Frits Johannesen (født 22. maj 1944 i Fuglafjørður) er en færøsk kunstmaler, digter og korleder.

Johannesen er født og bosat i Fuglafjørður, som er en bygd på øen Eysturoy på Færøerne. Han er gift med Alexandra Johannesen.

Frits Johannesen er uddannet lærer og har desuden uddannet sig inden for billedkunst og musik. Udover at være kunstmaler, er Frits Johannesen også digter og korleder. I et portrætinterview forklarer han, at det nærmest er et færøsk karaktertræk at være kreativ og aktiv på flere forskellige områder, da det i de små færøske samfundet altid har været nødvendigt at beherske flere funktioner.

Johannesens malerier har ofte en stærkt ekspressionistisk karakter, der er rodfæstet i færøsk historie, myter og kultur.

Referencer

Malere fra Færøerne

Frits Johannesen


Vitales, Rosanae üsttakımına bağlı bir bitki takımıdır.

Taksonomi
Vitales takımına bağlı familyalar (2022):

 Vitaceae

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Rosanae

Vitales


İntegral veya tümlev, bir fonksiyon eğrisinin altında kalan alan. Fonksiyonun, türevinin tersi olan bir fonksiyon elde edilmesini sağlar.

Tanım

İntegral, verilen bir f(x) fonksiyonunu türev kabul eden F(x) fonksiyonunun bulunması olarak yapılabilir. F(x) fonksiyonuna f(x) fonksiyonunun integrali veya ilkeli denir. İntegral, Latince toplam kelimesinin ("ſumma", "summa") baş harfi s'nin biraz evrim geçirmiş  ∫ işareti ile gösterilir. Bu işaret Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz tarafından tanımlanmıştır.

c bir sabiti gösterir ve integralin bir sabit farkı ile bulunabileceğine işaret eder.

Bir eksen takımında gösterilen f(x) göndermesinin altında kalan a < x < b aralığındaki alan, integral yardımıyla hesaplanabilir. Bu amaçla alan küçük dikdörtgenlere bölünerek, bunların alanı hesap edilip toplanır. Dikdörtgen sayısı arttıkça toplam eğri altındaki alan, alanın değerine yaklaşır ve integralin tam değeri bulunmuş olur.
Bu toplama Riemann toplamı denir. İntegralin Riemann anlamındaki tanımı Riemann toplamındaki bölüntü sayısı olan n nin bir limit içerisinde sonsuza götürülmesiyle elde edilir.

Bu şekildeki integral belirli sınırlar arasında hesaplandığı için, belirli İntegral olarak isimlendirilir. Sınırlar göz önüne alınmadan hesaplanan integrale ise belirsiz integral denir. Bazı durumlarda f(x) göndermesinin integrali F(x) bulunamaz. Bu durumda belirli integral sayısal olarak hesaplanır.

Uzunluk, alan ve hacimlerin hesaplanmasında integral hesabın önemli yeri vardır. Birden fazla değişkene bağlı fonksiyonlarda integral kavramı genişletilebilir ve bu durumda katlı integraller ortaya çıkar.

Riemann'dan sonra soyut kümelerin de integrallenebilmesi amacıyla Lebesgue integrali
geliştirilmiştir.

Köken

 Dilimize İngilizceden veya Fransızcadan geçmiş integral sözcüğü "bütüne ait olan" anlamına gelir ve İngilizceye Orta Fransızca intégral sözcüğünden; Orta Latince integralis (tüm yapmak, tümlemek) sözcüğünden; Latince integer (tüm, bütün, tam) sözcüğünden gelmiştir. Ayrıca integer sözcüğü tam sayı terimine karşılık olarak İngilizceye geçmiştir.
 Türkçede tümlev sözcüğü, Osmanlıca mütemmem ile tamamî sözcüklerinin ve İngilizcedeki integral sözcüğünün anlamını karşılamak için türetilmiştir. tümlev sözcüğü, "tümlenmiş şey" anlamına gelir. İsimden fiil yapan /-ev,-av/ yapım ekiyle kullanımda olan tümle[mek] fiilinden; isimden fiil yapan /-le[mek]/ yapım ekiyle muhtemelen Öz Türkçe *tüm (bknz. tümen) kökünden türetilmiştir.
 Osmanlıcada mütemmem sözcüğü kullanılmış (Arapçadaki *tm (tam) kökünden gelir)  ancak Arapçada şu anda "olgun, evrimleşmiş, bütünleşmiş" anlamındaki tekâmül   sözcüğü kullanılmaktadır (kâmil, mükemmel, küme ile aynı kökten: *kml).

İntegral alma yöntemleri

Değişken değiştirme

Değişken değiştirme, karmaşık problemleri basitleştirmek için kullanılan değişken değiştirme yöntemidir. Bu yöntemde ham (eski) değişken yerine yeni (daha basit) değişken kullanılır. Problem çözüldükten sonra yeni değişken ile elde edilen sonuç, eski değişkende yerine konur.

Basit örnek

Aşağıdaki 6.dereceden bir polinomu ilkel fonksiyon kullanarak çözmek neredeyse imkânsızdır. Bunun için değişken değiştirme yöntemini kullanalım:

Bu denklemde x3 = u değişken değişimini uygulanırsa aşağıdaki denklem elde edilir:

Böylece denklem ikinci dereceden denklem biçimine dönüştü. Bu denklemin kökleri;

Bu yeni değişkenin sonuçlarını, ham değişkende yerine koyalım:

Kısmi integral

Eğer integral  şeklinde verilmiş ve  veya   birbirleri cinsinden yazılamıyorsa kısmi integrasyon yöntemi uygulanır. Bu indirgeme sırasıyla logaritma, ters trigonometrik fonksiyonlar, polinomlar, trigonometrik fonksiyonlar ve son olarak üstel fonksiyonlara uygulanır. Bazı eğitmenler bu fonksiyonların baş harflerini ("LAPTÜ") bir kolay hatırlama yöntemi olarak kullanır.

integralinde  yukarıdaki sıralamada önce geliyorsa,  değişken değiştirmesi yapılır ve geri kalan ifadeler ile  denklemi kurulur. Bunu takiben, ,  denliklerine ulaşılır. Burada , 'in integrali alınmış halidir.

Sonuç olarak verilen integral ,  ve  cinsinden yazılabilir:

 =

Örnek 1

 integrali değişken değiştirme yöntemiyle integrallenemez bu yüzden kısmi integrasyon uygulamak gerekir. Yukarıdaki indirgeme sırasında logaritma () önceliklidir, dolayısıyla:

,

,

Burada belirsiz integralin keyfi sabiti  henüz eklenmemiştir. Bu sabit en son integralde eklenecektir. Kısmi integrasyon formülü uygulandığında,

  halini alır. İntegraldeki 'ler sadeleşir. Sonuç bulunur:

Örnek 2

 integrali için de kısmi integral uygulanmalıdır. Yukarıdaki indirgeme önceliğine göre polinom () üstel fonksiyondan ()  önce gelir:

,

,

Bunu takiben,

işlemleri yapılarak sonuç bulunur:

Basit fonksiyonların integralleri

Rasyonel fonksiyonlar

İrrasyonel fonksiyonlar

Logaritmik fonksiyonlar

Üslü fonksiyonlar

Trigonometrik fonksiyonlar

Hiperbolik fonksiyonlar

Ters hiperbolik fonksiyonlar

Ayrıca bakınız

 Temel göndermelerin integralleri için İntegral Tablosu
 Belirli integral
 Belirsiz integral

Kaynakça

İntegral


"A Toast" was adopted by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1957:

Common uses
The State Toast is used at some functions within the University of North Carolina. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's oldest student organization, the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, deliver the toast twice annually.

People inducted into the Order of the Long Leaf Pine become "cultural ambassadors of the state" and "can propose the state toast at any time."

See also
 "The Old North State", North Carolina's state song.

References

North Carolina culture
1957 documents
Drinking culture

North Carolina State Toast


Putin () é um sobrenome masculino russo. Sua variante feminina é Putina ().

Distribuição geográfica
Em 2014, 73,8% de todos os detentores conhecidos do sobrenome Putin eram residentes da Rússia (frequência: 1:22.479), 6,5% do Uzbequistão (1:54.530), 2,5% do Tajiquistão (1:38.622), 2,4% da França (1:313.715), 2,2% da Bielorrússia (1:50,006), 1,7% do Cazaquistão (1:118,628), 1,3% da Moldávia (1:32,673), 1,2% da Romênia (1:191,218), 1,1% da Ucrânia ( 1:465.553) e 1,1% da Índia (1:8.160.269).

Na Rússia, a frequência do sobrenome foi maior do que a média nacional (1:22,479) nos seguintes locais da Federação Russa:

 1. Krai de Perm (1:3,181)
 2. República de Altai (1:4,161)
 3. Moscou (1:7,200)
 4. São Petersburgo (1:10,861)
 5. Ossétia do Norte-Alânia (1:14,563)
 6. Oblast de Astracã (1:14,649)
 7. Oblast de Novosibirsk (1:15,626)
 8. Oblast de Irkutsk (1:17,411)
 9. Oblast de Kaliningrado (1:18,825)
 10. Oblast de Novgorod (1:19,510)
 11. Okrug Autônomo Khanty-Mansi (1:20,672)
 12. Oblast de Saratov (1:21,599)

Pessoas
Vladimir Putin (nascido em 1952), presidente da Rússia de 2000 a 2008 e de 2012-atualmente, e primeiro-ministro da Rússia de 1999 a 2000 e de 2008 até 2012.
Vladimir Putin Peak, montanha no Quirguistão.
Palácio de Putin, palácio no Krasnodar Krai, Rússia.
Planos de Putin, programa político e econômico de Vladimir Putin.
Putin Must Go, site russo e campanha pública contra Vladimir Putin.
Putin khuilo, música ucraniana ridicularizando Vladimir Putin.
Direct Line with Vladimir Putin, programa de televisão anual russo, com transmissão ao vivo de perguntas e respostas com Vladimir Putin.
Putin's Progress, livro de Peter Truscott, lançado em 2004.
Putin's Russia, livro de Anna Politkovskaya, lançado em 2004.
Putin, Russia and the West, série documental britânica de 2012.
Putin's Kiss, documentário de 2012 sobre a jovem ativista russa Masha Drokova.
Pussy versus Putin, documentário russo de 2013 sobre o grupo de protesto feminista punk rock russo Pussy Riot.
Igor Putin (nascido em 1953), empresário e político russo, primo de Vladimir Putin.
Roman Putin (nascido em 1977), empresário e político russo, sobrinho de Vladimir Putin.
Lyudmila Putina (nascida em 1958), a ex-esposa de Vladimir Putin.
Vera Putina (born 1926), uma mulher que afirma ser a mãe de Vladimir Putin.
P. T. Narasimhachar (1905–1998), poeta indiano Kannada, geralmente conhecido como "Pu Ti Na" ou "Putina".

Pessoas fictícias
Ivan Putin

Sobrenomes

Putin (sobrenome)


أغرا (Άγρα) هي مدينة في ليسفوس في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 932   نسمة.

المراجع

مدن اليونان
أماكن مأهولة في لسبوس

أغرا (ليسفوس)


Agrilus diversifrons é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1899.

Referências

diversifrons

Agrilus diversifrons


Trout River (trout engl. für "Forelle") ist der Name folgender Flüsse:

in Kanada:
 Trout River (Liard River), in British Columbia
 Trout River (Mackenzie River), in den Nordwest-Territorien
 Trout River (Wabasca River), in Alberta

in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Trout River (Huronsee), in Michigan
 Trout River (Missisquoi River), in Vermont
 Trout River (St. Johns River), in Florida
 Trout River (Upper Iowa River), in Iowa
 Nebenfluss des Rivière Châteauguay in Québec (Kanada) und New York (USA), siehe Rivière Trout

Trout River ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Trout River (Neufundland und Labrador), Ort auf Neufundland, Kanada
 Trout River (New York), Ort im Franklin County, Bundesstaat New York, Vereinigte Staaten

Trout River


Piatra Șoimului - Scorțeni - Gârleni este o arie de protecție specială avifaunistică (sit SPA) situată în partea estică a României, pe teritoriile județelor Bacău (45%) și Neamț (55%).

Localizare
Aria naturală se întinde în extremitatea central-nordică a județului Bacău, pe teritoriile administrative ale comunelor Balcani, Blăgești, Gârleni, Hemeiuș, Mărgineni, Pârjol, Scorțeni și Strugari și în cea sudică a județului Neamț, pe teritoriul municipiului Piatra Neamț și pe cele ale comunelor Borlești, Cândești, Dumbrava Roșie, Piatra Șoimului, Rediu și Tazlău. Situl este străbătut de drumul național DN2G care leagă Bacăul de Comănești.

