The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and previously consisted of Great Britain and the whole of Ireland.  Rail transport systems developed independently on the two islands of Great Britain and Ireland, and most of the railway construction in the Republic of Ireland was undertaken before independence in 1922. Thus, the logical division to discuss the history of railways in these areas is by geographical division, rather than the political division of nation states.

 History of rail transport in Great Britain discusses the history of rail transport on the larger of the British isles, comprising England, Scotland and Wales. Here, the vast majority of the railway system standardised on the standard gauge of .
 History of rail transport in Ireland discusses the history of rail transport on the island of Ireland, comprising the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Here a system using a broad gauge of  developed.

History of rail transport in the United Kingdom


This is a list of aviation-related events from 1991.

Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was Nigeria Airways Flight 2120, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8 which crashed near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on 11 July, killing all 261 people on board.

Events

January
 Air Dolomiti begins flight operations, offering service between Genoa and Trieste, Italy.
 January 8 – At a substantial financial loss, Midway Airlines sells its hub at Philadelphia International Airport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to USAir. The sale leaves Midway Airlines with only its original hub, at Chicago Midway International Airport in Chicago, Illinois.
 January 9 – L'Express Airlines files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection due to increasing fuel costs. It continues to fly, however, operating 80 daily flights by the summer of 1991
 January 16 – Eastern Air Lines is dissolved after 64 years of operation. Many of its remaining assets are parceled out to American and Continental Airlines.
 January 17 – Operation Desert Storm begins as U.S.-led forces attack Iraq in a massive air assault after a United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from occupied Kuwait passes unheeded. United States Air Force, United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, Royal Air Force, French Air Force, and other Coalition aircraft participate. The F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter makes its first successful combat sortie, destroying an Iraqi telecommunications facility. U.S. Air Force B-52 Stratofortress bombers based at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, fly a non-stop 35-hour,  round-trip mission to strike Iraqi targets, the longest combat mission in history up to that time, and employ the AGM-86 Air-Launched Cruise Missile in combat for the first time. The Iraqi national integrated air defense system collapses within the first two hours after shooting down only one Coalition aircraft (a U.S. Navy F/A-18 Hornet), and the Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein has its commander executed. During the first 14 hours of the bombardment, the attacking aircraft fly more than 1,000 sorties and drop 18,000 tons (16,329,493 kg) of explosives; they lose three of their number – one American, one British, and one Kuwaiti plane – during the day, all to Iraqi ground fire. Iraq loses 10 aircraft in air-to-air combat during the day.
 January 21 – The Soviet Union commissions the "heavy aircraft-carrying missile cruiser" Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov. A hybrid ship combining the capability of a Western aircraft carrier to operate high-performance fighters for fleet air defense with the heavy shipboard antiship missile armament of Soviet guided-missile cruisers, she is the first Soviet or Russian ship with a full-length flight deck similar to that of Western aircraft carriers and the only such ship ever to be built prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
 January 21 – An Iraqi surface-to-air missile shoots down a U.S. Navy F-14 Tomcat and a United States Army attack helicopter is lost to non-combat causes in the Gulf War. Coalition aircraft have flown more than 4,000 sorties against Iraqi forces since Operation Desert Storm began, targeting command-and-control centers, airfields, and Scud short-range ballistic missile launchers. They now shift their focus to Iraqi positions around Basra and along the Iraq-Kuwait border.
 January 22 – In the Gulf War, Iraqi antiaircraft artillery downs a Royal Air Force Tornado ground-attack aircraft and the U.S. Army loses an attack helicopter to non-combat causes. Four U.S. Navy A-6E Intruders disable an Iraqi Navy T43 class minesweeper.
 January 23 – Iraqi antiaircraft fire downs a U.S. Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon over Kuwait, and a United States Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier II and a U.S. Army attack helicopter are lost to non-combat causes. U.S. Navy A-6E Intruders attack Iraqi ships, disabling a tanker, sinking a Winchester-class hovercraft refueling from the tanker, and sinking a Zhuk-class patrol boat.
 January 24 – Iraqi ground fire shoots down another RAF Tornado, over Basrah, Iraq. Flying an F-15C Eagle, Royal Saudi Air Force Captain Ayedh al-Shamrani, using AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, shoots down two Iraqi Air Force Mirage F1 jets as they approach British Royal Navy ships in the Persian Gulf. U.S. Navy aircraft attack Iraqi Navy ships; A-6Es sink a Zhuk-class patrol boat and Spasilac-class minelayer and cause a minesweeper taking evasive action to strike an Iraqi mine and sink, and a force of A-6Es and F/A-18 Hornets hit four ships in an attack on Umm Qasr naval base. U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell announces that during the first week of air attacks on Iraq, Coalition air forces have flown more than 10,000 sorties, knocked out 61 of Iraq's 66 airfields, and shot down 19 Iraqi aircraft in air-to-air-combat, losing 16 of their own number – all to ground fire.
 January 26 – U.S. Air Force F-15C Eagles of the 33rd Tactical Fighter Wing shoot down three Iraqi MiG-23s using AIM-7 Sparrow missiles. U.S. Navy A-6Es attack Kuwait Harbor, hitting an Iraqi patrol boat, and elsewhere hit an Iraqi TNC-45 fast attack boat, leaving both boats burning. The U.S. Navy loses an F/A-18C Hornet to non-combat causes.
 January 27 – Two U.S. Air Force F-15C Eagles of the 53rd Tactical Fighter Squadron shoot down two Iraqi MiG-23s and two Iraqi Mirage F1s 60–100 miles (97–161 km) south of Baghdad using Sparrow and Sidewinder missiles. United States Central Command claims that Iraqi naval losses thus far in the Gulf War total one oil platform, two patrol boats, one tanker, and four unidentified ships presumed sunk and four mine warfare ships, one hovercraft, three patrol boats, and two unidentified vessels confirmed as sunk. Coalition aircraft have inflicted most of the losses.
 January 28 – Iraqi antiaircraft artillery shoots down a U.S. Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier II over Faylakah Island, and a U.S. Army attack helicopter is lost to non-combat causes.
 January 28–29 – U.S. Navy A-6Es conduct two days of attacks on Iraqi ships in Bubiyan Channel, at the Umm Qasr naval base, and in Kuwait Harbor.
 January 29 – U.S. Air Force F-15C Eagles of the 33rd Tactical Fighter Wing shoot down two Iraqi MiG-23s using Sparrow missiles. After a British frigate detects 17 Iraqi small boats in the Persian Gulf carrying commandos for use in a seaborne assault during the Battle of Khafji, Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Lynx helicopters attack them with Sea Skua missiles. Soon more Lynxes and Royal Navy Sea King Commando and U.S. Navy LAMPS III helicopters – with some of the helicopters using door machine guns and hand grenades – and Royal Air Force Jaguar and U.S. Navy carrier-based A-6E Intruder bombers join in. The attacks sink 14 of the boats and drive the other three ashore, preventing the planned commando operation.
 January 30 – Fleet Air Arm Lynx helicopters (employing Sea Skuas), Royal Air Force Jaguars, and U.S. Navy A-6Es (using Rockeye cluster bombs) attack an Iraqi naval convoy made up of a minesweeper, three fast-attack craft, and three landing craft carrying troops and ammunition, breaking up the second and final seaborne component of Iraqi forces in the Battle of Khafji. The Coalition reports that thus far in the Gulf War it has destroyed or disabled 46 Iraqi naval vessels, although another report at about this time claims the total is about 60. Coalition aircraft have inflicted most of the losses.
 January 31 – An Iraqi shoulder-launched Strela 2 surface-to-air missile hits a U.S. Air Force AC-130H Spectre gunship over Kuwait during the Battle of Khafji; the aircraft crashes into the Persian Gulf, killing all 14 on board. It is the largest Coalition loss of life in a single aviation incident during the Gulf War.

February
 February 1
 In the Gulf War, a U.S. Navy A-6E Intruder hits an Iraqi Navy patrol boat near Min-al-Bakr oil terminal, leaving it burning.
 USAir Flight 1493, a Boeing 737-300 with 89 people on board, collides with Skywest Flight 5569, a Fairchild Metro III carrying 12 people, on a runway at Los Angeles International Airport, in Los Angeles, California, killing 22 people on the USAir plane and everyone aboard the Skywest aircraft. Thirty people on the USAir plane are injured, 13 of them seriously.
 February 2 – Coalition aircraft attack Iraqi Navy vessels at the Al Kalia naval facility, hitting a missile boat with two laser-guided bombs and straddling another with twelve 500-pound (227-kg) bombs; helicopters from the American guided-missile frigate  engage four Iraqi patrol boats near Maradim Island, destroying one and damaging two; and U.S. Navy A-6Es destroy an Iraqi patrol boat in Kuwait Harbor with two laser-guided bombs. The Coalition claims to have sunk or damaged 83 Iraqi Navy vessels thus far in the Gulf War, with Coalition aircraft inflicting most of the losses. Iraqi antiaircraft artillery shoots down a U.S. Navy A-6E Intruder near Kuwait City, Kuwait, an Iraqi short-range surface-to-air missile downs a U.S. Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt II, and a U.S. Marine Corps AH-1J SeaCobra crashes due to non-combat causes while returning from an armed escort mission.
 February 3
Returning from a strike against Iraqi forces, a U.S. Air Force B-52G Stratofortress attempting to land at Diego Garcia crashes on final approach.
The Government of Albania establishes the Directorate General of Civil Aviation as Albania's national civil aviation authority. It later will be renamed the Albanian Civil Aviation Authority.
 February 5 – A U.S. Navy F/A-18C Hornet crashes in the northern Persian Gulf while returning to its aircraft carrier from a strike against Iraqi forces.
 February 6 – Two U.S. Air Force F-15C Eagles of the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing use AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles to shoot down four Iraqi Air Force aircraft – two Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21s (NATO reporting name "Fishbed") and two Sukhoi Su-25s (NATO reporting name "Frogfoot") – fleeing to Iran at an altitude of about 100 feet (30 m). A U.S. Navy Grumman F-14 Tomcat of Fighter Squadron 1 (VF-1) aboard the aircraft carrier  shoots down an Iraqi Mil Mi-8 (NATO reporting name "Hip") helicopter, the last of the five kills F-14s score during the Tomcats career in U.S. Navy service.
 February 7
U.S. Air Force F-15C Eagles use AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missiles to shoot down three Iraqi Air Force Sukhoi Su-22s (NATO reporting name "Fitter") flying to Iran, as well as an Iraqi Mil Mi-24 (NATO reporting name "Hind") helicopter in northern Iraq; a U.S. Navy F-14A Tomcat of Fighter Squadron 1 uses an AIM-9 Sidewinder missile to down an Iraqi Mil Mi-8 (NATO reporting name "Hip") helicopter; and a U.S. Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt II of the 926th Tactical Fighter Group uses 30-mm cannon fire to shoot down an Iraqi Bo 105 helicopter.
Unable to find investors in the unprofitable airline Interflug, formerly the national airline of East Germany, German officials announce that it will be dissolved.
 February 8 – A U.S. Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt II uses 30-mm cannon fire to shoot down an Iraqi Alouette III helicopter. U.S. Navy A-6E Intruders neutralize two Iraqi Navy vessels – a training ship and a TNC-45 fast attack craft – at Khor Al Zubair.
 February 9 – A U.S. Navy A-6E badly damages an Iraqi Zhuk-class patrol boat with a Rockeye cluster bomb.
 February 10 – U.S. Navy A-6Es sink two Iraqi Navy patrol boats in the northern Persian Gulf. Iraqi antiaircraft artillery shoots down a U.S. Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier II over southern Kuwait.
 February 10 - Two parked Iraqi Airways Tupulevs are destroyed by Coalition jet fighters at Baghdad Saddam Hussein Int'l airport.
 February 11 – U.S. Air Force F-15C Eagles of the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing use AIM-7 Sparrow missiles to shoot down two Iraqi helicopters.
 February 13 – Two U.S. Air Force F-117A Nighthawk stealth fighters bomb a low structure in Baghdad which the Coalition believes houses an Iraqi military command-and-control facility. The attack destroys an air raid shelter, with Iraq claiming that over 400 civilians in it were killed, although the Coalition stands firm on its claim that the target was a military facility within which Iraq had illegally sheltered civilians to gain a propaganda advantage if they were killed. Iraqi antiaircraft artillery downs a Royal Saudi Air Force F-5E Tiger II fighter over southwestern Iraq.
 February 14 – U.S. Navy A-6E Intruders sink an Iraqi Navy Osa-class missile boat in Kuwait Bay, the last Iraqi naval loss of the Gulf War. Iraqi ground fire shoots down a Royal Air Force Tornado and a Royal Saudi Air Force F-5E Tiger II during strikes on Iraqi forces, and a U.S. Air Force EF-111A Raven electronic warfare aircraft crashes in Saudi Arabia due to battle damage. The United States reports that Coalition airstrikes against Iraqi military forces in Kuwait have destroyed 1,300 of Iraq's 4,280 tanks, 850 of its 2,870 armored personnel carriers, and 1,100 of its 3,110 artillery pieces there.
 February 15 – Iraqi shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles shoot down two U.S. Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft while they are attacking Iraqi Republican Guard forces, and a U.S. Navy A-6E Intruder crashes in Saudi Arabia due to battle damage. A U.S. Air Force F-15E strike Eagle on an anti-Scud ballistic missile mission destroys a hovering Iraqi helicopter with a laser-guided bomb; the helicopter is the last Iraqi aircraft destroyed in the air during the Gulf War.
 February 16 – A U.S. Air Force F-16C crashes while making an instrument landing approach in Saudi Arabia.
 February 18 – A U.S. Air Force F-16 goes down in Kuwait 40 miles (64 km) north of the Saudi border.
 February 19 – Iraqi antiaircraft artillery shoots down a U.S. Air Force OA-10A Thunderbolt II airborne forward air control aircraft over Kuwait.
 February 21 – Iraqi forces shoot down a U.S. Army Bell OH-58 Kiowa helicopter as it returns from a border reconnaissance mission, and U.S. military forces lose three other helicopters and an F-16 fighter in non-combat crashes. In five weeks of air strikes against Iraq and Iraqi forces in Kuwait, Coalition aircraft have flown over 88,000 sorties, with the loss of 22 American and nine other aircraft, all to enemy ground fire.
 February 23 – Iraqi antiaircraft artillery downs a U.S. Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier II near Ali Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait.
 February 24 – The U.S.-led Coalitions ground attack against Iraqi forces in Kuwait begins. In its first hours, 60 United States Army UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters carry the 1st Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) 75 miles (120 km) inside Iraq, where the brigade seizes a forward operating base. The brigades sudden appearance unnerves Iraqi defenders so badly that they surrender quickly, with some surrendering to helicopters before American troops begin to land.
 February 25 – 63 U.S. Army Blackhawk helicopters lift the 3rd Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) 155 miles (250 km) behind Iraqi ground forces attempting to retreat from Kuwait, cutting them off. This will allow Coalition aircraft and ground forces to annihilate the trapped Iraqi units on Highway 8 between Basra and Baghdad. Iraqi antiaircraft artillery shoots down a U.S. Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier II southeast of Kuwait City, and also claims an American OV-10D Bronco and an American attack helicopter.
 February 27
Fearing that its arrival overhead presages a devastating Coalition airstrike against their positions, 40 Iraqi soldiers on Faylaka Island surrender to a U.S. Navy Pioneer unmanned aerial vehicle flying a reconnaissance mission from the battleship . It is the first time in history that troops surrender to an unmanned vehicle.
An American OV-10D Bronco becomes the last Coalition aircraft lost in combat during the Gulf War.
 February 28 – The U.S.-led Coalition calls a ceasefire with Iraq, with all Iraqi forces driven out of Kuwait and airpower having neutralized practically all of Iraqs ability to make war. Coalition aircraft have shot down 40 Iraqi aircraft while losing none of their own in air-to-air combat.

