The Selenga or Selenge ( ; ; , ) is a major river in Mongolia and Buryatia, Russia. Originating from its headwater tributaries, the Ider and the Delger mörön, it flows for  before draining into Lake Baikal. The Selenga therefore makes up the most distant headwaters of the Yenisey-Angara river system.

Carrying  of water into Lake Baikal, it makes up almost half of the riverine inflow into the lake, and forms a wide delta of  when it reaches the lake.

Periodic annual floods are a feature of the Selenga River. The floods can be classified as "ordinary", "large" or "catastrophic" based on the degree of impact. Of the twenty-six documented floods that occurred between 1730 and 1900, three were "catastrophic". The three "catastrophic" floods were the floods of 1830, 1869 and 1897.

The Selenga River basin is a semi-arid region that is  in area. It is part of the Arctic Ocean Basin and is located in northern Mongolia. Stone implement artifacts found on the Selenga River at the end of the 19th century have been used to form a link between Native Americans and their ancestors in East Asia. The climate of the Selenga basin is influenced by a powerful Siberian anti-cyclone. The weather consists of harsh winters and warm summers, with the river freezing from November to April.

The Selenga River delta is a Ramsar site, surrounded by marshlands. Found in the administrative region of the Republic of Buryatia, the wetlands are the habitat of a large number of threatened and endemic species, including the Siberian Baikal sturgeon and over 170 species of birds. The Selenge-Orkhon forest steppe includes the areas of the Orkhon and Selenge river basins. The region has scattered forests and extensive mountain ranges.

River modifications like the Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station have affected the environment of the Selenga Delta, causing it to become waterlogged. Activities including mining, agriculture, breeding and dumping of wastewater have also affected the environment of the river. There has been an observed degradation of water quality from these anthropogenic factors. Natural factors like erosion processes and weathering have also contributed to the decline in water quality.

The proposed Shuren Hydropower Plant Project was protested against by environmental groups because of the potential ecological ramifications it would have on the Selenga Delta. The reasons cited included potential disruption to the flow of the river and the breeding grounds of endemic fish species in Lake Baikal.

Name
The name Selenge comes from Mongolian seleh, which means "to swim". 'Selenga' is the russified version of the same.

An alternate source believes the name originated with the Evenki word sele ("iron") to which the possessive nge suffix was added.

The Selenge Province of Mongolia is named after the river.

History

Archaeology
At the end of the 19th century, evidence of Paleolithic culture was discovered in the Selenga River basin. The artifacts found were collections of stone implements.

During 1928 and 1929, G. P. Sosnovskii, under the purview of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., directed an archaeological Stone Age study in the Selenga Valley near Kiakhta. In this expedition, Sosnovokii discovered remains of local Paleolithic culture in an area that stretched from "the valley of the Selenga River from the Mongolian Frontier down to Selenginsk."

The "Buriat-Mongol Archaeological Expedition from the Institute for the History of Material Culture, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R and the Institute of Culture of the Buriat-Mongol A.S.S.R", undertook a Paleolithic study in the Trans-Baikal region from 1947 to 1958. Directed by A. P. Okladnikov, the study uncovered 30 new sites, including one that covered the area from Selenginsk to the Selenga River mouth, which provided evidence of a Paleolithic-type culture. Among these 30 sites was one called Ust-Kyakhta-3. While Ust-Kyakhta-3 was discovered in 1947, it was only later excavated in 1976 and 1978, yielding "more than 40,000 stone artifacts [and] abundant faunal remains". Further archaeological work in 2012 at the site found two human tooth fragments.

In a study published in volume 181 of the journal Cell, the link between Native Americans and their ancestors in East Asia was established using one of the tooth fragments found at the Ust-Kyakhta-3 site.

Floods
Periodic floods are characteristic of the Selenga River, with small flooding events observed annually. There have been four periods of high-flooding: 1902-1908, 1932-1942, 1971-1977 and 1990-1998. The floods of the Selenga River can be classified based on the degree of impact.

"Ordinary" floods are floods accompanied by little damage, with maximum outcomes including river overflowing, floodplain flooding and small structural instability.

"Large" floods are those that cover a substantial section of the river and lead to flooding of territories. The maximum outcomes of "large" floods include flooding of settlements and agricultural land damage.

"Catastrophic" floods refer to floods that cover the majority of the river basin and cause flooding of whole settlements. These floods included the possibility of human casualties, and are estimated to occur 3-4 times per century.  Twenty-six floods occurred between 1730 and 1900, and of these 26, three floods were "catastrophic".

Flood of 1830
The flood of 1830 in the Selenga River is the first flood that was recorded in some detail. On August 1, 1830, the Selenga River and its tributaries, the Chikoy, Dzhida, Khilok and Temnik Rivers, burst their banks. The flood plains and the islands in the Selenga River were completely flooded. On August 16, Verkhneudinsk, the city now known as Ulan-Ude, was flooded and the water level in the city reached . The flood destroyed fifty-four buildings in Selenginsk. After the flood, the town was moved to higher ground on the left bank of the Selenga River. There were also heavy losses in agriculture, with the flood making some pastures and hayfields unusable for an extended period after the flood. The river retreated to its banks by September 27.

Flood of 1869
Water levels began to rise on July 24, 1869, but slowly decreased from August 5, 1869. The water level began to rise again on August 22, only beginning to decline from September 3. This flood was classified as a "large" flood. In Verkhneudinsk, the water level reached , and in Lake Baikal, the water level rose by more than . The water level in the Angara River also rose and did not return to its pre-flood levels by January 1870.

Flood of 1897
The flood of 1897 began on August 11, when water levels started to rise in the middle and lower reaches of the Selenga River and reached its peak on August 14. The water level then proceeded to decrease gradually over ten days. On the first day of the flood, the water level rose by  in three hours. The water level in the Selenga River was over  near Verkhneundinsk.  The flood did not heavily impact settlements on the banks of the Selenga River, but there were reports of bridge and telegraph pole destruction between the towns of Selenginsk and Verkhneundinsk.

Impact of flooding
The volume of water inflow into Lake Baikal during the 1897 flood is estimated to have been approximately . Based on the observations of increased water level during floods, it has been deduced that flooding from the Selenge River can affect the environment of Lake Baikal. It can also cause an increase in runoff from the Angara River.

River course
The Selenga River is  long and is formed from the convergence of the Ider and Delger rivers. It flows from Mongolia and into east-central Russia, acting as the main tributary of Lake Baikal.

The Delger River flows from the Sangilen Mountains, "found on the border between Mongolia and the Russian republic of Tyva", while the Ider's headwaters are located in the Hangyn Mountains in central Mongolia.

Upon the meeting of the Delger and Ider Rivers, the Selenga River moves northeast from Mongolia and joins with the Orkhon River at Suhbaatar. The river then continues north into Russia.

Once in Russia, the river turns eastward towards Ulan-Ude, the capital of Buryatia and then goes northwards to Tataurovo. The Selenga proceeds to move westwards and then "flows through a delta into Lake Baikal."

Climate
A powerful Siberian anti-cyclone is the major influence on the climate of the Selenga basin. It is formed in September and October and disappears in April and May. Due to the anti-cyclone, the 448,000-km2 river basin is prone to a climate of harsh winters, which consist of sunny days and low air temperatures, and warm summers. The river experiences "...extended summer floods and short occasional (event-driven) floods in the other seasons."

The section of the Selenga River from Suhbaatar to its mouth is ice-free from May to October. Travel across the river is possible during this period. From November to April, the river is covered with ice. The ice drift lasts from 3–6 days. From May to September, in spring and early summer, snowmelt enables maximum discharge.

For 80–90 days, starting in mid-June, the basin area experiences the summer season with precipitation totaling .  This is in contrast to autumn and winter, in which rainfall is typically . In mid-September, autumn begins, lasting for about 65 days.

Tributaries
The largest tributaries of the Selenga are, from source to mouth:

 Ider (right)
 Delger mörön (left)
 Khanui (right)
 Egiin Gol (left)
 Orkhon (right)
 Dzhida (left)
 Chikoy (right)
 Khilok (right)
 Uda (right)

Watershed

Selenga River basin
The Selenga River basin is part of the larger international Arctic Ocean Basin and is located in northern Mongolia. A semi-arid region, the basin is 280,000 km2 and is Mongolia's largest basin.  The basin has two main rivers: the Selenga and the Selenga's tributary, the Orkhon.  The "major sub-basins are the Egiin, Ider, Orkhon and Tuul river basins" with Lake Baikal occupying 47% of the Selenga River basin. The terrain of the basin is dominated "by forest or grassland and is underlain by permafrost" according to an article published in 2003 by Ma et al.

Selenga River delta and the delta wetlands
Lobate shaped and 40 km wide, the Selenga River delta is surrounded by marshlands. The formation of the delta is dependent on the sediment load carried by the river, with the lake tides having little impact in terms of geographical change. The sediment balance of the delta is dependent on physical processes, and this, in turn, affects the geochemical barrier functions of the area. During the period of the Irkutsk dam construction (1950–56), there was "increased sediment delivery to the delta" according to an article published in 2017 by Chalov et al.

The wetlands of the Selenga River delta are classified as a Ramsar site and are found within the administrative region of the Republic of Buryatia. The wetlands support a large number of threatened and endemic species, including over 170 species of bird. The area has mean air temperatures of 14 degrees Celsius in July and -19.4 degrees Celsius in January, with floods often occurring in summer after heavy rains.

Selenge-Orkhon forest steppe
The Selenge-Orkhon forest steppe is a palearctic ecoregion that is a medium between steppe and taiga. The region includes the Orkhon and Selenge river basins, and features scattered forests as well as extensive mountain ranges.  The mean altitude of the landscape is 800-1200m, with flora like Rosa acicularis found at lower altitudes. The area has a dry and humid climate that is influenced by warm winds from the northeast steppe regions.

River modifications

Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power station
The construction of Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power station began in spring of 1950 and was completed on December 29, 1956. Built on the Angara River, the station was designed to raise the water level of the Angara River to match the water level of Lake Baikal. It would then raise the water level of Lake Baikal by 1.5m. The power plant causes water-level fluctuations in Lake Baikal, which in turn causes part of the Selenga Delta to become waterlogged. The delta is drained in response to activities at the power station.

Shuren Hydropower Plant Project
In 2015, Mongolia was reported to be planning the construction of a dam, named the Shuren Hydropower Plant, on the Selenga River. Environmental groups protested this plan, as they were concerned with the potential ecological ramifications, building a hydroelectric plant on the Selenga River, would have on the ecosystem of Lake Baikal. Disrupting the flow of the river would disturb the breeding grounds of many endemic fish species in Lake Baikal. This would have a flow-on effect on the rare birds and aquatic species that inhabit the area. The Shuren Hydropower Plant Project was proposed in 2013 and was under the review of a World Bank-funded environmental and social impact assessment. On September 27, 2017, the World Bank froze its tender process on the Shuren Hydropower Plant Project.

Natural history

Fish
Leocottus kesslerii gussinensis and Leocottus kesslerii arachlensis are endemic subspecies of fish that are found in the Selenga River headwaters and the upper Khilok River. Lake Baikal is the habitat of the Siberian Baikal sturgeon. The Selenga river is a breeding ground for the sturgeon, with migration taking place within the river system. The fish has two migration periods, which occur during the warmer part of the year. The first migration period begins in the second half of April when the water temperature is 3-5 degrees Celsius and finishes in approximately mid-June. The second migration of the Baikal sturgeon is the main migration period. It coincides with the summer floods of the Selenga. When the water temperature begins to cool, this signals the end of  the migration. There is also a non-migrating species of sturgeon that inhabits the Selenga catchment.

Birds
Large populations of migrating, breeding and moulting waterbirds assemble at the wetlands in the Selenga Delta.

