Das Schloss Röderhof ist ein Baudenkmal in Röderhof in der Gemeinde Huy in Sachsen-Anhalt.

Geschichte
Die Anlage, zu der das Schloss gehört, ging aus dem ehemaligen Wirtschaftshof des Klosters Huysburg hervor. Sie besteht zu einem großen Teil aus im 18. Jahrhundert entstandenen Gebäuden, die noch deutlich ältere Bauteile mit einbeziehen. Zwei erhaltenen Inschriften stammen aus dem 15. Jahrhundert.
Karl Friedrich von dem Knesebeck hatte am 1. Januar 1822 zur Anerkennung seiner Verdienste im Krieg gegen Napoleon die Huysburg und das Rittergut Röderhof mit 528 ha Fläche vom preußischen König Friedrich Wilhelm III. als Dotation, Dotationsurkunde vom 13. August 1823, erhalten. Das Kloster Huysburg war nach der Säkularisation 1804 stark verfallen. 1823 begann Knesebeck mit dem Bau eines Schlösschens auf dem Gut Röderhof. Andere Angaben nennen die Zeit ab 1830 als Bauzeit des Herrenhauses. Es entstand östlich des Wirtschaftshofes. Als Baumaterial verwendete von dem Knesebeck Verbundsteine und Kapitelle des ihm gehörenden Klosters. Es war nicht geplant, hier wieder ein Kloster zu errichten. Das Schloss wurde als historistisch-romantisierender Bau mit zwei Türmen, Zinnen und Mauern aus Kalkstein errichtet.

Die Schlosskapelle wurde aus dreieinhalb vom Kloster versetzten Jochen des spätgotischen Klosterkreuzgangs errichtet. Die Rippenprofile und Konsolen entsprechen denen im erhalten gebliebenen nördlichen Flügel der Huysburg. Es wurde ein Kreuzgangflügel mit spitzbogigen Arkaden nachempfunden. Die Arkaden ruhen auf Rechteckpfeilern mit translozierten Gewölbe-Anfängern. Ein Joch ist als Kreuzrippengewölbe ausgeführt. Es schließt sich eine Freitreppe zu einer erhöht gelegenen Terrasse an. In der DDR-Zeit wuchsen im Kreuzgang Bäume, die ihn fast einstürzen ließen. 2003 konnte er aufwändig gerettet werden.

Im Jahr 1878 wurde das Schloss an die Familie Hahn veräußert, 1914 an die Familie Schliephake, die 1945 enteignet wurde. Ab 1947 wurde das Schloss als Kinderheim, ab 1958 als Rehabilitationsstätte für tuberkulosekranke Mädchen genutzt. Von 1967 an diente das Gebäude als Pflegeheim des Kreises Halberstadt, bis es in den 1980er Jahren aus bautechnischen Gründen geschlossen wurde. 1987 entstand eine Initiative von Kunstinteressierten, die das Schloss teilweise renovierten, um es für Wohnzwecke und "kulturelles Erleben" zu nutzen. Im Sommer 1989 fand in den renovierten Haupträumen die erste Werkstattausstellung statt. Der 1990 gegründete "Kunstverein Schloß Röderhof" musste das Gebäude aber 1994 verlassen.

Nach der Rückübertragung der Schlossanlage an den Alteigentümer wurde 1994 mit der denkmalgerechten Sanierung und Restaurierung des Schlosses begonnen. Die Kapelle wurde 1996 saniert, die Brücke 1998, das Pforthaus 1999, und der Kreuzgang wurde 2003 wieder aufgerichtet. Im sich weit nach Westen und Süden erstreckenden ehemaligen Park befindet sich eine Flüstergrotte mit zwei romanischen Säulen. An den Säulen befinden sich stark verwitterte Kapitelle mit Palmetten bzw. Evangelistensymbolen. Die Grotte wurde 1965 saniert.

Im örtlichen Denkmalverzeichnis ist das Schloss Röderhof als Herrenhaus unter der Erfassungsnummer 094 25507 als Baudenkmal verzeichnet.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio, Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Sachsen-Anhalt I, Regierungsbezirk Magdeburg, Deutscher Kunstverlag München Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-422-03069-7, Seite 780.
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 2: Falko Grubitzsch, Harald Kleinschmidt: Landkreis Halberstadt fliegenkopf verlag, Halle (Saale) 1994, ISBN 3-910147-61-5, Seite 64.

Weblinks

 Website Schloss Röderhof
 Homepage Schloss Röderhof (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Schloss im Landkreis Harz
Kulturdenkmal in Huy (Gemeinde)
Erbaut in den 1820er Jahren
Bauwerk in Huy (Gemeinde)

Schloss Röderhof


|seleção             = 2012
 |tempo_aev           =
 |missão              =
 |insígnia            =
 |aposentadoria       =
 |prêmios             =
 |assinatura          =
}}

Nikolai Alexandrovitch Tchub (; Novocherkassk, RSFSR, 10 de junho de 1984) é um cosmonauta selecionado pela Roscosmos em 2012.

Biografia
Antes de ser selecionado como cosmonauta, Tchub se formou em gerenciamento e informática na Universidade Técnica Estatal no Sul da Rússia em 2006, sendo o primeiro de sua turma.

Em 2019, participou do .

Tchub treinou como suplente da Soyuz MS-12 e, de acordo com sua biografia da Roscosmos, foi selecionado para a Soyuz MS-17, mas substituído pela Kathleen Rubins.

Cosmonautas da Rússia

Nikolai Tchub


Danmark debuterede ved de Paralympiske Lege ved de paralympiske lege 1968  i Tel Aviv med en delegation på otte konkurrenter, i svømning og bordtennis. Landet har deltaget i hver efterfølgende udgave af Sommer-PL, og i enhver udgave af Vinter-PL siden 1980.

Medaljetabeller

Sommer-PL

Vinter-PL

Se også
Paralympiske Lege

Danmark ved OL

Referencer

Eksterne Henvisninger
IPC Historical Results Archive - Denmark

Danmarks deltagelse i Paralympiske lege

Danmark ved de Paralympiske Lege


Das Reichsgesetzblatt der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung war eine Veröffentlichung des entstehenden Deutschen Reiches von 1848/1849. Es war das erste ganz Deutschland umfassende Gesetzesblatt.

Zur Verkündung von Anordnungen der Provisorischen Zentralgewalt sowie zur Verkündung von Reichsgesetzen der deutschen Nationalversammlung erschien ein eigenes Publikationsorgan nötig. In der Vorlage zur Debatte über die Einführung eines regelmäßigen Reichsgesetzblattes sah man von unregelmäßig erscheinenden Flugblättern oder der Bekanntgabe von Gesetzen in Zeitungen ab. Insbesondere lehnte man die Nutzung der in den Ländern erscheinenden Gesetzesblätter ab, weil diese der beanspruchten übergeordneten Stellung der Reichsbehörden nicht entsprechen würde. Das Blatt wurde vom Reichsjustizminister herausgegeben.

Es erschienen insgesamt achtzehn Ausgaben des Reichsgesetzblattes. Die letzte datiert vom 7. Juni 1849.

In der Ausgabe vom 28. April 1849 wurde die genau einen Monat zuvor, am 28. März 1849, verkündete, von der Nationalversammlung beschlossene Verfassung des deutschen Reiches verkündet. Sie wurde auch von den meisten Staaten anerkannt. Weil darunter aber die mächtigsten fehlten und insbesondere in Ermangelung der Unterstützung durch die souveränen Fürsten, erlangte die Verfassung keine Wirksamkeit. Nach der rechtswidrigen Auflösung der Nationalversammlung endete auch das Erscheinen dieses Reichsgesetzblattes.

Einzelnachweise

Siehe auch
 Reichsgesetzblatt
 Reichsgesetzblatt (Österreich)
 Bundesgesetzblatt des Norddeutschen Bundes → (erschien 2. August 1867 .. 20. Januar 1871)
 Bundesgesetzblatt des Deutschen Bundes → (erschien 27. Januar 1871 .. 29. April 1871)

Weblinks

Verfügung des Reichsministeriums der Justiz vom 27. September 1848, betreffend die Herausgabe des Reichsgesetzblattes

Historische Rechtsquelle (Deutschland)
Amtliche Bekanntmachung
Antiquarische Zeitschrift (Deutschland)
Ersterscheinung 1848
Erscheinen eingestellt 1849

Reichsgesetzblatt (Frankfurter Nationalversammlung)


භූ‍ගෝල විද්‍යාව යනු පෘථිවියේ ලක්ෂණ , ජීවන ක්‍රමය සම සංසිද්ධින් පිළිපද ඉගැන්වෙන විශයකි. එමෙන්ම එය පෘථිවිය පිළිබද විස්තර කිරීමක් යැයි කිව හැක. භූගෝලවිද්‍යාව පිළිබද සදහන් කල ලොව ප්‍රථම පුද්ගලයා වන්නේ ඉ‍රාටෝස්තීන් (Eratosthenes) ය. (276-194 BC) මේ විශයේ ප්‍රධාන කොටස් වන්නේ අවකාශීය විශ්ලෂෙණය (Special analysis ) ප්‍රදේශය පිළිබද හැදැරීම සහ පෘථිවිය පිළිබද අධ්‍යනයයි. ඒවගේම නුතන යුගයේ භූගොල විද්‍යාව තුල භූගෝලය පමණක් ගැන නොවථ එහි සිදු වු වෙනස් වීම්, ක්‍රියාදාම වැනි දෑ පිළිබද සාකච්ඡා වේ. මෙසේ මානුෂි භූගෝලවිද්‍යාව හා භෞතික භූගෝල විද්‍යාව යැයි කොටස් දෙකක් සදහන් වේ.

හැදින්වීම

සාම්ප්‍රදායානුකූලව භූගෝල විද්‍යාඥයිනක්ව සිතියම් අධ්‍යනකරැවන් (Cartographers) ලෙස හෝ දත්ත විශ්ලේෂනයන් ලෙස හදුන්වයි. බොහෝ පුද්ගලයන් සිතියම් අධ්‍යනකරැවන් හෝ භූ ලක්ෂණ සිතියම්කරැවන් වුවත් මෙය ප්‍රධාන අංශ සදහා පමණක් විය හැක. භූගෝල විද්‍යාඥයින් ව්‍යාප්තීන්, පද්ධති, ලක්ෂණ සහ මානව බලපැම් ගැනද විශ්ලේෂණය කරයි. මෙයට ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව, සෞඛ්‍යය, කාලගුණය ශාක හා සත්තු පිළිබද අවධාරනය වේ

මානුෂික භූගෝල විද්‍යාවේදි පැහැදිලි ව්නනේ පරිසරය හා ව්‍යාප්ීන් යොදා ගැනීමත් මානුෂ කලමනාකරණය, මනුෂ බලපෑම් (පරිසරයට) යන කරැණුය. භෞතික විද්‍යාව ස්වභාවික පරිසරය සහ කාලගුණය, වනවගා, පස , ජලය භූ ලක්ෂණ පිළිබද අවධානය යොමු කරයි. මේ විශයයන් දෙකම එකතු වු කල්හි පාරිසරක භූගෝල විද්‍යාව නම් විශය දාරාවක් ඇති වේ.

භූගෝල විද්‍යාව හැදින්වීම


Wide-bandgap semiconductors (also known as WBG semiconductors or WBGSs) are semiconductor materials which have a larger band gap than conventional semiconductors. Conventional semiconductors like silicon have a bandgap in the range of 0.6 – 1.5 electronvolt (eV), whereas wide-bandgap materials have bandgaps in the range above 2 eV. Generally, wide-bandgap semiconductors have electronic properties which fall in between those of conventional semiconductors and insulators.

