Tracy Lamar McGrady Jr. (born May 24, 1979), nicknamed T-Mac, is an American former professional basketball player, best known for his career in the National Basketball Association (NBA). McGrady is a seven-time NBA All-Star, seven-time All-NBA selection, two-time NBA scoring champion, and winner of the NBA Most Improved Player Award in 2001. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2017. McGrady is regarded as one of the greatest scorers and shooting guards in NBA history.

McGrady entered the NBA straight out of high school and was selected as the ninth overall pick by the Toronto Raptors in the 1997 NBA draft. Beginning his career as a low-minute player, he gradually improved his role with the team, eventually forming a duo with his cousin Vince Carter. In 2000, he left the Raptors for the Orlando Magic, where he became one of the league's most prolific scorers and a candidate for the NBA Most Valuable Player Award. In 2004, he was traded to the Houston Rockets, where he paired with center Yao Ming to help the Rockets become a perennial playoff team. His final seasons in the NBA were plagued by injuries, and he retired in 2013 following a brief stint with the Qingdao DoubleStar Eagles of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) and the San Antonio Spurs.

Since retiring, McGrady has worked as a basketball analyst for ESPN. From April to July 2014, he realized his dream of playing professional baseball, pitching for the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

Early life

McGrady was born on May 24, 1979, in Bartow, Florida, to Melanise Williford. Because his father was not a part of their everyday lives, Melanise raised McGrady with the help of her mother, Roberta, in Auburndale. As a youth, McGrady played high school basketball and baseball at Auburndale High School for three years before transferring to Mount Zion Christian Academy in Durham, North Carolina for his senior season. During his final year at Auburndale, McGrady posted averages of 23.1 points, 12.2 rebounds, 4 assists, and 4.9 blocks per game.

A relatively unknown player coming out of Florida, McGrady made a name for himself after a strong performance at the Adidas ABCD Camp, an experience that helped him recognize his true talent. He later reflected, "Nobody had a clue who Tracy McGrady was. Sonny Vaccaro gave me that platform, and I played against the best players in the world at that time. I left that camp the No. 1 player in the nation, 175 to No. 1." Behind his leadership, Mt. Zion emerged as the number two-ranked team in the country, and McGrady was named a McDonald's All-American, USA Today High School Basketball Player of the Year, and North Carolina's Mr. Basketball by the Associated Press. He also played at the 1997 Roundball Classic, scoring 13 points. His senior year averages were 27.5 points, 8.7 rebounds, 7.7 assists, 2.8 steals, and 2 blocks per game. Initially, McGrady considered playing college basketball at the University of Kentucky, but he ultimately decided to enter the NBA draft as he was a projected lottery pick.

Professional career

Toronto Raptors (1997–2000)
McGrady was selected as the ninth overall pick by the Toronto Raptors in the 1997 NBA draft. For most of the 1997–98 season, he received little playing time, averaging only 13 minutes per game under head coach Darrell Walker. McGrady has described his rookie year as "hell", feeling lonely in Toronto and sleeping for up to 20 hours a day. Late in the season, Walker resigned, and McGrady began playing more under new coach Butch Carter, who agreed to increase McGrady's minutes on the condition that McGrady would improve his work ethic.

Before the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season, the Raptors drafted McGrady's second cousin once removed, Vince Carter. The two became inseparable; teammate Dee Brown once said, "They say they're cousins ... But Siamese twins is more like it."

By the 1999–2000 season, the duo had developed a reputation for their athleticism, giving memorable performances at the All-Star Weekend Slam Dunk Contest. McGrady, now playing significant minutes, was a contender for the Sixth Man of the Year Award before being elevated to Toronto's starting backcourt in late March. On April 4, in what would be one of his last regular season games in Toronto, McGrady scored a tenure-high 28 points in a loss against the Pistons. Behind McGrady and Carter's play, the Raptors finished the season with a 45–37 record, qualifying for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history. McGrady's final averages were 15.4 points, 6.3 rebounds, 3.3 assists, and a career-high 1.9 blocks per game. In the first round of the postseason, the Raptors were swept by the New York Knicks.

Orlando Magic (2000–2004)

2000–01 season: First All-Star and Most Improved Player
Following Toronto's first-round exit, McGrady became a free agent and signed with the Orlando Magic on August 3, 2000 through a sign-and-trade deal that sent a future 2005 1st round draft pick (Fran Vázquez was later selected) to the Raptors. He signed a seven-year, $92.8 million contract with the Magic. He elected to join the Magic in part because he disliked his secondary role playing behind Vince Carter, in part so that he could return home to Florida, and in part to play with their other newly acquired free agent, Grant Hill. Hill would go on to play in only 47 games total throughout his tenure with the team, forcing McGrady into a more significant leadership and scoring role than anticipated.

During the 2000–01 season, McGrady defied the expectations of many, emerging as one of the best players in the NBA, with Milwaukee Bucks General Manager Ernie Grunfeld going so far as to call him "one of the top five talents in the league". McGrady's play earned him his first All-Star Game appearance and, behind averages of 26.8 points, 7.5 rebounds, and 4.6 assists per game, he was selected to his first All-NBA Team, being named to the All-NBA Second Team. He was also voted the league's Most Improved Player. With a 43–39 record, the Magic entered the playoffs as the East's seventh seed, drawing a matchup with the Bucks. In Game 3 of the series, McGrady notched 42 points, 10 rebounds, and 8 assists in a performance that Bill Simmons later called McGrady's "superstar audition tape". Orlando was eventually eliminated by Milwaukee in four games.

2001–02 season: First All-NBA First Team selection
For the 2001–02 season, McGrady averaged 25.6 points, 7.9 rebounds, and 5.3 assists per game, earning his second All-NBA Team selection, this time to the All-NBA First Team. During that year's All-Star Game, he completed one of the most memorable highlights of his career, throwing the ball off the backboard to himself and completing an alley-oop in traffic. Reflecting on the play, McGrady later recounted, "There was only one guy back there ... and he bit on the lob ... I guess he thought I was throwing it to one of my teammates, and I just threw it down." At season's end, the Magic were again ousted in the first round of the playoffs, losing in four games to the Charlotte Hornets. On March 8, 2002, in one of the best games of his career, McGrady scored a season high 50 points and grabbed 10 rebounds in a 99–96 win over the Washington Wizards.

2002–03 season: First scoring title and playoff disappointment
In 2002–03, McGrady won his first scoring title and, behind averages of 32.1 points, 6.5 rebounds, and 5.5 assists per game, finished a career-best fourth in NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting. ESPN later ranked his season one of the best ever for a perimeter player. In Game 1 of the playoffs, he scored a team playoff record 43 points to help Orlando take an early series lead against the top-seeded Detroit Pistons. The Magic would go on to take a commanding 3–1 lead, and McGrady made headlines when he prematurely assumed that Orlando were guaranteed to advance, replying in an interview, "It feels good to get in the second round." In that year, the first round of the NBA playoffs was changed to a best-of-seven series from a best-of-five. Despite holding the series lead, the Magic were eliminated in seven games.

2003–04 season: Second scoring title and missing playoffs
The 2003–04 season was a tumultuous one for McGrady; Magic coach Doc Rivers was fired after a 1–10 start to the year and there were reports of friction between McGrady and Orlando General Manager John Weisbrod. Throughout the season, Orlando struggled because of a series of injuries, finishing the year with the worst record in the East despite McGrady winning his second consecutive scoring title. Late in the season, McGrady scored a career-high 62 points in a winning effort versus the Washington Wizards. His final averages were 28 points, 6 rebounds, and 5.5 assists per game.

Houston Rockets (2004–2010)

2004–05 season: 13 points in 35 seconds

On June 29, 2004, McGrady, Juwan Howard, Tyronn Lue, and Reece Gaines were traded to the Houston Rockets as part of a seven-player deal that sent Steve Francis, Cuttino Mobley, and Kelvin Cato to the Magic. In response to the trade, McGrady stated that he was happy with the situation and expressed excitement over the prospect of playing alongside Rocket All-Star center Yao Ming. Shortly after arriving in Houston, McGrady signed a three-year, $63 million contract extension with the team.

The Rockets struggled to begin the 2004–05 season, posting a losing record of 16–17 through their first 33 games. On December 9, McGrady had one of the most memorable performances of his career, scoring 13 points in the final 35 seconds against the San Antonio Spurs including a last-second three-pointer to secure a comeback victory. The sequence included four consecutive three-pointers, one of which was part of a four-point play and the last of which was a game-winner in the final two seconds. After the All-Star break, Houston rebounded from their slow start, finishing the season with 51 wins and the third-best record in the West. McGrady's final averages were 25.7 points, 6.2 rebounds, and 5.7 assists per game. In Game 2 of the first round of the postseason, he had another signature performance, completing a "thunderous" dunk over 7'6" Dallas Mavericks center Shawn Bradley and hitting a game-winner for a 113–111 victory. The series would go to a decisive Game 7, where McGrady came out cold, missing his first seven shots en route to a 40-point loss.

2005–06 season: Injury and missing playoffs
The 2005–06 season was a disappointing one for the Rockets, as McGrady appeared in only 47 games due to injury. At various points during the year, he missed time due to back spasms, including a moment in January where he had to be carried off the court in a stretcher due to a severe flare up. Despite his health concerns, McGrady was able to play in that year's All-Star Game in front of his home crowd in Houston, exploding for 36 points in just 27 minutes. For the season, he averaged 24.4 points and 6.5 rebounds per game. Due in part to his frequent absences, the Rockets failed to qualify for the playoffs.

2006–07 season: Playoff upset
Early in the 2006–07 season, McGrady missed seven games, again because of back spasms, eventually deciding to visit a doctor and receive treatment for the injury as he felt that it was affecting his speed and explosiveness. His health issues and the ascension of Yao Ming, who was having a breakout season, resulted in McGrady temporarily becoming the team's second scoring option. His final averages were 24.6 points, 5.3 rebounds, and 6.5 assists per game. To open the playoffs, the Rockets were matched up the Utah Jazz. By this time, pressure had started to mount on McGrady to lead the team deep into the postseason, to which he responded, "If we don't get out of the first round, it's on me!" Houston would eventually lose the series in seven games, and at his postgame press conference following the Game 7 defeat, McGrady, still visibly emotional from the loss, said "I tried, man, I tried."

2007–08 season: 22-game winning streak
In 2007–08, the Rockets went on a 22-game winning streak, which was the then-second longest in NBA history, despite missing Yao Ming during that stretch. During their run, McGrady expressed optimism over the team's roster, admitting, "I haven't had this kind of trust in my teammates before." Houston finished the season as the West's fifth seed, earning them a rematch with the Jazz in the first round. By the time the playoffs arrived, McGrady was nursing shoulder and knee injuries, at times requiring him to receive pain-killing injections and have fluid drained from both his shoulder and knee in order for him to be able to play. The Jazz again eliminated the Rockets, this time in six games, despite a strong 40-point and 10-rebound performance from McGrady in the decisive Game 6.

2008–09 season: Season-ending surgery
Following Houston's loss to Utah, McGrady underwent arthroscopic surgery on both his left shoulder and left knee. Early in the 2008–09 season, he missed 18 games, including a two-week stretch in January as his knee was not fully healed from his offseason surgery. On February 24, he had microfracture surgery in Chicago, forcing him to miss the remainder of the year. By then, his averages had declined to 15.6 points and 4.4 rebounds per game. In a surprise turn of events, the Rockets qualified for the playoffs without McGrady and advanced to the second round, pushing the eventual-champion Los Angeles Lakers to seven games.

2009–10 season: Final season in Houston
McGrady was still recovering from surgery to begin the 2009–10 campaign. On December 15, he returned to action but was limited to only seven minutes off the bench. After six games, the Rockets decided to shut him down again so that they could focus on trading him to another team.