Migrating species that occur in the Delta

 Siberian crane, Grus leucogeranus
 Black stork, Ciconia nigra
 Bewick's swan, Cygnus bewicki
 Swan goose, Anser cygnoides
 Imperial eagle, Aquila heliacal
 Golden eagle, A. chrysaetos
 Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus
 Gyr falcon, F. gyrfalco
 Saker falcon, F. cherrug

Breeding species that occur in the Delta

 White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla
 Snipe-billed godwit, Macrorhamphus semipalmatus
 Whooper swan, Cygnus Cygnus
 Spotbill duck, Anas poecilorhyncha
 Falcated duck, A. falcata
 Bittern, Botaurus stellaris
 Baillon's crake, Porzana pusill
 Water-rail, Rallus aquaticus
 Corncrake, Crex crex
 Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus
 Azure tit, Parus caeruleus

Other fauna
The Selenga delta also supports the following species:

 Baikal grayling, Thymallus arcticus baicalensis infrasubspecies brevioinnis
 Mongolian toad, Bufo raddei
 Rana terrestris
 Ikonnikov's bat, Myotis ikonnikovi
 Brown long-eared bat, Plecotus auritus
 Parti-coloured bat, Vespertilio murinus
 V. nilssoni

Hydrology

Water quality of the Selenga River
Before the turn of the millennium, the Selenga River and Lake Baikal had rich aquatic ecosystems nearly untouched by human influence. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, the basin, which contains vast plains, has been affected by agricultural, climatic and economic factors. This includes changes like forest losses, urbanization and a growth in farming and mining activities.

Factors that affect the water quality of the Selenga River can be classified as either anthropogenic or natural factors. Anthropogenic factors include mining activities, agriculture, breeding, dumping of wastewater into water bodies and water use. Natural factors include erosion processes and weathering. The escalation of anthropogenic factors can be correlated with pollution by "potentially toxic elements, including metals and persistent organic pollutants."

Mongolia has had rapid growth in GDP since 1999, fueled by agriculture, mining and light industry. These activities, particularly mining, have threatened the surface water quality of the Selenga River and adjacent groundwater.

A study published in volume 12 of the journal Water, found that based on the Mongolian National Standard, "the main pollutants of the Selenga River are Zn ... As ... and Pb ..."  They also found that metal content in the river water was tens or hundreds of times higher in sites closer to urban and mining areas. Based on data observing toxicological and bioaccumulation effects on aquatic biota, the contamination has been shown to have an ecological impact.

Economy

Uses of the river
The Selenga River has an influential role in managing the economic futures of Mongolia and Russia. It is used extensively for activities that include hay harvesting, mining, grazing, commercial and sport fishing.

Many of these uses contribute to the degradation of the river's water quality, with the main Mongolian sources of pollution, including the Zaamar gold placer, the Shar River gold mining, settlements and agriculture.

There are ten large-scale wastewater treatment plants in the Selenge River basin in Mongolia. These wastewater treatment plants are located in the Mongolian cities of Tsetserleg, Bulgan, Darkhan City, Uliastai, Erdenet City, Arvaikheer, Sukhbaatar, Zuunmod, Murun and Ulaanbaatar.

The city of Ulan-Ude uses the Selenga River as its primary source of water for its municipal water supply, using 60 wells with submersible pumps to withdraw water. The total pumped water in 2009 was .

See also
Baikal sturgeon
Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station
List of rivers of Mongolia
List of rivers of Russia
Selenga Highlands
 Ulaanbaatar

References

Rivers of Mongolia
Rivers of Buryatia
International rivers of Asia
Khövsgöl Province

Selenga


Yerleşim yerleri
 Hisarcık, Sırbistan - Sırbistan'daki Grocka kasabasının Türkçe adı
 Hisarcık, Kütahya - Kütahya ili ilçesi
 Hisarcık, Nazilli - Aydın ili Nazilli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Hisarcık, İnhisar - Bilecik ili İnhisar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hisarcık, Osmaneli - Bilecik ili Osmaneli ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hisarcık, Eldivan - Çankırı ili Eldivan ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hisarcık, Yağlıdere - Giresun ili Yağlıdere ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hisarcık, Darende - Malatya ili Darende ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Hisarcık, Milas - Muğla ili Milas ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Hisarcık, Melikgazi - Kayseri ili Melikgazi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Hisarcık, Prepol - Sırbistan'da Prepol'a bağlı köy

Hisarcık


Malaspina var en italiensk adelsslægt. Slægtens ældst kendte mand er Adalberto Malaspina (død 1140), der nævnes i midten af det 10. århundrede, og som nedstammer fra slægten Obertenghi, der også har udløbere i andre adelsslægter (Pallavicini, Parodi og huset Este).

Slægten grundlagde i det 12. århundrede et rigsumiddelbart markgrevskab i Lunigiana, i området La Spezia i Apenninerne, hvortil i 14. århundrede føjedes Massa-Carrara. Slægten var guelfisk og ivrige modstandere af Hohenstauferne. Ricardano Malaspina (død 1281) skrev Istoria fiorentina, som blev fortsat af hans slægtning Giacotto; Saba Malaspina, pave Johannes XXI's sekretær, skrev Siciliens historie (Rerum Sicularium libri VI; i Muratori, Rerum italicarum Scriptores).

Germanico Malaspina (født ca. 1550, død 1604) var pavelig nuntius ved forskellige hoffer. 1592 blev han pavelig nuntius i Polen. Han blev kong Sigismunds fortrolige rådgiver og skaffede katolicismen sejren i Polen. 1593-94 var han med kong Sigismund i Sverige, men her mislykkedes hans forsøg på at skaffe katolicismen sejren. Germanico Malaspina var en af tidens dygtigste diplomater og en etisk personlighed, der som biskop virkede i Carlo Borromeos ånd.

Kilder

Adelsslægter fra Italien

Malaspina


Sabri Berkel, (d. 1907, Üsküp – ö. 4 Ağustos 1993, İstanbul), Türk ressam.

Hayatı
Sabri Berkel, Üsküp'te ilk ve orta öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra, Belgrad Güzel Sanatlar Okulu'nun Hazırlık Bölümü'nden 1927-1928'de diploma aldı. Daha sonra Floransa Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi'nin Felice Carena atölyesinde, fresk ve gravür konusunda iki yıl eğitim aldı. 1935 yılında Türkiye'ye gelerek, Akademi salonlarında ilk kişisel sergisini açtı.

Ankara'da iki yıl resim öğretmenliği yaptı. 1939'da ise Akademi resim bölümünde gravür atölyesi asistanlığı yaptı.

1949-1974 yıllarında Dekoratif Sanatlar Bölümü'nde galeri öğretmenliği, 1965-1969 yılları arasında Yüksek Resim Bölümü Başkanlığı yaptı. 1961 yılında ise 22. Devlet Resim ve Heykel Sergisi'nde "Kompozisyon No I" resmiyle birinci oldu.

1991 yılında Kültür Bakanlığı'nca verilen Devlet Sanatçısı unvanını aldı.

4 Ağustos 1993 tarihinde, yatmakta olduğu Şişli Etfal Hastanesi'nde hayata veda etti.

Ödüller
 1991: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Sanatçısı unvanı

Kaynakça

1907 doğumlular
1993 yılında ölenler
Üsküp doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk ressamları
Devlet Sanatçıları

Sabri Berkel


Archaeopteris é um gênero extinto de árvore progimnosperma com folhas semelhantes às das samambaias. Sendo um fóssil guia bastante útil, ele é encontrado em estratos que datam do Devoniano Superior ao Carbonífero Inferior (383 a 323 milhões de anos atrás), sendo os fósseis mais antigos de 385 milhões de anos. Tinham distribuição global.

Até a descoberta de Wattieza em 2007, muitos cientistas consideravam Archaeopteris a árvore mais antiga conhecida. Com brotos, articulações de galhos reforçadas e troncos ramificados semelhantes à madeira de hoje, é mais uma reminiscência das modernas árvores portadoras de sementes do que outros táxons portadores de esporos; Combina características de árvores lenhosas e samambaias herbáceas, e pertence às progimnospermas, um grupo de plantas extintas com madeira semelhante a gimnospermas, mas que produzem esporos em vez de sementes.

Taxonomia
John William Dawson descreveu o gênero em 1871. O nome é derivado do grego antigo,  (archaīos, "antigo"), e  (ptéris, "feto"). Archaeopteris foi originalmente classificada como uma samambaia, e permaneceu assim por mais de 100 anos. Em 1911, o paleontólogo e paleobotânico russo Mikhail Zalessky descreveu um novo tipo de lenho fossilizado da bacia de Donets, na atual Ucrânia. Ele a nomeou de Callixylon, embora não tenha encontrado nenhuma estrutura além do tronco. A semelhança com o lenho das coníferas foi reconhecida na análise. Também foi observado que samambaias do gênero Archaeopteris foram frequentemente encontradas associadas a fósseis de Callixylon.

Na década de 1960, o paleontólogo Charles B. Beck demonstrou que a madeira fóssil conhecida como Callixylon e as folhas conhecidas como Archaeopteris eram, na verdade, partes da mesma planta. Era uma planta com uma mistura de características não vistas em nenhuma planta viva, uma ligação entre as verdadeiras gimnospermas e samambaias.

O gênero Archaeopteris é colocado na ordem Archaeopteridales e família Archaeopteridaceae. O nome é semelhante ao do primeiro pássaro emplumado conhecido, Archaeopteryx, mas neste caso refere-se à natureza semelhante a uma samambaia das folhas da planta.

Relação com espermatófitas
Archaeopteris é um membro de um grupo de plantas lenhosas de esporos livres chamados progimnospermas que são interpretados como ancestrais distantes das gimnospermas. A Archaeopteris se reproduzia liberando esporos em vez de produzir sementes, mas algumas espécies, como a Archaeopteris halliana eram heterosporadas, produzindo dois tipos de esporos. Acredita-se que isso represente um passo inicial na evolução das plantas vasculares para a reprodução por sementes, que apareceu pela primeira vez no grupo de gimnospermas mais antigo e extinto há muito tempo, as samambaias de sementes (Pteridospermatophyta). As coníferas ou Pinophytas são uma das quatro divisões de gimnospermas existentes que surgiram das samambaias durante o período Carbonífero.

Descrição
As árvores deste gênero cresciam até cerca de 24 metros, com folhagem frondosa que lembra de algumas coníferas. As grandes frondes semelhantes a samambaias eram densamente inseridas com folhetos ou pinas em forma de leque. Os troncos podiam passar de 1,5 metro de diâmetro. Os ramos eram dispostos em espiral e uma estípula bifurcada se localizava na base de cada ramo. Dentro de um galho, os brotos frondosos estavam arranjados de maneira oposta em um único plano. Nos ramos férteis, algumas das folhas eram substituídas por esporângios (cápsulas de esporos).

Outras adaptações modernas
Além de seu tronco lenhoso, Archaeopteris possuía outras adaptações modernas à interceptação de luz e talvez também à sazonalidade. O grande leque de frondes parece ter sido bastante otimizado para interceptação de luz no nível do dossel. Em algumas espécies, as pínulas eram moldadas e orientadas para evitar o sombreamento umas às outras. Há evidências de que folhas inteiras eram lançadas juntas como unidades únicas, talvez sazonalmente como a folhagem decídua moderna ou como árvores da família dos ciprestes, Cupressaceae.

A planta tinha zonas nodais que teriam sido locais importantes para o desenvolvimento posterior de raízes e galhos laterais. Alguns ramos eram latentes e adventícios, semelhantes aos produzidos por árvores vivas que eventualmente se transformam em raízes. Antes dessa época, raízes rasas e rizomatosas eram a norma, mas com Archaeopteris, sistemas radiculares mais profundos estavam sendo desenvolvidos que poderiam suportar um crescimento cada vez maior.

