Ministeria quaedam (MQ ) je motuproprij "O nižim službama" pape Pavla VI. od 15. kolovoza 1972.

Do 1972. godine u klerički stalež ulazilo primanjem prve tonzure. Primljena prva tonzura dijelila je Kristove vjernike na klerike i laike. Ova je stega u Katoličkoj Crkvi opstala sve do ovog motuproprija. Ovdje je Pavao VI. donio nove odredbe, kojima je preuredio disciplinu u latinskoj Crkvi glede prve tonzure, niže redove i subđakonat, reforma u disciplinu i naučavanje.

Među odredbama ovog motuproprija ističe se da je papa Pavao VI. odredio da se više ne podjeljuje prva tonzura. U klerički se stalež stupa u svezi s đakonatom. Niži crkveni redovi od sada se zovu službama (ministeria). Vjernicima se može podjeljivati službe. Nakana ove odredbe je da ih se ne smatra pridržanim samo kandidatima za sakrament reda. Glede današnjih prilagođenih potreba, u čitavoj latinskoj Crkvi zadržava se samo službe lektora i akolita koje prema tradiciji Crkve ostaje samo za muškarce i ostaju kao uvjet za đakonat i svećenstvo. Što je dotad radio podđakon, povjerava se lektoru i akolitu i time u latinskoj Crkvi više ne postoji podđakonatski red. Dopuštena je mogućnost da se akolit negdje može zvati i subđakon, a po sudu biskupske konferencije. Lektoru je zadaća u liturgijskim sastancima čitati riječ Božju. te na misi i drugim svetim činima obavlja čitanja iz Svetog pisma, ali ne i Evanđelje. Akolit pomaže đakonu i poslužuje svećeniku. Pravo dispensiranja kandidata od primanja ostaje pridržano Svetoj Stolici.

Vidi
Inkardinacija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
(lat.) Vatikan Ministeria quaedam - Disciplina circa Primam Tonsuram, Ordines Minores et Subdiaconatus in Ecclesia Latina innovatur, Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae, Die 15 m. Augusti a. 1972, Paulus PP.VI

Dokumenti Rimokatoličke Crkve

Ministeria quaedam


Howard McCalebb (* 13. Mai 1947 in Indianola, Mississippi) ist ein US-amerikanischer Bildhauer.

Leben
Howard McCalebb erhielt im Jahre 1972 einen Master of Fine Arts in Skulptur von der Cornell University und einen Bachelor of Arts in Skulptur im Jahre 1970 von der California State University in Hayward (Kalifornien). 1971 nahm er an dem 5. jährlichen Skulpturenworkshop der Hobart School of Welding Technology in Troy teil.

Seine Kunst wurde in internationalen Ausstellungen in Österreich, Dänemark, Deutschland, Hongkong, Polen, den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Galerien und Museen in den USA ausgestellt.

McCalebb lehrte bildende Kunst als Hochschullehrer an der San José State University, der University of Massachusetts und dem Amherst College, der University of North Carolina, der Rutgers University, dem Hunter College, der Cornell University, dem Pratt Institute, und der Parsons School of Design in New York City.

Im Mai 2001 reiste McCalebb in die Volksrepublik China und lehrte an der China National Academy of Fine Arts in Hangzhou und der Hangzhou Academy of Fine Arts.

Im Jahre 1993 wurde McCalebb als Künstler in dem Film Manhattan City Scape, produziert in Kooperation mit dem "Danish Film Institute Workshop", gezeigt. 1981 nahm er an dem Film Bearden Plays Bearden, produziert von der Philip Morris Corporation, teil.

Im Jahre 2000 wurden McCalebbs Sculpturen in der "Welded Sculpture of the Twentieth Century"-Ausstellung des Neuberger Kunstmuseums in New York zusammen mit Arbeiten von Julio González, Pablo Picasso, Anthony Caro und David Smith gezeigt.

Im April 2003 war McCalebb unter den amerikanischen Künstlern, die die USA bei der 6. Sharjah Biennalle in den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten repräsentierten. In dieser Zeit hielt er Vorlesungen an der American University of Sharjah, School of Architecture and Design.

Im Sommer 2005 schuf McCalebb eine Reihe öffentlicher Skulpturenprojekte in Balchik, Bulgarien, in Borhaug, Norwegen und in Alytus, Litauen.

Im Jahre 2008 nahm Howard McCalebb an der Ausstellung "Intrude: Art & Life 366", die von dem Shanghai Zendai Museum Moderner Kunst organisiert wurde, mit dem Werk "Conjoined Icon / Edifice For Impromptu Theater" teil.

Im Jahre 2009 gründete Howard McCalebb die Kunstgalerie DadaPost in Berlin-Reinickendorf.

Sammlungen
 San Francisco Museum of Art, San Francisco, Kalifornien, USA
 San Jose Museum of Art, USA
 Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
 Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, USA
 Socrates Sculpture Park, Sculpture Now Inc., USA
 Studio Museum in Harlem, USA

Publikationen
 Vernacular Color: Reflections on National, Ethnic, and Gender Expression
 Kara Walker No/ Kara Walker Yes/ Kara Walker ?. ISBN 9781877675720.
 Silent Pictures, The Paintings of Yang Younhee. ISBN 9783848208555.
 Autobiography as Critique. ISBN 9783000427916.

Literatur
 Judy Collischan: Welded Sculpture of the Twentieth Century. Hudson Hills Press; 1st edition, 2000, ISBN 1555951678

Weblinks
 2000 New York Times Artikel
 Artikel über Howard McCalebb
 Ausstellung: Global Jungle & Marshall Plan, Howard McCalebb

Einzelnachweise

Künstler der Neuzeit
Bildhauer (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1947
Mann

Howard McCalebb


Meridiani Planum (Meridiani ovası, Meridiani ovaları, Terra Meridiani veya Terra Meridiani ovaları) Mars'ın ekvatorunu çevreleyen, çok sayıda demir oksit ve çok sayıda küçük küreciklerle kaplı büyük bir ova veya bu ovada merkezlenmiş ve bazı bitişik arazileri içeren bir bölgedir. Ova, çok fazla bağlı su içeren muazzam bir tortu kütlesinin üzerine oturur. Kürelerdeki demir oksit, kristalimsi (gri) hematittir (Fe203).

Mars'taki ovalar
Mars'taki Albedo özellikleri
Arabia dörtgeni
Mars Exploration Rover görevi

Meridiani Planum


This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 2003.  For video games, see 2003 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 2003

Game awards given in 2003
International Gamers Award: Hammer of the Scots
Origins Vanguard Award 2002: Diceland
Spiel des Jahres: Alhambra
 Games: New England

Significant games-related events in 2003
Games magazine selects Magic: The Gathering for induction into its Hall of Fame.
Chris Moneymaker wins a US$2.5 million prize in the World Series of Poker.

Deaths

See also
 2003 in video gaming

Games
Games by year

2003 in games


Lago Bosumtwi (también escrito Bosomtwe), es un lago situado dentro de un cráter causado por un impacto antiguo de un meteorito. Tiene aproximadamente 8 km de ancho y es el único lago natural del país africano de Ghana. Se encuentra a unos 30 km al sureste de Kumasi y es un área recreativa. Hay alrededor de 30 aldeas cerca del lago, con una población combinada de alrededor de 70.000 personas.

Los ashanti consideran a Bosumtwi un lago sagrado. Según las creencias tradicionales, las almas de los muertos van allá a decir adiós al dios Twi. Debido a esto, se considera admisible el pescar en el lago sólo con tablones de madera.

Véase también
 Geografía de Ghana
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización

Lagos de Ghana
Lagos sagrados

Lago Bosumtwi


Porphyrella, rod crvenih algi iz porodice Bangiaceae. Postoje dvije vrste, obje su morske. Porphyrella gardneri je tipična; tipski lokalitet je Point Joe, kod poluotoka Monterey u Kaliforniji. Druga vrsta P. californica otkrivena 1945. kod otoka Santa Cruz u Kaliforniji

Vrste
 Porphyrella californica G.J.Hollenberg
 Porphyrella gardneri G.M.Smith & Hollenberg

Izvori

Bangiaceae

Porphyrella


فؤاد علي (13 سبتمبر  1986م، في الكويت -)، ممثل وعازف قيتار أردني من أم كويتية. بدأ مشواره الفني عام 2004، في مسلسل دنيا القوي.

حياته ومشواره المهني
ولد فؤاد في الكويت لأب أردني وأم كويتية  نشأ وترعرع فيها.
منذ صغره كان يحب عزف الموسيقى تعلم العزف على الغيتار وهو في سن الرابعة عشرة

مشواره المهني
عمل كومبارس صامت في مسلسل «الحيالة» وفيلم «شباب كول»
قام بالمشاركة في فيلم مع مجموعة من الأصدقاء ومنهم بدر الفيلكاوي وكان مؤلف ومخرج الفيلم واستمر في العمل لـ 3 أشهر ومن خلال هذه الفرصة اختارته الكاتبة فجر السعيد للعمل معها في مسلسل «عديل الروح» ومسلسل «دنيا القوي»
بدأ مسيرته في سن الثامنة عشرة من عمره في مسلسل دنيا القوي، توالت بعدها الأعمال عليه حيث حقق نجاحًا وشهرة كبيرة.
عام 2011م أطلق أغنية بعنوان ارجعلي خلاص ولاقت استحسان الجمهور، لكن لم يعتبر نفسه مطربًا وإنما يحب الغناء بمزاجه

حياته الأسرية
في الخامس والعشرين من ديسمبر عام 2014م تزوّج فؤاد مِن الممثلة والمخرجة الكويتية هيا عبد السلام بعد قصة حب.

أعماله

في المسرح

في التلفزيون

في السينما

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أردنيون مهاجرون إلى الكويت
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلون أردنيون
مواليد 1407 هـ
مواليد 1986

فؤاد علي


Chamoun, Chamun or Shamoun (Syriac: ܫܡܥܘܢ; Arabic: شمعون), is an Aramaic given name and family name and a variant of Symeon and Shimun.

Notable persons with that surname include:

List of persons with the surname

Chamoun family

Camille Chamoun (1900–1987), Lebanese politician, President of Lebanon from 1952 to 1958
Dany Chamoun (1934–1990), Lebanese politician, son of Camille Chamoun
Dory Chamoun (born 1931), Lebanese politician, son of Camille Chamoun
Tracy Chamoun (born 1962), Lebanese-Australian author and political activist, daughter of Dany Chamoun

Other persons
Chaouki Chamoun (born 1942), Lebanese artist
Jackie Chamoun (born 1991), Lebanese alpine skier
Sami Chamoun, Australian-born rugby league player of Lebanese origin
Takla Chamoun (born 1966)، Lebanese actress

List of persons with the given name
 Shamoun Hanna Haydo (before 1914–1963), Assyrian military leader

See also
Simeon, also Shimun
Shimun (disambiguation), also Shemon
Simon (disambiguation)

Given names
Surnames
Arabic-language surnames
Lebanese families

Chamoun


Georg Friedrich Creuzer (født 10. marts 1771 i Marburg, død 16. februar 1858 i Heidelberg) var en tysk filolog og arkæolog.

