en juillet 1972
Naissance à Chartres

Sébastien Hatton


Bamberška državna knjižnica (njemački: Staatsbibliothek Bamberg) je znanstvena, regionalna i univerzalna knjižnica. Knjižnicu održava Slobodna Država Bavarska (njemački: Freistaat Bayern) i tako su sve knjige na raspolaganju javnosti.

O knjižnici
Knjižnica se danas nalazi na katedralnom trgu u Novom naselju, gde su ranije stanovali biskupi koji su ujedno bili kneževi Svetog Rimskog Carstva.

Jezgra povijesnih zbirka knjižnice temelji se na poklonima Henrika II. Svetog, koji je osnovao biskupiju 1007. godine. Od vremena sekularizacije, kada su zatvorili i sve samostane u Bambergu, rukopisi se nalaze u knjižnici.

Bamberška državna knjižnica je svjetski poznata po srednjovjekovnim rukopisima. Tri povijesna rukopisa su upisana na listu UNESCO-ove Svjetske baštine:
 Bamberška otkrivenje (njemački: Bamberger Apokalypse; Msc.Bibl.140)
 Egzegetski komentari Pjesme nad pjesmama, Mudre izreke i Knjige o Danijelu (njemački: Kommentar zum Hohen Lied, zu den Sprüchen Salomos und zum Buch Daniel; Msc.Bibl.22)
 Farmakopeja iz Lorša (njemački: Lorscher Arzneibuch; Msc.Med.1)

Knjižnični fond
 sveukupno više od  jedinica
 oko  grafika i fotografija
 oko  inkunabula (najstarije tiskane knjige, nastale prije 1500. godine)
 oko  rukopisa i autograma sveukupno (oko  srednjovjekovnih rukopisa )
 oko  časopisa

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica
 Elektronski katalog
 Knjižnica Car Henrik II, digitalna knjižnica najstarijih rukopisa
 Bamberška blaga, digitalna knjižnica povijesnih rukopisa i grafika

Knjižnice
Bavarska
Građevine u Njemačkoj
Njemačka kultura

Bamberška državna knjižnica


Merlene Joyce Ottey  (born 10 May 1960) is a Jamaican-Slovenian former track and field sprinter. She began her career representing Jamaica in 1978, and continued to do so for 24 years, before representing Slovenia from 2002 to 2012. She is ranked fourth on the all-time list over 60 metres (indoor), eighth on the all-time list over 100 metres and sixth on the all-time list over 200 metres. She is the current world indoor record holder for 200 metres with 21.87 seconds, set in 1993. She was named Jamaican Sportswoman of the Year 13 times between 1979 and 1995.

Ottey had the longest career as a top-level international sprinter appearing at the 1979 Pan American Games as a 19-year-old fresh from U-20 and Junior competitions, and concluding her career at age 52 when she anchored the Slovene 4 × 100 m relay team at the 2012 European Championships.

A nine-time Olympic medalist, she holds the record for the most Olympic appearances (seven) of any track and field athlete. Although gold medal success at the Olympics eluded Ottey, she was able to bring home three silvers and six bronze medals. She won 14 World Championship medals, and still holds the record (as of 2017) for most medals in individual events with 10. Her career achievements and longevity led to her being called the "Queen of the Track". Her proclivity for earning bronze medals in major championships earned her the title of "Bronze Queen" in track circles.

Ottey was formerly married to the American high jumper and 400 m hurdler Nat Page and was known as Merlene Ottey-Page during the mid-1980s.

Life and sprinting career

Merlene Ottey was born to Hubert and Joan Ottey in Cold Spring, Hanover, Jamaica. She was introduced to the sport by her mother, who bought her a manual on track and field.

In her early school years in the 1970s, Ottey attended Gurneys Mount and Pondside Schools before graduating from Rusea's and Vere Technical high schools. There she frequently competed barefoot in local races.

Ottey's inspiration came from listening to the track and field broadcast from the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, where Donald Quarrie ran in the sprint finals. Her athletics career took off when she moved to the US and attended the University of Nebraska in 1979, where she joined the track team. She won 14 individual national titles and earned 24 All-America awards, both of which are the most by any Husker student-athlete. Ottey won multiple NCAA titles in each of her five total seasons, including five combined indoor and outdoor titles in 1982 and four in 1981. She earned multiple All-America accolades in each of her five seasons, with seven combined All-America awards in 1982, six in 1980 and five in 1981. Ottey was also a member of Nebraska's indoor national championship teams in 1982, 1983 and 1984. She still holds Nebraska's top indoor marks in the 55- and 200-meter dashes and the program's top outdoor marks in the 100- and 200-meter dashes.

She represented Jamaica in the 1979 Pan American Games, winning a bronze medal in the 200 m. She graduated from university with a Bachelor of Arts Degree and married fellow athlete Nathaniel Page in 1984 and briefly used the name Merlene Ottey-Page. The couple later divorced.

In the 1980 Moscow games, Ottey became the first female English-speaking Caribbean athlete to win an Olympic medal. Back in Jamaica, she was awarded an Officer of the Order of Nation, and the Order of Distinction for "services in the field of sport".

In the 1982 Commonwealth Games, Ottey won a gold medal in the 200 m and silver medal in the 100 m. Nearly a decade later, in the 1990 Commonwealth Games, she won gold in both events. Ottey was named Ambassador of Jamaica after her gold medal win in the 1993 world championships. She has also been named Jamaican Sportswoman of the Year 13 times between 1979 and 1995.