Înființare
Situl "Piatra Șoimului - Scorțeni - Gârleni" (cu o suprafață totală de 37.445 ha.) a fost declarat arie de protecție specială avifaunistică prin Hotărârea  de Guvern nr. 971 din 5 octombrie 2011 (pentru modificarea și completarea Hotărârii Guvernului nr. 1.284/2007 privind declararea ariilor de protecție specială avifaunistică ca parte integrantă a rețelei ecologice europene Natura 2000 în România). Situl include rezervația naturală Pădurea Arsura.

Biodiversitate
Aria protejată (încadrată în bioregiunea geografică alpină a estului munților Goșmanu și cea continentală din lunca dreaptă a Bistriței) reprezintă o zonă naturală alcătuită din păduri de foioase, păduri în amestec, râuri (valea Tazlăului), pajiști, pășuni, terenuri arabile și culturi; ce asigură condiții de hrană, cuibărit și viețuire pentru efective de păsări migratoare, de pasaj sau sedentare.

La baza desemnării sitului se află câteva specii avifaunistice protejate la nivel european (prin Directiva CE 147/CE din 30 noiembrie 2009, privind conservarea păsărilor sălbatice - anexa II-a) și aflate pe lista roșie a IUCN; astfel: acvilă-țipătoare-mică (Aquila pomarina), bufniță (Bubo bubo), caprimulg (Caprimulgus europaeus), barză albă (Ciconia ciconia), cristel de câmp (Crex crex), ciocănitoare de grădină (Dendrocopos syriacus), ciocănitoare neagră (Dryocopus martius), presură de grădină (Emberiza hortulana), șoim călător (Falco peregrinus), muscar gulerat (Ficedula albicollis), muscar mic (Ficedula parva), ciuvică (Glaucidium passerinum), sfrâncioc roșiatic (Lanius collurio), sfrânciocul cu frunte neagră (Lanius minor), ciocârlie de pădure (Lullula arborea), viespar (Pernis apivorus), ciocănitoare verzuie (Picus canus), huhurez mare (Strix uralensis) și silvie porumbacă (Sylvia nisoria).

Vezi și
 Natura 2000
 Lista siturilor Natura 2000 din România

Note

Legături externe
Reportaj
 Agenția pentru Protecția Mediului Neamț sărbătorește, pe data de 5 iunie, Ziua Mondială a Mediului, eveniment marcat în peste 100 de țări, având drept scop încurajarea și conștientizarea populației cu privire la necesitatea protejării mediului. Tema din acest an a evenimentului este "Șapte miliarde de visuri. O planetă. Consumă cu grijă"; (Irina Nastasiu) 15 mai 2015, ziarulceahlaul.ro

Piatra Șoimului - Scorțeni - Gârleni


Skarvheimen er et højfjeldsområde som forbinder Jotunheimen med Hardangervidda, og ligger i Viken, Vestland og Innlandet fylker i Norge. Det oprindelige og mest brugte navn på området er Nordfjella. Området fik navnet Skarvheimen efter en afstemning i NRK i 1995, blandt andet baseret på at både Hallingskarvet og Reineskarvet ligger i området.

Løst defineret strækker Skarvheimen sig fra Vangsmjøsa i nordøst, langs E16 til Lærdal og Flåm i nordvest, langs Flåmsbanen og Bergensbanen til Finse og Geilo i sydvest, videre langs Hallingdal til Gol i sydøst og op Hemsedal mod Vangsmjøsa.

Området er tilgængelig med tog via Bergensbanen, med bus og med bil. Skarvheimen er rekreativt område for hyttebeboere i blandt andet Lærdal, Hemsedal, Hol, Ål og Gol.

Aurlandsdalen og Rallarvegen er kendte turmål. Den Norske Turistforening mærker turstier om sommeren og stikker løjper om vinteren. Der er både betjente og selvbetjente hytter i Skarvheimen, blandt andet Iungsdalshytta, Geiterygghytta, Bjordalsbu, Sulebu, Slettningsbu, Kljåen og Kongshelleren.

Litteratur
 Per Roger Lauritzen, 2010: Aurlandsdalen og Skarvheimen — turer fra Hemsedal til Rallarvegen. .
 DNT Årbok 2008: Mektig møte mellom øst og vest — Skarvheimen. .
 DNT Årbok 1950.

Kilder og henvisninger
 Turforslag til Skarvheimen på DNT og NRKs nettsted ut.no

Landskap i Norge
Bjerge i Vestland
Bjerge i Viken

Skarvheimen


The Hi-Lo's waren eine 1953 in Los Angeles gegründete A-cappella-Vokalgruppe des Jazz und Pop. Sie nahmen zahlreiche Platten auf und hatten einen weitreichenden musikalischen Einfluss, zum Beispiel auf Manhattan Transfer und die King's Singers, aber auch kalifornische Popgruppen wie die Beach Boys oder die Mamas and Papas.

Gründungsmitglieder waren der Bassbariton, Arrangeur und Leiter der Gruppe Gene Puerling (1929–2008), die Baritone Bob Strasen (1928–1994) und Bob Morse (1923–2001) und der Tenor (und Lead-Stimme) Clark Burroughs (* 1930). Morse und Burroughs sangen vorher bei den Encores, der Vokalgruppe der Billy-May-Band. Der Name The Hi-Lo's bezog sich teilweise auf den Stimmumfang der Gruppe, teilweise ihre unterschiedlichen körperlichen Längen (Strasen und Morse waren sehr lang, Puerling und Burroughs klein). Zu ihren damaligen Vorbildern gehören die The Four Freshmen, The Modernaires und die Mel-Tones von Mel Tormé. 1959 ersetzte Don Shelton (* 1934) Bob Strasen. Sie machten zahlreiche Plattenaufnahmen, zuerst 1954 (die EP The Hi Lo's mit ihrem einzigen Single Chart-Hit My Baby Just Care´s for Me und Georgia on My Mind) und die erste LP 1955 (Listen !, Starlite). Mitte der 1950er tourten sie mit Judy Garland. 1962 hatten sie ihren letzten Auftritt (im Tropicana Hotel in Las Vegas) und lösten sich Mitte der 1960er Jahre ganz auf. Puerling wechselte in die Werbung in San Francisco. Clark sang weiter als Studiomusiker, Morse wurde Antiquitätenhändler. Puerling war 1967  Gründer der vierköpfigen Singers Unlimited (zu denen auch Shelton gehörte), die aber nur Platten-Aufnahmen machten (für MPS) und dazu ihre Stimmen im Overdubbing Verfahren vervielfachten.

Sie hatten ein Comeback Ende der 1970er Jahre, markiert durch einen Auftritt beim Monterey Jazz Festival 1978. Ebenfalls 1978 erschien ihre erste LP seit 1964. Sie gingen in den 1980er Jahren bis 1994 regelmäßig auf Tour, nach dem Tod von Morse 2001 traten sie nur noch gelegentlich auf.

Sie waren 1957 Pollgewinner als Vokalgruppe. Sie erhielten drei Grammy-Nominierungen.

Sie traten 1964 in der Film-Komödie Leih mir deinen Mann (Good Neighbour Sam) mit Jack Lemmon auf.  Ihr Klavierbegleiter und gelegentlicher Arrangeur war lange Jahre Clare Fischer.

Weblinks
 Ihnen gewidmete Website
 [ All Music Guide]
 Hi-Los bei singers.com

Vokalensemble

The Hi-Lo’s


Das Berlinförderungsgesetz ist ein Bundesgesetz, das für die Wirtschaft des Landes Berlin verschiedene Steuervergünstigungen und Investitionszulagen vorsieht. Darunter fallen auch die in den Artikeln IV und V des Gesetzes behandelten Steuererleichterungen für Arbeitnehmer in Berlin (West).

Das Berlinförderungsgesetz wurde mehrfach novelliert und mit zusätzlichen bzw. geänderten Förderungsinstrumenten ausgestattet.

Titeländerungen
Das Berlinförderungsgesetz wurde unter wechselnden Gesetzestiteln mehrmals neu bekanntgemacht. Ursprünglich trat es als Gesetz zur Förderung der Wirtschaft von Groß-Berlin (West) am 10. März 1950 in Kraft. Bereits im darauf folgenden Jahr wurde der Titel in Gesetz zur Förderung der Wirtschaft von Berlin (West) geändert. Ab 1964 lautete der Titel dann Berlinhilfegesetz. Der aktuelle Lang- und Kurztitel wurde 1970 eingeführt.

Historische Entwicklung
Der Versuch der Sowjetunion, West-Berlin durch die Berlin-Blockade den Vier-Mächte-Status zu entziehen und zum Teil der SBZ zu machen, scheiterte am Widerstand der Berliner und der westlichen Alliierten. Durch die Berliner Luftbrücke konnte die Versorgung der Stadt sichergestellt werden. Josef Stalin musste im Mai 1949 die Blockade abbrechen.

Die Berliner Wirtschaft war durch die Blockade und die anschließende Insellage in ihrer Wettbewerbsfähigkeit stark beeinträchtigt. Daher entschied sich die Bundesregierung, die Wirtschaft Berlins durch Bürgschaften und vor allem durch Umsatzsteuersubventionen zu begünstigen. Die Umsatzsteuer wurde um drei Prozentpunkte verringert.

Aufgrund der nach dem Bau der Berliner Mauer in West-Berlin eingetretenen Entwicklung war es dringend notwendig geworden, die Förderungsmaßnahme für Berlin (West) in bestimmten Bereichen noch vor Ablauf der in § 15 Abs. 2 BHG 1959 genannten Frist erheblich auszubauen. Vor allem bei der Anwerbung von Arbeitskräften aus dem Bundesgebiet musste ein neuer Schwerpunkt der Förderung gesetzt werden, um die Folgen der Absperrungsmaßnahmen möglichst rasch und weitgehend auszugleichen. Die dafür erforderlichen beträchtlichen Mittel wurden durch eine Kürzung bei anderen Steuervergünstigungen vorgenommen, unter anderem für Steuerbefreiungen von der Umsatzsteuer.

Allgemeine steuerliche und sonstige Vorteile nach dem BerlinFG (Stand 1983):
Umsatzpräferenz (Vergünstigung) von 3 bis 10 Prozent bei Lieferung von Erzeugnissen von Berlin nach Westdeutschland
Die Nachfrage in Westdeutschland an Berliner Erzeugnissen wird gefördert durch eine Umsatzpräferenz von 4,2 Prozent
Jeder Arbeitnehmer in Berlin erhält ein steuer- und abgabenfreies Plus von 8 Prozent seines Bruttoverdienstes (Berlinzulage)
Neben dem bundeseinheitlichen Kindergeld (bis 1990: 50,00 DM monatlich) gibt es eine weitere Zulage von 49,50 DM für jedes Kind
Ermäßigung der Einkommensteuer um 30 Prozent
Ermäßigung der Körperschaftsteuer von bis zu 22,5 Prozent
Gewerbesteuer mit einem Hebesatz von 200 Prozent
Außerdem wurden für zuwandernde Arbeitnehmer, sofern die Wirtschaft diese benötigte, die Fahrtkosten der Anreise, die Heimfahrten, das Überbrückungsgeld, eine Umzugskostenübernahme und eine Einrichtungsbeihilfe gewährt.

Allgemeine Investitionsförderungen nach dem BerlinFG (Stand 1983):
Unternehmen und Selbständigen kann je nach Art der Investition eine steuerfreie Zulage von 25 Prozent gewährt werden
Bei Investitionen in Forschung und Entwicklung können Zulagen bis zu 40 Prozent gewährt werden
Investitionen von Unternehmen in Berlin können bis zu 75 Prozent der Anschaffungs- und Herstellungskosten vorzeitig abschreiben, und zwar wahlweise sofort in einer Summe oder gleichmäßig oder ungleichmäßig auf fünf Jahre verteilt.
Unterstützung durch ERP-Investitions-Darlehen und zinsgünstige Darlehen nach § 16 BerlinFG.

Weblinks
 Text des Berlinförderungsgesetzes

Einzelnachweise

Rechtsquelle (Deutschland)
Rechtsquelle (20. Jahrhundert)
Steuer- und Abgabenrecht (Deutschland)
Subvention (Deutschland)
Politik (West-Berlin)
Deutsche Teilung
Wirtschaft (deutsche Nachkriegszeit)
Berliner Wirtschaftsgeschichte

Berlinförderungsgesetz


Pentenon ist der verkürzte Name mehrerer isomerer chemischer Verbindungen.

 1-Penten-3-on
 3-Penten-2-on
 4-Penten-2-on (CAS-Nummer: 13891-87-7)

Pentenon


Giandomenico Coleti (Venise,  – Venise ) est un jésuite et érudit italien.

