A students' union, also known by many other names, is a student organization present in many colleges, universities, and high schools. In higher education, the students' union is often accorded its own building on the campus, dedicated to social, organizational activities, representation, and academic support of the membership.

In the United States, student union often only refers to a physical building owned by the university with the purpose of providing services for students without a governing body. This building is also referred to as a student activity center, although the Association of College Unions International (largely US-based) has hundreds of campus organizational members. Outside the US, student union and students' union more often refer to a representative body, as distinct from a student activity centre building, and may also refer to a building run by that representative body.

Purpose
Depending on the country, the purpose, assembly, method, and implementation of the group might vary. Universally, the purpose of students' union or student government is to represent fellow students in some fashion.

In some cases, students' unions are run by students, independent of the educational facility. The purpose of these organizations is to represent students both within the institution and externally, including on local and national issues. Students' unions are also responsible for providing a variety of services to students. Depending on the organization's makeup, students can get involved in the union by becoming active in a committee, by attending councils and general meetings, volunteering within a group, service or club run by the union, or by becoming an elected officer.

Some students' unions are politicized bodies, and often serve as a training ground for aspiring politicians. Students' unions generally have similar aims irrespective of the extent of politicization, usually focusing on providing students with facilities, support, and services.

Some students' unions often officially recognize and allocate an annual budget to other organizations on campus. In some institutions, postgraduate students are within the general students' unions, whereas in others they have their own postgraduate representative body. In some cases, graduate students lack formal representation in student government.

Variations depending on country
As mentioned before universally the purpose of students' union or student government is to represent fellow students. Many times students' unions usually focusing on providing students with facilities, support, and services. Simple variations on just the name include the name differences between the United States (student government) and other countries (students' union or student association). Depending on the country there are different methods of representation compulsory education to Higher education or tertiary.

Asia and Oceania

Australia

In Australia, all universities have one or more student organizations.

Australian student unions typically provide such services as eateries, small retail outlets (e.g., news agencies), student media (e.g., campus newspapers), advocacy, and support for a variety of social, arts, political, recreational, special interest and sporting clubs and societies. Most also operate specialized support services for female, LGBT, international and indigenous students. Many expressed concerns over the introduction of voluntary student unionism (VSU) in 2006.

In 2011, the Government passed legislation to allow universities to charge students a compulsory service fee to fund amenities such as sporting facilities, childcare and counselling, as well as student media and "advocating students' interests".

The National Union of Students of Australia represents most undergraduate students' unions at a national level; the Council of Australian Postgraduate Associations is the umbrella organisation for postgraduate students' unions.

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Students Union (ASU) was established by students from Baku on 15 September 2008. ASU is an organization which was established on basis of international experience and it was the first student organization which united students irrespective of gender, race, creed, nationality.

During its action period ASU has formed stable structure, presented new suggestions about student policy to appropriate bodies, made close relations with international and regional student organizations, prepared new action plan according to the universities-students-companies' relations in Azerbaijan.

ASU considered international relations very important. For the first time ASU's delegates were participants of the First Asia IAESTE Forum in Shanghai during 12–15 November 2009. After that forum ASU established close relations with IAESTE which is one of the biggest student exchange organizations. As a result of relations on 21 January 2010 ASU was accepted a member of IAESTE. The union gained right to represent Azerbaijan students in IAESTE. That membership was the union's first success on international level. During 20–27 January Azerbaijan Students Union was accepted as associative member of IAESTE in 64th Annual Conference in Thailand. Azerbaijan Students Union has been a full member of European Students' Union until 2015.

China
In China, the student body is usually referred to as 学生会 () or 学生联合会 ().

Membership in different universities has different functions. Some universities may give the membership a task of recording the students' attendance and the complex grades. Student associations of Chinese universities are mostly under the leadership of Communist Youth League of China, which to a large extent limit its function as an organization purely belonging to students themselves.

Hong Kong
All universities in Hong Kong had students' unions until the Hong Kong national security law came into effect in 2020, when the many students' unions were forced to disband under political pressure. Most of these students' unions were members of the Hong Kong Federation of Students. Many secondary schools also have students' unions or the equivalent. Students' unions are called student council and students' association in some secondary schools. Students' unions in secondary schools and universities are elected democratically and universally by the student population, and the cabinet winning a simple majority becomes the new students' union of the year. Students' union maintain quite a hierarchical structure.

India

India has developed a complex tradition of student politics dating from the era of Indian National Congress movement domination. Student unions are organised both within universities, like the Student Council of IISc and across universities, All India Students Federation (AISF) is the oldest student organisation in India founded on August 12, 1936. AISF is the only students organisation in the country which was actively involved in the Indian freedom struggle,  but affiliated with political parties, as in the case of Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, Muslim Students Federation, Students Federation of India, National Students Union of India etc. who compete in elections to control posts in universities and colleges. Examples of activist unions include the Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union, Delhi University Students Union, Udai pratap college students Union Swaero Student Union. Recently few school administrations had also started including the student government system as co-curricular activities in one form or another. There is one of a kind, non-political independent architectural students body, National Association of Students of Architecture.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, every university, college and higher education school has a student union.

The official student union in junior and senior high school is usually called Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah (Intra-School Student Organization, abbreviated as OSIS), is formed by the school. A general election to choose the leader is usually held every year. OSIS organizes the school's extracurricular activities such as music shows and art gallery (pentas seni/pensi).

The student union in universities is commonly called Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa (Student Executive Board, abbreviated as BEM), though the official name could be vary between universities or faculties. Most of BEMs are affiliated with several national unions, such as All-Indonesia BEM (BEM SI) or BEM Nusantara (BEMNUS).

Japan
In Japan, the student body is called 学生自治会 (gakusei-jichi-kai). In Japanese, the word 学生自治会 (gakusei-jichi-kai) means students' self-government-organizations. The student body in Japan promotes extracurricular activities. Usually, a cultural association, 文化会 (bunka-kai), and a sports association, 体育会 (taiiku-kai), are included within a student body as autonomous organizations. A student belongs to one or more students' organizations, and he or she does extracurricular activities through these students' organizations. However, the extracurricular activities of universities and colleges have been declining since the 1990s.

There is no nationwide student union in Japan that participates in university administration or university management.

Malaysia

Malaysia has 20 public universities. Each of them has one students' representative council (), the highest student body of such university as stipulated in the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 (AUKU).The registered students of the University, other than external students, shall together constitute a body to be known as the Students' Union of the University, and the Union shall elect a Students' Representative Council.  (Article 48 Section 1-2, Universities and University Colleges Act)A general election is held every year, usually in November (With the exception of University of Malaya in July), to elect representatives to MPP. The percentage of voter turn-outs are usually high (70 to 95 percent) largely due to enforcements from the universities' management which, at the same time, acts as the Election Committee. Amendments on the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 in 2019 allows students to be fully in-charge of the Election Committee.

Every year, the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education would set meetings and arrange programmes with all MPPs. Nevertheless, each MPP has their own autonomous right to govern their own membership. The size of MPP differs from each university, from as little as 12 to as many as 50, which may include non-associate members from student leaders representing their respective student body. All MPP members are part-time and unpaid officers.

In 2011, Universiti Sains Malaysia established Students' Consultative Assembly (), the first student parliament established and the oldest of its kind in Malaysia, to involve participation of more student leaders in decision and policy making as well as to establish a legislative branch in its Students' Union system instead of having the only executive branch. A university student parliament is composed of MPP members and other elected or appointed student leaders representing their respective student body, along with the presence of the management's and students' representative as observers. In 2020, Universiti Utara Malaysia revived the Students' Parliament () as the legislative branch in its Students' Union system which was left dormant since its last meeting at 2013 and the next meeting since its revival was held in April 2021. As at May 2021, 8 public universities in Malaysia had their student parliament established.

However, there were several disputes regarding the autonomy of the MPP, since executive decisions were depending upon the advice of the Students' Affairs Department (), especially among several students' rights activists, who insists that the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 (AUKU) to be abolished and replaced with a new act to 'revive' students' autonomy on administration as in the 1960s'.

New Zealand
Students associations have a strong history in New Zealand of involvement in political causes, notably the Halt All Racist Tours campaign during the 1981 Springbok Tour. All universities, and most polytechnics and colleges of education have a students association. Since the economic reforms of the 1990s and the introduction of user pays in tertiary education, students associations and the national body have shifted their focus to challenging inequities in the student loan scheme and high levels of student debt. Part-time work alongside the introduction of internal assessment and the change of semester structure has been attributed to the declining involvement in extracurricular activities and a shift in focus of the student movement from mass protest to lobbying.