Et studieophold i Leipzig 1798 gav anledning til, at Creuzer, der oprindelig var teolog, med iver kastede sig over filologiske studier. I 1799 blev han privatdocent, 1802 ordentlig professor ved Universitetet i Marburg, hvorfra han 1804, efter at have udsendt skriftet Über die historische Kunst der Griechen (1803) blev kaldet til Universitetet i Heidelberg. Personlige sorger bevirkede, at Creuzer 1808 forlod denne by; men allerede næste år vendte han tilbage og forblev her resten af sit liv, fraregnet et par korte rejser. Især 1815-30 udøvede hans forelæsninger stor tiltrækning; 1845 tog han sin afsked, men vedblev med sine studeringer og sin forfattervirksomhed. Creuzer var en fantasifuld, spekulativ ånd, der let anlagde store synspunkter og byggede system, men ikke tilstrækkelig kritisk til at se, hvor løs den grund ofte var, hvorpå han byggede. Hans hovedværk, Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker besonders der Griechen (4 bind, 1810-22, 3. udgave 1836-43), vakte derfor med rette heftig modsigelse fra flere sider (Gottfried Hermann, Johann Heinrich Voss, Christian Lobeck). Af Creuzers øvrige arbejder kan nævnes: en udgave af Plotinos (3 bind, 1835) udarbejdet sammen med Georg Heinrich Moser, Commentationes Herodoteæ (1818), Zur Geschichte altrömischer Kultur am Oberrhein und Neckar (1833), Zur Gemmenkunde (1834), Das Mithreum von Neuenheim (1838), Zur Gallerie der alten Dramatiker (1839). Samlingerne af Creuzers afhandlinger foreligger i Deutsche Schriften (5 afdelinger, 1836-58), der også indeholder hans selvbiografi, og Opuscula selecta (1854).

Kilder

Arkæologer fra Tyskland
Filologer fra Tyskland

Friedrich Creuzer


Trabajo clandestino es una película inglesa, escrita y dirigida en 1982 por el director polaco Jerzy Skolimowski e interpretada en el papel principal por Jeremy Irons.

Argumento
Cuatro obreros polacos llegan a Inglaterra en diciembre de 1981, con un visado turístico de un mes cuando su verdadera intención es realizar un trabajo de dos meses de duración. Nowak (Jeremy Irons), el único de los cuatro que habla inglés, se entera por la televisión de que en Polonia, debido a las protestas del sindicato Solidaridad, se ha declarado el estado de excepción, pero decide no contárselo a sus compañeros. En la película se narra el desarraigo de los protagonistas polacos, que se hallan en situación ilegal en la Gran Bretaña.

Reparto
 Jeremy Irons, como Nowak.
 Eugene Lipinski, como Banaszak.
 Jirí Stanislav, como Wolski.
 Eugeniusz Haczkiewicz, como Kudaj.
 Edward Arthur, como el oficial de Inmigración.
 Denis Holmes, como un vecino.
 Renu Setna, como Junk, el dueño de la tienda.
 David Calder, como el gerente del supermercado
 Judy Gridley, como el supervisor del supermercado.
 Claire Toeman, como la cajera.

Premios
Obtuvo el premio al mejor guion en el Festival de Cannes de 1982

Películas dirigidas por Jerzy Skolimowski
Películas de 1982

Trabajo clandestino


الليشمانيا البرازيلية  أحد أنواع الليشمانيات من تحت جنس (ضرب) Viannia، وهو طفيلي وحيد خلية، ينتشر في عدد من بلدان أمريكا الجنوبية وهو أحد مسببات داء الليشمانيات الجلدي و داء الليشمانيات الجلدي المخاطي عند الإنسان في العالم الجديد. ينتقل المرض بواسطة حشرات من جنس اللوتزومية من أسرة الفواصد. المستودع الطبيعي للطفيلي غير معروف بالتأكيد، وقد تم عزله، عدا الإنسان، من الكلبيات والخيليات.

المراجع

طلائعيات طفيلية
مثقبيات

ليشمانيا برازيلية


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Glött

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Breitwiesmühle

|}

Heudorf

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Glött

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

 In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Glott
!

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Glött


Lara Christen, née le , est une joueuse suisse de hockey sur glace. Elle participe au Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 avec l'Équipe de Suisse féminine de hockey sur glace .

Biographie

Références

Joueuse suisse de hockey sur glace
Joueuse de hockey sur glace aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Naissance en octobre 2002

Lara Christen


ගණිතයේදී පරිමේය සංඛ්‍යාවක් පුර්ණ සංඛ්‍යා දෙකක අනුපාතයක් ලෙස හැදින්විය හැක. පරිපුර්ණ නොවන පරිමේය සංඛ්‍යා (සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හදුන්‍වන්නේ භාග වශයෙනි) සාමාන්‍ය භාග වශයෙන් ලියනු ලැබේ. එය a/b ආකරණය වන අතර එහි b ශුන්‍ය නොවේ. මෙහි a ලවය ලෙස හදුන්වන අතර b හරය ලෙස හදුන්වයි.
එක් පරිමේය සංඛ්‍යාවක් අපරිමිත ආකාර ගණනකට ලිවිය හැක. ඒ 3/6 = 2/4 = 1/2, නමුත් a හා b සංඛ්‍යා දෙකටම පොදු ගුණාකාරයක් පවතින විට සරළම ආකාරයෙන් තිබිය යුතු වේ. සෑම ශුන්‍ය නොවන පරිමේය සංඛ්‍යාවකටම මේ ආකාරයේ ධන හරයක් පවතී. භාග සංඛ්‍යාවක් තම සරළම ආකාරයෙන් පවතින විට එය සංක්ෂිප්ත කළ නොහැකි (irreducible) භාගයක් ලෙස හැදින්වේ.

පරිමේය සංඛ්‍යාවක දශමය ප්‍රකාශ කිරීම සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ආවර්තික වේ. (පරිමිත ප්‍රසාරණයේදී ව්‍යංගව එය අනුගමනය කරන ආවර්තික කොටස ඇති කරයි.) තවද එය එකට වඩා විශාල අවකල්‍ය පදයකටද සත්‍යවේ. තවද එහිදී පරිමේය සංඛ්‍යා, තාත්වික සංඛ්‍යාවලට වඩා පී - ඇඩික් සංඛ්‍යා (p-adic numbers) ලෙස සැලකීම සත්‍ය වේ. තවද තාත්වික සංඛ්‍යා පරිමේය සංඛ්‍යා නොවන අතර එය අපරිමේය සංඛ්‍යා ගනයට අයත් වේ.
හතරෙන් පංගුව (quarters)

ක්ෂේත්‍රයක් අඩංගු වන සියලු පරිමේය සංඛ්‍යාවල කුලකය  මඟින් අංකනය වේ. කුලක ගොඩනැංවීමේ නාමකරණය (set-builder notation) භාවිතයෙන් Q පහත පරිදි අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත.

ගණිතය
පරිමේය සංඛ්‍යා

පරිමේය සංඛ්‍යා


රමුක්කන සෙල්ලිපිය

රයිගම් අධිකාරිපත්තුවේ එනම් වත්මන් බණ්ඩාරගම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් බල පෙදෙසේ රමුක්කන රජ මහා විහාරයේ පිහිටා ඇත. බණ්ඩාරගම නගරය පසුකර කිලෝමීටර් එකහා මාරක් පමණ පානදුර දෙසට යන විට මෙම විහාරස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇත.

මෙම සෙල්ලිපිය ක්‍රිස්තුපූර්ව පළමුවන සියවසට අයත්වේ. රයිගම් කෝරළයේ පැරණිතම සෙල්ලිපියක ලෙස සැලකේ.

1997 දී විහාරයේ සිදුකරන ලද ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයන් සඳහා පොළව කණිද්දී පාළව යට තිබී හමු විය. කැළණි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා අංශයේ කතිකාචාර්ය රාජ සෝමදේව මහතා විසින් මේ සෙල්ලිපිය කියවා ර්ථ නීරූපනය කරන ලදී.

1............................... මවිහර මචිත තෙර සයුත බණක

2............................... විහාර සයත බණක හ මතන

................. මහා විහාරයේ  වෙසෙන සංයුක්ත භාණක වරයෙකු වූ මහා චිත්ත තෙරුන්  ................ විහාරයේ වෙසෙන සංයුක්ත භාණකගේ මව වූ නාග

මෙම ලිපියෙන් ඉතාම වැදගත් හෙළදරව්වක් සිදුවේ එනම් ක්‍රිස්තුපූර්ව පළමු සියවසේදී තරම් ඈත සමයක පවා රයිගම් කෝරළය ජනාවාස වී ඇති බවය. එපමනක් නොව ත්‍රිපිටකය කොටස් වශයෙන් කටපාඩමින් රැගෙන එන භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා රැකීමට තරම් දියුණු සමාජයක් මෙහි පැවති බවය.

මෙම සෙල්ලිපියේ දැක්වෙන සංයුක්ත භාණක වරු වනාහී ත්‍රිපිටකය ග්‍රංථාරූඩ කිරීමට පෙර සූත්‍ර පිටකයට අයත් දීඝ නිකාය, මජ්ජිම නිකාය, සංයුක්ත නිකාය, අංගුත්තර නිකාය, බුද්දක නිකාය ආදී සූත්‍ර කොටස් කටපාඩමින් රැගෙන ආ ගුරුකුල වල භාරකාර ස්වාමීන් වහන්සේ ලෙසින් සැළකේ. අට්ඨ කතාවල භාණක හිමිවරුන් ගැන කතා කෙරේ. ගෝණ ගල සෙල්ලිපියේත් තිස නම් භාණක හිමිනමක් ඇන කියවේ.

මෙම ලිපියේ කියැවෙන මහා චිත්ත තෙරුන් වහන්සේ මෙසේ ගුරුකුල භාර භාණක ස්වාමීන් වහන්සේ නමකි. මෙම ලිපියේ අක්ෂර රටාව අනුව වලගම්බා යුගයට හෝ ඉන් පෙර ආසන්න යුගයකට අයත් වන්නට ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කෙරේ.

මේ සමයේ මම භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා ධර්ම භාණ්ඩාගාරික හිමි වරු වූහ. ඔවුන්ට සිංහල සමාජයේ ඉහළ පිළිගැනීමක් ලැබී තිබිණ. මෙම භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා වාසය කළේ මහා විහාරයකය. අවාසනාවකට මෙම මහා විහාරයේ නම සඳහන්ව කොටස මැකී ඇත. සංයුක්ත භානුක තෙරුන් වහන්සේලා විශාල සමූහයක් ලෙසින් ගුරුකුලයක් ලෙසින් සිටි පව කියැවේ. මේ නිසා විශාල දායක පිරිසක්ද සිටිය යුතුය. එසේනම් ක්‍රිස්තුපූර්ව යුගයේ පවා රයිගම ප්‍රදේශ මනාව පාලනයවූ දියුණු ශස්ත්‍රීක පෙදෙස් වූ බව පැහැඳිළිය.

