Busuanga, officially the Municipality of Busuanga (), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 25,617 people.

History
Oral tradition has it, that the entire island of Busuanga was once the realm of a Cuyonon datu named Datu Macanas. The island was once part of the four jurisdictions of Cuyonon datus with the other three being Datu Magbanua who reigned over Cuyo archipelago, Datu Cabaylo who had Taytay and surrounding islands and Datu Cabangon reigning over south of Taytay.

The town of Busuanga was created from the barrios of Concepcion, Salvacion, Busuanga, New Busuanga, Buluang, Quezon, Calawit, and Cheey of the town of Coron in 1950.

Quezon was reinstated as a barangay in 2000.

The history of Busuanga could well be said to date back as early as 3,000 B.C. at the time group of nomadic people were known to make such waves of immigration by way of land-bridges from the Asia mainland, some of which lagged and drifted along the Philippines Archipelago.  Much later, the Malayans and Indonesians followed.  For some thousands of years, they explored, discovered, utilized, and finally spread and populated the Philippines Island, presumably including the island of Busuanga.

Accordingly, as early as the 9th century A.D., Chinese traders were known to transact business with the natives of the coastal regions of Calamianes, and referred to some places as "Pa-laoyu", "Kia-ma-yan", and "Pa-ki-nung", meaning Palawan, Calamian, and Busuanga, respectively, as mentioned in their (Chinese) narratives.

In 1380, nearly a century and half before Christianity reached the Philippines, an Arab missionary from Mallaca, named Mahdu introduced Islam in Sulu.  Through the next centuries the Islamic faith must have spread and secured a profound influence in the lives of the early Filipinos.  Thus, our ancestors possessed dominantly an Islamic-pagan life and culture, long before the Spaniards came to the islands.

Origin
More than 3000 years before the conversion of Busuanga into a municipality in 1951, the name BUSUANGA was already attributed to the island.  Actually the name is ascribed to that of a big river, the largest in the municipality (an average width of 100 meters; length is unknown), christened by the natives after the great calamitous upheaval in nature, handed down then by word of mouth to be a legend.

The legend
According to the age-old legend, *a small limpid river with a narrow picturesque bank no bigger than a brook flow and runs southwards inland in a beautiful valley where people had their livelihood and seems to have always enough.  Everyday the inhabitants make good spoils of the bounties of nature around, and lived a contented life.  Until on that one fateful day, a violent, strong storm raged and made a rampage of the whole island; and on five or fourteen consecutive days, dilute the place with heaviest rains and strongest winds to sweep the island.

*It is believed that the legend is real account of a natural calamitous event, which could have actually occurred thus causing the sporadically located small rivers and creeks in the island to branch out and unite their flow one great stream, which is the now-evolved Busuanga River.

In the clear, cold dawn that settled after the storm, the inhabitants were amazed to find-in a mixed awe and terror-a massive phenomenal transformation in their place.  Out of the darkness of the storm, a wide new channel through the western portion of the mainland into the sea.  Thus, nature gave birth to this great river, evolved out of a small brook which up to this day serves an unmistakable beautiful natural landmark.

Busuanga, from the vernacular word meaning "burst" in English, is the popular rendition of this event.

Formation
Busuanga during the Spanish Regime : 1600-1898

In 1622, the colonization of Palawan under Count San Augustine reached the island of Busuanga.  A number of Augustinian-Recollect missionaries landed in the eastern coast of the mainland, converted the inhabitants to Christianity and built church for them together with the establishment of the Spanish local government in the barrio, known then as Busuanga*, the oldest barrio in the municipality.

Later, 1636, the Spaniards began constructing fortification with small muzzle-loading artilleries to defend the barrio from an almost perennial raids and onslaught of Muslim rebels.  With the establishment of a strong naval station at Puerto Princepe Alfonso, now Balabac, together with the forts of Cuyo, Taytay, Labao, etc. combined with the powerful Spanish fleets cruising the seas, the Muslim attacks was eventually put to an end.

In 1898, the Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain brought the more democratic Americans to the island, thus ending the epidotic Spanish rule.

The American regime: 1901-1914
In 1904, with American Military Government ruling the province under Governor Wright, the island of Culion was made into a government reservation, providing a colony for lepers and a vast government farm, its jurisdiction and control eventually served from the municipality of Coron.

On June 2 of the same year, some former inhabitants of Culion was resettled to a place southeastern of the mainland and founded Concepcion, known then as "Kinamotean", from the word camote, a root crop growing abundantly in the place.

*Busuanga, now Old Busuanga, the mother barrio.  Present study and research as of 1977; set the year 1600 the earliest probable founding of Busuangan.

Sometime, between 1906 and 1911, with the Governor Edmund Miller in office a number of school buildings were erected in some of the barrios, (Salvacion, Concepcion, Calauit, etc.)

The founding of New Busuanga, formerly called "Kanyepet", is significant.  If only its most controversial creation, a part of which she would still play in the last phase of Busuanga history.

Given official recognition by Mayor Restituto Bacnan in 1937, mainly for religious commitments to the members of the Evangelical Church, the barrio was directed another official order in that time for its dissolution.  Dissolution followed.

About the year 1938, four or five years before the Second World War, manganese mine deposits were uncovered in the island.  In the mining boom that followed a national road was expedite from Coron to the northern barrios passing through Bintuan to Concepcion.

World War II through the liberation: (1941-1949)
In 1942, still a nondescript barrio under the municipality of Coron, Busuanga entered the era of war.  The Japanese occupation of Coron and Busuanga was primarily due to the manganese mines-good source of precious metals for ammunitions.  Provoked and with no alternatives, the Busuangenos formed the Resistance Movement, foremost of which was the daring Bolo Battalion under Ignacio Libarra.

Late of the same year, members of the Resistance Movement burned down the semi-permanent school buildings in Busuanga, Salvacion, Cheey and Calauit, which they fear would be a good headquarters for the Japanese.  Spreading havoc and massacre, the enemies were already enjoying their plunder.

On September 24, 1944, however, US bomber planes raided, and several Japanese ships, among them big tankers, were bombed and sunk off Concepcion coast.  The sea became so thick laden with oil from the tankers that it burned furiously and spread out the nearby mangroves creating a bright sea-inferno for several days and nights.  This was followed, in April 1945, by an ambush kill of two Japanese Officers coming from the manganese mines.  Within the same month three more enemy soldiers died in the hands of the gallant Bolo Battalion.  This foreshadowed the doom of Japanese invaders and the end of war.

Immediately after the war, the US Government built and caused the establishment of Long Range (LORAN) Transmitting Station on the western coast of Panlaitan. The station was staffed and maintained by US Coast Guards until 1970.

With peace fully reigning in the island, schools were re-opened; and the people vanishing their painful experience of war happily sent their children to school.  Accordingly, the US government gave aids and full support for rehabilitation of the people from their low economic state.

Thus Busuanga came out of the ashes of war still recouping and, one year after, still wavering from the moral and economic depression which it suffered in war, was forced to emerge into a full-pledged independent municipality.

Foundation: the ABORDO Bill)
The year 1950 came to be the dawn of the birth of Busuanga as a full pledged municipality.  With 13 daughter barrios already settled and populated, it only waited for some process of law turned for its promulgation into an independent municipality.

It was Governor Gaudencio Abordo, then Congressman of Palawan, and foremost of the earliest Palaweno Statesman, who trigged the session of Congress in 1950 into his bill for the realization of the municipality.  The bill number 381, sought for the creation of Busuanga, including all the barrios in its realm, into a municipality.  Both houses of Congress approved the bill without much restraint, and its final approval by the President of the Philippines was eventually contained and sealed in the Republic of Act No. 560.

New Busuanga, the controverter, once-dissolved barrio founded by the members of the Evangelical Church, became politically the favored site for the municipality.

On December 30, 1951, with a temporary "wood and nipa" structure for a municipal building, the first town mayor, by virtue of appointment, served his term, Mayor Adriano Custodio.  He ruled the first few months of its founding years up to December 1952.

The municipal site controversy
It was Tiburcio Barracoso, a southern, of a prominent clan from Salvacion, who ascended the mayorship by rights and virtue of popular election.  His first bold act of moving the municipal site to Salvacion created the first wave of "locality conflict" between the southerners and the northerners.  Accordingly, when a northerner, Antonio Capague, 1956 to a 1959, won the next election in 1955, the municipal site was moved again from Salvacion back to New Busuanga.

The succeeding mayors however did not caused further migration of the municipal site since the political tide and atmosphere in the higher level favored New Busuanga; and there the municipality remained until 1974.

Relocation of the municipal site: The MITRA Bill
About the tenure of the late Mayor Antero Hachero between 1968 and 1971, the then representative of Palawan, Ramon V. Mitra, Jr. was fighting another bill in the session of Congress; this time it provided for the proper relocation and immediate transfer of the municipal site, from New Busuanga to Salvacion.

The bill was approved for various justifiable and sound reasons, among them, Salvacion possessed a relatively more suitable and strategic location geographically and more economically developed community, making in the most suited political center for public service and the strategic seat of the municipal government.

For some nebulous reasons, however, the bill had a hard and jolty time getting its way into the local government.  Due to an admixture of conflicting personal and political interest and motives waged from all directions at once, the bill remained unexecuted in the local administration concerned.

Consequently, the barrio council of Salvacion in collaboration filed a case of "Mandamus" with some municipal councilors against the involved municipal officials.  But while serving in the middle of his tenure, the incumbent mayor, Antero Hachero, died, and the mandamus case hung like the word of Damocles upon the would-be successor.  Eventually when laureano Custodio won in the 1972 local election, the same fell hair to the mandamus.

This time it was the municipal council who sought the power of the court (CFI) to issue an order for the execution of the municipality's transfer to Salvacion against the indifference of the officials concerned.  A little "cold war" almost sprung to the surface between the people of Salvacion and New Busuanga.

The final seat of the municipal government
On September 2, 1974, with some constabulary men acting as pacifier and mediator, between the people of New Busuanga and Salvacion, the municipality was finally transferred and laid to its ultimate site.  This historic transfer of the municipal site was characterized by clashing sentiments and convictions by the people and their leaders, both from personal and political motives and interest that made no little significance to the history of Busuanga.

Thus ended the conflict between the two locality-after almost two decades.

These are the barrios found, in chronological order:

Geography
The territory of Busuanga covers the western one-third of Busuanga Island, as well as Calauit Island, which both are part of the Calamian Islands, lying between Mindoro and Palawan Island. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 25,617 people.

Geographical Location
At the northernmost part of the Province of Palawan, Calamianes group of islands is found. This is composed of five islands namely: Busuanga, Calauit, Coron, Culion and Linapacan as it corresponds to four major municipalities which are Busuanga, Coron, Culion and Linapacan. The Municipality of Busuanga is the largest island as it covers 1/3 of Busuanga Island and about 3.8% of Palawan's total land area. Based from the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP 2001–2009) of the municipality, the total land area of the municipality is 52, 748 hectares while according to DENR –CENRO, the total land area was 53, 051 ha. It is bounded by Mindoro strait on the north, municipality of Coron on the east, South China Sea on the west and Culion Island on the south. A majority (59%) of the land area of the Municipality of Busuanga consists of the Calauit Game Preserve and Wildlife Sanctuary (3,323ha) and the Yulo King Ranch (YKR) (28. 380ha).

Administrative boundary
The Municipality of Busuanga is composed of 14 barangays namely: Bogtong, Buluang, Cheey, Concepcion, Maglalambay, New Busuanga, Old Busuanga, Panlaitan, Quezon, Salvacion, San Isidro, San Rafael, Sagrada and Sto. Niño. San Isidro, Panlaitan, Maglalambay are island barangays. Meanwhile, as shown in Table 2, Barangay Cheey has the largest area as it comprises about 32% of total land area of the municipality. It is followed by Sto. Niño with 11%. Busuanga has also a high number of Islets which mostly are home for the Indigenous People (Tagbanuas) in the municipality.