Previous to 1998 membership of Students' Associations (pep) was compulsory at all public Tertiary Education providers (universities, polytechnics and colleges of education). In 1997 the centre-right National party proposed the Voluntary Student Membership amendment to the Education act which would have made membership of Students' Associations voluntary at all Tertiary Education Providers.

However the National Party relied on support from the centrist New Zealand First party to pass legislation. The New Zealand First party preferred that Tertiary Students themselves choose whether their provider should be voluntary or compulsory and pushed through a compromise to the amendment that allowed for a Compulsory Vs Voluntary referendum to be held at every public Tertiary Education Provider. The amendment also allowed for subsequent referendums which could not be held until at least two years had passed since the previous referendum and only if a petition was signed by 10% of the student populace.

The first wave of referendums were held in 1999, in which several Polytechnics and two Universities (the University of Waikato and the University of Auckland) elected to become voluntary. In 2002 a second referendum was held at the University of Waikato and students choose to return to compulsory student membership. Similar referendums at Auckland University in 2001, 2003 and 2005 have all elected to retain voluntary student membership.

Most of New Zealand Tertiary students' associations are confederated under the New Zealand Union of Students' Associations.

Philippines
In the Philippines, student unions are referred to as "student government" and "student council." They are vital organizations for student representation and advancing the struggle of the people for their democratic rights and freedoms. At the primary and secondary level, student unions are referred to as pupil government handled by the Department of Education under their Student Government Program. Meanwhile, at the tertiary level, private and state colleges and universities have their own student councils. A university may further be subdivided into colleges with their own specializations (e.g., College of Law, College of Medicine, College of Arts and Sciences, etc.); in this case, the highest student representation will usually be referred to as the university student council while the student representation of these colleges will be called college student council(s). Aside from student unions, students are further represented in the through the student regent (e.g., UP Office of the Student Regent for the students of the University of the Philippines System). The student regent is a consequence of tireless and continuous struggle of the students to be represented in the highest policy-making body of their respective universities such as the school board where the student regent has voting powers, among others. Student regents are very common for universities with campuses in different locations and most especially in state universities and colleges. On the other hand, these student unions are also connected throughout the country via an alliance or network such as the National Union of Students of the Philippines (NUSP), which serves as a nationwide alliance of student councils/governments/unions committed to the advancement of the students' democratic rights and welfare since its establishment in 1957.

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, each state university has several Students' unions with formal links to respective faculties. Inter University Students' Federation is the umbrella organization of 14 unions of university students. However, most of these have political affiliations and function as proxies of these political factions. Many unions take an active political role within the university and in the country as a whole. This frequently lead to much clashes between rival students' unions or the authorities.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, the student body is called 學生會 () or 學生自治會 (), these groups are often known as student association and students' union, or less commonly a student government. The law requires all universities and high schools should have a Student Association. Many universities student association in Taiwan are members of the National Students' Union of Taiwan ().

Myanmar

The role of students' unions in Myanmar were attached with Politics. From 1920, the students' union were outcoming and tried to get the Interdependence of Nation. There were many students boycotts in Myanmar: 1920, 1936, 1962, 1974-75-76, 1988, 1996, 2007 and recently 2015 March. Most of them were connected with political issues.

Africa

In South Africa student representative councils are the executive and plenary body of student governance and charters and provides most of the funding for other student groups, and represents students' interests when dealing with the administration. In several instances representatives of these bodies are members of the university's Senate.

In 2012 the first student union in Libya, after 42 years of suppression, was founded. Students from Al Mimona Ebem Alharth school public school in Tripoli-Libya successfully established the union and promoted for other schools around the country to do the same. The founder Alaa Amed received local media attention for this achievement.

While higher education and student activism might vary depending on the country the National Association of Nigerian Students' is an organization with well over 50 university union across the nation.

Tunisia has many students unions including the Union Générale des Étudiants de Tunisie founded in 1952, and Union Générale Tunisienne des Étudiants founded in 1985.

Europe
While each students' union varies by countries the European Students' Union is an umbrella organization of 45 national unions of students from 36 European countries.

Armenia
The Armenian National Students Association was established in September 2003 and represents 90 thousand students across Armenia. It is a member of the European Students' Union. The National Youth Council of Armenia was established in 1997 and represents 70 student and youth structures throughout Armenia.

Denmark
In Denmark the higher education system comprises two parallel sectors: universities and university colleges of applied sciences (e.g. nursing and engineering schools or teachers' colleges). Universities are characterised by scientific research and the highest education based thereon. University colleges of applied sciences are oriented towards working life and base their operations on the high vocational skill requirements set by it. These vocational institutions offer 3-4 year 'professional bachelor's degrees'. Besides that there are a number of art schools. Universities belong under the Ministry of Science, University Colleges belong under the Ministry of Education, and the Art Schools belong under the Ministry of Culture. There are 12 universities at the moment, but in 2006 there is a major merger process going on to make fewer, bigger institutions. The student unions at universities (and some of the art schools' student unions) are generally members of the National Union of Students in Denmark which represents these students on the national level.

Every university has a student union (In Danish, Studenterråd). Membership is not mandatory. The student unions are funded by the university and the Ministry of Science on the basis of the percentage of votes received every year at the university election. The student union is autonomous, its internal life organized by its by-laws. The student unions are responsible for all representation of the students and elect the student members of different administrative organs. They usually coordinate and finance the activities of smaller, more specialized student organizations. For the financing of their activities, some student unions exact a membership fee and/or engage in different businesses.

In the Ministry of Culture institutions there are also local student organisations. In the Ministry of Education institutions, The student activities are very much related to a student division of the Labor Union in the different areas. For instance, the teachers' students are organised in the national labor union for teachers and so forth.

The Upper-Secondary schools (In Danish, Gymnasier), It is in Denmark a law that there has to be a student council at the Upper-Secondary schools. The student councils are organized in the following organisations:

Finland

France

The central organization of the French higher education system means that local university bodies have restricted decision-making power. As a consequence, student unions are generally established at national level with local sections in most universities. The largest national student unions have a strong political identity and their actions are generally restricted to the defense of their vision of higher education rather than being focused on the particular interests of the membership of a single university. Union membership is regarded as an essentially political decision, without any particular advantage for students. The strength of unions is often measured by their effectiveness in national protests rather than by membership figures. The National Union of Students of France (UNEF) is the oldest French student union created in 1907. It laid the modern foundations of student unionism in France in 1946 when it adopted the Charter of Grenoble.

There are also class-struggle student unions such as the Solidaires Étudiant-e-s (formed in January 2013 through the fusion of the former organizations SUD Étudiant and Féderation syndicale étudiante (FSE)) which refuse to cooperate with the universities' direction and work to organize students. Or radical-right student organizations like the student cockade

In the grandes écoles, the premium league in the French higher education system, students are generally members of the official Student Office (Bureau des étudiants or Bureau des élèves) in charge of the organization of social activities and sports events. The constitutions of these societies, which work in close partnership with the school administration, usually prevent union members from running for executive positions in order to keep the school independent from political groups liable to harm the school's prestige.

High school students' union

The first high school organizations appear sporadically with social movements since the mid-1960s.

Modern French high school unionism appeared after the Devaquet Law Project which had sparked a mass mobilization of high school and university students in November and December 1986 : In 1987 the Independent and Democratic Lycee Federation was founded. This organization was the first to claim syndicalism. It is the oldest French high school students union still in operation.

Others high school students unions referring to syndicalism will follow: in 1994, the national high school students' union was created after the social movement against the professional integration contract bill. In 2009, the general high school students' union and then in 2016, the national high school student movement, were born out of a split with the national high school student union.

Germany
In Germany the actual form of student representation depends strongly on the federal state. In most states there is a General Students' Committee () at every university. It is the executive organ of the parliaments and councils of all faculties.

Greece
In Greece every university department has its corresponding student union (in Greek: Σύλλογος Φοιτητών) and all students belonging to the department have the right to register as members. The main objective of a student union is to solve students' problems that can either be related to academic life or have a general political and social nature. Furthermore, student unions organize and support numerous activities such as political debates, demonstrations, university occupations, educational lectures, cultural and artistic events, conferences and so on.

