Emirler, Balıkesir ilinin Bigadiç ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adının romalılardan geldiği bilinmektedir. (Bu bilgi şüphelidir.Mahallenin adının Oğuzların Eymür boyundan geldiği sanılmaktadır.)

Coğrafya
Balıkesir il merkezine 48 km, Bigadiç ilçesine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Bigadiç'in mahalleleri

Emirler, Bigadiç


Der VVR – Verkehrs-Verlag GmbH ist ein Fachverlag für Fahrschulen, Verkehrserziehung sowie für die Aus- und Weiterbildung von Berufskraftfahrern mit Sitz in Remagen.

Geschichte

Das Unternehmen wurde 1931 von Adolf Wirtzfeld in der damals noch recht neuen Rechtsform einer GmbH gegründet. Der Verlag etablierte sich rasch auf dem Markt und kann als Vorreiter späterer Institutionen angesehen werden, die sich im Zuge der zunehmenden Verkehrsdichte ebenso mit dem Straßenverkehrswesen befassen. Zu Beginn der 1930er Jahre entstanden in der betriebseigenen Druckerei erste selbst konzipierte Lehrbücher und Unterrichtsmittel für den Bedarf der Fahrschulen. Der Verlag nahm damit nachhaltigen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des Fahrschulwesens in Deutschland. Mitte der 1950er Jahre entstanden erste Unterrichtsfilme für den Einsatz in der Fahrschule, Dia-Vorträge und detailgetreue Demonstrationsmodelle von Fahrzeugteilen. Im Frühjahr 1958 erschien die erste Ausgabe der "VVR-Nachrichten", ein 32-seitiges Journal mit Informationen für die Fahrlehrerschaft über gesetzliche Neuerungen und aktuelle Verlagsprodukte. Anfang der 1960er Jahre war der VVR maßgeblich daran beteiligt, das bis heute gültige Multiple-Choice-Prüfverfahren als Standard-Prüfverfahren am Markt zu etablieren. Die Redaktion des Verlags entwickelte erste Fragebogen mit damals noch selbstentwickelten Falschantworten. In den Folgejahren produzierte der VVR neben einem Overheadfolien-Unterrichtssystem auch eine Serie von Unterrichtsfilmen, zunächst im Filmformat Super8 und später, mit Einzug des Videozeitalters, auf Videokassette. Im Jahr 1997 produzierte der VVR Unterrichtssoftware auf CD-i, dem Bedarf der Fahrschulen an abwechslungsreicheren und multimedialen Unterrichtsgestaltung folgend. In den Folgejahren entwickelte der VVR ein Dualscreen Software-Lehrsystem für Fahrlehrer auf der Basis von Windows mit Touchscreen und Whiteboard-Funktionalität. 2011 übergab die Gründerfamilie Wirtzfeld nach einer drei Generationen währenden Verlagsleitung die Verlagsgeschäfte an die admigro media GmbH. Im Zuge der Umstrukturierung wurde die betriebseigene Druckerei geschlossen und dieser Aufgabenbereich ausgelagert. Im Januar 2012 war der Umzug von Redaktion, Entwicklungsabteilung, Vertrieb und Kundenservice in das ehemalige VVR-Verwaltungsgebäude vollständig vollzogen.

Verlags-Programm
Das Verlags-Programm umfasst Lehrbücher, Testbogen, elektronische Lehrmittel für Fahrschüler, elektronische Lehrmedien für Fahrschulen und Fahrlehrerausbildungsstätten, Berufskraftfahrer-Lehrmittel, Fachliteratur, Fahrschuleinrichtungen, Werbemittel, Organisationsmittel für den Fahrschulbetrieb, Fahrschulmöbel, Schutzkleidung, Schautafeln, kraftfahrtechnische Modelle. Analog zu Inhalten der Fahrschul-Lehrbücher "autofahren", "KOM fahren", "LKW fahren" und "motorradfahren" bietet der Verkehrs-Verlag auch entsprechende PC-Unterrichtssoftware "PowerControl" für Fahrlehrer mit speziell hierfür produzierten Video- und Animationsfilmen.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webpräsenz

Einzelnachweise

Lehrmittelverlag (Deutschland)
Verkehrspädagogik
Digitale Medien
Unternehmen (Remagen)
Verkehr und Medien
Verlag (Rheinland-Pfalz)

Verkehrs-Verlag Remagen


أي-003 هي رابع تجربة لاختبار نظام إنقاذ كبسولة القيادة طبقا لبرنامج أبولو.
تجرى ناسا أنظمة مشابهة في نفس الوقت تحت اسم تجربة منصة الهروب-1 (1963) , تجربة منصة الهروب-2 (في عام 1965) .

الغرض

كانت بعثة أبولو A-003 الرابعة لاختبار النظم الصاروخي لإنقاذ مركبة القيادة.

استخدم في هذا الاختبار صاروخا للإطلاق مماثلا للصاروخ المستعمل في التجربة أي-002 ماعدا الفرق الوحيد وهو استخدام 6 محركات صاروخية من نوع ألجول Algol. كما استخدمت مركبة قيادة (كبسولة فضاء) ووحدة خدمة نوع (BP-22)، كما استخدم نفس نظام الإنقاذ الصاروخي. وعدل نموذج مركبة القيادة بحيث يماثل آخر تصميم للمركبة، كما أحكم نظام العازل الحراري لها.

الإقلاع

اجري إطلاق الصاروخ يوم 19 مايو 1965 في تمام الساعة 06:01 حسب التوقيت المحلى لكاب كانافيرال (13:01 بالتوقيت العالمي المنسق)، وبعد بضعة ثوان من الإطلاق حدث خلل أخرج الصاروخ عن توازنه مما تسبب في انطلاق نظام الإنقاذ قبل الوصول إلى الارتفاع المرغوب.

نجح نظام الإنقاذ واتخذت مركبة القيادة وضعها المطلوب في الجو وانفتحت مظلات الهبوط. ونظرا إلى انطلاق نظام الإنقاذ مبكرا قبل الوصول إلى الارتفاع المطلوب البالغ 36 كيلومتر فقد أثبتت التجربة نجاح النظام أيضا على ارتفاع منخفض بلغ 8و3 كيلومتر وفي حالة عصيبة حيث خرج الصاروخ عن مساره وتوازنه وبدأ الدوران حول نفسه. وكانت السرعة، وضغط الاحتكاك بالهواء، والارتفاع في وقت فاعلية نظام الإنقاذ مماثلة لظروف انطلاق صاروخ ساتورن 1ب وساتورن 5.

اقرأ أيضا
 أبولو 8
 أبولو 10
 أبولو 11
 نيل أرمسترونج
 قائمة بعثات أبولو

وصلات خارجية
 The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology
 Apollo Program Summary Report
 Little Joe II Qualification Test Flight Report - September 1963 (PDF)
 Little Joe II Progress Report - December 1964 (PDF)
 Little Joe II Mission A-003 - April 1965 (PDF)
 Project Apollo flight-test report, boilerplate 22 - August 1965 (PDF)

اختبار الرحلات الفضائية
الولايات المتحدة في 1965
برنامج أبولو
رحلات الفضاء في 1965
مهام برنامج أبولو

A-003


Orthorrhynchium, maleni rod pravih mahovina smješten u vlastitu porodicu Orthorrhynchiaceae, dio reda Hypnales. Postoje dvije priznate vrste

Vrste
 Species Orthorrhynchium balanseanum C. Müller, 1896
 Species Orthorrhynchium elegans Reichardt, 1868

Izvori

Hypnales

Orthorrhynchium


Dorstenieae, tribus biljaka iz porodice dudovki koji je ime dobio po rodu dorstenija (Dorstenia), trajnice iz tropske Afrike, Južne i Srednje Amerike i Indijskog potkontinenta

Postoji desetak rodova.

Rodovi
 Bleekrodea Blume
 Bosqueiopsis De Wild. & T.Durand
 Brosimum Sw.
 Broussonetia L'Her. ex Vent.
 Dorstenia L.
 Fatoua Gaudich.
 Helianthostylis Baill.
 Scyphosyce Baill.
 Trilepisium Thouars
 Trymatococcus Poepp. & Endl.
 Utsetela Pellegr.
 Malaisia Blanco →Trophis P.Browne
 Sloetia Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz →Streblus Lour.

Izvori

Dudovke

Dorstenieae


Insulele Fericiților sau Insulele celor binecuvântați (în ) sunt insule semilegendare din Oceanul Atlantic, aflate, potrivit legendelor, la capătul extrem al lumii locuite și considerate atât un loc geografic clar definit, cât și un paradis terestru, locuit de eroii mitologiei grecești, unde iarna nu vine niciodată. Aceste insule sunt identificate uneori cu Brasil și cu alte insule din mitologia celtică, iar alteori cu insulele grecești din vestul Mediteranei: Sicilia, Insulele Eoliene, Insulele Egadi sau alte insule mai mici din vecinătatea Siciliei. Mai târziu, s-a spus că aceste insule s-ar afla în Oceanul Atlantic, iar unii autori au menționat uneori Madeira, Insulele Canare, Insulele Azore, Capul Verde, Bermuda și Antilele Mici ca potriviri posibile.

Legendă
Potrivit mitologiei grecești, insulele erau rezervate celor care au fost aleși să se reîncarneze de trei ori și care au fost considerați destul de puri pentru a putea fi primiți de trei ori în Câmpiile Elizee. O caracteristică a Insulelor Fericiților este legătura cu zeul Cronos; cultul lui Cronos s-a răspândit mult în Sicilia, în special în zona din apropierea orașului Agrigento și în unele zone asociate cu cultul zeului fenician Baal.

Relatări
Viața Apollonius din Tyana (v.2) a lui Flavius Filostrat spune: "Și ei spun, de asemenea, că Insulele Fericiților trebuie să fie mărginite de limitele Libiei unde se înalță către promontoriul nelocuit". În această geografie, s-a considerat că Libia se extinde spre vest prin Mauretania "până la gura râului Salex, la aproximativ nouă sute de stadii, și dincolo de acel punct la o distanță suplimentară pe care nimeni nu o poate calcula, pentru că atunci când ai traversat acest râu Libia este deșert care nu mai poate întreține o populație".

Plutarh, care se referă de mai multe ori la "Insulele Fericiților" în scrierile sale, le localizează ferm în Oceanul Atlantic în vita lui Sertorius. În timpul războiului civil haotic din ultimii ai ai Republicii Romane, generalul Quintus Sertorius (c. 123 - 72 î.Hr.) a primit vești de la marinari cu privire la existența anumitor insule, la o distanță de câteva zile de navigație de Hispania:

Sertorius a aflat de la marinari informații atât de fermecătoare, încât a devenit ambiția vieții sale să găsească acele insule și să se retragă acolo.

Plinius cel Bătrân adaugă în Naturalis Historia că insulele "abundă în fructe și păsări de toate felurile", dar și detaliul neașteptat că "aceste insule sunt totuși foarte deranjate de trupurile în putrefacție ale monștrilor pe care marea le aduce în mod constant pe țărm".

Insulele sunt menționate în Cartea a II-a a Istoriei adevărate a scriitorului satiric grec Lucian din Samosata. Autorul se distrează pe seama eroilor care locuiau acolo, relatând conflictele lor minore prezentate în fața judecătorului Radamant. El face o serie de observații cu privire la modul în care locuitorii de acolo își petrec timpul, folosind fiecare ocazie pentru a satiriza atât viața contemporană, cât și mitologia greacă.

Ptolemeu a folosit aceste insule ca referință pentru măsurarea longitudinii geografice, iar ele au continuat să îndeplinească rolul de a defini meridianul primar în Evul Mediu. Geografia modernă numește aceste insule Macaronezia.

Lucio Russo prezintă în L'America dimenticata ipoteza îndrăzneață (susținută prin metode statistice) că Insulele Fericiților erau de fapt Antilele Mici și că astronomul grec Hiparh cunoștea longitudinea lor cu o precizie remarcabilă.

Note

Fericiților

Insulele Fericiților


RFA Argus is a ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary operated by the Ministry of Defence under the Blue Ensign. Italian-built, Argus was formerly the container ship  Contender Bezant. The ship was requisitioned in 1982 for service in the Falklands War and purchased outright in 1984 for a four-year conversion to an Aviation Training Ship, replacing RFA Engadine. In 1991, during the Gulf War, she was fitted with an extensive and fully functional hospital to assume the additional role of Primary Casualty Receiving Ship. In 2009, the PCRS role became the ship's primary function. Argus is due to remain in service beyond 2030. In July 2022 it was reported that the future Littoral Strike Role would be assumed by Argus after a refit to convert her to this role.  As of October 2023, Argus had started her deployment to serve as part of Littoral Response Group (South) based out of the UK Joint Logistics Support Base in Oman.

In her secondary role as a primary casualty receiving ship, given she is an armed vessel and not painted in the required white with red crosses, the Geneva Convention does not permit her to be being officially classified as a hospital ship. The ship's capabilities make her ideally suited to the humanitarian aid role and she has undertaken several of these missions. The Royal Navy has occasionally described her as a "support ship/helicopter carrier".

Design and facilities
The ship was built by Società Italiana Ernesto Breda at Marghera in Italy for Contender 2 Ltd (Sea Containers, Managers) of Hamilton, Bermuda, and was launched on 28 November 1980. In May 1982, the Contender Bezant was taken-up from trade by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and given a basic conversion at HMNB Devonport to allow her to operate helicopters and Harrier jump jets in the transport role for Operation Corporate, the British military deployment to the Falkland Islands. She arrived in the area shortly after the Argentine surrender and following a refit to her original configuration, was returned to her owners in November.

Following the conflict, the MoD investigated the replacement of the small helicopter support ship RFA Engadine, commissioning Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL) make a "concept study" resulting in the decision to convert a merchant ship to operate anti-submarine helicopters and with the ability to ferry Sea Harrier aircraft. In December 1983 the MoD invited British Shipbuilders of Birkenhead and Harland and Wolff in Belfast to tender on the building of a new Air Training Ship (ATS) or to purchase and convert an existing ship along the lines proposed by VSEL. By coincidence both tenders proposed converting the laid-up Contender Bezant and in March 1984, a fixed price contract was awarded to Harland and Wolff. Accordingly, she was purchased by the company for the estimated price of £18 million on 14 March 1984.