Habitat
Evidências indicam que as Archaeopteris preferiam solos úmidos, crescendo perto de sistemas fluviais e em florestas de várzea. Teria formado uma parte significativa da vegetação do dossel das florestas primitivas. A respeito do surgimento da Archaeopteris no cenário mundial, Stephen Scheckler, professor de biologia e ciências geológicas no Instituto Politécnico da Virgínia, diz: "Quando a Archaeopteris apareceu, rapidamente se tornou a árvore dominante em toda a Terra. Em todas as áreas de terra que eram habitáveis, todos eles tinham essa árvore".

Uma espécie, a Archaeopteris notosaria, foi descrita dentro do que era então o círculo antártico: folhas e estruturas férteis foram identificadas no lagerstätte de Waterloo Farm, no que hoje é a África do Sul.

Scheckler acredita que Archaeopteris teve um papel importante na transformação de seu ambiente terrestre e fluvial.

Parecendo mais ou menos com uma árvore de Natal, a Archaeopteris pode ter desempenhado um papel na transformação do clima da Terra durante o Devoniano antes de se extinguir em um curto período de tempo no começo do Carbonífero.

Ligações externas
 História das florestas paleozóicas: as florestas primitivas e as progimnospermas
 Consequências da rápida expansão das florestas do Devoniano Superior, de Stephen E. Scheckler
 Introdução às Progimnospermas

Paleozoico
Árvores
Plantas pré-históricas

Archaeopteris


A Playmate is a female model featured in the centerfold/gatefold of Playboy magazine as Playmate of the Month (PMOTM). The PMOTM's pictorial includes nude photographs and a centerfold poster, along with a pictorial biography and the "Playmate Data Sheet", which lists her birthdate, measurements, turn-ons, and turn-offs. At the end of the year, one of the 12 Playmates of the Month is named Playmate of the Year (PMOTY). Every Playmate of the Month is awarded a prize of US$25,000 and each Playmate of the Year receives an additional prize of US$100,000 plus a car (on a short-term lease) and other discretionary gifts. In addition, Anniversary Playmates are usually chosen to celebrate a milestone year of the magazine.  The use of the word "Playmate" in a sexual sense did not originate with Playboy, and was seen at least as early as 1950 in Vue magazine (vol 1, #1).

Playboy encourages potential Playmates to send photos with "girl next door" appeal for consideration; others may submit photos of Playmate candidates, and may be eligible for a finder's fee if their model is selected. In addition, "casting calls" are held regularly in major US cities to offer opportunities for women to test for Playboy. Until just prior to the death of Hugh Hefner, he personally selected each Playmate of the Month and every Playmate of the Year, taking into account an annual readers' poll.

The final Playmate of the Month was published digitally in December 2020. Playboy also ended the Playmate of the Year title in 2020, instead awarding all 2019 Playmates the shared title of Playmates of the Year. All 2020 Playmates were given yearbook superlatives rather than a PMOTY title.

In 2021, Playboy digitally published two quarterly Playmates. No Playmates have been published since Miss Spring 2021, Hailee Lautenbach.

According to Playboy, there is no such thing as a former Playmate because "Once a Playmate, always a Playmate".

History
Marilyn Monroe, who was featured in the first issue, was the only one to appear as "Sweetheart of the Month". The first model called a Playmate of the Month was Margie Harrison, Miss January 1954, in the second issue of Playboy. Generally a woman may appear only once as a Playmate, but in the early years of the magazine, some models were featured multiple times. Marilyn Waltz (February 1954, April 1954, April 1955 her first appearance was as Margaret Scott) and Janet Pilgrim (July 1955, December 1955, and October 1956) are tied for the most appearances. Margie Harrison (January 1954, June 1954) and Marguerite Empey (May 1955, February 1956) are the only other women to appear more than once as Playmates.

Underage nudity
Several playmates including Nancy Crawford (April 1959), Donna Michelle (December 1963), Linda Moon (October 1966), Patti Reynolds (September 1965) and Teddi Smith (July 1960) posed when they were 17. Elizabeth Ann Roberts (January 1958) whose pictorial was called "Schoolmate Playmate" posed when she was 16. Hugh Hefner and Roberts' mother were arrested as a result, but the case was subsequently dismissed because Roberts' mother had signed a statement that her daughter was 18 before the photo shoot. In 1977, Ursula Buchfellner posed for the German edition of Playboy when she was 16 and subsequently posed for the American edition (October 1979) when she was 18. Dutch Playmate twins Karin and Mirjam van Breeschooten appeared at age 17 in their country's edition of Playboy in June 1988; at 18, they were Misses September 1989 in the US version.

Some women have become Playmates in their 30s. Dolores Donlon (August 1957) is the oldest Playmate to date, appearing in her shoot at the age of 36.

Playmate firsts

 First Playmate: Margie Harrison (Miss January 1954) in the second issue of Playboy. Marilyn Monroe, who was featured in the first issue, was the only one to appear as "Sweetheart of the Month".
 First Playmate to be chosen three times: Marilyn Waltz (Miss February 1954, April 1954, and April 1955 – her first appearance was as Margaret Scott)
 First and only month between 1954 and 2020 to not have a PlaymateMarch 1955 (no issue published)
 First centerfold (two-page): Janet Pilgrim (Miss July 1955)
 First fold-out centerfold (three-page): Marian Stafford (Miss March 1956)
 First foreign-born Playmate: Marion Scott (Miss May 1956) was born in Germany.
 Youngest Playmate ever featured: Elizabeth Ann Roberts (Miss January 1958) appeared at age 16.
 First issue to feature two Playmates (two in the same month, in separate photos): Pat Sheehan and Mara Corday (Misses October 1958)
 First Playmate to become Playmate of the Year (1960): Ellen Stratton (Miss December 1959)
 First Asian-American Playmate: China Lee (Miss August 1964)
 First African-American Playmate: Jennifer Jackson (Miss March 1965)
 First twin Playmates Mary Collinson and Madeleine Collinson (Miss October 1970)
 First Playmate to show clearly visible pubic hair: Liv Lindeland (Miss January 1971)
 First Playmate to pose for a full frontal nude centerfold: Marilyn Cole (Miss January 1972)
 First Playmate to pose for a full frontal nude centerfold with clearly visible entire pubic hair: Bonnie Large (Miss March 1973)
 First Hispanic-American Playmate: Ester Cordet (Miss October 1974) was from Panama.
 First cousins to be Playmates: Elaine Morton (Miss June 1970) and Karen Elaine Morton (Miss July 1978)
 First video Playmate (1982): Lonny Chin was also the magazine centerfold in the January 1983 issue.
 First mother and daughter to be Playmates: Carol Eden (Miss December 1960) and her daughter Simone Eden (Miss February 1989)
 First African-American Playmate of the Year: Renee Tenison (1990 and Miss November 1989)
 First triplets to be Playmates: Erica, Nicole and Jaclyn Dahm (Misses December 1998)
 First Playmate to pose with shaved pubic area: Dalene Kurtis (Miss September 2001)
 First Mexican-American Playmate of the Year: Raquel Pomplun (2013 and Miss April 2012)
 First openly transgender Playmate: Ines Rau (Miss November 2017)
 First amputee Playmate: Marsha Elle (Miss April 2020)

 First digital-only Playmate: Priscilla Huggins (Miss July 2020)
 First quarterly Playmate: Isabela Guedes (Miss Winter 2021)

Playmate of the Year
In the early days of Playboy, there was no official prize for the most popular Playmate at the end of each year. Although February 1954 Playmate Marilyn Waltz gained much popularity, receiving more fan mail than any other Playmate that year, she was not crowned PMOTY. Neither was December 1956 Playmate Lisa Winters, who was named Playmate of the Year but not technically crowned as such (causing some controversy regarding semantics); and, although Joyce Nizzari, Miss December 1958, was named the "most popular" Playmate of 1958, the PMOTY competition was first officially won in 1960 by Miss December 1959, Ellen Stratton. The 2009 PMOY, Ida Ljungqvist, was the 50th PMOTY and the second model of African descent to win the title, the first being Renee Tenison.

A PMOTY makes her appearance the year following her first appearance as PMOTM. This feature is usually published in the June issue, although sometimes it has been published in the May or July issue. Until 2003, each year's Playmate of the Year would routinely appear on the cover of her PMOTY issue, in which her PMOTY pictorial is featured. However, from 2003 to 2005, PMOTYs did not appear on the covers of their PMOTY issues, and 2007 PMOTY Sara Jean Underwood did not either. Instead, celebrities appearing in celebrity pictorials in the PMOTY issues appeared on the covers. The 2010 PMOTY, Hope Dworaczyk, did appear on the cover, and was the first model to be the subject of a three-dimensional Playboy centerfold photograph.

The average age of a Playmate of the Year, 23.5 years, is slightly higher than that of a Playmate of the Month, 22.4 years.
In 1964, at the age of 18, Donna Michelle became the youngest PMOY ever. Jo Collins (1965) and Christa Speck (1962) both were 19. Sharon Clark (1971), Karen McDougal (1998) and Ida Ljungqvist (2009) became PMOTY at the age of 27. Only three women became PMOTY in their 30s: Tiffany Fallon (2005) at 31, Kathy Shower (1986) at 33, and Eugena Washington (2016) at 31.

Notable Playmates
Playmates who attained fame for reasons in addition to their Playboy appearance(s) include (with the date of their appearance):
 Pamela Anderson (February 1990), actress
 Marina Baker (March 1987), journalist, children's book author, mayor of Telscombe, East Sussex, England
 Bebe Buell (November 1974), author and mother of Liv Tyler

 Lisa Dergan (July 1998), spokesmodel for St. Pauli Girl and Guess? Jeans; also Fox Sports correspondent
 Daphnée Duplaix (July 1997), actress
 Hope Dworaczyk (April 2009), television host and contestant on Celebrity Apprentice
 Erika Eleniak (July 1989), actress
 Lindsey Gayle Evans (October 2009), Miss Louisiana Teen USA 2008
 Tiffany Fallon (December 2004), Miss Georgia USA 2001, model, actress and Celebrity Apprentice contestant.
 Lena Forsén (November 1972), her image would later become a ubiquitous standard test image in the field of digital image processing, where the image is known as Lenna
 Claudia Jennings (November 1969), actress
 Scarlett Keegan (September 2004), former child model, international print model, actress minor roles include: Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, HBO's Entourage, and Weezer's " Beverly Hills" music video.
 Connie Kreski (January 1968), actress
 Angela Little (August 1998), actress
 Jayne Mansfield (February 1955), singer and actress
 Shae Marks (May 1994), actress
 Jenny McCarthy (October 1993), actress, author, comedian; MTV's Singled Out
 Julie McCullough (February 1986), actress played nanny "Julie Costello" on several episodes of Growing Pains until she was fired for having posed nude in Playboy.
 Shanna Moakler (December 2001), Miss USA 1995, ex-wife of Travis Barker, and co-star of reality TV show Meet the Barkers
 Kelly Monaco (April 1997), Emmy-nominated actress, winner of Dancing with the Stars reality show in 2005, long-running actress of General Hospital
 Cynthia Myers (December 1968), actress
 Janice Pennington (May 1971), model on The Price Is Right
 Brande Roderick (April 2000), actress and Celebrity Apprentice contestant
 Shauna Sand (May 1996), actress
 Nikki Schieler (September 1997), actress
 Anna Nicole Smith (May 1992), Guess jeans model, actress, wife, and later widow, of J. Howard Marshall.
 Victoria Silvstedt (December 1996), Swedish supermodel, actress, radio and TV hostess, published singer, and a former national-level skier in Sweden
 Martha Smith (July 1973), actress
 Stella Stevens (January 1960), actress
 Dorothy Stratten (August 1979), actress whose life and murder were portrayed in Star 80 (1983) and in Death of a Centerfold: The Dorothy Stratten Story (1981)
 Jeana Tomasino ("Jeana Keough") (November 1980), actress, model, original cast member of The Real Housewives of Orange County, and client on Thintervention with Jackie Warner
 Shannon Tweed (November 1981), actress co-star of reality-TV show Gene Simmons Family Jewels
 Eugena Washington (December 2015), fashion model, America's Next Top Model (cycle 7) contestant
 Kelly Wearstler ("Kelly Gallagher") (September 1994), designer
 Teri Weigel (April 1986), adult movie performer
 Victoria Zdrok (October 1994), attorney, clinical psychologist, sex therapist; second model to appear as centerfold for both Playboy and Penthouse

Photographers
Arny Freytag holds the record as the photographer who has captured the highest number of Playmates in Playboy's history, while Ana Dias is the female photographer recognized for photographing the most Playmates of the Month.

