Manchuria is a region in East Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria can refer either to a region falling entirely within present-day China, or to a larger region today divided between Northeast China and the Russian Far East. To differentiate between the two parts following the latter definition, the Russian part is also known as Outer Manchuria (or Russian Manchuria), while the Chinese part is known as Manchuria.

Manchuria is the homeland of the Manchu people. "Manchu" is a name introduced by Hong Taiji of the Qing dynasty in 1636 for the Jurchen people, a Tungusic people.

The population grew from about 1 million in 1750 to 5 million in 1850 and to 14 million in 1900, largely because of the immigration of Han farmers.

Lying at the juncture of the Chinese, Japanese and Russian spheres of influence, Manchuria has been a hotbed of conflict since the late-19th century. The Russian Empire established control over the northern part of Manchuria in 1860 (Beijing Treaty); it built (1897-1902) the Chinese Eastern Railway to consolidate its control. Disputes over Manchuria and Korea led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. The Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931, setting up the puppet state of Manchukuo which became a centerpiece of the fast-growing Empire of Japan. The Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 led to the rapid collapse of Japanese rule, and the Soviets restored the region of Manchuria to Chinese rule: Manchuria served as a base of operations for the Mao Zedong's People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War, which led to the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. In the Korean War of 1950-1953, Chinese forces used Manchuria as a base to assist North Korea against the United Nations Command forces. During the Sino–Soviet split  Manchuria became a matter of contention, escalating to the Sino–Soviet border conflict in 1969. The Sino-Russian border dispute was resolved diplomatically only in 2004.

In recent years scholars have studied 20th-century Manchuria extensively, while paying less attention to the earlier period.

Prehistory
Neolithic sites located in the region of Manchuria are represented by the Xinglongwa culture, Xinle culture and Hongshan culture.

Early history

Antiquity to Tang dynasty

The earliest documented residents in what later became known as Manchuria were the Sushen, Donghu and Gojoseon peoples. Around 300 BC, the state of Yan expanded into what is now Liaoning province, establishing the commanderies of Liaoxi and Liaodong.

After the fall of Yan, the region was successively ruled by the Qin, Han, and Jin dynasties and then various Xianbei states during the Sixteen Kingdoms era. Meanwhile, the kingdoms of Buyeo and Goguryeo were established to the north, at times controlling large territories of the region.

Manchuria was the homeland of several Tungusic ethnic groups, including the Ulchs and Nani. Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including the Xianbei, Wuhuan, Mohe and Khitan have risen to power in Manchuria.

Balhae

From 698 to 926, the kingdom of Bohai ruled over all of Manchuria, including the northern Korean peninsula and Primorsky Krai. Balhae was composed predominantly of Goguryeo language and Tungusic-speaking peoples (Mohe people), and was an early feudal medieval state of Eastern Asia, which developed its industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, and had its own cultural traditions and art. People of Balhae maintained political, economic and cultural contacts with both Silla and the Tang dynasty, as well as Japan.

Northeastern Manchuria in today's Primorsky Krai was settled at this moment by northern Mohe tribes. It was incorporated to the Balhae Kingdom under King Xuan's reign (818–830) and put Balhae territory at its height. After subduing the Yulou Mohe (Hanzi:  pinyin: ) first and the Yuexi Mohe (Hanzi:  pinyin: ) thereafter, King Xuan administered their territories by creating four prefectures : Shuaibin Prefecture (率宾府), Dingli Prefecture (定理府), Anbian Prefecture (安邊府) and Anyuan Prefecture (安遠府).

Liao and Jin dynasties

With the Song dynasty to the south, the Khitan people of Western Manchuria, who probably spoke a language related to the Mongolic languages, created the Liao dynasty in Inner and Outer Mongolia and conquered the region of Manchuria, and went on to control the adjacent part of the Sixteen Prefectures in Northern China as well.

In the early 12th century the Tungusic Jurchen people (the ancestors of the later Manchu people) originally lived in the forests in the eastern borderlands of the Liao Empire, and were Liao's tributaries, overthrew the Liao and formed the Jin dynasty. They went on to control parts of Northern China and Mongolia after a series of successful military campaigns. Most of the surviving Khitan either assimilated into the bulk of the Han and Jurchen populations, or moved to Central Asia. However, according to DNA tests conducted by Liu Fengzhu of the Nationalities Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Daur people, still living in northern Manchuria (northeast China 东北), are also descendants of the Khitans.

The first Jin capital, Shangjing, located on the Ashi River within modern Harbin, was originally not much more than the city of tents, but in 1124 the second Jin emperor Wanyan Wuqimai starting a major construction project, having his ethnic Han chief architect, Lu Yanlun, build a new city at this site, emulating, on a smaller scale, the Northern Song capital Bianjing (Kaifeng). When Bianjing fell to Jin troops in 1127, thousands of captured Song aristocrats (including the two Song emperors), scholars, craftsmen and entertainers, along with the treasures of the Song capital, were all taken to Shangjing (the Upper Capital) by the winners.

Although the Jin ruler Wanyan Liang, spurred on by his aspirations to become the ruler of a unified China, moved the Jin capital from Shangjing to Yanjing (now Beijing) in 1153, and had the Shangjing palaces destroyed in 1157, the city regained a degree of significance under Wanyan Liang's successor, Emperor Shizong, who enjoyed visiting the region to get in touch with his Jurchen roots.

The capital of the Jin, Zhongdu, was captured by the Mongols in 1215 at the Battle of Zhongdu. The Jin then moved their capital to Kaifeng, which fell to Mongols in 1233. In 1234, the Jin dynasty collapsed after the siege of Caizhou. The last emperor of the Jin, Emperor Mo, was killed while fighting the Mongols who had breached the walls of the city. Days earlier, his predecessor, Emperor Aizong, committed suicide because he was unable to escape the besieged city.

Mongols and the Yuan dynasty

In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan mobilized an army to conquer the Jin dynasty. His general Jebe and brother Qasar were ordered to reduce the Jurchen cities in Manchuria. They successfully destroyed the Jin forts there. The Khitans under Yelü Liuge declared their allegiance to Genghis Khan and established the nominally autonomous Eastern Liao dynasty in Manchuria in 1213. However, the Jin forces dispatched a punitive expedition against them. Jebe went there again and the Mongols pushed out the Jins.

The Jin general, Puxian Wannu, rebelled against the Jin dynasty and founded the kingdom of Eastern Xia in Dongjing (Liaoyang) in 1215. He assumed the title Tianwang (; lit. Heavenly King) and the era name Tiantai (). Puxian Wannu allied with the Mongols in order to secure his position. However, he revolted in 1222 after that and fled to an island while the Mongol army invaded Liaoxi, Liaodong, and Khorazm. As a result of an internal strife among the Khitans, they failed to accept Yelü Liuge's rule and revolted against the Mongol Empire. Fearing of the Mongol pressure, those Khitans fled to Goryeo without permission. But they were defeated by the Mongol-Korean alliance. Genghis Khan (1206–1227) gave his brothers and Muqali Chinese districts in Manchuria.

Ögedei Khan's son Güyük crushed the Eastern Xia dynasty in 1233, pacifying southern Manchuria. Some time after 1234 Ögedei also subdued the Water Tatars in northern part of the region and began to receive falcons, harems and furs as taxation. The Mongols suppressed the Water Tatar rebellion in 1237. In Manchuria and Siberia, the Mongols used dogsled relays for their yam. The capital city Karakorum directly controlled Manchuria until the 1260s.

During the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), established by Kublai Khan by renaming his empire to "Great Yuan" in 1271, Manchuria was administered under the Liaoyang province. Descendants of Genghis Khan's brothers such as Belgutei and Hasar ruled the area under the Great Khans. The Mongols eagerly adopted new artillery and technologies. The world's earliest known firearm is the Heilongjiang hand cannon, dated 1288, which was found in Mongol-held Manchuria.

After the expulsion of the Mongols from China proper, the Jurchen clans remained loyal to Toghan Temür, the last Yuan emperor. In 1375, Naghachu, a Mongol commander of the Northern Yuan dynasty in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong with aims of restoring the Mongols to power. Although he continued to hold southern Manchuria, Naghachu finally surrendered to the Ming dynasty in 1387. In order to protect the northern border areas the Ming decided to "pacify" the Jurchens in order to deal with its problems with Yuan remnants along its northern border. The Ming solidified control only under Yongle Emperor (1402–1424).

Ming dynasty

The Ming dynasty took control of Liaoning in 1371, just three years after the expulsion of the Mongols from Beijing. During the reign of the Yongle Emperor in the early 15th century, efforts were made to expand Chinese control throughout entire Manchuria by establishing the Nurgan Regional Military Commission. Mighty river fleets were built in Jilin City, and sailed several times between 1409 and ca. 1432, commanded by the eunuch Yishiha down the Songhua and the Amur all the way to the mouth of the Amur, getting the chieftains of the local tribes to swear allegiance to the Ming rulers.

Soon after the death of the Yongle Emperor the expansion policy of the Ming was replaced with that of retrenchment in southern Manchuria (Liaodong). Around 1442, a defence wall was constructed to defend the northwestern frontier of Liaodong from a possible threat from the Jurchen-Mongol Oriyanghan. In 1467–68 the wall was expanded to protect the region from the northeast as well, against attacks from Jianzhou Jurchens. Although similar in purpose to the Great Wall of China, this "Liaodong Wall" was of a simpler design. While stones and tiles were used in some parts, most of the wall was in fact simply an earthen dike with moats on both sides.

Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon, spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking pots, silk, and cotton spread among the Amur natives like the Udeghes, Ulchis, and Nanais.

Starting in the 1580s, a Jianzhou Jurchens chieftain Nurhaci (1558–1626), originally based in the Hurha River valley northeast of the Ming Liaodong Wall, started to unify Jurchen tribes of the region. Over the next several decades, the Jurchen (later to be called Manchu), took control over most of Manchuria, the cities of the Ming Liaodong falling to the Jurchen one after another. In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself a khan, and founded the Later Jin dynasty (which his successors renamed in 1636 to Qing dynasty).

Qing dynasty

The process of unification of the Jurchen people completed by Nurhaci was followed by his son's, Hong Taiji, energetic expansion into what became Outer Manchuria. The conquest of the Amur basin people was completed after the defeat of the Evenk chief Bombogor, in 1640.

In 1644, the Qing dynasty took Beijing and went on to conquer all of China proper. As the ancestral land of the Qing rulers, Manchuria was accorded a special status within the Qing Empire. The Eight Banners system involved military units originated in Manchuria and was used as a form of government.

During the Qing dynasty, the area of Manchuria was known as the "three eastern provinces" (東三省, dong san sheng) since 1683 when Jilin and Heilongjiang were separated even though it was not until 1907 that they were turned into actual provinces. The area of Manchuria was then converted into three provinces by the late Qing government in 1907.

For decades the Qing rulers tried to prevent large-scale immigration of Han people, but they failed and the southern parts developed agricultural and social patterns similar to those of North China. Manchuria's population grew from about 1 million in 1750 to 5 million in 1850 and 14 million in 1900, largely because of the immigration of Han farmers. The Manchus became a small element in their homeland, although they retained political control until 1900.

The region was separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han people into Manchuria during the Qing dynasty, as the area was off-limits to the Han until the Qing started colonizing the area with them later on in the dynasty's rule. This movement of the Han people to Manchuria is called Chuang Guandong. The Manchu area was still separated from modern-day Inner Mongolia by the Outer Willow Palisade, which kept the Manchu and the Mongols separate.

However, the Qing rule saw a massive increase of Han settlement, both legal and illegal, in Manchuria. As Manchu landlords needed the Han peasants to rent their land and grow grain, most Han migrants were not evicted. During the 18th century, Han peasants farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of courier stations, noble estates, and banner lands, in garrisons and towns in Manchuria the Han people made up 80% of the population. Han farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation.

To the north, the boundary with Russian Siberia was fixed by the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) as running along the watershed of the Stanovoy Mountains. South of the Stanovoy Mountains, the basin of the Amur and its tributaries belonged to the Qing Empire. North of the Stanovoy Mountains, the Uda Valley and Siberia belonged to the Russian Empire. In 1858, a weakening Qing Empire was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun; however, Qing subjects were allowed to continue to reside, under the Qing authority, in a small region on the now-Russian side of the river, known as the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River.

In 1860, at the Convention of Peking, the Russians managed to annex a further large slice of Manchuria, east of the Ussuri River. As a result, Manchuria was divided into a Russian half known as Outer Manchuria, and a remaining Chinese half known as Manchuria. In modern literature, "Manchuria" usually refers to the Chinese part of Manchuria. (cf. Inner and Outer Mongolia). As a result of the Treaties of Aigun and Peking, China lost access to the Sea of Japan. The Qing government began to actively encourage Han subjects to move into Manchuria since then.