Wide-bandgap semiconductors permit devices to operate at much higher voltages, frequencies, and temperatures than conventional semiconductor materials like silicon and gallium arsenide. They are the key component used to make short-wavelength (green-UV) LEDs or lasers, and are also used in certain radio frequency applications, notably military radars. Their intrinsic qualities make them suitable for a wide range of other applications, and they are one of the leading contenders for next-generation devices for general semiconductor use.

The wider bandgap is particularly important for allowing devices that use them to operate at much higher temperatures, on the order of 300 °C. This makes them highly attractive for military applications, where they have seen a fair amount of use. The high temperature tolerance also means that these devices can be operated at much higher power levels under normal conditions. Additionally, most wide-bandgap materials also have a much higher critical electrical field density, on the order of ten times that of conventional semiconductors. Combined, these properties allow them to operate at much higher voltages and currents, which makes them highly valuable in military, radio, and power conversion applications. The US Department of Energy believes they will be a foundational technology in new electrical grid and alternative energy devices, as well as the robust and efficient power components used in high-power vehicles from plug-in electric vehicles to electric trains. Most wide-bandgap materials also have high free-electron velocities, which allows them to work at higher switching speeds, which adds to their value in radio applications. A single WBG device can be used to make a complete radio system, eliminating the need for separate signal and radio-frequency components, while operating at higher frequencies and power levels.

Research and development of wide-bandgap materials lags behind that of conventional semiconductors, which have received massive investment since the 1970s. However, their clear inherent advantages in many applications, combined with some unique properties not found in conventional semiconductors, has led to increasing interest in their use in everyday electronic devices instead of silicon. Their ability to handle higher power density is particularly attractive for attempts to sustain Moore's law, as conventional technologies appear to be reaching a density plateau.

Use in devices
Wide-bandgap materials have several characteristics that make them useful compared to narrower bandgap materials. The higher energy gap gives devices the ability to operate at higher temperatures, as bandgaps typically shrink with increasing temperature, which can be problematic when using conventional semiconductors. For some applications, wide-bandgap materials allow devices to switch larger voltages. The wide bandgap also brings the electronic transition energy into the range of the energy of visible light, and hence light-emitting devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and semiconductor lasers can be made that emit in the visible spectrum, or even produce ultraviolet radiation.

Solid-state lighting using wide-bandgap semiconductors has the potential to reduce the amount of energy required to provide lighting compared with incandescent lights, which have a luminous efficacy of less than 20 lumens per watt. The efficacy of LEDs is on the order of 160 lumens per watt.

Wide-bandgap semiconductors can also be used in RF signal processing. Silicon-based power transistors are reaching limits of operating frequency, breakdown voltage, and power density. Wide-bandgap materials can be used in high-temperature and power switching applications.

Materials

The only high bandgap materials in group IV are diamond and silicon carbide (SiC).

There are many III–V and II–VI compound semiconductors with high bandgaps. In the III-V semiconductor family, aluminium nitride (AlN) is used to fabricate ultraviolet LEDs with wavelengths down to 200–250 nm, gallium nitride (GaN) is used to make blue LEDs and laser diodes, and boron nitride (BN) is proposed for blue LEDs.

Table of common wide-bandgap semiconductors

Materials properties

Bandgap

Quantum mechanics gives rise to a series of distinct electron energy levels, or bands, that vary from material to material. Each band can hold a certain number of electrons; if the atom has more electrons then they are forced into higher energy bands. In the presence of external energy, some of the electrons will gain energy and move back up the energy bands, before releasing it and falling back down to a lower band. With the constant application of external energy, like the thermal energy present at room temperature, an equilibrium is reached where the population of electrons moving up and down the bands is equal.

Depending on the distribution of the energy bands, and the "band gap" between them, the materials will have very different electrical properties. For instance, at room temperature most metals have a series of partially filled bands that allow electrons to be added or removed with little applied energy. When tightly packed together, electrons can easily move from atom to atom, making them excellent conductors. In comparison, most plastic materials have widely spaced energy levels that require considerable energy to move electrons between their atoms, making them natural insulators. Semiconductors are those materials that have both types of bands, and at normal operational temperatures, some electrons are in both bands.

In semiconductors, adding a small amount of energy pushes more electrons into the conduction band, making them more conductive and allowing current to flow like a conductor. Reversing the polarity of this applied energy pushes the electrons into the more widely separated bands, making them insulators and stopping the flow. Since the amount of energy needed to push the electrons between these two levels is very small, semiconductors allow switching with very little energy input. However, this switching process depends on the electrons being naturally distributed between the two states, so small inputs cause the population statistics to change rapidly. As the external temperature changes, due to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, more and more electrons will normally find themselves in one state or the other, causing the switching action to occur on its own, or stop entirely.

The size of the atoms and the number of protons in the atom are the primary predictors of the strength and layout of the bandgaps. Materials with small atoms and strong atomic bonds are associated with wide bandgaps.  With regard to III-V compounds, nitrides are associated with the largest bandgaps. Bandgaps can be engineered by alloying, and Vegard's law states that there is a linear relation between lattice constant and composition of a solid solution at constant temperature. The position of the conduction band minima versus maxima in the band structure determine whether a bandgap is direct or indirect, where direct bandgap materials absorb light strongly, and indirect bandgaps absorb less strongly. Likewise, direct bandgap material emit light strongly, while indirect bandgap semiconductor are poor light emitters, unless dopants are added which couple strongly to light.

Optical properties

The connection between the wavelength and the bandgap is that the energy of the bandgap is the minimum energy that is needed to excite an electron into the conduction band. In order for an unassisted photon to cause this excitation, it must have at least that much energy. In the opposite process, when excited electron-hole pairs undergo recombination, photons are generated with energies that correspond to the magnitude of the bandgap.

The bandgap determines the wavelength at which LEDs emit light and the wavelength at which photovoltaics operate most efficiently. Wide-bandgap devices therefore are useful at shorter wavelengths than other semiconductor devices. The bandgap for GaAs of 1.4 eV, for example, corresponds to a wavelength of approximately 890 nm, which is infrared light (the equivalent wavelength for light energy can be determined by dividing the constant 1240 nm-eV by the energy in eV, so 1240 nm-eV/1.4 eV=886 nm).
Since the highest efficiency would be produced from a photovoltaic cell with layers tuned to the different regions of the solar spectrum, modern multi-junction solar cells have multiple layers with different bandgaps, and wide-bandgap semiconductors are a key component for collecting the part of the spectrum beyond the infrared.

The use of LEDs in lighting applications depends particularly on the development of wide-bandgap nitride semiconductors.

Breakdown field
Impact ionization is often attributed to be the cause of breakdown. At the point of breakdown, electrons in a semiconductor are associated with sufficient kinetic energy to produce carriers when they collide with lattice atoms.

Wide-bandgap semiconductors are associated with a high breakdown voltage. This is due to a larger electric field required to generate carriers through impact.

At high electric fields, drift velocity saturates due to scattering from optical phonons. A higher optical phonon energy results in fewer optical phonons at a particular temperature, and there are therefore fewer scattering centers, and electrons in wide-bandgap semiconductors can achieve high peak velocities.

The drift velocity reaches a peak at an intermediate electric field and undergoes a small drop at higher fields. Intervalley scattering is an additional scattering mechanism at large electric fields, and it is due to a shift of carriers from the lowest valley of the conduction band to the upper valleys, where the lower band curvature raises the effective mass of the electrons and lowers electron mobility. The drop in drift velocity at high electric fields due to intervalley scattering is small in comparison to high saturation velocity that results from low optical phonon scattering. There is therefore an overall higher saturation velocity.

Thermal properties
Silicon and other common materials have a bandgap on the order of 1 to 1.5 electronvolt (eV), which implies that such semiconductor devices can be controlled by relatively low voltages. However, it also implies that they are more readily activated by thermal energy, which interferes with their proper operation. This limits silicon-based devices to operational temperatures below about 100 °C, beyond which the uncontrolled thermal activation of the devices makes it difficult for them to operate correctly. Wide-bandgap materials typically have bandgaps on the order of 2 to 4 eV, allowing them to operate at much higher temperatures on the order of 300 °C. This makes them highly attractive in military applications, where they have seen a fair amount of use.

Melting temperatures, thermal expansion coefficients, and thermal conductivity can be considered to be secondary properties that are essential in processing, and these properties are related to the bonding in wide-bandgap materials. Strong bonds result in higher melting temperatures and lower thermal expansion coefficients. A high Debye temperature results in a high thermal conductivity. With such thermal properties, heat is easily removed.

Applications

High power applications
The high breakdown voltage of wide-bandgap semiconductors is a useful property in high-power applications that require large electric fields.

Devices for high power and high temperature applications have been developed. Both gallium nitride and silicon carbide are robust materials well suited for such applications. Due to its robustness and ease of manufacture, silicon carbide semiconductors are expected to be used widely, creating simpler and higher efficiency charging for hybrid and all-electric vehicles, reducing energy loss, constructing longer-lasting solar and wind energy power converters, and eliminating bulky grid substation transformers. Cubic boron nitride is used as well. Most of these are for specialist applications in space programmes and military systems. They have not begun to displace silicon from its leading place in the general power semiconductor market.

Light-emitting diodes
White LEDs with the features of more brightness and longer life have replaced incandescent bulbs in many situations. The next generation of DVD players (The Blu-ray and HD DVD formats) use GaN-based violet lasers.

Transducers
Large piezoelectric effects allow wide-bandgap materials to be used as transducers.

High-electron-mobility transistor

Very high speed GaN uses the phenomenon of high interface-charge densities.

Due to its cost, aluminium nitride is so far used mostly in military applications.

Important wide-bandgap semiconductors
 Aluminium nitride
 Boron nitride, h-BN and c-BN can form UV-LEDs.
 Diamond
 Gallium nitride
 Silicon carbide
 Silicon dioxide

See also
 Band gap
 Direct and indirect band gaps
 Semiconductor (materials)
 Semiconductor device
 List of semiconductor materials

References

Semiconductor material types

Wide-bandgap semiconductor


Flittige høns er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1954 instrueret af Erik Ole Olsen.

Handling
Filmen præsenterer de vigtigste hønseracer i dansk fjerkræhold. Den behandler forhold vedrørende ydelser og skildrer i øvrigt forhold vedrørende fodring og pasning i almindelige hønsebesætninger.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1954

Flittige høns


The Vitruvian Man (; ) is a drawing by the Italian Renaissance artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci, dated to . Inspired by the writings of the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, the drawing depicts a nude man in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and inscribed in both a circle and square. It was described by the art historian Carmen C. Bambach as "justly ranked among the all-time iconic images of Western civilization". Although not the only known drawing of a man inspired by the writings of Vitruvius, the work is a unique synthesis of artistic and scientific ideals and often considered an archetypal representation of the High Renaissance.

The drawing represents Leonardo's conception of ideal body proportions, originally derived from Vitruvius but influenced by his own measurements, the drawings of his contemporaries, and the De pictura treatise by Leon Battista Alberti. Leonardo produced the Vitruvian Man in Milan and the work was probably passed to his student Francesco Melzi. It later came into the possession of Venanzio de Pagave, who convinced the engraver Carlo Giuseppe Gerli to include it in a book of Leonardo's drawings, which widely disseminated the previously little-known image. It was later owned by Giuseppe Bossi, who wrote early scholarship on it, and eventually sold to the Gallerie dell'Accademia of Venice in 1822, where it has remained since. Due to its sensitivity to light, the drawing rarely goes on public display, but it was borrowed by the Louvre in 2019 for their exhibition marking the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death.

Name
The drawing is described by Leonardo's notes as , variously translated as The Proportions of the Human Figure after Vitruvius, or Proportional Study of a Man in the Manner of Vitruvius. It is much better known as the Vitruvian Man. The art historian Carlo Pedretti lists it as Homo Vitruvius, study of proportions with the human figure inscribed in a circle and a square, and later as simply Homo Vitruvius.

