Le château de Gemeaux  est un château  du  reconstruit sur une base du  situé à Gemeaux (Côte-dOr) en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Localisation
Le château est situé sur la RD 105 à la sortie est du village.

Historique

En janvier 1282 Guillaume de Grancey reçoit en fief du duc de Bourgogne Robert II la ville de Gemeaux avec droit d'y construire une forteresse. En 1433, celle-ci est partiellement démolie lors de la guerre entre Jean IV de Vergy et Guillaume de Châteauvillain, seigneur de Grancey et de Gemeaux. En janvier 1438, elle est occupée par 700 Écorcheurs du bâtard de Bourbon. En 1583, le  château est dans un enclos de murailles quasi ruinées "dedans lequel est l'église paroissiale de Gemeaux et partie du cimetière". Pendant les guerres de Religion, il est gardé par les habitants, les seigneurs ayant droit d'en nommer les officiers. En 1643 les Suédois brûlent environ 25 maisons alentour.

Assiégée et ravagée à diverses reprises, la maison forte est totalement ruinée en 1682 quand Jean Mochot,trésorier de France, la rachète au marquis de Vitteaux. Il se fait construire une nouvelle demeure au bas du village que son fils Jacques vend en 1711 à Jean-Claude Loppin, conseiller au Parlement. De 1740 à 1749 Charles-Catherine Lupin, son fils, l'agrandit et l'embellit sur des plans d'Edme Verniquet et en aménage les jardins.

À la Révolution le château envahi par les démolisseurs n'est sauvé de la destruction par le propriétaire que grâce au vin de sa cave. Pendant la Grande guerre, il est utilisé du 10 décembre 1914 au 16 février 1917 comme annexe de l'hôpital militaire d'Is-sur-Tille avec 25 lits.

Architecture

Il ne subsiste de la forteresse médiévale que la tour de la prison. À l'est se trouve le nouveau château couvert d'ardoises et de tuiles vernissées dont les communs sont en briques colorées. La décoration intérieure et extérieure en a été modifiée au  par la famille Loppin qui l'a conservé jusqu'en 1970. En très mauvais état à la fin du , il a été restauré et sauvé depuis.

Le château de Gemeaux est inscrit en totalité aux monuments historiques par arrêté du 4 avril 1989.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Côte-d'Or

Liens externes

Gemeaux
Gemeaux
Monument historique dans la Côte-d'Or
Monument historique inscrit en 1989

Château de Gemeaux


Jehoahaz III of Judah (, Yəhō'aḥaz, "Yahweh has held";  Iōakhaz; ), also called Shallum, was the seventeenth king of Judah (3 months in 609 BC) and the fourth son of king Josiah whom he succeeded. His mother was Hamautal, daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. He was born in 633/632 BC.

Background
In the spring or early summer of 609 BC, Pharaoh Necho II began his first campaign against Babylon, in aid of the Assyrians. He moved his forces along the coastal route Via Maris towards Syria, along the low tracts of Philistia and Sharon and prepared to cross the ridge of hills which shuts in the Jezreel Valley on the south. There he found his passage blocked at Megiddo by the Judean army led by Josiah. After a fierce battle Josiah was killed. The Assyrians and their allies the Egyptians fought the Babylonians at Harran. The Babylonian Chronicle dates the battle from Tammuz (July–August) to Elul (August–September) of 609 BC. Josiah was therefore killed in the month of Tammuz, 609 BC, or the month prior, when the Egyptians were on their way to Harran. Chronological considerations related to his successor limit the month in which Josiah was killed and Jehoahaz took the throne to Tammuz.

Reign
Although he was two years younger than his brother, Eliakim, he was elected to succeed his father on the throne at the age of twenty-three, under the name Jehoahaz. This fact attests the popularity of the young man, and probably also his political affiliations or policy, as being in line with those of his father. He reigned for only three months, before being deposed by the Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II and taken into Egyptian captivity (2 Kings 23:31–34).

He disregarded the reforms of his father Josiah. ()

Both William F. Albright and E. R. Thiele dated his reign to 609 BC, making his birth in 633/632 BC.

Necho II deposes Jehoahaz
After the failed siege of Harran, Necho left a sizable force behind, but returned himself to Egypt. On his return march, he found that the Judeans had selected Jehoahaz to succeed his father Josiah. Necho brought Jehoahaz to Riblah and imprisoned him there. He then deposed Jehoahaz and replaced him with his older brother Eliakim as king, changing his name to Jehoiakim. Jehoahaz had ruled for three months. Necho brought Jehoahaz back to Egypt as his prisoner, where Jehoahaz ended his days.  The prophet Jeremiah said of him to "weep bitterly for him who is exiled, because he will never return nor see his native land again."()

References

630s BC births
600s BC deaths
7th-century BC kings of Judah
Dethroned monarchs

Jehoahaz of Judah


Die Saargemünd-Zweibrücker Triasmulde ist Teil der großen geologischen Saar-Nahe-Senke, einem Sedimentationsbecken.

Dieses zunächst geologisch abgesenkte Gebiet füllte sich im Laufe der Jahrmillionen während wiederholter Hebe- und Senkvorgänge mit Sedimenten. Der in diesem Gebiet zu findenden Buntsandstein wird als Ablagerung von Sand in einem Wüstenklima interpretiert. Ein periodisch von Südosten das Gebiet überflutendes Meer führte zur Ablagerung von Muschelkalkschichten. Dann folgen festländische Schichten des Keupers.

Zu Beginn des Trias wurde das vorher durch Sedimentation ebene Gebiet um 500 Meter mit Gefälle von Nord nach Südwesten angehoben. Zu Beginn des Pleistozäns vor 2 Mio. Jahren begannen sich in dieses geneigte Gebiet zahlreiche Bäche einzuschneiden, die sich in Blies und Mandelbach vereinigen. Die rückschreitende Erosion bildete die heute stark gegliederte, ja zerstückelte Landschaft.

Siehe auch
 Germanisches Becken

Literatur
 Gottfried Kneuper: Zur Entstehung und Entwicklung der Saar-Nahe-Senke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Band 117 (1965), S. 312–322

Geologische Karten
Die Saargemünd-Zweibrücker Triasmulde ist dargestellt auf der
 Geologische Übersichtskarte 1 : 200 000, Blatt CC 7102 Saarbrücken der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Quelle
 Emil Hoffmann: Altpaläolithische Fundplatze im Bliesgau (Saarpfalz-Kreis). Kapitel: Zur Geschichte und Geologie, Seite 12; ISBN 978-3-8370-5273-2 (bei Google books)

Einzelnachweis

Geographie (Saarland)
Geographie (Pfalz)
Geographie (Grand Est)
Geologie Europas
Germanische Trias

Saargemünd-Zweibrücker Triasmulde


Napolitanska pjesma (tal. Canzone Napoletana) je vrsta talijanske tradicionalne pjesme pjevane na napolitanskom narječju, izvorno namijenjena muškom solo glasu. Većina ih je nastala u taijanskom iseljeništvu između 1830. i 1920. godine, a svojom popularnošću i prepoznatljivošču izvan granica Italije postale su simbolom talijanske vokalne glazbe.

Napolitanske pjesme prvi je popularizirao Plácido Domingo, koji je snimio CD Italia ti amo (Italija, volim te) s napolitanskim pjesmama. Nakon njega, brojni poznati talijanski i svjetski pjevači snimili su obrade napolitanskih pjesama. Popularizacijom su se počele izvoditi uz pratnju mandoline, gitare ili glasovira.

U Italiji se napolitanske pjesme smatraju posebnim žanrom kao mješavinom tradicionalne i zabavne glazbe.

Najpoznatije napolitanske pjesme su O sole mio i Santa Lucia. U Napulju je 1969. izašla Enciklopedija napolitanskih pjesama.

Izvori

Talijanska glazba
Napulj

Napolitanska pjesma


43293 Banting este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
43293 Banting este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Reedy Creek de John Broughton. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,17 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 6,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 43001-44000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

43293 Banting


An Eriocaulon lanatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni H.E.Hess. An Eriocaulon lanatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Angola. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon lanatum


An Carex tenuispicula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tang ngan S.Y.Liang. An Carex tenuispicula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex tenuispicula


Curtea brâncovenească din Doicești este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul satului Doicești, comuna Doicești. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 65422.02.01.

Ansamblul este format din următoarele monumente:
 Beciurile casei domnești ()
 Biserica "Nașterea Maicii Domnului" ()
 Casa slujitorilor-ruine ()
 Anexe gospodărești-ruine ()
 Zid de incintă cu poartă ()

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Dâmbovița

Curtea brâncovenească din Doicești


A clonogenic assay is a cell biology technique for studying the effectiveness of specific agents on the survival and proliferation of cells. It is frequently used in cancer research laboratories to determine the effect of drugs or radiation on proliferating tumor cells as well as for titration of Cell-killing Particles (CKPs) in virus stocks. It was first developed by T.T. Puck and Philip I. Marcus at the University of Colorado in 1955.

Although this technique can provide accurate results, the assay is time-consuming to set up and analyze and can only provide data on tumor cells that can grow in culture. The word "clonogenic" refers to the fact that these cells are clones of one another.

Procedure
The experiment involves three major steps:

 The treatment is applied to a sample of cells.
 The cells are "plated" in a tissue culture vessel and allowed to grow.
 The colonies produced are fixed, stained, and counted.

At the conclusion of the experiment, the percentage of cells that survived the treatment is measured. A graphical representation of survival versus drug concentration or dose of ionizing radiation is called a cell survival curve.

For Cell-killing Particle assays, the surviving fraction of cells is used to approximate the Poisson Distribution of virus particles amongst cells and therefore determine the number of CKPs encountered by each cell.

Any type of cell could be used in an experiment, but since the goal of these experiments in oncological research is the discovery of more effective cancer treatments, human tumor cells are a typical choice. The cells either come from prepared "cell lines," which have been well-studied and whose general characteristics are known, or from a biopsy of a tumor in a patient. The cells are put in petri dishes or in plates which contain several circular "wells." Particular numbers of cells are plated depending on the experiment; for an experiment involving irradiation it is usual to plate larger numbers of cells with increasing dose of radiation. For example, at a dose of 0 or 1 gray of radiation, 500 cells might be plated, but at 4 or 5 gray, 2500 might be plated, since very large numbers of cells are killed at this level of radiation and the effects of the specific treatment would be unobservable.

Counting the cell colonies is usually done under a microscope and is quite tedious. Recently, machines have been developed that use algorithms to analyse images. These are either captured by an image scanner or an automated microscope that can completely automate the counting process. One such automated machine works by accepting certain types of cell plates through a slot (not unlike a CD player), taking a photograph, and uploading it to a computer for immediate analysis. Reliable counts are available in seconds.

Variables
The treatment is usually a drug, ionizing radiation, or a combination of the two. Some current research studies the potentiation of drug effects by  concurrent irradiation—a synergistic effect—and in this situation two groups are studied: a control group, which is not treated with the drug; and a treatment group, which is treated with the drug. Both groups are irradiated. If the slopes of their survival curves differ significantly, then a potentiating effect may be evident and could be studied further. Since many tumor cells won't grow colonies in culture, cell proliferation assay, which has a satisfactory accuracy reportedly in measuring synergistic effects between ionizing radiation and drugs, may be used as a surrogate

A thorough discussion of the promising research being conducted with the aid of this technique is beyond the scope of this text, but some studies involve the effect of the expression of particular genes or receptors on the cell, the responses of different cell types, or synergistic effects of multiple drugs.

See also
 Cancer
 Microbiology
 Oncology
 Radiation Oncology
 Radiology

References

Microbiology techniques

Clonogenic assay


Das Sternbergschloss Meeder steht auf einem Turmhügel inmitten der oberfränkischen Gemeinde Meeder. Es gehörte zu einer Wasserburganlage aus dem 11. Jahrhundert, entwickelte sich zu einem Rittergut und wurde 1624 zu einem Schloss im Stile der Renaissance grundlegend umgebaut.

Geografische Lage
Acht Kilometer nordwestlich von Coburg breitet sich zwischen den Langen Bergen im Norden und dem Callenberger Forst im Süden eine weite, fruchtbare Ebene aus, die ursprünglich sumpfiges Land war. In der geografischen Mitte der Ebene liegt Meeder. Das Sternbergschloss befindet sich im südlichen Kernbereich des Ortes in der Bahnhofstraße 7.