The Manza War in 1868 was the first attempt by Russia to expel Chinese subjects of various ethnicities from territory it controlled. Hostilities broke out around Vladivostok when the Russians tried to shut off gold mining operations and expel Chinese workers there. The Chinese resisted a Russian attempt to take Askold Island and in response, 2 Russian military stations and 3 Russian towns were attacked by the Chinese, and the Russians failed to oust the Chinese. However, the Russians finally managed it from them in 1892

History after 1860

By the 19th century, along with other frontier territories of the Qing dynasty such as Mongolia and Tibet, Manchuria came under the influence of Japan and the European powers as the Qing dynasty grew weaker.

Russian and Japanese encroachment

Manchuria also came under strong Russian influence with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok. Some poor Korean farmers moved there. In Chuang Guandong many Han farmers, mostly from Shandong peninsula moved there, attracted by cheap farmland that was ideal for growing soybeans.

During the Boxer Rebellion in 1899–1900, Russian soldiers killed ten thousand Chinese (Manchu, Han and Daur peoples) living in Blagoveshchensk and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River. In revenge, the Chinese Honghuzi conducted guerilla warfare against the Russian occupation of Manchuria and sided with Japan against Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.

Japan replaced Russian influence in the southern half of Manchuria as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905. Most of the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway (the section from Changchun to Port Arthur (Japanese: Ryojun) was transferred from Russia to Japan, and became the South Manchurian Railway. Jiandao (in the region bordering Korea), was handed over to Qing dynasty as a compensation for the South Manchurian Railway.

From 1911 to 1931 Manchuria was nominally part of the Republic of China. In practice it was under Japan domination, which exerted influence through local warlords.

Japanese influence extended into Outer Manchuria in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917, but Outer Manchuria came under Soviet control by 1925. Japan took advantage of the disorder following the Russian Revolution to occupy Outer Manchuria, but Soviet successes and American economic pressure forced Japanese withdrawal.

In the 1920s Harbin was flooded with 100,000 to 200,000 Russian white émigrés fleeing from Russia. Harbin held the largest Russian population outside of the state of Russia.

It was reported that among Banner people, both Manchu and Han in Aihun, Heilongjiang in the 1920s, would seldom marry with Han civilians, but they (Manchu and Han Bannermen) would mostly intermarry with each other. Owen Lattimore reported that, during his January 1930 visit to Manchuria, he studied a community in Jilin (Kirin), where both Manchu and Han bannermen were settled at a town called Wulakai, and eventually the Han Bannermen there could not be differentiated from Manchus since they were effectively Manchufied. The Han civilian population was in the process of absorbing and mixing with them when Lattimore wrote his article.

Manchuria was (and still is) an important region for its rich mineral and coal reserves, and its soil is perfect for soy and barley production. For Japan, Manchuria became an essential source of raw materials.

Korean invasion of Manchuria
When Russian troops captured Manchuria during the Boxer Rebellion, Korea saw this as an opportunity to settle its border disputes with the Qing by invading Manchuria. South of the Tumen River, Korea established Jinwidae. A police force. Korea sent a battalion of 150 soldiers to Jongseung, 200 to Musan County, 200 to Hoeryong, 100 more to Jongseung, 100 to Onsong County and 50 to Kyongwon County. Jinwidae's border defenses were so tight that the Qing officials could not control the Koreans. When police forces were stationed in Jiandao, the purpose of Jinwidae was changed to border protection.

The police station was established in March 1901. Two hundred policemen were stationed in Jiandao. The police station divided Jiandao into five subdivisions: North Jiandao, Jongseong Jiandao, Hoeryong Jiandao, Musan Jiandao, and Gyeongwon Jiandao. In 1902, Korea sent Yi Bum-yun to Jiandao as an observer to strengthen its control over the area.

Realizing it was impossible to protect the Koreans without force, Yi raised a volunteer army. From September 1903, Yi began to build up an armed force, digging extensive trenches between Bongcheon (now Shenyang), Manchuria, Jilin, and Jiandao. He employed Russian instructors to train the army and bought 500 rifles from Seoul. The Korean government supported Yi's volunteer army because of Gojong's desire to control Jiandao and Yi Yong-ik's support. According to a Qing official, the violence of the Korean army was as follows. On 4 September 1903, 1,000 Korean soldiers crossed the Yalu River. These Korean soldiers burned and looted Chinese territory across the Yalu River. On 2 October 1903, 700-800 Korean soldiers broke into a county office in Linjiang. To avoid further conflict with China, the Korean government summoned Yi in 1904. Yi refused to obey the Korean government's order and instead led his troops to Primorsky Krai, where he joined many Korean independence activists such as Choe Jae-hyeong and An Jung-geun.

After the invasion, the Koreans began to regard Jiandao as Korean territory. For example, the 1907 map of Korea included Jiandao as Korean territory. However, in the early 20th century the Empire of Japan gained increasing influence in Korea, and the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty and gave full authority over all aspects of Korea's foreign relations to the Japanese Foreign Office. Professor Yi Tae-jin of Seoul University claimed that the Koreans regarded the Japanese interference as an invasion because the Japanese and Russians were fighting in the Russo-Japanese War. When Japan began interfering in the Manchuria border, the Korean Daily News which once referred to Jiandao as Korean territory changed its position. The dispute ended with the Gando Convention (signed by China and Japan in 1909), which recognized the Chinese claim to Jiandao (Gando). Korea was annexed by Japan in the following year with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910.

1931 Japanese invasion and Manchukuo

Around the time of World War I, Zhang Zuolin, a former bandit (Honghuzi) established himself as a powerful warlord with influence over most of Manchuria. He was inclined to keep his army under his control and to keep Manchuria free of foreign influence. The Japanese tried and failed to assassinate him in 1916. They finally succeeded in June 1928.

Following the Mukden Incident in 1931 and the subsequent Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Manchuria was proclaimed to be Manchukuo, a puppet state under the control of the Japanese army. The last Qing emperor, Puyi, was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet government in the Wei Huang Gong, better known as "Puppet Emperor's Palace". Manchuria was thus detached from China by Japan to create a buffer zone to defend Japan from Russia's Southing Strategy and, with Japanese investment and rich natural resources, became an industrial domination. Under Japanese control Manchuria was one of the most brutally run regions in the world, with a systematic campaign of terror and intimidation against the local Russian and Chinese populations including arrests, organised riots and other forms of subjugation.  The Japanese also began a campaign of emigration to Manchukuo; the Japanese population there rose from 240,000 in 1931 to 837,000 in 1939 (the Japanese had a plan to bring in 5 million Japanese settlers into
Manchukuo). Hundreds of Manchu farmers were evicted and their farms given to Japanese immigrant families. Manchukuo was used as a base to invade the rest of China in 1937–40.

At the end of the 1930s, Manchuria was a trouble spot with Japan, clashing twice with the Soviet Union. These clashes - at Lake Khasan in 1938 and at Khalkhin Gol one year later - resulted in many Japanese casualties. The Soviet Union won these two battles and a peace agreement was signed. However, the regional unrest endured.

After World War II
After the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in August 1945, the Soviet Union invaded from Soviet Outer Manchuria as part of its declaration of war against Japan. From 1945 to 1948, Manchuria was a base area for the Chinese People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. With the encouragement of the Soviet Union, Manchuria was used as a staging ground during the Chinese Civil War for the Chinese Communist Party, which emerged victorious in 1949.

During the Korean War of the 1950s, 300,000 soldiers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army crossed the Sino-Korean border from Manchuria to repulse UN forces led by the United States from North Korea.

In the 1960s, Manchuria's border with the Soviet Union became the site of the most serious tension between the Soviet Union and China. The treaties of 1858 and 1860, which ceded territory north of the Amur, were ambiguous as to which course of the river was the boundary. This ambiguity led to dispute over the political status of several islands. This led to armed conflict in 1969, called the Sino-Soviet border conflict.

With the end of the Cold War, this boundary issue was discussed through negotiations. In 2004, Russia agreed to transfer Yinlong Island and one half of Heixiazi Island to China, ending an enduring border dispute. Both islands are found at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, and were until then administered by Russia and claimed by China. The event was meant to foster feelings of reconciliation and cooperation between the two countries by their leaders, but it has also provoked different degrees of dissent on both sides. Russians, especially Cossack farmers of Khabarovsk, who would lose their ploughlands on the islands, were unhappy about the apparent loss of territory. Meanwhile, some Chinese have criticised the treaty as an official acknowledgement of the legitimacy of Russian rule over Outer Manchuria, which was ceded by the Qing dynasty to Imperial Russia under a series of what the Chinese side called Unequal Treaties, which included the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Convention of Peking in 1860, in order to exchange exclusive usage of Russia's rich oil resources. The transfer was carried out on October 14, 2008.

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Crossley, Pamela Kyle. The Manchus (2002) excerpt and text search;    review
 Im, Kaye Soon. "The Development of the Eight Banner System and its Social Structure," Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities (1991), Issue 69, pp. 59–93.
 Lattimore, Owen. Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (1932).
 Matsusaka, Yoshihisa Tak. The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932  (Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2003)
 Mitter, Rana. The Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance, and Collaboration in Modern China (2000).
 Sun, Kungtu C. The economic development of Manchuria in the first half of the twentieth century (Harvard U.P. 1969, 1973), 123 pages search text
 Tamanoi, Mariko, ed.  Crossed Histories: Manchuria in the Age of Empire (2005); p. 213; specialized essays by scholars
 Yamamuro, Shin'ichi. Manchuria under Japanese Dominion (U. of Pennsylvania Press, 2006); 335 pages; translation of highly influential Japanese study; excerpt and text search
 review in The Journal of Japanese Studies 34.1 (2007) pp. 109–114 online

Zissermann, Lenore Lamont. Mitya's Harbin; Majesty and Menace (Book Publishers Network, 2016),

Manchuria
History of the Russian Far East

History of Manchuria


Kasımda Aşk Başkadır (özgün adı: Sweet November), Charlize Theron ve Keanu Reeves'in başrollerini paylaştığı bir romantik-drama filmidir. Film, 1968 yılında Herman Raucher tarafından kaleme alınan bir hikâyenin üzerine kuruludur. Sinema eleştirmenlerinden aldığı düşük notlar nedeni ile her yıl en kötülere verilen Altın Ahududu Ödüllerine, 2001'in ödülleri için En Kötü Uyarlama, En Kötü Aktör ve En Kötü Aktris dallarında aday gösterilmiştir.

Konusu
Filmde Nelson Moss (Keanu Reeves) yaşamını işine adamış tipik bir iş adamıdır. Bir ehliyet sınavında Sara (Charlize Theron) ile tanışır. Sara her ay evini ve kalbini problemli bir adamla paylaşır. Sara, Nelson'a 1 ay boyunca onunla yaşamasını teklif eder (Kasım ayı boyunca). Nelson teklifi kabul eder ve aynı evde yaşamaya başlarlar ve birbirlerine âşık olurlar. Sara hayatında ilk kez bir erkeğe âşıktır ve aslında Sara kanserdir ve bunu Nelson'la paylaşmaz. Nelson Sara'nın kanser olduğunu öğrendiğinde Sara ondan ayrılmak ister. Nelson bu ayrılığa karşı çıksa da sonraları Sara ile ayrılırlar.

Oyuncu kadrosu

 Keanu Reeves, Nelson Moss rolünde
 Charlize Theron, Sara Deever rolünde
 Jason Isaacs, Chaz rolünde
 Greg Germann, Vince rolünde
 Lauren Graham, Angelica rolünde
 Liam Aiken, Abner rolünde
 Frank Langella, Edgar Price rolünde
 Michael Rosenbaum, Brandon/Brandy rolünde

Dış bağlantılar

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri romantik dram filmleri
Kanser ile ilgili filmler
Christopher Young'ın müziğini yaptığı filmler
Konusu San Francisco'da geçen filmler
1990'larda dramatik filmler
1990'larda romantik filmler
2000'lerde İngilizce filmler
2001 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Kasımda Aşk Başkadır


Sandflugtsmonumentet ved Tisvilde er et monument  til minde om bedriften om at få sandflugten tæmmet. Det store sandflugtsmonument står på en bakketop for enden af Alléen i Tibirke ved Tisvilde, og blev rejst i 1738 på et af de sidste store sandbjerge i plantagen. Det er udført  af Elias David Häusser og Didrick Gercken.  Det er tresidet, opført i sandsten og lidt over seks meter højt. Monumentet har inskriptioner på henholdsvis dansk, tysk og latin, herover Frederik 4.s og Christian 6.s monogrammer, kongevåben og Christian 6.s valgsprog "DEO ET POPULO" (for Gud og folket). Monumentet afsluttes øverst af kongekrone og rigsæble. Formsproget er udpræget barok, med konkave og konvekse former, volutter, akantusblade, muslingeskaller og kraftigt profilerede gesimser. Det blev fredet i 1918.