March
 OceanAir – the future Azores Airlines – begins operations as a non-scheduled carrier.
 March 3
 At ceasefire talks with Iraqi representatives at Safwan, Iraq, American General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. warns them that Coalition forces will shoot down any Iraqi aircraft flying over the country.
 United Airlines Flight 585, a Boeing 737-291, experiences a rudder hardover on final approach to Colorado Springs Municipal Airport at Colorado Springs, Colorado, and dives into the ground, killing all 25 people on board. First Officer Patricia Eidson becomes the first female pilot to die in an accident involving an American pure-jet airliner.
 March 5
Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela Flight 108, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9, crashes into a mountain shrouded in fog near La Valesa, Venezuela, killing all 45 people on board.
Blackhawk International Airways is incorporated.
 March 9 – Retired American baseball player Jim Hardin is killed when the propeller of his Beechcraft 35-C-33A Bonanza fails due to metal fatigue just after takeoff from Key West International Airport in Key West, Florida, and the plane crashes while he is attempting to return to the airport to make an emergency landing.
 March 16 – While American singer Reba McEntire and her husband sleep in a nearby hotel, eight members of her band along with the pilot and copilot are killed when a chartered Hawker Siddeley DH.125-1A/522 crashes into Otay Mountain 10 minutes after takeoff from Brown Field Municipal Airport in San Diego, California.
 March 20 – A U.S. Air Force F-15C Eagle of the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing uses an AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile to shoot down an Iraqi Air Force Sukhoi Su-22 (NATO reporting name "Fitter") which is violating the post-Gulf War Coalition prohibition against Iraqi military flights.
 March 22 – A 36th Tactical Fighter Wing F-15C again downs an Iraqi Su-22 with a Sidewinder. Another Su-22 accompanying the first one crashes while maneuvering to evade the approaching F-15C. The pilot of an Iraqi Pilatus PC-9 trainer bails out when American aircraft approach his plane.
 March 26 – Four armed men claiming to be members of the Pakistan Peoples Party hijack Singapore Airlines Flight 117, an Airbus A310-300 with 123 other people on board, during a flight from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to Singapore. After the aircraft lands at Singapore Changi Airport, they demand the release of Asif Ali Zardari and other members of their party from jail. The following morning, they push two stewards from the plane onto the tarmac, injuring them, and threaten to begin killing passengers, after which the Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation storms the plane and kills all four hijackers without further injury to anyone else on board.

April
 KLM Cityhopper commences operations after NLM CityHopper and Netherlines merge to create the airline.
 With negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa underway since the previous year, Air Zaïre begins service to Johannesburg, South Africa.
 April 4 – United States Senator H. John Heinz III and six others are killed when his Piper Aerostar and a Bell 412 helicopter collide over Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania, and crash.
 April 5 – Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311, an Embraer 120RT Brasilia, crashes on approach to Brunswick, Georgia, killing all 23 people on board. Among the dead are former United States Senator John Tower, his daughter Marian, astronaut Manley "Sonny" Carter, American College of Physicians president-elect Dr. Nicholas Davies, and professional golfer Davis Love, Jr., the father of golfer Davis Love III.
 April 6 – Operation Provide Comfort begins to bring aid to civilians in northern Iraq. It includes a no-fly zone for Iraqi military aircraft over Iraq north of the 36th parallel enforced by American, British, and French aircraft, and continues until July 24.
 April 30 – Interflug, formerly the national airline of East Germany, makes its last flight, a Tupolev Tu-134 flying the Berlin-Vienna-Berlin route. Interflug subsequently is dissolved and its assets liquidated.

May
 Iraqi Airways, which has not flown since the Gulf War earlier in the year, attempts to resume service. The United Nations grants it permission to operate a domestic service only, and only using helicopters.
 May 3 – After merging with Universair, Alisarda is renamed Meridiana.
 May 24–25 – Over a 36-hour period, Israel conducts Operation Solomon, a secret operation to airlift almost the entire Jewish population of Ethiopia 1,500 miles (2,415 km) to Israel. The operation involves 35 aircraft – Israeli Air Force C-130 Hercules, El Al airliners, and a single Ethiopian airliner – making 40 flights, with 28 aircraft in the air simultaneously at one point overnight. Five babies are born aboard the planes during the flights. On May 24, an El Al Boeing 747 cargo plane participating in the operation sets the record for the largest number of people transported in one flight by any single aircraft of any type in history, carrying 1,087 people; three babies are born aboard the 747 during the flight.
 May 26 – Minutes after takeoff from Don Mueang International Airport in Bangkok, Thailand, a thrust reverser deploys in flight aboard Lauda Air Flight 004, the Boeing 767-3Z9ER Mozart, causing it to stall, dive, and disintegrate at 4,000 feet (1,219 m). Its wreckage falls over a wide area in what is now Phu Toei National Park in Uthai Thani province, Thailand. All 223 people on board die.

June
 June 14 – Julie Ann Gibson becomes the first woman to qualify as a pilot with the Royal Air Force.
 June 17 – Alaska Airlines commences services to the Soviet Union.

July
 July 1 – Trans World Airlines chairman Carl Icahn sells the airline's route authorities to London from Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York City to American Airlines for $445 million.
 July 8 – A U.S. Navy F/A-18 Hornet fighter is forced to shoot down an E-2 Hawkeye airborne early warning aircraft after its crew abandons it following an engine fire.
 July 10 – Attempting an instrument approach to Birmingham Municipal Airport (now Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport) in severe thunderstorms, L'Express Airlines Flight 508, a Beechcraft C99, crashes in the Ensley neighborhood of Birmingham, Alabama, killing 13 of the 15 people on board and injuring the two survivors and four people on the ground. It remains the deadliest aviation accident in Alabamas history.
 July 11 – An under-inflated tire overheats and starts a fire on board Nigeria Airways Flight 2120, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8-61, shortly after takeoff from King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The flight crew attempts to return to the airport, but the airliner crashes short of the runway, killing all 261 people on board. It remains the deadliest accident involving a DC-8.
 July 17 – Death of Arthur Raymond Brooks, age 95, at his home in Summit, New Jersey; he is the last surviving American World War I ace to have served in a U.S. Squadron.
 July 24 – Operation Provide Comfort in northern Iraq ends and is succeeded immediately by Operation Provide Comfort II, a more straightforwardly military operation to prevent Iraqi forces from attacking Iraqi Kurds. It includes a no-fly zone for Iraqi military aircraft over Iraq north of the 36th parallel enforced by American, British, and French aircraft.
 July 31 – American race car driver Al Loquasto and his passenger are killed when the wings of a Piper PA-28-236 Cherokee he is piloting separate from its fuselage in flight in a violent thunderstorm and it crashes.

August
 During the month, the Bird Strike Committee USA, a volunteer group including representatives from the United States Department of Defense, the Federal Aviation Administration, the United States Department of Agriculture, the aviation industry, and airports, is formed to promote the collection of data on bird strikes and other collisions between wildlife and aircraft, facilitate exchange of the data, and champion the development of systems to reduce the hazard of such collisions.
 August 16 – Indian Airlines Flight 257, a Boeing 737-2A8, crashes on descent into Imphal, India, killing all 69 people on board.

September
 September 8–12 – The 35th Annual Tailhook Association Symposium – an annual gathering of U.S. naval aviators – takes place at the Las Vegas Hilton in Las Vegas, Nevada. During the symposium, over 100 U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps officers are alleged to have sexually assaulted 83 women and seven men in what becomes known as the Tailhook scandal. Resulting investigations conducted by the Department of the Navy, the Inspector General of the Department of Defense, and others lead to the resignation of Secretary of the Navy H. Lawrence Garrett III, the early retirement of Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Frank B. Kelso II, and a total of 14 admirals and almost 300 other officers having their careers ended or damaged. The Department of the Navy severs its ties to the Tailhook Association from October 1991 until January 1999.
 September 11 – Continental Express Flight 2574, an Embraer EMB 120RT Brasilia operated by Britt Airways, crashes near Eagle Lake, Texas, while on approach to George Bush International Airport in Houston, Texas, killing all 14 people on board.
 September 20 – Lithuanian Airlines – the future FlyLAL-Lithuanian Airlines – is founded as the flag carrier of Lithuania.
 September 27 – Trans European Airways goes out of business.

October
 October 25 – American impresario and rock concert promoter Bill Graham, another passenger, and the pilot die when their Bell 206B helicopter, off course and flying too low in high winds and rain, strikes a 223-foot (68-meter) transmission tower and explodes west of Vallejo, California. The helicopter's wreckage hangs in the tower for more than a day after the accident.
 October 29 – A Royal Australian Air Force Boeing 707-368C, registration number A20-103, crashes into the Pacific Ocean  south of RAAF Base East Sale, Victoria, Australia, while conducting an asymmetric flight demonstration.

November
 November 5 – Transaero makes its first passenger flight, a charter flight from Moscow in the Soviet Union's Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic to Tel Aviv, Israel.
 November 13 – Midway Airlines ceases flight operations. The bankrupt airline is later liquidated.
 November 20 – An Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 (NATO reporting name "Hip") helicopter is shot down in Khojavend Rayon, killing all 22 people on board, including government officials from Azerbaijan and observers from Russia and Kazakhstan.