Barangays
Busuanga is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Note: On July 15, 2002, plebiscites held in Culion and Busuanga simultaneously with the election of barangay officials and Sangguniang Kabataan representatives resulted in the ratification of the transfer of Halsey and Burabod to Culion and the creation of Barangay Carabao.

Source: DENR-CENRO, 2016

Islet

Source: ECAN Zones Management Framework and Guidelines for Busuanga Municipality, 2006

Famous of these are the following:

A. CALAUIT SAFARI PARK

-Calauit Island is a 4,000 has. Protected are with active environmental and resources management separated by the narrow mangrove channel from nearby Busuanga Island.  It includes an 18-kilometers coastline and along the coasting line is about 9-km of reef, although much of it are limestone rock and sand, rubble communities dominated by sea grass, seaweeds and micro invertebrates.  About 70-80% of the coastal area of the island is surrounded by coral reefs of moderate cover and sea grass beds, and latter serving as feeding grounds for dugongs and turtles.  Another 40% meters wide fins the reef, with an estimated of 1.80 km of living covered.
In the 1979 Presidential 1578 declared Calauit Island Game Preserve and Wildlife Sanctuary for the endemic and exotic animals.  The latter consisted of a total of 104 composed of GIRAFFES, ZEBRAS, IMPALAS, WATERBUCKS, GRANT GAZELLES, ELANDS, TOPI and BUSHBACKS imported from Kenya and arrived at Calauit Island in March 1977.  These animals are now numbered more than 600 mostly island born and only a few of the original stocks lived.
The game preserve was originally managed by Ministry of Natural Resources by the Presidential Commission for the conservation of the Tamaraw (PCCT) through the Presidential Assistance for Cultural Minorities (PANAMIN).  Later on the management of the park is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through the Conservation and Resources management Foundation (CRMF).  At present, management of the park is under the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD).

B. BLACK ISLAND – located near Panlaitan.  The island is called Malajom(in native dialect) or Black Island due to its unique physical characteristics.  It has three small caves with mini-pool inside, and a black rock of about 150 feet into a majestic cave.  The island has natural grass which serves as flooring around the beach, as white silica of more or less 5 km.  Assorted fishes are available in a whole year.  Fisherman usually staying as a resting place.  The island is one of the municipality's sources of edible bird's nests and its quano for fertilizers.  Inside the caves, you will find the writings on the wall in Spanish.  A mini-pool, a table forms rock, and a bench.  Vacationers/Adventurers believed that it was a natural built.  It invites the adventurous who dare and explore its interior for discovery, mystery and fun.

C. PAMALICAN ISLAND – Is considered as one of the tourist attraction in the municipality.  It is bound with silica sand and famous for its sparkling white beaches.  The water is so clear that you can see the corals under.  The abundant marine life and coral reefs attracts people from neighboring barangays and town to go swimming, scuba diving and snorkeling.  This activity cannot be enjoyed if you cannot go to this place.  And if you dream of natural resort with all the breathtaking beauty, then go to this island, and is one of the best places to go during summertime.  It has a total land of 50 hectares and approximately 30 minutes travel time from the poblacion.  Development of the island is potential.
The means of transportation form the poblacion to the island is to hire a motorized boat around P200.00 one way.  There are no cottages in the island; accommodation is in poblacion, at the rate P 100.00 per day.

D.LAS HAMACAS BEACH RESORT – Located seven kilometers away from the poblacion.  The island is surrounded by coconut grooves recently, along its white sand beaches, crystal clear water and idea for swimming, scuba diving, and snorkeling. People will enjoy if they go this place.  The resort is presently operating with beautiful cottages as tourist's accommodation and with the necessary transportation facilities as to cater the needs of the tourist.  You can go there anytime.

E.CALUMBUYAN ISLAND – It is about ten (10) hectares situated in the islands of considered as one of the tourist's attraction in the municipality.  The abundant marine life white beaches attracts the people to go swimming, and if you dream of a natural resort with all the breathtaking beauty then go to this place and one of the best place to go during summertime.  A transportation facility from poblacion to Concepcion is service by two units of buses/jeepneys plying between Busuanga to Coron wherein regular fare is only P38.00.  The resort is presently operating with the necessary accommodation.  There are transportation and cottages to cater the needs of tourist.

F.TREASURE ISLAND – The Island is abounding with silica sand and famous for its sparkling white beaches.  It has natural beauty with locally made cottages that will attract people to get there especially during summertime.  Its white beaches sand with prolific fish life is suitable for snorkeling and scuba diving.
The means of transportation from the poblacion is to hire a motorboat amounting to P300.00 one way.  Tourist accommodations in the place were locally made cottages.

G.CONCEPCION FALLS – It is located 17 km away from the poblacion and both accessible by land and water transportation.  It is an ideal place to those who would dare and like to dip in cool fresh water.  Transportation is by 2 units of buses and jeepneys plying between Busuanga and Coron and vice versa at the rate of P38.00 regular and P10.00 from the poblacion.  Development of this falls is potential.

H.WEST NALAUT ISLAND – In barangay Panlaitan.  The abundant marine life attracts the people from neighboring barangays to go swimming, scuba diving and snorkeling and other activities, and its noted for its beautiful coral reefs and seaweeds.  It cannot be docked during rainy season due to large waves.  It is approximately 1 hour travel from barangay Panlaitan.  Accommodation is in Panlaitan proper, and transportation facilities are to hire a pump boat from the poblacion to the island wherein pump boat hire is amounted to P300.00 one way.

I.MALTATAYOK ISLAND – The Island is abounding with silica and like any other island is also famous for its sparkling white beaches.  It is approximately 45 minutes travel from the poblacion to the island and the transportation facilities is to hire a pump boat wherein pump boat hire is amounted to P500.00 one way.  Approximately area of the island is 100 hectares.  Tourist accommodations are the cottages.

J.NAGTENGA ISLAND – The island abound with silica sand with an area of about 90 hectares and famous for its sparkling white beaches.  It is approximately 50 minutes from the poblacion to the islands and the transportation facilities are to hire a pump boat. There are also tourist accommodations in the island.  Foremost of which are locally made cottages.

K.PAGBINIT ISLAND – The Island is also considered one of the tourist attractions due to its unique and special features.  It is also abound with silica sand and famous for its sparkling white beaches.  The means of transportation to the island is to hire a pump boat amounting to P300.00 one way.

L.CHINIBAYAN FALLS – In New Busuanga.  It is located 16 km from the poblacion and accessibility by both water and land transportation.  It is special place to those who would dare and like to dip in cool fresh water.  Transportation is serviced by 2 units of jeepneys plying between poblacion to New Busuanga and by pump boat amounting to P260.00 one way.  Development of the falls is potential.

M.DIBUTUNAI ISLAND – It is approximately 15 nautical miles from barangay Panlaitan.  It is abound with silica sand and famous for its sparkling white beaches.  It can be docked even in low tide.  It is approximately 1 hour travel to Panlaitan.  Means of transportation from Poblacion to Dibutunai amounted to P300.00 one way.  Development of the island is potential.

Topography
Elevation
The municipality's western and central portions are predominantly rough and mountainous with rolling to hilly terrain. A part of this is the Chinabayan Mountain and Wayan Range that still support extensive parches of Molave forest and Cogon grassland (features which are dominant in the locale). Chinabayan, also called Sinibayan, is approximately near to Sinibayan River and the waterfalls found in Barangay New Busuanga. Chinabayan traverses along Barangay San Rafael and Barangay Sagrada where forest cover is much more extensive. Meanwhile, the hilly portions of the mountain range is covered by lowland beach and limestone forest while those that are confined to the sides of hills following the municipality's streams and river have thicker forest covers. The central hills have low elevation (less than 700 meters above sea level) while some have an elevation reaching more than 500 meters. Also, on the western portion are numerous islets while on the northern tip is the Calauit Island.
The Salvacion Mountain Range located in Salvacion, the Sinabuyan Mountain Range between New Busuanga and Cheey, and the Naapac Mountain Range in San Rafael are among the major mountain ranges of the municipality.

Slope
Due to the mountainous features of the municipality, most of the areas have high
variations of slope composition. Areas more than 50% slope account for 2% of the municipality; about 32% represent those areas with more than 18% slope but lesser than 50% slope; while 59% are areas with less than 18% slope. The relatively flat areas are generally devoted to rice and tree plantations. Areas with slope that ranges from 0-3% can be used for agricultural and urban development while those slope classes with 3-18% can be allocated for human settlement expansion.

Geology
The whole Busuanga Island belongs to the non-volcanic micro-continental fragment of the northern Palawan group of islands which includes all areas on- and offshore north of the Ulugan Bay Fault. Based on geophysical observations, these groups of islands are believed to be part of the southeastern continental shelf of mainland China before the Tertiary period (Mid-Oligocene) (particularly during the beginning of the sea-floor spreading of the South China Sea).

As stated in the Flora Survey and Biodiversity Assessment for Core Zoning Report by the PCSD in 2006, the geology of Busuanga consists of several formations. These include King Ranch Formation, Liminangcong Formation, Quaternary Alluvium and Malajon Limestone. The Liminangcong Formation which is distinguished of its bedded chert is dominant in the municipality while the Quaternary Alluvium which consists of unconsolidated floodplain deposits accumulated at the foot of the hills can be found in the low – lying coastal areas and along the river channels of most of the barangays in Busuanga. On the other hand, Malajon Limestone, typified by creamy to dark gray massive coralline, marbleized limestone, is commonly found in Elet and Kalapisauan Islands located northwest of the municipality. Most of the land formations are karst limestone having silicon dioxide as its major elements. Limestone distribution over the municipality, however, can only be observed in few areas such as Barangay Buluang.

Soil
The soil classification and fertility of lands in the municipality is affected by climate, rainfall, and its varying elevation. There are six major types of soil in Busuanga namely: Rough Mountainous Land, Coron Clay Loam, San Miguel Clay Loam, Aborlan Clay Loam, Busuanga Loam and Hydrosol. Sub-surface textures of these soils can be classified as either loam to clay loam and sandy clay; these fall under the medium to fine- textures soils.
The types of soil in the municipality vary on its geographical location. According to the report of the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist, those soils located in the plains, valleys and plateaus are made up of silt clay loam while those soils located in the area where it is gently sloping to slightly steep are composed of sandy clay to sandy clay loam. For coastal plains on the southern part of the municipality, the major type of soil is hydrosol while in some valley areas, there is rich Busuanga loam. Of these types of soil, silt clay loam soil, given its properties, makes it suitable for the community to plant their crops and grow their vegetables.

Climate
Busuanga has two distinct climate types. It is dry from December to May and rainy from June to November; the warmest months are March, April, and May while the coldest are December, January, and February. It has an average yearly rainfall measurement of 2,873.9 mm.

Meanwhile, though Palawan as a whole is outside the typhoon belt, the northern portion where Busuanga is located experiences persistent gales and torrential rains especially during the months of July to August.

Surface water
Busuanga has three mineral springs . It has several river systems as well. The major ones are as follows.
 Busuanga River in Old Busuanga
 Binalayan River in Cheey
 Dipuyal River in Sto. Niño
 Lele River in New Busuanga
 Malabnas River in San Rafael
 Ditapec River in Calauit
 Kiwit River in Sagrada

Falls
 Concepcion Fall in Conception
 Chinabayan / Sinibayan Falls in New Busuanga

Land resources
The land classification map of the Municipality of Busuanga in 2006 (in accordance with SEMP- ECAN Zoning Project). It can be seen that majority of the land is classified as alienable and disposable; dominance of this land classification is primarily because secondary brushland/ shrub lands are abundant in the area.