Throughout her career, she has won nine Olympic medals, which ties with Allyson Felix for the most by any woman in track and field history . These include three silver and six bronze medals. She has never won an Olympic gold medal, but lost by five thousandths of a second to Gail Devers in the 100 m Final at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta when they both recorded the same time of 10.94 seconds. This was not her closest finish to Devers – she recorded a time of 10.812 seconds to Devers' 10.811 seconds in the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart – still the closest finish at an international athletics meet.

Her seven Olympic appearances from 1980 to 2004 are the second most by any Track & Field athlete, after Spanish race walker Jesús Ángel García.

She held the record for most World Championship medals, winning 14 (three gold, three silver, eight bronze) between 1983 and 1997, until Allyson Felix took her total from 13 to 16 in 2017 and then to 18 in 2019. Ottey still holds the record for most World Championship medals in individual events, with 10. 13 of her medals at the Olympics and World Championships were bronze, earning her the nickname "the Bronze Queen" in racing circles. Ottey was appointed an Ambassador at Large by the Jamaican government in 1993. She was inducted in Nebraska's first Athletics Hall of Fame Class in 2015.

Controversy

In 1999, during a meet in Lucerne, Switzerland, a urine sample submitted had returned positive for the banned anabolic steroid nandrolone. Her 'B' sample also contained higher than normal levels of the substance. Ottey was subsequently banned by the IAAF from competing in the World Championships in Seville, Spain.

Ottey fought to clear her name, asserting that charge was a "terrible mistake", and that she was innocent of knowingly taking steroids. In the summer of 2000, Ottey was cleared of all charges by the Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association; the IAAF lifted its two-year ban, after the CAS dismissed the case. The Court of Arbitration for Sport dismissed the case because the retesting order by the CAS was not completed in the time frame allotted.

In Jamaica, at the National Senior Trials before selection for the Olympics, Ottey placed a disappointing fourth. According to the rules of the Jamaica Amateur Athletics Association (JAAA), only athletes who had finished in the top three at the trials were eligible to run at the Olympics; she was only qualified to run on the 4 x 100 m relay team. Ottey asked that she be substituted for another team member, a courtesy that had been extended to others in the past. The JAAA's decision to replace Peta-Gaye Dowdie with Ottey caused widespread controversy. Dowdie's team members and many Jamaicans believed that Ottey had bullied her way onto the team. Jamaican 400 m Olympian and championship medallist Gregory Haughton led the notorious "Games Village" protests to oust Ottey, which made international headlines. The protest ended when The International Olympic Committee (IOC) threatened to throw the Jamaicans out of the Games if the team managers were not able to control their charges.

At the 2000 Olympics, Ottey finished fourth in the 100 m, beaten from a medal by fellow Jamaican sprinter Tayna Lawrence. The race was won by Marion Jones, who registered 10.75 seconds, followed by Ekaterini Thanou of Greece in 11.12 seconds. Lawrence posted 11.18 seconds to Ottey's 11.19 seconds. In the 4×100 relay, the Jamaican team – bronze medalist Lawrence, teenager and newcomer Veronica Campbell, and Beverly McDonald – was anchored by Ottey to a silver medal. This medal gave Ottey her eighth medal, the most ever for a female athlete.  Nine years later, after the disqualification of Jones for steroid abuse, Ottey's fourth place was retroactively promoted to third – giving Ottey her ninth medal – and Lawrence to second.

Due to the controversy, Ottey decided that "after Sydney I said I wasn't going to run another race for Jamaica ... because I felt like the Jamaicans were trying to push me out of the sport and I really needed to prove my point, that I might be 40 but I can still run."

Slovenia
In 1998 Ottey moved to Slovenia and began training with Slovene coach Srđan Đorđević. There she was still representing Jamaica. However, in May 2002, she became a Slovene citizen, and resided in Ljubljana, where she represented her new country in international events.

Ottey competed for Slovenia in the 100 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where she reached the semifinals.  She finished 5th, missing out on qualification for the final by just 0.03s. At age 46, she competed in the 2006 European Championships in Athletics. She finished fifth in the semi-finals of the 100 metres and did not qualify for the final, which was won by Belgium's Kim Gevaert.

Ottey failed by 0.28 seconds to reach her eighth Olympic Games, aged 48 in 2008. In spite of this, two years later she qualified for the Slovenian 4 x 100-metre relay squad at the 2010 European Athletics Championships where she became the oldest athlete ever to participate in the history of the European championships.

At the age of 52, Ottey competed in the 4x100 meters relay at the 2012 European Athletics Championships. The Slovenian team were ranked 22nd in the world before the 2012 Olympics with only the top 16 teams qualifying.

Since 2014, Ottey has lived in Switzerland.