December
 December 4 – Pan American World Airways, bankrupt since August 11, is finally dissolved after 64 years of operation.
 December 16 – The Estonian Air Force is reestablished.
 December 21 – In response to the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars, Germany bans all air traffic between itself and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
 December 25
The Soviet Union is dissolved into 15 post-Soviet states, bringing the Cold War to an end.
The 12 members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan– sign the Civil Aviation and Airspace Use Treaty in Minsk, Belarus. The treaty creates the CIS's Interstate Aviation Committee, a supervising body overseeing the use and management of civil aviation in the CIS which also serves as the official civil aviation authority in Russia.
 December 27 – Ice breaks off the wings and is sucked into both engines of Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751, a McDonnell Douglas MD-81 with 129 people on board, causing both engines to shut down just after the aircraft lifts off from Stockholm, Sweden. The plane makes an emergency landing in a field near Gottröra. There are no fatalities, but 92 of the people on board are injured.
 December 29 – China Airlines Flight 358, a Boeing 747-2R7F cargo plane, crashes shortly after takeoff from Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taipei, Taiwan, after the number three engine and its pylon break off the right wing and strike the number four engine, breaking it off as well. The entire crew of five dies. The Boeing Company subsequently recalls all Boeing 747s for pylon modifications.

First flights
 Cessna Citation VI

January
 January 11 - Swift S-1
 January 16 - Terzi T30 Katana

February
 Cessna Citation VII
 February 13 – Swearingen SJ30
 February 25 - Robin X4

March
 March 22 - Scaled Composites Pond Racer

April
 April 4 – Wilson Global Explorer
 April 27 – Eurocopter Tiger
 April 29 – Atlas ACE
 April 29 – Cessna CitationJet/M2

May
 May 10 – Canadair Regional Jet
 May 15 – Lockheed ES-3A Shadow
 May 31 – Pilatus PC-12

June
 June 18 – BAe RJ70

August
 August 9 – Allstar SZD-59
 August 12 – Bell 230

September
 September 15 – C-17 Globemaster III
 September 25 – BAe Jetstream J41

October
 October 1 – Reflex Lightning Bug
 October 25 – Airbus A340

November
 November 22 – Korean Air Chang-Gong 91
 November 36 – Grob GF 200

December
 December 6 – Dornier 328
 December 6 – DG Flugzeugbau DG-800
 December 23 – Kaman K-MAX

Retirements
 Avro Shackleton by the Royal Air Force
 Westland 30

References

 Lambert, Mark (ed.) Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1991–92. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Defence Data, 1991. .
 Lambert, Mark (ed.) Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1992–93. Coulsdon, Surry, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1992. .

Aviation by year

1991 in aviation


Le Groupement des forces d'intervention rapide de la république de Guinée en abréger (GFIR), est un ensemble d'unités militaires d'élites des forces armées guinéenne et qui ont pour mission principale de mettre en œuvre des actions à développer dans le cadre de la traque, du démantèlement, le grand banditisme, la libération d'otages, la piraterie maritime, les détournements d'aéronefs, l'arrestation des personnes dangereuses, la protection et la sécurité des personnes et des sites névralgiques, les renseignements et la recherche par la surveillance, les patrouilles et la collecte d'informations et des preuves et de la mise hors d'état de nuire des cellules terroristes avant toute action de celles-ci.

Histoire
Les unités spéciales ont toujours fait partie de l'armée guinéenne, mais c'est en  que la première unité dédiée est constituée en régiment a savoir le groupement des forces spéciales et cette dernier le 22 décembre 2021.

Organisation
L'organisation, le fonctionnement, les attributions et le site d'implantation du groupement des forces d'intervention rapide seront définis par un arrêté du ministre délégué à la présidence chargé de la défense nationale.

Formation

Missions
Le groupement des forces spéciales est spécifiquement chargé des missions d'action commando, de reconnaissance, de renseignement, d'antiterrorisme, de recherche et destruction et de tout autre type de missions à caractère spécial.

Équipements

Galeries

Voir aussi

 Groupement des forces spéciales de Guinée

Références

Forces spéciales
Forces armées de la Guinée

Groupement des forces d’intervention rapide


Prijenos s plosnatim remenjem općenito se sastoji od dva kola s glatkim površinama vijenca (remenica) i na njih nategnutog beskrajnog remenja. Trenje je između remena i remenica takvog uređaja u pogonu veće što je površina remenice više zaglađena jer je tada dodirna površina tih dijelova veća. Jedna od tih remenica predaje energiju (vodeća ili radna remenica), a druga ju prima (vođena ili gonjena remenica). Dio remena, koji u pogonu silazi s vođene remenice, naziva se vučnim krakom ili ogrankom. Onaj njegov dio, koji u pogonu silazi s vodeće remenice, jest njegov slobodni krak ili ogranak. Kutovi α1 i α2 koji odgovaraju lukovima dodira remenica i remena nazivaju se obuhvatnim kutovima, a razmak između osi vratila osnim razmakom.

U radu prijenosnog uređaja s plosnatim remenom, vrtnja (rotacija) se prenosi s vodeće na vođenu remenicu zbog trenja između površina njihovih vijenaca i remena te prednapona pod kojim je remen ugrađen. Proklizavanje, koje se unatoč tom trenju i prednaponu pri tome pojavljuje, mnogo zavisi i od obuhvatnih kutova i obodne brzine remenica (manje je, što su obuhvatni kutovi veći, a tada je i prijenos djelotvorniji). Zbog toga se redovito nastoji da se u prijenosu plosnatim remenjem osiguraju što veći obuhvatni kutovi. Među ostalim činiocima za veličinu obuhvatnih kutova mjerodavni su i provjesi vučnog i slobodnog kraka remena u pogonu (crtkana linija na slici). Ovi provjesi također su posljedica spomenutih činilaca, a i vlastite težine remena. Zbog jače zategnutosti vučnog kraka remena, njegov provjes uvijek je manji, a provjes slobodnog kraka veći, pa su obuhvatni kutovi veći, ako se slobodni krak remena nalazi iznad vučnog. To je razlog da je međusobni položaj vučnog i slobodnog kraka remena jedan od temeljnih zahtjeva ispravne ugradnje uređaja ovih prijenosa.

Veličina obuhvatnih kutova pri prijenosu plosnatim remenjem zavisna je i od prijenosnog omjera. Dok su vrijednosti omjera oko 5 do 6 (odnosno 1/5 do 1/6), ta zavisnost nije naročito važna. Međutim, kad su one veće, potrebni su uređaji za natezanje remena u pogonu. To su zatezne (natezne) remenice s utegom. Osim učinka na obuhvatne kutove (naročito na manjoj remenici), uz povećanje prijenosnog omjera (do 15) primjenom nateznih remenica, postižu se i druge prednosti: automatsko održavanje jednolične napetosti remena i olakšanje njegove ugradnje (montaže).

Obuhvatne kutove potrebno je povećati s pomoću nateznih remenica i u slučajevima kad su osni razmaci maleni. Korisno je djelovanje nateznih remenica to bolje što su ugrađene bliže manjoj prijenosnoj remenici. Za razliku od prijenosnih remenica, koje su učvršćene na vratilima i koje se zbog toga nazivaju čvrstim (pogonskim) remenicama, remenice nateznih uređaja, koje se okreću na svojim osovinama nazivaju se slobodnim (jalovim) remenicama.

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Remenski prijenos sa zateznom remenicom

Prijenos zateznom remenicom u odnosu na otvoreni prijenos pruža sljedeće prednosti: manje predzatezanje, automatsko izjednačavanje duljine remena, veći obuhvatni kut, manja opterećenost remena pri maloj snazi i u stanju mirovanja, kada se zatezna remenica odigne. Nedostaci su: brz zamor zbog naizmjeničnog savijanja remena, veća savojna učestalost zbog zatezne remenice i zbog često malog razmaka vratila.

Promjer zatezne remenice treba da bude što veći, da remen ne bi bio prejako savijan. Zato se promjer odabire tako da ne bude manji od promjera male remenice. Zatezna remenica mora biti uvijek valjkasta, kako bi se izbjeglo savijanje remena po širini. Ako su, međutim, obje remenice valjkaste, može se zbog potrebnog vođenja remena učiniti iznimka. Zateznu remenicu treba postaviti na slobodni povratni ogranak remena, jer je naprezanje na vučnom ogranku veće. Osim toga se ne smije zateznu remenicu staviti preblizu remena, kako bi se remen mogao oporaviti od jednog savijanja do savijanja u protivnom smjeru.

Kad natezne remenice nisu nužne, potreban prednapon remena postiže se tako da se remen izradi za 1 do 2% kraćim od proračunske vrijednosti. Određeni prednapon remena izaziva i njegova vlastita težina. Međutim, za postizanje prikladnog prednapona u tim slučajevima najčešće služe posebni uređaji. To su natezne tračnice i vijci. Pri tome je obično vodeći stroj pomičan na tračnicama, a njegovo pomicanje potrebno za postizanje prednapona remena obavlja se zakretanjem vijka. Za iste namjene u nekim konstrukcijama remenskih prijenosa namjesto utega upotrebljavaju se opruge.

Za prijenos plosnatim remenjem najveći osni razmaci koji se mogu postići zavisni su od materijala remena. Pri upotrebi standardnih materijala njihove su vrijednosti od 15 do 16 metara. Primjenom remenja od vrlo kvalitetnih (i vrlo skupih) materijala te se granice dadu pomaknuti i do 25 metara.

Za razliku od otvorenog prijenosa (gdje se obje remenice okreću u istom smjeru), kod ukrštenog prijenosa plosnatim remenjem smjerovi vrtnje vodeće i vođene remenice međusobno su suprotni. Dok su u oba slučaja vratila paralelna, dotle se ona kod poluukrštenog prijenosa križaju u prostoru na osnoj udaljenosti, to jest čine takozvani prostorni križ.

U postrojenjima u kojima još uvijek postoji centralizirani pogon strojeva uz pomoć prijenosnih (transmisijskih) vratila i prijenosa plosnatim remenjem, a radna mjesta zahtijevaju promjenjivi prijenosni omjer, upotrebljavaju se takozvane stepenaste remenice. Ove remenice omogućuju pogon strojeva s 3 do 4 različite brzine premještanjem remena s jednog na drugi par vijenca. Pri tome, naravno, promjeri vijenca parova moraju biti međusobno usklađeni, tako da pri mijenjanju prijenosnog omjera ne treba upotrebljavati remenje različite duljine, već uvijek jedan remen. Premještanje remena s jednoga na drugi par vijenaca stepenastih remenica obavlja se ručno kad je remen uzak. Međutim, za premještanje širokog remenja potrebni su posebni uređaji. Stepenaste remenice izrađuju se u jednom komadu, šuplje su i uklinjene na vratila.

Sile i naprezanja u prijenosu plosnatim remenjem
U nedostatku prikladnije jednadžbe, teorija remenskog prijenosa još uvijek se zasniva na Eulerovoj jednadžbi koju je dotjerao Eytelwein:

kojom je određen analitički odnos sila F1 i F2 u idealnoj niti (niti bez mase i zbog toga bez težine) obavijenoj oko nepomičnog cilindra, gdje je: e - baza prirodnog logaritma, μ - koeficijent trenja, a α - obuhvatni kut. Pri tome sila trenja:

uravnotežuje razliku sila F1 i F2. Međutim, kako remen ima masu i zbog toga i težinu, stvarni remenski prijenos razlikuje se od teoretskog razmatranja remenskog prijenosa time što se pri gibanju remena u pogonu pojavljuje i sile tromosti koje se ne smiju zanemariti.

Sile koje vladaju u remenu za vrijeme mirovanja i u pogonu prijenosa prikazane su na slici. U stanju su mirovanja međusobno jednake sile prednapona Fp u krakovima remena, a sile F1 i F2 u vučnom, odnosno slobodnom kraku, pri čemu je F1 > F2. Ove sile, dakako, uzrokuju opterećenja vratila i ležaja prestavljena silama F'. Iz tih jednadžbi mogu se postaviti odnosi između sila F1 i F2 i sile trenja Fμ kojom remen prenosi snagu:

Pri tome koeficijent trenja zavisi od temperature, materijala remenice i remena, od kakvoće površine, ali najviše od obodne brzine. Tako se na primjer koeficijent trenja između površina remenica od sivog lijevanog željeza i kožnatog remenja u zavisnosti samo od obodne brzine v izračunava iz iskustvene jednadžbe, za kožno remenje s donjom stranom na remenici:

za kožno remenje s gornjom stranom na remenici i za tekstilno remenje:

Sve te sile mogu se izračunati iz poznate snage N koju treba prenositi. Za F', F1 i F2 mogu poslužiti jednadžbe:

gdje je: d - promjer, a n - broj okretaja jedne od remenica. Za silu F' može se izračunati da je pri prosječnoj vrijednosti  približno 3 puta veća od obodne sile, to jest:

Prednaprezanje remena σp što ga uzrokuju sile Fp ne smije biti toliko malo da uzrokuje oslabljenje vučne sposobnosti remena, a ni toliko veliko da uzrokuje deformacije koje bi skraćivale njegovu trajnost. Praksa je pokazala da normalne vrijednosti σp trebaju biti od 1,4 do 2,1 N/mm2, a da je najpovoljnija 1,8 N/mm2.