Geschichte
Vereinzelt konnten in dem Gebiet des heutigen Ortes Meeder Ansiedlungen aus der Zeit um 800 v. Chr. nachgewiesen werden. Historiker nehmen an, dass die zu dieser Zeit benannte Siedlung Moydere (= sumpfiges Gebiet) bereits bestanden hat, aus dem das spätere Meeder entstanden sein könnte. In einer Schenkungsurkunde der Königin Richeza aus dem Jahr 1056 wird der Ort Molire erwähnt, bei dem man annimmt, dass es sich ebenfalls um das damalige Meeder handelte. Ort und Schloss wurden 1074 erstmals eindeutig in einer Urkunde benannt.

In der Folgezeit entstanden um die Motte herum Wirtschaftsgebäude, die als Hofgut von der auf Schloss Callenberg sitzenden Ministerialenfamilie von Sternberg bewirtschaftet wurden. Die Sternberger waren ein fränkisches Adelsgeschlecht und mit der ernestinischen Linie der Wettiner verbunden. Im Hochmittelalter war aus der Motte ein frei eigentümliches Rittergut mit Wassergraben geworden, auf dem auch der herrschaftliche Vogt sein befestigtes Anwesen hatte.

Nach dem Tod des letzten Sternberger Lehnsmannes auf Schloss Callenberg im Jahr 1588 ging es als offenes Lehen an Herzog Johann Casimir von Sachsen-Coburg. In der Pfarrkirche St. Laurentius befinden sich einige Grabmäler der Sternberger, auf denen ihre Namen, Lebensdaten und Ahnen nachzulesen sind. Herzog Casimir, der Schloss Callenberg fortan selbst nutzte und ausbauen ließ, übereignete 1592 dem Kantor Max Amling den Meederer Besitz. Ameling ließ, wie in einer Bauinschrift an einem der Südfenster des Schlosses noch zu lesen ist, 1624 einen tiefgreifenden Umbau ausführen, bei dem die heutige Erscheinung des Schlosses entstand.

Bis 1632 ging der Dreißigjährige Krieg fast spurlos an Meeder vorüber, bis zum Ende der Auseinandersetzungen Kronacher Soldaten im Ort Quartier nahmen, die Anwesen ausplünderten und brandschatzten. Nach Max Ameling übernahm sein Sohn Johann Christian das Anwesen bis 1675, danach dessen Nachkommen. Um 1700 wechselte der Besitz auf den königlich preußischen Hauptmann Johann Ludwig von Eckersberg, der ihn 1764 an Peter Meyer und dessen Ehefrau Margaretha verkaufte, die wiederum im Schloss einen Gasthof einrichteten. 1878 kam durch Johann Meyer eine Brauerei hinzu. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde die seit einigen Jahren geschlossene Gaststätte nicht wieder eröffnet, die Brauerei an anderer Stelle bis 1983 weiter geführt. Flüchtlingsfamilien bewohnten das Gebäude, für einige Zeit war ein Einkaufsladen in den Räumen des Schlosses.

Das unbewohnte Schloss verfiel zusehends, bis es 1972–1982 von allen nicht ursprünglichen Anbauten befreit und grundlegend renoviert wurde. Seitdem befindet es sich in Privatbesitz und ist wieder dem Verfall preisgegeben. Für den 25. Juni 2015 ist eine öffentliche Versteigerung des Schlosses zum Mindestgebot von 10.000 € angesetzt.

Beschreibung
Ursprünglich bestand die Schlossanlage auf dem Turmhügel aus einem, von Palisaden umgebenen, hölzernen Turm, der im späten Mittelalter durch einen steinernen Wohnturm ersetzt wurde. Die hölzerne Umfriedung wich einer Befestigungsmauer, deren Überreste teilweise in zum Schloss gehörenden Wirtschaftsgebäuden erhalten sind.

Max Amling hob 1624 den Wehrcharakter des Wohnturms auf, indem er, unter Einbeziehung der bestehenden Bausubstanz, nach Nordosten einen zweiflügeligen Anbau in gleicher Höhe errichten ließ. Der alte Wohnturm erhielt dabei größere Fenster und einen Giebel und die Obergeschosse entstanden in Holzbauweise mit gliedernden Zwerchgiebeln und Zierfachwerk. Amling ließ die Gräben zuschütten und die Umfassungsmauer entfernen. Ein achteckiger Treppenturm wurde so in den inneren Winkel der zwei Flügel eingebaut, dass er nur zu einem Drittel aus der Fassade ragt. Im Treppenturm führt eine Holzwendeltreppe in die oberen Stockwerke.

Ein Teil der einst reichen Stuckausstattung ist an Decken und Wänden aus der Zeit Amlings noch erhalten. Im ersten Obergeschoss finden sich an zwei Decken die sechs christlichen Tugenden sowie eine Darstellung von Mariä Verkündigung und an einer Wand die vier Evangelisten mit ihren Symbolen. Die Decke und eine Wand im zweiten Obergeschoss zieren die allegorischen Gestalten der vier Jahreszeiten sowie Engelsköpfe und eine Elster.

Literatur
 Helmut Hofmann: Meeder in alten Bildern. Geiger, Horb a. N. 1986, ISBN 3-924932-68-9.
 Fritz Mahnke: Schlösser und Burgen im Umkreis der Fränkischen Krone. Band. 1. 3. Auflage. Druck- und Verlagsanstalt Neue Presse, Coburg 1974, S. 63–65.

Weblinks

 Ulrich Göpfert: Das Sternbergschloss in Meeder.

Einzelnachweise

Meeder Sternbergschloss
Baudenkmal in Meeder
Bauwerk in Meeder
Schloss in Europa

Sternbergschloss Meeder


Ulbricht is a German surname. Notable people with this name include:

Beate Ulbricht (1944–1991), Soviet adopted daughter of Walter and Lotte Ulbricht
Catherine Ulbricht, American pharmacist
Ernst Emil Ulbricht (1864–1900), German-born American cyclist
Julian Ulbricht (born 1999), German footballer
Lotte Ulbricht (1903–2002), East-German communist politician, second wife of Walter Ulbricht
Lutz Ulbricht (1942–2022), German Olympic rower
Manfred Ulbricht (born 1947), German cyclist
Ross Ulbricht (born 1984), owner of the online black market Silk Road and the person behind the pseudonym "Dread Pirate Roberts"
Sigrid Ulbricht (born 1958), German long jumper
Thomas Ulbricht (born 1985), German paralympian
Walter Ulbricht (1893–1973), East-German communist politician
Ulbricht Doctrine
Ulbricht Group
Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion

See also

Ulbricht sphere (integrating sphere), optical component

German-language surnames
Surnames of German origin
Surnames from given names

Ulbricht


The Adventures of Harry Lime (broadcast in the United States as The Lives of Harry Lime) is an old-time radio programme produced in the United Kingdom during the 1951 to 1952 season. Orson Welles reprises his role of Harry Lime from the celebrated 1949 film The Third Man. The radio series is a prequel to the film, and depicts the many misadventures of con-artist Lime in a somewhat lighter tone than that of the film.

Production
The Adventures of Harry Lime is one of the most successful series created by prolific British radio producer Harry Alan Towers and his company Towers of London. Towers and Graham Greene, author of The Third Man, had the same literary agent, and Towers learned that Greene had not sold the rights to the character of Harry Lime to Alexander Korda when he sold Korda The Third Man. Towers quickly bought the rights to the character and in 1951 he put a syndicated radio series into production. Orson Welles reprised the role of Harry Lime in a series of adventures that preceded the story told in The Third Man.

Several episodes would begin with "The Third Man Theme" being played, abruptly cut off by an echoing gunshot. Then Welles would speak: "That was the shot that killed Harry Lime. He died in a sewer beneath Vienna, as those of you know who saw the movie The Third Man. Yes, that was the end of Harry Lime ... but it was not the beginning. Harry Lime had many lives ... and I can recount all of them. How do I know?  Very simple. Because my name is Harry Lime."

Although often cited as a BBC production, the series was one of a number produced and distributed independently by Towers of London and syndicated internationally.

Episodes
Only sixteen of the episodes were acquired and broadcast by the BBC in the UK. It was the first time that the BBC broadcast episodes of a dramatic series that it did not produce. The full series was syndicated to radio stations in the U.S.

The con orchestrated by Welles' character in the episode "Horse Play" closely resembles that of the 1973 Robert Redford and Paul Newman film "The Sting." Both are based on the book "The Big Con" written by David W. Maurer which was published in 1940.

The episode "Man of Mystery", written by Welles, was later expanded by him and served as the basic plot for his film Mr. Arkadin.

A recording of the 1951 "A Ticket to Tangiers" episode of The Lives of Harry Lime series is available on the Criterion Collection DVD edition of The Third Man. In addition, recordings of the 1952 episodes Man of Mystery, Murder on the Riviera and Blackmail is a Nasty Word are included on the Criterion Collection DVD The Complete Mr. Arkadin.

Novelisation

The Lives of Harry Lime
Fifteen episodes were adapted into a short story collection, The Lives of Harry Lime, published in the United Kingdom by Pocket Books in 1952. The book was credited to "Orson Welles and others", and Welles had been credited with writing the scripts of several episodes, but it is unclear whether or not he wrote the adaptations.

Additionally, Harry Alan Towers has cast doubt on whether Welles even wrote the episodes he was credited with. He describes how the series started being written by a team of experienced American radio scriptwriters. When Welles discovered they were being paid $1,000 per script, he offered to write 6 scripts himself. The scripts were delivered and Towers duly paid Welles $6,000. Then one day, a man walked into Towers' office, demanding to be paid for the scripts which he had ghostwritten for Welles. When Welles was asked about it later, he smiled: "Don't pay him. They weren't very good scripts."

The episodes which were adapted into short stories were:

It's in the Bag by Orson Welles (Episode 30)
The Golden Fleece by Orson Welles (Episode 11)
Art is Long and Lime is Fleeting by Sigmund Miller (Episode 15)
Love Affair by Sigmund Miller (Episode 7)
See Naples and Live by Sigmund Miller (Episode 2)
Every Frame Has a Silver Lining by Robert Cenedella (Episode 13)
Paris is Not the Same by Joseph Cochran (Episode 49)
Five Thousand Pengoes and a Kiss by Carl Jampel (Episode 26)
The Hand of Glory by Jonquil Anthony (Episode 24)
The Hyacinth Patrol by Virginia Cooke (Episode 31)
Horseplay by Peter Lyon (Episode 17)
Work of Art by Bud Lesser (Episode 9)
Rogue's Holiday by Peter Lyon (Episode 8)
A Ticket to Tangier [sic] by Orson Welles (Episode 4)
An Old Moorish Custom by Irvan Ashkinazy (Episode 20)

Une Grosse Légume
Welles also tried to convert one episode script into a film script for producer Alexander Korda. When that fell through, the story was adapted into a novel and published in France as Une Grosse Légume in 1953. The novel was ghostwritten by Maurice Bessy and published under Welles's name. It has never been published in English.

Listen to
Archive.org: The Lives of Harry Lime (52 episodes)

See also
Orson Welles radio credits

References

American radio dramas
1951 radio programme debuts
1952 radio programme endings
Radio programs based on films
Works by Orson Welles

The Adventures of Harry Lime


ليف إريكسون هو بحار إسكندنافي من عائلة أيسلندية عاش بين القرنين العاشر والحادي عشر. وكان قد اكتشف فينلاند (أو أرض النبيذ) في أمريكا الشمالية وكان ابن إريك الأحمر الذي أسس أول مستعمرة اسكاندينافية في غرينلاند عام 985.

في عام 999 ذهب من غرينلاند إلى بلاط الملك أولاف تريغفيسون ملك النرويج، وتوقف في جزر الهيبريدز في طريقه، وعندما رحل من البلاط عام 1000 فوضه الملك ليعلن غرينلاند مسيحية. وعندما كان في رحلة العودة وسط البحر خرج عن مساره بسبب الطقس السيئ، وحيث وصل إلى أرض لم يعلم عنها شيئا حيث ينمو القمح المزروع وحده وكذلك تنمو الكروم لهذا سماها أرض النبيذ، وكذلك تنمو أشجار كبيرة (يحتمل أنها القيقب). فأخذ عينات من هذا كله، وأبحر بعيدا إلى بيت أبيه في براتاليد في إريكسفيورد في غرينلاند ووصله سالما.