Records and achievements

Ottey ranks at number seven on the all-time list of the 200 metres, and number ten on the 100 metres list.
In 1990, Ottey was awarded the World Athlete of the Year and the Track & Field News Athlete of the Year awards.
Ottey is the first female athlete to run 60 metres under seven seconds (6.96 in 1992).
Ottey is the only woman to have run the 200 metres under 22 seconds indoors (21.87 in 1993).
Ottey has the second 100 and 200 metres one day combination, with 10.93 and 21.66 (32.59 total) at the 1990 Weltklasse Zurich grand prix.
Ottey has run 100 metres under eleven seconds – 68 times (plus 9 wind-assisted) a record among female sprinters.
Ottey has run 200 metres under twenty-two seconds - 16 times (plus 1 wind-assisted) another record among female sprinters.
Ottey has 57 consecutive wins in 100 metres – the most consecutive wins over 100 metres for a female, and 34 consecutive wins at 200 metres.
Ottey holds the official World Masters Athletics world records in the 100 m and 200 m for the age groups W35 ( 100- 10.74 in 1996, 200- 21.93 in 1995 ) W40 ( 100- 10.99 in 2000, 200- 22.74 in 2004 ) W45 ( 100- 11.34 in 2006, 200- 23.82 in 2006 ) W50 ( 100- 11.67 in 2010, 200- 24.33 in 2010 ).
Ottey is the first from the Western Hemisphere (outside the USA) to win two individual medals at the same Olympic Games.
At the 1995 World Championships, Ottey became the oldest ever female gold medallist when she won the 200 m at age 35 years 92 days. At the 1997 World Championships in Athens, she became the oldest female medallist ever at 37 years 90 days, when she won the bronze medal. In the 2000 Olympics, at age 40, Ottey became the oldest female track and field medalist when she anchored the Jamaican women's 4×100 metres to a silver medal.  With the disqualification of Marion Jones, she was awarded the bronze medal in the 100 metres, making her the oldest individual medallist.
Ottey along with Carl Lewis, Usain Bolt and Allyson Felix, is one of four athletes to win twenty or more medals at the Olympic Games and the World Championships (combined).
Ottey holds the record for running the fastest women's Indoor 200 metres, in 21.87 seconds. This record has stood since 1993 and remains (as of 2016) the only sub 22sec clocking by a woman indoors.
In six World Championships competing for Jamaica, Ottey has won fourteen medals: three gold, four silver and seven bronze medals, while at the Olympics she has earned three silver and six bronze medals.
Ottey was the first female Caribbean athlete to win an Olympic medal.
Ottey has won the most career Olympic medals (9 medals: 3 silver and 6 bronze) in women's track and field, a record now shared with American sprinter Allyson Felix (6 gold and 3 silver).
Ottey has the quickest 200m performance ever into a headwind (-1.0m/sec or more ) achieved when clocking 21.66 (-1.0) in Zurich, 1990.
Ottey has won the Jamaican Sportsperson of the Year (sportswoman) a record 13 times, first winning in 1979 and last winning in 1995, no man or woman has won the award more.

International competitions

See also
List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
List of multiple Summer Olympic medalists

References

External links

Merlene Ottey & the advance of women
The Merlene Ottey Tribute

1960 births
Living people
People from Hanover Parish
Jamaican female sprinters
Slovenian female sprinters
Slovenian masters athletes
Jamaican masters athletes
Olympic athletes for Jamaica
Olympic silver medalists for Jamaica
Olympic bronze medalists for Jamaica
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Slovenia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Jamaica
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Jamaica
Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1979 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Jamaica
World Athletics Championships athletes for Slovenia
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
World record holders in masters athletics
Fenerbahçe athletes
Nebraska Cornhuskers women's track and field athletes
Members of the Order of Jamaica
Recipients of the Order of Distinction
Recipients of the Order of the Nation
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Immigrants to Slovenia
Jamaican emigrants
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Jamaica
Pan American Games silver medalists for Jamaica
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Jamaica
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
World Athletics indoor record holders
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
IAAF World Athlete of the Year
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
World Athletics Championships winners
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
Olympic female sprinters
Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games

Merlene Ottey


Organum (srednjovjekovni latinski < klasični latinski organum: orgulje, glazbalo), je u glazbi skupni naziv za različite tipove višeglasja u razdoblju od kasnoga 9.stoljeća do polovice 18. stoljeća. Broj glasova koji sudjeluju u izvedbi utjecao je na naziv organuma, pa se razlikuju organum duplum (dvoglasni), triplum (troglasni) i quadruplum (četveroglasni). Najzastupljeniji su tipovi organuma paralelni i slobodni organumi. Paralelni organum obilježava usporedno kretanje dvaju glasova u intervalima kvarte, kvinte i oktave, te izrazita silabičnost. U tom je tipu organuma vodeća dionica (cantus ili vox principalis) u gornjem glasu, dok je prateći glas (vox organalis) u donjoj dionici. Kod slobodnog organuma vodeći je glas u donjoj dionici, a nad njim se poput slobodne improvizacije kreće gornji melizmatični glas. Taj tip organuma često se povezuje s načinom pjevanja u samostanu sv. Marcijala u francuskom gradu Limogesu. Primjeri najranijih organuma nalaze se u teoretskim traktatima De institutione harmonica, Ad organum faciendam, De organo i Musica enchiriadis. Najveća rukopisna zbirka organuma nastala je za uporabu u katedrali Notre-Dame u Parizu i naziva se Magnus liber organi. Najveći su majstori pariškog organuma bili Léonin i Pérotin.