After a four-year conversion, the ship entered RFA service in 1988.  Having been initially designed as a container ship, she would have been too unstable when unloaded, making her motion at sea "very stiff" which resulted in a very short roll period which is not appropriate for operating helicopters. Therefore, her superstructure is deliberately heavily built (weighing some 800 tons), and she has 1,800 tons of concrete ballast carried in former hatch covers, which have been inverted to form tray-like structures.

Being a former container ship, Argus does not have a traditional aircraft carrier layout – the ship's superstructure is located forward, with a long flight deck aft. The ship has a small secondary superstructure approximately two-thirds of the way down the flight deck, containing the ship's exhaust funnel. This is used by small helicopters to simulate landing on the flight deck of a destroyer or frigate.

For the 1991 Gulf War Argus was fitted with a fully functional hospital, which has since been modified and extensively augmented with specialist equipment, providing 70 to 100 beds. The ship is equipped with an intensive-care unit, and can provide medical x-ray and CT-scan services. Casualties can be quickly transferred from the deck directly into the assessment area. Since 2009, the ship's role as a Primary Casualty Receiving Ship has been her primary role, although she continues to be used for aviation training.

In 2007 the ship was refitted with upgraded hospital facilities (replacing the forward aircraft lift with a ramp for emergency exit for hospital trollies and patients as well as two 50-man passenger lifts that lead to a new structure erected on the flight deck), generators and aviation systems (the ship had been due to receive an upgrade to its night-vision capabilities enabling the use of WAH-64 Apache helicopters) to provide an operational life (at that time) until 2020.

Service history

1980s
As the MV Contender Bezant, following conversion the ship left Devonport on 20 May 1982 and calling at Charleston, South Carolina en route, arrived at Port William, Falkland Islands on 19 June 1982. She returned to the United Kingdom in August.

1990s
Argus entered service with the RFA in 1988, replacing  in the aviation training role.  The ship deployed to the Persian Gulf in 1991 for service in the Gulf War (Operation Granby), and later provided humanitarian aid for Kurdish civilians in Operation Haven. Argus also saw service in the Adriatic in 1993 and 1999 supporting British operations in Bosnia and over Kosovo respectively. During this period, Argus operated in part as a LPH. Her unsuitability for this role was a major factor in the commissioning of . On 2 February 1998, three helicopters based on Argus rescued 12 members of the crew of MV Delfin Mediteraneo from their life rafts when the ship sank in the Atlantic. Normal flying had been abandoned, due to bad weather, but the rescue went ahead in  waves, earning three Air Force Crosses and six Queen's Commendations for Bravery in the Air for the aircrew.

2000s
During times of war RFA Argus could act as a floating hospital with two fully equipped wards and mortuary.  The hospital was utilised in this way off the coast of Freetown in 2000–01, in support of British operations against the rebel West Side Boys.

A project to replace Argus called the Joint Casualty Treatment Ship (JCTS) was put on hold in December 2001 after passing initial approval.  The Integrated Project Team (IPT) managing the project was subsequently disbanded in 2005. Argus was most recently stationed at her home port of Falmouth in Cornwall, England, though being an RFA ship means that she also uses the former naval dockyard on Portland in Dorset, England.

In 2003 Argus was deployed again to the Gulf as a Primary Casualty Reception Ship during Operation Telic. A 33 ship fleet supported a British amphibious assault of the Al-Faw Peninsula.

In 2008 she deployed to the Middle East to act as a platform for Sea King ASaC7 helicopters. On 13 July, the ships of the deployment seized 23 tonnes of narcotics in the Persian Gulf

2010s
In June 2011, Argus was operating in the Middle East around Yemen. By August she had returned to Falmouth and was filmed for the film World War Z.

In mid-May 2012 the vessel, with embarked forces from the Royal Marines and Fleet Air Arm, including an embarked Super Lynx helicopter and the newly formed Humanitarian and Disaster Relief Team, set sail for North America to support potential humanitarian operations during the hurricane season. Their primary mission was to support the British Overseas Territories should they require assistance in the hurricane season as well as maintaining the constant Royal Navy presence within the wider region. Before commencing her disaster relief mission the ship engaged in multinational exercises and celebrations commemorating the War of 1812 with units from the US Navy as part of OpSail 2012.

In 2013 the ship was used for training with the AgustaWestland Wildcat, the successor to the Lynx.

In 2014 the ship participated in the annual Exercise Joint Warrior, practising Medical Evacuation and Treatment. On 8 October 2014, UK Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond announced that the RFA Argus would travel to Sierra Leone to assist with the 2014 Ebola outbreak. On 30 October of the same year, the vessel docked in Sierra Leone, with three Merlin helicopters embarked. Their work of establishing shore-based medical facilities and transporting aid to outlying areas earned the ship an Admiralty Board Letter of Commendation and 167 Ebola Medals for Service in West Africa were awarded to crew members.

In mid-2017 Argus was host to four Wildcat helicopters from 825 Naval Air Squadron for initial training off the coast of Portugal which lasted for three weeks.

In June 2018, following a year-long refit, she embarked Merlin HC4 helicopters of 845 Naval Air Squadron and Wildcats of 847 NAS which practised amphibious landings in support of exercise Baltic Protector in the Baltic Sea.

2020s
In April 2020, the Royal Navy dispatched the Argus to the Caribbean region to support British Overseas Territories, if required, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in preparation for the upcoming hurricane season. This is contrary to some previous media reports in the tabloid press, which stated that she would be deployed to London to assist with the coronavirus outbreak in the UK.

Argus had been expected to retire from service in 2024. However, in 2022 the Defence Procurement Minister Jeremy Quin indicated that she was likely to be life extended until beyond 2030. Her functions are projected eventually to be taken over by the new "Multi Role Support Ships" proposed for acquisition in the 2021 defence white paper.

In March 2023, as part of her conversion to the littoral strike role, Argus was fit with a single Phalanx 20 mm close-in-weapon-system as part of her armament and conducted training with Army Air Corps Apache helicopters. In the autumn of 2023, following intensive maintenance and upgrade for her new role, the ship was expected to deploy east of Suez as the principal unit of Littoral Response Group (South).

In October 2023, Argus began a long-term deployment to the Indian Ocean region in company with the dock landing ship Lyme Bay. For her deployment as part of Littoral Response Group (South), she reportedly embarked 3 Merlin Mk4 helicopters. It is envisaged that Argus will be based at the UK Joint Logistics Support Base in Oman. It was subsequently indicated by the Government that she was to remain, for a time, in the Eastern Mediterranean with Lyme Bay as part of a broader British regional presence given the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

References

External links

 Royal Navy official website: RFA Argus

Training ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
Gulf War ships of the United Kingdom
1981 ships

RFA Argus (A135)


James Pyle Wickersham Crawford (* 19. Februar 1882 in Lancaster (Pennsylvania); † 22. September 1939 in Lancaster (Pennsylvania)) war ein US-amerikanischer Romanist und Hispanist.

Leben und Werk
Crawford studierte bei Hugo Albert Rennert an der University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, ferner in Grenoble, Madrid und Freiburg. Er promovierte 1906 mit der Arbeit The life and works of Christóbal Suárez de Figueroa (Philadelphia 1907; spanisch: Valladolid 1911) und wurde 1914 Professor an der University of Pennsylvania.

Von 1920 bis 1924 war Crawford Herausgeber der Zeitschrift Modern Language Journal. Er war Begründer und erster Herausgeber der Zeitschrift Hispanic Review (1933).

Seit 1929 war er gewähltes Mitglied der American Philosophical Society. 1938 wurde Crawford in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences gewählt.

Weitere Werke
 Spanish composition, New York 1910
 (Hrsg.) Comedia á lo pastoril para la noche de navidad. A spanish religious play of the sixteenth century, New York 1911
 The Spanish pastoral drama, Philadelphia 1915, Folcroft 1974, Norwood 1976, Philadelphia 1977
 A first book in Spanish, New York 1918
 Spanish drama before Lope de Vega, Philadelphia 1922, 1937, 1968, Westport 1975
 Temas españoles, New York 1922
 (Hrsg.) Benito Pérez Galdós, Marianela, Boston 1926
 (Hrsg.) Los Abencerrajes, New York 1928
 (Hrsg.) Gil Blas de Santillana, New York 1929
 Un viaje por España. Intermediate Spanish composition and grammar review, New York 1931
 (Hrsg.) El sombrero de tres picos, New York 1935

Literatur
 Miguel Romera-Navarro, [Nachruf] in: Hispanic Review 8, 1940, S. 1–8 (mit Schriftenverzeichnis)
 Camille Pitollet, [Nachruf] in: Bulletin Hispanique 42, 1940, S. 68–70
 Otis H. Green, Hispanic Studies at Penn from Rennert to Sebold, in: Hispanic Review 40, 1972, S. 1–18

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Romanist
Hochschullehrer (University of Pennsylvania)
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mitglied der American Philosophical Society
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1882
Gestorben 1939
Mann

James Pyle Wickersham Crawford


Hol Station (Hol stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Bergensbanen, der ligger i Hol kommune i Norge.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 21. december 1907 som en del af strækningen mellem Geilo og Gulsvik. Den blev opgraderet til station omkring 1931. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 30. maj 1965, men stationen var fortsat bemandet for ekspedition af tog og gods indtil 1. december 1983, hvor den blev fjernstyret.

Stationsbygningen blev opført i 1911 efter tegninger af Harald Kaas på baggrund af tegninger af Paul Due. Bygningen er et eksempel på Dues mindre bygninger i jugendstil men i en variant, der ikke findes tilsvarende på Bergensbanen. Bygningen står stadig, som da stationen var i drift, og er vurderet til at være bevaringsværdig.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Historieboka om Hol Station

Stationer på Bergensbanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1907
Jernbanestationer i Viken

Hol Station


Bush House is a Grade II listed building at the southern end of Kingsway between Aldwych and the Strand in London, England. It was conceived as a major new trade centre by American industrialist Irving T. Bush, and commissioned, designed, funded, and constructed under his direction.  The design was approved in 1919, work began in 1925, and was completed in 1935.  Erected in stages, by 1929 Bush House was already declared the "most expensive building in the world".

Now mainly part of the Strand Campus of King's College London, Bush House previously served as the headquarters of the BBC World Service. Broadcasting from Bush House lasted for 70 years, from winter 1941 to summer 2012. The final BBC broadcast from Bush House was the 12noon BST news bulletin on 12 July 2012. The BBC World Service is now housed in Broadcasting House in Portland Place. King's College London has taken over the premises since acquiring the lease in 2015.

The longtime occupation of part of Bush House by HM Revenue and Customs (and its predecessor department the Inland Revenue) ended in March 2021 when it vacated the South-West Wing. This wing will also become a part of King's College London's Strand Campus, ensuring all wings of the building are now occupied by the University.

History
The building was commissioned, designed and originally owned by American individuals and companies. Irving T. Bush gained approval for his plans for the building in 1919, which was conceived as a major new trade centre and designed by American architect Harvey Wiley Corbett. The construction was undertaken by John Mowlem & Co.

Sections of Bush House were completed and opened over a period of 10 years: Centre Block was opened in 1925, North-West Wing in 1928, North-East Wing in 1929, South-East Wing in 1930, and South-West Wing in 1935. The full building complex was completed in 1935.

The building's opening ceremony was performed by Lord Balfour, Lord President of the Council, on 4 July 1925. It included the unveiling of two statues at the entrance made by American artist Malvina Hoffman. The statues symbolise Anglo-American friendship and the building bears the inscription "To the friendship of English speaking peoples". Built from Portland stone, Bush House was in 1929 declared the "most expensive building in the world".

Headquarters of the BBC World Service
The BBC European Service moved into the South-East Wing of Bush House after bombs damaged Broadcasting House on 8 December 1940 during The Blitz. The move was completed in 1941 and the BBC Overseas Service followed in 1958. The BBC World Service occupied four wings of the building.

In 1944 Bush House suffered external damage from a V-1 flying bomb.

The North-West Wing was formerly occupied by BBC Online until they relocated to the BBC Media Village in 2005, with some studio and office space being retained until 2008. The BBC also moved its World Service to Broadcasting House. The final broadcast from Bush was on 12 July 2012. Bulletins now come from Broadcasting House.

BBC GLR 94.9fm - the Local BBC Radio station for London, moved to Bush House for 24 months in 1999, whilst its Marylebone High Street base was modernised.  GLR used two continuity suites for their programmes: the 'new' Cons 4 and 6. These were 'spare' continuities, but a reduction in the number of networks meant they were rarely used until GLR moved in. Broadcaster Bob Mills humorously complained about having to work in a building called 'BVSH' House.

The BBC's lease expired at the end of 2012.

King's College London campus
A full refurbishment of Bush House and its adjoining wings was undertaken by John Robertson Architects following the BBC's vacation. Bush House, along with North-East Wing, North-West Wing, South-East Wing and Melbourne House were stripped back to CAT A and fully modernised whilst retaining original period features. The intended use was open plan offices with reception spaces for each of the buildings given an individual identity. The courtyard was to remain as a car park/delivery point. Completion of this work transpired in June 2014 as part of the much-marketed Aldwych Quarter.

On 10 March 2015, King's College London announced it had acquired a 50-year lease for the Aldwych Quarter. as a substantial part of its expansion of its Strand Campus John Robertson Architects undertook the interior fit-out to convert Aldwych Quarter into a fully operational, modern university campus, including installation of a 400 seat auditorium, lecture theatres, seminar rooms, academic offices and a health centre. The courtyard has been converted from car parking to semi-public realm and features a new glass pavilion offering access to the Students' Union and undercroft joining the building's wings together.