On the other side, there are different sources of information indicating the composition of various land classification of the municipality. Department of Environment and Natural Resource- CENRO have identified the total municipal land area of Busuanga with 32, 144 hectares (71.3%) classified as alienable and disposable (A&D) land and 12, 950 hectares (28.7%) of forest land; SEMP-ECAN Zoning Project which formulated a NAMRIA-land classification map, however, revealed that the A&D land is only about 48%. On the other hand; while CLUP showed the allocation of municipal land uses with 46% devoted to brushland and grassland, 39% to forest, 8% for agriculture, and 1% for built-up areas or only about 392 hectares of the total land area.

Demographics

In the 2020 census, the population of Busuanga was 25,617 people, with a density of .

Economy

Notes

External links

 Busuanga Turismo

Busuanga Profile at PhilAtlas.com
[ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
Philippine Census Information
Local Governance Performance Management System

Municipalities of Palawan

Busuanga, Palawan


Crystal Tower este o clădire de birouri clasa A situată pe bulevardul Iancu de Hunedoara din București, România. Clădirea are 15 etaje, o înălțime de 72 m și o suprafață de 24.728 m2. Crystal Tower este  prima clădire privată din România prevăzută cu heliport și servește ca sediu al grupului bancar olandez ING.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Crystal Tower Business Centre

Clădiri și structuri din București
Clădiri și structuri din 2011

Crystal Tower Bucharest


أليساندرو بوتينزا  (مواليد 8 مارس 1984 في سان سيفيرو - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى كاتانيا الإيطالي منذ 2009 في مركز الظهير الأيمن كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الظهير الأيسر .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سان سيفيرو
رياضيون إيطاليون مغتربون في الهند
رياضيون إيطاليون مغتربون في إسبانيا
قلوب دفاع كرة قدم
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو إنتر ميلان
لاعبو بارما
لاعبو جنوى
لاعبو دوري السوبر الهندي
لاعبو ريال مايوركا
لاعبو فيورنتينا
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إيطاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الهند
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الهند
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من بوليا
لاعبو كييفو فيرونا
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو مودينا
لاعبو نادي أنكونا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي تشينايين
لاعبو نادي فوجيا
لاعبو نادي كاتانيا
مدربو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
مدربو أريزو
مدربو كرة قدم إيطاليون
مواليد 1984
مواليد في سان سيفيرو

أليساندرو بوتينزا


Gebhard Werner von der Schulenburg, Pseud. Gebhard Werner (* 9. Dezember 1881 in Pinneberg; † 29. März 1958 in Magliasina) war ein deutscher Theaterautor, Romancier und Übersetzer.

Leben
Werner von der Schulenburg stammte aus dem Adelsgeschlecht von der Schulenburg. Sein Vater Hugo von der Schulenburg (1848–1930) war preußischer Hauptmann und Ehrenamtmann in Herford, seine Mutter war Klara Elisabeth geb. Richter (1858–1940).

Er genoss die in seinen Kreisen standesübliche militärische Ausbildung im Kadettenkorps und wurde zunächst Offizier. Er studierte Rechtswissenschaft in Straßburg, dann in München, Leipzig und Marburg. 1911 promovierte er zum Dr. jur. Danach studierte er Kunstgeschichte und schloss auch dieses Studium mit einer Promotion über Petrarca ab.

Er veröffentlichte schon früh historisch-biographische Romane, zum Beispiel Malatesta (1911, über Sigismondo Malatesta).

1917 wurde er Militärattaché in Bern und trug in dieser Funktion bei Erich Ludendorff und Paul von Hindenburg vor. 1919 siedelte er nach Italien über und schrieb ab November 1930 im faschistischen Jahrbuch Gerarchia, unter anderem über Adolf Hitler und die NSDAP. Im März 1933 stellte Edgar Julius Jung von der Schulenburg für die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit im Büro von Franz von Papen ein, wo er das Zustandekommen und die Weiterentwicklung des Viererpaktes beobachtete, und von Papen zu den Verhandlungen des Reichskonkordats nach Rom begleitete. Werner von Schulenburg gehörte Anfang der 40er-Jahre zu den bezahlten Agenten des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes (Amt VI) in Italien, mit einem eigenen Büro in Rom. Er lieferte von dort aus politisch oder militärisch relevante Informationen von in Italien lebenden Personen (einschließlich Mitarbeitern des Vatikans) an den Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS. Während des schrittweisen Zusammenbruchs der Achsenmächte wechselte er seinen Wohnort über Paris nach St. Moritz.

Seit 1919 wohnte von der Schulenburg in Italien, ab 1934 in der italienischsprachigen Schweiz auf dem Kastaniengut La Monda oberhalb von Auressio im Valle Onsernone. Er forschte zur italienischen Kulturgeschichte und übersetzte mehrere italienische Bühnenstücke, darunter das von Benito Mussolini und Giovacchino Forzano gemeinsam verfasste Schauspiel Villafranca (1932), ins Deutsche (1940, unter dem Titel Cavour).

1936 gehörte Schulenburgs Komödie Schwarzbrot und Kipfel zu den meistaufgeführten deutschen Komödien (in München, Stuttgart, Jena und Dessau). 1950 erschien sein erfolgreicher Roman Der König von Korfu über Matthias Johann Graf von der Schulenburg (1661–1747), den Verteidiger der damals venezianischen Insel Korfu gegen die Türken.

Sein Privatarchiv lagerte er in das Staatsarchiv Basel aus. Seit dem Sommer 1990 befindet es sich bei der Witwe Isa von Schulenburg.

Werke (Auswahl)

Als Autor
 Autobiografisches
 Meine Kadetten-Erinnerungen 1892–1899. Ein Beitrag zur Lösung einer Zeitfrage. Steinicke, München 1919.

 Biografien
 Der junge Jacob Burckhardt. Biographie, Briefe und Zeitdokumente (1818-1852). 2. Auflage. Montana Verlag, Stuttgart 1926.
 Johann Caspar Goethe. Vater eines Genies. Biographie (= Reihe Menschen & Menschenwerk). 1926.
 2. Auflage: Goethe. Vater und Sohn (Görres-Bibliothek). Glock & Lutz, Nürnberg 1949.

 Erzählungen
 Eulenspiegel. Ein Heidebuch. Reissner, Dresden 1911 (Digitalisat im Internet Archive)
 Die zehn katholischen Novellen. Reissner, Dresden 1912.
 Briefe vom Roccolo. Eine Tessiner Novelle (= Die kleinen Bücher der Arche, 262/263). Neuauflage. Verlag der Arche, Zürich 1962 (EA Zürich 1924, illustriert von Hanny Fries)
 Könige. Novellen aus dem Riesengebirge (= Sammlung "Der Rosenstock"). Borgmeyer Verlag, Hildesheim 1925.
 Vor dem Hafen. Novelle. 1928 (Manuskript)
 Hinter den Bergen. Erzählung. Verlag E. Sicker, Berlin 1944.
 Überarbeitete Auflage: Es weht ein Wind von Afrika. Eine Erzählung von der Riviera. Haslsteiner, Stuttgart 1953.
 Artemis und Ruth. Eine Erzählung aus dem Tessin (= Piper Bücherei, 12). 2. Auflage.  Piper, München 1953 (EA München 1947)
 Beglänzte Meere (= Mosaik-Bücherei Bd. 2). W. Körner Verlag, Stuttgart 1947.
 Das Mädchen mit den Schifferhosen. Eine Erzählung. Wolff, Flensburg 1951.

 Essays
 Eine Winterfahrt durch die Provence. Concordia, Berlin 1910 (illustriert von Léo Lelée).
 Ein neues Porträt Petrarcas. Eine Studie über die Wechselwirkung zwischen Literatur und bildender Kunst zu Beginn der Renaissancezeit. Staempfli, Bern 1918 (auf Grundlage seiner Dissertation, Universität Fribourg 1915)
 Dante und Deutschland. Europäisches Denken und die deutsche Kaiseridee im 14. und im 20. Jahrhundert. Eine Betrachtung. Guenther Verlag, Freiburg/B. 1921.
 Zaungast der Weltgeschichte (= Skalden-Bücher Bd. 29). Schmidt & Spring, Leipzig 1936 (EA Berlin 1930)
 Stundenbuch der Liebe. Ein Brevier für Liebende. Körner Verlag, Stuttgart 1947.

 Lyrik
 Deutsche Flamme. Balladen. Reissner, Dresden 1915.
 Die Verfolgten. Gedichte 1935 (Margherita G. Sarfatti "sowie allen meinen jüdischen Freunden gewidmet"), aus nachgelassenen Entwürfen ausgewählt und im Sinne des Autors überarbeitet von Jsa von der Schulenburg (PDF, 321 KB)

 Romane
 Chronik der Stadt Söderborg. e. Kleinstadt-Roman. Concordia, Berlin 1909.
 Malatesta. Der Roman eines Renaissancemenschen. Einhornverlag, Dachau 1923 (EA Berlin 1911, illustriert von Friedrich Blum)
 Stechinelli. Der Roman eines Kavaliers. Verlag Deutscher Volksbücher, Stuttgart 1953 (EA 1911, Digitalisat der 4. Auflage von 1921 im Internet Archive)
 Hamburg. Eine Romanreihe. Reissner, Dresden 1912/16.
 Don Juan im Frack. 1912.
 Antiquitäten. 1913.
 Thomas Dingstäde. Roman aus der Zeit vor dem Kriege. 1916.
 Judas. Ein Epos. Reissner, Dresden 1914 (illustriert von Willi Geiger)
 Doktor Boétius der Europäer. Roman. Reissner, Dresden 1922 (Digitalisat im Internet Archive)
 Diplomatische Halbwelt. Aus den Papieren eines verstorbenen Diplomaten. Roman. See-Verlag, Konstanz 1922
 Don Juans letztes Abenteuer. Roman. Wöhrle Verlag, Konstanz 1924.
 Jesuiten des Königs. Roman. Verlag Union, Stuttgart 1927.
 Land unter dem Regenbogen. Roman. Essener VA, Essen 1942 (EA Essen 1934).
 Überarbeitete Ausgabe: Sonne über dem Nebel. Roman aus der Lombardei. Verlag Deutsche Volksbücher, Stuttgart 1956 (EA 1936)
 Der graue Freund. Ein Roman aus Übersee (= Uhlenbücher/N.F., 103). Deutscher Verlag, Berlin 1938.
 Der König von Korfu. Historischer Roman. Nymphenburger, München 1991, ISBN 3-485-00659-9 (EA Braunschweig 1950)
 Der Papagei der Konsulin. Ein heiterer Roman. Goldmann, München 1955 (EA Stuttgart 1952).
 Der Genius und die Pompadour. Roman. Verlag Dt. Volksbücher, Stuttgart 1954 (über Madame de Pompadour, Johann Joachim Winckelmann und den Chevalier d'Éon)
 Crème à la Cocotte. Ein heiterer Roman zwischen Pinneberg und Monte Carlo. Wolff, Flensburg 1956.
 Tre Fontane. Tessiner Roman. Decker Verlag, Stuttgart 1961 (Posthum hrsg. von Isa von der Schulenburg)

 Theaterstücke
 Sanssouci. Ein Lustspiel in vier Akten. Reissner, Dresden 1911.
 Herostrat. Schauspiel. 1922.
 Der Ring der Marquise. Komödie in vier Akten. Drei-Masken-Verlag, Berlin 1930.
 Schattenspiel der Liebe. Eine Komödie. Chronos-Verlag, Berlin 1930.
 Venus im Ersten Haus. Komödie in vier Akten. Arcadia Verlag, Berlin 1930.
 Überarbeitete Ausgabe: Fürst Pückler. Komödie in drei Akten und einem Vorspiel. Arcadia Verlag, Berlin 1942 (EA Berlin 1936)
 Glas von Murano. Schauspiel. Verlag Das Werk, München 1932.
 O.H.L. befiehlt. Schauspiel. Chronos Verlag, Berlin 1932.
 Diana im Bade. Lustspiel in drei Akten. Verlag das Werk, München 1935.
 Die Secretessa. Ein Gesellschaftsstück in 3 Akten. Drei-Masken Verlag 1938 (EA Wien um 1935) (Typoskript)
 Schwarzbrot und Kipfel. Lustspiel in drei Akten. Verlag Das Werk, München 1935.
 Der Umweg. Romantische Komödie. Verlag das Werk, München 1937.
 Eine Frau erklärt den Krieg. Komödie. Verlag Das Werk, München 1937.
 Die Götter lachen. Komödie in drei Akten. Drei-Masken-Verlag, München 1938.
 Licht aus dem Westen. Schauspiel, Verlag das Werk, München 1938.
 Die Uhren unseres Tals. Schauspiel in drei Akten und einem Vorspiel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Das Werk, München 1939.
 Rosenrote Ochsen. Eine Komödie in drei Akten. Drei-Masken-Verlag, Berlin 1939.
 Die Perlen Karls des Kühnen. Komödie in drei Akten. Verlag Das Werk, München 1941. 1941.
 Goldoni. Komödie 1945.
 Revolution in Venedig. Komödie. 1947.