Izvori

Glazba
Glazbena teorija
Glazbeni oblici
Srednjovjekovna glazba

Organum


Ei Thinzar Maung, en , est une militante et une personnalité politique birmane,  née le . Vice-ministre sortante des affaires des femmes, des jeunes et des enfants du , elle figure sur la liste Time 100 pour 2021. Le  elle se voit décerner le prix international de la femme de courage.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Personnalité politique birmane
Étudiant de l'université de Mandalay
Lauréate du prix international de la femme de courage

Naissance en Birmanie
Naissance en septembre 1994

Ei Thinzar Maung


Hnausaviti er innsiglingarviti í mynni Grundarfjarðar norðan við Kirkjufell. Vitinn er steinsteyptur 4 metrar á hæð með brúarlagi. Hann var reistur árið 1943. Árið 2001 var slökkt á vitanum og hann strikaður út af vitaskrá.

Grundarfjörður
Vitar á Íslandi

Hnausaviti


Agrilus integerrimus é uma espécie dos escaravelhos que pertencem ao familiares Buprestidae.  É presente à maioria da Europa.

Referências

Ligações externas
 Biolib
 Fauna Europaea

integerrimus
Coleópteros da Europa
Coleópteros descritos em 1837

Agrilus integerrimus


Eksistentiel psykologi eller eksistenspsykologi er en anerkendt retning inden for den moderne vestlige psykologi, der forstår menneskets psykiske liv eksistentielt. Eksistentiel psykologi omfatter en række beslægtede teorier, der anvendes praktisk i eksistentiel terapi.

Hovedtræk
Den eksistentielle psykologi kan forstås som en udløber af den eksistentielle tradition, der fokuserer på de psykiske sider af menneskets eksistens. Det vil sige, at den eksistentielle psykologi forstår menneskets psyke med udgangspunkt i dets tilværelse og lægger vægt på dets evne til at tage ansvar for sit eget liv. Dermed bliver begreber om død, valg, frihed, mening, kærlighed, liv, mod og angst relevante for den psykologiske forståelse af menneskets tanker, følelser og handlinger.

Samtidig forstås eksistentiel angst som et vilkår i stedet for som en sygdom, selv om der også skelnes mellem eksistentiel angst og egentlige angstlidelser. Historisk set har den eksistentielle psykologi udviklet sig i et tæt samspil med den eksistentielle terapi. Terapien har fokus på at fremme klientens indsigt, mening, valg og ansvar i stedet for at videregive værktøjer, redskaber og øvelser til klienten som passiv modtager. Målet er, at klienten tager ansvar og overtager sit eget liv.

Den eksistentielle psykologi blev grundlagt i Europa og USA i tiden før og omkring Anden Verdenskrig. Den har siden begyndelsen været baseret på en kritik af den natur- og neurovidenskabelige psykologi, der ser mennesket som naturvæsen.

Den eksistentielle psykologis historie
Eksistenspsykologien er en udløber af den eksistentielle filosofi, og hvis man går til den moderne eksistenspsykologi, er den både inspireret af eksistentiel filosofi og fænomenologi. De første eksistentielle psykologer var den østrigske læge Viktor Frankl og den schweiziske psykiater Ludwig Binswanger. I efterkrigstiden blev de fulgt af psykiateren Medard Boss. Desuden stod den skotske psykiater Ronald D. Laing for at udbrede tilgangen i England.

Den amerikanske psykolog Rollo May var med til at udbrede den eksistentielle psykologi i USA som et modsvar til datidens fremherskende psykoanalyse og behaviorisme. May var sandsynligvis den første til at anvende selve betegnelsen 'eksistentiel psykologi'. Han mente, at psykoanalysen og behaviorismen overså, at mennesket havde en grundlæggende frihed og dermed også muligheder for at træffe valg ud over, hvad der var givet af arv og miljø. Han tilgang kaldes gerne eksistentiel-humanistisk psykologi, der er en form for eksistentiel psykologi. Den eksistentiel-humanistiske psykologi blev både inspireret af den eksistentielle filosofi og den eksistentielle terapi fra Europa samt af den humanistiske psykologi fra USA. Mens den eksistentielle psykologi oprindeligt var en alternativ strømning, er den i det 21. århundrede mere mainstream og overfladisk.

Andre vigtige historiske navne er Eugene Minkowski og James Bugental. I dag omfatter området blandt andre navne som Irvin D. Yalom, Kirk Schneider og Emmy van Deurzen.    Flere internationalt anerkendte humanistiske psykologer og eksistenspsykologer som Abraham Maslow, Erich Fromm, Carl Rogers, Charlotte Bühler, Viktor Frankl og Rollo May er desuden oversat til dansk.  Mange af disse oversættelser havde betydning for udviklingen af tilgangen i Danmark.

Eksistentiel psykologi i Danmark
I Danmark blev den eksistentielle psykologi præsenteret af teologen Søren Kierkegaard i bøger som Begrebet Angest. Den danske litteraturforsker Kresten Nordentoft var lektor i litteratur på Aarhus Universitet og skrev i 1970'erne flere bøger om forholdet mellem det sociale og psykologi hos Søren Kierkegaard, og Jens Højmark stod bag programmerne På sporet af mig selv...om eksistentiel psykologi på Danmarks Radio.

Efterhånden begyndte flere andre danskere også at skrive om emnet, som især Bo Jacobsen der er uddannet psykolog og dr. phil. og PhD i sociologi og samfundsforsker på Sociologisk Institut ved Københavns Universitet. Han fik en stor betydning for udbredelsen af den eksistentielle psykologi i Danmark og udgav ikke blot flere bøger og artikler om humanistisk psykoterapi, humanistisk psykologi og fænomenologisk psykologi, men også særskilt om emnet eksistenspsykologi; samt omkring flere særlige eksistentielle temaer. Herunder udviklede Bo Jacobsen et eksistenspsykologisk perspektiv, der byggede på og forbandt andre amerikanske og europæiske teorier omkring psykologi. Desuden udgav Bo Jacobsen blandt andet bøgerne Voksenundervisning og livserfaring og Mød eleven, der så eksistentielt på undervisning ud fra et socialpsykologisk perspektiv.

