TRT 2, Türkiye Radyo Televizyon Kurumuna bağlı kültür-sanat kanalı olarak yayın yapan tematik televizyon kanalı.

Türkiye'nin ilk kültür ve sanat kanalıdır. İlk defa 6 Ekim 1986 tarihinde TV2 adıyla yayın yapmaya başladı. 2002-2010 yılları arasında haber-bilgi kanalı olarak yayın hayatına devam ettikten sonra 18 Mart 2010 tarihinde kapanmış; 22 Şubat 2019 tarihinde yeniden kültür-sanat kanalı olarak yayına başlamıştır.

Geçmişi

1986-2002
6 Ekim 1986 da TV2 ismiyle renkli olarak yayına başladı. TRT'nin yayına başlayan ilk kanalı ise, TV2'nin yayına başlaması ile  TV1 (bugünkü TRT 1) adını almıştır. TV1 ve TV2 yayınların tüm Türkiye'ye ulaştırılması için İntelsat uydusundan yararlanıldı.

İkinci kanalın yayın merkezi TRT İstanbul TV stüdyoları idi. İstanbul'un düşman işgalinden kurtuluşunun yıldönümü olması nedeniyle yayına başlama tarihi 6 Ekim 1986 olarak belirlenmişti.  İstanbul TV stüdyolarında  TV2 yayınları için yapılan tören ve Emel Sayın konseri ile Atatürk Kültür Merkezi'nde ise davetliler huzurundaki bir konserle açılış yapıldı.

Başlangıçta yayın akışı Ankara, İstanbul ve İzmir şehirlerinde günde 3 saat olarak planlanmıştı. Bir yıl sonra TV2 yayınları, 29 adet yeni verici ile daha geniş bir alana ulaştırıldı ve yayın saatleri arttırıldı. Teknik olanakların artması ile TV2,  yayınları için program üreten ve yayınlayan bağımsız bir televizyon kanalı haline geldi.

1989 -2001 arasında TRT 2, bölgesel içerikli TRT GAP kanalı ile aynı frekanstan zaman paylaşımlı yayın yaptı.  1997'de hafta içi her gün 9.00-19.00 saatleri arasında toplam 10 saat yayın yapan GAP TV olarak, 1998'de ise 7.00-17.58 arasında yayın yapar durumda idi.

Kültür sanat kanalı olarak hizmet verdiği ilk dönemde  Pazar Konserleri, İzzet Öz'ün Teleskop, Orhan Boran'ın Pazar Bahçeleri, Erhan Konuk'un Pop Saati, Seynan Levent'in Akşama Doğru, Ressam Bob Ross'un Resim Sevinci adlı programları çok izlenen programlar arasındaydı.

Bu dönemde kanalda Perihan Abla gibi dizi filmler de yayımlanmaya başladı.  Parmak Damgası, Bugünün Saraylısı, Kırık Hayatlar, Acımak, Çalıkuşu, Üç İstanbul, Mardin-Münih Hattı, Yarın Artık Bugündür, Kartallar Yüksek Uçar, TRT2'de yayımlanan önemli haftalık dizi filmler ve geniş bütçeli büyük prodüksiyonlar arasındadır. Kanal yayın akışında yurtdışından alınan pembe diziler de  yer aldı. TRT2'de haber bültenleri hemen hemen TRT1'le içerik olarak aynen fakat farklı saatte ve İngilizce özet eklemesiyle verildi.  Buna daha sonra işitme engelliler için ekranın sol köşesinde verilen hareketli haber anlatımı eklendi. Kurum dışı eğitim kurumlarının hazırladığı örgün eğitime yönelik programlar da ikinci kanalda yayımlandı. TRT2, TV 1 yayınlarına benzer yayın içeriği ile seçenek sunan bir kanal durumuna geldi.

2002-2010
TRT2, 2001 yılında yeniden yapılandırıldı; 1 Şubat 2002'den itibaren  Haber Bilgi Kanalı olarak yeni bir kimlikle yayına devam etti. 24 saat yayın hayatına devam eden TRT 2, 18 Mart 2010 tarihinde kendisine ait yayın frekanslarını TRT Haber'e bırakmış ve yayından kaldırılmıştır.

2019-günümüz
2018'de dönemin TRT Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı ve Genel Müdürü İbrahim Eren yaptığı konuşma sırasında kültür-sanat ağırlıklı bir kanal açılacağını ve isminin ise TRT 2 olacağını belirtmiştir. TRT2, 22 Şubat 2019 tarihinde 20:00 saatlerinde yayınlarına yenilenmiş olarak tekrar başladı. Bununla beraber ABD ilişkilerine kriz çıkaran Rahip Brunson meselesi yüzünden kaldırılan kovboy filmi kuşağını pazar sabahları yeniden ekrana getirmeye başlamıştır.

İstanbul'daki TRT2 Koordinatörlüğü altında 2021'de TRT Filarmoni Orkestrası (TRT FO) adıyla bir senfoni orkestrası kurulmuştur. Antonio Pirolli yönetimindeki 46 kişilik orkestranın açılış konseri, TRT2'nin yeniden kuruluşunun ikinci yıldönümü olan 22 Şubat 2021'de İstanbul'daki Zorlu PSM'de gerçekleşti. Konserde, Yusuf Yalçın'ın "TRT 2 Bestesi" eserinin ilk seslendirilişi gerçekleştirilmiştir.

TRT 2 HD
TRT 2 HD, 22 Şubat 2019 tarihinde, saat 20:00'de kurulan TRT 2'nin yüksek çözünürlüklü kanalıdır.

TRT 2 HD, Türksat 4A 11958 V 27500 5/6 frekansından, Eutelsat 7A 10804 V 30000 5/6 frekansından, Turkcell TV+ 44. kanaldan, D-Smart 105. kanaldan, Digiturk 66. kanaldan, KabloTV 50. kanaldan ve tivibu 55. kanaldan izlenebilmektedir.

Logolar

Programlar

Eski Programlar

Sinema 7 - Türkiye'deki en son sinema yayınları hakkında haberler, üst yönetmenler ve diğer özellikler ile röportajlar.

Dünya Sinemalarından - Her cuma gecesi altyazılı dünya sinema filmi.

Belgeseller - TRT ve/veya uluslararası yayıncılar tarafından üretilmiştir. Örnekler "Nasıl Sanat Yapılır Dünya" ve "Pilot Rehberleri" dir.

Sinemasal - Her pazar gecesi, seçkin ve seçkin Türk sineması örnekleri.

Avrupa Vizyonu - Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği üyeliği konusundaki ilerlemesini takiben, Avrupa Viziyonu, tarımdan gençliğe kadar tüm alanları kapsayan süreçle ilgili uzman tavsiyesi ve analizi sunmaktadır.

Rengâhenk - Kültür ve sanat dünyasından en son haberleri kapsayan günlük program.

Haberler - Gün boyunca TRT 2 çoğunlukla saatlik haber artı analiz, yerel haberler, ekonomik haberler, sağlık önerileri, spor haberleri ve tartışma konularını içeren bir haber kanalı olarak işlev görür. Prime time haber programları da Kirmizi Şapkası şeklindedir.

Müzik - Klasik müzik konserleri, bale ve opera, Türk halk ve klasik müzik, dünya müziği.

Ayrıca bakınız
 TRT GAP
 TRT Haber

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

2
Türkçe televizyon kanalları
Türkiye'deki kültürel kanallar
1986'da kurulan televizyon kanalları ve istasyonları
HD yayın yapan kanallar
TRT 2

TRT 2


Alexander Schleicher (May 22, 1901 – April 26, 1968) was a German pioneer of sailplane design. The company that he founded and which bears his name - Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co - is today one of the world's leading sailplane manufacturers.

Schleicher was born in Huhnrain, the son of a joiner. From the time he was fourteen years old, he worked with his father and learned his trade. As an apprentice, he worked at a furniture factory before commencing work at the Weltensegler aircraft factory in Baden-Baden in 1923. Two years later, he arrived at the Wasserkuppe and worked in the workshop of the Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft building sailplanes. He also learned to fly, and in 1926 won a major prize in the annual gliding championships held on the Wasserkuppe. He used this money to found his own company, beginning in the Huhnrain dance hall, and later at a rented workshop in Remmerz.

Schleicher continued to design aircraft for the firm until the outbreak of World War II, and again when German civil aviation resumed in 1951. During the years of the Allied occupation, he returned to his roots and designed furniture for the company to manufacture.

He personally managed the firm until his death in Fulda in 1968.

References

External links
 Official Website [in English].
 Official Website

1901 births
1968 deaths
German aerospace engineers
People from Fulda (district)
Engineers from Hesse
Glider pilots

Alexander Schleicher


Yevgueni Emmanuílovich Gleizerov ; nacido el  es un ajedrecista ruso, Gran Maestro Internacional desde 1993.

En 2001 empató por el 1º–3º puesto con Stanislav Voitsejovski y Michal Krasenkow en Barlinek. He empató por el 3º–6º puesto con David Berczes, Yuri Kuzubov y Pia Cramling en la Rilton Cup 2008/2009. He came first at Parla 2009. En 2010 empató por el 1º–6º puesto con Kamil Mitoń, Bojan Kurajica, Yuri Gonzalez Vidal, Lázaro Bruzón y Bartlomiej Heberla en el 4º Torneo Internacional de Ajedrez Ciudad de La Laguna. En 2011 empató por el 1º–4º puesto con Gadir Guseinov, Merab Gagunashvili y Serguéi Tiviakov en el 19º torneo abierto de ajedrez de Fajr y ganó el campeonato internacional de Eslovaquia en Banská Štiavnica.

Jugadas notables
Iivo Nei vs Evgeny Gleizerov, Osterskars op 1995, French Defense: Advance Variation (C02), 0-1

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Ajedrecistas de Rusia
Grandes maestros internacionales de ajedrez
Ajedrecistas del siglo XX
Nacidos en Briansk

Yevgueni Gleizerov


An Aloe luapulana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leslie Larry Charles Leach. An Aloe luapulana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Zambia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe luapulana


دردارة هي إحدى القرى المحتلة والمدمرة التابعة لمحافظة القنيطرة في هضبة الجولان بجنوب غرب سوريا.

تتبع ناحية قرى مركز ومنطقة القنيطرة، محافظة القنيطرة (71ن-250م).
تقع على الحافة الغربية لهضبة الجولان، في منطقة حراجية تشرف على وادي الأردن غرباً، عند النهاية الجنوبية لسهل الحولة على الحدود السورية-الفلسطينية، على بعد 22 كم إلى الجنوب الغربي لمدينة القنيطرة. انضم إلى سكانها بعض اللاجئين الفلسطينيين بعد نكبة عام 1948. يعمل سكانها بالزراعة البعلية وينتجون الحبوب والبقول، ويزرعون ريّاً الخضار وأشجار الحمضيات والموز، إلى جانب تربية المواشي. تشرب من مياه الينابيع في القسم الغربي منها.

أما الدردارة العربية (دبابات) :
قرية في الجولان تتبع ناحية البطيحة منطقة فيق، محافظة القنيطرة (631ن عام 1967- 190م).
تقع في سهل لحقي حددته الأودية على الجانب الأيمن لوادي حواء. على بعد 2 كم إلى الشمال الشرقي لبحيرة طبرية، وهي تبعد 1 كم عن بلدة المحجار باتجاه الشمال الشرقي. تنتشر فيها زراعة الحمضيات والموز والزيتون والحبوب والخضارالمبكرة. وتربية الأبقار والأغنام.

قرى الجولان المحتلة
قرى الجولان المدمرة
قرى محافظة القنيطرة

دردارة


Kaitlin Nobbs, née le 24 septembre 1997 à Newington, est une joueuse australienne de hockey sur gazon. Elle évolue au poste de milieu de terrain au NSW Arrows et avec l'équipe nationale australienne.

Elle a participé aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020.

Carrière

Coupe du monde
 Top 8 : 2018

Coupe d'Océanie
  : 2017
  : 2019

Jeux olympiques
 Top 8 : 2020

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse australienne de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en septembre 1997
Naissance en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud
Championne d'Océanie de hockey sur gazon
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Kaitlin Nobbs


Statens håndverks- og kunstindustriskole var en norsk højskole for kunstnerlig uddannelse, frem for alt af kunsthåndværkere.