Since its foundation on 1 August 2017, the King's Business School has been located inside Bush House. It came forth from the School of Management and Business to form the 9th faculty of the university. To 'support world class education and research with environments which foster creativity and engagement.' the central block hosts The Department of Informatics which brings together innovators from the business and technology worlds.

King's College London Students' Union (KCLSU) also occupies Bush House. Its Union Shop opened in The Arcade in September 2017, followed by a series of other student spaces in Spring 2018. KCLSU represents all students at King's, but operates as a charity, independent of the university.

See also

Related buildings:

 Bush Terminal
 Bush Tower

Related persons:

 Marian Spore Bush
 Rufus T. Bush

References

External links

 "World Service staff bid farewell to iconic Bush House", World Radio and TV, BBC News.
 An album of technical photos of the BBC at Bush House, 1961–2005

1935 establishments in England
BBC offices, studios and buildings
Cultural and educational buildings in London
Office buildings in London
Local mass media in London
Commercial buildings completed in 1935
Grade II listed buildings in the City of Westminster
Aldwych
King's College London
Bush House
Arthur Balfour

Bush House


The Spirit fue el título de una revista de cómic estadounidense de Warren Publishing dedicada a la reedición de la serie The Spirit de Will Eisner, a partir de abril de 1974. Desde su número 17, de diciembre de 1977, hasta el 41, en 1983, fue continuada por Kitchen Sink Press.

Su versión española, dirigida por Pedro Guirao y editada por Garbo a partir de 1975, con 30 números publicados y un formato de 28 x 21 cm, llegó a ser mucho más variada:

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 The Warren Magazines Index por Richard J. Arndt. (en inglés)
Spirit, Garbo Editorial, S. A., Barcelona, V-1975 de José Manuel Rodríguez Humanes y Manuel Barrero, "Tebeosfera"

Revistas de historieta de Estados Unidos
Revistas de historieta de España

Spirit (revista)


Stella or STELLA may refer to:

Art, entertainment, and media

Films
Stella (1921 film), directed by Edwin J. Collins
Stella (1943 film), with Zully Moreno
Stella (1950 film), with Ann Sheridan and Victor Mature
Stella (1955 film), directed by Michael Cacoyannis, starring Melina Mercouri
Stella (1976 film), written and directed by Luigi Cozzi
Stella (1983 film), directed by Laurent Heynemann, see Jean-Louis Bauer
Stella (1990 film), starring Bette Midler
Stella (2008 film), directed by Sylvie Verheyde

Literature
Stella, a novel attributed to Haitian author Emeric Bergeaud
Stella (novel), by Jan de Hartog, made into the 1958 film The Key
Stella (Norwegian magazine), a Norwegian lifestyle magazine
Stella (Swedish magazine), a Swedish science fiction magazine
Stella, a magazine supplement for The Sunday Telegraph
Stella Prize, an Australian literary prize

Music
Stella (band), a Finnish rock-pop band

The Stellas, a Canadian country music duo
Stella (album), a 1985 album by Swiss band Yello
Stella, a 2006 album by Italian band Uzeda
"Stella" (song), by All Time Low

Television
Stella (Croatian TV series), a 2013 TV series starring Amar Bukvić
Stella (UK TV series), a comedy drama set in South Wales
Stella (U.S. TV series), a comedy program by the Stella troupe

Other
Stella (comedy group), a comedy troupe consisting of Michael Showalter, Michael Ian Black and David Wain
Stella (given name), including a list of characters with the name
 Stella, a 2021 card game derived from Dixit

Companies and product names
Stella (beer), an Egyptian beer
Stella (bicycle company), a French bicycle manufacturer
Stella cherry, a sweet cherry cultivar
Stella (guitar), a brand of a guitar
STELLA (language courses), online language courses
Stella (scooter), a vintage scooter brand
Stella (solar vehicles), three iterations of a practical solar powered racecar
Stella Artois, a Belgian beer
Stella Cheese, a division of Saputo Incorporated
Stella D'oro, an American brand of cookies
Subaru Stella, an automobile
 Cagiva Stella, an underbone produced by Italian motorcycle manufacturer Cagiva

Computing and technology
Stella (emulator), multiplatform Atari 2600 game-console emulator.
STELLA (programming language), a simulation modeling tool developed by Barry Richmond
Stella (software), polyhedra modeling software
Stella, a code name for the Atari 2600 game console,
Stella, the IBM Blue Gene-L, supercomputer used with the LOFAR radio telescope project

Geographic features
Corno Stella, a mountain of Lombardy, Italy
Lake Stella, a lake in Alger County, Michigan, U.S.
Monte Stella (disambiguation), several Italian mountains that share the name Monte Stella
Pizzo Stella, a mountain of Lombardy, Italy
Stella Creek, in the Argentine Islands, Wilheim Archipela
Stella Point, on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

People
Stella (surname), including a list of people bearing the name
Stella (given name), including a list of people bearing the name
Stella (singer) (born 1980), Singaporean singer
Stella (Namibian singer), Stella Tjazuko !Naruses, Namibian singer

Places

England
Stella Park, a village in Tyne and Wear
Stella power stations, a demolished pair of coal-fired power stations in Tyne and Wear

Italy
Stella, Liguria, a town in Liguria
Stella Cilento, a town in Campania
Stella (Naples), a neighbourhood
Monte Stella (disambiguation), several locations that share the name

United States
Stella, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Calloway County
Stella, Missouri, a village in Newton County
Stella, Nebraska, a village in Richardson County
Stella, North Carolina, an unincorporated community in Carteret County
Stella, Ohio, an unincorporated community in Vinton County
Stella, Fayette County, Texas, a ghost town
Stella, Harris County, Texas, a former unincorporated area incorporated into Houston, Texas
Stella, Washington, an unincorporated community in Cowlitz County
Stella, Wisconsin, a town in Oneida County

Elsewhere
Stella, North West, a town in North West Province, South Africa
Stella, Ontario, a village on Amherst Island, Ontario, Canada

Stella-Plage, a seaside resort in northern France
Stella, Puerto Rico, a commune in Rincón
Stella Land, a Boer republic in South Africa's North West Province

Ships
Stella (yacht), a class of yacht designed in the UK by C.R. (Kim) Holman in 1959
 SS Stella, various steamships

Other uses
Stella (crater), on the Moon
Stella (satellite), a French geodetic satellite
Stella (United States coin), a pattern gold coin minted from 187980 with a face value of four dollars ($4)
Stella Award, comedy prize now known as Melbourne International Comedy Festival Award
Stella Award, given to people who file ridiculous lawsuits for huge financial gain, based on website by Randy Cassingham
Stella Club d'Adjamé, an association football club based in Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Stella d'Italia, a five-pointed star symbolizing Italy
Stella Polaris, the brightest star in the Ursa Minor constellation

See also
March 2017 North American blizzard, also known as Winter Storm Stella
Stela (disambiguation)
Sella (surname)
Stell (surname)
Stella Maris (disambiguation)
Stellar (disambiguation)
Stellate cell, any neuron that has a star-like shape

Stella


Metasepia  es un género de cefalópodos marinos de la familia Sepiidae que agrupa dos especies del océano Pacífico.

Referencias
 Norman, M.D. 2000. Cephalopods: A World Guide. ConchBooks.
 Ross, R. 2010. Aquarium Invertebrates: Metasepia pfefferi – the aptly named Flamboyant Cuttlefish . Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine.

Enlaces externos

Sepiidae

Metasepia


Posuda ili sud (od staroslavenskoga – so¸dú, (češki: sud, ruski: сосуд),) generički je izraz za svaki predmet u kojem se može držati tekućina, hrana ili bilo koji materijal, stoga posuda može biti čaša, lonac, vaza, vrč, itd.

Posude mogu biti jako velike ili vrlo male, raznih oblika i od raznih materijala, poput drva, keramike, kartona,
kamena, metala, plastike, stakla, itd.

Često se pogrešno smatra da su posuda i zdjela sinonimi.

Povijest

Prve posude ljudi su koristili još od paleolitika. Posude su tada bili predmeti pronađeni u prirodi koji su mogli poslužiti svrsi posude, a kasnije su ih ljudi samo počeli izrađivati od kamena, drva, a od neolitika i od gline. Ispočetka ih nisu pekli, pa su stoga bile kratkotrajne. Posude trajno zadržavaju svoj oblik tek nakon što se ispeku na temperaturi od najmanje 500 °C.

Izvori

Vidi još
 Posuđe
 Zdjela

Vanjske poveznice

 ciòtola na portalu Treccani

Posuda


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Žíp enthält die vier nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Žíp im Okres Rimavská Sobota.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Zip


إينوكاي تسويوشي  (20 أبريل 1855 - 15 مايو 1932) كان سياسي ياباني شغل منصب رئيس الوزراء الياباني التاسع والعشرون.

مراجع

سياسيون مغتالون عقد 1930
رؤساء وزراء مغتالون في اليابان
أشخاص في فترة مييجي
أشخاص توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب
أشخاص قتلوا في طوكيو
أشخاص من أوكاياما (أوكاياما)
خريجو جامعة كيئو
رؤساء حكومات مغتالون
رؤساء وزراء اليابان
رؤساء وزراء اليابان القرن 20
سياسيون توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب
سياسيون من محافظة أوكاياما
سياسيون يابانيون في القرن 19
سياسيون يابانيون في القرن 20
سياسيون يابانيون مغتالون
ضحايا قتل ذكور
مواليد 1855
مواليد في أوكاياما (أوكاياما)
وزراء خارجية اليابان
وزراء داخلية حسب البلد
وفيات 1932
وفيات بإطلاق النار في اليابان
وفيات بسبب الأسلحة النارية
وفيات في طوكيو
جرائم قتل في آسيا 1932
جرائم قتل في اليابان 1932

إينوكاي تسويوشي


La  (, abrégé ) est une conférence épiscopale de l'Église catholique qui réunit les ordinaires de la République dominicaine.

Elle fait partie du Conseil épiscopal latino-américain (CELAM), avec une vingtaine d'autres conférences épiscopales.

Membres
Vingt-cinq évêques font en 2022 partie de la conférence épiscopale :
 Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez, archevêque émérite de Saint-Domingue ;
 , archevêque de Santiago de los Caballeros ;
 , évêque de  ;
 , archevêque de Saint-Domingue (« primat des Indes ») ;
 , évêque de Mao-Monte Cristi ;
 , évêque de Puerto Plata ;
 , évêque de Baní ;
 , évêque de Barahona ;
 , évêque de Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia en Higüey ;
 , évêque de  de Macorís ;
 , évêque de  de la Maguana ;
 , évêque de  de Macorís ;
 , évêque auxiliaire de l'archidiocèse de Santiago de los Caballeros ;
 , premier évêque auxiliaire de l'archidiocèse de Saint-Domingue ;
 , deuxième évêque auxiliaire de l'archidiocèse de Saint-Domingue ;
 , troisième évêque auxiliaire de l'archidiocèse de Saint-Domingue ;
 , archevêque émérite de Santiago de los Caballeros ;
 , évêque émérite de Baní ;
 , évêque émérite de  de Macorís ;
 , évêque émérite de  de la Maguana ;
 , évêque émérite de  ;
 , évêque émérite de Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia en Higüey ; ;
 , évêque émérite de Barahona ;
 , évêque émérite de  de Macorís ;
 , qui a le titre d'évêque de Midès (en Tunisie), mais est aussi évêque auxiliaire émérite de l'archidiocèse de Santiago de los Caballeros.

Historique
Une Commission épiscopale nationale de République dominicaine () est créée en 1954 en vue de la première Conférence générale de l'Épiscopat latino-américain, qui se tient à Rio de Janeiro au Brésil en 1955.

Les statuts de la Conférence de l'épiscopat dominicain sont acceptés par le Saint-Siège le  ; en font alors partie Octavio Antonio Beras Rojas (archevêque de Saint-Domingue),  (évêque de Santiago de los Caballeros),  (évêque de ),  (évêque de Notre-Dame-de-la-Altagracia d'Higüey) et  (prélat du  de  de la Maguana). La première assemblée plénière se réunit en 1963. Les premières commissions épiscopales sont créées en 1966.

Le siège de la conférence épiscopale est construit à partir de 2000, et inauguré et béni le .

Sanctuaires
La conférence épiscopale a désigné trois sanctuaires nationaux :
 le sanctuaire Saint-Christ-des-Miracles () de Bayaguana, inauguré en 2020 et consacré en 2021 ;
 la  d'Higüey ;
 le sanctuaire Notre-Dame-de-la-Merci de  à Concepción de La Vega.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 .
 .

Republique dominicaine
Catholicisme en République dominicaine

Conférence de l'épiscopat dominicain


Yunanistan'ın ilk sakinlerine sıklıkla Pelasgi, yani "deniz halkı" denirdi. Yarımadanın bu sakinleri kuzeyden göçen işgalcilerin etkisi ile güneye kaçtılar. Birbiri ardı sıra gelen işgallerle güney kıyılarına ve Ege Adaları'na yayıldılar. MÖ 3200 civarında bölgeye yeni gelenler birlikte zamanla Yunancaya dönüşen bir Hint-Avrupa dili getirdiler.

Antik Yunanistan (Yunanca: Yunan=Ίωνες) MÖ 2. yüzyılda da Roma İmparatorluğu'nun hakimiyetine girerek ortadan kalktı.

Roma İmparatorluğu'nun 4. yüzyılda bölünmesiyle de 1821'e kadar Doğu Roma ve Osmanlı İmparatorluklarının başkenti olan Konstantinopolis / İstanbul tarafından yönetildi. Antik kültürler ve politeist dinler bu dönemlerde yerini Orta Doğu kaynaklı dinler olan Ortodoks Hristiyanlığa, 13.-14. yüzyıllardan sonra da Müslümanlığa bıraktı.

Günümüzdeki modern Yunanistan, 1821'de Osmanlı Devleti'nin İngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya karşısında aldığı yenilgiler sonucu, bu imparatorlukların koruma bölgesi olarak, İstanbul'un idaresinden koparılan Mora Yarımadası ve Atina'dan ibaret küçük bir bölgede 'Yunan Krallığı' adı altında kuruldu. İlk Yunan Kralı olarak da Bavyeralı aristokrat aileden gelen Otto isminde bir Alman atandı.