في خلال رحلته من فينلاند إلى غرينلاند أنقذ ليف بعض الرجال الناجين من غرق سفينة وبسبب هذا وبسبب اكتشافاته أيضا اكتسب لقب ليف المحظوظ.

في الرحلة السابقة لثورفين كارسيفني لزيادة الاستكشاف لبناء مستوطنة ويقال أن بعض الغال الذين أعطاهم أولاف تريغفيسون والذي قدمهم بدوره إلى ثورفين وضعوا على الشاطئ للاستكشاف.

هذه السجت موجودة في ساغا حكاية أيسلندية من العصور الوسطى إريك الأحمر، والتي تدعمها ملاحظات أقصر في الكتابات الأيسلندية القديمة وكتابات أخرى، وهناك قصة أخرى في كتاب فلاتي الذي يجعل بيارني هيريولفسون مكتشف المنطقة عام 985 الذي حاول أن يسبق الشتاء إلى غرينلاند فضل الطريق بسبب الطقس السيئ حيث اكتشف هيلولاند (يعتقد أنها لابرادور) والتي لم يستكشفها بل لم يسمح لرجاله بالنزول. بينما ليف ورجاله تبعوا استكشافات بيارني وبدا باستكشاف هيلولاند وماركلاند وفينلاند والمنطقة الأخيرة قضى فيها الشتاء ورأي سحرها.

لكن المصدر الثاني (كتاب فلاتي) والتي كون مؤخرا كل ما عرف عن فينلاند، محاط بالمتناقضات والصعوبات بينه وبين حكاية إريك الأحمر. وبالتالي (في فلاتي) فإن العنب يوجد في الشتاء ويجمع في الصيف، والرجل الذي عثر عليها وهو تيركر الألماني والد ليف بالتبني وقد ثمل من أكل الفاكهة، والفاكهة نفسها تأتي من أشجار كبيرة توفر الخشب، ، وبالنظر إلى السجلات في حكاية إريك الحمر فإن فينلاند تشابه بعض مناطق جنوب نوفا سكوتيا.

المخطوطات الموجودة من حكاية إريك الأحمر هي رقم 544 و557 من المجموعة الأرن-ماغنية في كوبنهاغن، والمخطوطات من كتاب فلاتي (سمي هكذا لأنه كان ملكا في جزيرة فلات شمال غرب الساحل الأيسلندي)، وقدمت عام 1662 إلى المكتبة الملكية في الدنمارك، حيث ما زال هذا الكتاب أهم كنوزها. وهذه الكتابات تمت الإضافة عليها من كتاب أعمال أساقفة كنيسة هامبورغ  وهو من تأليف آدم البريمني في الفصل 38 من الكتاب الخامس (والذي يسمى بشكل منفصل وصف الجزر الشمالية  وهو أقدم ما بقي لنا من ملاحظات آدم عن فينلاند حوالي العام 1070)، كذلك توجد ملاحظات عن فينلاند في كتاب الجزر  حوالي العام 1120 لأري فرودي وهو من أقدم المؤرخين الأيسلنديين، وكذلك العديد من الحكايات غيرها، كذلك ظهرت خرائط القرن الثالث عشر أو أقدم.

مراجع

آيسلنديون في القرن 10
آيسلنديون في القرن 11
استعمار الشماليين لأمريكا الشمالية
بحارة آيسلنديون
بحارة وبحارات
مستكشفو المحيط الأطلسي
مستكشفو كندا
مستكشفون آيسلنديون
مستكشفون في القرن 10
مسيحيون غرينلانديون
مسيحيون في القرن 10
مسيحيون في القرن 11
مواليد عقد 970
مواليد في آيسلندا
وثنيون تحولوا إلى المسيحية
وفيات عقد 1020
وفيات في جرينلاند

ليف إريكسون


Rocky Dağları (İngilizce: Rocky Mountains ya da Rockies) Kuzey Amerika'nın batısında uzanan büyük sıradağ. Rocky Dağları, batı Kanada'daki Britanya Kolumbiyası'nın en kuzeyinden Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin güneybatısındaki New Mexico'ya kadar yaklaşık 4,830 km boyunca uzanırlar.

Günümüzde, sıradağların birçok bölümü kamu alanları ve ormanlar tarafından korunmaktadır, ve özellikle doğa gezintisi, kamp, dağcılık, balıkçılık, avcılık, dağ bisikletçiliği, kayak ve snowboard için popüler bir turizm bölgesidir.

Coğrafya
Rocky Dağlarının genellikle Britanya Kolumbiyası'ndaki Liard Nehri'nden New Mexico'daki Rio Grande'nin güneyine uzandığı belirtilir. Yukon'daki Selwyn Dağları, Alaska'daki Brooks Dağları ve Meksika'daki Sierra Madre gibi diğer sıradağlar bu iki nehrin ötesinde devam eder, ama bunlar Amerikan kordilerasının bir parçasıdır, kayalıkların bir parçası değildir.

Rocky Dağları


Oamenii din inima țării este un film românesc din 1988 regizat de Luiza Ciolac.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1988 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1988

Oamenii din inima țării


Kill 'Em All, Amerikan heavy metal grubu Metallica'nın ilk stüdyo albümüdür. 25 Temmuz 1983'te Megaforce Records etiketi ile yayımlanmıştır. Asıl adı olan "Metal Up Your Ass: Easters Cancelled, Body's Been Found", dağıtıcıları tarafından reddedilmiştir. Albümü dağıtmayı reddeden bu firmalar yüzünden albüme "Kill 'Em All" adı konmuştur. Kill 'Em All kayıtlara geçilen ilk thrash metal albümdür. Sadece ABD'de 3 milyon adet satılmıştır.

Dave Mustaine, kendi şarkıları albümde olmasına rağmen, albüm daha yayınlanmadan gruptan çıkarılmıştır.

Albümün Etkisi
1983 yılında yayımlanan albüm Lars Ulrich'in de ileride söyleyeceği gibi metallica'nın "dünya hakimiyetindeki" yolunun başlangıcı olmuştur. Albümde Diamond Head, Iron Maiden, Motorhead, Black Flag ve Misfits gibi grupların etkisi görülmektedir.

Grup
Metallica'nın orijinal hali James Hetfield (gitar/vokal),Lars Ulrich (davul),Ron McGovney (bass),Dave Mustaine (solo gitar) şeklindeydi.  Mustaine ile aralarındaki gerilimden dolayı Mcgovney gruptan ayrıldı. Cliff Burton onun yerine getirildi. Alkol ve uyuşturucuyla olan problemleri ve saldırgan davranışlarından dolayı Mustaine Nisan 1983'te gruptan atıldı. Mustaine'in ayrılışından sonra eski Exodus gitaristi ve Joe Satriani'nin öğrencisi Kirk Hammett gruba dahil edildi. Bir aydan daha kısa bir süre sonra da Kill 'em All albümünün kayıtlarına başlandı.

Şarkılar arasındaki farklılıklara rağmen Mustaine'in Metallica'nın erken dönemlerine olan katkısı bilinmektedir.  "The Four Horsemen" (orijinal adı "The Mechanix") ve "Jump in the Fire"   Mustaine tarafından yazılmıştır. "The Mechanix" birçok Metallica gösterisinde çalınmıştır ve hala çalınmaktadır. Fakat Mustaine'in ayrılışından sonra şarkının orta kısmına küçük bir eklenti yapılmıştır. Hetfield ayrıca "The Mechanix" ve "Jump in the Fire" için yeni söz yazmıştır. Mustaine ise "The Mechanix"'i kısaca Mechanix olarak değiştirip ilk albümün de kullanmıştır. "Phantom Lord" ve "Metal Militia" da Mustaine'in  yazılmasına yardım ettiği diğer şarkılardır.

Albümün Başlığı
Grup başta albümün kapağının içinden bıçak tutan bir elin çıktığı tuvalet ve isminin de "Metal Up Your Ass" olmasını istemiştir. Fakat Megaforce bunun değiştirilimesi konusunda ısrar etmiş ve albümün ismi "Kill 'em All" haline getirmişlerdir. Bu sefer kapağa kanlı bir çekicin üzerindeki elin gölgesi konulmuştur. Albümün ismi Cliff Burton tarafından, korkak olduklarını iddia ettikleri kayıt şirketlerine ithafen verilmiştir. Her ne kadar albümün orijinal ismi kullanılmasa da grup daha sonra "Metal Up Your Ass" tişörtleri bastırmış ve dağıtmıştır. 1982 yılına ait bir canlı performanstan oluşan kayıt da "Metal Up Your Ass" olarak adlandırılmıştır.

Albüme Yönelik Tepkiler ve Aldığı Ödüller
Albüm 1989 yılında rolling stone'un "80'lerin en iyi 100 albümü"sıralamasında 35. Sırada yer almıştır

Amerikan müzik dergisi Hit Parader tarafından en iyi "underground" album seçilmiştir.

metal-rules.com'un en iyi metal albümleri sıralamasında birinci sırada yer almıştır.

Şarkı listesi
Albümdeki tüm şarkı sözleri James Hetfield tarafından yazılmıştır.

Grup üyeleri
 James Hetfield - Gitar, Vokal
 Lars Ulrich - Davul
 Cliff Burton - Bas
 Kirk Hammett - Gitar (beste ve kayıt)
 Dave Mustaine - Gitar (beste)

Prodüksiyon
 Jon Zazula - Yürütücü Prodüktör
 Paul Curcio - Prodüktör
 Chris Bubacz - Ses Mühendisi
 Andy Wroblewski - Yrd. Ses Mühendisi
 Bob Ludwig - Mastering

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Albümdeki şarkıların sözleri
 Albüm Kritiği
 OrionTurk Turkish Local Chapter

1983 albümleri
Metallica albümleri
Çıkış albümleri
Megaforce Records albümleri
Elektra Records albümleri
Vertigo Records albümleri
İngilizce albümler

Kill 'Em All


Albert II. Mudri ili Lijeni (12. prosinca 1289. – Beč, 20. lipnja 1358.) bio je vojvoda Austrije, vojvoda Štajerske (1330. – 1358.) kao i vojvoda Koruške (1335. – 1358.), vladar Kranjske i vladar Vorlandea.

Austrijski vladari
Habsburgovci

Albert II. Mudri


Kazak alfabesi, Kazakistan'ın resmî dili olan ve Türk dilleri ailesinde yer alan Kazakçayı yazarken kullanılan yazı sistemidir. Kazak alfabesinde tarih boyunca; Kiril alfabesi, Latin alfabesi ve Arap alfabesi olmak üzere üç farklı alfabe türü kullanılmıştır. 2017 yılında, dönemin Kazakistan cumhurbaşkanı Nursultan Nazarbayev tarafından 2025 yılında kadar Kiril alfabesinden Latin alfabesine kademeli olarak geçileceği belirtilmiştir. Arap alfabesi ile yazılan Kazakça, günümüzde Çin, İran ve Afganistan'da yerel olarak kullanılmaya devam etmektedir.

Kiril alfabesi

Kazak Kiril alfabesi

Kazak Kiril alfabesi, günümüzde Kazakistan'da ve Moğolistan'ın Bayan Ölgii ili'nde kullanılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda Kırgızistan, Rusya, Türkmenistan ve Özbekistan'daki Kazak nüfusu ile eski Sovyetler Birliği ülkelerindeki Kazak diasporaları tarafından da kullanılmaktadır. İlk olarak 1800'lerde, Rus İmparatorluğu döneminde tanıtılmıştır ve daha sonra 1940'ta Sovyetler Birliği tarafından yeniden uyarlanmıştır.

