Anime ve manga ile ilgili bilgisayar oyunları listesi:

#
 .hack//frägment
 .hack//G.U. vol 1 Resurrection
 .hack//G.U. vol 2 A Voice that Reminds Me of You
 .hack//G.U. vol 3 At a Walking Pace
 .hack//INFECTION (Playstation 2)
 .hack//MUTATION (Playstation 2)
 .hack//OUTBREAK (Playstation 2)
 .hack//QUARANTINE (Playstation 2)
 7 Blades

A
 Ah! My Goddess! (PC-FX, NEC, December 27, 1997, ¥8000, Adventure
 Quiz Ah! My Goddess!: Tatakau Tsubasa to Tomo ni (Arcade, Sega/Wow Entertainment Inc./Kodansha, May 2000, Adventure/Quiz)
 Quiz Ah! My Goddess!: Tatakau Tsubasa to Tomo ni (Dreamcast, Sega/Wow Entertainment Inc./Kodansha, November 20, 2000, ¥5800/¥8800, Adventur)
 Ace wo Nerae! (Super Famicom, Telenet Japan, December 24, 1993, ¥9400, Tennis)
 Akazukin ChaCha (Game Boy, Tomy, 1995)
 Akazukin ChaCha (Super Famicom, Tomy, 1996, Role-playing)
 Akazukin ChaCha: Osawagase! Panic Race! (PC-FX, NEC, October 25, 1996, ¥7800, Board)
 Akira (Famicom, Taito, ¥6800, Role-playing)
 Akira (CD-32, Ice, £30, Action)
 Akira (Nintendo 64, ?, ?, ?)
 Amusement Park (DVD game)
 Animamundi ~Dark Alchemist~
 Angelic Layer (Game Boy Advance)
 Angelique
 Aoi Blink PC Engine, Hudson, April 27, 1990, ¥5800, Action)
 Appleseed: Prometheus no Shintaku(Super Famicon, Visit, 1994, ¥9800, Action)
 Area 88 (Arcade, Capcom, August 1989, Shooting, titled U.N. Squadron in North America)
 Area 88 (Super Famicom, Capcom, July 26, 1991, ¥8500, Shooting, titled U.N. Squadron in North America)
 Sōkō Kihei Votoms (Super Famicom, Takara, 3D fighting)
 Sōkō Kihei Votoms Gaiden: Blue Knight Berserga Story (PlayStation, Takara, October 30, 1997, ¥9800/¥5800, 3D fighting)
 Sōkō Kihei Votoms: Woodo.Kummen (PlayStation, Takara, April 2, 1998, ¥9800/¥5800, 3D action)
 Sōkō Kihei Votoms: Lightning Slash (PlayStation, Takara, March 18, 1999, ¥9800/¥5800, 3D action)
 Sōkō Kihei Votoms: Steel Force (PlayStation, Takara, September 30, 1999, ¥6800, Strategy)
 Ashita no Joe (Super Famicom, Kei Amuzement, November 27, 1992, ¥8900, Boxing)
 Ashita no Joe no Densetsu (NeoGeo, Boxing)
 Astro Boy
 Aura Battler Dunbine (PlayStation, Bandai, March 4, 2000, ¥6800, Strategy/Fighting)

B
 Bakuretsu Hunter (Saturn, Aimax, April 26, 1996, ¥8800, Adventure)
 Bakuretsu Hunter Mahjongg Special (PlayStation, Banpresto, October 25, 1996, ¥5800, Mahjongg)
 Bakuretsu Hunter: Sorezore no Omoi...Nowānchatte (PlayStation, Banpresto, April 11, 1997, ¥5800, Adventure)
 Bakuretsu Hunter R (Saturn, King Records, August 8, 1997, ¥5800, Adventure)
 Bastard! Ankoku no Hakaishin (Super Famicom, Cobra Team, 1994, 3D FIghting/Action)
 Bastard! (PlayStation, Seta/Shueisha, December 27, 1996, ¥6800, Role-playing)
 Battle B-Daman
 Berserk: Sword of the Berserk: Guts' Rage (Dreamcast, Yuke's/ASCII, December 1999, 3D Action/Adventure)
 Beyblade
 Bikkuriman World (PC Engine, Hudson, October 30, 1987, ¥4500, Action)
 Bikkuriman Daijikai (PC Engine, Hudson, December 23, 1988, ¥4980, Quiz)
 Bikkuriman World Gekitō Seisenshi (Famicom, Hudson, July 27, 1990, ¥6800, Role-playing)
 Super Bikkuriman (Super Famicom, Interbec, January 29, 1993, ¥8190, Fighting/Action)
 Bikkuriman 2000 Viva! Festiva! (Dreamcast, Sega Toys, May 2, 2000, ¥4800, Minigames)
 Bikkuriman 2000 Viva! Pocket Festiva! (Neo Geo Pocket Color, Sega Toys, March 16, 2000, ¥3800, Minigame)
 Bikkuriman 2000 Viva! Festiva! (Game Boy Color, Imagineer, June 10, 2000, ¥3980, Card)
 Bikkuriman 2000 Viva! Festiva! (Dreamcast, Sega Toys, May 2, 2000, ¥4800, Boardgame)
 Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon (Super Famicom, Arcade, 3DO, Game Boy, Game Gear, Sega Saturn)
 Bleach GC (Nintendo GameCube)
 Blue Seed: Kushinada-hime Hirokuden" (Saturn, Sega, June 23, 1995, ¥5800, Role-playing)
 Boboboubo Boubobo Boys Be..." (PlayStation, Kodansha, March 28, 1997, ¥5800, Adventure/Romance Simulation)
 Brave Fencer Musashi (Playstation)
 Bravoman" (Arcade, Namco, 1998)
 Chōzetsu Rinjin Bravoman" (PC Engine, Namco, ¥6800, 1998)
 Bubblegum Crash! (PC Engine, Naxat, December 6, 1991, ¥7200, Adventure)

C
 Cardcaptor Sakura (PlayStation, Game Boy Color, Sega Dreamcast, Game Boy Advance, Wonderswan)
 Chibi Maruko-chan (Super Famicom)
 Chobits (Game Boy Advance)
 Comic Party
 Cowboy Bebop (PlayStation game)
 Cowboy Bebop (PlayStation 2 game)
 Crayon Shin-chan (Famicom, Super Famicom, Game Boy Advance)
and many more....

D
 D.C. ~Da Capo~
 Day of Love (AnimePlay DVD game)
 Di Gi Charat Fantasy (Dreamcast visual novel game based on Di Gi Charat)
 Digimon Rumble Arena (PlayStation)
 Digimon Rumble Arena 2 (PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox)
 Digimon Battle Spirit (Game Boy Advance)
 Digimon Battle Spirit 2 (Game Boy Advance)
 Digimon Savers: Another Mission (PlayStation 2)
 Dragonia
 Doki Doki
 Doraemon
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai (Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox)
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 2 (Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2)
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 3 (PlayStation 2)
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi (PlayStation 2)
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2 (Playstation 2, Wii)
 Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai (PlayStation Portable)

E
 El Hazard: Shinpi no Sekai (Sega Saturn)
 EXODUS Guilty

F
 First Kiss Story (PC-FX, PlayStation)
 Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel (Playstation 2)
 Fullmetal Alchemist 2: Curse of the Crimson Elixir (Playstation 2)
 Fullmetal Alchemist: Dual Sympathy (Nintendo DS)
 Fullmetal Alchemist 3 (Playstation 2)
 Fushigi no Umi no Nadia (Megadrive, PC-98)
 Futari wa Precure (Game Boy Advance)

G
 Galaxy Fraulein Yuna (various)
 Gate Keepers (PlayStation)
 Ghost in the Shell (based on Ghost in the Shell) (Playstation)
 Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (based on Stand Alone Complex) (Playstation 2, PSP)
 Girlfriend of Steel (based on Neon Genesis Evangelion) (Sega Saturn, PlayStation)
 Girlfriend of Steel 2 (based on Neon Genesis Evangelion)

H
 Hokuto no Ken
 Hagane no Renkinjutsushi (Game Boy Advance)
 Hamtaro (Game Boy Advance)
 Harukanaru Toki no Naka De Hourglass of Summer Highschool! Kimen-gumi (Sega Mark III/Master System)

 I
 InuYasha: A feudal fairytale (PlayStation)
 InuYasha: Feudal Combat (Playstation 2)
 InuYasha: Secret of the Cursed Mask (Playstation 2)
 Idol Fighter SU-CHI-PAI (based on Su Chi Pai series of hentai mahjong games)
 Initial D Arcade Stage

 J
 Jump Superstars (Nintendo DS)

 K
 Kakutō Ryōri Densetsu Bistro Recipe: Wonder Battle Hen (WonderSwan Color, Banpresto, September 30, 1999, ¥3980, Role-playing)
 Kakutō Ryōri Densetsu Bistro Recipe: Gekitō Food & Battle Hen (Game Boy Color, Banpresto, 1999, Role-playing)
 Kakutō Ryōri Densetsu Bistro Recipe: Kettō Bistogarumu Hen (Game Boy Color, Banpresto, 1999, Role-playing)
 Kakutō Ryōri Densetsu Bistro Recipe: Gekitō Food & Battle Hen (Game Boy Color, Banpresto, October 1, 2000, ¥1000, Role-playing)
 Kakutō Ryōri Densetsu Bistro Recipe: Kettō Bistogarumu Hen (Game Boy Color, Banpresto, December 1, 2000, ¥1000, Role-playing)
 KOU-GA-SHA ~Space Odyssey~ Konjiki no Gash Bell!! L
 Love Hina (various)

 M
 Magic Knight Rayearth (Sega Saturn, Game Gear, Game Boy, Super Famicom)
 Mahou Sensei Negima (Game Boy Advance)
 Marmalade Boy (Super Famicom, Game Boy)
 Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch (Game Boy Advance)
 Mahou no Princess Minky Momo (Famicom)
 Maya the Bee (Game Boy Advance)
 Medabots Mein Liebe Musashi: Samurai Legend (Playstation 2)

 N
 Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen (Nintendo GameCube)
 Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen 2 (Nintendo GameCube)
 Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen 3 (Nintendo GameCube)
 Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen 4 (Nintendo GameCube)
 Naruto: Konoha Ninpouchou (WonderSwan Color)
 Naruto: Konoha Senki (Game Boy Advance)
 Naruto: Narutimate Hero (PlayStation 2)
 Naruto: Narutimate Hero 2 (PlayStation 2)
 Naruto: Narutimate Hero 3 (PlayStation 2)
 Naruto RPG: Uketsugareshi Hi no Ishi (Game Boy Advance)
 Naruto RPG 2: Chidori vs. Rasengan (Nintendo DS)
 Naruto: Saikyou Ninja Daikesshu (Game Boy Advance)
 Naruto: Saikyou Ninja Daikesshu 2 (Game Boy Advance)
 Naruto: Saikyou Ninja Daikesshu 3 (Nintendo DS)
 Naruto: Shinobi no Sato no Jintori Kassen (PlayStation)
 Naruto: Uzumaki Ninden (PlayStation 2)

