Tonight Alive es un grupo de pop punk originario de Sídney, Australia, formado por Jenna McDougall (voz), Whakaio Taahi (guitarra y coros), Cameron Adler (bajo), Jake Hardy (guitarra) y Matt Best (batería).

La banda se formó en Sídney en el año 2008 y dos años después lanzaron sus tres primeros EP, titulados All Shapes and Disguises EP, Let It Land EP y Consider This EP, y en 2011 lanzó su primer álbum de estudio, titulado What Are You So Scared Of? a través del sello discográfico Sony BMG y posteriormente Fearless Records.

El tercer álbum de la banda, The Other Side, fue lanzado el 6 de septiembre de 2013.

Historia

Comienzos (2008 - 2010)
El grupo se formó en 2008, conformado por Whakaio Taahi, Cameron Adler y Jake Hardy, pero no fue hasta 2009, cuando la banda se completó con la llegada del baterista Matty Best y la vocalista Jenna McDougall.
El grupo comenzó sus presentaciones en vivo compartiendo escenarios con grupos punk tales como Mest, 3OH!3, The Flatliners, Fireworks, Valencia, Lostprophets, The Blackout y The Wonder Years, y un año después lanzó su primer producción de estudio, All Shapes and Disguises EP, el cual vendió más de 20.000 copias solo en Australia y Japón. Meses después, en noviembre de 2010, Tonight Alive lanzó un disco de vinilo, titulado Consider This EP, que contiene 3 canciones.

El 1 de julio de 2010, el grupo lanzó un sencillo llamado Starlight, el cual contiene esa canción, la cual está incluida en su álbum debut, What Are You So Scared Of?, y el 16 de septiembre de ese mismo año, lanzaron su segundo EP, titulado Let it Land EP, compuesto por tres canciones acústicas, las cuales se lanzaron en formato CD y también como descarga digital a través del sitio web musical iTunes.

What Are You So Scared Of? (2010 - 2012)
Luego del lanzamiento de All Shapes and Disguises EP, el grupo se estableció por dos meses en Los Ángeles, Estados Unidos, para la grabación de su álbum debut en los estudios NRG con el productor musical Mark Trombino, el cual trabajó con grupos tales como Blink 182, Jimmy Eat World y The Starting Line. Acerca de la grabación, el guitarrista Whakaio Taahi dijo lo siguiente: «No se dejó nada en la edición o en Pro-Tooling. Jenna cantó todas las líneas hasta que salió bien. Toqué todas las partes de guitarra. El sonido de la batería es natural y no fue pesado. No había copiar pegar. Eso fue muy importante para nosotros. El sonido era real, natural». Jenna McDougall opinó lo siguiente sobre el productor Mark Trombino: «Nosotros no podíamos creer que que él nos hubiera sacado así. Él es asombroso. Mark creó los álbumes con los que crecimos, los álbumes que se lanzaron en las carreras de todas estas grandes bandas».

Una vez finalizada la grabación del álbum, Tonight Alive comenzó una gira por Estados Unidos, Australia y el sudeste asiático, siendo la banda de soporte de The Getaway Plan en su gira australiana en febrero de 2011. Durante la gira, el grupo fue considerado como uno de las mejores 10 bandas australianas de todos los tiempos en la legendaria estación de radio de rock KROQ en los Estados Unidos y alcanzó la posición # 1 en las listas de iTunes y listas en PureVolume, provocando un gran aumento de la popularidad de la banda, como así también lo fue la inclusión de algunas de sus canciones a la serie televisiva The Hills.

En abril de 2011, Tonight Alive se presentó en el festival musical Bamboozle de Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos, en donde compartió el escenario con grupos como New Found Glory, A Day to Remember y Senses Fail, entre otros.

El álbum de estudio, titulado What Are You So Scared Of? fue lanzado el 13 de octubre de 2011 por el sello discográfico Sony BMG en Australia y Fearless Records para el resto del mundo.

The Other Side (2013 - 2015)
En marzo de 2013, Tonight Alive lanzó un nuevo sencillo llamado Breakdown, el cual contaba con la colaboración de Benji Madden, guitarrista de Good Charlotte.
Posteriormente, la banda decidió volver a su país natal a grabar su segundo álbum, The Other Side, el cual fue lanzado el 6 de septiembre nuevamente bajo las discográficas Sony BMG-Fearless Records.
El primer sencillo, The Ocean fue lanzado el 11 de julio, coincidiendo con el anuncio del lanzamiento del álbum.
El segundo sencillo, Lonely Girl fue lanzado el 24 de julio y la premier del video fue realizada en la cuenta TonightAliveVEVO.
Come Home fue también estrenado en la cuenta de VEVO de la banda a fines de septiembre.
Tonight Alive tocó todo el Warped Tour 2013 al igual que el año anterior. Al terminar el Warped Tour volvieron a Australia y tocaron unas pocas fechas para apoyar el nuevo álbum.
Durante octubre y noviembre fueron teloneros de la banda inglesa, You Me at Six.
También fueron confirmados para tocar en el Warped Tour Australia, junto a The Offspring, Simple Plan y Parkway Drive, entre otras bandas.

Limitless (2016)
El tercer álbum de la banda llamado "Limitless" salió a la venta el 4 de marzo, mientras tanto se ha subido al canal oficial de Youtube el video oficial del sencillo "Human Interaction" así como el audio de "To be Free". También en itunes se puede ver el listado de canciones y escuchar "Drive". Debido al lanzamiento de este álbum en están realizando una gira por todo el mundo "Limitless world tour" en el que Tonight Alive pasará por segunda vez por España el 2 y el 3 de febrero.

World Away (2017)
El 3 de abril se publica en el canal de YouTube de Hopeless Records el nuevo sencillo de la banda, World Away. No se sabe aún fecha de lanzamiento del disco.

Salida de Whakaio (2017)
El 16 de octubre se anuncia en las redes sociales de la banda la salida del guitarrista y compositor Whakaio Taahi. Mencionaron que el motivo de su salida es porque se dedicará a su carrera como compositor y productor musical.

Underworld (2018)
El 16 de octubre se publica en el canal de YouTube de Hopeless Records el nuevo sencillo de la banda, Temple. Al mismo tiempo es parte del nuevo álbum que será lanzado el 12 de enero de 2018.

Influencias y estilo musical
El estilo musical de Tonight Alive es pop punk y rock alternativo, con influencias de grupos tales como The Amity Affliction y Parkway Drive.
Durante el VEVO Lift, los miembros de Tonight Alive señalaron a bandas como Blink 182, Sum 41, Simple Plan, New Found Glory, Jimmy Eat World, The Starting Line, Good Charlotte y Green Day como influencias.

Con respecto a las influencias musicales de la cantante Jenna McDougall, también señaló a Thrice, Something Corporate, Frank Sinatra, Missy Higgins, Avril Lavigne, Fall Out Boy, Mayday Parade, Lydia, Lisa Mitchell, Rage Against The Machine, The Fray, The Getaway Plan, Kate Nash y Luke Pickett, entre otros.