Monumentet bærer forskellige tekster og digte på dansk, tysk og latin og nævner de involverede konger og betydende embedsmænd for deres fortjenester i kampen mod sandflugten.

Her er årligt et såkaldt "Kildemarked" samt andre folkelige aktiviteter.

Baggrund
I midten af 1700-tallet udgjorde sandflugtsområderne omkring 3 pct. af landets samlede areal. Det var først og fremmest i Midt- og Vestjylland at sandet føg rundt, men det var i Nordsjælland, at man først satte sig til modværge for at få dæmpet den altødelæggende sandflugt.

Netop ved Tisvilde fandtes endnu sidst i 1500-tallet en forholdsvis stor landsby, Torup, som i løbet af de følgende 75 år måtte opgives på grund af sandflugten. Bønderne fik hjælp til at holde risgærdene ud mod klitterne i orden, og fik i øvrigt nedslag i skatterne. Andet skete der ikke.

I begyndelsen af 1720'erne blev Johan Røhl ansat til at dæmpe flugten. Indforskrevne hovbønder udsåede "sandhavre" (marehalm og hjælme), og beklædte sandbunkerne med græstørv. Og i løbet af knapt 15 år kunne projektet anses som udført. Man havde fået bugt med sandet, ikke mindst i det 18 km² store Tisvilde Hegn, der stort set også er plantet i sand.

Kilder og henvisninger

Monumenter i Danmark
Tisvilde

Sandflugtsmonumentet ved Tisvilde


Die Straße Altlindenau ist eine etwa 600 Meter lange Innerortsstraße in der sächsischen Stadt Radebeul. Sie stellt den eigentlichen Siedlungskern des ursprünglichen, wohl zwischen 1200 und 1230 gegründeten, Straßendorfs Lindenau dar. Im weiteren Sinn bezeichnet Altlindenau nicht nur die eigentliche Straße, sondern auch den mittelalterlichen Siedlungskern des heutigen Stadtteils. Die Straße ist Teil der sächsischen Kreisstraße 8018.

Ortslage und Bebauung

Am Ende der Radebeuler Ausfallstraße nach Moritzburg, der Moritzburger Straße, verlängert der Straßenzug Altlindenau die Kreisstraße und geht selbst in die Dippelsdorfer Straße über, die bis zur Ortsgrenze zu Dippelsdorf führt. Die Straße verläuft in nordnordöstlicher Richtung über das Hochland oberhalb der eigentlichen Stadt Radebeul im Elbtalkessel.

Altlindenau beginnt als Verlängerung der Moritzburger Straße an der Kreuzung mit der Jägerhofstraße. Die ungeraden Nummern 1–33 liegen östlich der Dorfstraße, die geraden Nummern 2–36 liegen westlich. Nach Osten zweigt Altlindenau zum Friedewaldweg ab; dort liegen noch die Hausnummern bis 37. Auf der westlichen Straßenseite kommt nach dem Abzweig zum Steinbergweg noch die Nummer 38/38a, dann geht Altlindenau beim westlichen Abzweig zum Drosselweg in die Dippelsdorfer Straße über.

Einige Bauernhöfe (Nrn. 1, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28, 33) des Dorfkerns Altlindenau stehen heute unter Denkmalschutz, sie sind alle Wiederaufbauten aus dem 19. Jahrhundert von im Regelfall abgebrannten Wohnstallhäusern.

Auf der Westseite in mittiger Ortslage findet sich unter der Adresse Altlindenau 16 das ehemalige Einhufengut, der 1639 ersterwähnte Gasthof zu Lindenau, heute Friesenhof. Am nordöstlichen Ende, unter der Adresse Altlindenau 35, befanden sich Mieth's Weinstuben, gegenüber denen bei Erdarbeiten der ehemalige Pestfriedhof von Lindenau wiederentdeckt wurde.

Namensgebung
Lange Zeit führte die Dorfstraße von Lindenau wohl keinen amtlichen Namen; noch im Adressbuch Radebeul von 1920, nach der Eingemeindung Lindenaus nach Kötzschenbroda, wurden im Kapitel Kötzschenbroda sowohl die Kötzschenbrodaer Straßen als auch diejenigen in Oberkötzschenbroda mit Namen aufgeführt, während am Ende lediglich ein Abschnitt Ortsteil Lindenau folgt, in dem ohne Straßennamen die Ortslagenummern 1–39 mit ihren Bewohnern aufgelistet sind.

Der amtliche Name Altlindenau, eventuell auch in der Schreibung Alt-Lindenau, wurde 1925 vergeben.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Lindenau (Radebeul)
Straße in Radebeul
Erbaut im 13. Jahrhundert

Altlindenau (Radebeul)


Enrico Lucherini (* 8. August 1932 in Rom) ist ein italienischer Schauspieler- und Presseagent.

Lucherini studierte Medizin in seiner Geburtsstadt, brach es jedoch ab, als er eine Gruppe Schauspieler kennenlernte, die an der Accademia di Arte Drammatica studierten und war dann seit Beginn der 1950er Jahre als Agent für zahllose italienischen Filmschaffende aktiv, gilt als der "Erfinder" der Tätigkeit des Presseagenten in seinem Heimatland. Um z. B. die Bekanntheit von Florinda Bolkan zu steigern, ließ er die Journalisten von einem Selbstmordversuch Elizabeth Taylors berichten, die um ihre Beziehung zu Richard Burton fürchtete. Bis zur Gegenwart war er für die Pressearbeit zu zahlreichen Filmen verantwortlich. Zu Lucherinis Klienten gehören nahezu alle großen Namen italienischer Filmkunst, so Sophia Loren, Marcello Mastroianni, Ugo Tognazzi, Federico Fellini und Luchino Visconti.

Mitte der 1970er Jahre stellte er zwei Kompilationsfilme zusammen, die die große Zeit der Produktionsgesellschaft "Titanus" bzw. der Sandalenfilme wiedergaben.

Im Oktober und November 2012 wird Lucherini eine Ausstellung gewidmet.

Filmografie
 1975: Un sorriso, un schiaffo, un bacio in bocca (Kompilation)
 1977: Kolossal, i magnifici macisti (Kompilation)

Weblinks

 Foto Lucherinis bei mymovies

Einzelnachweise

Künstleragent
Drehbuchautor
Italiener
Geboren 1932
Mann

Enrico Lucherini


FBI: International je američka kriminalistička televizijska serija koju su stvorili Dick Wolf i Derek Haas. To je druga spinoff serija FBI televizijske serije i prikazuje se na CBS-u od 21. rujna 2021. U Hrvatskoj se prikazuje na Fox Crimeu. od 5. rujna 2022.

CBS je u svibnju 2022. obnovio seriju za drugu i treću sezonu.

Radnja
Serija prati elitne agente FBI-jevog Međunarodnog letećeg tima "Fly Team" sa sjedištem u Budimpešti, čija je zadaća locirati i neutralizirati prijetnje Amerikancima, gdje god se nalazili.

Pregled serije

Glumačka postava

Glavni likovi
 Luke Kleintank kao Scott Forrester
 Heida Reed kao Jamie Kellett
 Carter Redwood kao Andre Raines
 Vinessa Vidotto kao Cameron Vo
 Christiane Paul kao Katrin Jaeger
 Green kao Tank (pas)
 Eva-Jane Willis kao Megan "Smitty" Garretson

Produkcija
Dana 18. veljače 2021. objavljeno je da je u razvoju drugi spin-off televizijske serije FBI i da će se zvati FBI: International. Derek Haas najavljen je kao showrunner serije. CBS je 24. ožujka 2021. naručio seriju za televizijsku sezonu 2021./22. Također je najavljeno da će serija debitirati u crossover epizodi FBI -a i FBI: Najtraženiji, uz dodatak Ricka Eida kao izvršnog producenta. Serija je premijerno prikazana 21. rujna 2021.

CBS je u svibnju 2022. obnovio seriju za drugu i treću sezonu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
  na wolfentertainment.com
  na cbs.com
  na starchannel-hr.com

Američke serije
Kriminalističke serije
Televizijske serije koje su počele 2021.

FBI: International


Myklebustskibet er resterne et brændt vikingeskib, som blev fundet i en gravhøj på gården Myklebust i Nordfjordeid. Kun naglerne er intakte. men at dømme ud fra dem har skibet været mindst 30 meter langt,  og dermed det største vikingeskib, der er fundet spor af i Norge. Der blev fundet klinksøm, forskllige beslag, master og en mængde skjoldbuler i gravhøjen, som blev udgravet i 1874 af arkæologen Anders Lorange.

Myklebusthøjen

Den største af de fem høje på Myklebust i Nordfjordeid er Rundehogjen på stranden mod Eidsgata og fjorden. Den er synlig fra rigsvejen. Den blev udgravet i 1874 af Anders Lund Lorange fra Bergen Museum. Han fandt resterne af en stor brandgrav. I brandgraven var det rester af et stort skib, som var brændt og overdækket med en gravhøj på 30 meter i tværmål og fire meter høj. Omkring højens fod var der spor efter en fire meter bred og en meter dyb tilkastet grøft, som også er tilfældet for flere af gravhøjene på Borre. Højen blev anlagt på strandfladen, hvor den lå i vikingetiden.

Lorange fandt store mængder bådnagler, skjoldbuler, ødelagte våben og et stort, emaljeret bronzekar med brændte knoglerester af en mand på 30-35 år. Bronzekarret er af irsk oprindelse, prydet med tre emaljerede mandsfigurer.  En af disse er kendt som "Myklebustmanden".  Bronzekarret har oprindelig tilhørt en kirke eller et kloster, og er et af de allerfineste eksempler på irsk emaljekunst fra tiden. Sandsynligvis er karret plyndringsgods fra et vikingetogt til Irland. Der blev også fundet store mængder dyreknogler i graven, men de blev ikke indsamlet.

Gravfeltet ved gården Myklebust er fra jernalderen fra 600-1000, da magtcentret i Nordfjord lå i Nordfjordeid. Kun fem større høje er tilbage, langt flere har gået tabt. En af dem, som blev fjernet omkring 1875, indeholdt mindst to sværd, to økser og et spyd.

Arkæologen Haakon Shetelig afdækkede 1902-03 to kvindegrave og fire mandsgrave i højen Skjoratippen (skjor = skade), som oprindelig var 32 meter i diameter og 3,8 meter høj. En bautasten på højen er rejst til mindre om udgravningen.  Denne gravhøj var benyttet i omkring 200 år til mindst seks rige begravelser.  Omtrent 50 meter øst for Skjoratippen lå en 27 meter lang gravhøj, som blev fjernet uden at være undersøgt. Der fandt man kul og klinknagler efter en båd eller et skib, muligvis fra vikingetiden.

Skibet
Trærester fra Myklebustskibet blev ikke fundet, men under udgravningerne blev der fundet et omtrent 30 meter langt kullag. I kullaget i Rundehogjen blev der fundet 44 skjoldbuler. De indikerer, at skibet kan have haft op til 22 skjolde på hver side, altså 22 sesser. Skibet var bygget i 800-tallet og sandsynligvis af Osebergtypen, men langt større end det.

Manden, som blev gravlagt i skibet, menes at være kong Audbjørn af Fjordane,  dræbt i slaget ved Solskjel i 876, der passer med dateringen af genstandsmaterialet i graven.

De bedre bevarede Gokstadskibet (fundet 1880) og Osebergskibet (fundet 1904) førte til at Myklebust-fundet blev overskygget og tildels glemt, da det var så dårligt bevaret.  Kun den halve gravhøj blev udgravet. Resterne af fundet er i dag udstillet i Bergen Museum.

Dagens skib
Erfarne skibsbyggere fra Bjørkedalen i Volda begyndte i efteråret 2016 at bygge det nye Myklebustskib, som de mener, originalen har set ud. Bygningen sker i en hal ved fjorden på Nordfjordeid. Her stod Sagastad stå færdigt i 2019 omkring 300 meter fra stedet, hvor skibsresterne blev udgravet. Hallen var åben for publikum i byggeperioden, så det kunne se skibet blive til.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Myklebustskipet
 Rundreise i Nordfjord
 FILM Myklebustskipet

Skibe fra vikingetiden
Arkæologiske fund fra Norge
Skibe fra Norge

Myklebustskibet


Rödevans, yabancı dilde "redevance" sözcüğünden Türkçeye geçmiş olan, imtiyaz hakkı olarak nitelendirilebilir. Daha ziyade yeraltı kaynaklarının işletilmesi ve kâr paylarının rödevans şeklinde ifade edilmesinden dolayı, bu tür sözleşmelere rödevans sözleşmesi, imtiyaz payına da rödevans ücreti denilmektedir.