On dokuzuncu yüzyılda, önde gelen bir Kazak eğitimci olan Ibıray Altınsarin, ilk olarak Kazakçayı yazılı hale getirecek Kiril alfabesi temelli Kazak alfabesini tanıttı. Rus misyonerlik faaliyetleri ve Rusya destekli okullar, on dokuzuncu yüzyılda ve yirminci yüzyılın başlarında Kiril alfabesinin kullanımına teşvikte bulundular. Alfabe, Sarsen Amanzholov tarafından elden geçirilmiş ve 1940 yılında, hâlen günümüzde kullanılan haliyle kabul edilmiştir. Bu alfabe, Rus alfabesinden 33 harf ve 9 adet Kazakça sesler için ek harf içerir: Ә, Ғ, Қ, Ң, Ө, Ұ, Ү, Һ, І (1951 yılına kadar Ұ yerine Ӯ kullanıldı) Başlangıçta, Kazak harfleri Rus alfabesinin harflerinden sonra gelirken, günümüzde ses veya şekil bakımından benzer Rus harflerinden sonra yer almaktadır.

В, Ё (1957'den beri), Ф, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь ve Э harfleri Kazak alfabesinde yer almaz. Bunlardan Ё, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь ve Э harfleri sadece Rusçadan veya Rusça imla kurallarına göre yazılmış Rusça kökenli kelimelerde kullanılır. Kazak dilinde Е harfi Э gibi bir ses verir (Екібастұз(Kazakça) - Экибастуз(Rusça)).

Kazak dilinde Ж harfi C(Türkçe) gibi bir ses verir. Konuşma dilindeki Х harfi, hırıltılı bir ses olarak kesin bir şekilde telaffuz edilir. Һ harfi çoğunlukla Arapça-Farsça kökenli kelimelerde kullanılır ve genellikle sessiz bir Х (/h/ gibi veya sessiz bir ötümsüz gırtlaksıl sürtünmeli ünsüz) gibi telaffuz edilir. Konuşma dilinde, Қ harfinden sonra ünsüz bir harf varsa, Қ harfi X gibi telaffuz edilir.  Щ harfi ise, uzun Ш sesi için üç yerli kelimede (ащы 'acı', тұщы 'tuzsuz', кеще 'aptal') türevlerle ve alıntı kelimelerde kullanılır.

И harfi, ЫЙ /əj/ ve ІЙ /ɪj/ kombinasyonlarından elde edilen gergin sesli [i]'yi temsil eder. У harfi /w/'yi ve ҰУ /ʊw/, ҮУ /ʉw/, ЫУ /əw/ ve ІУ /ɪw/ kombinasyonlarından elde edilen gergin sesli [u]'yu temsil eder. Ek olarak И ve У harfleri, sırasıyla basit sesli harfleri [i] ve [u] temsil ettikleri Rusçadan gelen kelimelerde kullanılır.

Tarihçe

Latin alfabesinden Kiril alfabesine geçiş, muhtemelen o zamanki Kazakistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti'ni Latin alfbesine yeni geçiş yapmış Türkiye'den uzaklaştırma amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bunun nedeni kısmen Sovyetler Birliği-Türkiye ilişkilerinin zayıflaması ve Türk Boğazları kriziydi.

Kazakistan, ulusal kimliğini pekiştirmek için 2017 yılında Kiril alfabesinden Latin alfabesine geçiş süreci başlattı. Kazakistan hükûmeti, yeni alfabenin tam olarak uygulanmasına kadar çeşitli aşamalara ayrılmış yedi yıllık bir süreç taslağı hazırlamıştır. 2025 yılına kadar tamamen Latin alfabesine geçilmesi öngörülmektedir.

Kodlama
Unicode destekli işletim sistemlerinin ve metin editörlerinin yaygınlaşmasından önce Kiril temelli Kazakça, hem sistem düzeyinde desteklenmeyen 8-bit kodlama sorunu hem de standart bilgisayar yazı tiplerinin olmaması nedeniyle klavyeye sığamıyordu. Aşağıdaki hükûmet standartları da dahil olmak üzere, Kiril temelli Kazak alfabesi için 20'den fazla 8-bit kodlama varyasyonu önerilmiştir (aşağıdakilerin tarihi kod sayfaları olduğunu ve modern sistemlerin UTF-8 gibi Unicode kodlaması kullandığını unutmayın):

 СТ РК 920-91 - MS-DOS için (kod sayfası 866'nın bir modifikasyonu)
 СТ РК 1048—2002 - Windows için (1251 kod sayfasının bir modifikasyonu)

СТ РК 1048—2002, farklı Windows karakter setlerinin tanıtılmasından çok sonra 2002 yılında onaylandı. Bazı internet kaynaklarında, bu standardın kodlanmasından önce kısmen devlet bilgi kuruluşu QazAqparat'ın kullanıldığı belirtilmiştir. Günümüzde UTF-8 kodlaması kabul edilerek kullanılmaktadır.

Klavye
Kazakistan'da Kiril temelli Kazakça için kullanılan standart Windows klavye düzeni, aslında Rusça için hazırlanmış klavye standardının bir uyarlamasıdır, ancak sayı tuşları Rusça değildir.

Latin alfabesi

Kazakçayı yazmak için Latin alfabesi de kullanılmaktadır. Türk alfabesine dayalı bir tür, Türkiye'deki, Batı ülkelerindeki ve Kazakistan'daki Kazak diasporaları tarafından gayriresmî olarak kullanılmaktadır. Diğer Orta Asya Türk dillerinde olduğu gibi, bir Latin alfabesi olan Ortak Türkçe alfabesi Sovyetler tarafından tanıtıldı ve 1929'dan 1940'a kadar süren bir süreçle birlikte Kiril alfabesi ile değiştirildi. Ayrıca, 1964-84 yılları arasında Çin'deki Kazakların konuştuğu Kazak dili için de bir Latin alfabesi kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra Arap alfabesi temelli Kazakçanın kullanımı restore edildi.

1929 yılında kullanılan Latin temelli Kazak alfabesi (Çaꞑalip)

1938 yılında kullanılan Latin temelli Kazak alfabesi (Çaꞑaljp)

Modernizasyon programının bir parçası olarak, dönemin Kazakistan cumhurbaşkanı Nursultan Nazarbayev tarafından imzalanan 569 sayılı cumhurbaşkanlığı kararnamesiyle birlikte, 2025 yılına kadar Kiril alfabesinden Latin alfabesine geçilmesi kararı alındı. 2007 yılında Nazarbayev, Kazak alfabesinin Kiril alfabesinden Latin alfabesine geçişinin aceleye getirilmemesi gerektiğini belirterek, "70 yıl boyunca Kazakistanlılar Kiril alfabesiyle okuyup yazdılar. Devletimizde 100'den fazla milliyet yaşıyor. Bu nedenle istikrara ve barışa ihtiyacımız var. Alfabe dönüşümü konusunda acele etmemeliyiz" dedi.

2015 yılında Kültür ve Spor Bakanı Arystanbek Muhamediuly, dilin sesbilimsel yönlerini barındırmak için imla üzerinde çalışan uzmanların yer aldığı bir geçiş planının sürdüğünü duyurdu. 12 Nisan 2017'de Cumhurbaşkanı Nazarbayev, devlet gazetesi Egemen Qazaqstan'da 2025 yılına kadar Latin alfabesine geçişi ilan eden bir makale yayınladı.

Nazarbayev, Sovyet yönetimi döneminde "Kazak dili ve kültürünün harap olduğunu" ve Kiril alfabesinin kullanımına son verilmesinin ulusal kimliğin yeniden öne çıkarılmasında yararlı olduğunu savundu. Rusçanın ülkenin ikinci resmi dili olduğundan, yeni Latin alfabesi ülke üzerindeki geleneksel Rus etkisini zayıflatmak için de bir adımdır. İlk önerilen Latin alfabesi, digraflardan ("sh", "ch" gibi) ve aksanlardan ("ä" veya "ç" gibi) kaçınmaya çalışıldı. Aslında Cumhurbaşkanı Nazarbayev, yeni alfabenin "kanca veya gereksiz noktalar içermemesi" gerektiğini açıkça belirtmişti. Bunun yerine, Kiril alfabesinin Latin harflerine çevrilmesine dayanan yeni alfabe, doğrudan Latince karşılığı olmayan Kazak harflerini belirtmek için Özbek alfabesine benzer kesme işaretleri kullanırdı.

2017 yılında yayımlanan Latin alfabesinin uyarlanmış edilmiş bir versiyonu Şubat 2018'de duyuruldu. 19 Şubat 2018 tarihli 637 sayılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesi, 2017 tarihli kararnameyi değiştirdi. Buna göre; kesme işaretlerini aksan ve digraflarla değiştirerek kesme işaretinin kullanımına son verildi. Yeni alfabede özellikle aküt aksan kullanılmıştır. Latin kökenli alfabeye geçişi kolaylaştırmak için birkaç web uygulaması ve sitesi kullanıma sunuldu. Bunlardan biri, Kazakistan hakkında haberleri ve diğer bilgileri bildirmek için yeni Latin alfabesini kullanan web tabanlı yeni bir portal olan Qazlatyn.kz  sitesidir.

Nisan 2021'de, Latin temelli güncellenmiş Kazak alfabesi tanıtıldı. İlköğretim okulları 2023'ten itibaren yalnızca yeni Latin alfabesini kullanmaya başlayacak. Geçişin 2031 yılına kadar tamamlanması bekleniyor.

Son güncellemeler
Latin temelli Kazak alfabesi (Nisan 2021)

2020'de Kazakistan cumhurbaşkanı Kasım Cömert Tokayev, Kazak dilinin orijinal seslerini ve telaffuzunu korumaya odaklanarak Latin alfabesinin başka bir uyarlaması için çağrıda bulundu. Baitursynov Dilbilim Enstitüsü'nden akademisyenler ve yazı geçişi resmî çalışma grubunda yer alan uzmanlar ile Türkiye, Azerbaycan, Tataristan, Kırgızistan ve Özbekistan'daki 18 dil bilimi uzmanı tarafından Kasım 2019'da kamuoyuna sunulan bu uyarlama, digraflar ve keskin aksanlar yerine iki noktalı harfler, ikizler ve sedillalar kullanmakta ve Kazakçanın fonolojisini daha doğru bir şekilde yansıtmak için sırayla imla değişiklikleri getirmektedir. Bu değişiklik, Ortak Türkçe alfabesinden sadece biraz sapmış ve Ñ yerine Ŋ harfini getirmiştir. Bu sürüm onay beklerken, dilbilimciler, belirli Kiril tabanlı Ә ə, Ғ ғ, И и, Й й, Ң ң ve Ө ɵ harfleri yerine hangi Latin kökenli harflerin kullanılacağı konusunda tartışıyorlardı. У у, Ұ ұ, Ү ү, Ы ы, Ч ч, Ш ш ve І i; aksanlı karakterlerin tanıtımına önerilen bir alternatif, digraflardan daha fazla yararlanmaktı.

Ocak 2021'de, Kazak Latin alfabesinin Ä ä (Ə ə), Ö ö (Ө ө), Ü ü (Ү ү), Ğ ğ (Ғ ғ), Ū ū (Ұ ұ) harflerini içeren yeni bir sürümü sunuldu. Ŋ ŋ (Ң ң) ve Ş ş (Ш ш) harfleri sayesinde yeni Latin temelli Kazak alfabesi, Ortak Türkçe alfabesine (OTA) yakınlık göstermiştir. 22 Nisan'da gerçekleştirilen bir güncellemeyle, Ŋ ŋ harfi Ñ ñ ile değiştirerek OTA'ya daha çok benzemiştir.

Bu sürüm, 2023 yılından itibaren resmî olarak uygulanacaktır.

Arap alfabesi
Arap alfabesi temelli Kazak alfabesi, Çin'in Sincan Uygur Özerk Bölgesi'nin İli Kazak Özerk İli'ndeki Kazakların resmî alfabesidir. Kazakistan'da ilk olarak 11. yüzyılda tanıtıldı ve geleneksel olarak 1929 yılında Latin alfabesinin tanıtılmasına kadar kullanıldı. 1924'te Kazak aydın Ahmet Baytursun, Arap alfabesini Kazakçaya daha uygun hale getirmek için reform yapma girişiminde bulundu. ۆ, گ, ڭ, پ ve چ harfleri Arapçada bulunmayan sesleri temsil etmek için kullanılır.