Skolen blev grundlagt 1818 og kaldtes oprindelig Den kongelige Norske Tegne- og Kunstskole, der organiseredes som et akademi i 5 klasser. I mere end en menneskealder var denne skole midtpunktet for landets kunstliv, og ledelsen af Nationalgaleriets udvikling var 1837—68 overdraget til dens direktion. I 1869 blev skolen omdannet til en elementær tegneskole for håndværkere under navn af Den kongelige Tegneskole. 1884—1911 virkede den i et noget højere plan som Den kongelige Kunst- og Haandværksskole. I 1911 fik den sit slutgyldige navn. Skolen sammensloges med andre højskoler for kunstnerlig uddannelse til Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo 1996.

Kilder

Kunst fra Norge
Uddannelse i Oslo
Professionshøjskoler


Kelly Macdonald is a Scottish actress. Known for her performances on film and television, she has received various accolades including a BAFTA Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and four Screen Actors Guild Awards.

Macdonald made her film debut in Danny Boyle's Trainspotting (1996). Her notable film roles include in the acclaimed films Elizabeth (1998), Gosford Park (2001), Intermission (2003), and Nanny McPhee (2005). She received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role in the Coen brothers film No Country for Old Men (2007). She also appeared in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011), Anna Karenina (2012), T2 Trainspotting (2017), and Operation Mincemeat (2021). She voiced Princess Merida in the Disney Pixar animated film Brave (2012).

Also known for her television roles she received the  Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her performance in the BBC One film The Girl in the Cafe (2005). From 2010 to 2014 she starred as Margaret Thompson in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire for which she received nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards. Macdonald is also known for her roles in the Black Mirror episode "Hated in the Nation" (2016), and the limited series Giri/Haji (2019). In 2021, MacDonald joined the cast of Line of Duty.

Early life and education
Macdonald was born in Glasgow, Scotland, and grew up in Neilston. Her parents divorced when she was young. She was raised along with her brother David, by her mother, who was a garment industry sales executive.

Macdonald attended Eastwood High School from 1989 to 1993.

Career

Macdonald's career began while she was working as a barmaid in Glasgow. She saw a leaflet advertising an open casting session for Trainspotting and decided to audition, winning the part of Diane, the underage seductress to Ewan McGregor's Renton. Other roles include Mary O'Neary in Two Family House, and an actress playing Peter Pan in Finding Neverland. She had major roles in Robert Altman's British period piece Gosford Park, where she played an aristocrat's maid, and in Intermission (2003), as Deirdre.

On radio, she portrayed Mary in the 1999 BBC radio drama Lifehouse, based on Pete Townshend's abandoned rock opera, some of the songs for which were released on The Who's album Who's Next. On television, her highest profile roles have been in two BBC dramas, the Paul Abbott serial State of Play (2003), and the one-off Richard Curtis piece The Girl in the Café (2005). Both of these were directed by David Yates, and both also starred Bill Nighy. For her performance in The Girl in the Café, she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film in 2006, and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.

Macdonald had a supporting role in the Coen brothers' Academy Award-winning film No Country for Old Men (2007), for which she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. It was reported that she had to fight her agent to be considered for the role, but Macdonald later denied the story.

Other films where she had supporting roles include Choke (2008), the film adapted by Clark Gregg from the 2001 Chuck Palahniuk novel, as Paige Marshall; In the Electric Mist (2009) (based on James Lee Burke's In the Electric Mist with Confederate Dead (1993), as Kelly Drummond, alongside Tommy Lee Jones and John Goodman; and Skellig (2009), as Louise. She played the lead in The Merry Gentleman (2008).

In 2011, she played the "Grey Lady" (revealed to be Helena Ravenclaw) in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, the final instalment of the Harry Potter film franchise. She replaced Nina Young, who originally played the role. In 2012, she provided the voice of Merida, the heroine of the Disney/Pixar film Brave, and played Dolly in Anna Karenina. She starred in the romantic comedy film The Decoy Bride, which was released in 2012.

From 2010 until its ending in 2014, she starred in the HBO crime drama Boardwalk Empire as Margaret Thompson, the wife of Prohibition-era Atlantic City crime boss Nucky Thompson (Steve Buscemi). She appeared in all five seasons of the series. In 2011, she and the rest of the show's cast were awarded the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. In 2016, she starred in Ricky Gervais' Special Correspondents as Claire Maddox, and Swallows and Amazons as Mrs. Walker. In 2016, she played the lead role in "Hated in the Nation", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror for which she received critical acclaim. On 3 November 2016 Macdonald was featured in the trailer for Danny Boyle's T2 Trainspotting confirming she would reprise her role as Diane from the original film, which she did.  In 2017, she co-starred opposite Benedict Cumberbatch in the BBC film The Child in Time. Macdonald played the guest lead in the sixth series of the BBC's police drama Line of Duty.

Personal life
In August 2003, Macdonald married musician Dougie Payne, bassist of the rock band Travis. They have two sons. They moved back to their hometown of Glasgow in 2014, after living in London and New York City. They separated in 2017.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Awards and nominations

Honours
Eastwood High School, where she was a pupil, has a drama studio and theatre named in her honour.

References

External links

 Kelly Macdonald in Skellig on Sky1, Easter 2009

Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Scottish actresses
21st-century Scottish actresses
Actresses from Glasgow
Audiobook narrators
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People educated at Eastwood High School, Newton Mearns
Scottish film actresses
Scottish radio actresses
Scottish television actresses
Scottish video game actresses
Scottish voice actresses

Kelly Macdonald


An Scindapsus cuscuarioides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler ngan Kurt Krause. An Scindapsus cuscuarioides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scindapsus, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scindapsus

Scindapsus cuscuarioides


وباء  هو انتشار مفاجئ وسريع لمرض في رقعة جغرافية ما فوق معدلاته المعتادة في المنطقة المعنية. من الأمثلة على الأوبئة وباء الموت الأسود خلال العصور الوسطى. وفي العصر الحديث انتشار مرض سارس وإنفلونزا الطيور وفيروس كورونا. ويسمى وباء مرضٍ ما بين الحيوانات سوافاً.
و ينتج الوباء عن سبب محدد ليس موجوداً في المجتمع المصاب، وذلك في مقابل المتوطن، حيث يكون السبب المحدد موجوداً في المجتمع

التصنيف العلمي

الأمراض الوبائية

 جدري الماء
 التهاب الكبد الوبائي
 حمى التيفوئيد
 الكوليرا
 السل
 الحمى الشوكية
 السعال الديكي
 السارس
 الحمى المالطية
 الثالول
 الحصبة
 الإنفلونزا
 كورونا

الأمراض غير المعدية

 السكري
 السرطان

أوبئة مشهورة عبر التاريخ

وباء الطاعون الذي اجتاح أوروبا في القرون الوسطى وادى إلى مقتل ثلث سكانها

وباء الإنفلونزا الأسبانية عام 1918 التي ادت إلى مقتل 25 مليون من سكان العالم

وباء السارس الذي انتشر عالميا وأودى بحياة 774 شخص في عام 2003

انظر أيضًا

 فاشية
 جائحة
 عدد التكاثر الأساسي

مراجع

أخطار أحيائية
جوائح

وباء


Un paso canadiense, barrera canadiense o guardaganados es un sistema de confinamiento de animales que complementa a vallados y otros cerramientos de parcela. Se instala en el punto de acceso por carreteras y pistas rurales a fincas, parques y otras superficies con la finalidad de evitar el escape o el acceso de ganado y otros animales, mientras que no obstaculiza el movimiento de vehículos, maquinaria y peatones.

Descripción y usos

Consiste en una parrilla de barras o rejas metálicas paralelas que se instala en posición horizontal y a nivel de rasante. Las barras se disponen transversales a la dirección de la vía. Bajo la parrilla hay un pequeño foso de unos 30 cm de profundidad. Los animales evitan cruzar sobre el paso canadiense en primer lugar porque les provoca desconfianza y en segundo porque les resulta dificultoso hacerlo. Sin embargo para los vehículos y personas calzadas no representa especial dificultad, de modo que permite un tránsito selectivo.

De este modo se evita que se escape el ganado mayor de las fincas en que se cría en régimen extensivo. También se utiliza, en combinación con los vallados cinegéticos, para evitar la fuga de la caza mayor. Otros posibles usos son como barrera para la fauna peligrosa, para los perros, etc. Los caballos pueden superarlos cuando se les fuerza a hacerlo.

Se trata de un sistema selectivo, con muy poco o nulo impacto ambiental sobre el paisaje y que facilita mucho la labor ganadera y otras tareas rurales en comparación con puertas y otros cierres de eficacia similar.

La separación entre rejas suele ser de 5 a 7 cm. Es necesario instalar una rampa de hasta 45° y superficie rugosa en los laterales para permitir el escape de los pequeños animales que caigan al foso. También conviene facilitar el drenaje para evitar que su foso se inunde.

Véase también
 Caza
 Domesticación de animales
 Ganadería
 Impacto ambiental potencial del manejo de ganado y terreno de pastoreo

Referencias

Caza
Términos de ganadería

Paso canadiense


Azerbajdžan se dijeli na 66 rajona (azerski: rayonlar), 12 gradova (azerski: şəhərlər) i 1 autonomnu republiku (azerski: muxtar respublika). Podjela na rajone potječe iz vremena Azerbajdžanske SSR.

Rajoni se dijele na općine, kojih ukupno ima 2698 (azerski: bələdiyyə, mn. bələdiyyələr). Dva najveća grada, Baku i Gäncä, također su podjeljeni na rajone. Dio teritorija Azerbajdžana je pod nadzorom nepriznate države Gorski Karabah.

Rajoni i gradovi Azerbajdžana

Rajoni Azerbajdžana

Rajoni Nahičevanske Autonomne Republike

Republički gradovi
 Baku (azerski: Bakı)
 Gäncä (azerski: Gəncə)
 Jevlah (azerski: Yevlax)
 Lankoran (azerski: Lənkəran)
 Mingečaur (azerski: Mingəçevir)
 Naftalan (azerski: Naftalan)
 Nahičevan (azerski: Naxçıvan)
 Stepanakert (azerski: Xankəndi)
 Sumgait (azerski: Sumqayıt)
 Šeki (azerski: Şəki)
 Širvan (azerski: Şirvan)
 Šuša (azernski: Şuşa)

Izvori

Vidi još
 Dodatak:Popis gradova u Azerbajdžanu
 Administrativna podjela Gorskog Karabaha

Administrativna podjela Azerbajdžana


بن روي موتيلسون   هو عالم فيزياء دانمركي أمريكي حائر على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 1975 بالمشاركة مع العالم الدنمركي آجي بور و جيمس رينوتر عن "تطويرهم نموذج بناء النواة الذرية"، وهو نموذج ليس كروي الشكل non-spherical geometry .

ولد بن روي موتيلسون في 9 يوليو 1926 في شيكاغو بولاية إلينوي ، وحصل على الدكتوراة في الفيزياء من جامعة هارفارد عام 1950.

ثم ذهب في بعثة من هارفارد إلى معهد نيلز بور بمدينة كوبنهاغن بالدنمارك وبقي فيها. أصبح أستاذا عام 1971 في المعهد الشمالي للفيزياء النظرية.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص مرتبطون بسيرن
أعضاء أجانب في الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أعضاء الأكاديمية النرويجية للعلوم والآداب
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أمريكيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
أمريكيون من أصل دنماركي
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
خريجو جامعة بيردو
خريجو جامعة هارفارد
دنماركيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
علماء أمريكيون يهود
علماء ذرة أمريكيون
علماء ذرة دنماركيون
علماء من شيكاغو
فيزيائيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
فيزيائيون دنماركيون
فيزيائيون يهود
مواليد 1926
مواليد في شيكاغو
يهود حازوا جائزة نوبل
يهود دنماركيون

بن روي موتيلسون


Rocket League  nogometna je videoigra koju je razvio i objavio Psyonix. Igra je prvi put izašla za Microsoft Windows i PlayStation 4 konzolu 7. srpnja 2015. godine. Igra je za konzolu Xbox One izašla 17. veljače 2016., za macOS i Linux 8. rujna 2016., a za Nintendo Switch 14. studenoga 2017. godine.

Od ožujka 2020. macOS i Linux više ne podržavaju Rocket League.