See also
 List of Penthouse Pets
 List of people in Playboy 1953–1959
 List of people in Playboy 1960–1969
 List of people in Playboy 1970–1979
 List of people in Playboy 1980–1989
 List of people in Playboy 1990–1999
 List of people in Playboy 2000–2009
 List of people in Playboy 2010–2019
 List of Playboy Playmates of the Month
 List of Playboy videos
 List of Playmates of the Year
 Playboy lists
 Playboy Bunny

References

Other sources

External links

 Playmate Directory
 All playmates centerfolds

Playboy

Playboy Playmate


Hyde Park Winter Wonderland er en årligt tilbagevendende julebegivenhed i Hyde Park i London, England. Begivenheden finder normalt sted fra midten af november til begyndelsen af januar og er en af de største af den type begivenheder i verden, både arealmæssigt og besøgstal. Winter Wonderland indeholder en række markeder, mobile forlystelser, en række shows samt mange barer og spisesteder.

Historie
I 2005 og 2006 blev var der ved juletid opstillet en lille forlystelsespark i udkanten af Hyde Park uden større succes. The Royal Parks, der styrer blandt andet Hyde Park, tog derpå initiativ til oprette en noget mere ambitiøs julebegivenhed med julemarked, forlystelser som pariserhjul og skøjtebane. De to firmaer AEG Live og PWR Events bød på opgaven, og i 2007 blev en sådan begivenhed første gang afholdt.

De følgende år blev begivenheden markant større med blandt andet en bayersk landsby, cirkusforestillinger, julemandsland og flere større forlystelser som et frit-falds-tårn. I 2011 trak AEG Live sig ud, men begivenheden havde bidt sig fast; året efter blev området udvidet betragteligt, og endnu flere forlystelser og shows blev introduceret. I 2016 blev verdens største flytbare rutsjebane, Olympia Looping, der også bruges ved Oktoberfest i München, tilføjet. I 2015 var besøgstallet på 2,5 millioner, og samlet havde 14 millioner besøgt Winter Wonderland i perioden 2007-2015.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Winter Wonderlands hjemmeside

Kultur i London
Etableret i 2007

Hyde Park Winter Wonderland


Die 66th Military Intelligence Brigade ist eine Brigade des Nachrichtendienstes der United States Army, unterstellt dem  United States Army Intelligence and Security Command und stationiert in der Lucius D. Clay-Kaserne in Wiesbaden-Erbenheim.

Organisation
Die 66th Military Intelligence Brigade besteht aus:
 Headquarters & Headquarters Company (Stab und Stabskompanie), in Wiesbaden
 1st Military Intelligence Battalion (United States) (Aerial Exploitation), in Wiesbaden
 2nd Military Intelligence Battalion, in Wiesbaden
 24th Military Intelligence Battalion
 709th Military Intelligence Battalion, RAF Menwith Hill, (Großbritannien)
 323rd Military Intelligence Battalion, Fort Meade, Maryland (US Army Reserve)

Die Brigade wurde bis 2012 von Colonel Greg Zellmer kommandiert. Command Sergeant Major war Panapa R. Willis. Commander of Troops: LTC Reid W. Webber.
2012 erfolgte die Ablösung durch den Incoming Commander Colonel Kenneth A. Rector.
Vom 27. Juni 2014 bis 22. Juli 2016 wurde die Brigade geführt durch Colonel David W. Pendall.
Vom 22. Juli 2016 war Colonel Devon Blake als Erste Frau Kommandeurin der Einheit und wurde am 10. Juli 2018 durch Colonel Gregory L. Holden turnusgemäß abgelöst.
Command Sergeant Major ist Chris Matthews Sr.

Auftrag
Die Brigade unterstützt militärnachrichtendienstlich die US Army Europe und US Army Africa.

Ärmelabzeichen

Beschreibung

Ein, auf der Spitze stehendes silbergraues Hexagon mit einem orientalblauen Rand und den Abmessungen von 7,62 cm über die Spitzen und 6,67 cm über die Flanken. Das orientalblaue Feld trägt eine gelbe Sphinx, über die ein stehender, silbergrauer Dolch mit schwarzem Griff gelegt ist.

Symbolismus

Orientalblau und Silbergrau repräsentieren Loyalität und Entschlossenheit und sind die Farben des militärischen Nachrichtendienstes. Gelb bzw. Gold sollen das Exzellente der Branche symbolisieren. Die hexagonale Form des Abzeichens steht für die Nummerierung der Einheit. Die Sphinx, ein traditionelles Symbol der militärischen Feindaufklärung, stellt Überwachung, Klugheit und Verschwiegenheit dar. Der blanke Dolch reflektiert die aggressiven und schützenden Grundvoraussetzungen der Branche und die Elemente von physischer Gefahr, die mit den Aufgaben der Einheit verbunden sind.

Hintergrund

Das Ärmelabzeichen wurde am 27. August 1987 für die 66th Military Intelligence Brigade genehmigt und am 17. Juli 2002 wieder eingezogen. Am 18. Juni 2003 wurde es erneut genehmigt und als grundsätzliche Ausnahme der 66th Military Intelligence Group zugeteilt. (TIOH Drawing Number A-1-740)

Abzeichen auf den Schulterklappen

Beschreibung

Ein aus goldfarbenem Metall und Emaille bestehendes Abzeichen mit einem Durchmesser von ca. 3 cm. Es besteht aus einem auf der Spitze stehenden Sechseck mit einem schachbrettartigen Muster aus sechs schwarzen und weißen Feldern. Darübergelegt ist ein weiteres, kleineres Sechseck mit der flachen Seite nach oben, mit neun schachbrettartigen Feldern in Gold und Blau. Im zentralen  blauen Feld befindet sich der nach rechts blickende Kopf einer Sphinx. Um die untere Hälfte des Abzeichens ist ein goldenes Schriftband gelegt mit der Inschrift in blauen Lettern: "HONOR VALOR AND SECURITY" (Ehre Wagemut und Sicherheit.)

Symbolisierung

Die schwarzen und weißen Felder stehen für Aufklärung und Erkennung bei Tag und Nacht überall auf der Welt. Das Schachbrettmuster steht für die taktischen und strategischen Möglichkeiten der Einheit in der Feindaufklärung. Die Sphinx ist ein traditionelles Symbol für den militärischen Nachrichtendienst und steht für Überwachung, Klugheit und Verschwiegenheit.

Hintergrund

Das sogenannte ständige Abzeichen wird auf den Schulterklappen der Ausgehuniform (und früher auch auf den Kragen der Felduniform und an der Feldmütze) getragen. Es wurde am 16. Juli 1969 für die 66th Military Intelligence Group genehmigt. Am 8. Oktober 1986 wurde es dann auf die  66th Military Intelligence Brigade und am 16. Oktober 2002 auf die 66th Military Intelligence Group übertragen.

Geschichte

 Aufgestellt: 21. Juni 1944 in der Armee der Vereinigten Staaten als "66th Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment".
 Indienststellung: 1. Juli 1944 in Camp Rucker, Alabama.
 Außerdienststellung: 12. November 1945 in Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.
 Wiederindienststellung: 10. November 1949 in Deutschland
 Am 20. September 1951 der regulären Armee zugeteilt
 Umgegliedert und umbenannt am  20. Dezember 1952 in 66th Counter Intelligence Corps Group.
 Umgegliedert und umbenannt am 1. Januar  1960 in  66th Military Intelligence Group.
 Umbenannt am 25. Juli 1961 in 66th Intelligence Corps Group.
 Umbenannt am 15. Oktober 1966 in 66th Military Intelligence Group.
 Umgegliedert und umbenannt am 16. Oktober 1986 in Headquarters und Headquarters Company, 66th Military Intelligence Brigade.
 Umgegliedert und umbenannt am 16. Oktober 1992 in Headquarters und Headquarters Detachment, 66th Military Intelligence Brigade.
 Außerdienststellung am: 16. Juli 1995 in Augsburg.
 Reaktivierung am 28. Februar  2002 als Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 66th Military Intelligence Group.
 Indienststellung am: 17. Oktober 2002 in Darmstadt.
 Umzug der Einheit im September 2008 von Darmstadt nach Wiesbaden-Erbenheim in die Clay Kaserne.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Nachrichtendienstliche Organisation (Vereinigte Staaten)
Military Intelligence #:66
Organisation (Wiesbaden)
Gegründet 1977
Militärische Aufklärung

66th Military Intelligence Brigade


John W. "Johnny" Cox (nacido el  en Neon, Kentucky) es un exjugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó una temporada en la NBA y dos más en la ABL Con 1,93 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de escolta.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante tres temporadas con los Wildcats de la Universidad de Kentucky, en las que promedió 17,4 puntos y 12,0 rebotes por partido. Fue elegido en el mejor quinteto de la Southeastern Conference en sus tres temporadas, logrando en 1958 el torneo de la NCAA tras derrotar a Seattle en la final por 84-72, siendo junto con Vern Hatton uno de los artífices de la victoria, anotando entre los dos 54 puntos. (24 puntos y 16 rebotes para Cox.) Fue incluido en el mejor quinteto del torneo, y en 1959 elegido en el primer equipo All-American.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la vigésimo octava posición del Draft de la NBA de 1958 por Cincinnati Royals, pero decidió seguir un año más en la universidad, siendo elegido por el mismo equipo al año siguiente, en el Draft de la NBA de 1959, en el puesto 30. Pero finalmente acabó jugando con los Cleveland Pipers de la ABL, con los que ganó la liga, promediando 18,5 puntos y 8,6 rebotes por partido, y siendo elegido en el segundo mejor quinteto de la competición.

Tras la desaparición de la ABL, fichó por los Chicago Zephyrs de la NBA, donde jugó una temporada, en la que promedió 7,8 puntos y 3,8 rebotes por partido.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Baloncestistas de Kentucky
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Kentucky Wildcats
Baloncestistas de los Chicago Zephyrs
Baloncestistas de los Akron Goodyear Wingfoots
Baloncestistas de los Cleveland Pipers

Johnny Cox


Terry Edward Branstad (født 17. november 1946 i Leland, Iowa) er en amerikansk politiker og fra juni 2017 USA's ambassadør i Kina. Han var tidligere den 39. og 42. guvernør for den amerikanske delstat Iowa. Han er medlem af det Republikanske parti. I maj 2017 trådte han tilbage som guvernør for at blive ambassadør og overlod posten til sin viceguvernør Kim Reynolds, som dermed blev den første kvindelige guvernør i Iowa.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Terry Branstads officielle kampagneside  på www.petericketts.com

Guvernører i Iowa

Terry Branstad


سبخة الذرايع هي سبخة ساحلية تقع في ولاية صفاقس، في الجنوب الشرقي التونسي، على بعد 14  جنوب غربي مدينة الصخيرة. تبلغ مساحتها 580 هكتارًا، ويبلغ ارتفاعها بين 0 و 30  عن سطح البحر. تكثر بها، في فصل الشتاء، طيور القطقاط الرمادي وقطقاط السواحل.