Description

Composition
The drawing was executed primarily with pen and light brown ink, while there are traces of brown wash (watercolor). The paper measures , larger than most of Leonardo's folio manuscript sheets, while the paper itself was originally made somewhat unevenly, given its irregular edges. Close examination of the drawing reveals that it was meticulously prepared, and is devoid of "sketchy and tentative" lines. Leonardo used metalpoint with a calipers and compass to make precise lines, and small tick marks were used for measurements. These compass marks demonstrate an inner structure of "measured intervals" which is displayed in tandem with the general structure created by the geometric figures.

The Vitruvian Man depicts a nude man facing forward and surrounded by a square, while superimposed on a circle. The man is portrayed in different stances simultaneously: his arms are stretched above his shoulders and then perpendicular to them, while his legs are together and also spread out along the circle's base. The scholar Carlo Vecce notes that this approach displays multiple phases of movement at once, akin to a photograph. The man's fingers and toes are arranged carefully as to not breach the surrounding shapes. Commentators often note that Leonardo went out of his way to create an artistic depiction of the man, rather than a simple portrayal. According to the biographer Walter Isaacson, the use of delicate lines, an intimate stare and intricate hair curls, "weaves together the human and the divine". Pedretti notes close similarities between the man and the angel of Leonardo's earlier Annunciation painting.

Text
The text above the image reads:

And below:

Background

Historical context
The moderately successful architect and engineer Vitruvius lived from  BCE in the Roman Empire. He is best known for authoring De architectura (On Architecture), later called the Ten Books on Architecture, which is the only substantial architecture treatise that survives from antiquity. The work's third volume includes a discussion concerning body proportions, where the figures of a man in a circle and a square are respectively referred to as homo ad circulum, homo ad quadratum. Vitruvius explained that:

19th-century historians often postulated that Leonardo had no substantial inspiration from the ancient world, propagating his stance as a 'modern genius' who rejected all of classicism. This has been heavily disproven by many documented accounts from Leonardo's colleagues or records of him either owning, reading, and being influenced by writings from antiquity. The treatise of Vitruvius was long lost, but rediscovered in the 15th century by Poggio Bracciolini among works such as De Rerum natura. Many artists attempted to design figures which would satisfy Vitruvius' claims, with the earliest being three such images by Francesco di Giorgio Martini around the 1470s. Leonardo may have been influenced by the architect Giacomo Andrea, with whom he records as having dined within 1490. Andrea created his own Vitruvian Man drawing that year, which was unknown to scholars until the 1980s.

Creation
Leonardo's version of the Vitruvian Man corrected inaccuracies in Vitruvius's account, particularly related to the head, due to use of book two of the De pictura by Leon Battista Alberti. Earlier drawings of the same subject "assumed that the circle and square should be centered around the navel", akin to Vitruvius's account, while Leonardo made the scheme work by using the man's genitals as the center. It is likely that Leonardo's drawings dated to 1487–1490, and entitled The proportions of the arm, were related to the Vitruvian Man, possibly serving as preparatory sketches.

Some commentators have speculated that Leonardo incorporated the golden ratio in the drawing, possibly due to his illustrations of Luca Pacioli's Divina proportione, largely plagiarized from Piero della Francesca, concerning the ratio. However, the Vitruvian Man is likely to have been drawn before Leonardo met Pacioli, and there has been doubt over the accuracy of such an observation.  As architectural scholar Vitor Murtinho explains, a circle tangent to the base of a square, with the radius and square sides related by the golden ratio, would pass exactly through the top two corners of the square, unlike Leonardo's drawing. He suggests instead constructions based on a regular octagon or on the vesica piscis.

Leonardo's drawing is almost always dated to around 1490 during his First Milanese period. The exact dating is not completely agreed upon and earlier generations of art historians, including Arthur E. Popham, frequently dated the work anywhere from 1485 to 1490. Two leading art historians differ in this respect; Martin Kemp gives , while Carmen C. Bambach contends that the earliest possible date—which "one may not entirely discount"—is 1488. Bambach, in addition to Pedretti, Giovanna Nepi Scirè and Annalisa Perissa Torrini give a slightly broader range of . Bambach explains that this range fits "best with the manner of exact, engraving-like parallel hatching contained within robust pen-and-ink outlines, over traces of lead paint, stylus-ruling, and compass composition".

Provenance
After Leonardo's death, the drawing most likely passed to his student Francesco Melzi (1491–1570), who was bequeathed most of Leonardo's possessions. From then on, the drawing's provenance history is almost certain: it found its way to Cesare Monti (1594–1650), was passed to his heir Anna Luisa Monti, then to the De Page family, first  (in 1777) and then his son Gaudenzio de Page. While owned by the elder De Page, he convinced the engraver Carlo Giuseppe Gerli to publish a book of Leonardo's drawings, which would be the first widespread dissemination of the Vitruvian Man and many other Leonardo drawings. The younger de Page sold the drawing to Giuseppe Bossi, who described, discussed, and illustrated it in the fourth chapter of his 1810 monograph on Leonardo's The Last Supper,  (On The Last Supper of Leonardo da Vinci). This chapter was published as a stand-alone study the next year  (On the opinions of Leonardo da Vinci regarding the symmetry of human bodies). After Bossi's death in 1815, the drawing was sold to the abbot Luigi Celotti in 1818, and entered into the Venetian Gallerie dell'Accademia's collection in 1822, where it has since remained. Because of its high artistic quality and its well-recorded history of provenance, Leonardo's authorship of the Vitruvian Man has never been doubted.

The Vitruvian Man is rarely displayed as extended exposure to light would cause fading; it is kept on the fourth floor of the Gallerie dell'Accademia, in a locked room. In 2019, the Louvre requested to borrow the drawing for their monumental Léonard de Vinci exhibition, which celebrated the 500th anniversary of the artist's death. They faced substantial resistance from the heritage group Italia Nostra, who contended that the drawing was too fragile to be transported, and filed a lawsuit. At a hearing on 16 October 2019, a judge ruled that the group had not proven their claim, but set a maximum amount of light for the drawing to be exposed to as well as a subsequent rest period to offset its overall exposure to light. The Louvre promised to lend paintings by Raphael to Italy for his own 500th death anniversary; Italy's Minister for Cultural Affairs Dario Franceschini stated that "Now a great cultural operation can start between Italy and France on the two exhibitions about Leonardo in France and Raphael in Rome."

Legacy

The Vitruvian Man is often considered an archetypal representative of the High Renaissance, just as Leonardo himself came to represent the archetypal 'Renaissance man'. It holds a unique distinction in aligning art, mathematics, science, classicism, and naturalism. The art historian Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich, writing for Encyclopædia Britannica, states, "Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body he had produced through his anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man as a  ('cosmography of the microcosm'). He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy, in microcosm, for the workings of the universe."

Kemp calls the drawing "the world's most famous drawing", while Bambach describes it as "justly rank[ing] among the all-time iconic images of Western civilization". Reflecting on its fame, Bambach further stated in 2019 that "the endless recent fetishizing of the image by modern commerce through ubiquitous reproductions (in popular books, advertising, and the Euro coin) has kidnapped it from the realm of Renaissance drawing, making it difficult for the viewer to appreciate it as a work of nuanced, creative expression."

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links
 Vitruvian Man, Gallerie dell'Accademia
 Vitruvian Man, Universal Leonardo

1480s drawings
Renaissance art
Collections of the Gallerie dell'Accademia
Drawings by Leonardo da Vinci
Human body
Diagrams
Golden ratio
Drawings of people
Nude art

Vitruvian Man


O eclipsă parțială de Soare a avut loc la 15 februarie 2018. A fost a 11-a eclipsă parțială de Soare din secolul al XXI-lea.

S-a produs în urmă cu .

Zone de vizibilitate
Eclipsa parțială de Soare din 15 februarie 2018 a fost vizibilă din Antarctica, precum și din Sudul Americii de Sud.

Vezi și
 Lista eclipselor de Soare din secolul al XXI-lea

Note

Legături externe

2018 în astronomie
Eclipse de Soare

Eclipsa de Soare din 15 februarie 2018


Ponderosa may refer to:

Places
 Ponderosa, California, a census-designated place in Tulare County, California, United States
 Ponderosa, New Mexico, a census-designated place in Sandoval County, New Mexico, United States
 Village of Ponderosa, a New Urbanism-inspired community in West Des Moines, Iowa, United States

Entertainment
 Fictional family of drug aficionados, punks, and cats, on the show It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia
 Ponderosa (TV series), a 2001–2002 television series that was the prequel to Bonanza
 Ponderosa, fictional ranch bordering the northeast side of Lake Tahoe in the American television series Bonanza
 Ponderosa, a title used for reruns of the American television series Bonanza during the summer of 1972
 Ponderosa, an American Southern rock band
 Ponderosa, a track on the album Maxinquaye by Tricky

Schools
 Ponderosa Elementary School (South San Francisco), an elementary school located in South San Francisco, California, United States
 Ponderosa High School (California), a member of the El Dorado Union High School District in Shingle Springs, California, United States
 Ponderosa High School (Colorado),  a public high school in Parker, Colorado, United States

Plants
 Ponderosa pine, a widespread and variable pine native to western North America

Other
 Ponderosa (Sheffield), an open space / recreation area in Sheffield, England
 Ponderosa (typeface), Adobe's version of French Clarendon XXX Condensed
 Ponderosa lemon (limon × medica), a citrus species thought to be a hybrid of a lemon and a citron
 Ponderosa Lodge, an historic lodge in Black Forest, Colorado
 Ponderosa Park (disambiguation)
 Ponderosa Ranch, a real-life amusement park which was located on the set of the fictitious setting of the television series Bonanza
 Ponderosa Ranch Airport, a private airport located 7 miles south of Seneca in Grant County, Oregon, United States
 Ponderosa Steakhouse, a restaurant chain that primarily serves steaks
 Ponderosa Stomp, an annual American roots music festival dedicated to recognizing the architects of rock-n-roll, blues, jazz, country, swamp pop and soul music
 Ponderosa Sun Club, a nudist resort in Roselawn, Indiana, United States

See also
 Ponterosa, a 2001 Finnish film

Ponderosa


القرارة (الاسم الأمازيغي: تِـيــڤْــرَارْ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵔ'''' ) اٍحدى بلديات ولاية غرداية وهي مدينة في شمال الصحراء الجزائر. يبلغ عدد سكانها 167514 نسمة وتبعد عن العاصمة ب 600 كم. يحدها من شمال بلدية قطارة بدائرة مسعد ولاية الجلفة حوالي 50 كم. يحدها من الشرق بلدية العالية التابعة دائرة الحجيرة ولاية ورقلة الجزائر حوالي 90 كم. ومن الغرب بلدية بريان حوالي 73 كم وجنوبا بلدية زلفانة 60 كم وهما من بلديات ولاية غرداية.

 التاريخ

القرارة هي اٍحدى مدن ولاية غرداية وهي مدينة في شمال الصحراء الجزائرية يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 60 ألف نسمة وتبعد عن العاصمة ب 600 كم.