O igri

Općenito
Igrači kontroliraju svoje automobile kojima pokušavaju pogoditi veliku loptu te zabiti pogodak. Igrači iz cijeloga svijeta međusobno igraju jedan protiv drugoga te imaju određeno vrijeme igre (5 minuta) kako bi zabili pogodak i pobijedili utakmicu. Automobili tijekom igre mogu skakati te ubrzavati tako što skupljaju energiju koja se nalazi širom terena. Ako je na kraju utakmice izjednačeno, igraju se produžetci dok netko ne zabije pogodak.

Načini igre
Igrači mogu igrati sami protiv računala (single-player) ili protiv ostalih igrača iz cijeloga svijeta (multiplayer). U single-player načinu igre igrač može igrati protiv računala (sezona; eng. season).

U multiplayer načinu igre igrači se međusobno natječu jedan protiv drugoga. Postoji više načina igre u multiplayeru: casual (prijateljske utakmice), competitive (natjecanja) i extra modes (ostala natjecanja).

Casual: U ovom načinu igre igrač može igrati sam (1 na 1), u paru (2 na 2), utroje (3 na 3) ili učetvero (4 na 4). Igranjem utakmica u ovome načinu igrač ne postiže puno toga, osim podizanja razine i iskustva.

Competitive: U ovom načinu igre igrači se međusobno natječu. Igrači se pobjedom mogu plasirati u veće i jače lige, a porazima padaju u niže i slabije lige. Što je liga veća, to su nagrade na kraju svake sezone bolje.

Extra Modes: Postoji više načina igre unutar Extra Modes načina:
 Rumble – sadrži jedanaest dodataka koji običnu utakmicu pretvaraju u potpuni kaos:
 The Boot (šutanje protivničkog automobila)
 Disruptor (protivnik gubi kontrolu nad vozilom)
 Freezer (lopta se zamrzne na mjestu)
 Grappling Hook (povlači igrača prema lopti)
 Haymaker (udarac šakom u loptu)
 Magnetizer (privlači loptu prema igračevom autu)
 Plunger (grabi loptu pomoću odčepljivača za zahod svezanog užetom)
 Power Hitter (svi udarci su jači)
 Spike (zaljepljuje loptu za auto nakon udarca)
 Swapper (zamjene pozicije s protivničkom)
 Tornado (sve što zahvati, ulazi u veliki vrtlog)
 Dropshot – Igra u kojoj igrači loptom razbijaju protivnički pod (heksagonalne ploče) kako bi osvojili bod. Dropshot se igra u areni Core 707. Što se lopta više nalazi u zraku, to je snažnija.
 Hoops – košarka
 Snow Day – hokej

Rocket League Sideswipe
Psyonix je najavio da će napraviti verziju Rocket Leaguea za mobilne telefone pod nazivom "Rocket League Sideswipe". Izlazak igre za Android i iOS najavljen je krajem godine 2021.

Recenzije
Žarko Ćurić iz hrvatskoga HCL-a izjavio je da je Rocket League dobra igra te da ju vrijedi zaigrati. Pohvalio je brz pronalazak protivnika i grafike, dok mu je smetala činjenica da igra stvara ovisnost.

Dženan Suljević iz bošnjačke stranice Info.ba pohvalio je ideju zabavnije verzije nogometa s automobilima.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Videoigre
Športske videoigre
Videoigre za Windows

Rocket League


An Orthophytum navioides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Orthophytum navioides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Orthophytum, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Orthophytum

Orthophytum navioides


Norsgade i Aarhus er opkaldt i 1875 efter kancelliråd Otto Henrik Nors, prokurator, bankdirektør og medlem af Aarhus Byråd.

Gaden blev anlagt i 1874.

Kilder og henvisninger

Gader i Aarhus

Norsgade


An Deschampsia chapmanii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Donald Petrie. An Deschampsia chapmanii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Deschampsia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Deschampsia

Deschampsia chapmanii


Ilka Boll (* 1923 in Oppeln/Oberschlesien; † 23. Juni 1985 in Essen) war eine Dramaturgin und Übersetzerin.

Ilka Boll wurde in Oberschlesien geboren und wuchs im polnischen Krakau zweisprachig auf. In ihrer Jugend war sie auch als Wettkampfschwimmerin aktiv.
Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg kam sie ins Ruhrgebiet und schlug die Theaterlaufbahn ein. In den Zeiten des Kalten Krieges und der Adenauer-Ära (den 1950er und 1960er Jahren) wirkte sie darauf hin, die Spielpläne an den deutschen Theatern für die polnische Literatur zu öffnen. Sie erarbeitete in der Ära der Intendanz Erich Schumachers an den Bühnen der Stadt Essen Spielpläne, die zu den interessantesten und mutigsten der Bundesrepublik gelten. Auf sie ist zurückzuführen, dass Stücke von Bert Brecht oder Rolf Hochhuth (etwa dessen späterer Welterfolg Der Stellvertreter) sich durchsetzten.

Ihr Verdienst war die Theaterbrücke in den Osten Europas. Schon früh übersetzte sie Stücke polnischer Dramatiker ins Deutsche und gab ihnen Spielraum auf der Essener Bühne. Auch andere deutsche Theater wurden von Boll zum Spielen polnischer Stücke angeregt.
1964 kam das erste Gastspiel eines polnischen Theaters in der Bundesrepublik zustande. Unter der Leitung des Regisseurs Kazimierz Dejmek gastierte in Essen das Warschauer Nationaltheater. Im Jahr 1968 wurde das Essener Schauspielensemble im Gegenzug nach Polen eingeladen. Als erstes Theater der Bundesrepublik spielten sie in Warschau in deutscher Sprache Wolfgang Borcherts Antikriegsstück Draußen vor der Tür.
Auch in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren sorgte Boll für einen intensiven kulturellen und literarischen Austausch zwischen den Ländern.

Boll legte zahllose Übersetzungen auch in Buchpublikationen vor. 1984 übernahm sie kurzfristig auch die Leitung des Essener Theaters.

Publikationen (Auswahl)
 Ilka Boll: Das Frauenfreudenfest nach Aristophanes Manuskriptdruck. Bad Homburg, Stefani Hunzinger Bühnenverlag, 1981
 Ilka Boll: Schriften einer Dramaturgin. Essen, Bacht 1989.
 Herbert Somplatzki: Ilka Boll. Theater-Brennpunkt Essen. Klartext, Essen, 1989. ISBN 3884743384

Übersetzungen (Auswahl)
Tadeusz Różewicz: Der unterbrochene Akt und andere Stücke. Aus dem Polnischen von Ilka Boll, Frankfurt/Main, Suhrkamp 1966.
Janusz Korczak: Wenn ich wieder klein bin und andere Geschichten von Kindern. Aus dem Polnischen übersetzt von Ilka Boll und Mieczyslaw Wojcicki. Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1973. ISBN 3-525-31509-0
Paul Foster: Elisabeth Eins, für die Aufführung der Städtischen Bühnen (Regie: Liviu Ciulei) sowie deren TV-Aufzeichnung 1975.
Janusz Krasiński: Frühstück bei Desdemona. Stück in Zwei Akten. Deutsch von Ilka Boll. München, Theaterverlag Kurt Desch 1982.

Weblinks
 Ilka Boll in Worldcat

Dramaturg
Übersetzer aus dem Polnischen
Theaterregisseur
Person (Opole)
Deutscher
Person (Essen)
Kultur (Essen)
Geboren 1923
Gestorben 1985
Frau
Übersetzer ins Deutsche

Ilka Boll


Le musée d'histoire naturelle Fernbank est un musée d'histoire naturelle située à Atlanta, en Géorgie, aux États-Unis.

Histoire

Galerie

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Liste de musées d'histoire naturelle

Liens externes

Musée d'histoire naturelle aux États-Unis
Musée à Atlanta

Musée d'histoire naturelle Fernbank


The Mitsubishi G4M was a twin-engine, land-based medium bomber formerly manufactured by the Mitsubishi Aircraft Company, a part of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1940 to 1945. Its official designation is  and was commonly referred to by Japanese Navy pilots as  due to the cylindrical shape of its fuselage and its tendency to ignite after a hit. The Allied reporting name was "Betty".

Designed to a strict specification to succeed the Mitsubishi G3M already in service, the G4M boasted very good performance and excellent range and was considered the best land-based naval bomber at the time. This was achieved by its structural lightness and an almost total lack of protection for the crew, with no armor plating or self-sealing fuel tanks. The G4M was officially adopted on 2 April 1941 but the aforementioned problems would prove to be a severe drawback, often suffering heavy losses; Allied fighter pilots nicknamed the G4M "The Flying Lighter" as it was extremely prone to ignition after a few hits. It was not until later variants of the G4M2 and G4M3 that self-sealing fuel tanks, armor protection for the crew and better defensive armament was installed.

Nevertheless, the G4M would become the Navy's primary land-based bomber. It is the most widely produced and most famous bomber operated by the Japanese during  World War II and it served in nearly all battles during the Pacific War. Attacks by G4M and G3M bombers resulted in the sinking of the Royal Navy battleship  and battlecruiser , the first time capital ships actively defending themselves were sunk solely by air power while in the open sea. G4Ms and G3Ms are also credited with sinking the heavy cruiser USS Chicago during the Battle of Rennell Island. The aircraft later served as the mothership that carried the Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka, a purpose-built anti-ship suicide weapon during the final years of the war.  Of the 2,435 G4Ms produced, no intact aircraft have survived, though several airframes exist as unrestored wreckage or in partial states of completion.

Design and development

The G4Ms predecessor the Mitsubishi G3M went into service in 1937 in China. Only two months later the Japanese Navy issued specifications to Mitsubishi. The specifications, unprecedented at the time, called for a twin-engine, land-based, attack bomber with a top speed of , altitude of , and a range of  unloaded (without bombs and torpedoes), and a range of  when carrying an  torpedo or the same weight in bombs.

The G4M was designed for a long range and high speed at the time of its introduction. In order to meet the Navy's specifications a Mitsubishi team led by Kiro Honjo did not incorporate self-sealing fuel tanks and armor plating to save weight and extend range. This consequently made both the G4M and the Zero, in which Mitsubishi used the same design features, vulnerable to machine gun and cannon fire. Consequently, this led to Allied fighter pilots giving it derisive nicknames such as "the flying lighter" "the one-shot lighter", "the flying Zippo" and "the flying cigar" because of its tendency to ignite from damage to the wing fuel tanks after being hit by gunfire. The pilots of the Imperial Japanese Navy called the G4M the "hamaki" ("cigar"), although this was due to its shape. Due to deficiencies of the G3M in warding off concentrated fighter attacks Honjo incorporated  guns in the nose, on top and both sides of the fuselage and in the tail a  cannon was added.

When used for medium- to high-altitude bombing against stationary land targets like supply depots, seaports or airfields, it was much harder to intercept. Using its long range and high speed, the G4M could appear from any direction, and then it could be gone before any fighters intercepted them. The 20 mm cannon in its tail turret was much heavier armament than was commonly carried by bombers of either side, making aerial attacks from the rear quite dangerous for the Allied fighter aircraft. Sometimes, if they did not catch fire after being hit in the wings by flak from the ground or by machine gun bullets from enemy fighters, G4Ms also proved to be able to remain airborne despite being badly damaged. For example, after the attack of the 751 Kōkūtai (air group) on the USS Chicago during the Battle of Rennell Island, three out of four surviving aircraft (of the original eleven) returned despite flying with only one engine.

As the war continued improved bomber designs failed to materialize and Mitsubishi began creating additional versions to fulfill various new missions as well as eliminate the weakness in the design including various engine and weapon variants.  The G4M2 redesign failed to rectify the G4M's vulnerability to weapons fire.

First flight
The first G4M prototype left Mitsubishi's Nagoya plant in September 1939 disassembled and loaded in five ox-drawn farm carts to Kagamigahara airfield  to the north. On 23 October 1939, test pilot Katsuzo Shima flew the G4M prototype. Despite successful tests the Navy shelved the bomber for the more heavily armed G6M1 variant in hopes it could be used as heavy escort fighter for other bombers. Failing these expectations the G4M1 was ordered into production.

Production
The first production G4M was completed in April 1941 and was not discontinued until the end of the war.