المراجع

ذرايع
مناطق هامة لحفظ الطيور في تونس

سبخة الذرايع


سبيد غرافر (Supīdo Gurafā) هي سلسلة أنمي ياباني من أعمال إستديو جونزو وتم بثها في 2005 وقصمت إلى 24 حلقة. و أول بث لها في 24 أبريل 2005, و 29 سبتمبر 2005 عل تلفزيون آساهي و هذه السلسلة رخصت ودبلجت عن طريق قناة FUNımatıon الأمريكية في 2006.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أنمي ذو سيناريو أصلي
أنمي ومانغا الواقع المرير
أنمي ومانغا تشويق
أنمي ومانغا خارقة للطبيعة
أنمي ومانغا خيالية
أنمي ومانغا نفسية
استديو جونزو
روايات خفيفة
روايات يابانية في 2005
سلسلات مانغا
شركة فنميشن للترفيه
شونن مانغا
مانغا 2005
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة بدأ عرضها في 2005
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية انتهت في 2005

سبيد غرافر


An Carex paeninsulae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Naczi, E.L.Bridges ngan Orzell. An Carex paeninsulae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Florida. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex paeninsulae


est un court métrage documentaire américain réalisé par Ben Proudfoot et sorti en 2021. Il a remporté l'Oscar du meilleur court métrage documentaire en 2022.

Sujet
Le film raconte la vie et la carrière sportive de Lusia Harris (1955-2022), pionnière du basket-ball féminin aux États-Unis, première afro-américaine intronisée au Basketball Hall of Fame, première femme repêchée par une équipe de la Ligue nationale de basket-ball.

Fiche technique
 Titre :
 Réalisation : Ben Proudfoot
 Photographie : Brandon Somerhalder
 Musique : Nicholas Jacobsen-Larson
 Montage : Stephanie Owens, Ben Proudfoot
 Production : Breakwater Studios
 Durée : 22 minutes
 Date de sortie :  (Festival du film de TRibeca)

Distinctions
 2021 : Critics' Choice Documentary Awards
 Oscars 2022 : Oscar du meilleur court métrage documentaire

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2021
Film documentaire américain
Court métrage américain
Film documentaire sur le sport
Film sur le basket-ball
Oscar du meilleur court métrage (documentaire)

The Queen of Basketball


Mlinica Patrlj u selu Kamenmostu (Kamenu Mostu), općina Podbablje, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Datacija: 1901. do 1912. godine. Mlinica Patrlj nalazi se na lijevoj obali rijeke Vrljike na Kamenmostu. Građevina pravokutnog tlocrta, dvostrešnog krova pokrivenog crijepom, građena od nepravilno tesanog kamena. Ova mlinica spada u tip građevine s vanjskim horizontalnim kolom "na tumbaz". Nešto je većih dimenzija od tipičnih mlinica na području Imotske krajine. Unutrašnje postrojenje mlinice je očuvano.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5963 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "javne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene gospodarske građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Podbablje
Patrlj

Mlinica Patrlj u Kamenmostu


مركز تي دبليو إيه الجوي هو الاسم الأصلي للمبنى رقم 5 من مطار جون إف كينيدي الدولي الواقع بنيويورك وكانت تستخدمه سابقا شركة الطيران تي دبليو إيه. المينى يستخدم حاليا لشركة جت بلو منذ ديسمبر 2005.

من تصميم المعماري ايرو سارنين. تم تدشينه في 28 مايو 1962. وعند شراء أمريكان ايرلاينز لتي دبليو إيه في 2001 تم غلقه.

تصميمه المعماري الثوري بالنسبة لزمانه حال دون إعادة تهيئته لمسايرة المقاييس الأمنية خاصة بعد أحداث 11 سبتمبر 2001. وشوهد في أفلام عدة مثل أوقفني ان استطعت Catch Me If You Can.

طالع أيضاً
 مطار جون إف كينيدي الدولي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 صور للمركز
 صور أخرى

السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في كوينز (نيويورك)
الطيران في مدينة نيويورك
بنية تحتية للنقل اكتملت في 1962
خطوط جيت بلو الجوية
خطوط عبر العالم الجوية
عمارة الحداثة في مدينة نيويورك
عمارة تعبيرية
عمارة جوجي
مبان ومنشآت في السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في مدينة نيويورك
مبان ومنشآت نقل في كوينز (نيويورك)
مسح المبان التاريخية الأمريكية في مدينة نيويورك
مطار جون إف كينيدي الدولي
مطارات الولايات المتحدة
ولاية نيويورك

مركز تي دبليو إيه الجوي


Antonio Carlos Wolkmer (São Leopoldo, 5 de abril de 1952) é um docente e pesquisador brasileiro com formação interdisciplinar em Direito, Ciência Política e Filosofia. Por meio de suas obras, Antonio Wolkmer ficou conhecido por explorar o conceito jurídico do pluralismo jurídico, especialmente pelo livro "Pluralismo jurídico: fundamentos de uma nova cultura no Direito". As teses expostas nessa obra receberam críticas favoráveis, ganhando destaque entre autores dessa temática. Além disso, a obra "Pluralismo jurídico: fundamentos de uma nova cultura no Direito" recebeu uma tradução para o espanhol. Durante sua carreira, publicou diversas obras no Brasil e no exterior, particularmente na América Latina. O jurista apresenta uma extensa produção intelectual, composta de artigos científicos, orientações e coorientações de dissertações e teses, além de supervisões de pós-doutorado.

Biografia
Antonio Wolkmer nasceu em São Leopoldo, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e estudou em colégios católicos. Ele ingressou no curso de Direito na Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos) em 1973 e se formou em 1977. Além disso, o jurista se especializou em Metodologia do Ensino Superior pela mesma universidade em 1978 e começou a lecionar no mesmo ano ao assumir as disciplinas de "Introdução à Ciência do Direito", "Filosofia do Direito" e "Teoria Geral do Estado". Em 1979, ele iniciou seu mestrado em Ciência Política pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) e concluiu em 1983. Ele também coordenou o Núcleo de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação do Centro de Ciências Jurídicas da Unisinos entre 1982 e 1985.

Em 1988, Wolkmer iniciou seu doutorado pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) e obteve o título de doutor em 1992 ao defender a tese "Pluralismo jurídico: o espaço de práticas sociais participativas". Em fevereiro de 1991, ingressou no Departamento de Direito do Centro de Ciências Jurídicas da UFSC como professor assistente após ser aprovado em primeiro lugar em um concurso público. Sua tese foi publicada como livro e tornou-se uma obra importante na Ciência Jurídica brasileira. Em abril de 1993, Antonio tornou-se professor titular após concurso público e criou a disciplina de "História do Direito" na UFSC.

Ao longo de sua carreira, Antonio Wolkmer se dedicou à docência e à pesquisa, afastando-se da carreira diplomática que inicialmente almejava. Ele se destacou como um pensador crítico que buscava compreender o Direito como uma ferramenta de transformação da realidade, ao invés de apenas reproduzir pensamentos convencionais e formalistas. Sua carreira como pesquisador lhe garantiu um lugar de destaque entre os grandes nomes da teoria crítica latino-americana.

Trajetória acadêmica
Antonio Carlos Wolkmer foi docente na Unisinos entre os anos de 1978 e 1991, onde ministrou disciplinas nos cursos de graduação e de pós-graduação em Direito. Na condição de professor visitante, lecionou em 1984 a disciplina de "Hermenêutica Jurídica" na Escola do Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul. Além disso, Antonio atuou contribuindo para a cadeira "Cultura Jurídica e Pensamento Ecológico", da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS). Também integrou os quadros do Instituto Superior de Filosofia Berthier, na cadeira denominada "Fundamentos Históricos dos Direitos Humanos". Além disso, Antonio é permanente consultor ad hoc da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), bem como do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), neste último como pesquisador nível 1-A.

Durante os anos de 2009 a 2012, foi membro, na área do Direito, do Comitê de Assessoramento de Antropologia, Arqueologia, Ciência Política, Direito, Relações Internacionais e Sociologia (CA-CS), do CNPq. Integrou a Associação Brasileira de Filosofia do Direito e Sociologia do Direito (ABRAFI), mantendo-se filiado ao Instituto Brasileiro de História do Direito (IBHD), ao Instituto dos Advogados Brasileiros (IAB) e ao Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Direito (CONPEDI), onde recebeu, em 2012, o título de assessor honorário por serviços despendidos no âmbito de pesquisa e pós-graduação em Direito no Brasil. Exerceu a função de coordenador do curso de pós-graduação em Direito no CCJ/UFSC entre 2007 e 2011.

Em 2010, foi contemplado com o Prêmio Destaque Pesquisador pela UFSC, época em que essa universidade completava 50 anos de história. Ademais, Wolkmer tornou-se, em 2013, membro vitalício da Academia Catarinense de Letras Jurídicas (ACALEJ), Cadeira no 10. Sua dedicação ao magistério superior culminou com a concessão recebida, em 10 de março de 2020, de professor emérito do CCJ/UFSC. Já em novembro de 2022, foi agraciado com o Prêmio Pesquisador Gaúcho 2022 em Ciências Humanas e Sociais pelo Comitê Científico da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS).

Após a sua aposentadoria como professor titular da UFSC (2015), ingressou em Programas de Pós-Graduação em Direito de duas universidades comunitárias: Universidade La Salle (Unilasalle-RS) e Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (Unesc-SC), onde, nesta última, em 2017, passou a coordenar o mestrado em Direitos Humanos e Sociedade.

Além disso, recebeu diversas outras homenagens, a exemplo dos livros "Democracia, pluralismo e pensamento crítico: homenagem ao prof. Antonio Carlos Wolkmer", "Direito e crítica: homenagem ao professor Antonio Carlos Wolkmer" e "Teoria crítica e humanismo jurídico: o pensamento de Antonio Carlos Wolkmer – Tomos I e II".

Por fim, o jurista é professor colaborador no curso de doutorado em Direito da Universidade de Buenos Aires, bem como mantém sua condição de professor visitante na Universidade Pablo de Olavide, Sevilha, Espanha. Ainda como visitante, atua no exterior, em universidades da Argentina, do Chile, da Colômbia, do Equador, da Costa Rica, do México, do Peru, da Venezuela, da Espanha e da Itália. Além disso, é também membro da Sociedade Argentina de Sociologia Jurídica (SASJU), bem como do Grupo de Trabalho "Pensamiento jurídico crítico y conflictos sociopolíticos", vinculado ao Conselho Latino-Americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO, Buenos Aires, Argentina). Igualmente, integra o Instituto Internacional de Derecho y Sociedad (IIDS, Lima, Peru), o International Political Science Association (IPSA, Canadá), o Research Committee on Sociology of Law (RCSL) e a Red Latinoamericana de Derecho y Sociedad (Relades). Criou em 2007 o Núcleo de Estudos e Práticas Emancipatórias (NEPE), que funcionou até 2017, quando deixou de ser colaborador na UFSC, espaço voltado à produção e ao estudo reflexivo com direcionamento aos seguintes eixos de pesquisa: 1 – cultura jurídica na América Latina; 2 – discussão sobre os problemas do Direito ocidental na Modernidade; e 3 – pluralismo jurídico, direitos humanos e processos de descolonização.

Produção intelectual

Sua trajetória intelectual se inicia no final dos anos 1970, com seu professorado na Unisinos, no Rio Grande do Sul, manifestando uma linha de pensamento crítico-dialética e humanista, essencialmente marcada por uma perspectiva jusnaturalista com sentido neoidealista. Nesse contexto, sua perspectiva teórica e seu pensamento filosófico associam-se às investigações ético-culturalistas libertárias.

Em um segundo momento de construção de seu pensamento, resultante de sua pesquisa de mestrado, que o aproxima da Ciência Política, Wolkmer supera o ideal jusnaturalismo, refletindo uma preocupação com a teoria das ideologias sob à luz da teoria crítica frankfurtiana. Dessa fase nasce sua obra "Ideologia, Estado e Direito", que, com intenção crítica, tem a pretensão de desmistificar as ideologias jurídicas.