මෙහි එන සංයුක්ත භාණක මහා චිත්ත තෙරුන්වහන්සේගේ මෑණියන් වූ නාගා නමින් සටහනක් වේ. ඇතැම්විට ඕ තොමෝ විසින් විහාරයට කරන ලද පරිත්‍යාගයක් වෙනුවෙන් මෙම සෙල්ලිපිය සටහන් කලා වන්නට ඇත. රයිගම් කෝරළයේ ඇති පැරණිතම සෙල්ලිපිය මෙම රමුක්කන සෙල්ලිපියයි.

මූලාඝය රමුක්කන රජ මහා විහාර  පුවරු ලිපිය - රාජ්සෝමදේව සම්භාෂා 10 කලාපය (1999)

රමුක්කන සෙල්ලිපිය


Historien om jøder i Bolivia strækker sig fra uafhængighed Bolivia i 1825 til slutningen af det 19. århundrede. På det tidspunkt kom jødiske købmænd (både sefardiske og ashkenazim) til Bolivia, de fleste af dem giftede sig med lokale kvinder og stiftede familier, der blev flettet ind i det dominerende katolske samfund. Det var ofte tilfældet i de østlige egne af Santa Cruz, Tarija, Beni og Pando, hvor de jødiske købmænd ofte enten kom fra Brasilien eller fra Argentina.

I det 20. århundrede begyndte en væsentlig jødisk bosættelse i Bolivia. I 1905 bosatte en gruppe af russiske jøder, fulgt af argentinere, sig i Bolivia. I 1917 blev det anslået, at der kun var 20 til 25 bekendende jøder bor i landet. I 1933, da nazitiden i Tyskland startede, var der 30 jødiske familier. Den første enorme mængde af jødiske indvandrere var i 1930-erne, og der var skønnet 7.000 af dem ved udgangen af 1942. I løbet af 1940-erne emigrerede 2.200 jøder fra Bolivia. Men dem, som forblev, etablerede sine egne jødiske lokalsamfund i La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro, Santa Cruz, Sucre, Tarija og Potosí. Efter 2. verdenskrig kom en lille mængde af polske jøder til Bolivia. Siden 1939 fik det jødiske samfund en større stabilitet i landet.

I de seneste årtier er det jødiske samfund i Bolivia faldet markant, mange af dem migrerer til andre lande som Israel, USA, Brasilien og Argentina. Det jødiske samfund i Bolivia har ca. 500 medlemmer med en forstørret befolkning på 700, de fleste af dem ligger i La Paz, efterfulgt af Santa Cruz de la Sierra og Cochabamba, alle med egne synagoger.

Landbrugskolonier

Under en indvandringsbølge 1938-1940 fik jødiske flygtninge hjælp fra den tyske jødiske forretningsmand Moritz (Mauricio) Hochschild, som havde investeringer i Bolivia. Han hjalp med at få visum til jødiske immigranter fra Europa og hjalp med at oprette Sociedad de Proteccion en los Immigrantes Israelitas. I samarbejde med Sociedad Colonizadora de Bolivia bidrog Moritz Hochschild til at udvikle landbrugsprojekter i landdistrikter for jødiske flygtninge. Flygtningene stod dog over for mange vanskeligheder, og gårdene var aldrig i stand til at blive selvforsynende.

Antisemitisme

I de seneste årtier er graden af antisemitisme i Bolivia blevet øget betydeligt i forskellige grupper og på forskellige tidspunkter. Under administration af Germán Busch Becerra opnåede det jødiske samfund i 1930-erne en fast stabilitet. Men formændene, der efterfulgte Busch, var mindre begejstrede for jødisk indvandring og udviste antisemitisme flere gange, primært i byerne La Paz og Cochabamba, hvor der var angreb på jødiske virksomheder og fællesskabsagenturer. De religiøse bygninger var ikke fritaget angreb, da synagogen i Cochabamba midt i landet blev angrebet i 2014 og blev beskadiget af sten og angreb med molotovcocktails. Under Evo Morales' ledelse blev antisemitisme mere udtalt. I januar 2009 brød Morales' regering forbindelsen med Israel og erklærede den jødiske stat som en "terrorist- og folkedrabsstat". Ligeledes annullerede den bolivianske regering en aftale fra 1972, som tillod israelske borgere at besøge landet uden visum.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Jews from Bolivia

Jødisk historie
Folkeslag i Bolivia

Jøder i Bolivia


Haselbach ist ein Ortsteil von Rückersdorf im Landkreis Greiz in Thüringen.

Lage
Haselbach liegt nordöstlich von Rückersdorf nahe der Landesgrenze Sachsen-Thüringen und südlich von Ronneburg in einem mit Erosionsrinnen und Bachläufen versehenen Ackerbaugebiet. In der Nähe war das Uranbergbaugebiet der SDAG Wismut.

Geschichte
Am 5. Juni 1354 wurde das Dorf erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. 150 Einwohner besiedeln das von jeher landwirtschaftlich geprägte Dorf.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Greiz
Rückersdorf (Thüringen)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Greiz)
Ersterwähnung 1354
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Haselbach (Rückersdorf)


Tanay ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Rizal, in der Verwaltungsregion IV, Calabarzon. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ), die in 19 Barangays leben. Sie wird als Gemeinde der ersten Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen und als teilweise urbanisiert eingestuft.

Tanay liegt am östlichen Ufer des größten Binnensee der Philippinen, des Laguna de Bay. Ihre Nachbargemeinden sind Baras, Morong und Teresa im Westen, Antipolo City im Norden, General Nakar, Provinz Quezon, im Osten, Pililla und Santa Maria, Provinz Laguna, im Süden. Die Topographie der Stadt ist gekennzeichnet durch Flachländer in Ufernähe und die Ausläufer der Sierra Madre im Osten.

Teile des Marikina Watershed Forest Reserve liegen auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde.

Baranggays
Cayabu
Cuyambay
Daraitan
Katipunan-Bayani
Kay Buto (Pob.)
Laiban
Mag-Ampon (Pob.)
Mamuyao
Pinagkamaligan (Pob.)
Plaza Aldea (Pob.)
Sampaloc
San Andres
San Isidro (Pob.)
Santa Inez
Santo Niño
Tabing Ilog (Pob.)
Tandang Kutyo (Pob.)
Tinucan
Wawa (Pob.)

Weblink

Ort auf den Philippinen
Provinz Rizal

Tanay (Rizal)


Sir John McLeod Scarlett  (born 18 August 1948) is a British senior intelligence officer. He was Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 2004 to 2009. Prior to this appointment, he had chaired the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC).

Biography
Scarlett was born in Southwark. Fluent in French and Russian, Scarlett was educated at Epsom College and Magdalen College, Oxford, where in 1970 he received a first class degree in history.

In 1968, Scarlett was at Grosvenor Square during a protest against the Vietnam War in front of the United States Embassy and wrote to The Times at the time, criticising the police action.

Shortly afterward, in 1971, he was recruited by MI6 and served in Moscow, Nairobi (1973–1976), and Paris. In 1994, after a tit-for-tat row between the British and Russian authorities, Scarlett was expelled from Moscow where he had been MI6's station chief. He later became Director of Security and Public Affairs.

Joint Intelligence Committee

Scarlett took on the role of head of the JIC one week before the September 11 attacks.

The normally secretive intelligence services were thrust into the public gaze in the Summer of 2003 after the death of the eminent government weapons expert, Dr David Kelly. Kelly had been found dead in the Oxfordshire countryside near his home, after being exposed as the source of allegations that the government had "sexed-up" intelligence regarding existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The "classic case" was the claim that Iraq could launch Weapons of Mass Destruction "within 45 minutes of an order to do so"—Dr Kelly had privately dismissed this as "risible".

Scarlett gave evidence at the Hutton Inquiry into the circumstances surrounding Kelly's death. It became clear that Scarlett had worked closely with Alastair Campbell, then British Prime Minister Tony Blair's Director of Communications and Strategy, on the controversial September Dossier, with Campbell making drafting suggestions which the inquiry found may have "subconsciously influenced" Scarlett and the JIC. This influence may have had deleterious effects on the quality of the assessments presented in the dossier. For instance, the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament made several criticisms in their report "Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction: Intelligence and Assessments":

"As the 45 minutes claim was new to its readers, the context of the intelligence and any assessment needed to be explained. The fact that it was assessed to refer to battlefield chemical and biological munitions and their movement on the battlefield, not to any other form of chemical or biological attack, should have been highlighted in the dossier. The omission of the context and assessment allowed speculation as to its exact meaning. This was unhelpful to an understanding of this issue."

Scarlett became the head of SIS on 6 May 2004, before publication of the findings of the Butler Review. Although the review highlighted many failings in the intelligence behind the Iraq war and the workings of the Joint Intelligence Committee, it specifically stated that Scarlett should not resign as head of the Committee and SIS.

On 8 December 2009, Scarlett gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry. He denied he was under any pressure to "firm up" the September Dossier, and claimed there was "no conscious intention" to mislead about Iraq's weapons but it would have been "better" to have clarified battlefield munitions not missiles were meant.

On 26 June 2011, The Guardian reported on a memo from Scarlett to Blair's foreign affairs adviser, released under the Freedom of Information Act 2000, which referred to "the benefit of obscuring the fact that in terms of WMD Iraq is not that exceptional". The memo has been described as one of the most significant documents on the September dossier yet published as it is considered a proposal to mislead the public.

Post retirement
On 28 January 2011, Scarlett was appointed to the board of Times Newspapers Ltd, part of News International, which publishes The Times and The Sunday Times. He has previously been a governor of Epsom College, and is the former Chairman of the Bletchley Park Trust.

Honours and controversy
Scarlett was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1987 Birthday Honours and a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2001 New Year Honours.

He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 2007 New Year Honours. Scarlett, while Chairman of the JIC, was the principal author of the assessments on which the September Dossier was based, a document partly by which Tony Blair justified to Parliament the invasion of Iraq and which was later found to be "flawed" by the Butler Review.

In popular culture
In the 2022 ITVX miniseries Litvinenko, Scarlett was portrayed by Simon Paisley Day.

References

External links
 John Scarlett collected news and commentary at the Evening Standard

 The Observer Profile: John Scarlett, David Rose, The Observer, 9 May 2004
 Profile: John Scarlett: 'C' is for suspected crony in spying HQ, The Sunday Times, 9 May 2004
 MI6 – A Century in the Shadows (Part Three), 31 December 2010, 24:00, "In the final part of this series, Sir John Scarlett, the former head of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service talks about the interrogation of terrorist suspects and MI6's role in the run up to the war in Iraq."

1948 births
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
British spies against the Soviet Union
Post–Cold War spies
21st-century spies
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
People educated at Epsom College
Chairs of the Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)
Chiefs of the Secret Intelligence Service

John Scarlett


Waggner ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 George Waggner (1894–1984), US-amerikanischer Regisseur, Drehbuchautor, Produzent und Schauspieler
 Leah Waggner (1927–2015), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Prentiss Waggner (* 1990), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler

Siehe auch:
 Waggoner

Waggner


Dendrobaena est un genre de vers de terre de la famille des Lumbricidae et dont l'espèce type est Dendrobaena octaedra, le Lombric à queue octogonale. Originaire du Paléarctique, ce genre s'est exporté sur une grande partie de la planète.