 G4M1 Model 11: 1172 examples (including prototypes)
 G4M2 models 22, 22 Ko and 22 Otsu: 429 examples
 G4M2a, models 24, 24 Ko, 24 Otsu, 24 Hei, and 24 Tei: 713 examples
 G4M3 models 34 Ko, 34 Otsu, and 34 Hei: 91 examples
 G6M1: 30 examples
 Total production of all versions: 2,435 examples

Operational history

The G4M was similar in performance and missions to other contemporary twin-engine bombers such as the German Heinkel He 111 and the American North American B-25 Mitchell. These were all commonly used in anti-ship roles. The G4M Model 11 was prominent in attacks on Allied shipping from 1941 to early 1944, but after that it became increasingly easy prey for Allied fighters.

The G4M was first used in combat on 13 September 1940 in Mainland China, when 27 "Bettys" and Mitsubishi C5Ms of 1st Rengo Kōkūtai (a mixed force including elements of the Kanoya and Kizarazu Kōkūtai) departed from Taipei, Omura, and Jeju City to attack Hankow. The bombers and the reconnaissance aircraft were escorted by 13 A6M Zeros of 12th Kōkūtai led by the IJN lieutenant, Saburo Shindo. A similar operation occurred in May 1941. In December 1941, 107 G4Ms based on Formosa of 1st Kōkūtai and Kanoya Kōkūtai belonging to the 21st Koku Sentai (air flotilla) crossed the Luzon Strait en route to bombing the Philippines; this was the beginning of Japanese invasions in the Southwest Pacific Theater.

In its first year of combat the G4M was a success. They bombed the U.S. Army air base Clark Field, Philippines on 8 December 1941. The G4M was instrumental in sinking HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse two days later. Nine G4Ms participated in the long-range bombing raid of Katherine, Northern Territory, on 22 March 1942 (the deepest inland attack on Australian territory during the war at over 200 miles from the coast). Against weak fighter opposition the G4M attacked targets ranging as far as the Aleutians to Australia using its long range, the drawbacks of no self-sealing fuel tanks and armor not presenting themselves as problems at this point.

The G4M's most notable use as a torpedo bomber was in the sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse off the eastern coast of Malaya on 10 December 1941. The G4Ms attacked along with older Mitsubishi G3M "Nell" bombers, which made high-level bombing runs. Prince of Wales and Repulse were the first two capital ships to be sunk exclusively by air attacks during a war, while in open waters. The bomber crews were from the Kanoya Air Group (later 751 Ku), Genzan Air Group (later 753 Ku), and the Mihoro Air Group (later 701 Ku), trained in torpedo attacks at an altitude of less than , and in long-range over-ocean navigation, so they could attack naval targets moving quickly at sea.

G4Ms later made many attacks against Allied ships and also land targets during the six-month-long Guadalcanal Campaign (in the Solomon Islands) in late 1942. More than 100 G4M1s and their pilots and crews were lost (with no replacements or substitutes available) during the many battles over and near Guadalcanal from August to October 1942. On 8 August 1942, during the second day of the U.S. Marine landings on Guadalcanal, 23 IJNAF torpedo-carrying G4M1s attacked American ships at Lunga Point, but 18 of the G4M1s were shot down, by very heavy anti-aircraft fire and carrier-based F4F fighters. In all 18 Japanese crews – approximately 120 aviators – were lost at Lunga Point. In the two days of the Battle of Rennell Island, 29 and 30 January 1943, 10 out of 43 G4M1s were shot down during night torpedo attacks, all by U.S. Navy anti-aircraft fire. About 70 Japanese aviators, including Lieutenant Commander Higai, were killed during that battle.

Probably the best-known incident involving a G4M during the war was the attack resulting in the death of Admiral Yamamoto. On 18 April 1943, sixteen P-38 Lightnings of the 339th Fighter Squadron of the 347th Fighter Group, Thirteenth Air Force, shot down a G4M1 of the 705th Kōkūtai with the tailcode T1-323, carrying Admiral Yamamoto. In the same battle, another G4M1 carrying Chief of Staff Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki was also downed by the P-38s, although Ugaki survived.

The G4M Model 11 was replaced by the Models 22, 22a/b, 24a/b, 25, 26, and 27 from June 1943 onward, giving service in New Guinea, the Solomons, and the South Pacific area, in defense of the Marianas and finally in Okinawa. Other G4Ms received field modifications, resulting in the Model 24j. This model carried the Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka Model 11 suicide flying bomb, beginning on 21 March 1945, with disastrous results due to heavy Allied fighter opposition.

After the loss of Okinawa, G4Ms constituted the main weapon of the land-based Japanese naval bomber force. It consisted of 20 Kōkūtai at the end of the war. This included the testing air group, which was equipped in 1944–45 with the latest version G4M3 Models 34 and 36, though these arrived too late to affect the course of the war.

From November 1944 to January 1945, G4Ms were one of the main types of aircraft used in the Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands, and plans to use converted G4Ms to land commandos on the islands were developed in mid-1945 and cancelled only at the end of the war.

As part of the negotiations for the surrender of Japan, two demilitarized G4Ms, given the call-signs Bataan 1 and Bataan 2, flew to Ie Shima, carrying the first surrender delegations on the first leg of their flight to Manila. The G4Ms were painted white with green crosses, and were escorted by American P-38 fighters.

The G4M's intended successor was the Yokosuka P1Y Ginga, although because of production problems, the changeover was only begun by the time the war ended.

Variants

G4M1

G4M1 prototypes (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 attack bomber) / (Mitsubishi Navy Experimental 12-Shi land attacker). Two prototypes built.
G4M1 Model 11 (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 11). The first bomber model of series, with  Mitsubishi MK4A "Kasei" Model 11 engines driving three-blade propellers. The following modifications were made during production:
 March 1942: the first aircraft (241st production example) fitted with Mitsubishi MK4E "Kasei" Model 15 engines with larger superchargers for better high altitude performance, became standard in August 1942 from 406th aircraft onwards. These MK4E-engined aircraft have often (erroneously) been referred as the "G4M1 Model 12".
 Summer 1942: propeller spinners introduced
 March 1943: from 663rd machine onwards,  rubber ply sheets installed beneath the wing outer surfaces to protect the underside of the fuel tanks (speed reduced by  and range by ,  armour plates added into tail gunner's compartment.
 Spring 1943: outer half of the tail cone cut away in order to improve tail gunner's field of fire.
 August 1943: a completely redesigned tail cone, with reduced framing and wide V-shaped cut out; this form of tail cone was also used in all G4M2 models.
 September 1943: individual exhaust stacks from 954th airframe onwards

Production of the G4M1 ended in January 1944.

G4M2

The first of the four G4M2 prototypes flew in December 1942 (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 22). It differed from the preceding model in having Mitsubishi MK4P "Kasei" Model 21 engines with VDM electric four-blade propellers capable of full feathering function, redesigned main wings with LB type laminar flow airfoil. and widened tail horizontal stabilizer wing area, which improved service ceiling to  and maximum speed to . Main wing fuel tanks were enlarged to  which increased the range to  (overloaded, one way). An electrically powered dorsal turret featuring a  Type 99 cannon was introduced in place of G4M1's dorsal position with a  Type 92 machine gun, total guns armed were two  Type 99 cannons (one tail turret, one top turret), and four  Type 92 machine guns (one nose, two waist, and one cockpit side). External differences also included increased nose glazing, flush side gun positions instead of blisters, and rounded tips of wings and tail surfaces. These major improvements also made it possible for the G4M2 to carry more powerful bombs; one  Navy Type 91 Kai-7 aerial torpedo or one  bomb or two  bombs or one  Type 3 No. 31 bomb (ray-detective type bomb) and twelve  bombs. The G4M2 entered service in mid-1943.

G4M2 Model 22 (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 22) the base model, the first production example completed in July 1943. Introduced bulged bomb bay doors from 65th aircraft onwards, and an optically flat panel in the nose cone from the 105th aircraft onwards.
G4M2 Model 22Ko (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 22 Ko) very similar to previous model. Carried Type 3 Ku Mark 6 search radar and was armed with  Type 99 Model 1 cannon s replacing the  Type 92 machine guns in the lateral positions.
G4M2 Model 22 Otsu (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 22 Otsu) dorsal turret cannon changed to longer-barreled  Type 99 Model 2 cannon.
G4M2a Model 24 (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 24) modified Model 22, Mitsubishi MK4T Kasei 25  engines, with bulged bomb bay doors as standard for larger bomb capacity. Externally distinguishable from the Model 22 by a carburetor air intake on the top of the engine cowling.
G4M2a Model 24 Ko (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 24 Ko) armament similar to Model 22 Ko.
G4M2a Model 24 Otsu (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 24 Otsu) armament similar to Model 22 Otsu.
G4M2a Model 24 Hei (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 24 Hei) modified 24 Otsu, with one  Type 2 machine gun mounted in tip of the nose cone, radar antenna relocated from that position to above the nose cone.
G4M2b Model 25(Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 25) one G4M2a modified to Mitsubishi MK4T-B Kasei 25 Otsu  engines. Only experimental.
G4M2c Model 26 (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 26) two G4M2as modified to Mitsubishi MK4T-B Ru Kasei 25b  engines with turbochargers.
G4M2d Model 27 (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 27) one G4M2 modified to Mitsubishi MK4V Kasei 27  engines.
G4M2e Model 24 Tei (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 24 Tei) special version for the transport of the ramming attack bomb plane Kugisho/Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka ("Baka") Model 11, conversions of G4M2a Model 24 Otsu and 24 Hei. Had armour protection for the pilots and fuselage fuel tanks.
MXY11 (Yokosuka Navy Type 1 attack bomber ground decoy) ground decoy non-flying replica of Mitsubishi G4M2 developed by Yokosuka

G4M3
G4M3 Model 34 (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 34 Tei) redesigned G4M2 with added self-sealing fuel tanks, improved armor protection and an entirely new tail gunner's compartment similar to that of late model B-26 Marauders. Wings were also redesigned and the horizontal tailplane was given dihedral. Armed with two  Type 92 machine guns in nose cabin and in both side positions, and one  Type 99 Model 1 cannon in dorsal turret and tail. Entered production in October 1944 in G4M3a Model 34 Ko form with  Type 99 cannon in side positions instead of machine guns.
G4M3a Model 34 Hei (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 34 Hei) similar modifications as in corresponding Model 24 variants.
G4M3a Model 34 Otsu (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 34 Otsu) similar modifications as in corresponding Model 24 variants.
G4M3 Model 36 (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Model 36) prototype. Two G4M2 Model 34 modified to Mitsubishi MK4-T Kasei 25b Ru  engines.

G6M1

G6M1 (Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 wingtip convoy fighter) initial model of the series, armed with three  Type 99 cannon (two in a belly blister, one in the tail) and one  Type 92 machine gun in the nose; 30 built.
G6M1-K(Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 large land trainer) trainers converted from G6M1s.
G6M1-L2(Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 transport) G6M1s modified as transports.

Operators

 Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service operated the type during 1941–45 in a total of 37 Kōkūtai (air groups).

Postwar

 Indonesian Air Force

 People's Liberation Army Air Force

 Republic of China Air Force  at least one G4M2 captured at Tainan Naval Airbase

 Royal Air Force operated at least one captured aircraft for evaluation purposes.

 United States Army Air Force, like the RAF, operated captured aircraft for evaluation.

Surviving aircraft

No complete or flyable Mitsubishi G4Ms are left, although several wrecks remain scattered in southeast Asia and on Pacific islands, having been left in-situ following the end of the war. In addition, several G4Ms survive in the form of preserved fuselage sections.
G4M1 Model 11 (Serial #1280): On display in a diorama at the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California in an unrestored condition.  The only complete G4M Betty bomber. Built in Nagoya Works No. 3 on 16 April 1942, tail number 370, which had probably crash landed before mid-1944, and was recovered from Babo Airfield, Indonesia, in 1991.
G4M1 Model 11 (Serial #1800): Assigned to the 701st Naval Air Group. Abandoned on Ballale Airfield. During August 2018, it was recovered from Ballale Island in the Solomon Islands, along with another G4M1 (Serial #2806) and the fuselage of an early model G4M1 by a "foreign salvager."
G4M1 Model 11 (Serial #2806): Tail code U-321, was assigned to the Misawa Naval Air Group in the Solomon Islands from Ballale Airfield. Was abandoned on a revetment, next to a bomb crater, both engines missing. During August 2018 it was recovered by a "foreign salvager" along with another G4M1 Betty Model 11 (Serial #1800) and a fuselage of an early model G4M1. Since late January 2021 was on display at Markwarth Collection / Solomon Islands War Museum (SIWM) with a tail section attached, possibly with that of the early model G4M1.