Os rumos de seu pensamento jurídico crítico seguiram a uma terceira etapa, com a obtenção de seu doutoramento. Esse período o situa entre os principais teóricos do pluralismo alicerçado na "teoria crítica" social e no "poder comunitário" desde a América Latina. Em sua tese "Pluralismo jurídico: o espaço de práticas sociais participativas", Wolkmer relaciona a crise da Modernidade jurídica com a crise do paradigma monista, o qual entende a existência de apenas uma ordem jurídica positiva, a qual tende a ignorar as práticas sociais alternativas e desaguando na produção de um Direito legal vinculado ao Estado, arreigado em uma legitimidade formal.

Desse pressuposto, surge o argumento de que o pluralismo jurídico contra-hegemônico poderia representar, de forma concreta, caminho diferente à lógica formalista do Direito promovida pelo Estado, possibilitando contornos atualizados que visem superar a tradicional visão do paradigma monista. O pensamento de Wolkmer é marcado por realizar uma crítica à Modernidade jurídica sem associar-se às correntes contemporâneas niilistas e desconstrutivistas.

Ao aderir ao pluralismo como proposta de normatividade emancipadora, conduz sua perspectiva ao lado de autores que o tem marcado em seus trabalhos, como Boaventura de Sousa Santos,  influências que vão do marxismo heterodoxo às teorias modernas anticoloniais acerca da democracia participativa e dos novos sujeitos sociais.

Wolkmer, por meio de suas pesquisas em Filosofia jurídica, História do Direito e Sociologia político-jurídica, levando em consideração o forte influxo da Filosofia da Libertação, cujo representante maior é o filósofo argentino Enrique Dussel, estuda como a América Latina pode se libertar dos efeitos negativos do capitalismo globalizado e sua normatividade excludente sobre a vida humana e sobre a natureza.

Mais recentemente, o autor demonstra seus anseios com os desdobramentos da produção pós-colonial para uma Filosofia jurídica da alteridade e para uma concepção de direitos humanos como processos de resistência, firmados em fundamentos humanistas, em oposição ao utilitarismo inculcado pelo individualismo da modernidade. Desse modo, baseado no pluralismo jurídico comunitário participativo, propõe um olhar emancipatório e intercultural que representa sua contribuição crítica à jusfilosofia e aos estudos sociojurídicos liberadores. Wolkmer, ao passo que apura seu estudo analítico social da concretude factual latino-americana, acosta à crítica jurídica contemporânea a configuração prático-teórica.

Alunos da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Alunos da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Alunos da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Naturais de São Leopoldo
Nascidos em 1952
Pesquisadores do Brasil
Professores da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Professores da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Professores do Rio Grande do Sul

Antônio Carlos Wolkmer


Kościelec bezeichnet

Berge
 in der Hohen Tatra, siehe Kościelec (Hohe Tatra)
 in den Sudeten, siehe  Kościelec (Sudeten)
 in den schlesischen Beskiden, siehe  Kościelec (Schlesische Beskiden)
 in den Westbeskiden, siehe  Kościelec (Westbeskiden)

Ortschaften
 Kościelec (Powiat Kolski) (Kirchdorf) in der Woiwodschaft Großpolen
 Kościelec (Mycielin) in der Woiwodschaft Großpolen, Gemeinde Mycielin
 Kościelec (Pakość) (Kosielez) in der Woiwodschaft Kujawien-Pommern, Gemeinde Pakość
 Kościelec (Proszowice) in der Woiwodschaft Kleinpolen, Gmina Proszowice
 Kościelec (Krotoszyce) in der Woiwodschaft Niederschlesien, Gemeinde Krotoszyce
 Kościelec (Stary Targ) (Altkirch) in der Woiwodschaft Pommern, Gemeinde Stary Targ
 Kościelec (Rędziny) in der Woiwodschaft Schlesien, Gemeinde Rędziny

Kościelec


, une zone du comté de Hudson dans le New Jersey.
 North Hudson, une ville du comté d'Essex, dans l'État de New York.
 North Hudson, un village du comté de Sainte-Croix dans le Wisconsin.

North Hudson


El músculo dilatador del iris, también llamado dilatador de la pupila, es un músculo que se encuentra en el interior del ojo y tiene la función de dilatar la pupila para aumentar la cantidad de luz que penetra en el globo ocular. Se encuentra situado en la parte posterior del iris y está constituido por fibras musculares lisas que se disponen de forma radial, su función está controlada por fibras nerviosas pertenecientes al sistema nervioso simpático.
Proviene de tejido nervioso (ectoderma) por lo que realmente no será un músculo como tal si no un mioepitelio pigmentado. Está formado por células epiteliales muy largas con que poseen capacidad contráctil.
La acción de este músculo se contrarresta por la del músculo esfínter del iris que tiene la función contraria, es decir disminuye el tamaño de la pupila.

Referencias

Ojo

Músculo dilatador del iris


An Pitcairnia aequatorialis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Pitcairnia aequatorialis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia aequatorialis


Jacobo de Nísibis (Jacobus, ) (Nísibis 270-341), conocido también como Santiago de Nísibe o Jacobo Magno (Magnus) o el Grande (), fue un religioso sirio. Nació en Nísibis, también conocida por Antioquía de Migdonia (o Migdónica, latín Antiocheia ad Mygdonium o Mygdonica) una ciudad de Mesopotamia en la frontera persa, que hoy lleva el nombre de Nusaybin.

Escogió la vida de soledad y ascetismo en las montañas, durmiendo sobre los matojos la mayor parte del año y buscando el refugio de alguna cueva en los meses más rigurosos del invierno. Teodoreto de Ciro le atribuye facultades de taumaturgo y profeta y otros poderes milagrosos, incluso resucitar a los muertos.

Predicó más tarde en Persia y a su retorno fue nombrado obispo de Nísibis y dejó la soledad y se trasladó a la ciudad, pero continuó una vida dura de sacrificio. Fue benefactor de los pobres, guardián de las viudas y huérfanos y protector de los enfermos. Entre ellos, Efrén, que fue expulsado de la casa de su padre cuando se negó a participar en las prácticas idólatras del padre.

El libro Menaea de los griegos le atribuye numerosas conversiones de paganos. Genadio de Marsella dice que sufrió las persecuciones de los sucesores de Diocleciano. Estuvo presente en el primer concilio de Nicea en 325 y fue uno de los campeones de las consubstancialistas, y aún aparece como firmante en las actas del concilio de Antioquía en 341.

Fue probablemente en el 338 cuando el rey persa Sapor II asedió Nísibis y el obispo Jacobo animó la defensa subiendo a las murallas a orar. Entonces gran cantidad de insectos atacaron a los caballos de los persas y tuvieron que levantar el asedio. Eso fue considerado una respuesta a las oraciones de Jacobo.

Probablemente murió unos tres años después (hacia 341 o 342), aunque que Dionisio, patriarca de los jacobitas, en su Crónica Siria, sitúa su muerte en 338.

El martirologio de los cristianos romanos se conmemora el 15 de julio, en el menologio griego el 31 de octubre, al sinaxario de los maronitas el 13 de enero y en el libro de la Iglesia copta el 18 del mes tybi.

Enlaces externos

Santos de Siria
Santos católicos
Santos de la Iglesia ortodoxa
Sirios del siglo IV
Santos cristianos de la Antigua Roma del siglo IV
Obispos santos
Antiguos romanos del siglo III
Taumaturgos
Santos ortodoxos del Imperio bizantino
Obispos del siglo IV

Jacobo de Nísibis


Combs may refer to:

Places

France

 Combs-la-Ville, a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris

United Kingdom

Combs, Derbyshire, England
Combs, Suffolk, England

United States

Combs, Arkansas, a community
Combs, Kentucky, a community
Combs Township, Carroll County, Missouri

Other uses
Comb, plural form
Combs (surname)

See also
Comb (disambiguation)
Combes (disambiguation)
 Justice Combs (disambiguation)
 Coombs (disambiguation)
 Cwm (disambiguation)
 Coombes

Combs


Halfeti, Şanlıurfa ilinin bir ilçesidir. Şanlıurfa'nın batısında yer almaktadır.

Tarihçe
M.Ö 855 yılında Asur kralı III. Salmanassar tarafından kurulduğu zaman "Şitamrat" adını taşıyordu. Şehir, tarihi boyunca Hitit, Asur, Med, Pers, Makedon, Selevkos ve Partlar'ın idaresinde kalmıştır. Yunanlar buraya "Urima" adını vermişlerdir. Süryaniler ise "Kal'a Rhomeyta" ve "Hesna d'Romaye" adlarını kullanmışlardır. Güneydoğu Anadolu, Roma İmparatorluğu döneminde Orshoene eyaleti içinde yer almış ve kale bu eyaletteki önemli şehirlerden birisi olmuştur. 2. yüzyılda Bizanslıların eline geçince bu kez "Romaion Koyla" adını almıştır. Şanlıurfa ve çevresi Ömer döneminde fethedilmiş ve daha sonra Emevi, Abbasi, Selçuklu, Zengi ve Eyyübiler'in hâkimiyetlerinde bulunmasına rağmen Rumkale olarak bilinen yerleşim Müslüman devletlerin toprakları dışında kalmıştır. Urfa Haçlı Kontluğunu kuran Boudovin de Boulogne 1116 yılında Rumkale'yi Ermeni Prensi Gog-Vasil'in elinden aldı. Urfa kontesi Beatrice 1150 yılında Rumkale' yi, Ermeni Katolikosuna teslim etti. Rumkale, 1260 yılında İlhanlı hükümdarı Hülagu' nun orduları tarafından ele geçirildi.

1280 yılında Beysari komutasındaki Memluk ordusu tarafından kuşatılmış, sonuç alınamayınca şehirdeki Hristiyan mahalleleri beş gün süreyle yağmalanmıştır. 1292 yılında bu kez Memluk Sultanı Eşref tarafından ele geçirilen ve son kez Memlükler tarafından tamir edilen şehre "Kal'at-ül Müslimin" adı verildi. Yavuz Sultan Selim zamanında Osmanlılara geçen şehir, zamanımızda da kullanılan "Urumgala" ve "Rumkale" adlarını alarak Halep Eyaleti'ne bağlandı. Osmanlı döneminde hudut şehri özelliğini kaybeden yerleşim stratejik önemini kaybetmiştir. Şehrin nüfusunun 19. yüzyılda 5-l0 haneye kadar düşmesi ve Rumkale'nin harap olmasıyla yerleşim alanı Fırat'ın karşı sahiline nakledilmiş ve bugünkü Halfeti yerleşimi kurulmuştur. 1926 yılına kadar Birecik'e bağlı bir nahiye olan Halfeti, 1954 yılında ilçe haline getirilmiştir.

Nüfus

Demografi
Halfeti 2014 yılında yürürlüğe giren 5216 sayılı Büyükşehir belediyesi kanuna göre 9 merkez mahalle 35 bağlı mahallesi olmak üzere toplam 44 mahalleden oluşur. 2014 yılı Genel Nüfus sayımına göre ilçenin nüfusu 38,345'tir. Halfetililerin dili diğer ilçelerinden ayrılan bir yapı olan batı grubu dil ailesine sahiptir ve Gaziantep şivesiyle aynı sayılır. Çünkü 1920 yıllarında Fransızların işgali karşısında dağıtılan Gaziantepli bazı aileler Yavuzeli, Araban ve Halfeti'ye göç etmiştir.

Ayrıca 35 km uzunluğundaki sahil yolu ile Birecik'e bağlanmıştır. İlçe Merkezinin Şanlıurfa'ya uzaklığı 112 km, Gaziantep'e uzaklığı 105 km'dir. Yurttaşların Şanlıurfa il merkezi ile ilişkileri resmi işlerin görülmesi gibi durumlarda olmaktadır. İlçenin ekonomik bağlantısı ve sosyal/kültürel aktiviteleri Gaziantep'ledir.