 O
 One Piece: Grand Battle (Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2)
 One Piece (Game Boy Advance)
 One Piece Grand Adventure One Piece Grand Battle! One Piece Grand Battle 3 One Piece Treasure Battle! One Piece: Pirates Carnival One Piece: Unlimited Adventure P
 Parappa the Rapper (PlayStation)
 Pia Carrot Princess Maker Phantom of Inferno (DVD game)
 Psychometrer Eiji (PlayStation game upon which a manga has been made)

 Q
 The Quiz Master R
 Ragnarok Record of Lodoss War (Sega Dreamcast, Super Famicom)
 Ranma ½ (Super Famicom)
 Rozen Maiden (PlayStation 2)

 S
 Sailor Moon (Game Boy, Super Famicom, Playstation)
 Saint Seiya (Game Boy, Famicom, Playstation 2)
 Sakura Wars (Sakura Taisen) (Sega Saturn, PlayStation 2, PC)
 Samurai Champloo: Sidetracked (PlayStation 2)
 Shaman King (Game Boy Advance)
 Slayers (Super Famicom, Sega Saturn)
 Soar High! Isami Sotsugyou and Sotsugyou M Spriggan: Lunar Verse (Playstation)
 Suikoden Suikoden II Sword of the Berserk: Guts' Rage Samurai 7 T
 Takahashi Meijin no Bug-tte Honey (Famicom, Hudson Soft, June 5, 1987, ¥5500, Action)
 Tea Society of a Witch (AnimePlay DVD game)
 Tenchi Muyo! Game-Hen (Super Famicom)
 Tenchi Muyo! Toukou Muyou (PlayStation, Sega Saturn)
 Tokimeki Memorial Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side Tokyo Mew Mew (Game Boy Advance)
 Trigun: The Planet Gunsmoke Tsubasa Chronicle (Nintendo DS)

U
 U.N. Squadron, see Area 88

V
 Vampire Hunter D
 Variable Geo
 Victorious Boxers - Ippo's Road to Glory (Playstation 2)
 Victorious Boxers 2 - Fighting Spirit (Playstation 2)
 Violinist of Hameln

W
 Wagamama Fairy Mirumo de Pon! (Game Boy Advance)
 W Wish
 Wedding Peach (Super Famicom, Game Boy, PC-98)
 Wedding Peach: Doki Doki Oiro-naoshi Fashion Dai-sakusen (PlayStation)
 Wild Arms

X
 Xenogears

Y
 Yu-Gi-Oh!
 Yu Yu Hakusho
 Yandere Simulator
 Yandere School

Z
 Zoids Saga series (Game Boy Advance/Nintendo DS)
 Zoids VS series (Nintendo Gamecube)
 Zatch Bell!: Electric Arena (Gameboy Advance)
 Zatch Bell! Mamodo Battles (Nintendo Gamecube and Playstation 2)
 Shakugan no Shana (PlayStation 2)

Video oyunları

Anime ve manga ile ilgili oyunlar listesi


Kovačka vatra služi za zagrijavanje malih predmeta prilikom kovanja. Kao gorivo koristi se ugljen koji ne sadrži sumpora. Kovačka vatra se sastoji od dna koje je izrađeno od lijevanog željeza ili vatrostalnog materijala, a u koje se s donje strane dovodi mlaz zraka za izgaranje. Kovačka vatra se priključuje na centrifugalni ventilator koji usisava zrak za izgaranje ugljena, čime se podiže radna temperatura. Iznad kovačke vatre se postavlja odvodnik plinova koji se spaja na dimnjak. Pored kovačke vatre nalazi se posuda napunjena vodom za hlađenje alata, koji dolaze u dodir s predmetima zagrijanim za kovanje.

Kovačka peć
Kovačka peć služi za zagrijavanje velikih i teških predmeta. Peć se sastoji od komore koja je obložena vatrostalnim materijalom. Peći se mogu napajati ugljenom, plinom, mazutom ili električnom strujom. Temperatura u pećima se regulira i kontrolira automatski, pomoću električnih pirometara i termostata. Uvlačenje i izvlačenje predmeta za zagrijavanje izvodi se pomoću odgovarajućih uređaja.

Temperatura kovanja
Temperatura kovanja ovisi o vrsti materijala kojeg se prerađuje. Iskusan kovač može po boji zagrijanog čelika približno odrediti temperaturu zagrijanog čelika (boja užarenog čelika). Na pećima za zagrijavanje nalaze se mjerni instrumenti (pirometri).

Nakovanj

Nakovanj se postavlja na stabilni panj i ima zadatak ublažiti udarce i vibracije uzrokovane udarcima čekića po predmetu i nakovnju. Radna površina nakovnja je zakaljena. Nakovanj se sastoji od središnjeg prizmatičnog dijela i dva čeona šiljka, od kojih je jedan konusnog oblika i služi za savijanje predmeta, a drugi je oblika piramide i služi za savijanje pod kutom. Na gornjoj površini nakovnja nalaze se dva otvora, jedan okrugli, jedan kvadratni, a služe za postavljanje pomoćnih alata.

Kovačka kliješta
Kovačka kliješta služe za pridržavanje predmeta pri kovanju. Postoje kliješta različitih oblika, zavisno od predmeta koji se želi stegnuti. Drške kliješta su dugačke, kako bi ruka radnika bila na dovoljnom rastojanju od izvora topline. Preko drški se može postaviti stezni prsteni.

Kovački čekići
Kovački čekići su alati kojima kovači oblikuju predmet obrade. Laki kovački čekići su teški od 1 do 2 kilograma i drže se jednom rukom. Teški kovački čekići su teški od 3 do 15 kilograma i drže se s obje ruke, pa je potrebno prisustvo i drugog radnika koji pridržava predmet.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Alati
Metaloprerađivačka industrija

Kovačka vatra


Der Mariendorfer Damm (umgangssprachlich Ma-Damm genannt) ist ein Teil der Bundesstraße 96 und eine wichtige in Nord-Süd-Richtung verlaufende Ein- und Ausfallstraße in Berlin. Sie ist nach dem gleichnamigen Ortsteil Mariendorf im Bezirk Tempelhof-Schöneberg benannt.

Verlauf

Der Mariendorfer Damm beginnt am Ullsteinhaus im Anschluss an den Tempelhofer Damm und endet an der Kreuzung Buckower / Marienfelder Chaussee, wo er in den Lichtenrader Damm übergeht. Er verläuft über fast seine gesamte Länge im Ortsteil Mariendorf. Lediglich wenige Meter des Straßenlandes gehören im Norden zum Ortsteil Tempelhof (mit den Häusern Nr. 1–4) und 400 Meter im südlichen Bereich liegen im Ortsteil Lichtenrade (mit den Häusern Nr. 420–446 gerade in Lichtenrade und Nr. 417–447 ungerade in Buckow).

Die Straße hat eine Gesamtlänge von rund 4,3 Kilometern. Unter dem Teilbereich zwischen Ullsteinhaus und dem ehemaligen Dorfkern von Mariendorf verläuft die Linie U6 der Berliner U-Bahn, die von Alt-Tegel bis nach Alt-Mariendorf verkehrt. Der U-Bahnhof Westphalweg befindet sich ebenfalls am Mariendorfer Damm und wurde am 28. Februar 1966 eröffnet.

Zwischen 1901 und 1949 hieß der Mariendorfer Damm Chausseestraße, der südliche Teil der Straße hatte zwischen 1921 und 1949 die Bezeichnung Lichtenrader Chaussee. 1949 erfolgte die Widmung des Straßenzugs als Mariendorfer Damm. Die Berliner Straße in Tempelhof führte bis zur Umbenennung in Tempelhofer Damm über die Stubenrauchbrücke und noch 140 Meter weiter nach Süden zur Tempelhof-Mariendorfer Grenze. Seit der Umbenennung der Berliner Straße in Tempelhofer Damm und der Chausseestraße in Mariendorfer Damm Ende der 1940er Jahre entfiel der Brückenbereich aus der Straßenbenennung. Zudem wurde der südliche Bereich der Berliner Straße in den  Mariendorfer Damm einbezogen.

Um 1930 wurde ein großzügiger Anschluss des Berliner Teils der damaligen Reichsstraße 96 an den geplanten Autobahnring um Berlin beschlossen. Deswegen wurde ab der ersten Straßenbahnstation südlich von Alt-Mariendorf (Chausseestraße 169) der Mariendorfer Damm sechsstreifig ausgebaut, mit einem Mittelstreifen für die Straßenbahn (Linie 99). Der Mittelstreifen endete erst in Lichtenrade an der Goethestraße, vor der Überfahrung des Berliner Güteraußenrings.

Der öffentliche Nahverkehr wird auf dem südlichen Mariendorfer Damm durch die Omnibuslinien 179, X71, M76 sowie X76 gewährleistet.

Anrainer

Am Mariendorfer Damm befinden sich unter anderem folgende Anrainer:
 das Ullsteinhaus am nördlichen Beginn der Straße
 Volkspark Mariendorf in Höhe der Richterstraße
 Alt-Mariendorf, die gesamte Dorflage Alt-Mariendorf 37–47 steht dabei unter Denkmalschutz
 Dorfkirche Mariendorf am alten Dorfkern
 Christuskirchhof am Mariendorfer Damm 225–227, dessen Eingangstor, Friedhofskapelle und ein Privatmausoleum denkmalgeschützt sind
 gegenüber des Christuskirchhofs befindet sich auf dem Mittelstreifen ein preußischer Meilenstein "1 Meile bis Berlin"
 Trabrennbahn Mariendorf in Höhe des Pilatuswegs
 weitere gelisteten Baudenkmale sind das Bauernhaus am Mariendorfer Damm 88–90 und das Freibergsche Restaurant am Mariendorfer Damm 117–121

Radverkehr
Am Mariendorfer Damm befindet sich seit 2016 eine von 17 in Berlin fest installierten automatischen Radzählstellen. Unter allen mit einer Zählstelle versehenen Plätzen der Stadt, ist die Straße der am sechzehntstärksten vom Radverkehr frequentierte Ort.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Straße in Berlin
Berlin-Tempelhof
Berlin-Mariendorf
Berlin-Lichtenrade
Berlin-Buckow

Straße in Europa

Mariendorfer Damm


Charles Léger, né le  à Versailles(Yvelines, France) et mort le  à Meudon (Hauts-de-Seine, France), est un publiciste, historien et critique d'art français.