Miembros
 Jenna McDougall - vocales y guitarra (2009 - presente)
 Cameron Adler - bajo (2008 - presente)
 Jake Hardy - guitarra (2008 - presente)
 Matt Best - batería (2009 - presente)

Miembros anteriores
 Whakaio Taahi - guitarra y coros (2008 - 2017)

Cronología

Discografía
Anexo:Discografía de Tonight Alive

Álbumes de estudio
 What Are You So Scared Of? (2011)
 The Other Side (2013)
 Limitless (2016)
 Underworld (2018)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de la banda.
 MySpace oficial.
 Twitter oficial.

Grupos de música de los años 2000
Grupos de música de los años 2010
Grupos de rock alternativo de Australia
Grupos de pop punk de Australia

Tonight Alive


Patrick Modiano (f. 30. júlí 1945) er franskur rithöfundur sem hlaut Nóbelsverðlaunin í bókmenntum árið 2014.

Ævi og störf
Modiano fæddist í París, sonur belgískrar leikkonu og gyðings af ítölsku bergi brotnu. Þau slitu samvistum og ólst Modiano því að miklu leyti hjá flæmskumælandi afa sínum og ömmu. Námsferill hans var skrykkjóttur. Hann innritaðist í Sorbonne háskóla en lauk engri gráðu.

Fyrsta skáldsaga Modiano kom út þegar hann var 22 ára gamall. Hún gerðist á tímum hernáms nasista í Frakklandi og vísaði í atburði í fjölskyldusögu höfundarins, líkt og ýmis seinni verka hans.

Modiano hlaut bókmenntaverðlaun Nóbels árið 2014. Tvær skáldsagna hans hafa komið út í íslenskri þýðingu Sigurðar Pálssonar, Dóra Bruder (franska: Dora Bruder) og Svo þú villist ekki í hverfinu hérna (franska: Pour que tu ne te perdes pas dans le quartier).

Tilvísanir

Modiano, Patrick
Handhafar bókmenntaverðlauna Nóbels

Patrick Modiano


Hairy may refer to:
 people or animals covered in hairs or fur
 plants covered in trichomes
 insects covered in setae
 people nicknamed "the Hairy"
 Hairy (gene)

See also
 Hairies, a fictional people
 Haerye, a Korean text
 Hary (disambiguation)

Hairy


Thomas Dudley (12 October 157631 July 1653) was a New England colonial magistrate who served several terms as governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Dudley was the chief founder of Newtowne, later Cambridge, Massachusetts, and built the town's first home.  He provided land and funds to establish the Roxbury Latin School and signed Harvard College's new charter during his 1650 term as governor.  Dudley was a devout Puritan who opposed religious views not conforming with his.  In this, he was more rigid than other early Massachusetts leaders like John Winthrop, but less confrontational than John Endecott.

The son of a military man who died when he was young, Dudley saw military service himself during the French Wars of Religion, and then acquired some legal training before entering the service of his likely kinsman, the Earl of Lincoln.  Along with other Puritans in Lincoln's circle, Dudley helped establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony, sailing with Winthrop in 1630.  Although he served only four one-year terms as governor of the colony, he was regularly in other positions of authority.

Dudley's daughter Anne Bradstreet (1612–1672) was a prominent early American poet.  One of the gates of Harvard Yard, which existed from 1915 to 1947, was named in his honor, and Harvard's Dudley House is named for the family, as is the town of Dudley, Massachusetts.

Early years

Thomas Dudley was born in Yardley Hastings, a village near Northampton, England, on 12 October 1576, to Roger and Susanna (Thorne) Dudley. The family has long asserted connections to the Sutton-Dudleys of Dudley Castle (Duke of Northumberland, Earls of Warwick and Leicester, Viscounts Lisle, and Barons Dudley); there is a similarity in their coats of arms, but association beyond probable common ancestry has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Roger Dudley, a captain in the English army, was apparently killed in battle. It was for some time believed he was killed in the 1590 Battle of Ivry, but Susanna Dudley is known already to have been widowed by 1588.  The 1586 battle of Zutphen has also been suggested as the occasion of Roger Dudley's death.

Like many other young men of good birth Thomas Dudley became a page, in his case in the household of William, Baron Compton at nearby Castle Ashby.  Later he raised a company of men following a call to arms by Queen Elizabeth, and served in the English army led by Sir Arthur Savage fighting with King Henry IV of France during the French Wars of Religion. He fought the Spanish at the Siege of Amiens in 1597, which in September surrendered and was the final action of the war.

After he was discharged from his military service, Dudley returned to Northamptonshire.  He then entered the service of Sir Augustine Nicolls, a relative of his mother's as a clerk.  Nicolls, a lawyer and later a judge, was recognized for his honesty at a time when many judges were susceptible to bribery and other misconduct.  He was also sympathetic to the Puritan cause; the exposure to legal affairs and Nicolls' religious views probably had a significant influence on Dudley.  After Nicolls' sudden death in 1616, Dudley took a position with Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln, serving as a steward responsible for managing some of the earl's estates. Although there is a likely blood connection, the reason for the appointment may be that Dudley's soldier grandfather Henry had served under Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln. The earl's estate in Lincolnshire was a center of Nonconformist thought, and Dudley was already recognized for his Puritan virtues by the time he entered the earl's service.  According to Cotton Mather's biography of Dudley, he successfully disentangled a legacy of financial difficulties bequeathed to the earl, and the earl consequently came to depend on Dudley for financial advice.  Dudley's services were not entirely pecuniary in nature: he is also said to have had an important role in securing the engagement of Clinton to Lord Saye's daughter.  In 1622, Dudley acquired the assistance of Simon Bradstreet who was eventually drawn to Dudley's daughter Anne.  The two were married six years later when she was 16.

Dudley was briefly out of Lincoln's service between about 1624 and 1628.  During this time, he lived with his growing family in Boston, Lincolnshire, where he likely was a parishioner at St Botolph's Church, where John Cotton preached.  The Dudleys were known to be back on Lincoln's estate in 1628 when his daughter Anne came down with smallpox and was treated there.

Massachusetts Bay Colony
In 1628 Dudley and other Puritans decided to form the Massachusetts Bay Company, with a view toward establishing a Puritan colony in North America.  Dudley's name does not appear on the land grant issued to the company that year. Still, he was almost certainly involved in the company's formative stages, whose investors and supporters included many individuals in the Earl of Lincoln's circle.  The company sent a small group of colonists led by John Endecott to begin building a settlement, called Salem, on the shores of Massachusetts Bay; a second group was sent in 1629.  The company acquired a royal charter in April 1629 and later that year made the critical decision to transport the charter and the company's corporate governance to the colony.  The Cambridge Agreement, which enabled the emigrating shareholders to buy out those that remained behind, may have been written by Dudley.  In October 1629 John Winthrop was elected governor, and John Humphrey was chosen as his deputy.  However, as the fleet was preparing to sail in March 1630, Humphrey decided he would not leave England immediately, and Dudley was chosen as deputy governor in his place.

Dudley and his family sailed for the New World on the Arbella, the flagship of the Winthrop Fleet, on 8 April 1630 and arrived in Salem Harbour on 12 June.  Finding conditions at Salem inadequate for establishing a larger colony, Winthrop and Dudley led forays into the Charles River watershed, but were unable to immediately agree on a site for the capital.  With limited time to establish themselves and concerns over rumors of potential hostile French action, the leaders decided to distribute the colonists in several places to avoid presenting a single target for hostilities.  The Dudleys probably spent the winter of 1630–31 in Boston, which was where the leadership chose to stay after its first choice, Charlestown, was found to have inadequate water.  A letter Dudley wrote to the Countess of Lincoln in March 1631 narrated the first year's experience of the colonists that arrived in Winthrop's fleet in an intimate tone befitting a son or suitor as much as a servant. It appeared in print for the first time in a 1696 compilation of early colonial documents by Joshua Scottow.