Hukuk terimleri

Rödevans


Giuseppe Alberghini ( 13 de setembro de 1770 em Cento (Emilia-Romagna) ; † 30 de setembro de 1847 em Roma ) foi um cardeal da Igreja Romana .

vida
Alberghini começou a estudar direito em Bolonha e terminou seus estudos em Roma. Não se sabe quando foi ordenado sacerdote . Membro da Cúria Romana, foi ordenado pelo Papa Gregório XVI em 23 de junho de 1834 . elevado a cardeal in pectore, publicado em 6 de abril de 1835. Foi designada a Santa Prisca como igreja titular. O cardeal Alberghini participou do conclave de 1846 do Papa Pio IX escolheu.

Giuseppe Alberghini morreu em Roma em 1847 e, segundo seu testamento, foi sepultado na igreja romana Il Gesù .

Link externo
 Sylwetka w słowniku biograficznym kardynałów Salvadora Mirandy
 Sylwetka na stronie Davida M. Cheneya
 GCatholic.org

Cardeais da Itália
Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Gregório XVI

Giuseppe Alberghini


Cunhataí es un municipio brasileño del Estado de Santa Catarina. Su población estimada al 2022 era de 1968.

Es un municipio de colonización germánica y está casi todo poblado por brasileños de origen alemán.

El municipio se emancipó el 29 de septiembre de 1995.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio del municipio
 Sitio de la cámara municipal

Localidades de Santa Catarina
Localidades establecidas en 1995
Brasil en 1995

Cunhataí


Ahiret (, romanize: al-Ākhirah) veya ahret, İslam termonolojisinde ölümden sonra gidilecek yere verilen bir isim. Ahiret, Kur'an'ın İslamî eskatolojinin önemli bir parçası olan Ahiret Hesaplaşması ile ilgili bölümlerinde defalarca bahsedilmektedir. Geleneksel olarak, Müslümanların altı temel inanç esaslarından biridir.

İslama göre, kıyametin kopması ve yeniden dirilme, Kur'an âyetleri ve Muhammed'in hadisleri gibi kaynaklarda ifade edilir ve İslama göre diğer peygamberler de kendi halklarına bu durumu anlatmışlardır. Ahirete inanmak İslama imanın şartlarından biridir. Kur'ân'da Ahiret Günü farklı isimler ile zikredilmiştir. Ahiret, müminler Allah'a kavuşacakları inancı nedeniyle Kavuşma Günü (Mü'min: 40/15), insanlar ve bütün mahlûkat o günde bir araya toplanacağı için Toplanma Günü (Teğabün: 64/9), Dünya hayatlarında Allah'a iman etmeyenler ve fâni hayata aldandıklarını anlayacaklar için Aldanma Günü (Teğabün: 64/9), herkes kabrinden çıkıp dirileceği için Çıkış Günü (Kâf: 50/34) ve Dünya'ya geri dönmek isteyenler için Hasret Günü (Meryem: 19/40) isimleriyle anılır. İslam dinine göre Âhiret, yedi hayatın yedinci ve sonuncusudur ve yedi hayat şunlardır:
 Ruhlar âlemi,
 Birinci berzah âlemi,
 Ana karnı,
 Dünya hayatı,
 İkinci berzah âlemi (kabir âlemi),
 Mahşer âlemi,
 Âhiret âlemi.

Âhiret hayatı Kıyâmet ile başlar. Yer ve göğün şekli değişir ve mahşer âlemi kurulur. Mahşerde herkes hesap verip Cennet ve Cehennem'e gidince sonsuz Âhiret âlemi başlar. Cehennem'dekilerin bir kısmı günahları miktarı ceza çekip Cennet'e giderler. Allah'a inanmayanlar ve ortak koşanlar ise Cehennem'de ebediyyen kalırlar. Cehennem, azap ve elem yurdu iken Cennet nimet, mutluluk ve rahatlık yurdudur.Özetle İslam dininde ölümden sonraki dünyadır.

Diğer inançlarda

İbrahimî dinler

Yahudilik
Yahudilikte ahiret inancı, dinî kaynaklarının tamamında içerisinde yaşanılan çağa, coğrafyaya ve kültürel ortama göre yeni şekiller alarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak öldükten sonra hayatın devam ettiği düşüncesi daima var olmuştur. Ya'akov dönemiyle öldükten sonra insanların gittiği yere 'Şeol' denmekteydi. Otantik bir İbranice kelime olan Şeol, Tanah'ta 66 kere geçmektedir ve "Ölüler Diyarı" demektir. Yahudi mezheplerinden olan Rabinik Yahudiliğin Tanah'tan sonra en önemli kaynağı sayılan Mişna'da, ahiret için Abot:4:22 "…zira unutma ki, sen sana rağmen var edildin, sana rağmen yaşıyorsun, sana rağmen ölüyorsun ve yine mahkemeye çıkarılacak ve Kuddüs ve Aziz olan Kralların Kralı önünde hesap vereceksin." Ölüm, insanların küllî dirilişi, bireysel olarak mahkeme önünde hesap verme ve adaletli hükmün sonuçlarını üzerine almaktır.

Hristiyanlık
Hıristiyanlıkta genelde bir Âhiret hayatına inanç mevcuttur. İsa'nın çarmıhta inananların ölür ölmez göğe kabul edileceğine inanılır. Burada İsa'nın çarmıhta onunla beraber idam edilenlere verdiği "Sana doğrusunu söyleyeyim, sen bugün benimle birlikte Cennet'te olacaksınız" sözü esas alınır (Luka: 23/43). Burada kullanılan paradeisos kelimesi Adn bahçesi olarak anlaşılır. Ancak bâzı kiliselere göre Kitab-ı Mukaddes ve sair kaynaklar farklı yorumlanır. Mesela Yehova Şahitleri'ne göre Yunanca Bölüm'de (Eski Ahit) 12 kere geçen Gehena kelimesinin aslında cesetlerin yakıldığı yer demek olduğu esasından hareketle hak inançta olmayanların ebedî hayat için dirilmeyeceklerine inanırlar.
Yine başka kiliselere göre bu kaynak ve ifadeler farklı anlaşılmaktadır. Musevilikte Şeol olarak bilinen "Hades" veya "ölüler diyarı", günahlıların gittiği son ceza veya cehennem değil, geçici bir bekleme yeridir. Bir nezarethaneye benzetilen bu yerde bekleyenler, yargılamadan sonra (Esin. 20:11-15) gidecekleri ateş gölü cezasıdır.

Antik Mısır
Ölümden sonra dirilme ve yeni bir yaşama uyanma, Antik Mısır inancında temel figürlerden birisidir. Antik Mısır'da ölüler sonraki hayatlarında kullanacaklarına inanılarak özel eşyaları ile birlikte gömülürlerdi. Ölüler kitabı ölenlerin bir sonraki hayatta yaşamlarını kolaylaştırmak için uyulması gereken kuralları bir araya getirmektedir.

Hinduizm
Hinduizm'de hayat, yeniden doğum döngüleriyle devam eder. Bu döngülerde mutlak adalet hakimdir: İnsan her kötülüğü bir sonraki hayatta çekerek öder. Bu döngülerde hayvandan nihayet insan olunca önce kastsız olarak Dünya'ya gelir, daha sonraki döngülerde eğer hayatta iyi bir insan idiyse daha üst kastlara geçer. En son basamak, İbrâhimî Dinler'deki Âhiret inancı yerine Nirvana'da tanrıyla bir olmaktır.

Budizm
Aslında bir hayat felsefesi olan Budizm, sanki Hinduizmde bir reform hareketi gibi acılarla dolu yeniden doğuş silsilelerini bir çırpıda atlatarak bu hayatla doğrudan nirvanaya gitmenin, hayatın acılarına son vermenin yolunu çizer.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ölümden sonra yaşam
 Uyku-uyanıklık arası
 Ölüm-ötesi deneyimi
 Ölüm döşeği görüntüleri

Kaynakça

Arapçadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler
İslam mitolojisi

Ahiret


لحظات أنوثة هو فيلم مصري من إنتاج 2008، ومن تأليف هاني عيسى، وإخراج مؤنس الشوربجي.

ملخص الأحداث
تدور أحداث هذا الفيلم في إطار درامي، ويتناول الفيلم قصة حياة 4 بنات وهن : منى وأميرة وليالي وسلمى تجمعهم صداقة قوية منذ أيام الدراسة وبعد انتهاء الدراسة تتفرق بهن سبل الحياة ومع كثرة الضغوط والمعوقات تسلك كل منهن طريق غير الأخرى، فهذه تستقر وتحب وتحقق أحلامها وتلك تتعرض لخدعة ممن أحبته فتنحرف، وهذه تتمسك بأخلاقياتها وتقاوم وتتوالى الأحداث.

الشخصيات
 جومانا مراد
 علا غانم
 محمد ظاظا
 حسين الإمام
 إيهاب توفيق
 محمد سليمان
 عادل عشوب
 حسناء سيف الدين
 نبيل الهجرسي
 إبراهيم يسري
 ليلى جمال
 ميرا

روابط خارجية

المصادر

 صفحة الفيلم في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

أفلام إبراهيم يسري
أفلام علا غانم
أفلام متعددة القصص
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2008
أفلام حسين الإمام

لحظات أنوثة (فيلم)


Nevill Francis Mott (Leeds, 30. rujna 1905. – Milton Keynes, 8. kolovoza 1996.), engleski fizičar. Diplomirao (1930.) fiziku i matematiku na Sveučilištu u Cambridgeu. Radio kao istraživač u Kopenhagenu pod vodstvom N. Bohra i u Göttingenu pod vodstvom M. Borna te u Manchesteru s W. L. Braggom. Radio je na Sveučilištu u Bristolu (od 1933. do 1954.). Bavio se fizikom čvrstoga stanja (metala, slitina, poluvodiča i fotografskih emulzija). Godine 1938. dao je teorijsko objašnjenje učinka kojim svjetlost djeluje na fotografsku emulziju na atomskoj razini. Bio je profesor eksperimentalne fizike na Sveučilištu u Cambridgeu (od 1954. do 1971.). Za istraživanja magnetskih i električnih svojstava amorfnih poluvodiča 1977. dobio je Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku s američkim fizičarima P. W. Andersonom i J. H. Van Vleckom. Član Kraljevskog društva (eng. Royal Society) od 1936.

Fizika čvrstog stanja

Fizika čvrstog stanja je grana fizike koja proučava strukturu tvari u čvrstome stanju (krutine) te s pomoću kvantne fizike istražuje svojstva i procese u kristalnome i amorfnome obliku tvari, svojstva kristalizirane tvari i pojave vezane uz promjene fizikalnih veličina (primjerice temperature, tlaka, dimenzija i oblika mikrokristala, broja i vrste defekata u kristalnoj rešetki i drugo). Zakonitosti utvrđene za kristaliziranu tvar primjenjuju se djelomično i na amorfne krutine ili smjese kristalne i amorfne tvari te visokoviskozne tekućine (primjerice fotoosjetljiva stakla, krute polimere, keramiku i drugo). Mikroskopska teorija čvrstog stanja primjena je kvantne mehanike na čvrsto stanje. Njezini rezultati uspješno tumače kvalitativne razlike među različitim čvrstim tijelima, a u mnogim slučajevima omogućuju i kvantitativni pristup svojstvima tih tijela. Budući da je čvrsto stanje sustav od velikog broja atoma, teorija čvrstog stanja služi se nizom približenja (aproksimacija). Tako se pretpostavlja da se ponašanje atomskih jezgara i elektrona može opisivati nezavisno. Pri razmatranju gibanja jezgara ne uzima se u obzir gibanje elektrona, tj. atomi se promatraju kao cjeline. Takav je pristup opravdan za objašnjenje nekih mehaničkih i termodinamičkih svojstava koja potječu od međusobnoga elastičnoga vezivanja atoma. Razmatraju li se elektronska stanja, uzima se da atomske jezgre miruju. Ta je pretpostavka u znatnoj mjeri opravdana jer se u normalnim okolnostima elektroni gibaju znatno brže nego jezgre koje su mnogo veće mase od elektrona. Kako su za svojstva čvrstog stanja najvažniji valentni elektroni, promatraju se samo ti elektroni, a utjecaj elektrona u dubljim elektronskim ljuskama uzima se u obzir kroz njihov doprinos električnom polju oko jezgara. Pretpostavlja se da u prvom približenju (aproksimaciji) svaki valentni elektron može biti opisan vlastitom valnom funkcijom. Razvile su se dvije metode u opisivanju međudjelovanja (interakcije) valentnih elektrona: atomska aproksimacija i aproksimacija slobodnim elektronima.