En nyere vigtig repræsentant var terapeuten Anders Dræby, der var doktor i eksistentiel terapi fra Middlesex University som elev af Emmy van Deurzen. Han har især beskæftiget sig med terapien, og hos ham er den eksistentielle terapeut i praksis en "oplyser" og "ledsager", der skal hjælpe klienten til at få læring for livet. Ligesom Deurzen stod han samtidig for en livskunst, der handlede om at lære kunsten at leve livet på en duelig måde, men hos ham var der tale om en bredere tilgang. Han udgav desuden blandt andet bøger og artikler om at finde livsmening, have eksistentiel angst og være fortvivlet samt om eksistentiel psykoterapi, fænomenologi og psykopatologi.

En anden central repræsentant var psykologen Karsten Borg Hansen, der var cand. psych. fra Københavns Universitet og havde flere bøger og artikler bag sig. Karsten Borg Hansen skrev blandt andet eksistenspsykologisk omkring flere forskellige emner som psykoterapi, kropslighed, sundhed, og meditation . Herunder udgav Karsten Borg Hansen en særskilt bog om betydningen af den ligeværdige dialog i relationen.

Vigtig var desuden psykologiforskeren Bjarne Jacobsen, der var uddannet cand. psych. og ansat på Roskilde Universitet. Han udgav blandt andet flere artikler om eksistenspsykologi samt bogen Eksistentiel psykologi - mellem himmel og jord. Den bog kredsede ud fra en eksistenspsykologisk vinkel omkring de forskellige eksistentielle aspekter af menneskets liv og levned. Bjarne Jacobsen skrev også flere bøger, der særligt handlede om Søren Kierkegaards psykologi og dens betydning ved blandt andet somatisk sygdom. I 2022 redigerede Jonas Højgaard Frydenlund, Bo Jacobsen, Bjarne Jacobsen og Charlotte Mathiassen et nummer af Psyke og Logos om Eksistenstænkning. Nummeret indeholder en række forskellige artikler om eksistenstænkningens betydning for psykologien. Der findes flere andre danske repræsentanter som Vibe Strøier, Jørn Laursen og Karen Schultz.

Eksistentiel psykologi i Norge og Sverige
Den eksistentielle psykologi har haft noget mindre betydning i Norge. Her har Eigil Olsvik blandt andet udgivet bogen Eksistens og dialog: en kritisk innføring i psykologisk teori og praksis. Udbredelsen har til gengæld været langt større i Sverige, hvor den eksistentielle tilgang er næsten lige så stor som i Danmark.

I Sverige kom den eksistentielle psykologi frem i 2000-tallet, og har blandt andet været repræsenteret af Elisabeth Serrander, der har skrevet bogen Existentiell coaching. En anden var psykologen Dan Stiwne, der har redigeret bogen Existens och psykisk hälsa: om hur liv och levnad förhåller sig till hälsa och ohälsa. Desuden har den svenske psykolog Ted Schröder skrevet bogen Det ometvenda, der præsenterer en eksistentiel forståelse af drømme.

Særlige emneområder

Almen psykologi
Den eksistentielle tilgang har betydning i almenpsykologien, der beskæftiger sig med, hvad det psykiske for mennesket er, herunder personlighed og udvikling. Bo Jacobsen har blandt andet skrevet om den eksistentielle personlighedspsykologi, der beskæftiger sig med menneskets personlighed, følelser, forestillinger og viljesliv, ligesom at både han og Bjarne Jacobsen har skrevet generelt om menneskelivets eksistentielle psykologi. Der er også kommet forøget interesse for det eksistentielle perspektiv i udviklingspsykologien. Amerikanerne Gary T. Reker og Kerry Chamberlain har bidraget til at forstå livsudviklingen ud fra en eksistentiel vinkel, og man kan her tale om en eksistentiel udviklingspsykologi.

Pædagogisk psykologi
Pædagogisk psykologi er den del af den anvendte psykologi, der beskæftiger sig med pædagogiske forhold, som læring, motivation og socialisering. I dansk sammenhæng har Bo Jacobsen været vigtig for den eksistentielle tilgang til pædagogisk psykologi. Han foreslår i bogen Voksenundervisning og livserfaring en eksistentiel voksenundervisning baseret på kortlægning og artikulation af deltagernes livserfaringer. Bo Jacobsen udgav Mød eleven i 2003 sammen med Christina Sand Jespersen og Irene Christiansen.  Denne bog er baseret på en række observationer og interviews med lærere og elever, og den handler om, hvad det vil sige at arbejde med en skoleklasse. Aarhus Universitet har en forskningsenhed for eksistentielfænomenologiske perspektiver på pædagogisk psykologi, der ledes af Ditte Winther Lundquist og hører under DPU (Danmarks Institut for Pædagogik og uddannelse).