Founding of Cambridge

In the spring of 1631, the leadership agreed to establish the colony's capital at Newtowne (near present-day Harvard Square in Cambridge), and the town was surveyed and laid out. Dudley, Simon Bradstreet, and others built their houses there, but to Dudley's anger, Winthrop decided to build in Boston. This decision caused a rift between Dudley and Winthrop; it was severe enough that in 1632 Dudley resigned his posts and considered returning to England.  After the mediation of others, the two reconciled, and Dudley retracted his resignation.  Winthrop reported that "[e]ver after they kept peace and good correspondency in love and friendship."  During the dispute, Dudley also harshly questioned Winthrop's authority as governor for several actions without consulting his council of assistants.  Dudley's differences with Winthrop came to the fore again in January 1636, when other magistrates orchestrated a series of accusations that Winthrop had been overly lenient in his judicial decisions.

In 1632 Dudley, at his own expense, erected a palisade around Newtowne (which was renamed Cambridge in 1636) that enclosed  of land, principally as a defense against wild animals and Native American raids.  The colony agreed to reimburse him by imposing taxes on all area communities.  The meetings occasioned by this need are among the first instances of a truly representative government in North America, when each town chose two representatives to advise the governor on the subject.  This principle was extended to govern the colony as a whole in 1634, the year Dudley was first elected governor.  During this term, the colony established a committee to oversee military affairs and to manage the colony's munitions.

The colony came under legal threat in 1632, when Sir Ferdinando Gorges, attempting to revive an earlier claim to the territory, raised issues of the colony's charter and governance with the Privy Council of King Charles I.  When the colony's governing magistrates drafted a response to the charges raised by Gorges, Dudley was alone in opposing language, referring to the king as his "sacred majesty", and to bishops of the Church of England as "Reverend Bishops".  Although a quo warranto writ was issued in 1635 calling for the charter to be returned to England, the king's financial straits prevented it from being served, and the issue eventually died out.

Anne Hutchinson affair

In 1635, and for the four following years, Dudley was elected either as deputy governor or as a member of the council of assistants.  The governor in 1636 was Henry Vane, and the colony was split over the actions of Anne Hutchinson.  She had come to the colony in 1634 and began preaching a "covenant of grace" following her mentor, John Cotton, while most of the colony's leadership, including Dudley, Winthrop, and most of the ministers, espoused a more Legalist view ("covenant of works").  This split divided the colony since Vane and Cotton supported her.  At the end of this colonial strife, called the Antinomian Controversy, Hutchinson was banished from the colony, and a number of her followers left the colony as a consequence.  She settled in Rhode Island, where Roger Williams, also persona non-grata in Massachusetts over theological differences, offered her shelter.  Dudley's role in the affair is unclear, but historians supportive of Hutchinson's cause argue that he was a significant force in her banishment, and that he was unhappy that the colony did not adopt a more rigid stance or ban more of her followers.

Vane was turned out of office in 1637 over the Hutchinson affair and his insistence on flying the English flag over the colony's fort; many Puritans felt that the Cross of St George on the flag was a symbol of popery and was thus anathema to them.  Vane was replaced by Winthrop, who served three terms.  According to Winthrop, concerns over the length of his service led to Dudley's election as governor in 1640.

Although Dudley and Winthrop clashed with each other on several issues, they agreed on banning Hutchinson, and their relationship had some significant positive elements.  In 1638 Dudley and Winthrop were each granted a tract of land "about six miles from Concord, northward".  Reportedly, Winthrop and Dudley went to the area together to survey the land and select their parcels.  Winthrop, then governor, graciously deferred to Dudley, then deputy governor, to make the first choice of land.  Dudley's land became Billerica, and Winthrop's Bedford.  The place where the two properties met was marked by two large stones, each carved with the owner's name; Winthrop described the spot as the "'Two Brothers', in remembrance that they were brothers by their children's marriage".

Other political activities
During Dudley's term of office in 1640, many new laws were passed.  This led to the introduction the following year of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties, a document that contains guarantees that were later placed in the United States Bill of Rights.  During this term, he joined moderates, including John Winthrop, in opposing attempts by the local clergy to take a more prominent and explicit role in the colony's governance.  When he was again governor in 1645, the colony threatened war against the expansionist Narragansetts, who had been making war against the English-allied Mohegans.  This prompted the Narragansett leader Miantonomi to sign a peace agreement with the New England colonies which lasted until King Philip's War broke out 30 years later.  Dudley also presided over the acquittal of John Winthrop in a trial held that year; Winthrop had been charged with abuses of his power as a magistrate by residents of Hingham the previous year.

In 1649 Dudley was appointed once again to serve as a commissioner and president of the New England Confederation, an umbrella organization established by most of the New England colonies to address issues of common interest; however, he was ill (and aging, at 73), and consequently unable to discharge his duties in that office. Dudley was elected governor for the fourth and last time in 1650 despite the illness.  The most notable acts during this term were the issuance of a new charter for Harvard College, and the judicial decision to burn The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption, a book by Springfield resident William Pynchon that expounded on religious views heretical to the ruling Puritans.  Pynchon was called upon to retract his views but returned to England instead of facing the magistrates.

During most of his years in Massachusetts, when not governor, Dudley served as either deputy governor or as one of the colony's commissioners to the New England Confederation.  He also served as a magistrate in the colonial courts, and sat on committees that drafted the laws of the colony.  His views were conservative, but he was not as strident in them as John Endecott.  Endecott notoriously defaced the English flag in 1632, an act for which he was censured and deprived of office for one year.  Dudley sided with the moderate faction on the issue, which believed the flag's depiction of the Cross of St George had by then been reduced to a symbol of nationalism.

Nathaniel Morton, an early chronicler of the Plymouth Colony, wrote of Dudley, "His zeal to order appeared in contriving good laws, and faithfully executing them upon criminal offenders, heretics, and underminers of true religion. He had a piercing judgment to discover the wolf, though clothed with a sheepskin."  Early Massachusetts historian James Savage wrote of Dudley that "[a] hardness in public, and rigidity in private life, are too observable in his character".  In a more modern historical view, Francis Bremer observes that Dudley was "more precise and rigid than the moderate Winthrop in his approach to the issues facing the colonists".

Founding of Harvard and Roxbury Latin

In 1637 the colony established a committee "to take order for a new college at Newtown". The committee consisted of most of the colony's elders, including Dudley.  In 1638, John Harvard, a childless colonist, bequeathed to the colony his library and half of his estate as a contribution to the college, which was consequently named in his honor.  The college charter was first issued in 1642, and a second charter was issued in 1650, signed by then-Governor Thomas Dudley, who also served for many years as one of the college's overseers.  Harvard University's Dudley House, now only an administrative unit located in Lehman Hall after the actual house was torn down, is named in honor of the Dudley family. Harvard Yard once had a Dudley Gate bearing words written by his daughter Anne; it was torn down in the 1940s to make way for construction of Lamont Library. A fragment remains in Dudley Garden, behind Lamont Library, including a lengthy inscription in stone.

