වන සංරක්ෂණය යනු අපයෝජනයට ලක් වූ හෝ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ වනය ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට හෝ දියුණු කිරීමට අදහස් කරන ලද ක්‍රම හඳුන්වා දෙන සාමාන්‍ය පදයයි. වන සංරක්ෂණ ක්‍රමවල සැලකිය යුතු විවාදාත්මක තත්වයක් ඇත.
වනය සුරැකීමට හැකි එක් සරල ක්‍රමයක් වන්නේ ඉඩම් කට්ටි මිළදී ගෙන ආරක්ෂා කිරීම හෝ නැවත ගස් සිටුවා වන වගාවේ යෙදීමයි. එය වන කළමණාකාරීත්වය සේ ද අර්ථවත් වන අතර එම ප්‍රදේශ ස්වාභාවික ජලාශ ආශ්‍රිතව නම් කරන අතර එම ප්‍රදේශ ඔවුනටම අතහැර දැමීමට බලාපොරොත්තු වන ඒවා වේ.
ඉඩම් කට්‍ටියක් නිකම්ම මිළ දී ගෙන දැමීමෙන් නීති විරෝධී ගස් කපන්නන්ගෙන් හෝ අයුතු ලෙස අයිති කරගන්නන් ගෙන් ආරක්ෂා කරගත නොහැක. වනය සුරැකුමට වඩාත්ම හොඳ වන්නේ විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි වගාවක් සහිත දුෂ්කර පලාතක් විය යුතු අතර එහිම ජීවත් වෙමින් අධීක්ෂණය කරමින් එම කටයුත්තේ නියැලීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ වුවත් මෙම මිනුම සමහර විට ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවන අතර ලැව්ගිනි මඟින් වනාන්තර බිමටම දවා හළු කරන අතර එම ප්‍රදේශ විවිධ ප්‍රයෝජන සඳහා අත්හැර දැමේ.
මිළ දී ගත් වනාන්තර සම්බන්ධ නීති රීතිවල සවිමත් බව මදි වන අතර මෙය ලෝකයේ බොහෝ තැන්වල දැකිය හැක. දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ, ප්‍රධාන වැසි වනාන්තරවලට නිවහන වූ පෙදෙසේ (IBAMA) (බ්‍රසීලියානු පරිසර පිළිබඳ ජාතික ඒජන්සිය) මඟින් මෑත දී ඔවුන්ගේ දිනපතා කාර්යයන් ගේ නියැලීමේ දී වෙඩි තබන ලදී.
තවත් පැත්තකින් බලන විට මිළදීගත් වනය සහිත ඉඩම සහිත ප්‍රදේශය සම්මත ආකාරයේ නිවසක් (ඉඩම පිරිසිදු නොකරන ලද) සඳහා හෝ සුදුසු නැති පෙදෙසක්, විය හැකි අතර එය සංරක්ෂණය සදහා විරෝධය දැක්විය හැක. ගොඩනැඟිලි සඳහා දැවමය (ශාක මත පැල) හෝ මැටියෙන් කළ හෝ විය හැක. මෙකල මෙවැනි දේ, ග්‍රාමීය වැසියෝ විසින් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාල ජලාශ සුරැකීමට සිදු කරයි. පෙර කළ, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ වෙසෙන ස්වදේශීය ඇමරිකානුවන් ඉතා කුඩා ටීප්ස් සහ මැටි ගෙවල් ජීවත් වන්න පුරුදුව සිටි අතර ඒවාට අවශ්‍යවන්නේ ඉතා සීමිත ඉඩ ප්‍රමාණයකි.
මෙවැනි ශාක මත ඉදි වූ හෝ දැවවලින් ඉදි වූ නිවාස නවීකරණය හෝ සංවර්ධනය කිරීමට භාරගත් ජර්මන් සමාගම හැඳින්වූයේ "ට්රූ ස්කූල් ට්‍රී හවුසස්" නමිනි.
කෘෂිකර්මාන්ත, විශාල ගොවිපලවල් කිරීම, හෝ පරිසරය සුරැකෙන සේ දැව කළමණාකරණය කිරීමට එකඟතාවයකින් යුක්තව කටයුතු කරන අතර මෙය වන බිම්වලට සහ ගොවිබිම්වලට වෙනාස් වෙනස් අගයයන් ආරෝපණය ද කරයි. වඩාත්ම සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ගස් කපා ඉවත් කරන ලද ප්‍රදේශවලටය.
සහතික කරන ලද දැව වෙළඳාම වැනි අඩුවෙන් සාර්ථක වූ ක්‍රම කිහිපයක් ද වන සංරක්ෂණයේ දී උත්සාහ කර ඇත.
වන සංරක්ෂණයේ අපයෝජන ක්‍රම සොයනුයේ,

විශාල වනයකින් කුඩා කොටසක් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම මඟින් ද සීමිත අගයන් ඇති විය හැක. උදා- ලෙස නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තරයන් ප්‍රමාණයෙන් කුඩා කළ විට එය නැති වී යා හැකි අතර එසේ වන්නේ ඔවුන් එහිම නිපදවෙන් තෙතමනයෙන් ඇති වන ක්ෂුද්‍ර කාළගුණයකින් යැපෙන බැවිනි.
යුරෝපීය රටවලට සම්බන්ධව මෑතක දී සොයා ගත් දෙයක් වන්නේ නාගරික කොටස් සතු ඔවුන්ගේම වන ප්‍රදේශ තිබීමයි. බොහෝ නඟරව දස දහස් ගණනින් ශාක වවා වනාන්තර ව්‍යුත්පන් කර ගෙන ස්ථාපිත කර ගෙන ඇත. එහි දී ඊට අමතරව පසු කලෙක දී එම නඟරවල වාතය පවා පිරිසිදු වී ඇති අතර පාසි සහ ලයිකන වැනි ක්ෂුද්‍ර සමඟ ජීවිත සඳහා අවශ්‍ය තත්වයක් ද සෑහෙන දුරට ලබා දී ඇත.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_protection

වන විද්‍යාව

වන සංරක්ෂණය


Masanori Kizawa (født 2. juni 1969) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder JEF United Ichihara og Cerezo Osaka.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masanori Kizawa


Tzniut ( ,  ,  ; "modesty" or "privacy";  ) describes the character trait of modesty and discretion, as well as a group of Jewish laws pertaining to conduct. The concept is most important within Orthodox Judaism.

Description
Tzniut includes a group of Jewish laws concerned with modesty of both dress and behavior. In the Babylonian Talmud, Rabbi Elazar Bar Tzadok interprets the injunction at Micah 6:8 to "go discreetly with your God" as referring to discretion in conducting funerals and weddings. The Talmud then extends his interpretation: "If in matters that are generally performed in public, such as funerals and weddings, the Torah instructed us to go discreetly, matters that by their very nature should be performed discreetly, such as giving charity to a poor person, how much more so must one take care to do them discreetly, without publicity and fanfare".

In the legal dimension of Orthodox Judaism, the issue of tzniut is discussed in more technical terms: how much skin may a person expose, and so on. These details underscore the concept of tzniut as a code of conduct, character, and awareness, which in practice is more noticeable among women than men.

Dress

Gender-specific garb
Originating from the Biblical pair of commands (Deut. 22:5) regarding "male and female garb." Aside from pants and zippers, there is also the matter of buttons on clothing. Classic clothing has the button on the left side for women and on the right side for men. Some Jews reverse that, with men buttoning right on the left as part of Tzniut. The principal guiding point of tzniut regarding dress is that a Jew should not dress in ways that attract undue attention. That does not mean dressing poorly but means neither men nor women should dress in a way that overly emphasizes their physical appearance or attracts undue attention. There are many different interpretations of tzniut and so people from different communities dress differently.

Community-specific garb
Orthodox Judaism requires both men and women to substantially cover their bodies. According to many opinions, that involves covering the elbows and knees.

In Haredi communities, men wear long trousers and usually long-sleeved shirts; most will not wear short sleeves at all. Haredi Ashkenazi practice discourages sandals without socks both inside and outside the synagogue, but Haredi Sefardi communities tend to permit sandals at least outside of synagogue. Dress inside a synagogue and, according to many, in public should be comparable to that worn by the community when it meets royalty or the government.

Haredi women wear blouses covering the elbow and collarbone and skirts covering the knees while standing and sitting. The ideal sleeve and skirt length varies by community. Some women try not to follow fashion, but others wear fashionable but modest clothing. Haredi women avoid skirts with slits but prefer kick pleats. They also avoid overly eye-catching colors, especially red, as well as tight clothing. The prohibition on wearing red is Ashkenazic, originally formulated by Joseph Colon Trabotto, Moses Isserles, and Shabtai HaKohen. In modern interpretation, Moshe Feinstein restricts the prohibition to women, but many other authorities apply it to both genders. Many will wear only closed-toe shoes and always wear stockings or tights, the thickness of which varies by community.

Modern Orthodox women also usually adhere to tzniut and dress in a modest fashion (as compared to general society), but their communal definition does not necessarily include covering their elbows, collarbones, or knees, and may allow for wearing pants although most Modern Orthodox women will, when in front of men or in public, wear skirts that cover their knees, preferably loose ones, and cover their shoulders and cleavage.

Modern Orthodox men's dress is often indistinguishable from their non-Orthodox peers, apart from them wearing a skullcap. They may wear short-sleeved shirts, and sometimes even shorts. Sandals without socks are generally not worn in a synagogue but are usually accepted in Modern Orthodox and Religious Zionist communities in Israel for daily dress for both men and women.

Conservative Judaism formally encourages modest dress. While day-to-day dress often simply reflects trends in wider society, many Conservative synagogues expect somewhat more modest dress (although not necessarily as stringent as in Orthodox Judaism) for synagogue attendance, and may have specific dress requirements to receive synagogue honors (such as being called for a Torah reading).

Reform Judaism has no religious dress requirements.

The style of dress also involves cultural considerations aside from religious requirements. Members of Conservative and Reform synagogues may abide by dress codes generally ranging from business casual to informal. There are many Orthodox synagogues (especially in Israel) in which dress, while meeting religious modesty requirements, is quite casual. Many Haredi and Hasidic communities have special customs and styles of dress that serve to identify members of their communities but regard those special dress features as more customary to their particular communities than a general religious requirement expected of all observant Jews.

Further cultural considerations include the increasing use of modest dress as an act of female empowerment and self-actualization, which are not directly related to religious observance.

Hair covering

Jewish law governing tzniut requires married women to cover their hair in the presence of men other than their husband or close family members. Such covering is common practice nowadays among Orthodox Jewish women.

Female singing voice

Orthodox Judaism
In Orthodox Judaism, men are generally not allowed to hear women sing, a prohibition called kol isha (literally "a woman's voice"). The Talmud classifies that as ervah (literally "nakedness"). The majority view of halakhic authorities is that the prohibition applies at all times and forbids a man from praying or studying the Torah in the presence of a woman who is singing; it is similar to other prohibitions classified as ervah. A minority view holds that the prohibition of praying or studying in the presence of kol isha applies only while the Shema Yisrael prayer is being recited.