Biographie
Fils de Victor Léger et de Louise Stéphanie Gruard, Charles Léger est connu pour avoir rédigé la première véritable monographie consacrée au chef de file du courant réaliste, le peintre Gustave Courbet, entre 1925 et 1948. Amateur et critique d'art, Charles Léger cherche à faire connaître certaines célébrités comtoises.

Le 15 juillet 1905, il épouse à Besançon Berthe Marie Poinsot, née le 10 décembre 1883 à Charenton (fille d'Henri P. et de Nelly Clara Faivre). Ensemble, ils auront deux enfants : Christiane, née en 1907, et Philippe Claude, mort au front pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Au moment de son mariage en 1905, il est comptable et domicilié à Paris.

Il était également membre de la Société des amis de Meudon et Bellevue. Il est aussi membre correspondant de la Société d'émulation du Jura et de la Société d'émulation du Doubs, au moins entre 1912 et 1917.

Le Musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Meudon conserve un fonds documentaire, essentiellement constitué d'estampes, lui ayant appartenu. On y trouve aussi des caricatures et extraits de presse relatifs à Gustave Courbet pour la majorité. Il y a aussi items relatifs à la photographie, la peinture de femmes, des nus féminins. Donné au Musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Meudon en 1984, ce fonds conserve 121 objets.

Publications
Auguste Lançon, peintre-graveur : 1836-1885, Gazette des Beaux-arts, 1920 (déc.), , ill.lire la suite…)
Figures franc-comtoises : Ch. Thuriet, L. Sahler, A. Callet, E. Chapuis, E. Fourquet, F. Clerget, G. Max Claudet, L. Pergaud, L. Cathlin, Paris : Boutet, 1913, portr. ; 8º
Au pays de Gustave Courbet, Chez l'auteur, 1910, 24 p.
Figures franc-comtoises, quelques contemporains : Ernest Chapuis, Les Gaudes, , , portr.
Courbet, Paris, Éditions G. Crès et , 1929 ; réédition de 1934 chez Braun.

Références

Liens externes

Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques - Institut rattaché à l'École nationale des chartes
BnF - Site institutionnel - Data.BnF.fr

Historien français du XIXe siècle
Historien français du XXe siècle
Naissance en juillet 1880
Naissance à Versailles
Décès en avril 1948
Décès à Meudon
Décès à 67 ans

Charles Léger


දින හයේ යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, අවුරැද්දේ දී හා විශේෂයෙන් සාම ක්‍රියාවලිය පැවතෙමින් තිබු 1990 ගණන් වල දී ඊශ්‍රායලය විසින් 1929 හා 1948 දි විනාශ කළ ජනාවාස නැවත ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය හා බටහිර ඉවුරේ නව පදිංචි කිරිම් විශාල ප්රයමාණයක් ද සිදු කළහ. මෙම ජනාවාස අද වන විට 350,000 ක පිරිසක් වාසය කරන වාස භුම් බවට පත්ව ඇත. බොහෝ ජනාවාස බටහිර ඉවුරේ බටහිර කොටසේ වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා පලස්තීනුවන්ගේ භුමි වල ස්ථාපනය කරන ලද්දේ පලස්තීන නගර ගැන නොතකමින්ය. මෙම පදිංචි කිරිම් ගැටුම්කාරි තත්වයන්ට සෑහෙන බලපෑමක් සිදු කලේය.

සමහර පලස්තීනුවන්ගේ දැඩි ඉල්ලීම වුයේ, පලස්තීනය තුළ ආරම්භවන යුදෙව් ජනාවාස ඉවත් කර ගන්නා ලෙසයි. මේ අතරට අතීත ජනාවාස (හේබ්රෝුන්) 1948  විනාශ වු හා නැවත පදිංචි  කිරිම් අතරතුර ජනාවාස (Gush Etzion) 1967 සිට ක්රිහයාත්මක වන  ජනාවාස පිහිටුවීම් ඇතුළත් වේ. ඉපැරණි ජෙරැසලම් ඊශ්රාසයල ජාතිකයන් පිළිබද  පලස්තීන ස්ථාවරය අපැහැදිලිය.

බටහිර ඉවුරේ ඊශ්රාජයල පදිංචි වීම් හා ගාසා තීරය ගැටුමට සාමකාමී විසදුමක් ලබා දීමේ දී කිබෙන ප්රිධාන බාධක බව ජ්යාපතන්තර මාධය හා ජ්යාටතන්තර දේශපාලන සංගම් විසින් ද පෙන්වා දී තිබේ. (මේ අතරට ඇ.එ.ජ, බ්රි්තාන්යාය, යුරෝපා හවුල ) මෙම පදිංචි කිරිම් ජ්යාාතන්තර නිතියට අනුව නිත්යානනුකුල නොවන අතර ඊට අමතරව ජ්යාබතන්තර යුක්ති අධිකරණය, ජ්යා්තන්තර මෙන්ම ඊශ්රාපයල මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් සංවිධානද මෙහි අනීතික බව සපථ කොට ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත් ඊශ්රායයලය මෙය පිළිබදව තර්ක කරයි. සමහර විද්වතුන් හ ාප්ර කාශකයන් මීට විරැද්ධත්වය පළකරන්නේ හෙවත් මෙම අනිතික යැයි නොසලකන්නේ ඓතිහාසික කරැණු ද මුලික කරගෙනයි. එහෙත් එමගින් ජ්යානතන්තර හෝ මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් සංවිධාන වල ස්ථාවරය වෙනසකට ලක් වී නොමැත.

2006 වන විටබටහිර ඉවුර හා නැගෙනහිර ජෙරැසලමේ ඊශ්රා යල් ජාතිකයන් 267,163 ක් ජිවත් විය. ජනාවාස පිහිටු වීම හා ඒවායේ වර්ධනය විවිධ යෝජනා තුළීන් එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක මණ්ඩලය මගින් ජිනිවා සම්මුති උල්ලංඝණයක් එමගින් වන බව සදහන් කරමින්ය.  යුරෝපා සංගමය මෙන්ම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහ මණ්ඩලය මෙම ඊශ්රාුයලය ජනාවාස නිතියට පටහැණි බවට ප්රමකාශ කරන ලදී. යෝජනාව ඉදිරිපත් කරන පුද්ගලයන්  තම යෝජනා සාධාරණ බවට හතරවන ජිනිවා සම්මුතියේ දෙවන හා හතලිස් නම වන වගන්ති සහ එක්සත් ජාතින්ගේ 242 වන ආරක්ෂක මණ්ඩල යෝජනාව ගෙන හැර පාමින් තර්ක කරති. ප්රාතයෝගික මට්ටමේදී පලස්තීනුවන් විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ඇතැම් තර්ක වනුනේ පලස්තීන නගර සදහා අවශය වන සම්පත් භෝග වගාවට සුදුසු ඉඩම්, ජලය හා වෙනත් සම්පත් ජනාවාස හේතුවෙන් තමන්ට නොලැබී යන බවත් මෙම පදිංචි කිරිම් නිසා පලස්තීනුවන්ට නිදහසේ මාර්ගවල ගම්නකිරිමමේ හැකියාව සීමා කරන බවත් ඔව්න විසින් ඉන් ආරක්ෂක ගැටළු ඇති වන බවටත් ඔවුන් විසින් නගන ප්රා යෝගික තර්ක අතර වේ.

2005 දි ඊශ්රාගයල අගමැති වු ඒරියල් ෂැරොන් විසින් ඒකපාර්ශවීය ඉවත්ව යැමේ සැලැස්ම ක්රිලයාත්මක කරන ලදී. එහිදි සියළුම යුදෙව් ජනාවාස ගාසා තීරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරිමටත් සියළු නිවාස ගොබනැගිලි විනාශ කර දැමීමටත් නියෝග කරන ලදී.

විවිධ මැදිහත් කරැව්න හා විවිධ යෝජනා කල එකගතාවන් විසින් ඊශ්රා යල විසින් බටහිර ඉවුරේ සමහර ජනාවාස ඉවත් නොකිරිම පිලිබද යම් පමණක් විවෘත භාවයක් දැක්වීය. මෙම විවෘත භාවය යම් යම් සළකා බැලීම් කිහිපයක් මත පදනම්ව පැවතුනි. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් .............................

ඊශ්රාබයල විසදුම්


Kadmijev sulfid je anorganski spoj kemijske formule CdS. Kadmijev sulfid je žuta krutina. U prirodi se javlja s dvije različite kristalne strukture kao rijetki minerali grinokit i havlejit, ali je više zastupljen kao supstituent nečistoća u slično strukturiranim cinkovim rudama sfaleritom i vurcitom, koji su glavni gospodarski izvori kadmija. Kao kemijski spoj koji se lako izdvaja i pročišćava, glavni je izvor kadmija za sve tržišne primjene. Njegova živopisna žuta boja dovela je do usvajanja kao pigmenta za žutu boju kadmijevo žutilo u 18. stoljeću.

Kadmijev sulfid služi kao slikarska boja (kadmijevo žutilo). Kadmijev oksid, sulfid, selenid i telurid služe kao fosforescenti u televizijskim i radarskim sustavima, a zbog dobrih fotoelektričnih svojstava i u poluvodičkoj elektronici.

Kadmijeva žuta ili kadmijevo žutilo
Kadmijev sulfid pojavljuje se u prirodi, ali nema svojstva pigmenata. Takva svojstva poprima, međutim, sintetski kadmijev sulfid, poznat kao kadmijeva žuta ili kadmijevo žutilo. Vrlo je lijepe zlatnožute boje, a može se pripraviti i u nijansama od svijetlozelenkastožute (miješani kristali s cinkovim sulfidom) do svijetlonarančaste, što ovisi o primjesama i o metodi priprave.

Obojenost kadmijevih pigmenata obuhvata široku skalu od svijetložutih (limun žuta) do narančastih nijansi (boje suncokretovog cvijeta i mat narandžasta). Podnosi se sa svim pigmentima i vezivnim sredstvima. Postojana je prema svjetlosti i alkalijama, ali pokazuje izuzetnu neotpornost u kiseloj sredini. Dobro pokriva. Osušeni premaz uljane boje je otporan i čvrst. Koristi se u svim slikarskim tehnikama osim za slikanje fresaka jer mijenja obojenost, pobijeli pod utjecajem alkalnosti vapna jer je on prijenosnik ugljične kiseline koja s njim gradi bijeli kadmijev karbonat.