Materijali i oblici plosnatog remenja
Najčešći materijal za izradu kožnog plosnatog remenja jest štavljena goveđa koža. Koža ima koeficijent trenja koji drugi materijali jedva mogu doseći. Za izradu kožnatog remenja upotrebljava se goveđa poleđina (goveđa koža s hrpta). Najkvalitetnije kožno plosnato remenje dobiva se od kože štavljene kromnim štavilima (kromove soli). Dok je, na primjer, remenje od obične štavljene kože primjenjivo samo do radnih temperatura od 50 °C, dotle je remenje od kože uštavljene kromnim štavilima upotrebljivo na radnim temperaturama i do 90 °C. Jednostruki kožni plosnati remeni debeli su od 4 do 7 mm, a dvostruki od 6 do 10 mm. Kožno remenje izrađuje se do širine od 600 mm. Lomna čvrstoća kožnatog plosnatog remenja doseže do 3 N/mm2, ali mu dozvoljeno naprezanje ne prekoračuje 30,6 N/mm2. Specifična težina kožnog remenja iznosi oko 1 kg/dm3, a modul elestičnosti oko 15 N/mm2.

Kad je kožni remen odrezan na proračunatu ili izmjerenu duljinu, spaja se u beskonačnu traku lijepljenjem ili šivanjem uskim kožnim remencima (oputom). Međutim, kako oštar rub spoja ne smije nailaziti na remenicu, i da bi debljina bila jednolična, prije toga se krajevi moraju stanjiti u obliku klina. Ako remen dotiče remenicu s obje strane, njegovi krajevi pri spajanju u beskonačnu traku moraju se zašiljiti. Osim oputom, kožno remenje može se spajati u beskonačne trake i žicom, različitim metalnim patent-kopčama i specijalnim zglobovima.

Trajnost kožnog remenja ovisi, naravno, o njegovoj kakvoći, ali isto tako i o njegovom održavanju. Kožno remenje traje u prosjeku oko 20 godina. Trajnost kožnog remenja u pogonu smanjuje dodir ili mazanje štetnim tvarima, kao što su na primjer neke smole (naročito kalofonij) koje ga čine krtim. Važno je da se kožno remenje održava čistim. Mrlje od ulja najbolje je očistiti benzinom, nakon toga remen se opere toplom sapunicom i malo namaža toplim lojem.

Uštavljena goveđa koža priređena s pomoću kromnih štavila glavni je materijal i za izradu vrlo kvalitetnog, takozvanog kombiniranog remenja. To su remeni obično izrađeni od 3 sloja, od kojih su dva vanjska od kože, a unutrašnji od različitih materijala. U najkvalitetnijim remenima taj je unutrašnji sloj od perlona. On može preuzimati velika vlačna naprezanja (do 20 N/mm2), dok vanjski kožni slojevi osiguravaju visoke koeficijente trenja. Osim čvrstoće, takvo remenje ima i visoku savitljivost i veliku trajnost. Zbog tih svojih svojstava ti su remeni djelotvorni kako pri osnim razmacima iznad najvećih za ostalo plosnato remenje (do 25 metara), tako i kad su ti razmaci vrlo mali (od 0,65 dz), jer uspješno djeluje i pri vrlo malim obuhvatnim kutovima. Upotreba tog remenja omogućava dosezanje prijenosnih odnosa i do 1:15, a kako je mnogo tanje i uže od ostalih vrsta plosnatog remenja za prijenos jednakih snaga, dopušta pri tome i mnogo veće obodne brzine (do 50 m/s). Naravno, takvo remenje razmjerno je skupo. Međutim, njegove prednosti opravdavaju njegovu visoku cijenu.

Osim ovih kožnih materijala za izradu plosnatog remenja služe i drugi materijali koji zadovoljavaju zahtjeve postupka prijenosa. Oni se mogu oblikovati na prikladan način, moraju imati dovoljno visoko dopušteno vlačno naprezanje, prikladnu sposobnost vraćanja iz stanja plastične deformacije u prvobitno stanje rasterećenja (sposobnost odmaranja), visoki koeficijent trenja, veliku vrijednost modula elastičnosti, veliku savitljivost i malu specifičnu težinu. Od različitih materijala koji zadovoljavaju ove zahtjeve za izradu plosnatog remenja dolaze u obzir stanoviti tekstilni materijali, guma, balata i neke vrste čeličnih traka.

Plosnato remenje od tekstila obično je impregnirano. Ima dobru savitljivost, prikladno je za upotrebu u vlažnim prostorijama i za veće brzine. Glavni tekstilni materijali za izradu plosnatog remenja jesu devina dlaka, dlaka angorske koze, pamuk, vlakno konoplje, umjetna i prirodna svila. Od svih tih najkvalitetnije je (i najskuplje) svileno plosnato remenje.

Gumeno plosnato remenje armirano je ulošcima od tekstilnih traka ili od posebnog prediva. Nepromočivo je, i zbog toga prikladno za upotrebu u vlažnim prostorijama. Nije osjetljivo prema djelovanju prašine i primjenjivo je do temperatura okolišnog prostora do 70 °C.

Plosnato remenje od balate također je armirano tkaninama ili predivom i ima svojstva slična svojstvima gumenog remenja, samo što nije primjenjivo kod temperatura okolišnog prostora iznad 35 °C.

Plosnato remenje od čeličnih traka upotrebljava se samo za veće osne razmake (do 100 m) i velike bodne brzine. Debljina je ovih traka od 0,2 do 1 mm. Remenice prijenosnih uređaja s remenjem od čeličnih traka moraju imati promjer od najmanje 500 mm, a njihovi vijenci moraju biti obloženi papirom, plutom ili kožom, da bi se spriječilo proklizavanje.

Plosnato remenje od tekstilnih materijala, gume, balate i čeličnih traka uglavnom se izrađuje u jednom komadu, u obliku gotovih beskonačnih traka. U rijetkim slučajevima, kad je za izradu beskonačne trake od ovih materijala potrebno spajanje krajeva, upotrebljavaju se spojevi slični onima koji se upotrebljavaju i za spajanje kožnog remenja.

Prema novim postupcima spaja se koža i umjetne mase u višeslojni remen. Takav višeslojni plosnati remen sastoji se od jednog sloja kromne kože, koja je u dodiru s remenicom i ima velik koeficijent trenja, jednog sloja najlona velike vlačne čvrstoće, te jednog pokrivnog gornjeg sloja od kromne kože ili gumirane tekstilne tkanine. Visokovrijedno višeslojno remenje pušta proizvođač da neko određeno vrijeme radi da bi se rasteglo, pa da u pogonu radi praktički bez puzanja.

Oblici i konstrukcijski materijali remenica
Osnovni i najjednostavniji oblik lijevane remenice s nazivima njenih dijelova prikazan je na slici (jednaki nazivi primjenjuju se i na dijelove drugih prijenosnih uređaja, to jest zupčanika, lančanika, konopnica i tarnih kola.

Vijenac remenice obično je malo ispupčen. Ako obje remenice, ili barem jednu, izradimo zaobljeno (bombirano), centrifugalna sila tjera remen prema najvećem promjeru, to jest sredini remenice. Ravan vijenac obično imaju remenice za vrlo široko remenje, ili jalove remenice. Remenice malih promjera obično nemaju ramena (žbice ili paoke), već puni kolut s 3 do 4 ovalne rupe, da bi bile lakše. Inače, da bi djelovanje centrifugalnih sila na vijenac bilo simetrično, broj ramena mora biti paran (obično 4, 6 ili 8). Da bi se smanjio utjecaj otpora zraka, ramena obično imaju eliptičan poprečni presjek sve uži što je bliži vijencu. Kad je vijenac širi od 350 mm, njegova čvrstoća povećava se dodatkom još jednog reda ramena. Već prema potrebama konstrukcije, duljina glavina može biti veća ili manja od širine remenice. Duge glavine imaju u sredini udubljenje koje olakšava postavljanje klina. Da bi se olakšala montaža, naročito velikih i teških remenica, one se često izrađuju u dvodijelnoj izvedbi. Tada se obje njihove polovice spajaju vijcima kako u blizini glavine tako i u blizini vijenca. Takve se remenice obično lijevaju u jednom komadu, pa se režu i sastavljaju bez obrade razdjelnih površina. Ponekad se remenice izrađuju zavarivanjem. Glavina takvih remenica izrađuje se od čeličnog cilindra, a kolut od čeličnog lima s okruglim ili kruškolikim rupama zbog olakšanja i s rebrima za ukrućenje. Vijenac se također izrađuje od čeličnog lima. Namjesto koluta, glavina i vijenac mogu se spojiti i ramenima od čeličnih cijevi.

Za obodne brzine do 25 - 30 m/s remenice se obično izrađuju od sivog lijeva, a za veće brzine lijevaju se od čelika. Remenice laganih prijenosa plosnatim remenjem izrađuju se od slitina aluminija ili od plastičnih masa pojačanih ulošcima. Za uklinjenje na vratilo remenice od plastične mase ipak moraju imati glavinu s metalnim uloškom. Remenice se izrađuju i od kombinacija konstrukcijskih materijala (takozvane kombinirane remenice), na primjer s glavinama i ramenima od sivog lijeva i navučenim vijencem od čeličnog lima. Za lakše i sporedne pogone u prehrambenoj industriji upotrebljavaju se ponekad i drvene remenice s metalnim glavinama. Glavna im je prednost što su lagane. Međutim, zbog higroskopnosti drveta ne rade uvijek mirno; protiv djelovanja vlage zaštićuju se naličima i posebno antihigroskopnim lakom.

Prednosti, nedostaci i primjena
Glavne prednosti prijenosa plosnatim remenjem jesu jednostavnost konstrukcije njegovih uređaja, razmjerno tihi rad, elastično djelovanje (vrlo povoljno, naročito u slučaju naglih povećanja opterećenja), dobar stupanj korisnog djelovanja i mogućnost da se s njima prenosi snaga na razmjerno velike udaljenosti.

Glavni nedostaci prijenosa plosnatim remenjem jesu težina i glomaznost konstrukcije njegovih uređaja i razmjerno velika opterećenja njihovih ležaja.

Svojstva prijenosa plosnatim remenjem odgovarala su potrebama centraliziranih pogona s pomoću prijenosnih (transmisijskih) osovina povezanih sa znatnim rasipanjem energije, kakvi su se mnogo upotrebljavali u prošlosti. Smanjenje gubitaka energije, kao jedan od najvažnijih smjerova razvoja suvremene proizvodnje, učinilo je takve pogone zastarjelim i s time zajedno smanjilo značenje pogona plosnatim remenjem. Primjena prijenosa plosnatim remenjem danas se uglavnom ograničava na područje daleko isplativijih pojedinačnih pogona strojeva, na kojima im, zbog povoljnih svojstava, veoma konkuriraju prijenosi klinastim remenjem.

Postoje izvedbe prijenosa plosnatim remenjem za snage do 2 000 kW i obodne sile do 50 000 N, pri širini remena od 1 750 mm, do 18 000 okretaja u minuti, obodnoj brzini do 90 m/s i do 16 m osnog razmaka, prijenosnim brojem do 10 (i više, s remenjem od posebnog materijala).

Izvori

Strojarstvo

Prijenos plosnatim remenjem


Svet kompjutera srbijanski je računalni časopis u izdanju nakladničke kuće Politika a.d. Prvi broj tiskan je u listopadu 1984. kao posebno izdanje "Politikinog" časopisa "Svet". Prvi urednik bio je Milan Mišić.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice časopisa

Računalni časopisi
Srbijanski tiskani mediji

Svet kompjutera


Este Homem É Perigoso  (This Man Is Dangerous, no original em inglês) é um romance de suspense de 1936 do escritor britânico Peter Cheyney. É o primeiro da série de dez romances em que intervem o agente do FBI Lemmy Caution. Tendo sido um best-seller, esta primeira obra permitiu a Cheyney abandonar o seu emprego como polícia e dedicar-se a tempo inteiro à atividade de  escritor.

Adaptação
Em 1953 foi realizado um filme francês com o mesmo título dirigido por Jean Sacha e tendo Eddie Constantine no papel de Caution, juntamente com Colette Deréal, Grégoire Aslan e Claude Borelli.