There is a debate between poskim whether the prohibition applies to a recorded female voice if the singer cannot be seen, the woman is not known to the man who is listening, and he has never seen her or a picture of her. There are also opinions, following Samson Raphael Hirsch and Azriel Hildesheimer, that exclude singing in mixed groups from this prohibition, such as synagogue prayer or dinner-table zemirot, based on the idea that the female voice is not distinctly heard as separate from the group in those cases.

Yehiel Yaakov Weinberg and Rabbi David Bigman of Yeshivat Ma'ale Gilboa hold that the kol isha prohibition does not apply to women singing zemirot, songs to children, and lamentations for the dead because in those contexts, men do not derive sexual pleasure from the woman's voice.

Other denominations
Conservative Judaism interprets the relevant passage of the Talmud as expressing a rabbi's opinion, rather than imposing a requirement.

Reform Judaism fundamentally reconsidered the status of women within Judaism in a series of synods from 1837 onward in both Europe and the United States and formally abolished most distinctions between men and women in the observance of Jewish life, particularly concerning dress and public participation. It no longer regards that law as applicable to modern times.

Touch

In Orthodox Judaism, men and women who are not married and not closely related are generally forbidden to touch each other sensually. A person who refrains from touching the opposite sex is said to be "shomer negiah". Any touching but especially in an affectionate manner ("b'derech chiba") is prohibited.

Opinions are divided regarding a quick handshake in a business setting: some authorities (mainly of Modern Orthodox background) permit it, but other people (nearly all Haredim, and many other Orthodox Jews) prohibit it. The question is, "What is sensual?" One may, however, touch certain relatives (parents, children, grandparents, grandchildren) to whom one is presumed not to be sexually attracted. Whether or not children adopted at a young age are included in the prohibition is a matter of dispute and varies from case to case. One may touch one's spouse outside the niddah period, but any married couples will also not publicly touch one another.

Conservative and Reform Judaism do not follow those laws.

Yichud

In Orthodox Judaism, men and women who are not married to each other and are not immediate blood relatives are forbidden to enter into a secluded situation (yichud) in a room or area that is locked and private. That measure is taken to prevent the possibility of sexual relations, which are prohibited outside of marriage. According to some authorities, it applies even between adoptive parents and adoptive children over the age of maturity, but others are more lenient with children adopted from a young age. Seclusion does not consist of merely being alone in a room together, and it is only if the situation is private, with no one else expected to enter, that the restriction applies. Originally, the prohibition applied only to married women who were secluded with men other than their husbands, but it was later extended to include single women. According to the Talmud, the extension occurred in the time of King David, when his son Amnon raped his other son Absalom's sister, Tamar. On the issue of elevators, opinions vary; some allow yichud in an elevator for a time of no more than 30 seconds, but others forbid it under all circumstances, partly because of the possibility of an elevator getting stuck. The laws concerning yichud are complicated and detailed, and especially so for women in modern contexts, promoting the suggestion to reread them as a nonspecific mandate for personal space at a time that society can generally acknowledge the darkest aspects of the human sexual psyche in today's social interactions.

Conservative and Reform Judaism do not regard those rules as applicable.

Synagogue services

In Orthodox Judaism, men and women are not allowed to mingle during prayer services, and Orthodox synagogues generally include a divider, a mechitza, to create separate men's and women's sections. The idea comes from the old Jewish practice when the Temple in Jerusalem stood: there was a women's balcony in the Ezrat Nashim to separate male and female spectators at the special Sukkot celebrations. There is also a prophecy in Zechariah (12:12) that mentions men and women mourning separately. The Talmud took that account and inferred that if men and women should be separate in times of mourning, they certainly should be separate in times of happiness.

Mechitzot are usually seen in Orthodox synagogues but never in Reform ones. Original German Reform synagogues had balconies although in modified form. While many Conservative synagogues also had balconies or separate seating for women in the past, most of them have switched to "family seating" (mixed seating of relatives) in the 1960s. Today, the Conservative movement puts a strong emphasis on egalitarianism so that men and women have equal roles in prayer services. However, non-egalitarian services, separate seating, and the use of a mechitza are still considered valid options for Conservative congregations.

Dancing
Orthodox Jews following the laws on negiah do not participate in mixed dancing, as it entails sensual touch and may also considered immodest even if there is no physical contact.

In 2013, the Rabbinical Court of the Ashkenazi Community in the Haredi city of Beitar Illit ruled against Zumba (a type of dance fitness) classes although they were held with a female instructor and all-female participants. It stated: "Both in form and manner, the activity [Zumba] is entirely at odds with both the ways of the Torah and the holiness of Israel, as are the songs associated with it."

Observance
There are several levels to the observance of physical and personal tzniut according to Orthodox Judaism, as derived from various sources in halakha. Observance of the rules varies from aspirational to mandatory to routine across the spectrum of Orthodox stricture and observance.

 Not dwelling on lascivious or immoral thoughts.
 Not staring at members of the opposite sex, particularly any part of the opposite sex's "private" anatomy.
 Keeping the majority of one's body covered in respectable clothing at all times.
 Avoiding the company of uncouth individuals or situations if an atmosphere of levity and depravity prevails.
 Avoiding pictures or scenes that are likely to be sexually arousing.
 Refraining from touching a person of the opposite sex.
 Not looking at animals copulating.
 Not hugging or kissing one's spouse in public; among Haredim, all physical contact is avoided between spouses in public. The primary reason is not to arouse jealousy and hence the evil eye in those without a partner. That is a law between men, and not primarily between man and God.
 Not talking to a member of the opposite sex unnecessarily.

See also

 Intimate parts in Islam and hijab (similar concepts in Islam)
 Jewish views on marriage
 Shalom bayit (peace and harmony in the family)
 Shidduch (finding a marriage partner)
 Women in Judaism

Footnotes

References
 Saul J. Berman, "A History of the Law of Kol 'isha" In: Rabbi Joseph H. Lookstein Memorial Volume. Leo Landman, Ed. Ktav, 1980.
 Shmuley Boteach, Kosher Sex: A Recipe for Passion and Intimacy, Main Street Books, 2000, . Written from a Modern Orthodox perspective.
 Elliot N. Dorff, This Is My Beloved: This Is My Friend: A Rabbinic Letter on Intimate Relations, The Rabbinical Assembly, 1996. Written from a Conservative Jewish perspective.
 Elyakim Ellinson, Women and the Mitzvot: The modest way. An extensive review of the laws of modesty including synagogue separation, mingling of the sexes, and women's dress. .
 Rabbi Pesach Eliyahu Falk: Modesty: an adornment for life. Phillip Feldheim, 1998. . Encyclopedic work on Tzeniut, although considered quite stringent by some. Written from a Haredi Orthodox perspective.
 Michael Gold, Does God Belong in the Bedroom? JPS, 1992. Written from a Conservative Jewish perspective.
 Gila Manolson: Outside/Inside. Targum Press. .
 Gila Manolson: The Magic Touch. Targum Press. .
 Wendy Shalit, A Return to Modesty: Discovering the Lost Virtue, Free Press, 2004,

Modesty in Judaism
Jewish marital law
Judaism and sexuality
Jewish life cycle
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law

Tzniut


"I'm Like a Bird" er en sang skrevet af den canadiske singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado, og produceret af Gerald Eaton og Brian West, som var den første udgivne single fra hendes debutalbum Whoa, Nelly!.

For singlen modtog Furtado en Grammy for Bedste Vokale Pop-Præstation af en Kvinde i 2002, der blandt andet blev nomineret til en Grammy Award for årets sang.

Sangen blev akkompagneret af en musikvideo instrueret af Francis Lawrence.

Hitlister

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 s Vevo-kanal

Singler fra 2000
Sange fra 1999

I'm Like a Bird


est un styliste japonais. Il travaille de façon autonome pour sa propre marque au sein de Comme des Garçons où il possède une ligne de produits à son nom.

Biographie
Né en 1961 à Fukushima au Japon, Junya Watanabe est diplômé en 1984 du  de Tokyo. Il débute cette même année pour la marque Comme des Garçons comme modéliste.
En 1987, il prend la tête de la ligne de maille « Tricot » puis passe au design de la ligne « Comme Des Garçons Homme ».

Cinq ans plus tard, dans un souci de diversification et d'innovation, Rei Kawakubo accorde à Junya Watanabe son propre label, indépendant ; elle précise que cela ne relève d'aucune stratégie commerciale mais tient seulement du talent du jeune styliste.  explique Rei Kawakubo. La même année, il fait son premier défilé à gare de Ryōgoku de Tokyo et dès l'année suivante en 1993, il présente ses réalisations à Paris ; les vêtements sont marqués « Junya Watanabe Comme Des Garçons ». Cette autonomie est, à la fois, totale et inexistante : sa marque appartient à Comme des Garçons Co. Ltd. et finalement, Rei Kawakubo en a la responsabilité financière. S'il maitrise entièrement le processus créatif, Rei Kawakubo ne voyant aucune de ses réalisations avant leur présentations plusieurs fois par an à Paris, cette grande liberté se voit doublée de la forte pression de travailler au sein de Comme des Garçons. Son travail s'effectue avec une trentaine de personnes, au second étage de l'immeuble qui sert de siège à la marque. Mais depuis toujours, il reste extrêmement discret et ne s'épand jamais sur ces points : le New York Times souligne qu', n'acceptant d'aborder que le sujet de ses créations et répondant parfois uniquement par une question. Tao Kurihara entre en 1998 chez Comme des Garçons ; elle intègre dans un premier temps l'équipe de Junya Watanabe. Vers cette époque, sont remarqués plus particulièrement les défilés de 1999, la collection « Techno-culture » automne/hiver 2000-2001 et surtout la suivante à base de denim. Il lance une collection homme au début des années 2000, « Comme des Garçons Junya Watanabe Man ».

Au cours de sa carrière, Junya Watanabe fait de nombreuses collaborations avec d'autres marques, telles Converse (2007) pour concevoir une série de chaussures All-Star, Levi's, Carhartt, Nike, Brooks Brothers Moncler, The North Face, Reebok, Supreme ou New Balance parmi tant d'autres. Ces collaborations lui permettent de « s'évader ».

Style
Il fait usage régulièrement des nouvelles technologies au sein de ses créations. Si , le créateur reste plus pragmatique que Rei Kawakubo et ne partage pas forcément sa vision des choses. Les vêtements qu'il dessine, à la silhouette épurée, restent plus accessible et différents que ceux de son mentor. Vogue Australie précise son processus abstrait annuel de créations inhabituellement structurées, notant qu'il  Le Musée des Arts décoratifs de Paris explique que .