The structure of a student union is rather simple and comprises two bodies: The General Students' Assembly (Greece) and the board of directors. The general assembly consists of all student-members of the union. It takes place on a regular basis and is the only decision-making body. During the general assembly, many topics of student interest are discussed and the decisions are taken after open vote. The board of directors makes sure that the decisions of the general assembly will be materialized. Moreover, the members of the board of directors, among which is the union's president, participate in various university administrative bodies as representatives of all students in the union.

Every year in early spring the student elections take place nationwide, during which students vote for their representatives. All student unions in Greece are members of the "National Student Union of Greece" (ΕΦΕΕ - Εθνική Φοιτητική Ένωση Ελλάδας).

Ireland

Most of Ireland's universities and colleges have students' unions which were established to represent the students in the context of internal college issues and on wider student related issues and also a means of solidarity with other movements globally. An ongoing campaign of virtually every students' union in Ireland is to prevent the reintroduction of tuition fees which were abolished in 1995. Most, but not all, of the students' unions are affiliated with the Union of Students in Ireland. Notably, two of the seven university students' unions are not members. The students' unions are operated in accordance with the rules set down in their constitution which invariable enumerates a strong democratic and inclusive procedure for the governance on the union. Some Students' Unions run retail businesses in the interests of its students and run referendums, such as on whether or not to support same-sex marriage or abortion.

All Universities and Institutes of Technologies in the Republic of Ireland have Students' Unions.

National Union of Students-Union of Students in Ireland (NUS-USI), the student movement in Northern Ireland was formed in 1972 by bilateral agreement between the UK National Union of Students (NUS) and the Union of Students in Ireland (USI), to address the particular problems of representing students in Northern Ireland.

Netherlands
There are several students' unions in The Netherlands which act as labor unions for students. The largest ones are VSSD in Delft and ASVA Studentenunie in Amsterdam. These students' unions are all members of LSVb, the national students' union. There's also a similar organization called ISO (Interstedelijk Studenten Overleg), which consists of several formal participation organizations, as well as ASVA Studentenunie and VSSD. Both ISO and LSVb are members of European Students' Union.

Lastly, the Netherlands has an (unofficial) student union for its students that study abroad: Netherlands Worldwide Students or simply NEWS.

The Netherlands is also home to an unusual case of student representation in which a local political party completely run by student gained seats during local town hall elections, STIP.

Norway
In Norway, every university is instructed and required by law to have a student union elected by the students at the university. Additionally, Norwegian law requires two students to be appointed as members of the board of directors for all universities. The goal for every student union is to act as the official voice of the students towards the university's administration and rector, informing them on the students' perspectives on most issues at the institution, either academic or administrative. They often additionally seek to improve their school environment through encouraging social, cultural and other extracurricular events in the local community. Each student union in Norway is governed by a board of directors that is elected directly from the Student Council. In addition, most upper secondary schools in Norway are affiliated with the School Student Union of Norway.

Portugal
In Portugal, every university, polytechnic institute and any other higher education schools has their own students' unions. Union organizations are generally aimed to organize and promote extracurricular activities such as sports and culture events, parties, and academic festivities. At the same time, they also act as "labour unions for students" promoting and defending the students' points of view and rights, and dealing with the teaching institutions and the State's education agencies policies. The oldest union of Portugal is the Associação Académica de Coimbra (founded in 1887) which belongs to the students of the University of Coimbra. The biggest students' union is Associação dos Estudantes do Instituto Superior Técnico (AEIST).

Sweden

At Swedish universities, students' unions are responsible for representing the students in evaluation of the education and decision-making within the universities. Not Swedish universities are affiliated with the Swedish National Union of Students. The union normally holds about one-third of the votes within every decision-making body and thus holds a great deal of power.

The unions are usually governed by a general assembly of elected representatives. Students' unions generally provide counselling services to its members and publishes their own magazines or newspapers. Large universities often have several students' unions, where the smaller students' unions only provide basic services. Larger students' unions often own and run their own facilities at the university such as shops, restaurants and night clubs.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom has a long history of student unionism at a local and national level. The oldest students' union in Britain (as distinct from a primarily social union society)  was the Student Representative Council formed at the University of Edinburgh in 1884. Most bodies are termed unions, however there exist a number of guilds and students' associations.  Students' association is a popular term in Scotland, as historically there were separate men's and women's unions focused on societies and entertainment with representation to the university carried out by separate students' representative councils. Most students' unions in the UK are affiliated to the National Union of Students, although there exist other national representative bodies, such the National Postgraduate Committee, the Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland and the Aldwych Group, the association of students' unions of members of the Russell Group.

National Union of Students-Union of Students in Ireland (NUS-USI), the student movement in Northern Ireland was formed in 1972 by bilateral agreement between the UK National Union of Students (NUS) and the Union of Students in Ireland (USI), to address the particular problems of representing students in Northern Ireland.

Under the Education Act 1994, the role and purpose of students' unions is defined as being "promoting the general interests of its members as students". This has limited the ability of students' unions to campaign on issues not directly related to their members as students, such as Apartheid and the 1984–85 miners' strike.

The Americas

Canada

In Canada, the existence of a college or university students' union and the membership of those who attend the institutions is mandatory across Canada under various provincial statutes. Included in Canadian students' tuition fees is anywhere from an additional $10–$500 fee to pay for the services of the union for either undergraduate or graduate support. The money raised from dues is used to support, programs, services, advocacy, salaries, part-time staff costs, overhead costs and a variety of other general costs. Student elections typically happen prior to the end of the previous educational year as the membership elect their unions' executives for the following year. The current largest undergraduate student union in Canada is the York Federation of Students, at the York University, with around 60,000 members.

Most students' unions are charged by their membership to protect their best interests at the university, municipal, provincial and federal government levels. Advocating for support from the provincial government for areas such as lower tuition fees, support for sexual and gender based violence, and financial support, as well as creating position papers and providing research to support various causes. Many students' unions in Canada are members of one of the national student organizations, the Canadian Alliance of Student Associations (CASA) or the Canadian Federation of Students (CFS). Those that belong to the CFS at the national level also belong to the CFS at the provincial level. Those that do not belong to the CFS may belong to a provincial student organization like the New Brunswick Student Alliance, the Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance (OUSA), the College Student Alliance, StudentsNS (formerly known as ANSSA), the Alliance of British Columbia Students, the Council of Alberta University Students, or the Alberta Students Executive Council. In Quebec, the provincial student organizations are the Quebec Federation of University Students (Fédération étudiante universitaire du Québec or FEUQ) for university students, college students are represented by the Fédération étudiante collégiale du Québec or FECQ, while the Association pour une solidarité syndicale étudiante or ASSE includes students from both the undergraduate and graduate levels of education.

Different provinces have different rules governing student unions.  In British Columbia under section 27.1 of the University Act, student unions may only raise or rescind mandatory student union fees through a democratic referendum of the membership.  Once fees are passed through this mechanism, the board of governors of the respective institutions are then required to remit those fees to the student union, and may only interfere in the internal affairs of the student union if it fails to complete annual audits of its finances, giving these student unions strong autonomy over their institutions.  In Ontario, the autonomy of student unions is set by standards outlined by each institution, giving university administrators a broader scope of powers over the finances of student unions. Ontario educational institutions may only revoke collecting fees on behalf of the students' union if they are in contravention of the Corporations Act of Ontario. Other provinces have governing acts specific to the institutions, such as The University of Manitoba Students' Union Act.

Students' Unions in Canada typically offer a variety of services such as LGBTQ2+ groups, Women's Centre's, Food Banks, Bicycle Repair Shops, Campus First Aid teams, Walksafe programs, Peer Support groups and Racialized Student Support, among other offerings and independent student groups. Unions also generally offer health and dental plans, termly bus passes at costs negotiated with the local transit authority, and other student assistance programs. Funding options are also a part of many student unions' including endowment funds, funding for student clubs and for orientation. Students' unions are also programmers for the beginning of term events such as Welcome Week, Frost Week and other events throughout the term that provide social connections and wellness for students. Advocacy is also a main portion of what a students' union does including connecting with the university or College to advocate for changes to programs, co-op, and affordability. They also advocate for housing and tenant rights, safety, quality of education, academic rights, transportation concerns, accessibility, diversity and equity and health and wellness.