Kadmijevi pigmenti

Kadmijevi pigmenti imaju za osnovu žuti kadmijev sulfid CdS. Taj kemijski spoj tvori i miješane kristale, pa u njegovoj kristalnoj rešetki dio iona može biti zamijenjen drugima, kemijski sličnim ionima. To su ioni žive i cinka umjesto kadmija, a selenidi umjesto sulfida. Tako se djelomičnom zamjenom mijenja i žuta boja kadmijevog sulfida. Prisutnost cinka daje žutoj boji zelenkasti ton, a s povećanjem udjela žive i selenija žuta se boja mijenja od narančaste u crvenu, pa i u tamnocrvenu boju.

Slike

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kemijski spojevi
Pigmenti

Kadmijev sulfid


Milton Mendes (født 25. april 1965) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Fodboldtrænere fra Brasilien

Milton Mendes


The Indiana Territory, officially the Territory of Indiana, was created by an organic act that President John Adams signed into law on May 7, 1800, to form an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4, 1800, to December 11, 1816, when the remaining southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Indiana. The territory originally contained approximately  of land, but its size was decreased when it was subdivided to create the Michigan Territory (1805) and the Illinois Territory (1809). The Indiana Territory was the first new territory created from lands of the Northwest Territory, which had been organized under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. The territorial capital was the settlement around the old French fort of Vincennes on the Wabash River, until transferred to Corydon near the Ohio River in 1813.

William Henry Harrison, the territory's first governor, oversaw treaty negotiations with the Native inhabitants that ceded tribal lands to the U.S. government, opening large parts of the territory to further settlement. In 1809 the U.S. Congress established a bicameral legislative body for the territory that included a popularly-elected House of Representatives and a Legislative Council. In addition, the territorial government began planning for a basic transportation network and education system, but efforts to attain statehood for the territory were delayed due to war. At the outbreak of Tecumseh's War, when the territory was on the front line of battle, Harrison led a military force in the opening hostilities at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) and in the subsequent invasion of Canada during the War of 1812. After Harrison resigned as the territorial governor, Thomas Posey was appointed to the vacant governorship, but the opposition party, led by Congressman Jonathan Jennings, dominated territorial affairs in its final years and began pressing for statehood.

In June 1816 a constitutional convention was held at Corydon, where a state constitution was adopted on June 29, 1816. General elections were held in August to fill offices for the new state government, the new officeholders were sworn into office in November, and the territory was dissolved. On December 11, 1816, President James Madison signed the congressional act that formally admitted Indiana to the Union as the nineteenth state.

Geographical boundaries

When the Indiana Territory was formed in 1800, its original boundaries included the western portion of the Northwest Territory. This encompassed an area northwest of a line beginning at the Ohio River, on the bank opposite the mouth of the Kentucky River, extending northeast to Fort Recovery in present-day western Ohio, and north to the border between the United States and Canada along a line approximately 84 degrees 45 minutes West longitude.

The territory initially included most of the present-day state of Indiana; all of present-day states of Illinois and Wisconsin; fragments of present-day Minnesota that were east of the Mississippi River; nearly all of the Upper Peninsula and the western half of the Lower Peninsula of present-day Michigan; and a narrow strip of land in present-day Ohio that was northwest of Fort Recovery. This latter parcel became part of Ohio when it attained statehood in 1803. The Indiana Territory's southeast boundary was shifted in 1803 when Ohio became a state, to the mouth of the Great Miami River. In addition, the eastern part of present-day Michigan was added to the Indiana Territory. The territory's geographical area was further reduced in 1805 with the creation of the Michigan Territory to the north, and in 1809 when the Illinois Territory was established to the west.

Population
In 1800 the Indiana Territory's total white population was 5,641, but its Native American population was estimated to be near 20,000, possibly as high as 75,000. In the 1800 United States census, 4 counties in the Indiana Territory (2 of which were located in contemporary Illinois and 1 in contemporary Michigan) reported the following counts:

In the 1810 United States census, following the passage of organic acts by the 9th U.S. Congress to create the Michigan Territory in 1805 and by the 10th U.S. Congress to create the Illinois Territory in 1809, 4 counties in the Indiana Territory located within contemporary Indiana reported the following population counts:

Government
The Indiana Territory's government passed through a non-representative phase from 1800 to 1804; a semi-legislative second phase, which included the election of lower house of the territorial legislature, that extended through the ongoing hostilities with Native Americans and the War of 1812; and a final period, when the territory's population increased and its residents successfully petitioned Congress for statehood in 1816.

Under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance, the territorial government went through 3 phases prior to statehood:

 During the non-representative phase of territorial government the U.S. Congress and after 1789, the president with congressional approval appointed a governor, secretary, and three judges to govern each new territory. Local inhabitants did not elect these territorial officials. This phase lasted from the territory's creation in 1800 until 1804.
 During the semi-legislative phase of government, the territory's adult males who owned at least fifty acres of land elected representatives to the lower house of the territorial legislature. In addition the Congress (and later the president with congressional approval) appointed five adult males who owned at least five hundred acres of land to the upper house of the territorial legislature from a list of ten candidates that the lower house submitted for consideration. The upper and lower houses could legislate for the territory, but the territorial governor retained absolute veto power. This phase began in 1805.
 When the territory reached a population of 60,000 free inhabitants, it entered the final phase that included its successful petition to Congress for statehood.

In 1803, when the Indiana Territory was formed from the remaining Northwest Territory after Ohio attained statehood, the requirement for proceeding to the semi-legislative phase of territorial government was modified. Instead of requiring the territory's population to reach 5,000 free adult males, the second phase could be initiated when the majority of territory's free landholders informed the territorial governor that they wanted to do so. In 1810 the requirement for voters to be landholders was replaced with a law granting voting rights to all free adult males who paid county or territorial taxes and had resided in the territory for at least one year.

Governors
Because of William Henry Harrison's leadership in securing passage of the Land Act of 1800 and his help in forming the Indiana Territory in 1800, while serving as the Northwest Territory's delegate to the U.S. Congress, it was not surprising that President John Adams chose him to become the first governor of the territory. Presidents Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison made a total of three appointments to the office of governor of the Indiana Territory between July 4, 1800, when the territory was officially established, and November 7, 1816, when Jonathan Jennings was sworn in as the first governor of the state of Indiana.

Judicial court
When the Indiana Territory was created, the Ordinance of 1787 made no provision for a popularly-elected territorial government in the non-representative phase of territorial government (1800 to 1804). Instead of separate legislative and judicial branches of the territorial government, the U.S. Congress, and later, the president with congressional approval, had the authority to appoint a general court consisting of three territorial judges. The judges were initially appointed by the president who later delegated this authority to the territorial governor. Adams chose William Clarke, Henry Vanderburgh, and John Griffin as the territory's first three judges. Following Clarke's death in November 1802, Thomas T. Davis was appointed as his replacement.

Acting as the combined judicial and legislative government, the territorial governor and the three judges adopted the laws to govern the territory. In addition to working with the territorial governor on legislative issues, the territorial judges presided over the general court. When the Indiana Territory entered the semi-legislative phase of government in 1805, the legislature gradually became the dominant branch, and the judges focused on judicial matters. In 1814, as the territory progressed toward statehood, three circuit courts were established. Governor Posey appointed Isaac Blackford, Jesse Lynch Holman, and Elijah Sparks as presiding judges over the circuit courts. James Noble was appointed to replace Sparks following Sparks' death in early 1815.

Legislature

When the Indiana Territory entered its semi-legislative phase of government, territorial inhabitants were allowed to elect representatives to the lower house of its bicameral legislature. President Jefferson delegated the task of choosing the five members of the Legislative Council (upper house of the legislature) to the governor, who chose from a list of ten candidates provided by the lower house.

After the formation of the new legislative body, each county in the territory was granted the right to elect representatives to the House of Representatives (the legislative assembly's lower house). The lower house initially included seven representatives: one from Dearborn County, one from Clark County, two from Knox County, two from St. Clair County, and one from Randolph County. The territorial legislature met for the first time on July 29, 1805. Governor Harrison retained his veto powers as well as his general executive and appointive authority, while the legislative assembly had the authority to pass laws, subject to the governor's approved before they could be enacted. The change in territorial governance also removed the territorial judges' legislative powers, leaving the territorial court with only its judicial authority.

In 1809, after the Indiana Territory was divided to create the Illinois Territory, the U.S. Congress altered the makeup of the territorial legislature. The members of the House of Representatives continued to be elected by the territorial inhabitants and were apportioned in relation to each county's population, but membership in the five-member upper house (Legislative Council) was also by popular vote and apportioned among the territory's counties. Harrison County, established in 1808 from portions of Knox and Clark counties, elected one representative to the lower house; Clark and Dearborn counties each had two representatives; and the more populated Knox County had three. This bicameral legislative structure remained unchanged for the remainder of the territory's existence.

Congressional delegation

Territorial delegates to the U.S. House of Representatives could attend congressional sessions with the right to debate, submit legislation, and serve on committees, but they were not permitted to vote on legislation. When the Indiana Territory entered its second phase of governance, the territory's legislative assembly elected Benjamin Parke as its delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives. Jesse B. Thomas was appointed to the post following Parke's resignation in 1808. Congress approved a law in 1809 that allowed the territory's inhabitants to choose a delegate to Congress in a territory-wide election. Jonathan Jennings defeated Thomas Randolph, the territory's attorney general and Harrison's chosen candidate, in a highly contested race to become the territory's first popularly-elected representative to the U.S. Congress. Jennings was reelected to the post in 1811, 1812, and 1814, prior to his election as the first governor of Indiana in 1816.

Other high officials
In addition to the territorial governor and three judges, the office of secretary was established in 1800. Governor Harrison appointed a treasurer and attorney general in 1801 as the only additional government officials during the territory's non-representative phase of government. During the second phase, the office of territorial auditor was combined with the office of territorial treasurer. The territory also had a chancellor during most of this period.

Secretary

Auditor

Treasurer

Attorney General

Territorial finances
During the non-legislative phase, the federal government paid the salaries of the governor, the three-member judicial council, and the territorial secretary, which cost about $5,500 per year. In addition, a small fund of approximately $200 covered other expenses such as printing, postage, and rent. The federal government did not provide funds for any additional governmental offices such as the treasurer and attorney general. Salaries for these officials were paid from the territory's treasury.