Notes

Références

Naissance en 1961
Styliste japonais

Junya Watanabe


قومية باوآن تسمى أيضا باوآنهوي، ولها لغة خاصة منطوقة فقط هي لغة باوآن. يقطن أبناء قومية باوآن منطقة جبل جيشي بلينشيا في مقاطعة قانسو، ويبلغ عددهم حوالي 150 ألف نسمة. كان أسلاف أبناء قومية باوآن من أبناء هويهوي القادمين من منغوليا وآسيا الوسطى. ومن البداية استوطنوا في منطقة تونغرن بمقاطعة تشينغهاي، وفي عهد أوائل أسرة مينغ وأواخر أسرة يوان تقريبا استوطنوا مقاطعة تشينغهاي وتزوجوا من الأبناء المحليين من قومية التبت وقومية هان حتى تشكلت قومية باوآن. في كل قرية تقطنها قومية باوآن يوجد مسجد فاخر. وعاداتهم في الحياة مثل عادات قوميات هوي ودونغشيانغ وسالار. يمارس أبناء قومية باوآن رئيسيا الزراعة والحرف الفنية اليدوية مثل صناعة سكاكين باوآن وغيرها، وتشبه أزياؤهم أزياء قومية هوي في منطقة شمال غربي الصين.

قوميات

قومية باوان


Beatilla es una muselina o tejido de algodón blanco que se fabricaba en las Indias Orientales, particularmente en Puducherry.

Se distinguen tres variedades de beatilla:

 la primera, simplemente llamadla beatilla es un poco grosera
 la segunda, conocida bajo el nombre de organdí en razón de su grano redondo y su finura
 la tercera, que se distingue con el nombre de beatilla tarnatana es muy clara

Se llamaban también beatillas las telas de algodón blancas que en otro tiempo se llevaban a Francia para pintarlas de varios colores.

Véase también
 Tarlatana

Referencias
Diccionario de materia mercantil, industrial y agrícola, José Oriol Ronquillo, 1851

Tejidos

Beatilla


دريبانون (Δρέπανον) هي مدينة في أرغوليس في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1240   نسمة.

المراجع

أرغوليذا
قرى اليونان
مدن اليونان

دريبانون (أرغوليس)


Stal Mielec este un club de fotbal polonez cu sediul în Mielec, Polonia. Clubul a fost stabilit la 10 aprilie 1939. A câștigat titlul de două ori.

Realizări
Ekstraklasa
 Locul 1: 1973, 1976
 Locul 2: 1975
 Locul 3: 1974, 1979, 1982
Cupa Poloniei
Finalista: 1976

Participarea la cupele europene

 Sfert-finaliști ai Cupa UEFA în sezonul 75/76
 Prima rundă de Cupa UEFA în sezonul 79/80
 Prima rundă de Cupa UEFA în sezonul 82/83
 Prima rundă de Cupa Campionilor Europeni în sezonul 73/74
 Prima rundă de Cupa Campionilor Europeni în sezonul 76/77

Stadion
Construcția actualului stadionului al clubului,  Stadion Stali Mielec, a fost încheiată în 1953. Acesta are o capacitate de 6864 de spectatori pe locuri. Înainte de renovare, a avut capacitatea de 30.000 de spectatori, și a găzduit numeroase meciuri din Cupa Campionilor Europeni, Cupa UEFA și ale echipei naționale poloneze.

Echipa actuală

Jucători celebri

 Grzegorz Lato
 Henryk Kasperczak
 Andrzej Szarmach
 Jan Domarski
 Dariusz Kubicki
 Zygmunt Kukla
 Bogusław Wyparło

Istoria denumirilor

 1939 - KS PZL Mielec
 1946 - RKS PZL Zryw Mielec
 1949 - ZKS Stal Mielec
 1957 - FKS Stal Mielec
 1977 - FKS PZL Stal Mielec
 1995 - MKP Mielec
 1998 - MKP Lobo Stal Mielec
 1997 - MKP Stal Mielec
 2002 - KS Stal Mielec
 2003 - KS FKS Stal Mielec

Vezi si

Note

Legături externe
 Site oficial
 Stal Mielec la 90minut.pl

Cluburi poloneze de fotbal

Stal Mielec


An Poa keysseri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pilg.. An Poa keysseri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Poa

Poa keysseri


An Cyperus columbiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Palla. An Cyperus columbiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus columbiensis


Ovčara je planina u Bosni i Hercegovini, na prostoru Bosanske Krajine. Smještena je u općinama Mrkonjić Grad i Glamoč. Najveći vrh nalazi se na 1576 metara nadmorske visine.

Izvori

Planine u Bosni i Hercegovini

Ovčara (planina u BiH)


L'astropédologie est l'étude des sols planétaires, via celle des paléosols terrestres très anciens et de certaines météorites. C'est une branche de la science du sol (pédologie) qui vise comprendre notre place dans l'univers et notamment l'origine de la vie. Une définition géologique du sol est . Les sols sont parfois définis par l'activité biologique, mais peuvent l'être également par des processus biologiques, chimiques ou physiques. Cette définition pose la question des sols et paléosols martiens : étaient-ils vivants ? Les colloques d'astropédologie sont un nouvel axe des rencontres scientifiques sur les sciences du sol. Les progrès dans la compréhension des mécanismes chimiques et physiques de la pédogenèse sur d'autres corps planétaires ont en partie conduit la Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) en 2017 à mettre à jour la définition du sol : .

Lune

Composition du paléosol lunaire

La surface de la Lune est recouverte de régolithe lunaire, un mélange de poussière fine et de débris rocheux produit par des impacts de Météorites. Les astronautes ont trouvé peu d'échantillons de roche à ramasser sur des surfaces de régolithe matures. Les roches avaient toutes été réduites en grains fins par le bombardement de micrométéorites au cours des derniers milliards d'années. La majeure partie du régolithe lunaire est constitué d'un sol gris fin, de brèche et de fragments de roche du substratum rocheux local. Les ravages continus des micrométéorites désintègrent davantage de roches et font fondre les particules de sol. Ce magma, mélangé à des fragments lithiques, forme des amas irréguliers appelés agglutinats. Le sol lunaire possède des matériaux à grains fins et non consolidés, mal trié, possédant une porosité élevée (41-70 %) et une densité relativement faible () par rapport à la densité de particules constitutives (). Les particules de roche trouvées dans le paléosol lunaire varient en granulométrie (allant de grains de la taille d'un limon à la taille d'un rocher) et comprennent des fragments d'anorthosite des hautes terres et de basalte marin provenant d'impacts de météorites. Les grains minéraux dans les paléosols lunaires qui en forment la plus grande part, sont de la taille d'un limon () et proviennent des cristaux des basaltes lunaires. Les paléosols étudiés contiennent de nombreux minéraux de plagioclase et de pyroxène (allant de quelques-uns à 40 %). Les minéraux d'olivine y sont parmi les plus rares. Des grains d'ilménite, de spinelle, des particules métalliques de kamacite et de taenite, du phosphure (schreibersite) et du sulfure (troïlite) ont également été trouvés dans les paléosols lunaires. Cependant, ils sont également beaucoup moins courants que le plagioclase et le pyroxène. Les particules de verre sont la troisième catégorie des composants du sol trouvé dans les paléosols lunaires ; il en existe deux types principaux : les verres homogènes et les agglutinats. Les verres homogènes sont de taille variable () et se présentent généralement sous forme de particules de verre en forme d'haltère ou de larme. On suppose que ces particules se sont formées à partir des cendres volcaniques ou de roches fondues résultant de la chaleur dégagée par les impacts de météorites. Les agglutinats sont faits d'agrégats hétérogènes liés au verre de taille variable () et sont décrits comme des masses irrégulières de verre et de cristaux. Ces particules de verre sont liées par des ponts de ciment vitreux aux minéraux et aux fragments de roche et sont généralement en forme d'anneau ou de bol, un peu comme un cratère. Des agglutinats en forme d'anneau ou de cuvette se forment en propageant vers l'extérieur la fonte d'impact qui a cimenté les grains de sol environnants. Des formes d'agglutinats moins courantes ou moins définissables sont apparues en raison de la cimentation de gouttes éparses de fonte d'impact ou de parties d'agglutinats brisés lors d'impacts ultérieurs. Les paléosols lunaires ressemblent étroitement au matériau d'origine en composition chimique et physique. Bien que ces paléosols lunaires sont plus issus de phénomènes physiques que chimiques, les processus chimiques ont formé de minces anneaux amorphes () dans le sol résultant du refroidissement local de la vapeur des impacts de météoroïdes. Ces impacts ont provoqué un enrichissement en silice (Si) et en soufre (S) et un appauvrissement en magnésium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminium (Al) et titane (Ti). De plantes hypothétiques trouveraient tous les minéraux essentiels et en quantités suffisantes à leur croissance. De la matière organique sous forme d'acides aminés a été détectée dans des échantillons lunaires des missions Apollo, mais des solides indices isotopiques et moléculaires de ces composés suggèrent une contamination terrestre comme source.

Formation du sol lunaire
Les mécanismes supposés de la formation du paléosol lunaire englobent le bombardement de micrométéoroïdes, le mélange du sol résultant de la séparation de charge induite par l'énergie solaire, la fatigue thermique ou le brassage du sol causé par les changements de température et la pulvérisation du sol. Des impacts à plus grande échelle affecteraient la formation du sol sur la Lune, interrompant ce processus en libérant des couches d'éjectas. La formation du sol lunaire est caractérisée par le niveau d'altération par les micrométéoroïdes, et s'opère en plusieurs stades de développement. Les premières étapes consistent en une couverture à gros grains et mal triée d'éjectas d'impact. Dans les étapes suivantes, le bombardement de micrométéoroïdes décompose le matériau en grains encore plus fins, ce qui augmente la proportion d'agglutinats. Ce bombardement micrométéoroïde ajoute également du métal météoritique et réduit le fer () en silicates en fer métallique dans le sol. Les agglutinats et le métal assombrissent le sol pendant une longue période. Le haut de la tranche de sol lunaire est hautement enrichi en agglutinats et en indice ferromagnétique, ce qui reflète souvent une diffusion accrue causée par de grands impacts de matériaux au fil du temps. Le temps de formation des paléosols lunaires est variable et peut prendre jusqu'à des centaines de millions d'années pour certains. Le temps de formation du sol sur la Lune a été calculé sur la base de la fréquence des impacts de micrométéoroïdes de tailles capables de former des agglutinats. Ces calculs démontrent qu'il y a des taux de formation de sol comparativement beaucoup plus lents sur la Lune que sur Terre. On a calculé à partir des observations le temps de formation du sol sur la base des taux de production de cratères qui suggèrent une durée de  pour mélanger les  supérieurs du sol lunaire.