 التأسيس
و أما القرارة لها تاريخين تسجيل اختلاف المؤرخين في تحديد سنة التي تأسست فيها مدينة القرارة

القرارة تأسست سنة 1040 هجرية :

نقل  مونتلا نسكي'' عن الإمام بن شتيوي إمام مجسد العتيق المالكي بالقرارة رواية آن مدينة القرارة تأسست في سنة 1040هجرية وكذلك في مخطوط محمد بن سليمان بن أبي السعيد حمو جهلان بنفس الرواية وأصبحت هذه الرواية هي المتداولة في تحديد سنة التي تأسست فيها مدينة القرارة عند المؤرخين وهذا يخالف عقد الصلح الذي وقع بجامع غرداية بتاريخ 2 صفر 1185هجرية أكدوا فيه آن مدينة القرارة أهلها أولاد عيسى بن عطاش وحددوا فيه السنة بتدقيق وهي سنة 1086 هجرية الموافق 1676م باسم أولاد باخة الغردويون وليس كما ذكر الإمام ابن شتوي في رواية عن تأسيس مدينة القرارة.
و اعتقد آن الإمام بن شتوي لم يتطلع على نص عقد الصلح ولم يذكره في كتابه العقد الذي وقع في جامع غرداية الذي كان عليه إجماع الإباضية الميزاب والمالكية العرب واحسب انه لو تحصل عليه لأبداعى في تاريخ وادي ميزاب كله كيف يعقل آن نستدل برواية بدون سند ونترك عقد صلح الذي كان عليه إجماع الإباضية القرارة والمالكية القرارة وذكروا فيه السنة بتدقيق وهي سنة 1086 هجرية وهذا هو الصحيح الثابت في تاريخ القرارة

ومختصر هذا الحكم موثق في المحكمة الإباضية الشرعية ليس كما قال الإمام بن شتوي 1040 هجرية وهذه الرواية لا يحتج بها أمام وثيقة خطية في تاريخ القرارة في جامع غرداية.

و هذا نص مختصر من العقد أنقله حرفيا

واد زقرير : واد يمر بالقرارة

شهداء مدينة القرارة

شهداء القرارة

مصادر

قرارة

القرارة (ولاية غرداية)


Lukićevo (, , ) ist ein Ort im serbischen Banat und gehört zum Verwaltungsgebiet der Stadt Zrenjanin.

Töchter und Söhne der Gemeinde
 Elise Steininger (1854–1927), österreichische Radsportpionierin

Demografie
In Lukićevo leben nach einer Volkszählung aus dem Jahr 2002 insgesamt 1684 volljährige Personen in 718 Haushalten. Das Durchschnittsalter der Einwohner liegt bei 40,6 Jahren (39,3 bei der männlichen und 41,9 bei der weiblichen Bevölkerung). Das Dorf hat eine serbische Mehrheit.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website der Verwaltung in Zrenjanin

Ort in der Opština Zrenjanin

Lukićevo


Gérald Mesny, né le  à Brest, décédé le  à Harbin (Mandchourie, Chine) est un médecin français.

Biographie
Gérald Mesny est le deuxième fils du médecin de marine Ange Mesny (1839-1931), originaire de Ploërmel. L'un de ses frères, Joël (1868-1932), fit comme lui ses études de médecine à l'École Principale du Service de Santé de la Marine et des Colonies à Bordeaux et tous les deux furent médecins de marine ; ils exercèrent tous deux en Chine, Joël devenant le médecin privé de Yuan Che Kaï, premier président de la République de Chine. René fit ses études à Brest, entrant à l'École navale, dont il sortit en 1894 ; officier de marine, professeur à l'École navale et pionnier de la radio, il a découvert et développé l'utilisation des ondes métriques et a inventé un oscillateur symétrique à deux tubes pour ondes ultracourtes.

Quant à lui, Gérald Mesny, après ses études de médecine (il devint médecin en 1893), après des postes au Congo et au Sénégal, fut nommé médecin de la légation de France à Pékin. Il devint alors le médecin privé de l'impératrice Tseu-Hi ; il s'installa ensuite à Tien-Tsin comme médecin privé, mais donna surtout des cours à l'Imperial Médical College. On lui confia l'organisation du service médical des prisons et l'inspection du service des mœurs, ce qui n'était pas une sinécure.

Il lutta avec énergie contre plusieurs épidémies qui survinrent alors en Chine : la peste (1903-1905) en Mandchourie (y compris dans les zones occupées par Les Russes et les Japonais, avec plein pouvoir pour lutter contre l'épidémie), le typhus (1904) et le choléra (1907) à Tien-Tsin. Lors de l'épidémie de peste qui survint en Mandchourie, il s'y rendit aussitôt pour la combattre, mais en fut lui-même victime, décédant le  à Harbin. Cette épidémie tua en tout plus de  personnes. Victor Segalen fut nommé pour le remplacer

Paul Claudel, qui vivait alors en Chine, a écrit à  son propos : « La fatalité voulut que la contagion l'atteignit dès le premier jour. Ayant diagnostiqué la maladie sur lui-même, le docteur Mesny fit preuve d'une admirable maîtrise de soi. Afin de ne pas exposer la vie de ses collègues, il demanda lui-même une voiture, sortit de sa chambre après s'être enveloppé d'un drap imbibé d'une solution de sublime et se rendit au pavillon des pestiférés. Arrivé là, Mesny déclara qu'il serait mort dans deux jours et demanda qu'on avisât sa famille de son décès ».

« Le docteur Mesny est tombé comme un soldat sur le champ de bataille » écrit Georges Montorgueil.

Un autre médecin de marine français, aussi d'origine brestoise, Charles Broquet (1876-1964), lutta aussi contre la peste en Asie du Sud-Est.

Hommages

Les Bretons de Paris (dont Armand Dayot) décidèrent de lui élever un monument dans sa ville natale. Ils choisissent le sculpteur Jean Boucher. Un comité brestois récolta les fonds nécessaires et la marine offrit  kg de bronze. En raison de la guerre qui survint en 1914, le monument ne fut inauguré qu'en 1921 ; il fut érigé Place de La Tour-d'Auvergne à Brest ; il représentait, outre Gérald Mesny, une femme de Mandchourie, dite encore "La Peste" ou "La Chinoise au brûle-parfum". Le bronze fut fondu en 1942 sous le Régime de Vichy et a donc disparu ; on ne le connaît désormais que par des photographies.

« Le moment approche où on va glorifier à Brest notre héros breton le docteur Gérald Mesny. Le monument est prêt ; l'œuvre du grand sculpteur Jean Boucher va être fondue en bronze (...) » écrit le journal La Dépêche de Brest et de l'Ouest dans son édition du .

Des photographies de Gérald Mesny sont disponibles sur un site Internet.

Joël Mesny, aussi médecin en Chine

Joël Mesny, né le  à Brest, décédé le  à Hankéou (Chine) [la ville comptait alors une concession française], fut aussi comme son frère Gérald, médecin de marine (il soutint sa thèse de doctorat en 1893) ; il exerça d'abord à Brest, puis en Nouvelle-Calédonie ; en 1900, il est médecin de marine à Rochefort ; en 1901, il fut médecin-major sur la canonnière cuirassée Styx, en Cochinchine.

Entre 1902 et 1907 il est en Chine médecin du consulat de France à Canton et devint notamment le médecin privé de Yuan Che Kaï, qui fut le premier président de la République de Chine entre 1912 et 1916.

En 1907, médecin major de première classe, il est détaché au consulat de France à Hankéou pour exercer au sein de la concession française de Hankou.

Un monument à sa mémoire fut inauguré le  à Hankéou : « Pendant trente années consécutives [il] s'était prodigué au chevet des Chinois, riches ou pauvres, et avait été l'animateur d'œuvres de charité. Aussi sa mort provoqua-t-elle la constitution d'un comité composé de tous les officiels de la province et de nombreux Chinois influents qui décidèrent de lui élever un monument et de l'offrir à la concession française. Un frère du , lui aussi médecin, avait déjà succombé en Mandchourie
en soignant les pestiférés et une, statue érigée à Brest ».

Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, il mourut victime d'une pneumonie. Ses obsèques eurent lieu d'abord à Hankéou le  : « Une foule immense de Chinois de toutes classes lui firent un cortège émouvant ». Sa dépouille fut rapatriée en France et il fut inhumé dans le cimetière de Brest. Le journal La Dépêche de Brest et de l'Ouest écrit en cette occasion : « Sa vie fut un modèle de labeur et de dévouement. (...) Il soutint moralement et pécuniairement de nombreuses œuvres de bienfaisance ; il créa le "Refuge pour les jeunes filles chinoises abandonnées", institution où elles reçoivent instruction et éducation. C'est sur ses conseils et ses plans qu'a été érigé l'hôpital international actuel [de Hankéou] ».

Bibliographie
 Louis-Armand Héraut : Gérald Mesny, un médecin militaire français au service de la Chine, revue "Les cahiers de l'Iroise", , 2005.

Notes et références

Naissance en mars 1865
Naissance à Brest
Décès en janvier 1911
Décès à Harbin
Histoire de la Chine
Histoire de la médecine
Mort de la peste
Médecin français du XIXe siècle
Médecin français du XXe siècle
Décès à 45 ans

Gérald Mesny


Anton Brehme est un joueur allemand de volley-ball né le  à Leipzig). Il joue au poste de central.

Palmarès

Clubs
Supercoupe d'Allemagne:
  2020, 2021
Championnat d'Allemagne:
  2021

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Profil Berlin Recycling Volleys
  Profil Volleyball Bundesliga
  Profil VolleyballWorld
  Profil Volleybox
  Profil EuroVolley.CEV
  Profil CEV

Naissance en août 1999
Naissance à Leipzig
Joueur allemand de volley-ball

Anton Brehme


ටස්කින් අහමඩ් ටසිම් (බෙංගාලි: তাসকিন আহমেদ তাজিম; උපත 1995 අප්‍රේල් 3) බංග්ලාදේශ ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි. ඔහු දකුණත් වේග පන්දු යවන්නෙක් සහ වමත් පිතිකරුවෙක්. ඔහු පළමු පන්තියේ තරග සදහා ඩකා මෙට්‍රොපොලිස් නියෝජනය කරන අතර ලිස්ට් ඒ ක්‍රිකට් සහ බංග්ලාදේශ ප්‍රිමියර් ලීගයේ රංපූර් රේන්ජර්ස් ෆ්‍රැන්චයිස් නියෝජනය කරයි. ටස්කින් අහමඩ් මංගල එක්දින තරගයේදී කඩුලු 5ක් දවාගත් පළමු බංග්ලාදේශ ක්‍රීඩකයා වේ.

ටස්කින් අහමඩ්


Terapia de deprivare a androgenilor (ADT), numită și terapia de suprimare a androgenilor, este o terapie antihormonică a cărei utilizare principală este în tratarea cancerului de prostată. Celulele canceroase de prostată necesită de obicei hormoni androgeni, cum ar fi testosteronul. ADT reduce nivelul hormonilor androgeni, cu medicamente sau intervenții chirurgicale, pentru a preveni creșterea celulelor canceroase de prostată. Abordările farmaceutice includ antiandrogeni și castrare chimică.

Mai multe studii au concluzionat că ADT a demonstrat beneficii la pacienții cu boală metastatică și ca adjuvant la radioterapie la pacienții cu boală locală avansată, precum și la cei cu boală localizată cu risc intermediar sau cu risc ridicat. Cu toate acestea, la pacienții cu cancer de prostată cu risc scăzut, ADT nu a demonstrat niciun avantaj de supraviețuire, ci doar neajunsuri semnificative, cum ar fi impotența, diabetul și pierderea osoasă.

Terapia poate elimina, de asemenea, celulele canceroase inducând senescența indusă de suprimarea androgenilor. Scăderea nivelului de androgeni sau oprirea lor de a intra în celulele canceroase de prostată face ca cancerul de prostată să se micșoreze sau să crească mai lent pentru o perioadă de timp. Cu toate acestea, acest tratament trebuie combinat cu radioterapia (RT)  deoarece ADT în sine nu eradică cancerul; doar îi scade agresivitatea.

Tipuri de tratare a cancerului de prostată

Metoda bazată pe operație

 Orhiectomie (castrare chirurgicală)

 Constă în îndepărtarea testiculelor, organul în care sunt sintetizați androgenii, la bolnavii de cancer. Este cel mai radical tratament pentru încheierea producției de androgeni. În plus, este cel mai ușor și cel mai puțin scump. Principalul dezavantaj este că castrarea chirurgicală este o metodă permanentă.