In 1643, Reverend John Eliot established a school at Roxbury. Dudley, who was then living in Roxbury, gave significant donations of both land and money to the school, which survives to this day as the Roxbury Latin School.

Family and legacy

Dudley married Dorothy Yorke in 1603 and had five or six children.  Samuel, the first, also came to the New World and married  Winthrop's daughter Mary in 1633, the first of several alliances of the Dudley-Winthrop family.  He later served as the pastor in Exeter, New Hampshire.  Daughter Anne married Simon Bradstreet, and became the first poet published in North America.  Patience, Dudley's third child, married a colonial militia officer Daniel Denison. The fourth child, Sarah, married Benjamin Keayne, a militia officer.  This union was unhappy, resulting in the first reported instance of divorce in the colony; Keayne returned to England and repudiated the marriage.  Although no formal divorce proceedings are known, Sarah eventually married again, to Job Judkins, by whom she bore five children.  Mercy, the last of his children with Dorothy, married minister John Woodbridge.

Dudley may have had another son, though most historians think the evidence is too slim. A "Thomas Dudley" was awarded degrees from Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, in 1626 and 1630, and some historians have argued this is a son of Dudley. Also, Dudley was referred to as "Thomas Dudley Senior" on a lone occasion in 1637.

Dorothy Yorke died on 27 December 1643 at 61 years of age and was remembered by her daughter Anne in a poem:

Dudley married his second wife, the widow Katherine (Deighton) Hackburne, a descendant of the noble Berkeley, Lygon, and Beauchamp families, in 1644. She is also a direct descendant of eleven of the twenty-five barons who acted as sureties for John Lackland on the Magna Carta.  They had three children, Deborah, Joseph, and Paul.  Joseph served as governor of the Dominion of New England and of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.  Paul (not to be confused with Joseph's son Paul, who served as provincial attorney general) was for a time the colony's register of probate.

In 1636 Dudley moved from Cambridge to Ipswich, and in 1639 moved to Roxbury.  He died in Roxbury on 31 July 1653 and was buried in the Eliot Burying Ground there.  Dudley, Massachusetts is named for his grandsons Paul and William, its first proprietors.

The Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation owns a parcel of land in Billerica called Governor Thomas Dudley Park.  The "Two Brothers" rocks are located in the Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in Bedford, in an area that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Two Brothers Rocks-Dudley Road Historic District.

Dudley Square
Dudley Square in Boston's Roxbury neighborhood was named after Dudley. Proponents of an effort to rename the square noted that Dudley was "a leading politician in 1641", when the colony became the first to sanction slavery legally. Conversely, Byron Rushing, former president of the Museum of African American History in Boston, stated, "I've really searched, and I've found no evidence that Dudley ever owned slaves."

A non-binding advisory question was added to the 5 November 2019 municipal ballot for all Boston residents asking, "Do you support the renaming/changing of the name of Dudley Square to Nubian Square?" Election night results show that the question was defeated.

Mayor of Boston Marty Walsh subsequently announced that the question had "passed in the surrounding areas" near the square, and could be considered further by the city's Public Improvement Commission. On 19 December 2019, the Public Improvement Commission unanimously approved changing the name of Dudley Square to Nubian Square. Dudley station was renamed Nubian station in June 2020.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 "The Mystery of Thomas Dudley's Paternal Ancestors" H. Allen Curtis
 Ancestry of Sen. John Kerry
 The Eagle Society

1576 births
1653 deaths
Colonial governors of Massachusetts
Lieutenant Governors of colonial Massachusetts
Harvard University people
New England Puritanism
Politicians from Boston
People from West Northamptonshire District
American Puritans
Thomas
16th-century English people
17th-century English people
People from colonial Boston
English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
Burials in Boston
Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts

Thomas Dudley


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Hrvatska i u Hrvata

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 21. srpnja – Dimitrija Demeter,  hrvatski pjesnik, dramatičar, prevoditelj, publicist, kazališni kritičar, književni i kazališni djelatnik († 1872.)

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Književnost u 1811.


Dioryche es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Dioryche braccata (Bates, 1891)
 Dioryche cavernosa (Putzeys, 1875)
 Dioryche chinnada Andrewes, 1921
 Dioryche clara Andrewes, 1922
 Dioryche colombensis (Nietner, 1857)
 Dioryche convexa Andrewes, 1924
 Dioryche indochinensis (Bates, 1889)
 Dioryche liparops Andrewes, 1933
 Dioryche longula (Bates, 1892)
 Dioryche melanauges Andrewes, 1922
 Dioryche nagpurensis (Bates, 1891)
 Dioryche sericea Andrewes, 1922
 Dioryche solida Andrewes, 1933
 Dioryche torta W.S.Macleay, 1825
 Dioryche yunnana Kataev, 2002

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Harpalina

Dioryche


Benoît Coppée (1964-), romancier et scénariste belge.
 Denis Coppée (1580?-1630?), bourgeois, marchand et édile hutois.
 Evence-Charles Coppée (1953-2022) dit ECC, dirigeant de presse belge.
 François Coppée (1842-1908), poète, dramaturge et romancier français.
 Jules Coppée (1837-1906), homme politique belge francophone libéral.
 Robert Coppée (1895-1970), footballeur belge.

Homonymie de patronyme
Homonymie de nom de famille

Coppée


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osječko-baranjska-3-osijek

3. ŽNL Osječko-baranjska NS Osijek 2015./16.


A diving weighting system is ballast weight added to a diver or diving equipment to counteract excess buoyancy. They may be used by divers or on equipment such as diving bells, submersibles or camera housings.

Divers wear diver weighting systems, weight belts or weights to counteract the buoyancy of other diving equipment, such as diving suits and aluminium diving cylinders, and buoyancy of the diver. The scuba diver must be weighted sufficiently to be slightly negatively buoyant at the end of the dive when most of the breathing gas has been used, and needs to maintain neutral buoyancy at safety or obligatory decompression stops. During the dive, buoyancy is controlled by adjusting the volume of air in the buoyancy compensation device (BCD) and, if worn, the dry suit, in order to achieve negative, neutral, or positive buoyancy as needed. The amount of weight required is determined by the maximum overall positive buoyancy of the fully equipped but unweighted diver anticipated during the dive, with an empty buoyancy compensator and normally inflated dry suit. This depends on the diver's mass and body composition, buoyancy of other diving gear worn (especially the diving suit), water salinity, weight of breathing gas consumed, and water temperature. It normally is in the range of  to . The weights can be distributed to trim the diver to suit the purpose of the dive.

Surface-supplied divers may be more heavily weighted to facilitate underwater work, and may be unable to achieve neutral buoyancy, and rely on the diving stage, bell, umbilical, lifeline, shotline or jackstay for returning to the surface.

Free divers may also use weights to counteract buoyancy of a wetsuit. However, they are more likely to weight for neutral buoyancy at a specific depth, and their weighting must take into account not only the compression of the suit with depth, but also the compression of the air in their lungs, and the consequent loss of buoyancy. As they have no decompression obligation, they do not have to be neutrally buoyant near the surface at the end of a dive.