Mexico
In Mexico, students unions are mostly predominant in universities. Mexican universities have an elected student committee each year, but the faculties or schools within the universities have also their own union. This practice is also extended to other levels of education, such as high and junior high school, but to a lesser extent. An example of this is the Sociedad de Alumnos de HPA Mexico.

Jesuit student groups played an important role in Mexico's history, particularly in opposing the imposition of socialist education in Mexico in the 1930s. Leaders from the Unión Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos (UNEC) had long-term importance in Mexico's political history, since a number of them helped form the conservative National Action Party (Mexico).

United States

In the United States, these groups are often known as student government, associated students, student senate, or less commonly a students' union.  In the U.S., the phrase "student union" often refers to a "student activity center" (also known as a "student center" or "student commons"), a building with dining halls, game rooms, lounges, student offices, and other spaces for student activities. At institutions with large graduate, medical school, and individual "college" populations, there are often student governments that serve those specific constituencies.

Brazil

The Brazilian Society

This society has existed since 2003 and now has 190 members, where only one third are Brazilian. The other two thirds are people who are just interested in Brazilian politics, famous parties and culture. This is one of the societies that students may join if they so wish. The society has social events and it hosts lectures. They also have a Brazilian discussion group on a weekly basis in order to discuss current events.

Middle East

Israel
The National Union of Israeli Students (NUIS) is the sole organization that represents over 300,000 students of 61 higher education institutes and vocational schools in Israel. We believe that the young age group of Israel, comprising almost half of the Israel's population, is the living force of society. NUIS was established in 1934, before establishment the state of Israel.

The Student Union's main activity is to widespread and include a variety of activities portraying its worldview regarding the students' role, responsibilities and benefits within the Israeli society. The union is composed of professional departments enacting the decisions made for, and with the student community, in addition to local student unions in each of the higher education institutes. The central role of the union is to protect the student's status and rights, while strengthening its social purpose as the leading organization driving lively activities among the students.

See also

 Student activism
 Student voice
 Student court
 Governance in higher education
 Student centre
 Voluntary student unionism
 Student bill of rights
 Student council

Notes

References

Students' union


Meir Argov (Geburtsname: Meyer Grabovsky; ; * 1905 in Rybniza, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 24. November 1963 in Jerusalem) war ein israelischer Politiker, der 1949 als Abgeordneter in die erste Knesset gewählt wurde und dieser bis zu seinem Tod angehörte. Er war außerdem einer der Unterzeichner der Unabhängigkeitserklärung Israels am 14. Mai 1948.

Leben
Nach Besuch einer jüdischen Grundschule und eines Gymnasiums studierte Argov an der Universität Kiew. Bereits während des Schulbesuchs wurde er 1917 Mitglied des Zentralkomitees der Jungen Zionisten und gehörte zu den Führern der zionistischen Organisation Hechaluz in der heutigen Ukraine. Wegen dieser Aktivitäten wurde er 1922 während der Herrschaft der KPdSU verhaftet und nach weiteren Aktionen für zionistische Organisationen 1924 aus der Sowjetunion ausgewiesen.

Nach seiner Einwanderung (Alija) in das Völkerbundsmandatsgegebiet für Palästina 1927 war er in der Landwirtschaft tätig und war von 1929 bis 1939 Sekretär des Arbeiterrates von Petach Tikwa. 1930 wurde er Mitglied des Vaʿad Le'ummi, Exekutive der jüdischen Repräsentantenversammlung der Mandatszeit, und 1931 Mitglied des Gemeinderates von Petach Tikwa. 1940 trat er als Freiwilliger in die British Army ein und kämpfte in der Jüdischen Brigade in Italien. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg nahm er an Aktionen zur Rettung jüdischer Flüchtlinge nach Palästina teil.

Argov, der am 14. Mai 1948 zu den Unterzeichnern der Unabhängigkeitserklärung des Staates Israels gehörte, war sowohl Mitglied des Zentralkomitees der Arbeiterpartei (Mapai) als auch des Provisorischen Staatsrates.

Nach der Gründung des Staates Israel wurde Argov am 14. Februar 1949 erstmals Abgeordneter der Knesset und gehörte dieser als Vertreter der Mapai bis zu seinem Tod am 24. November 1963 an. Während seiner Parlamentszugehörigkeit war er von Februar 1949 bis zu seinem Tod auch Vorsitzender des Knesset-Ausschusses für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten und Verteidigung sowie Mitglied mehrerer weiterer Ausschüsse.

1971 erschien postum eine Sammlung seiner Aufsätze und Artikel unter dem Titel Struggles: A Collection of Articles and Essays.

Weblinks
 Eintrag auf der Homepage der Knesset

Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Knesset-Abgeordneter
Unterzeichner der Israelischen Unabhängigkeitserklärung
Mitglied der Repräsentantenversammlung (Palästina)
Mapai-Mitglied
Angehöriger der Jüdischen Brigade
Person (Zionismus)
Emigrant in Israel
Israeli
Geboren 1905
Gestorben 1963
Mann

Meir Argov


Emma Johanna Henny Emmy Göring (rođena Sonnemann) (Hamburg, 24. ožujka 1893. – München, 8. lipnja 1973.) bila je njemačka glumica i druga supruga zapovjednika njemačkog vojnog zrakoplovstva (Luftwaffe) Hermana Göringa.

Služila je kao hostesa Adolfa Hitlera pa je poznata kao neslužbena Prva dama Trećeg Reicha uz Magde Goebbels.

Rani život
Rođena je kao Emma Sonnemann u Hamburgu u obitelji bogata prodavača. Poslije školovanja postala je glumica u Narodnom kazalištu u Weimaru.

Udala se za glumca Karla Köstlina 13. siječnja 1916. u Trstu u Italiji. Otada je bila poznata kao Emmy Köstlin. U svojoj je autobiografiji napisala da su ona i Köstlin ubrzo shvatili da su se bolje slagali kao prijatelji te su se odvojili. Rastali su se 1926. godine.

Brak s Hermannom Göringom
Udala se za istaknuta nacista i šef Luftweffea, Hermanna Göringa, 10. travnja 1935. te postala Emmy Göring. Ovo je bio i Göringov drugi brak jer je njegova prva žena, Carin, umrla u listopadu 1931. godine. Dobila je netraženo mjesto u Nacionalsocijalistočkoj stranci tijekom Božića 1938.

Njihova se kći Edda Göring rodila 2. lipnja 1938.

Prva dama Trećeg Reicha
Emmy Göring služila je kao Hitlerova hostesa na mnogim državnim funkcijama prije Drugog svjetskog rata. To i njezina tvrdnja da je Prva dama Trećeg Reicha rezultiralo je neprijateljstvom između nje i Hitlerove buduće žene, Eve Braun, kojoj je prkosila i otvoreno prezirala.

Hitler je stoga izdao ljute zapovijedi Hermannu Göringu zahtijevajući da se Emmy Göring prema njoj ponaša s više poštovanja. Jedan od ishoda njezina ponašanja jest to što nije bila pozvana u Hitlerovo bavarsko prebivalište, Barghof. Eva Braun navodno joj nikad nije oprostila što je preuzela ulogu Prve dame.

Kao žena jednog od najbogatijih i najmoćniji ljudi u Europi dobivala je mnogo javne pažnje, konstantno su je fotografirali, a živjela je raskošnim životom duboko u Drugi svjetski rat.

Po završetku je rata osuđena na godinu dana zatvora jer je optužena da je nacist. Kada je izašla, 30 posto njezine imovine bilo je konfiscirano i bila je izbačena s estrade na pet godina.

Posljednje godine i smrt
Uspjela si je osigurati malen stan u Münichu gdje je ostala ostatak života. U posljednjim je godinama patila od išijasa. Napisala je autobiografiju An der Seite meines Mannes (1967.).

Umrla je u Münichu 8. lipnja 1973.

Izvori

Drugi svjetski rat
Životopisi, Njemačka

Emmy Göring


Herrernes linjeløb ved VM i landevejscykling 2016 blev afholdt den 16. oktober i Doha i Qatar. Linjeløbet foregik over 257,5 km og blev vundet af Peter Sagan fra Slovakiet for andet år i træk, efterfulgt af Mark Cavendish og Tom Boonen.