Mars

La découverte de paléosols sur Mars provient de télédétection in situ et orbitale de la surface martienne. Des analyses chimiques/minéralogiques au sol (Mars Science Laboratory) et des photographies (Mastcam, MAHLI) du rover Curiosity dans le cratère Gale sur Mars ont montré des similitudes avec les horizons du sol et les structures du sol trouvés sur Terre. L'altération graduelle et la perturbation du sol par des fissures et des veines de dilatation, compatibles avec les soluans des sols désertiques, des structures ped  en blocs angulaires, des coins de sable, un horizon gypsique peu profond (By) et une structure vésiculaire sont des preuves morphologiques. Des structures comme celles trouvées dans les sols désertiques de la Terre causées par la production de gaz microbien après les pluies (structure vésiculaire) ont été reconnues sur Mars, mais des preuves définitives de la vie sur Mars n'ont pas encore été obtenues. Les abondances minérales dans les paléosols montrent une altération de l'olivine en smectite et un modeste appauvrissement en phosphore. Une telle altération hydrolytique est comparable à celle trouvée sur Terre. Les caractéristiques chimiques et morphologiques des paléosols de la baie de Yellowknife sont une source supplémentaires de preuves du paléoclimat noachien tardif () sur Mars et sont interprétées comme se formant sous un paléoclimat glacial hyperaride. La datation radiométrique suggère que les paléosols de la baie de Yellowknife ont  d'années ( d'années) et révèlent un changement des conditions possibles « chaudes et humides » du noachien précoce () à un climat extrêmement aride et froid avec formation de sol limitée.

La télédétection de la surface martienne par l'instrument CRISM de Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) et le spectromètre de cartographie minéralogique infrarouge (OMEGA) a détecté la présence d'argiles phyllosilicates dioctaédriques et trioctaédriques dans des milliers de gisements à la surface de la planète. La caractérisation orbitale de la minéralogie martienne est principalement dérivée des spectres visible/proche infrarouge (VNIR) des roches contenant des minéraux argileux. Ces zones comprennent le cratère Gale, Mawrth Vallis, Oxia Planum et Nili Fossae, entre autres, et datent de . Il existe deux hypothèses pour expliquer la formation et la distribution des argiles phyllosilicates sur Mars :

 L'activité souterraine et hydrothermale et/ou diagenèse qui donnent des phyllosilicates trioctaédriques,
 L'altération chimique de surface/subaérienne, par exemple, la pédogenèse qui donne des phyllosilicates dioctaédriques.

Il est important de noter que certaines de ces zones (Mawrth Vallis et Oxia Planum) ont des profils d'altération des smectites Al recouvertes de smectites Fe/Mg (qui semblent toutes être dioctaédriques), puis des phases peu cristallines/amorphes comme l'allophane et l'imogolite. Ces profils d'altération sont coiffés par un dépôt igné d'environ 3,7 à 3,6 Ga qui peut être un dépôt pyroclastique ou un grès mafique, similaire aux paléosols enfouis sous des dépôts ignés sur Terre. Ces profils stratigraphiques semblent avoir jusqu'à  d'épaisseur, avec des couches individuelles de  d'épaisseur ou moins. Cette stratigraphie reflète le refroidissement et l'assèchement possibles de la Mars noachéenne et peut préserver la matière organique ou d'autres biosignatures en raison de la teneur en argile exceptionnellement élevée () et la minéralogie argileuse (smectites 2:1) de ces roches enfouies.

Agriculture sur la Lune et sur Mars
Le sol sur Mars contient les nutriments nécessaires aux plantes. L'oxygène, le carbone, l'hydrogène, l'azote, le potassium, le phosphore, le calcium, le magnésium, le soufre, le fer, le manganèse, le zinc, le cuivre, le molybdène, le bore et le chlore ont tous été détectés dans le sol martien ou dans des météorites martiennes. Selon l'emplacement exact, il peut être nécessaire d'ajouter des engrais au sol. Les explorations lunaires et martiennes ont fourni des informations sur la composition minérale des sols de la Lune et de Mars. Tous les minéraux essentiels à la croissance des plantes semblent être présents en quantités suffisantes dans les deux sols probablement à l'exception de l'azote réactif. L'azote sous forme réactive (, ) est l'un des minéraux essentiels nécessaires à la quasi-totalité de la croissance des plantes. La principale source d'azote réactif sur Terre provient de la minéralisation de la matière organique. L'azote sous forme réactive (, ) est l'un des minéraux essentiels nécessaires à la quasi-totalité de la croissance des plantes. Il fait partie de la matière de notre système solaire, amené par le vent solaire, source d'azote réactif sur la lune et sur Mars. L'azote réactif peut également survenir sous l'effet de la foudre ou de l'activité volcanique et les deux processus peuvent se produire sur Mars. En principe de l'azote réactif pourrait être présent, cependant, le Mars Pathfinder n'a pas été en mesure d'en détecter et la présence réelle de quantités importantes d'azote réactif reste incertaine. L'absence d'une quantité suffisante peut être résolue en employant des espèces fixatrices d'azote. En symbiose avec des bactéries, elles sont capables de fixer l'azote de l'air et de le transformer en nitrates, processus qui nécessite de l'azote dans l'atmosphère. Cependant, il n'y a pas d'atmosphère sur la lune, et sur Mars, elle n'est que très peu présente et ne contient que des traces d'azote. La première expérience contrôlée à grande échelle visant à étudier la possibilité de faire pousser des plantes sur Mars et les simulateur de sols lunaires montre qu'elles sont capables de germer et pousser sur un simulateur de sol martien et lunaire pendant une période de 50 jours sans aucun ajout de nutriments. La croissance et la floraison sur le simulateur de régolithe de Mars étaient bien meilleures que sur celui de régolithe de lune et même légèrement meilleures que sur un sol terrestre de rivière, pauvre en nutriments. L'orpin des rochers (une plante sauvage) ; les cultures de tomate, blé et cresson ; et la moutarde des champs, une espèce d'engrais vert, se sont particulièrement bien comportés. Les trois dernières espèces ont fleuri, et le cresson et la moutarde des champs ont également produit des graines. Les résultats ont montré qu'en principe, il est possible de faire pousser des plantes vivrières et d'autres espèces végétales dans des simulateurs de sols martiens et lunaires. Cependant, de nombreuses questions demeurent quant à la capacité de charge en eau des simulants et à d'autres caractéristiques physiques, ainsi qu'à savoir si les simulants sont représentatifs des sols réels.

Perchlorates
La présence de perchlorates dans le sol rend la culture de légumes sur Mars particulièrement difficile. Comme il n'y a pas de couche d'ozone sur Mars, les rayons UV pénètrent à la surface de la planète. Les perchlorates deviennent toxiques lorsqu'ils sont exposés à la lumière UV, détruisant les bactéries en quelques minutes d'exposition. Les études semblent démontrer que les oxydes de fer et le peroxyde d'hydrogène présents dans le sol de Mars augmentent la toxicité des perchlorates. Le niveau de perchlorates trouvé sur Mars () est suffisamment concentré pour être toxique pour les humains et les cultures, et pourrait être utilisé comme carburant de fusée. Les recherches indiquent que de faibles concentrations de perchlorates aqueux inhibent la pousse, le poids, la teneur en chlorophylle et le pouvoir oxydant des plantes. Les jacinthes d'eau, Eichhornia crassipes, semblent avoir une tolérance élevée aux perchlorates et pourrait être une plante idéale pour la culture sur Mars. Les perchlorates peuvent s'accumuler dans les tissus des plantes si elles sont cultivées dans un milieu contaminé. Étant donné que même des quantités infimes interfèrent avec les fonctions thyroïdiennes chez l'homme, la présence de perchlorates dans les sols martiens est un problème important qui doit être résolu avant que la colonisation ne se produise.

Terre primitive

Les profils de sol de la région de Pilbara au nord-ouest de l'Australie montrent un appauvrissement distinct du phosphore. Le métabolisme courant pour les bactéries soufrées est l'oxydation en sulfates qui donne le gypse et la barytine. Ces minéraux sont courants dans les sols anaérobies acide-sulfaté que l'on trouve actuellement sur Terre et sont considérés comme une raison potentielle de l'accumulation de sulfate dans les paléosols archéens. Cela constitue des preuves circonstancielles de la vie dans les paléosols sur Terre pendant l'Archéen, de .

Origine de la vie

La théorie selon laquelle la vie a évolué dans le sol est attrayante car le sol emprisonne l'eau entre les grains d'argile, fournissant un ensemble de chambres de réaction microscopiques. Ceux-ci peuvent également favoriser la formation de composés organiques par des mécanismes démontrés dans l'expérience Urey-Miller, de sorte que les surfaces planétaires étaient recouvertes de chondrite carbonée. Les sols argileux et organiques sont protégés de l'érosion et continuent ainsi à produire de l'argile et de la matière organique. La vie unicellulaire, lorsqu'elle a évolué, aurait également servi le même objectif de lier le sol. Les ingrédients nécessaires à la vie sont toujours fournis par le cycle d'altération, qui favorise la vie.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Astrobiologie
 Géologie planétaire
 Sol martien
 Perchlorate

Liens externes

Science des sols
Discipline de l'astronomie
Planétologie

Astropédologie


Die Route nationale 645, kurz N 645 oder RN 645, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen Sault-de-Navailles und Pau verlief, wo sie nördlich des Stadtzentrums auf die ehemalige Nationalstraße 134 traf. Ihre Länge betrug 40 Kilometer.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 645 auf WikiSara (französisch)

645

Route nationale 645


Rudi Vata (født 13. februar 1970) er en tidligere albansk fodboldspiller.

Albaniens fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

RSSSF

Fodboldspillere fra Albanien
Personer fra Shkodër

Rudi Vata


"The Parliament of Dreams" is the fifth episode of the first season of the science fiction television series, Babylon 5. The Babylon 5 makeup team won an Emmy Award for the special alien makeup design for this episode.

Title
The original title of the episode was "Carnival", being later changed to "The Parliament of Dreams". The title refers to the festival of religious and cultural practices held on the station. Showrunner J. Michael Straczynski explained, "A parliament is a gathering of representatives, in this case the representatives of various belief systems; the dreams are the religions themselves."

Plot
The Earth Alliance arranges a week-long festival of religious and cultural exchange on Babylon 5. The Centauri celebrate with a lavish party, commemorating the victory of the Centauri over the other sentient life on their world, the Xon. At the end of each year, they look around and count how many of them survived and they celebrate their good fortune (rather than mourn those who have been killed). The Minbari host a session of prayers, a rebirth ceremony wherein the "old" self is "killed" and a new and better one is reborn.

A courier brings word to the Narn ambassador, G'Kar that an old political rival of his, Du'Rog, is arranging to have him assassinated. A paranoid G'Kar first suspects his new diplomatic attache, Na'Toth, but learns too late that the true assassin is the courier himself, the Thenta Makur member Tu'Pari. Shortly after, Tu'Pari begins subjecting G'Kar to a torture session mandated by terms of the assassination contract. Na'Toth discovers the assassin and intervenes, beating G'Kar in order to appear allied with Tu'Pari, but in actuality, deactivating the torture-inducing binds. G'Kar then easily captures Tu'Pari and then arranges for him to remain unconscious until his commission's deadline has passed, and depositing a large sum of money in his account to make it look like he was bribed into violating his commitment. Since the guild penalty for that is death, G'Kar and Na'Toth encourage him – with relish – to flee.