Metode bazate pe medicamente

Sinteza testosteronului este mediată de un lanț de procese care încep în creierul nostru. Atunci când organismul nostru detectează un nivel scăzut de testosteron, hipotalamusul începe să producă LHRH, un hormon care, odată primit de glanda hipofiză, activează sinteza LH (hormonului luteinizant). LH circulă în testicule unde induce formarea de testosteron. Există două metode de terapie privativă de androgeni bazate pe medicamente. Unul acționează pentru a preveni eliberarea de LH a glandei hipofizare, iar celălalt blochează capacitatea organismului de a folosi androgeni.

 Castrarea chimică

 Există două medicamente diferite, agoniști LHRH și antagoniști, care scad ambele cantitatea de testosteron făcută de testicule. Acționează inhibând formarea de LH în glanda hipofizară. Agoniștii LHRH produc o creștere bruscă a nivelului de testosteron urmat de o scădere uriașă, proces numit flacără, în timp ce antagoniștii LHRH scad direct cantitatea de testosteron. Agoniștii și antagoniștii LHRH utilizați în terapia de deprivare a androgenilor includ leuprorelină, goserelină, triptorelină, histrelină, buserelină și degarelix .
 Aceste medicamente sunt injectate sub piele obținându-se același rezultat ca la castrarea chirurgicală. Deși este mult mai scump, bărbații tind să aleagă această opțiune, întrucât, de obicei, sunt reticenți față de îndepărtarea testiculelor.

 Terapia cu antiandrogen

 Glandele suprarenale au fost descoperite ca un alt centru de producție de androgeni chiar și după un proces de castrare. Prin urmare, a fost dezvoltat un tratament complementar care folosește antiandrogeni pentru a bloca capacitatea organismului de a folosi orice androgeni. Celulele prostatei conțin un receptor de androgeni (AR), care atunci când este stimulat de androgeni precum testosteronul, promovează creșterea și menține diferențierea prostatică. Totuși, aceste semnale pro-creștere pot fi problematice atunci când apar într-o celulă canceroasă. Antiandrogenii pot intra în celule și pot preveni legarea testosteronului de proteinele receptorului, datorită afinității lor mai mari pentru receptorul androgenic.
 Principalele antiandrogene sunt acetat de ciproteronă, flutamidă, nilutamidă, bicalutamidă și enzalutamidă, care sunt toate administrate sub formă de pilule orale.

 Noii antiandrogeni care țintesc sinteza testosteronului (abirateron acetat și seviteronel) sau translocarea nucleară AR (enzalutamide, apalutamide și darolutamide), precum și terapii combinate (galeterone), recent au fost dezvoltate și pot funcționa la o mai bună țintire a celulelor androgene responsive în combinație cu ADT. Dar acestea pot avea și roluri negative adverse în dezvoltarea CRPC.

Efecte asupra sexualității bărbaților
Sexualitatea normală a bărbaților pare să depindă de tipare hormonale foarte specifice și complicate care nu sunt înțelese complet. Un studiu sugerează că ADT poate modifica echilibrul hormonal necesar activității sexuale masculine. Pe măsură ce bărbații îmbătrânesc, nivelurile de testosteron scad cu aproximativ 1% pe an după 30 de ani; cu toate acestea, este important să se stabilească dacă testosteronul scăzut se datorează îmbătrânirii normale sau unei boli, cum ar fi hipogonadismul. Testosteronul joacă un rol semnificativ în funcționarea sexuală; prin urmare, scăderea naturală a nivelului de testosteron poate duce la reducerea funcționării sexuale normale. Scăderi suplimentare ale testosteronului seric pot avea un impact negativ asupra funcției sexuale normale, ducând la o scădere a calității vieții.

Disfuncția erectilă nu este neobișnuită după prostatectomia radicală, iar bărbații care suferă de ADT în plus față de acest lucru ar putea să arate o scădere suplimentară a capacității lor de a se angaja în actul penetrant, precum și dorința lor de a face acest lucru.  Un studiu care examinează diferențele de utilizare a GnRH-A (androgen suppressant) sau o orhiectomie raportează diferențele de interes sexual, experiența erecțiilor și prevalența participării la activități sexuale. Bărbații care nu au prezentat interes sexual au crescut de la 27,6% la 63,6% după orchiectomie și de la 31,7% la 58,0% după GnRH-A; bărbații care nu au avut erecții au crescut de la 35,0% la 78,6%; iar bărbații care nu au raportat o activitate sexuală au crescut de la 47,9% la 82,8% după orhiectomie și 45,0% la 80,2%.  Acest studiu sugerează că GnRH-A și orhiectomia au avut efecte similare asupra funcționării sexuale. Un cerc vicios prin care scăderea nivelului de testosteron duce la scăderea activității sexuale, ceea ce la rândul său determină scăderea și mai mare a nivelului de testosteron liber și total. Acest lucru demonstrează importanța androgenilor pentru menținerea structurilor și funcțiilor sexuale .

Efecte adverse
Deși vizarea axei androgenice are beneficii terapeutice clare, eficacitatea sa este temporară, deoarece celulele tumorale ale prostatei se adaptează pentru a supraviețui și a crește. S-a demonstrat că îndepărtarea de androgeni activează tranziția epitelială - mezenchimală (EMT), transdiferențiere neuroendocrină (NEtD) și programe genice de tipul celulelor stem de cancer.

 EMT a stabilit roluri în promovarea fenotipurilor biologice asociate cu progresia tumorii (migrație / invazie, supraviețuirea celulelor tumorale, proprietăți asemănătoare cu celulele stem cancer, rezistență la radiații și chimioterapie) în mai multe tipuri de cancer uman.
 NEtD în cancerul de prostată este asociat cu rezistența la terapie, metastaza viscerală și boli agresive.
 Fenotipurile celulelor stem de cancer sunt asociate cu recurența bolii, metastaze și supraviețuirea celulelor în circulație ca celule tumorale circulante.

Astfel, activarea acestor programe prin inhibarea axei androgenului oferă un mecanism prin care celulele tumorale se pot adapta pentru a promova reapariția și progresia bolii.

Orhiectomia, analogii LHRH și antagoniștii LHRH pot provoca reacții adverse similare, datorită modificărilor nivelurilor hormonilor sexuali (testosteron).

Un program a fost dezvoltat pentru ca pacienții și partenerii lor să recunoască și să gestioneze efectele secundare mai împovărătoare ale terapiei de deprivare a androgenilor. Un singur program este construit în jurul lucrării din 2014 "Terapia de deprivare a androgenilor: un ghid esențial pentru pacienții cu cancer de prostată și cei dragi lor", care este avizat de Asociația Urologică canadiană.

Studii recente au arătat că ADT poate crește riscul de boală Alzheimer sau demență. Creșterea riscului poate fi asociată cu durata ADT.

Vezi și
Androgen
Steroid
Hormon
Estrogen
Testosteron
Androstenedionă
Dihidrotestosteron(DHT)
Chimie medicală

Referințe

Terapie
Endocrinologie
Pages with unreviewed translations
Tratarea cancerului
Androgeni

Terapia de deprivare a androgenilor


خالد بن الوليد، هو مسلسل تاريخي سوري يتحدث عن شخصية الصحابي والقائد الإسلامي خالد بن الوليد، وقد تم عمل جزئين منه، عرض الجزء الأول منه في شهر رمضان لعام 2006، وكان من بطولة باسم ياخور وإخراج محمد عزيزية وتأليف عبد الكريم ناصيف، والجزء الثاني الذي أنتج عام 2007 كان من بطولة سامر المصري وإخراج غسان عبد الله وتأليف عبد الكريم ناصيف بالاشتراك مع محمد الحسيان الذي قام بإنشاد مقدمته.

الممثلون في الجزء الأول

 البطولة

 باسم ياخور في دور خالد بن الوليد.

 الممثلون الآخرون

 سوزان نجم الدين في دور ليلى بنت المنهال.
 تيسير إدريس - خالد أمين - زيناتي قدسية - فهد العبد المحسن.
 روعة ياسين في دور ام سليمان.
 فيصل العميري - محمد آل رشي

من تونس

 فتحي الهداوي في دور مالك بن عوف.

من العراق
 باسم قهار في دور أبو عبيدة بن الجراح.
 عبد الكريم غميض
 علي صطوف
 احمد صلان
 غزوان الصفدي
 خالد القيش
 مروان أبو شاهين
 فاروق الجمعات
 ايهم الآغا.

ضيوف شرف
 عبد الرحمن آله رشي في دور أبو لهب.
 عبدالرحمن أبو القاسم في دور أبو الفضل العباس.
 سعد مينه في دور الحمزة بن عبد المطلب.
 ناصر وردياني في دور أبو جهل.
 صالح الحايك.

من الأردن
 نبيل المشيني في دور الوليد بن المغيرة.
 صبا مبارك في دور هند.
 أندريه سكاف في دور طليحة بن خويلد.
 جمال قبش في دور هرقل.

لأول مرة
 سامي بلال في دور وحشي.
 ميريام عطا الله في دور خزامى.
 يوسف المقبل
 علي عليان
 فائق عرقسوسي
 رامز الأسود
 رغد المخلوف
 عايدة يوسف
 جمال نصار
 أمية ملص
 سهيل الحداد
 فرزدق ديوب
 سليم شريقي
 بهاء البلخي
 زهير درويش
 علي القاسم
 رمزي شقير
 هشام كفارنه
 رباب مرهج
 رامز عطا الله
 نضال حمادي
 نوار بلبل
 علاء الزعبي
 مرشد ضرغام
 محمد مصطفى
 فواز سرور
 كميل أبو صعب
 لمى الشمندي
 إبراهيم عيسى
 ناصر مرقبي
 رائد مشرف
 دينا خانكان
 عليا عمرايا
 محمود صوان
 ربيع غميض
 وليد برماوي
 رجاء يوسف
 أحمد حداد
 منذر الفارس
 درغام مرقبي
 أحمد السيد
 تيسير العاتقي.

الممثلون في الجزء الثاني

البطولة

 سامر المصري في دور خالد بن الوليد.

الممثلون الآخرون

 محمد مفتاح في دور القعقاع.
 بيير داغر في دور أبو عبيدة بن الجراح.
 خالد أمين
 خالد البريكي
 غزوان الصفدي
 فاروق الجمعات
 علي صطوف
 بلال عبدالله.
 عمرو القاضي.

إمبراطورية فارس

 زهير النوباني في دور كسرى.
 سلوم حداد في دور هرمز.
 منذر رياحنة في دور قارن.
 وفيق الزعيم في دور وزير كسرى.
 رياض وردياني في دور المرزبان.
 فادي صبيح
 علي القاسم.

إمبراطورية الروم

 جمال قبش في دور هرقل.
 ألان زغبي
 إياد أبو الشامات
 نوار بلبل
 رامز عطا الله
 رامز أسود
 يحيى بيازي.
 رضوان عقيلي في دور باهان.
 خالد القيش في دور وردان.