Deltagere

Danske ryttere
 Magnus Cort
 Søren Kragh Andersen
 Lars Bak
 Matti Breschel
 Christopher Juul-Jensen
 Michael Mørkøv

Resultater

Endelige resultat

Gennemførte ikke
144 ryttere gennemførte ikke løbet, mens Colombias Rigoberto Urán og Norges Vegard Breen ikke stillede til start.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

VM i landevejscykling 2016

VM i landevejscykling 2016 – Linjeløb (herrer)


Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer. She was the first African American female author to have a play performed on Broadway. Her best-known work, the play A Raisin in the Sun, highlights the lives of black Americans in Chicago living under racial segregation. The title of the play was taken from the poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes: "What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?" At the age of 29, she won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award — making her the first African-American dramatist, the fifth woman, and the youngest playwright to do so. Hansberry's family had struggled against segregation, challenging a restrictive covenant in the 1940 U.S. Supreme Court case Hansberry v. Lee.

After she moved to New York City, Hansberry worked at the Pan-Africanist newspaper Freedom, where she worked with other black intellectuals such as Paul Robeson and W. E. B. Du Bois. Much of her work during this time concerned the African struggles for liberation and their impact on the world. Hansberry's writings also discussed her lesbianism and the oppression of homosexuality. She died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 34 during the Broadway run of her play The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965. Hansberry inspired the Nina Simone song "To Be Young, Gifted and Black", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play.

Early life and family
Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four children born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real-estate broker and Nannie Louise (born Perry), a driving school teacher and ward committeewoman.

In 1938, her father bought a house in the Washington Park Subdivision of the South Side of Chicago, incurring the wrath of some of their white neighbors. The latter's legal efforts to force the Hansberry family out culminated in the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Hansberry v. Lee, . The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid; these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional in Shelley v. Kraemer, .

Carl Hansberry was also a supporter of the Urban League and NAACP in Chicago. Both Hansberrys were active in the Chicago Republican Party. Carl died in 1946 when Lorraine was fifteen years old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said.

The Hansberrys were routinely visited by prominent black people, including sociology professor W. E. B. Du Bois, poet Langston Hughes, singer, actor, and political activist Paul Robeson, musician Duke Ellington, and Olympic gold medalist Jesse Owens. Carl Hansberry's brother, William Leo Hansberry, founded the African Civilization section of the History Department at Howard University. Lorraine was taught: "Above all, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: the family and the race."

Lorraine Hansberry has many notable relatives, including director and playwright Shauneille Perry, whose eldest child is named after her. Her grandniece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Her cousin is the flautist, percussionist, and composer Aldridge Hansberry.

Hansberry was the godmother to Nina Simone's daughter Lisa.

Education and political involvement

Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 and from Englewood High School in 1948. She attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she immediately became politically active with the Communist Party USA and integrated a dormitory. Hansberry's classmate Bob Teague remembered her as "the only girl I knew who could whip together a fresh picket sign with her own hands, at a moment's notice, for any cause or occasion".

She worked on Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party presidential campaign in 1948, despite her mother's disapproval. She spent the summer of 1949 in Mexico, studying painting at the University of Guadalajara.

Move to New York

In 1950, Hansberry decided to leave Madison and pursue her career as a writer in New York City, where she attended The New School. She moved to Harlem in 1951 and became involved in activist struggles such as the fight against evictions.

Freedom newspaper and activism

In 1951, Hansberry joined the staff of the black newspaper Freedom, edited by Louis E. Burnham and published by Paul Robeson. At Freedom, she worked with W. E. B. Du Bois, whose office was in the same building, and other black Pan-Africanists. At the newspaper, she worked as a "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant" besides writing news articles and editorials.

Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom.  To celebrate the newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for a rally at Rockland Palace, a then-famous Harlem hall, on "the history of the Negro newspaper in America and its fighting role in the struggle for a people's freedom, from 1827 to the birth of FREEDOM." Performers in this pageant included Paul Robeson, his longtime accompanist Lawrence Brown, the multi-discipline artist Asadata Dafora, and numerous others.  The following year, she collaborated with the already produced playwright Alice Childress, who also wrote for Freedom, on a pageant for its Negro History Festival, with Harry Belafonte, Sidney Poitier, Douglas Turner Ward, and John O. Killens.  This is her earliest remaining theatrical work.

Like Robeson and many black civil rights activists, Hansberry understood the struggle against white supremacy to be interlinked with the program of the Communist Party.  One of her first reports covered the Sojourners for Truth and Justice convened in Washington, D.C., by Mary Church Terrell. Hansberry traveled to Georgia to cover the case of Willie McGee, and was inspired to write the poem "Lynchsong" about his case.

Hansberry worked on not only the US civil rights movement, but also global struggles against colonialism and imperialism. She wrote in support of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, criticizing the mainstream press for its biased coverage.

Hansberry often explained these global struggles in terms of female participants. She was particularly interested in the situation of Egypt, "the traditional Islamic 'cradle of civilization,' where women had led one of the most important fights anywhere for the equality of their sex."

In 1952, Hansberry attended a peace conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in place of Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the State Department.

Marriage and personal life

On June 20, 1953, Hansberry married Robert Nemiroff, a Jewish publisher, songwriter, and political activist. Hansberry and Nemiroff moved to Greenwich Village, the setting of her second Broadway play, The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window. On the night before their wedding in 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in New York City.

The success of the hit pop song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", co-authored by Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start writing full-time. Although the couple separated in 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted until Hansberry's death.

Hansberry was a closeted lesbian. Before her marriage, she had written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women. In 1957, around the time she separated from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Daughters of Bilitis, the San Francisco-based lesbian rights organization, contributing two letters to their magazine, The Ladder, both of which were published under her initials, first "L.H.N." and then "L.N." Pointing to these letters as evidence, some gay and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved in the homophile movement or as having been an activist for gay rights.  According to Kevin J. Mumford, however, beyond reading homophile magazines and corresponding with their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims that Hansberry was directly involved in the movement for gay and lesbian civil equality.

Mumford stated that Hansberry's lesbianism caused her to feel isolated while A Raisin in the Sun catapulted her to fame; still, while "her impulse to cover evidence of her lesbian desires sprang from other anxieties of respectability and conventions of marriage, Hansberry was well on her way to coming out." Near the end of her life, she declared herself "committed [to] this homosexuality thing" and vowed to "create my life—not just accept it". Before her death, she built a circle of gay and lesbian friends, took several lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a gathering of the clan"), and subscribed to several homophile magazines. Hansberry's atheist views were expressed within her dramas, particularly A Raisin in the Sun. Critics and historians have contextualised the humanist themes of her work within a broader history of black atheist literature and a wider English language humanist tradition.

In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced but continued to work together.  Upon his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff donated all of Hansberry's personal and professional effects to the New York Public Library. In doing so, he blocked access to all materials related to Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that no scholars or biographers had access for more than 50 years. In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter released the restricted materials to Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work.

Success as playwright

Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play by an African American woman to be produced on Broadway. The 29-year-old author became the youngest American playwright and only the fifth woman to receive the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play. She was also nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play, among the four Tony Awards that the play was nominated for in 1960. Over the next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages and was being performed all over the world.

In April 1959, as a sign of her sudden fame just one month after A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer David Attie did an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry for Vogue magazine, in the apartment at 337 Bleecker Street where she had written Raisin, which produced many of the best-known images of her today. In her award-winning Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry, Imani Perry writes that in his "gorgeous" images, "Attie captured her intellectual confidence, armour, and remarkable beauty."

Hansberry wrote two screenplays of Raisin, both of which were rejected as controversial by Columbia Pictures. Commissioned by NBC in 1960 to create a television program about slavery, Hansberry wrote The Drinking Gourd. This script was called "superb" but also rejected.

In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta's 26th national convention in Chicago, Hansberry was made an honorary member.

In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll as the director of the musical Kicks and Co, after its try-out at Chicago's McCormick Place. Written by Oscar Brown, Jr., the show featured an interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols, Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Jr., Zabeth Wilde, and Burgess Meredith in the title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation, the $400,000 production was co-produced by her husband Robert Nemiroff. Despite a warm reception in Chicago, the show never made it to Broadway.

In 1963, Hansberry participated in a meeting with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, set up by James Baldwin. Also in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2. Neither of the surgeries was successful in removing the cancer.

Hansberry agreed to speak to the winners of a creative writing conference on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a thrilling and marvelous thing to be merely young and gifted in such times, it is doubly so, doubly dynamic — to be young, gifted and black."