Jeffrey Sinclair meets an old flame, Catherine Sakai, and rekindles their on-off romantic relationship, before hosting a celebration of Earth religion in which he introduces the major station personnel to a line of people, all of different faiths (starting with an atheist)—the line extends some distance all the way to the final credits.

Production, visual and sound effects

Cast
Minbari diplomatic aide Lennier, was played by Bill Mumy, who as a child actor had played Will Robinson in the Lost in Space television series. Straczynski described his performance: "He brings a wonderful sense of absolute innocence...the proverbial innocent abroad... [...] The Minbari prosthetics look great on him, enhancing the sense he brings to the character. He's also great with the cast, and keeping things up during shooting. At one point, as they're leaving camera, Delenn says to Lennier, who has just arrived at the station, 'Now tell me of home; I have been away far too long.' His ad-libbed off-camera response: 'Beatlemania is back.'"

The Narn assassin Tu'Pari was played by Thomas Kopache, who played Bob Slattery in The West Wing, as well as several roles in the Star Trek franchise. Catherine Sakai was played by Julia Nickson, who had previously played the female lead in Rambo: First Blood Part II. Narn diplomatic aide Na'Toth was played by actress and musician Julie Caitlin Brown. Following the departure of Mary Woronov – the actress who had played G'Kar's previous aide, Ko'Dath – from the series and the last-minute loss of originally cast Susan Kellermann, Babylon 5's casting director called her and unexpectedly offered her the role of Na'Toth on the first season of the science-fiction series. Brown's character Na'Toth would be played by Mary Kay Adams in season 2; however, Brown reprised the role in season 5.

A scene at the end of the episode was filmed with 160 extras on 16 October 1993. Straczynski wrote, "It's a very impressive, and very moving shot. [...] It's the kind of shot you just don't see anywhere else. We had some people from PTEN and a film crew for a behind-the-scenes piece on hand, and they all commented on how only this show would do this shot…and how significant it is."

Makeup and Emmy Award
The Babylon 5 makeup department involved in this episode – consisting of Everett Burrell, Greg Funk, Mary Kay Morse, Ron Pipes and John Vulich – won the 1994 Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Makeup for a Series for this episode.

Makeup for the series was provided by Optic Nerve Studios, a company founded by John Vulich and Everett Burrell, in a garage in Granada Hills, California, in 1989. Their vision was to do makeup "with an eye towards new ideas technology". Vulich and Burrell had been contacted by Babylon 5 producer John Copeland, as they had known Ron Thornton, Babylon 5'''s visual effects designer, from their previous involvement with NewTek and Video Toaster.

Most of the alien prosthetics had been originally designed by Steve Burg for the pilot episode. Vulich and Burrell got together a team and set about re-making some of the alien characters, beginning with Kosh, G'Kar, Londo and Delenn. They eventually created a huge stock library of aliens that were re-used throughout the season.  Burrell wrote, "With only a few months prep it was all hands on deck sculpting, moulding and painting our little hearts out.  Both John Vulich and I had a great relationship with Ron Thornton and Kevin Kutchaver [...] We collaborated on many things, and it was that type of collaboration that was so rare and unique that I have never seen it again.  We all truly loved the opportunity we were given to do a great science fiction show and paid homage to Star Trek, UFO and Space 1999."

Filming for the series began in the summer of 1993. The makeup team's schedule included custom make-ups for each episode, and producing face casts of actors for prosthetics which needed to be on camera in three days. Burrell wrote, "Some of the early episodes killed us like 'Parliament of Dreams' from season one. None of us slept for 4 weeks getting that show ready on time.  It was all fun and intense at the same time but [Straczynski] wanted more and we delivered on a very small budget every time as did the likes of Foundation Imaging, Kevin Kutchaver and Mitch Suskin. It was truly the best of times and it was the worst of times."

Burrell recalls finding out about their Emmy Award win: "We were non-union and Star Trek had won seven years in a row. So I, John Vulich, Mary Kay Morse, Ron Pipes and Greg Funk were all nominated and went to the big show. It was very weird to hear our names announced along with the other shows especially Star Trek. Then it came 'And the winner is..........Babylon 5.'  Holy crap!!!  We were all in shock that we had won. We had broken the Star Trek streak and we were low budget and a non-union show. Good for us bad for the politics back at the B5 stages [...] we were under the microscope...."

Visual effects
For its visual effects scenes, Babylon 5 pioneered the use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) scenes – instead of using more expensive physical models – in a television series.<ref name="Britt">{{cite web |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/5-things-babylon-5-did-that-changed-science-fiction-forever |title=5 Things that Babylon 5 did that changed science fiction forever. |last=Britt |first=Ryan |date=11 July 2019 |website=www.syfy.com |publisher=SYFY Media LLC. |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009164702/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/5-things-babylon-5-did-that-changed-science-fiction-forever |archive-date= 2021-10-09 |quote=And though this may seem shocking now, in the early and mid-'90s, CGI was not the default for sci-fi special effects. Most big sci-fi shows and movies (like Star Trek) all still used physical models, which are notoriously more expensive. But all of Babylon 5's spaceships and space stations were made in a computer.}}</ref> This also enabled motion effects which are difficult to create using models, such as the rotation of fighter craft along multiple axes, or the rotation and banking of a virtual camera.  The visual effects were created by Foundation Imaging using 24 Commodore Amiga 2000 computers with LightWave 3D software and Video Toaster cards, 16 of which were dedicated to rending each individual frame of CGI, with each frame taking on average 45 minutes to render. In-house resource management software managed the workload of the Amiga computers to ensure that no machine was left idle during the image rendering process.

Music
Music for the title sequence and the episode was provided by the series' composer, Christopher Franke. Franke developed themes for each of the main characters, the station, for space in general, and for the alien races, endeavoring to carry a sense of the character of each race.

Writing
As Babylon 5 was conceived with an overall five-year story arc, the episode was written as both an individual story and with another level, where the hints of the larger story arc were given. The series' creator, J. Michael Straczynski indicates that the episodes can be watched for the individual stories, the character stories, or the story arc.

The script for this episode juggles three different storylines and introduces two new members of the cast, Lennier and Na'Toth, in addition to introducing the recurring character Catherine Sakai. Straczynski writes, "I'm very fond of 'The Parliament of Dreams,' which is a very funny show, and at times a very emotional show. 'Parliament' is all over the place...it's got all of our major characters, our ambassadors, their seconds, we see lots of group scenes, we're all over the station, dipping in and out of three different but interconnected stories...it's really a matter of keeping a lot of balls in the air at one time, and I think we pulled it off nicely."

Reviews
Rowan Kaiser, writing in The A.V. Club, writes, "The theme of transcendence runs through 'The Parliament Of Dreams' as well. [...] in the Minbari ceremony, which is described as being about rebirth: specifically, rebirth through struggle. Both transcendence and mystery are key components to religion, which leads to the inevitable conclusion: [...] that Babylon 5 is about religion. This may help explain the show's archetypal characterization, the sometimes-stilted dialogue, and massive ambition. [...] But looking at it as an examination of religion—by an avowed atheist, no less—is an effective and fascinating lens."

Kaiser writes that the final scene where Commander Sinclair introduces the alien ambassadors to hundreds of representatives of different Earth religions, is another demonstration of this transcendence and mystery, labelling it as "...one of the most memorable of the series."

Elias Rosner, writing in Multiversity Comics'', singles out Julie Caitlin Brown's performance as Na'Toth. He writes, "[F]rom the second she's on screen, is a breath of fresh air and Julie Caitlin Brown absolutely nails it. [...] Her wit is razor sharp and her delivery is just deadpan enough to be funny. She acts as a perfect foil to G'Kar's flustered, prideful, energetic, and sometimes childish personality."

References

External links

Babylon 5 episodes
1994 American television episodes

The Parliament of Dreams


Stærekassen er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1972 instrueret af Christian Braad Thomsen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En dag i et nedrivningsramt hus på Christianshavn. Beboere: Hippier, arbejdere, gamle, unge og rockgruppen Gasolin. Slaget mod Urban Hansen om bevarelse af ejendommen er tabt og der diskuteres livligt, hvad man skal gøre: Teltlejr i Urbans have, resignere, smide bomber, passiv modstand. 3. del af Slumstormer-trilogien.

Se også
 Slumstormerne
 Det kan blive bedre, kammerat.

Medvirkende

 Kim Larsen
 Ib Michael

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1972

Stærekassen (dokumentarfilm)


ميناء فيكتوريا هو ميناء طبيعي يقع بين جزيرة هونغ كونغ وشبه جزيرة كولون في هونغ كونغ. إن عمق المياه في الميناء وموقعه الاستراتيجي على بحر الصين الجنوبي، كان له دور أساسي في إقامة مستعمرة بريطانية في هونغ كونغ وتطوراتها لاحقا كمركز تجاري عالمي. شهد الميناء طوال تاريخه العديد من مشاريع الاستصلاح على كلا شاطئيه، ولكنه لا يزال يحتفظ بدوره كميناء للآلاف من السفن الدولية كل عام.

يشتهر الميناء بمناظره الخلابة حيث أن الميناء هو من مناطق الجذب السياحي الكبرى في هونغ كونغ. وعلى اعتبار موقعه في منتصف أراضي المنطقة الحضرية الكثيفة، يستضيف الميناء العرض السنوي للألعاب النارية كما يضم منتزهات وأماكن تجمع شعبي للسياح والمقيمين.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 مجلس تنمية ميناء هونغ كونغ

أماكن جديرة بالزيارة في هونغ كونغ
موانئ ومرافئ هونغ كونغ

ميناء فيكتوريا

ميناء فيكتوريا


Egels ist ein Stadtteil der Stadt Aurich in Ostfriesland. Er liegt rund 1,5 Kilometer östlich der Auricher Kernstadt und grenzt auf einem kleinen Teilabschnitt an diese an. Zu Egels gehört auch die 1613 erstmals erwähnte Ausbausiedlung Osteregels nordöstlich des Ortskerns.

Geschichte
An einem Fundplatz der Jungsteinzeit und Bronzezeit traten gebrannte Granitstücke, Klopfsteine, Feuersteinstücke, Stücke gebrannten Flints, Feuersteinabschläge und eine abgebrochene, flächenretuschierte Pfeilspitze aus Zahnbein zu Tage.

Egels gehört zu den sogenannten "Negen Loogen" (hochdt.: neun Dörfer), die rund um die später entstandene Auricher Kernstadt lagen. Dabei handelt es sich neben Egels um Extum, Haxtum, Walle, Rahe, Sandhorst, Wallinghausen, Popens und Kirchdorf. Bei den genannten Orten handelt es sich zumeist um frühmittelalterliche, zum Teil hochmittelalterliche Siedlungen. Der heutige Auricher Stadtkern entstand ab dem 12. Jahrhundert in der Mitte dieser ringförmig um ihn herumliegenden Dörfer. Egels wurde in einer Urkunde, die die Kirchspiele des Auricherlandes aufzählt, als "Egelstum" 1431 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Der mittelalterliche Name hat die Bedeutung von "(Wohnsitz der) Sippe des Egele" (Rufname). In einer Karte des Ubbo Emmius aus dem Jahre 1599 wird der heute gebräuchliche Name verwendet. Seit dem 1. Juli 1972 gehört Egels zur Stadt Aurich.