In the semi-legislative phase, the federal government paid the salaries of the territorial governor, judges, and secretary at a cost of approximately $6,687 per year. The territorial treasury was responsible for funding legislative expenses, as well as the salaries of the treasurer, auditor, attorney general, and chancellor. The territorial treasurer also paid operational expenses such as printing, rent, stationery, and other supplies and services. These expenses were estimated to cost $10,000 per year.

Revenue for the territory was limited, with the primary source of funds coming from the sale of federal lands. Other revenue came from the collection of duties, licenses, and excise taxes. In 1811 property taxes collected from landowners were based on the numbers of acres and its rating; previously, these taxes were based on land values. Taxes were also collected for territorial counties to use. After 1815 taxes were levied on some types of manufactured goods to provide additional funds for the territorial government.

Territorial revenue fell to critical levels due to the War of 1812, when many of the territory's taxpayers were unable to pay what they owed ,and their land reverted to the federal government. Financial issues also caused the movement for statehood to be delayed until after the war's end. At one point during 1813, for example, the balance in territory's treasury was a meager $2.47. To increase the treasury, tax levies were modified and new forms of revenue were established. These changes included reductions in some taxes, increases in others, and implementing licensing requirements for some types of business ventures in order to stabilize revenue. William Prince, the first territorial auditor, was also blamed for the territory's revenue shortage because he had failed to collect taxes from two territorial counties.

Growth of territory's population helped improve its financial situation through the collection of various taxes, including property taxes and taxes on sale of public lands. However, governmental expenses also increased as new counties and towns were formed, causing the need for new governmental offices and further increases in the government's overall size.

Political issues

The major political issue in Indiana's territorial history was slavery; however, there were others, including Indian affairs, the formation of northern and western territories from portions of the Indiana Territory, concerns about the lack of territorial self-government and representation in Congress, and ongoing criticisms of Harrison's actions as territorial governor.

Most of these issues were resolved before Indiana achieved statehood. The formations of the Michigan Territory and the Illinois Territory ended the debate about the territory's geographical size. In the second phase of territorial governance, the increasing democratization of the government shifted the authority initially placed in the hands of the territorial governor and a judicial council to a legislative branch of elected representatives and a delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives. The debate over the issue of allowing slavery in the territory was settled in 1810; however, criticism of Governor Harrison continued, even after much of his authority was transferred to territorial legislators and judges.

Slavery

In December 1802 delegates from Indiana Territory's four counties passed a resolution in favor of a ten-year suspension of Article Six of the Northwest Ordinance, which prohibited slavery in the original Northwest Territory. They also petitioned Congress for the suspension in order to make the region more appealing to slave-holding settlers and ultimately make the territory economically viable by increasing its population. In addition, the petition requested that the slaves and their children brought into the territory during the suspension period should remain slaves even after the suspension ended. Benjamin Parke, a pro-slavery supporter who became the territory's first representative in Congress in 1805, carried the petition to Washington, D.C.; however, Congress failed to take action, leaving Harrison and the territorial judges to pursue other options.

In 1803 Harrison and the general court judges passed legislation that evaded the Ordinance of 1787 in order permit slavery in the Indiana Territory through the use of indentured servitude laws. The bill allowed adult slaves owned or purchased outside the territory to be brought into the territory and bound into service for fixed terms set by the slave owner. After the territory was granted representation in Congress in 1805, Parke was able to get Congress to pass legislation to suspend Article Six for ten years, granting the territories covered under the ordinance the ability to legalize slavery in their territories.

Harrison's attempts to allow slavery in the Indiana Territory caused a significant opposition from the Quakers who had settled in the eastern part of the territory. They responded by forming an anti-slavery party. Davis Floyd of Clark County was the only anti-slavery representative elected to the territory's House of Representatives in the 1805 election, but Harrison's measures to legalize slavery in the territory were blocked by the two representatives from St. Clair County, who refused to authorize slavery unless Harrison supported their request for a separate territory, which Harrison opposed.

In 1809, five years after Congress established the Michigan Territory, the St. Clair County settlers successfully petitioned Congress for the formation of a separate territory. Despite Harrison's disapproval, Congress approved the formation of the Illinois Territory from the western portion of the Indiana Territory, in addition to granting the inhabitants of the Indiana Territory the right to elect a delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives and members of the territory's Legislative Council (upper house). Harrison, whose political power was reduced by these changes, found himself at odds with the territorial legislature when the anti-slavery party came to power after the 1809 elections. Voters promptly rebuffed many of his plans for slavery, and in 1810 the territorial legislature repealed the indenturing laws that Harrison and the judicial court had enacted in 1803.

Relocating the seat of government
The capital of the Indiana Territory remained in Vincennes from 1800 to 1813, when the territorial legislature moved it to Corydon. After the Illinois Territory was formed from the western portion of the Indiana Territory in 1809, Vincennes, which was initially situated in the center of the territory, was now on its far west edge. The territorial legislature was also becoming increasingly fearful that the outbreak of the War of 1812 could cause an attack on Vincennes, resulting in their decision to move the seat of government to a location closer to the territory's population center. In addition to Corydon, the towns of Madison, Lawrenceburg, Vevay, and Jeffersonville were considered as potential sites for the new capital. On March 11, 1813, the territorial legislature selected Corydon as the new seat of government for the territory, effective May 1, 1813.

Harrison favored Corydon, a town he had founded, named, and where he owned an estate. In 1813, after it was brought to the territorial legislature's attention that plans were underway to construct a new county courthouse in Corydon and the new building could also be used for its assemblies (a significant cost savings), the government made the decision to relocate the territorial capital to Corydon. Construction on the capitol building began in 1814 and was nearly finished by 1816.

History

The area that became the Indiana Territory was once part of the Northwest Territory, which the Congress of the Confederation formed under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance on July 13, 1787. This ordinance outlined the basis for government in the western lands and also provided for an administrative structure to oversee the territory, including a three-stage process for transitioning from territory to statehood. In addition, the Land Ordinance of 1785 called for the U.S. government to survey the newly-acquired territory for future sale and development. The Northwest Territory, which initially included land bounded by the Appalachian Mountains, Mississippi River, Great Lakes, and Ohio River, was subsequently partitioned into smaller territories that included the Indiana Territory (1800), Michigan Territory (1805), the Illinois Territory (1809), and eventually became the present-day states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and eastern Minnesota.

Naming the new territory
Indiana, meaning "Land of the Indians", references the fact that most of the area north of the Ohio River was still inhabited by Native Americans.

Formal use of the word Indiana dates from 1768, when the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy reserved about  of land in the present-day state of West Virginia and deeded it to a twenty-five-member Philadelphia-based trading company that engaged in trade with the native tribes in the Ohio River valley. The company named their land claim Indiana, in honor of its previous owners. In 1776 the land claim was transferred to the Indiana Land Company and offered for sale; however, the government of Virginia disputed the claim, arguing that it was the rightful owner because the land fell within its boundaries. The United States Supreme Court took up the case and extinguished the company's right to the land in 1798. Two years later, Congress applied the Indiana Land Company's name to the new territory.

Western expansion and conflict
Passage of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 committed the U.S. government to continued plans for western expansion. Increasing tensions with the Native Americans who occupied the western lands erupted into the Northwest Indian War. During the autumn of 1790, American forces under the command of General Josiah Harmar unsuccessfully pursued the Miami tribe near present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana, but had to retreat. In the meantime, Major Jean François Hamtramck led an expedition from Fort Knox to Wea, Potawatomi, and Kickapoo villages on the Wabash, Vermilion, and Eel Rivers, but his company lacked sufficient provisions to continue, forcing a return to Vincennes.

In 1791 Major General Arthur St. Clair, the governor of the Northwest Territory, commanded about 2,700 men in a campaign to establish a chain of forts and enforce peace in the area. In the early morning of November 3, 1791, nearly a 1,000 Miamis, Shawnees, Delawares, and other warriors under the leadership of Chief Little Turtle launched a surprise attack on the American camp near the Miami town of Kekionga, costing the Americans nearly nine hundred casualties and forcing the militia's retreat. St. Clair's defeat in 1791 remains the U.S. Army's worst defeat by American Indians in history. Casualties included 623 federal soldiers killed and another 258 wounded; the Indian confederacy lost an estimated 100 men.

In August 1794, General "Mad Anthony" Wayne organized the Legion of the United States and defeated a Native American force at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The battle was a turning point for the Americans, who took control of the area near the strategically important Maumee–Wabash portage, as well as Fort Miami at Kekionga (rebuilt as Fort Wayne). In addition, several other forts were built in the territory to maintain American control of the area.

The Treaty of Greenville (1795) ended the Northwest Indian War and marked the beginning of a series of land cession treaties. Under the terms of this treaty, native tribes ceded southeastern Indiana and two-thirds of present-day Ohio to the U.S. government. As a result of the treaty, the Miamis considered themselves allies with the United States, and thousands of acres of newly-ceded western lands attracted an increasing number of new settlers to what would become the Indiana Territory.

Territory formation
The U.S. Congress passed legislation to form the Indiana Territory on May 7, 1800, effective July 4, 1800. The new territory was established by dividing the Northwest Territory in advance of Ohio's statehood. At the time the Indiana Territory was formed, the two main American settlements in what would later become the state of Indiana were at Vincennes and Clark's Grant, while the settlement at Kaskaskia would later become a part of Illinois (but, because it is now west of the Mississippi River, is accessible only from Missouri.

President John Adams appointed William Henry Harrison as the first governor of the territory on May 13, 1800, but Harrison did not arrive in the territory to begin his duties as governor until January 10, 1801. John Gibson, the territorial secretary, served as acting governor until Harrison's arrival at Vincennes.

A three-member panel of judges called the General Court assisted the territorial governor. Together they served as both the highest legislative and judicial authority in the territory. As governor of a territory of the first stage, which was outlined in the Northwest Ordinance, Harrison had wide-ranging powers in the new territory that included the authority to appoint all territorial officials and members of the territorial General Assembly. He also had the authority to divide the territory into districts.

Vincennes, the territory's oldest settlement and among its largest with 714 townspeople in 1800, became its first territorial capital. The former French trading post was also one of the few white settlements in the territory. Indiana Territory began with four counties: Saint Clair and Randolph County, which became part of present-day Illinois; Knox in present-day Indiana; Wayne County, which became part of present-day Michigan. Governor Harrison formed Clark County, the first new county in the territory, out of the eastern portion of Knox County. Additional counties were established as the territory's population increased. By 1810 the Indiana Territory's enumerated population reached 24,520, even after the territory's size had been reduced with formation of the Michigan Territory (1805) and Illinois Territory (1809). When the Indiana Territory petitioned for statehood in 1816, its population was spread among fifteen counties and exceeded 60,000 people, which was the minimum required for statehood under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance of 1796.