Biographie
Giovanni Giacomo Coleti entra de bonne heure dans la Compagnie de Jésus. Il y vécut vingt et un ans, et se trouvait dans le collège de Padoue, avec Daniele Farlati, afin de terminer l'Illyricum sacrum commencée par ce dernier, lorsque la suppression de son ordre le força de rentrer dans sa famille. Il se consacra tout entier au ministère ecclésiastique, et il termina en même temps l'Illyricum sacrum, avec 3 volumes, et le Martyrologue illyrien, en conservant par respect à l'ouvrage entier le nom du P. Farlati, mort en 1775, et dont il plaça la vie en tête du . Giovanni Giacomo Coleti a imprimé en outre un opuscule des Pedagogi degli Antichi, et un autre De situ Stridonis, patrie de Saint Jérôme. Il a travaillé avec son frère Giandomenico à l'édition de l'ouvrage de Lucifer de Cagliari. On lui doit encore les notes, jointes à la dissertation posthume du P. Farlati, De artis criticæ inscitia antiquitati objecta, et l'oraison funèbre de Bartolomeo Zender, vicaire patriarcal de l'église de St-Barthélemy, ainsi que le Recueil des exemples édifiants, imprimé en langue illyrienne à Macarsca, par les soins de Giuseppe Paulovich Lucich, chanoine et vicaire général de cette église. Giovanni Giacomo Coleti mourut à Venise le 15 août 1827.

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Jésuite italien
Naissance en mai 1734
Décès en août 1827
Décès à 93 ans

Giovanni Giacomo Coleti


Der Sparber ist ein  hoher Berg in der Osterhorngruppe der Salzkammergut-Berge in Österreich.
Er befindet sich auf dem Gemeindegebiet von Strobl am Wolfgangsee und gilt als Berg mit besonders schöner Aussicht. Die Besteigung erfordert allerdings alpine Erfahrung und Trittsicherheit.

Literatur
 Winfried Leischner: Stratigraphie und Tektonik des Wolfgangseegebietes (Schatberg, Sparber und nördliche Osterhorngruppe) in den Salzburger Kalkalpen. In: Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences. Band 53, 1960, S. 197–198 (gesamter Artikel S. 177–207, ).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Berg in Europa
Berg im Land Salzburg
Berg in den Alpen
Osterhorngruppe
Geographie (Strobl)
Orographie des Einzugsgebiets Ischl (Traun)

Sparber


Théognoste (vers 210 - 270) est un théologien alexandrin de la fin du . Bien qu'il ait été un disciple d'Origène d'Alexandrie, aucune référence sur lui n'existe chez les historiens de l'Église Eusèbe et Jérôme. C'est essentiellement grâce à Athanasius et à Photios  de Constantinople qu'on le connaît. Philippe de Side dit de lui qu'il présida l'école dite catéchétique ou théologique d'Alexandrie juste après Pierius (AD 265).

Œuvre
Son œuvre principale est un ouvrage en sept volumes intitulé Hypotyposeis. L'ouvrage fait débat sur son orthodoxie puisque certains de ses passages laissent penser à de l'arianisme. De fait le Fils y est présenté comme une créature, c'est-à-dire un être créé. Dans le livre trois, les références à l'Esprit sont aussi considérées comme peu orthodoxes et rappellent la position d'Origène sur la question. Le livre cinq est une longue dissertation sur les anges et les démons présentés comme des êtres incarnés.

Dans les livres six et sept, Théognoste traite de l'Incarnation d'une manière considérée par les théologiens plus orthodoxe, ce qui permettait déjà à Athanase de le considérer non pas comme un Arien mais bien comme un allié contre l'arianisme. Par ailleurs, reprenant largement la pensée d'Origène d'Alexandrie, Théognoste décrit dans son ouvrage la Trinité, la Rédemption divine et l'Au-delà.

Son œuvre théologique était tout à fait dans la même ligne que la philosophie chrétienne hellénistique de l'époque telle qu'elle était enseignée par l'école catéchétique d'Alexandrie.

Une grande partie de sa théologie sera plus tard adoptée par Grégoire de Nysse.

Des fragments de l'œuvre de Théognoste peuvent être trouvés dans le Reliquiae Sacrae 3:407–422 de Martin Joseph Routh.

Écrits exégétiques
Sept livres regroupés en un seul ouvrage et connus en grec sous le nom de Hypotypōseis, titre donné par Photios  de Constantinople, sont considérés comme l'œuvre principale de Théognoste. La nomenclature de l'ouvrage est celle-ci :

 Livre I Création
 Livre II La Divinité du Christ
 Livre III Le Saint-Esprit
 Livre IV Anges et démons
 Livres VI & V La Divinité de Dieu
 Livre VII Un retour à la création.

Références

Liens externes

Date de naissance incertaine (IIIe siècle)
Père de l'Église
Écrivain du IIIe siècle
Décès en 270

Théognoste d'Alexandrie


Der Rötende Erd-Ritterling (Tricholoma orirubens) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Ritterlingsverwandten. Der essbare Blätterpilz stammt aus Europa. Die grauhütigen Fruchtkörper erscheinen einzeln oder in kleinen Gruppen im Herbst in Nadel- und Laubwäldern. Der deutsche Trivialname ist etwas irreführend, da die meisten Vertreter der Sektion Tricholoma sect. Atrosquamosa, zu der auch der Rötende Erdritterling gehört, in den Lamellen oder der Stielbasis röten können und dieses Merkmal allein folglich keine Arterkennung zulässt.

Merkmale

Makroskopische Merkmale
Der Hut ist jung paraboloid geformt, kann aber beim Aufschirmen einen flachen Zentralbuckel bilden. Der Hut erreicht einen Durchmesser von bis zu 10 cm. Jung ist die Hutoberfläche dicht filzig, beim Ausreifen bilden sich aus dem Filz viele, kleine, dunkle bis schwarze Schüppchen, die gerne einen deutlichen Kontrast zum helleren Untergrund bilden. Es kommen aber auch Fruchtkörper vor, deren Hutgrundfarbe dunkler ist, sodass der Hut einfarbig erscheint. Der Hutrand ist allerdings typischerweise heller als der restliche Hut.

Die weißen bis blass grauen Lamellen sind aufsteigend oder ausgebuchtet angewachsen und können dicht bis etwas entfernt stehend. Im Alter und beim Eintrocknen können die Lamellen bisweilen sehr deutlich röten, machen dies aber nicht immer. Die Lamellenschneide kann zudem im Alter schwarz punktiert sein.

Das Sporenpulver ist weiß.

Der Stiel misst 30–80 × 10–25 mm, ist meist zylindrisch, gerade bis gebogen, weist aber häufig eine etwas erweiterte Stielbasis auf. Die Stieloberfläche ist weiß, etwas glänzend und kann auch kleine, dunkle bis schwarze Schüppchen tragen. Das Basalmyzel ist gelb bis grüngelb.

Das Fleisch ist weiß bis blass grau. In der Stielbasis ist das Fleisch vor allem im Alter mit blaugrünen oder magentafarbigen Flecken durchzogen. Der Geruch ist eine Mischung aus Mehlgeruch und süßlichem Honiggeruch. Frisch geschnitten ist der Mehlgeruch dominant. Der Geschmack ist deutlich mehlartig.

Mikroskopische Merkmale
Die inamyloiden Sporen werden 3,9–6,4 x 3,0–5 µm groß und sind kugelig, breit ellipsoid bis ellipsoid. Ihr Länge-Breite-Quotient beträgt 1,0–1,7. Cheilozystiden fehöen meist, können aber auch zerstreut bis häufig an der Lamellenschneide auftreten. Wenn vorhanden, sind sie zylindrisch bis keulenförmig, messen 25–40 × 7–15 µm und können manchmal auch ein inkrustierendes Pigment tragen.

Die Hutdeckschicht ist eine Cutis, die in den Schüppchen trichodermal aufgebaut ist und besteht aus 7–15 µm dicken Hyphen, deren Zellen 20–60 µm lang sind. Die Subpellis ist kaum differenziert.

Schnallen fehlen, aber sehr junge Basidien können ab Schnallen erinnernde Bildungen zeigen.

Artabgrenzung
Andere Vertreter der Sektion Tricholoma sect. Atrosquamosa können sehr ähnlich sein. Kollektionen mit magentaroter Verfärbung in der Stielbasis können leicht als Tricholoma basirubens fehlbestimmt werden. Blaugrün verfärbendes Fleisch in der Stielbasis und rötende Lamellen können auch bei anderen Arten dieser Sektion auftreten. Das sicherste Unterscheidungsmerkmal ist die Farbe des Basalmyzels. Dieses ist bei dem Rötenden Erdritterling gelb bis grüngelb, bei den anderen grauhütigen Arten der Sektion, Schwarzschuppiger Erdritterling (Tricholoma atrosquamosum), Tricholoma basirubens und Tricholoma squarrulosum, ist es jeweils weiß. Tricholoma olivaceotinctum, ebenfalls zur Sektion Tricholoma sect. Atrosquamosa gehörend, ist wegen seines typischerweise olivgrauen Hutes nicht zu verwechseln.

Potenziell lebensgefährlich wären Verwechslungen mit dem Tiger-Ritterling (Tricholoma pardinum) oder nah verwandter Arten wie Tricholoma filamentosum, deren Fruchtkörper nirgends röten. Auch hier ist der Geruch oft eine Mischung aus Mehlgeruch und süßlichen Komponenten. Sie scheiden jedoch zumindest bei nicht zu trockener Witterung wässrige Guttationstropfen an der Stielspitze aus.

Es kommen weitere Ritterlinge mit braun- oder schwarz-grauen Fruchtkörpern für Verwechslungen in Frage, worunter auch weitere giftige sind wie z. B. der Brennendscharfe Ritterling (Tricholoma virgatum) und der Schärfliche Ritterling (Tricholoma sciodes). Auch der Gemeine Erd-Ritterling kann äußerlich ähnlich sein, unterscheidet sich aber u. a. durch den fehlenden Geruch und die im Alter nicht rötenden Lamellen.

Verbreitung und Ökologie
Der Rötende Erd-Ritterling ist in Europa zwar weitverbreitet aber nicht häufig. In den Niederlanden ist er selten. Er ist von September bis November einzeln oder in kleinen Gruppen in Nadel- oder Laubwäldern anzutreffen und bevorzugt kalkhaltige, lehmige Böden. Es bildet Ektomykorrhizen mit Rotbuchen (Fagus sylvatica) aus.

Der Rötende Erd-Ritterling kann auch Hexenringe bilden. Ein in Deutschland entdeckter hatte einen Durchmesser von um 80 Metern und bestand aus geschätzten 10.000 Pilzen.

Speisewert
Aufgrund der großen Verwechslungsgefahr mit giftigen Arten und seiner Seltenheit wird der Rötende Erdritterling selten verspeist. Passend zum Geruch wird der Geschmack als mehlig bis mehlig-süßlich beschrieben.

Systematik und Taxonomie
Der Rötende Erd-Ritterling wurde in dem 1873 erschienenen Werk "Les Champignons du Jura et des Vosges" von dem französischen Mykologen Lucien Quélet offiziell das erste Mal wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Der Gattungs-Name leitet sich von dem griechischen "trichos/τριχος" ("Haar") und "loma/λωμα" ("Saum", "Rand" oder "Grenze") ab.

Der Rötende Ritterling gehört zur Sektion Tricholoma sect. Atrosquamosa und ist mit den ebenfalls grauhütigen Erdritterlingen im engen Sinn (Tricholoma sect. Terrea) nicht näher verwandt.

Quellen

Weblinks

Ritterlinge
Speisepilzart

Rötender Erd-Ritterling


Autocesta A4 , autocesta u Hrvatskoj
Autocesta A4 (Slovenija), autocesta u Sloveniji

Autocesta A4 (razdvojba)


Mélès est un mot grec pouvant désigner :

 le Mélès, une rivière de Lydie près de laquelle serait né Homère ;
 Mélès de Lydie, un roi semi-légendaire du même pays ;
 les Meles, un genre animal auquel appartiennent les blaireaux.

Mélès


Hamsun - hero and traitor er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1996.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Max von Sydow

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1996

Hamsun - hero and traitor


Italo Santelli () a fost un profesor de scrimă italian specializat pe sabie, laureat cu argint la Jocurile Olimpice din 1900 de la Paris. Este considerat tatăl sabiei moderne. Printre elevi sai s-au numărat campionii maghiari János Garay, Gyula Glykais, Aladár Gerevich, Endre Kabos, Attila Petschauer și Sándor Pósta.