Idræts- og sportspsykologi
Idrætspsykologi er den del af den anvendte psykologi, der beskæftiger sig med de psykologiske aspekter af idræt og sport som motivation og træning. Den eksistentielle tilgang har også fået en stigende betydning i idrætspsykologien. Det viser sig i Mark Nestis bog Existential Psychology and Sport: Theory and Application. Den norske idrætsforsker Kenneth Aggerholm har desuden skrevet om eksistentiel idrætspsykologi. I Danmark er tilgangen er blandt andet en del af Team Danmarks sportspsykologiske arbejde.  Desuden har Kenneth Aggerholm studeret unge fodboldspillere i Danmark for at finde svar på hvad der driver deres udvikling. Det har ført ham frem til en eksistentiel forståelse af talent, som bidrager med ny viden inden for sport.

Sundhedspsykologi
Sundhedspsykologi er den del af psykologien, som beskæftiger sig med fremme og bevarelse af fysisk og psykisk sundhed. Herunder findes den eksistentielle sundhedspsykologi, der blandt andet er i Patrick Whiteheads bog Existential Health Psychology. Ifølge Whitehead er eksistentielle sundhedspsykologer vigtige i sundhedsvæsenet, hvor de blandt andet kan supplere hospitalspræster. Derudover ser de danske psykologer Bente Østerberg og Marianne Bache i bogen At være i verden med kronisk sygdom på, hvordan det er at leve med en alvorlig kronisk sygdom såsom sclerose. Ifølge forfatterne indebærer den slags sygdom altid en grundig rystelse af det selv, man er.

Klinisk psykologi
Klinisk psykologi er den del af den anvendte psykologi, der beskæftiger sig med diagnosticering og behandling af psykiske lidelser. Den eksistentielle psykologi er især psykologiske teorier, der er tæt forbundet med den eksistentielle terapi, som er praktisk psykoterapi på et eksistentielt grundlag. For den eksistentielle terapi og tilgang til klinisk psykologi spiller diagnoser i hovedreglen kun en underordnet rolle i forståelsen af menneskets lidelser, og der tages ofte helt afstand fra brugen af diagnoser. Anders Dræby Sørensen har lavet empirisk forskning, der viser, at eksistentiel terapi snarere bør forstås som en læringspraksis end som behandling. Det stiller nogle særlige krav til terapeutens rolle, der ikke skal fungere som behandler. Karsten Borg Hansen, Jørn Laursen, Bo Jacobsen, Bjarne Jacobsen og Lotte Lytte Frederiksen er blandt de andre danskere, der har skrevet om eksistentiel terapi og den eksistentielle forståelse af lidelser og kriser.

Arbejds- og organisationspsykologi
De senere år har den eksistentielle tilgang især vundet udbredelse inden for arbejds- og organisationspsykologi, som er den del af den anvendte psykologi, der beskæftiger sig med de psykologiske aspekter af arbejde og organisation. Det er blandt andet sket gennem canadieren Joe Kelly, der har forsket i eksistentiel organisationspsykologi. Den danske psykolog Karen Schultz udgav i 2000 bogen Eksistens i arbejdslivet, der ser på, hvordan der kan skabes mening for medarbejdere og virksomheder i organisationer. Desuden har psykologen Vibe Strøier skrevet om anvendelsen af eksistentiel tilgang i psykologisk konsulentarbejde. Filosoffen Mette Vesterager skrevet om stress i arbejdslivet i eksistentielt perspektiv. Mete Vesterager opfatter stress som en eksistentiel belastningsreaktion, der er forårsaget af ændrede livsvilkår.

Området er tæt forbundet med eksistentiel ledelse og eksistentiel coaching. Internationalt har Monica Hanaway herunder både skrevet om eksistentiel ledelse og eksistentiel coaching, der orienterer sig mod at tage ansvar og finde mening.

Psykologisk forskningsmetode
Psykologi bruger generelt både forskningsmetoder fra både natur-, human- og samfundsvidenskaberne til at indsamle og forstå kvantitative og kvalitative data. Herunder er især den eksistentielle fænomenologi blevet anvendt som en metode til kvalitativ forskning i psykologi, hvilket blandt andet bliver gjort rede for hos Casper Feilberg og John Maul.

Andet
Der er også flere andre eksistentielle perspektiver på psykologi som i kropspsykologi. Herunder er en tilgang Bioeksistentiel Psykoterapi, som er udviklet af psykolog Olav Storm Jensen. Der findes også kritik af tilgangen, blandt andet for at mange forståelse for etikken.

Se også

 Humanistisk psykologi
 Humanistisk psykoterapi
 Eksistensteologi
 Eksistentiel pædagogik
 Eksistentiel terapi
 Eksistentiel filosofi
 Eksistentiel psykiatri
 Fænomenologisk psykologi
 Rollo May
 Viktor Frankl