Politik

Ortsrat
Der Ortsrat, der die Auricher Ortsteile Egels und Wallinghausen gemeinsam vertritt, setzt sich aus sieben Mitgliedern zusammen. Die Ratsmitglieder werden durch eine Kommunalwahl für jeweils fünf Jahre gewählt. Die aktuelle Amtszeit begann am 1. November 2021 und endet am 31. Oktober 2026.

Bei der Kommunalwahl 2021 ergab sich folgende Sitzverteilung:

Ortsbürgermeister
Ortsbürgermeister ist Hinrich Röben (SPD).

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Verkehrlich erschlossen wird Egels vor allem durch die Landesstraße 34, die von der Auricher Kernstadt in Richtung Osten nach Friedeburg verläuft. Des Weiteren ist die Kreisstraße von der Auricher Kernstadt in Richtung Wallinghausen von verkehrlicher Bedeutung. In Egels befindet sich die Molkerei Rücker, die letzte verbliebene Molkerei in Ostfriesland.

Zur Gemarkung des Stadtteils gehört der Egelser Wald. Unmittelbar in dessen Nähe befand sich bis zum Juli 2020 die Integrierte Gesamtschule Waldschule Egels, in der Unterricht bis zur zehnten Klasse geboten wurde. Das Abitur konnte dort jedoch nicht abgelegt werden, dazu war ein Schulwechsel notwendig. In das Gebäude der ehemaligen IGS Waldschule Egels zog zum Schuljahrsbeginn 2020/2021 eine Außenstelle des Gymnasiums Ulricianum mit einem Teil der Klassenstufen 5 und 6, später auch 7.

Weblinks
 Beschreibung von Egels in der Historischen Ortsdatenbank der Ostfriesischen Landschaft

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Aurich
Ortsteil von Aurich
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Aurich)
Ersterwähnung 1431
Gemeindeauflösung 1972

Egels


De danske Aarsmøder i Sydslesvig 1947 er en film med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Deltagere i årsmødet ankommer til Flensborg. Gæsteoptræden fra Den kongelige Ballet. Optog gennem Flensborg by. Ankomsten til stadion, hvor mødet skal holdes. Festpladsen ses. Diverse taler bl.a. Jacob Kronika. FDF gymnastikopvisning. Slesvig by. Engelsk militærpoliti ses. Flere klip fra Flensborg med dans og bål.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1947
Sydslesvig
Dokumentariske optagelser

De danske Aarsmøder i Sydslesvig 1947


Bernardo Guillermo de Entenza (? - El Puig, 1237) fue señor de Fraga. Era hijo de Bernardo Guillermo de Montpellier y Jusiana de Entenza, tíos de Jaime I de Aragón.

Biografía
En julio de 1215 recibió el señorío de Fraga, cedido por su hermano Guillermo de Entenza, junto con la posesión de otros castillos. Tuvo que compartir las rentas de Fraga con el condado de Urgel y el vizcondado de Bearne. El rey permutó las rentas que habían ido a parar a manos del condado de Urgel y las retornó a Fraga en 1215.

Participó en las campañas de reconquista de Mallorca y Valencia, en la que dirigió el asedio de Burriana, siendo herido en 1235, muriendo en 1237 en el El Puig.

Enlaces externos
 http://www.rutasjaumei.com/es/protagonistas-jaume-i/11-197/guillem-de-entenza-tio-de-jaume-i-y-heroe-de-la-batalla-del-puig.php

Miembros de la Casa de Entenza
Historia de la Corona de Aragón
Militares de España del siglo XIII
Militares de Aragón
Señores de Fraga
Reino de Valencia
Nobleza vieja del reino de Aragón

Bernardo Guillermo de Entenza


Forum je zadarski glazbeni sastav osnovan 1985.

Izvornu postavu činili su Rikardo Perković (gitare), Jere Masnov i Davor Pekota (vokali), Ivan Ivić (klavijature), Renato Švorinić (bas) te Ozren Brajković (bubnjevi). Sastav je od početaka karakterističan po dva frontmena i tri udarna vokala te višeglasnom pjevanju.

Studijski albumi
 International Dance Party vol I (1988.) (obrade stranih hitova)
 International Dance Party vol II (1989.) (obrade stranih hitova)
 Sjećanja (1993.) (obrade domaćih hitova)
 Sjene ljubavi (1995.) (autorski album)
 Big International Dance Party (2001.) (obrade stranih hitova)
 Tvoja pjesma (2000.) (autorski album)

Izvori

Glazba u Zadru
Hrvatski glazbeni sastavi

Forum (sastav)


Acer amplum er lauftré af ættkvísl hlyna (Acer) sem er frá Kína og Víetnam. Hann getur orðið allt að 25 m hár.

Undirtegundir
Acer amplum subsp. amplum  - Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang
Acer amplum subsp. bodinieri (H.Lév.) Y.S.Chen - Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Víetnam
Acer amplum subsp. catalpifolium (Rehder) Y.S.Chen - Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan
Acer amplum subsp. tientaiense (C.K.Schneid.) Y.S.Chen - Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang

Tilvísanir

Hlynir

Acer amplum


Diese Liste gibt den Fortschreibungsstand vom 24. November 2022 wieder und enthält 161 Baudenkmäler.

Ensembles

Ensemble Altstadt Weismain
Das Ensemble () umfasst den historischen Stadtkern innerhalb seines deutlich nachvollziehbaren, spätmittelalterlichen Befestigungsrings. Eine karolingische Siedlung wurde 1972/73 westlich des gleichnamigen Flusses, westlich der heutigen Kernstadt, archäologisch nachgewiesen. Östlich der Weismain legten die Andechs-Meranier, deren Sitz die nahe Burg Niesten war, im frühen 13. Jahrhundert die heutige Planstadt an. Die seit dem 13. Jahrhundert befestigte und nach den Hussiteneinfällen 1431 zusätzlich mit einem Stadtgraben versehene Stadt schloss im Nordwesten die Pfalz der Andechs-Meranier ein. Nach dem Aussterben dieses Geschlechtes übernahm das Hochstift Bamberg spätestens 1250 die Herrschaft über den Ort, der 1313 "Stadt" genannt wurde. Vom späten 14. Jahrhundert bis 1710 befand sich der Amtssitz auf der Burg Niesten, Kastenhof und Vogtei waren in der Stadt. Der wirtschaftlichen Blüte im 16. und frühen 17. Jahrhundert, wohl auf der Grundlage der Woll- und Textilproduktion, folgte eine starke Zerstörung im Dreißigjährigen Krieg mit 70 Prozent Einwohnerverlust, zusätzlich gingen 60 Prozent der Wohnhäuser und rund 100 Prozent der Scheunen verloren. Mit dem Hochstift Bamberg kam die Stadt 1803 zum Königreich Bayern. Die Ansätze zur industriellen Entwicklung im beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert waren im Bereich der Lebensmittelproduktion teilweise erfolgreich. Entfestigungsmaßnahmen fanden im bescheidenen Ausmaß statt, so 1871 der Abriss des Stadttores an der Burgkunstädter Straße. Ihre überörtlichen administrativen Funktionen verlor die Stadt, die keinen Eisenbahnanschluss erhalten hatte, bis 1959. Innerhalb des zu etwa drei Vierteln erhaltenen Befestigungs- und Grünrings bildet der breite Straßenraum Am Markt das Rückgrat der planmäßigen Stadtstruktur. Die Häuserzeilen an der West- und Südostseite sind geschlossen, vornehmlich zweigeschossige Fachwerkgebäude des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts prägen das Bild. Ausnahmen mit einer herausragenden Größe des Baukörpers sind das so genannte Neydeckerhaus Am Markt 5 von 1590 und das um 1543 errichtete Rathaus Am Markt 19. Im Nordwesten befindet sich die Pfarrkirche mit einem Turm aus dem 15./16. Jahrhundert, dem Chor von 1538 und einem Langhaus aus den Jahren 1890/91. Hinter dem Areal der Kirche liegt der Kastenhof mit barocken Gebäuden. Im Bereich des Kirchplatzes und bei einzelnen Vertretern am Markt befindet sich eine Anzahl relativ einfach gestalteter barocker Wohnhäuser. An der Südostseite des Marktes wurden in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts in Einzelfällen historisierende Anpassungen von Fassaden vorgenommen. Die Von-Rudhart-Straße ist die einzige durchgängige Seitenstraße parallel zum Marktbereich. Da die Hausparzellen des Marktes bis zur Straße reichen, ist sie im Wesentlichen nur einseitig bebaut. Die historische Bedeutung der Sackgasse Hölle liegt in der Einführung eines Seitenarms der Weismain in die befestigte Stadt in diesem Quartier. Auch die Silhouette des am Rande des nördlichen Frankenjuras gelegenen Ortes wird von der Pfarrkirche und den beiden großen Profanbauten Am Markt bis weit in das Weismaintal dominiert. Aktennummer: Nummer=E-4-78-176-1.

Stadtbefestigung
Die Stadtbefestigung besteht aus einem einfachen Bering mit einer Stadtmauer aus Sandsteinquadern, die im Kern dem 14. Jahrhundert entstammt und im 15. und 18. Jahrhundert erneuert und ausgebaut wurde. Der zugehörige, vor dem Südwestzug und dem Nordteil der nordöstliche Mauer erhaltene Stadtgraben, ist eine Anlage des 15. Jahrhunderts mit Futtermauer. Aktennummer: D-4-78-176-173.

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Baudenkmäler nach Gemeindeteilen

Weismain

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Altendorf

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Arnstein

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Buckendorf

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Ehrhardsmühle

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Erlach

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Geutenreuth

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Giechkröttendorf

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Görau

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Großziegenfeld

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Herbstmühle

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Kaspauer

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Kleinziegenfeld

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Krassach

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Krassacher Mühle

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Mainecker Forst (West)

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Modschiedel

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Mosenberg

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Neudorf

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Niesten

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Oberloch

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Schammendorf

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Schwarzmühle

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Seubersdorf

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Siedamsdorf

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Wallersberg

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Waßmannsmühle

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Weiden

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Weihersmühle

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Wohnsig

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Wunkendorf

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler

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Abgegangene Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Weismain

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

 Jutta Böhm: Mühlen-Radwanderung. Routen: Kleinziegenfelder Tal und Bärental, Umweltstation Weismain des Landkreises Lichtenfels, Weismain/Lichtenfels (Landkreis Lichtenfels), 2000, 52 S. (zahlr. Ill., Kt.)
 Peter Ruderich: Kunst- und Architekturgeschichte Weismains vom 13. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert. In: Günter Dippold (Hrsg.): Weismain, Band 2, Weismain 1996, ISBN 3-9804106-0-9, S. 81–200

Weblinks

 In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Weismain
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Liste der Baudenkmäler in Weismain


Trine May (født i 1964) er en dansk lærebogsforfatter og kursusinstruktør.
Hun er medforfatter på Fandango-serien og har modtaget Gyldendals Undervisningsmiddelpris (2005) og Skolebibliotekarernes Børnebogspris (2006).