İlçe yeni yerleşim yerinde hızlı bir nüfus artışıyla karşılaşırken, eski yerleşim yeri ise turizme açılmış, kent, ciddi bir tarihi ve doğa turizmi payına sahip olmuştur. Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde alternatif turizm alanında cazibe merkezi haline gelmiştir.

Turizm
Halfeti ilçesinin yüzde 80"i Birecik Barajı"nın yapımı ve evlerin su altında kalmasıyla birlikte, 15 kilometre uzaklıkta kurulan yeni yerleşim merkezine taşındı. Taş mimarisiyle yapılmış evlerin ve camilerin su altında kaldığı ilçe, aradan geçen süre içerisinde doğal güzelliğiyle dikkat çekiyor.

Fırat Nehri"nin altında kalan taş mimarisiyle "Saklı cennet ve "Kayıp kent" olarak da anılmaya başlanan Halfeti"de, yerli ve yabancı turistlerin yoğun ilgi gösterdiği bir belde haline geldi.

Halfeti ilçesi, Türkiye'den 21 şehrin, dünyada 287 şehrin dâhil olduğu, Uluslararası Koordinasyon Komitesi toplantısında 'Cittaslow' (Sakin Şehir) unvanını aldı.

Kültür
Halfeti, Atatürk Barajı'nın suları altında kalmasıyla Yeni Halfeti ve Eski Halfeti olarak ikiye ayrılmıştır. Eski Halfeti'nin sular altında kalması ile halk göç etmiş ve Yeni Halfeti denilen Kara Otlak mıntıkasına taşınmıştır. Eski Halfeti'nin bulunduğu zengin yer şekilleri birçok efsanenin doğmasına neden olmuştur.

Ali Kayası Efsanesi
Bölge halkınca Hz. Ali'nin bir müddet Rumkale'de kaldığı düşünülür. Hikâyeye göre şeytanın köpek kılığında onun bulunduğu yere girmesi üzerine Hz. Ali'nin fırlattığı kaya, Ali Kayası olarak anılır. Göktanrı inanışında da yaygın olan taş ve kayaların bir kült olması, bölge halkının Hz. Ali'ye bağlılığı ile birlikte bu efsaneye yol açmıştır.

Hıdrellez ve Henislik Efsaneleri
Rumkale civarında bulunan iki mağaradan biri olan Hıdrellez, içinde bulunduğu zor durumu aşmak için dua eden ardından da taş kesilen bir kadın efsanesine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Anadolu'nun her yanında rastlanılabileceği gibi Hıdrellez, Halfeti de de kutlanır ve dünyanın yenilenmesini niteler. İsmini aldığı bu mağarada bulunan sarkıtların emildiği takdirde sütü az gelen kadınların sütünü artıracağına inanılır.

Rumkale civarında bulunan ikinci mağara olan Henislik, anlatılan efsanede adını açıklamamaktadır ancak Henislik'in döneminde ateşe verilme sebebine açıklık kavuşturmaktadır. Bu efsane, birbirine kavuşamayan iki aşığı konu alan bir aşk efsanesidir.

Dişi Ruh Efsanesi
Eski Halfeti'nin içinden geçerek şehri ikiye ayıran Fırat nehri, bölgede birçok efsaneye konu olmuştur. Türk mitolojisinde rahatsızlık yaratan ruhani varlıkları anlatmak için kullanılan Demonoloji alt başlığının bir örneği olarak Dişi Ruh efsanesi bu yörede yer almaktadır. Normalde insanlara zarar verdiği iddia edilen bu ruhani kadının yakasına bir iğne takılırsa, takan kişinin hizmetine gireceği ve yaptığı işlerde bolluk getireceğine inanılmaktadır.

Ab-ı Hayat Suyu Efsanesi
Bu efsane Fırat'ın kaynağını anlatır ve kırk pınarlı bir yerden doğduğunu iddia eder. Anlatılan efsane, Köroğlu'nun atını yıkadığı ve onu canlandıran suyun ab-ı hayat olduğunu ve Fırat'ın başlangıcı olduğunu söyler.  Bölge halkınca bu şifalı suyun senede bir gün aktığı ve aktığı gece suya girenlerin iyileşeceği söylenir. Ayrıca bu gün, Hızır ile İlyas'ın buluştuğu söylenir.

Siyah Gül Efsanesi
Halfeti'nin öne çıkan güzelliklerinden biri olan Karagül; ilk olarak Lomo Sait tarafından yetiştirilmiş, şimdilerde ise evlerin bahçe ve saksılarında amatör biçimde yetiştirilmeye devam etmektedir. Efsaneye göre Halfeti'de bulunan en güzel kırmızı gülleri yetiştiren Vartuhi, nehrin karşı kıyısında Fırat isimli bir gence aşık olmuştur. Birbirlerine aşık olan gencin ilişkisine Vartuhi'nin babasının karışmasıyla ikili baskılara dayanamamış ve Fırat nehrinde intihar etmişlerdir. İnanışa göre aşıkların ölümünün ardından Halfeti'deki tüm kırmızı güller siyah olmuş ve bu güller artık sadece Halfeti'de yetişirmiş.

Şive
Türkçenin Halfeti ilçesinde kullanılan şivesinin Batı Anadolu ağızları içindeki konumu Prof. Dr. Leyla Karahan'ın Anadolu Ağızlarının Sınıflandırılması (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları: 630, Ankara 1996) adlı çalışmasına göre şöyledir:

Halfeti ilçesine bağlı mahalleler

Mahalleler

Ulaşım

İlçe merkezi Gaziantep-Şanlıurfa karayoluna (İpekyolu) 40 km uzunluğundaki asfalt bir yol ile bağlanmıştır.

Ayrıca 35 km uzunluğundaki sahil yolu ile Birecik'e bağlanmıştır. İlçe Merkezinin Şanlıurfa'ya uzaklığı 112 km, Gaziantep'e uzaklığı 105 km'dir. Yurttaşların Şanlıurfa il merkezi ile ilişkileri resmi işlerin görülmesi gibi durumlarda olmaktadır. İlçenin ekonomik bağlantısı Gaziantep iledir.

Bu bakımdan gerek ilçe merkezinden gerekse köylerden Gaziantep'e gidip gelen çok sayıda vasıta vardır.

İlçe sınırları içinde yaklaşık 60000 metre asfaltlanmış yol, 28000 metre stabilize yol mevcuttur.

Yaz ve kış mevsimde bütün köylerle ulaşım sağlanmaktadır.

Yerel Mutfak
2016 yılında düzenlenmeye başlanan Meyve Yemekleri festivali, Halfeti yöresinde yetiştirilen meyvelerin çeşitli yemekler içinde sunulmasıyla yörede bir gelenek haline gelmiştir. Turizm açısından da önemi bulunan bu etkinlik, hem bu değerlerin daha büyük kitlelere ulaşmasına hem de gelecek nesillere aktarılmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 YerelNET
 Halfeti Gezi Rehberi

Cittaslow

Halfeti


An American Werewolf in London is a 1981 comedy werewolf film written and directed by John Landis. An international co-production of the United Kingdom and the United States, the film stars David Naughton, Jenny Agutter, Griffin Dunne and John Woodvine. The title is a cross between An American in Paris and Werewolf of London. The film's plot follows two American backpackers, David and Jack, who are attacked by a werewolf while travelling in England, causing David to become a werewolf under the next full moon.

Landis wrote the first draft of the screenplay for the film in 1969 and shelved it for over a decade. Prospective financiers believed that Landis' script was too frightening to be a comedy film and too humorous to be a horror film. After achieving success in Hollywood with the comedies The Kentucky Fried Movie, National Lampoon's Animal House and The Blues Brothers, Landis was able to secure financing from PolyGram Pictures to produce An American Werewolf in London.

An American Werewolf in London was released in the US by Universal Pictures on August 21, 1981. It was a critical and commercial success, winning the 1981 Saturn Award for Best Horror Film and the first ever Academy Award for Best Makeup. Since its release, it has become a cult classic. A sequel, An American Werewolf in Paris, was released by Hollywood Pictures in 1997 and received mostly negative reviews upon its release.

Plot

Two American graduate students from New York City, David Kessler and Jack Goodman, are trekking across the moors in Yorkshire. As night falls, they stop at the Slaughtered Lamb, a local pub. Jack notices a five-pointed star on the pub's wall. When he asks about it, the pub-goers grow hostile, and he and David leave. The pub-goers warn the pair to keep to the road, stay clear of the moors, and beware the full moon. David and Jack wander off the road and onto the moors, where a vicious creature attacks them. Jack is killed and David is seriously injured. The beast is shot and killed by some concerned pub-goers who followed the two young men. Instead of an animal carcass, David sees a nude dead man lying next to him before passing out.

David wakes up three weeks later in a London hospital. Inspector Villiers interviews David and informs him that the locals reported that an escaped lunatic attacked him and Jack. David insists a rabid dog or wolf attacked them. An undead Jack later appears to David and explains that they were attacked by a werewolf; since David was bitten, he is now a werewolf too. Jack is cursed to walk the earth in limbo, neither dead nor alive, until the wolf's bloodline is severed. Jack urges David to kill himself before the next full moon so he does not harm anyone.

Dr. Hirsch visits the Slaughtered Lamb to investigate, suspecting that David might have been influenced by local superstitions. When asked about the incident, the pub-goers deny any knowledge of David, Jack, or the attack. However, one distraught pub-goer privately tells Dr. Hirsch that David will endanger other people when he transforms.

Upon being released from hospital, David stays with Alex Price, the pretty young nurse who cared for him. Alex tells David that she is worried about his mental state. Jack, now even more decayed, appears and warns David that he will become a werewolf the next night, and again advises that to kill himself to avoid killing innocent people. David refuses to believe him but when the full moon rises, David transforms into a werewolf. He prowls the streets and the London Underground, killing six people. He wakes up the next morning naked on the floor of a wolf enclosure at the London Zoo, with no recollection of what happened, and returns to Alex's flat.

After learning of the previous night's murders and realizing that he is responsible, David unsuccessfully attempts to get himself arrested in Trafalgar Square. He calls his family to say he loves them, then loses the courage to slit his wrists with a pocket knife. David sees Jack, who is even more decayed, outside an adult movie theatre. Inside, Jack introduces David to his previous night's victims, some of whom are furious with David and suggest different suicide methods to free them from their undead state.

David transforms into a werewolf inside the cinema. He decapitates Inspector Villiers and wreaks havoc in the streets, killing several motorists and bystanders. The police surround and trap David in an alleyway. Alex arrives and runs down the alley and tries calming David by saying she loves him. Although David briefly appears to recognize Alex, he lunges forward and is shot dead by the police, reverting to human form.

Cast

Production

Development
John Landis came up with the story while he worked in Yugoslavia as a production assistant on the film Kelly's Heroes (1970). He and a Yugoslav member of the crew were driving in the back of a car on location when they came across a group of Romani people. The Romani people appeared to be performing rituals on a man being buried so that he would not "rise from the grave." This made Landis realize he would never be able to confront the undead and gave him the idea for a film in which a man would go through the same thing.

Landis wrote the first draft of An American Werewolf in London in 1969 and shelved it for over a decade. Two years later, Landis wrote, directed, and starred in his debut film, Schlock, which developed a cult following. Landis developed box-office status in Hollywood through the successful comedy films The Kentucky Fried Movie, Animal House and The Blues Brothers before securing $10 million financing from PolyGram Pictures for his werewolf film. Financiers believed that Landis' script was too frightening to be a comedy and too funny to be a horror film. Universal Studios execs were pressuring the director to cast Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as David Kessler and Jack Goodman but Landis went with unknown actors instead.