New York Knicks (2010)

On February 18, 2010, McGrady was traded to the New York Knicks as part of a three-team trade involving Houston, New York, and Sacramento. Two days later, he made his team debut, scoring 26 points in an overtime loss against the Thunder. He would finish the season with averages of 9.4 points, 3.9 rebounds, and 3.7 assists in 26.1 minutes per game. McGrady only appeared in 24 games for the Knicks.

Detroit Pistons (2010–2011)
In 2010–11, McGrady signed with the Detroit Pistons and averaged 8 points per game. On January 14, 2011, McGrady scored a season high 22 points and recorded 5 assists in a 101-95 victory over the Raptors. Two weeks later, on January 28, McGrady scored 14 points, recorded 10 assists, grabbed 8 rebounds, and blocked 4 shots in an 88-87 loss to the Heat.

Atlanta Hawks (2011–2012)
In 2011–12, McGrady signed with the Atlanta Hawks, averaging a career-low 5.3 points per game. This was the first full season of McGrady coming fully off the bench due to constant injury.

Qingdao Eagles (2012–2013)
On October 9, 2012, McGrady signed a one-year deal with the Qingdao DoubleStar Eagles of the Chinese Basketball Association. Qingdao finished the season in last place, with McGrady averaging 25 points, 7.2 rebounds, 5.1 assists, and 1.6 steals per game.

San Antonio Spurs (2013)
On April 16, 2013, shortly after the conclusion of the CBA campaign, McGrady signed with the San Antonio Spurs in time for him to qualify for their playoff roster. The Spurs eventually advanced to the 2013 NBA Finals, losing in seven games to the Miami Heat, which provided McGrady with the opportunity to play his first career postseason minutes outside of the first round.

On August 26, McGrady officially announced his retirement from the NBA on ESPN's First Take.

National team career

McGrady was selected to the United States men's national basketball team for the FIBA Americas Championship 2003 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. On August 22, McGrady led the Americans with 16 points in a 98–69 victory over Venezuela. McGrady sat out the August 26 game due to a back injury. The U.S. qualified for the 2004 Olympic Games on August 30 with an 87–71 win over Puerto Rico; in the game, McGrady and Puerto Rico's Eddie Casiano were involved in an altercation which resulted in fans throwing drinks and debris on the court. Ultimately, the U.S. advanced to the gold medal game, defeating Argentina to finish a perfect 10–0. For the tournament, McGrady averaged 12.6 points and 2.9 rebounds a game on 54.4 percent from the field and 42.1 percent three-point shooting.

Professional baseball career
On February 4, 2014, McGrady confirmed that he was officially pursuing his dream of becoming a professional baseball player, working with Roger Clemens to become a pitcher for the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. On April 23, McGrady made the Skeeters' Opening Day roster. In his debut, he pitched  innings, receiving the loss. In July, he started the Atlantic League All-Star Game, where he recorded his first strikeout. After the game, McGrady announced his retirement from baseball.

Player profile

Standing 6 feet 8 inches tall (2.03 m) and weighing 210 pounds (95 kg), McGrady played as a shooting guard and small forward. His career averages were 19.6 points, 5.6 rebounds, and 4.4 assists per game. McGrady earned seven All-NBA honors (2001–05, 2007–08), seven All-Star selections (2001–07), two NBA scoring titles (2003–04), and won the NBA Most Improved Player Award in 2001. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2017.

McGrady was known for his laid-back demeanor and scoring prowess; he once scored 41 points in a game despite being asleep right until tip-off, a performance that inspired the nickname "The Big Sleep". Many of his contemporaries, including Paul Pierce and Kobe Bryant, have called him one of the most difficult players that they ever had to guard. McGrady's playing style has been compared to George Gervin's because both players made scoring appear easy with their "smooth" approach to the game. At his peak, McGrady was an explosive player capable of finishing at the rim over the defense; in a piece for ESPN, Zach Lowe reminisced, "He glided through the lane, crouched into traffic, and accelerated suddenly -- almost violently -- through a forest of slower-moving forms, and to the rim." McGrady was also a threat from outside, and would frequently pull up for deep three-pointers over unsuspecting defenders. Some analysts have remarked that McGrady's length, playmaking, and shooting abilities would have made him more effective in the modern era of basketball, and that he was ahead of his time. On the defensive side of the ball, McGrady's effort was less consistent, but he demonstrated the ability to raise his level in meaningful games, such as during the playoffs against the Mavericks, where he often drew the assignment of guarding Dirk Nowitzki.

During his time as an All-Star, McGrady was frequently criticized for not having led any team beyond the first round of the playoffs. Some analysts have defended McGrady, feeling that he was the victim of bad rosters and unfortunate circumstances. His effort level, leadership, and toughness were also questioned at times. In response to these criticisms, former Rockets coach Jeff Van Gundy described McGrady as a poor practice player but praised his coachability, unselfishness, and ability to perform well in big games.

McGrady is often ranked as one of the greatest basketball players of all-time; The Book of Basketball ranked him 77th, ESPN ranked him 63rd, and SLAM Magazine ranked him 97th. In 2016, Sports Illustrated listed McGrady as one of the 20 best basketball players since the announcement of the original 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996. In 2021, to commemorate the NBA's 75th Anniversary The Athletic ranked their top 75 players of all time, and named McGrady as the 55th greatest player in NBA history.

Personal life

McGrady has three children with his wife, CleRenda Harris. Their first son, Laymen Lamar, was born on December 27, 2005, during a home game in Houston, which McGrady left at halftime. Tracy's younger brother, Chancellor "Chance" McGrady, played for the 2008 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament runner-up Memphis Tigers.

McGrady is also the second cousin once removed of basketball player Vince Carter through Carter's step-great-grandfather; the two therefore are not related by blood. They were teammates with the Raptors in 1998–2000. Both players were unaware of the relation until a family reunion in 1997. After McGrady left the Raptors, they had a feud, but it was resolved in a short period of time.

In 2002, McGrady signed a longterm partnership with Adidas, agreeing to an endorsement deal that lasted through his playing career and beyond. Adidas produced a signature line of shoes for McGrady that Complex remembered as "all the buzz in the early-mid 2000s". Upon retiring, McGrady shifted his focus to his business investments, including Dasdak, a Washington, D.C.-based technology company, and Blue-04, a bottled water company in Florida. He was also an initial investor in a Minor League Baseball team which would become the Biloxi Shuckers. Since 2016, he has worked as an NBA analyst for ESPN.

In 2007, McGrady traveled to the Darfurian refugee camps in Chad with John Prendergast and Omer Ismail of the Enough Project. McGrady recruited NBA players to support an initiative linking schools in Darfurian refugee camps to American middle schools, high schools, and universities. Prior to the start of the 2010 season with the Rockets, he changed his jersey number to No. 3 in order to promote his humanitarian efforts in the region and a documentary on his summer visit called 3 Points. In 2008, McGrady was criticized for his comments on the All-Star Game being held in New Orleans, which was only three years removed from the destruction surrounding Hurricane Katrina. McGrady publicly questioned the quality of public safety and protection of NBA players.

In August 2021, McGrady launched an app, SOLEcial, designed to sell autographed shoes, trading cards, and other memorabilia directly to buyers.

Career statistics

NBA statistics per Basketball-Reference. CBA statistics per CBA Data Center.

NBA regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
| 64 || 17 || 18.4 || .450 || .341 || .712 || 4.2 || 1.5 || .8 || 1.0 || 7.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
| 49 || 2 || 22.6 || .436 || .229 || .726 || 5.7 || 2.3 || 1.1 || 1.3 || 9.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
| 79 || 34 || 31.2 || .451 || .277 || .707 || 6.3 || 3.3 || 1.1 || 1.9 || 15.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Orlando
| 77 || 77 || 40.1 || .457 || .355 || .733 || 7.5 || 4.6 || 1.5 || 1.5 || 26.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Orlando
| 76 || 76 || 38.3 || .451 || .364 || .748 || 7.9 || 5.3 || 1.6 || 1.0 || 25.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Orlando
| 75 || 74 || 39.4 || .457 || .386 || .793 || 6.5 || 5.5 || 1.7 || .8 || style="background:#cfecec;"|32.1*
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Orlando
| 67 || 67 || 39.9 || .417 || .339 || .796 || 6.0 || 5.5 || 1.4 || .6 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 28.0*
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| 78 || 78 || 40.8 || .431 || .326 || .774 || 6.2 || 5.7 || 1.7 || .7 || 25.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| 47 || 47 || 37.1 || .406 || .312 || .747 || 6.5 || 4.8 || 1.3 || .9 || 24.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| 71 || 71 || 35.8 || .431 || .331 || .707 || 5.3 || 6.5 || 1.3 || .5 || 24.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| 66 || 62 || 37.0 || .419 || .292 || .684 || 5.1 || 5.9 || 1.0 || .5 || 21.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| 35 || 35 || 33.7|| .388 || .376 || .801 || 4.4 || 5.0 || 1.2 || .4 || 15.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| 6 || 0 || 7.7 || .368 || .500 || .667 || .8 || 1.0 || .0 || .3 || 3.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|New York
| 24 || 24 || 26.1 || .389 || .242 || .754 || 3.7 || 3.9 || .6 || .5 || 9.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 72 || 39 || 23.4 || .442 || .341 || .698 || 3.5 || 3.5 || .9 || .5 || 8.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 52 || 0 || 16.1 || .437 || .455 || .675 || 3.0 || 2.1 || .3 || .3 || 5.3
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 938 || 703 || 32.7 || .435 || .338 || .746 || 5.6 || 4.4 || 1.2 || .9 || 19.6
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star
| 7 || 6 || 24.6 || .500 || .351 || .619 || 3.0 || 3.9 || 1.6 || .4 || 17.1

NBA playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2000
| style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
| 3 || 3 || 37.0 || .386 || .286 || .875 || 7.0 || 3.0 || 1.0 || 1.0 || 16.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2001
| style="text-align:left;"|Orlando
| 4 || 4 || 44.5 || .415 || .200 || .816 || 6.5 || 8.3 || 1.8 || 1.3 || 33.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2002
| style="text-align:left;"|Orlando
| 4 || 4 || 44.5 || .462 || .313 || .739 || 6.3 || 5.5 || .5 || 1.8 || 30.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2003
| style="text-align:left;"|Orlando
| 7 || 7 || 44.0 || .448 || .340 || .773 || 6.7 || 4.7 || 2.0 || .9 || 31.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2005
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| 7 || 7 || 43.0 || .456 || .370 || .824 || 7.4 || 6.7 || 1.6 || 1.4 || 30.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2007
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| 7 || 7 || 40.0 || .394 || .250 || .737 || 5.9 || 7.3 || .7 || .9 || 25.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2008
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| 6 || 6 || 41.2 || .425 || .208 || .623 || 8.2 || 6.8 || 1.5 || .8 || 27.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2012
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 6 || 0 || 15.0 || .385 || .000 || .833 || 2.8 || 1.0 || .0 || .3 || 4.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2013
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 6 || 0 || 5.2 || .000 || .000 || — || 1.3  || 1.2  ||  .3 || .5  || .0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 50 || 38 || 34.5 || .426 || .290 || .757 || 5.7 || 5.0 || 1.1 || .9 || 22.2

CBA regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2012–13
| style="text-align:left;"|Qingdao
| 29 || 26 || 31.8 || .496 || .333 || .733 || 7.2 || 5.1 || 1.6 || .6 || 25.0

Awards and honors

Per McGrady's Basketball-Reference page unless noted otherwise.
 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame: inducted on September 8, 2017
 2× NBA scoring champion: 2003, 2004
 7× NBA All-Star: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
 7× All-NBA:
 First Team: 2002, 2003
 Second Team: 2001, 2004, 2007
 Third Team: 2005, 2008
 NBA Most Improved Player Award: 2001
 Tournament of the Americas Gold Medalist: 2003
 CBA All-Star: 2013
 No. 1 retired by Qingdao DoubleStar Eagles: 2015
 Mr. Basketball USA: 1997
 McDonald's All-American: 1997