En Europe, ses espèces appartiennent au groupe des épigés et vivent majoritairement dans la litière forestière riche en matière organique sur des sols parfois acides, mouillés et froids à l'instar de Dendrobaena attemsi, D. auriculata, D. illyrica, D. octaedra, et D. pygmea. Quant à D. hortensis et D. veneta, elles sont spécialisées dans la décomposition de l'écorce des arbres et se retrouvent dans le compost.

Systématique
Le genre Dendrobaena a été créé en 1874 par le naturaliste américain d'origine suédoise  (1847-1940).

Liste d'espèces

Selon  :

Publication originale

Notes et références

Références biologiques

Annélide (nom scientifique)
Lumbricidae

Dendrobaena


Lawangan é uma língua austronésia falada na Indonésia, em Kalimantan Central, na ilha de Bornéu.

A língua pertence ao ramo malaio-polinésio das línguas austronésias.

Lawangan é uma das línguas orientais Barito, um grupo de línguas ocidentais malaio-polinésias

Referências

Lawangan


Mining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from underneath, open pit, above, or on the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, and metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations, from exploration and discovery of the mineral resources, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure.

With the process of mineral extraction, some amount of waste and uneconomic material are generated, which are the primary source of pollution in the vicinity of mines. Mining activities, by their nature, cause a disturbance of the natural environment in and around which the minerals are located. Mining engineers must therefore be concerned not only with the production and processing of mineral commodities but also with the mitigation of damage to the environment both during and after mining as a result of the change in the mining area. Such industries go through stringent laws to control the pollution and damage caused to the environment and are periodically governed by the concerned departments.

History of mining engineering
From prehistoric times to the present, mining has played a significant role in the existence of the human race. Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone and ceramics and, later, metals found on or close to the Earth's surface. These were used to manufacture early tools and weapons. For example, high-quality flint found in northern France and southern England were used to set fire and break rock. Flint mines have been found in chalk areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by shafts and galleries. The oldest known mine on archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Eswatini. At this site, which radiocarbon dating indicates to be about 43,000 years old, paleolithic humans mined mineral hematite, which contained iron and was ground to produce the red pigment ochre.

The ancient Romans were innovators of mining engineering. They developed large-scale mining methods, such as the use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by numerous aqueducts for hydraulic mining. The exposed rock was then attacked by fire-setting, where fires were used to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. The thermal shock cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed. In some mines, the Romans utilized water-powered machinery such as reverse overshot water-wheels. These were used extensively in the copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, lifting water about .

Black powder was first used in mining in Banská Štiavnica, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Slovakia) in 1627.  This allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins, which was much faster than fire-setting. The Industrial Revolution saw further advances in mining technologies, including improved explosives and steam-powered pumps, lifts, and drills as long as they remained safe.

Education

There are many ways to become a Mining Engineer, but all include a university or college degree. Primarily, training includes a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in Mining Engineering. Depending on the country and jurisdiction, to be licensed as a mining engineer, a Master's degree; Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master of Science (M.Sc or M.S.) or Master of Applied Science (M.A.Sc.) may be required.
There are also mining engineers who have come from other disciplines, e.g., from engineering fields like Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Geomatics Engineering, Environmental Engineering or from science fields like Geology, Geophysics, Physics, Geomatics, Earth Science, Mathematics, However, this path requires taking a graduate degree such as M.Eng, M.S., M.Sc. or M.A.Sc. in Mining Engineering after graduating from a different quantitative undergraduate program to be qualified as a mining engineer.

The fundamental subjects of mining engineering study usually include:
Mathematics; Calculus, Algebra, Differential Equations, Numerical Analysis
Geoscience; Geochemistry, Geophysics, Mineralogy, Geomatics
Mechanics; Rock mechanics, Soil Mechanics, Geomechanics
Thermodynamics; Heat Transfer, Work (thermodynamics), Mass Transfer
Hydrogeology
Fluid Mechanics; Fluid statics, Fluid Dynamics
Geostatistics; Spatial Analysis, Statistics
Control Engineering; Control Theory, Instrumentation
Surface Mining; Open-pit mining
Underground mining (soft rock)
Underground mining (hard rock)
Computing; DATAMINE, MATLAB, Maptek (Vulcan), Golden Software (Surfer), MicroStation, Carlson
Drilling and blasting
Solid Mechanics; Fracture Mechanics

In the United States, about 14 universities offer a B.S. degree in mining and mineral engineering. The top rated universities include Michigan Technological University, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Virginia Tech, the University of Kentucky, the University of Arizona,  Pennsylvania State University, and Colorado School of Mines. A complete list can be accessed from smenet.org. Most of these universities offer M.S. and Ph.D. degrees as well.

In Canada, there are 19 undergraduate degree programs in mining engineering or equivalent. McGill University Faculty of Engineering offers both undergraduate (B.Sc., B.Eng.) and graduate (M.Sc., Ph.D.) degrees in Mining Engineering. and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver offers a Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in Mining Engineering and also graduate degrees (M.A.Sc. or M.Eng and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering.

In Europe, most programs are integrated (B.S. plus M.S. into one) after the Bologna Process and take five years to complete. In Portugal, the University of Porto offers an M.Eng. in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering and in Spain the Technical University of Madrid offers degrees in Mining Engineering with tracks in Mining Technology, Mining Operations, Fuels and Explosives, Metallurgy. In the United Kingdom, The Camborne School of Mines offers a wide choice of BEng and MEng degrees in Mining engineering and other Mining related disciplines. This is done through the University of Exeter. In Romania, the University of Petroșani (formerly known as the Petroşani Institute of Mines, or rarely as the Petroşani Institute of Coal) is the only university that offers a degree in Mining Engineering, Mining Surveying or Underground Mining Constructions, albeit, after the closure of Jiu Valley coal mines, those degrees had fallen out of interest for most high-school graduates.

In South Africa, leading institutions include the University of Pretoria, offering a 4-year Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng in Mining Engineering) as well as post-graduate studies in various specialty fields such as rock engineering and numerical modelling, explosives engineering, ventilation engineering, underground mining methods and mine design; and the University of the Witwatersrand offering a 4-year Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc.(Eng.)) in Mining Engineering as well as graduate programs (M.Sc.(Eng.) and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering.

Some mining engineers go on to pursue Doctorate degree programs such as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D., DPhil), Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng., Eng.D.). These programs involve a significant original research component and are usually seen as entry points into Academia.

In the Russian Federation, 85 universities in all federal districts are training specialists for the mineral resource sector. Thirty-six universities in all federal districts are training specialists for extracting and processing solid minerals (mining). Forty-nine universities in all federal districts are training specialists for extracting, primary processing and transporting liquid and gaseous minerals (oil and gas). Thirty-seven universities in all federal districts are training specialists for geological exploration (applied geology, geological exploration). Among the universities that train specialists for the mineral resource sector, 7 are federal universities, and 13 are national research universities of Russia. Personnel training for the mineral resource sector in Russian universities is currently carried out in the following main specializations of training (specialist's degree): "Applied Geology" with the qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training);  "Geological Exploration" with the qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); "Mining" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); "Physical Processes in Mining or Oil and Gas Production" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); "Oil and Gas Engineering and Technologies" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training). Universities develop and implement the main professional educational programs of higher education in the directions and specializations of training by forming their profile (name of the program). For example, within the framework of the specialization "Mining", universities often adhere to the classical names of the programs "Open-pit mining", "Underground mining of mineral deposits", "Surveying", "Mineral enrichment", "Mining machines", "Technological safety and mine rescue", "Mine and underground construction", "Blasting work", "Electrification of the mining industry", etc. In the last ten years, under the influence of various factors, new names of programs have begun to appear, such as: "Mining and geological information systems", "Mining ecology", etc. Thus, universities, using their freedom to form new training programs for specialists, can look to the future and try to foresee new professions of mining engineers. After the specialist's degree, you can immediately enroll in postgraduate school (analog of Doctorate degree programs, four years of training).

Salary and statistics
Mining salaries are usually determined by the level of skill required, where the position is, and what kind of organization the engineer works for. When comparing salaries from one region to another, the cost of living and other factors must be considered.

Mining engineers in India earn relatively high salaries in comparison to many other professions, with an average salary of $15,250. However, in comparison to mining engineer salaries in other regions, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, Indian salaries are low.  In the United States, there are an estimated 6,150 employed mining engineers, with a mean yearly wage of U.S. $103,710.

Pre-mining

Mineral exploration is the process of finding ores (commercially viable concentrations of minerals) to mine. Mineral exploration is much more intensive, organized, involved, and professional than mineral prospecting, though it frequently uses services exploration.

The first stage of mining consists of the processes of finding and exploring a mineral deposit. In the following first stage of mineral exploration, geologists and surveyors play a prominent role in the necessary pre-feasibility study of the possible mining operation. Mineral exploration and estimation of the reserve through various prospecting methods are carried out to determine the form and type of mining required in addition to the profitability conditions.

Mineral discovery
Once a mineral discovery has been made and determined to be of sufficient economic quality to mine, mining engineers will then work on developing a plan to mine this effectively and efficiently.

The discovery can be made from the research of mineral maps, academic geological reports, or local, state, and national geological reports. Other sources of information include property essays and local word of mouth. Mineral research usually includes sampling and analyzing sediments, soil, and drill core. Soil sampling and analysis is one of the most popular mineral exploration tools. Common tools include satellite and airborne photographs or airborne geophysics, including magnetometric and gamma-spectrometric maps. Unless the mineral exploration is done on public property, the owners of the property may play a significant role in the exploration process. They might be the original discoverer of the mineral deposit.

Mineral determination
After a prospective mineral is located, the mining geologist and engineer determine the ore properties. This may involve chemical analysis of the ore to determine the sample's composition. Once the mineral properties are identified, the next step is determining the quantity of the ore. This involves determining the extent of the deposit and the purity of the ore. The geologist drills additional core samples to find the limits of the deposit or seam and calculates the quantity of valuable material present in the warranty.

Feasibility study

Once the mineral identification and reserve amount are reasonably determined, the next step is to determine the feasibility of recovering the mineral deposit. A preliminary survey shortly after the discovery of the deposit examines the market conditions, such as the supply and demand of the mineral, the amount of ore needed to be moved to recover a certain quantity of that mineral, and analysis of the cost associated with the operation. This pre-feasibility study determines whether the mining project is likely to be profitable; if so, a more in-depth analysis of the deposit is undertaken. After the full extent of the ore body is known and has been examined by engineers, the feasibility study examines the cost of initial capital investment, methods of extraction, the cost of operation, an estimated length of time to pay back, the gross revenue and net profit margin, any possible resale price of the land, the total life of the reserve, the full value of the account, investment in future projects, and the property owner or owners' contract. In addition, environmental impact, reclamation, possible legal ramifications, and all government permitting are considered. These steps of analysis determine whether the mining company should proceed with the extraction of the minerals or whether the project should be abandoned. The mining company may decide to sell the rights to the reserve to a third party rather than develop it themselves. Alternatively, the decision to proceed with extraction may be postponed indefinitely until market conditions become favorable.