Filming
Filming took place between February and March 1981 because director John Landis wanted the film to take place during poor weather.

The moors were filmed around the Black Mountains in Wales, and East Proctor is in reality the tiny village of Crickadarn, about  southeast of Builth Wells off the A470. The Angel of Death statue was a prop added for the film, but the red phone box is real, though the Welsh road signs were covered by a fake tree.

The pub shown in the film known as the Slaughtered Lamb was actually a cottage located in Crickadarn, and the interior scenes were filmed in the Black Swan, Old Lane, Martyrs Green in Surrey.

An American Werewolf in London was the first film allowed to shoot in Piccadilly Circus in 15 years. Landis accomplished this by inviting 300 members of London's Metropolitan Police Service to a screening of his new film The Blues Brothers. The police were so impressed by his work that they granted the production a two-night filming permit between the hours of 1 and 4 a.m. Traffic was stopped only three times for two-minute increments to film the automobile stunts involving the double-decker bus. Other filming locations included Putney General Hospital, Chiswick Maternity Hospital, Redcliffe Square in Earl's Court, the area around Tower Bridge, Tottenham Court Road Underground station, London Zoo, Putney High Street, Belgravia, Hampstead and Southwark.

Filming also took place at Twickenham Film Studios in Richmond Upon Thames.

Music
The film's ironically upbeat soundtrack consists of songs which refer to the moon. Bobby Vinton's slow, soothing version of "Blue Moon" plays during the opening credits, Van Morrison's "Moondance" plays as David and Alex make love for the first time, Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Bad Moon Rising" plays as David nears the moment of changing to the werewolf, a soft, bittersweet ballad version of "Blue Moon" by Sam Cooke plays during the agonizing wolf transformation, and the Marcels' doo-wop version of "Blue Moon" plays over the end credits.

The score was composed and conducted by Elmer Bernstein and recorded at Olympic Studios in London, engineered by Keith Grant. Bernstein's score can be heard during David's nightmares, when Dr. Hirsch drives through the moors to East Proctor, and when Alex confronts David in the alley. Though Bernstein wrote and recorded music to accompany the transformation scene, the director chose not to use it. The three-minute passage was eventually released by Bernstein under the title "Metamorphosis".

Release

Box office
An American Werewolf in London was released August 21, 1981, and grossed $30 million at the box office in the United States and $62 million worldwide against the budget of under $6 million.

Home media
The film was first released in 1981 on VHS and Betamax under the MCA Videocassette Inc. label and on LaserDisc and CED under the MCA Videodisc label. In 1984, MCA Home Video released it on LaserDisc. This would be the last time Universal would release the movie on home video for 17 years. The following year, Vestron Video acquired the video rights from MCA/Universal and released it on VHS, Betamax and LaserDisc in 1985. It was released again on LaserDisc in 1989 (under Image Entertainment through Vestron) and 1995 (under LIVE Entertainment), and again on VHS in 1990 under the Video Treasures label and 1991 and 1994 from Vestron Video (through LIVE Home Video).

The film was first released on DVD in December 1997 by LIVE Entertainment according to a LIVE DVD Advertisement. It was presented in a non-anamorphic widescreen transfer and contained the film's theatrical teaser trailer. Universal eventually got the video rights back and released a 20th-anniversary "Collector's Edition" DVD on September 18, 2001, making it the first time Universal released the film on home video since 1984. It included an audio commentary with actors David Naughton and Griffin Dunne, interviews with John Landis and Rick Baker, a 1981 promotional featurette, silent outtakes, storyboards and production photographs. A coinciding VHS was released on the same day. The high-definition version of the film was first released on HD DVD by Universal on November 28, 2006. A high-definition Blu-ray Disc and 2-disc standard-definition Region 1 DVD release of the film titled An American Werewolf in London – Full Moon Edition was released by Universal on September 15, 2009. The Region 2 DVDs and Blu-ray were released on September 28 and are known as An American Werewolf in London – Special Edition.

The Region 2 DVD release does not include a scene that is fully intact on the Region 1 release and all previous Region 1 and 2 releases. The scene takes place near the end of the film where the character of David calls his parents from a public telephone box. All but the end of this scene had been cut from the Region 2 release due to a mastering error.

As of October 2009, Universal said that they were scrapping all existing faulty stock and issuing replacement DVDs. All Blu-ray releases, however, are intact.

In 2016, Universal re-released the film on Blu-ray as a "Restored Edition" to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the film's release. On October 29, 2019, Arrow Video released a 4K restoration as part of a Blu-ray box set that contains all previously released extra material; the documentary Mark of The Beast: The Legacy of the Universal Werewolf; the 2009 making-of documentary Beware the Moon; filmmaker Jon Spira's video essay "I Think He's a Jew: The Werewolf's Secret;" a new interview with Landis; lobby cards and a booklet.

Reception

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of  based on reviews from  critics, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus states: "Terrifying and funny in almost equal measure, John Landis' horror-comedy crosses genres while introducing Rick Baker's astounding make-up effects." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 out of 100 based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Kim Newman of Empire magazine gave the film a rating of four out of five stars, writing that "carnivorous lunar activities rarely come any more entertaining than this". Tom Huddleston of Time Out also gave the film a positive review, calling it "not just gory but actually frightening, not just funny but clever".

Halliwell's Film Guide described the film as a "curious but oddly endearing mixture of horror film and spoof, of comedy and shock, with everything grist to its mill including tourist Britain and the wedding of Prince Charles. The special effects are notable and signalled new developments in this field." Entertainment Weekly listed it in their 1996 "Greatest Movies Ever Made", saying that the transformation effects by Rick Baker changed the face of horror makeup in the 1980s.

Roger Ebert's review was less favourable; he gave it two out of four stars and stated that "An American Werewolf in London seems curiously unfinished, as if director John Landis spent all his energy on spectacular set pieces and then didn't want to bother with things like transitions, character development or an ending."

In his book Comedy-Horror Films: A Chronological History, 1914-2008, Bruce G. Hallenbeck lambasted the film's inconsistent tone, juvenile humor, poor direction, and emphasis on shock value to the detriment of continuity and plot. He cited Rick Baker's makeup effects and Jenny Agutter's performance as genuinely powerful, but concluded that "thanks to the director's insincerity, slapdash approach and what appears to be a thinly veiled contempt for the material, [An American Werewolf in London] succeeds neither as comedy nor as horror."

Awards and accolades
At the 54th Academy Awards, An American Werewolf in London won the first-ever Academy Award for Best Makeup. During the 1982 Saturn Awards, the film won for Best Horror Film and Best Makeup and was nominated for Best Actress and Best Writing.

A 2008 Empire magazine poll of critics and readers named An American Werewolf in London as the 107th-greatest film of all time.

Legacy

Media recognition
An American Werewolf in London is chiefly appreciated as a milestone in the comedy-horror genre and for its innovative makeup effects.  The Daily Telegraph stated that it was "the first mainstream hit which managed to make its gross-out effects simultaneously shocking and hilarious" and called the signature werewolf transformation scene "stunningly ingenious, without a computer effect in sight, but also suffused with squirm-inducing agony." The Telegraph also cited the slew of 1980s genre films which came after An American Werewolf in London and followed the film's example of blending visceral horror effects with comedy, such as Beetlejuice, Gremlins and Evil Dead 2.  Director Edgar Wright (Shaun of the Dead) cited the movie as a major inspiration for his own film-making and a milestone in the genre. The low budget independent movie The Snarling (2018) was heavily inspired by Landis's film and contains various motifs and references including a cameo by Albert Moses paying direct tribute to his role in the film.

Pat Reid of Empire, reviewing the film in 2000, thought that the blending of comedic and horror elements "don't always sit well side-by-side," but called the transformation scene "undoubtedly a classic" because of its "good old-fashioned makeup and trickery making the incredible seem real."

Rolling Stones Joshua Rothkopf, writing on the 35th anniversary of the film's release, called An American Werewolf in London an "allegory of exoticized Jewishness". This is embodied by the character of David and his growing awareness of his "otherness" as a werewolf alongside his own outsider status as a Jewish American in England. "Hiding a secret deep within one's body, strange urges, xenophobic glances, accusatory feelings of guilt: David's condition already has a name, and this won't be the first film in which Jewish otherness is made monstrous." The article also celebrated the film as an innovative mix of humor and horror, "a landmark in startling makeup effects", and "a riotous piece of fish-out-of-water college humor."

Michael Jackson, who was a fan of the film, chose John Landis to direct and Rick Baker to direct makeup effects for his 1983 "Thriller" music video based on the strength of their work in An American Werewolf in London. It went on to become one of the most lauded music videos of all time.

Director's regrets
Director John Landis has expressed regret over changing, and even cutting, certain sequences from the final cut of the film in order to earn an R rating in the United States. The sex scene between Alex and David was edited to be less explicit, and an extended scene showing the homeless men along the Thames being attacked by the werewolf was eliminated after a test audience reacted negatively to it. Another showed the undead Jack eating a piece of toast which falls out of his torn throat. Landis also concluded that the werewolf transformation scene should have been shorter—he was so fascinated by the quality of Rick Baker's effects that he spent more time on the scene than he otherwise would have.

Radio adaptation
A radio adaptation of the film was broadcast on BBC Radio 1 in 1997, produced by Dirk Maggs and featuring Jenny Agutter, Brian Glover and John Woodvine reprising the roles of Alex Price, the chess player (now named George Hackett, and with a more significant role as East Proctor's special constable) and Dr. Hirsch, respectively. The roles of David and Jack were played by Eric Meyers and William Dufris.

Sequel
The film was followed by a sequel, An American Werewolf in Paris, released in 1997. The sequel features a completely different cast and crew, and was distributed by Disney's Hollywood Pictures. It was poorly received by critics and flopped at the box office.

Retrospective documentary
In 2009, a retrospective documentary film, Beware the Moon: Remembering An American Werewolf in London, was released. An accompanying book by the documentary's director, Paul Davis, was published in 2016.

Proposed remake
In June 2009, it was announced that Dimension Films was working with producers Sean and Bryan Furst on a remake of the film. This has since been delayed due to other commitments. In August 2016, several reports suggested that Max Landis (son of director John Landis) was considering remaking the film. In November 2016, Deadline Hollywood reported that Max Landis would write and direct a remake.

In December 2017, Max Landis confirmed on Twitter that he had completed the first draft of the script. But beginning in late 2017, accusations by a number of women that Landis had abused them emotionally or sexually began to emerge publicly. In the wake of those allegations, it remains unknown if Landis will be replaced or if the project will be put on indefinite hold.

In November 2019, Variety reported that Robert Kirkman, creator of The Walking Dead comic book series, was in consideration to serve as a producer for a new reboot of An American Werewolf in London.

See also
 "Deer Woman", a 2005 episode of Masters of Horror directed by Landis that references events in An American Werewolf in London as though they are actually happening
 Frostbiten, a 2006 Swedish vampire film influenced in part by An American Werewolf in London
 Junoon, a 1992 Bollywood film with a similar plot to An American Werewolf in London

References

External links

 The London Underground in Films & Television
 An American Werewolf in London script

1980s American films
1981 black comedy films
1980s British films
1981 comedy horror films
1980s English-language films
1980s exploitation films
1980s monster movies
1980s supernatural horror films
1981 films
1981 horror films
American black comedy films
American comedy horror films
American exploitation films
American ghost films
American werewolf films
American supernatural horror films
British black comedy films
British comedy horror films
British supernatural horror films
British werewolf films
Films about death
Films about vacationing
Films adapted into radio programs
Films directed by John Landis
Films produced by George Folsey Jr.
Films scored by Elmer Bernstein
Films set in London
Films set in Yorkshire
Films set on the London Underground
Films shot in London
Films shot in Surrey
Films shot in Wales
Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup
Films with screenplays by John Landis
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
Universal Monsters
Universal Pictures films

An American Werewolf in London