Edições em português
 Peter Cheyney, Este Homem É Perigoso, tradutor L. de Almeida Campos, Abril Controljornal Edipresse, Biblioteca Visão, Coleção Lipton, 2000, ISBN 972-611-706-2

Bibliografia
 Goble, Alan. O Índice Completo de Fontes Literárias em Cinema . Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
 Ward, Alfred Charles & Hussey, Maurice. Longman Companion to Twentieth Century Literature . Longman, 1981.

Romances policiais do Reino Unido
Livros de 1936

Este Homem É Perigoso


NGC 6785 (NGC 6778) je planetna maglica u zviježđu Orlu. Naknadno je utvrđeno da je NGC 6778 ista maglica.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6785
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6785 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 6785  DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6750 - 6799

6785

NGC 6785


Isla Kabosahttp://mapcarta.com/14989140 es una isla en el archipiélago de Mergui, en el país asiático de Birmania (Myanmar). Se trata de una isla 7 km de largo y más o menos cuadrada, situada en el extremo noroeste del archipiélago a 15 km al norte de la isla Tenasserim. Kabosa es una isla montañosa y boscosa densa con cuatro montañas visibles alcanzando una altura máxima de 396 m.

Véase también
 Geografía de Birmania
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la Isla

Islas del archipiélago de Mergui

Isla Kabosa


Wilhelm Kempff (født 25. november 1895 i Jüterbog, død 23. maj 1991 i Positano, Italien) var en tysk pianist, organist og komponist.

Kempff studerede ved musikhøjskolen i Berlin, var 1924-29 direktør for musikhøjskolen i Stuttgart, og derefter bosat i Potsdam. Som pianist og organist gjorde han sig kendt i hele Europa. Kempff har skrevet symfonier, korværker, kammermusik med mere.

Hans selvbiografi Unter dem Zimbelstern udkom 1951.

Noter

Bibliografi

Pianister fra Tyskland
Selvbiografer fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1900-tallet
Svensk uppslagsbok

Wilhelm Kempff


Menedemo (Μενέδημος) fue un filósofo griego, de Eretria, (345/4 – 261/0 a. C. que vivió en el  Perteneció a la escuela Jónica, seguidor de los preceptos de Sócrates y discípulo de Fedón de Elis. Fue, como Diógenes de Sínope, llamado perro, por su severidad. Alcanzó celebridad en su patria por lograr que el diádoco Demetrio (uno de los generales de Alejandro Magno) rebajara el tributo anual de su polis a los macedonios. Además de filósofo, fue embajador y político. Otro general de Alejandro, Antíoco, fue gran admirador suyo y se declaró su discípulo. Llevó una buena relación con los detentadores del poder de su tiempo. Fue el último de los filósofos socráticos directo, no perteneciente a los seguidores de la Academia de Platón ni a los de Aristóteles.

Educación

Descendiente de una familia noble pero pobre, los Teopopridas, originarios de Eretria. Su padre se llamaba Clístenes, quien fue arquitecto y pintor de profesión, artes que enseñó a Menedemo. De esto harían mofa otros filósofos al señalar que "no era decente a un sabio pintar escenas ni dar proyectos". Yendo como parte de la guarnición de Eretria a Megara conoció la Academia de Platón y se quedó a estudiar en ella dejando la milicia. Empero el filósofo Asclepíades Filasio se lo llevó de allí para darle él mismo lecciones. De ahí fue a Élide donde estudió las enseñanzas que impartía Fedón. Fue hombre muy serio, grave y severo, por lo que lo comparaban con un toro.

Participación política

Con un sentido de pragmatismo sobresaliente, empleó sus dotes de filósofo y orador para salvaguardar los intereses de su patria Eretria y de los griegos como conjunto ante el imperialismo macedonio. Se convirtió en amigo y maestro del diádoco-rey Antígono I Monóftalmos al cual guiaba en su comportamiento. Alguna vez el soberano le preguntó a Menedemo si debía ir a una fiesta inmoral, a lo que el filósofo se reservó a contestar diplomática y audazmente: "Acuérdate que eres hijo de rey". Siempre criticó los excesos de quien pudiera, más conociendo los límites y sin nunca caer en la austeridad o crítica radical. En una ocasión el rey de Chipre lo invitó a él con otros filósofos a un convite que celebraba mes a mes, ante tal situación Menedemo criticó y alabó a la vez la festividada señalando que "Si esta asamblea de varones es honrosa, cada día debiera celebrarse la fiesta; pero si no, superflua es aún la celebración presente".

Según Diógenes Laercio, fue ambicioso de glorio y poder, de ahí la manera de escoger sus amistades y el modo en que se conducía. Crates incluso lo reprendió por envolverse demasiado en los asuntos públicos y lo llega a mandar a castigar con cárcel durante un tiempo. Aunque en un principio fue catalogado "perro" posteriormente su polis le otorgaría el poder para dirigirla. Enviado a la corte de Ptolomeo I probó ser honradísimo. Amigo de muchos, sin embargo, tuvo como eterno rival al político Perseo, sin embargo, en sus últimos años gozó del puesto más elevado en el Senado de su patria.

Pensamiento

Despreció absolutamente la filosofía de Platón (aunque tomó algunos de sus dogmas en tanto a la política y la manera de discurrir), de Jenócrates y de Parebates Cirenaico. Apreciaba mucho la de Estilpón. Fue inclinado a la superstición, la austeridad pero a la liberalidad también, apoyó el matrimonio y la amistad. Sus discursos fueron oscuros a decir de algunos, creó nuevas palabras y frases. En lógica nunca empleó axiomas negativos solo los afirmativos, de estos, solo aprobaba los sencillos eliminando cualquiera de los complicados. No aprobaba la dialéctica.

Muerte

Existen varias versiones de su fallecimiento. Una de ellas dice que por ser muy amigo de Antígono sus compatriotas creyeron que quería entregarle su ciudad a aquel rey, ante los rumores Menedemo huye a Oropo y se refugia en el templo de Anfiarao. Después, en el templo desaparecen unos vasos de oro y la sospecha recae en el filósofo. Los beocios lo hacen salir del templo y de nuevo huye a su patria, Eretria, donde va con su familia y después con Antígono, en cuya casa muere de tristeza y oprobio.

La otra versión puntualiza que, siendo el principal senador de Eretria, libró a la polis de ser entregada a Demetrio Poliorcetes (por ello eran meros chismes el decir que quería darla a Antígono), mas no pudo lograr que su querida patria dejara de pagar tributo al rey Antígono. Trató de convencer con sus mejores argumentos a este soberano de liberar a Eretria mas como no pudo dejó de comer y al cabo de siete días falleció.

Referencias

Filósofos de la Antigua Grecia
Filósofos de la Antigua Grecia del siglo IV a. C.
Filósofos de la Antigua Grecia del siglo III a. C.
Antiguos eretrios

Menedemo


Manuel Constâncio Alves (Abrantes,  — Sardoal, ) foi um anatomista e cirurgião português.

Biografia
Nasceu a 4 de Abril de 1726 na aldeia de Sentieiras, sendo filho de João Alves. O nome «Constâncio» foi-lhe acrescentado já na idade adulta.

Em 1742, mudou-se para Abrantes, onde frequenta o Hospital da Misericórdia, passando a ajudar os cirurgiões. As suas qualidades chamam a atenção do segundo Marquês de Abrantes.

Em 1762 é mobilizado para o exército comandado pelo Conde de Lippe, durante a Guerra do Pacto de Família, onde fica sob as ordens diretas do Marquês de Marialva que viria a se tornar seu grande amigo e protector.

Casou-se com Joana Evangelista aos 51 anos.

Manuel Constâncio faleceu a 14 de Julho de 1817, aos 91 anos.

Anatomistas de Portugal
Naturais de Abrantes
Cirurgiões de Portugal

Manuel Constâncio


Prvaci Hrvatske u nogometu za kadete za sezonu 2009./10. su bili treći put zaredom nogometaši Dinama iz Zagreba.

Prva liga

Poveznice

Izvori
 prva-hnl-juniorikadeti, ljestvice za 2009./10. i 2010./11., wayback arhiva

2009-10
k-p

Prvenstvo Hrvatske u nogometu za kadete 2009./10.


Méjannes-le-Clap ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im französischen Département Gard in der Region Okzitanien.

Geografie
Méjannes-le-Clap liegt etwa 25 Kilometer nordöstlich von Alès auf einem Hochplateau südlich der Cèze, deren Ufer die nördliche Gemeindegrenze bildet.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Die Kirche Église Saint Christophe, die Dolmen des Fées sowie die einsame Waldschlucht der Cèze (Gorges de la Cèze) gehören zu den Sehenswürdigkeiten des Ortes.

Tourismus
Méjannes-le-Clap ist als Touristenort geprägt von zahlreichen Campingplätzen mit dem Schwerpunkt Freikörperkultur, einigen Feriendörfern und Restaurants.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Weblinks

 Einwohnerentwicklung seit 1793

Ort in Okzitanien

Méjannes-le-Clap


Le ministère de la Marine marchande était un département ministériel du gouvernement de la République italienne.

Histoire
L'histoire du ministère de la marine marchande se déroule en plusieurs étapes. Créé en 1861, il a connu d'innombrables transitions de l'administration de la marine marchande italienne d'un ministère à l'autre, au cours des différents gouvernements qui se sont succédé pendant les 85 premières années du Royaume d'Italie, avant la création du ministère en 1946.

La Direction générale
Initialement rattachée au ministère de la Marine, en tant que division de la marine marchande et de la santé maritime (Divisione della marina mercantile e della Sanità Marittima), elle devient en 1874 la direction générale de la marine marchande (Direzione generale della marina mercantile), avec des compétences en matière de capitainerie, de personnel maritime, de statistiques sur les navires et les mouvements de navigation, de naufrages, de sauvetage, de délivrance des licences, de construction et de primes de navigation. Curieusement, la réglementation de la navigation en Italie et les services de phares et de feux sont restés sous la tutelle du ministère des Travaux publics.

Il a été affecté au nouveau ministère des transports maritimes et ferroviaires en 1916. L'année suivante, elle reprend la gestion des instituts nautiques, qui relèvent du ministère de l'industrie, du commerce et du travail en 1920.

Avec la constitution du gouvernement Mussolini, un commissaire aux services de la marine marchande est nommé le 19 novembre 1922, en la personne de Costanzo Ciano. Le bureau du commissaire subsiste jusqu'au 30 avril 1924, date à laquelle, avec les réformes De' Stefani, il est placé au sein du ministère des Postes et Télégraphes, qui devient peu après le ministère des Communications, avec l'ancien statut de direction générale de la marine marchande (Direzione Generale della Marina Mercantile - DGMMerc).

En août 1943, il retourne au ministère de la Marine, en tant que sous-secrétaire, au sein du gouvernement Badoglio I. Dans la République sociale italienne, il reste au ministère des communications, en tant que direction générale de la marine marchande, basé à Milan. À la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ce dernier fait partie du Commissariat civil à la marine marchande de la Haute-Italie.

Le sous-secrétaire chargé de la marine marchande a été confirmé dans les gouvernements Bonomi, Parri et De Gasperi.

Le ministère
Le 13 juillet 1946, par décret du chef d'État provisoire promu par le gouvernement De Gasperi II, est créé le ministère de la Marine marchande, dirigé par Salvatore Aldisio. En 1947, elle a reçu son propre drapeau, le tricolore italien surmonté de l'emblème de la marine marchande. En 1948, ses services sont organisés :
 la direction générale de la navigation et du trafic maritime
 la direction générale de la navigation,
 l'inspection générale des travaux maritimes et portuaires
 l'inspection générale des capitaineries. Le corps des officiers de port a été placé sous la tutelle du ministère.

Son budget était proche de  de lires en 1985.

En vertu de la loi  de 1993, avec le gouvernement Ciampi, il a été fusionné avec le ministère des Transports, qui, pour l'occasion, a été rebaptisé ministère des transports et de la navigation, avec effet au 2 janvier 1994. Les fonctions relatives à la protection du milieu marin (par exemple, l'identification et la protection des zones marines protégées d'Italie) sont dévolues au ministère de l'environnement, et celles relatives à la pêche maritime et à l'aquaculture au ministère des ressources agricoles, alimentaires et forestières.

Avec la réforme Bassanini de 1999, le ministère des transports a été fusionné avec le ministère des Travaux publics pour former le ministère des infrastructures et des transports, qui est devenu opérationnel en 2001 sous le gouvernement Berlusconi II. Le gouvernement Prodi II a prévu, par décret-loi, une nouvelle dissociation du ministère: d'un côté le ministère des infrastructures, de l'autre le ministère des transports. Tous deux seront à nouveau fusionnés en 2008, avec le gouvernement Berlusconi IV, pour former le ministère des infrastructures et des transports, qui reprend l'héritage en créant le département des transports, de la navigation, des affaires générales et du personnel - direction générale de la supervision des autorités portuaires, des infrastructures portuaires et des transports maritimes et fluviaux.