Mining operation
Mining engineers working in an established mine may work as an engineer for operations improvement, further mineral exploration, and operation capitalization by determining where in the mine to add equipment and personnel. The engineer may also work in supervision and management or as an equipment and mineral salesperson. In addition to engineering and operations, the mining engineer may work as an environmental, health, and safety manager or design engineer.

The act of mining required different methods of extraction depending on the mineralogy, geology, and location of the resources. Characteristics such as mineral hardness, the mineral stratification, and access to that mineral will determine the method of extraction.

Generally, mining is either done from the surface or underground. Mining can also occur with surface and covert operations on the same reserve. Mining activity varies as to what method is employed to remove the mineral.

Surface mining
Surface mining comprises 90% of the world's mineral tonnage output. Also called open pit mining, surface mining removes minerals in formations near the surface. Ore retrieval is done by material removal from the land in its natural state. Surface mining often alters the land's characteristics, shape, topography, and geological makeup.

Surface mining involves quarrying and excavating minerals through cutting, cleaving, and breaking machinery. Explosives are usually used to facilitate breakage. Hard rocks such as limestone, sand, gravel, and slate are generally quarried into benches.

Using mechanical shovels, track dozers, and front-end loaders, strip mining is done on softer minerals such as clays and phosphate removed. Smoother coal seams can also be extracted this way.

With placer mining, dredge mining can also remove minerals from the bottoms of lakes, rivers, streams, and even the ocean. In addition, in-situ mining can be done from the surface using dissolving agents on the ore body and retrieving the ore via pumping. The pumped material is then set to leach for further processing. Hydraulic mining is utilized as water jets to wash away either overburden or the ore itself.

Mining process
 Blasting
 Explosives are used to break up a rock formation and aid in the collection of ore in a process called blasting.  Blasting generally the heat and immense pressure of the detonated explosives to shatter and fracture a rock mass. The type of explosives used in mining is high explosives, which vary in composition and performance properties.  The mining engineer is responsible for selecting and properly placing these explosives to maximize efficiency and safety.  Blasting occurs in many phases of the mining process, such as the development of infrastructure and the production of the ore. An alternative to high explosives are Cardox blasting cartridges, invented in 1931, and extensively used from 1932 in coal mines. The cartridge contains an 'energizer' which heats liquid carbon dioxide until it ruptures a bursting disk; then, a physical explosion of the supercritical fluid.
 Leaching
 Leaching is the loss or extraction of certain materials from a carrier into a liquid (usually, but not always, a solvent). Mostly used in rare-earth metal extraction.
 Flotation
 Flotation (also spelled floatation) involves phenomena related to the relative buoyancy of minerals. It is the most widely used metal separating method.
 Electrostatic separation
 Separating minerals by electro-characteristic differences.
 Gravity separation
 Gravity separation is an industrial method of separating two components, either a suspension or dry granular mixture, where separating the components with gravity is sufficiently practical.
 Magnetic separation
 Magnetic separation is a process in which magnetically susceptible material is extracted from a mixture using a magnetic force.
 Hydraulic separation
 Hydraulic separation is a process that uses the density difference to separate minerals. Before hydraulic separation, minerals were crushed into uniform sizes; minerals with uniform sizes and densities will have different settling velocities in water, which can be used to separate target minerals.

Mining health and safety

Legal attention to Mining Health and Safety began in the late 19th century. In the subsequent 20th century, it progressed to a comprehensive and stringent codification of enforcement and mandatory health and safety regulation. In whatever role, a mining engineer must follow all federal, state, and local mine safety laws.

United States

The United States Congress, through the passage of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, known as the Miner's Act, created the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) under the US Department of Labor.

This comprehensive Act provides miners with rights against retaliation for reporting violations, consolidated regulation of coal mines with metallic and nonmetallic mines, and created the independent Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission to review MSHA's reported violations.

The Act codified in Code of Federal Regulations § 30 (CFR § 30) covers all miners at an active mine. When mining engineer works at an active mine, they are subject to the same rights, violations, mandatory health and safety regulations, and compulsory training as any other worker at the mine. The mining engineer can be legally identified as a "miner."

The Act establishes the rights of miners. The miner may report at any time a hazardous condition and request an inspection. The miners may elect a miners' representative to participate during an inspection, pre-inspection meeting, and post-inspection conference. The miners and miners' representatives shall be paid for their time during all inspections and investigations.

Mining and the environment

United States

Land reclamation is regulated for surface and underground mines according to the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. The law creates as a part of the Department of Interior, the Bureau of Surface Mining (OSM). OSM states on its website, "OSM is charged with balancing the nation's need for continued domestic coal production with protection of the environment."

The law requires that states set up their own Reclamation Departments and legislate laws related to reclamation for coal mining operations. The states may impose additional regulations and regulate other minerals in addition to coal for land reclamation.

See also

School of mines
Underground construction
Automated mining
Geological engineering

Footnotes

Further reading

 Eric C. Nystrom, Seeing Underground: Maps, Models, and Mining Engineering in America. Reno, NV: University of Reno Press, 2014.
 Franklin White. Miner with a Heart of Gold: a biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook)

External links
 SME (Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration), publishes the monthly magazine Mining Engineering
 U.S. Department of Labor:  Mining and geological engineers
 British Geological Survey Mineral Processing
 Turkısh Mining Engineers
 Mineral Exploration Properties of Turkey
 DATAMINE (Datamine is a provider of the technology and the services required to plan and manage mining operations seamlessly.) Mining Software
 Mineral Exploration Mapping
 Mining Science and Technologies in Russia

Engineering disciplines

Mining engineering


Radio Swiss Classic švicarska je radijska postaja koja emitira isključivo klasičnu glazbu. Oko polovice glazbenog programa vezana je za Švicarsku (izvođači ili skladatelji). Ogranak je švicarske nacionalne radiotelevizijske mreže SRG SSR.

SRG SSR

SRG SSR švicarska je nacionalna radiotelevizijska mreža. Naziv je kratica za "Švicarsko udruženje radija i televizije" na četirima službenim jezicima Švicarske: njemačkom Schweizerische Radio- und Fernsehgesellschaft, francuskom Société suisse de radiodiffusion et télévision, talijanskom Società svizzera di radiotelevisione i romanšu Societad Svizra da Radio e Televisiun. Sjedište udruženja je u Bernu, a program se provodi preko regionalnih centara, prema jeziku emitiranja:
 njemački: Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) iz studija u Zürichu, Baselu i Bernu
 francuski: Radio télévision suisse (RTS) iz Ženeve i Lausanne
 talijanski: Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana (RSI) iz Lugana
 romanš: Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha (RTR) iz Chura.

Uz regionalne centre, mreža uključuje i SWI swissinfo.ch, službu vijesti na deset jezika na internetu.

Radio Swiss Classic

Radijska postaja Radio Swiss Classic ogranak je mreže SRG SSR koja svakodnevno 24 sata emitira klasičnu glazbu. Na programu nema govornih emisija, ne emitiraju se vijesti niti reklame, jer je Radio Swiss Classic program od posebnog značaja i financira se od pristojbe koju stanovnici Švicarske plaćaju za nacionalnu radiotelevizijsku mrežu. Rijetka je iznimka najava nekog glazbenog događaja u Švicarskoj. Noćni program Notturno postaje Radio Swiss Classic preuzimaju postaje SRF2 Kultur i Rete Due.

Prema podatcima neovisne zaklade "Mediapulse" koja službeno mjeri statistiku korištenja radija i televizije u Švicarskoj, u 2018. godini udio postaje Radio Swiss Classic bio je 1,3 % radijskog tržišta u Švicarskoj. Dnevno je ovu postaju slušalo 140 tisuća ljudi uz prosječno vrijeme provedeno na slušanju od 81 minute.

Povijest

Radio Swiss Classic nasljednik je nekadašnjeg posebnog programa pod imenom Classic koji je emitiran u Švicarskoj između 1956. i 1998. godine preko telefonskih priključaka. Pod sadašnjim imenom jedan je od tri programa koje emitira ogranak Swiss Satellite Radio sa sjedištem u Baselu. Sestrinski programi su Radio Swiss Pop i Radio Swiss Jazz.

Emitiranje

Program postaje Radio Swiss Classic emitira se iz studija u Baselu, preko sljedećih medija (poredani po pokrivenosti):

Internetski radio

Emitiranje preko interneta omogućava slušanje radija u cijelom svijetu. Program se isporučuje u takozvanom streamingu. Formati reprodukcije su aacPlus (96 kbps i 32 kbps) i MP3 (128 kbps) te se mogu primati bilo kojim računalnim programom za slušanje internetskog radija ili iz preglednika, posebno urađenim aplikacijama za mobilne uređaje te samostalnim (hardverskim) prijemnikom koji može primati program s interneta.

Preko satelita

Program se emitira preko satelita Eutelsat Hot Bird 13C po standardu DVB-S2. Ovim načinom program se uz odgovarajuću opremu može primati u Europi.

Zemaljsko emitiranje

Radio Swiss Classic jedan je od pionira emitiranja digitalnog radija. Digitalni radio u formatu DAB+ (digital audio broadcasting), koji je zamijenio analogni FM-radio, ima preko 100 programa i pokriva skoro cijeli teritorij Švicarske (99 %) te pogranična područja susjednih zemalja.

Preko kabela

U Švicarskoj se Radio Swiss Classic može primati preko kabela s priključka zajedničke antene u zgradama. Pružatelji usluga IPTV-a također u ponudi imaju Radio Swiss Classic i u tom slučaju područje emitiranja nije ograničeno samo na Švicarsku.

Sadržaj programa

Program služi promicanju švicarske glazbe te oko polovica programa ima neku vezu sa Švicarskom. Takva djela u programu na službenoj mrežnoj stranici uz naslove imaju oznaku "(CH)". Najčešće su to izvođači (solisti ili orkestri), jer svi regionalni centri SRG SSR-a imaju bogatu glazbenu produkciju, dok je samo pokoji skladatelj iz Švicarske. Program, osim suvremene, obuhvaća sva razdoblja klasične glazbe.

Radio Swiss Classic je proveo opsežna istraživanja na temelju kojih sastavlja svoj program, uvažavajući i mišljenje slušatelja. Program je koncipiran tako da se u svakom satu emitira najmanje jedno veće integralno djelo (na primjer koncert ili simfonija), a u ostalo vrijeme su ili manja djela (npr. sonate, valceri, rapsodije) ili dijelovi većih djela (npr. pojedini stavci, uvertire, arije). Sastav programa također ovisi i o dobu dana, jutrom su to življa kraća djela, a s večeri duža i mirnija. Tijekom godine program je ujednačen, izuzetak je božićni program u razdoblju oko Božića.