Carieră
Înrolat în armată, unde s-a apucat de scrimă, și-a perfecționat tehnica împreună cu Agesilao Greco la Școala magistrală militară de scrimă din Roma, apoi la Școala de aplicație din Firenze, unde a studiat sub îndrumarea lui Carlo Pessina și lui Giuseppe Radaelli. În 1896 a participat la un turneu de sabie din cadrul Expoziției Mileniului regatului maghiar. Santelli a câștigat turneul, șapte dintre cei opt participanți la faza finală fiind italieni. După competiția a fost invitat oficial de Ministerul de Război să învețe sabia în Ungaria.

A participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1900 de la Paris. La proba de floretă pentru maeștrii s-a clasat pe locul 7. La cea de sabie maestri a fost depășit numai de un alt italian, Antonio Conte, cucerind medalia de argint. S-a întors la Paris pentru ediția olimpică din 1924, de data asta ca antrenor Ungariei.

A modificat profund stilul maghiar, cu un sabie mai ușor și accent pe deplasările. Împreună cu maeștrii maghiari László Borsody și László Gerencsér a impulsionat înființarea Institutului Regal de Sport "Miklós Toldi" și a asigurat dominația Ungariei în probele olimpice de sabie din 1924 până în 1964.

Referințe
  Italo Santelli (1866-1945) pe sportolimpico.it

Legături externe

Scrimeri olimpici italieni
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1900
Medaliați olimpici cu argint italieni
Sabreri

Italo Santelli


Arjen Robben (fæddur 23. janúar árið 1984) er hollenskur fyrrum knattspyrnumaður sem lék lengsta hlutan af ferlinum með þýska stórliðinu Bayern München Hollenska landsliðinu. Robben lék með Hollendinum á EM 2004, EM 2008 og 2012, og á HM 2006, HM 2010 og HM 2014. Hann spilaði oftast á kantinum. Robben er fljótur hlaupari, með góða tækni og föst skot með vinstri fót frá hægri væng. Á sínum fyrstu árum lék hann með Bedum og FC Groningen, þar lék hann frá 1996 til 2002. Á árunum 2002-04 spilaði hann fyrir PSV Eindhoven og frá 2004-07 með Chelsea F.C. og frá 2007-09 með Real Madrid C.F. og frá 2009-2019 með Bayern München. Hann endaði ferilinn þar sem hann hóf hann, með Groningen tímabilið 2020-2021.

Titlar

PSV
 Eredivisie: 2002/2003
 Johan Cruijff Schaal: 2003

Chelsea
 Enska úrvalsdeildin: 2004/2005, 2005/2006
 Enski bikarinn: 2006/2007
 Enski deildabikarinn: 2005, 2007
 Enski samfélagsskjöldurinn : 2005

Real Madrid
 La Liga: 2007/2008
 Spænski Ofurbikarinn: 2008

Bayern München
 Bundesliga: 2009/2010, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, 2014/2015, 2015/2016, 2016/2017, 2017/2018, 2018/2019
 Meistaradeild Evrópu: 2012/2013
 Þýski Bikarinn: 2009/2010, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, 2015/2016
 Þýski Ofurbikarinn: 2010, 2012, 2016, 2017
 Evrópski ofurbikarinn: 2013
 HM Félagsliða: 2013

Einstaklingsverðlaun
 Ungi leikmaður ársins í Hollandi: 2003
 Bravo Award: 2005
 Fussballer des Jahres: 2010
 UEFA lið ársins: 2011, 2014
 FIFA World XI Team: 2014 (FIFA:s Heimsliðið)
 Ballon d'Or: 2014 (Fjórða sæti)

Hollenskir knattspyrnumenn
Fólk fætt árið 1983

Arjen Robben


Vomit may refer to:

Vomiting
The substance that is vomited.
Emesis
Fake vomit, a novelty item designed to look like mucus or vomit

People
Vicki Vomit (born 1963), German musician and comedian

Musical groups
Death Vomit, Indonesian death metal group
Vomit Launch, American indie rock group

See also
 Barf (disambiguation)
 Puke (disambiguation)
 Vomitorium

Vomit (disambiguation)


The Hunters Point Naval Shipyard was a United States Navy shipyard in San Francisco, California, located on  of waterfront at Hunters Point in the southeast corner of the city.

Originally, Hunters Point was a commercial shipyard established in 1870, consisting of two graving docks. It was purchased and built up in the late 19th and early 20th century by the Union Iron Works company, later owned by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company and named Hunters Point Drydocks, located at Potrero Point.
Known as "The World's Greatest Shipping Yard", President Theodore Roosevelt trusted his Great White Fleet of battleships to be serviced at Hunters Point in 1907 according to historical records.

The shipyard was purchased by the Navy in 1940, a year before the attack on Pearl Harbor. It began operations the next year as the San Francisco Naval Shipyard, and operated until 1974 when it was deactivated and renamed Hunters Point Naval Shipyard. Used commercially for a time, in 1986 it was taken over by the Navy again as the home port of the USS Missouri battlegroup, under the name Treasure Island Naval Station Hunters Point Annex.

The base was named redundant as part of the Base Realignment and Closure effort in 1991, and was closed permanently in 1994. Since then the site has been part of a superfund cleanup effort to remediate the remains of decades of industrial and radiological use. Parcels have been sold as they were remediated, mostly for condominium development.

History

The original docks were built on solid rock. In 1916 the drydocks were thought to be the largest in the world. At over 1000 feet in length, they were said to be big enough to accommodate the world's largest warships and passenger steamers. Soundings showed an offshore depth of 65 feet. During the early 20th century much of the Hunters Point shoreline was extended by landfill extensions into the San Francisco Bay.

Between World War I and the beginning of World War II the Navy contracted with the private owners for the use of the docks.  The docks provided deep-water facilities between San Diego and Bremerton, Washington. The main naval base in the area was at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, but silting in the area made it only suitable for shallow-draft ships. A Congressional hearing on Pacific Coast Naval Bases was held in San Francisco in 1920 at San Francisco City Hall, wherein city representatives, Mayor Rolph, City Engineer O'Shaughnessy and others testified on behalf of permanently siting the Navy at Hunters Point.

Navy purchase

At the start of WWII the Navy recognized the need for greatly increased naval shipbuilding and repair facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area, and in 1940 acquired the property from the private owners, naming it Hunters Point Naval Shipyard. A bill that would have set aside $6 million for the purchase of the Hunters Point property from Bethlehem Steel was deferred in March 1939. The property became one of the major shipyards of the west coast. It was later renamed Treasure Island Naval Station Hunters Point Annex.  During the 1940s, many workers moved into the area to work at this shipyard and other wartime related industries.

The key fissile components of the first atomic bomb were loaded onto  in July 1945 at Hunters Point for transfer to Tinian. After World War II and until 1969, the Hunters Point shipyard was the site of the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the US military's largest facility for applied nuclear research. The yard was used after the war to decontaminate ships from Operation Crossroads. Because of all the testing, there is widespread radiological contamination of the site. After the war, with an influx of blue collar industry, the area remained a naval base and commercial shipyard.

In 1947 the Hunter's Point crane completed construction at the site by the American Bridge Company. It was the largest crane in the world, and was intended to be used to remove the turrets of battleships so the guns could be quickly replaced while the old set was being refurbished on land. The Hunter's Point crane succeeded YD-171, better known as Herman the German, as the largest crane in America.

In 1959 the gantry crane was the site of Operation Skycatch, where dummy Polaris missiles were fired and caught via a string of arresting cables, before being lowered to the ground for testing. Previous versions of the test had the missiles flung out into the bay and retrieved from the ocean floor.

A large trapezoidal frame was erected atop the gantry crane for the UGM-73 Poseidon missile test facility; the structural members were lifted by Marine Boss in 1967. The addition of the frame brought the total height of the crane to nearly . The crane dominates the landscape in the area, as it is easily visible from miles around.

Pacific Reserve Fleet, Hunters Point
Pacific Reserve Fleet, Hunters Point also called Pacific Reserve Fleet, Hunters Point Group  was a United States Navy reserve fleets at the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard. The mothball fleet of World War II ships was next to the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard.  Some ships there were reactivated for Korean War and Vietnam War.

Navy closure
The Navy operated the yard as a repair facility until 1974, when it leased most of it to a commercial ship repair company, who used it until 1986. A copy of the planned closure list was obtained by the Associated Press in 1973. The Hunters Point Shipyard was reactivated briefly between 1986 and 1989 as an annex to Naval Station Treasure Island.

The Hunters Point Shipyard Artists (HPSA) is a community of artists who rent studios in the former U.S. naval shipyard on Hunters Point in the Bayview community of San Francisco. An artist community since 1983, the Hunters Point Shipyard is now home to more than 250 artists.

In 1987, the Navy considered reopening the shipyard as the home port for the newly reactivated , which would move from Long Beach. Rear Admiral Robert L. Toney and Mayor Dianne Feinstein signed an agreement that committed San Francisco to spend up to $1 million per year to maintain the infrastructure, including dredging and traffic improvements. After Feinstein was succeeded as mayor by Art Agnos, Agnos declared his opposition to the new home port, stating the costs would outweigh potential benefits. A referendum was held on the issue in the November 1988 general election. One proposition offered support for the Navy's plan, and another proposition, sponsored by Agnos, stated the infrastructure costs would be borne by the Navy, and 351 new civilian jobs were required to be created. Despite the passage of the proposition supporting the Navy's plan, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) recommended building the base for Missouri at Long Beach, San Diego, or Pearl Harbor. In 1989, the base was declared a Superfund site requiring long-term clean-up.

BRAC, remediation of environmental contamination, 1994
in 1994, the Navy closed the shipyard and base as part of the next round of Base Realignment and Closure recommendations. Besides radioactive contamination, Hunter's Point had a succession of coal- and oil-fired power generation facilities which left a legacy of pollution, both from smokestack effluvium and leftover byproducts that were dumped in the vicinity. The BRAC program has managed the majority of the site's numerous pollution remediation projects.

Shipyard Redevelopment

As of August 2020, the former shipyard site is still being decontaminated, and has been split into multiple parcels to allow the Navy to declare them clean and safe for redevelopment separately. While Lennar has built and sold hundreds of new condominium units on the property, regulators, activists, and cleanup workers have claimed that the site is still heavily contaminated and that Tetra Tech, the company contracted to handle the cleanup and testing, has repeatedly violated established cleanup protocols, deliberately falsified radiation test results at the site to falsely show that there is little remaining radiation, and fired employees who attempted to force workers to perform radiation tests as required. According to an article published in 2017, the Navy stated that at least 386 out of the 25,000+ soil samples that have been collected over the past two decades were identified as "anomalous."
New homes built on the property were set to be available to tenants in the winter of 2014/2015. The first residents began moving into homes in June 2015.

In September 2016, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) halted the transfer of additional land at Hunters Point from the Navy to the city and to real estate developers. Per a letter sent from the EPA to the Navy, the process was placed on hold until "the actual potential public exposure to radioactive material at and near" the shipyard can be "clarified."

Proposition P, 2000

In 2000, San Francisco voters passed Proposition P in a landslide, with 86% voting "yes". The proposition stated that the Navy would be responsible for cleaning up the shipyard to the highest standard. The year after the proposition passed, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed, and the mayor signed, a resolution titled "Adoption of Proposition P as Official City Policy for the Environmental Remediation of Hunters Point Shipyard." The resolution made it clear that it was the city's policy that Hunters Point "be cleaned to a level which would enable the unrestricted use of the property - the highest standard for cleanup established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency." The Navy modified its Record of Decision (ROD) for Parcel B of Hunters Point Shipyard, which weakened the cleanup standards for the parcel. Despite this, the Navy still found contamination levels higher than its cleanup standards, and in 2009 moved to rework its entire cleanup strategy for the parcel. The Navy once again amended the ROD for Parcel B, this time to change its remediation strategy from removing all contaminated soils from the parcel to installing covers in the soil as a means of suppressing the contamination. By abandoning its commitment to pursue a remediation effort based on cleanup, the Navy also abandoned its commitment to clean up Hunters Point to unrestricted residential release standards.

In Parcel G the Navy followed a similar pattern of disregarding Proposition P, and therefore San Francisco city policy, by lowering cleanup standards and shifting the future land use of the area. The 2009 ROD for Parcel G outlined its future use as mostly industrial, and therefore required lower cleanup standards than a parcel set for residential use. In 2017, the Navy released an Explanation of Significant Differences for the Parcel G ROD which stated that the parcel would be zoned largely for residential use. This shift occurred without tightening the cleanup standards to a residential level; the Navy instead put "action levels" in place, which are still lower than the criteria for residential use. In Parcel C and Parcel E the Navy bypassed its commitment to a full cleanup as outlined by Proposition P, relying instead on soil covers and 'institutional controls'. Under the National Contingency Plan (NCP), which is the central regulating process for governing Superfund sites, community acceptance is one of the nine criteria for establishing cleanup requirements. The text of Proposition P and the Board of Supervisors resolution adopting it as city policy references the NCP and the community acceptance provision. The proposition and the resolution both make clear that the community is committed to the highest level of cleanup. Thus, the Navy, by refusing to establish cleanup standards that allow for unrestricted residential use, is violating federal superfund law under CERCLA and putting future residents of Hunters Point at risk.