Because Harrison's political fortunes were tied to Indiana's rise to statehood, he was eager to expand the territory. In 1803 President Thomas Jefferson granted Harrison the authority to negotiate and conclude treaties with the Native American tribes in the territory. Harrison oversaw the establishment of thirteen treaties that ceded more than  of land from Native American tribes, including most present-day southern Indiana, to the U.S. government.

The Treaty of Vincennes (1803) was the first of several treaties that Harrison negotiated as territorial governor. Leaders from local tribes signed this treaty to recognize Americans' possession of the Vincennes tract, an area that George Rogers Clark had captured from the British during the American Revolutionary War. The Treaty of Grouseland (1805) further secured the federal government's possession of land in present-day south-central Indiana. After the signing of the contentious and disputed Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809), in which Harrison acquired for the U.S. government more than  of land in what later became central Indiana and eastern Illinois, tensions between the Native American and settlers on the frontier neared the breaking the point.

The availability of low-cost federal land led to a rapid increase in the population of the territory, with thousands of new settlers entering the region every year. Large settlements began to spring up on the periphery of the territory around the Great Lakes, the Ohio River, the Wabash River, and the Mississippi River. Much of the interior, though, remained inhabited by the Native American tribes and was left unsettled.

District of Louisiana

While Native Americans continued to cede large tracts of land in the Indiana Territory to the federal government, the Americans also expanded their ownership of lands farther west as a result of the Louisiana Purchase agreement with France. From October 1, 1804, until July 4, 1805, administrative powers of the District of Louisiana were extended to the governor and judges of the Indiana Territory as a temporary measure to establish a civil government for the newly purchased lands. The district encompassed all of the Louisiana Purchase lands north of the 33rd parallel, which serves as the present-day border between the states of Arkansas and Louisiana.

Under the terms of the act establishing the district's temporary government, Governor Harrison and the Indiana Territory's judges enacted laws that extended to the Louisiana district. Local residents, who had previously lived under France's civil law, objected to many of the provisions of the U.S. government, including their imposition of common law. The Indiana Territory's temporary administration of the district of Louisiana lasted only nine months, until the Louisiana Territory was established, effective July 4, 1805, with its own territorial government.

One of the most notable events during the Indiana Territory's administration of the District of Louisiana was the Treaty of St. Louis in which the Sac and Fox tribes ceded northeastern Missouri, northern Illinois, and southern Wisconsin to the United States. Resentments over this treaty later caused the native tribes to side with the British during the War of 1812 in raids along the Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers, and lead to their involvement in the Black Hawk War in 1832.

Tecumseh's War

Ongoing tensions between the Native Americans and new settlers led to further hostilities between American forces and a pan-Indian confederacy. A resistance movement against U.S. expansion that developed around two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (The Prophet), became known as Tecumseh's War. Tenskwatawa convinced members of native tribes that the Great Spirit would protect them from harm if they would rise up against the whites. He further encouraged resistance by telling the tribes to only pay white traders half of what they owed, and to give up all the white man's ways, including their clothing, whiskey, and guns.

In 1810 Tecumseh and an estimated 400 armed warriors traveled to Vincennes, where he confronted Harrison and demanded that the governor rescind the Treaty of Fort Wayne. Harrison refused and the war party left peacefully, but Tecumseh was angry and threatened retaliation. Afterwards, Tecumseh journeyed south to meet with representatives of the tribes in the region, hoping to create a confederation of warriors to battle the Americans.

In 1811, while Tecumseh was still away, U.S. Secretary of War William Eustis authorized Harrison to march against the nascent confederation as a show of force. Harrison moved north with an army of more than 1,000 men in an attempt to intimidate the Shawnee into making peace. Early on the morning of November 6, tribal warriors launched a surprise attack on Harrison's army. The ensuing battle became known as the Battle of Tippecanoe, where Harrison ultimately won his famous victory on November 7 at Prophetstown, along the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers. Harrison was publicly hailed as a national hero and the nickname of "Old Tippecanoe," despite the fact that his troops had greatly outnumbered the Indian forces and had suffered many more casualties. After the battle, central Indiana was opened to further settlement by allowing more settlers to safely venture beyond the southern periphery of the territory.

Movement toward statehood
On December 5, 1804, Governor Harrison issued a proclamation announcing the Indiana Territory's advancement to the semi-legislative phase of government. The territory's voters elected members to its House of Representatives for the first time on January 3, 1805; the governor selected the five-member Legislative Council (upper house) from a list of candidates that the elected representatives provided. The first legislative session of the territorial general assembly met in Vincennes from July 29 through August 16, 1805, and chose Benjamin Parke as its first delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives.

Between 1805 and 1811 the northern portion of Indiana Territory was partitioned to establish Michigan Territory and the western portion of the territory set off to form the Illinois Territory. In addition, Governor Harrison negotiated a series of treaties with native tribes that ceded additional lands within the Indiana Territory to the federal government, opening millions of acres for sale and settlement in the present-day southern of Indiana and most of Illinois. In 1810 antislavery supporters in the territorial legislature also succeeded in repealing the 1805 indenture law.

In late December 1811 and early January 1812, Jonathan Jennings, who had become the territory's first popularly-elected delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1810, presented the territorial legislature's petition to the U.S. Congress that requested permission to draft a state constitution for Indiana in preparation for statehood. At that time the white population of the entire territory in 1810 was only 24,520, well below the threshold of 60,000 that the Northwest Ordinance required as a condition for statehood. Congress took no action on the petition, largely because of the outbreak of the War of 1812.

War of 1812

Tecumseh's war with the Americans merged with the War of 1812 after the pan-Indian confederation allied with the British in Canada. In May 1812, Chief Little Turtle hosted a meeting of tribal leaders in the region in the Miami village of Mississinewa. Most of the tribes decided to remain neutral during the conflict and rejected Tecumseh's plans of continued rebellion. Despite their rejection, Tecumseh continued to lead his dwindling army against the Americans, moving farther north so the British army could support them. Tecumseh's followers who remained behind continued to raid the countryside and engaged in the Siege of Fort Harrison, which was the U.S. Army's first land victory during the war. John Gibson served as acting governor of the territory during the War of 1812, while Harrison was leading the army. After Harrison resigned, Gibson continued as acting governor until Thomas Posey, the newly-appointed governor, arrived in May 1813.

Other battles that occurred during the war within the boundaries of the present-day state of Indiana include the Siege of Fort Wayne, the Pigeon Roost Massacre and the Battle of the Mississinewa. Most of the territory's native inhabitants remained passive throughout the war; however, numerous incidents between settlers and the native tribes led to the deaths of hundreds in the territory. The Treaty of Ghent (1814) ended the war and relieved American settlers from their fears of attack by the nearby British and their Indian allies.

Achieving statehood
Efforts to attain statehood for Indiana were revived in 1815, following a census made in 1814–15 that found the territory's total population had reached 63,897. On February 1, 1815, a petition for statehood for Indiana was presented to the U.S. House of Representatives, but no immediate action was taken. Territorial legislature presented another petition to the U.S. House on December 28, 1815, and the U.S. Senate on January 2, 1816, prompting Jennings to introduce a bill to authorize the election of delegates to a constitutional convention to discuss statehood for Indiana.

There was considerable disagreement between Jennings and Posey on the subject of statehood. Posey, who thought it was too early to petition for statehood for Indiana, argued that a state government would pose a fiscal burden on its residents and there would not be sufficient candidates to fill all the new state offices. He also supported slavery, much to the chagrin of his opponents, including Jennings, Dennis Pennington, and others in the territorial legislature and who sought to use the bid for statehood to permanently end the possibility of slavery in Indiana. Posey's fiscal concerns were valid. If Indiana became a state it would lose the federal government subsidies it received to operate the territorial government. To support the new state government expenses and to offset the loss of the federal government subsidies, additional taxes would have to be levied on residents. Supporters of statehood argued that the territory's residents were willing and capable of electing government officials to run the state government and wanted to have representatives in Congress who could vote on their behalf.

On April 19, 1816, President James Madison approved an enabling act that the U.S. Congress passed on April 13. This act granted permission to convene a group of elected delegates tasked with drafting a state constitution, subject to the approval of U.S. Congress, that would establish the form of government for the new state. Elections of the forty-three delegates took place on May 13, 1816, and the constitutional convention assembled on June 10, 1816, in Corydon to begin their work. Convention delegates signed the state's first constitution on June 29, 1816, which immediately went into effect.

Elections were held on August 5, 1816, to fill the offices of the new state government, including governor, lieutenant governor, a congressional representative, members of the Indiana General Assembly, and other offices. Jennings defeated Posey to become the first governor of Indiana; Christopher Harrison was elected the state's first lieutenant governor; and William Hendricks was elected to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.

In November 1816 Congress approved the state constitution. The first session of the General Assembly for the state of Indiana convened on November 4, 1816. Jennings and Harrison were inaugurated on November 7, 1816. On the following day the state legislature elected James Noble and Waller Taylor to represent Indiana in the U.S. Senate. Hendricks, Noble, and Taylor were sworn into their congressional offices and took their seats in Congress in early December. The dissolution of the territorial government ended the existence of the Indiana Territory. On December 11, 1816, Madison signed the congressional resolution that formally admitted Indiana to the Union as the nineteenth state, and federal laws were formally extended to the new state on March 3, 1817.

Commemoration

The Indiana Territory is celebrated at an annual event in Corydon that is centered around the territorial capitol building. The festival includes actors in period dress who portray some of the early settlers and re-enact historical events. Other commemorative festivals occur in Vincennes and Madison.

The history of the period is also noted on historic markers and monuments across the former territory. For example, an Indiana Boundary Territory Line state historical marker, erected in 1999 in LaPorte County, commemorates the establishment of the Indiana Territory's northern boundary when the Michigan Territory was formed.

See also

Historic regions of the United States
Territorial evolution of the United States

Notes

References

  (Reprint of 1812 edition.)