Posebnost programa je da uz sva djela najavljivači daju kratke informacije o izvedbi djela te o skladatelju ako je manje poznat. Koriste se tri jezika, njemački, francuski i talijanski, koji su svaki na svom kanalu te slušatelj po svom afinitetu može izabrati odgovarajući. Međutim, program se ne emitira uživo, već su najave snimljene i pridodaju se glazbi.

Slogan radija je "MUSIC. PURE." (u smislu "samo muzika"). To znači da je govor sveden na najmanju moguću mjeru radi što manjeg ometanja slušatelja. Kao što je već navedeno, na radiju nema vijesti niti reklama. Uz najave i odjave djela, jedini govor javlja se još u džinglovima. Za razliku od drugih radija, na kojima su česti i bombastični, na ovoj se postaji džinglovi emitiraju samo jednom u pauzi između djela oko punog sata. To je obično naziv postaje Radio Swiss Classic, ili po potrebi naziv bloka (npr. "slušate notturno, noćni program") i imena najavljivača.

Osoblje

Osoblje radija sačinjavaju šesteročlana redakcija i najavljivači na trima jezicima.

Izvori
 Službena stranica Radio Swiss Classic, www.radioswissclassic.ch     (pristupljeno: 18. travnja 2019.)
 Popis servisa mreže SRG SSR na službenoj stranici www.srgssr.ch       (pristupljeno: 5. travnja 2019.)
 Godišnji rezultati istraživanja (Jahresberichte) zaklade "Mediapulse" sa stranice www.mediapulse.ch   (pristupljeno: 19. srpnja 2019.)
 "SRG SSR objedinjuje upravljanje" (SRG SSR vereinheitlicht Markenführung) sa stranice www.designtagebuch.de  (objavljeno: 3. lipnja 2010., pristupljeno: 5. travnja 2019.)

Radijske postaje
Švicarska

Radio Swiss Classic


تقاطع طرق في العاصمة القديمة  هو الفلم السابع للمحقق كونان, عرض سنة 2003.

القصة

هيجي هاتوري وهو متحري الغرب يبحث عن صديقته التي شاهدها تغني في أحد المعابد في مدينة كيوتو, صديقته هي هي نفسها ابنة خاله كازوها توياما, عند بحثه عنها يجد كونان ورفاقه في مدينة كيوتو لأنهم جائوا للبحث عن إحدى العصابات التي سرقت تمثال من أحد المعابد. في النهاية يكتشف زعيم تلك العصابة بأن كرة الكريستال المفقودة من التمثال هي بحوزة هيجي فيقوم باختطاف كازوها كرهينة مقابل الكريستالة، يصل سينشي كودو متنكر بشكل هيجي هاتوري ويكشف ملابسات الجريمة ثم يشعر سينشي بالالم ثم يأتي هيجي متنكر بأحد حارسي المعبد ثم ضربه ضربة خفيفة ثم اكتشف انه سينشي وذهب للغابة ولاقى ران ثم خدرها بساعته لانه لا يستطيع التقلص أمامها ثم يأتي موري برفقته ايومي وجينتا وميتسو والمفتش ميگوري والضابط شيراتوري ويوقظونها يحاول هيجي ان ينقذ كازوها ولكن العصابة تهزمه. يلجأ إلى داخل المعبد أين يبحث عن سيف بطل ياباني قديم اسمه «بينكي» ولكن هناك المئات من الرفوف. بمساعدة كازوها يتمكن هيجي من إيجاد السيف في درجه بعد أن قام بحل لغز تقاطع طرق كيوتو. ثم يأتي توغو وأصحابه للمعبد ويقبضون على العصابة.

في نهاية الفلم يكتشف هيجي أن كازوها هي نفسها تلك الفتاة الصغيرة التي شاهدها تغني في المعبد. وقد قام سينشي بالتكر على شكل هيجي لانقاذ كازوها ولكنه كُشف وعندما كان على وشك التقلص ليعود كونان طلب منه هيجي الاختباء في الغابة وهناك التقى بران موري

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

موقع أفلام المتحري كونان.

أفلام أخرجها كينجي كوداما
أفلام أنمي 2003
أفلام إنتاج 2003
أفلام المحقق كونان
أفلام باللغة اليابانية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في كيوتو
أفلام توهو
أفلام رسوم متحركة من توهو
أفلام يابانية إنتاج 2003
أفلام يابانية
تي أم أس إنترتنيمنت

المحقق كونان: تقاطع طرق في العاصمة القديمة


O Caso Francischini consiste em um conjunto de precedentes judiciais produzidos pelo Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) e pela Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) que foram os primeiros a punirem no Brasil um político pela conduta de disseminação de notícias fraudulentas (Fake News).

As decisões judiciais que vem sendo tomadas nesse caso vem representando uma inovação jurisprudencial na qual foi constatado um conflito entre diferentes direitos fundamentais, tais como o direito à liberdade de expressão, à segurança jurídica e ao acesso à informação, bem como tem ganho notoriedade nacional por envolver um debate sobre as prerrogativas e limites da atuação judicial no combate à desinformação e ao abuso eleitoral.

Histórico

Antecedentes
Em uma perspectiva mundial, a divulgação da desinformação e das fake news no contexto eleitoral começou a ganhar destaque após as eleições presidenciais americanas de 2016, quando a avalanche de notícias fraudulentas atribuídas às campanhas de Donald Trump, em maior número, e de Hillary Clinton, em menor número, teriam sido decisivas no resultado final daquele processo eleitoral.

No Brasil, a discussão sobre a desinformação eleitoral surge com força durante as eleições gerais de 2018, quando diversas ações foram ajuizadas na Justiça Eleitoral brasileira, especialmente acusando candidatos que na época espalhavam informações falsas ou fraudulentas que buscavam abalar a confiança pública no sistema electrónico de votação e nas autoridades do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE).

Em maio de 2018, o canal de informações UOL noticiou que o deputado federal Fernando Francischini (PSL), eleito pelo estado do Paraná, havia destinado recursos públicos de sua quota parlamentar, num total de 24 mil reais, a uma empresa denominada Novo Brasil Empreendimentos Digitais, a qual era responsável por gerenciar uma rede de sites destinados a difundir "fake news", tais como a Folha Política.

Em 07 de outubro de 2018, dia das eleições gerais naquele ano, o candidato Fernando Francischini, que na época ocupava o cargo de deputado federal e estava concorrendo ao cargo de deputado estadual para a Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná (ALEP), realizou uma live em medias de redes sociais na qual propagou a informação falsa de que duas urnas supostamente estavam fraudadas e não aceitavam votos no então candidato à Presidência da República Jair Bolsonaro (PSL). De acordo com dados da justiça eleitoral, constatou-se que esse vídeo, ao ser transmitido pela Internet, alcançou imediatamente 70 mil pessoas e, até meados de novembro do mesmo ano, registrava 6 milhões de visualizações, além de 400 mil compartilhamentos.

Por causa dessa acção do referido candidato, o Ministério Público (MP) eleitoral no estado do Paraná ajuizou a ação de investigação judicial eleitoral na justiça eleitoral paranaense, alegando que esse candidato estaria supostamente fazendo uso indevido dos meios de comunicação e praticando abuso de autoridade, violando o previsto do artigo 22 da Lei das Inelegibilidades. Essa acção foi inicialmente rejeitada pelo Tribunal Regional Eleitoral do Paraná (TRE-PR), ao julgá-la improcedente.

O MP eleitoral recorreu dessa decisão da justiça paranaense apresentando recurso ordinário eleitoral perante o TSE.

Casos semelhantes
Em reportagem da BBC News Brasil divulgada em 22 de outubro de 2018, a equipe jornalística havia apurado que das 111 investigações que o Ministério Público eleitoral realizava no período, apenas uma envolvia à difusão de fake news para fins eleitorais que foi a investigação instaurada em 11 de outubro de 2018 pelo procurador da república Marcelo da Mota, vinculado ao Ministério Público Federal de Santa Catarina.

Também em 2018, haviam sido ajuizadas diversas ações na justiça eleitoral visando a cassação da chapa Bolsonaro-Mourão à presidência e vice-presidência da República, sendo que quatro delas tinham como objeto a difusão de fake news para atacar outros candidatos e também irregularidade na contratação da prestação de serviços de disparos de mensagens em massa por aplicativos de mensagens instantâneas, tais como o WhatsApp, e uma delas tinha como objeto o uso indevido dos meios de comunicação.

Jurisprudência dos Tribunais Superiores

RO 0603975-98 no Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE)

O TSE julgou o Recurso Ordinário nº 0603975-98, ajuizado pelo Ministério Público eleitoral no estado do Paraná, em 28 de outubro de 2021, tendo decidido reverter a decisão do TRE-PR e, então, condenou o candidato processado pela conduta de propagação de desinformação contra as urnas eletrônicas, prática que se caracterizaria pelo uso indevido dos meios de comunicação, além dos abusos de poder político e de autoridade, todas práticas ilegais que seriam proibidas pelo artigo 22 da Lei Complementar nº 64/1990 (Lei das inelegibilidades).

Tendo sido relatado pelo ministro Luis Felipe Salomão que votou pela condenação do candidato processado Fernando Francischini, esse precedente judicial foi produzido pela corte superior da justiça eleitoral por uma ampla maioria dos ministros, cuja votação foi contabilizada em seis votos pela condenação e um pela absolvição do acusado.

Votação dos Ministros

Decisão
O TSE julgou que Fernando Francischini cometeu crimes eleitorais ao utilizar o seu perfil pessoal no Facebook para promover ataques contra as urnas eletrônicas, incidindo nas práticas proibidas pelo artigo 22 da Lei das Inelegibilidades, tendo o Tribunal decidido pela cassação do parlamentar e sua inelegibilidade por oito anos, a contar da data da eleição em 2018.

Ações processuais no Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF)

TPA 39 no STF
Em 23 de fevereiro de 2022, o candidato cassado pelo TSE impetrou no Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) uma ação com um pedido de liminar provisória para que o Poder Judiciário atuasse diante de uma situação que seria considerada como de urgência. Trata-se da Tutela Provisória Antecedente (TPA) nº 39 que foi protocolada nos autos de uma ação processual que já tramitava na 2ª Turma do STF, a Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) nº 761, cujo relator é o ministro Kassio Nunes Marques.

O ministro Nunes Marques proferiu uma decisão monocrática em que ele deferiu a liminar ajuizada por Fernando Francischini em 02 de junho de 2022, decidindo pela suspensão do acórdão do TSE, o que resultaria na restauração da validade do mandato do parlamentar da Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Paraná que havia sido cassado pela corte eleitoral.

No dia 07 de junho de 2022, o relator do processo submeteu sua decisão para referendo pela Segunda Turma do STF. Apesar de relatado pelo ministro Kassio Nunes Marques, voto que foi acompanhado pelo ministro André Mendonça, Luiz Edson Fachin apresentou um voto (no jargão jurídico voto-vista) em que divergia do relator Nunes Marques, defendendo que fosse mantido o acórdão do TSE e que Fernando Francischini permanece cassado. Essa divergência foi acompanhada pelos ministros Ricardo Lewandowski e Gilmar Mendes, de modo que a votação foi contabilizada em três votos pela derrubada da decisão monocrática de Nunes Marques com a manutenção da decisão do TSE que condenou Francischini, enquanto dois votos eram pela confirmação dessa decisão com a devolução do mandato ao deputado cassado..