Magnetizam

Magnetizam (prema magnetu koje dolazi od lat. magnes, genitiv magnetis < grč. Μαγνῆτıς λίϑος: kamen iz Magnezije) je skup pojava povezanih s magnetskim poljem i s ponašanjem tvari u magnetskom polju. Magnetska svojstva tvari potječu od magnetskih momenta atoma i njihovih međudjelovanja koja mogu stvoriti kolektivno magnetsko uređenje. Magnetizam atoma posljedica je magnetizma elektrona i atomske jezgre i njihovih međudjelovanja. Razlikuje se orbitalni magnetski moment, zbog gibanja elektrona oko atomske jezgre, i spinski magnetski moment, kao vlastito kvantnomehaničko svojstvo elektrona i jezgre. S obzirom na ponašanje u magnetskom polju, sve se tvari odlikuju svojom magnetskom permeabilnošću. Tako se mogu razlikovati dijamagnetične, paramagnetične, feromagnetične, ferimagnetične i antiferomagnetične tvari.

Kondenzirana tvar

Kondenzirana tvar je tvar nastala kondenzacijom, tvar u kojoj atomi i molekule snažno uzajamno djeluju te se može nalaziti u tekućem ili čvrstom agregatnom stanju, a na iznimno niskim temperaturama u supravodljivoj ili suprafluidnoj fazi. Problemima i teorijom nastajanja kondenzata bavi se fizika kondenzirane tvari, unutar koje se proučavaju neka svojstva tekućina, na primjer prijelazi faza proces naparivanja i svojstva tankih slojeva, epitaksijalni rast kristala i posebno svojstva klastera atoma i molekula i niskotemperaturna fizika. Temelje te grane fizike postavio je 1916. njemački fizičar W. Nusselt (1882. – 1957.) svojom teorijom filmske kondenzacije, koju su u potpunosti potvrdili potonji pokusi. Danas se fizika kondenzirane tvari snažno razvija pa se izdvaja kao posebna grana fizike, iako je bitno vezana uz druge grane, osobito termodinamiku i fiziku čvrstog stanja.

Izvori

Engleski fizičari
Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku

Nevill Francis Mott


Demerara fue una antigua región en América del Sur en lo que es ahora parte íntegra de Guyana, colonizada por los neerlandeses en 1611 hasta que los británicos invadieron y capturaron el área en 1796. Estaba ubicada sobre los cursos inferiores del río Demerara, y su ciudad principal era Georgetown. Demerara era para aquel entonces una de las tres colonias que conformaban la Guayana Neerlandesa, las otras dos eran Berbice y Esequibo. Etimológicamente, el nombre Demerara proviene de una variante de la palabra arawak Immenary o Dumaruni.

El azúcar de Demerara se llama así debido a que originalmente venía de los campos de caña de azúcar en la colonia de Demerara.

Historia
En 1781, la revolución americana indujo a la República de Holanda a unirse con el lado de los Borbones contra los británicos, en consecuencia una amplia flota al mando del almirante Lord Rodney fue enviada a las Indias Occidentales, y después de haber realizado algunos ataques en las islas del Caribe, un escuadrón fue enviado a tomar posesión de las colonias de Esequibo y Demerara, las cuales se llevaron a cabo sin mucha dificultad. En 1782, los franceses tomaron posesión de las colonias neerlandesas convenciendo a Robert Kinston para que se rindiera. La Paz de París, que ocurrió en 1783, restauró estos territorios a los neerlandeses, sin embargo los neerlandeses no pudieron mantenerse en el territorio por distintas causas y los británicos empezaron a ganar posición y finalmente a adueñarse de las tierras.
No obstante, los británicos les regresaron la colonia a los neerlandeses en 1802 bajo los términos de la Paz de Amiens, pero volvieron a tomar el control de él un año después. Después de un par de años, el 13 de agosto de 1814, oficialmente los británicos combinaron las colonias de Demerara y Essequibo creando la colonia de Demerara-Essequibo. El 20 de noviembre de 1815, la colonia fue cedida formalmente a los británicos por los Países Bajos. El 21 de julio de 1831, la región de Demerara-Essequibo se unió junto con la región de Berbice que aún seguía separada, conformándose la Guayana Británica, ahora Guyana.

Personajes destacados
 James Douglas, Gobernador de la Colonia de la Isla Vancouver (1851-64) y la Colonia de la Columbia Británica (1858-64).
 Joseph Ketley, misionero congregacional, a mediados del siglo XIX.
 John Edmonstone, un esclavo liberado que le enseñó a Charles Darwin la taxidermia o como tener de material a animales muertos.

Comandantes de Demerara
 Jonathan Samuel Storm van 's Gravesende (1752–1761)
 Laurens Lodewijk van Bercheijk (1761–1765)
 Jan Cornelis van den Heuvel (1765–1770)
 Paulus van Schuylenburgh (1772–1781)
 Antony Beaujon (22 de abril de 1796 – 27 de marzo de 1802)

Gobernadores de Demerara
 Robert Kingston (27 de febrero de 1781 – 1782)
 Louis Antoine Dazemard de Lusignan (1782)
 Armand Guy Simon de Coëtnempren, comte de Kersaint (b. 1742 – d. 1793) (1782)
 Georges Manganon de la Perrière (1783–1784)

Referencias

Esclavistas
Historia de Guyana
Antiguas colonias británicas en América
Antiguas colonias neerlandesas en América
Estados y territorios fundados en 1745
Estados y territorios fundados en 1814

Demerara


Al Wilson, né le  dans le Kentucky et mort le  à Cleveland en Ohio, est un pilote américain, également acteur et cascadeur.

Biographie

Né à Harrodsburg dans le Kentucky, Wilson grandit en Californie où sa famille a déménagé. Tout petit déjà il est passionné par l'aviation.

Il commence à l'école d'aviation de Schiller en tant qu'assiant de maintenance, et commence également à se former en tant que pilote. Par la suite il devient chef instructeur pour la compagnie  American Aircraft. Après une brève période en tant que manager de Mercury Aviation Company, fondé par un de ses étudiants, Cecil B. DeMille, Wilson est de plus en plus sollicité pour ses cascades aériennes, et délaisse l'entreprise pour devenir cascadeur professionnel

Wilson travaille en équipe avec des cascadeurs tels que  ou , et pour des sociétés telles qu'Universal Pictures. Après de nombreuses apparitions en tant que cascadeur il commence une carrière d'acteur en 1923 avec le serial .

Il produit ses propres films jusqu'en 1927, année où il retourne travailler pour Universal. Il a été un des pilotes du film  en 1930, et pendant le tournage il est impliqué dans un accident durant lequel le mécanicien Phil Jones est tué.  Cet épisode marque la fin de sa carrière en tant que cascadeur.

Pendant la compétition aérienne qui se déroule à Cleveland en 1932, son avion s'écrase et il meurt quelques jours plus tard à l'hôpital de ses blessures.
L'accident est décrit dans le film Pylon Dusters: 1932 and 1938 Air Races.

Filmographie

 1923 : The Eagle's Talons (serial)
 1923 : The Ghost City (serial)
 1924 :
 1925 :
 1925 :  (serial)
 1925 :
 1926 :
 1927 :
 1927 :
 1928 :
 1928 :
 1928 : The Phantom Flyer
 1928 :
 1929 :
 1930 : Hell's Angels
 1932 :

Galerie

Notes et références

Bibliographie
  Wynne, H. Hugh. The Motion Picture Stunt Pilots and Hollywood's Classic Aviation Movies. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1987.
  Gene Scott Freese, Hollywood Stunt Performers, 1910s–1970s, A Biographical Dictionary, 2d Ed. 2014

Voir aussi

Liens externes

 https://fr.findagrave.com/memorial/67164364/albert-peter-wilson

Naissance en décembre 1895
Naissance dans le comté de Mercer (Kentucky)
Acteur américain
Cascadeur
Décès en septembre 1932
Décès à Cleveland
Décès à 36 ans
Mort dans un accident aérien

Al Wilson (pilote)


رأس السنة  يمثل أول يوم من السنة حسب تقويم ما. عادة ما يحتفل بهذا اليوم كونه يمثل نهاية لعام سابق وبداية لعام جديد يرجى أن يكون أحسن من الذي سبق.

في بلدان عدة يمثل رأس السنة يوم عطلة.

الاختلافات بين التقويمات

 في التقويم الهجري : أول محرم ويحتفل به كذكرى الهجرة النبوية
 في التقويم الغريغوري : أول يناير/جانفي
 في التقويم المصري : 1 توت الموافق 11 سبتمبر
 يْنَّايْرْ رأس السنة في التقويم الأمازيغي الموافق لي 14 يناير/جانفي
 رأس السنة في التقويم الصيني
 روش هاشناه رأس السنة في التقويم اليهودي
 نوروز هو أول یوم من فصل الربیع وأول یوم في التقويم الفارسي والكوردي
 رأس السنة اليابانية يطابق تاريخه يوم رأس السنة الميلادية إلا أن له طقوس متفردة في اليابان

طالع أيضاً
 ليلة رأس السنة
 رأس السنة الميلادية.

مراجع

احتفالات السنة الجديدة
تقويم

رأس السنة


كتاب من دارون إلى هتلر From Darwin to Hitler للمؤلف ريتشار فيكارت Richard Weikart.

لما كانت الدارونية ترى الأخلاق غير ثابتة في حين أن التطور هو الثابت قدمت للكثيرين فرصة العمل على تغيير المبادئ الأخلاقية بحجة نسبية الأخلاق وأنها نتاج عرضي للتطور المادي وتغيرت النظرة لقضية حرمة الحياة عموماً والحياة البشرية.

«ففي ذهن هتلر كانت الدارونية تقدم التبرير الأخلاقي لعمليات التعقيم الجماعي والنقاء العرقي والمذابح الجماعي وغيرها من السياسات غير الأخلاقية وفق المعايير الإنسانية الطبيعية وقد وفرت نظرية التطور الأهداف النهائية لهذه السياسات التحسن البيولوجي للأنواع البشرية» (ص:215)

نعم لم تصنع الدارونية المذابح الجماعية ولكن تفرعاتها من دارونية اجتماعية وتوجهات التحسين المستقبلي للعرق وفرت الأساس العلمي لهتلر وأتباعه لاقناع أنفسهم ومن تعاون معهم بأن أبشع الجرائم العالمية كانت بالحقيقة فضيلة أخلاقية مشكورة! وهكذا نجحت الدارونية أو تأويلاتها الطبيعية في قلب ميزان الأخلاق رأساً على عقب. (ص:233).

وقد كثر في ألمانيا استخدام مصطلح «قليل القيمة» لوصف المرضى العقليين والأشخاص غير المنتجين اقتصادياً وكل ما هو غير أوربي. واعتبر النازيون أن قتل المعتوهين أو تعقيمهم بشكل إلزامي خدمة اجتماعية وقيمة فضلى!

ولكن بعض الباحثين يرى أن هيكل (من أشد دعاة الدارونية في ألمانيا) كان له التأثير المباشر في النازيين بحكم ظرف الزمان والمكان، وبسبب مواقفه العنصرية المعروفة، كما كان مؤيداً وبشدة للتدخلات المباشرة لتحسين النوع البشري Eugenics وهو توجه شمل الكثير من علماء الاجتماع وغيرهم في بدايات القرن العشرين، كما كان هيكل مؤيداً لفلسفات إلحادية بشكل صريح ومناصر للقضايا الليبرالية التقدمية كالمطالبة بحقوق اللوطيين.

وكانت كتابات هيكل منتشرة بكثافة وأثرت في النازيين والعنصريين وأنصار التدخل لتحسين النسل البشري.

أما دارون فقد مات في وقت مبكر وعاش في بريطانيا وكان عنصرياً ولكن بشكل ملطف يشبه إبراهام لينكون، ولم يكن يدعو إلى تحسين النوع البشري، كما لم يكن من الغلاة في الدعوة إلى الإلحاد والفلسفات الثورية بل حاول الادعاء أن نظريته يمكن أن تتوافق مع قانون الأخلاق المتعارف عليه.

ولعله لهذا السبب استهلك المؤلف لكتاب من دارون إلى هتلر 82 صفحة للحديث عن هيكل، وتحدث 49 صفحة عن دارون إدراكاً منه أن التلميذ تجاوز أستاذه.

ومن الذين طرحو فرضية تأثر هتلر مباشرة بهيكل مباشرة دانييل غازمان Daniel Gasman في كتابيه The Scientific Origins of National Socialism (London, 1971)
الأصول العلمية للقومية الاشتراكية
وكتاب
Haeckel's Monism and the Birth of Fascist Ideology (New York, 1998).

آراء مؤيدة للكتاب

يظهر الكتاب بتفاصيل جيدة ومقنعة كيف طور مفكري الدارونية في ألمانيا موقفاً لا أخلاقياً تجاه المجتمع الإنساني في فترة الحرب العالمية الأولى، كان من شأنه اتخاذ خيرية العرق الألماني المفترضة كمعيار أوحد للسياسة العامة والطهارة العرقية، وبين المؤلف بوضوح الصلة التي تربط هذا الاتجاه الفكري بهتلر، وما نجم عنها من قتل الأطفال والمساعدة على الانتحار ومنع الزواج وغير ذلك من الممارسات القهرية والظالمة ضد أولئك المعتبرين من عرق أدنى وراثياً بتحريض الكتاب المؤيدية للدارونية والعلماء المتبنين لها، بحيث حصل هتلر والنازييين على التبرير العلمي للسياسات التي نفذوها عند وصولهم إلى السلطة.