While many of her other writings were published in her lifetime — essays, articles, and the text for the SNCC book The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle for Equality — the only other play given a contemporary production was The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window. It ran for 101 performances on Broadway and closed the night she died.

Beliefs
According to historian Fanon Che Wilkins, "Hansberry believed that gaining civil rights in the United States and obtaining independence in colonial Africa were two sides of the same coin that presented similar challenges for Africans on both sides of the Atlantic." In response to the independence of Ghana, led by Kwame Nkrumah, Hansberry wrote: "The promise of the future of Ghana is that of all the colored peoples of the world; it is the promise of freedom."

Regarding tactics, Hansberry said blacks "must concern themselves with every single means of struggle: legal, illegal, passive, active, violent and non-violent... They must harass, debate, petition, give money to court struggles, sit-in, lie-down, strike, boycott, sing hymns, pray on steps—and shoot from their windows when the racists come cruising through their communities."

James Baldwin described Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Robert F. Kennedy, in which Hansberry asked for a "moral commitment" on civil rights from Kennedy. According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried about black men--who have done splendidly, it seems to me, all things considered....But I am very worried...about the state of the civilization which produced that photograph of the white cop standing on that Negro woman's neck in Birmingham."

In a Town Hall debate on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil disobedience, expressing a need to "encourage the white liberal to stop being a liberal and become an American radical." At the same time, she said, "some of the first people who have died so far in this struggle have been white men."

Hansberry was a critic of existentialism, which she considered too distant from the world's economic and geopolitical realities. Along these lines, she wrote a critical review of Richard Wright's The Outsider and went on to style her final play Les Blancs as a foil to Jean Genet's absurdist Les Nègres. However, Hansberry admired Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex.

In 1959, Hansberry commented that women who are "twice oppressed" may become "twice militant". She held out some hope for male allies of women, writing in an unpublished essay: "If by some miracle women should not ever utter a single protest against their condition there would still exist among men those who could not endure in peace until her liberation had been achieved."

Hansberry was appalled by the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which took place while she was in high school. She expressed a desire for a future in which "Nobody fights. We get rid of all the little bombs—and the big bombs," though she also believed in the right of people to defend themselves with force against their oppressors.

The FBI began surveillance of Hansberry when she prepared to go to the Montevideo peace conference. The Washington, D.C., office searched her passport files "in an effort to obtain all available background material on the subject, any derogatory information contained therein, and a photograph and complete description," while officers in Milwaukee and Chicago examined her life history. Later, an FBI reviewer of Raisin in the Sun highlighted its Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous".

Death
Hansberry died of pancreatic cancer on January 12, 1965, aged 34. James Baldwin believed "it is not at all farfetched to suspect that what she saw contributed to the strain which killed her, for the effort to which Lorraine was dedicated is more than enough to kill a man."

Hansberry's funeral was held in Harlem on January 15, 1965. Paul Robeson and SNCC organizer James Forman gave eulogies. The presiding minister, Eugene Callender, recited a message from Baldwin, and also a message from the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. that read: "Her creative ability and her profound grasp of the deep social issues confronting the world today will remain an inspiration to generations yet unborn." The 15th was also Dr. King's birthday. She is buried at Asbury United Methodist Church Cemetery in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.

Posthumous works
Hansberry's ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, became the executor for several unfinished manuscripts. He added minor changes to complete the play Les Blancs, which Julius Lester termed her best work, and he adapted many of her writings into the play To Be Young, Gifted and Black, which was the longest-running Off Broadway play of the 1968–69 season. It appeared in book form the following year under the title To Be Young, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words. She left behind an unfinished novel and several other plays, including The Drinking Gourd and What Use Are Flowers?, with a range of content, from slavery to a post-apocalyptic future.

When Nemiroff donated Hansberry's personal and professional effects to the New York Public Library, he "separated out the lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, unpublished manuscripts, and full runs of the homophile magazines and restricted them from access to researchers." In 2013, more than twenty years after Nemiroff's death, the new executor released the restricted material to scholar Kevin J. Mumford.

Legacy

In 1973, a musical based on A Raisin in the Sun, entitled Raisin, opened on Broadway, with music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, and a book by Nemiroff and Charlotte Zaltzberg. The show ran for more than two years and won two Tony Awards, including Best Musical.

In 2004, A Raisin in the Sun was revived on Broadway in a production starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, Phylicia Rashad, and Audra McDonald, and directed by Kenny Leon. The production won Tony Awards for Best Actress in a Play for Rashad and Best Featured Actress in a Play for McDonald, and received a nomination for Best Revival of a Play. In 2008, the production was adapted for television with the same cast, winning two NAACP Image Awards.

In 2014, the play was revived on Broadway again in a  production starring Denzel Washington, directed again by Kenny Leon; it won three Tony Awards, for Best Revival of a Play, Best Featured Actress in a Play for Sophie Okonedo, and Best Direction of a Play.

In 1969, Nina Simone first released a song about Hansberry called "To Be Young, Gifted and Black." The title of the song refers to the title of Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry first coined when speaking to the winners of a creative writing conference on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a thrilling and marvelous thing to be merely young and gifted in such times, it is doubly so, doubly dynamic — to be young, gifted and black." Simone wrote the song with the poet Weldon Irvine and told him that she wanted lyrics that would "make black children all over the world feel good about themselves forever." When Irvine read the lyrics after it was finished, he thought, "I didn't write this. God wrote it through me." A studio recording by Simone was released as a single and the first live recording on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970). The single reached the top 10 of the R&B charts. In the introduction of the live version, Simone explains the difficulty of losing a close friend and talented artist.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote a children's biography of Hansberry, Young, Black, and Determined, in 1998.

In 1999 Hansberry was posthumously inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame.

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hansberry in the biographical dictionary 100 Greatest African Americans.

The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre of San Francisco, which specializes in original stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, is named in her honor.

Lincoln University's first-year female dormitory is named Lorraine Hansberry Hall. There is a school in the Bronx called Lorraine Hansberry Academy, and an elementary school in St. Albans, Queens, New York, named after Hansberry as well.

On the eightieth anniversary of Hansberry's birth, Adjoa Andoh presented a BBC Radio 4 program entitled Young, Gifted and Black in tribute to her life.

Founded in 2004 and officially launched in 2006, The Hansberry Project of Seattle, Washington was created as an African-American theatre lab, led by African-American artists and was designed to provide the community with consistent access to the African-American artistic voice. A Contemporary Theatre (ACT) was their first incubator and in 2012 they became an independent organization. The Hansberry Project is rooted in the convictions that black artists should be at the center of the artistic process, that the community deserves excellence in its art, and that theatre's fundamental function is to put people in a relationship with one another. Their goal is to create a space where the entire community can be enriched by the voices of professional black artists, reflecting autonomous concerns, investigations, dreams, and artistic expression.

In 2010, Hansberry was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.

In 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the Legacy Walk, an outdoor public display that celebrates LGBT history and people. This made her the first Chicago native to be honored along the North Halsted corridor.

Also in 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.

Lorraine Hansberry Elementary School was located in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans. Heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it has since closed.

In 2017, Hansberry was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

In January 2018, the PBS series American Masters released a new documentary, Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart, directed by Tracy Heather Strain.

On September 18, 2018, the biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry, written by scholar Imani Perry, was published by Beacon Press.

On June 9, 2022, the Lilly Awards Foundation unveiled a statue of Hansberry in Times Square. The statue will be sent on a tour of major US cities.

Works
 A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
 A Raisin in the Sun, screenplay (1961)
 "On Summer" (essay) (1960)
 The Drinking Gourd (1960)
 What Use Are Flowers? (written c. 1962)
 The Arrival of Mr. Todog – a parody of Waiting for Godot
 The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle for Equality (1964)
 The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window (1965)
 To Be Young, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words (1969)
 Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays / by Lorraine Hansberry. Edited by Robert Nemiroff (1994)
 Toussaint. This fragment from a work in progress, unfinished at the time of Hansberry's untimely death, deals with a Haitian plantation owner and his wife whose lives are soon to change drastically as a result of the revolution of Toussaint L'Ouverture. (From the Samuel French, Inc. catalog of plays.)