Attempts to reinstate the RAB, 2020
In 2020, the Navy BRAC decision not to reestablish the Restoration Advisory Board was based on a limited survey return of 40 respondents, which did not match the response of over 200 petitioners who signed the community-led initiative to reestablish the RAB. Biomonitoring funded by the Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health detected thallium and manganese in high frequency among shipyard workers and residents.

Dry Docks

See also

Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park

References

External links

 HUNTERS POINT NAVAL SHIPYARD CALIFORNIA EPA ID# CA1170090087 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pages on Hunters Point site.
 Renaissance of the Hunters Point Shipyard Hunters Point Naval Shipyard Redevelopment Agency.
 Department of the Navy BRAC Program Management Office
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under San Francisco, San Francisco County, CA:

United States Navy shipyards
Bethlehem shipyards
Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard
Historic American Engineering Record in San Francisco
Naval Shipyard
Military installations closed in 1994
Military Superfund sites
1870 establishments in California
Superfund sites in California
Military facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Closed installations of the United States Navy
Bayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco

Hunters Point Naval Shipyard


5 cm KwK 39 L/60 (5 cm Kampfwagenkanone 39 L/60) Nazi Almanyası ordusu Wehrmacht tarafından II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında orta sınıf SdKfz.141 Panzerkampfwagen III tankına monte edilen 5 sm çapındaki bir top türüdür.

Tarihçe
Panzer III, diğer tanklarla savaşmak için tasarlanmıştı; ilk tasarım aşamasında 50 milimetrelik (1,97 inç) bir top belirtildi. Bununla birlikte, o sırada piyadeler 37 milimetre (1,46 inç) PaK 36 ile donatılıyordu ve standardizasyon açısından tankların aynı silahları taşıması gerektiği düşünülüyordu. Bir uzlaşma olarak, taret halkası, gelecekte bir yükseltme gerekmesi durumunda 50 milimetrelik (1,97 inç) bir topu barındıracak kadar geniş yapıldı. Bu tek karar daha sonra Panzer III'ün Alman Ordusunda daha uzun bir yaşam sürmesini sağladı.

Erken Panzer III Ausf. A'dan erken Ausf'a. G, 1939 ve 1940 seferleri sırasında yeterli olduğu kanıtlanan 3,7 cm KwK 36 L/45 ile donatılmıştı. Giderek daha iyi silahlanmış ve zırhlı rakiplere yanıt olarak, daha sonra Panzer III Ausf. F'den Ausf'a. J, 5 cm KwK 38 L/42 ile yükseltildi. Ve daha sonra Panzer III Ausf. J¹'den M'ye, daha uzun 5 cm'lik KwK 39 L/60 topla yükseltildi.

Mühimmatı
 PzGr (Zırh delici)
 Mermi ağırlığı: 2.06 kg (4.5 lb)
 Namludan çıkış hızı: 685 m/s (2,250 ft/s)
 PzGr.39 (Zırh delici balistik başlıklı )
 Mermi ağırlığı: 2.06 kg (4.5 lb)
 Namludan çıkış hızı: 685 m/s (2,250 ft/s)
 PzGr.40 (Zırh delici sert kompozit)
 Mermi ağırlığı: 0.925 kg (2.04 lb)
 Namludan çıkış hızı: 1,050 m/s (3,400 ft/s)
 PzGr.40/1 (Zırh delici sert kompozit)
 5 cm Sprgr.Patr.38 (Yüksek patlayıcı)

Monte edildiği araçlar
 SdKfz.141/1 Panzerkampfwagen III Ausf. J/1
 SdKfz.141 Panzerkampfwagen III Ausf. L
 SdKfz.141 Panzerkampfwagen III Ausf. M
 SdKfz.234/2 Schwerer Panzerspähwagen "Puma"

Tank topları
Almanya'nın topları

5 cm KwK 38


Copeland or Copeland's may refer to:

Places

Australia
 Copeland, New South Wales

Canada
 Copeland Islands (Nunavut)
 Copeland Islands Marine Provincial Park, in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia
 Mount Copeland, also Copeland Ridge and Copeland Creek in same vicinity, in the Monashee Mountains of British Columbia

United Kingdom
 Borough of Copeland, former local government area of Cumbria, England
 Copeland (UK Parliament constituency)
 An alternative name for Allerdale above Derwent, where the borough was named
 Copeland Islands, Northern Ireland

United States
 Copeland, Florida
 Copeland, Idaho
 Copeland, Kansas
 Copeland, Thomas County, Kansas
 Copeland, North Carolina
 Copeland, Texas, an unincorporated community in Smith County, Texas
 Copeland, a post office established in Atoka County
 Copeland, Delaware County, Oklahoma, a census-designated place in Delaware County, Oklahoma
 Copeland, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Bath County, Virginia

People

Other
 Copland (operating system), Apple's failed OS
 Copeland (band), an indie rock band
 Copeland Bridge, a covered bridge in Edinburg, New York
 Copeland Lowery, a California lobbying firm
 Copeland Tower Suites, hotel in Metairie, Louisiana, a suburb of New Orleans
 Copeland Trophy, the award given to the best and fairest player for the Collingwood Football Club
 Copeland's, a restaurant chain
 Copeland's method, a voting system
 Copeland (pottery)
 Copeland–Erdős constant

See also
 Copland (disambiguation)
 Copeland Creek (disambiguation)

Copeland


Anna Cornelia Jakobsdotter Samuelsson, plus connue sous son pseudonyme Cornelia Jakobs, née le  à Nacka (Suède), est une chanteuse suédoise.

Elle représente la Suède au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022 avec le titre Hold Me Closer.

Biographie
Cornelia passe son enfance à Stockholm. Elle est la fille de Samuel Jakobs, chanteur membre du groupe The Poodles.

Elle fait sa première apparition en télévision en participant à Idol en 2008, où elle se fait moquer par les juges.

Cornelia rejoint en 2010 le groupe Stockholm Syndrome (anciennement Love Generation), avec lequel elle participe au Melodifestivalen 2011 et 2012 avec les chansons « Dance Alone » et « Just A Little Bit ».

En 2022, elle participe au Melodifestivalen en tant qu'artiste solo avec la chanson Hold Me Closer et remporte le concours avec 146 points. Elle représente donc la Suède au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022, à Turin. Elle se qualifie lors de la deuxième demi-finale à la première place, puis récolte 438 points lors de la finale atteignant la quatrième place, soit le meilleur classement du pays depuis la victoire de Måns Zelmerlöw en 2015.

Discographie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1992
Naissance à Nacka
Chanteuse suédoise
Participant au Melodifestivalen
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson pour la Suède
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022

Cornelia Jakobs


ස්ටෑට්න් අයිලන්ඩ්  යනු  නිව්යෝර්ක්  ජනපදයෙහි නිව්යෝර්ක් නගරයෙහි පේරු පහ අතුරින් එකකි. නගරයෙහි නිරිත දිග කොටසෙහි පිහිටා ඇති ස්ටෑට්න් අයිලන්ඩ්, නගරයෙහි මෙන්ම නිව්යෝර්ක් ජනපදයෙහිද දකුණුතම කොටස වන අතර,  දිවයිනෙහි දකුණුතම අග්‍රයෙහි කොන්ෆරන්ස් හවුස් උද්‍යානය පිහිටා ඇත.  මෙම පේරුව නිව් ජර්සි වෙතින් වෙන්වන්නේ ආතර් කිල් සහ කිල් වැන් කල් වෙතින් වන අතර, නිව්යෝර්ක්හී අනෙකුත් කොටස වෙතින් වෙන්වන්නේ නිව්යෝර්ක් බොක්ක වෙතිනි. 476,015 ප්‍රමාණයක 2016 ජනලේඛන-ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහණයක් සහිත, ස්ටෑට්න් අයිලන්ඩ් යනු පේරුවන් අතරින් අවම ජනාකීර්ණ පේරුව වන මුත්  58 සතරැස් සැත (150 කිමි2) වන වර්ග ප්‍රමාණයෙන් තෙවන-විශාලතම පේරුව වෙයි. හිස්පැනික්-නොවන සුදු ජාතික බහුතරයක් සහිත නිව්යෝර්ක්හී එකම පේරුව ස්ටෑට්න් අයිලන්ඩ් වෙයි.

මෙම පේරුව, රිච්මන්ඩ් ප්‍රාන්තය හා සමගින් සමවිස්කෘත වන අතර, 1975 වසර දක්වා හැඳින්වුනේ  රිච්මන්ඩ් පේරුව ලෙසිනි.

ස්ටෑට්න් අයිලන්ඩ්


42614 Ubaldina este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
42614 Ubaldina este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la San Marcello Pistoiese de Luciano Tesi și Alfredo Caronia. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,24 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 1,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 42001-43000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

42614 Ubaldina


was a village located in Ichishi District, Mie Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 6,748 and a density of 32.65 persons per km2. The total area was 206.70 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Misugi, along with the city of Hisai, the towns of Anō, Geinō and Kawage, the village of Misato (all from Age District), the towns of Hakusan, Ichishi and Karasu (all from Ichishi District), was merged into the expanded city of Tsu; it thus no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
 Official website of Tsu

Dissolved municipalities of Mie Prefecture
Populated places disestablished in 2006
2006 disestablishments in Japan
Tsu, Mie

Misugi, Mie


Franklin "Frank" Caliendo, Jr. (Chicago, 19. siječnja 1974.), američki je glumac.

Vanjske poveznice

Američki komičari
Američki filmski glumci
Američki televizijski glumci
Dobitnici Emmyja
Dobitnici Zlatnog globusa za najboljeg glumca – komedija ili mjuzikl

Frank Caliendo


La Égloga de Juan de Tovar es un extenso poema de tema pastoril del Siglo de Oro atribuido a Juan de Tovar. El poema fue redescubierto por los especialistas José J. Labrador, C. Ángel Zorita y Ralph A. DiFranco, que lo publicaron en 1985 en la revista El Crotalón. Es el primer texto español en el que la homosexualidad no es presentada de forma negativa.

Antecedentes y composición
La tradición de la égloga homoerótica se puede retrotraer a la Segunda Égloga o Égloga de Coridón de Virgilio. El tema pastoril fue retomado por el escritor renacentista Jacobo Sannazaro en su Arcadia, publicada en 1504, aunque naturalmente en su variante heterosexual. En España, es de señalar la Primera égloga de Garcilaso de la Vega, cuya «Canción de Salicio» tiene un cierto homoerotismo subyacente.

La égloga fue escrita a mediados del , no después de 1571. Es muy extensa, de unos 1351 versos, faltando un folio manuscrito. Está incluido en el manuscrito 617 de la Biblioteca Real de Madrid.

El autor
Se atribuye el texto a un tal Juan de Tovar, pero se conocen dos y no es seguro cuál de ellos sería el autor. Posiblemente el mismo Juan Tovar que ganó el tercer premio de la justa hispalense de alabanza a San Luis de otoño de 1556, el primer premio en la justa de alabanza a Santa María Egipcíaca de 1557 y posiblemente también el mismo Juan Luis Tovar que ganó el primer premio con un epigrama dedicado a San Alejo.

Es bastante probable que el  Juan de Tovar en cuestión sea el primo de Antonio Pérez, en cuyo proceso por sodomía declaró como testigo. Los especialistas José J. Labrador, C. Ángel Zorita y Ralph A. DiFranco van más allá y sugieren que el autor podría haber sido el mismo Antonio Pérez.

Argumento
La primera parte de la égloga es un diálogo entre los pastores Tormesio y Pirenio. El alegre y radiante Pirenio pide una canción al triste Tormesio, que no puede expresar la razón de su dolor, aunque llega a entender que es una cuestión de amor. La melancolía de Tormesio acaba por contagiar a Pirenio. Al final, Tormesio no soporta la tristeza y muere.

La segunda parte es un lamento de Pirenio por la muerte de Tormesio, en la que se entrevén intensos sentimientos homoeróticos.

En la tercera parte aparece el pastor Zeranio, supuestamente heterosexual, al que Pirenio le cuenta sus penas. Antes de separarse, ambos se citan para el día siguiente.