Votação do referendo da liminar dada pelo relator pelos Ministros da 2ª Turma

Repercussão e reações

Repercussões em outros casos ou situações semelhantes
Os fatos ocorridos nas eleições de 2018 envolvendo a disseminação de fake news levaram o TSE a também produzir uma jurisprudência sobre a realização de disparos em massa dessas informações falsas sobre o processo eleitoral brasileiro. Isso ocorreu durante o julgamento das ações de investigação judicial eleitoral 0601968-80 e 0601771-28, que envolviam a chapa presidencial Bolsonaro-Mourão, vencedora das eleições presidenciais de 2018, e a realização disparos em massa de fake news por meio do aplicativo Whatsapp. No julgamento dessas ações, o TSE decidiu que a veiculação de disparos em massa por meio de plataforma de redes sociais pode caracterizar uso indevido dos meios de comunicação, apto a gerar a perda de mandato ou cassação do registro eleitoral.

Regulação das fake news pelo TSE
Em 14 de dezembro de 2021, o TSE alterou a Resolução nº 23.610/2019, editada originalmente para disciplinar a propaganda eleitoral, a utilização e geração do horário gratuito, bem como as condutas ilícitas em campanha eleitoral, modificando um dos artigos previstos e incluindo outro com o propósito de melhor regular o enfrentamento da desinformação na propaganda eleitoral (artigos 9º e 9º-A).

Em 20 de outubro de 2022, o TSE aprovou uma resolução (Resolução nº 23.714/2022), com a unanimidade de seus ministros, em que busca tornar mais efetivo o combate à desinformação no processo eleitoral, ao tornar mais ágil a remoção de conteúdo falso ou fraudulento da Internet. Dentre as regras previstas nessa resolução, constam as seguintes:

Reações de juristas
 Lenio Streck: o jurista Lenio Luiz Streck, advogado, procurador de justiça aposentado do Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul, professor de Direito Constitucional e doutor em direito pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), afirmou que "Não há nada que obste a decisão do TSE sobre o caso Fransceschini. O TSE não está legislando. Está aplicando Direito Sancionador".
 Marina A. Moraes: a jurista Marina Moraes, advogada e mestra em Ciência Política pela Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), entendeu que o TSE teria violado o princípio da anualidade eleitoral, ao afirmar que o TSE teria modificado sua jurisprudência ao julgar o caso de Francischini. E, para ela, o Tribunal deveria determinar no seu acórdão que essa posição somente deveria ser considerada válida a partir das eleições seguintes.

Ver também
 Fake news
 Desinformação
 Imunidade parlamentar
 Justiça eleitoral
 Liberdade de expressão

Comunicação
Eleições
Processos judiciais no Brasil
Supremo Tribunal Federal
Tribunal Superior Eleitoral

Caso Francischini


Omul de răchită  (titlu original: The Wicker Man) este un film de groază britanic din 1973 regizat de Robin Hardy. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Edward Woodward, Christopher Lee, Diane Cilento, Ingrid Pitt și Britt Ekland. A primit Premiul Saturn pentru cel mai bun film de groază.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Edward Woodward - Sgt. Howie
 Christopher Lee - Lord Summerisle
 Diane Cilento - Miss Rose
 Britt Ekland - Willow MacGregor
 Ingrid Pitt - Librarian
 Lindsay Kemp - Alder MacGregor (the landlord)
 Russell Waters - Harbour Master
 Aubrey Morris - Old Gardener/Gravedigger
 Irene Sunter - May Morrison
 Donald Eccles - T.H. Lennox
 Walter Carr - School Master
 Roy Boyd - Broome
 Peter Brewis - Musician
 Geraldine Cowper - Rowan Morrison
 John Sharp - Doctor Ewan
 John Hallam - Police Constable McTaggart
 Tony Roper - Postman

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 1973
Filme britanice
Filme în limba engleză
Filme de groază din anii 1970
Premiul Saturn pentru cel mai bun film de groază

Omul de răchită (film din 1973)


Spomen-crkva Našašća Sv. Križa u Zrinu je rimokatolička spomen-crkva u selu Zrinu, Hrvatska.

Podignuta je na mjestu stare crkve koja je imala istog zaštitnika, a koja je srušena u četničko-partizanskom pohodu na Malu Gospu 1943. godine (9. i 10. rujna). Svečani blagoslov crkve bio je 14. rujna 2019. godine. Crkveno je zvono tad prvi put zazvonilo nakon više od 76 godina, od 8. rujna 1943. godine.

Misno slavlje i blagoslov crkve predvodio je zagrebački nadbiskup kardinal Josip Bozanić u zajedništvu s domaćim biskupom Vladom Košićem, krčkim biskupom Ivicom Petanjkom (podrijetlom iz ovog kraja), bjelovarsko-križevačkim biskupom Vjekoslavom Huzjakom, pomoćnim zagrebačkim biskupima Ivanom Šaškom i Mijom Gorskim, ravnateljem Zaklade za gradnju crkve u Zrinu mons. Markom Cvitkušićem te tridesetak svećenika. Tom prigodom ploče s imenima 291 ubijenog Zrinjanina, na pročelju crkve, otkrili su svjedoci tih događaja Stjepan Petanjak i Andrija Feketić.

Ova obljetnica okupila je i nekoliko tisuća hodočasnika pristiglih iz cijele Hrvatske, a ponajviše prognanih Zrinjana i njihovih potomaka. Slavlju su nazočili i brojne osobe iz političkog i kulturnog života Republike Hrvatske i Sisačko-moslavačke županije.

Nova spomen-crkva je sagrađena u suvremenom stilu i nije ista kao stara crkva na čijem je mjestu podignuta.

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Zrin

Spomen-crkva Našašća Sv. Križa u Zrinu


An Aechmea veitchii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Aechmea veitchii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea veitchii


حي السليمانية هو من أحد أحياء شمال مدينة الرياض. ويعتبر المركز التجاري لمدينة الرياض. ويعد من أفخم الأحياء السكنية والأعلى سعرا في البيع أو الإيجار مقارنة ببقية أحياء الرياض. يزخر حي السليمانية بالمقاهي والأسواق التجارية والماركات والمطاعم العالمية والفنادق  والمراكز والمساكن الفاخرة. ويعد مكان تجمع الشبان لإظهار واستعراض أفخم السيارات. كما يقام فيه المهرجانات الوطنية المجدولة برعاية أمانة مدينة الرياض، يتميز حي السليمانية بطبقته المخملية إلى المتوسطة. حيث أن أغلب سكان هذا الحي من التجار والمسؤولين ومدراء الشركات العالمية الكبرى من المواطنين والوافدين، وهذا ما يبرر أسعاره المرتفعة. كما أن حي السليمانية يعتبر من الأحياء المفضلة للسكن عند الجاليات العربية القادمة من دول الشام ذات الطبقة المتوسطة إلى المرتفعة.

أشهر الشوارع

 شارع التحلية (الأمير محمد بن عبد العزيز)
 شارع الثلاثين (الأمير سلطان بن عبد العزيز)
 شارع العليا العام والذي يحده من جهة الغرب
 شارع الضباب والذي يحده من جهة الشرق

المراجع

أحياء الرياض

حي السليمانية (الرياض)


El programa Next-Generation Bomber (Bombardero de Próxima Generación), anteriormente llamado 2018 Bomber, fue un programa para desarrollar un nuevo bombardero medio para la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos. Originalmente estaba proyectado para entrar en servicio en torno al año 2018 como un sistema modelo "B-3" de carga media, medio alcance, subsónico y un muy alto grado de invisibilidad para aumentar y posiblemente en un grado limitado reemplazar la anticuada flota de bombarderos de la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos.

El 24 de junio de 2010 el teniente general Philip M. Breedlove dijo que el término "next-generation bomber" había muerto y que la Fuerza Aérea estaba trabajando en una "familia" de aviones de ataque de largo alcance que se basaría en las capacidades de sistemas como el F-35 y el F-22 para ayudar a conseguir un bombardero más asequible y versátil que completara sus misiones. Finalmente el programa de bombarderos pesados Long Range Strike Bomber (Bombardero de ataque de largo alcance, LRS-B) reemplazó al programa NGB y el modelo elegido fue el Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider, que actualmente se espera que entre en servicio en 2026-2027.

Véase también
 2037 Bomber
 Long Range Strike Bomber
 Lockheed Martin FB-22
 PAK DA

Referencias

Proyectos militares abandonados de los Estados Unidos
Bombarderos de Estados Unidos
Bombarderos estratégicos

Next-Generation Bomber


Kemal Gülçelik (1923 - 26 Nisan 1986), profesyonellik öncesi futbolun en etkili santrforlarından biri olarak kabul edilen Beşiktaş'lı futbolcudur.

1923 yılında İstanbul'da doğdu. Rumelihisarı'nda oynarken Beşiktaş yöneticilerinden Fevzi Uman'ın dikkatini çekerek 1941 yılında transfer oldu. Beşiktaş'ın tarihinin en başarılı kadrolarından birinde santrafor olarak başarıyla görev aldı. Kendisine stili ve attığı goller sebebiyle "Keklik Santrafor" adı verildi. Galatasaray'a 14, Fenerbahçe'ye 7 gol kaydederek, derbilere de imzasını attı.2'si İstanbul Ligi, 1'i de İstanbul Kupası olmak üzere 3 resmi maçta 6'şar gol atarak kırılması güç bir rekorun sahibi oldu.
1949 yılında oldukça genç yaşta futbolu bıraktı. Ancak Ekim 1961'de yine Beşiktaş'ta antrenör yardımcılığına getirilmiş ve uzun bir süre genç yetenekler yetiştirmiştir. 26 Nisan 1986 yılında öldü.

Beşiktaş'ın 2003 yılında BJK İnönü Stadyumu'nda yapılan 100.yılı kutlamalarında 100 yılın altın 11'inden biri olarak seçilmiştir.

Başarıları
Beşiktaş
 İstanbul Futbol Ligi: 1941-42, 1942-43, 1944-45, 1945-46, 1949-50
 İstanbul Kupası: 1943-44
 Millî Küme: 1944, 1947
 Başbakanlık Kupası: 1944

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1923 doğumlular
Beşiktaş JK futbolcuları
1986 yılında ölenler
Türk erkek futbolcular
Türk antrenörler
İstanbul'da defnedilenler
Forvet futbolcular

Kemal Gülçelik


This is a list of 21st-century classical composers, sortable by name, year of birth and year of death.

The list includes composers who have made classical music since 2001. The 21st century is defined by the calendar rather than by any unifying characteristics of musical style or attitude, and is therefore not an era of the same order as the classical or romantic. However, the century to date can be considered a continuation of the postmodern era that began during the 20th century and differs from the earlier modernist era in matters of attitude more than style.

List

See also
 Contemporary classical music
 List of acousmatic-music composers
 List of 20th-century classical composers

References

External links
American Composer Timeline
The Living Composers Project
Art of the States: Search by composer, American composers
temp'óra – international network dedicated to the promotion of contemporary music. Data bases with thousands of links all over the world.