Orlando Magic franchise records
 Most points in a game with 62 (March 10, 2004 vs. Washington Wizards)
 Most field goal attempts in a season with 1813 (2002–03)
 Most free throws made in a season with 576 (2002–03)
 Most points in a season with 2407 (2002–03)
 Highest minutes per game in a season with 40.1 (2002–03)
 Highest points per game in a season with 32.1 (2002–03)
 Highest minutes per game in a career with 39.4
 Highest points per game in a career with 28.1

See also
 List of individual National Basketball Association scoring leaders by season
 List of National Basketball Association players with 60 or more points in a game

References

External links

 Career statistics and player information from NBA.com

 Chinese Basketball Association Official Profile And Stats

1979 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American expatriate basketball people in China
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball players from Florida
Detroit Pistons players
ESPN people
Houston Rockets players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association high school draftees
New York Knicks players
Orlando Magic players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Qingdao Eagles players
San Antonio Spurs players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Bartow, Florida
Sugar Land Skeeters players
Toronto Raptors draft picks
Toronto Raptors players
United States men's national basketball team players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Tracy McGrady


පෙරදෙවනයක් හෙවත් ප්‍රක්ෂේපණ යන්ත්‍රයක් හෝ පිළිබිඹු පෙරදෙවනයක් හෝ යනු පිළිබිඹුවක් (හෝ සල-පිළිබිඹු හෝ) මතුපිටක් මතට, සැමැනියෙන් පෙරදෙවුම් තිරයක් මතට පෙරදෙවනා ප්‍රකාශ අටව්වකි. බොහෝ පෙරදෙවන කුදු තරාදිසි කාචයක් හරහා අලුයෙක් දල්වා පිළිබිඹුවක් මවන්නේ නමුදු ඇතැම් නව පෙරදෙවන පන්නවලට ලේසර යොදාගනිමින් පිළිබිඹුව කෙලින් මැ පෙරදෙවියැ හැකි. virtual retinal display නොහොත් retinal පෙරදෙවනයක් බැහැරි පෙරදෙවුම් තිරයක් යොදාගැන්ම වෙනුවට පිළිබිඹුවක් දෘෂ්ටි විතානය මතට කෙලින් මැ පෙරදෙවයි.

අද බෙහෙවින් යොදාගැනෙනා පෙරදෙවන පන්නය විදිසි පෙරදෙවනය නමි. විදිසි පෙරදෙවන යනු පෙරැ වූ සැලැදි පෙරදෙවන හා උඩුහිස් පෙරදෙවන හා වැනි පන්නවලැ දිතිත් තැන් ගැනුමෙකි. එ වැනි මුල්-කැලි පෙරදෙවන පන්නවලැ තැන 1990 ගණන් පුරාම හා 2000හේ මුල් හරියේ දී හා බොහෝ විටැ දිතිත් විදිසි පෙරදෙවනයන් විසින් ගත් නමුදු පැරැණි ඇනලොග් පෙරදෙවන තවමත් ඇතැම් තැන්හි ගැනේ. නවතම පෙරදෙවන පන්න වනුයේ පිළිබිඹු පෙරදෙවනුව ලේසර හා එළි විහිදන දෙදොරු (එ.වි.දෙ.) හා යොදාගැනෙනා අතේ තබා ගත හැකි පෙරදෙවන වේ.

සලරු හල්වලැ ගැනුණේ සලරු පෙරදෙවනය නම් පන්නයක් වන අතර ඒවායේ තැන මෙ කලැ බොහෝ දුරට දිතිත් සලරු විදිසි පෙරදෙවන ගෙනැ ඇති.

යොමු හා සටහන්

පෙරදෙවනය


Richard Hickman Menefee (* 4. Dezember 1809 in Owingsville, Bath County, Kentucky; † 21. Februar 1841 in Frankfort, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1837 und 1839 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Richard Menefee besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat und studierte danach an der Transylvania University in Lexington. Anschließend arbeitete er einige Jahre als Lehrer. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1830 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Mount Sterling in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Im Jahr 1832 amtierte er als Staatsanwalt. Politisch war Menefee Mitglied der Whig Party. Zwischen 1836 und 1837 saß er als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. Dort war er Mitglied des Steuerausschusses.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1836 wurde er im elften Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1837 die Nachfolge von Richard French antrat. Bis zum 3. März 1839 absolvierte er nur eine Legislaturperiode im Kongress. Im Jahr 1838 war er zusammen mit John J. Crittenden Sekundant des Abgeordneten William J. Graves, der bei einem Duell seinen Kollegen Jonathan Cilley aus Maine erschoss. Wegen seiner aktiven Teilnahme an diesem Geschehen verlor er an Ansehen. Als Folge wurde ein Gesetz verabschiedet, das Duelle im Bereich der Bundeshauptstadt verbot. In diesem Zusammenhang hielt Richard Menefee seine längste Rede, die er auf drei Tage aufteilte. Dabei nahm er zu diesem Gesetz Stellung.

Nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem US-Repräsentantenhaus praktizierte Menefee wieder als Anwalt. Im Jahr 1841 war er als Nachfolger von John Crittenden im US-Senat vorgesehen. Er starb aber noch vor dem vorgesehenen Amtsantritt. Richard Menefee war seit 1832 mit Sarah Bell Jouett verheiratet, mit der er drei Kinder hatte.

Nach ihm ist Menifee County in Kentucky benannt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der United States Whig Party
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1809
Gestorben 1841
Mann

Richard Menefee


Wagon poche peut signifier :
 Wagon-poche
 Wagon à poche

Voir aussi
 Wagon kangourou

Wagon poche


Sesil Karatáncheva (; Sofía, Bulgaria, 8 de agosto de 1989) es una tenista búlgara. Reside en Astaná, y desde 2009 a 2014 compitió por Kazajistán.

En 2005, Karatáncheva dio positivo por nandrolona, tras dos años y medio fuera de las canchas, volvió en 2008.

Títulos WTA

Dobles: 1 (0-1)

Finalista (1)

Títulos ITF

Singles: 9

Enlaces externos

Tenistas femeninas de Bulgaria
Tenistas femeninas de Kazajistán
Casos de dopaje en tenis
Nacidos en Sofía

Sesil Karatáncheva


The thiazolidinediones ,  abbreviated as TZD, also known as glitazones after the prototypical drug ciglitazone, are a class of heterocyclic compounds consisting of a five-membered C3NS ring.  The term usually refers to a family of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 that were introduced in the late 1990s.

Mechanism of action
Thiazolidinediones or TZDs act by activating PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of nuclear receptors, specific for PPARγ (PPAR-gamma, PPARG). They are thus the PPARG agonists subset of PPAR agonists. The endogenous ligands for these receptors are free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids. When activated, the receptor binds to DNA in complex with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), another nuclear receptor, increasing transcription of a number of specific genes and decreasing transcription of others. The main effect of expression and repression of specific genes is an increase in the storage of fatty acids in adipocytes, thereby decreasing the amount of fatty acids present in circulation. As a result, cells become more dependent on the oxidation of carbohydrates, more specifically glucose, in order to yield energy for other cellular processes.

PPARγ transactivation

The activated PPAR/RXR heterodimer binds to peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements upstream of target genes in complex with a number of coactivators such as nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and CREB binding protein, this causes upregulation of genes (for a full list see PPARγ):
 Insulin resistance is decreased
 Adipocyte differentiation is modified
 VEGF-induced angiogenesis is inhibited
 Leptin levels decrease (leading to a decreased appetite)
 Levels of certain interleukins (e.g. IL-6) fall
 Antiproliferative action
 Adiponectin levels rise

TZDs also increase the synthesis of certain proteins involved in fat and glucose metabolism, which reduces levels of certain types of lipids, and circulating free fatty acids. TZDs generally decrease triglycerides and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).  Although the increase in LDL-C may be more focused on the larger LDL particles, which may be less atherogenic, the clinical significance of this is currently unknown. Nonetheless, rosiglitazone, a certain glitazone, was suspended from allowed use by medical authorities in Europe, as it has been linked to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.

PPARγ transrepression

Binding of PPARγ to coactivators appears to reduce the levels of coactivators available for binding to pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as NF-κB; this causes a decrease in transcription of a number of pro inflammatory genes, including various interleukins and tumour necrosis factors.

Members of the class

Chemically, the members of this class are derivatives of the parent compound thiazolidinedione, and include:
 Pioglitazone (Actos), France and Germany have suspended its sale after a study suggested the drug could raise the risk of bladder cancer.
 Rosiglitazone (Avandia), which was put under selling restrictions in the US and withdrawn from the market in Europe due to some studies suggesting an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Upon re-evaluation of new data in 2013, the FDA lifted the restrictions.
 Lobeglitazone (Duvie), approved for use in Korea

Experimental, failed and non-marketed agents include:
 Ciglitazone
 Darglitazone
 Englitazone
 Netoglitazone
 Rivoglitazone
 Troglitazone (Rezulin), withdrawn due to increased incidence of drug-induced hepatitis.
 Balaglitazone (DRF-2593) - developed by Dr Reddy's Laboratories, discontinued during 2010-11 phase III trials as no better than available molecules.
AS-605240 [648450-29-7]
Replacing one oxygen atom in a thiazolidinedione with an atom of sulfur gives a rhodanine.

Uses
The only approved use of the thiazolidinediones is in diabetes mellitus type 2. According to a 2014 Cochrane systematic review of four randomized controlled trials, PPARγ-agonists may be effective in preventing further strokes in those who have already had a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and may stabilize atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries.

Research
Experimental investigations on TZDs have been carried out since 2005 in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), psoriasis, autism, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (by VEGF inhibition in granulosa cells), lichen planopilaris, and other conditions.

Several forms of lipodystrophy cause insulin resistance, which has responded favorably to thiazolidinediones. There are some indications that thiazolidinediones provide some degree of protection against the initial stages of breast carcinoma development.

Evidence was emerging in 2008 that vitamin E with thiazolidinediones is effective in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis due to their combined antioxidant and insulin sensitizing effects, producing histological improvements in steatosis severity.

Side effects and contraindications
The withdrawal of troglitazone has led to concerns of the other thiazolidinediones also increasing the incidence of hepatitis and potential liver failure, an approximately 1 in 20,000 individual occurrence with troglitazone. Because of this, the FDA recommends two to three month checks of liver enzymes for the first year of thiazolidinedione therapy to check for this rare but potentially catastrophic complication. To date, 2008, the newer thiazolidinediones, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone have been free of this problem.

The main side effect of all thiazolidinediones is water retention, leading to edema, generally a problem in less than 5% of individuals, but a big problem for some and potentially, with significant water retention, leading to a decompensation of potentially previously unrecognized heart failure. Therefore, thiazolidinediones should be prescribed with both caution and patient warnings about the potential for water retention/weight gain, especially in patients with decreased ventricular function (NYHA grade III or IV heart failure).

Though older studies suggested there may be an increased risk of coronary heart disease and heart attacks with rosiglitazone, pioglitazone treatment, in contrast, has shown significant protection from both micro- and macro-vascular cardiovascular events and plaque progression. These studies led to a period of Food and Drug Administration advisories (2007 - 2013) that, aided by extensive media coverage, led to a substantial decrease in rosiglitazone use. In November 2013, the FDA announced it would remove the usage restrictions for rosiglitazone in patients with coronary artery disease. The new recommendations were largely based on the reasoning that prior meta-analyses leading to the original restrictions were not designed to assess cardiac outcomes and, thus, not uniformly collected or adjudicated.  In contrast, one of the largest trials (RECORD trial) that was specifically designed to assess cardiac outcomes found no increased risk of myocardial infarction with rosiglitazone use, even after independent re-evaluation for FDA review.