Litteratur

Litteratur på dansk
 Amdisen, Paw, Jonas Holst og Jens Viggo Nielsen (2009). At tænke eksistensen. Eksistenstænkningens historie og betydning. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag
 Bache, Marianne & Bente Østerberg (2005). At være i verden med kronisk sygdom. Kbh.: Dansk Psykologisk Forlag
 Dræby, Anders (2019). Introduktion til Edmund Husserls fænomenologiske psykologi, filosofi og metode . I: Edmund Husserl: Fænomenologi . Forlaget Mindspace, pp. 7-59.
 Dræby, Anders & Emmy van Deurzen (2019). Læringsudbyttet i kognitiv adfærdsterapi og eksistentiel terapi. Tidsskrift for Psykoterapi , 2019/3, pp. 18-24
 Dræby, Anders (2022). Resonans i eksistentiel supervision. Tidsskrift for Psykoterapi, 1, pp. 16-21
 Feilberg, Casper & Maul, John (red.)(2019), Kvalitative iagttagelser: at forstå, undersøge og udrede mennesker på et eksistentiel-fænomenologisk grundlag. Aalborg Universitetsforlag. Skriftserie om eksistentiel fænomenologi
 Frankl, Viktor (2000). Psykologi og eksistens . København: Gyldendal
 Frederiksen, Lotte Lykke (2015): Helende historier. Frydenlund
 Frydenlund, Jonas Højgaard; Bo Jacobsen; Bjarne Jacobsen; Charlotte Mathiassen (red.) (2022): Eksistenstænkning. Psyke & Logos
 Hansen, Karsten Borg (1998): Psykologi og sundhedssystem - hvad er eksistentiel psykologi? Og hvad har den at byde på i systemer, der er vant til at kvantificere?" I: Psykolog Nyt
 Hansen, Karsten Borg (1999): "Mennesket set indefra - om eksistentiel terapi, dens grundlag og praksis."  Psykolog Nyt, nr. 5.
 Hansen, Karsten Borg (2004): "Eksistensens kropslighed".  Psykologisk Set nr. 56.
 Hansen, Karsten Borg (2009): " Den ligeværdige dialog". DPF
 Jacobsen, Bjarne (2000): " Den helbredende sygdom". Dansk Psykologisk Forlag
 Jacobsen, Bjarne (2012). Eksistentiel psykologi - mellem himmel og jord. Roskilde: Samfundslitteratur
 Jacobsen, Bjarne (2021): "Kierkegaard - hverdagslivets psykologi". Gyldendal
 Jacobsen, Bo (1997): "Eksistentiel psykologi og terapi". I: Klassisk og moderne psykologisk teori. Karpatschof, B. & Katzenelson, B. (red.). Kbh.: Hans Reitzels Forlag
 Jacobsen, Bo (1998): "Voksenundervisning og livserfaring". KbH: HRF
 Jacobsen, Bo (1998). Eksistensens psykologi. HRF
 Jacobsen, Bo (2000). Dødsangst, livsangst og livsmod. Omsorg. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Palliativ Medicin, 17, nr. 3, 13 - 16.
 Jacobsen, Bo (2003). Mød eleven. Hans Reitzels Forlag
 Jakobsen, Bo (2005). Kærlighedslivets psykologi i eksistentiel belysning. Psyke & Logos, 26(2), 9.
 Jacobsen, Bo (2006). Sorg og sygdom i eksistentiel betydning. Omsorg: Nordisk tidsskrift for Palliativ Medisin, 23(1), 25-29.
 Jacobsen, Bo (2009). Livets dilemmaer. København: Hans Reitzels Forlag
 Jacobsen, Bo (2014): "Humanistiske og eksistentielle teorier om personligheden". Kapitel 5 i: Køppe og Dammeyer (Red): Personlighedspsykologi. Kbh:: Hans Reitzels Forlag
 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (1993). Filmen og den nye psykologi. I: Philosophia, 22(3-4),11-24
 Laursen, Jørn (2009). Eksistentielle livskriser. Books on Demand
 May, Rollo (1958). Eksistentiel psykologi. København: Gyldendal
 Nordentoft, Kresten (1972). Kierkegaards psykologi. København: Hans Reitzels Forlag
 Nordentoft, Kresten (1973). Hvad siger Brand-Majoren?" : Kierkegaards opgør med sin samtid. Gad
 Nordentoft, Kresten (1977): Søren Kierkegaard - bidrag til kritikken af den borgerlige selvoptagethed. DUP
 Olsen, Jan (2016): Der er én eller anden mening med tingene, hvis man bare tror på det: Mening i eksistentiel og livshistorisk belysning. Narrativ Forskning, 203-220
 Schultz, Karen (2000). Eksistens i arbejdslivet: At skabe mening for virksomhed og medarbejder. Hans Reitzels Forlag
 Schultz, Karen (2005). Arbejde som livsmening – mening som livets arbejde. I: E-Artikel, Akademia.dk
 Strøier, Vibe (2011): Konsulentens grønspættebog : systemisk og eksistentiel tilgang til konsulentarbejde. DPF
 Sørensen, Anders Dræby (2009). Eksistentialisme i psykologi, psykiatri og psykoterapi. I: At tænke eksistensen. Aarhus Universitetsforlag
 Sørensen, Anders Dræby (2013). Søren Kierkegaards gennemslag i den eksistentielle og humanistiske psykologi, psykoterapi og psykiatri. Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, (68), 79–102.
 Sørensen, Anders Dræby (2015): At finde mening i den nøgne eksistens. Baggrund, 6. februar
 Sørensen, Anders Dræby (2015): Søren Kierkegaard og den eksistentielfænomenologiske problematisering af psykopatologi. I: Søren Kierkegaard som eksistentiel fænomenolog. Aalborg Universitetsforlag
 Sørensen, Anders Dræby (2015): Hvis det normale var en diagnose. Baggrund
 Sørensen, Anders Dræby (2015): "Angst - når hverdagslivet bliver hjemløst". I: Hverdagslivets følelser. Hans Reitzels Forlag
 Vesterager, Mette (2017): Stress i et eksistentielt perspektiv. I: Erhvervspsykologi, nr 2
 Yalom, Irvin (2009). Som at stirre på solen. Hans Reitzels Forlag