If the weights have a method of quick release, they can provide a useful rescue mechanism: they can be dropped in an emergency to provide an instant increase in buoyancy which should return the diver to the surface. Dropping weights increases the risk of barotrauma and decompression sickness due to the possibility of an uncontrollable ascent to the surface. This risk can only be justified when the emergency is life-threatening or the risk of decompression sickness is small, as is the case in free diving and scuba diving when the dive is well short of the no-decompression limit for the depth. Often divers take great care to ensure the weights are not dropped accidentally, and heavily weighted divers may arrange their weights so subsets of the total weight can be dropped individually, allowing for a somewhat more controlled emergency ascent.

The weights are generally made of lead because of its high density, reasonably low cost, ease of casting into suitable shapes, and resistance to corrosion. The lead can be cast in blocks, cast shapes with slots for straps, or shaped as pellets known as "shot" and carried in bags. There is some concern that lead diving weights may constitute a toxic hazard to users and environment, but little evidence of significant risk.

Function and use of weights
Diver weighting systems have two functions; ballast, and trim adjustment.

Ballast
The primary function of diving weights is as ballast, to prevent the diver from floating at times when he or she wishes to remain at depth.

Free diving
In free diving (breathhold) the weight system is almost exclusively a weight belt with quick release buckle, as the emergency release of the weights will usually allow the diver to float to the surface even if unconscious, where there is at least a chance of rescue. The weights are used mainly to neutralise the buoyancy of the exposure suit, as the diver is nearly neutral in most cases, and there is little other equipment carried. The weights required depend almost entirely on the buoyancy of the suit. Most free divers will weight themselves to be positively buoyant at the surface, and use only enough weight to minimise the effort required to swim down against the buoyancy at the start of a dive, while retaining sufficient buoyancy at maximum depth to not require too much effort to swim back up to where the buoyancy becomes positive again. As a corollary to this practice, freedivers will use as thin a wetsuit as comfortably possible, to minimise buoyancy changes with depth due to suit compression.

Scuba diving
Buoyancy control is considered both an essential skill and one of the most difficult for the novice to master. Lack of proper buoyancy control increases the risk of disturbing or damaging the surroundings, and is a source of additional and unnecessary physical effort to maintain precise depth, which also increases stress.

The scuba diver generally has an operational need to control depth without resorting to a line to the surface or holding onto a structure or landform, or resting on the bottom. This requires the ability to achieve neutral buoyancy at any time during a dive, otherwise the effort expended to maintain depth by swimming against the buoyancy difference will both task load the diver and require an otherwise unnecessary expenditure of energy, increasing air consumption, and increasing the risk of loss of control and escalation to an accident. Maintaining depth by finning necessarily directs part of fin thrust upwards or downwards, and when near the bottom, downward thrust can disturb the benthos and stir up silt. The risk of fin-strike damage is also significant.

A further requirement for scuba diving in most circumstances, is the ability to achieve significant positive buoyancy at any point of a dive. When at the surface, this is a standard procedure to enhance safety and convenience, and underwater it is generally a response to an emergency.

The average human body with a relaxed lungful of air is close to neutral buoyancy. If the air is exhaled, most people will sink in fresh water, and with full lungs, most will float in seawater. The amount of weight required to provide neutral buoyancy to the naked diver is usually trivial, though there are some people who require several kilograms of weight to become neutral in seawater due to low average density and large size. This is usually the case with people with a large proportion of body fat. As the diver is nearly neutral, most ballasting is needed to compensate for the buoyancy of the diver's equipment.

The main components of the average scuba diver's equipment which are positively buoyant are the components of the exposure suit. The two most commonly used exposure suit types are the dry suit and the wet suit. Both of these types of exposure suit use gas spaces to provide insulation, and these gas spaces are inherently buoyant. The buoyancy of a wet suit will decrease significantly with an increase in depth as the ambient pressure causes the volume of the gas bubbles in the neoprene to decrease. Measurements of volume change of neoprene foam used for wetsuits under hydrostatic compression show that about 30% of the volume, and therefore 30% of surface buoyancy, is lost in about the first 10 m, another 30% by about 60 m, and the volume appears to stabilise at about 65% loss by about 100 m. The total buoyancy loss of a wetsuit is proportional to the initial uncompressed volume. An average person has a surface area of about 2 m2, so the uncompressed volume of a full one piece 6 mm thick wetsuit will be in the order of 1.75 x 0.006 = 0.0105 m3, or roughly 10 litres. The mass will depend on the specific formulation of the foam, but will probably be in the order of 4 kg, for a net buoyancy of about 6 kg at the surface. Depending on the overall buoyancy of the diver, this will generally require 6 kg of additional weight to bring the diver to neutral buoyancy to allow reasonably easy descent  The volume lost at 10 m is about 3litres, or 3 kg of buoyancy, rising to about 6 kg buoyancy lost at about 60 m. This could nearly double for a large person wearing a two-piece suit for cold water. This loss of buoyancy must be balanced by inflating the buoyancy compensator to maintain neutral buoyancy at depth.
A dry suit will also compress with depth, but the air space inside is continuous and can be topped up from a cylinder or vented to maintain a moderately constant volume. A large part of the ballast used by a diver is to balance the buoyancy of this gas space, but if the dry suit has a catastrophic flood, much of this buoyancy may be lost, and some way to compensate is necessary.

Another significant issue in open circuit scuba diver weighting is that the breathing gas is used up during a dive, and this gas has weight, so the total weight of the cylinder decreases, while its volume remains almost unchanged. As the diver needs to be neutral at the end of the dive, particularly at shallow depths for obligatory or safety decompression stops, sufficient ballast weight must be carried to allow for this reduction in weight of gas supply. (the density of air at normal atmospheric pressure is approximately 1.2 kg/m3, or approximately 0.075 lb/ft3) The amount of weight needed to compensate for gas use is easily calculable once the free gas volume and density are known.

Most of the rest of the diver's equipment is negatively buoyant or nearly neutral, and more importantly, does not change in buoyancy during a dive, so its overall influence on buoyancy is static.

While it is possible to calculate the required ballast given the diver and all his or her equipment, this is not done in practice, as all the values would have to be measured accurately. The practical procedure is known as a buoyancy check, and is done by wearing all the equipment, with the tank(s) nearly empty, and the buoyancy compensator empty, in shallow water, and adding or removing weight until the diver is neutrally buoyant. The weight should then be distributed on the diver to provide correct trim, and a sufficient part of the weight should be carried in such a way that it can be removed quickly in an emergency to provide positive buoyancy at any point in the dive. This is not always possible, and in those cases an alternative method of providing positive buoyancy should be used.

A diver ballasted by following this procedure will be negatively buoyant during most of the dive unless the buoyancy compensator is used, to an extent which depends on the amount of breathing gas carried. A recreational dive using a single cylinder may use between 2 and 3 kg of gas during the dive, which is easy to manage, and provided that there is no decompression obligation, end-dive buoyancy is not critical. A long or deep technical dive may use 6 kg of back gas and another 2 to 3 kg of decompression gas. If there is a problem during the dive and reserves must be used, this could increase by up to 50%, and the diver must be able to stay down at the shallowest decompression stop. The extra weight and therefore negative buoyancy at the start of the dive could easily be as much as 13 kg for a diver carrying four cylinders. The buoyancy compensator is partially inflated when needed to support this negative buoyancy, and as breathing gas is used up during the dive, the volume of the buoyancy compensator will be reduced, by venting as required.