A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that use of pioglitazone is associated with a slightly higher risk of bladder cancer compared to the general population. The authors of the same analysis recommended that other blood sugar lowering agents be considered in people with other risk factors for bladder cancer such as cigarette smoking, family history, or exposure to certain forms of chemotherapy.

A 2020 Cochrane systematic review did not find enough evidence of reduction of all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke or end-stage renal disease when comparing metformin monotherapy to Thiazolidinedione for treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Thiazolidinediones reduce bone mineral density and increase the risk of fractures in women, possibly as a result of biasing the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells away from osteoblast differentiation and toward adipocyte formation.

References

Thiazolidinedione


Rhodesians Never Die rodezijska je domoljubna pjesma. Napisao ju je i snimio Clem Tholet 1973. godine. Iako je prvotno objavljena kao pop pjesma, njezin tekst dao joj je ikonski status među Rodežanima tijekom Rodezijskoga građanskoga rata.

Tekst
Here's the story of Rhodesia, a land both fair and great.
On 11th of November an independent state.
This was much against the wishes of certain governments.
Whose leaders tried to break us down, to make us all repent.

But we're all Rhodesians and we'll fight through thick and thin.
We'll keep our land a free land, stop the enemy coming in.
We'll keep them north of the Zambezi till that river's running dry.
This mighty land will prosper for Rhodesians never die.

They can send their men to murder
And they can shout their words of hate.
But the cost of keeping this land free will never be too great.
For our men and boys are fighting for the things that they hold dear.
This land and all its people will never disappear.

But we're all Rhodesians and we'll fight through thick and thin.
We'll keep our land a free land, stop the enemy coming in.
We'll keep them north of the Zambezi till that river's running dry.
This mighty land will prosper for Rhodesians never die.

We'll preserve this little nation, for our children's children too.
For once you're a Rhodesian, no other land will do
We will stand forth in the sunshine, with the truth upon our side.
And if we have to go alone, we'll go alone with pride.

But we're all Rhodesians and we'll fight through thick and thin.
We'll keep our land a free land, stop the enemy coming in.
We'll keep them north of the Zambezi till that river's running dry.
This mighty land will prosper for Rhodesians never die.

Izvor:

Izvori

Rodezija
Domoljubne pjesme

Rhodesians Never Die


Vernichtungsgedanke ("conceptul anihilării")  este o doctrină tactică datând din vremea lui Frederic cel Mare. Această doctrină pune accentul pe o mișcare continuă a forțelor proprii pentru dezechilibrarea inamicului, permițându-i atacatorului să își impună voință împotriva defensivei și să evite blocarea în luptele poziționale.  Acest concept se bazează pe instruirea superioară și disciplina riguroasă a trupelor, la care se adaugă existență unei corp de comandă profesionist. Principiile Vernichtungsgedanke au fost explicate în tratatul clasic Vom Kriege al lui Carl von Clausewitz.

Această doctrină a fost folosită în o serie de conflagrații precum Războiul de Succesiune Austriacă, Războiul de Șapte Ani, Războaiele Napoleoniene, Războiul austro-prusac și Războiul franco-german. Succesele militare ale Regatului Prusiei și mai târziu al Imperiului German  a fost un catalizator al sistemului de alianțe militaro-politice ale secolului al XIX-lea din Europa.

Cursa înarmării declanșată în perioada  "Lungii Păci"a Sistemului Congresului  a dus la producerea unor echipamente militare care au erodat avantajele atacatorului. Avantajele au trecut de partea defensivei și această schimbare a fost evidentă în timpul primei conflagrații mondiale, când acțiunile militare s-au rezumat la lupte de tranșee foarte sângeroase. Dominația Vernichtungsgedanke ca doctrină militară principală a principalelor puteri europene a luat sfârșit pe frontul de vest unde marea concentrarea de soldați și echipamente militare au făcut imposibile manevrele de ocolire sau încercuire ale inamicului. Pe frontul de răsărit însă, tactica a fost folosită cu succes în bătălii precum cea de la  Tannenberg din 1914, unde densitatea redusă a militarilor și a tehnicii militare au lăsat spațiu de manevră mai mare pentru atacatori.

În deceniul al patrulea al secolului trecut, teoreticieni militari precum britanicul Vivian Loyd au propus folosirea pe scară largă a vehiculelor șenilate ușoare pentru asigurarea unui sprijin rapid și flexibil al unităților de tancuri. Abordările lui Loyd, cunoscute ca "armoured idea" ori "all-tank idea" nu au fost acceptate de comandanții britanici.

În momentul izbucnirii celei de-a doua conflagrații mondiale, mai mulți generali germani, printre care cel mai important a fost Heinz Guderian, erau conștienți de faptul că Vernichtungsgedanke este o doctrină perimată și au promovat idei noi pentru înlocuirea ei. Ei au trebuit să înfrângă însă inerția birocrației și doar rezultatele bune obținute pe câmpul de luptă au dus la modificarea concepției Înaltului comandament și apariția a ceea ce avea să fie numit  Blitzkrieg.

Note și blibliografie

Doctrine militare
Terminologie militară

Vernichtungsgedanke


U virologiji H1N1 ili podtip A/H1N1 (eng. Influenza A virus subtype H1N1) najčešći je razlog pandemije svinjske gripe (2009.) i španjolske gripe (1918. – 1919.).

To je ortomiksovirus koji sadrži glikoproteine hemaglutinin i neuraminidazu. Zbog toga su opisani kao H1N1, H1N2 itd., ovisno o vrsti H ili N antigena koje izražavaju metaboličkom sinergijom. Hemaglutinin uzrokuje skupljanje crvenih krvnih stanica i vezanje virusa za zaraženu stanicu. Neuraminidaza je vrsta enzima glikozida hidrolaze koji pomaže pri premještanju virusnih čestica kroz zaraženu stanicu i pomaže u izbacivanju stanica iz stanica domaćina.

Neki sojevi H1N1 endemični su kod ljudi i uzrokuju mali dio svih bolesti sličnih gripi i mali dio cijele sezonske gripe. Sojevi H1N1 uzrokovali su mali postotak svih infekcija ljudskom gripom u 2004. do 2005. Ostali sojevi H1N1 endemični su kod svinja (svinjska gripa) i ptica (ptičja gripa).

Pandemije uzrokovane virusom

Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.

Zaraze su počele početkom 2009. godine do lipnja 2009. godine. 11. lipnja 2009. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) proglasila je novi soj svinjskog porijekla H1N1 kao pandemiju. Ovaj se novi virus proširio po cijelom svijetu i uzrokovao 18.500 laboratorijski potvrđenih smrti, a procijenjeno je ukupno 151.700 do 575.400 smrtnih slučajeva u oko 20 mjeseci.

Dana, 10. kolovoza 2010. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija proglasila je kraj pandemije gripe H1N1, rekavši da se svjetska aktivnost gripe vratila uobičajenim sezonskim obrascima.

Španjolska gripa 1918. – '19.

Španjolska gripa bila je neobično težak i smrtonosan soj ptičje gripe, virusne zarazne bolesti, koja je ubila oko 17 do 50 ili više milijuna ljudi širom svijeta tijekom u otprilike godinu dana 1918. i 1919. Bila je to jedna od najsmrtonosnijih pandemija u ljudskoj povijesti.

Gripa iz 1918. godine prouzročila je neobičan broj smrtnih slučajeva, vjerojatno zbog toga što je uzrokovala oluju citokina u tijelu. (Sličan učinak ima i ptičja gripa H5N1, koja također ima virus gripe A.) Plućne stanice zaražene virusom gripe dovode do prekomjerne stimulacije imunološkog sustava otpuštanjem citokina u plućno tkivo. To dovodi do opsežne migracije leukocita prema plućima, uzrokujući uništavanje plućnog tkiva i izlučivanje tekućine u organ te pacijentu otežava disanje.

Izraz "španjolska" gripa skovan je zato što je Španjolska u to vrijeme bila jedina europska zemlja u kojoj je tisak izvještavao o izbijanju napada gripe, a stradale su tisuće vojnika u vojskama koje su se borili u Prvom svjetskom ratu (1914-1918). Druge su zemlje potisnule vijest kako bi zaštitile moral.

U trudnoći
Trudnice koje su zaražene H1N1 izložene su većem riziku od razvoja komplikacija zbog hormonskih promjena, fizičkih promjena i promjena imunološkog sustava kako bi se prilagodile rastućem fetusu. Iz tog razloga, Centar za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti preporučuje da se trudnice cijepe radi sprečavanja virusa gripe. Cjepivo ne trebaju uzimati osobe koje su imale ozbiljnu alergijsku reakciju na cjepivo protiv gripe. Uz to, oni koji su umjereno do teško bolesni, s ili bez vrućice trebaju pričekati dok se ne oporave prije cijepljenja.

Cjepivo

U istraživanjima, cjepivo se činilo i učinkovitim i sigurnim, pružajući snažan zaštitni imuni odgovor i imajući sličan sigurnosni profil kao i uobičajeni sezonski cjepivo protiv gripe.  Međutim, oko 30% ljudi već je imalo neki imunitet na virus, pri čemu cjepivo najviše koristi mladima, jer su mnogi stariji ljudi već imuni na izloženost sličnim virusima u prošlosti. Cjepivo je također osiguralo i neku unakrsnu zaštitu protiv pandemijskog soja gripe 1918. godine.

Galerija

Vidite još i:
Gripa
Španjolska gripa
Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.
Cjepivo protiv gripe

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
European Commission – Public Health EU Kordinacija na pandemiju (H1N1) 2009.
Health-EU Portal Rad za pripremu globalno uzvraćanje gripne pandemije.

Orthomyxoviridae
Gripa

H1N1


Akurstjarna (fræðiheiti: Agrostemma githago) er einær jurt frá Evrasíu og hefur breiðst út með sáðvöru víða um heim. Á Íslandi er hún slæðingur. Öll jurtin er eitruð.

Tenglar

Eiturplöntur
Hjartagrasaætt

Akurstjarna


Colin Vearncombe (d. 26 Mayıs 1962 - ö. 26 Ocak 2016), Black sahne ismiyle, 1980'lerin pop yıldızları arasında sayılan İngiliz şarkıcı.

Kariyeri
Şarkıcı "Black" sahne adıyla bilinen Colin Vearncombe aslen İrlanda kökenli bir ailenin oğlu olarak 26 Mayıs 1962'de Liverpool, İngiltere'de doğmuştur. Sanatçı seslendirdiği "Wonderful Life", "Everything's Coming Up Roses" gibi parçalarıyla Türkiye radyolarında bir dönem boy göstermiştir.

Ölümü
26 Ocak 2016'da önceden geçirdiği trafik kazası sonucu oluşan travmaya bağlı komadan çıkamayan sanatçı İrlanda'nın Cork kentinde 53 yaşında ölmüştür. Cenazesi yakılmıştır.

Diskografi
 1987: Wonderful life
 1988: Comedy
 1991: Black
 1993: Are We Having Fun Yet?

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Single Black Spot
colinvearncombe.nl – fansite

İrlanda asıllı İngilizler
Cenazesi yakılarak icra olunan kişiler
İngiliz baritonlar
1962 doğumlular
Liverpool doğumlu müzisyenler
2016 yılında ölenler
İrlanda'da trafik kazasında ölenler
İngiliz erkek pop şarkıcıları
20. yüzyılda İngiliz şarkıcılar
21. yüzyıl İngiliz şarkıcıları
İngiliz New Wave müzisyenleri
İngiliz şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları
20. yüzyıl erkek şarkıcıları
21. yüzyıl erkek şarkıcıları

Black (şarkıcı)


Apartament interbelic, zonă superbă, ultracentrală este un film românesc din 2016 regizat de Sebastian Mihăilescu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Iulian Postelnicu, Maria Popistașu. A intrat în concurs în competiția internațională a Festivalului de Film NexT. Scenariul fimului este o adaptare după a povestirii lui Raymond Carver  "Care-i problema?" (engleză: "Are These Actual Miles?").