ريتشار إيفانز Richard Evans أستاذ التاريخ المعاصر في جامعة كيمبردج ومؤلف كتاب: قدوم الرايخ الثالث The Coming of the Third Reich

هذا الكتاب من أفضل كتب الفكر التاريخي فهو ملئ بالأفكار والمعلومات والرؤى، ويعطي الكاتب فيه أمثلة واضحة وكثيرة جداً عن العديد من المفكرين الألمان في القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين ممن تأثروا بدرجة أو أخرى بالتوجه الطبيعي بصيغته الدارونية ويشرح أفكارهم بحيث يرى القارئ الفروق والتماثلات ويحصل على القصة بدقة ووضوح.

أيان دوابيغين Ian Dowbiggin أستاذ التاريخ في جامعة جزيرة الأمير إدوارد ومؤلف كتاب: نهاية رحيمة : حركة القتل الرحيم في أميريكا الحديثة

انظر أيضاً
 كتاب تصميم الحياة
 قدر الطبيعة
 نظرية التطور: نظرية مأزومة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 شبكة إتاحة الأبحاث
 محاضرة للمؤلف يشرح فكرة الكتاب وأسباب تأليفه
 التطهير العرقي؛ الطب كخادم للنازية
 الكتاب على موقع أمازون من دارون إلى هتلر: الأخلاق وتحسين النسل البشري والعنصرية

كتب أخلاقية
كتب أمريكية لا خيالية
كتب التصميم الذكي
كتب باللغة الإنجليزية
كتب تاريخ في القرن 21
كتب عن أدولف هتلر
كتب عن تاريخ العلم
كتب غير خيالية 2004
كتب ماركسية

من دارون إلى هتلر (كتاب)


Acesta este un ghid de episoade pentru serialul de televiziune Mr. Bean, cu Rowan Atkinson, care a fost făcut între 1 ianuarie 1990 și 15 noiembrie 1995.

Episoade

Mr. Bean

Lista episoadelor din Mr. Bean


Seliverst Evdokimovich Zhogin (, Prochnokópskaya, óblast de Kubán, Imperio ruso, 1912-Oziorni, óblast de Ternopil, República Socialista Soviética de Ucrania, 16 de julio de 1944) fue comandante de la sección de Infantería antitanque del 520.º regimiento del 167.ª División de Infantería de Sumy-Kiev del 38.º Ejército del Primer frente de Ucrania, Héroe de la Unión Soviética.

Nació en Prochnokópskaya, en el actual raión de Novokubansk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia, entonces Imperio ruso, en una familia de campesinos cosacos. Desde principios de la década de 1920, vivía en el óblast de Sverdlovsk, trabajando en un koljoz. Entró en el Ejército Rojo en septiembre de 1941. Entró en combates de la Gran Guerra Patria en julio de 1942. Fue artillero y comandante de pelotón de una compañía de cañones antitanque. Luchó en el Frente de Vorónoezh, el Primer y Segundo Frente de Ucrania. Luchó en el Don, en la batalla de Vorónezh, en la batalla de Kursk, en la liberación de la margen izquierda de Ucrania, en la batalla del Dniéper, en la liberación de Kiev (en la que destruyó cinco tanques enemigos), en el cerco de Korsun-Cherkasy y en la ofensiva Lvov-Sandomierz. Fue herido dos veces en el transcurso de estos combates.

Recibió la condecoración de Héroe de la Unión Soviética el 10 de enero de 1944. Murió en combate durante un contraataque de los blindados cerca de Oziorni, en el óblast de Ternopil, en la República Socialista Soviética de Ucrania. Fue enterrado en una fosa común en Zbóriv.

Condecoraciones

Héroe de la Unión Soviética
Orden de Lenin
Orden de la Bandera Roja
Orden de la Guerra Patria

Enlaces externos y referencias

Seliverst Zhogin .
Héroes de la Unión Soviética: Breve diccionario biográfico. Пред. ред. коллегии И. Н. Шкадов — М.: Воениздат, 1987. — Т. 1 /Абаев — Любичев/. — 911 с. — 100 000 экз. — ISBN отс., Рег. N.º в РКП 87-95382.

Referencias

Héroes de la Unión Soviética
Militares de la Unión Soviética

Seliverst Zhogin


Kamysjin (, ) er hovedstaden i den oblasten Volgograd i Rusland. Kamysjin har  indbyggere.

Geografi

Klima

Referencer

Eksterne henvisinger

Byer i Volgograd oblast

Kamysjin


عمر يوسف قمبر عبد الله (ولد 1 يناير 1991)، لاعب كرة قدم كويتي.

و هو يلعب مع نادي النصر الكويتي.

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم كويتيون
لاعبو نادي النصر (الكويت)
مواليد 1991

عمر يوسف قمبر


Pınarlar, Adana ilinin Tufanbeyli ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Adana iline 186 km, Tufanbeyli ilçesine 4 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Tufanbeyli'nin mahalleleri

Pınarlar, Tufanbeyli


මෝදර යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, කොළඹ පිහිටි උපනගරයක් වේ.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රධාන ගංගාවක් වන කැළණි ගඟ මුහුදට ගලා බසින්නේද මෝදර ප්‍රදේශය හරහා වෙයි.

කොළඔ නගරයට උතුරින් වුද කැළණි නදිය සාගරය වෙත ගලා බසින ස්ථානය "මුවදොර" වදනින් ජන ව්‍යාහාරයට එක් වුයේ මෝදර විලසටය, ලංකාවේ. කොළඔ වනාහි සුප්‍රකට වෙළෙද මධ්‍යස්ථානයකි, තොටුපළකි. පෘතුග්‍රීසි යුගයට පෙර ලක්දිව සෙසු ප්‍රදේශවලට මෙන් පර්සියානු, රෝම, අරාබි ආදි පෙරදිග ජාතීන්ගේ ආගමනයටත් සමග වෙළෙද සබදතා මෙන්ම ආගමික සබදතා වර්ධනය වු බව සදහන් වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

මෝදර


Kosmos 2283, ruski izviđački satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Jantar-4K2 (Kobaljt br. 548).
Lansiran je 20. srpnja 1994. godine u 17:35 s kozmodroma Pljesecka u Rusiji. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Sojuz-U 11A511U. Orbita mu je bila 179 km u perigeju i 313 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je bila 67,10°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 23182. COSPARova oznaka je 1994-042-A. Zemlju je obilazio u 89,42 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 6600 kg.

Dio Kobaljta odvojio se. Orbita mu je bila 166 km u perigeju i 294 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je bila 67,08°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 23184. COSPARova oznaka je 1994-042-C. Zemlju je obilazio u 89,10 minuta. Ovaj komad Kobaljta vratio se u atmosferu 22. srpnja 1994. godine.

Dio Kobaljtova AO odvojio se. Orbita mu je bila 178 km u perigeju i 291 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je bila 67,10°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 23283. COSPARova oznaka je 1994-042-D. Zemlju je obilazio u 89,19 minuta. Ovaj komad Kobaljta vratio se u atmosferu 30. rujna 1994. godine.

Dio Kobaljtova AO odvojio se. Orbita mu je bila 167 km u perigeju i 294 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je bila 67,08°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 23284. COSPARova oznaka je 1994-042-E. Zemlju je obilazio u 89,11 minuta. Ovaj komad Kobaljta vratio se u atmosferu 30. rujna 1994. godine.

Satelit Kosmos 2283 sletio je 29. rujna 1994. godine.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2283


Gyros ([ˈʝiros], okrugao, u krugu, zamotan, omotan) tradicionalno je grčko jelo od mesa pečenog na okomitom ražnju, obično posluženo kao sendvič, s rajčicom, lukom i tzatziki umakom, zamotano u pita kruh (grčka verzija tanki okrugli kruh, tj. lepinje).

Za pečenje na žaru komadi mesa stavljaju se na visoki okomiti ražanj, koji se okreće ispred izvora topline, obično električnog grijača. Ako meso nije dovoljno masno, dodaju se trakice slanine kako bi pečeno meso uvijek ostalo sočno i hrskavo. Brzina kuhanja se može prilagoditi reguliranjem različite toplinske snage i udaljenosti između izvora topline i mesa, na taj način se kuhar može prilagoditi različitim količinama potrošnje. Pečeno meso reže se s okomitog ražnjića na male sočne i hrskave komadiće koji se stavljaju u pitu. Pita se obično poslužuje podmazana, malo zapečena i topla. Kuhar stavi poseban komad papira na dlan, pečenu pitu pa meso, rajčice, luk, pečeni krumpir ili pomfrit na meso, a na kraju se pita zajedno zamota s papirom koji je oko pite na kraju. Na kraju se u gyros žlicom doda tzatziki umak ili kiselo vrhnje.

Podrijetlo
Gyros potječe od turskog doner kebaba, a prvotno je donesen u Solun, odakle se u raznim varijantama proširio po cijeloj Grčkoj, kao i na Cipru. U Grčkoj je meso obično svinjetina ili janjetina, no ponegdje se može vidjeti piletina ili teletina, dok se na Cipru gyros uglavnom pravi od svinjetine ili piletine. U Ateni, ali i diljem Grčke, "gyros pita" će osim mesa sadržavati tzatziki, rajčice, luk i pržene krumpiriće. Međutim, neka mjesta nude drugačije alternative klasičnim sastojcima. Gyros pita sa svinjetinom poslužit će se uz tzatziki umak, dok se dodaci piletini razlikuju od trgovine do trgovine, no najčešće se koristi majoneza pomiješana sa senfom, koja se na grčkom naziva "σως" ili "umak".

Varijacije
Na otoku Kreta svinjetina je najpopularniji nadjev, iako u nekim većim gradovima (osobito u gradu Haniji) kao alternativa postoji i piletina.

Na grčkom otoku Kos, u Egejskom moru, mještani u pitu stavljaju piletinu i dodaju prženi krumpir. Veličina girosa ovisi od mjesta do mjesta, kao i omjer sastojaka i njihova količina. U novije vrijeme rade se razne varijante i eksperimentira s raznim sastojcima, jer u pitu kao u hamburger može se sve staviti. U nekim restoranima možete pronaći tako moderne gyrose čudnih okusa od gyrosa od tune do "light" gyrosa za one na dijeti.

Galerija

Vanjske poveznice

 Gyros, Almažan kuhinja na YouTubeu
 Gyros na špagi, Almažan kuhinja
Grčka

Gyros


Kai Nürnberger (nacido el 2 de junio de 1966 en Wolfenbüttel, Alemania)  es un exjugador de baloncesto alemán. Con 1.83 de estatura, jugaba en la posición de base.

Equipos
1984-1989:  Southern Illinois Salukis
1989-1990:  Saturn Colonia
1990-1991:  BBC Bayreuth
1991-1999:  Brose Bamberg
1999-2003:  Skyliners Frankfurt
2003-2004:  TSV Tröster Breitengüßbach

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en sports reference

Baloncestistas de Alemania
Baloncestistas de la selección de Alemania
Baloncestistas del Bayer Leverkusen
Baloncestistas de los Southern Illinois Salukis
Baloncestistas del Brose Baskets
Baloncestistas del Skyliners Frankfurt
Baloncestistas del BBC Bayreuth
Baloncestistas del Saturn Colonia
Baloncestistas del TSV Tröster Breitengüßbach
Nacidos en Wolfenbüttel

Kai Nürnberger


Die Liste gibt den Fortschreibungsstand vom 18. September 2019 wieder und umfasst 135 Baudenkmäler.

Ensembles

Ensemble Altstadt Friedberg

Der historische Stadtraum der ehemaligen bayerischen Grenzfestung Friedberg, wie er sich innerhalb der Ausdehnung der spätmittelalterlichen Stadtmauer entwickelt hat, und das Schloss Friedberg mit Wall und Graben bilden zusammen ein Ensemble. Seine Umgrenzung ist im Westen durch den Zug der Stadtmauer gegeben, im Osten und Süden durch den Stadtgraben, im Norden durch die Schloßstraße und die Schlossanlage mit ehemaliger Wall- und Grabenzone.