Examples:
 The common 80 ft3 (11 litre, 207 bar) cylinder carries about  of air when full, so the diver should start the dive about  negative and use about 1/10 ft3 (2.7 L)of air in the BCD to compensate at the start of a dive.
 A twin 12.2 litre 230 bar set carries about  of Nitrox when full, so the diver should start the dive about  negative and use about  of gas in the BCD at the start of the dive.
 A twin 12.2 litre 230 bar with an 11 litre 207 bar deep deco mix and a 5.5 litre 207 bar shallow deco gas will carry  of gas, and while it is unlikely that all will be used on the dive, it is possible, and the diver should be able to remain at the correct depth for decompression until all the gas is used up.

Surface-supplied diving
In surface-supplied diving, and particularly in saturation diving, the loss of weights followed by positive buoyancy can expose the diver to potentially fatal decompression injury. Consequently, weight systems for surface-supplied diving where the diver is transported to the worksite by a diving bell or stage, are usually not provided with a quick-release system.

Much of the work done by surface-supplied divers is on the bottom, and weighted boots may be used to allow the diver to walk upright on the bottom. When working in this mode, several kilograms beyond the requirement for neutralising buoyancy may be useful, so that the diver is reasonably steady on the bottom and can exert useful force when working.

The lightweight demand helmets in general use by surface-supplied divers are integrally ballasted for neutral buoyancy in the water, so they do not float off the diver's head or pull upwards on the neck, but the larger volume free-flow helmets would be too heavy and cumbersome if they had all the required weight built in. Therefore, they are either ballasted after dressing the diver by fastening weights to the lower parts of the helmet assembly, so the weight is carried on the shoulders when out of the water, or the helmet may be held down by a jocking strap and the harness weights provide the ballast.

The traditional copper helmet and corselet were generally weighted by suspending a large weight from support points on the front and back of the corselet, and the diver often also wore weighted boots to assist in remaining upright. The US Navy Mk V standard diving system used a heavy weighted belt buckled around the waist, suspended by shoulder straps which crossed over the breastplate of the helmet, directly transferring the load to the buoyant helmet when immersed, but with a relatively low centre of gravity. Combined with lacing of the suit legs and heavy weighted shoes, this reduced the risk of inversion accidents.

Trim

Trim is the diver's attitude in the water, in terms of balance and alignment with the direction of motion. Optimum trim depends on the task at hand. For recreational divers this is usually swimming horizontally or observing the environment without making contact with benthic organisms. Ascent and descent at neutral buoyancy can be controlled well in horizontal or head-up trim, and descent can be most energy efficient head down, if the diver can effectively equalise the ears in this position. Freediving descents are usually head down, as the diver is usually buoyant at the start of the dive, and must fin downwards. Professional divers usually have work to do at the bottom, often in a fixed location, which is usually easier in upright trim, and some diving equipment is more comfortable and safer to use when relatively upright.

Accurately controlled trim reduces horizontal swimming effort, as it reduces the sectional area of the diver passing through the water. A slight head down trim is recommended to reduce downward directed fin thrust during finning, and this reduces silting and fin impact with the bottom.

Trim weighting is mainly of importance to the free-swimming diver, and within this category is used extensively by scuba divers to allow the diver to remain horizontal in the water without effort. This ability is of great importance for both convenience and safety, and also reduces the environmental impact of divers on fragile benthic communities.

The free-swimming diver may need to trim erect or inverted at times, but in general, a horizontal trim has advantages both for reduction of drag when swimming horizontally, and for observing the bottom. A horizontal trim allows the diver to direct propulsive thrust from the fins directly to the rear, which minimises disturbance of sediments on the bottom, and reduces the risk of striking delicate benthic organisms with the fins. A stable horizontal trim requires that diver's centre of gravity is directly below the centre of buoyancy (the centroid). Small errors can be compensated fairly easily, but large offsets may make it necessary for the diver to constantly exert significant effort towards maintaining the desired attitude, if it is actually possible.

The position of the centre of buoyancy is largely beyond the control of the diver, though some control of suit volume is possible, the cylinder(s) may be shifted in the harness by a small amount, and the volume distribution of the buoyancy compensator has a large influence when inflated. Most of the control of trim available to the diver is in the positioning of ballast weights. The main ballast weights therefore should be placed as far as possible to provide an approximately neutral trim, which is usually possible by wearing the weights around the waist or just above the hips on a weight belt, or in weight pockets provided in the buoyancy compensator jacket or harness for this purpose. Fine tuning of trim can be done by placing smaller weights along the length of the diver to bring the centre of gravity to the desired position. There are several ways this can be done.

Ankle weights provide a large lever arm for a small amount of weight and are very effective at correcting head-down trim problems, but the addition of mass to the feet increases the work of propulsion significantly. This may not be noticed on a relaxed dive, where there is no need to swim far or fast, but if there is an emergency and the diver needs to swim hard, ankle weights will be a significant handicap, particularly if the diver is marginally fit for the conditions.

Tank bottom weights provide a much shorter lever arm, so need to be a much larger proportion of the total ballast, but do not interfere with propulsive efficiency the way ankle weights do. There are not really any other convenient places below the weight belt to add trim weights, so the most effective option is to carry the main weights as low as necessary, by using a suitable harness or integrated weight pocket buoyancy compensator which actually allows the weights to be placed correctly, so there is no need for longitudinal trim correction.

A less common problem is found when rebreathers have a counterlung towards the top of the torso. In this case there may be a need to attach weights near the counterlung. This is usually not a problem, and weight pockets for this purpose are often built into the rebreather harness or casing, and if necessary weights can be attached to the harness shoulder straps.

Types of weight
All or part of the weighting system may be carried in such a way that it can be quickly and easily jettisoned by the diver to increase buoyancy, the rest is usually attached more securely.

Ditchable weights
Breathhold and scuba divers generally carry some or all of their weights in a way that can be quickly and easily removed while under water. Removal of these weights should ensure that the diver can surface and remain positively buoyant at the surface. The technique for shedding weights in an emergency is a basic skill of scuba diving, which is trained at entry level. Research performed in 1976 analyzing diving accidents noted that in majority of diving accidents, divers failed to release their weight belts. Later evaluations in 2003 and 2004 both showed that failure to ditch the weight remained a problem.

Weight belt
Weight belts are the most common weighting system currently in use for recreational diving. Weight belts are often made of tough nylon webbing, but other materials such as rubber can be used. Weight belts for scuba and breathhold diving are generally fitted with a quick release buckle to allow the dumping of weight rapidly in an emergency.

A belt made of rubber with traditional pin buckle is called a Marseillaise belt. These belts are popular with freedivers as the rubber contracts on descent as the diving suit and lungs are compressed, keeping the belt tight throughout the dive.

The most common design of weight used with a belt consists of rectangular lead blocks with rounded edges and corners and two slots in them threaded onto the belt. These blocks can be coated in plastic, which further increases corrosion resistance. Coated weights are often marketed as being less abrasive to wetsuits. The weights may be constrained from sliding along the webbing by the use of metal or plastic belt sliders. This style of weight is generally about . Larger "hip weights" are usually curved for a better fit, and tend to be .

Another popular style has a single slot through which the belt can be threaded. These are sometimes locked in position by squeezing the weight to grip the webbing, but this makes them difficult to remove when less weight is needed.