Prezentare

Distribuție

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2016 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2016
Filme dramatice românești


Andrés Guillermo Delich (París, 20 de junio de 1962) es un político y sociólogo argentino, que ocupó el cargo de ministro de Educación de la Nación Argentina, durante la presidencia de Fernando De la Rúa, en reemplazo de Hugo Juri, del 20 de marzo al 21 de diciembre de 2001. Fue el ministro más joven designado por De la Rúa en su presidencia, con 39 años.

Biografía

Formación
Nació el 20 de junio de 1962 en París, Francia; hijo de Francisco Delich, quien dirigió la Biblioteca Nacional cuando él fue ministro. Está casado y tiene dos hijos, Juan y Clara.

Antes del retorno de la democracia en 1983, Delich comenzó sus estudios en economía en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. En ese momento comenzó su militancia estudiantil y ocupó el cargo de Secretario General de Franja Morada. Con el retorno de la democracia, y la reapertura de varias carreras universitarias, decidió cambiarse a la Licenciatura en Sociología. Durante 1983 y 1985 fue presidente de la Federación Universitaria de Buenos Aires (FUBA). Entre 1985 y 1989 Delich presidio la Juventud Radical de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y fue secretario general de la Juventud Radical nacional, hasta 1991.

En 1997 fue elegido Diputado Nacional por la UCR. En 1999 renuncia a la banca para asumir el cargo Secretario de Educación Básica en el ministerio de Educación, secundando al ministro Hugo Juri.

Ministro de educación (marzo-diciembre de 2001)
Tras la renuncia de Juri como ministro de Educación, debido a su desacuerdo con el recorte presupuestario a las universidades dispuesto por Ricardo López Murphy, Andrés Delich es designado como su sucesor.

Siendo ministro de Educación pidió que "la Justicia vaya a fondo" para investigar a los dirigentes de Franja Morada que usaron en beneficio propio planes de trabajo para desocupados dados por Fernando de la Rúa, respecto a la investigación sobre los consejeros universitarios de Franja Morada que fueron beneficiados con planes de empleo y admitió que los programas sociales "han sido utilizados muchas veces en forma clientelística".

Con su llegada a la titularidad del ministerio, debió enfrentar la crisis que se provocó con el recorte, que derivó en un paro docente total y universidades tomadas. Postuló la posible instauración de restricciones para el ingreso en carreras muy demandadas COMO Medicina y un posible arancelamiento.

Se mantuvo en el cargo hasta el 21 de diciembre de 2001, cuando con el estallido de la crisis económica del 2001 llevó a la renuncia de De la Rúa y a la caída de todo su gabinete. Su sucesor fue el misionero Ricardo Biazzi designado por el presidente provisional Ramón Puerta.

Actividad posterior
Al finalizar su gestión en el ministerio funda junto a Gustavo Iaies el Centro de estudios de las políticas públicas ( CEEP). En marzo del 2016 es designado director de la oficina de la OEI en Buenos Aires. Actualmente se desempeña como director nacional de la Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos para la educación, la ciencia y la cultura (OEI) y como Secretario General adjunto de la misma. En enero de 2019 se hace cargo de la secretaría general adjunto de la OEI con sede en Madrid, donde tiene mandato hasta diciembre de 2022

Referencias

Alumnado de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires
Sociólogos de Argentina
Argentinos nacidos en el exterior
Ministros de Educación de Argentina
Nacidos en París
Gabinete de Fernando de la Rúa

Andrés Delich


Olaylar
 Hirodes, Mesih'in doğuşunu haber veren ve bir bakıma saltanatının sonunu hazırlayan Ferisilere karşı savaştı.
 Tiberius, tribünik güç ile (tribunicia potestas) ödüllendirildi ve doğuda, evvelce Agrippa'nın sahip olduğu tüm pozisyonları üstlendi.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

MÖ 6


Eugen Nusser (* 24. Juli 1902; † 29. Januar 1976) war ein deutscher Ingenieur.

Leben
Nusser legte 1938 an der Technischen Hochschule Stuttgart seine Promotionsschrift im Fach Ingenieurwissenschaften vor. Später war er Direktor der Berufspädagogischen Hochschule Stuttgart.

Ehrungen
 1968: Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Literatur
 Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender 1970 – de Gruyter, 1971

Einzelnachweise

Ingenieurwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Stuttgart)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes 1. Klasse
Deutscher
Geboren 1902
Gestorben 1976
Mann

Eugen Nusser


El Weinviertel (traducción literal, cuadrante vinícola) o Viertel unter dem Manhartsberg (cuadrante bajo el Manhartsberg) es el cuadrante nororiental de los cuatro cuadrantes o áreas en las que se divide comúnmente el estado autriaco de Baja Austria.

Geografía

Los límites del Weinviertel son: al este Eslovaquia con el río Morava; al sur las regiones de Mostviertel y Industrieviertel, estando el límite definido por el Wagram, el Danubio y la llanura del río Morava; el oeste se encuentra el Waldviertel siendo la frontera tradicional el Manhartsberg; y al norte, la región checa de Moravia. El río Dyje o Thaya cruza la frontera de un lado al otro.

Algunos ríos importantes de la región son el Göllersbach, el Hamelbach, el Pulkau, el Rußbach, el Schmida, el Waidenbach, y el Zaya.

Distritos
Los siguientes distritos de Baja Austria se consideran parte del Weinviertel:
 Distrito de Gänserndorf
 Distrito de Hollabrunn
 Distrito de Korneuburg
 Distrito de Mistelbach
 La jurisdicción de Kirchberg am Wagram, que forma parte del distrito de Tulln
 Algunas pequeñas zonas de los distritos de Horn, Krems-Land y Wien-Umgebung.

Economía

Viticultura
El nombre de Weinviertel quiere decir, literalmente, cuadrante vinícola. Es la mayor zona vitivinícola de Austria. Las variedades de uva más importantes son:
 Grüner Veltliner
 Pinot Blanc
 Welschriesling
 Zweigelt
 Blauer Portugieser

Industria
Aparte de la agricultura y la viticultura, existen otras industrias que contribuyen a la economía de la región. Destacan entre éstas los campos petrolíferos en la zona oriental, explotados por la empresa petrolífera OMV, localizados en las "localidades petrolíferas" de Neusiedl an der Zaya, Zistersdorf, Matzen, Auersthal y Prottes.

Comunicaciones
Las conexiones por ferrocarril más importantes son la línea Franz Josef, la línea del norte y la línea oriental.

Galería de imágenes

Enlaces externos
 http://www.weinviertel.at (en alemán)

Fuentes

Localidades de Baja Austria

Weinviertel


Ivar Stukolkin (* 13. August 1960 in Tallinn) ist ein ehemaliger sowjetischer Schwimmer estnischer Herkunft.

Während seines Studiums in Leningrad startete Stukolkin für Spartak Leningrad, davor und danach für Kalev Tallinn. Am 8. März 1980 stellte er mit der sowjetischen 4-mal-200-Meter-Freistilstaffel, die außer ihm noch aus Sergei Kopljakow, Alexei Filonow und Andrei Krylow bestand, einen neuen Europarekord auf. Bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1980 in Moskau gewann er mit der 4-mal-200-Meter-Freistilstaffel die Goldmedaille und stellte dabei erneut einen Europarekord auf. Über 400 m Freistil errang Stukolkin Bronze, über 200 m Freistil schied er als Zweiter seines Vorlaufs aus. Bei den Schwimmweltmeisterschaften 1982 gehörte er der sowjetischen 4-mal-200-Meter-Freistilstaffel an, die Silber holte. Bei den Schwimmeuropameisterschaften 1983 belegte er mit der 4-mal-200-Meter-Freistilstaffel den fünften Rang.

Weblinks

 Sportliche Erfolge und Foto (estnisch)

Olympiasieger (Schwimmen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Sowjetunion)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1980
Schwimmer (Sowjetunion)
Schwimmer (Estland)
Sowjetbürger
Este
Geboren 1960
Mann

Ivar Stukolkin


The Shrine Auditorium is a landmark large-event venue in Los Angeles, California. It is also the headquarters of the Al Malaikah Temple, a division of the Shriners. It was designated a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (No. 139) in 1975, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

History
Opened in 1926, the current Shrine Auditorium replaced an earlier 1906 Al Malaikah Temple which had been destroyed by a fire on January 11, 1920. The fire gutted the structure in just 30 minutes, and nearly killed six firefighters in the process.

In the late 1960s, the Shrine was referred to as "The Pinnacle" by the audiences of rock concerts.

In 2002, the auditorium underwent a $15 million renovation that upgraded the stage with state-of-the-art lighting and rigging systems, and included new roofing and air conditioning for both the Auditorium and Expo Center, modernized concession stands, additional restrooms, repainting of the Expo Center, and a new performance plaza and parking garage. The entire complex follows a Moroccan architectural motif.

Building
The new auditorium was designed in the Moorish Revival style by San Francisco-based theater architect G. Albert Lansburgh, with local architects John C. Austin and A. M. Edelman associated. When built, the auditorium could hold 1,200 people on stage and seat an audience of 6,442. An engineer who consulted on the project said that the steel truss supporting the balcony was the largest ever constructed.

The Shrine Auditorium seats approximately 6,300 people (reduced during the 2002 renovation from the original 6,700 capacity) and has a stage  wide and  deep.

The Auditorium features two boxes above the orchestra level holding 40 people each and seven loges on the balcony holding between 36 and 47 seats each (total capacity of the loges: 274). Of the remaining seats, 2,964 are on the orchestra level and 2,982 on the balcony level.

Adjacent to the Auditorium is the Shrine Exposition Hall. This is a multi-purpose event facility. It features  of exhibit and meeting space—34,000 in the main level and 20,000 in an open mezzanine. The Exposition Hall has a capacity of 5,000 patrons. Trade shows, banquets, conventions and electronic music festivals, among other events, have been held there.

Notable events

The Shrine Auditorium has hosted a number of events, mainly for entertainment:

See also
List of convention centers in the United States
List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in South Los Angeles
List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles
Bridges Auditorium
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion

References

External links

Shrine LA! Shrine Auditorium and Expo Hall Official Site

Image of Stevie Wonder and Patti LaBelle performing at the Shrine Auditorium, 1978. Los Angeles TimesPhotographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.

Concert halls in California
Convention centers in California
Basketball venues in Los Angeles
Theatres in Los Angeles
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments
Masonic buildings in California
Masonic buildings completed in 1925
Event venues established in 1925
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles
Shriners
University Park, Los Angeles
USC Trojans basketball venues
Moorish Revival architecture in California
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in California

Shrine Auditorium and Expo Hall


Heimsmet er besta frammistaða í heimi í ákveðinni færni á gefnum tíma, yfirleitt íþróttum eða annarri athafnasemi. Bókin Heimsmetabók Guinness og aðrar stofnanir safna saman og birta markverð met.

Tenglar
 Heimsmetabók Guinness

Íþróttir

Heimsmet


Supercupa României la handbal feminin 2017-2018 a fost a 8-a ediție a competiției de handbal feminin românesc care este organizată de Federația Română de Handbal (FRH) cu începere din 2007. Ediția 2017-2018 s-a desfășurat pe 25 august 2018, de la ora 20:30, în Sala Polivalentă din București.

Trofeul a fost câștigat de echipa SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea, care a învins deținătoarea cupei din 2017, CSM București, cu scorul general de 31 − 33, după 60 de minute de joc regulamentar și încă patru reprize de prelungiri a câte 5 minute fiecare.

Echipe participante
Deoarece CSM București a câștigat atât Liga Națională 2017-2018, cât și Cupa României 2017-2018, la ediția 2017-2018 a Supercupei României s-au înfruntat CSM București, din postura de deținătoare a titlului național, și SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea, echipă care a terminat pe locul al doilea competiția Cupa României.