Daha sonraki yıllarda İngiliz ve Fransız yöneticiler, onlar açısından bu kabul edilemez durumu, Rumların doğuya olan benzerliğini, doğu düşmanlığına dönüştürmeyi başardılar.

Daha sonraki yıllarda İstanbul, savaş yenilgileri neticesinde, savaş galibi imparatorlukların baskılarıyla, Atina'ya şu bölgeleri vermeye mecbur kaldı:

1877-78 Rus harbi yenilgisi, verilen bölge: Tesalya, Orta Yunanistan

1912-13, Balkan Savaşları, verilen bölge: Selanik, Girit, Midilli, Sisam adaları

1918, 1. Dünya Savaşı yenilgisi, verilen bölge : Batı Trakya

1946'da, İtalya'nın 1912'de Osmanlı Devleti'nden almış 12 adanın, İngiltere'nin olmasıyla, bu adalar da Atina yönetimine geçtiğinde, Atina yönetimi 1821-1946 arasındaki 125 senede, hep savaş galibi emperyal devletlerin yanında yer alarak, İstanbul aleyhine, topraklarının yüzölçümünü yaklaşık 10 misline çıkarmayı başarmıştı.

Yunanistan'ın kısa tarihi
Yunanistan'ın kısa tarihi özetle şöyledir;

 MÖ 20. yüzyıl önceler - Yunan kabileleri Balkanlar'a göç etti.
 MÖ 20. yüzyıl - Makedonya'nın bazı yerlerine yerleşildi, Yunan Yarımadası'nda bazı şehirler kuruldu.
 MÖ 17. yüzyıl - Minoan Uygarlığı'nın muhtemelen Santoron âfetinden kaynaklanan çöküşü, Miken Uygarlığı'nın başlangıcı.
 MÖ 13. yüzyıl - Ön Asya'da (Anadolu'da) ilk yerleşim.
 MÖ 11. yüzyıl - Dorlar'ın Yunanistan içlerine göçleri.
 MÖ 9. yüzyıl - Asya'da önemli koloni kurma çalışmaları.
 MÖ 8. yüzyıl - Güney İtalya ve Sicilya'da ilk koloniler.
 MÖ 6. yüzyıl - Akdeniz ve Karadeniz'den aşırı koloniler kuruldu.
 MÖ 4. yüzyıl - Büyük İskender'in hükümdarlığı, birçok yerde yeni Makedon  şehirleri ve krallıkları kuruldu. En önemlisi İskenderiye kenti.
 MÖ 2. yüzyıl - Yunanistan'ın Romalılar'ca fethi, Roma'ya göç dalgaları
 MS 4. yüzyıl - Roma İmparatorluğu'nun ikiye ayrılması. Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu'un kurulması(Bizans adı 19. yüzyılda Bazı tarihçiler tarafından verilmiştir). Yunanlar'ın geri, özellikle Konstantinopolis'a göçleri.
 MS 7. yüzyıl Yunanistan'ın birçok bölümünün Slavlar tarafından fethi. Yunanların güney İtalya'ya göçleri. Bizans İmparatoru'nun yakaladığı Slavlar'ı Kapadokya Bölgesine sürmesi. Boğaziçi'nin Kıbrıs'lı ve Makedonya'lı göçmen Yunanlarca tekrar nüfuslanması.
 MS 9. yüzyıl Roma İmparatorluğu'na göçen Yunanların geri dönmeleri ve Peloponnesia ile Tesalya'ya yerleştirilmeleri.
 MS 13. yüzyıl - Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun zayıflaması nedeniyle Haçlıların Konstantinopolis'i ele geçirmesi. Buranın Latin İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti yapılması. Yaklaşık 50 yıllık bir mücadeleden sonra tekrar Bizans'ın canlanması.
 MS 15. yüzyıl - Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun Osmanlı Devleti tarafından yıkılması. Yunan Diasporası'nın Avrupa'ya kaçması. Osmanlılar'ın Yunan topraklarında iskân çalışmaları yapması.
 1820'ler - 1821 Yunan İsyanı'nın başlaması
 1830'ler - Yunanistan'ın bağımsızlığını kazanması (1830). Yeni Yunan şehirlerinin kurulmaya başlanması Anadolu ve İstanbul'dan Yunanistan'a göçler.
 1913 - Makedonya'nın parçalanması ve burada yaşayana Yunanların, Türklerin ve Bulgarların dağınık göçleri.
 1919 - Neuilly Anlaşması ile Yunanistan ve Bulgaristan nüfus mübadelesi yaptı.
 1923 - Lozan Anlaşması ile Yunanistan ve Türkiye, -İstanbul, Bozcaada, Gökçeada'dakiler ile doğu Trakya'daki bazı Türk yerleşim birimleri istisna - nüfus mübadelesi yapmaya karar verdi. İzmir, Trabzon, Çanakkale ve Türkiye'nin çeşitli yerlerindeki 1,500,000 Rum ile, Yunanistan'da yaşayan 450,000 Müslüman yer değiştirdi.
 1947 - Romanya'da komünist rejim Yunan vatandaşların mallarına el koymaya başladı. Yaklaşık 75,000 kişi göç etti.
 1948 - Yunan İç Savaşı. Onbinlerce Yunan doğu bloğu ülkelerine sığındı. Taşkent'te bugün büyük bir azınlıklar.
 1950'ler - Yunanların Batı Almanya'ya, Kanada'ya, ABD'ye ve Avustralya'ya büyük göçleri.
 1955 - İstanbul'da Rumlara karşı saldırılar. Bunu müteakiben hızlı bir kaçış. Bugün İstanbul'da sadece 2000 Rum kaldı.
 1958 - Birçok Rum, Cemal Abdünnasır'ın rejiminden kaçtı.
 1974 - Türkiye'nin Kıbrıs'a çıkartma yapması ile binlerce Rum, adanın güneyine ve İngiltere'ye kaçtı.
 1980'ler - İç savaşta sürülenlerin, ülkeye geri gelmesine izin verilir, aynı zamanda Almanya'dan da geri göçler başlar.
 1990'lar - SSCB'nin dağılması ile Ermenistan, Gürcistan, Arnavutluk ve Rusya'dan yaklaşık 100.000 kişinin ülkeye göçü.
 2000 - Schengen Antlaşması'nın şartlarını tamamen yerine getirdi.
 2000'ler - Avustralya ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne göçler.

Antik Yunanistan (MÖ 1100-146)

Antik Yunanistan tarihi Yunanistan tarihinde Karanlık Çağlardan Klasik Antik Çağın sonuna (y. MS 600) değin süren tarihsel dönemi kapsamaktadır. Yaygın kullanımda Roma İmparatorluğu döneminden önceki tüm Yunan tarihini ifade etmektedir ancak terim tarihçiler tarafından daha kesin bir dönemi ifade etmek için kullanılır. Bazı yazarlar Minos ve Miken uygarlıkları dönemini de bu dönem içine dahil ederken diğer bazı yazarlar ise bu toplumların ileriki yıllardaki Yunan kültürlerinden çok farklı olduklarını ve ayrı bir kategoride değerlendirilmeleri gerektiğini savunmaktadırlar. Geleneksel tarihyazımında Antik Yunan döneminin başlangıcı olarak MÖ 776'da Olimpiyat Oyunları'nın ilk defa düzenlendiği tarih kabul edildi ancak çoğu tarihçi günümüzde dönemin başlangıç tarihini MÖ 1000 yılına değin dayandırmaktadır.

Klasik Yunan döneminin sonu için geleneksel tarih Büyük İskender'in MÖ 323'teki ölümüdür. Bunu izleyen dönem Helenistik Dönem olarak adlandırılır. Herkes Klasik Yunan ve Helen dönemlerini ayrı olarak ele almaz; ancak bazı yazarlar Antik Yunan uygarlığını MS 3. yüzyılda Hristiyanlığın gelişine kadar devam eden bir süreklilik olarak ele alırlar.

Antik Yunanistan, çoğu tarihçi tarafından Batı medeniyeti kültürünün temeli olarak kabul edilmektedir. Yunan kültürü, kendi versiyonunu Avrupa'nın birçok yerine taşıyan Roma İmparatorluğu'nda güçlü bir etkiydi. Antik Yunan uygarlığı, modern dünyanın dili, siyaseti, eğitim sistemleri, felsefesi, sanatı ve mimarisi üzerinde, özellikle Batı Avrupa'daki Rönesans döneminde ve yine 18. ve 19. yüzyıl Avrupa ve Amerika'sındaki çeşitli neo-klasik canlanmalar sırasında son derece etkili olmuştur.

Roma Yunanistanı (MÖ 146-MS 324)

Askeri olarak Yunanistan'ın kendisi Romalıların bölgeyi feth etmesine değin geriledi ancak kültürel açıdan Yunan kültürü Roma yaşantısını fethedecekti. Korint'in Roma generali Lucius Mummius tarafından MÖ 146 yılında yağmalanıp ele geçirilmesi geleneksel tarih yazımında Yunanistan'daki Roma yönetiminin başlangıcı olarak kabul edilmesine rağmen kral Perseus tarafından yönetilen Makedonya, Roma generali Aemilius Paullus'un MÖ 164 tarihinde Pitna'da Perseus'u yenilgiye uğratmasından beri halihazırda Roma yönetimi altında idi.

Romalılar bölgeyi dört küçük cumhuriyete böldüler ve MÖ 146'da Makedonya başkenti Selanik olan resmi bir eyalet haline geldi. Geri kalan Yunan şehir devletleri de yavaş yavaş sonunda Roma'ya saygılarını sundular ve de jure özerklikleri son bulmuş oldu. Romalılar, bölgenin geleneksel siyasi yönetim şeklini ortadan kaldırmak için herhangi bir girişimde bulunmayarak yerel yönetimi Yunanlara bırakmışlardır.  Atina'daki agora, sivil ve politik yaşamın merkezi olmaya devam etti.

İmparator Caracalla'nın 212 yılında yayınladığı Antoninianus Anayasası vatandaşlık hakkını İtalya dışındaki bütün özgür yetişkin erkekleri kapsayacak şekilde genişletti ve bölgesel tebaanın statüsü başkent Roma ile eşit olacak şekilde yükseltilmiş oldu. Bu kanunun önemi politik değil tarihseldir. Bir zamanlar Latium'dan tüm İtalya'yı kapsayacak şekilde yayıldığı gibi, devletin ekonomik ve adli mekanizmalarının tüm Akdeniz'de uygulanabileceği fikri entegrasyonun temelini oluşturdu. Elbette entegrasyon uygulama aşamasında tek tip bir şekilde gerçekleşmedi. Yunanistan gibi zaten Roma ile bütünleşmiş toplumlar, Britanya, Filistin ya da Mısır gibi uzaktaki çok fakir ya da çok yabancı eyaletlere kıyasla bu kararname ile iltimas görüyordu.

Caracalla'nın kararnamesi gücün İtalya ve Batı'nın elinden Yunanistan ve Doğu'ya geçmesine yol açan süreçleri harekete geçiren olay değildi ancak bu süreci hızlandırmıştır ve Yunanistan'ın Orta Çağ'da Avrupa ve Akdeniz'de büyük bir güç olarak Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu şeklinde bin yıllık yükselişinin temellerini atmış oldu.

Venedik ve Osmanlı dönemi (15. yüzyıl-1821)

Yunanlar 1460 yılına değin Mora Yarımadası'nın kontrolünü elinde tutarken, Venedikliler ve Cenevizliler Ege'deki adaların bazılarını kontrol ediyordu ancak 16. yüzyılın başlarında bütün Yunanistan ana karası ve en önemlileri Anabolu, Monemvasia, Parga ve Modon olmak üzere Venedikliler tarafından yönetilen birkaç liman şehri dışında Ege adalarının çoğunluğu Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarafından fethedildi. Ege'nin merkezinde bulunan Kiklad Adaları 1530'lara değin vasal olarak Osmanlı'ya bağlı olmasına rağmen 1579 yılında resmi olarak direkt Osmanlı yönetimine bağlanmıştır. Kıbrıs 1571 yılında fethedildi ve Girit 1669 yılına kadar Venediklilerin hâkimiyetinde kaldı. Kefalonya dışındaki diğer İyon Adaları hiçbir zaman Osmanlı tarafından yönetilmemiştir ve Venedik Cumhuriyeti'nin yönetiminde kalmıştır. 1800 yılında Yedi Ada Cumhuriyeti'nin kurulmasıyla modern Yunan devletinin doğduğu yer İyon Adaları olmuş oldu.

Osmanlı Yunanistanı farklı milletlerin bir arada yaşadığı bir toplumdu. Bununla birlikte, modern Batılı çokkültürlülük kavramı, ilk bakışta millet sistemine tekabül ediyor gibi görünse de, Osmanlı sistemiyle bağdaşmadığı düşünülmektedir. Yunanlar bir yandan bazı ayrıcalıklar ve özgürlüklere sahip olmuşken diğer yandan tüm Osmanlı halkı için geçerli olduğu gibi merkezi hükûmetin sadece uzaktan ve yetersiz kontrolündeki idari personellerin yanlış uygulamalarından kaynaklanan haksızlıklara da maruz kalmışlardır. Osmanlı fethi sonrası iki Yunan göçü meydana geldi. İlk göç, Yunan aydınlarının Batı Avrupa'ya göç etmesidir ve Rönesans'ın başlangıcını tetiklemiştir. İkinci göç ise Yunanların, Yunan yarımadasının ovalarını terk ederek dağlara yerleşmesidir. Millet sistemi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu içindeki çeşitli halkları dine dayalı olarak ayırarak Ortodoks Rumların etnik bütünlüğüne katkıda bulunmuştur.  Osmanlı yönetimi sırasında ovalarda yaşayan Rumlar, ya yabancı yönetimin getirdiği zorluklar ile uğraşan Hristiyanlar ya da kripto-Hıristiyanlardı (Rum Ortodoks inancının gizli uygulayıcıları olan Rum Müslümanlar). Bazı Yunanlar, ağır vergilerden kaçınmak ve aynı zamanda Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi ile bağlarını koruyarak kimliklerini sürdürmek için kripto-Hristiyan oldular. Ancak İslam'ı seçen ve kripto-Hristiyan olmayan Rumlar, Türk dilini benimsemeseler bile Ortodoks Rumların bakış açısına göre "Türk" (Müslüman) olarak adlandırıldılar.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, 19. yüzyılın başlarına kadar Yunanistan'ın çoğunu yönetti. Orta Çağ'dan beri kendi kendini yöneten ilk Helen devleti, 1800'de, Yunanistan anakarasında Yunan isyanının patlak vermesinden 21 yıl önce, Fransız Devrim Savaşları sırasında kurulmuştur. Bu devlet başkenti Korfu olan Yedi Ada Cumhuriyeti idi.