  7 Stat., 84. Ratified January 25, 1805, proclaimed February 21, 1805.

  (Reproduced 2006)

External links
Act Creating Indiana Territory, 1800, text, Indiana Historical Bureary, Indianapolis
 Act Dividing the Indiana Territory, 1805, text, Indiana Historical Bureau
 Act Dividing the Indiana Territory, 1809, text, Indiana Historical Bureau
 Proclamation: Announcing that Indiana Territory Had Passed to the Second Grade, text, Indiana Historical Bureau
Other acts concerning the Indiana Territory

1800 establishments in the United States
1816 disestablishments in Indiana
Pre-statehood history of Indiana
Pre-statehood history of Illinois
Pre-statehood history of Michigan
Pre-statehood history of Minnesota
Pre-statehood history of Wisconsin

Indiana Territory


වධ හිංසා උදෙසා දේශියව මෙන්ම ජාත්‍යන්තරවද විවිධ අර්ථනිරුපන ලබා දී තිබේ.ඒ කුමන අර්ථනිරුපනය තුලට වැටෙන වධ හිංසාවක් වුවත් තමනට සිදුවනවාට කිසිවෙකු කැමති නොවන අතර ,එවැනි වධ හිංසාතුලින් වැලකී සිටිමට සැමවිටම ප්‍රයත්න දරනු ලබයි.මෙලෙස යමෙකුට වධ හිංසාවක් වීමේ අවධානමක් තිබේ නම් ඉන් වැළකී සිටීමටත් අයිතියක් ඇත.

ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය තුල වධ හිංසාව වැලැක්වීමේ ප්‍රතිපාදන

1984 ද් එක්සත් ජාතින් විසින් වධ දීම හා අනෙකුත් කෲර,අමානුෂික හෝ අවමන් සහගත සැලකීම හෝ දඩුවම් වලට එරෙහි වූ සම්මුතිය සම්මත කරන ලදි.මෙම සම්මූතියේ 22 වගන්තිය අනුව රාජ්‍යක යූද්ධයක් වේ යැයි ඇති තර්ජන, අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලන අස්ථාවර භාවය ,හදිසිභාවය වැනි කරුණූ මත වධ හිංසාවට ව්‍යතිරේඛ නොවේ.එනම් ජාත්‍යන්තරය තුල වධ හිංසාව මානව වර්ගයාටම එරෙහි අපරාධයක් ලෙස සලකමින් අනුලංගනීය (Jus cogense)  (එනම් කිසි ලෙසකින් උල්ලංගනය කළ නොහැකි) අයිතියක් ලෙස දක්වා ඇත.මේනිසා වධ හිංසාව සිදුවන රටට පමණක් නොව වෙත් රටකට වූවද එ පිළිබද විශ්වමය අධිකරණ බලය හිමි වී ඇත.එනම් වධ හිංසාව සිදු කරන්නෙකුට ඒරෙහිව ඕනැම රටකට නඩු පැවරිය හැකිය.
නිදසුන් -පිනොචේ නඩුවේදි චිලි රටේ නායකයා වන පිනොචේ කරන ලද වධ හිංසාවන්ට අදාලව ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයට නඩු පැවරිමට හැකි වූයේ මෙම විශ්වමය අධිකරණ බලය නිසාවෙනි.

1948 මානව හිමිකම් විශ්ව ප්‍රකාශනය 5වන වගන්තිය තුලින් වධ හිංසාව වැලැක්විමට පියවර ගෙන ඇත.
1966 සිවිල් හා දේශපාලන අයිතිවාසිකම් පිළිබද ජාත්‍යන්තර සම්මූතයේ 7වන වගන්තිය තුලින් වධ හිංසාව වැලැක්විමට පියවර ගෙන ඇත.

වධ හිංසා සිදු කිරීමෙ ක්‍රම
දණහිස් මගින් එල්ලීම
විටින් විට ශරීරයට පහර දීම.
පා පහර දීම.
අතුල් පහර දීම.
නිර්වස්ත්‍ර කොට ශරීරයට උණු වතුර හෙලීම හා විදුලිය ඇල්ලීම

වධ හිංසා ලැබීමේ ප්‍රතිඵල
කාන්සාව
විශාදය(අසහනය)
නින්දා සහගතබව
ආත්ම ශක්තිය හීන වීම
අධික විඩාබර බව
අලස බව
සමාජ සබදතාවලින් ඈත් වීම
ලිංගික බෙලහීනත්වය
මරණය

වධ හිංසාවට එරෙහිව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන මිණුම් දඩු
වධ හිංසක ක්‍රියා හෙලා දැකීම
වධ හිංසා පැමිනවීම නීතිමය ලෙස තහනම් කිරීම
සිරකරුවන් පිළිගත් ස්ථානවල රදවා තැබීම
නඩු පැවරීම
වන්දි ගෙවීම
අදාල ජාත්‍යන්තර සම්මුති ස්ථිර කිරීම

විවිධ රටවල තත්‍වය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

ශ්‍රි ලංකා නීතිය තුල වධ හිංසාව පිළිබඳ ප්‍රතිපාදන

වධ හිංසාව පැමිනවීමෙන් මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් උල්ලංගනය කිරිම මානව ඉතිහාසය පුරාම දක්නට ලැබේ.පුරාණ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැවති වධ හිංසන වර්ග 32 ක් පිළිබද සදහන් වේ.එකල රාජ පුරුෂයින් විසින් වධ හිංසා කිරි‍මේ තත්ත්වය ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ අතර එවි නීත්‍යානූකූල ලෙස සැලකීය.නමුත් ඒවා ඉතා අමානුෂික,අවමන් සහගත ලෙස ක්‍රියාත්මක විය.සිංහල රජ කාලයේ දෙන ලද වධ හිංසා පිළිබද රොබට් නොක්ස් තම "එදා හෙළ දිවයින" නම් ග්‍රන්ථයේ හොදින් නිරුපනය කොට ඇත්තේය.
අතීතයේ ලංකවේ සිදුවන වධ හිංසාව වැලැක්විම උදෙසා සකස් කර තිබූ නීතිමය ප්‍රතිපාදන "ටැම් ලිපි" හා "ශිලා ලේඛන" වල සදහන් කොට ඇත.නමුත් මේවා විධිමත් ලෙස සකස් කරන ලද්දේ 1815 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විසින් කන්ද උඩරට ප්‍රභූන් අතර අත්සන් කල "කන්ද උඩරට ගිවිසුම" තුල 6 වන වගන්තිය තුල "ගාත්‍රා සන්ධිස්ථාන අයයවයන් කැපීමෙන් කරන නානා ප්‍රකාර වූ ශරීර වධ වේදනා නැති කරන්ඩ සහා තහනම් කරන්ඩ යෙදුනායැ" ලෙස සදහන් කොට ඇත.
අද වන විටදි ලංකාව තුල රාජ්‍ය අංශයට අදාලව සිදු කරන වධ හිංසාවන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් විවේචන එල්ල වනුයේ පොලිසිය,බන්ධනාගාරය,පාසල් වලටයි.ඒ අතරින් පොලිසිය උදෙසා වැඩි විවේචන එල්ල වී ඇත්තේය.මන්ද අදාල පුද්ගලයන්ගේන්,එනම් සැකරුවන්ගෙන් තොරතුරු ලබා ගැනීම උදෙසා මෙලෙස වධ හිංසාවට ලක්කරන  බවයි.නමුත් මෙවැනි වධ හිංසා වැලැක්විම උදෙසා ලංකා නීතිය තුල පහත පියවර ගෙන ඇත.

1895 අංක 14 දරණ සාක්‍ෂි ආඥා පනත

25 වන වගන්තිය

"පොලිස් නිලධාරියෙකුට කරන  ලද වරද කියා පැමක් චෝදනා ලැබ සිටින්නකුට විරුද්ධව ඔප්පු නොකල යුතුය."ඉන් අත් අඩංගුවට පත් පුද්ගලයෙකුට බලපැම් කර හෝ වධ හිංසා කර හෝ ප්‍රකාශ ලබා ගැනිම වලක්වා ඇත.

26(1) උප වගන්තිය

"පොලිස් නිලධාරියෙකුගේ ආරක්‍ෂාව යටතේ සිටින කාලය තුල යම් තැනැත්තකු විසින් කරනු ලබන වරද කියා පෑම ඔහුට විරුද්ධව ඔප්පු කල නොහැකිය."
මෙහිදි මහේස්ත්‍රාත් ඉදිරියේ කරනු ලබන වරද කියා පෑමක් පමනක් ඔහුට විරුද්ධව ඔප්පු කිරිමේ හැකියාව ලබා දී ඇත්තේ ද ඔහුට වධ හිංසා කර ප්‍රකාශ ලබා ගැනීම වැලැක්වීම සදහාය.

1979 අංක 15 දරණ අපරාධ නඩුව්ධාන සංග්‍රහා පනත

28 වන වගන්තිය

"සිර භාරයට ගනු ලැබූ තැනැත්තෙකු  ඔහු පැනයාම වැලැක්වීමෙහිලා අවශ්‍ය ප්‍රමානයට වැඩි හැඩ පැවත්වීමක් ඔහු සම්බන්ධයෙන් නොකල යුතුය."

38 වන වගන්තිය

"වරෙන්තුවක් නොමැතිව අත්අඩංගුවට ගන්නා සෑම පුද්ගලයකු පිළිබඳව පොලිස් ස්ථාන භාර නිලධාරි විසින් අදාල මහේස්ත්‍රාත් අධිකරණය වෙත වාර්ථා කළ යුතුය."
මෙමගින් සිරභාරයට පත් පුද්ගලයින්ට පොලිසිය හෝ අනෙක් සාම නිලධාරින් අතින් වන වධ බන්ධන වලින් වැලැක්වීමට කටයුතු කරයි.

1994 අංක 22 වධ දීම හා අනෙකුත් කෲර,අමානුෂික හෝ අවමන් සහගත සැලකීම හෝ දඩුවම් වලට එරෙහි වූ සම්මුති පනත

ශ්‍රි ලංකාව එක්සත් ජාතින් විසින් සම්මත කළ  වධ දීම හා අනෙකුත් කෲර,අමානුෂික හෝ අවමන් සහගත සැලකීම හෝ දඩුවම් වලට එරෙහි වූ සම්මුතිය 1984 දී අත්සන් කිරීම හා පසුව එයි ප්‍රතිපාදනයන් ආශ්‍රයෙන් 1994 අංක 22 හරහා ඉහත පනත ලංකාව තුල වධ හිංසාව වැලැක්විම උදෙසා ප්‍රතිපාදන සැලැස්වීය.එහි
2 වන වගන්තිය
වධ දෙන,වධ දීමට තැත්කරන,වධ අනුබල දෙන හෝ වධ දීමට කුමන්ත්‍රනය කරන අයෙකු "මෙම පනත යටතේ වරදකරුවකු වන අතර වසර 7ක සිර දඩුවමකට ලක්වන්නේය.