ضيوف الشرف

 خالد تاجا في دور عمرو بن عبد المسيح.
 منى واصف في دور كرامة.
 عبد الرحمن أبو القاسم في دور أبو الفضل العباس.
 تيسير إدريس في دور أبو سفيان.
 روعة ياسين في دور ام سليمان.
 فهد العبد المحسن في دور عكرمة.
 فيصل العميري في دور بلال الحبشي.
 أيمن رضا في دور الأندرزغر.
 باسم قهار في دور والد سلام.
 مازن عباس في دور سماعة.
 جمال نصار
 واصف الحلبي
 جمال شقير
 علاء قاسم
 هامي البكار
 معتصم النهار
 أسامة حلال
 مروان أبو شاهين
 عبدالرحمن قويدر
 مجد فضة
 طالب عزيزي
 جهاد عبيد
 كميل أبو صعب
 سعد الغفري
 وسيم الرحبي
 كناز سالم
 رمزي شقير
 إسماعيل مداح
 أسامة تيناوي
 عمار حاج أحمد
 معن دويعر
 فواز سرور
 رفيق سمعان
 سامر شقير
 طلال مارديني.
 لورا أبو أسعد في دور هند بنت عتبة.
 صفاء سلطان في دور خولة بنت الأزور.
 إيمان الجابر - لمى الشمندي.
 محمود نصر في دور يزيد بن أبي سفيان.
 محمود سعيد أداء صوت الراوي.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

مسلسلات تلفزيونية تاريخية سورية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية إسلامية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 2006
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 2007
مسلسلات سيرة شخصية

خالد بن الوليد (مسلسل)


Guadalupe Mountains National Park is an American national park in the Guadalupe Mountains, east of El Paso, Texas. The mountain range includes Guadalupe Peak, the highest point in Texas at , and El Capitan used as a landmark by travelers on the route later followed by the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line. The ruins of a stagecoach station stand near the Pine Springs visitor center. The restored Frijole Ranch contains a small museum of local history and is the trailhead for Smith Spring. The park covers  in the same mountain range as Carlsbad Caverns National Park, about  to the north in New Mexico. The Guadalupe Peak Trail winds through pinyon pine and Douglas-fir forests as it ascends over  to the summit of Guadalupe Peak, with views of El Capitan and the Chihuahuan Desert.

The McKittrick Canyon trail leads to a stone cabin built in the early 1930s as the vacation home of Wallace Pratt, a petroleum geologist who donated the land. Dog Canyon, on the northern park boundary at the Texas-New Mexico State line, is accessed via Carlsbad, New Mexico or Dell City, Texas. Camping is available at the Pine Springs campground and at Dog Canyon. A public corral for livestock is available by reservation. The park observes Mountain Time.

The Gypsum sand dunes lie on the west side of the park near Dell City. A rough four-wheel drive road leads to the Williams Ranch.

Park purpose
As stated in the foundation document:

History

The Guadalupe Mountains give their name to the Guadalupian series in the Permian period. The International Commission on Stratigraphy estimates the mountain range's age at 272–260 Mya. The mountains have had a tumultuous history for thousands of years. Archaeological evidence shows that people have lived there for over 10,000 years in and among the many caves and alcoves. Hunter-gatherers followed large game and collected edible vegetation, as evidenced by the discovery of projectile points, baskets, pottery and rock art.

The first Europeans to arrive in the area were the Spanish in the 16th century, but they did not make serious attempts to settle in the area. The Spanish introduced horses; nomadic indigenous tribes like the Apaches soon found them an asset for hunting and migrating. Mescalero Apaches followed game and harvested the agave (or mescal) for food and fiber (Mescalero is Spanish for mescal-maker). Agave roasting pits and other artifacts of Mescalero culture can be found in the park.

The Mescalero Apaches occupied the mountains through the mid-19th century, but were challenged by an American transportation route at the end of the American Civil War. During the 1840s and 1850s, many immigrants travelled west crossed the area. In 1858, Pinery Station was constructed near Pine Springs for the Butterfield Overland Mail. The Butterfield Overland Mail crossed Guadalupe Pass, located at  above sea level. The 9th Cavalry Regiment was ordered to the area to stop Indian raids on settlements and the mail stage route.  During the winter of 1869, Lt. H.B. Cushing led his troops into the Guadalupe Mountains and destroyed two Mescalero Apache camps. They were eventually driven out of the area and into US reservations.

Felix McKittrick was one of the first European settlers in the Guadalupe Mountains; he worked cattle during the 1870s. McKittrick Canyon is thought to be named after him. Frijole Ranch was the first permanent ranch house, constructed in 1876 by the Rader brothers. It became the only major building in the region and served as a community center and regional post office from 1916 to 1942. Today, it has been restored and serves as a cultural museum. In 1908  Williams Ranch House was built, and it was named after one of its inhabitants, James Adolphus Williams. Judge J.C. Hunter from Van Horn, Texas consolidated most of the smaller ranches in the area into the Guadalupe Mountain Ranch.

In 1921, Wallace Pratt, a geologist for Humble Oil and Refining Company, was impressed by the beauty of McKittrick Canyon and bought the land to build two houses there. Both were used as summer homes by Pratt and his family up until 1960. Wallace Pratt donated about  of McKittrick Canyon which became part of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, which was dedicated and formally opened to the public in September 1972.

In 1978, the United States Congress designated 46,850 acres (190 km2) of the park as a wilderness area.

Geography

The Guadalupe Mountains reach their highest point at Guadalupe Peak, the highest point in Texas, with an elevation of . The range lies southeast of the Sacramento Mountains and east of the Brokeoff Mountains. The mountain range extends north-northwest and northeast from Guadalupe Peak in Texas into New Mexico. The northeastern extension ends about  southwest of Carlsbad, near Carlsbad Caverns National Park; the southwest tip ends with El Capitan about  east of El Paso.  The mountains rise more than  above the arid floor of the Chihuahuan Desert. The Guadalupe Mountains are surrounded by the South Plains to the east and north, Delaware Mountains to the south, and Sacramento Mountains to the west.

The northwestern extension, bounded by a dramatic escarpment known as "The Rim", extends much further into New Mexico, approaching close to the Sacramento Mountains. The range is bordered on the north by Four Mile Canyon; on the east by the valley of the Pecos River; and on the west by Piñon Creek, Big Dog Canyon, Valley Canyon, Middle Dog Canyon and West Dog Canyon. Much of the range is built from the ancient Capitán Reef, formed at the margins of a shallow sea during the Permian Period. As the range is built up almost entirely of limestone, upland areas have little or no surface water. The only significant surface water is McKittrick Creek, in McKittrick Canyon, which emerges from the eastern side of the massif, just south of the New Mexico border. Elevations at the base of the range vary from  above sea level on the western side to  on the east. Several peaks on the southern end exceed .

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Guadalupe Mountains National Park has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). The plant hardiness zone on Guadalupe Peak is 7b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 6.1 °F (-14.4 °C).

The Guadalupe Mountains experience relatively hot summers, calm, mild autumn weather, and cool to cold weather in winter and early spring. Snow storms, sleet storms, freezing rain, or fog may occur in winter or early spring. Frequent high wind warnings are issued during winter through spring. Late summer monsoons produce thunderstorms. Nights are cool, even in summer.

Ecology

Three major ecosystems are contained within the park. The Chihuahuan Desert exhibits salt flats, creosote bushes, and honey mesquite on the western side of the park, with low elevations on the eastern side covered with grassland, pinyon pine, and junipers. The canyon interiors, including McKittrick, Bear, and Pine Springs Canyon, exhibit bigtooth maple, velvet ash, chinkapin oak, and other deciduous trees that are fed by springs recharged by mountain streams. Finally, alpine areas more than  above sea level contain forests of ponderosa pine, Arizona pine, southwestern white pine, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, alligator juniper, and small stands of quaking aspen.

The range contains many large cave systems, including Carlsbad Caverns and Lechuguilla Cave. The history of the range includes occupation by ancient Pueblo and Mogollon peoples, and by the Apache and various outlaws in the 19th century.

Flora
The park is home to over 1000 species of plants, some of which include cacti, succulents, wildflowers, grasses and shrubs. Viola guadalupensis, the Guadalupe Mountains violet, is a rare plant that is endemic to the park.

Fauna
Mammals that inhabit this national park include elk, javelina, gray fox, American black bear, coyote, bobcat, striped and hog-nosed skunk, badger, sixteen species of bat, mule deer, and mountain lion. Birds of this park include great horned owl, chickadee, sparrow, woodpecker, turkey vulture, greater roadrunner, hummingbird, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, wren, and grosbeak.

See also

List of national parks of the United States
List of birds of Guadalupe Mountains National Park

References

External links

  of the National Park Service
 The entry for Guadalupe Mountains National Park in the Handbook of Texas Online.
 Current weather forecast - National Weather Service
 Visit Carlsbad - Guadalupe Mountains National Park
Film footage of the Guadalupe Mountains National Park in Texas: Land of Contrast (1966) from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image

National parks in Texas
Archaeological sites in Texas
Protected areas of Culberson County, Texas
Protected areas of Hudspeth County, Texas
Protected areas established in 1966

Guadalupe Mountains National Park


فيلوربان  هي مدينة في مقاطعة رون - ألپ في شرق فرنسا. وهي تقع شمال شرق ليون

مسجد عثمان

توأمة
لفيلوربان اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 بات يام
 أبانيا
 موجيلوف
 خاباروفسك
 العلمة
 أبوفيان
 آلتنبورغ (1971 - )

أعلام

 سيباستيان فيليب
 هنري كوشيه
 تيري أسكيون
 جان بيلفير
 إغزافيه شافاليرين
 فلوري ماريوس

مراجع

فيلوربان
دوفيني
مدن فرنسا

فيلوربان


9th Street é uma estação do sistema PATH. Localizada na interseção entre a 9th Street e Sexta Avenida, no bairro de Greenwich Village em Manhattan, Nova Iorque. É servida pelas rotas Hoboken–33rd Street e Journal Square–33rd Street nos dias de semana, e pelo serviço Journal Square–33rd Street (via Hoboken) nos finais de semana.

História

A construção da estação 9th Street foi particularmente dificultosa. Em 1900, operários da Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M), a predecessora da PATH, tiveram que remover areia movediça na água de um antigo córrego abaixo. O trabalho deles era muito difícil já que não podiam interromper o tráfico na Sexta Avenida. Em 1907, a Degnon Contracting Company, que estava construindo uma extensão da H&M ao norte da 9th Street, declarou que a água havia secado, aliviando assim os proprietários da região, que haviam gastado milhares de dólares em bombas para proteger suas propriedades da água.

A estação foi aberta em 25 de fevereiro de 1908 como parte de uma extensão da H&M entre Nova Jérsei e a 33rd Street. Originalmente havia uma saída no lado ocidental da Sexta Avenida entre Waverly Place e a Avenida Greenwich. Ela foi removida em 1941.

Após os ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001, que causaram a destruição da importante estação World Trade Center, a estação 9th Street passou por grande superlotação. Em 2002, a estação foi usada em média por 8 900 pessoas por dia, e por cerca de 3 496 milhão naquele ano, uma média 54% maior comparado com os 1 496 milhão de passageiros que utilizaram a estação no ano anterior. Mesmo que uma nova estação no World Trade Center já foi aberta, a Autoridade Portuária pretende construir uma segunda entrada (aguardando análise ambiental) para a estação, enfrentando oposição por parte dos moradores locais. Os opositores do projeto temem que a construção da nova entrada da estação danifique os frágeis edifícios históricos do bairro, em razão da vibração que seria causada, e interrompa o tráfego e atividade comercial.

Leiaute da estação

Em concordância com o padrão das entradas da PATH em Manhattan, a entrada da estação 9th Street é adjacente lado de um edifício no lado oriental da Sexta Avenida. Passageiros descem por algumas escadarias e passam por um túnel para chegar à plataforma. Essa estação subterrânea inclui duas linhas férreas e uma plataforma central e está localizada sob a Christopher Street, a sudoeste da curva das linhas férreas sob a Sexta Avenida. As linhas férreas locais da linha da Sexta Avenida da IND estão a leste das da PATH, e as linhas expressas estão abaixo, não sendo visíveis dessa estação.

A leste da estação, as linhas férreas passam por uma curva para a Sexta Avenida, enquanto que o túnel continua em reta, uma preparação para uma junção com um ramal nunca construído que operaria até Astor Place na linha da Avenida Lexington da IRT. A seção ampliada do túnel em preparação para o ramal Astor Place continua por 76 m. Uma grande parte da tuneladora utilizada na construção original ainda permanece nos túneis, que também estão cheios de equipamentos.

West Village
Greenwich Village
Sexta Avenida
!Artigos com coordenadas no Wikidata
PATH

Estação 9th Street (PATH)


Les 1 et 2 décembre 2021, un groupe de militants non identifiés  attaque un avant-poste militaire à Porga, département de l'Atakora, dans le nord-ouest du Bénin, près de sa frontière avec le Burkina Faso.