Litteratur på engelsk
 Aggerholm, Kenneth (2014). Talent Development, Existential Philosophy and Sport: On Becoming an Elite Athlete. Routledge
 Batthyany, Alexander (2014). Meaning in Positive and Existential Psychology. Springer
 Boss, Medard (1979). Existential Foundations of Medicine and Psychology, Jason Aronson, New York, London
 Bugental, James (1976).  The search for existential identity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

 Caruso, Igor (1964). Existential Psychology. Darton, Longman & Todd
 Deurzen, Emmy van and Arnold-Baker, C., eds. (2005) Existential Perspectives on Human Issues, London: Palgrave, Macmillan.
 Hanaway, Monica (2018). Being an Existential Leader . TH Group
 Jacobsen, Bo (2007). Invitation to Existential Psychology. IEEE
 Kelly, Joe (1998). An Existential-Systems Approach to Managing Organizations. Praeger
 Laing, R.D. (1960) The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
 Laing, R.D. (1961) The Self and Others. London: Tavistock Publications.
 May, Rollo (1953). Man's Search for Himself. Signet Book
 May, Rollo (1972).  Power and innocence. New York: Norton.
 May, Rollo (1981).  Freedom and destiny. New York: Norton.
 May, Rollo (2015). The Meaning of Anxiety . Norton
 Nesti, Mark (2006). Existential Psychology and Sport . Routledge
 Pauchant, Thierry (1995). Meaning: Managing for the Health of Our Organizations, Our Communities, and the Natural World. Wiley
 Reker, Gary & Kerry Chamberlain (ed.) (1999). Exploring Existential Meaning: Optimizing Human Development Across the Life Span. Sage Publications
 Schneider, Kirk (1995). The psychology of existence: An integrative, clinical perspective. McGrawHill
 Schneider, Kirk (2004).  Rediscovery of awe: Splendor, mystery, and the fluid center of life.  St. Paul, MN:  Paragon House.
 Schneider, Kirk (2009). Awakening to awe: Personal stories of profound transformation.  Lanham, MD:  Jason Aronson.
 Schultz, Karen (2006). When Work Means Meaning: Existential Dimensions, Organizations and Leadership. Akademia
 Taubman, Orit (2019). Pathways and Barriers to Parenthood: Existential Concerns Regarding Fertility, Pregnancy, and Early Parenthood. Springer
 Whitehead, Patrick (2019). Existential Health Psychology. Palgrave

Litteratur på norsk

 Olsvik, Eigil (2011). Eksistens og dialog : en kritisk innføring i psykologisk teori og praksis. Scandinavian Academic Press

Svensksproget litteratur

 Dræby, Anders (2018). Existentiell vilsenhet i teknologins tidsålder - om andlig sjukdom och dess läkning. I: Existens och psykisk hälsa. Stockholm: Studentlitteratur
 Stiwne, Dan (2017): Existens och psykisk hälsa: om hur liv och levnad förhåller sig till hälsa och ohälsa. Stockholm: Studentlitteratur
 Schröder, Ted (2003). Det omedvetna: en dröm om det äkta. Brutus Östlings bokförlag Symposion

Noter

Psykologi

Eksistentiel psykologi


توكرا هم جنس خيالي في مسلسل الخيال العلمي ستارغيت إس جي 1، ظهروا أول مرة في الجزء الثاني بحلقة أثناء الخدمة (In the Line of Duty). وهم عبارة عن مجموعة من الغواؤلد تؤمن بعدم أخذ البشر كمضيفين ضد ارادتهم، وتعمل على مقاومة قادة النظام، ويعدوا أحد أهم وأكبر الحلفاء لكوكب الأرض.

جميع التوكرا انحدروا من ملكة واحدة وهي إيجيرا والتي حاربت الغواؤلد منذ 2000 عام مضت، إلا أن القائد الاعلي رع نجح في هزيمتها. ومن هنا جاء اسم التوكرا حيث أنه يعني ضد رع أو مقاومة رع. على الرغم من انهم والغواؤلد جنس واحد، إلا أن التوكرا يعتبرون تسميتهم بالغواؤلد اهانة. حيث انهم يختلفون عنهم في كل شيء، فهم ياخذون البشر برضائهم فقط، ويزودوهم بحياة طويلة وصحة ممتازة، ويندمجون معهم في علاقة تعايشية حقيقية يتشاركون فيها بنفس الجسد بالتساوي. نتيجة لاعدادهم المنخفضة وقلة مواردهم، هم يفضلون العمل في الخفاء باساليب تشبه حرب عصابات، لإثارة الحروب بين قادة النظام والحرص علي عدم وصول أحدهم لقمة السيطرة الكاملة على المتبقين.

المصادر

أجناس ستارغيت
منظمات عسكرية خيالية

توكرا


Olidammara, Zindanlar ve Ejderhalardaki tanrılardan biridir. Hırsızların tanrısıdır. Şansa hükmeder ve kaosu sever. Amblemi gülen ve ağlayan iki yüzdür. Fazla takipçisi yoktur. Tapınakları ya çok seyrektir ya da yoktur. Ama tavernalarda her zaman adına kadeh kaldırılır.
Şarap tanrısıdır.

Olidammara