See also
 African American literature
 Clybourne Park
 Existentialist feminism

References

Sources
 Anderson, Michael. "Lorraine Hansberry's Freedom Family". American Communist History 7(2), 2008.
 Carter, Stephen R. "Commitment amid Complexity: Lorraine Hansberry's Life in Action". MELUS 7(3), Autumn 1980. Accessed December 25, 2013, via JStor.
 Wilkins, Fanon Che, "Beyond Bandung: The Critical Nationalism of Lorraine Hansberry, 1950 – 1965". Radical History Review 95, Spring 2006. Accessed December 24, 2013 via Duke University Press.
 Higashida, Cheryl. Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1955–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2011.

Further reading
 Soyica Diggs Colbert, Radical Vision: A Biography of Lorraine Hansberry (Yale University Press, 2021)
Higashida, Cheryl, "To Be (come) Young, Gay, and Black: Lorraine Hansberry's Existentialist Routes to Anticolonialism", American Quarterly, 60 (December 2008), 899–924.
 Perry, Imani (2018). Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry. Beacon Press. .
 Tripp, Janet (1997). Lorraine Hansberry. Lucent Books (Young Adult). .

External links

 Lorraine Hansberry Literary Trust with extensive bibliography, numerous quotations, photograph gallery, biography
 Guide to the Lorraine Hansberry papers at the New York Public Library
 "The Black Revolution and the White Backlash" (audio with transcript) – speech by Lorraine Hansberry, Forum at Town Hall sponsored by The Association of Artists for Freedom, New York City, June 15, 1964

Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color – Lorraine Hansberry, University of Minnesota

Twice Militant: Lorraine Hansberry's Letters to "The Ladder" – Brooklyn Museum exhibition, November 2013 – March 2014

 FBI files on Lorraine Hansberry
 Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart documentary on Hansberry
 Freedom, 1951–55, New York University digital archive. Monthly newspaper published by Paul Robeson and Louis Burnham. Lorraine Hansberry, "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant."
Materials about Lorraine Hansberry in the Richard Hoffman - Lorraine Hansberry collection held by Special Collections, University of Delaware Library
Subversives: Stories from the Red Scare. Lesson by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Lorraine Hansberry is featured in this lesson).

1930 births
1965 deaths
African-American atheists
African-American dramatists and playwrights
American atheists
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
American lesbian writers
African-American LGBT people
LGBT people from Illinois
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
American women dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Chicago
American LGBT dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
Writers from Greenwich Village
Englewood Technical Prep Academy alumni
Daughters of Bilitis members
20th-century African-American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century American LGBT people
African-American history of Westchester County, New York
Activists for African-American civil rights

Lorraine Hansberry


ඛාටුන් යන්නෙහි අරුත මොංගෝලියානු භාෂාවෙන් රැජින, අධිරාජයා‍ගේ බිසව සහ ඉහළ-නිලධාරී වංශවත් කාන්තාව යන්නයි. (නූතන මොංගෝලියානු බසින් ඛාටන්) විවිධ කාල වකවානුවල මොංගෝල රාජ්‍ය සමයයන්හි ඔර්ඩෝහි (මාලිගයේ) ඔවුහු වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටුකළහ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

මේවාත් බලන්න
මොංගෝල ඛාන්වරුන් ලැයිස්තුව
යුවාන් රාජවංශයේ අධිරාජිනියන් ලැයිස්තුව

ඛාටුන්වරියන්
මොංගෝලියානු ඛාටුන්වරියන්
මොංගෝල ඛාන්වරුන්

මොංගෝලියානු ඛාටුන්වරියන් ලැයිස්තුව


Irina Deleanu () este o fostă sportivă de gimnastică ritmică din România.

Biografie
La  a câștigat medalia de bronz la coardă. La Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1992 s-a clasat pe locul 6. S-a retras din sport în 1993. Un concurs anual de gimnastică ritmică cu numele ei, Cupa Irina Deleanu, se desfășoară la București. Din 2003 este președinta Federației Române de Gimnastică Ritmică.

Federația Internațională de Gimnastică a inițiat proceduri disciplinare împotriva Irinei Deleanu la 12 martie 2012, la cererea Federației de Gimnastică din Cipru, pentru deteriorarea reputației gimnastei cipriote , în urma observațiilor făcute de ea în timpul unui interviu de televiziune, cu privire la jurizarea calificărilor la gimnastică ritmică pentru Olimpiada de la Londra din 2012, care au avut loc în ianuarie 2012. Deleanu a fost suspendată de membrii Comitetului Tehnic al Uniunii Europene de Gimnastică de la data deciziei menționate până la 31 decembrie 2016. Durata de suspendare a fost redusă mai târziu până la sfârșitul lunii decembrie 2015.

Palmares

Campionnate mondiale
 Bruxelles 1992
 Medalie de bronz la coardă.

Campionnate europene
 Göteborg 1990
  Medalie de bronz la minge.

Note

Legături externe

 Federația Română de Gimnastică Ritmică

Nașteri în 1975
Gimnaști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1992
Gimnaști olimpici români
Bucureșteni
Sportivi români în viață

Irina Deleanu


Jorge Víctor Sueiro (Ribasar, Rois, La Coruña, 1929 - Madrid, 25 de enero de 1991) fue un periodista y escritor español.

Como periodista trabajó en La Noche, de Santiago de Compostela; El Ideal Gallego, de La Coruña; Faro de Vigo y La Voz de Asturias, de Oviedo. Fue subdirector de la agencia Pyresa, y redactor jefe de Televisión Española.

Interesado en la gastronomía, especialmente en la gallega, colaboró con varias revistas especializadas en el tema, como los libros Comer en Galicia, Aguardiente, licores y queimadas, Galicia, las mil y una fiestas, Galicia, romería interminable y Os esmorgantes, estos dos últimos en colaboración con la periodista Amparo Nieto, su esposa. Coordinó asimismo el grupo Amigos de la Cocina Gallega.

Falleció en Madrid en 1991 después de una larga enfermedad.

Referencias

Nacidos en Rois
Fallecidos en Madrid
Periodistas de España del siglo XX
Escritores de gastronomía de España
Escritores de España del siglo XX
Sepultados en el cementerio de Santo Amaro

Jorge Víctor Sueiro


"The Underdog" er første single fra den danske sanger Morten Nørgaard, vinderen af X Factor 2017. Hans vindersingle var ude på de danske musiktjenester den 24. marts. 2017 efter semifinalen. Sangen var skrevet af Anders Grahn, Max Ulver, Oliver McEwan, Rasmus Seebach og Ankerstjerne og produceret af Oliver McEwan, Nicky Furdal, Rasmus Seebach & Ankerstjerne.

Kilder

X Factor (Danmark)
Singler fra 2017

The Underdog (Morten Nørgaard sang)


En dag i Danmark er en dansk dokumentarfilm instrueret af Bent Christensen.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

En dag i Danmark


معتز إبراهيم كبير فرج الله حميدان (مواليد 15 يناير 1980 في مدينة شندي بالسودان)، لاعب كرة قدم سوداني.

بداياته
بدأ معتز كبير مسيرته الكروية في شندي في قيادة الفرقة الثالثة مشاة المعروف بمربع 10 حي إشلاق القيادة حيث يعمل والدة بقوات الشعب المسلحة وترعرع في ميادين حي القيادة ولعب بروابط الناشئين بفريق وادي النيل بشندي مربع( 1) برفقة أخيه الأكبر المعز إبراهيم كبير لاعب نادي الهلال السوداني السابق موسم (1992- 1993).

انتقل بعدها للعب بالقيادة وقع أول عقد له مع فريق الاتحاد شندي الذي تحول إلى اسم المورده شندي ثم إلى مسماه الحالي الدفاع شندي لمدة 6 سنوات دون مقابل مادي، ولعب بالإتحاد موسم واحد فقط عام 1994 وساهم فيه بصعود الفريق من الدرجة الثالثة ألي الثانية وشارك مع النادي في 11 مباراة وسجل 11 هدف نال بها جائزة هداف دوري الدرجة الثالثة.

في موسم 1995 تعاقد نادي الأهلي شندي (الدرجة الأولي) مع معتز كبير بمبلغ 750 ألف جنيه سوداني لمده 4 سنوات وصاحب انتقالة مشكلة كبرى بحي فريقة القيادة لأنه انتقل من دون موافقة ناديه الاتحاد وباعتبار أن اللاعبين في فرق الأحياء ينتمون فقط لفرقهم ولا ينتقلون إلى أي نادي. وصلت المشاكل إلى حد المقاطعة من أهل الحي وأدت ألي عقوبة إيقاف اللاعب عن مزاولة نشاطه.