Activités
Outre ses responsabilités en matière de navires, de navigation, de trafic maritime, de domaine maritime, de surveillance, de sécurité et de sauvetage en mer, elle a édicté des règlements sur les travaux maritimes et portuaires. Il supervisait les activités de pêche (uniquement dans les eaux extérieures, pour les eaux intérieures le ministère de l'Agriculture et des Forêts était responsable) et la protection et la défense du milieu marin, intervenant en cas de pollution causée par des accidents, également grâce à l'accord stipulé avec la société Castalia. Enfin, elle dépendait de la capitainerie du port.

Structure
 Direction générale des affaires générales et du personnel
 Inspection technique
 Direction générale du travail maritime et portuaire
 Direction générale des biens immobiliers de l'État maritime et portuaire
 Direction générale des pêches maritimes
 Comité central pour la sécurité maritime

Le Haut Conseil
Le Conseil supérieur de la marine marchande a été créé en 1885 par le décret royal , auprès du ministère de la Marine, en tant qu'organe consultatif. Il était composé de 25 conseillers, le président exerçant un mandat de trois ans.

En 1947, le Conseil de la marine marchande a été réformé.

Liste des ministres

Références

Bibliographie
  Antonio Neumann, Lesame di grado della marina mercantile, Hoepli
  Giuseppe Garzia, Le aree marine protette, Giuffrè
  Stefania Bussoletti, Franco Sotte, La politica per la pesca in Italia: rapporto sulla spesa, 1982-2000, FrancoAngeli
  Gervasio Antonelli, Gian Italo Bischi, Elena Viganò, La sostenibilità nel settore della pesca, FrancoAngeli

Liens externes
  Direction générale
  Le ministère de la Marine
  Le ministère de la marine marchande

Marine marchande

Ministère de la Marine marchande (Italie)


Big Beach Boutique II is a mixed compilation album containing some of the songs which were played by British big beat musician Fatboy Slim and Midfield General in a live performance on Brighton Beach on 13 July 2002. There is also a DVD release which features the mix set performed by Fatboy Slim called Big Beach Boutique II – The Movie.

The album reached number 11 in the UK Compilation Chart.

Track listing

Certifications

References

Fatboy Slim compilation albums
2002 compilation albums

Big Beach Boutique II (album)


Kuglački klub Velebit (KK Velebit; KK Velebit Otočac; Velebit; Velebit Otočac) je muški kuglački klub iz Otočca, Ličko-senjska županija.
Klub se natječe u 1. hrvatskoj ligi.

O klubu
Kuglački klub "Velebit" je osnovan 1997. godine. Do 2004. godine se natjecao u ligama kao što su "5. HKL - Zapad" i "4. HKL - Zapad", kada ulazi u "3. HKL - Zapad",  ubrzo u "2. HKL - Zapad", koju osvaja u sezoni 2009./10. i poslije kvalifikacija postaje članom "1. hrvatske lige", u kojoj se otad natječu.
2009. godine je formirana druga momčad "Velebit II", koja je s natjecanjima počela u "5. HKL - Zapad" i vremenom došla do "2. HKL - Zapad".
Do otvaranja nove kuglane u Otočcu 2017. godine,

klub se koristio starom kuglanom u okviru Hotela "Park" u Otočcu i kuglanama u Plitvičkim Jezerima i Gospiću.

Uspjesi

Ekipno
 kvalifikacije za 1. HKL
 pobjednik: 2009./10.

 2. hrvatska liga - Zapad
 prvak: 2009./10.

 Kup Hrvatske
 drugoplasirani: 2013.

Velebit II - ekipno
 3. HKL - Zapad - Ogulin / Lika
 prvak: 2013./14., 2014./15.

Pojedinačno

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Rezervna momčad

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Otočac

Vanjske poveznice
 aplikacija.kuglanje.hr, Kuglački klub Velebit
 sportilus.com,KUGLAČKI KLUB VELEBIT OTOČAC

Izvori

 otocac.hr, KUGLAČKI KLUB VELEBIT , preuzeto 23. srpnja 2019.
 likaplus.hr, Održana skupština - Kuglački klub Velebit izabrao predsjednika , objavljeno 10. srpnja 2012., pristupljeno 23. srpnja 2019.
 likaclub.eu, Kuglački Klub Velebit; put od 5. do 1. Hrvatske lige, objavljeno 26. svibnja 2014., pristupljeno 23. srpnja 2019.
 bisnode.hr, KUGLAČKI KLUB "VELEBIT" OTOČAC

Velebit
Velebit

Kuglački klub Velebit Otočac


Serres ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Hautes-Alpes in der Region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Gap und ist Hauptort des Kantons Serres. Serres ist eine der wenigen französischen Gemeinden, deren Namen ein Palindrom bildet.

Städtepartnerschaft
Serres unterhält seit 1990 eine Städtepartnerschaft mit der deutschen Stadt Katzenelnbogen.

Geografie
Serres liegt am Ufer des Flusses Buëch am Schnittpunkt zweier überregionaler Straßenverbindungen:
 RD 1075 von Grenoble nach Sisteron
 RD 994 von Pont-Saint-Esprit zum Col de Montgenèvre
Ferner befindet sich hier ein Bahnhof an der Bahnstrecke Lyon–Marseille.

Die historische Altstadt wurde an den Südosthang eines Felsens erbaut, die moderne Siedlung breitet sich jedoch über das ganze Tal aus.

Geschichte
Das Castrum, Keimzelle der Stadt, wurde erstmals 739 im Testament von Abbo urkundlich erwähnt. 988 gingen die Festung und Ländereien an die Abtei Cluny.

Im Mittelalter entwickelte sich die Stadt durch ihre strategisch günstige Lage zum wichtigsten Ort im Tal des Buëch. Ein Schloss wurde auf dem Pignolette-Felsen erbaut, im 12. Jahrhundert die Stadtkirche. Das Schloss wurde 1633 auf Befehl von Richelieu wieder geschleift. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurden hier industrielle Betriebe gegründet, die aber zum Großteil bis 1900 wieder verschwanden. 1875 bekam Serres Anschluss an die Eisenbahn.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Quellen: Cassini und INSEE

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Sehenswert ist die historische Altstadt, die sich mit engen Gassen um einen Felsen gruppiert, von dem ein weiter Blick ins Tal möglich ist.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Serres (Hautes-Alpes)


Bazı yelkenli teknelerde ana yelkenin yanı sıra flok adı verilen küçük yelken de bulunur. Flok, yelkenli teknenin rüzgâr üstüne doğru seyrini kolaylaştırır. Floğu kullanan tayfaya ise flokçu adı verilir.

Teknelerde ön saha yelkenleri flok ve cenova olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Flok ve cenova arasındaki fark tamamen alansal bir farktır. Buna göre ön saha yelkeni çarmıh ayaklarını geçiyorsa Cenova olarak adlandırılır, şayet çarmıh ayakları ile baş ıstralya arasında kalıyorsa flok olarak adlandırılmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
Denizcilik terimleri

Denizcilik terimleri

Flok


Helena Ann Kennedy, Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws, KC, FRSA, HonFRSE (born 12 May 1950), is a Scottish barrister, broadcaster, and Labour member of the House of Lords. She was Principal of Mansfield College, Oxford, from 2011 to 2018.

Early life and education
Kennedy was born on 12 May 1950 in Glasgow, Scotland, one of the four daughters of Mary Veronica (née Jones) and Joshua Patrick. Her parents were committed Labour activists and devoutly Roman Catholic. Her father, a printer with the Daily Record, was a trade union official.

She attended Holyrood Secondary School in Glasgow, where she was appointed Head Girl. She studied law at the Council of Legal Education in London.

Legal career
In 1972, Kennedy was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. Among her many cases, Kennedy acted as junior counsel for child murderer Myra Hindley during her 1974 trial for plotting to escape from Holloway Prison.

Politics
Kennedy rebels against her party whip in the House of Lords more frequently than any other Labour Peer, having a dissent rate of 33.3%. She was Chair of Charter 88 (1992–1997) and is closely affiliated to the educational charity Common Purpose. In 2020, she worked with the Conservative MP Iain Duncan Smith and democracy activist Luke de Pulford to create the global pressure group Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China. In March 2021, China placed sanctions on her. The sanctions were condemned by the Prime Minister and led the Foreign Secretary to summon the Chinese ambassador.

Academia
Kennedy became the first Chancellor of Oxford Brookes University, serving from 1994 to 2001. Kennedy was elected principal of Mansfield College, Oxford in July 2010 and served from September 2011. She retired in 2018 and became Chancellor of Sheffield Hallam University on 26 July 2018.

Personal life
From 1978 to 1984 she lived with the actor Iain Mitchell, and together they had a son. In 1986, Kennedy married Iain Louis Hutchison, a surgeon, with whom she has a daughter and a son.

Kennedy regularly attends Mass and professes that her Roman Catholicism "remains very much part of who I am", even though she eschews its more traditional values.

In 2023, Kennedy took part in King Charles and Queen Camilla's coronation at Westminster Abbey, carrying the Queen Consort's Rod with Dove.

Honours
She has received numerous academic awards, including:
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA)
 Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute (FCGI)
 Member of the  (Paris)
 Honorary Fellow, Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2005
 Honorary Fellow, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2005
 Honorary Fellow, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
 Honorary Fellow, University of Cambridge, 2010
 Honorary Fellow, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), 2011
 Honorary Doctorate of Law, Plymouth University, 2012
 Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE), 2014
 She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2021.
 She was chosen to carry the Queen's Rod in the Royal Procession at the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla as Sergeant at Arms.

Broadcasting

 Creator: Blind Justice, BBC TV, 1987
 Presenter: Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 1987
 After Dark, Channel 4 and BBC4, 1987–2003
 Kennedy presented many editions of this series, including the 1991 "Do Men Have To Be Violent" featuring an inebriated Oliver Reed who verbally insulted and attempted to kiss feminist Kate Millett, as well as the 1995 special "Ireland: Sex & Celibacy, Church & State" which included an unscheduled last-minute appearance from singer Sinéad O'Connor.
 Presenter: Raw Deal on Medical Negligence, BBC TV, 1989
 Presenter: The Trial of 'Lady Chatterley's Lover, BBC Radio 4, 1990
 Presenter: Time Gentlemen, Please, BBC Scotland, 1994 (Winner, Television Programme Award category, 1994 Industrial Journalism Awards)
 Commissioner, BAFTA Inquiry into the future of the BBC, 1990

Appointments

 President, Helena Kennedy Foundation
 President of the Board the Governors of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)
 President, Women of the Year Lunch (2010–2015)
 Chair, JUSTICE
 Chair of the Board of Governors for the United World College of the Atlantic
 President, Medical Aid for Palestinians
 Patron, Burma Campaign UK, the London-based group campaigning for human rights and democracy in Burma
 Member of the Board of Independent News and Media
 Trustee, KPMG Foundation
 Chancellor of Oxford Brookes University (1994–2001)
 Chancellor of Sheffield Hallam University (appointed in 2018)
 Chair, British Council (1998–2004)
 Chair, Human Genetics Commission (1998–2007)
 President of the National Children's Bureau (1998–2005)
 Kennedy chaired the Power Commission (November 2005 – March 2006), which examined the problem of democratic disengagement in the United Kingdom. A report was produced which highlighted the "Myth of Apathy" and the lack of political engagement
 Chair of Power 2010, which aimed to carry forward the concepts behind the Power Commission into the UK 2010 General Election
 Member of the World Bank Institute's External Advisory Council
 Member of the board of the British Museum
 Member of the High Level Panel of Legal Experts on Media Freedom
Vice-president of the Haldane Society
 Vice-president of the Association of Women Barristers
 Patron, London International Festival of Theatre liftfestival.com
 Patron, Institute for Learning (IfL) http://www.ifl.ac.uk
 Patron, Liberty
 Patron, UNLOCK, The National Association of Ex-Offenders
 Patron, Debt Doctors Foundation UK (DD-UK)
 Patron, Tower Hamlets Summer University
 Patron, Rights Watch (UK)
 Patron of SafeHands for Mothers, a UK-based charity whose mission is to improve maternal and newborn health by harnessing the power of the visual, through the production of films.
 Chair, Howard League's Commission of Inquiry into Violence in Penal Institutions for Young People (the final report, Banged Up, Beaten Up, Cutting Up, published in 1995)
 Chair, Reading Borough Council's Commission of Inquiry into the health, environmental and safety aspects of the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston (final report Secrecy versus Safety, published in 1994)
 Chair, Royal Colleges of Pathologists' and of Pædiatrics' Inquiry into Sudden Infant Death (producing a protocol for the investigation of such deaths in 2004)
 Member of the Foreign Policy Centre's Advisory Council
 Formerly UK member of the International Bar Association's Task Force on Terrorism
 As Commissioner of the National Commission for Education, she chaired a committee on widening participation in further education and the commission's report, Learning Works, published in 1997.
 Chair, Booker Prize Foundation (2015–2020)
 Vice President of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality (from 2017)

Civic honours
 Created a life peer as Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws''', of Cathcart in the City of Glasgow on 27 October 1997.
  Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic on 23 March 2004.
  Commander of the Order of Academic Palms (2006).