Deux soldats ont été tués et plusieurs autres blessés. L'un des assaillants a été tué par les forces militaires au de cours de l'attaque. Il a été suggéré que les militants pourraient provenir du Burkina Faso, qui mène un conflit de faible intensité contre les djihadistes salafistes depuis 2015. Le colonel Didier Ahouanvoédo déclare que « des traces de sang ont été aperçues suggérant que d'autres morts ou blessés ont été entraînés dans le sens du repli vers un pays voisin [le Burkina Faso] où sévissent des groupes terroristes ».

La veille, un attentat terroriste  a eu lieu dans le département de l'Alibori, également au nord du Bénin, entraînant la mort d'un des terroristes. Ces deux incidents étaient les deuxièmes attentats terroristes au Bénin depuis 2019, lorsque des islamistes avaient enlevé un couple de touristes français.

Le 10 décembre, des militants ont de nouveau attaqué Porga, faisant quatre blessés.

Notes et références

Atacora
2021 au Bénin
Décembre 2021
Terrorisme en 2021
Violence au Bénin

Porga attack


Saint-Gobain je francuska tvrtka specijalizirana za proizvodnju, transformaciju i distribuciju materijala.

Tvrtku je osnovala Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619. – 1663.) 1665. godine pod nazivom Manufacture royale des glaces, tvrtka je prisutna u šezdeset i osam zemalja, a 2019. zapošljava gotovo 171.000 ljudi. Od 2019. godine sjedište tvrtke nalazi se u La Défenseu, Tour Saint-Gobain, u općini Courbevoie.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Saint-Gobain Group

Francuske tvrtke

Saint-Gobain


5'-Monofosfato de orotidina (abreviado na literatura em inglês OMP, de orotidine 5'-monophosphate), também conhecido como ácido orotidílico,  é um nucleótido pirimidina que é o último intermediário (precursor direto) na biossíntese de 5′-monofosfato de uridina (UMP) na biossíntese de pirimidina. OMP é formado do orotato e Fosforribosil pirofosfato pela enzima orotato fosforribosiltransferase. OMP é usado é usado para estudar a especificidade, cinética, estruturas e mecanismos de orotidina 5′-monofosfato decarboxilases (EC 18.104.22.168).

Em humanos, a enzima UMP sintase converte OMP em 5′-monofosfato de uridina. Se UMP sintase é defeituosa, pode ocorrer acidúria orótica.

Nucleótidos
Pirimidinas
Lactamas

5'-Monofosfato de orotidina


The Mur () or Mura (; ; ; Prekmurje Slovene: Müra or Möra) is a river in Central Europe rising in the Hohe Tauern national park of the Central Eastern Alps in Austria with its source being  above sea level. It is a tributary of the Drava and subsequently the Danube.

The Mur's total length is around . About 326 km are within the interior of Austria; 95 km flow in and around Slovenia (67 km along the borders with Austria and Croatia, 28 km inside Slovenia), and the rest forms the border between Croatia and Hungary. The largest city on the river is Graz, Austria. Its drainage basin covers an area of .

Tributaries of the Mur include the Mürz, the Sulm, the Ščavnica, the Ledava and the Trnava.

Etymology
The river was attested as Maura in AD 799, Muora in 890, Mura in 1259, Mvr and Mver in 1310, and Muer in 1354. The name is probably of Slavic origin, nominalized from the adjective *murъ 'dark', meaning 'dark water'.

River course
The river rises in a remote valley within the Lungau region of Austrian state of Salzburg. The river flows eastwards through Tamsweg before crossing the border into the state of Styria.

Between Tamsweg and Unzmarkt-Frauenburg the river flows through a rural mountain valley and is closely paralleled by the  long narrow gauge Murtalbahn railway. From Unzmarkt the river continues in an easterly direction through the industrial towns of Leoben and Bruck an der Mur. At Bruck an der Mur the Mürz joins the Mur, which turns sharply south to flow through the city of Graz.

The river flows through the centre of Graz, passing underneath the Schloßberg and by the historic Inner City. As a result of being the European Capital of Culture for 2003, an artificial island known as the Murinsel was constructed in the middle of the river. Once heavily polluted by several paper mills on the shore and by the ironworks around Leoben, the water quality has improved since the 1980s and the river is now seen as an asset to the city.

From Graz the river continues to flow south, past the town of Leibnitz to its nearby confluence with the Sulm, where it adopts a more easterly course. Near Spielfeld, the river forms the border between Austria and Slovenia, a role it retains until just after the twin towns of Bad Radkersburg and Gornja Radgona, where it passes fully into Slovenia.

In Slovenia it passes the towns of Radenci, and Veržej. The river gives its name to the Slovenian region of Prekmurje (literally 'across the Mur') and the Croatian region of Međimurje (literally 'between the Mur'). Cable ferries and ship mills are still found in this area.

In the upper Međimurje area, in the western part of the region, the Mur floods and changes its course rather often, moving slowly toward the north on its left. Here, the biggest forest along the river, the Murščak, is located between Domašinec and Donji Hrašćan (derived from Croatian hrast 'oak'). After receiving its last significant tributary Trnava, the river ends near Legrad in Koprivnica-Križevci county, Croatia, where it flows into the river Drava.

Exploitation

Since the 4th century BC, there have been reports of floating mills powered by the streams of the river. The ancient technology was adopted later by arriving Slavs and then by Magyars. Several decades ago, in the 1920s and 1930s, many of these mills were still operating along the river. At least one of the old mills, the Babič Mill () near Veržej, Slovenia, continues to operate to this day.

The Mur is known to carry small quantities of gold, not enough to be suitable for exploitation today, but this was a focus of activity for many people since ancient times. Organized research and exploitation of gold and other local resources was encouraged for the first time in 1772.

In Austria, several hydroelectric dams have been constructed for the production of electricity.

In 2017, a hydroelectric dam was under construction in Puntigam, a few km south of the Graz city centre. The plan includes a massive sewage pipe between the city centre and the new dam, necessitating the felling of thousands of trees. The project is controversial and environmental groups are resisting it. Both environmental impact and economic studies have found the project to be neither ecologically nor economically viable. Additional hydroelectric plants are planned for Slovenia.

Monitoring
The hydrological parameters of the Mur are regularly monitored in Croatia at Mursko Središće.

References

External links

 Condition of Mur at Gornja Radgona and Petanjci - graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken by ARSO)

Rivers of Salzburg (state)
Rivers of Styria
Rivers of Prekmurje
Rivers of Styria (Slovenia)
Rivers of Hungary
Rivers of Croatia
International rivers of Europe
Croatia–Hungary border
Austria–Slovenia border
Croatia–Slovenia border
Natura 2000 in Slovenia
Rivers of Austria
Border rivers

Mur (river)


Þróunarbanki Asíu (enska: Asian Developement Bank, ADB) er þróunarbanki sem var stofnaður 19. desember 1966. Höfuðstöðvar bankans eru í Mandaluyong á höfuðborgarsvæði Filippseyja.

Bankar

Þróunarbanki Asíu


A Temporada da Liga Croata de 2020–21 foi a 31ª edição da competição de elite do basquetebol da Croácia tendo o Zadar como defensor do título croata.  A competição é conhecida como Hrvatski telekom Premijer liga, recebendo Naming Right da gigante croata de telecomunicações.

Ao término da competição mesmo com grande rivalidade e alternância de liderança com Zadar, o Cibona conquistou o 20º título aumentando assim sua hegemonia como o grande campeão histórico da Croácia

Clubes Participantes

Temporada Regular

Tabela de Classificação

Confrontos

Primeira fase de grupos

Segunda fase

Grupo de Playoffs

Grupo de despromoção

Playoffs

Confrontos

Quartas de final

Semifinal

Final

Campeões

2022 no basquetebol
Liga Croata de Basquetebol

Liga Croata de Basquetebol de 2021-22


Aaron Frank Mooy (født 15. september 1990 i Sydney, Australien), er en australsk fodboldspiller (central midtbane), der spiller for Huddersfield i den engelske Premier League.

Klubkarriere
Allerede som ungomsspiller rejste Mooy til Europa, hvor han blev en del af akademiet hos Bolton Wanderers I 2009 blev han rykket op på seniorholdet, men nåede aldrig at debutere for klubbens førstehold. Han skiftede i 2010 til skotske St. Mirren.

Efter fire år i den australske liga, hvor han repræsenterede henholdsvis Western Sydney Wanderers og Melbourne City, kom Mooy i 2016 til Manchester City i England. Han nåede dog aldrig at debutere for klubben, før han blev udlejet til Huddersfield. Efter et succesfuldt år i klubben, hvor han var med til at sikre oprykning til Premier League, skiftede han i sommeren 2017 til klubben på permanent basis. Prisen for købet var 8 millioner britiske pund, hvilket gjorde ham til Huddersfields på daværende tidspunkt dyreste indkøb nogensinde.

Landshold
Mooy har (pr. juni 2018) spillet 34 kampe og scoret fem mål for det australske landshold. Han debuterede for holdet 7. december 2012 i et opgør mod Guam. Han scorede det ene mål i kampen, der endte med en australsk sejr på 9-0. Han repræsenterede Australien ved VM 2018 i Rusland.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Australien
Fodboldspillere fra St. Mirren F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Bolton Wanderers F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Manchester City F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Melbourne City FC
Fodboldspillere fra Huddersfield Town F.C.
Personer fra Sydney
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2018
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2022

Aaron Mooy


The New York City College of Technology (City Tech) is a public college in New York City. Founded in 1946, it is the City University of New York's college of technology.

History
City Tech was founded in 1946 as The New York State Institute of Applied Arts and Sciences. The urgent mission at the time was to provide training to GIs returning from the Second World War and to provide New York with the technically proficient workforce it would need to thrive in the emerging post-war economy. From its beginnings as an Institute—to being chartered as a community college—and subsequently transitioning to senior college status during the 1980s—it has grown from serving 246 students in 1946, to a population today of more than 30,000 degree and non-degree seeking students.

Students and faculty
City Tech has an enrollment of more than 17,000 students in over 66 baccalaureate, associate, and specialized certificate programs including several engineering technology fields as well as architecture, construction, nursing, hospitality management, entertainment technology, dental hygiene, vision care technology, technology teacher training and paralegal training. Non-degree continuing education is also offered, and serves approximately 14,000 students each year. City Tech is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

Schools and departments

School of Technology and Design

Departments
Communication Design formerly Advertising Design & Graphic Arts
Architectural Technology
Computer Engineering Technology
Computer Systems Technology
Construction Management & Civil Engineering Technology
Electrical Engineering Technology
Entertainment Technology
Environmental Control Technology
Mechanical Engineering Technology

School of Professional Studies
The eleven departments housed in the school provide instruction at the associate and baccalaureate levels, leading to degrees in the areas of healthcare, business, hospitality, paralegal studies, human services and career and technology teacher education.

Departments
Business
Career & Technology Teacher Education
Dental Hygiene
Restorative Dentistry
Health Services Administration
Hospitality Management
Human Services
Nursing
Law/Paralegal Studies
Radiologic Technology & Medical Imaging
Vision Care Technology
Business Technology
Biomedical Informatics

School of Arts and Sciences
The School of Arts and Sciences is home to a number of majors:

 Transfer degrees in Liberal Arts and Liberal Arts and Science,
 Associate degrees in Computer Science and Chemical Technology, Liberal Arts and Sciences (LAA), Liberal Arts and Sciences (LAS), and
 Baccalaureate degrees in Applied Chemistry, Applied Mathematics - Financial Science, Applied Mathematics - Information Science, Applied Mathematics - Science, Applied Computational Physics, Biomedical Informatics, Data Analytics/Economics, Health Communication, Professional and Technical Writing.