Als Übersetzer
(Auswahl; umfassendere Übersicht bei wernervonderschulenburg.com)
 Alessandro Pavolini: Die Lichter des Dorfes, Novellen, 1940 (italienische Vorlage bzw. Originalausgabe unklar)
 Benito Mussolini, Giovacchino Forzano: Cavour (Villafranca). Schauspiel in drei Akten. Übersetzung und Einführung von Werner von der Schulenburg. Hamburg 1940 (Villafranca, 1932)
 Giuseppe Fanciulli: Marschall Balbo, 1943 (L' eroica vita di Italo Balbo narrata ai giovani, Turin 1940)
 Carlo Goldoni: Der Murrkopf. Komödie in 3 Akten. Unter Berücksichtigung der von Goldoni herausgegeben italienischen Fassung aus dem Französischen übersetzt von Werner von der Schulenburg, 1947

Literatur

 Hans-Albrecht Koch: Schulenburg, Gebhard Werner von der. In: Olaf Klose, Eva Rudolph (Hrsg.): Schleswig-Holsteinisches Biographisches Lexikon, Bd. 4. Wachholtz, Neumünster 1976, S. 206–208.

Weblinks

 www.wernervonderschulenburg.com – dem Dichter gewidmete Internetseite mit ausführlicher Biografie, Werkverzeichnis und Informationen zu Schulenburgs Beziehungen zum Widerstand (dt. und it.)
 Um 1940 entstandenes Porträtfoto Schulenburgs

 Jobst C. Knigge: Werner Graf von der Schulenburg – Kulturvermittler zwischen Italien und Deutschland, Humboldt-Universität Berlin 2016 (PDF, 1,4 MB)

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Übersetzer aus dem Italienischen
Übersetzer ins Deutsche
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Drehbuchautor
Komödie
Roman, Epik
Deutscher Militärattaché
Mitglied der Deutschen Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung
Werner
Deutscher
Geboren 1881
Gestorben 1958
Mann

Werner von der Schulenburg (Autor)


Maria Núñe (født 27. november 1988 i Mogán) er en spansk håndboldspiller, som spiller for ESBF Besancon i Frankrig og Spaniens håndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Spanien
Håndboldspillere fra ESBF Besançon

Maria Núñez


The phonautograph is the earliest known device for recording sound. Previously, tracings had been obtained of the sound-producing vibratory motions of tuning forks and other objects by physical contact with them, but not of actual sound waves as they propagated through air or other mediums. Invented by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville, it was patented on March 25, 1857. It transcribed sound waves as undulations or other deviations in a line traced on smoke-blackened paper or glass. Intended solely as a laboratory instrument for the study of acoustics, it could be used to visually study and measure the amplitude envelopes and waveforms of speech and other sounds, or to determine the frequency of a given musical pitch by comparison with a simultaneously recorded reference frequency.

Apparently, it did not occur to anyone before the 1870s that the recordings, called phonautograms, contained enough information about the sound that they could, in theory, be used to recreate it. Because the phonautogram tracing was an insubstantial two-dimensional line, direct physical playback was impossible in any case. However, several phonautograms recorded before 1861 were successfully played as sound in 2008 by optically scanning them and using a computer to process the scans into digital audio files.

Construction

The phonautograph was invented on March 25, 1857 by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville, an editor and typographer of manuscripts at a scientific publishing house in Paris. One day while editing Professor Longet's Traité de Physiologie, he happened upon that customer's engraved illustration of the anatomy of the human ear, and conceived of "the imprudent idea of photographing the word." In 1853 or 1854 (Scott cited both years) he began working on "le problème de la parole s'écrivant elle-même" ("the problem of speech writing itself"), aiming to build a device that could replicate the function of the human ear.

Scott coated a plate of glass with a thin layer of lampblack. He then took an acoustic trumpet, and at its tapered end affixed a thin membrane that served as the analog to the eardrum. At the center of that membrane, he attached a rigid boar's bristle approximately a centimeter long, placed so that it just grazed the lampblack. As the glass plate was slid horizontally in a well formed groove at a speed of one meter per second, a person would speak into the trumpet, causing the membrane to vibrate and the stylus to trace figures that were scratched into the lampblack. On March 25, 1857, Scott received the French patent #17,897/31,470 for his device, which he called a phonautograph. The earliest known surviving recorded sound of a human voice was conducted on April 9, 1860 when Scott recorded someone singing the song "Au Clair de la Lune" ("By the Light of the Moon") on the device. However, the device was not designed to play back sounds, as Scott intended for people to read back the tracings, which he called phonautograms. This was not the first time someone had used a device to create direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects, as tuning forks had been used in this way by English physicist Thomas Young in 1807. By late 1857, with support from the Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, Scott's phonautograph was recording sounds with sufficient precision to be adopted by the scientific community, paving the way for the nascent science of acoustics.

The device's true significance in the history of recorded sound was not fully realized prior to March 2008, when it was discovered and resurrected in a Paris patent office by First Sounds, an informal collaborative of American audio historians, recording engineers, and sound archivists founded to make the earliest sound recordings available to the public. The phonautograms were then digitally converted by scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, who were able to play back the recorded sounds, something Scott had never conceived of. Prior to this point, the earliest known record of a human voice was thought to be an 1877 phonograph recording by Thomas Edison. The phonautograph would play a role in the development of the gramophone, whose inventor, Emile Berliner, worked with the phonautograph in the course of developing his own device.

Playback
By mid-April 1877, Charles Cros had realized that a phonautograph recording could be converted back into sound by photoengraving the tracing into a metal surface to create a playable groove, then using a stylus and diaphragm similar to those of the phonautograph to reverse the recording process and recreate the sound. Before he was able to put his ideas into practice, the announcement of Thomas Edison's phonograph, which recorded sound waves by indenting them into a sheet of tinfoil from which they could be played back immediately, temporarily relegated Cros's less direct method to obscurity.

Ten years later, the early experiments of Emile Berliner, the creator of the disc Gramophone, employed a recording machine that was in essence a disc form of the phonautograph. It traced a clear sound-modulated spiral line through a thin black coating on a glass disc. The photoengraving method first proposed by Cros was then used to produce a metal disc with a playable groove. Arguably, these circa 1887 experiments by Berliner were the first known reproductions of sound from phonautograph recordings.

However, as far as is known, no attempt was ever made to use this method to play any of the surviving early phonautograms made by Scott de Martinville. Possibly this was because the few images of them generally available in books and periodicals were of unpromising short bursts of sound, of fragmentary areas of longer recordings, or simply too crude and indistinct to encourage such an experiment.

Nearly 150 years after they had been recorded, promising specimens of Scott de Martinville's phonautograms, stored among his papers in France's patent office and at the Académie des Sciences, were located by American audio historians. High-quality images of them were obtained. In 2008, the team played back the recordings as sound for the first time. Modern computer-based image processing methods were used to accomplish the playback. The first results were obtained by using a specialized system developed for optically playing recordings on more conventional media which were too fragile or damaged to be played by traditional means. Later, generally available image-editing and image-to-sound conversion software, requiring only a high-quality scan of the phonautogram and an ordinary personal computer, were found to be sufficient for this application.

For First Sounds' March 2008 release of "Au Clair de la Lune", its engineers wrote software to make the improve the stability of the sound. It did the same with a May 17, 1860 recording of "Gamme de la Voix" which First Sounds presented at the Audie Engineering Society's convention in late 2008.

Recovered sounds

One phonautogram, created on April 9, 1860, was revealed to be a 20-second recording of the French folk song "Au clair de la lune". It was initially played at double the original recording speed and believed to be the voice of a woman or child. However, further recordings were uncovered accompanied with notes de Martinville made that inadvertently identified himself as the speaker. At the correct speed, the voice of a man, almost certainly de Martinville himself, is heard singing the song very slowly. Also recovered were two 1860 recordings of "Vole, petite abeille" ("Fly, Little Bee"), a lively song from a comic opera. Previously, the earliest known recording of vocal music was an 1888 Edison wax cylinder phonograph recording of a Handel choral concert.

A phonautogram containing the opening lines of Torquato Tasso's pastoral drama Aminta has also been found. Probably recorded in April or May 1860, this phonautogram is the earliest known recording of intelligible spoken words to be played back, predating Frank Lambert's 1878 talking clock recording. Earlier recordings, made in 1857, 1854, and 1853, also contain de Martinville's voice but are unintelligible because of their low quality, brevity and irregularity of speed. Only one of these recordings, 1857 cornet scale recording, was restored and made intelligible.

See also
 History of sound recording

References

Further reading
 Koenigsberg, Allen. The Birth of the Recording Industry, adapted from "The Seventeen-Year Itch", delivered at the U.S. Patent Office bi-centennial in Washington, D.C., on May 9, 1990.

External links

 FirstSounds.org, an informal collaborative aiming to make mankind's earliest sound recordings available to all people for all time.
 The Phonautographic Manuscripts of Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (PDF), containing French and English texts of all Scott's known writings about the phonautograph from the 1850s and 1860s.

Acoustics
History of sound recording
Sound recording technology
Audiovisual introductions in 1857

Phonautograph


La bataille de Königinhof, qui a lieu le , est l'avant-dernière bataille entre Prussiens et Autrichiens avant la bataille de Sadowa, qui a lieu quatre jours plus tard.

Situation initiale
Le  d'armée prussien est vaincu le  à la bataille de Trautenau par le  d'armée autrichien sous le commandement du Ludwig von Gablenz. Les troupes du général von Bonin perdent leur rôle de formation de commandement et sont remplacées le lendemain par le corps de la Garde prussien sous les ordres du prince Auguste de Wurtemberg. Gablenz retire son corps épuisé de Trautenau à Soor et demande des renforts à son supérieur Benedek. Gablenz essaye de diriger l'avance des troupes de la Garde grâce à des tirs d'artillerie concentrés du nord et de l'est vers Staudenz et de l'y bloquer. Il veut ainsi permettre aux unités du  sous le commandement du Tassilo Festetics de Tolna de prendre la Garde à revers par le sud. Le , le combat de Soor et Burkersdorf a lieu. La  de la Garde prussienne, sous le commandement du lieutenant-général Wilhelm Hiller von Gärtringen repousse avec succès les défenseurs autrichiens à Staudenz. En même temps, la  de la Garde du général Heinrich von Plonski coupe la brigade autrichienne Grivicic du reste du  et les anéantit presque complètement dans la bataille de Burkersdorf.