Bibliography
 Eve was Framed: Women and British Justice, 1993;
 Just Law: The changing face of justice and why it matters to us, 2004; Eve Was Shamed: How British Justice Is Failing Women, 2018; Misjustice: How British Law is Failing Women,'' 2019;

References

External links
Debrett's People of Today
Helena Kennedy's home page
Power Commission
 Helena Kennedy Foundation

1950 births
Living people
Scottish people of Irish descent
Lawyers from Glasgow
Scottish Roman Catholics
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
People associated with Oxford Brookes University
People associated with SOAS University of London
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Trustees of the British Museum
BBC television presenters
People educated at Holyrood Secondary School
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
British King's Counsel
British legal writers
Women academic administrators
People of the British Council
Chancellors of Sheffield Hallam University
Principals of Mansfield College, Oxford
Scottish women lawyers
Honorary Fellows of the British Academy

Helena Kennedy, Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws


زورق صواريخ هو زورق صغير يسلح بصواريخ سطح - سطح مضادة للسفن وهو أكثر السفن العسكرية شيوعاً لدى القوى البحرية العالمية بسبب فعاليتها من جهة وقلة تكلفتها المادية من جهة أخرى صممت زوارق الصواريخ كزوارق شبيهه لزوارق الطوربيد المستخدمة في الحرب العالمية الأولى.

تتراوح أطوال زوارق الصواريخ بين 25 و 60م، ولزوراق الصوراريخ محركات تعمل بالديزل أو بالتوربينات الغازية ويمكنها الانتقال بسرعات تبلغ 40 عقدة/ميل بحري في الساعة أو أكثر. وتحمل عددًا من الصواريخ يتراوح بين صاروخين موجهين إلى ثمانية صواريخ موجهة. ويمكن إطلاق صواريخها بدقة إلى مسافات تبلغ 100 كم. كما أن لزوارق الصواريخ مدفعًا واحدًا سريع الطلقات أو قد يكون لها أكثر من مدفع تستخدمها ضد الطائرات والسفن الصغيرة المهاجمة. وتبلغ أعيرة هذه المدافع 75 ملم كحد أقصى.

وقد بُنيت أولى الزوارق الصاروخية بواسطة البحرية السوفييتية، التي أدخلتها للخدمة في 1958م. وتستخدم أساطيل عديدة أخرى النوعين الأكثر شهرة من زوارق الصواريخ السوفييتية وهما أوسا وكومار. وأثناء الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية عام 1967م استخدمت البحرية المصرية زوارق الصواريخ من فئة كومار مزود بأربع صواريخ من نوع (SS-N-2) لإغراق المدمرة إيلات الإسرائيلية وقتل 47 من طاقمها في 20 أكتوبر 1967. وكانت الزوارق المصرية في قاعدتها عندما أطلقت أربعة صواريخ على المدمرة التي كانت تبعد 20 كم عن الساحل. وعقب عملية الإغراق هذه وعمليات أخرى بوساطة سفن سوفييتية الصنع، شرعت الدول الأخرى في تطوير زوارق الصواريخ.

من زوارق الصواريخ
  زورق الصواريخ تايب 22

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 زورق طوربيد
 زورق مدفعية
 زورق دورية

أنواع السفن
أنواع القوارب
اختراعات سوفيتية
زوارق صواريخ
صواريخ موجهة مضادة للسفن

زورق صواريخ


La statue-menhir de Saint-Jean l'Hôpital est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Montclar, dans le département de l'Aveyron en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte en 1993 par le propriétaire de la ferme attenante, Jean-Pierre Roussel. La statue a été sculptée et gravée sur une dalle de grès dont le site d'extraction le plus proche est situé à . Elle correspond au fragment supérieur d'une statue plus grande. Ce fragment mesure  de hauteur sur  de largeur et  d'épaisseur.

La statue a connu deux états successifs. À l'origine, c'est une statue masculine comme l'atteste le baudrier, qui comporte un anneau (au dos de la statue). Dans un second temps, elle a été féminisée par l'ajout d'une paire de seins et d'un collier à trois rangs. Le visage (yeux, nez) et la partie supérieure des bras sont visibles.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques de l'Aveyron
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Saint-Jean l'Hôpital
Site mégalithique dans l'Aveyron

Statue-menhir de Saint-Jean l'Hôpital


O rio Jequi (também chamado de rio Santo Antônio)  é um curso d'água intermitente no estado brasileiro da Bahia, integrando a bacia do rio Paraguaçu, na Chapada Diamantina.

É um dos afluentes do rio Una, e corta o distrito de Novo Acre, em Ibicoara, cujo povoamento inicial se deu com o pouso de garimpeiros às margens do rio (razão pela qual a aldeia também era originalmente chamada de Jequi).

Jequi
Hidrografia da Chapada Diamantina
Jequi
Geografia de Ibicoara

Rio Jequi


Le Stade 15 de Abril, est un stade de football inauguré en 1929 et situé à Santa Fe en Argentine.

Il accueille les matchs à domicile du club du Club Atlético Unión, évoluant en première division, il porte comme nom la date de fondation du club.

Histoire
La construction du stade commence en 1928, sur un terrain appartenant au Club Atlético Unión. En 1924, le club voulait inauguré le stade à la date anniversaire du club, le 15 avril, mais des retards repoussent la fête au 28 avril.

Le 18 décembre 1943, au cours d'un match amical la tribune en bois des visiteurs s'effondre. À la suite de cet incident les tribunes sont construites en béton.

Le stade avait une capacité de 20000 places en 2012, mais un projet en cours prévoit un agrandissement à 40000 places, ces travaux se feront en quatre étapes. La première phase terminée apportera la capacité à 29000 places.

Références

Lien externe
 Description du stade sur soccerway.com

Équipement sportif achevé en 1924
Stade de football en Argentine
Stade ayant pour nom une date
Sport à Santa Fe (Argentine)

Stade 15 de Abril


Vera Mindy Chokalingam (Cambridge, Massachusetts; 24 de junio de 1979), más conocida como Mindy Kaling, es una actriz, comediante, escritora y productora estadounidense. Es conocida por sus papeles en Virgen a los 40 (2005) y en la serie de The Office (2007). También protagonizó la serie The Mindy Project.

Vida personal
Kaling Vera Chokalingam nació en Cambridge, Massachusetts. Sus padres nacieron en Tamil, India. Su padre, Avu, es un arquitecto y su madre, Swati, es una obstetra, ginecóloga.

Mindy explica que se llama así desde que su madre estaba embarazada y vivían en Nigeria. Planeaban mudarse a los EE. UU., por lo que su madre quería un "bonito nombre de América" para su hija, y le gustó el nombre de Mindy del programa de televisión Mork & Mindy. Vera es el nombre de la "encarnación de una Diosa Hindú".

Se graduó en 1997 de Buckingham Browne y Nichols, una escuela privada de Cambridge. Al año siguiente entró en el Dartmouth College, donde fue miembro de la compañía de comedia de improvisación "The Dog Day Players" y del grupo a capella "El Rockapellas", la creadora de la tira cómica "Badly Drawn Girl" de Dartmouth (diario de la universidad), así como la escritora de la Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern (la revista humorística de la universidad). Se graduó en 2001.

En 2003, interpretó a Ben Affleck en una obra titulada "Matt y Ben", que también coescribió junto a Brenda Cruz. La obra fue nombrada en la revista "Time" en la lista "Top Ten Theatrical Events of The Year" (Top ten eventos teatrales del año).

En diciembre de 2017, Kaling dio a luz a una hija, Katherine Swati, cuyo padrino es su amigo cercano, B. J. Novak. Kaling ha preferido no revelar la identidad del padre, ni siquiera a gente de su entorno. Su segundo hijo, Spencer, nació el 3 de septiembre de 2020.

Carrera
Entre los papeles televisión incluye un episodio de 2005 de Curb Your Enthusiasm, como asistente de Richard Lewis. Kaling también escribió para un episodio de Saturday Night Live en abril de 2006.

Su primer papel cinematográfico fue en Virgen a los 40, protagonizada por Steve Carell. También hizo una aparición en la película Unaccompanied Minors como camarera.

Entre 2005 y 2011 personificó a Kelly Kapoor en The Office junto a Steve Carell, John Krasinski, Angela Kinsey y Brian Baumgartner. Kaling se unió como guionista cuando tenía 24 años, como la única mujer en un equipo de ocho personas y luego asumió el papel de personaje Kelly Kapoor. Ha escrito al menos 22 episodios, como "Niágara", por la que fue co-nominada a un Emmy con Greg Daniels. Kaling también escribió y dirigió los webisodios "La sexualidad sutil" en 2009. En una entrevista en 2007 con el A.V. Club, declaró que el personaje de Kelly es "una versión exagerada de lo que los escritores de nivel superior creían que era su personalidad".

De igual forma, prestó su voz para el papel de Desagrado en la película de 2015 Inside Out, e interpretó a Sarah en la película "La noche anterior" (2015).

Escribió algunos episodios de The Office:
 "Hot girl" (26 de abril de 2005) - Primera temporada.
 "The dundies" (20 de septiembre de 2005) - Segunda temporada.
 "The injury" (12 de enero de 2006) - Segunda temporada.
 "Take your daughter to work day" (16 de marzo de 2006) - Segunda temporada.
 "Diwali" (2 de noviembre de 2006) - Tercera temporada.
 "Ben Franklin" (1 de febrero de 2007) - Tercera temporada.
 "Branch wars" (1 de noviembre de 2007) - Cuarta temporada.
 "Night Out" (24 de abril de 2008) - Cuarta temporada.
 "Frame Toby" (10 de noviembre de 2008) - Quinta temporada.
 "Lecture circuit: Part 1" (5 de febrero de 2009) - Quinta temporada.
 "Lecture circuit: Part 2" (12 de febrero de 2009) - Quinta temporada.
 "Golden ticket" (12 de marzo de 2009) - Quinta temporada.
 "Niagara" coescrito con Greg Daniels (8 de octubre de 2009) - Sexta temporada.
 "Secret Santa" (10 de diciembre de 2009) - Sexta temporada.
 "The manager and the salesman" (11 de febrero de 2010) - Sexta temporada.
 "Secretary's day" (22 de abril de 2010) - Sexta temporada.
 "The sting" (21 de octubre de 2010) - Séptima temporada.
 "Classy Christmas" (9 de diciembre de 2010) - Séptima temporada.
 "Michael's last dundies" (21 de abril de 2011) - Séptima temporada.

Dirigió dos episodios de The Office
 "Body language" (29 de abril de 2010) - Sexta temporada.
 "Michael's last dundies" (21 de abril de 2011) - Séptima temporada.

Actuó en Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian.

También puso su voz al personaje de "Tourist Mom" en la comedia animada Despicable Me. En 2011 desempeñó el papel de Shira en la película No Strings Attached, una médica que es un compañera de piso y su colega es Emma (interpretada por Natalie Portman).

Antes de actuar, una de sus peores experiencias laborales fue como asistente de producción en el programa Crossing Over With John Edward.

Kaling tiene un blog llamado "Things I've Bought That I Love" (Cosas que he comprado y me encantan).

Es la autora de la biografía cómic "Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me? (And Other Concerns)". Es una colección de ensayos sobre sus primeros años y profesional entrelazada con breves ensayos de observación de sus amigos, familia y relaciones, anexada el 31 de octubre de 2011 en un episodio de The Daily Show. La actriz también participó en la película The End of the World (2013).

Filmografía

Cine

Televisión

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Biografía en NBC

Nacidos en Cambridge (Massachusetts)
Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Massachusetts
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Directoras de televisión de Estados Unidos
Guionistas de televisión de Estados Unidos
Productores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Hinduistas de Estados Unidos

Mindy Kaling


A Volta à Turquia de 2011, foi 47.ª edição da competição, que decorreu de 24 de abril a 1 de maio de 2011, sobre um traçado de 1.388,7 km.