පනත යටතේ වධ හිංසාවට  වරදකරුවකු වීමට එම වධ හිංසාව පහත අයුරින් සිදුකල තිබිය යුතුය.
අදාල පුද්ගලයා පිලිබද හෝ තුන්වැනි පාර්ශවය පිළිබද තොරතුරක් හෝ පාපොච්චාරනයක් ලබා ගැනීමග
අදාල පුද්ගලයා  හෝ තුන්වැනි පාර්ශවය විසින් කළ ක්‍රියාවට දඩුවම් කිරීම.
අදාල පුද්ගලයාට  හෝ තුන්වැනි පාර්ශවීය පුද්ගලයකු තර්ජනය කර බිය වැද්දිමෙන් එකඟ කර ගැනීම සදහා

1996 අංක 21 දරණ ශ්‍රි ලංකා මානව හිමිකම් කොමිෂන් සභා පනත

මෙම පනත යටතේ වධ හිංසාවක් සිදු වූ හෝ සිදු වීමට අත්‍යාසන්න තත්ත්වයක් පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනය කොට ඒ පිළිබඳ නිර්දේශ නිකුත් කිරිමට බලය ඇත.පනත යටතේ ,ත්‍රස්තවාදය වැලැක්වීමේ පනත යටතේ හෝ හදිසි රෙගුලාසි යටතේ අත්අඩංගුවට ගන්නා පුද්ගයන් හා එකී පුද්ගලයන්ගේ රැදවුම් ස්ථානමාරු කිරිම පීළිබද පැය 48 ඇතුලත ශ්‍රි ලංකා මානව හිමිකම් කොමිෂන් සභාවට දැන් විය යුතුයැයි(28 වන වගන්තිය) ප්‍රතිපාදන සලසා ඇත.

එසේම කොමිෂන් සභා පනත තුල බලතල යටතේ බලයලත් නිලධරීන්ට පොලිසිය,බන්ධනාගාර ඇතුළු රැදවුම් ස්ථාන පරීක්‍ෂා කිරීමට හා එකී කරුණු පරීක්‍ෂා කර ඒ පිළිබඳ නිර්දේශ  ඉදිරිපත් කිරිම උදෙසා ප්‍රතිපාදන සලසා ඇත.මෙම ප්‍රතිපාදන හරහා අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් පුද්ගලයන්ට සිදුකරනු ලබන  වධ හිංසාවන් නීතිය මගින් තුරන් කිරිමට කටයුතු කර ඇත.

පොලිස් ආඥා පනත

අත්අඩංගුවට ගනු ලැබූ සැකකරුවන් වධ හිංසාවට ලක් වීම වැලැක්විම උදෙසා පියවර ගෙන ඇත.එනම් පොලිස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රෙගුලාසි මගින් රැදවියන්ට සැළකිය යුතු ආකාරය හා උප සේවා නියෝග මගින් ද දක්වා ඇත්තේ රැදවියන් පිළිබද නිරන්තරයෙන් පරීක්‍ෂා කළ යුතු බවත්,ඔවුන්ගේ සෞඛ්‍ය තත්ත්වය පිළිබද සැලකිය යුතු බවත්ය.

2001 අංක 11 දරණ අධ්‍යාපන චක්‍ර ලේඛනය මගින් පාසැල් තුල සිදුකරන ශාරීරික දඩුවම් දීම සම්පූර්නයෙන් තහනම් කරන ලදි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ආණ්ඩු ක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව තුල ඇති ප්‍රතිපාදන

1978 ආණ්ඩු ක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් පිළිබද දැක්වෙන 3 වැනි පරිච්ජේදයේ 11 වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ දක්වන්නේ "කිසිම තැනැත්තෙකු  වධ හිංසාවලට හෝ කෲර,අමානුෂික හෝ අවමන් සහගත සැලකීම හෝ දඩුවම් වලට ලක් නොකල යුත්තේය.

17 වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව අනුව එවැනි වධහිංසාවක් රජයේ විධායක හෝ පරිපාලන ක්‍රියාවක් මගින් සිදු වූයේ නම් හානියට පත් වූ පූද්ගලයාට හෝ ඔහුගේ නීතිඥයාට මාස 1 ක් ඇතුළත ශ්‍රේඨාධිකරණයට පැමිණිලි කර සහන ලබා ගත හැකිය.(126 වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව).මෙම 11වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව කිසිදු ලෙස සීමාවට ලක් කළ නොහැකිය.එමගින් තවදුරටත් වධ හිංසාව නවතා ඇත.

නඩු තීන්දු නීතිය තුල වධ හිංසාව පිළිබද ප්‍රතිපාදන

ආණ්ඩු ක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ 126 ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ හානියට පත් පුද්ගලයාට හෝ ඔහුගේ නීතිඥයාට නඩු පැවරිමට ශ්‍රේඨාධිකරණයට යා හැකි වූව ද මුල්කාලීන නඩු තීරණ තුලදී ඊට ලැබුණු ඉඩ ප්‍රමාණය අවම විය.නිදසුන් ලෙස සෝමාවති එ වීරසිංහ (1990 2 SLR 121) නඩුවේ දි ස්වාමියා සිරගත වී සිටින විට භාර්යාව ගෙන ආ නඩුකරය ප්‍රතික්‍ෂ්ප විය.

නමුත් ඉංදියාවේ මහජන සුභසාධක නඩුකර පුළුල්  වන විට දී ලංකාවේ 44 වන විටදි   ශ්‍රේඨාධිකරණ රීති හරහා හානියට පත් පුද්ගලයා වෙනුයෙන් වෙනත් පාර්ශ්වයකට නියෝජනය වෙමින් පෙරකලාසිය අත්සන් කිරිමට අවසර දී ඇත.

මේ අනුව ඇනස්ලීන් ප්‍රනාන්දු  එ සරත් පෙරේරා (1992 1SLR 411) හීදී තම පුතා නීතිවිරෝධි ලෙස අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන ශාරීරික වධ හිංසා කලා යැයි තම මවට මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් පෙත්සමක් ගෙන ඒම හරහා ඇයට වන්දි ලබාගත හැකි විය.එසේම ශ්‍රියානි සිල්වා එ OIC පයාගල (2003 2SLR 630 ) සැමියා සිර භාරයේ සිටිය දි  වධ හිංසාවට ලක්ව මිය යාම වෙනුවෙන් භාර්යාවට හා දරුවන්ට අනුප්‍රාප්තික අයිතිය යටතේ නඩු පැවරීමට හැකි විය.

තවද වධ හිංසාව මානසික ලෙස සිදු වූ ඩග්ලස් බණඩාර (2000 1 SLR 225) නඩුවේ දි විදුහල්පතිවරයෙකු සිසුවෙකුට කම්මූල් පහරක් දිම නිසා වූ අවමානය නිසා 11 ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ සහන ලබා ගත හැකි විය.

ලංකාවේ වධහිංසා පිළිබද සහන

මේ අඩවිත් බලන්න
මානව අයිතිවාසිකම්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නීති පද්ධතිය

වධ හිංසාව


Robert or Bob Thompson may refer to:

Entertainment
Bobby Thompson (comedian) (1911–1988), English comedian
Bob Thompson (musician) (1924–2013), American orchestra leader, arranger, composer
Robert E. Thompson (screenwriter) (1924–2004), American screenwriter
Bob Thompson (wine) (born 1934), American wine writer
Robert Thompson (bassoonist), American bassoonist
Bob Thompson (painter) (1937–1966), American figurative painter
Robert Scott Thompson (born 1959), composer of ambient, instrumental and electroacoustic music
 Robert Livingstone Thompson, birth name of Dandy Livingstone (born 1943), British-Jamaican reggae musician and producer

Military
Robert G. Thompson (1915–1965), American World War II hero and Communist Party USA activist
Robert Grainger Ker Thompson (1916–1992), British soldier and counter-insurgency expert
Robert Means Thompson (1849–1930), American naval officer
Robert Thompson (spy) (born 1935), U.S. Air Force clerk and spy for the Soviet Union

Politics
Robert A. Thompson (1805–1876), American politician, U.S. Representative from Virginia
Robert F. Thompson (born 1971), American politician, Arkansas state senator
Robert J. Thompson (1937–2006), Pennsylvania State Senator
Robert Schuyler Thompson (1844–1930), businessman and politician in Manitoba, Canada
Robert Thompson (Mississippi politician) (1830–?), Mississippi state Representative
Robert Thompson (New Zealand politician) (1840–1922), New Zealand politician
Robert Thompson (Irish politician) (1839–1918), Member of Parliament for Belfast North, 1910–1918
Robert Thompson (Wisconsin politician) (1927–1999), American politician, Wisconsin state assemblyman
Robert N. Thompson (1914–1997), Canadian politician, chiropractor, and educator
Robert Adam Thompson (1860–1947), merchant, miller and politician in Ontario, Canada

Robert Townshend Thompson (1792-1887), Virginia politician, lawyer and slavery opponent

Sports
Robert Thompson (cyclist) (1884–1974), British Olympic road racing cyclist
Robert Thompson (footballer, born 1878), English footballer
Robert Thompson (rugby, born 1869) (1869–1952), Irish rugby union player
Robert Thompson (rugby union, born 1947), rugby union player who represented Australia
Robert Thompson (American football) (born 1960), American football linebacker
Robby Thompson (born 1962), baseball player
Robert Thompson (Australian footballer, born 1891) (1891–1918), Australian rules footballer for University
Robert Thompson (Australian footballer, born 1947), Australian rules footballer for Essendon
Robert Thompson (water polo) (born 1947), Canadian water polo player and coach
Robbie Thompson (born 1967), Australian rules footballer for Adelaide
Bob Thompson (footballer, born February 1890) (1890–1958), English football full back for Everton and others
Bob Thompson (footballer, born September 1890) (1890–1969), English football forward for numerous clubs

Others
Robert B. Thompson (1811–1841), Latter Day Saint leader, historian, and newspaper editor
Robert Thompson (designer) (1876–1955), British furniture maker
Robert E. Thompson (journalist) (1921–2003), political writer and Washington journalist
Robert Farris Thompson (1932–2021), Yale University Professor and Master of Timothy Dwight College
Robert H. Thompson (1944–2017), British numismatist
Robert Thompson (media scholar) (born 1959), American media historian
Robert Thompson (chef) (born 1981), Michelin starred chef
Robert Thompson (born 1982), one of the perpetrators in the murder of James Bulger
Robert Thompson (poker director), American poker official in Las Vegas
Robert Thompson (priest), Dean of Ardfert from 1959 until 1966

See also
Bobby Thompson (disambiguation)
Bert Thompson (disambiguation)
Robert Thomson (disambiguation)

Robert Thompson