Análisis

Para Alberto Mira, el poema trata los sentimientos homosexuales desde el silenciamiento. La persecución de la sodomía durante el Renacimiento explica la discreción con la que se trata el tema y la prudencia de los personajes. Este silencio contradice una segunda posible explicación al tratamiento de la homosexualidad en un poema del , que sería la de la convención literaria.

Ninguno de los tres pastores puede calificarse de homosexual, pero existen elementos sugerentes muy fuertes, como el «no atreverse a decir el nombre del amor» por parte de Tormesio, la ambigua relación entre Zeranio y Pirenio. Como afirma Mira,

Referencias

Obras literarias del Siglo de Oro
Poesía LGBT
Literatura del Renacimiento
Historia LGBT de España
Literatura de España del siglo XVI
Poemas del siglo XVI
LGBT en 1985

Égloga de Juan de Tovar


A União Comunista Libertária (UCL, ) é uma federação anarquista plataformista francesa, criada em 2019 a partir da fusão da Alternative Libertaire e da Coordenação de Grupos Anarquistas. Além da luta revolucionária, eles se engajam em lutas sociais e ambientais.

História

Em um congresso de fundação organizado no Allier de 8 a 10 de junho de 2019, a Alternative Libertaire (AL) e a Coordenação de Grupos Anarquistas (CGA) decretaram sua fusão, resultado de um ano de discussões. AL, o sucessor da União dos Trabalhadores Comunistas Libertários fundada em 1991, e a CGA, uma divisão da Federação Anarquista fundada em 2002, eram duas organizações comunistas libertárias. Próximos ideologicamente e em sua prática política, eles iniciaram sua fusão em fevereiro de 2018.

A nova organização, que pretende instaurar lutas autonomas, pretende realizar lutas feministas, antirracistas, pró-LGBTI e ecologistas ao mesmo tempo que a luta anarco-comunista e revolucionária . Quer poder criar um "contra-poder popular", que não se situa "nem no terreno eleitoral nem no plano das instituições". A UCL mantém as cores vermelha e preta, simbólicas do comunismo e do anarquismo, assim como o jornal Libertarian Alternative, que não mudou de nome.  No mesmo mês, a UCL reivindicou cerca de quarenta grupos locais ligados à organização e mais de quinhentos membros.  Muitos eram sindicalistas, de sindicatos como Solidaires Unitaires Démocratiques ou da Confederação Geral do Trabalho (França) e associações.

A União Comunista Libertária apoiou o movimento dos Coletes Amarelos desde o seu início.  O grupo criou uma filial em Millau no final de 2019.

Organizações fundadas em 2019
Organizações plataformistas
Anarquismo na França

União Comunista Libertária (França)


Kwame Franck Elie Mawuena (* 21. November 1992 in Lomé) ist ein togoischer Fußballspieler, der für AC Beerschot spielte.

Karriere
Mawuena wechselte in der Winterpause der Saison 2010/11 zum türkischen Erstligisten Gençlerbirliği. Hier spielte er vorerst in der 2. Mannschaft. Er nahm aber dennoch am Training der Profi-Mannschaft teil. Er kam bis zum Saisonende auf zwei Ligaeinsätze. In der neuen Saison gehört er zwar zum Kader der Profi-Mannschaft, spielt aber überwiegend für die zweite Mannschaft. Sommer 2012 verpflichtet der belgische Erstligist AC Beerschot Mawuena für nur 100.000 Euro.

Weblinks

Fußballnationalspieler (Togo)
Togoer
Geboren 1992
Mann
Fußballspieler (FC Dacia Chișinău)
Fußballspieler (Gençlerbirliği Ankara)
Fußballspieler (Germinal Beerschot)

Kwame Mawuena


ශ්‍රී ලංකා දිවයිනට උතුරු ඉන්දියානු ඉන්දු-ආර්ය සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පැමිණ ජනාවාසකරණය වීමත් සමගම සිංහල රාජාණ්ඩුවෙහි සම්භවය ඇතිවිය. . දිවයිනෙහි සාම්ප්‍රදායික වංශකථාවන් වන  දීපවංශය, මහාවංශය සහ චූලවංශය, සහ පසුකාලීන වංශකථාවන් පරිදී, ඉන්දියානු කුමාරයෙකු වූ විජය කුමරු (ක්‍රිපූ 543–505) සහ ඔහුගේ අනුගාමිකයන් 700 දෙනෙක් ශ්‍රී ලංකා  දිවයිනට ගොඩබැස, තම්බපණ්ණි රාජධානිය  පිහිටුවීම සිදුවූ ක්‍රිපූ 543  සමගම පළමුවන සිංහල රාජධානිය පිහිටුවීම සිදුවිය.   සිංහල පුරාණෝක්ති ප්‍රකාර, විජය කුමරු සහ ඔහුගේ අනුගාමික පිරිස  සිංහල ජනයාගේ මුතුන් මිත්තෝ බව පැවසෙයි.

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රිත

සිංහල රාජාණ්ඩුව


Telavi (em georgiano: თელავი [tʰɛlɑvi]) é a principal cidade e centro administrativo da província oriental de Caquécia, na Geórgia. Sua população é de cerca de 19.629 habitantes (no ano de 2014). A cidade está localizada no sopé da Cordilheira Tsiv-Gombori.

Cidades-Irmãs
Telavi possui o status de cidade-irmã ou cidade amiga com as demais localidades:
  Biberach an der Riß, Alemanha (1987)
  Sztum, Polónia (2006)
  Shaki, Azerbaijão (2006)
  Kherson, Ucrânia
  Zielona Góra, Polónia (2010)
  Anykščiai, Lituânia (2010)
  Hlybokaye, Bielorrússia (2012)
  Rzeszów, Polónia (2013)
  Talsi, Letónia (2015)
  Dunaburgo, Letónia (2016)
  Laoag, Filipinas (2016)
  Viljandi, Estónia (2016)
  Kėdainiai, Lituânia (2018)
  Bešeňová, Eslováquia (2018)
  Kletsk, Bielorrússia (2018)
  Balta, Ucrânia (2018)

Cidades da Geórgia

Telavi


San Heimerado (también conocido como Heimrad, Haimrad o Heimo, Messkirch, Baden, h. 970-cerca de Kassel, 28 de junio de 1019) fue un sacerdote, peregrino y predicador alemán, popularmente reverenciado como el Santo loco. Es venerado como santo por la Iglesia católica.

Biografía
Nacido de padres libres, Heimerado comenzó una serie de peregrinajes por Alemania, Italia y Palestina. A su retorno a Alemania, se convirtió en monje en la abadía de Hersfeld, pero fue expulsado después de una disputa sobre el hábito de la orden. Tampoco fue aceptado en el monasterio en Paderborn. Su inusual estilo de vida lo llevó a diferentes lugares y se fue aislando poco a poco. Al final, fundó un lugar en Hasunger Berg (hoy Burghasungen en Zierenberg). A pesar de ser un sitio escarpado, se convirtió en un lugar de peregrinaje y, con el paso del tiempo, llegó a ser venerado como santo y su consejo era buscado por los grandes. Conocía a la emperatriz Cunegunda, el obispo Meinwerk de Paderborn y Aribo, arzobispo de Maguncia. Murió en 1019, el 28 de junio, día en el que se celebra su festividad.

Veneración

La fuente principal de su vida es la biografía escrita por el monje de Ekkebert Hersfeld entre 1072 y 1090. Aribo, arzobispo de Maguncia, mandó construir una iglesia sobre la tumba de Heimerado en el Berg Hasunger dos años después de su muerte, en 1021. Este lugar sirvió como el núcleo de la Abadía de Hasungen, fundada en 1074. Las peregrinaciones a su tumba llegaron a su punto culminante en la segunda mitad del , cuando Hasungen fue clasificado como uno de los lugares de peregrinación más visitados de Alemania junto a la tumba de san Sebaldo de Núremberg. En los siglos posteriores, sobre todo después de la disolución de la abadía de Hasungen en el , la veneración de Heimerado decreció drásticamente.

Referencias
 Ekkebert von Hersfeld: Vita sancti Haimeradi, ed. R. Köpke, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores in folio, Bd. 10.
 Keller, Hagen: Adelheiliger und pauper Christi in Ekkeberts Vita sancti Haimeradi, in: J. Fleckenstein und Karl Schmid (eds.): Adel und Kirche. Gerd Tellenbach zum 65. Geburtstag. Freiburg 1967, pp. 307–323
 Struve, Tilman: Hersfeld, Hasungen und die Vita Haimeradi, in: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Band 51 (1969), Heft 2, pp. 210–233

Religiosos de Alemania del siglo XI
Santos católicos de Alemania del siglo XI
Anacoretas de Alemania

Heimerado de Hassungen


El trepatroncos de Hoffmann o trepador de Hoffmann (Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Furnariidae, subfamilia Dendrocolaptinae, perteneciente al género Dendrocolaptes. Es endémica del sur de la cuenca del Amazonas en Brasil.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye en el sur de la Amazonia brasileña, al sur del río Amazonas, desde el río Madeira hacia el este hasta el río Tapajós y sus cabeceras al río Juruena, hacia el sur por lo menos hasta Rondônia y suroeste de Mato Grosso (los límites sureños no están claros).

Esta especie es considerada poco común en su hábitat natural: el sotobosque de selvas húmedas de terra firme hasta los 300 metros de altitud.

Estado de conservación
El trepatroncos de Hoffmann ha sido calificado como vulnerable por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN) debido a la sospecha de que, con base en modelos de futura deforestación de la cuenca amazónica y su dependencia de bosques primarios, su población, todavía no cuantificada, irá a decaer rápidamente a lo largo de las próximas tres generaciones.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie D. hoffmannsi fue descrita por primera vez por el ornitólogo austríaco Carl Edward Hellmayr en 1909 bajo el mismo nombre científico; su localidad tipo es: «Calama, Río Madeira, Rondônia, Brasil».

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Dendrocolaptes» deriva del griego «δενδροκολαπτης dendrokolaptēs» que significa "pájaro que pica los árboles", que se compone de las palabras «δενδρον dendron» que significa 'árbol' y «κολαπτω kolaptō» que significa 'picar'; y el nombre de la especie «hoffmannsi», conmemora al recolector alemán en Perú y Brasil Wilhelm Hoffmanns (1865-1909).

Taxonomía
Es pariente próxima a Dendrocolaptes picumnus (algunas veces fue tratada como conespecífica) y a D. platyrostris, siendo similar a ambas en las características vocales y comportamentales; un estudio genético encontró que las tres forman un grupo monofilético, con poca diferencia genética entre ellas, son necesarios más estudios para justificar el rango de especies de estos taxones. Es monotípica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de  arapaçu-marrom Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi en Wikiaves.

hoffmannsi
Aves de América del Sur
Aves endémicas de Brasil
Taxones descritos por Carl Eduard Hellmayr
Animales descritos en 1909

Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi


La gare de Plombières, anciennement Bleyberg, est une gare ferroviaire belge, fermée et détruite, à la croisée des lignes 38, de Chênée à Plombières et 39, de Welkenraedt à Botzelaer située à Plombières sur la commune éponyme, dans la province de Liège en Région wallonne. Le site de la gare et des anciennes usines minières est devenu un quartier résidentiel ; le bâtiment de l'administration communale a été construit où se trouvait celui de la gare.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare de Plombières était établie au  (PK) 11,0 de la ligne 39, de Welkenraedt à Botzelaer, entre les gares de Moresnet et Gemmenich, et au PK 43,4 de la ligne 38, de Chênée à Plombières, via Herve, dont elle continue l'aboutissement.

Histoire

Desserte ferroviaire de Plombières
Le chemin de fer fait son apparition dans la région des trois frontières en 1843 lorsque circule le premier train sur la « ligne de l'Est » (Malines - Louvain - Liège - Verviers - frontière prussienne) destinée à transporter les marchandises d'Anvers au Rhin, grâce à la construction simultanée d'une ligne privée Cologne - Aix-la-Chapelle et de son prolongement vers la frontière belge). Le trafic croît rapidement au point d'engorger la ligne historique qui a le désavantage d'un trajet peu direct car privilégiant les grandes villes. Or, la région du Bleyberg qui regorge de gisements de métaux rares se trouve dans l'axe du tracé le plus court, passant par la Flandre limbourgeoise, qui avait été envisagé dès les années 1830 pour le chemin de fer d'Anvers au Rhin.

En 1863, le directeur de ces mines,  Rémy Paquot, appuyé par des investisseurs privés, rédige une demande de concession pour un chemin de fer Louvain - Tongres - Glons - Visé - Moresnet qui permettrait d'évacuer sa production en métaux non-ferreux. Le projet est néanmoins refusé par l'État, les villes de Verviers et Liège exerçant jusqu'en 1914 un véritable lobbying contre tout projet de chemin de fer menaçant de leur enlever le trafic lucratif des marchandises entre Anvers et l'Allemagne.