A prova pertenceu ao UCI Europe Tour de 2010-2011 dos Circuitos Continentais da UCI, dentro da máxima categoria para voltas de várias etapas: 2.hc.

Seu vencedor final na classificação geral foi o russo Alexander Efimkin, da equipa Type 1-Sanofi Aventis, depois de ser o mais forte de um grupo de 10 corredores que ganharam vantagem ao pelotão em mais de 11 minutos na 5.ª etapa.

Equipas participantes
Tomaram parte na corrida 22 equipas com entre 6 (Liquigas-Cannondale) e 8 corredores a cada um, sendo ao todo 168 os ciclistas que a começaram, dos que a acabaram 137. As equipas participantes foram:

Equipas UCI ProTeam

  Team Garmin-Cervélo
  Omega Pharma-Lotto
  Lampre-ISD
  Liquigas-Cannondale
  Saxo Bank-Sungard
  Pro Team Astana

Equipas Profissionais Continentais

  Cofidis, le Crédit en Ligne
  FDJ
  Colnago-CSF Inox
  Androni Giocattoli
  Veranda's Willems-Accent
  Farnese Vini-Neri Sottoli
  Team NetApp
  SpiderTech powered by C10
  De Rosa-Ceramica Flaminia
  Caja Rural
  Skil-Shimano
  Team Type 1-Sanofi Aventis
  Colombia es Pasión-Café de Colombia
  Andalucía Caja Granada

Equipas  Continentais

  Manisaspor Cycling Team
  Konya-Torku Seker Spor-Vivelo

Etapas

Classificações finais

Classificação geral

Classificação da montanha

Classificação por pontos

Classificação dos sprints especiais

Classificação por equipas

Referências

Ligações externas

 Página oficial

Desporto na Turquia em 2011
2011
UCI Europe Tour de 2010-2011

Volta à Turquia de 2011


Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii, Sultan II. Mahmut'un eşi ve Sultan Abdülaziz'in annesi olan Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılan cami. Cami 1869-1871 yılları arasında inşa edildi. Planlarını Sarkis Balyan'ın çizdiği, hazırlanmasına Hagop Balyan'ın katıldığı da bilinmektedir. Mimarı Montani'dir. Çizim işlerinde, desinatör Osep çalışmıştır. Uygulama ve şantiye yönetimi için Bedros Kalfa ve duvarcı Ohannes ile dülger kolbaşısı Dimitri görevlendirilmiştir. Caminin, neogotik tasarımıyla klasik camilerden oldukça farklı bir mimarisi vardır. Devlet ileri gelenlerinin, din bilginlerinin, hocaların katılımıyla düzenlenen büyük bir törenle temeli atıldı. Pertevniyal Sultan temel atma töreninini meydanı görebilen bir evin penceresinden izledi. Tek şerefeli iki minaresi, Dolmabahçe Camii'nin minarelerinden daha geniş tutulmuştu. İç mekân bakımından da bu camiden daha genişti. Tek kubbesi yüksek, fakat küçüktür. Neogotik yüzey bezemeleri bu camiye ayrı bir güzellik kazandırır. Aynı bezeme zenginliği ve güzellik caminin iç kısımları için de geçerlidir. Altın yaldızla parlatılan mavi rengin egemen olduğu kalem işi süslemeler, iç mekanı baştan sona süslemektedir. Caminin Aksaray Meydanı'na bakan avlu kapısı, İstanbul'daki camiler için pek alışılmadık ve aynı zamanda da göz kamaştırıcıdır. Bu kapı Osmanlı taş oyma sanatının nadide ürünlerindendir. 1956-59 arasındaki Aksaray Meydanı düzenlenmesi esnasında sebil gibi camiye ait bazı unsurlar kaldırılmış veya yeri değiştirilmiştir. Caminin çevresindeki eserler bir çeşme, bir kütüphane ve Pertevniyal Sultan'ın kendisi için yaptırdığı türbeden oluşmaktadır. Kütüphanesi, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi'ne taşınmıştır. Trafikten en çok etkilenen cami bu camidir. Caminin kahyası Hüseyin Bey cami masrafı olarak 7961 kese 396 kuruş 10 para harcamış; üç ayrı temel çukuruna olmakla 3225 lira temele gömülmüştür. (İstanbul, s.121)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Pertevniyal Lisesi
 Valide camileri

Kaynakça
 İstanbul'un Tarihi ve Camileri, Ankara 1970.

Dış bağlantılar

 T.C. İstanbul Valiliği (Harika İstanbul) / Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii ve Tanıtımı

İstanbul'daki Osmanlı camileri
Sarkis Balyan eserleri
Fatih'teki camiler
Selatin camileri
1870'lerde tamamlanan camiler
1871'de tamamlanan dinî yapılar
Aksaray, Fatih

Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii


Taiga Maekawa (født 13. juni 1996) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Avispa Fukuoka.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Taiga Maekawa


In utero es un término en Latín que significa literalmente 'en el útero'. En biología, la frase describe el estado de un embrión o feto. En contextos legales, la frase se usa para referirse a los niños no nacidos.

Véase también
 ex vivo
 in silico
 in situ
 in vitro
 in vivo

Expresiones latinas usadas en biología

In utero


José Carlos Fantaguzzi (nacido el 16 de enero de 1962 en Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina) es un exfutbolista y director técnico. Jugaba de centrocampista y su primer club fue Ferro Carril Oeste.

Como futbolista

Comenzó su carrera en 1982 jugando para Ferro Carril Oeste, adonde arribó en 1978 procedente del Club Lucini, de su ciudad natal l. Jugó para Ferro hasta 1987, obteniendo el campeonato nacional en 1984. En 1987, "Fanta" se fue a España para formar parte del equipo Real Betis. Jugó para ese equipo hasta 1988. Ese año regresó a la Argentina para jugar por segunda vez consecutiva en Ferro Carril Oeste. En este club, Fantaguzzi sumó un total de 166 partidos jugados con 8 goles.

En 1989 se trasladó a Israel para formar parte del equipo Hapoel Beit-She'an FC, en donde juega hasta el año 1990. Ese año regresó a su país para incorporarse a CA Platense. Jugó para este club hasta 1991. En 1994 pasó a Huracán , en donde definitivamente se retiró del fútbol profesional argentino en 1994.

Como director técnico

Retirado, Fantaguzzi se dedicó a la dirección técnica. Como ayudante de Oscar Garré, dirigió en 2002 y 2003 a Huachipato (Chile); en 2004 y 2005, a Universidad Católica (Chile); en 2005 y 2005 a Atlético Rafaela. En 2006 fue director técnico de Nacional (Paraguay); en 2007, de Tiro Federal (Rosario), en la B Nacional de Argentina. Como ayudante de Héctor Cúper, dirigió entre 2007 y 2009 a la selección de Georgia; entre 2009 y 2011, a Aris Salónica (Grecia), donde fue subcampeón de la Copa Grecia en 2009; en 2011, a Racing Santander (España); entre 2011 y 2013, a Orduspor (Turquía); entre 2013 y 2015, a Al Wasl (Emiratos Árabes); entre 2015 y 2018, a la selección de Egipto, con la que jugó el Mundial; desde 2018, a la selección de Uzbekistán.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha en BDFA

Futbolistas de Pergamino
Futbolistas del Club Ferro Carril Oeste
Futbolistas del Real Betis Balompié en los años 1980
Futbolistas del Hapoel Beit-She'an FC
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Platense
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Huracán

José Fantaguzzi


Brewster est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Thomas, au Kansas. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ville au Kansas
Comté de Thomas (Kansas)

Brewster (Kansas)


La  est une gare ferroviaire terminus située à Yachiyo, dans la préfecture de Chiba au Japon. Cette gare est exploitée par la compagnie Toyo Rapid Railway.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare de Tōyō-Katsutadai marque la fin de la ligne Tōyō Rapid.

Historique
La gare a été inaugurée le .

Service des voyageurs

Accueil
La gare, située en souterrain, est ouverte tous les jours.

Desserte
 Ligne Tōyō Rapid :
 voies 1 et 2 : direction Nishi-Funabashi (interconnexion avec la ligne Tōzai pour Nakano)

Intermodalité
La gare de Katsutadai sur la ligne principale Keisei est située à proximité immédiate.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Lien externe
  La gare de Tōyō-Katsutadai sur le site de Toyo Rapid Railway

Gare dans la préfecture de Chiba
Gare en cul-de-sac
Gare souterraine
Gare mise en service en 1996

Gare de Tōyō-Katsutadai


Det Socialdemokratiske Parti Flensborg (SPF) var et dansksindet socialdemokratisk parti i Flensborg i årene 1946 til 1954.

I juli 1946 ekskluderede SPD's formand Kurt Schumacher SPD's byforening i Flensborg, fordi byforeningen ikke ville følge den nationalpolitiske linje Schuhmachers og i stedet støttede kravet om en ny folkeafstemning i Sydslesvig. Som reaktion stiftede en række flensborgske socialdemokrater samme år et selvstændig dansk-orienteret socialdemokratisk parti, som fik navnet Socialdemokratisk Parti Flensborg (Sozialdemokratische Partei Flensburg). Blandt dem var Hermann Olson og Wilhelm Ludwig Christiansen. Partiet samarbejdede i de følgende år tæt med Sydslesvigsk Forening og Sydslesvigsk Vælgerforening. Ved kommunalvalget i oktober 1949 fik en fællesliste af SPF og SSF 33 pladser i det flensborgske byråd, mens de få resterende tyske socialdemokrater fik kun 2 pladser. Senere blev Friedrich Drews fra SPF overborgermester.

Bestræbelser på at udvide partiets område til at omfatte hele Sydslesvig strandende dog på grund af modstand fra de britiske besættelsesmyndigheder. Briterne ville ikke tillade et større dansk socialdemokratisk parti i Sydslesvig (SPS). Protester mod briternes holdning hos allieredes kontrollråd forblev uden konsekvenser. Partiets virkeområde var dermed begrænset til selve byen Flensborg. Partiet blev dengang også omtalt som verdens mindste socialdemokratiske parti. SPF fik heller ikke lov til at udgive en partiavis. Med dannelsen af forbundsrepublikken i 1949 viste det sig, at Sydslesvigs genforening med Danmark ikke længere kunne være en realistiske politiske mulighed. Som følge fusionerede SPF i 1954 igen med det tyske socialdemokrati. Mange politikere fra SPF skiftede dog til den danske SSW og dannede Sønderjysk Arbejderforening (SAF).

Litteratur
 Wilhelm Ludwig Christiansen: Mit brogede politiske liv, Padborg 1990, .
 Wilhelm Ludwig Christiansen: Meine Geschichte der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Flensburg. Sozialdemokraten zwischen Deutsch und Dänisch 1945-1954, Studieafdelingen Dansk Centralbibliotek für Sydslesvig, Flensborg 1993 .
 Nils Vollertsen: SPD, Socialdemokratiet og det danske mindretal. Odense University Studies in History and Social Sciences. Vol. 84. Odense University Press, 1983.

Noter

Foreninger i Flensborg
Socialdemokratiske partier

Socialdemokratisk Parti Flensborg


7.5 cm KwK 37 L/24 (7.5 cm Kampfwagenkanone 37 L/24), Nazi Almanyası ordusu Wehrmacht tarafından II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında orta sınıf SdKfz.161 Panzerkampfwagen IV tankında kullandığı 7.5 cm lik bir top türüdür. Bu top kısa namlulu olmasında dolayı sadece düşman istihkam birliklerine karşı kullanılmak için yapılmış ancak savaşın başlarında düşman tanklarına karşıda kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra bu topun yerine tanklara 7.5 cm KwK 40 L/48 topu monte edilmiştir.

Mühimmatı
 K.Gr.rot.Pz. (Zırh delici başlıklı)
 Gr.38 Hl/A (Yüksek patlayıcılı tanksavar)
 Gr.38 Hl/B (Yüksek patlayıcılı tanksavar)
 Gr.38 Hl/C (Yüksek patlayıcılı tanksavar)
 7.5 cm Sprgr.34 (Yüksek patlayıcılı)

Kullanıldığı tank türleri

 SdKfz.141/2 Panzerkampfwagen III Ausf. N
 SdKfz.161 Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. A
 SdKfz.161 Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. C
 SdKfz.161 Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. D
 SdKfz.161 Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. E
 SdKfz.161 Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. F
 SdKfz.233 Schwerer Panzerspähwagen "Stummel"
 SdKfz.234/3 Schwerer Panzerspähwagen "Stummel"

Tank topları
Almanya'nın topları

7,5 cm KwK 37