There are also weight designs which may be added to the belt by clipping on when needed.
Some weightbelts contain pouches to contain lead weights or round lead shot: this system allows the diver to add or remove weight more easily than with weights threaded onto the belt. The use of shot can also be more comfortable, as the shot conforms to the diver's body. Weight belts using shot are called shot belts. Each shot pellet should be coated to prevent corrosion by sea water, as use of uncoated shotgun shot for sea diving would result in the lead eventually corroding into powdery lead chloride

BCD integrated weights
These are stored in pockets built into the buoyancy control device. Often a velcro flap or plastic clip holds the weights in place. The weights may also be contained in zippered or velcroed pouches that slot into special pockets in the BCD.  The weight pouches often have handles, which must be pulled to drop the weights in an emergency or to remove the weights when exiting the water. Some designs also have smaller "trim pouches" located higher in the BCD, which may help the diver maintain neutral attitude in the water. Trim pouches typically can not be ditched quickly, and are designed to hold only 1-2 pounds (0.5–1 kg) each. Many integrated systems cannot carry as much weight as a separate weight belt: a typical capacity is 6 kg per pocket, with two pockets available. This may not be sufficient to counteract the buoyancy of dry suits with thick undergarments used in cold water.

Some BCD harness systems include a crotch strap to prevent the BCD from sliding up the wearer when inflated, or down when inverted, due to the weights.

Weight harness
A weight harness usually consists of a belt around the waist holding pouches for the weights, with shoulder straps for extra support and security. Often a velcro flap holds the weights in place. They have handles, which must be pulled to drop the weights in an emergency  or to remove the weights when exiting the water. A weight harness allows the weights to be comfortably carried lower on the body than a weight belt, which must be high enough to be supported by the hips. This is an advantage for divers who have no discernible waist, or whose waist is too high to trim correctly if a weight belt is worn. These advantages may also be available on some styles of integrated BC weights. A weight harness may also incorporate a crotch strap or straps to prevent weight shift if the diver is in a steep head down posture.

Clip-on weights

These are weights which attach to the harness directly, but are removable by disengaging the clip mechanism. They can also be used to temporarily increase the weight of a conventional weight belt. Various sizes have been available, ranging from around 0.5 to 5 kg or more. The larger models are intended as ditchable primary weights, and are used in the same way as BCD integral weights or weight harness weighs, but clipped to the backplate or sidemount harness webbing, and the smaller versions are also useful at trim weights.

Backpack weight pouch
Some rebreathers (e.g. the Siebe Gorman CDBA) have a pouch full of lead balls each a bit over an inch diameter. The diver can release them by pulling a cord.

Fixed weights
Surface-supplied divers often carry their weights securely attached to reduce the risk of accidentally dropping them during a dive and losing control of their buoyancy. These may be carried on a weight belt with a secure buckle, supported by a weight harness, connected directly to the diving safety harness, or suspended from the corselet of the helmet. Heavily weighted boots may also be used to stabilise the diver in an upright position.

In addition to the weight that can be dropped easily ('ditched'), some scuba divers add additional fixed weights to their gear, either to reduce the weight placed on the belt, which can cause lower back pain, or to shift the diver's center of mass to achieve the optimum position in the water.
 Tank weights are attached to the diving cylinder to shift the center of mass backward and towards the head or feet, depending on placement.
 Ankle weights, which are typically about 1 lb./0.5 kg of shot, are used to counteract the positive buoyancy of diving suit leggings, made worse in drysuits by the migration of the internal bubble of air to the feet, and positively buoyant fins. Some divers prefer negatively buoyant fins. The additional effort needed when finning with ankle weights or heavy fins increases the diver's gas consumption.
 Metal backplates made from stainless steel, which may be used with wing style buoyancy compensators, move the center of mass upward and backward. Some backplates are fitted with an additional weight, often mounted in the central channel, also called a keel weight.
 Steel diving cylinders are preferred over aluminium cylinders by some divers—particularly cold water divers who must wear a suit that increases their overall buoyancy—because of their negative buoyancy. Most steel tanks stay negatively buoyant even when empty, aluminium tanks may become positively buoyant as the gas they contain is used. High-pressure (300bar) steel tanks are significantly negative.

Hazards
There are several operational hazards associated with diving weights:
 Over-weighting leading to inability to ascend or remain at the surface, or difficulties in ascent and buoyancy control. If severe, it may be necessary to ditch weights to get to the surface.
 Under-weighting leading to inability to descend or remain at a required depth. While inability to descend at the start of a dive may be considered an inconvenience, the inability to maintain depth at a required decompression stop at the end of the dive may put the diver at a severe risk of decompression sickness.
 Inability or failure to ditch weight to establish buoyancy in an emergency. In an out of air emergency there may not be gas available to inflate the buoyancy compensator if it has been allowed to be insufficiently inflated. The only option left to reach the surface may be to ditch weights. A similar need may arise at the surface if there is a major loss of buoyancy. Occasionally a diver at the side of the boat will remove the scuba set with buoyancy compensator before passing up their weight belt, and then find it impossible to remain afloat because they are over-weighted. If they fail to grab the boat or ditch the belt the risk of drowning is high.
 Loss of weight at depth at the wrong time. Ditching weights at depth to establish positive buoyancy will generally prevent a properly controlled ascent. The risk of drowning due to running out of breathing gas is exchanged for the risk of decompression sickness. Accidental loss of weights when there is no emergency will cause an emergency if there is a decompression obligation.
 Loss, damage or injury caused by mishandling. When passing the weights to a person on the boat, there is a risk that the weights may be dropped, and may hit the diver, or someone's foot, demand valve, mask or camera, or may drop overboard to be lost, or possibly hit a diver under the boat.
 Discomfort or stress injury related to weight distribution and support. A weight belt hanging from the small of the back of a horizontal diver to counteract suit buoyancy spread over the full length of the diver can cause lower back pain. When walking on land before and after a dive, the weight belt may exert painful pressure on the hip joints.
 Additional work load due to sub-optimal distribution. The work of finning will generally be increased by using ankle weights which must be accelerated for every kick. When this is combined with other effects increasing the workload on the diver, it may cumulatively exceed the work capacity of the diver and result in a positive feedback loop of buildup of carbon dioxide.
Buoyancy and weighting problems have been implicated in a relatively high proportion of scuba diving fatalities. A relatively large number of bodies have been recovered with all weights still in place.

Materials
The most common material for personal dive weights is cast lead. The primary reason for using lead is its high density, as well as its relatively low melting point, low cost and easy availability compared to other high density materials. It is also resistant to corrosion in fresh and salt water. Most dive weights are cast by foundries and sold by dive shops to divers in a range of sizes, but some are made by divers for their own use. Scrap lead from sources such as fishing sinkers and wheel balance weights can be easily cast by a hobbyist in relatively cheap re-usable moulds, though this may expose them to vaporized lead fumes.

Heavy metal toxicity
Although lead is the least expensive dense (SG=11.34) material available, it is a toxic substance causing biological damage to wildlife and humans. The Centers for Disease Control has stated that no safe level of lead exposure in children has been determined, and that once lead has been absorbed into the body, its effects cannot be corrected. Even a very small amount of exposure causes a permanent reduction in intelligence, ability to focus attention, and academic ability. Lead can be inhaled or ingested as either a metal powder or powdered corrosion products, however most lead salts have very low solubility in water, and pure lead corrodes very slowly in seawater. Absorption through skin is not likely for metallic lead and inorganic corrosion products.