Henvisninger

Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Kvindelige forfattere i det 21. århundrede

Trine May


Willie McRae (18 May 1923 – 7 April 1985) was a Scottish lawyer, orator, naval officer, politician and anti-nuclear campaigner. In the Second World War he served in the British Army and then the Royal Indian Navy. He supported the Indian independence movement and for much of his life was active in the Scottish National Party (SNP).

McRae died when his car crashed in a remote part of the Scottish Highlands. He was found shot in the head with a revolver. The official verdict was suicide.

Life
McRae was born in Carron, Falkirk, where his father was an electrician. McRae edited a local newspaper in Grangemouth at the same time as reading history at the University of Glasgow, from which he gained a first-class degree. In the Second World War he was commissioned into the Seaforth Highlanders but transferred to the Royal Indian Navy, in which he became a lieutenant commander and aide-de-camp to Admiral Lord Mountbatten. He supported the Indian independence movement.

After the war McRae returned to the University of Glasgow and graduated again, this time in law. He authored the maritime law of Israel and was an emeritus professor of the University of Haifa. After his death a forest of 3,000 trees was planted in Israel in his memory.

McRae became a solicitor and an SNP activist. In both of the 1974 General Elections and in the 1979 General Election he stood for Parliament as the SNP candidate for Ross and Cromarty. In October 1974 he only lost to the Conservative Hamish Gray by 633 votes, but in 1979 Gray's majority increased to 4,735. In the latter year he also contested the SNP leadership, coming third in a three-way contest with 52 votes to Stephen Maxwell's 117 votes and winner Gordon Wilson's 530 votes.

McRae was a vocal critic of the British nuclear lobby. Early in the 1980s he was a key figure in a campaign against the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority plans to dispose of nuclear waste in the Mullwharchar area of the Galloway Hills. Representing the SNP in a public inquiry, McRae asked difficult questions of the UKAEA and famously declared at one meeting that "nuclear waste should be stored where Guy Fawkes put his gunpowder." The authority's plans were rejected, and McRae was credited with "single-handedly" preventing the area from becoming a nuclear waste dump.

Death

On 5 April 1985 McRae left his Glasgow flat at 18:30 to spend the weekend at his cottage at Ardelve near Dornie, Ross-shire. He was not seen again until the next morning around 10:00, when two Australian tourists saw his maroon Volvo saloon car on a moor a short distance from the junction of the A887 and A87 roads Bun Loyne, Glenmoriston, Inverness-shire. The car was straddling a burn about  from the road. The tourists flagged down the next car to pass, whose driver turned out to be a doctor, Dorothy Messer, accompanied by her fiancé as well as David Coutts, an SNP Dundee councillor who knew McRae.

It was discovered that McRae was in the car. His hands were "folded on his lap", his head was "slumped on his right shoulder", and there was a "considerable amount of blood on his temple". He was not wearing a seat belt.

Another car was sent to call the emergency services. Dr Messer examined McRae and found that he was still alive and breathing. She noted that one of his pupils was dilated, indicating the possibility of brain damage, and estimated that he had been in that state for 10 hours.

McRae was removed by ambulance to Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, accompanied by Dr Messer. After admission it was decided to transfer him to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. At Aberdeen it was realised that the incident was more than a road accident; six hours after he had been found, a nurse washing his head discovered what appeared to be the entry wound of a gunshot. An X-ray confirmed that McRae had been shot above his right ear and a bullet was detected in his head. His brain was severely damaged and his vital functions very weak. The next day, Sunday 7 April, after consultation with his next of kin, McRae's life-support machine was switched off.

Investigation
The investigation was headed by Chief Superintendent Andrew Lister of Northern Constabulary CID. Despite no weapon having yet been found, McRae's car was moved at 12:00 on 7 April. It later transpired that the police had kept no record of the precise location where the car had been found, and the position stated by them was later found to be  in error, and was corrected by a witness who had been present at the scene.

A weapon was found the next day, in the burn over which the car had been discovered,  from the vehicle. It was a Smith & Wesson .22 calibre revolver containing two spent cartridges and five remaining rounds.

Controversy
Although it was ruled at the time by authorities that McRae's death was undetermined, aspects of the investigation remain disputed, some claiming that the distance from McRae's car at which the gun was found and the lack of fingerprints on it rendered a suicide not credible.

At the time of his death, McRae had been working to counter plans to dump nuclear waste from the Dounreay Nuclear Power Development Establishment into the sea. Due to his house being burgled on repeated occasions prior to his death, he had taken to carrying a copy of the documents relating to his Dounreay work with him at all times. They were not found following his death, and the sole other copy which was kept in his office was stolen when it was burgled, no other items being taken.

Neither McRae's medical reports nor the post-mortem data have been released to the public and there was no fatal accident inquiry.

Aftermath
Winnie Ewing – then President of the SNP and herself an accomplished lawyer – was directed by the SNP's National Executive Committee (NEC) to conduct an internal investigation for the party to come to a conclusion as to whether Ewing "was satisfied or dissatisfied with the official version that he committed suicide". Having been refused access to police records of the investigation and rebuffed by both the Lord Advocate and the Procurator Fiscal in her attempts to conduct private, confidential meetings with them, Ewing, as she later wrote, came "up against a brick wall". Ewing reported to the SNP NEC that she was not satisfied with the official account of suicide: "I do not know what happened, but I think it is important that the truth emerges, despite the time that has passed. Why the State refuses to let the truth be known is a pertinent question."

In 1991 Channel 4 broadcast a "Scottish Eye" documentary investigating the mysterious circumstances of McRae's death. It found evidence to suggest that McRae had been under surveillance by UK intelligence services and that his death had likely involved foul play.

In 2005 Winnie Ewing's son Fergus, by then an MSP, requested a meeting with Elish Angiolini, Solicitor General for Scotland, to discuss allegations that have persisted that McRae was under surveillance at the time of his death. The request was rebuffed, with Angiolini claiming that he had not been under surveillance and that she was satisfied that a thorough investigation into the case had been carried out.

In July 2006 a retired police officer, Iain Fraser, who was working as a private investigator at the time of McRae's death, claimed that he had been anonymously employed to keep McRae under surveillance only weeks before he died. In November 2006 an episode of the Scottish Television show Unsolved examined the circumstances of McRae's death.

In November 2010 John Finnie, then SNP group leader on Highland Council and a former police officer, wrote to the Lord Advocate urging her to reinvestigate McRae's death and release any details so far withheld. Finnie's request was prompted by the release the previous month of further details concerning the death of David Kelly. In January 2011 the Crown Office requested the files on the case from Northern Constabulary.

Also in November 2010 Donald Morrison, a former Strathclyde Police officer, alleged that McRae had been "under surveillance" by both Special Branch and MI5. Morrison had collaborated with former colleague Iain Fraser to discover more about McRae's death. Morrison called for an enquiry into McRae's death and promised that he would give it a sworn affidavit that MI5 was involved.

In July 2014 two unconnected plays by George Gunn and Andy Paterson about McRae's life and death, both coincidentally titled 3,000 Trees, were staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. One of the plays explored his anti-nuclear campaigning, links with nationalist radicals and allegations that Special Branch and MI5 were surveilling him.

In November 2014 a Scottish Sunday Express front-page article alleged that McRae had uncovered evidence of the alleged paedophile ring in Westminster during the 1980s. The article suggests he may have been murdered and that the evidence he possessed was stolen at the time of his death.

In April 2015 there was a campaign to have a Fatal Accident Inquiry (FAI) on McRae's death. It attracted 6,500 signatures in 5 days.

The petition eventually collected over 13,000 signatures and was handed in, in June 2015. The Crown Office rejected the proposal to hold a Fatal Accident Inquiry.

On the Easter weekend of April 2015, the 30th anniversary of McRae's death, Scotland on Sunday ran a story claiming that McRae's Volvo was moved back to the crash site by Northern Constabulary in an attempt to hide that the car had been moved before the bullet had been found – accounting for the discrepancies relating to the gun's distance from the car.

On the same day, one of the journalists involved started crowdfunding for a book on the case titled '30 Years of Silence'.

Following the rejection of the petition for a Fatal Accident Inquiry by the Crown Office, a "Justice For Willie" Campaign group was set up by Mark MacNicol. The campaign decided to launch their own investigation since no official inquiry was forthcoming. They hired two private investigators to re-interview original witnesses from the time of Willie McRae's death. The results were published in November 2016, and the campaign were unable to find any new evidence to undermine the official suicide verdict.

In October 2018, fresh doubt on the official verdict was raised again by a nurse who claims to have treated Willie McRae at Foresterhill Hospital in Aberdeen. Katharine Mcgonigal disputed that the bullet wound was to the right temple, as the post-mortem claimed, and said it was instead to the back of the neck.

References

Further reading
 A fictionalised account of events leading up to McRae's death and its aftermath.

External links
  official Northern Constabulary files and photographs

1923 births
1985 deaths
Scottish anti-nuclear weapons activists
Deaths by firearm in Scotland
Indian independence activists
Scottish National Party parliamentary candidates
Scottish National Party politicians
Scottish solicitors
Academic staff of the University of Haifa
British Army personnel of World War II
Seaforth Highlanders officers
Indian military personnel of World War II
Royal Indian Navy officers
Conspiracy theories in the United Kingdom
Alumni of the University of Glasgow

Willie McRae


نُعَيم بن حماد بن معاوية بن الحارث ابن همام بن سلمة بن مالك الخزاعي، المروزي (أبو عبد الله) (ت 228 هـ) محدث. ولد في مرو الرود، وأقام مدة في العراق والحجاز يطلب الحديث، ثم سكن مصر، ولم يزل فيها إلى أن حمل إلى العراق في خلافة المعتصم، وامتحن بخلق القرآن، فلم يجب وقيد، ومات في الحبس. له تصانيف وهو شيخ البخاري.

موقفه في المحنة
 قال محمد بن سعد: «طلب الحديث طلبًا كثيرًا بالعراق والحجاز، ثم نزل مصر فلم يزل بها حتى أشخص منها في خلافة أبي إسحاق بن هارون، فسئل عن القرآن، فأبى أن يجيب فيه بشيء مما أرادوه عليه، فحبس بسامراء، فلم يزل محبوسًا بها حتى مات في السجن في سنة ثمان وعشرين ومائتين ».
 وقال أبو القاسم البغوي، وإبراهيم بن عرفة نفطويه، وابن عدي: «مات سنة تسع وعشرين ومائتين . زاد نفطويه: وكان مقيدًا محبوسًا؛ لإمتناعه من القول بخلق القرآن، فجر بأقياده، فألقي في حفرة، ولم يكفن، ولم يصل عليه، فعل به ذلك صاحب ابن أبي دؤاد، يعني: المعتصم».
 وقال أبو بكر الطرسوسي: «أخذ نعيم بن حماد في أيام المحنة سنة ثلاث أو أربع وعشرين ومائتين، وألقوه في السجن، ومات في سنة تسع وعشرين ومائتين، وأوصى أن يدفن في قيوده، وقال: إني مخاصم».