Die Stadt Friedberg ist bayerische Herzogsgründung als Vorposten gegen das grenznahe Augsburg. Gründungsgeschichtlich gehört es in die Reihe der vielen und schnell aufeinanderfolgenden Stadtgründungen des 13. Jahrhunderts in Bayern, typologisch, als einzige Stadt im westlichen Grenzstreifen von Altbayern, am Lechrain, zu den Planstädten mit annähernd quadratischem Grundriss, vergleichbar mit Neustadt an der Donau oder Kelheim. Seine strategische Funktion ergibt sich wesentlich aus der topographischen Situation: Die Stadt erhebt sich in beherrschender Lage etwa vierzig bis fünfzig Meter hoch auf dem an dieser Stelle abrupt abfallenden Donau-Isar-Hügelland und bietet Einblick in das westlich sich anschließende Lechtal. Eigentlicher Ausgangspunkt ihrer Gründung war die Festung am Nordrand der Siedlung, 1257 durch Herzog Ludwig II. von Bayern erbaut, vorgeschobenes bayerisches Bollwerk, gegen den Bischof und die Stadt Augsburg, zum Schutz der wichtigen hier vorbeiführenden Land- und Salzstraße nach Ingolstadt, der Post- und Weinstraße nach München und vor allem zur Überwachung der nahe bei der Lechbrücke errichteten herzoglich bayerischen Zollstätte "zum Hochzoll". Die Stadt wurde 1264 für den letzten Staufer Konradin durch seinen Vormund Herzog Ludwig II. gegründet; die Gründungsurkunde enthält den Bauplan im heute noch erkennbaren Schachbrettsystem. Der Festungsbau erfolgte seit 1409 durch Herzog Ludwig den Gebarteten; Stadtmauer, Türme, Gräben erhöhten den Verteidigungswert der Stadt. Ihre wichtige Lage bringt ihr vielfache Verwüstung, vom Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts an bis nach 1800 sind Stadt und Burg durch kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen stark in Mitleidenschaft gezogen, vor allem im Dreißigjährigen Krieg. Der Wiederaufbau erfolgte immer auf ursprünglichem Grundriss. Im Gegensatz zu anderen quadratisch angelegten Planstädten mit zentralem Hauptstraßenkreuz durchzieht in Friedberg eine Hauptstraße (Ludwigstraße) als Durchgangsstraße den Stadtkörper von Osten nach Westen, zweimal rechtwinklig geknickt, am Eintritts- und Austrittspunkt bis 1868 durch Stadttore bezeichnet. Diese nicht wesentlich breite Hauptachse erweitert sich zweimal nach Norden hin zu den Plätzen, auf denen Rathaus und Kirche stehen, wobei die Kirche vom Hauptverkehr zurückgesetzt erscheint, während das Rathaus allseitig frei steht. Von der Hauptstraße zweigen im rechten Winkel mäßig breite und relativ schmale Nebenstraßen ab, streng von Norden nach Süden und in relativ gleichen Abständen parallel zueinander liegend; der Begrenzung durch die Stadtmauer entsprechend enden sie sackgassenartig in schmalen Verbindungsgassen. Schloßstraße und Tal bilden steilabfallend, dann wieder aufsteigend den Zugang zum Schloss. Die intensive Nutzung des durch den Mauergürtel vorgegebenen Terrains zeigt sich in der dichten Grundstücksbebauung, im Aufrissbild in geschlossenen Platz- und Straßenräumen, wobei architektonisch die Dimensionen und Proportionen mittels einer bürgerlich kleinstädtischen Bebauung des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts gewahrt sind. Der wirtschaftlichen Struktur einer durch Handwerk geprägten Stadt entspricht der Typ des höchstens zweigeschossigen Wohn- und Handwerkerhauses, einem schlichten Putzbau mit steilem Giebel- oder Mansarddach und rundbogiger Toreinfahrt. Der Eindruck von Vielfalt entsteht im Straßenbild durch wechselnde Höhenlagen des Terrains, unterschiedliche Firsthöhen, Wechsel von Trauf- und Giebelständigkeit der Häuser. Im Kontrast zu den regelmäßigen geradlinigen Straßenanlagen des Innenstadtbereichs steht die engere, schmalere und kleinteiligere Bebauung entlang der leicht gekrümmten Gassen des inneren Randbereichs der Stadtmauer. Vereinzelt stehen dekorative Bürgerhäuser in der Nähe des Rathauses. Die Stadtmauer ist im Westen und Nordwesten erhalten, ihre Schalentürme sind abgeschrägt und ausgebaut. Entlang der östlichen und südlichen Stadtmauerlinie sind Mauerteile in die Bausubstanz von Schmied- und Wintergasse integriert; Kopfsteinpflaster dominiert als Straßenbelag. Die Schloßstraße ist auf der östlichen Seite in ihrem zum Schlossbereich abfallenden Teil durch eine Reihe schlichter Giebelhäuser des 19. Jahrhunderts geschlossen bebaut; der Bereich des Tals außerhalb der Stadtmauer ist weitgehend ungestaltet. In Fernsicht von Westen her zeigt sich am anschaulichsten der bastionsartige Charakter der hochgelegenen, von Mauer und Türmen umgebenen ehem. Festungsstadt, von der das ebenfalls hochgelegene Schloss durch Graben, Wall und Freifläche strategisch getrennt ist.

Aktennummer: E-7-71-130-1

Stadtbefestigung

Mauerzug im Westen und Nordwesten erhalten, zum Teil freistehend mit Strebepfeilern und Schießscharten, entlang der östlichen und südlichen Befestigungslinie Mauerteile in die Bebauung von Schmied- und Wintergasse einbezogen, Festungsausbau durch Herzog Ludwig III., seit 1409;

Befestigungstürme, fünfzehn Türme, zumeist nach der Feldseite halbrund geschlossen, größtenteils in die Wohnhäuser einbezogen und ausgebaut (Friedberger Berg 11, Schmiedgasse 8, 20, 26, Stadtmauer 3, 15, 25, 27, 29, 39, 41, 43, 45, Wintergasse 9, 21 rekonstruierend erneuert).

Aktennummer: D-7-71-130-1

Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Friedberg

Innerhalb des Ensembles

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Außerhalb des Ensembles

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Bachern

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Derching

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Griesbachmühle

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Haberskirch

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Harthausen

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Hügelshart

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Ottmaring

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Paar

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Rederzhausen

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Rettenberg

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Rinnenthal

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Rohrbach

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Stätzling

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Wiffertshausen

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Wittenberg

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Wulfertshausen

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler

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Abgegangene Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Friedberg (Bayern)

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

 In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Einzelnachweise

Friedberg

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Friedberg (Bayern)


The Mercedes-Benz 300 SEL 6.3 was a full-sized luxury performance car built by Mercedes Benz from 1968 to 1972. It featured the company's powerful 6.3-litre M100 V8 from the flagship 600 (W100) limousine installed in the normally six-cylinder powered (but still premium)  Mercedes-Benz 300 SEL (W109). The result was a nearly 2-ton sports sedan with muscle car performance.  At the time of its release it was one of the world's fastest four-door cars.

A total of 6,526 300 SEL 6.3s were produced, and though quite costly to maintain are very collectible today.

Concept

The car started out as a private venture in 1966 by company engineer Erich Waxenberger. His principle was simple: take the powerful 6.3 litre Mercedes-Benz M100 V8 from the massive 600 saloon and limousine, and fit it into the engine bay of the top-end 6-cylinder 300 SEL W109 model. The result was an impressive level of performance for the era and for the style of automobile.

The company turned the prototype into a production model, introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1968. This not only enhanced Mercedes-Benz's reputation for performance vehicles, languishing since the demise of the iconic Gullwing and Mercedes-Benz 300 SL roadsters of the 1950s, but made better use of the M100 engine production facilities. By the end of line's production the 6,500 built for the 300 SEL 6.3 far outnumbered the 2,700 turned out for the 600.

The 6.3 was known for its ability to cruise at over  with five occupants in complete comfort. Later, the company also fitted new, smaller V8 engines into the W109 series. The 300 SEL 4.5 was only available in the United States, while the 280 SE 3.5 Coupé could also be ordered in Europe.

In 1975, the Mercedes-Benz 450 SEL 6.9 was introduced as a 300 SEL 6.3 successor with a larger displacement engine for more power and various modifications to the equipment.

Features

The 300 SEL 6.3 was an extremely luxurious vehicle for its era.  Standard features included air suspension, ventilated 4-wheel power disc brakes, power windows, central locking and power steering. Air conditioning, power sunroof, audio tape deck, and rear window curtains, writing tables, and reading lamps were available as options.

Engine
 6.332-litre V8 with Bosch  fuel injection,
  at 4000 rpm, 300 HP SAE gross at 4100 rpm
  at 2800 rpm,  SAE at 3000 rpm
 Max. engine speed: 5250 rpm

Performance
 0-: 6.6 seconds
 0- : 14.6 seconds
 Standing quarter-mile (~400 m) : 14.2 seconds
 Top speed :  (factory figure)

Test results
Auto, Motor und Sport published the following test results for the 300 SEL 6.3 in March 1968:

 0–: 4.3 s
 0–: 6.5 s
 0–: 9.3 s
 0–: 13.0 s
 0–: 17.3 s
 0–: 22.8 s
 0–: 31.0 s
 0–: 27.1 s
 Top Speed:

Motor racing

Originally not intended for motor sports, a few cars were built for racing, usually with the engine enlarged to 6.8 litres or more. The car had an impressive, but short-lived racing career, due to the lack of suitable tyres, or rule changes preventing the use of them.

AMG, now the high-performance division of Mercedes-Benz but back then a small local tuning workshop founded by two former Mercedes engineers, modified a makeshift car to compete in racing events, nicknamed "Red Sow" (German: Rote Sau), which finished second in the 24 Hours of Spa in 1971. At the end of its racing career the 6,834 cc engine yielded . The car was sold to French company Matra who used it for tests of jet fighter landing gear. Five examples were built: three racers and two test cars.

References

External links
 The International M-100 Group (officially recognized by Daimler-Benz)
 Mercedes W108/W109 enthusiast site
 Finnish Waxenberger in Keimola-racetrack
 Petrolicious: This is the Grandfather of Every German Sports Sedan – retrospective of the 300 SEL 6.3
 Renaissance der "Roten Sau"

300 SEL 6.3
Mercedes-Benz racing cars
Muscle cars

Mercedes-Benz 300 SEL 6.3


Louise Manning Hodgkins (Ipswich, 5 de agosto de 1846 – Wilbraham, 28 de novembro de 1935) foi uma educadora, autora e editora de jornal americana de Massachusetts. Depois de concluir seus estudos no Pennington Seminary e na Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy, tornou-se professora e preceptora no Lawrence College, antes de receber o título de Master of Arts daquela instituição em 1876. Ela deu aulas no Wellesley College por mais de uma década antes de voltar suas atenções para a escrita e edição. Seus principais trabalhos são Nineteenth Century Authors of Great Britain and the United States, Study of the English Language e Via Christi. Ela trabalho como editora do The Heathen Woman's Friend, o primeiro órgão da Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, e também editou as letras de Milton: L'allegro, Il penseroso, Comus e Lycidas e Sohrab and Rustum de Matthew Arnold. Ela morreu em 1935.

Primeiros anos e educação
Filha de Daniel Lummus e Mary (Willett), HodgkinsLouise Manning Hodgkins nasceu em Ipswich, Massachusetts, no dia 5 de agosto de 1846. Ela era descendente de uma linha de soldados que remontava aos tempos da Guerra Revolucionária Americana. Sua educação foi iniciada no Seminário Feminino de Ipswich com a Sra. Eunice P. Cowles, continuou no Pennington Seminary, Nova Jérsia, e na Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Massachusetts, onde se formou em 1870. Além do currículo habitual, ela deu muita atenção extra à língua francesa, e tornou-se proficiente em música. Em 1876, ela recebeu o grau de Master of Arts, de Lawrence College, Appleton, no Wisconsin, onde ela também havia sido contratada como professora e preceptora.

Carreira
Imediatamente após sua formatura em Wilbraham, Hodgkins aceitou o cargo de segunda-dama professora na Universidade Lawrence. Ela começou seus serviços no outono de 1870, dando instrução em ramos ingleses, além de língua francesa e botânica. Tendo demonstrado desde cedo aptidão e habilidade como instrutora, depois de quatro anos nessa posição, ela foi, em 1874, pela renúncia de Miss Evans, eleita preceptora. Com uma gama de trabalho um pouco maior e grandes responsabilidades na forma de governo, ela mostrou crescente competência e habilidade. Em 1876, foi eleita professora de literatura inglesa no Wellesley College, com licença no exterior para estudos, retornando ao cargo no ano seguinte. A partir de 1877, ela atuou como professora de literatura inglesa no Wellesley College, organizando um curso de estudo em seu departamento adequado às necessidades da época. Ela permaneceu até junho de 1891, fazendo duas visitas à Europa durante esses anos. A demissão para que ela pudesse se concentrar na obra literária. Isso incluiu a edição de Letras, de John Milton e Sohrab e Rustum, de Matthew Arnold.