Suivant les ordres du chef d'état-major von Moltke, le corps de la Garde cherche à établir une liaison avec le  d'armée et le  sur l'Elbe près de Königinhof après les batailles de Burkersdorf et d'Alt-Rognitz. Le général von Moltke s'attend à ce que l'ensemble de la  prussienne fasse sa jonction entre Gradlitz et Königinhof. Les Autrichiens vaincus et en retraite n'offrent que des forces faibles pour s'opposer à la poursuite de l'avancée des troupes de la Garde prussienne sur l'Elbe.

La bataille
Le gros du  autrichien a poursuivi sa route vers le sud-ouest en direction de Königinhof. Sous le commandement du colonel von Stocklin, le  d'infanterie Coronini (Hongrie), de la brigade Fleischhacker, attendt les Prussiens dans l'avant-terrain nord-est et dans la ville même. Au sud-ouest de la ville, avec l'Elbe comme obstacle naturel devant soi, se trouvent en outre plusieurs batteries d'artillerie. Celles-ci appartiennent au  d'armée autrichien qui bat en retraite.

Les Prussiens s'approchent de Königinhof et de ses deux importants passages sur l'Elbe par le nord-est, en traversant la forêt du royaume sur la chaussée de Königinhof. Dans la forêt elle-même, de part et d'autre de la chaussée de Königinhof, les troupes de la Garde ont déjà une impression de troupes ennemies battues. On peut voir des pièces d'équipement de toutes sortes abandonnées sur place.

Vers 15 heures, l'avant-garde du colonel von Kessel sort de la forêt de Königreich. Repérant les colonnes ennemies en retrait de l'autre côté de l'Elbe, von Kessel fait mettre en place deux batteries positionnées afin de mettre l'ennemi sous le feu. Alors que l'avant-garde poursuit son avancée, la canonnade est inefficace en raison de la trop grande distance. En revanche, les unités de Stocklins qui attendent à l'extérieur de la ville commencent à s'affronter. Celles-ci s'étaient mises à l'abri dans des champs de blé et prennent maintenant les premiers Prussiens sous le feu. Le lieutenant-colonel Waldersee, à la tête de la  de chasseurs et de la  du régiment de fusiliers de la Garde déploie aussitôt ses hommes et tente de son côté de contourner les Autrichiens. Les ,  et  ayant rapidement suivi Waldersee, les Autrichiens abandonnent leur position à l'avant de la ville. Ils se retirent en bon ordre dans la ville, même s'ils subissent d'importantes pertes.

Les hommes du colonel von Stocklin sont bien retranchés à l'entrée nord de la ville, mais les Prussiens font irruption dans la ville dès la première assaut. Les  et  des fusiliers de la Garde peuvent y faire les premiers prisonniers et atteignent même la place du marché. Lorsque les deux  du  à pied de la Garde et ses fusiliers de la Garde prussiens pénètrent dans la ville par d'autres moyens, de vives escarmouches se développèrent, à la suite desquelles les Autrichiens sont de plus en plus acculés. En raison d'une situation confuse, le régiment d'infanterie Coronini perd même le drapeau de son . Surpris par cet incident, une grande partie du régiment se rend. Quelques-uns s'échappent par les ponts de l'Elbe encore ouverts pour rejoindre leurs propres troupes.

Les Prussiens avancent ensuite jusqu'aux ponts de l'Elbe. Le pont ouest de l'Elbe est d'abord pris sans combat par la  de fusiliers de la Garde. La  du 2e régiment à pied de la Garde est chargée de prendre le pont sud, ce qui est fait. La compagnie est accompagnée du bataillon du génie de la Garde, sous les ordres du capitaine von Adler, qui doivent si nécessaire faire sauter le pont si les Autrichiens doivent à nouveau envahir la ville après sa prise. La  du  à pied de la Garde attend courageusement sur le pont, sous le feu des batteries ennemies, jusqu'à la relève par le bataillon de grenadiers du  à pied de la Garde.

La tentative des Prussiens d'utiliser des détachements de hussards de la Garde et de fusiliers de la Garde pour amener les batteries et les opérateurs ennemis à abandonner échoue. Ainsi la canonnade des Autrichiens continue.

Les craintes des Prussiens que les Autrichiens veulent récupérer Königinhof ne se sont pas matérialisées.

Pertes
Le régiment d'infanterie Coronini s'est trouvé dans une position perdue dès le début. Il s'est acquitté de sa tâche de maintenir les troupes de la Garde prussienne loin de l'Elbe avec honneur et sacrifice. Bien que le corps de la Garde prussienne n'ait progressivement conduit qu'environ  sur le terrain, le combat est néanmoins inégal, car on suppose que seuls 800 Autrichiens se trouvent dans et autour de Königinhof.

Le régiment d'infanterie Coronini disparaît presque à Königinhof, il perd son commandant, le colonel von Stocklin, qui se rend avec une grande partie de son régiment. Le bataillon perd son drapeau. Les Autrichiens perdent environ 600 hommes à Königinhof, dont 100 morts. Les Prussiens prennent Königinhof avec relativement peu de pertes.

Bibliographie
 Theodor Fontane: Der deutsche Krieg von 1866. (Gesamtausgabe in 2 Bänden), Band 1: Der Feldzug in Böhmen und Mähren. (Nachdruck von 1871/2003) .
 Deutsches Wehrkunde Archiv: 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß 1688 bis 1918. Nr. 10 bearbeitet von Achim Kwasny, Herford und Lage 2004.

Références

Bataille impliquant le royaume de Prusse
Bataille de 1866
Dvůr Králové nad Labem

Bataille de Königinhof


El distrito de Ried im Innkreis es un distrito político del estado de Alta Austria (Austria). La capital del distrito es la ciudad de Ried im Innkreis.

Localidades con población (año 2018)

El distrito de Ried im Innkreis se divide en 36 municipios.

Municipios
En negrita se indican las ciudades, en cursiva las ciudades-mercado, y barrios, aldeas y otras subdivisiones de los municipios se indican con letras pequeñas.

Andrichsfurt
Antiesenhofen
Aurolzmünster
Eberschwang
Eitzing
Geiersberg
Geinberg
Gurten
Hohenzell
Kirchdorf am Inn
Kirchheim im Innkreis
Lambrechten
Lohnsburg
Mehrnbach
Mettmach
Mörschwang
Mühlheim am Inn
Neuhofen im Innkreis
Obernberg am Inn
Ort im Innkreis
Pattigham
Peterskirchen
Pramet
Reichersberg
Ried im Innkreis
Sankt Georgen bei Obernberg am Inn
Sankt Marienkirchen am Hausruck
Sankt Martin im Innkreis
Schildorn
Senftenbach
Taiskirchen im Innkreis
Tumeltsham
Utzenaich
Waldzell
Weilbach
Wippenham

Enlaces externos

Distritos de Alta Austria

Distrito de Ried im Innkreis


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 15 Eylül - Saichō, Budizmin Tendai mezhebinin kurucusu olan Japon Budist keşiş (ö. 822)
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 İmam Şâfiî, Şâfiî Mezhebi'nin kurucusu (ö. 820)

Ölümler
 28 Haziran - Papa Aziz I. Paulus, papa (d. 700)
 Eylül - İmam-ı Azam Ebu Hanife, hanefi mezhebinin kurucusu, islam alimi (d. 699)
 28 Aralık - İbn Cüreyc, hadis kitabıyla tanınan İslam alimi (d. 699)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 İbn-i İshak, Meğazi ilminin kurucusu olarak kabul edilen tarihçi (d. 704)
 Mukâtil bin Süleyman, Tabiin dönemi hadis alimi ve müfessir (d. 702)

767


Pier Matteo Petrucci (Jesi, 20 de maio de 1636 - Montefalco, 5 de julho de 1701) foi um cardeal do século XVIII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Jesi 20 de maio de 1636. De uma família nobre de Siena. Filho de Giambattista Petrucci e Aurélia Stella. Seu primeiro nome também está listado como Piermatteo.

Educação
Freqüentou a Universidade de Macerta, onde obteve um doutorado em utroque iure , direito canônico e civil em 1652. Estudou francês, espanhol e grego e música no Oratório de São Filipe de Neri em Jesi. Mais tarde, estudou as Escrituras e a Patrística, especialmente São Tomás de Aquino.

Início da vida
Secretário do cardeal Alderano Cybo, bispo de Jesi. Entrou na Congregação do Oratório de São Filipe de Neri, a 2 de fevereiro de 1661.

Sacerdócio
Ordenado em 1661. Pregador e professor de filosofia para os leigos. Fundou com o Cardeal Cybo um instituto para crianças extraviadas. Encarregado de pacificar a Congregação do Oratório de Veneza. Superior de sua congregação, 8 de abril de 1678. Fizeram-no aceitar a promoção ao episcopado por santa obediência.

Episcopado
Eleito bispo de Jesi, 14 de abril de 1681. Consagrado, 20 de abril de 1681, Roma, pelo cardeal Alderano Cybo, auxiliado por Giacomo Altoviti, patriarca titular latino de Antioquia, e por Odoardo Cibo, arcebispo titular de Selêucia.

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 2 de setembro de 1686; recebeu o gorro vermelho e o título de S. Marcello, em 9 de junho de 1687. Suas obras sobre mística e espiritualidade foram criticadas pelo padre Paolo Segneri, SJ, e ocorreu um debate teológico-doutrinário no qual o cardeal defendeu a contemplação quietista . Denunciado por heresia, foi investigado pela Inquisição e, como resultado, em setembro de 1687, 45 proposições extraídas de suas obras foram proscritas. Ele imediatamente se submeteu e foi absolvido em 17 de dezembro de 1687. A destruição de seus escritos foi publicada no Índice em 5 de fevereiro de 1688. Participou do conclave de 1689, que elegeu o Papa Alexandre VIII. Em 14 de janeiro de 1690, Orazio Perozzi, clérigo de Camerino, foi nomeado vigário apostólico de Jesi no lugar do cardeal, que residia em Roma. Renunciou ao governo da diocese, sem reservar pensão para si mesmo, em 21 de janeiro de 1691. O papa atribuiu-lhe uma pensão e desconsiderou a oferta de renunciar ao cardinalato e retirar-se para sua congregação. Participou do conclave de 1691, que elegeu o Papa Inocêncio XII. Ele viveu uma vida exemplar de oração e jejum. Nomeado pelo papa camerlengo do Sagrado Colégio dos Cardeais em 7 de dezembro de 1693, por ocasião da morte do cardeal Lorenzo Brancati; eleito, 4 de janeiro de 1694 até 10 de janeiro de 1695. Visitador apostólico da confraria das SS. Nunziata , ao arquihospital deS. Spirito in Sassia , Roma, à basílica de S. Paolo fuori le mura, Roma, e seu mosteiro, e à diocese de San Severino. Participou do conclave de 1700, que elegeu o Papa Clemente XI. Ele fundou o mosteiro de SS. Trinità, das carmelitas, em Jesi. Ele era um poeta e um artista.

Morte
Morreu em Montefalco em 5 de julho de 1701, às 3 horas da manhã, Montefalco, diocese de Spoleto. Exposto e enterrado na igreja da Beata Clara naquela cidade.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Inocêncio XI
Cardeais da Itália
Cardeais Oratorianos

Pier Matteo Petrucci


False Alarm est une chanson du chanteur canadien The Weeknd, sortie le  sous les labels XO et Republic Records, apparaissant sur l'album Starboy.

Contexte
La chanson est sortie en tant que single promotionnel le  après l'annonce de l'album Starboy.