In addition, faculty in the school provide all students from across the institution with courses that support a well-rounded general education, with the goal of making them effective professionals, informed citizens, and lifelong learners.

Departments
African American Studies
Biological Sciences
Chemistry
English
Humanities
Mathematics
Physics
Social Science

Library
The college hired its first library director in 1957. The current college library building went up around 1987. In 2012 the library staff adopted an open-access policy to make its members' professional research publicly accessible online.

Campus

City Tech occupies nine buildings within Downtown Brooklyn's Tech Triangle, the MetroTech Business Improvement District, and DUMBO. College Administration and Offices, the Ursula C. Schwerin Library, the School of Professional Studies, and the School of Arts & Sciences are primarily based in a complex formed by the Namm, Library (formerly Atrium), General, and Pearl buildings in MetroTech (300 Jay Street). The School of Technology & Design is primarily based in Voorhees Hall in DUMBO with Graphic Arts based in the MetroTech Complex.

A supertall skyscraper designed by Renzo Piano—which would have been known as City Tech Tower, with 65 floors for the college and 600 units of housing—was proposed, but scrapped.

In October 2013, City Tech held a ceremonial groundbreaking for a  academic complex at the corner of Tillary and Jay Streets in Downtown Brooklyn, which opened in August 2018. The new complex occupies the site formerly occupied by the Klitgord Center. The new eight-story building, known as the Academic Complex, is home to City Tech's expanding programs in healthcare and the sciences. The departments moved into the new building include the core sciences: Physics, Chemistry and Biological Sciences (including Biomedical Informatics). It is also home to the health programs: Nursing, Radiologic Technology & Medical Imaging, Dental Hygiene, Restorative Dentistry, and Vision Care Technology. The Academic Complex includes a 1,000-seat concert hall quality auditorium, the largest of its kind in Downtown Brooklyn.  A wellness center and faculty office space is also located in the Academic Complex.

Athletics
City Tech teams participated as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. City Tech began CUNYAC competition in the community college section from the conference's inception in the 1987-88 season, later to join its senior college section in the 1999-2000 season. Men's sports included basketball, cross country, soccer, tennis and volleyball; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, softball, tennis and volleyball. City Tech's athletic program is in hiatus until new facilities are available.

Notable people

Alumni
Eric Adams, 110th Mayor of New York City (2022–present); 18th Borough President of Brooklyn (2014–2021)
Hiroaki Aoki (Restaurant Management, 1963), Olympic wrestler and founder of the Benihana chain of restaurants
Charles Barron, New York City Council member representing the 42nd District of New York City; former Black Panther
 Moses Michael Levi Barrow (born Jamal Michael Barrow; 1978), better known by his stage name Shyne, Belizean rapper and politician
Zev Brenner, an Orthodox Jewish radio host; president and founder of Talkline Communications
Salvatore Cassano (Fire Protection, 1970), New York City Fire Commissioner
Patrick Clark (Hotel and Restaurant Technology), chef
Larry R. Felix (1980), director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Robert Holden, professor and New York City Council member
Michael Lomonaco (Hotel and Restaurant Management, 1984), chef, restaurateur, and television personality
Julian Niccolini (Hospitality Management), managing partner of the The Four Seasons Restaurant
Samuel E Vázquez (1991), visual artist
William Yosses (Hotel Management), White House Executive Pastry Chef and coauthor of the book Desserts For Dummies'
Ray Sharkey, stage, film, and TV actor (Attended for one year)

Faculty
 Leon M. Goldstein (died 1999), President of Kingsborough Community College, and acting Chancellor of the City University of New York
Frank McCourt, the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Angela's Ashes, taught in the English department. In a 1997 New York Times'' Op-Ed essay, Mr. McCourt wrote about his experiences teaching immigrant mothers at New York City Technical College during the Spring 1990 semester.
 Rob Redding - talk host, journalist, author, and artist
Norma Merrick Sklarek - first African American woman licensed to practice architecture in New York and California; Harlem-born, Columbia University graduate. Taught architecture courses in the mid-1950s.

References

External links

 Official website

City University of New York
Universities and colleges in Brooklyn
Universities and colleges established in 1946
1946 establishments in New York City
Science and technology in New York City
Downtown Brooklyn
Universities and colleges on Long Island
Engineering universities and colleges in New York (state)
Technological universities in the United States

New York City College of Technology


Calatrava ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Romblon und gehört zur Verwaltungsregion IV-B, Mimaropa. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ). Eingestuft wird sie als Gemeinde der fünften Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen und als teilweise urbanisiert.

Calatrava liegt im Norden der Insel Tablas an der Küste der Sibuyan-See. Die Topographie der Gemeinde wird durch flachwelliges Terrain gekennzeichnet. Im Süden liegen die Gemeinden San Agustin und San Andres.

In der Gemeinde ist die School of Inland Fisheries der Romblon State University angesiedelt.

Baranggays
Die Gemeinde setzte sich 2011 aus sieben Barangays zusammen:

Weblink

Ort auf den Philippinen
Provinz Romblon

Calatrava (Romblon)


جرجبيل  هي مدينة في جمهورية داغستان في روسيا. ويبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4976 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن داغستان
مراكز ريفية في داغستان

جرجبيل (داغستان)


A Copa Emirates de 2008 foi um torneio de futebol amistoso de pré-temporada organizado pelo Arsenal em sua casa, o Emirates Stadium, em Londres. Foi a segunda Copa Emirates, uma competição por convite inaugurada em 2007. Realizada no fim de semana de 2 a 3 de agosto de 2008, os participantes do torneio foram Arsenal, Real Madrid, Juventus e Hamburgo.

Cada equipe jogou duas partidas, com três pontos por vitória, um ponto por empate e nenhum por derrota. Um ponto adicional é concedido para cada gol marcado. O Arsenal não enfrentou o Hamburgo e o Real Madrid não jogou contra a Juventus. No dia de abertura do torneio, o Real Madrid venceu o Hamburgo por 2-1, enquanto o Arsenal perdeu para a Juventus por um único gol. Embora os anfitriões tenham derrotado o Real no segundo dia, o Hamburgo venceu a Copa Emirates ao registrar uma vitória por 3-0 sobre a Juventus.

Antecedentes
A Copa Emirates começou em julho de 2007, uma vez que o Arsenal finalizou os planos de realizar uma competição de pré-temporada em sua casa. Nomeado em homenagem ao principal patrocinador do Arsenal, a Emirates, a edição inaugural da competição contou com a presença de mais de 110.000 pessoas nos dois dias. O campeão da La Liga Real Madrid, a equipe italiana Juventus e o time alemão Hamburgo foram confirmados como participantes da edição de 2008, ao lado do anfitrião Arsenal. A inclusão de Hamburgo veio após sua retirada um ano antes devido a compromissos europeus. A cobertura do evento de dois dias foi transmitida no Reino Unido pela Sky Sports.

Resumo
O Real Madrid enfrentou o Hamburgo no dia de abertura do torneio. Havia um contingente de ex-jogadores e funcionários da Premier League, já que a escalação do Real Madrid apresentava Ruud van Nistelrooy e Jerzy Dudek, enquanto o Hamburgo era treinado pelo ex-técnico do Tottenham Hotspur, Martin Jol. Van Nistelrooy quase marcou aos três minutos da primeira parte quando seu companheiro de equipe Raúl o colocou no gol. O goleiro do Hamburgo, Frank Rost, distraiu o atacante ao correr em sua direção. Paolo Guerrero cabeceou ao lado para o Hamburgo, antes de o Real Madrid abrir a vantagem cinco minutos antes da meia-hora. Nigel de Jong, do Hamburgo, foi derrotado em sua própria área pelo lateral-direito Míchel Salgado, que colocou Van Nistelrooy para um chute direto. O Real Madrid dominou e foi punido por perder várias chances de ampliar sua vantagem quando Mohamed Zidan marcou o empate do Hamburgo. Recebendo a bola do canto esquerdo do meio-campo do Real Madrid, o atacante passou a bola pelo goleiro Dudek, que saiu do travessão. David Jarolím e Guerrero chegaram perto de colocar o Hamburgo por 2-1 na frente, mas Daniel Parejo, a cinco minutos do final, selou a vitória do Real Madrid, cabeceando no cruzamento de Juanmi Callejón.

O Real Madrid perdeu para o Arsenal no segundo dia da Copa Emirates. Emmanuel Adebayor marcou o único gol da partida, convertendo um pênalti no segundo tempo. O atacante foi vaiado durante todo o torneio, pois não esclareceu seus planos para o futuro durante a pré-temporada,[9] mesmo tendo concordado com uma extensão de contrato de acordo com o técnico do Arsenal, Arsène Wenger. "Na minha cara, ele me disse que quer ficar no clube e foi isso que aconteceu", disse Wenger a repórteres. O Arsenal foi derrotado pela Juventus no dia anterior; O gol de David Trezeguet veio depois que os anfitriões não conseguiram lidar adequadamente com uma cobrança de falta. Gaël Clichy, Cesc Fàbregas e Kolo Touré estavam ausentes pelo Arsenal, embora o capitão William Gallas tenha aparecido no segundo tempo. A nova contratação Samir Nasri começou a partida contra o Real Madrid.

O Hamburgo venceu a Copa Emirates de 2008 depois de vencer a Juventus por três gols. Guerrero marcou o primeiro aos 19 minutos e Ivica Olić acrescentou mais dois nos acréscimos.

Classificação
Cada time disputou dois jogos, com três pontos concedidos para a vitória, um para o empate, nenhum para a derrota, e um ponto extra para cada gol marcado.

Partidas
Todas as partidas seguem o fuso horário do verão inglês (UTC+1).
 1º Dia

 2º Dia

Artilheiros

Ligações externas

 Site oficial

Copa Emirates de 2008


Die Opština Gjorče Petrov (; ) ist eine der zehn Opštini der nordmazedonischen Hauptstadt Skopje. Sie liegt im nordwestlichen Teil der Stadtgemeinde und wird durch den Vardar und den Lepenac durchflossen. Der Bezirk hatte laut der letzten Volkszählung vom Jahr 2021 44.844 Einwohner. 35.971 davon waren Mazedonier, 1.765 Albaner, 1.266 Serben, 1.068 Roma, 459 Bosniaken, 272 Türken, 156 Aromunen, 531 andere, 27 undeklariert, 18 unbekannt und 3.311 Personen wurden von den Gemeinderegistern gezählt, deren ethnische Zugehörigkeit unbekannt war.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website der Gemeinde

Einzelnachweise

Opština in Skopje

Opština Gjorče Petrov


Hal Koch-prisen  er en pris for initiativ og demokrati indstiftet i 2004 af institutionen Krogerup Højskole, hvis første forstander var Hal Koch.

Modtagere af Hal Koch-prisen
 2005 Clement Kjersgaard
 2006 Svensk Indvandrerblad
 2007 Liberalisterne
 2008 Camp X
 2009 Dansk og norsk PEN
 2010 Eva Smith
 2011 Trampolinhuset
 2012 Jens Stoltenberg
 2013 Jesper Tynell
 2014 Knud Foldschack
 2015 Venligboerne
 2016 Özlem Cekic og Foreningen Brobyggerne
 2017 Ungdommens Folkemøde
 2018 Forskerne bag klimaopråbet i Politiken
 2019 Den Grønne Studenterbevægelse

Eksterne henvisninger
 Krogerup Højskole

Referencer

Hædersbevisninger
Etableret i 2004

Hal Koch-prisen


Isla Penso (en neerlandés: Penso Eiland) es el nombre que recibe un islote que encuentra al sur de la isla principal del país autónomo de Curazao, en las coordenadas geográficas . justo al este de la bahía de Caracas (Caracas Baai) y a 7 kilómetros al este de la capital Willemstad. Geográficamente es parte de las Antillas Menores en el sureste del mar Caribe.

Véase también
 Geografía de Curazao
 Geografía de los Países Bajos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Curazao

Isla Penso