Dată
Supercupa României 2017-2018 s-a desfășurat pe data de 25 august 2018, de la ora 20:30, în Sala Polivalentă din București. Regulamentul de desfășurare a competiției a fost publicat pe 1 iulie 2018. Spre deosebire de ediția trecută, întrecerea masculină a avut loc în aceeași zi cu cea feminină, de la ora 18:00, în aceeași sală.

Pe 21 august 2018 s-a făcut publică procedura de acreditare pentru mass-media.

Bilete
Biletele au fost puse în vânzare pe data de 21 august 2018, prin intermediul magazinelor și site-urilor de profil. În ziua meciurilor, ele au fost disponibile și la casele de bilete ale Sălii Polivalente. Prețul unui bilet a variat între 15 și 20 de lei, în funcție de sectorul din sală.

Pe 21 august 2018 s-a anunțat și faptul că antrenorii, cluburile de handbal și echipele de juniori pot solicita de la FRH invitații gratuite pentru a asista la partide.

Televizări
Partida a fost transmisă în direct de posturile de televiziune TVR 1 și TVR HD.

Partidă
Partida a fost una foarte disputată și s-a încheiat cu scorul general de 31 − 33. SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea a condus majoritatea timpului regulamentar de joc, la pauză înregistrându-se 12−10 pentru echipa vâlceană. Timpul regulamentar s-a încheiat cu scorul de 21−21 și s-a recurs la două reprize de prelungiri de câte 5 minute fiecare. Prima a fost câștigată de CSM București, cu 3−2, iar a doua de SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea, tot cu 3−2, înregistrându-se o nouă egalitate la scorul general, 26−26. Din acest motiv s-au mai desfășurat alte două reprize de prelungiri de câte 5 minute fiecare, prima încheindu-se la egalitate, 3−3, iar a treia fiind câștigată de SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea, cu 4−2, scor general 31 − 33.

Marcatoare
Actualizat pe 25 august 2018

Referințe

Handbal în București
Edițiile Supercupei României la handbal feminin
2018 în handbal


Control rods are used in nuclear reactors to control the rate of fission of the nuclear fuel – uranium or plutonium.  Their compositions include chemical elements such as boron, cadmium, silver, hafnium, or indium, that are capable of absorbing many neutrons without themselves decaying. These elements have different neutron capture cross sections for neutrons of various energies. Boiling water reactors (BWR), pressurized water reactors (PWR), and heavy-water reactors (HWR) operate with thermal neutrons, while breeder reactors operate with fast neutrons. Each reactor design can use different control rod materials based on the energy spectrum of its neutrons.  Control rods have been used in nuclear aircraft engines like Project Pluto as a method of control.

Operating principle

Control rods are inserted into the core of a nuclear reactor and adjusted in order to control the rate of the nuclear chain reaction and, thereby, the thermal power output of the reactor, the rate of steam production, and the electrical power output of the power station.

The number of control rods inserted, and the distance to which they are inserted, strongly influence the reactivity of the reactor. When reactivity (as effective neutron multiplication factor) is above 1, the rate of the nuclear chain reaction increases exponentially over time. When reactivity is below 1, the rate of the reaction decreases exponentially over time. When all control rods are fully inserted, they keep reactivity barely above 0, which quickly slows a running reactor to a stop and keeps it stopped (in shutdown). If all control rods are fully removed, reactivity is significantly above 1, and the reactor quickly runs hotter and hotter, until some other factor (such as temperature reactivity feedback) slows the reaction rate. Maintaining a constant power output requires keeping the long-term average neutron multiplication factor close to 1.

A new reactor is assembled with its control rods fully inserted. Control rods are partially removed from the core to allow the nuclear chain reaction to start up and increase to the desired power level. Neutron flux can be measured, and is roughly proportional to reaction rate and power level. To increase power output, some control rods are pulled out a small distance for a while. To decrease power output, some control rods are pushed in a small distance for a while. Several other factors affect the reactivity; to compensate for them, an automatic control system adjusts the control rods small amounts in or out, as-needed in some reactors. Each control rod influences some part of the reactor more than others; calculated adjustments to fuel distribution can be made to maintain similar reaction rates and temperatures in different parts of the core.

Typical shutdown time for modern reactors such as the European Pressurized Reactor or Advanced CANDU reactor is two seconds for 90% reduction, limited by decay heat.

Control rods are usually used in control rod assemblies (typically 20 rods for a commercial PWR assembly) and inserted into guide tubes within the fuel elements. Control rods often stand vertically within the core. In PWRs they are inserted from above, with the control rod drive mechanisms mounted on the reactor pressure vessel head. In BWRs, due to the necessity of a steam dryer above the core, this design requires insertion of the control rods from beneath.

Materials

Chemical elements with usefully high neutron capture cross-sections include silver, indium, and cadmium. Other candidate elements include boron, cobalt, hafnium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Alloys or compounds may also be used, such as high-boron steel, silver-indium-cadmium alloy, boron carbide, zirconium diboride, titanium diboride, hafnium diboride, gadolinium nitrate, gadolinium titanate, dysprosium titanate, and boron carbide–europium hexaboride composite.

The material choice is influenced by the neutron energy in the reactor, their resistance to neutron-induced swelling, and the required mechanical and lifespan properties. The rods may have the form of tubes filled with neutron-absorbing pellets or powder. The tubes can be made of stainless steel or other "neutron window" materials such as zirconium, chromium, silicon carbide, or cubic  (cubic boron nitride).

The burnup of "burnable poison" isotopes also limits lifespan of a control rod. They may be reduced by using an element such as hafnium, a "non-burnable poison" which captures multiple neutrons before losing effectiveness, or by not using neutron absorbers for trimming. For example, in pebble bed reactors or in possible new type lithium-7-moderated and -cooled reactors that use fuel and absorber pebbles.

Some rare-earth elements are excellent neutron absorbers and are more common than silver (reserves of about 500,000t). For example, ytterbium (reserves about one M tons) and yttrium, 400 times more common, with middle capturing values, can be found and used together without separation inside minerals like xenotime (Yb) (Yb0.40Y0.27Lu0.12Er0.12Dy0.05Tm0.04Ho0.01)PO4, or keiviite (Yb) (Yb1.43Lu0.23Er0.17Tm0.08Y0.05Dy0.03Ho0.02)2Si2O7, lowering the cost. Xenon is also a strong neutron absorber as a gas, and can be used for controlling and (emergency) stopping helium-cooled reactors, but does not function in cases of pressure loss, or as a burning protection gas together with argon around the vessel part especially in case of core catching reactors or if filled with sodium or lithium. Fission-produced xenon can be used after waiting for caesium to precipitate, when practically no radioactivity is left. Cobalt-59 is also used as an absorber for winning of cobalt-60 for X-ray production. Control rods can also be constructed as thick turnable rods with a tungsten reflector and absorber side turned to stop by a spring in less than one second.

Silver-indium-cadmium alloys, generally 80% Ag, 15% In, and 5% Cd, are a common control rod material for pressurized water reactors. The somewhat different energy absorption regions of the materials make the alloy an excellent neutron absorber. It has good mechanical strength and can be easily fabricated. It must be encased in stainless steel to prevent corrosion in hot water. Although indium is less rare than silver, it is more expensive.

Boron is another common neutron absorber. Due to the different cross sections of 10B and 11B, materials containing boron enriched in 10B by isotopic separation are frequently used. The wide absorption spectrum of boron also makes it suitable as a neutron shield. The mechanical properties of boron in its elementary form are unsuitable, and therefore alloys or compounds have to be used instead. Common choices are high-boron steel and boron carbide. The latter is used as a control rod material in both PWRs and BWRs. 10B/11B separation is done commercially with gas centrifuges over BF3, but can also be done over BH3 from borane production or directly with an energy optimized melting centrifuge, using the heat of freshly separated boron for preheating.

Hafnium has excellent properties for reactors using water for both moderation and cooling. It has good mechanical strength, can be easily fabricated, and is resistant to corrosion in hot water. Hafnium can be alloyed with other elements, e.g. with tin and oxygen to increase tensile and creep strength, with iron, chromium, and niobium for corrosion resistance, and with molybdenum for wear resistance, hardness, and machineability. Such alloys are designated as Hafaloy, Hafaloy-M, Hafaloy-N, and Hafaloy-NM. The high cost and low availability of hafnium limit its use in civilian reactors, although it is used in some US Navy reactors. Hafnium carbide can also be used as an insoluble material with a high melting point of 3890 °C and density higher than that of uranium dioxide for sinking, unmelted, through corium.

Dysprosium titanate was undergoing evaluation for pressurized water control rods. Dysprosium titanate is a promising replacement for Ag-In-Cd alloys because it has a much higher melting point, does not tend to react with cladding materials, is easy to produce, does not produce radioactive waste, does not swell and does not outgas. It was developed in Russia and is recommended by some for VVER and RBMK reactors. A disadvantage is less titanium and oxide absorption, that other neutron absorbing elements do not react with the already high-melting point cladding materials and that just using the unseparated content with dysprosium inside of minerals like Keiviit Yb inside chromium, SiC or c11B15N tubes deliver superior price and absorption without swelling and outgassing.

Hafnium diboride is another such material. It can be used alone or in a sintered mixture of hafnium and boron carbide powders.

Many other compounds of rare-earth elements can be used, such as samarium with boron-like europium and samarium boride, which is already used in the colour industry. Less absorptive compounds of boron similar to titanium, but inexpensive, such as molybdenum as Mo2B5. Since they all swell with boron, in practice other compounds are better, such as carbides, etc., or compounds with two or more neutron-absorbing elements together. It is important that tungsten, and probably also other elements like tantalum, have much the same high capture qualities as hafnium, but with the opposite effect. This is not explainable by neutron reflection alone. An obvious explanation is resonance gamma rays increasing the fission and breeding ratio versus causing more capture of uranium, etc. over metastable conditions like for isotope 235mU, which has a half-life of about 26 min.

Additional means of reactivity regulation
Other means of controlling reactivity include (for PWR) a soluble neutron absorber (boric acid) added to the reactor coolant, allowing the complete extraction of the control rods during stationary power operation, ensuring an even power and flux distribution over the entire core. This chemical shim, along with the use of burnable neutron poisons within the fuel pellets, is used to assist regulation of the core's long term reactivity, while the control rods are used for rapid reactor power changes (e.g. shutdown and start up). Operators of BWRs use the coolant flow through the core to control reactivity by varying the speed of the reactor recirculation pumps (an increase in coolant flow through the core improves the removal of steam bubbles, thus increasing the density of the coolant/moderator, increasing power).

Safety
In most reactor designs, as a safety measure, control rods are attached to the lifting machinery by electromagnets, rather than direct mechanical linkage. This means that in the event of power failure, or if manually invoked due to failure of the lifting machinery, the control rods fall automatically, under gravity, all the way into the pile to stop the reaction. A notable exception to this fail-safe mode of operation is the BWR, which requires hydraulic insertion in the event of an emergency shut-down, using water from a special tank under high pressure. Quickly shutting down a reactor in this way is called scramming.

Criticality accident prevention
Mismanagement or control rod failure have often been blamed for nuclear accidents, including the SL-1 explosion and the Chernobyl disaster.
Homogeneous neutron absorbers have often been used to manage criticality accidents which involve aqueous solutions of fissile metals. In several such accidents, either borax (sodium borate) or a cadmium compound has been added to the system. The cadmium can be added as a metal to nitric acid solutions of fissile material; the corrosion of the cadmium in the acid will then generate cadmium nitrate in situ.

In carbon dioxide-cooled reactors such as the AGR, if the solid control rods fail to arrest the nuclear reaction, nitrogen gas can be injected into the primary coolant cycle. This is because nitrogen has a larger absorption cross-section for neutrons than carbon or oxygen; hence, the core then becomes less reactive.