İran ve Afganistan'da, 1929'dan önce Kazakça için kullanılan alfabeye dayalı olarak oluşturulmuş bir alfabe de kullanılmaktadır. Kazak Arap alfabesi 29 harf ve bir rakamdan oluşur, kelimelerin başındaki 'üst hamza' kelime boyunca ön sesli harfler oluşturmak için kullanılır. Bir ebced olan orijinal Arap alfabesinden farklı olarak, Kazak Arap alfabesi daha çok gerçek bir alfabe gibi işlev görür, çünkü her sesin kendi harfi bulunur ve her kelimedeki her ses dilin yazılı biçiminde yazılmıştır. Arap alfabesinin ebcedden alfabeye dönüştürülmesi, 20. yüzyılın başlarındaki dilbilimci Ahmet Baytursun tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Günümüzde; Çin, Pakistan, Afganistan, İran ve Orta Doğu'daki diğer ülkelerde yaşayan Kazaklar, Arap alfabesi temelli Kazak alfabesini hâlen kullanmaktadır.

Arap alfabesi temelli Kazak alfabesindeki harfler

Harf örnekleri
Harflerin resmî ve yaygın yazım örnekleri aşağıdaki tabloda verilmiştir.

Tarihsel alfabeler

Eski Türk yazısı

Göktürk veya Köktürk harfleri olarak da bilinen Eski Türk yazısı, şekil olarak Germen runik yazılarıyla benzerlik gösterir ve bu nedenle zaman zaman runik yazı olarak adlandırılır. Germen runik yazısının aksine, Eski Türk alfabesi sağdan sola yazılırken, Cermen runik yazısı genellikle soldan sağa yazılmıştır. Alfabe, Kazakistan topraklarının bazı bölgelerinde beşinci ila onuncu yüzyıllarda kullanıldı. Yazıtların dili, Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın dili olan Eski Türkçe idi.

Ermeni Kıpçakçası

12. yüzyılın ve 13. yüzyılın sonlarında Ermeni Krallığı'ndan göç eden Ermeniler, Eski Kazakçadan yalnızca Ermeni-Hristiyan kelime dağarcığının bolluğu ile ayrılan Kıpçak dilinde geniş bir litürjik, yasal ve diğer literatüre sahipti. Bu metinler Ermeni alfabesi kullanılarak yazılmıştır. Neredeyse on dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonuna kadar dünyanın dört bir yanına yerleşen Ermeniler, Ermeni-Kıpçak ticari kayıtlar, kişisel yazışmalar ve daha fazlasını bu alfabe ile yazıyorlardı.

Latin temelli Kıpçakça
Kırım'daki Katolik misyonerler, Kazak dilinin atası olan Kıpçak dilinde kutsal kitaplar, İncil ve diğer ayin kitaplarını yazdılar.

Diğer
Türk halklarının (esas olarak İslamlaşma dönemine ait) epigrafik anıtları vardır.

Görme engelliler için, Kazak alfabesinde bulunan birkaç ek harfle birlikte Rusça Braille'e dayanan Kazak Braille'i de vardır.

Metin örnekleri
İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi'nin 1. Maddesi:

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kazak dili
 Ortak Türkçe alfabesi
 Sovyetler Birliği'nde latinizasyon

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kazakistan'ın Harf Reformu
Kazakh alphabet
 Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation
Tarihte  ve  Günümüzde  Kazakistanın  Alfabe  Meselesi

Alfabe
Türk dilleri

Kazak alfabesi


Tahirabat, Çorum ilinin Alaca ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Kırıklar ya da Tahirabad olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 60 km, Alaca ilçe merkezine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaca belde ve köyleri

Tahirabat, Alaca


Vârful Alpamayo (din quechua: allpa, "pământ" și mayu , "râu") este unul dintre cele mai înalte piscuri ale celui mai lung lanț muntos din lume, Munții Anzi. Situat în partea nordică a regiunii Ancash din Peru, Alpamayo face parte din lanțul muntos  și are o altitudine maximă de 5.947 m.

Munți din Peru
Anzii Cordilieri
Munți peste 5000 metri

Alpamayo


Garfield je popisom određeno mjesto u okrugu Doñi Ani u američkoj saveznoj državi Novom Meksiku.

Prema popisu stanovništva SAD 2010., imao je 824 stanovnika.

Zemljopis
Zemljopisni položaj je  (32.756811|-107.266455). Prema Uredu SAD za popis stanovništva, zauzima 2,01 km² površine, sve suhozemne.

Promet
U Garfieldu je poštanski ured ZIP koda 87936. Otvoren je 19. rujna 1896. godine.
 Mjesto je na Državnoj cesti Novog Meksika 187, južno od izlaza br. 51 na Međudržavnoj cesti 25.

Stanovništvo
Prema podatcima popisa 2010. ovdje je bilo 137 stanovnika, 43 kućanstava od čega 38 obiteljskih, a stanovništvo po rasi bili su 54,0% bijelci, 0,7% "crnci ili afroamerikanci", 8,0% "američki Indijanci i aljaskanski domorodci", 0,7% Azijci, 0% "domorodački Havajci i ostali tihooceanski otočani", 34,3% ostalih rasa, 2,2% dviju ili više rasa. Hispanoamerikanaca i Latinoamerikanaca svih rasa bilo je 83,9%.

Izvori

Popisom određena mjesta u Novom Meksiku

Garfield, Novi Meksiko


Solms er tysk adelsslægt fra den nuværende delstat Hessen. Slægten har forgreninger i de nuværende delstater Rheinland-Pfalz (den preussiske Rhinprovins) og Baden-Württemberg.

Slægten Solms er kendt fra 1129. Den første greve blev udnævnt i 1223, og den første rigsfyrste blev udnævnt i 1742. Slægten er delt i mange grene.

I 1500-tallet flyttede medlemmer af slægten til Lausitz ved floden Lausitzer Neiße. Her havde slægten Solms besiddelser frem til den sovjetiske militæradministrations østtyske jordreform i 1945 – 1946.

I begyndelsen af 1600-tallet flyttede medlemmer af slægten til Sachsen. De erhvervede Herskabet Wildenfels i 1602. Solms-Wildenfels måtte afstå sin suverænitet til Kursachsen i 1706. Wildenfels havde indre selvstyre frem til 1856, hvor området blev indlemmet i Sachsen. Sachsens forfatning af 1. november 1920 ophævede Wildenfels særlige rettigheder. Greverne af Solms-Wildenfels beholdt slottet Wildenfels og andre besiddelser frem til den sovjetiske militæradministrations østtyske jordreform i 1945 – 1946. Fra 1831 til 1918 havde greverne af Solms-Wildenfels en arvelig plads i Sachsens landdag.

Grevskaber i Hessen
I Hessen regerede slægten Solm i en række små stater (rigsgrevskaber). Ved den westfalske fred i 1648 blev disse grevskaber suveræne lande. Nogle af grevskaberne blev senere til fyrstendømmer.

I 1806 blev de små grevskaber og fyrstendømmer indlemmede i Rhinforbundet. Det var nu slut med suveræniteten, men nogle af de tidligere stater havde et begrænset indre selvstyre frem til 1848.

I 1815 anerkendte Det tyske forbund greverne og fyrsterne fra Hessen som mediatiserede standsherrer. Det tyske forbund opfordre de tyske stater til at oprette stænderforsamlinger, og forbundet garanterede standsherrerne arvelige pladser i stænderforsamlingernes førstekamre.

Standsherskaber i Niederlausitz
Solms-Baruth og Solms-Sonnenwalde ligger i sorbisk prægede Lausitz, der mellem 1367 og 1526 hørte til den bøhmenske krone. I 1815 afstod Sachsen området til Preussen.

Bøhmens konger, Sachsens kurfyrster og Preussens konger har gennem århundreder anerkendt greverne af Baruth og Sonnenwalde (og senere også fyrsterne af Baruth) som standsherrer. Derimod har Det tyske forbund aldrig anerkendt greverne af Baruth og Sonnenwalde som standsherrer.

Fra 1823 havde hver af overhovederne for de to slægter en personlig stemme (en virilstemme) i provinslanddagen for Brandenburg og grevskabet Niederlausitz.

Fra 1854 havde hver af overhovederne for de to slægter også en personlig stemme i det preussiske overhus.

Mediatiserede standsherrer fra Hessen

Solms-Braunfels
Wilhelm Christian Karl zu Solms-Braunfels (1759 – 1837) var suveræn fyrste af Solms-Braunfels i 1783 – 1807, fra 1820 var fyrst Wilhelm medlem af af førstekammet i Storhertugdømmet Hessens stænderforsamling.

Ferdinand zu Solms-Braunfels (1797 – 1873), fyrste Ferdinand fik ret til at indtræde i det preussiske overhus i 1854, men han benyttede sig ikke af denne ret, derimod var han medlem af württembergske stænderforsamling i flere omgange mellem 1819 og 1873.

Ernst zu Solms-Braunfels, fyrst Ernst fik ret til at indtræde i det preussiske overhus i 1873, men han benyttede sig ikke af denne ret.

Fyrste Georg zu Solms-Braunfels, medlem af det preussiske overhus i 1882 – 1891 og af førstekammet i Storhertugdømmet Hessens stænderforsamling.

Fyrste Georg Friedrich zu Solms-Braunfels (1890 – 1970) var kortvarigt medlem af det preussiske overhus under 1. verdenskrig.

Solms-Hohensolms-Lich
Fyrste Ludwig zu Solms-Hohensolms-Lich var medlem af Erfurter Unionsparlament (1850) og af den nordtyske rigsdag (1867 – 1868), fra 1861 var fyrst Ludwig også medlem af det preussiske overhus. I 1856 – 1861 var han præsident for førstekammet i Storhertugdømmet Hessens stænderforsamling. Fra 1837 havde han høje poster i Preussen.

Fyrste Hermann zu Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, medlem af det preussiske overhus i 1881 – 1899, af provinslanddagen i Rhinprovinsen og af førstekammet i Storhertugdømmet Hessens stænderforsamling.

Fyrste Karl zu Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, medlem af det preussiske overhus i 1901 – 1918. Han var vicepræsident for førstekammet i Storhertugdømmet Hessens stænderforsamling i 1908 – 1914 og præsident i 1914 – 1918.

Solms-Rödelheim
Greve Maximilian zu Solms-Rödelheim, grev Maximilian var medlem af det preussiske overhus i 1867 – 1892 og af førstekammet i Storhertugdømmet Hessens stænderforsamling.

Greve Karl Franz zu Solms-Rödelheim, grev Karl Franz var medlem af det preussiske overhus i 1894 – 1918.

Grever og fyrster fra Niederlausitz

Solms-Baruth
Greve Friedrich zu Solms-Baruth var medlem af det preussiske overhus i 1855 – 1879.

Greve, senere fyrste Friedrich I zu Solms-Baruth, grev Friedrich var medlem af den nordtyske rigsdag (1867 – 1871). Den preussiske konge Frederik 3. (99 dages kejseren) udnævnte Friedrich af Solms-Baruth til fyrste i 1888. Fyrst Friedrich var medlem af det preussiske overhus i 1870 – 1904.

Fyrste Friedrich II zu Solms-Baruth, fyrst Friedrich var kansler for Den sorte ørns orden, der var Preussens højeste ridderorden. Han var medlem af det preussiske overhus i 1905 – 1918.

Fyrste Friedrich III zu Solms-Baruth var en tysk antinazist, Friedrich nåede ikke at blive medlem af det preussiske overhus, da det blev afskaffet to år, før hans far døde.

I 1944 deltog Friedrich zu Solms-Baruth i planlægningen af 20. juli-attentatet mod Hitler. Dagen efter kupforsøget blev Friedrich fængslet. På trods af Gestapos tortur lykkedes det ikke at fremskaffe beviser, og han kom ikke for folkedomstolen. Alligevel beslagde NSDAP hans ejendomme.  Stærkt afkræftet blev han løsladt, og han søgte han tilflugt hos sin svoger (Frederik 2. af Lyksborg) på godset Grønholt.

Så snart det blev muligt, udvandrede han til det senere Namibia, hvor han tilbragte sine sidste år.

Friedrich blev gift med Adelheid Louise af Lyksborg (1889–1964) den 1. august 1914 (dvs. samme dag som kejser Wilhelm 2. af Tyskland erklærede Rusland krig, og  1. verdenskrig brød ud).