Several other locations display pieces of G4Ms including the restored fuselage of a G4M2 is on display at the Kawaguchiko Motor Museum in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.

Additionally the Smithsonian Institution retains the forward fuselage of a G4M3 Betty Model 34. Likely based in Oppama Air Field near Yokosuka, Japan there is no recorded tail number. The aircraft was part of 145 other Japanese aircraft for tests and evaluations by the U.S. Navy. After being flight tested as "Foreign Equipment Test number T2-2205" the airplane was dismembered by a cutting torch for unknown reasons.

The wreck of Admiral Yamamoto's G4M1 Model 11 (Serial #2656) tail code 323 were still present at the crash site in the jungle near Panguna, Bougainville Island, with some parts and artifacts recovered and displayed at the museums in Papua New Guinea, Australia, and Japan. The wreck consisted of rear fuselage section and vertical stabilizer along with parts of the wings and engines. The crash site is accessible via prior arrangement to the landowners.

Specifications (G4M1, Model 11)

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Aoki, Hideo. "Kugisho Suicide Attacker "Oka" (MXY7) Baka." Airreview's Japanese Navy Aircraft in the Pacific War. Tokyo:  Kantosha Co. Ltd., 1972.
 Aoki, Hideo. "Mitsubishi Type 1 Attack Bomber (G4M) Betty." Airreview's Japanese Navy Aircraft In The Pacific War. Tokyo:  Kantosha Co. Ltd., 1972.
 Bridgwater, H.C. and Peter Scott. Combat Colours Number 4: Pearl Harbor and Beyond, December 1941 to May 1942. Luton, Bedfordshire, UK: Guideline Publications, 2001. .
 Chant, Chris. Aircraft Of World War Two. London: Grange Books PLC., 2001. .
 Ferkl, Martin. Mitsubishi G4M Betty (in English). Praha, Czech Republic: Revi Publications, 2002. .

  (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, .)
 Francillon, PhD., René J. Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" & Okha Bomb (Aircraft in Profile 210). Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1971.
 Fumio, Iwaya. Chuko (Medium Attack Bomber). Tokyo: Hara Shobo, 1958.
 Green, William. Famous Bombers of the Second World War. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1975 (Second edition of 1959 book, reprinted at least twice: 1976 and 1977). .
 Gunston, Bill. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Combat Aircraft of World War II. London: Salamander Books Ltd., (Third impression ) 1979. .
 Horodyski, Joseph M. "British Gamble In Asian Waters". Military Heritage.  Volume 3, No. 3, December 2001, pp. 68–77. (sinking of the British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse by Japanese on 10 December 1941 upon U.S. entry into World War II).
 Morgan, Eric B. "Mitsubishi G4M Betty." Twentyfirst Profile, Vol. 2, No. 17. New Milton, Hantfordshire, UK: 21st Profile Ltd., .
 Nowicki, Jacek. Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" (in Polish). Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Militaria, 1998. .
 Tagaya, Osamu. Mitsubishi Type 1 Rikko Betty Units of World War 2. London: Osprey Publishing, 2001. .
 Thorpe, Donald W. Japanese Naval Air Force Camouflage and Markings World War II. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers Inc., 1977.  (pbk.),  (hc.).
 Wheeler, Barry C. The Hamlyn Guide to Military Aircraft Markings. London: Chancellor Press, 1992. .

External links

 Technical Air Intelligence Center Summary No. 7: Betty 22--G4M2

G4M, Mitsubishi
G4M
G4M
World War II Japanese torpedo bombers
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

Mitsubishi G4M


Karen Agnete Þórarinsson (28. desember 1903 – 1. október 1992) var dönsk-íslensk myndlistarkona sem er þekkt fyrir expressjónískar mannamyndir, kyrralífsmyndir og skógarmyndir. Hún kynntist íslenska listamanninum Sveini Þórarinssyni í myndlistarnámi í Kaupmannahöfn og flutti með honum til Íslands 1929. Þau reistu steinhús í Ásbyrgi þar sem Sveinn var skógarvörður. Árið 1938 fluttu þau til Reykjavíkur.

Íslenskir myndlistarmenn
Danskir myndlistarmenn

Karen Þórarinsson


John Carson Lennox (Armagh, Sjeverna Irska, 7. studenoga 1943.) - sjevernoirski matematičar, bioetičar, pisac, kršćanski apologet i akademik. Napisao je niz knjiga o religiji i etici te imao veći broj javnih debata o tim temama.

John Lennox rođen je 1943. u Sjevernoj Irskoj i odrastao je u Armaghu, gdje mu je otac vodio trgovinu. Pohađao je Kraljevsku školu u Armaghu, nakon koje se upisuje na studij matematike na Koledžu Emmanuel pri Sveučilištu u Cambridgeu. Tijekom 1962. također je slušao posljednja predavanja C. S. Lewisa o pjesniku Johnu Donneu. Na Cambridgeu je stekao titulu prvostupnika (B.A.), magistra (M.A.) i doktora (Ph.D.), dok je dodatne doktorate stekao na Sveučilištu u Cardiffu i Oxfordu. Lennox je usto magistrirao i bioetiku na Sveučilište u Surreyju.

Akademsku karijeru Lennox započinje u Cardiffu, gdje predaje matematiku na Sveučilištu Wales punih 29 godina. U međuvremenu, povremeno je predavao i na sveučilištima u: Würzburgu, Freiburgu (kao član Zaklade Alexander von Humboldt) i Beču, te diljem Zapadne i Istočne Europe, Sjeverne Amerike i Rusije.

Objavio je preko 70 recenziranih znanstvenih članaka i sastavio dvije monografije o matematici, a radio je i kao prevoditelj ruskih matematičkih radova. Uz engleski i ruski, Lennox govori i francuski, njemački i španjolski jezik. Osim matematike, predavao je i o odnosu religije i znanosti na Oxfordu. Na istu temu napisao je i niz monografija, često u suradnji s filozofom i povjesničarom Davidom Goodingom.

Lennox je široj javnosti poznat i kao sudionik brojnih javnih debata na temu filozofije, teologije i religije.

Među najpoznatijim knjigama su mu: "Može li znanost objasniti sve?", "Gdje je Bog u svijetu koronavirusa?, "Je li znanost pokopala Boga?" i dr.

Izvori

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John Lennox


ස්ථාවර පියාපත් (fixed-wing) ගුවන් යානය වාතයට වඩා බර යානාවක්(heavier-than-air craft) වන අතර එහි එසවීම සිදුකෙරෙනුයේ යානාවට සාපේක්ෂව තටු වල චලනය උපයෝගී කරගැනීමෙන් නොව,වාතය තුලින් ඉදිරියට යෑම උපයෝගී කරගැනීමෙනි.මෙම වදන භාවිතා වන්නේ ගුවන් යානාවට සාපේක්ෂව තටු චලනය වීම මගින් එසවීම සිදුකරන්නා වූ rotary-wing aircraft හා ornithopters වලින් මෙය වෙන්කොට දැක්වීම සඳහා ය.

වඩා බහුල ලෙස " aeroplane "(අයර්ලන්තයේ හා පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය රටවල් වල, කැනඩාව හැර ) හෝ " airplane" (එක්සත් ජනපදයේ හා කැනඩාවේ )යන යෙදුම් ,ඕනෑම  අවර පෙති වලින් හෝ ජෙට් එන්ජින් මගින් ක්‍රියාකරන fixed wing ගුවන්යානයක් හැඳින්වීමට යොදාගැනේ. මෙම වචනය ග්‍රීක භාෂාවේ αέρας (aéras-) ("වාතය") සහ -plane යන වචන වලින් සාදන ලද්දකි. " aeroplane" මෙම යෙදුම් දෙක අතුරින් වඩා පැරණි වන අතර එය 19 වන සියවස දක්වා විහිදේ. මිනිසුන් සේවයේ යෙදුන හෝ නොයෙදුන ද; ප්‍රමාණයෙන් විශාල හෝ කුඩා  වුවද; සෑම fixed wing ගුවන්යානයක්ම පාහේ ආදර්ශනය කරනු ලබන්නේ සමහර විට ඊට වඩා විශාල හෝ කුඩා වූ fixed wing  ගුවන් යානාවක අනුරුවක් භාවිතා කරමිනි. මෙවැනි බොහෝ ගුවන් යානා දුරස්ථ පාලකයක් හෝ රොබෝවෙක් මගින් පාලනය කල හැක.

තාක්ෂණය

ගුවන් යානා වල පියාපත් සැලසුම් කිරීම සහ විශ්ලේෂණය කිරීම තරල යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාවේ ශාඛාවක් වන වායුගතික විද්‍යාවේ ප්‍රධාන යෙදුම් වලින් එකකි. ප්‍රතිපත්තිමය වශයෙන්, චලනය වන ඕනෑම වස්තුවක් වටා ඇති වාත ප්‍රවාහයේ ගුණාංග, දියර ගතිකතාවයේ නේවියර්-ස්ටොක්ස් සමීකරණ විසඳීමෙන් සොයා ගත හැකිය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, සරල ජ්‍යාමිතික හැරුණු විට මෙම සමීකරණ විසඳීමට ඉතා අසීරු වන අතර සරල සමීකරණ භාවිතා කෙරේ. පියාපත් සෝපානයක් නිපදවීමට නම් එය සුදුසු ප්‍රහාරක කෝණයකට යොමු කළ යුතුය. මෙය සිදු වූ විට, පියාපත් පියාසර කරන විට වාතය ගලායාම පහළට හරවයි. පියාපත් එහි දිශාව වෙනස් කිරීම සඳහා වාතයට බලයක් යෙදෙන බැවින් වාතය ද පියාපත් මත සමාන හා ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ බලයක් යෙදිය යුතු අතර එමඟින් පියාපත් මතුපිට විවිධ වායු පීඩන ඇති වේ.

හරස්කඩ හැඩය

එයාර්ෆෝයිල් (ඇමරිකානු ඉංග්‍රීසි) හෝ එයාරොෆොයිල් (බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි) යනු පියාපත්, තලය (ප්‍රචාලකය, රෝටර් හෝ ටර්බයිනයක) හෝ රුවල් හැඩයේ හැඩයයි (හරස්කඩෙහි පෙනෙන පරිදි). අසමමිතික හරස්කඩක් සහිත පියාපත් උප ශබ්දයක් තුළ පියාසර කිරීම සාමාන්‍ය දෙයකි. සමමිතික හරස්කඩක් සහිත පියාපත් වලට වාතය පහළට හැරවීම සඳහා ධනාත්මක ප්‍රහාරක කෝණයක් භාවිතා කිරීමෙන් එසවීමක් උත්පාදනය කළ හැකිය. සමමිතික එයාර්ෆොයිල් වල එකම පියාපත් ප්‍රදේශයේ කැම්බර්ඩ් එයාර්ෆෝයිල් වලට වඩා වැඩි ස්ථායි වේගයක් ඇති නමුත් ගුවන් යානා කෙළින්ම හෝ පෙරළී තිබියදී ප්‍රායෝගික ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයක් ලබා දෙන හෙයින් එය ගුවන් යානා වල භාවිතා කෙරේ. තවත් උදාහරණයක් නම් රුවල් බෝට්ටු වලින් වන අතර එහිදී රුවල් යනු සිහින් පටලයක් වන අතර එහි එක් පැත්තක් සහ අනෙක් පැත්ත අතර දිග-දිග වෙනසක් නොමැත. ශබ්දයේ වේගය ආසන්නව පියාසර කිරීමේ වේගය (ට්‍රාන්සොනික් ෆ්ලයිට්) සඳහා, ශබ්දයේ වේගය ආසන්නයේ වාත ධාරාව හා සම්බන්ධ ඩ්‍රැග් වල දැඩි වැඩිවීම අවම කිරීම සඳහා සංකීර්ණ අසමමිතික හැඩතල සහිත එයාර්ෆොයිල් භාවිතා කෙරේ. සුපර්ක්රිටිකල් එයාර් ෆොයිල් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එවැනි ගුවන් පථ ඉහළින් පැතලි වන අතර පතුලේ වක්‍ර වී ඇත.