Certifications

Références

Chanson interprétée par The Weeknd
Chanson de 2016

False Alarm


بريجيت فوندا  ممثلة أمريكية من مواليد كاليفورنيا 27 يناير 1964.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
أمريكيون من أصل نرويجي
خريجو مدرسة تيش العليا للفنون
خريجو مسرح لي ستراسبرغ ومعهد السينما
عائلة إلفمان
ممثلات أداء صوتي أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات من أصل إيطالي
ممثلات من لوس أنجلوس
ممثلون من كاليفورنيا
مواليد 1964
مواليد في لوس أنجلوس

بريجيت فوندا


علامتا زائد وناقص أو الإشارتان الجبريتان (+ و−) هما رمزان رياضيان يستخدمان للتعبير عن الأعداد السالبة والموجبة بالإضافة إلى عمليات الجمع والطرح في الحساب.

التاريخ
انظر إلى يوهانس فيدمان.
+ −
روبرت غيكوغد هو أول من استعمل علامة التساوي =. ولقد كان هو أيضا أول من أدخل استعمال علامتي + و - إلى إنجلترا. كان ذلك عام 1557 في عمل له.

إشارة زائد
تستخدم إشارة زائد للدلالة على عملية ثنائية هي الجمع كما في 2 + 3 = 5 . كما تعمل كعملية أحادية وهي إبقاء العدد بدون أي تغيير فيه (+5 تساوي تماماً العدد 5).

إشارة ناقص
تستخدم إشارة ناقص إشارةً لعملية ثنائية هي الطرح كما في 5 − 3 = 2. كما تعمل عملية أحادية وهي إعطاء نظير العدد بالنسبة للجمع، مثلاً العدد −5 هو نظير العدد 5 بالنسبة لعملية الجمع.

انظر أيضا
 لانهاية

مراجع

جمع
حسابيات ابتدائية
رموز رياضية
طرح

علامتا زائد وناقص


C-type (carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety, forming around 75% of known asteroids. They are volatile-rich and distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon, in addition to rocks and minerals. They have an average density of about .

They lie most often at the outer edge of the asteroid belt,  from the Sun, where 80% of the asteroids are of this type, whereas only 40% of asteroids at  from the Sun are C-type. The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this, since C-types are much darker (and hence less detectable) than most other asteroid types, except for D-types and others that lie mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt.

Characteristics
Asteroids of this class have spectra very similar to those of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (types CI and CM). The latter are very close in chemical composition to the Sun and the primitive solar nebula minus hydrogen, helium and other volatiles. Hydrated (water-containing) minerals are present.

C-type asteroids are extremely dark, with albedos typically in the 0.03 to 0.10 range. Consequently, whereas a number of S-type asteroids can normally be viewed with binoculars at opposition, even the largest C-type asteroids require a small telescope. The potentially brightest C-type asteroid is 324 Bamberga, but that object's very high eccentricity means it rarely reaches its maximum magnitude.

Their spectra contain moderately strong ultraviolet absorption at wavelengths below about 0.4 μm to 0.5 μm, while at longer wavelengths they are largely featureless but slightly reddish. The so-called "water" absorption feature of around 3 μm, which can be an indication of water content in minerals, is also present.

Due to their volatile-rich (icy) composition, C-type asteroids have relatively low density. A survey of 20 C-type asteroids found an average density of .

The largest unequivocally C-type asteroid is 10 Hygiea, although the SMASS classification places the largest asteroid, 1 Ceres, here as well, because that scheme lacks a G-type.

C-group classifications

C-group (Tholen)

In the Tholen classification, the C-type is grouped along with three less numerous types into a wider C-group of carbonaceous asteroids which contains:
 B-type
 C-type
 F-type
 G-type

C-group (SMASS)

In the SMASS classification, the wider C-group contains the types:
 B-type corresponding to the Tholen B and F-types
 a core C-type for asteroids having the most "typical" spectra in the group
 Cg and Cgh types corresponding to the Tholen G-type
 Ch type with an absorption feature around 0.7μm
 Cb type corresponding to transition objects between the SMASS C and B types

See also
Asteroid spectral types

References

S. J. Bus and R. P. Binzel Phase II of the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopy Survey: A feature-based taxonomy, Icarus, Vol. 158, pp. 146 (2002).

Asteroid spectral classes

C-type asteroid


රඛිත දිල්ෂාන් මාලේවන (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Rakitha Malewana) යනු රන් පදක්කම් ලාභී වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යා පර්යේෂකයෙකි.

ජීවන සටහන්

රඛිත දිල්ෂාන් මාලේවන  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 ලංකාවේ සිසුවකු ඒඩ්ස්වලට ඔෟෂධයක් හදලා උපහාර දක්වන්න බි්‍රතාන්‍ය අගමැතිගෙන් ලන්ඩනයට කැඳවීමක්

 ඒඩ්ස් වෙනුවෙන් ඖෂධයක් නිපදවු නාලන්ද සිසුවාට බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැතිගෙන් ආරාධනා

 නෙත් එෆ්.එම් කලබල පැංචා ඒඩ්ස් වලට ඖෂධයක් සොයාගනී!

 කැමරන්ගෙන් ආරාධනා ලත් ලාංකික සිසුවාට තවත් රන් පදක්කමක්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ

රඛිත දිල්ෂාන් මාලේවන


STS-49 was NASA's maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour, which launched on May 7, 1992. The primary goal of its nine-day mission was to retrieve an Intelsat VI satellite, Intelsat 603, which failed to leave Low Earth orbit two years before, attach it to a new upper stage, and relaunch it to its intended geosynchronous orbit. After several attempts, the capture was completed with the only three-person extravehicular activity (EVA) in space flight history. It would also stand until STS-102 in 2001 as the longest EVA ever undertaken.

Crew

Spacewalks
  Thuot and Hieb  – EVA 1
EVA 1 Start: May 10, 1992 – 20:40 UTC
EVA 1 End: May 11, 1992 – 00:23 UTC
Duration: 3 hours, 43 minutes

  Thuot and Hieb  – EVA 2
EVA 2 Start: May 11, 1992 – 21:05 UTC
EVA 2 End: May 12, 1992 – 02:35 UTC
Duration: 5 hours, 30 minutes

  Thuot, Hieb and Akers  – EVA 3
EVA 3 Start: May 13, 1992 – 21:17 UTC
EVA 3 End: May 14, 1992 – 05:46 UTC
Duration: 8 hours, 29 minutes

  Thornton and Akers  – EVA 4
EVA 4 Start: May 14, 1992 – ~21:00 UTC
EVA 4 End: May 15, 1992 - ~05:00 UTC
Duration: 7 hours, 45 minutes

Crew seating arrangements

Mission highlights
The Intelsat 603 satellite, stranded in an unusable orbit since launch aboard a Commercial Titan III launch vehicle in March 1990, was captured by crewmembers during an extravehicular activity (EVA) and equipped with a new perigee kick motor. The satellite was subsequently released into orbit and the new motor fired to put the spacecraft into a geosynchronous orbit for operational use.

The capture required three EVAs: a planned one by astronauts Thuot and Hieb who were unable to attach a capture bar to the satellite from a position on the RMS (Canadarm); a second unscheduled but identical attempt the following day; and finally an unscheduled but successful hand capture by Thuot, Hieb and Akers as commander Brandenstein delicately maneuvered the orbiter to within a few feet of the  communications satellite. An Assembly of Station by EVA Methods (ASEM) structure was erected in the cargo bay by the crew to serve as a platform to aid in the hand capture and subsequent attachment of the capture bar. A planned EVA also was performed by astronauts Thornton and Akers as part of the ASEM experiment to demonstrate and verify maintenance and assembly capabilities for Space Station Freedom. The ASEM space walk, originally scheduled for two successive days, was cut to one day because of the lengthy Intelsat retrieval operation.

Other "payloads of opportunity" experiments conducted included: Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG), Ultraviolet Plume Imager (UVPI) and the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS) investigation. The mission was extended by two days in order to complete all the mission objectives.

On flight day 7, the Ku-band antenna lost its pointing capability. It had to be stowed manually during the final EVA.

The following records were set during the STS-49 mission:
 First flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour
 First (and only) EVA involving three astronauts.
 Second and fourth longest EVAs to date: 8 hours, 29 minutes, 7 hours, and 45 minutes. (Longest EVA to date was during STS-102 in 2001: 8 hours 56 minutes; third longest EVA was during STS-61 in 1993: 7 hour 54 minutes)
 First Shuttle mission to feature four EVAs.
 The second longest EVA time for a single Shuttle mission: 25 hours and 27 minutes, or 59:23 person hours. (The longest is STS-61 with 35 hours and 28 minutes)
 First Shuttle mission requiring three rendezvous with an orbiting spacecraft.
 First use of a drogue chute during a Shuttle landing.

Wake-up Calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. A special musical track is chosen for each day in space, often by the astronauts' families, to have a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or in reference to the day's planned activities.

Gallery

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 Nikon NASA F4
 Outline of space science
 Space Shuttle

References

External links

 NASA mission summary
 STS-49 Video Highlights

Intelsat
Space Shuttle missions
Edwards Air Force Base
Spacecraft launched in 1992
Spacecraft which reentered in 1992
Satellite servicing missions
May 1992 events

STS-49


Güzelim, Adana'nın Tufanbeyli ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin tarihi ile ilgili bir bilgi yoktur.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 175 km, Tufanbeyli ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Tufanbeyli'nin mahalleleri

Güzelim, Tufanbeyli


La Supercoupe d'Espagne 2000 (en espagnol : Supercopa de España 2000) est la quinzième édition de la Supercoupe d'Espagne, épreuve qui oppose le champion d'Espagne au vainqueur de la Coupe du Roi. Disputée en match aller-retour les  et , l'épreuve est remportée par le Deportivo La Corogne aux dépens du RCD Espanyol sur le score cumulé de 2 à 0.

Il s'agit du deuxième titre du Deportivo La Corogne dans cette compétition.

Compétition

Références

Lien externe
 Supercoupe d'Espagne sur www.rsssf.com

2000
Football en Espagne en 2000
Sport en août 2000

Supercoupe d'Espagne de football 2000


بلدية بايلار دي لا هورادادا , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة اليكانتي. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 19.631 نسمة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لقنت
بلديات لقنت
بلديات مقاطعة بلنسية

بايلار دي لا هورادادا


ශිශිරතරණය යනු,  අන්තස්තාපකයන්  තුල දක්නට ලැබෙන ක්‍රියාරහිත සහ පරිවෘත්තික අවපාතන තත්ත්වයක් වෙයි. විෂමතාපක කාලසීමාවකට අදාල වන ශිශිරතරණය වෙතින් පෙන්නුම් කරන ලාක්ෂණික ගුණාංග වන්නේ අඩු ශරීර උෂ්ණත්වය, ලැසි ශ්වසන සහ හෘද් ස්පන්දන වේගය සහ, අඩු පරිවෘත්තික සීඝ්‍රතාවය වෙයි.

ශිශිරතරණය


Vallum Sø ligger på Djursland, ca. 1 km øst for Ryomgård. Søen er 11 ha stor og lavvandet, med en gennemsnitsdybde på 2,1 m og en maksimal dybde på 3,2 m. Søen er omgivet af flere forskellige naturtyper, især blandskov, ellesump, rørskov, enge og græsningsarealer med skotsk højlandskvæg. På den skovklædte vestside er terrænet kuperet, på østsiden er det mere fladt. Der findes flere kildevæld ved søen.

Vandforhold
Vallum Bæk, der afvander det meste af søens opland og løber til søen fra nord, er det eneste egentlige tilløb. Afløbet, Ryomgård Møllebæk, fører vandet fra søens sydside mod sydvest til Ryom Å, der har videre forbindelse til Kolindsundkanalerne med udløb i Kattegat ved Grenå.