Solms-Sonnenwalde eller Solms-Sonnewalde
Medlemmer af det preussiske overhus fra slægten Solms-Sonnenwalde:

Greve Wilhelm zu Solms-Sonnenwalde (1787–1859), medlem af preussiske overhus i 1854 – 1859.

Greve Alfred zu Solms-Sonnenwalde (1810–1870), medlem af preussiske overhus i 1861 – 1870.

Greve Theodor zu Solms-Sonnenwalde (1814–1890), medlem af preussiske overhus i 1871 – 1890.

Greve Peter zu Solms-Sonnenwalde (1840–1922), medlem af preussiske overhus i 1891 – 1918.

Prinsesser og grevinder af Solms
Grevinde Agnes af Solms-Laubach (1578 – 1602), gift med landgreve Moritz den Lærde af Hessen-Kassel (1572 – 1632), de blev forældre til Vilhelm 5. af Hessen-Kassel.

Amalie zu Solms-Braunfels (1602 – 1675), gift med statholder Frederik Henrik af Oranien (1584 – 1647), de blev forældre til den hollandske statholder Vilhelm 2. af Oranien og bedsteforældre til kong Vilhelm 3. af England og kong Frederik 1. af Preussen.

Grevinde Marie Sophie Wilhelmine af  Solms-Laubach (1721–1793),  gift 1741 med den danske general Carl Christian Erdmann af Württemberg-Oels (1716–1792), parret på boede på Frydenlund ved Vedbæk.

Eleonore af Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (1871 – 1937) gift med regerende storhertug Ernst Ludwig af Hessen (1868 – 1937).

Grevinde Monika af Solms-Laubach (1929 – 4. juni 2015), gift med Braunschweigs sidste tronfølger (arveprins) Ernst August 4. af Hannover (1914 – 1987), Ernst August var bror til dronning Frederikke af Grækenland.

Grevinde Maria af Solms-Laubach (født 1968),  gift med Stephan Leopold, prins af Lippe (født 1959)

Højadelsslægter fra Tyskland
Adelsslægter fra Hessen

Solms (tysk adelsslægt)


Alfred Louis Kroeber ( ; June 11, 1876 – October 5, 1960) was an American cultural anthropologist. He received his PhD under Franz Boas at Columbia University in 1901, the first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia. He was also the first professor appointed to the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. He played an integral role in the early days of its Museum of Anthropology, where he served as director from 1909 through 1947. Kroeber provided detailed information about Ishi, the last surviving member of the Yahi people, whom he studied over a period of years. He was the father of the acclaimed novelist, poet, and writer of short stories Ursula K. Le Guin.

Life
Kroeber was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to parents of German Protestant origin. His mother Johanna Muller was an American of German descent; his father Florence Kroeber came to the United States from Germany at the age of ten, with his parents and family, and became an importer of French clocks. The family belonged to a German-American milieu that was upper middle-class, classical and rationalistic, schooled in the German intellectual tradition, and of mixed Jewish and Protestant ancestry.

Alfred's family moved into New York City when Alfred was quite young, and he was tutored and attended private schools there.  He had three younger siblings and all had scholarly interests. The family was bilingual, speaking German at home, and Kroeber also began to study Latin and Greek in school, beginning a lifelong interest in languages. He attended Columbia College at the age of 16, joining the Philolexian Society and earning an BA in English in 1896 and an MA in Romantic drama in 1897. Changing fields to the new one of anthropology, he received his PhD under Franz Boas at Columbia University in 1901, basing his 28-page dissertation on decorative symbolism on his field work among the Arapaho. It was the first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia.

Kroeber spent most of his career in California, primarily at the University of California, Berkeley.  He was both a Professor of Anthropology and the Director of what was then the University of California Museum of Anthropology (now the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology). The anthropology department's headquarters building at the University of California was named Kroeber Hall in his honor, before being un-named January 26, 2021 in order to "help Berkeley recognize a challenging part of our history, while better supporting the diversity of today's academic community." He was associated with Berkeley until his retirement in 1946. He died in Paris on October 5, 1960.

Personal life
Kroeber married Henriette Rothschild in 1906.  She contracted tuberculosis and died in 1913, after several years of illness.

In 1926 he married again, to Theodora Kracaw Brown, a widow who had been a student in one of his graduate seminars. They had two children: Karl Kroeber, a literary critic, and the science fiction writer Ursula Kroeber Le Guin. In addition, Alfred adopted Theodora's sons by her first marriage, Ted and Clifton Brown, who both took his surname.

In 2003, Clifton and Karl Kroeber published a book of essays on Ishi's story, which they co-edited, called, Ishi in Three Centuries. This is the first scholarly book on Ishi to contain essays by Native American writers and academics.

After her husband's death, Theodora Kroeber wrote a biography of him, titled Alfred Kroeber: A Personal Configuration. It was published by the University of California Press in 1970. David G. Mandelbaum, a cultural anthropologist and former colleague of Alfred, stated that this biography was just as important a work from an anthropologist's perspective as Ishi in Two Worlds.

Influence
Although he is known primarily as a cultural anthropologist, he did significant work in archaeology and anthropological linguistics, and he contributed to anthropology by making connections between archaeology and culture. He conducted excavations in New Mexico, Mexico, and Peru. In Peru he helped found the Institute for Andean Studies (IAS) with the Peruvian anthropologist Julio C. Tello and other major scholars.

Kroeber and his students did important work collecting cultural data on western tribes of Native Americans. The work done in preserving information about California tribes appeared in Handbook of the Indians of California (1925). In that book, Kroeber first described a pattern in California groups where a social unit was smaller and less hierarchically organized than a tribe, which was elaborated upon in The Patwin and their Neighbors in which Kroeber first coined the term "tribelet" to describe this level of organization. Kroeber is credited with developing the concepts of culture area, cultural configuration (Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America, 1939), and cultural fatigue (Anthropology, 1963).

Kroeber influenced many of his contemporaries in his views as a cultural historian. During his lifetime, he was known as the "Dean of American Anthropologists".  Kroeber and Roland B. Dixon were very influential in the genetic classification of Native American languages in North America, being responsible for theoretical groupings such as Penutian and Hokan, based on common languages.

He is noted for working with Ishi, who was claimed to be the last California Yahi Indian. (Ishi may have been of mixed ethnic heritage, with a father from the Wintu, Maidu or Nomlaki tribes.) His second wife, Theodora Kracaw Kroeber, wrote a well-known biography of Ishi, Ishi in Two Worlds. Kroeber's relationship with Ishi was the subject of a film, The Last of His Tribe (1992), starring Jon Voight as Kroeber and Graham Greene as Ishi.

Kroeber's textbook, Anthropology (1923, 1948), was widely used for many years. In the late 1940s, it was one of ten books required as reading for all students during their first year at Columbia University. His book, Configurations of Cultural Growth (1944), had a lasting impact on social scientific research on genius and greatness; Kroeber believed that genius arose out of culture at particular times, rather than holding to "the great man" theory.

Kroeber's childhood friend Carl Alsberg described him as a "good listener" and able "to be objective, to see the other point of view, to penetrate behind another person's behavior to his underlying thought [...] These traits indicate a sincerity and simplicity of character that primitive peoples sense at once and to which they respond by giving their confidence."

From 1920 to 1923 Kroeber conducted an active practice as a lay psychoanalyst, with an office in San Francisco.

Indian land claims
Kroeber served early on as the plaintiffs' director of research in Indians of California v. the United States, a land claim case. Omer Stewart of the University of Colorado served as associate director. Ralph Beals of the University of California, Los Angeles, served as director of research for the federal government in the case. Both men were former students of Kroeber. Kroeber's impact on the Indian Claims Commission may well have established the way expert witnesses presented testimony before the tribunal. Several of his former students also served as expert witnesses; for instance, Stewart directed the plaintiff research for the Ute and for the Shoshone peoples.

Awards and honors
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1912)
 Kroeber received five honorary degrees (Yale, California, Harvard, Columbia, Chicago)
 He was awarded two gold medals.
 He held honorary membership in 16 scientific societies.
 President of the American Anthropological Association (1917–1918)
 Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1928)
 Member of the American Philosophical Society (1941)

Partial list of works
 Indian Myths of South Central California (1907), in University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:167–250. Berkeley.
 The Religion of the Indians of California (1907), in University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:6.

 Handbook of the Indians of California (1925), Washington, D.C: Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78
 "Native American Population" (1934) in American Anthropologist, Vol. 36, No. 1.
 The Nature of Culture (1952). University of Chicago.
 with Clyde Kluckhohn: Culture. A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952). Cambridge.
 Paracas Cavernas and Chavin (1953). Letras (Lima), 19(49), 49-71.
 Style and Civilizations Westport Conn.: Greenwood, 1957.
 Anthropology: Culture Patterns & Processes (1963). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World (earlier editions in 1923 and 1948).

References

Further reading

External links

Alfred L. Kroeber, Sex in Natural History (talk at UC Berkeley, 1956) (online audio recording)
Guide to the A. L. Kroeber Papers, The Bancroft Library

1876 births
1960 deaths
American anthropologists
American archaeologists
American ethnologists
American folklorists
Linguists from the United States
American people of German descent
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Writers from Hoboken, New Jersey
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Historians of Native Americans
American Mesoamericanists
Mesoamerican anthropologists
20th-century Mesoamericanists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Linguists of Algic languages
Linguists of Hokan languages
Linguists of Penutian languages
Linguists of Uto-Aztecan languages
Paleolinguists
Linguistic Society of America presidents
Kroeber family
Linguists of indigenous languages of North America
Presidents of the American Folklore Society
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Alfred Kroeber


Die Serbia Open 2012 waren ein Tennisturnier, welches vom 30. April bis zum 6. Mai 2012 in Belgrad stattfand. Es war Teil der ATP World Tour 2012 und wurde auf Sandplatz ausgetragen. In der gleichen Woche wurden in Estoril die Estoril Open sowie in München die BMW Open gespielt, die genau wie die Serbia Open zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 250 zählten.

Titelverteidiger im Einzel war Novak Đoković, der aus familiären Gründen auf seine Teilnahme verzichtete. Im diesjährigen Finale setzte sich Andreas Seppi in zwei Sätzen gegen Benoît Paire durch, der erstmals in seiner Karriere ein ATP-Finale erreicht hatte. Dies war knapp ein Jahr nach seinem Debüttitel der zweite ATP-Titel in Seppis Karriere.

Die Vorjahressieger im Doppel, František Čermák und Filip Polášek, traten in diesem Jahr beim Turnier in München an und gewannen dort den Titel. Im diesjährigen Finale gewannen Jonathan Erlich und Andy Ram in drei Sätzen gegen Martin Emmrich und Andreas Siljeström. Dies war ihr 15. gemeinsamer ATP-Titel, dabei jedoch der erste Titel auf Sandplatz. Erlich hatte zudem noch drei weitere Titel mit anderen Partnern gewonnen, Ram vier. Für Emmrich und Siljeström hingegen war es das erste gemeinsame ATP-Finale gewesen, Siljeström hatte zuvor bereits ein weiteres ATP-Finale mit einem anderen Partner gespielt und verloren.

Das Teilnehmerfeld der Einzelkonkurrenz bestand aus 28 Spielern, jenes der Doppelkonkurrenz aus 16 Paaren. Die vier topgesetzten Spieler im Einzel bekamen jeweils ein Freilos in die zweite Runde.

Qualifikation
Die Qualifikation fand vom 28. bis 30. April 2012 statt. Ausgespielt wurden vier Qualifikantenplätze, die zur Teilnahme am Hauptfeld des Turniers berechtigten.

Folgende Spieler hatten die Qualifikation überstanden und spielten im Hauptfeld des Turniers:

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks und Quellen
 Offizielle Homepage des Turniers

Serbien
Tennisturnier in Belgrad

Serbia Open 2012


Gopalganj es un municipio de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de Gopalganj, en el estado de Bihar. Según el censo de 2011, tiene una población de 67 339 habitantes.

Geografía
Está situada a una altitud de 66 , a unos 143 km por carretera de la capital estatal, Patna, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Referencias

Localidades de Bihar

Gopalganj


Mathias Neuner (* 13. Juni 1966 in Landsberg am Lech) ist ein deutscher Kommunalpolitiker (CSU).