İlgili filmler
 'Kitera'ya Yolculuk (Yunanca: Ταξίδι στα Κύθηρα, İngilizce: Voyage to Cythera)', (1984); Yönetmen: Theodoros Angelopoulos (Θόδωρος Αγγελόπουλος)
 'Leyleğin Geciken Adımı (Yunanca: Το Μετέωρο βήμα του πελαργού, İngilizce: The Suspended Step of the Stork), (1991); Yönetmen: Theodoros Angelopoulos Fragman
 'Ulis'in Bakışı (Yunanca: Το Βλέμμα του Οδυσσέα, İngilizce: Ulysses' Gaze)' (1995); Yönetmen: Theodoros Angelopoulos Fragman  Dans 1  Dans 2
 'Ağlayan Çayır (Yunanca: Τριλογία - Το Λιβάδι που Δακρύζει, İngilizce: Trilogy: The Weeping Meadow)', (2004); Yönetmen: Theodoros Angelopoulos Fragman  Tribute
 'Bir Tutam Baharat (Yunanca: Πολίτικη Κουζίνα, İngilizce: A Touch of Spice'')', (2003) İmam  Papaz  Son1 Son2

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
  Yunanistan'ın 1832 - 1947 arasındaki genişlemesini gösteren harita:

Yunanistan tarihi


Libra por libra (en inglés pound-for-pound) es un término utilizado en deportes de combate como boxeo o artes marciales mixtas para describir el valor de un luchador en relación con luchadores de categorías de peso diferente. Como estos luchadores no compiten directamente, dilucidar el mejor luchador libra por libra es subjetivo, y las valoraciones varían. Pueden estar basadas en una gama de criterios que incluyen "calidad de oposición", factores como cuán entusiasmado el luchador es o cuán famoso es, o ser un intento de determinar quién ganaría si todos ellos fuesen del mismo tamaño. En boxeo, el término fue históricamente asociado con luchadores como Benny Leonard y Sugar Ray Robinson quienes fueron ampliamente considerados como los luchadores más capacitados de su día, para distinguirles de los generalmente más populares (y mejor pagados) campeones de los pesos pesados. Desde 1990, la revista The Ring ha mantenido una clasificación clasificación libra por libra de luchadores.  Espn.com mantiene una lista para luchadores marciales mixtos. En diciembre de 2013, Ronda Rousey se convirtió en la primera mujer en aparecer en el top 10 de una publicación mixta de primera línea.

Véase también
Boxeadores Libra por Libra de la Revista The Ring

Referencias

Deportes de lucha
Términos de las artes marciales

Libra por libra


An Octarrhena podochiloides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schltr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni André Schuiteman. An Octarrhena podochiloides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Octarrhena, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Octarrhena

Octarrhena podochiloides


Kırköy, Çorum ilinin Uğurludağ ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Kürtmehmetkışlası olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri İskilip ilçesine bağlıyken, 4 Temmuz 1987'de Uğurludağ ilçesine bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 52 km, Uğurludağ ilçe merkezine 27 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Uğurludağ belde ve köyleri

Kırköy, Uğurludağ


An Epipactis condensata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pierre Edmond Boissier ngan Donald Peter Young. An Epipactis condensata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epipactis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epipactis

Epipactis condensata


Vera Eugenia Andrus (1895–1979) foi uma artista e gravurista americana.

Biografia
Ela trabalhou numa variedade de medias, incluindo litografia, lápis de cor, pastéis e tinta a óleo.

Os seus papéis são mantidos no Archives of American Art.

Ela faleceu em Rockport, Massachusetts, em 1979.

Obras
 Ilha das aves marinhas, Harcourt Brace, 1939
 Pó do mar: poemas, desenhos e litografias, Wake-Brook House, 1955
 Black River: uma história de Wisconsin, ilustrador Irene Burns, Little, Brown, 1967

Ligações externas
 Vera Andrus, Porto Mediterrâneo, Litografia sobre papel (ca. 1931-1957) - Smithsonian American Art Museum
 Vera Andrus - Pergunte à Arte, O Livro Azul dos Artistas
 Vera Eugenia Andrus, Retrato de um homem, óleo sobre tela (1961) - Leiloeiros ao vivo

Pintoras dos Estados Unidos
Alunos da Universidade do Minnesota
Artistas contemporâneos

Vera Eugenia Andrus


النبضة الكهرومغناطيسية - EMP مصطلح يطلق على نوع من الانفجار الكهرومغناطيسي الاشعاعي الذي ينشأ بسبب انفجار (تفجير بسلاح نووي غالباً) و\أو من تقلبات مفاجئة في المجال المغناطيسي.
يمكن الاستفادة من التغيرات السريعة في الحقول الكهربائية في بعض الأنظمة الكهربائية لتدمير عناصرها الإلكترونية بتأثير انهيار الجهد.

القنبلة الكهرومغناطيسية

القنبلة الكهرومغناطيسية  أو القنبلة الإلكترونية هي سلاح تهدف إلى تعطيل الأجهزة الإلكترونية من خلال النبضة المغناطيسية الكهربائية الكبرى (النبض الكهرومغناطيسي) التي يمكنها التداخل مع الأجهزة الكهربائية / والإلكترونية ونظم تشغيلهم لإلحاق أضرار فيهم وإصابتهم بالتلف.
وعادة ما تكون آثارها لا تتجاوز 10 كم من الانفجار إذا لم تكن مقترنة بقنبلة نووية أو أن تكون مصممة خصيصا لإنتاج النبضة الكهرومغناطيسية الهائلة. إذا انفجرت أسلحة نووية صغيرة على علو شاهق يمكنها التسبب في نبضة قوية كهرومغناطيسية بما يكفي لتعطيل أو إلحاق ضرر بالإجهزة الإلكترونية لعديد من الأميال من مكان الانفجار. والنبضة النووية الكهرومغناطيسية تتأثر بالمجال المغناطيسي للأرض حيث يتغير انتشار طاقتها بحيث ينتشر قليل إلى الشمال، ويكون الانتشار في اتجاه الشرق، والغرب، والجنوب من مكان وقوع الانفجار. ويمكن أن يؤدي إلى ارتفاع الجهد إلى آلاف الفولتات للمتر الواحد من الطاقة الكهربائية في الكابلات، وقد تكون مستقطبة أو لا تكون. هذه الطاقة يمكنها الانتقال لمسافات طويلة على خطوط الكهرباء وعن طريق الهواء.
اعتبرت القنبلة الكهرومغناطيسية أخطر ما يهدد البشرية اليوم، لأنها من الأسلحة التي التي تهاجم الضحايا من مصدر مجهول يستحيل أو يصعب رصده مثل الأسلحة البيلوجية والكميائية.. والكهرومغناطيسية.. وبالتحديد أسلحة موجات «المايكرو» عالية القدرة.

في زمن قصير. تستطيع «القنبلة الكهرومغناطيسية» أن تقذف بالحضارة والمدنية الحديثة مائتي عام إلى الوراء.. وكما ذكرت مجلة «Popular Mechanics» الأمريكية فإن أية دولة أو مجموعة تمتلك تكنولوجيا الأربعينيات تستطيع تصنيع هذه القنبلة.

ظهورها

وقد ظهرت فكرة «القنبلة المغناطيسية» حينما رصد العلماء ظاهرة علمية مثيرة عند تفجير قنبلة نووية في طبقات الجو العليا.. أطلق عليها «التأثير النبضي الكهرومغناطيسي» .

تميزت بإنتاج نبضة كهرومغناطيسية هائلة في وقت لا يتعدى مئات من النانو ثانية (النانوثانية = جزء من ألف مليون جزء من الثانية) تنتشر من مصدرها باضمحلال عبر الهواء طبقا للنظرية الكهرومغناطيسية بحيث يمكن اعتبارها موجة صدمة  ينتج عنها مجال كهرومغناطيسي هائل.. يولد - طبقا لقانون فراداى - جهدا هائلا قد يصل إلى بضعة آلاف وربما بضعة ملايين فولت حسب بعد المصدر عن الجهاز أو الموصلات أو الدوائر المطبوعة وغيرها المعرضة لهذه الصدمة الكهرومغناطيسية. ويشبه تأثير هذه الموجه أو الصدمة - إلى حد كبير - تأثير الصواعق أو البرق.. وتصبح جميع أجهزة الكمبيوتر والاتصالات معرضة لتأثيرات خاصة وأن جميع مكونات هذه الأجهزة مصنعة من أشباه الموصلات ذات الكثافة العالية من أكسيد المعادن (MOS) تتميز بحساسية فائقة للجهد العالي العارض Transient.. بما يسفر عن انهيار هذه المكونات بواسطة التأثير الحراري الذي يؤدى إلى انهيار البوابات Gate Breakdown فيها. وحتى وسائل العزل والحماية الكهرومغناطيسية المعروفة - وضع الدوائر داخل «شاسيه» معدني - فإنها لا توفر الحماية الكاملة من التدمير.. لأن الكابلات أو الموصلات المعدنية من وإلى الجهاز سوف تعمل كهوائي Antenna يقود هذا الجهد العالي العارض إلى داخل الجهاز.

تأثيراتها

قد برزت خطورة وتأثيرات هذه القنبلة في حرب الخليج الثانية.. حيث استخدمتها الولايات المتحدة لأول مرة - كما ذكرت مجلة "News- Defense" في الأيام الأولى من الحرب.. وأمكن بواسطتها تدمير البنية الأساسية لمراكز التشغيل وإدارة المعلومات الحيوية مثل الرادارات وأجهزة الاتصال بالأقمار الصناعية وأجهزة الكمبيوتر والميكروويف والإرسال والاستقبال التليفزيوني. وكذا أجهزة الاتصال اللاسلكي بجميع تردداتها..

نذكر الأجهزة التي هي عرضة لضرر النبض الكهرومغناطيسي بالترتيب بحسب شدة حساسيتها، ثم ننتهي بالفئات التي تتأثر بها ضعيفا:
 الدوائر المتكاملة، وحدات المعالجة المركزية، ورقائق السليكون.
 الترنزستورات والثنائيات.
 أدوات الحث، والمحركات الكهربائية.
 الصمامات المفرغة: المعروفة أيضا باسم الصمامات الثرميونية
 الأنابيب المغلفة بالمعادن يمكنها بسهولة البقاء بدون عطب

محدودية السلاح وطرق الحماية منه

من المرجح أن تُدمر تكنولوجيا الترانزستور وهي المستهدفة، أما المعدات القديمة التي تعتمد على الصمامات الإلكترونية فتبقى سليمة لقدرتها على الاحتمال. بيد أن مختلف أنواع الترنزستورات واللوحات الإلكترونية المركبة تُظهر حساسية مختلفة للكهرومغناطيسية؛ ثنائي الأقطاب والترنزستورات أقل حساسية من  أو (FETs) خاصة metal-oxide-metal-semiconductor flield-effect-transistor (MOSFET)ولحماية الأجهزة الإلكترونية الحساسة يجب وقايتها بقفص فاراداي (معدني) بحيث يوضع حول الجهاز لوقايته. وقد اقترح إعداد أقفاص فرداي لحالة الطوارئ ويمكن صنعها من الألومنيوم، وعلى الرغم منه فمفعول القفص سيغدو عديم الفائدة إذا مرت التوصيلات خارجه، مثل توصيلات الكابلات والهوائيات. فجميع الموصلات يجب أن تكون بمنأى عن التيارات المتسببة عن النبضة الكهرومغناطيسية. ويجب وقاية المباني الحساسة، ووقاية أبوابها بوسائل واقية واستخدام  على الأبواب، وإيلاء اهتمام خاص للموصلات الخارجية، وإمدادات الطاقة الكهربائية فيجب أن تكون على عمق كبير تحت الإرض لكي لا تتأثر بالنبضة الكهرومغناطيسية، وإذا كان الإمداد الكهربائي يرتبط بشبكة الكهرباء، فإن النبضة الكهرومغناطيسية سوف ترسل طفرة جهد كبيرة تكفي لإحراق أسلاك الرصاص الواقية في الشبكة وفي اللوازم الحساسة والإلكترونيات التحكم.

التاريخ

لوحظ تأثير النبضة المغناطيسية الكهربائية لأول مرة خلال التفجيرات التجريبية للأسلحة النووية. والتأثيرات الكهرمغنطيسية للأسلحة النووية لا تزال سرية في أغلب الأحيان والبحوث المحيطة بهم هي سرية للغاية. ويعتقد العسكريون والخبراء بصفة عامة أن استخدام قنابل كهرومغناطيسية تعمل على زيادة الضغط على مصدر الطاقة، وإن فـُجرت قنبلة نووية صغيرة نسبيا (10 كيلوطن) بين 30 و300 ميلا في الغلاف الجوي يمكنها إرسال ما يكفي من القوة لالحاق الضرر بالإلكترونيات من الساحل إلى الساحل في الولايات المتحدة.