Søen har været forurenet gennem mange år på grund af dårligt renset spildevand fra ejendomme langs Vallum Bæk og næringsstoftilførsel fra marker i nærheden. Forureningen er, siden slutningen af 1980'erne, reduceret betydeligt, og tilstrømningen af vand til Vallum Sø er nu relativ ren.

I 1999 blev vandkvaliteten i Vallum Sø undersøgt. Efterfølgende blev der opfisket 3,8 ton fisk, hovedsagelig bestående af brasen, aborre og skaller, og der blev udsat geddeyngel for at forbedre vandmiljøet i søen, men søen har endnu ikke nået et tilfredsstillende økologisk stadie. Der er derfor nye tiltag på vej.

Vallum Sø kan opleves til fods eller på cykel ad stisystemer rundt om søen, f.eks. med start fra Gjerrild-stien, som på sit første stykke forløber fra Ryomgård langs østsiden af søen.

Dyrelivet

Dyrelivet i og omkring Vallum Sø er relativt rigt, med forekomster af flere bemærkelsesværdige arter. Årsagen hertil skal blandt andet findes i søens afsides beliggenhed, idet der kun er adgang til fods eller på cykel, og at der hér er flere forskellige habitattyper forbundet med hinanden. Nogle af dem er indhegnet af private lodsejere eller på anden måde utilgængelige for almenheden. For eksempel er store partier af skovene omkring søen "jungle" på sumpet bund med flere stående træruiner. Fuglelivet ved søen er velbeskrevet, idet det overvåges af lokale ornithologer, som foretager optællinger flere gange årligt.

Odder
Odderen er blevet registreret ved Vallum Sø i august 2009. Den er siden blevet set flere gange ved søen af de lokale beboere. Et fund af en hvilende odderunge på søbredden tyder på, at den yngler her eller i nærheden.

Rådyr og krondyr
Rådyr er almindelige i området og ses både i skoven og på engene nord for søen. Krondyr besøger af og til området; hyppigst ses hinder og kalve.

Vandfugle
Søens ynglende vandfugle tæller bl.a. knopsvane, flere par toppede lappedykkere, blishøne og gråand. Om vinteren besøges Vallum Sø af rastende pibe- og sangsvaner, store skalleslugere og i nogle vintre af grågæs og flokke på flere hundrede canadagæs og gråænder.

Hvepsevåge og andre rovfugle
Hvepsevågen ses jævnligt i forsommeren i parrings- og territoriehævdende flugt over skovene vest for søen, hvor de antagelig yngler. Foruden hvepsevåge yngler også de tre almindelige rovfuglearter: Musvåge, spurvehøg og tårnfalk. I træktiden, forår og efterår, ses af og til rørhøg og fiskeørn fouragere over søen.

Isfugl
Isfuglen har holdt til ved Vallum Sø i adskillige år. Den ses hyppigst ved søens nordende og langs Vallum Bæk, hvor den fisker og formodes at yngle.

Andre fuglearter
Af andre bemærkelsesværdige fuglearter, der yngler ved Vallum Sø, bør også nævnes nattergal og kærsanger. Nattergalen har dog ikke været registreret siden 2009.

Snog
På østsiden af Vallum Sø, langs Gjerrild-stien, findes der områder med ellesump og fugtig eng. Området er rig på padder, og her findes også snoge. De kan ses om foråret, tidligt om morgenen, når de lægger sig ud på stierne for at få solvarme.

Insekter og planter
Observationer vedrørende insekter og planter ved Vallum Sø kan findes på Danmarks Fugle og Naturs hjemmeside.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Natur og Miljø i Nord- og Midtdjursland 2000 geus.info

Søer i Danmark
Lokaliteter i Syddjurs Kommune

Vallum Sø


Mobitex es un  OSI basado en estándar abierto, el acceso público nacional  inalámbrica de conmutación de paquetes de red de datos. Mobitex pone gran énfasis en la seguridad y la fiabilidad de su uso por militares, policías, bomberos y servicios de ambulancia. Mobitex se desarrolló a principios de la década de 1980 por el sueco Televerket Radio. Desde 1988, el desarrollo tuvo lugar en Eritel, una joint-venture entre la Ericsson y Televerket, más tarde como un Ericsson subsidiarios. Mobitex entró en funcionamiento en Suecia en 1986.

A mediados de la década de 1990 Mobitex ganado popularidad en los consumidores mediante la doble sentido  Red de paginación servicios. Fue la primera red inalámbrica para proporcionar siempre, wireless push e-mail servicios tales como RadioMail y Inter @ ctiva de paginación. También es utilizado por el primer modelo de [Investigación [in Motion | Research in Motion es]] BlackBerry y  PDA como el Palm VII. En  09.11 y  huracanes de 2005 operaciones de rescate y limpieza, Mobitex demostrado ser un sistema muy confiable y útil para los primeros.

Mobitex es una de conmutación de paquetes, estrecha, los datos de sólo tecnología, principalmente de corta ráfaga de datos. Mobitex canales de 12,5 kHz de ancho. En América del Norte, Mobitex se ejecuta en , mientras que en Europa se utiliza . El modulación esquema utilizado es  GMSK con  Aloha con slots  protocolo en , a pesar de rendimiento para el usuario es típicamente alrededor de la mitad de eso.

La red siempre y cuando el primero de acceso público a servicios de comunicación inalámbrica de datos en América del Norte. Servicios de abonado incluye mensajería electrónica con  CC capacidades a varios destinatarios, combinado con la capacidad de iniciar sesión en cualquier terminal móvil o fijo y recibir mensajes almacenados buzón.

Mobitex se ofrece en más de 30 redes en los cinco continentes. En el Canadá se introdujo por primera vez en 1990 por  Rogers  Cantel, y en 1991 por  transporte RAM Mobile Data. Sin embargo, , que se utiliza principalmente en los EE.UU. y Canadá. Las redes europeas de Mobitex casi completamente seca a la sombra del gran éxito de GSM que en la década de 1990. Una excepción a esto son las redes Mobitex utilizado en los Países Bajos, Bélgica y Luxemburgo.

Redes Mobitex en América del Norte se han comercializado bajo varios nombres, incluyendo RAM Mobile Data, BellSouth de datos inalámbricos, Cingular Interactive, Cingular Wireless y Velocita inalámbrica, y Rogers Wireless en Canadá.

Mobitex en el Reino Unido fue comercializado por RAM Mobile Data, la parte del Reino Unido de que se convirtió en Transcomm y fue comprada por  BT (British Telecom) en 2001. El mayor uso de Mobitex en el Reino Unido, se encuentra dentro del servicio de Recuperación de Vehículos. Casi todos los detalles pasan a Reino Unido agentes de los servicios de averías se envían usando Despacho de Turbo, un software de gateway basada en Mobitex desarrollado en los años noventa, por Ian Lane y Andy Lambert.

A pesar de la naturaleza competitiva del mercado en el Reino Unido, las organizaciones de tráfico fueron persuadidos a colaborar y hacer un estándar del formato. Esto se tradujo en un importante ahorro para los 800 talleres independientes, utilizado por las organizaciones Motor. El Despacho de Turbo Standards Group (los guardianes oficiales de la norma) estiman que al menos veinte millones de averías y recuperación, se transmiten a través de Despacho Turbo al año.

Mobitex se comercializa en todo el mundo por Tecnología Mobitex.

Referencias
 Sven Lindmark: "Evolución de los sistemas tecno-económico (2002): una investigación de la historia de las comunicaciones móviles", ISBN 91-7291-194-8
 Profesionales de recuperación, diciembre de 2001, Publicaciones Alianza
 Recuperación de Vehículos Link, mayo de 1999, R k soluciones.
 Hagen Heroes, una publicación de bandera verde

Enlaces
 Turbo envío

Enlaces externos
 Turbo Cambio
 Mobitex
 Mobitex Asociación
 Mobitex Especificaciones de terminales, el artículo 1991
 la historia de Despacho de Turbo, en el artículo 2006

Formatos de archivos informáticos

Mobitex


11792 Sidorovsky este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11792 Sidorovsky este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Liudmila Juravliova. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,62 ua, o excentricitate de 0,29 și o înclinație de 4,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1978
Centura de asteroizi

11792 Sidorovsky


(15710) Bocklin, denumire internațională (15710) Böcklin, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
15710 Böcklin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,24 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 7,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 15001-16000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1989
Centura de asteroizi

15710 Böcklin


Događaji

 19. svibnja - predviđa se da će svih osam planeta biti na istoj strani Sunca, unutar 69 stupnjeva.

Rođenja

Smrti

Vanjske poveznice

2161.


Raymond Bertholet, né le  à Genève et mort le  dans la même ville, est un homme politique socialiste et syndicaliste suisse.

Biographie
Raymond Bertholet naît le  à Genève ; il est le fils du banquier Paul Bertholet et de Marie Eugénie née Monthoux. Bertholet effectue un apprentissage de monteur-électricien puis co-fonde en 1935 la Société coopérative d'installations électriques avec Charles Rosselet. En outre, il agit en tant que membre fondateur en 1928 et en tant que président de 1932 à 1947 du syndicat des monteurs-électriciens au sein de la Fédération suisse des ouvriers du bois et du bâtiment (FOBB). Par la suite, Bertholet est vice-président de la section genevoise de la FOBB de 1954 à 1962.

Il est également membre du consistoire de l'Église protestante de Genève et participe à la fondation du Centre social protestant de Genève. Raymond Bertholet, marié à Madeleine née Kernen, meurt le  à Genève à l'âge de 70 ans. Il est le frère de René Bertholet.

Mandats politiques
Raymond Bertholet rejoint le Parti socialiste suisse à l'âge de 18 ans. De 1951 à 1964, il est membre du Grand Conseil du canton de Genève. Au niveau fédéral, il siège au Conseil national de 1963 à 1967. Raymond Bertholet, considéré comme un syndicaliste engagé et un militant pacifiste, est le premier objecteur de conscience à occuper un siège au Conseil national.

Références

Liens externes

Conseiller national suisse de la 37e législature
Député au Grand Conseil du canton de Genève
Personnalité du Parti socialiste suisse
Syndicaliste suisse
Naissance en mars 1909
Naissance à Genève
Décès en décembre 1979
Décès à Genève
Décès à 70 ans

Raymond Bertholet


Raj duše marijanski je molitvenik Nikole Dešića, prvo tiskano latinično djelo hrvatske pučke bogoslovije (teologije). Tiskan je u Padovi 1560. godine, a danas se čuva u samostanskoj knjižnici svetišta Majke Božje Trsatske kod Rijeke, gdje je i otkriven 1967. i u Bavarskoj Državnoj Knjižnici u Münchenu.

Nikola Dešić je, kao ispovjednik i kapelnik Katarine Zrinske, pripravio molitvenik svojoj ispovjednici. To se daje zaključiti iz mnogo molitava u kojima se spominje žena u prvom licu jednine kao »meni grišnici« ili još konkretnije »nedostojnu službenicu Kat(arinu)«.

Molitvenik je nastao u vrijeme nakon Tridentskog koncila te je djelom nadahnut i razmišljanjima s tog Koncila. On je prvi dokument hrvatske potridentske bogoslovije. Otisnuo ga je Antun Senjanin, isti tiskar koji je 1555. tiskao protenstantsko djelo »Razgovaranje meju papistu i jednim luteran« Matije Vlačića Ilirika.

Proučavanjem molitvenika najviše se bavio dr. otac Emanuel Hoško čijom su zaslugom Milan Moguš i dr. Josip Vončina napisali književno-povijesnu studiju »Raj duše s motrišta našeg vremena« uz ponovljeno izdanje molitvenika 1995. u Rijeci.