Werdegang
Neuner besuchte von 1972 bis 1976 die Grundschule am Spitalplatz, dann von 1976 bis 1982 das Ignaz-Kögler-Gymnasium in Landsberg und schließlich die Fachoberschule in Kaufbeuren. Nach der Fachhochschulreife studierte er zwischen 1984 und 1989 Bauingenieurwesen an der Fachhochschule München. An der gleichen Hochschule folgte zwischen 1989 und 1992 ein Studium des Wirtschaftsingenieurwesens. 1995 machte er sich mit einem Ingenieurbüro selbständig. Von 2007 an war er Geschäftsführer der Neuner Wohnbau und Immobilien GmbH.

Im Frühjahr 2012 trat er zur Wahl des Oberbürgermeisters von Landsberg am Lech an und setzte sich in der Stichwahl am 25. März 2012 mit 51,4 % der Stimmen gegen den Mitbewerber der Grünen Ludwig Hartmann durch. Nach acht Jahren im Amt wurde Neuner bei den Kommunalwahlen 2020 in einer Stichwahl abgewählt. Er kam auf nur 33,19 % der Stimmen, während Doris Baumgartl (UBV) 66,81 % der Stimmen erhielt und zu seiner Nachfolgerin gewählt wurde.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Bürgermeister (Landsberg am Lech)
CSU-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1966
Mann

Mathias Neuner


Dominancia puede referirse a:

 Dominancia genética, la relación entre diferentes partes de un gen;
 Dominancia incompleta, la interacción genética en la cual los homocigotos son fenotípicamente diferentes a los heterocigotos;
 Dominancia orbital, uno de los tres criterios bajo los cuales un cuerpo celeste es considerado un planeta del Sistema Solar;
 Dominancia apical, la tendencia de las plantas a mostrar un mayor crecimiento en la punta (ápice) de cada rama;
 Dominancia ecológica, grado en que un taxón es más numeroso o tiene mayor biomasa;
 Dominancia (etología),  estatus social dentro de un grupo de animales.

Dominancia


Lietava este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Žilina din regiunea Žilina, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.482 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Lietava este atestată documentar din 1318.

Note

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Lietava


කාබෝහයිඩ්‍රේට මෙන්ම ඉතා විශාල ව්‍යුහමය කර්තව්‍යයක් ප්‍රෝටීන මගින් සිදුවේ. ඇක්ටින් හා මයෝසීන්වල චලනය කංකාල පේශිවල සංකෝචනය සඳහා නිතැතින්ම හේතුවේ. බොහෝමයක් ප්‍රෝටීන කිසියම් අණුවක හෝ අණු කාණ්ඩයකට විශේෂිතව බැඳී ඇති අතර ඔවුන්ට බැඳෙන දෙය  ඉතාමත් සුවිශේෂීව තෝරා ගනු ලබයි. ප්‍රතිදේහ යම් කිසි විශේෂිත අණුවකට සබැඳි ප්‍රෝටීන් සඳහා උදාහරණයකි. ප්‍රතිදේහ යොදා ගෙන සිදුකරන enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayපරීක්ෂණ (ELISA) ජීව අණු සෙවීමට නුතන වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවේ දී භාවිතා වන වඩාත් සංවේදී ක්‍රමයකි. කෙසේ  වුවත් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් ප්‍රෝටීන වර්ගය වන්නේ එන්සයිමයි. මෙම පුදුම සහගත අණු උපස්ථර ලෙස හඳුන්වන විශේෂිත ප්‍රතික්‍රියක අණු හඳුනා ගන්නා අතර ඒවා අතර ප්‍රතික්‍රියාව උත්ප්‍රේරණය කරයි. එන්සයිම මගින් ප්‍රතික්‍රියාවේ සක්‍රීයන ශක්තිය අඩු කරන අතර ප්‍රතික්‍රියාව 1011 ගුණයකින් වේගවත් කරයි.  තනිව සිදු වීමට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අවුරුදු 3000 ක් පමණ  ගත වන ප්‍රතික්‍රියාවක් එන්සයිම ඇතිවිට තත්ත්පරයකටත් වඩා අඩු කාලයක දී සිදුවේ. ක්‍රියාවලිය අවසානයේ දී එන්සයිම එලෙසම පවතින අතර නව උපස්ථර කොටසක් සමග නව ප්‍රතික්‍රියාවක් උත්ප්‍රේරණය කිරීම ආරම්භ කරයි. විවිධ නවිකාරක භාවිතයෙන් එන්සයිමවල ක්‍රියාවලිය පාලනය කළ හැකි අතර එමගින් සෛලයක ජීව රසායනය පාලනය කළ හැකිය.

සාරාංශයක් ලෙස ගත් කළ ප්‍රෝටීන් යනු ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල දාමයකි. ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල කාණ්ඩ 4 කට බැඳුණු කාබන් පරමාණුවකින් යුක්ත වේ. එකක් ඇමයිනෝ ඛණ්ඩයක් වෙයි. –NH2 අනික කාබොක්සිලික් අම්ල කාණ්ඩයක් වෙයි. –COOH (නමුත් කායික තත්ව මත මේවා   -NH-3  හා –COO- ලෙස පවතී) තෙවැන්න හයිඩ්‍රජන් පරමාණුවක් වෙයි. හතර වැනි කාණ්ඩය "-R" මගින් සංකේතවත් කරන අතර එක් එක් අම්ලය සඳහා මෙම කාණ්ඩය වෙනස් වෙයි. සම්මත ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල වර්ග විස්සක් පවතී. මෙයින් සමහරක් ඒ ලෙසට හෝ නවීකරණය වී හෝ භාවිතා වේ. උදාහරණ ලෙස ග්ලුටමේට් වැදගත් නියුරෝන සම්ප්‍රේෂකයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියාකරයි.

ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල  (1) උදාසීන ලෙස (2) භෞතික තත්ව යටතේ පතින ආකාරයෙන් (3) ඩයිපෙප්ටයිඩයක් ලෙස එකට එකතු වීමෙන් යන තුන් ආකාරයෙන් සාකච්ඡා කළ හැකිය.

ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල පෙප්ටයිඩ් බන්ධන මගින් එකිනෙකට සම්බන්ධ විය හැකිය. මෙම විජලන සංස්ලේෂණයේ දී ජල අණුව ඉවත්වන අතර පෙප්ටයිඩ් බන්ධනය එක් ඇමයිනෝ අම්ලයක නයිට්‍රජන් පරමාණුවක් හා අනෙක් කාබොක්සිලීන් කාණ්ඩයේ කාබන් පරමාණුවක් සම්බන්ධ කරයි. ඵලය ලෙස ලැබෙන අණුව ඩයි පෙප්ටයිඩ් ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. කෙටි දාම ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල (තිහට අඩු) පෙප්ටයිඩ හෝ පොලි පෙප්ටයිඩ් ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. ඉතා දිගු දාම ප්‍රෝටීන් ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබයි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස වැදගත් රුධිර මස්තු ප්‍රෝටීනයක් වන ඇල්බියුමින්හි ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල කොටස් 585 ක් අඩංගුවේ.

ප්‍රෝටීන බිඳ වැට්ටවීමට ද මේ හා සමාන ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා වේ. පළමුව එය එහි සංරචක ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල බවට ජල විච්ජේදනය වේ. ඇමයිනෝ අයන ලෙස  (NH4+) රුධිරයේ ඇති නිදහස් ඇමෝනියා (NH3) ජීවය සඳහා හානිදායකය.  එමනිසා එය පිට කිරීමට ක්‍රමයක් තිබිය යුතුය. සතුන්ගේ අවශ්‍යතා මත වෙනස් සතුන්ගේ වෙනස ක්‍රියා පිළිවෙත් මේ සඳහා දායක වේ. ඒක සෛලික පටක කෙළින්ම ඇමෝනියා පරිසරයට මුදා හරී. එලෙසින්ම අස්ථික මත්ස්‍යයා ඇමෝනියා ජලය මුදාහරින අතර ඒවා ඉතා ඉක්මණින් ජලයේ දිය වේ. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ක්ෂීරයින් යූරියා චක්‍රය හරහා ඇමෝනියා යුරීයා බවට පරිවර්තනය කරයි.

ප්‍රෝටීන්

ප්‍රෝටීන


Željeznička pruga Zagreb – Rijeka je 229 km duga pruga u Hrvatskoj koja povezuje Zagreb i Rijeku. Dio je paneuropskog koridora V, kraka b. Pruga je u cijelosti elektrificirana i jednokolosiječna.

Na prugu je povezano nekoliko kratkih ogranaka u Rijeci, uključujući pruge Škrljevo – Bakar, Sušak-Pećine – Brajdica i Rijeka Brajdica – Rijeka.

Željezničke pruge u Hrvatskoj

Željeznička pruga Zagreb Glavni kolodvor – Rijeka


Gabriela Silvia Beju () a fost o sculptoriță română.

Biografie
Gabriela Silvia Beju a studiat la  Institutul de Arte Plastice din București, în perioada 1965-1971, clasa profesorului Ion Lucian Murnu. După absolvire a primit o bursă pentru sculptură la Școala specială de desen, din Köln, iar ulterior a studiat la Școala Națională Superioară de Arte Frumoase, din Paris. Din 1973 s-a stabilit în Franța.

Activitate
Începând cu 1984, a fost profesoară la Universitatea Paris V și cercetătoare la Centrul de Cercetări ale Mediului și ale Arhitecturii Rurale din Paris.

Sculptează cu preponderență în piatră.   Printre cele mai reprezentative lucrări se numără: Victorie (1971, bronz), Iarba (1973 granit roz), Draperie (1978, marmură de Carrara).

Distincții
 Premiul Tinerilor Sculptori al UAP, București, 1971
 Premiul de Onoare, Saar, RFG, 1974
 Premiul Fundației Vocation, Franța, 1975

Note

Bibliografie
 Ecaterina Țarălungă, Enciclopedia identității românești, Editura Litera, București, 2011
 Academia Română, Dicționarul sculptorilor din România. Secolele XIX–XX ,vol. I lit. A-G, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2011

Vezi și
 Sculptură în piatră

Legături externe
  Gabriela Silvia Beju , în "Oxford Art Online"

Nașteri în 1947
Nașteri pe 30 mai
Decese în 2021
Decese pe 13 ianuarie
Decese în Paris
Sculptori români
Oameni din Turnu Măgurele
Români expatriați în Franța

Gabriela Silvia Beju


In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems. These signals are typically chemical messengers which bind to a receptor and produce physiological responses such as change in the electrical activity of a cell. For example, GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter inhibits electrical activity of neurons by binding to GABA receptors. There are three main ways the action of the receptor can be classified: relay of signal, amplification, or integration. Relaying sends the signal onward, amplification increases the effect of a single ligand, and integration allows the signal to be incorporated into another biochemical pathway.

Receptor proteins can be classified by their location. Cell surface receptors also known as transmembrane receptors, include ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked hormone receptors. Intracellular receptors are those found inside the cell, and include cytoplasmic receptors and nuclear receptors. A molecule that binds to a receptor is called a ligand and can be a protein, peptide (short protein), or another small molecule, such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, pharmaceutical drug, toxin, calcium ion or parts of the outside of a virus or microbe. An endogenously produced substance that binds to a particular receptor is referred to as its endogenous ligand. E.g. the endogenous ligand for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is acetylcholine, but it can also be activated by nicotine and blocked by curare. Receptors of a particular type are linked to specific cellular biochemical pathways that correspond to the signal. While numerous receptors are found in most cells, each receptor will only bind with ligands of a particular structure. This has been analogously compared to how locks will only accept specifically shaped keys. When a ligand binds to a corresponding receptor, it activates or inhibits the receptor's associated biochemical pathway, which may also be highly specialised.