وقد أصدر فيلق المهندسين التابع للجيش في الولايات كراسة متاحة للجمهور في أواخر الأعوام التسعينيات (1990 -1999) يناقش بالتفصيل كيفية حماية منشأة ضد النبضة الكهرومغناطيسية وارتفاع تواتر النبض الكهرومغناطيسي. وهو يصف كيفية وقاية أنابيب المياه، والهوائيات، والخطوط الكهربائية، وعمل برنامج للسماح لإدارة البيئية لدخول المبنى لإعطاء النصائح المتعلقة بسبل وقايته.

ووفقا لبعض التقارير، فإن البحرية الأمريكية استخدمت قنابل تجريبية الإلكترونية خلال حرب الخليج عام 1991. هذه القنابل تستخدم الرؤوس الحربية التي تحول الطاقة من المتفجرات التقليدية إلى نبض لإذاعة الطاقة. ([1]) كما ذكرت شبكة سي بي اس نيوز ان الولايات المتحدة اسقطت القنبلة الإلكترونية على التلفزيون العراقي أثناء غزو العراق عام 2003، لكن هذا لم يتأكد. [2]

وفي الاتحاد السوفياتي أجريت بحوثا كبيرة لإنتاج أسلحة نووية مصممة خصيصا لتفجيرات الغلاف الجوي العلوي، وهو قرار تلاها في وقت لاحق الولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة في هذا المضمار. واوقف السوفيات في نهاية المطاف أي إنتاج كبير من هذه الرؤوس الحربية وخصوصا بعد توقيع اتفاقية نزع سلاح في عهد الرئيس الأمريكي رونالد ريغان. ولكن أمريكا تنتجها في إطار تصاميم خاصة للأسلحة النووية التي تنتمي إلى الجيل الثالث من الأسلحة النووية.

ونشرت جريدة RT الروسية مؤخرا ان الجيش الروسي يمتلك سلاح النبضة الكهرومغناطيسية بتردد عالي يكفي لتعطيل المكونات الالكترونية لجميع الاسلحة.

انظر أيضاً
قرصة بلازما
 القنبلة النووية
 القنبلة الذرية
 نبض كهرومغناطيسي نووي
مولد ضغط التدفق يضخ بمتفجر

مصادر

أسلحة طاقة
أسلحة نووية
إشعاع كهرومغناطيسي
توافق كهرومغناطيسي
حرب إلكترونية
طاقة نبضية
عتاد عسكري

نبضة كهرومغناطيسية


Argentine () is a station on Line 1 of the Paris Métro, located on the boundary between the 16th arrondissement and the 17th arrondissement, in the western part of the city.

Location
Like most stations on Line 1, Argentine station lies on an east–west route through Paris from Vincennes in the east to La Défense in the west. Specifically, the station is underneath Avenue de la Grande Armée, the extension of the Champs-Élysées west of the Arc de Triomphe, at its intersection with Rue d'Argentine. In relation to the rest of the city, Argentine straddles the border between the 16th and 17th arrondissements of Paris.

History
Argentine station opened on 1 September 1900, six weeks after the opening of the initial segment of Line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot, as part of the gradual opening of stations on the inaugural line of the Métro.

Upon its opening, the station was known as Obligado, the name of the nearby cross-street at the time, in turn named after the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado, an Anglo-French victory over the Argentine Confederation in 1845 commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas.

The name remained until 25 May 1948, when Rue Obligado was renamed Rue d'Argentine, as a good-will gesture after the visit of Eva Perón to France and as a mark of respect to Argentina, which was a source of aid to the French during World War II; large shipments of grain and beef arrived from Argentina to feed the population struggling to get their fields and livestock back in order.

In the 1960s, the platform were covered with a metallic panels with yellow horizontal uprights and with golden, illuminated advertising frames. This arrangement was completed by yellow benches attached to the panels. In the same period, a crypt was created at the end of the two platforms towards Château de Vincennes to allow the passage of five to six cars. The station lost the tiling of the tunnel exit towards Vincennes and the vault.

At the end of the 1990s, the metallic panels were renewed. The horizontal uprights changed from yellow to blue, they were completed with blue Motte style seats to replace the old yellow benches attached to the camber and the old enamelled plates indicating the station name have been replaced by Parisine font plates.

On March 24, 2006, a commemorative plaque was inaugurated on the western tunnel exit of the platforms towards La Défense, bearing the words in Spanish Nunca más (literally meaning: "Never again"), "in homage to Argentine citizens and French kidnapped, detained and disappeared in Argentina under the military dictatorship (1976-1983) "and" to all the victims of repression ". A small exhibition on Argentina was also opened in the middle of the platform towards Château De Vincennes.

As part of the automation of line 1, the platforms were completely renovated in 2008, resulting in the removal of the bodywork and the exposures. They were raised on the weekend of 20 and 21 September 2008 to platform screen doors, which were installed in February 2010.

In 2019, 3,026,210 travelers entered this station, which places it at the 172nd position of metro stations for its use out of 302.

In 2020, with the COVID-19 crisis, 1,603,572 travelers entered this station, which places it 160th among metro stations in terms of attendance.

On 18 December 2022, the station was temporarily renamed France ahead of 2022 FIFA World Cup final, which was played by France and Argentina.

Passenger services

Access
The station has two entrances made up of fixed stairs:
 access 1 Rue des Acacias, adorned with a Dervaux candelabra, located to the right of no. 36 of the avenue;
 access 2 Avenue de la Grande-Armée located opposite no 37.

Station layout

Platforms
As the Paris Métro runs inversely to normal railways in the rest of France (save for in Alsace-Moselle), the southern track is used by trains heading east to Château de Vincennes and the northern to La Défense – Grand Arche. Argentina is a station of standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. A 15-meter-long crypt, whose ceiling rests on pillars very close together has been extended it at its eastern end due to increasing the service to six-car trains in the 1960s.

Since 2008, as part of the automation of line 1, the platforms have been decorated on a theme dedicated to Argentina, mainly composed of eight large backlit panels of different colours each representing a landscape of that country, to which is incorporated the name of the station in Parisine font. The inauguration of these facilities took place on 15 June 2011 in the presence of Pierre Mongin, Chairman and CEO of RATP, Aldo Ferrer, Ambassador of Argentina and Enrique Meyer, Minister Argentine Tourism. The station's Akiko style seats are in the emblematic colour of that country, blue.

The rest of the decoration is classic according to the style used for the majority of the metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the metro revival of the 2000s, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the wall, the tunnel exits towards La Défense and the outlets of the corridors. The vault and the tunnel exit towards Vincennes are painted white, while the columns of the crypt are covered with small tiles of a dark shade. The advertising frames are in white ceramic and the platforms are equipped with platform screen doors.

Bus connections
The station is served by bus line 73 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N11 and N24 of the Noctilien bus network.

References

Sources
Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro stations in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
Paris Métro stations in the 17th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1900
Argentina–France relations

Argentine station


المِنسج أو النول هو آلة تدار يدويًا أو آليًا، وهي تستخدم في نسج النسيج. تتكون أساسًا من أجزاء يمكن بواسطتها أن تتعاشق مجموعتا السدى واللحمة مع بعضها البعض لتكوين المنسوج.

والمنسج هو تسمية تطلق بدءًا من الإطار الصغير المحمول باليد، إلى الأجهزة الكبيرة الآلية. استخدم المصريون القدماء والصينيون المنسج منذ 4000 سنة قبل الميلاد.

والهدف الأساسي من المنسج إمساك خيوط السدى مشدودة لتسهيل تمرير خيوط اللحمة وتشبيكها. وقد يختلف شكل المنسج وآلياته ولكن المبدأ الأساسي يبقى نفسه.

المنسج البسيط

يستخدم المنسج البسيط لإنتاج النسج البسيطة.

المنسج الآلي
يعتمد على المهارات اليدوية وتستخدم الأرجل أيضا في تشغيله مع اليدين وهو آلة بدائية مصنوعة من الخشب ومخصصة لصناعة النسيج التحويلية من الخيوط لتصبح أقمشة وملابس وأكفان أو أكلمة أو سجاد وأغطية. وتصنع من خامات زراعية كالكتان والحرير والقطن وخامات حيوانية كالأصواف والأشعار والأوبار والخامات الصناعية كالبوليستر وغيره. ويبدأ عمل النول بعد المغزل والمغزل آلة بدائية بسيطة تدار باليد ويلف الخيط على ذراعه ثم ينقل للنول لينسج بعد غزله.

الحركات الأساسية لعملية النسج
يجب أم يتوفر على أية منسج الحركات الثلاثة الأساسية التالية لإنجاز عملية النسج وهي:
 تشكيل النفس : وهي عملية تحريك بعض خيوط السدى إلى الأعلى والبعض الآخر إلى الأسفل مما يشكل زاوية بين الطبقتين تسمى بزاوية النفس، وهذه الفتحة أو الحيز المتشكل بين هاتين الطبقتين يسمى بالنفس. وينجز هذا التحريك لخيوط السداء نتيجة لإمرار كل خيط منها من خلال فتحة نيرة f –وتسمى هذه العملية باللقي- وكل مجموعة من هذه النير تكون مثبتة على درأة c وبالنتيجة فإن تحريك الدرأة للأعلى أو الأسفل يؤدي إلى رفع أو خفض الخيوط المرتبطة مع هذه الدرأة بواسطة النير f. وإن لترتيب توزيع النير على الدرقات بالإضافة إلى جهة حركة الدرأة في كل حدفة هو الذي يسمح بالحصول على التركيب النسيجي المراد. وهناك عدة أنظمة لإنجاز عملية فتح النفس منها اليدوية البسيطة كما في الشكل أو الآلية كالكامات والدوبي Dobby والجاكارد Jacquard.
 إمرار خيط اللحمة : وهي الحركة الأساسية في النول والمميزة له من حيث تكراريتها بالدقيقة. وفيها يمرر خيط اللحمة (الحدف) خلال النفس. ويعد المكوك i الجهاز التقليدي لإمرار خيط اللحمة خلال النفس. وبهدف زيادة سرعة هذه العملية وزيادة الإنتاجية، اعتمد مؤخرًا على الطلقات Projectile، والبنس Rapier، والهواء Air jet والماء Water jet بدلا عن المكوك.
 ضم خيط اللحمة Beating up: وهنا يقوم المشط h بدفع خيط اللحمة إلى نقطة الضم إلى بحر المنسوج لتشكيل القماش.

وهناك أيضا حركات ثانوية أخرى ضرورية لإنجاز عملية النسج على المنسج الآلي وهي:
 عملية الرخو : وهي عملية تأمين التغذية المستمرة من خيوط السدى بكر طول معين منها من مطواة السداء a إلى بحر المنسوج مع المحافظة على شد ثابت لهذه الخيوط.
 عملية السحب : وهي عملية سحب القماش المتشكل من أمام المشط ولفه على مطواة القماش b من أجل المحافظة على ثبات نقطة ضم القماش مع شد ثابت له.
 عملية اختيار خيط اللحمة : وهي ضرورية لتغير خيط اللحمة المغذى للحصول على النقشة المطلوبة من حيث تغير لون أو نمرة خيط اللحمة.

انظر أيضًا

 مدينة ميلاس التركية - سجاد ميلاس المنسوج من الصوف على النول.

مراجع

آلات
آلات النسيج
اختراعات مصرية
سلالة هان الحاكمة
صناعة النسيج
هندسة النسيج
معدات نسج

منسج


Die Okeraue zwischen Meinersen und Müden (Aller) ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in den niedersächsischen Gemeinden Meinersen und Müden (Aller) in der Samtgemeinde Meinersen im Landkreis Gifhorn.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG BR 143 ist 268,4 Hektar groß. Es ist nahezu vollständig Bestandteil des FFH-Gebietes "Aller (mit Barnbruch), untere Leine, untere Oker". Im Süden grenzt es an das Naturschutzgebiet "Okeraue bei Volkse".

Das Naturschutzgebiet liegt zwischen Meinersen und Müden (Aller). Es stellt den untersten Abschnitt der Oker einschließlich der Flussaue zwischen Meinersen und dem Wehr bei Müden-Dieckhorst etwas oberhalb der Mündung in die Aller unter Schutz. Dieser ist in der oberen Hälfte noch naturnah, der Flusslauf mäandriert hier. Im unteren Teil wurde der Flusslauf bereits im 19. Jahrhundert begradigt.

Die Aue ist durch einen Wechsel aus auf höher liegenden Flächen liegenden Acker und tieferliegendem Grünland, das periodisch überschwemmt wird, geprägt. Die teilweise unbefestigten Ufer der Oker bilden Abbruchkanten und Aufsandungen. Entlang des Flusslaufes sind an einigen Stellen Altarme zu finden. Die Uferbereiche sind vielfach von Hochstaudenfluren und Röhrichtflächen geprägt. Daneben sind Auwaldreste zu finden.

Die Durchgängigkeit des Flussabschnittes ist seit 2003 durch einen Fischpass in Müden-Dieckhorst und seit 2005 durch eine Umgehungsrinne in Meinersen gewährleistet. Der Abstieg wird an beiden Orten durch ein Fluchtrohr erleichtert.

Das Gebiet steht seit dem 31. Dezember 2011 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Gifhorn.

Weblinks

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Gifhorn
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Geographie (Meinersen)
Müden (Aller)
Oker


El LXXIII Campeonato Mundial de Esgrima se celebró en Catania (Italia) entre el 8 y el 16 de octubre de 2011 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Esgrima (FIE) y la Federación Italiana de Esgrima.

Las competiciones se realizaron en el pabellón Palaghiaccio Catania de la ciudad siciliana.

Medallistas

Masculino

Final de florete ind.

Final de espada ind.

Final de sable ind.

Final de florete eqs.

Final de espada eqs.

Final de sable eqs.

Femenino

Final de florete ind.

Final de espada ind.

Final de sable ind.

Final de florete eqs.

Final de espada eqs.

Final de sable eqs.

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Pág. web del evento .
Resultados oficiales (en inglés).
Resultados en la pág. de la FIE .
 «Fencing World Championships (1921-2011)». Pág. del Comité Olímpico Estadounidense .