{{Portal bar|Classical music

 List
Composers
21st-century Classical
Classical composers

List of 21st-century classical composers


An Triodia compacta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Nancy Tyson Burbidge, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Surrey Wilfrid Laurance Jacobs. An Triodia compacta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Triodia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Triodia (Poaceae)

Triodia compacta


A child safety lock is a special-purpose lock for cabinets, drawers, bottles, etc. that is designed to help prevent children from getting at any dangerous things or contents. Young children are naturally curious about their surroundings and will always explore, but as they may be unaware of dangerous substances or situations, the results can be fatal. Numerous cases of poisoning have resulted from eating brightly colored pills or spilling cleaning solvents.

Containers

In the United States, child safety locking mechanisms have been required by law since 1970 on all containers for potentially dangerous medicines and household cleaning products. These laws are enforced by the Consumer Products Safety Commission. These locking mechanisms may take several forms, but the most common is a design that requires a tab to be pressed firmly as the lid is twisted. Great strength and dexterity are not required to open the bottle, but the process is deliberately made to be unintuitive, and the children who might recklessly eat pills are unable to decipher the opening instructions. Parents and guardians are firmly admonished to keep all such containers out of the reach of children anyway, as no locking device is foolproof. It has become common practice in households to keep medicines and pills in high cabinets (sometimes locked) for safety. Cleaning agents, however, are still generally kept under sinks, where they are accessible.

Cabinet doors

Another type of lock is an inexpensive device which can be easily installed into drawers, cabinets, or other openables to prevent easy opening. It consists of a bendable plastic rod with a blunt hook on one side, and is situated on the inside of the drawer or cabinet. The hook catches on part of the drawer or door and prevents opening unless the rod is bent downward simultaneously to disengage the hook. These devices are helpful to pet owners as well — a typical housecat may be able to paw open a cabinet filled with food, but would have trouble operating the hook mechanism.  Also available are electromagnetic cabinet locking devices that are activated via remote control.

Certain locks are available specifically for child proofing. These locks have the same function as the other lock design: to lock away valuables, food, or dangers from unwanted guests. However, these locks have a design that resembles a strap like lock. It attaches with two adhesive stickers and opens with a small slider. This slider was specifically designed to be tough for smaller children to get open, such as the medicine/cleaning product containers. Because of its latch design, it is not only able to strap to cabinets, but also other objects of the like. This includes but is not limited to fridges, toilets, garbage cans, drawers, microwaves, etc...

Magnetic safety locks

In recent years, new hidden magnetic cabinet locks opened by a magnetic key have become widespread. Their advantage is the ability to lock cabinets and drawers, even without handles, while leaving the decor clean and smooth.

Automotive
Patented 7 June 1949 by Joseph M. Schumann, child safety locks are built into the rear doors of most cars to prevent rear seat passengers from opening the doors both during transit and while the vehicle is stationary. With an update to the Code of Federal Regulations in 1985 vehicles sold in the US began installing rear door child safety locks on all models. While referred to as child safety locks, this device prevents operation of the interior door handle for any passenger using the engaged door's interior handle, preventing exit unless the rear window can be lowered and the exterior handle engaged, or the passenger relocates to the front driver's seat.

The lock is typically engaged via a small switch on the edge of the door that is only accessible when the door is open. Some cars implement the child lock control as a rotary mechanism which can only be operated with a key. This design ensures the child lock remains in position, preventing passengers from changing the lock position when the door is open. Once the door is closed, control of these two mechanical type child locks is completely inaccessible to passengers. Starting in 1999, manufacturers began using electronic child locks activated from the driver position via a Door control unit, although Nissan offered manual, remote controlled child locks on their Pulsar/Cherry as early as 1982.

According to 49 CFR 571.206 S4.3.1, when the safety lock is engaged, it "prevents operation of the interior door handle or other interior latch release control and requires separate actions to unlock the door and operate the interior door handle or other interior latch release control," effectively locking passengers inside the vehicle.

Pool fencing
Child safety locks can be fitted to pool fencing in order to make a pool area safer.

In Australia, pool fencing is required by law. It is stipulated that the lock should be attached on the side of the fence facing toward the pool, so that anyone entering would have to reach over the top of the boundary. Failing this, the child safety lock should be at least  off the ground.

See also
Parental controls
Child-resistant packaging

References

Vehicle safety technologies
Automotive accessories
Locks (security device)
Child safety
Safety equipment

Child safety lock


Mauna ist ein Ortsteil der sächsischen Gemeinde Käbschütztal im Landkreis Meißen.

Geographie
Mauna liegt südwestlich der Kreisstadt Meißen. Durch den Ort fließt der Schrebitzer Bach, der östlich des Ortes in den Käbschützer Bach mündet. Westlich von Mauna fließt der Kleinprausitzer Bach in den Schrebitzer Bach. Die Kreisstraße 8031 führt von Deila über Mauna nach Krögis. Dort kreuzt sie die Bundesstraße 101, die weiter südlich bei Nossen Anschluss an die Bundesautobahn 14 hat. Kleinere Straßen führen vom Ort aus in die umliegenden Orte Porschnitz und Kleinprausitz. Im Ort gibt es zudem eine Bushaltestelle.

Die Gemarkung Mauna grenzt im Norden an Leutewitz, im Nordosten an Stroischen, im Osten an Löbschütz, Pauschütz und Görna, im Südosten an Krögis und im Südwesten an Barnitz. Im Westen von Mauna schließen sich die Gemarkungen der Orte Porschnitz und Kleinprausitz an. Alle umliegenden Orte gehören als Ortsteile zur Gemeinde Käbschütztal.

Geschichte
Im Jahre 1268 wurde ein "Fridericus de Munen" (von Mauna) erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Der Herrensitz gehörte 1378 zum Castrum Meißen in der gleichnamigen Markgrafschaft Meißen. Die Grundherrschaft hatten 1547 anteilig die Güter von Schleinitz und Nitzschwitz inne. Für das Jahr 1696 wird ersteres als alleiniger Grundherr ausgegeben, ab 1764 hatte dann das Rittergut Leutewitz einen Anteil am Dorf. Ab Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts war das Dorf zum Erbamt Meißen, später zum gleichnamigen Amt und Gerichtsamt gehörig. Durch die Sächsische Landgemeindeordnung von 1838 erhielt Mauna den Status einer Landgemeinde und wurde selbstständig. Ab 1875 wird eine Zugehörigkeit des Ortes zur Amtshauptmannschaft Meißen angegeben.

Um den Weiler Mauna erstreckte sich 1900 eine 174 Hektar große Block- und Streifenflur, auf der die Bewohner des Dorfes der Landwirtschaft nachgingen. Kirchlich war Mauna nach Krögis gepfarrt und gehört noch heute zur dortigen Kirchgemeinde. Von den 105 im Jahre 1925 in Mauna lebenden Menschen waren 84 evangelisch-lutherischer und 21 katholischer Konfession. Die Eigenständigkeit der Gemeinde endete am 1. November 1935, als Mauna zusammen mit Barnitz, Görna, Luga, Nössige und Porschnitz (mit Kleinprausitz und Soppen) nach Krögis eingemeindet wurde. Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurde Mauna Teil der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone und später der DDR. In der Kreisreform 1952 folgte eine Neugliederung des Landes. Krögis und seine Ortsteile wurden dem Kreis Meißen im Bezirk Dresden zugeschlagen.

Von 1909 bis 1972 hatte Mauna einen Haltepunkt an der Schmalspurbahn Wilsdruff–Gärtitz. Der 1909 erbaute Bahnhof ist zusammen mit der Maunaer Mühle und drei weiteren Gebäuden in die Kulturdenkmalliste für Käbschütztal aufgenommen worden.

Nach Wende und Wiedervereinigung wurde Mauna Teil des neugegründeten Freistaates Sachsen und verblieb vorerst im Landkreis Meißen. In der Kreisreform 1994 wurde der Landkreis Meißen-Radebeul (ab 1996 Landkreis Meißen) aus dem alten Gebiet des Kreises Meißen und Teilen des Kreises Dresden-Land gebildet, dem Mauna bis 2008 angehörte. Ebenfalls 1994 vereinigten sich Krögis, Jahna-Löthain und Planitz-Deila zur neuen Großgemeinde Käbschütztal mit 37 Ortsteilen. Diese Gemeinde ist seit dem 1. August 2008 Teil des in der Kreisreform Sachsen 2008 aus Landkreis Meißen und Landkreis Riesa-Großenhain gebildeten dritten Landkreises Meißen.

Entwicklung der Einwohnerzahl

Persönlichkeiten
 Immanuel Karl Hoffmann (* 24. Dezember 1825 in Mauna; † 22. Januar 1905 in Leipzig), Lehrer und Mathematiker

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Käbschütztal)
Ort im Landkreis Meißen
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Meißen)
Gemeindeauflösung 1935

Mauna


Die Achelata sind eine Teilordnung der Zehnfußkrebse. Sie beinhaltet einige Langustenarten von kulinarischer Bedeutung.

Merkmale

Der Randbereich des Schwanzfächers ist nicht kalzifiziert und ist deshalb anders als bei fast allen anderen Zehnfußkrebsen weich und flexibel. Einzigartig innerhalb der Zehnfußkrebse ist das sogenannte Phyllosoma, ein Larvenstadium, das durch einen flachen, blattförmigen Carapax gekennzeichnet ist. Alle Achelata haben eine vergrößerte Antennenbasis (Antennal peduncle).

Namensgebendes Merkmal sind die fehlenden Scheren an den ersten vier Schreitbeinpaaren (griech. Chelae "Scheren", a- als Alpha privativum "-los"). Nur Weibchen besitzen am fünften Schreitbeinpaar kleine Scheren. Eine weitere Ausnahme bildet die Art Justitia longimanus, die sogenannte Subchelae am ersten Schreitbeinpaar trägt, mit denen ein Greifen möglich ist.

Systematik
Die Achelata bestehen aus zwei rezenten Familien mit insgesamt 143 Arten:
 Langusten (Palinuridae) Latreille, 1802 inklusive der Pelzlangusten (Synaxidae)
 Bärenkrebse (Scyllaridae) Latreille, 1825

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Achelata


El precio de afección (en latín pretium affectiones) es el que se origina al vendedor por el afecto o afección especial que puede tener a dicha cosa.

Entre las circunstancias en que, según algunos autores, es lícito elevar el precio ordinario de una cosa aun sobre el sumo, se halla la molestia que se origina al vendedor por el afecto o afección especial que puede tener a dicha cosa, por ejemplo a un caballo heredado de sus mayores, a un vestido regalado por el príncipe, etc. Pero si el afecto viene de parte del comprador, no es lícito especular aprovechándose de esta circunstancia.

Véase también
 Indemnización
 Reparación
 Valor sentimental

Referencias

Precios
Estructura de mercado y formación de precios

Precio de afección


An Juncus pervetus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Merritt Lyndon Fernald. An Juncus pervetus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Juncus

Juncus pervetus