As the neutron energy increases, the neutron cross section of most isotopes decreases. The boron isotope 10B is responsible for the majority of the neutron absorption. Boron-containing materials can also be used as neutron shielding, to reduce the activation of material close to a reactor core.

See also
Nuclear power
Nuclear reactor
Nuclear safety
Wigner effect

Notes

References

External links

Further reading

Alloys
Nuclear power plant components
Nuclear reactor safety
Pressurized water reactors

Control rod


Vestre Ringvej er en to sporet ringvej der går igennem det vestlige Silkeborg. Vejen er en del af sekundærrute 195 der går fra Herning  til Aarhus og er med til at lede den tunge trafik som kører igennem det vestlige del af byen uden om Silkeborg Centrum, så byen ikke bliver belastet af for meget gennemkørende trafik i midtbyen. Da Silkeborgmotorvejen åbnede igennem byen i 2016, blev Vestre Ringvej  nedkvalificeret fra primærrute 15 til sekundærrute 195.

Vejen forbinder Herningvej i vest med Nordre Ringvej i øst, og har forbindelse til Herningvej, Lysbrohøjen , Hvinningdalvej , Udgårdsvej og Søndre Ringvej.

Kilder

Gader i Silkeborg
Ringveje i Danmark

Vestre Ringvej (Silkeborg)


Walsden Cricket Club (; ) are an English cricket team currently playing in the Lancashire League; however, despite being in a Lancashire league, the  village is actually situated in the county of West Yorkshire.

Walsden field 1XI 2XI and 3XI senior teams as well as U18, U15 and U13 junior teams.

The 2XI won their respective league beating Unsworth CC by 5 wickets on 28 August 2006 despite 3 matches to be played. In the same year Walsden won the aggregate trophy from the C.L.L. for the first time in the club's history.

Walsden's 2nd Xi once again skippered by Paul Marrow went on to win the respective league title again in 2007 also reaching the Burton Cup Final. The 2007 season saw a unique double for the club and the Marrow family as younger brother of Paul, Chris Marrow, skippered Walsden's 3rd Xi to their respective title as well. The first pair of brothers to lift league honours in the same season for the club.

Walsden is a small village north of Littleborough, in the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, making Walsden CC is the most northerly club in the Central Lancashire League.

The ground is named the Ryan Carruthers Oval and has been since 2017, the ground is also reputable for having a gentle gradient toward the bowling greens on the south side and a short eastward boundary which is bordered by a stream and the main road through the town.

From the start of the 2018 season Walsden moved to the Lancashire League.

Honours
Lancashire League
1st XI League Winners – 1 – 2018.
Ron Singleton Colne Trophy Winners – 1 – 2019.
2nd XI League Winners – 1 – 2018.
2nd XI (Lancashire Telegraph) Cup Winners – 1 – 2018.
3rd XI League Winners – 1 – 2018.

References

Central Lancashire League cricket clubs
Lancashire League cricket clubs
Sport in Calderdale
Todmorden
Cricket in West Yorkshire

Walsden Cricket Club


Kiğı, Bingöl ilinin bir ilçesidir. Yüzölçümü 438 km²'dir. Bu alan il yüzölçümünün yüzde 5,39'udur. Deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği 1700 metredir. İl merkezinden uzaklığı 75 kilometredir. Bölge tamamen engebelidir ve büyük bir bölümü ormanlarla kaplıdır.

İlçe merkezi dışında belediye bulunmamaktadır. 4 mahalle muhtarlığı, 28 köyü ve 72 mezrası mevcuttur.

Tarihçe
1514 yılında Yavuz Sultan Selim tarafından Çaldıran zaferi sırasında Osmanlı topraklarına katılmış, değerli hizmetlerinden dolayı Bıyıklı Mehmet Paşa'ya mükafat olarak verilmiştir. 1663 yılından itibaren Diyarbakır'a bağlı bir sancak iken, 1864 yılından itibaren Erzurum Vilayetine bağlanmıştır. 1926'da ilçe statüsünde Erzincan'a, Bingöl'ün il olmasıyla da 1936 yılında Bingöl'e bağlandı.

Nüfus
1845 yılında yapılan askeri amaçlı sayımda Kiğı Kazasının toplam erkek nüfusunun 5.220 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 1892'deki kayıtlara göre, Kiğı Kazasının toplam nüfusunu 41.225 olarak belirtilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kiğı Kaymakamlığı

Kiğı


İlhan Başgöz (1921, Sivas - 13 Nisan 2021, Ankara), Türk folklor araştırmacısı, yazar.

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi'nin Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü'nde okudu. Aynı yerde asistanlık yaptı, doktora yaptı. Sonra oradaki görevinden uzaklaştırıldı ve Tokat Lisesi'nde öğretmenlik yaptı. Ocak 1953'te Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun özellikle solcuların o dönemde hapse düşmesine neden olan 141. maddesine aykırılıktan dolayı tutuklandı ve iki yıl hapiste yattı. 1960'ta ABD'ye gitti. Indiana Üniversitesi'nde öğretim üyesi oldu. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı öğretim üyeliği yaptı. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi'nde görev yaptı. Zaman zaman Cumhuriyet ve Radikal gazetelerinde yazıları yayımlanmıştır.

Kitapları
 Doğu Anadolu'da Folklor Derlemeleri (1947)
 İzahlı Türk Halk Edebiyatı Antolojisi (1956)
 Manilerimizden (1957)
 Köroğlu (1959)
 Karac'oğlan (1977)
 Geçmişten Günümüze Nasrettin Hoca
 Folklor Yazıları (1987)
 Yunus Emre (1990)
 Türkiyenin eğitim çıkmazı ve Atatürk (2005)
 Gemerek Nire Bloomington Nire Hayat Hikâyem (2017)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Prof. Dr. M. İlhan Başgöz'ün Özgeçmişi ve Yayınları  - Millî Folklor dergisi, Evrim Ölçer Özünel
https://ilhanbasgoz.org

1921 doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Resim aranan yazarlar
2021 yılında ölenler
Sivas doğumlu yazarlar
Ankara'da ölenler
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
100 yaş üstü Türkler
Derlemeciler

İlhan Başgöz


الموسيقى المغربية تتميّز بالتنّوع الكبير، فبالإضافة للموسيقى الكلاسكية والتي هي امتداد للموسيقى الشرقية مع إضافات مغربية إليها كالبندير والوترة. فكل منطقة في المغرب تتميز بطابعها الموسيقي المتميز.

ظاهرة المجموعات الغنائية والتي أيضا انفرد بها المغرب من دون الوطن العربي والتي تعبر عن نكران الذات ضمن مجموعة على حساب الشهرة الفردية ومن أهم رواد هذه المجموعات والتي ظهرت في بداية السبعينات وللظرفية دلالاتها نجد: مجموعة ناس الغيوان، جيل جيلالة، لمشاهب، تغادة، إزنزارن وفي فترة متأخرة بداية الثمانينات هناك مجموعة لرصاد، السهام، مسناوة وأخيرا بمجموعات وتجارب فردية في بداية الالفية الثالثة كطارق باطمة ومجموعة منار.

عرفت الأغنية المغربية، ابتداء من سنة 1952 نهضة كبيرة على يد رواد الموسيقى المغربية الشيء الذي يؤكده الأستاذ الباحث عزوز الحوري بحيث أخذ جيل الرواد على أنفسهم المساهمة في إعطاء للموسيقى المغربية مدرستها في اللحن مستعينين في ذلك بفن الملحون وطرب الآلة الأندلسية. وقد قدمت مجموعة من الفنانين المرموقين الأغنية المغربية في الشرق العربي كالموسيقار عبد الوهاب الدكالي وعبد السلام عامر عبد النبي الجيراري وأحمد الغرباوي.

أنواع الموسيقى في المغرب
الموسيقى المغربية جد متنوعة فهناك :
 الموسيقى الأمازيغية والتي تختلف باختلاف المناطق :
 الريف (الشمال)
 الأطلس (الوسط)
 سوس في (الجنوب).
 شرقا نجد :
 موسيقى الراي
 الركادة
 العرفة
 الطرب الغرناطي والطرب الأندلسي والذي يرتبط بأهل الأندلس الذين استقروا بالمغرب بعد سقوط غرناطة في كل من فاس، تطوان، الرباط، سلا، وجدة ومناطق أخرى من رواده أحمد بيرو، الحسين التولالي.
 العيطة :
 العيطة الحصباوية في منطقة دكالة عبدة والشاوية
 العيطة المرساوية والعيطة الحوزية التي ارتبطت برحلة قبائل بنو سليم وبنو هلال من المشرق إلى المغرب وهي تتميز بايقاعاتها الرائعة والصعبة في نفس الآن. تقوم على المدح والغزل والحماسة.
 جنوبا نجد : بالإضافة إلى الموسيقى السوسية الأمازيغية، هناك الموسيقى المراكشية والمتميزة بما يسمى الدقة المراكشية والتي أصبحت ذات شهرة كبيرة خارج حدود مراكش نظرا للشعبية التي تتميز بها وخاصة في الافراح والاعراس، إذ لا يخلو عرس مغربي من استعمال الدقة المراكشية في البداية.
 منطقة الشمال : تتميز ب
 الطقطوقة الجبلية في الشمال الغربي.
 موسيقى الريف في وسط الشمال والشرق.
عبيدات الرما في منطقة بني حسن الشراردة - القنيطرة
 ثم الفن الشعبي والذي اكتسى شهرة كبيرة في السنوات الأخيرة وهو مزيج بين العيطة ونغمات أمازيغية مع بعض التطوير حسب كل مغني للطرب الشعبي بإضافة لمساته الخاصة. يعد محمد رويشة من أشهر فنانين الموسيقى الشعبية الأمازيغية.
 الموسيقى الكلاسكية أو العصرية ومن أهم روادها :

"… قد تكون طرق التجارة امتدت إلى أجزاء من أوروبا الجنوبية ووصائدها
المورية. المبادلات شملت دوماً الموسيقى. لقرون، كان المغرب تربة خضبة لشتى الثقافات المختلفة ومن بينها البربر، العرب، والأموار. كما أن اليهود شكـّلوا <small> </s> %20 من تعداد السكان عام </s>  1940.… "

هكذا حكى ريشارد ن. عن تنوع الموسيقى في المغرب. فمن المعروف عن هذا البلد اشتهاره بصيتات وطقوس موسيقية مصنّفة حسب المناطق والجيلان وعراقة الأعراق، لكن ذلك لم يمنع من بروز أنواع مشتركة جديدة.

و من أشهر موسيقى المغرب:
 موسيقى الملحون.
 موسيقى الراي، من الموسيقى فلكلور الواسعة الانتشار شرق المغرب.
 موسيقى العيطة
 موسيقى غناوة أو موسيقى الغينيين، ذات أصل إفريقي.
 الموسيقى عرب الأندلس
 موسيقى عيساوة، المتأصلة من الموسيقى الصوفية.
 فن المطروز، موسيقى اليهود المغاربة.

الأغنية المغربية العصرية أو الموجة المغربية

مصطلح الأغنية العصرية يطلق على مجموعة من الأغاني منذ خمسينات القرن العشرين، ويؤكد الباحث المغربي الملحن ألأستاذ عزوز الحوري أن الظهور الحقيقي لهذه الّأغنية وانتشارها عربيا وإقليميا انطلق سنة 1960 مع ظهور جيل الرواد كعبد السلام عامر وأحمد البيضاوي عبد الوهاب الدكالي وعبد الرحيم السقاط ومن المطربات سميرة سعيد وعزيزة جلال وأسماء لمنور وغيرهن .

تقبل العالم العربي ولاسيما دول الخليج للأغنية المغربية دفع بالنجوم المغاربة لإطلاق أغاني بلهجتهم الأم بعد أن كانوا يغنون بالمصري أو اللبناني أو الخليجي بحثا عن الانتشار، كما الحال بالنسبة لمغنيات كـ سميرة سعيد وجنات.