පින්තූර ගැලරිය

Fixed-wing ගුවන් යානය (Fixed-wing aircraft)


Die Weltraum-Flugsimulation ist ein Computerspielgenre und eine Sonderform der Flugsimulation, in denen der Spieler ein Raumschiff steuert. Neben actionreichen Kampfsimulationen und solchen, die daneben auch Handels- und Erkundungsaspekte beinhalten, existieren stärker auf Realismus ausgelegte Programme, die ohne Kämpfe auskommen. Weltraum-Flugsimulationen sind zu unterscheiden von weltraumbasierten Shoot 'em ups, die eine Side-Scrolling- oder Vogelperspektive verwenden.

Unterkategorien

Kampfsimulation
Weltraum-Kampfsimulationen beinhalten eine futuristische Simulation des Weltraumflugs einschließlich Raumgefechten, im Gegensatz zu gegenwärtigen und auf Realismus ausgelegten Raumflugsimulationen anderer Computersimulationen. In solchen Spielen übernimmt der Spieler üblicherweise die Kontrolle über einen kleinen Raumjäger oder ein kleineres Raumschiff einer militärischen Gruppierung. Bekannte Serien und Spiele wie Wing Commander, X-Wing, Freespace und Tachyon: The Fringe nutzen allesamt diese Herangehensweise. Ausnahmen dieser Regel, wie das erste Independence War und Star Trek: Bridge Commander, setzen auf größere Maßstäbe und/oder eine eher strategische Ausrichtung des Spielprinzips.

Weltraum-Kampfsimulationen sind tendenziell missionsbasiert, im Gegensatz zu der eher auf Offenheit ausgelegten Spielweise der Handels- & Kampfsimulationen.

Handels- & Kampfsimulation

Das Spielprinzip der Weltraum-Handels- & Kampfsimulationen, das sich seit ihrer Entstehung wenig verändert hat, versetzt den Spieler üblicherweise in die Rolle eines Piloten von geringem Rang, mit wenig Geld und einem kleinen bewaffneten Transportraumschiff. Ziel des Spielers ist, sich durch Handel, Erkundung, Weltraumkämpfe und weiterer Spieloptionen einen Ruf und bessere Ausrüstung zu erarbeiten. Bekannte Beispiele sind Elite, Wing Commander: Privateer und Freelancer.

In einigen Spielen spielt die Handlung nur eine untergeordnete Rolle und es wird maximal ein loser Handlungsrahmen vorgegeben, wie in einigen Spielen der X-Serie. Spieler können die Handlung ignorieren oder sogar deaktivieren und stattdessen in einem Sandbox-Modus spielen. Viele Spiele dieses Genres legen einen Schwerpunkt auf einen großangelegten Konflikt zwischen mehreren Parteien, was zu vielen kleineren, missionsgetriebenen Nebenhandlungen führt, die die Spannungsverhältnisse innerhalb der Galaxie enthüllen.

Spiele dieses Typs lassen dem Spieler häufig die Wahl zwischen mehreren Lösungswegen und wie er seine Rolle spielen möchte. Es handelt sich um einen besonders populären Aspekt des Spiels. Eine geringe, beziehungsweise zu stark eingeschränkte Entscheidungsfreiheit, etwa durch vorgeskriptete Ereignisse, oder eine lediglich oberflächlich umgesetzte Entscheidungsfreiheit gelten als Kritikpunkte. So wurde an Freelancer bemängelt, dass es in seiner Erzählstruktur zu starr sei, wurde in einem Fall sogar negativ mit Grand Theft Auto verglichen, eine ebenfalls für ihr offenes Spielprinzip gelobte Actionserie.

Kernelement aller Handels- & Kampfsimulationen sind die direkte Kontrolle über ein üblicherweise bewaffnetes Raumschiff, das aus unterschiedlichen Gründen von einem Punkt der Spielwelt zu einem anderen navigiert wird. Die fortschreitende Technik ermöglichte mit der Zeit einen immer stärkeren Ausbau des Spielprinzips, etwa durch ein dynamisches Wirtschaftssystem, kooperativen Mehrspieler-Modus und realistisches Flugverhalten gemäß physikalischer Vorgaben, doch das Kernprinzip blieb über die Jahre unverändert. Jüngere Spiele wie etwa EVE Online konnten durch die gleichzeitige Einbindung tausender Onlinespieler verstärkt den Eindruck eines "lebendigen Universums" vermitteln – ein lang gehegter Traum seit den Anfangstagen des Genres.

Vertreter einer speziellen Untergattung der Weltraum-Handelssimulationen haben sämtliche Kampfelemente gestrichen und konzentrieren sich stattdessen ausschließlich auf Handel und wirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten.

Realistische Simulationen
Neben den Spielen der zuvor genannten Kategorien existieren stärker auf Realismus ausgelegte Programme, die ohne Kämpfe auskommen. Beispiele hierfür sind Orbiter, Microsoft Space Simulator und Kerbal Space Program.

Bedienung
Die meisten Weltraum-Flugsimulationen auf dem PC erlauben dem Spieler die Nutzung einer Kombination aus einer WASD-Tastatur- und Maussteuerung. Spiele wie Microsofts Freelancer nutzen dieses Steuerungssystem sogar exklusiv. Auf Spielkonsolen kommt der jeweilige Gamecontroller zum Einsatz. Das unter Genreliebhabern bei weitem beliebteste Eingabegerät war jedoch lange Zeit der Joystick. Obwohl viele Fans diese Eingabemethode weiterhin bevorzugen, zwangen Kostenaufwand und Zweckmäßigkeit viele Spieler zur Verwendung einer Tastatur-Maus-Kombination oder, je nach Plattform und sofern unterstützt, eines Gamepads. Die mangelnde Unterstützung durch die Mehrzahl heutiger Spiele machen aus dem Joystick zunehmend einen Anachronismus, obwohl einige Controller-Designs und vereinfachte Steuerungsmethoden die Hoffnung erwecken, dass Weltraumsimulationen zukünftig auf Spielekonsolen wieder in ihrer vollen Kapazität spielbar sein könnten. Tatsächlich wurde X³: Reunion, das oftmals zu den eher sperrigen und schwieriger zu meisternden Weltraum-Flugsimulationen gezählt wird, ursprünglich für die Xbox geplant, später jedoch zugunsten der PC-Version eingestellt.

Geschichte

Frühphase

Elite war nicht das erste Spiel, das Flugsimulatoren ins Weltall verlegte. Erwähnenswerte Vorgänger dazu sind Star Raiders (1979), Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space (1982), Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation (1982), Namcos Space Encounters (1980) und verschiedene Sega-Titel, darunter das Arcade-Spiel Space Tactics (1980). Dessen Gehäuse war einem Cockpit nachempfunden und während der Spieler ein Fadenkreuz ausrichtete, um damit einen Laser auf Gegner abzufeuern, blieb der Bildschirm permanent in Bewegung, wodurch ein realistischer 3D-Effekt zustande kam. Astron Belt (1983) war das erste Laserdisc-Computerspiel, dessen Hintergrundgrafiken mit Hilfe von FMV-Sequenzen wiedergegeben wurde. Star Trek: Strategic Operations Simulator (1982) beinhaltete bereits fünf unterschiedliche Kontrollfunktionen, sechs Gegnertypen und 40 verschiedene Spiellevel, was es zu einem der umfangreichsten Vektorgrafik-Spiele machte, die jemals veröffentlicht wurden.

Weitere frühe Beispiele sind Taitos Space Seeker von 1981, Nasir Gebellis 1982 veröffentlichtes Horizon V für den Apple II, das eine der frühesten Radar-Funktionen besaß, und Zenith, das es dem Spieler ermöglichte, sein Schiff rotieren zu lassen; des Weiteren Bandais Mech-Spiele für den MSX-Heimcomputer aus dem Jahr 1984, zum einen Gundam: Last Shooting, das eine frühe Form der Cockpitansicht besaß, und Ginga Hyōryū Vifam, das eine freie Erkundung des Weltraum aus der Egoperspektive erlaubte, ein Radar besaß, das Flugziele und die Positionen von Spieler und Gegnern anzeigte, sowie einige frühe Physikeffekte simulierte, wenn etwa das Gravitationsfeld eines Planeten das Schiff des Spielers anzog.

Moderne Weltraum-Flugsimulation entstanden ab dem Zeitpunkt, an dem Heimcomputer genügend Rechenleistung bereitstellen konnten, um einfache Drahtgittermodelle in Echtzeit wiedergeben zu können. Das Spiel Elite gilt weitläufig als der Titel, der dem Genre zum Durchbruch verhalf, und zugleich "Weltraumhandel" mit Flugsimulation verband. Obwohl es einige Vorläufer gab, übte vor allem Elite großen Einfluss auf spätere Spiele desselben Typs aus. Spiele mit Parallelen zu Elite wurden daher oftmals als "Elite-Klon" bezeichnet.

Elite

Elite wurde 1984 veröffentlicht und war eines der ersten Spiele, das mit einer vollwertigen 3D-Optik aufwarten konnte. Es hatte weitreichenden Einfluss auf zahlreiche Entwickler weltweit, auch über die Genregrenzen hinaus. In mehreren Interviews nannten die Senior Producer von CCP Games Elite als eine der Inspirationsquellen für ihr MMORPG EVE Online. CCPs Thorolfur Beck bezeichnete Elite als das Spiel, das ihn in seiner Spielerzeit auf dem Commodore 64 am meisten fesselte. Die Entwickler von Jumpgate Evolution, Battlecruiser 3000AD, Infinity: The Quest for Earth, Hard Truck: Apocalyptic Wars und Flatspace nannten Elite ebenfalls als ihre Inspirationsquelle.

Elite wurde auf der Games Convention 2007 im Rahmen der Ausstellung Telespiele 1972-2007 als eines der 16 einflussreichsten Spiele der Spielegeschichte bezeichnet und war Bestandteil der Ausstellung Game on des Londoner Science Museum, konzipiert und durchgeführt durch die Barbican Art Gallery. 2000 führte IGN Elite in seinen "Top 25 PC Games of All Time" auf dem zwölften Platz, Times Online 2007 auf dem dritten Platz der einflussreichsten Spiele aller Zeiten, und bereits 1984 bezeichnete das Beebug Magazine das Spiel als das beste Spiel aller Zeiten für den BBC Micro. Elites Nachfolger, Frontier: Elite 2, erschien auf Platz 77 der "101 Best PC Games Ever" des Magazins PC Zone im Jahr 2007. Ähnliche Äußerungen und Wertschätzungen können der Berichterstattung regelmäßig entnommen werden.

Elite gehört zu den Titeln, zu den am häufigsten ein Remake gefordert wird, und es gibt Stimmen, die es bis heute für das beste Spiel seines Genres halten, an das neuere Titel – einschließlich seiner direkten Nachfolger – qualitätsmäßig nicht herankommen. Es wurde als Türöffner für spätere persistente Online-Welten, wie Second Life und World of Warcraft bezeichnet, und als das erste echte Open-End-Spiel. Bis heute gilt das lediglich 22 Kilobytes große und auf einer Diskette ausgelieferte Spiel als eines der ambitioniertesten Spiele aller Zeiten.

Externe Einflüsse
Einige Tabletop- und Brettspiele wie Traveller oder Merchant of Venus behandelten ebenfalls Themen des Weltraumhandels oder -kampfes. Traveller beeinflusste die Entwicklung von Elite (beispielsweise heißt der Hauptcharakter in Traveller "Jamison", der von Elite "Jameson") und Jumpgate Evolution. Trade Wars und TradeWars 2002 waren frühe Spiele für den BBS Door, die Handel und Kämpfe im Weltraum behandelten und auf ihre Weise einflussreich waren.

1985 bis zu den frühen 1990er
Zu den Spielen, die nach Elite veröffentlicht wurden, zählen unter anderem The Halley Project (1985), Echelon (1987) und der Microsoft Space Simulator (1994). Star Luster, das 1985 für NES und Arcade-Automaten erschien, erlaubt die freie Weltraumerkundung über alle sechs Flugachsen (vor/zurück – rechts/links – hoch/runter), besaß eine Cockpit-Ansicht, ein Radar mit der Wiedergabe von Raumbasen und feindlichen Einheiten, die Fähigkeit, per Warp jeglichen Punkt auf einer Überblickssternenkarte schnell anzusteuern, und eine interne, fortlaufende Kalenderfunktion. Kidō Senshi Z-Gundam: Hot Scramble (1986) beinhaltete Raumkämpfe aus der Egoperspektive und vermittelte die Illusion der freien Bewegung über alle sechs Achsen. Arsys Softwares Star Cruiser (1988) für den NEC PC-8801 und Sega Mega Drive erschienen, beinhaltete Raumgefechte mit echter Bewegungsfreiheit über alle sechs Flugachsen und in einem riesigen, offenen Raum, der vollständig in Polygon-Grafik dargestellt wurde; des Weiteren eine Automap mit der Darstellung der Spielerposition und der von Feinden. Namcos StarBlade (1991) ist ein weiteres frühes Beispiel für 3D-Polygongrafiken in einer Weltraumkampfsimulation.