Embora conhecida como professora, a Prof. Hodgkins foi chamado de "Poeta-Professora" em Wellesley. Durante seu período de serviço, ela contribuiu com poemas, histórias e artigos educativos para revistas e periódicos. Seu principal serviço à literatura esteve intimamente associada ao seu trabalho e é conhecida sob o título de A Guide to the Study of Nineteenth Century Literature; havia também três livros da série "English Classics". Entre os livros que ela escreveu estão, Nineteenth Century Authors of Great Britain and the United States, Study of the English Language e Via Christi.

Via Christi (Macmillan, outubro de 1902) foi um volume de anais missionários, que em menos de dois anos alcançou uma venda de cerca de  exemplares. Durante a Conferência Ecumênica Missionária, realizada em Nova Iorque, de 21 de abril a 1º de maio de 1900, um plano longamente contemplado para unir todas as Juntas de Missões Femininas nos Estados Unidos e Canadá em um estudo mais aprofundado das missões tomou forma. Em uma reunião realizada no encerramento da conferência, um comitê representativo foi nomeado, e recebeu poder discricionário para organizar o curso de estudo e fornecer o método para segui-lo. Via Christi, an Introduction to the Study of Missions, foi a primeiro de uma série proposta pelo comitê, a ser seguida por estudos da Índia, China, Japão e outros países, cada volume tratando da história de todas as missões no país a que se dedicou, começando, em cada caso, com o século XIX. William Fairfield Warren, presidente da Universidade de Boston, disse sobre isso: "A Via Christi mostra uma estimativa acadêmica do valor e prazer das fontes históricas, em contraste com a elaboração retórica meramente sugerida pelas fontes. Apesar de um volume pequeno de 0,50 dólares, seria difícil encontrar em qualquer livro três vezes seu tamanho igual número de orações, hinos e apelos marcantes, escritos pelos próprios grandes representantes históricos do espírito missionário." The Christian Endeavor World observou: "Um dos resultados da Conferência Missionária Ecumênica de 1900 foi a união de todas as Juntas Missionárias Femininas nos Estados Unidos e Canadá para a publicação de um curso completo e completo de um estudo de missões. O volume inicial é intitulado Via Christi, e é de uma escritora muito competente e atraente, Miss Louise Manning Hodgkins. Em seis capítulos, o leitor é conduzido através do vasto curso da história, desde os dias de Paulo até os de Carey e Judson. O autor não cometeu o erro de colocar tanto que o charme e a vivacidade da narrativa são excluídos. Uma das características mais atraentes do volume é o conjunto de seleções do período em análise no final de cada capítulo e as tabelas cronológicas efetivamente organizadas." O New York Tribune também revisou o livro, afirmando que a Via Christi oferece uma visão panorâmica dos esforços missionários do mundo desde a época de Paulo até o século XIX. Acontecimentos contemporâneos no mundo secular são mencionados, com nomes de pessoas e lugares proeminentes do período, dando uma perspectiva tão satisfatória quanto inusitada."

Escolhida por unanimidade pela Sociedade Missionária Estrangeira da Mulher da Igreja Metodista Episcopal, Hodgkins foi a sucessora de Harriet Merrick Warren na cadeira editorial do The Heathen Woman's Friend. Para essa publicação, Hodgkins havia dito que "deu um novo impulso em muitas linhas, e não é de surpreender que sua lista de assinaturas aumente a cada ano". Ela insistiu que um lugar mais relevante deveria ser dado às revistas missionárias na família, e entre os periódicos padrão da época; que sejam vistos nas bancas de jornais e nas mesas dos lares, e que haja fervoroso esforço pessoal para aumentar sua circulação. Ela afirmou que a literatura missionária deve nos atrair e se tornar parte de nossa cultura, porque "o próprio estudo da humanidade é o homem". Nenhuma prateleira de livros omissos poderia se comparar com uma contendo os seguintes clássicos missionários: Império Mikado do Dr. Griffith, Terra dos Vedas do Dr. Butler, China Central do Dr. Lansdell, Índia e Malásia do Bispo Thoburn, Reino Médio do Dr. S. Wells Williams, Sombras do Pagode de Miss Ficlde e um Canto no Catai, China e os Chineses do Dr. Nevius, Meninas e Mulheres Japonesas de Miss Bacon, Isabella Bird (Sra. Bishop) Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, JF Clarke's Great Religions of the World, com esta generosa dúzia de biografias e autobiografias adicionadas: The lives of Livingstone, Hamlin, Bishop Ilannington, the . MofTatts, William Carey, Alexander Duff, John G. Paton, Bispo Patteson. Xeesima, General Gordon, Harriet Newell, a Sra. Judsons, Fidelia Fiske e Henry Martyn.

Vida pessoal
Hodgkins visitou a Europa quatro vezes para estudos especiais, participando de palestras no College Francais em Paris, estudando na Escola Normal para Meninas em Hanover, e com professores particulares em Leipzig e Berlim, também na Universidade de Oxford. Ela residia em Auburndale, Massachusetts. Hodgkins morreu em 28 de novembro de 1935 e está enterrada no cemitério Woodland Dell em Wilbraham.

Obras publicadas

  1884: Three Marys: three interpretations of Mark 16:15 (em inglês)
  1887: Byron (em inglês)
  1887: Shelley (em inglês)
  1887: Macaulay (em inglês)
  1887: Robert Browning (em inglês)
  1887: Charles Dickens (em inglês)
  1887: Wordsworth (em inglês)
  1887: Mrs. Browning (em inglês)
  1887: Coleridge (em inglês)
  1887: Scott (em inglês)
  1887: Thackeray (em inglês)
  1887: Lamb (em inglês)
  1888: Lowell (em inglês)
  1888: Whittier (em inglês)
  1888: Longfellow (em inglês)
  1888: Carlyle (em inglês)
  1888: Irving (em inglês)
  1888: Tennyson (em inglês)
  1888: Holmes (em inglês)
  1888: Eliot (em inglês)
  1888: Bryant (em inglês)
  1888: Hawthorne (em inglês)
  1889: Ruskin (em inglês)
  1889: Arnold (em inglês)
  1889: Webster's First Bunker-Hill Oration (em inglês)
  1890: A Guide to the study of nineteenth century authors (em inglês)
  1896: The roll call: an introduction to our missionaries, 1869-1896 (em inglês)
  1902: Via Christi: an introduction to the study of missions (em inglês)

Bibliografia

Atwood and Culver. p. 20.

Ligações externas

  (em inglês)
 Obras de ou sobre Louise Manning Hodgkins no Internet Archive (em inglês)
 Cassidy, Cheryl M. "Bringing the 'New Woman' to the Mission Site: Louise Manning Hodgkins and the 'Heathen Woman's Friend.'" American Periodicals, vol. 16, no. 2, 2006, pp. 172–199. at JSTOR (em inglês)

Mulheres jornalistas dos Estados Unidos
Mortos em 1935
Nascidos em 1846
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Louise Manning Hodgkins


Andreas Schröder (* 9. Juni 1939 in Leipzig) ist ein deutscher Kirchenmusiker.

Leben
Andreas Schröder wuchs in Dresden auf und war Mitglied im Dresdner Kreuzchor. Er wollte ursprünglich Architektur studieren, aber in der damaligen DDR wurde ihm das nicht erlaubt. Er verließ seine Heimat und studierte in Freiburg im Breisgau Musik.

Andreas Schröder konvertierte zum katholischen Glauben und war ab 1965 bis zu seiner Pensionierung Kantor von St. Stephan (Karlsruhe). Ab 1979 lehrte er zusätzlich als Professor an der Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe. Zuletzt war er Kirchenmusikdirektor, bis er 2005 in den Ruhestand ging. Sein Nachfolger ist Patrick Fritz-Benzing.

Ehrungen
 Bundesverdienstkreuz (2000)

Literatur
 Ioculator Dei – Festschrift für Andreas Schröder zum 60. Geburtstag. (Schriftenreihe der Europäischen Orgelakademie am Oberrhein, Band 1, Hrsg. Michael Gerhard Kaufmann), Freiburg, 1999.

Weblinks

Organist (Kirchenmusik)
Hochschullehrer (HfM Karlsruhe)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Wikipedia:Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes (Ausprägung ungeklärt)
Deutscher
Geboren 1939
Mann

Andreas Schröder (Kirchenmusiker)


An Philodendron cremersii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Bernard Croat ngan Michael Howard Grayum. An Philodendron cremersii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodendron, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha French Guiana. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Philodendron

Philodendron cremersii


Robinson Ekspeditionen 2017 var den 19. sæson af det danske realityshow Robinson Ekspeditionen. Sæsonen startede ud med 22 deltagere, men en flok veteraner var blevet hevet ind for at gøre op med de mange kvittere fra forrige sæson.

Deltagere

Øvrig info
1^ Backer, Mathias og Andreas valgte at snyde i afsnit to. Jakob valgte at tage en individuel konfrontation med hver af de 3 skyldige, kun Mathias valgte at fortælle sandheden. Jakob havde planlagt at holde Andreas væk fra ansvaret, men da Andreas valgte at lyve, lå han med hovedet på blokken sammen med Mathias og Backer, og det kostede Andreas videre deltagelse.

2^ Backer og Mathias havde op til afsnit 4 igen valgt at snyde, det blev dråben for Jakob, som sendte de to anti-helte ud af ekspeditionen

3^ Da Backer og Mathias blev smidt ud, var veteranerne decimeret totalt, Jakob valgte at gå imod sine egne principper og kalde og udgået deltager tilbage, og det blev Andreas og Thomas, som kom ind igen, og de blev en del af veteran holdet.

2017
Kultur i 2017

Robinson Ekspeditionen 2017


Midtre Gauldal er sveitarfélag í Þrændalögum í Noregi. Í sveitarfélaginu eru 6.120 íbúar (2022).

Stjórnsýslumiðstöð sveitarfélagsins er þéttbýlið  Støren. Til sveitarfélagsins teljast einnig þéttbýlinu Soknedal og Singsås

Sveitarfélagið á landamæri að sveitarfélögunum Rennebu og Orkland í vestri, Melhus og Selbu í norðri, Holtålen í austri og sveitarfélögunum Os og Tynset í Innlandet sýslu í suðri.Sveitarfélög í Þrændalögum

Midtre Gaulda (sveitarfélag)


La Reserva Costera Urbana es un área protegida municipal ubicada en el extremo sudeste de la Patagonia, en la ciudad de Río Gallegos, provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina, integrada por el «área natural de uso recreativo, turístico y educativo» y por el área de la «Reserva Costera Urbana del Río Chico» (municipal), con categoría UICN V, área de paisaje terrestre y marino con fines recreativos.

Fue creada el 1 de octubre de 2004 por la Ordenanza n.º 5356.

Esta zona fue declarada por BirdLife International en el año 2005 como un sitio AICA (Áreas Importantes para la Conservación de las Aves); también fue catalogada como sitio de importancia internacional de la Red Hemisférica de Reservas de Aves Playeras.

Objetivos

Proteger las marismas adyacentes a la ciudad, conservar las áreas naturales evitando la urbanización y promover una mejora en la relación hombre/ambiente.

Características

El clima es frío costero; la temperatura media anual es de 7,2 °C; la velocidad promedio del viento es de 35 km/h.

El estuario conformado por los ríos Gallegos y Chico es de tipo macromareal, tiene planicies intermareales fangosas y marismas que son hábitat de comunidades de almejas Darina solenoides y diversos poliquetos (gusanos marinos), lo que lo convierte en una importante zona de alimentación y descanso de aves residentes y migratorias. La ciudad de Río Gallegos se emplaza a unos 15 km de la desembocadura, en su margen sur.

El estuario no es profundo excepto en el canal frente a su desembocadura que llega a los 20 metros. En su margen norte se encuentra la isla Deseada, importante sitio de nidificación para las aves.

Fauna

Su importante biodiversidad incluye aves playeras migratorias de largas distancias, que unen ambos hemisferios: playero rojizo, becasa de mar, playerito rabadilla blanca y endémicas de la Patagonia austral: ostrero austral, chorlito ceniciento, cauquén colorado, cauquén común.

Otras especies: pingüino patagónico, flamenco austral, cormorán imperial, escúa, gaviota gris, gaviota cocinera, macá tobiano (especie vulnerable), espartillero austral (Asthenes anthoides).

Amenazas

 Crecimiento de la ciudad hacia la costa, lo que provoca pérdida del hábitat para la fauna.
 Escasa valoración del área por parte de la comunidad.
 Ubicación del basural sobre la costa.
 Tránsito de vehículos 4x4.
 Cercanía del puerto hidrocarburífero (riesgo de derrames de petróleo).
 Ocupación de tierras para uso agropecuario en zonas adyacentes.

Referencias

Áreas naturales protegidas de la provincia de Santa Cruz (Argentina)
Departamento Güer Aike
Río Gallegos

Reserva Costera Urbana