2011
esgrima
Deporte en Sicilia
Deporte en Italia en 2011
Deporte en Catania
Esgrima en Italia
Esgrima en 2011

Campeonato Mundial de Esgrima de 2011


Charles Richard Sumner KG (-) est un évêque de l'Église d'Angleterre.

Biographie
Charles Sumner est un frère de John Bird Sumner, archevêque de Cantorbéry, fils de Robert Sumner et d'Hannah Bird, une cousine germaine de William Wilberforce .

Sumner fait ses études au Collège d'Eton et au Trinity College de Cambridge et obtient un baccalauréat ès arts (BA) en 1814 et une maîtrise ès arts de Cambridge (MA) en 1817. Après l'ordination, il exerce son ministère pendant les deux hivers de 1814 à 1816 auprès de la congrégation anglaise de Genève. De 1816 à 1821, il est vicaire de Highclere, Hampshire. En 1820, George IV souhaite le nommer chanoine de Windsor, mais le premier ministre, Robert Jenkinson (2e comte de Liverpool), s'y oppose ; Sumner reçoit à la place une aumônerie royale et un poste de bibliothécaire. D'autres promotions suivent rapidement, en 1826, il est consacré évêque de Llandaff (à cette époque, l'évêque de Llandaff est également doyen de la cathédrale Saint-Paul de Londres) et en 1827, évêque de Winchester. En 1869, il démissionne de son siège, mais continue à vivre à la résidence officielle de Farnham jusqu'à sa mort le 15 août 1874 .

Bien qu'évangélique dans ses opinions, il ne limite pas son patronage à cette école .

Lui et son frère sont membres de l'Association de Canterbury à partir du 27 mars 1848 .

Œuvres
Sumner publie un certain nombre de pamphlets et de sermons et The Ministerial Character of Christ Practically Considered (Londres, 1824). Il a également édité et traduit De doctrina christiana de John Milton en 1823, et rédige le texte de l'essai de Macaulay sur Milton .

Famille
Sumner épouse Jennie Fanny Barnabine Maunoir (23 février 1794 - 3 septembre 1849) et a sept enfants - quatre fils et trois filles,  dont :

 John Maunoir Sumner ( à Highclere -  avril 1886), recteur de North Waltham 1842–1845, et de Buriton, Hampshire, 1845, jusqu'à sa mort
 Louisanna Sumner (1817–1899), qui épouse le révérend William Gibson, recteur de Fawley, Hampshire, et a onze enfants dont :
 Arthur Gibson (1844–1927), international de Rugby à XV, qui dispute le premier match international en 1871
 Edgar Charles Sumner Gibson, (1848-1924), évêque de Gloucester
 Alan George Sumner Gibson (1856–1922), évêque coadjuteur du Cap à partir de 1894
 Sophia Albertina Sumner (1823–1884), épouse le révérend Guillaume Henry Ridley
 George Henry Sumner (1824-1909), évêque de Guildford, dont l'épouse  fonde l'Union des mères
 Emily Sarah Frances Sumner (1832–1926), qui épouse Robert Newman Milford (1829–1913), recteur d' East Knoyle, Wiltshire et chanoine de la cathédrale de Salisbury, et sont les parents de Sir Humphrey Sumner Milford, éditeur à Oxford University Press

Références

Liens externes

Doyen de Saint-Paul
Évêque de Winchester
Évêque de Llandaff
Étudiant de Trinity College (Cambridge)
Élève du collège d'Eton
Décès en août 1874
Naissance en novembre 1790
Décès à 83 ans

Charles Sumner (évêque)


Ali Ibrahim Kébé Baye (nacido el 24 de diciembre de 1978), conocido comúnmente como Ibra Kébé, es un futbolista senegalés, actualmente juega en el FK Anzhí Majachkalá.

Carrera
En 2002, Kébé firmó un contrato por el Spartak de Moscú e hizo su debut en la Liga de Campeones en la derrota fuera de casa ante el FC Basilea
A pesar de un comienzo relativamente brillante de su carrera en el Spartak, pero después su rendimiento fue bajando en el club ruso. El defensor senegalés dejó el Spartak después de dos temporadas con el club.Para jugar por el PFC Spartak de Nalchik, y después de su descenso de a la Primera División de Rusia, firmó por el FK Anzhí Majachkalá.
En enero de 2009, Kébé esperaba firmar por el recién ascendido a la Premier League de Rusia, el FC Rostov, pero el acuerdo fracasó a causa de una grave lesión de rodilla.

Clubes

Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Senegal
Futbolistas del FC Spartak de Moscú
Futbolistas del Alania Vladikavkaz
Futbolistas del FK Anzhí Majachkalá

Ibra Kébé


සිංහබාහු විජයගේ පියා වූ අතර සිංහපුර රජු විය.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඓතිහාසික ලේඛනයක් මහාවංශයහි ලේඛනගත කොට ඇති ජනප්‍රවාදය අනුව,සිංහබාහුගේ පියා සිංහයෙක් වූ අතර ඔහුගේ මව වංග(වගු රට) කුමාරිකාවක් වූවාය. ඔහුගේ අත් සහ පා සිංහයෙකුගේ පය මෙන් විය. ඔහුට සිංහසීවලී නමින් සොහොයුරියක් විය.

සුප්පා දේවිය සිය පිරිවර සමගින් වනය මැදින් ගමන් කරද්දී මෙම සිංහයා පැමිණ පිරිවර පලවා හැර කුමරිය සිය පිට මත තබා වන වැදුනු බව කියති. පසුව මෙම සිංහයා ඉමහත් ආදරයෙන් කුමරිය රැක බලා ගත් බවද ඔහුට දාව සිංහබාහු හා සිංහසීවලී යන දෙදරුවන් උපන් බවද ජනප්‍රවාදයන්හි කියැවේ. තම බිරිඳට හා දරු දෙදෙනාට ඇවැසි සියළු දේ සිංහයා විසින් සැපයූ නමුදු ඔවුන් හට සිංහ ගුහාවෙන් පිටතට යෑම තහනම් විය.සිය පුතා වැඩිමහළු වූ කල සිංහ ගුහාව විසල් ගලකින් අහුරා සිංහ තෙම කෑම සපයා ගැනීම උදෙසා පිටත්වූ බව පැවසේ.

සිංහබාහු හට වයස දහසයක් වූ කල විසල් ගල පෙරලා තම මව හා සෙහොයුරිය සමග වංග දේශයේ අගනුවර වෙත පලා ගිය බව පැවසේ. පළමුව අතිශය දුකට පත්වූ සිංහයා පසුව වියරු වැටී ගම් නියම් ගම් පැන මිනිසුන් මරා දැමීමට පටන් ගෙන ඇත. සිංහයා මැරීමට කිසිවකු සමත් නොවූ කල සිංහබාහු ඉදිරිපත් වීළු. පුතු දුටු කල සිංහයා සෙනෙහසින් ඉදිරියට පැමිණි කල, සිංහබාහු තම දුන්නෙහි තැත මුදවා හැරීය. පළමු දෙවැනි හී පහර දෙකම සිංහයාගේ ස්නේහය නීසාවෙන්ම නලලත වැදී බීම වැටිණි. පසුව සිංහයා කිපුණේය. තුන්වන හී සර සිංහයාගේ හදවත පසාරු කලේය.එම "වීර" ක්‍රියාවට වංග දේශයේ කිරුළ සිංහබාහුට පිරිනැමුනු බව කියැවේ.

මෙය නිෂ්ප්‍රභා කල ඔහු, තම මවගේ ජන්ම භූමිය වන wangu රටෙහි සිංහපුර නමින් නව පුරවරයක් පිහිටුවා සිංහසීවලී ආවහ කොට ගෙන ජීවත් වීළු. ඔවුනට දරුවන් තිස් දෙදෙනෙකු ලැබුනු අතර, වැඩිමහල්ලා විජය වූ අතර සුමිත්ත දෙවැන්නා විය.

See also
Incest in folklore

දීපවංශය
ඉන්දියාවේ ඉතිහාසය
මහාවංශය

සිංහබාහු රජ


Der Mekong-Wacholder (Juniperus convallium) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae). Sie ist in China heimisch.

Beschreibung
Der Mekong-Wacholder wächst als immergrüner Baum, selten auch als Strauch. Von den Ästen zweigen die dicht stehenden, geraden oder gebogenen Zweigen ab. Diese werden bis zu 1 Millimeter dick und sind normalerweise im Querschnitt bleistiftförmig, selten rechteckig geformt.

Es gibt zwei verschiedene Blattformen. Die graugrünen, schuppenartigen Blätter erreichen eine Länge von 1,5 bis 2 Millimeter und eine Breite von 0,8 bis 1 Millimeter. Sie sind entweder nach innen oder nach außen gewölbt und weisen in der Nähe der Basis an der Nadelunterseite eine Harzdrüse auf. Sie stehen kreuzgegenständig oder selten in Dreierwirteln an den Zweigen.
Die ebenfalls graugrünen, nadelförmigen Blätter findet man nur an jungen Bäumen wo sie kreuzgegenständig oder in Dreierwirteln an den Zweigen stehen. Sie erreichen eine Länge von 3 bis 8 Millimeter und sind an der Nadeloberseite nach innen gewölbt.

Der Mekong-Wacholder kann sowohl zweihäusig-getrenntgeschlechtig (diözisch) als auch einhäusig (monözisch) sein. Die männlichen Blütenzapfen haben einen Durchmesser von 1,5 bis 3 Millimeter. Sie enthalten sechs bis acht Mikrosporophylle mit zwei bis drei Pollensäcken. Die kurz gestielten Beerenzapfen sind bei einer Länge von 5 bis 10 Millimeter und einem Durchmesser von 5 bis 6 Millimeter eiförmig bis konisch-eiförmig oder kugelig geformt. Zur Reife hin sind sie rötlich braun bis purpurschwarz gefärbt und können eine blaugrüne Tönung aufweisen. Jeder der Zapfen trägt einen Samen. Die Samen sind bei einem Durchmesser von 3 bis 5 Millimeter konisch-kugelig bis flach-eiförmig geformt und können eine Harzgrube aufweisen.

Verbreitung und Standort
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet des Mekong-Wacholders liegt in China. Es umfasst dort den Süden der Provinz Qinghai, den Nordwesten von Sichuan und den Osten des Autonomen Gebiets Tibet.

Der Mekong-Wacholder gedeiht in Höhenlagen von 2200 bis 4300 Metern. Man findet die Art in den Gebirgsregionen wo sie vor allem in Nadelwäldern wächst.

Systematik
Die Erstbeschreibung als Juniperus convallium erfolgte 1914 durch Alfred Rehder und Ernest Henry Wilson in Plantae Wilsonianae an enumeration of the woody plants collected in Western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908 and 1910, Band 2, Nummer 1, Seite 62. Ein Synonym für Juniperus convallium  ist Sabina convallium .

Die Art wird in bis zu zwei Varietäten aufgeteilt:
 Juniperus convallium var. convallium ist die Nominatform und kommt im gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet vor.
 Juniperus convallium var. microsperma : Sie kommt von West-Sichuan bis Südost-Xizang vor. Chemische Untersuchungen stützen die Abgrenzung als eigenständige Art Juniperus microsperma.

Gefährdung und Schutz
Die Varietät convallium wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als "gering gefährdet" eingestuft. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen das eine erneute Überprüfung der Gefährdung notwendig ist. Die Varietät microsperma wird aufgrund von unzureichender Datenlage keiner Gefährdungskategorie zugeteilt.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

Wacholder

Mekong-Wacholder


Fairall 9 ou PGC 5106 est une galaxie spirale de Seyfert de type 1; cette galaxie contient un quasar radio-bruyant et multi-émetteur.

Cette galaxie spirale se situe dans la constellation du Toucan à environ 663 millions d'années-lumière.

Découverte
Fairall 9 a été découvert par l'équipe de Anne Lohfink, Christopher Reynolds, Ciro Pinto, William Alston, Steven Boggs, Finn Christensen, William Craig, Andrew Fabian, Charles Hailey, Fiona Harrison, Erin Kara, Giorgio Matt, Michael Parker, Daniel Stern, Dominic Walton, William Zhang travaillant avec le XMM-Newton.

Caractéristiques
Fairall 9 a été principalement étudié par le XMM-Newton et le NuSTAR dans le domaine des rayons X et ondes radio.

Cette étude de Fairall 9 par le XMM-Newton a permis de détecter le quasar central de la galaxie. Ce quasar a une émission variable dans tous les domaines, cette variabilité est due à la corrélation des jets de matière du quasar central.

Une étude par l'instrument SWIFT a permis d'estimer la composition du disque d'accrétion du quasar central, le disque serait principalement composé d'hydrogène, deutérium et d'hélium.

L'étude du NuSTAR a permis de montrer les longueurs d'onde de Fairall 9.

Les longueurs d'onde de Fairall 9 sont entre 11.04 et 14.32 nanomètres

Trou noir de Fairall 9
Grâce à l'étude du NuSTAR, la masse du trou noir central de Fairall 9 a pu être estimée, elle  serait de 79.43 millions de masses solaires.

Références

Galaxie spirale
Galaxie
Galaxie de Seyfert
Quasar
Constellation du Toucan
Trou noir supermassif

Fairall 9


Syrrako (în aromână Sireacu, în română, în trecut Săracu)  este un sat în prefectura Ioannina din zona Epirusului. Populația este formată în principal de Aromâni (denumiți și Vlahi). Aici s-a născut Ioannis Kolettis, politician aromân din Grecia.

Note

Sate din Grecia
Ioannina

Syrrako


Events from the year 1803 in Canada.

Incumbents
Monarch: George III

Federal government
Parliament of Lower Canada: 3rd
Parliament of Upper Canada: 3rd

Governors
Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
Governor of Nova Scotia: John Wentworth
Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Charles Morice Pole
Governor of St. John's Island: Edmund Fanning

Events
Thomas Jefferson completes Louisiana Purchase extending U.S. control west of the Mississippi River; federal plans to resettle Eastern tribes beyond the Mississippi soon begin.
John Colter becomes the fourth man selected by William Clark to join the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
The XY Company is reorganized under Alexander Mackenzie's name.
 First Canadian Paper Mill is built in Quebec.