Hochphase: Wing Commander, X-Wing, Freespace

Mit der Veröffentlichung der von Chris Roberts für Origin Systems entwickelten Action-Kampfsimulation Wing Commander erlangte die Popularität des Genres ab 1990 einen Höhepunkt. Grafik- und Soundqualität des Spiels reizten die existierende Hardware aus. Die filmartige Inszenierung der Rahmenhandlung mit animierten Zwischensequenzen und einem verzweigten Missionsdesign, mit dem das Programm auf die Leistungen des Spielers während der Flugmissionen reagierte, vermittelte glaubhaft das Gefühl einer interaktiven Geschichte. Mit der Demonstration seiner technischen Möglichkeiten trug Wing Commander maßgeblich zum Erfolg des PCs als Spieleplattform bei, obwohl das Spiel auch auf zahlreiche andere Plattformen portiert wurde. Roberts konzentrierte sich in Folge immer stärker auf die Inszenierung seiner Handlung durch Zwischensequenzen, blieb aber auch technisch ein Trendsetter. Ihren Höhepunkt erreichte die Serie mit der Veröffentlichung des dritten und des vierten Teils in den Jahren 1994 und 1996, für die Roberts bei einem Budget von fünf beziehungsweise zwölf Millionen US-Dollar mit FMV-Sequenzen und Schauspielern arbeitete. Er engagierte unter anderem Star-Wars-Hauptdarsteller Mark Hamill, Malcolm McDowell, John Rhys-Davies und Thomas F. Wilson für die Hauptrollen des Spiels. Von der Erstveröffentlichung 1990 bis zum vorläufigen Serienende 1998 wurden in der Hauptreihe fünf Vollpreistitel mit vier Add-ons und einer Downloadkampagne, zwei Serienableger, die zweiteilige, stärker am Spielprinzip von Elite orientierte Handelssimulation Privateer, eine Zeichentrickserie und mehrere Buchromane veröffentlicht. 1999 erschien zudem eine von Chris Roberts gedrehte Realverfilmung mit Freddie Prinze junior in der Hauptrolle.

Konkurrenz bestand insbesondere zu der von LucasArts entwickelten Kampfsimulation X-Wing, der bis 2000 drei weitere Serienableger mit mehreren Erweiterungen folgten. 1997 veröffentlichte Infogrames den ersten Teil seiner zweiteiligen I-Wars-Serie für PC und Psygnosis brachte das eher arcade-lastige Colony Wars für die PlayStation heraus, dem 1998 und 2000 zwei weitere Teile folgten. 1998 erlangte Volition mit dem von Interplay Entertainment veröffentlichten Conflict: Freespace größere Aufmerksamkeit und konnte mit dem Titel einen kommerziellen Erfolg feiern. Der bereits im folgenden Jahr veröffentlichte Nachfolger Freespace 2 konnte jedoch trotz sehr guter Kritiken nicht an diesen Erfolg anknüpfen. Auch die Produkte anderer Konkurrenten erzielten in den Folgejahren nicht mehr den gleichen kommerziellen Erfolge wie gegen Anfang und Mitte des Jahrzehnts.

Niedergang des Genres

Der scheinbare Niedergang der Weltraum-Flugsimulationen gegen Ende der 1990er ging einher mit dem Aufstieg der Echtzeit-Strategiespiele, Ego-Shooter und Computer-Rollenspiele, ausgelöst durch Spiele wie Command & Conquer, Doom oder Diablo und ihre jeweiligen Nachfolger oder Imitationen. Die Kernelemente wie offene Spielwelten, eine komplexe Steuerung und hohe Detailversessenheit, die die Weltraumsimulationen ausmachten, wurden zugleich als die Hauptgründe für ihren Niedergang bezeichnet.

Einen größeren Erfolg konnte noch einmal Chris Roberts mit seiner nach langer Verzögerung 2003 veröffentlichten Handelssimulation Freelancer feiern. Allerdings konnte diese dem Genre keine entscheidenden Impulse mehr vermitteln, genauso wenig wie der drei Jahre zuvor veröffentlichte Action-Ableger Starlancer. Dennoch konnten sich – teilweise abseits des Mainstream-Marktes – einige Franchises wie die X-Serie und das MMORPG EVE Online dauerhaft etablieren.

Im Open-Source-Bereich bilden FS2 Open und Vega Strike Plattformen für nicht-kommerzielle Projekte. So existieren Remakes von Elite (etwa Oolite) und Privateer auf Basis der Vega-Strike-Engine, sowie für Wing Commander auf Basis der Freespace-2-Engine.

Neue Projekte ab 2013
Nach dem überraschenden Finanzierungserfolg des Adventureprojekts Broken Age durch Crowdfinanzierung im Februar/März 2012 gelang es auch mehreren Projekten für Weltraum-Flugsimulationen, sich mit Hilfe privater Unterstützer ein Entwicklungsbudget zu sichern. Insbesondere die Genreveteranen Chris Roberts und David Braben konnten Ende 2012/Anfang 2013 mit ihren Projekten Star Citizen und Elite: Dangerous größere Aufmerksamkeit und Geldsummen erzielen. Ebenfalls 2013 erschien das bereits seit 2011 in der Entwicklung befindliche Kerbal Space Program in Steams Early-Access-Programm, in dem das Spiel in seiner frühen Entwicklungsphase von Interessenten bereits erworben und gespielt werden konnte, wodurch gleichzeitig die Weiterentwicklung finanziert wurde. Seit März 2015 ist das Spiel in der Version 1.0 erhältlich. 2016 wurde das Spiel No Man's Sky veröffentlicht, dessen Universum prozedural generiert wird.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Computerspiel-Genre

Weltraum-Flugsimulation


علمني الحب فيلم مصري من إنتاج عام 2005، ومن تأليف محمد نبيه، وإخراج ياسر زايد.

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم في إطار درامي غنائي كوميدي حيث حاتم شاب مكافح يعمل موظف بإحدى الهيئات الحكومية يحب مديحة التي تواجه مشاكل عديدة مع أهلها بسبب رفضهم زواجها منه وخاصة أمها التي تضع العراقيل لإيقاف إتمام الزواج، وعلى التوازي هناك ألفت صديقة مديحة التي تحاول نصحها إلا أنها تقع في غرام صديق حاتم ولكنها ترفضه لعدم ملاءمته لها مادياً، على النقيض هناك «أوسة» الصديقة السابقة لحاتم والتي تتورط في حادث قتل وتطلب مساعدة حاتم الذي يقع في مشاكل عديدة بسبب مساعدتها.

الممثلون
 مدحت صالح
 وفاء عامر
 داليا مصطفى
 ألفت إمام
 جيهان قمري
 تامر سمير
 عمر الحريري
 نادية عزت
 خليل مرسي

روابط خارجية

المصادر

 صفحة الفيلم في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

أفلام عمر الحريري
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2005

علمني الحب (فيلم)


Krigere uden Vaaben er en digtsamling fra 1943 skrevet af den danske forfatter og modstandsmand Morten Nielsen. Samlingen indeholder 22 digte om livets store spørgsmål, anden verdenskrig og krigens indvirkning på unge mennesker.

Skæbne blev udgivet anonymt i 1944 i den illegale digt- og novellesamling "Der brænder en ild". Det blev udgivet i Morten Nielsens navn i 1945 efter hans død.

Skæbne (1944)

Hurtige lyse stemmer der hvirvlede ud i det blå ...

du var ulykkelig, Tykke, men det ku' vi ikke forstå.

Svedig fed og dum ... Helvede satte på spring

og væltede dig og cyklen. Vi stod omkring og lo.

Du sad på den forreste bænk ... græd ikke, nej glo, glo, glo!

når en bange og vittig vikar spørger om to og to.

Vikarer i første mellem frelste en tynd disciplin

ved at vende det hele mod dig, der forsvarsløs blev til grin.

Og da det omsider blev forår for os, der var femten år,

og træerne stod og lyste over pigernes bløde hår

og du kom, forsigtigt, alvorligt, - da skete det værste af alt:

at den, der lo højest af os, var hende det hele gjaldt.

Nu ta'r du hævn! Nu går du med skrårem og støvler på,

du løfter en arm og det skinner i øjnenes blege blå.

For had hån og trusler, det kan et menneske ta' -

men ikke det, nej aldrig: Det og grines a' ...

Nu er du noget, Tykke! Mand og partikammerat.

Og hvis vi en dag skal til muren, så er din hånd parat.

Parat til at smadre et knojern ind i min mund, når du slår,

for nu vil du dræbe, Tykke, alle de onde år

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger
 Om digtsamlingen på forfatterweb.dk

Digtsamlinger

Krigere uden Vaaben


Bacillus, çubuk ya da çomak şekilli, gram pozitif ve sporlu bir bakteri cinsidir. Bacillaceae familyasına dahildir.
Sporları  ısıya dayanıklıdır. Havada suda tozlarda dışkıda ve genellikle toprakta bulunur. Bacillus türleri zorunlu aerob veya fakültatif anaerob'durlar. Kültürde gelişen türleri oksijen varlığında katalaz pozitiftirler.

Cinsi tanımlayan "Bacillus" ve sınıfı tanımlayan "Bacilli" bilimsel ve Latince özel adlardır ve gerek İngilizce, gerekse Türkçe metinlerde baş harfleri büyük olarak yazılırlar. Ayrıca, cinsi ve o cinse ait türleri tanımlayan tüm diğer terimlerde olduğu gibi, "Bacillus" da italik yazılır.

Mikrobiyoloji ile ilgili İngilizce metinlerdeki cümleler içinde "bacillus" (italik değil, baş harfi küçük) ve "bacilli" (baş harfi küçük) sözcüklerinin yer aldığı görülür:
 "bacillus", çomak yapılı bakterileri genel anlamda tanımlamak için kullanılan, tekil bir sözcüktür ve Türkçede "basil" olarak geçer;
 "bacilli" ise "bacillus" sözcüğünün çoğuludur ve Türkçede "basiller" olarak geçer.

"Bacillus" adının Türkçedeki okunuşu "basillus" şeklindedir.

Kaynakça

Bakteri cinsleri
Firmicutes

Bacillus


Den usynlige hånd er en metafor, der er brugt af den skotske filosof Adam Smith, grundlæggeren af moderne økonomisk tænkning. Udtrykket refererer til individet, som i en velfungerende markedsøkonomi (dvs. en økonomi, hvor der er fuldkommen konkurrence på alle markeder) vil handle til nytte for sig selv og samtidig hermed indirekte handle til nytte for samfundet eller kollektivet i den forstand, at udfaldet vil blive samfundsøkonomisk efficient.

Adam Smiths anvendelse af udtrykket

Adam Smith har anvendt udtrykket "en usynlig hånd" tre steder i sit samlede forfatterskab. Første gang i skriftet The History of Astronomy (skrevet før 1758), hvor det bruges om den måde, uvidende personer kan bruge til at omtale naturfænomener, som ellers forekommer uforståelige.

For det andet optræder udtrykket i Smiths første hovedværk, The Theory of Moral Sentiments fra 1759, i en forklaring om indkomstfordeling. Ifølge Smith vil selv en egoistisk jordejer blive ledt af en usynlig hånd til at fordele sit udbytte til de landarbejdere, der arbejder for ham.