Sadržaj
Molitvenik je sadržajem zbornik više raznorodnih tekstova: časoslova, dijelova evanđelja, kalendara, psalama, molitava i litanija. Autor Nikola Dešić je neke od njih preveo s latinskog jezika, a neke i sam napisao. Ipak, teško je utvrditi što je prevedeno, a što izvorno njegovo djelo.

Sadržajem najbogatiji i najopširniji je marijanski časoslov, gdje je Dešić kao sastavljač uvrstio dodatke i izmjene koje nameću različita liturgijska razdoblja crkvene godine. Tako on Gospine litanije naziva »Zazivanje slavne i preblažene Dive Marije va vrime kuge i nagle smrti«, koje ima 119 zaziva, ali se zaziv »Sveta Mati milosti« navodi dvaput. Po podrijetlu i sadržaju te litanije pripadaju venecijanskim litanijama i prethode tzv. lauretanskim. Postoje i trsatske litanije posvećena na štovanje Majke Božje Trsatske.

U trsatskim litanijama Dešić koristi bogatstvo naziva i epiteta kojima ukrašava Marijino ime dok je vjernici zazivaju. Tako se uz zaziv »Sveta Mati...« dodaje »...djedovine, složnosti, zadržavanja mira, pravednih, sirota« i sl. Ti zazivi, koji se razlikuju od franjevačkih, podsjećaju na one koji se mole u Loretu, a nadahnuti su povijesnom legendom o boravku Marijine nazaretske kuće na Trsatu.

Jezik
Raj duše je važan jesikoslovni priručnik iz kojeg se ogleda oblik hrvatskog jezika s polovice 16. stoljeća. Mnogi Dešićevi suvremenici prepisivali su dijelove »Raja duše« pri sastavljanju vlastitih molitvenika na području kontinentalne Hrvatske u 17. i 18. stoljeću. Tako je »Raj duše« imao važno značenje u razvoju hrvatskog književnog jezika i procesu integracije i prihvaćanja na području zapadne Hrvatske.

Nastao je na području Pokuplja, a po mnogočemu svojim sadržajem i filološkim izgledom pripada ozaljskom krugu, kulturnom žarištu svih triju hrvatskih narječja. Veliki utjecaj u pisanju molitvenika imao je i stari crkvenoslavenski jezik, iz kojeg dolaze neke riječi i jezične sastavnice djela.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Digitalizirani primjerak u Bavarskoj državnoj knjižnici
Katoličanstvo u Hrvatskoj

Raj duše


Aderus curtesignatus é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1948.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita em Casamanza (Senegal).

Referências

curtesignatus
Coleópteros do Senegal
Insetos descritos em 1948
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus curtesignatus


A Revolta em Belize em 1981 foi uma crise ocorrida na nação centro-americana de Belize entre março e abril de 1981, ocasionada pela rejeição de um conjunto de propostas que teriam formado a base das negociações com o vizinho hostil, a Guatemala, sobre sua reivindicação ao território belizenho. Foi uma das ameaças mais graves à segurança nacional na história colonial de Belize (que se tornaria independente em setembro daquele ano).

Antecedentes: reivindicação guatemalteca
A Guatemala, vizinha de Belize a oeste e ao sul, reivindicava o território de Belize a partir de um tratado rompido assinado entre a Guatemala e a Grã-Bretanha em 1851. Este tratado teria prometido à Guatemala acesso rodoviário ao litoral caribenho em troca da retirada da reivindicação; quando a estrada não se concretizou, após um período de tempo, a Guatemala retomou suas pretensões.

Durante grande parte do período entre 1940 a 1981, a Guatemala afirmou sua reivindicação repetidamente, ocasionalmente até ameaçando invadir, mas recuando ao ver os reforços militares do Reino Unido. Várias tentativas de mediar a disputa falharam devido a preocupações em ambos os lados da fronteira. A partir de 1975, a disputa foi divulgada nas Nações Unidas. A Assembleia Geral da ONU votou em anos sucessivos, de 1975 a 1981, para afirmar a soberania de Belize e solicitou ao Reino Unido e à Guatemala que chegassem a um compromisso e concedessem a independência de Belize antes do final da próxima sessão da Assembleia Geral em 1981.

Heads of Agreement
Em janeiro de 1981, o primeiro-ministro de Belize George Cadle Price anunciou que o país seria independente até o final de 1981 e que o governo estava trabalhando para resolver a disputa. Em meados de março, ele e o restante da equipe de negociação, incluindo Assad Shoman, voltaram de Londres com uma série de tópicos que serviriam de base para futuras negociações, mas não eram propostas em si para encerrar a reivindicação. Os "Heads of Agreement", como passaram a ser chamados, tinham dezesseis cláusulas, discutindo questões de economia, segurança nacional, fronteiras, cooperação e outras coisas.

Entre os pontos mais polêmicos estava uma clausula que propunha oferecer "uso e usufruto" dos Cayos Ranguana e Sapodilla para a Guatemala, conforme for acordado. Outros tópicos controversos incluíam o uso livre de portos e estradas e a questão das fronteiras marítimas.

Revolta
A reação do público em Belize foi silenciosa no início, mas o Sindicato do Serviço Público prontamente denunciou o acordo como uma "doação" e prometeu uma greve. Outro grupo era o Belize Action Movement (BAM), um movimento juvenil que considerou a necessidade de lutar para garantir que Belize não caísse nas mãos da Guatemala. Ambos os movimentos coordenaram uma greve e protesto em todo o país em março.

Também central para o movimento foi a detenção dos estudantes do Colégio Técnico de Belize liderados por Socorro Bobadilla. Bobadilla foi uma figura importante na rejeição ao plano. Durante grande parte do restante de março, houve fechamento de escolas, protestos diários e a morte de pelo menos cinco pessoas em Corozal. Outra ocorrência memorável foi o incêndio de vários prédios no centro da Cidade de Belize. Durante essa confusão, o músico Pete Matthews foi baleado acidentalmente.

O governador declarou estado de emergência em 3 de abril; tentativas subsequentes de usar os Heads of Agreement como um projeto falharam e Belize se tornaria independente em 21 de setembro de 1981.

Conflitos em 1981
História de Belize

Revolta em Belize em 1981


Villaíz (llamada oficialmente Santiago de Vilaíz) es una parroquia y una aldea española del municipio de Becerreá, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Organización territorial

La parroquia está formada por cinco entidades de población:
 Barbeitas (As Barbeitas)
 Casares
 Fraián de Abaixo
 Fraián de Arriba
 Vilaíz

Demografía

Parroquia

Aldea

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Parroquias de Becerreá
Localidades de Becerreá
Localidades de la provincia de Lugo

Villaíz


The year 1980 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration
 February 16 – A total solar eclipse is seen in North Africa and West Asia.
 March 1 – The Voyager 1 probe confirms the existence of Janus, a moon of Saturn.
 October 3 – The main-belt asteroid 2404 Antarctica is discovered by Czech astronomer Antonín Mrkos.
 November 12 – Voyager program: The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn when it flies within  of the planet's cloud-tops and sends the first high resolution images of the world back to scientists on Earth.

Chemistry
 John B. Goodenough, working with colleagues at the University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, identifies the cathode material that enables development of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery.
 Royal Society of Chemistry formed by merger of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, the Chemical Society, the Faraday Society and the Society for Analytical Chemistry, with headquarters in London.

Computer science
 May 22 – The arcade game Pac-Man is released in Japan.
 June 23 – Tim Berners-Lee begins work on ENQUIRE, the system that will lead to the creation of the World Wide Web a decade later.
 July – Microsoft's Bill Gates agrees to create an operating system for the new IBM Personal Computer. In September, David Bradley becomes one of the "original 12" engineers working on the project (under Don Estridge) and is responsible for the ROM BIOS code and for developing the Control-Alt-Delete command.
 September – The "Chinese room" argument is introduced in a paper by John Searle.
 September 30 – Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel and Xerox introduce the DIX standard for Ethernet, which is the first implementation outside of Xerox and the first to support 10 Mbit/s speeds.
 Atari release a conversion of the hit arcade game Space Invaders for the Atari 2600 which popularises the home video game console.
 Usenet established at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University.
 Convolutional neural networks are introduced in a paper by Kunihiko Fukushima.

Geophysics
 May 18 –  The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington (state) kills 57, including American volcanologist David A. Johnston.
 June 6 –  Luis and Walter Alvarez with Frank Asaro and Helen Michels propose the Alvarez hypothesis, that the mass extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by the impact of a large asteroid 66 million years ago, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
 October 10 –  The 7.1  El Asnam earthquake shakes northern Algeria with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 2,633–5,000.
 November 23 – The 6.9  Irpinia earthquake shakes southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 2,483–4,900.

History of science and technology
 Voprosy istorii estestvozhaniyi i tekhniki ("Questions of the history of science and technology") begins publication under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Medicine
 May 8 – Global eradication of smallpox certified by the World Health Organization.
 August 28 – First clinically useful image of a patient's internal tissues using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is obtained using a full-body scanner built by a team led by John Mallard at the University of Aberdeen.
 December – First successful human heart transplantation to use the immunosuppressant cyclosporine.
 Global campaign to eradicate Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) begins at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
 The much-enlarged third edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), produced under the control of Robert Spitzer, is published.
 First commercial MRI whole body scanner manufactured by Oxford Instruments for installation at Hammersmith Hospital, London.

Paleontology
 First four (ankle) bones of "Little Foot" (Stw 573), a nearly complete  young female Australopithecus fossil skeleton capable of walking upright are found in the cave system of Sterkfontein, South Africa, eventually dated at around 3.67 million years BP but not identified at this time.

Physics
 German physician Klaus von Klitzing, working at the high magnetic field laboratory in Grenoble with silicon-based samples developed by Michael Pepper and Gerhard Dorda, makes the unexpected discovery that the Hall conductivity is exactly quantized, the Quantum Hall effect.

Zoology
 The Cooloola monster, an orthopteran, is discovered in Queensland, Australia.

Other events
 January 6 – Global Positioning System time epoch begins at 00:00 UTC.

Awards
 Nobel Prizes
 Physics – James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch
 Chemistry – Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
 Medicine – Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
 Turing Award – C. A. R. Hoare

Births
 January 31 – Dan Milisavljevic, Canadian astronomer.
 November 22 – Shawn Fanning, American computer programmer.

Deaths
 January 2 – Alexandra Illmer Forsythe (b. 1918), American computer scientist.
 January 3 – Joy Adamson (b. 1910), Silesian-born Kenyan wildlife conservationist (murdered).
 January 8 – John Mauchly (b. 1907), American co-inventor of the ENIAC computer.
 February 1 – Toshiko Yuasa (b. 1909), Japanese-born nuclear physicist.
 February 7 – Secondo Campini (b. 1904), Italian jet engine pioneer.
 March 18 – Ludwig Guttmann (b. 1899), German-born British neurologist and pioneer of paralympic games.
 May 28 – Rolf Nevanlinna (b. 1895), Finnish mathematician.
 June 18 – Kazimierz Kuratowski (b. 1896), Polish mathematician.
 July 1 – C. P. Snow (b. 1905), English physicist and novelist.
 August 29 – Franco Basaglia (b. 1924), Italian psychiatrist.
 October 18 – Hans Ferdinand Mayer (b. 1895), German physicist.
 October 21 – Hans Asperger (b. 1906), Austrian pediatrician.
 October 31 – Elizebeth Smith Friedman (b. 1892), American cryptanalyst.
 November 4 – Elsie MacGill (b. 1905), Canadian aeronautical engineer, "Queen of the Hurricanes".
 December 16 – Hellmuth Walter (b. 1900), German-born mechanical engineer and inventor.

References

20th century in science
1980s in science

1980 in science


An Uncinia rapaensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Harold St.John. An Uncinia rapaensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Uncinia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Uncinia

Uncinia rapaensis