في نقده
 روى له البخاري مقرونا بغيره، ولم يخرج له في الصحيح سوى موضع، أو موضعين أيضاً، وروى له مسلم في المقدمة موضعا واحدا فقط
 كما قال عند الإمام الذهبي:
 وقال يحي بن معين: يروى عن غير الثقات
 وقال الإمام المحدث صالح جزرة عن نعيم: (وكان يحدث من حفظه، ولديه مناكير كثيرة لا يتابع عليها، سمعت يحيى بن معين سئل عنه فقال: ليس في الحديث بشئ، ولكنه صاحب سنة).
 وقال الإمام الذهبي: قلت لا يجوز لأحد أن يحتج به، وقد صنف كتاب (الفتن) فأتى به بعجائب ومناكير.
 قال عنه ابن حجر: «صدوق، يخطئ كثيرًا، فقيه، عارف بالفرائض ، مات سنة ثمان وعشرين على الصحيح، وقد تتبع ابن عدي ما أخطأ فيه، وقال: باقي حديثه مستقيم

الهوامش

أزديون
رواة الحديث
عرب في القرن 9
مدونو الحديث
مواليد مرو
وفيات 228 هـ
وفيات 843
وفيات 863

نعيم بن حماد


جورجي أمادو (Jorge Amado) اسمه الكامل جورجي أمادو دي فاريا (Jorge Amado de Faria) (ولد في باهيا 10 أغسطس 1912, توفي 6 أغسطس 2001) روائي، صحفي وسياسي برازيلي، واحد من أهم كتّاب البرازيل ومن أوسعهم شهرة. منذ أيام المدرسة بدأ الكتابة، وألف مع عدد من أصدقائه في مسقط رأسه «جماعة الحداثة». وفي عام 1935 أنهى دراسة الحقوق في ريو دي جانيرو ولكنه لم يتسلم شهادته إذ كان قد دخل حينذاك عالم الأدب وبدأ يشق طريق النجاح بمجموعة من المؤلفات، منها «بلاد الكرنفال» (1931) O pais do carnaval، و«كاكاو» (1933) Cacao، و«عَرَق» (1934) Suor و«جوبيابا» (1935) Jubiaba، ثم أتبعها بـ «بحر ميت» (1936) Mar Morto و«قباطنة الرمال» (1937)Capitaes Areia. وقد صار جورجي آمادو بعد انتشار أعماله هذه الكاتب المفضل لدى شعبه. والسر في هذا النجاح هو تمسكه ببعض الأشكال الاتباعية ممزوجة بالصعلكة وطعم التقاليد العريقة في مسقط رأسه، ولاية باهيا، التي كانت بحواضرها وريفها مسرح كل رواياته، وأناسها أبطاله الدائمين.

مسيرته
انغمس في النضال السياسي منذ شبابه المبكر، إذ انضم إلى الحزب الشيوعي البرازيلي في عام 1926م، إلا أن ذلك لم يؤد إلى صبغ أدبه بصبغة الأدب العقائدي، إلا في كتاب «عالم السلام» (1951) El mundo de la paz، وفي رواية «أقبية الحرية» Subterrâneos da liberdade المؤلفة من ثلاثة أجزاء ضخمة، حيث لا تخفي القوة الإبداعية والقدرة على رسم الشخصيات وتصوير المواقف تسرعه في الكتابة تحت تأثير المتطلبات الحزبية، ولكن هذا التأثير يبدو أقل وضوحاً في رواية «فارس الأمل» (1942) O cavaleiro de esperanca التي تناول فيها سيرة حياة القائد الشيوعي البرازيلي لويس كارلوس برستيس Luis Carlos Prestes، وكذلك في الروايات الملحمية التي تتحدث عن الصراع بين الإقطاعيين والتجار في مناطق زراعة الكاكاو، كما في رواية «أراضي اللانهاية» (1942) Terras do sem fin.

في عام 1946 انتُخب لعضوية البرلمان بعدد كبير من أصوات الناخبين. ولكن الحكومة العسكرية ما لبثت أن ألغت شرعية الحزب الشيوعي فاضطر إلى مغادرة وطنه ليعيش متنقلاً ما بين فرنسا وإيطاليا وتشيكوسلوفاكيا والاتحاد السوفييتي، ولم يتمكن من العودة إلى بلاده إلا في عام 1952، وقد حصل في منفاه على جائزة ستالين للآداب، وأصبح عضواً في الهيئة التي تمنح هذه الجائزة، وبدأت ترجمة كتبه إلى لغات كثيرة.

كتب أمادو قبل عام 1958م روايات ماركسية، تعكس تعاطفه مع ضحايا الظلم الاجتماعي، منها رواية الأرض العنيفة (1942م)، ثم كتب بدءًا من جابرييلا، الثوم والقرفة (1958م) بأسلوب أكثر حذقًا حيث اعتمد على أسلوب الفكاهة الهجائية. يعتبر الكثير من النقاد موتا كوينكاس ووتريل (1962م) أروع رواياته.

قام أمادو بإسهام مهم في الأدب البرازيلي؛ لكونه أول كاتب بارز يصف التراث الإفريقي العريض لأمته. لقد هيمن هذا الموضوع على واحد من أفضل أعماله الروائية خيمة المعجزات (1969م). تشمل روايات أمادو الأخرى دونا فلور وزوجاها (1966م)؛ تيتا (1978م)؛ جوبيابا (1984م)؛ المكاشفة (1987م)؛ حرب القديسين (1993م).

مؤلفاته

يزيد عدد أعمال آمادو على الأربعين كتاباً ترجم معظمها إلى أكثر من ثلاثين لغة، وقد بدأت ترجمة أعماله إلى العربية منذ منتصف الخمسينات، ولكن ما ترجم منها حتى نهاية القرن العشرين لا يزيد على النصف.
من أبرز أعماله:
 " زوربا البرازيلي "
 «القديس جورجي شفيع إيلويس» (1944) Sao Jorge dos Ileus،
 «غرام الجندي» (1947) O amor do soldado،
 «البحّارة المُسنّون» (1961) Os velhos marinheiros،
 «دونا فلور وزوجاها» (1976) Dona Flor e seus dois maridos،
 «دكان المعجزات» (1970) Tenda dos Milagres،
 «تيريزا باتيستا المتعبة من الحرب» (1972) Tereza Batists, cansada de guerra،
 بحر ميت، 1،936، ترجمة دار الهلال 1993
لآمادو كذلك عدة مجموعات شعرية منها «نجمة البحر» Aestrela do mar ودراسة نقدية مهمة عن الشاعر البرازيلي الرومنسي كاسترو ألفيس المشهور بمناهضته للعبودية، بعنوان «ألف باء كاسترو ألفيس» ABC de Castro Alves.

مؤلفات مترجمة للعربية

 زوربا البرازيلي، ترجمة: ممدوح عدوان.
 عودة البحار، ترجمة: ممدوح عدوان.
 كاكاو، ترجمة: ماري طوق.
 نساء البنّ، ترجمة: مالك سلمان.

عالميته
تم نقل معظم رواياته للتلفاز والمذياع والمسرح ومُثلت دونا فلور وزوجاها في فيلم عام 1976م. وكانت السلسلة التلفازية التي أعدت عن روايته: جابرييلا، الثوم والقرفة، رائجة جدًا في أمريكا اللاتينية كلها، كما أُعدت نسخة منها للسينما عام 1983م. بيعت 20 مليون نسخة من كتب أمادو في جميع أنحاء العالم بعد أن ترجمت إلى نحو 50 لغة. حاز أمادو عدة جوائز منها: جائزة بابلو نيرودا (موسكو 1994م)؛ جائزة لويس دي كأمويس (لشبونة 1995م) جائزة سينو ديل دوكا (1998م).

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من باهيا
اشتراكيون برازيليون
إلحاد
برازيليون مغتربون في تشيكوسلوفاكيا
برازيليون من أصل برتغالي
حائزون على جائزة ستالين للسلام
حائزون على جائزة سينو ديل دوكا
حائزون على جائزة لينين للسلام
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة بادوفا
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة برازيليا
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة سيارا الفيدرالية
دراميون وكتاب مسرحيون برازيليون
روائيون
روائيون برازيليون في القرن 20
روائيون ذكور برازيليون
شيوعيون برازيليون
كتاب خيال علمي برازيليون
كتاب دراما ومسرح
كتاب دراما ومسرح برازيليون في القرن 20
كتاب دراما ومسرح ذكور برازيليون
كتاب ذكور برازيليون في القرن 20
كتاب شيوعيون
كتاب في القرن 20
كتاب مذكرات برازيليون
ملحدون برازيليون
مواليد 1912
وفيات 2001
وفيات في سالفادور (باهيا)
كتاب مذكرات في القرن 20

جورجي أمادو


São João Baptista Portekiz'de Tomar belediyesine bağlı olan, 13,05 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 6.103 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Tomar

São João Baptista (Tomar)


Triston Casas (Pembroke Pines, 15 de janeiro de 2000) é um jogador de beisebol estadunidense, que joga na posição de primeira-base (first baseman).

Carreira

Casas compôs o elenco da Seleção dos Estados Unidos de Beisebol nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, onde conquistou a medalha de prata após confronto contra a equipe japonesa na final da competição.

Beisebolistas olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Beisebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas olímpicos do beisebol

Triston Casas


Agrilus muehlei é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti, em 1998.

Referências

muehlei

Agrilus muehlei


Râul Stana este un curs de apă, singurul afluent (de stânga) al râului Cetății, care este al cincilea afluent de dreapta (din treisprezece) al râului Almaș, care este, la rândul său, al patrusprezecelea afluent de stânga din treizeci ai râului Someș.

Generalități
Râul Stana izvorește din Munții Meseș, se găsește integral în Județul Sălaj, nu are niciun afluent semnificativ, trece doar prin localitatea omonimă, Stana, vărsându-se în emisarul său, râu  Cetății în dreptul aceleiași localități Stana.

Bibliografie
 Administrația Națională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - București
 Institutul de Meteorologie și Hidrologie - Rîurile României - București 1971

Hărți
 Harta interactivă - județul Sălaj
 Trasee turistice județul Sălaj

Alte referințe
 Harta interactivă - județul Sălaj

Bazinul Someș
Geografia județului Sălaj
Gospodărirea apelor
Râuri din județul Sălaj
Râuri din România

Râul Stana