For det tredje nævner Smith en usynlig hånd i sit andet hovedværk The Wealth of Nations ("Nationernes velstand") fra 1776 i kapitlet "Of Restraints upon the Importation from foreign Countries of such Goods as can be produced at Home", hvor han fortæller, at forbrugere naturligt vil ønske at vælge indenlandsk producerede frem for importerede varer:

Moderne økonomisk fortolkning

I moderne økonomisk tankegang formuleres tanken bag metaforen om den usynlige hånd på den måde, at en økonomi med kompetitive markeder (dvs. markeder, hvor der er fuldkommen konkurrence) vil være pareto-optimal eller efficient: Det vil være umuligt at allokere resurserne på en anden måde, sådan at nogle bliver bedre stillet, uden at nogle andre får det dårligere. Dette er også indholdet i den økonomiske grundsætning, der hedder "velfærdsøkonomiens første hovedsætning". Denne hovedsætning, som blev bevist af de senere Nobelpristagere i økonomi Kenneth Arrow og Gérard Debreu, anses af mange økonomer for at være et af de vigtigste resultater overhovedet indenfor mikroøkonomien. Under de betingelser, som hovedsætningen præcist definerer, vil de mange millionvis af uafhængige handlinger foretaget af forbrugere og virksomheder, der hver især tager økonomiens priser for givet, føre til, at markederne vil fungere på en samfundsøkonomisk effektiv måde.

Idealet om markeder med fuldkommen konkurrence bliver derfor ofte indenfor økonomien anvendt som en norm, som virkelighedens markeder bliver holdt op imod. Hvis der er markedsfejl tilstede i økonomien (f.eks. dominerende virksomheder med markedsmagt eller asymmetrisk information, eksternaliteter eller offentlige goder), vil det pågældende marked ikke leve op til betingelserne i hovedsætningen, og resultatet derfor i almindelighed heller ikke være efficient. I sådanne tilfælde kan den usynlige hånd altså siges ikke at fungere. Et stort spørgsmål indenfor den økonomiske forskning, som der ikke er konsensus om svaret på, er derfor, i hvor høj grad virkelighedens markeder faktisk er kompetititive, eller i hvor høj grad de er præget af markedsfejl. I jo højere grad, man tror, at det sidste er tilfældet, jo kraftigere vil argumenterne være for, at der er behov for, at staten tager en aktiv rolle i reguleringen af markedsøkonomien for at gøre markederne mere kompetitive (ved at fjerne eller i det mindste afbøde virkningerne af markedsfejl).

Økonomen Joseph Stiglitz fra Columbia University, der modtog Nobelprisen i økonomi i 2001 og er kendt som en kraftig kritiker af forestillingen om, at markeder i almindelighed opfører sig kompetitivt, har udtrykt det sådan her: "...årsagen til, at den usynlige hånd ofte virker usynlig, er, at den ofte ikke er der."

Trivia

"Den Usynlige Hånd" er også navnet på en pris for god undervisning, som hvert år siden 2000 er blevet uddelt af Socialøkonomisk Samfund og Økonomisk Institut på Københavns Universitet til en forelæser ved instituttet, som har demonstreret fremragende resultater ved undervisningen. Prisen er bl.a. blevet tildelt professorerne Claus Thustrup Kreiner, Christian Schultz og Niels Johannesen.

Kilder

Liberalisme
Mikroøkonomi

Den usynlige hånd


Olaylar
 Şubat - Artvin'in Borçka ilçesinde Lazistan Yangını başladı.
 24 Kasım - Türkiye'nin ilk mizah gazetesi Diyojen yayımlandı
 12 Aralık - Güney Karolinalı Joseph H. Rainey, ABD Kongresi'ne seçilen ilk siyahi oldu.

Doğumlar
 22 Nisan - Vladimir İlyiç Ulyanov Lenin, SSCB'nin kurucusu
 Annibale Rigotti, İtalyan mimar (ö. 1968)

Ölümler
 9 Haziran - Charles Dickens, İngiliz yazar ve toplum eleştirmeni (d. 1812)

1870


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 Lists of country-related topics – topics related to other countries
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List of Czech Republic–related topics


est un musée ferroviaire situé dans la ville de Hino, à Tokyo au Japon. Il est la propriété de la compagnie Keio.

Histoire
Le musée a ouvert le . Il est agrandi en 2013 pour célébrer les 100 ans de la compagnie Keio.

Collection

Le musée comprend un bâtiment avec des espaces d'exposition, un diorama et des simulateurs de conduite.

Cinq anciens modèles Keio sont exposés :
 Voiture DeHa 2015 de la série 2010
 Voiture DeHa 2410 de la série 2400
 Voiture KuHa 3719 de la série 3000
 Voiture KuHa 5723 de la série 5000
 Voiture DeHa 6438 de la série 6000

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Liste de musées ferroviaires

Lien externe

Musée fondé en 2000
Musée à Tokyo
Musée ferroviaire au Japon
Hino (Tokyo)

Keio Rail-Land


Laurence Michael Yep (; born June 14, 1948) is an American writer. He is known for his children's books, having won the Newbery Honor twice for his Golden Mountain series. In 2005, he received the biennial Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal for his career contribution to American children's literature.

Life, education, and career

Yep was born in San Francisco, California, in Chinatown to Thomas (Gim Lew) Yep and Franche Lee Yep. His father was a first-generation American born in China who had moved to San Francisco as a boy and grown up with an Irish friend in his neighborhood. His mother was a second-generation Chinese American, was born in Ohio and raised in West Virginia where her family ran a Chinese laundry. After struggling through the Great Depression, Yep's family moved to a multicultural but predominantly African American neighborhood. Yep grew up working in the family grocery store, where he recalls learning early on "how to observe and listen to people, how to relate to others. It was good training for a writer."

Yep was named by his older brother Thomas, who had just been studying the biography of Saint Lawrence for school. He spent his early childhood commuting from his neighborhood to a Catholic school in Chinatown for Chinese children, where he was often made fun of by the mostly bilingual students for only knowing how to speak English.

Not until high school when Yep attended a less segregated Catholic school did he confront white American culture in person, having grown up among Black and Chinese kids. Although he had always been interested in science, at St. Ignatius College Preparatory, he also became interested in literature and creative writing. Yep published his first story in a science fiction magazine at the age of 18 while still in high school. His English teacher, a Jesuit priest, motivated him to submit his story to magazines until it got published if he wanted to get an A grade. This experience inspired Yep to first consider what a career in writing might be like, even though he had always been fascinated with machines and wanted to become a chemist.

Yep graduated from St. Ignatius College Preparatory in 1966.

His decision to become a writer did not come until he entered college at Marquette University. There he became friends with a literary magazine editor, Joanne Ryder. She introduced him to children's literature and later encouraged him to write a book for children while she was working at Harper & Row. The result was his first science fiction novel for teens entitled Sweetwater, published by Harper & Row in 1973. After two years at Marquette, Yep transferred to UC Santa Cruz where he earned a BA in 1970. He later earned a PhD in English at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

Writing career

Growing up, Yep often felt torn between mainstream American culture and his Chinese roots, a theme he has often written about. A great deal of his work involves characters feeling alienated or not fitting into their environment, something Yep has said he struggled with since childhood: "I was too American to fit into Chinatown, and too Chinese to fit in anywhere else."

During his writing career, Yep also taught creative writing and Asian-American studies at the University of California at Berkeley and UC Santa Barbara.

Yep's most notable collection of works is the Golden Mountain Chronicles, documenting the fictional Young family from 1849 in China to 1995 in America. Two of the series are Newbery Honor Books, or runners-up for the annual Newbery Medal: Dragonwings (Harper & Row, 1975) and Dragon's Gate (HarperCollins, 1993). Dragonwings won the Phoenix Award from the Children's Literature Association in 1995, recognizing the best children's book published twenty years earlier that did not win a major award. It won the Carter G. Woodson Book Award in 1976, and has been adapted as a play under its original title. Another of the Chronicles, Child of the Owl won the Boston Globe-Horn Book Award for children's fiction in 1977. (The Rainbow People, Yep's collection of short stories based on Chinese folktales and legends, was a Horn Book runner-up in 1989.)

Yep wrote two other notable series, Chinatown Mysteries and Dragon (1982 to 1992). The latter is an adaptation of Chinese mythology as four fantasy novels.

In 2005 the professional children's librarians awarded Yep the biennial Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal, which recognizes a living author or illustrator whose books, published in the United States, have made "a substantial and lasting contribution to literature for children". The committee noted that "Yep explores the dilemma of the cultural outsider" with "attention to the complexity and conflict within and across cultures" and it cited four works in particular: Dragonwings, The Rainbow People, The Khan's Daughter, and the autobiographical The Lost Garden.

A live-action/CGI TV movie of The Tiger's Apprentice, adapted by David Magee, was being developed by Cartoon Network until it was cancelled after Cartoon Network stopped developing live-action projects. In March 2019, Paramount Pictures announced an animated film adaptation of the book with a script by Magee and a release date of January 19, 2024.

Personal life
Yep married Joanne Ryder in 1984. They live in Pacific Grove, California.

Works
Golden Mountain Chronicles
As of 2011 there are ten published chronicles spanning 1835 to the present. Here they are ordered by the fictional history and the year of the narrative follows the title; none of the titles includes a date.
 The Serpent's Children, set in 1849 (1984)
 Mountain Light, 1855 (1985)
 Dragon's Gate, 1867 (1993)
 The Traitor, 1885 (2003)
 Dragonwings, 1903 (1975)
 Dragon Road, 1939 (2007); originally The Red Warrior
 Child of the Owl, 1960 (1977)
 Sea Glass, 1970 (1979)
 Thief of Hearts, 1995 (1995)
 Dragons of Silk, 1835–2011 (2011)

Dragon (fantasy series)
 Dragon of the Lost Sea
 Dragon Steel
 Dragon Cauldron
 Dragon War

Star Fisher series
 The Star Fisher
 Dream Soul (sequel to The Star Fisher)

Chinatown Mysteries
 The Case of the Goblin Pearls
 The Case of the Lion Dance
 The Case of the Firecrackers

City trilogy
 City of Fire
 City of Ice
 City of Death

The Tiger's Apprentice
 The Tiger's Apprentice: Book One
 Tiger's Blood: Book Two
 Tiger Magic: Book Three

Ribbons (untitled group of books)
 Ribbons
 The Cook's Family (sequel to Ribbons)
 The Amah (companion novel)
 Angelfish (sequel to The Cook's Family)

Later, Gator (untitled group of books)
 Later, Gator
 Cockroach Cooties
 Skunk Scout

Mia St. Clair (American Girl series)
 Mia
 Bravo, Mia!

Isabelle series
 Isabelle
 Designs by Isabelle
 To the Stars, Isabelle

A Dragon's Guide series (co-authored with Joanne Ryder, illustrated by Mary GrandPre)
 A Dragon's Guide to the Care and Feeding of Humans
 A Dragon's Guide to Making Your Human Smarter
 A Dragon's Guide to Making Perfect Wishes

Nonfiction
 American Dragons: Twenty-five Asian American Voices (editor)
 The Lost Garden (autobiography, part of the In my own Words series)

Picture books
 The Magic Paintbrush
 The Dragon Prince: A Chinese Beauty and the Beast Tale
 The Butterfly Boy
 The Shell Woman and the King: a Chinese folktale
 The Khan's Daughter: a Mongolian folktale
 The Ghost Fox
 The Boy Who Swallowed Snakes
 The Man who Tricked a Ghost
 The City of Dragons

Other books
 Seademons
 Tongues of Jade
 The Rainbow People
 Sweetwater
 Hiroshima: A Novella
 The Earth Dragon Awakes: the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906
 Lady of Ch'iao Kuo: Warrior of the South (part of The Royal Diaries series)
 The Journal of Wong Ming-Chung: A Chinese Miner (part of the My Name Is America series)
 Spring Pearl: The Last Flower (part of the Girls of Many Lands series)
 The Imp that Ate My Homework
 When the Circus Came to Town
 Kind Hearts and Gentle Monsters
 The Mark Twain Murders
 The Tom Sawyer Fires
 Shadow Lord (a Star Trek novel)
 Monster Makers, Inc.

Plays
 The Age of Wonders
 Dragonwings
 Pay the Chinaman (one-act)
 Fairy Bones (one-act)
 HI

See also
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References

External links

 The Dragon Lode: "Conversations with Yep and Soentpiet – Negotiation Between Cultures"

1948 births
American children's writers
American dramatists and playwrights of Chinese descent
American dramatists and playwrights
American historical novelists
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male novelists
American novelists of Chinese descent
Carter G. Woodson Book Award winners
Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal winners
Living people
Newbery Honor winners
People from Pacific Grove, California
Writers from San Francisco
Chinese-American culture in San Francisco
St. Ignatius College Preparatory alumni

Laurence Yep