Structure

The structures of receptors are very diverse and include the following major categories, among others:
 Type 1: Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors) – These receptors are typically the targets of fast neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (nicotinic) and GABA; activation of these receptors results in changes in ion movement across a membrane. They have a heteromeric structure in that each subunit consists of the extracellular ligand-binding domain and a transmembrane domain which includes four transmembrane alpha helices. The ligand-binding cavities are located at the interface between the subunits.
 Type 2: G protein-coupled receptors (metabotropic receptors) – This is the largest family of receptors and includes the receptors for several hormones and slow transmitters e.g. dopamine, metabotropic glutamate. They are composed of seven transmembrane alpha helices. The loops connecting the alpha helices form extracellular and intracellular domains. The binding-site for larger peptide ligands is usually located in the extracellular domain whereas the binding site for smaller non-peptide ligands is often located between the seven alpha helices and one extracellular loop. The aforementioned receptors are coupled to different intracellular effector systems via G proteins. G proteins are heterotrimers made up of 3 subunits: α (alpha), β (beta), and γ (gamma). In the inactive state, the three subunits associate together and the α-subunit binds GDP. G protein activation causes a conformational change, which leads to the exchange of GDP for GTP. GTP-binding to the α-subunit causes dissociation of the β- and γ-subunits. Furthermore, the three subunits, α, β, and γ have additional four main classes based on their primary sequence. These include Gs, Gi, Gq and G12.
 Type 3: Kinase-linked and related receptors (see "Receptor tyrosine kinase" and "Enzyme-linked receptor") – They are composed of an extracellular domain containing the ligand binding site and an intracellular domain, often with enzymatic-function, linked by a single transmembrane alpha helix. The insulin receptor is an example.
 Type 4: Nuclear receptors – While they are called nuclear receptors, they are actually located in the cytoplasm and migrate to the nucleus after binding with their ligands. They are composed of a C-terminal ligand-binding region, a core DNA-binding domain (DBD) and an N-terminal domain that contains the AF1(activation function 1) region. The core region has two zinc fingers that are responsible for recognizing the DNA sequences specific to this receptor. The N terminus interacts with other cellular transcription factors in a ligand-independent manner; and, depending on these interactions, it can modify the binding/activity of the receptor. Steroid and thyroid-hormone receptors are examples of such receptors.

Membrane receptors may be isolated from cell membranes by complex extraction procedures using solvents, detergents, and/or affinity purification.

The structures and actions of receptors may be studied by using biophysical methods such as X-ray crystallography, NMR, circular dichroism, and dual polarisation interferometry. Computer simulations of the dynamic behavior of receptors have been used to gain understanding of their mechanisms of action.

Binding and activation
Ligand binding is an equilibrium process. Ligands bind to receptors and dissociate from them according to the law of mass action in the following equation, for a ligand L and receptor, R. The brackets around chemical species denote their concentrations.

One measure of how well a molecule fits a receptor is its binding affinity, which is inversely related to the dissociation constant Kd. A good fit corresponds with high affinity and low Kd. The final biological response (e.g. second messenger cascade, muscle-contraction), is only achieved after a significant number of receptors are activated.

Affinity is a measure of the tendency of a ligand to bind to its receptor. Efficacy is the measure of the bound ligand to activate its receptor.

Agonists versus antagonists

Not every ligand that binds to a receptor also activates that receptor. The following classes of ligands exist:

 (Full) agonists are able to activate the receptor and result in a strong biological response. The natural endogenous ligand with the greatest efficacy for a given receptor is by definition a full agonist (100% efficacy).
 Partial agonists do not activate receptors with maximal efficacy, even with maximal binding, causing partial responses compared to those of full agonists (efficacy between 0 and 100%).
 Antagonists bind to receptors but do not activate them. This results in a receptor blockade, inhibiting the binding of agonists and inverse agonists. Receptor antagonists can be competitive (or reversible), and compete with the agonist for the receptor,  or they can be irreversible antagonists that form covalent bonds (or extremely high affinity non-covalent bonds) with the receptor and completely block it. The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole is an example of an irreversible antagonist. The effects of irreversible antagonism can only be reversed by synthesis of new receptors.
 Inverse agonists reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity (negative efficacy).
 Allosteric modulators: They do not bind to the agonist-binding site of the receptor but instead on specific allosteric binding sites, through which they modify the effect of the agonist. For example, benzodiazepines (BZDs) bind to the BZD site on the GABAA receptor and potentiate the effect of endogenous GABA.

Note that the idea of receptor agonism and antagonism only refers to the interaction between receptors and ligands and not to their biological effects.

Constitutive activity
A receptor which is capable of producing a biological response in the absence of a bound ligand is said to display "constitutive activity". The constitutive activity of a receptor may be blocked by an inverse agonist. The anti-obesity drugs rimonabant and taranabant are inverse agonists at the cannabinoid CB1 receptor and though they produced significant weight loss, both were withdrawn owing to a high incidence of depression and anxiety, which are believed to relate to the inhibition of the constitutive activity of the cannabinoid receptor.

The GABAA receptor has constitutive activity and conducts some basal current in the absence of an agonist. This allows beta carboline to act as an inverse agonist and reduce the current below basal levels.

Mutations in receptors that result in increased constitutive activity underlie some inherited diseases, such as precocious puberty (due to mutations in luteinizing hormone receptors) and hyperthyroidism (due to mutations in thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors).

Theories of drug-receptor interaction

Occupation

Early forms of the receptor theory of pharmacology stated that a drug's effect is directly proportional to the number of receptors that are occupied. Furthermore, a drug effect ceases as a drug-receptor complex dissociates.

Ariëns & Stephenson introduced the terms  "affinity" & "efficacy" to describe the action of ligands bound to receptors.

 Affinity: The ability of a drug to combine with a receptor to create a drug-receptor complex.
 Efficacy: The ability of drug to initiate a response after the formation of drug-receptor complex.

Rate

In contrast to the accepted Occupation Theory, Rate Theory proposes that the activation of receptors is directly proportional to the total number of encounters of a drug with its receptors per unit time. Pharmacological activity is directly proportional to the rates of dissociation and association, not the number of receptors occupied:

 Agonist: A drug with a fast association and a fast dissociation.
 Partial-agonist: A drug with an intermediate association and an intermediate dissociation.
 Antagonist: A drug with a fast association & slow dissociation

Induced-fit

As a drug approaches a receptor, the receptor alters the conformation of its binding site to produce drug—receptor complex.

Spare Receptors

In some receptor systems (e.g. acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction in smooth muscle), agonists are able to elicit maximal response at very low levels of receptor occupancy (<1%). Thus, that system has spare receptors or a receptor reserve. This arrangement produces an economy of neurotransmitter production and release.

Receptor regulation
Cells can increase (upregulate) or decrease (downregulate) the number of receptors to a given hormone or neurotransmitter to alter their sensitivity to different molecules. This is a locally acting feedback mechanism.

 Change in the receptor conformation such that binding of the agonist does not activate the receptor. This is seen with ion channel receptors.
 Uncoupling of the receptor effector molecules is seen with G protein-coupled receptors.
 Receptor sequestration (internalization), e.g. in the case of hormone receptors.

Examples and ligands

The ligands for receptors are as diverse as their receptors. GPCRs (7TMs) are a particularly vast family, with at least 810 members. There are also LGICs for at least a dozen endogenous ligands, and many more receptors possible through different subunit compositions. Some common examples of ligands and receptors include:

Ion channels and G protein coupled receptors

Some example ionotropic (LGIC) and metabotropic (specifically, GPCRs) receptors are shown in the table below. The chief neurotransmitters are glutamate and GABA; other neurotransmitters are neuromodulatory. This list is by no means exhaustive.

Enzyme linked receptors

Enzyme linked receptors include Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, as in bone morphogenetic protein and guanylate cyclase, as in atrial natriuretic factor receptor. Of the RTKs, 20 classes have been identified, with 58 different RTKs as members. Some examples are shown below:

Intracellular Receptors

Receptors may be classed based on their mechanism or on their position in the cell. 4 examples of intracellular LGIC are shown below:

Role in health and disease

In genetic disorders
Many genetic disorders involve hereditary defects in receptor genes. Often, it is hard to determine whether the receptor is nonfunctional or the hormone is produced at decreased level; this gives rise to the "pseudo-hypo-" group of endocrine disorders, where there appears to be a decreased hormonal level while in fact it is the receptor that is not responding sufficiently to the hormone.

In the immune system

The main receptors in the immune system are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), toll-like receptors (TLRs), killer activated and killer inhibitor receptors (KARs and KIRs), complement receptors, Fc receptors, B cell receptors and T cell receptors.

See also
 Ki Database
 Ion channel linked receptors
 Neuropsychopharmacology
 Schild regression for ligand receptor inhibition
 Signal transduction
 Stem cell marker
 List of MeSH codes (D12.776)
 Receptor theory

Notes

References

External links
IUPHAR GPCR Database and Ion Channels Compendium
Human plasma membrane receptome

Cell biology
Cell signaling
Membrane biology

Receptor (biochemistry)


Yunan mitolojisinde, Ourea, ilk tanrılardan dağları simgeleyendir. Gaia'nın eşi ve çocuğu olan Ourea'nın mitolojide sıkça ismi geçmez ancak yine de Hesiod ondan bahsetmiştir. Gaia'dan Oreadların, Dryadların ve Hamadryadların babasıdır.

Yunan tanrıları
Gaia'nın çocukları

Ourea


La cuisine calabraise est constituée des traditions et pratiques culinaires de la région de Calabre, en Italie. C'est une cuisine dite pauvre et paysanne.

Figue
La Calabre est réputée pour son artisanat de la figue sèche avec :
 la treccia ou jetta, tresse de figues enfilées sur une canna (roseau) et cuites au four ;
 les corolle, colliers de figues sur un rameau de myrte, puis cuites au four ;
 les fichi imbottiti ou les crocette, farcies d'amandes ou de noix (parfois d'écorces d'agrumes), recouvertes de chocolat ou cuites au four ;
 les palloni di fichi, petites balles de figues cuites au four, recouvertes de miel de figuier et conservées dans une feuille de figuier.

Les pâtes
IL existe un type de sauce pour les pâtes appelé alla putanesca

Les fromages
 Pecorino crotonese
 Provola silana
 Caciocavallo silano
 Pecorino de Monte Poro
 Caprino de Limina
 Pecorino de Pollino
 Pecorino d'Aspromonte
 Pecorino de Cardeto
 Pecorino de Locride
 Caciocavallo de Ciminà
 Caprino nicastrese

Les vins
 Bivongi produit dans les provinces de Reggio Calabria et Catanzaro
 Cirò produit dans la province de Crotone
 Donnici produit dans la province de Cosenza
 Greco di Bianco produit dans la province de Reggio Calabria
 Lamezia produit dans la province de Catanzaro
 Melissa produit dans la province de Crotone
 Pollino produit dans la province de Cosenza
 Sant'Anna di Isola Capo Rizzuto produit dans les provinces de Crotone et Catanzaro
 San Vito di Luzzi produit dans la province de Cosenza
 Savuto produit dans les provinces de Cosenza et Catanzaro
 Scavigna produit dans la province de Catanzaro
 Verbicaro produit dans la province de Cosenza

Notes et références
alllazebi allazebaby

Cuisine calabraise


Kick Ass: Music from the Motion Picture es una banda sonora de la película Kick-Ass y fue lanzada el 29 de marzo de 2010 en el Reino Unido, y en iTunes de los Estados Unidos, el 30 de marzo de 2010. La canción homónima es cantada por Mika, la cual coescrita por Jodi Marr y producida por RedOne.

El video musical del sencillo muestra a Mika, tirado indefenso en un callejón después de ser asaltado. El empieza a cantar y cuando lo hace, las palabras poderosas en las letras y su búsqueda de una edición del cómic Kick-Ass lo inspiran a correr por los tejados. El video también cuenta con escenas intercaladas de la película.
La canción «Stand Up» de The Prodigy aparece en el teaser y en los avances de la misma.

Hay una canción que aparece en la película, pero no en la banda sonora: «Crazy». Ésta se presenta en el Mistmóvil cuando Kick-Ass y Red Mist cruzan la ciudad juntos. Además, la versión de «Bad Reputation» de Joan Jett fue interpretada por una banda llamada The Hit Girls e incluida en el álbum. Sin embargo, la canción «Hey Little World» de The Hives, la cual apareció en los avances de diferentes estrenos, no fue incluida.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Álbumes de varios artistas
Bandas sonoras de películas
Álbumes en inglés

Kick-Ass: Music From The Motion Picture