Le projet d'origine est finalement amendé sous la forme d'un chemin de fer de Welkenraedt à la frontière de Prusse passant par Moresnet et Plombières que l'arrêté royal du  concède à Rémy Paquot qui crée la Compagnie du chemin de Fer de la Jonction Belgo-Prussienne ; de l'autre côté de la frontière, la  obtient de construire une nouvelle ligne partant d'Aix-la-Chapelle et entrant en Belgique via un tunnel transfrontalier de  à Botzelaer, près de Gemmenich ; cette dernière compagnie se charge alors de l'exploitation de cette ligne passant par Plombières, dotée d'un embranchement vers les gisements de La Calamine.

La veille de l'arrêté royal proclamant la création de ce chemin de fer, un autre arrêté concernant la concession du Chemin de fer des plateaux de Herve à la compagnie du même nom, valide la création d'une voie ferrée (futures lignes 38 et 38A) partant de Liège et aboutissant à Verviers en desservant le pays de Herve. Il n'est alors pas question de relier ces deux lignes entre lesquelles existera un vide d'une quinzaine de kilomètres.

Mise en service
La section de Welkenraedt à Bleyberg est mise en service en premier, le . La section vers Gemmenich continuant par-delà la frontière ouvre finalement le .

Le , le principe d'une ligne reliant la frontière prussienne à la vallée de Meuse en aval de Liège est finalement acté, avec la possibilité de la prolonger vers Tongres. La Compagnie des plateaux de Herve doit réaliser la jonction avec la région de Plombières en construisant une ligne partant de Battice, via passant par Aubel et Hombourg, et une autre extension (jamais construite) est prévue à l'autre extrémité pour rallier Vivegnis, au nord de Liège sur la rive gauche de la Meuse. Les travaux prennent du retard et c'est seulement le  que la dernière section (Aubel - Hombourg - Bleyberg) entre en service.

Dotée d'un nouveau bâtiment de gare, Bleyberg devient donc une gare de bifurcation. Aux wagons partant de la mine et l'usine de plomb, se rajoutent les produits de l'agriculture du pays de Herve.

Toutefois, jusqu'aux années 1900, son rôle d'alternative à la ligne de la Vesdre en cas d'encombrement ne se concrétise pas. Lorsque cette solution devient nécessaire  les difficultés se multiplient : la faute au profil très sévère de la ligne des plateaux de Herve sur presque toute sa longueur avec des rampes très raides qui limitent la vitesse et le tonnage des trains. . Les installations de la gare sont agrandies en 1912 tandis que les travaux de mise à double voie des lignes 38 et 39 débutent mais une autre solution, plus directe, refait surface.

Déclin et fermeture
Dans les années 1910, après plusieurs tentatives privées refusées par le Gouvernement, les Chemins de fer de l'État belge sont chargés de réaliser les plans d'une ligne directe partant de Louvain et Tongres, franchissant la Meuse à Visé, et longeant la frontière hollandaise pour aboutir à Botzelaer, afin d'utiliser la ligne vers Aix-la-Chapelle.

Les plans, validés en 1913, comportent un important viaduc à Moresnet ; on prévoit cependant aussi de mettre à quatre voies l'ancienne ligne passant par Liège et Verviers tout en renforçant la ligne des plateaux en vue d'un trafic lourd. Mais l'invasion allemande de 1914 survient avant que les travaux aient pu commencer.

Alors que l'occupation de la Belgique jusqu'en 1918 va durablement perturber les chemins de fer et l'économie du pays, ce projet de chemin de fer direct, constituant une alternative à la ligne de la Vesdre saturée et compensant la fermeture aux allemands de toutes les voies de communication traversant les Pays-Bas neutre, apparaît comme la solution idéale. Dès le , le lieutenant-colonel Wilhelm Groener, futur ministre des transports en 1920, en supervise la réalisation. Cette ligne directe, actuelle ligne 24, de Tongres à la frontière allemande, construite à marche forcée en faisant travailler des prisonniers de guerre russes, est en service sur toute sa longueur dès le .

Reprise par les Chemins de fer de l'État belge après l'armistice, elle devient au fil des ans la liaison privilégiée pour les échanges de marchandises entre la région Rhin-Ruhr et le port d'Anvers, celle-là même dont les plans avaient été envisagés plus de 80 ans auparavant. En dépit de la réalisation d'embranchements avec les lignes 38 et 39, le trafic de transit par Plombières s'effondre. En 1922, la mine de Plombières se tarit et ferme, rendant superflu cet ancien nœud ferroviaire prospère. À partir de 1931, la SNCB remplace certains trains de voyageurs par des autobus.

Après la réparation des dégâts subis durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le service des voyageurs passant par Plombières se maintient jusqu'au . Ces deux sections des lignes 38 et 39 n'ayant plus aucune utilité pour les marchandises, elles peuvent être démantelées.

Reconversion du site

La ligne et les voies de garage ont été déferrées en .

Bien que décrit comme "en mauvais état" et "à démolir" au début du , le bâtiment de la gare, rénové en 1912, survit au démontage de la ligne. Jusqu'au , le guichet reste ouvert pour permettre aux habitants d'y acheter leurs abonnements de train. Il devient alors une maison des jeunes, qui ferme en 1972, et est démoli en 1975.

Le redéveloppement du site des anciennes mines et usines, fortement pollués aux métaux lourds, a rendu les lieux méconnaissables ; l'essentiel est occupé par une réserve naturelle abritant une flore rarissime due à la nature du sol calaminaire. Le viaduc à arches de la ligne 39, dynamité en 1944 et réparé avec un tablier métallique, a également disparu.

La commune de Plombières a fait aménager un nouveau quartier là où se trouvaient les voies et a érigé une nouvelle maison communale en 1999 à l'emplacement du bâtiment de la gare.

Nom de la gare
En 1919, les habitants de Bleyberg réclamant d'effacer la consonance germanique du nom de leur commune, obtiennent son renommage en Plombières. Le nom de la gare est donc modifié en conséquence.

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Le , dont rien ne subsiste, était apparenté aux gares standard à pignons à gradins tels que ceux de Moresnet et Ensival mais cette construction plus récente, adjugée en 1893, est la seule de cette famille à avoir une disposition avec deux corps de logis à étages (trois travées) flanquant une longue aile basse avec un fronton décoratif en son centre. Cette disposition s'explique par le statut de gare frontalière de Plombières, avec une vaste salle d'attente et un service des douanes pour le contrôle des personnes et des marchandises. Les photographies prises durant l'entre-deux-guerres montrent que ce bâtiment avait perdu les frontons coiffant l'entrée centrale côté rue et côté quais.

Un chemin RAVeL a été créé sur certaines sections abandonnées des lignes 38 et 39 ; il s'interrompt toutefois au nord de la gare, les talus et ponts où passaient les chemins de fer n'existant plus.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Hugo de Bot, Architecture des gares en Belgique, tome I (de 1835 à 1914), Brepols, Turnhout, 2002.
 Albert Stassen, Les noeuds ferroviaires des trois frontières : Un réseau ferroviaire des plus dense, Office du Tourisme de la Commune de Plombières (O.T.C.P), 2000.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Plombières (Liège)
 Ligne 38 (Infrabel)
 Ligne 39 (Infrabel)
 Liste de gares en Belgique

Liens externes

Gare
Ligne 38 (Infrabel)
Ligne 39 (Infrabel)
Gare disparue dans la province de Liège
Gare mise en service en 1870

Gare de Plombières (Belgique)


Biagamugep, nekadašnje glavno selo Kamdüka ili Bannock Creek Šošona poznati i pod imenom poglavice Pocatella kao Pocatello's Band. Selo se nalazilo u blizini Keltona, danas "grada duhova" na sjeveru Utaha, odakle je nakon serije ratova i mirovnog ugovora, sa svojim Šošonima odselio na rezervat u južni Idaho. Grad Pocatello u Idahu dobio je ime po njemu.

Izvori

Indijanska sela

Biagamugep


Robert Bosch GmbH, poznatija pod skraćenicom Bosch, njemačka je međunarodna korporacija i jedna od vodećih u svijetu u proizvodnji kućanskih uređaja, elektronike i bijele tehnike. Najveći je europski proizvođač autodijelova. Također, bavi se i razvojem sigurnosnih sustava u termotehnologiji i inženjerstvom. Po obliku je društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću (GmbH) i nalazi se u većinskom vlasništvu Zaklade Robert Bosch GmbH (92%).

Zajedno s brojnim drugim njemačkim međunarodnim korporacijama i velikim poduzećima, jedan je od osnivača Europske škole za mendažment i tehnologiju u Berlinu.

Sjedište poduzeća nalazi se u Gerlingenu kraj Stuttgarta.

Razvijeni patenti
 Jetronic, tehnologija ubrizgavanja goriva za benzinske motore.
 Motronic, tehnologija digitalne kontrole benzinskih motora
 ABS, sigurnosni sustav koji sprječava blokiranje kotača

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice - www.bosch.com

Njemačke proizvodne tvrtke
Bosch
Proizvođači dijelova vozila

Robert Bosch GmbH


Berendi, Antalya ilinin Serik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 38 km, Serik ilçesine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Serik'in mahalleleri

Berendi, Serik


Solioni  es un jútor del ókrug urbano de Goriachi Kliuch del krai de Krasnodar, en las estribaciones noroccidentales del Cáucaso, en Rusia. Está situado 12 km al nordeste de Goriachi Kliuch, y 45 km al sur de Krasnodar. Tenía 24 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio  Sarátovskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde .
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades de la Ciudad de Goriachi Kliuch del krai de Krasnodar

Solioni (Goriachi Kliuch)


Diversas ferramentas foram utilizadas no período de escravidão no Brasil como instrumentos de manutenção da violência. Além disso, suas funções iam desde a imobilização de membros até a deformação do corpo, alternando o uso ora para controle de fuga, ora para demonstração de domínio e condicionamento mental de submissão.

Imobilização da cabeça
Alguns dos instrumentos de tortura tinham o intuito de imobilizar a cabeça, dentre eles eram utilizados as gargalheiras, as golilhas e o libambo, por exemplo.

Aos cativos que tivessem um comportamento reprobatório, eram atribuídas gargalheiras prendidas ao pescoço. O objeto possuía um corpo de ferro fundido, com arcos unidos por elos alongados e arredondados nas partes externas para prender o pescoço do cativo, além de orifícios para amarrá-lo ao próprio corpo ou a outros escravos em momentos de deslocamento. Essa peça tinha como objetivo manter os escravos intitulados como indolentes, contidos e submissos.

Com o mesmo propósito das gargalheiras, além de também ser um artefato de captura e punição, haviam as golilhas. Constituída por duas tábuas que se uniam por uma abertura para o pescoço, o castigado podia ficar suspenso por correntes e mantido acima do solo pelos pés.

Ao passo que frear as tentativas frequentes de fuga dos escravos era uma necessidade presente durante o período – o libambo – uma ferramenta de contenção, foi amplamente utilizado. A peça de ferro era presa no pescoço do escravo, de onde saía uma haste longa que ultrapassava a cabeça da vítima. As pontas do libambo possuíam duas variações e ambas visavam denunciar a localização do cativo em caso de fuga: bifurcações retorcidas para que, em caso de escapada pela mata, se prendessem em galhos, ou um chocalho na ponta da haste visando denunciar a presença e a localização do cativo.

Imobilização de membros superiores e inferiores
Instrumentos de tortura de ferro nas partes inferiores dos cativos dificultavam a locomoção e consequentemente possíveis fugas. Tais objetos também poderiam ser acoplados nas mãos dos escravos dependendo da punição a ser aplicada. Objetos como algemas, machos e peias eram usados ora nos pés, ora nas mãos. O vira-mundo, por outro lado, prendia simultaneamente os pés e os pulsos para imobilizar o cativo, constituindo-se de um corpo de ferro com dois círculos, um maior e outro menor em cada extremidade..

Deformação do corpo

Muito além de tortura física como punição e tormento, os proprietários mutilavam os cativos como forma de dominação. Com isso, utilizavam ferro em brasa para a deformação do corpo do escravo, como o corte de um pedaço da orelha, ou ferramentas para criar identificação. Por exemplo, ao utilizar um ferrete – uma haste de madeira com cerca de 30 cm ligada a uma peça de metal no formato de iniciais ou símbolos – o senhor indicava o cativo como propriedade, facilitando a localização em caso de fuga, além de um domínio psicológico de pertencimento. Geralmente era aplicado no peito, braço ou até mesmo no rosto.