في ظرف سنوات قليلة بدأت تتحول الموسيقى إلى صناعة حقيقية بفضل فنانين كـ سعد لمجرد، أحمد سلطان، عبد الحفيظ الدوزي، حاتم عمور، هدى سعد، أسماء لمنور، أحمد شوقي، محمد رضا ، أم الغيث بنت الصحراوي زهير بهاوي ، نعمان بلعياشي ، أيمن سرحاني ، شاب يونس، أمينوكس.

مراجع وملاحظات

وصلات خارجية
 <small>Menara JukeBox· راديو موسيقى المغرب والعالم.
 موقع للاستماع إلى الموسيقى المغربية

انظر أيضاً
 L'Boulvard

موسيقى أمازيغية
موسيقى عربية
موسيقى فلكلورية حسب الجنسية
موسيقى مغربية

موسيقى مغربية


Dryad (Yunanca: Δρυάδες), Yunan mitolojisinde ormanlarda yaşayan ağaç perilerine verilen isim olup Yunanca "meşe ağacı" kelimesiyle ilişkilidir. Ormandaki her ağacın bir dryad'ı olduğuna inanılır, ağaçları korumak gibi görevleri vardır. Dryadlar, diğer ağaç perileri olan hamadryad'lardan farklıdırlar. Dryadlar, insanlarla ilişki kurup, çoluk çocuk sahibi olabilirler. Hamdryadlar'ın ömrü ise yaşadıkları ağaçların ömrü kadardır ve ağaçlarından ayrılamazlar. Kısacası ağaçla doğup ağaçla ölürler ama aralarında ölümsüz olanlar da vardır, Orpheus'un eşi Eurydike bir dryad'dır.

Eski Yunan'da halk arasında dryadlara olan inanış çok yaygındı hatta ağaç kesmek için din yetkililerine başvurup, dryadların bırakıp gittikleri ağaçları seçerlerdi. Dryadlar, Hamadryadlarla kardeşlerdir, tek farkları hamadrayadlar gibi ölümlülere ceza vermemeleridir.

Yunan mitolojisi yaratıkları

Dryadlar


2. ŽMNL Požeško-slavonska je u sezoni 2016./2017. osvoji MNK Jakšić te je tako izborio izravan plasman u 1. ŽMNL Požeško-slavonska. Autodijelovi Tokić Požega su se kao drugoplasirani također plasirali u 1. ŽMNL Požeško-slavonska zbog proširenja iste na 10 klubova.

Ljestvica

Poveznice
 1. ŽMNL Požeško-slavonska
 Hrvatski malonogometni kup
 Hrvatski malonogometni superkup
 UEFA Futsal Cup

Izvori
http://www.sport-pozega.hr/novosti/mali-nogomet/item/2037-mnk-jaksic-prvak-2-zupanijske-malonogometne-lige-sezona-2016-2017.html

Malonogometna natjecanja u Požeško - slavonskoj županiji

2. ŽMNL Požeško-slavonska 2016./17.


ලාබ. අලාභ. යස. අයස. නින්දා. ප්‍රසංසා. සැප. දුක්

             Criated by.. Shenuka sandakalum

අෂ්ට විද්‍යාවන්


AFI eller Afi kan henvise til:

 AFI (band) - et amerikansk punkband
 Forkortelse for American Film Institute
 Forkortelse for Associazione dei Fonografici Italiani, en interesseorganisation for musikindustrien i Italien.
 Forkortelse for Arbeidsforskningsinstituttet, et institut i Norge
 Afi er ægtemand til Amma, der begge optræder i fortællingen om Rigs vandring

AFI


An Paspalum rugulosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Osvaldo Morrone ngan Fernando Omar Zuloaga. An Paspalum rugulosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum rugulosum


Cybaeus viator est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Cybaeidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de Californie aux États-Unis. Elle se rencontre dans les comtés de Colusa, de Lake et de Mendocino.

Description
La carapace du mâle holotype mesure  de long sur .

Publication originale
 Bennett, Copley & Copley, 2022 : « The Californian clade of Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae) in the Nearctic: the septatus species group and three unplaced species. » Zootaxa, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Cybaeidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Californie

Cybaeus viator


Passy () is a station on Line 6 of the Paris Métro. Located in the 16th arrondissement, it is elevated at its eastern end, while its western end is in the mouth of a tunnel. Passy metro station lies above Rue de l'Alboni where the street becomes pedestrianised as a result of a steep grade.

Location

It is connected to the Bir-Hakeim métro station and to the 15th arrondissement by the Pont de Bir-Hakeim, which was opened in 1906 and is now classified as a historic monument. In the other direction, the tunnel leads to Trocadéro station. It is close to the Maison de Radio France, the headquarters of Radio France.

History
The station opened as part of the former Line 2 South on 6 November 1903, when it was extended from Trocadéro to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907, Line 2 South was incorporated into Line 5. It was incorporated into Line 6 on 12 October 1942. It was named after the old village of Passy, and the Rue de Passy near the station. The villages of Passy, Chaillot and Auteuil were incorporated into Paris under Napoleon III in 1860 to form, with the Bois de Boulogne, the current 16th arrondissement of Paris. The station is near the location of the Barrière de Passy, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished before 1859.

Passenger services

Access
The station has two accesses from Rue Marietta-Alboni, on either side of the station, each divided into two adjoining entrances:
 access 1 - Place du Costa Rica, Maison de Balzac - Musée Georges Clemenceau, equipped with an ascending escalator complemented by fixed stairs to the road, located on the north-east side of the station to the right of Square Alboni;
 access 2 - Avenue du Président Kennedy, Maison de la Radio - Musée du Vin located on the south-west side, near the Consulate General of Algeria.

A corridor passing under the station connects these two accesses to each other.

Station layout

Platforms
Passy is a station of standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks. It has the particularity of being underground at its western end and elevated at the other end, because of the slope of the terrain. The ceiling of the first consists of a metal deck whose beams, silver in colour, are supported by vertical walls, while the rest of the platforms is sheltered by awnings supported by grey pillars. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls (the elevated part is also covered with bricks drawing geometric patterns on the outside) and the north-west tunnel exit, the opposite tunnel exit being glazed. The advertising frames are made of white ceramic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plaques, projecting on the elevated side. The seats are yellow Motte style and lighting is provided by independent tubes. Access is mid-platform.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 32 and 72 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby
It is connected to Bir-Hakeim station and the 15th arrondissement by the Pont de Bir-Hakeim (formerly Passy bridge-viaduct) completed in 1906 (classified as a historical monument).

It is about 750 m north of the Maison de la Radio et de la Musique.

Among the nearby buildings are the Majestic Passy cinema, the Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague high school, the Maison de Balzac and the Musée Clemenceau.

Gallery

References

Paris Métro stations in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1903
Articles containing video clips

Passy station


Der Schöne Pippau (Crepis pulchra) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Pippau (Crepis) in Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae).

Beschreibung
Der Schöne Pippau ist eine einjährige krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 5 bis 100 cm. Der aufrechte, kantige Stängel ist im unteren Teil drüsig behaart und im oberen Teil kahl. Die grundständigen Laubblätter besitzen eine Blattspreite, die bei einer Länge von 3 bis 16 cm sowie einer Breite von 1 bis 3 cm lanzettlich mit verschmälerter Spreitenbasis und sie sind buchtig oder gezähnt bis fiederspaltig, selten ganzrandig. Die unteren Stängelblätter sind lanzettlich und weniger geteilt als die grundständigen Blätter. Die oberen Stängelblätter sind linealisch und sitzen mit gestutztem oder pfeilförmigem Grund am Stängel.

In einem doldenrispigen Gesamtblütenstand stehen die körbchenförmigen Teilblütenstände zusammen. Die Blütenkörbe sind mit einem Durchmesser von 15 bis 17 mm ziemlich klein. Die Korbhülle ist 5 bis 8 mm lang und 3 bis 6 mm breit. Die Achänen sind zehn- bis zwölfrippig; sie sind alle gleichförmig oder die inneren sind von den äußeren verschieden. Dann haben die äußeren Achänen im Gegensatz zu den inneren keinen Pappus.

Die Blütezeit liegt zwischen Juni und Juli. Die Blütenkörbe sind nur vormittags geöffnet; in Innsbruck zum Beispiel öffnen sie sich zwischen 6 und 7 Uhr und schließen sich zwischen 9 und 10 Uhr.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 8.

Ökologie
Pflanzengallen werden durch Heterodera radicicola hervorgerufen.

Vorkommen
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Schönen Pippau umfasst Europa, Nordafrika, Vorderasien, Zentralasien und Pakistan. In Europa kommt der Schöne Pippau von Südeuropa bis Mitteleuropa und Osteuropa vor, weiter nördlich kommt er nur unbeständig verschleppt vor.

Der Schöne Pippau gedeiht auf mäßig frischen, nährstoffreichen, meist kalkhaltigen Lehm- oder Löss-Böden, an Wegen, an Ackerrändern und in Weinbergen. Der Schöne Pippau ist eine Ordnungscharakterart der Onopordetalia, kommt aber auch im Conyzo-Lactucetum aus dem Verband Sisymbrion oder in Gesellschaften der Verbands Fumario-Euphorbion vor. Er steigt in Südtirol bis über 1000 Meter Meereshöhe auf.

Die ökologischen Zeigerwerte nach Landolt et al. 2010 sind in der Schweiz: Feuchtezahl F = 2 (mäßig trocken), Lichtzahl L = 3 (halbschattig), Reaktionszahl R = 4 (neutral bis basisch), Temperaturzahl T = 4+ (warm-kollin), Nährstoffzahl N = 4 (nährstoffreich), Kontinentalitätszahl K = 4 (subkontinental).

Taxonomie und Systematik
Der Schöne Pippau wurde 1753 von Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, Tomus 2, S. 805 erstnachgewiesen. Synonyme der Art sind Crepis hispanica , Crepis pulcherrima , Chondrilla pulchra , Lapsana pulchra , Launaea pulchra  und Prenanthes pulchra  Linné hatte die Benennung von Johann Bauhins Hieracium pulchrum übernommen.

Man kann folgende Unterarten unterscheiden:
 Crepis pulchra subsp. africana : Sie kommt in Algerien vor.
 Crepis pulchra subsp. pulchra: Sie kommt ursprünglich von Nordafrika und Europa bis zum Iran und Zentralasien vor.
 Crepis pulchra subsp. turkestanica : Sie kommt im Irak, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan und im westlichen Himalaja vor.

Literatur
  (Abschnitt Beschreibung, Vorkommen)
 Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 8. Auflage. Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
 Peter Derek Sell: Crepis L. In:

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Thomas Meyer: Pippau  Datenblatt mit Bestimmungsschlüssel und Fotos bei Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (alter Name der Webseite: Blumen in Schwaben)

Schoner Pippau

Schöner Pippau


Men in Black je 1997. američki znanstveno-fantastični akcijski filmska komedija. Redatelj filma je Barry Sonnenfeld, producenti filma su Walter F. Parkes i Laurije MacDonalda, a scenarist je Ed Solomon. Likovi i njihove funkcije preuzete su iz serije stripova The Men in Black koji su stvorili Lowell Cunningham i Sandy Carruthers. Slavne filmske zvijezde Tommy Lee Jones i Will Smith u ulozi su dvojice agenata tajne nevladine organizacije koja se zove Ljudi u crnom. Nadgledaju izvanzemaljske oblike živote koji žive na Zemlji i skrivaju svoje i njihovo postojanje od običnih ljudi. Šminker, masker i kostimograf je Rick Baker dok je vizualne efekte proizveo Industrial Light & Magic.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Američki filmovi 1990-ih
Akcijski znanstvenofantastični filmovi

Ljudi u crnom (1997.)