ولكن في يوم أول مباراة لفريقة الجديد ضد هلال شندي أطلق صراحة وعفي عنه وشارك في أول مباراة له مع نادية الجديد ضد الهلال شندي وأحرز فيهاهدف المباراة الوحيد وفي أول موسم له شارك اللاعب في 14 مباراة وأحرز 12 هدف وأحرز بها جائزة هداف الدوري ليقود النادي ألي الفوز بدوري الأولي المحلي وكأس السودان المحلي موسم 1995- 1996 م وكان يلعب في خط الوسط.

مسيرته مع الأندية
في موسم 1996 - 1997 تعاقد نادي مريخ بورتسودان الصاعد حديثآ إلى الدوري الممتاز السوداني مع معتز كبير بمبلغ 7 ملايين جنيه سوداني لمدة 4 سنوات وفي أول موسم له مع النادي شارك في 9 مباريات وسجل هدف واحد وكان يلعب في خط الوسط.وفي موسمه الثاني1997 - 1998 م مع مريخ بورتسودان.
كان الدوري فيه بنظام مجموعتين شارك مع النادي في خط الوسط في 6 مباريات وأحرز هدفين.

وشهد موسمه الثالث 1998 - 1999 مع مريخ بورتسودان الذي شارك فيه في خط الهجوم انطلاقته الحقيقية، نحو الشهرة والنجومية والأضواء شارك في 24 مباراة وأحرز فيها 16 هدف ونال بها لقب هداف الدوري الممتاز الذي كان حكرآ فقط علي لاعبي القمة السودانية الهلال والمريخ. 16 هدف وقاد بها
النادي إلى احتلال المرتبة الثالثة في روليت الدوري الممتاز خلف المريخ البطل والهلال وصيفة في ذلك الموسم مماأهل النادي لتمثيل السودان في بطولة كأس الاتحاد الأفريقي وأحرز في هذا الموسم 3 أهداف ضد فريق المريخ العاصمي في مباراة الخرطوم التي خسروها 2/3 وفي مباراة بورتسودان التي انتهت بفوزهم 4/ صفر حيث أحرز معتز كبير هدفين في مباراة أطلق عليها (كبير وفتيل) مما لفتت أنظار الند التقليدي الهلال العاصمي للاعب.

انتقل اللاعب للهلال بعد منافسه شرسة من المريخ العاصمي في يوم 15/12/1999، بمبلغ 85 مليون جنيه سوداني ولقد لعب أول مباراة مع الهلال ضد مريخ الأبيض في فبراير 2000 وأحرز هدفي المباراة، وشارك في 26 مباراة وسجل 15 هدف نال بها لقب هداف الدوري السوداني الممتاز للمرة الثانية علي التوالي والمركز الثاني مع الهلال.وفي موسمه الثاني مع الهلال موسم 2001 - 2002 شارك في 23 مباراة وسجل 14 هدف نال بها لقب هداف الدوري للمرة الثالثة علي التوالي وقاد بها النادي للفوز ببطولة الدوري الممتاز بعد غيبة وكانت هذه
البطولة هي بداية متواليات الهلال بالفوز ببطولة الدوري الممتاز.

وفي موسم 2002 - 2003 شارك اللاعب في 25 مباراة وأحرز فيها 15 هدف قاد بها الهلال العاصمي للفوز ببطولة الدوري الممتاز
للمرة الثانية علي التوالي وحقق بها لشخصة إنجاز غير مسبوق حيث نال لقب هداف الدوري الممتاز السوداني للمرة الرابعة
علي التوالي حيث لم يستطع آي لاعب سوداني ان يسبقه في هذا. وفي نفس هذا العام شارك مع الهلال في بطولة الأمير فيصل العربية بتونس في نسختها الأخيرة حيث نال مع الهلال المركز الثاني خلف الملعب التونسي.

في موسم 2003 - 2004 شارك في 8 مبارايات (مباريات الذهاب فقط) وسجل 12 هدف. وفي يوم الخميس 29/7/2004، أعير معتز كبير إلى نادي حتا الإماراتي (الدرجة الثانية) لمدة 10 شهور بمبلغ 65 ألف دولار.

شارك مع النادي الإماراتي في 21 مباراة وأحرز 22 هدف ونال وصيف هداف الدوري خلف لاعب بني ياس البرازيلي جاديلسون مع العلم ان اللاعب البرازيلي لعب 6 مباريات إضافية في المربع الذهبي الذي لم يتأهل إلية نادي حتا.

في مايو 2005 عاد معتز كبير لنادي الهلال العاصمي وشارك معه في 7 مباريات
وسجل 6 أهداف.وفي يوم الإثنين 2/1/2006 أعير اللاعب وعاد للدوري الإماراتي مرة أخرى ولكن هذه المرة كانت عبر بوابة نادي رأس الخيمة الإماراتي كإعاره لمده 6 شهور شارك في 6 مباريات كانت هي فقط المتبقية للنادي في الدوري وسجل 5 أهداف.
في يونيو 2006 عاد معتز كبير لناديه
الهلال العاصمي وشارك 6 مباربات وأحرز 5 أهداف وفي يوم الإثنين 14/1/2008 تعاقد نادي جزيرة الفيل مدني معه لمدة موسم واحد بمبلغ 50 مليون جنيه سوداني وشارك 10 مباريات واحرز هدفين.

مسيرته الدولية
لعب معتز كبير مباراته الدولية الأولي مع منتخب السودان لكرة القدم في 2001 م أمام  في بطولة الصداقة الدولية وسجل فيها هدفاً وكان قد فاز مع المنتخب بتلك البطولة الودية التي أقيمت بالخرطوم.

شارك مع منتخب السودان في التصفيات المؤهلة إلى أمم أفريقيا وتصفيات كأس العالم المؤهله لمونديال 2002 بكوريا واليابان.

في شهر رمضان عام 2004 م سجل معتز كبير هدفآ رائعاً وجميلاً مع منتخب السودان لكرة القدم أمام تنزانيا في بطولة سيكافا (شرق ووسط أفريقيا) بعد أن سدد بالقرب من منتصف الملعب كرة قوية سكنت في اعلي الشباك.

شارك معتز كبير مع منتخب السودان لكرة القدم في 16 مباراة وسجل 6 أهداف دولية.

حياته الخاصة
تنحدر أصول معتز كبير من قبيلة النوبة بولاية كردفان مدينة الدلنج، ويحتفل معتز كبير برقصة قبيلتة الشهيرة وهي ضرب رجله اليمني بالأرض بعد أحرازه هدف.
لديه طفلان (سما) مواليد 10 فبراير 2006 و (محمد) مواليد 5 مايو 2008

قصة لقبه
اسم الكوبرا أطلقتة عليه الجماهير الهلالية لإقتناصة الاهداف الرأسية بسرعة شبيهه بلدغات الكوبرا، وأيضاً يلقب ب ميزو

الجوائز
الجوائز الفردية

 هداف دوري الدرجة الثالثة بشندي: 1995
 هداف دوري الدرجة الأولي بشندي: 1996
 هداف الدوري الممتاز السوداني: 2000
 هداف الدوري الممتاز السوداني: 2001
 هداف الدوري الممتاز السوداني: 2002
 هداف الدوري الممتاز السوداني: 2003
 الكرة الفضية لمجلة الحدث الرياضي اللبنانية: 2003
 الرقم القياسي لأحراز لقب الهداف لأربعة مواسم علي التوالي: 2000 و2001 و2002 و2003
 أفضل مهاجم في الدوري السوداني: 2003

الجوائز الجماعية
 بطولة دوري الثالثة بشندي: 1995
 بطولة الدوري المحلي بشندي 1996
 بطولة كأس السودان بشندي: 1996
 المركز الثالث بالدوري الممتاز: 2000
 بطولة الدوري الممتاز: 2002 و2003 و2004 و2005 و2006
 المركزالثاني ببطولة الكؤوس العربية بتونس: 2003

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمعتز كبير

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الخرطوم
لاعبو الدوري السوداني الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإماراتي
لاعبو كرة قدم سودانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم سودانيون مغتربون
لاعبو منتخب السودان لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الهلال (السودان)
لاعبو نادي حتا
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1400 هـ
مواليد 1980
مواليد في الخرطوم
رياضيون من الخرطوم

معتز كبير