Births
October 13 – Augustin-Norbert Morin, lawyer, judge, politician and Joint Premier of the Province of Canada (d.1865)
March 24 – Egerton Ryerson, politician, teacher, principal, Methodist minister (d.1882)
December 6 – Susanna Moodie, writer (d.1885)

Full date unknown
John Kinder Labatt, brewer and founder of the Labatt Brewing Company (d.1866)

Deaths
 Nathaniel Pettit (1724 – March 9, 1803) a political figure in Upper Canada.
 Rev. Johann Samuel Schwerdtfeger (1734–1803) The first Lutheran minister in Ontario.

References

Canada
Years of the 19th century in Canada
1803 in North America

1803 in Canada


Fríríkið Prússland *(þýska Freistaat Preußen) var ríki í Þýskalandi frá 1918 til 1947.

Fríríkið Prússland


Alphonse Matejka (9 janvier 1902 à Saint-Gall, Suisse - 27 octobre 1999 à La Chaux-de-Fonds, Suisse) était un célèbre occidentaliste d'origine tchèque.

Biographie
Les Matejka étaient originaires de Wischkovitz (Bohême). Son père est arrivé en Suisse avant 1900, peut-être en raison du manque d'opportunités d'emploi en Tchéquie. Il obtient la nationalité suisse en 1915. Son fils Alphonse est né à Saint-Gall le 9 janvier 1902. Il passe ses dernières années comme élève dans la section marchande de l'école cantonale où il fonde un syndicat étudiant sous le nom d'Industria Sangallensis. .

Grâce à ses capacités linguistiques, il réussit à obtenir un emploi chez Reichenbach & Co. Cette société le transférera plus tard dans sa filiale à Paris. Il y rencontre sa femme, Jeanne Bellanger. Le couple se marie en 1928. Dans les années 30, il s'installe à Zurich puis à Amsterdam en 1936, revient en Suisse pour finalement s'installer à La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il a trouvé un emploi dans l'industrie horlogère.

Efforts linguistiques
Alphonse Matejka était capable de parler plusieurs langues romanes et germaniques. Il parlait également le russe, pouvant écrire pour un journal russe et même traduire dans cette langue pour l'Académie des sciences de Russie.

Il s'est engagé dans le mouvement de l'Ido. Cependant, il a commencé à soutenir l'Occidental en 1937.

En 1942, il publie la première édition du manuel OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache. Il a été suivi en 1945 par Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch e Deutsch-Occidental. Ce livre était basé sur les travaux de Joseph Gär et Ric Berger. Après que le nom de la langue ait été changé en Interlingue, il a écrit et mis à jour le livre Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang dans 20 Lektionen.

Il a également été le rédacteur principal de Cosmoglotta pendant plusieurs années.

Références

Linguiste suisse
Occidental (langue)

Alphonse Matejka


ස්කන්ධ චලන වර්ග

ප්‍රාවරණ පාෂාණ හෝ පාෂාණ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම යටි අතට සංචරණය වන ක්‍රමය අනුව ස්කන්ධ චලනය වර්ග කෙරේ.

රූරායාම

පල්මක් රූරායාම දීර්ඝකාලීන ක්‍රියාවළියකි. පස් හෝ පාෂාණ විවිධ දිශා වලට කාලයක් ඔස්සේ සිදුකරන කුඩා චලන වලට හේතුව වන්නේ පල්ලමේ යටි අතට ඇති ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ බලයයි. පල්ලමේ ආනතිය තියුණු රූරා යාමේ වේගයද වැඩිවේ. පොළොව තුළ පවතින පස් ශක්තිමත් භාවයෙන් අඩු නිසා බොහෝ විට මෙමඟින් නායයාම් ඇතිවේ. ජලය හා හිරුඑළිය මදිකම නිසා ගස් මිය යන අතර මෙය තෙත් කළාපයේ විරල සිදුවීමකි. හිම මීදිම හෝ දිය වීම උණුසුම් හා සිසිල් උෂ්ණත්ව වැනි කරුණු මඟින් පස් පෘෂ්ඨයෙන් ඉහළට හා පහළට චලනය වීමෙන් බැවුමේ පතුළ වෙත පස ගමන් කරයි. මෙය පියවී ඇසට නොපෙනෙන වේග‍යකින් සිදුවේ. මෙය බොහෝ විට සිදුවන්නේ නිවර්තන කළාප වලය.

නායයාම්

පැහැදිලිව අර්ථ දැක්වුණු කළාපයක් හෝ තලයක් මතින් සිදුවන ස්කන්ධ චලනයත් නායයාමත් නම්වේ. පාෂාණ නායයම්, ලිස්සායාම් හා මෙම වර්ගයට අයත් වේ. මෙය ස්කන්ධ පරිහාණියේ සුලභ වර්ගීකරණයයි.

ගලාබැසීම

පස හා ප්‍රාවරණ පාෂාණ ද්‍රව හැසිරීමත් පෙන්නුම් කරන විට එහි චලනය ගලා බැස්මක් නම් වේ. හිම ධාවය, මඩ ගලායාම් සුන්බුන් ගලායාම, බිම් ගලායාම්, පාංශු ඛාදනය,සුන්බුන් ගැලීම හා Sturtstom  මෙම වර්ගයට අයත් වේ. ජලය, වාතය හා අයිස් බොහෝ විට ද්‍රව ආකාරයේ චලනය දක්වන ද්‍රව්‍ය වේ.

ඇද වැටීම

ගල් කැබලි විවර්තනයෙන් බෑවුමකින් ඇදවැටීම

පතිතවීම

ගල් පහතට වැටීම වැනි ප්‍රාවරණ පාෂාණ බෑවුමක් දිගේ පහතට කඩා වැටීමකි. මෙය ගලාබැසීමක් ලෙස සැළකීමට තරම් දුස්ස්‍රාවිතාවයකින් හෝ පරිමාවක් සහිත නොවේ. සිරස් ඉරි තැලීම් සහිත ගල් පවතින ස්ථානවල මෙම තත්තවය බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ. නිටින් හැරි යන ජලය හා රැළි නිසා පතිත වීම් හටගනී මෙය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඇති වන්නේ ප්‍රපාත වැනි තද බෑවුම සහිත ස්ථාන වලය. භූමිකම්පාථ වර්ෂාව, ශාක මුල් මඟින් පැලීම් හා අයිස් මඟින් ගල් බුරුල් වීම සිදුවේ. හැවකැට නමින් හදුන්වන ආකෘතිය ඇතිවීමට හේතුවන්නේ මෙසේ පවතින වන ගල් එම ස්ථානය පාමුළ එකතු වීමෙනි.

ස්කන්ධ හානි සඳහා ප්‍රේරක

ප්‍රවාහරණ පාෂාණ හෝ පස් කඳු බෑවුමක රඳා පැවතීම නැතිවන්නේ ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ බලය එහි ඝර්ෂණ බලය ඉක්මවා යා නොහැකි තෙක් පමණි. මෙම ඝර්ෂණ බලය අඩු කිරීමට උපකාරී වන සාධක වන්නේ භූ චලන
ආකෘතියේ ඉහළ බර වැඩිවීම

පරස් තෙතමනය ඉහළයාම

පස මූලාධාරය හා බැඳී පවත්වන මුල් අඩුවීම
කැණිම් හා පංශු ඛාදනයෙන් බෑවුම යටින් හැරීම තුෂර මඟින් ඛාදනය බයෝටර්බේෂන්

සටහන්

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|මෙම ලිපිය ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩීයාව ආශ්‍රයෙන් සිංහල භාෂාවට පරිවර්තනය කරන ලද්දකි.
සැලකිය යුතුයි : මෙම පරිවර්තන කාලය තුල ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩීයාව වෙනස් වී තිබිය හැක.

|-

|Mass wasting Types of mass movement
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{|

ස්කන්ධ චලනය


Den Centrale Økonomiske Region (, ) er en af Ruslands tolv økonomiske regioner, der fungerer som administrative enheder.

Regionen ligger i det vestligste Rusland og inkluderer hovedstaden Moskva. Den er en vigtig industriel region, der udgør 32 % af det russiske bruttonationalprodukt.

Sammensætning
De følgende områder er en del af den Centrale Økonomiske Region:
 Brjansk oblast
 Ivanovo oblast
 Kaluga oblast
 Kostroma oblast
 Moskva
 Moskva oblast
 Orjol oblast
 Rjasan oblast
 Smolensk oblast
 Tula oblast
 Tver oblast
 Vladimir oblast
 Jaroslavl oblast

Subnationale enheder i Rusland

Centrale Økonomiske Region


රජයේ ගැසට් පත්‍රය යනු රජයේ නීතිමය නිවේදන මුද්‍රිතව ප්‍රකාශනය කරන වාරික ලේඛනයකි.

රජයේ ගැසට් පත්‍රය


Kárítré (fræðiheiti: Agathis) er ættkvísl sígrænna barrtrjáa frá suðurhveli. Þau voru mjög algeng á Júra og krítartímabili, en finnast nú aðallega í Ástralíu og á eyjunum þar norður og austur af.

Kárítré eru yfirleitt há og bolmikil og notuð vegna timburs og trjákvoðu.

Tegundalisti
Viðurkenndar tegundir

Áður meðtaldar
Fluttar í Nageia
 Agathis motleyi - Nageia motleyi
 Agathis veitchii - Nageia nagi

Tilvísanir

Barrtré

Kárítré


Elmalı, Samsun ilinin Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 133 km, Vezirköprü ilçesine 18 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Vezirköprü'nün mahalleleri

Elmalı, Vezirköprü


is a town in Myōzai District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 4,930 in 2404 households and a population density of 28 persons per km².The total area of the town is .

Geography
Kamiyama is located in the upper reaches of the Akui River, which runs parallel to the south side of the Yoshino River in central Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. Located in the eastern part of the Shikoku Mountains, about 83% of the total area is mountainous, with agricultural land and settlements scattered in the Akui River basin that crosses the center of the town from east to west. Parts of the town are within the borders of the Chūbu Sankei Prefectural Natural Park or the Higashi Sankei Prefectural Natural Park.

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture
 Tokushima
 Yoshinogawa
 Mima
 Ishii
 Naka
 Kamikatsu
 Sanagōchi

Climate
Kamiyama has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Kamiyama is 14.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2137 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.9 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kamiyama has been rapidly declining for the past 70 years.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Kamiyama was part of ancient Awa Province. The area has been settled since ancient times and is mentioned in the Nihon Shoki. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. The villages of Ano (阿野村), Jinryō (神領村), Orono (鬼籠野村),  Shimobun-Kamiyama (下分上山村), and  Kamibun-Kamiyama (上分上山村) were established within Myōzai District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. These five villages merged to form the town of Kamiyama on November 20, 1965.

Government
Kamiyama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of eight members. Kamiyama, together with the other municipalities of Myōzai District, contributes two members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tokushima 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Kamiyama is agricultural, and the town is the largest producer of sudachi in Japan, accounting for 24% of the production in Tokushima Prefecture. Kamiyama is notable for its successes in minimizing its population decline through digital transformation efforts and promotion as a rural startup ecosystem.

Education
Kamiyama has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Tokushima Prefectural Department of Education.

Transportation

Railway
Kamiyama does not have any passenger rail service. The closest station is the JR Shikoku Tokushima Station, which is approximately 50 minutes away by car.

Highways

Local attractions
 Shōsan-ji , 12th  temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
 Amagoi Waterfalls, one of "Japan's Top 100 Waterfalls",
Kamiichinomiya Ōawa Jinja, one of the shrines claiming to be the ichinomiya of Awa Province.
 Okubo Chichi-Icho Ginkgo tree
Chūbu Sankei Prefectural Natural Park
Higashi Sankei Prefectural Natural Park

Notes

External links

  (in Japanese)
  (in English)

Towns in Tokushima Prefecture
Kamiyama, Tokushima

Kamiyama, Tokushima


Super Bowl XLVI je bio završna utakmica 92. po redu sezone nacionalne lige američkog nogometa. U njoj su se sastali pobjednici AFC konferencije New England Patriotsi i pobjednici NFC konferencije New York Giantsi. Pobijedili su Giantsi rezultatom 21:17, kojima je to bio osmi osvojeni naslov, četvrti u eri Super Bowla.

Utakmica je odigrana na Lucas Oil Stadiumu u Indianapolisu u Indiani, kojem je to bilo prvo domaćinstvo utakmice Super Bowla.

Tijek utakmice

Statistika utakmice

Statistika po momčadima

Statistika po igračima

Najviše jardi dodavanja

Najviše jardi probijanja

Najviše uhvaćenih jardi dodavanja

Napomena: * - broj kompletiranih dodavanja/ukupno dodavanja, ** - ukupno jardi dodavanja, *** - broj touchdownova (polaganja), **** - broj izgubljenih lopti

Izvori

2011

Super Bowl XLVI


ලිට්රෝ ගෑස් සමාගම 1872 දි රත්මලානේදි කොළඹ ගෑස් සහ ජල සමාගම නමින් ආරම්භ විය. මුල් කාලිනව එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලන්දේසි සමාගමක් වන ශේල් සමාගම විසින් පාලනය විය. පසුව එය 20වන සියවසේ මුල්භාගයෙදි ශේල් ලංකා සමාගම ලෙස නම් වෙනස් විය. 2010දි ලංකා රජයට අයත් ලංකා ඛනිජ තෙල් නීතිගත සංස්ථාව විසින් 51%ක කොටස් මිලදී ගැනිම මගින් සමාගමේ නම ලිට්රෝ ලෙස වෙනස් විය. වර්තමානයේ දි සම්පූර්ණ ලෙසම ලංකා ඛනිජ තෙල් නීතිගත සංස්ථාව විසින් පාලනය වේ. ලංකාවේ සමස්ථ ගෑස් වෙළදාමෙන් 70% පමණ ලිට්රෝ සමාගම සතුවේ.

ලිට්රෝ ගෑස් සමාගම