Outra forma de deformar o corpo do escravo, ao tratá-lo como um animal, era a utilização dos Anjinhos. Estes eram anéis de ferros presos nos polegares da vítima e compressos gradualmente por um parafuso ou chave. Apesar de tal instrumento ser criado na Europa Medieval como forma de fazer criminosos confessarem seus crimes, na escravidão brasileira era utilizada com o intuito de tormento e tortura, quase sempre em conjunto com outros instrumentos durante uma sessão de punição ou até mesmo em práticas comuns ao sadismo.

Ligações externas

 Álbum de fotografia 'O negro brasileiro nas primeiras décadas do século XX' disponível na Biblioteca Nacional Digital

Referências

Instrumentos de tortura
Escravidão no Brasil
Tortura no Brasil

Instrumentos de tortura do Brasil escravocrata


The Thracian language () is an extinct and poorly attested language, spoken in ancient times in Southeast Europe by the Thracians. The linguistic affinities of the Thracian language are poorly understood, but it is generally agreed that it was an Indo-European language with satem features.

A contemporary, neighboring language, Dacian is usually regarded as closely related to Thracian. However, there is insufficient evidence with respect to either language to ascertain the nature of this relationship.

The point at which Thracian became extinct is a matter of dispute. However, it is generally accepted that Thracian was still in use in the 6th century AD: Antoninus of Piacenza wrote in 570 that there was a monastery in the Sinai, at which the monks spoke Greek, Latin, Syriac, Egyptian, and Bessian – a Thracian dialect.

Other theories about Thracian remain controversial. A classification put forward by some linguists, such as Harvey Mayer, suggests that Thracian (and Dacian) belonged to the Baltic branch of Indo-European, or at least is closer to Baltic than any other Indo-European branch. However, this theory has not achieved the status of a general consensus among linguists. These are among many competing hypotheses regarding the classification and fate of Thracian.

Geographic distribution
The Thracian language or languages were spoken in what is now Bulgaria, Romania, North Macedonia, Northern Greece, European Turkey and in parts of Bithynia (North-Western Asiatic Turkey).

Modern-day Eastern Serbia is usually considered by paleolinguists to have been a Daco-Moesian language area. Moesian (after Vladimir Georgiev et al.) is grouped with the Dacian language.

Remnants of the Thracian language

Little is known for certain about the Thracian languages, since no phrase beyond a few words in length has been satisfactorily deciphered, and the sounder decipherments given for the shorter phrases may not be completely accurate. Some of the longer inscriptions may indeed be Thracian in origin but they may not reflect actual Thracian language sentences, but rather jumbles of names or magical formulas.

Enough Thracian lexical items have survived to show that Thracian was a member of the Indo-European language family and that it was a satemized language by the time it is attested.
Besides the aforementioned inscriptions, Thracian is attested through personal names, toponyms, hydronyms, phytonyms, divine names, etc. and by a small number of words cited in Ancient Greek texts as being specifically Thracian.

Other ancient Greek lexical items were not specifically identified as Thracian by the ancient Greeks but are hypothesized by paleolinguists as being or probably being of Thracian origin. Other lexical items are hypothesized on the basis of local anthroponyms, toponyms, hydronyms, oronyms, etc. mentioned in primary sources (see also List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia, List of Dacian plant names).

Below is a table showing both words cited as being Thracian in classical sources, and lexical elements that have been extracted by paleolinguists from Thracian anthroponyms, toponyms, etc. In this table the closest cognates are shown, with an emphasis on cognates in Bulgarian, Albanian, Baltic, Slavic, Greek, and substratum and/or old-layer words in the Eastern Romance languages: Romanian, Aromanian, et cetera. See also the List of reconstructed Dacian words.

Significant cognates from any Indo-European language are listed. However, not all lexical items in Thracian are assumed to be from the Proto-Indo-European language, some non-IE lexical items in Thracian are to be expected.

There are 23 words mentioned by ancient sources considered explicitly of Thracian origin and known meaning.

An additional 180 Thracian words have been reconstructed.

The proposed Thracian words in the Ancient Greek lexicon are not numerous. They include the parth- element in Parthenon; balios ("dappled"; < PIE *bhel-, "to shine", Bul. bel/bial (бял) "white" or bljaskav 'bright, shiny'; Pokorny also cites Illyrian as a possible source, the non-Greek origin is argued on phonological grounds), bounos, "hill, mound".

The Thracian horseman hero was an important figure in Thracian religion, mythology, and culture. Depictions of the Thracian Horseman are found in numerous archaeological remains and artifacts from Thracian regions. From the Duvanlii ring and from cognates in numerous Indo-European languages,  is seen to be a Thracian word for "horse", deriving from PIE *mend-. Another Thracian word for "horse" is hypothesized, but it looks certain, there is no disagreement among Thracologists: , , asb- (and some other variants; < PIE *ekwo , the Thracian showing a satem form similar to Sanskrit áśva-, "horse", Avestan aspa, "horse", Ossetic jäfs, Prussian aswinan 'mare milk', Lithuanian ašvíenis 'stallion', ašvà, dial. ešvà 'mare'), from , , an inscription associated with the Thracian horseman. Ut- based on the PIE root word ud- (meaning "up") and based on several Thracic items, would have meant "upon", "up", and  is theorized to have meant "On horse(back)", parallel to ancient Greek .

The early Indo-European languages had more than one word for horse; for example Latin had equus from PIE *ekwo- and mannus ("a pony") from another IE root, later receiving cabalus as a loanword.

In many cases in current Thracology, there is more than one etymology for a Thracian lexical item. For example, Thracian Diana Germetitha (Diana is from Latin while the epithet Germetitha is from Thracian) has two different proposed etymologies, "Diana of the warm bosom" (Olteanu; et al.?) or "Diana of the warm radiance" (Georgiev; et al.?). In other cases, etymologies for the Thracian lexical items may be sound, but some of the proposed cognates are not actually cognates, thus confusing the affinity of Thracian.

Inscriptions
The following are the longest inscriptions preserved. The remaining ones are mostly single words or names on vessels and other artifacts.

Ezerovo inscription

Only four Thracian inscriptions of any length have been found. The first is a gold ring found in 1912 in the village of Ezerovo (Plovdiv Province of Bulgaria); the ring was dated to the 5th century BC. On the ring an inscription is found written in a Greek script and consisting of 8 lines, the eighth of which is located on the edge, the rim, of the rotating disk; it reads without any spaces between:

as Dimitar Dechev (Germanised as D. Detschew) separates the words thus

i.e.

proposing the following translation:
I am Rolisteneas, a descendant of Nereneas; Tilezypta, an Arazian woman, delivered me to the ground.

Kyolmen inscription

A second inscription, hitherto undeciphered, was found in 1965 near the village of Kyolmen, Varbitsa Municipality, dating to the sixth century BC. Written in a Greek alphabet variant, it is possibly a tomb stele inscription similar to the Phrygian ones; Peter A. Dimitrov's transcription thereof is:

ΙΛΑΣΝΛΕΤΕΔΝΛΕΔΝΕΝΙΔΑΚΑΤΡΟΣΟ
ΕΒΑ·ΡΟΖΕΣΑΣΝΗΝΕΤΕΣΑΙΓΕΚΟΑ
ΝΒΛΑΒΑΗΓΝ
i.e.
ilasnletednlednenidakatroso
eba·rozesasnēnetesaigekoa
nblabaēgn

Duvanlii inscription
A third inscription is again on a ring, found in Duvanlii, Kaloyanovo Municipality, next to the left hand of a skeleton. It dates to the 5th century BC. The ring has the image of a horseman with the inscription surrounding the image. It is only partly legible (16 out of the initial 21):
ΗΥΖΙΗ.....ΔΕΛΕ / ΜΕΖΗΝΑΙ
i.e.
ēuziē.....dele / mezēnai

The meaning of the inscription is 'Horseman Eusie protect!'

If this reading is correct, the Thracian word mezenai might be cognate to Illyrian Menzanas (as in "Juppiter/Jove Menzanas" 'Juppiter of the foals' or 'Juppiter on a horse'); Albanian mëz 'foal'; Romanian mînz 'colt, foal'; Latin mannus 'small horse, pony'; Gaulish manduos 'pony' (as in tribe name Viromandui 'men who own ponies').

Classification

The Thracian language in linguistic textbooks is usually treated either as its own branch of Indo-European, or is grouped with Dacian, together forming a Daco-Thracian branch of IE. Older textbooks often grouped it also with Illyrian or Phrygian. The belief that Thracian was close to Phrygian is no longer popular and has mostly been discarded.

No definite evidence has yet been found that demonstrates that Thracian or Daco-Thracian belonged on the same branch as Albanian or Baltic or Balto-Slavic or Greco-Macedonian or Phrygian or any other IE branch. For this reason textbooks still treat Thracian as its own branch of Indo-European, or as a Daco-Thracian/Thraco-Dacian branch.

The generally accepted clades branched from the Proto-Indo-European language are, in alphabetical order, the Proto-Albanian language, Proto-Anatolian language, Proto-Armenian language, Proto-Balto-Slavic language, Proto-Celtic language, Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Greek language, Proto-Indo-Iranian language, Proto-Italic language, and the Proto-Tocharian language. Thracian, Dacian, Phrygian, Illyrian, Venetic, and Paeonian are fragmentarily attested and cannot be reliably categorized.

Note: Asterisk indicates reconstructed IE sound. M is a cover symbol for the row of voiced stops (mediae), T for unvoiced stops (tenues) and TA for aspirated stops (tenues aspiratae). ∅ indicates zero, a sound that has been lost.

Thraco-Dacian has been hypothesized as forming a branch of Indo-European along with Baltic.

For a large proportion of the 300 Thracian geographic names there are cognates within the Baltic toponymy, most similarities between Thracian and Balto-Slavic personal and geographic names were found, especially Baltic. According to Duridinov the "most important impression make the geographic cognates of Baltic and Thracian" "the similarity of these parallels stretching frequently on the main element and the suffix simultaneously, which makes a strong impression". According to him there are occasional similarities between Slavic and Thracian because Slavic is related to Baltic, while almost no lexical similarities within Thracian and Phrygian were found. This significant relatedness show close affinity and kinship of Thracian with Baltic.

The following table shows the cognate Thracian and Baltic place names, some Polish and related Lechitic names from the transitional area of the ancient Veneti-Eneti along the Amber Road were added:

Fate of the Thracians and their language
According to Skordelis, when Thracians were subjected by Alexander the Great they finally assimilated to Greek culture and became as Greek as Spartans and Athenians, although he considered the Thracian language as a form of Greek. According to Crampton (1997) most Thracians were eventually Hellenized or Romanized, with the last remnants surviving in remote areas until the 5th century. According to Marinov the Thracians were likely completely Romanized and Hellenized after the last contemporary references to them of the 6th century. This theory holds the Christianization of the Roman Empire as the main factor of immediate assimilation.

A quick extinction would intensely contrast the avoidance of Hellenization at least by Albanian till the present, possibly with the help of isolated mountainous areas.

Another author considers that the interior of Thrace have never been Romanized or Hellenized (Trever, 1939). This was followed also by Slavonization. According to Weithmann (1978) when the Slavs migrated, they encountered only a very superficially Romanized Thracian and Dacian population, which had not strongly identified itself with Imperial Rome, while Greek and Roman populations (mostly soldiers, officials, merchants) abandoned the land or were killed. Because Pulpudeva survived as Plovdiv in Slavic languages, not under Philippopolis, some authors suggest that Thracian was not completely obliterated in the 7th century.

See also
Dacian language
List of reconstructed Dacian words
Thraco-Illyrian
Illyrian languages
Paeonian language
Phrygian language
Ancient Macedonian language
Thraco-Roman
Paleo-Balkan languages
Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Albanian language
Proto-Balto-Slavic language
Proto-Greek language

Footnotes

References

Further reading

 Duridanov, Ivan (1969). Die Thrakisch- und Dakisch-Baltischen Sprachbeziehungen [Thracian and Dacian Baltic Language Contacts]. Other. Verlag der Bulgarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sofia.

Georgiev, V. I. Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages. Sofia: 1981.
Holst, J. H. "Armenische Studien". Wiesbaden: 2009.
 Accessed July 7, 2021.

 Russu, I. I. Limba Traco-Dacilor / Die Sprache der Thrako-Daker, Bucharest (1967, 1969).

External links
The Language of the Thracians, an English translation of Ivan Duridanov's 1975 essay Ezikyt na trakite
Thracian glossary
Palaeolexicon – Word study tool of ancient languages (including Thracian dictionary)

Thracian language
Paleo-Balkan languages
Extinct languages of Europe
Languages of ancient Macedonia
Languages of ancient Thrace
Languages of ancient Anatolia
Languages extinct in the 5th century
Unclassified Indo-European languages

Thracian language