Although it is inexpensive to recycle lead from other sources into homemade dive weights, pure lead melts at  and releases fumes at . The fumes will form oxides in the air and settle as dust on nearby surfaces. Even with good ventilation there will be lead oxide dust in the lead melting area.

Solid block weights can corrode and be damaged when dropped or impacting other weights. In flexible bag weights, the small pieces of lead shot will rub together when handled and used, releasing lead dust and corrosion products into the water. The amount of lead lost to the water is roughly proportional to the total surface area of the weights, and the amount of motion between contact surfaces and is greater for smaller sizes of shot.

Solubility of lead salts in seawater is low, though there is a significant role played by natural organic matter in complexing dissolved lead, and oceanic lead concentrations typically range from 1 to 36 ng/L, with from 50 to 300 ng/L in coastal waters affected by anthropogenic activities.

Diving is also sometimes practiced in swimming pools for training and exercise. Swimming pools can be contaminated by lead weights. Many divers using the same pool with lead weights will over time increase the lead contamination of the pool water until the water is changed.

There are no published studies on lead absorption by divers or diving support personnel due to handling weights, which suggests that it has not been considered a problem by diving medical experts or the occupational health and safety authorities.

Alternative materials
Other heavy metals have been considered as an alternative to lead. One example is bismuth which has a similar density (SG=9.78) and a low melting point. It is less toxic, and its salts are highly insoluble which limits absorption by the body. Tungsten (SG=19.25) is another possible replacement for lead, but it is very expensive by comparison, both as a material and to manufacture in suitable shapes.

Non-toxic materials such as iron (SG=7.87) can be used in place of lead and would not cause poisoning and contamination. However, the density of most such materials is significantly lower, so the dive weight needs to be of larger volume and therefore greater mass, to equal the negative buoyancy of the mass of lead it replaces. A lead weight of 1 kg would be replaced by an iron weight of 1 × (7.87/11.34) × ((11.34-1)/(7.87-1)) = 1.044 kg, a 4.4% additional load for the diver when out of the water.

Iron is also corroded much more easily in seawater than lead, and would need some form of protection to prevent rusting. Alloys of stainless steel are more resistant to corrosion, but, for the cheaper grades, need to be rinsed with freshwater after use to prevent corrosion in storage. The cost of shaping alternative materials may be considerably greater, particularly for small quantities. Stainless steel and tungsten dive weights for example are currently only obtainable by milling down a solid metal stock material in block or cylinder form, into the required shape. Direct casting of some of these materials in a foundry is possible, but would require high volume production for the casting processes to be cost effective.

Encapsulation of lead weights
Lead weights can be coated with a protective outer layer such as plastic or paint, and this is commonly used for lead abatement. This prevents the lead from corroding or being ground into dust by rubbing, and helps to cushion impacts. However the protection is reduced if the coating is cracked or otherwise damaged. Soft plastics may become brittle over time due to UV degradation from sunlight and loss of plasticizers, leading to cracking and shattering. Encapsulation materials are usually of near neutral buoyancy in water, and reduce the average density of the weights, making the weights slightly less effective, and increasing the overall weight in air of the diving equipment.

Ballast on other diving and support equipment
Clump weights for bells and stages:– A clump weight is a large ballast weight suspended from a cable which runs down from one side of the launch and recovery gantry, through a pair of sheaves on the sides of the weight, and up the other side back to the gantry, where it is fastened. The weight hangs freely between the two parts of the cable, and due to its weight, hangs horizontally and keeps the cable under tension with the vertical parts parallel. The bell hangs between the vertical parts of the cable, and has a fairlead on each side which slides along the cable as it is lowered or lifted. Deployment of the bell is by a primary lifting cable attached to the top. As the bell is lowered, the fairleads prevent it from rotating on the deployment cable, which would put twist into the umbilical and risk loops or snagging. The clump weight cables therefore function as guidelines or rails along which the bell is lowered to the workplace, and raised back to the platform.
Releasable ballast on closed bells, atmospheric diving suits, remotely operated underwater vehicles and submersibles:– Solid weights which can be released by the operator, or automatically release in a power failure, to achieve positive buoyancy in an emergency, allowing the unit to float back to the surface.
Trim weights on atmospheric diving suits, remotely operated underwater vehicles, and submersibles, used to compensate for variations in payload.
Ballast and trim weights on camera equipment and diver propulsion vehicles. Camera and light assemblies are often ballasted or provided with rigid buoyancy to provide neutral buoyancy and reasonably stable trim, as this makes it easier to hold the camera in place when setting up a shot. Similar considerations apply to video cameras, which must often be kept steady and in focus for relatively long periods. Diver propulsion vehicles are ballasted to neutral buoyancy and level trim to make it easier to steer them for long periods and at varying speeds, a procedure which is generally done using only one hand, so that the other is available for other work.

See also

References

Notes
 Derivation of formula for equivalent apparent weight in water.

Density = mass/volume, ρ = m/V so m = ρ × V
Buoyancy in water: B = (ρ - ρwater) × V × g, where g = gravitational acceleration at earth' surface
For two objects of different densities but the same buoyancy in water: B1 = B2 so (ρ1 - ρwater) × V1 × g = (ρ2 - ρwater) × V2 × g  (g can be dropped from both sides)
therefore: V1 = V2 × (ρ2 - ρwater) ÷ (ρ1 - ρwater)
Also, for the same two objects in air (ignoring the buoyancy of the air): m1 = ρ1 × V1 and m2 = ρ2 × V2
by substitution:  m1 ÷ m2 = (ρ1 ÷ ρ2) × ((ρ2 - ρwater) ÷ (ρ1 - ρwater))
so: m1 = (ρ1 ÷ ρ2) × ((ρ2 - ρwater) ÷ (ρ1 - ρwater)) × m2
And the same works with SG in place of density: m1 = (SG1 ÷ SG2) × ((SG2 - SGwater) ÷ (SG1 - SGwater)) × m2
And since SGwater = 1: m1 = (SG1 ÷ SG2) × ((SG2 - 1) ÷ (SG1 - 1)) × m2
Substituting  values for 1 kg lead, iron gives: 1kg lead × (7.87/11.34) × ((11.34-1)/(7.87-1)) = 1.044kg iron

Sources

Diver buoyancy control equipment
Weights

Diving weighting system


Chimioterapia este tehnica terapeutică ce consistă în administrarea substanțelor chimice în scopul tratării unei anumite boli. Aceasta este metoda cea mai folosită pentru tratarea cancerului, fiind folosite o varietate de produse chimioterapice. Medicamentele folosite pot opri sau încetini creșterea celulelor canceroase, dar pot să afecteze și celule sănătoase.  Chimioterapia este una dintre categoriile principale ale oncologiei medicale.

Strategie
În prezent, există mai multe strategii pentru administrarea medicamentelor chimioterapice. Chimioterapia poate fi folosită cu scopul de a fi curativă (de a vindeca), sau cu scopul de prelungi viața sau de a fi paliativă (a ameliora simptomele fără să vindece). De asemenea, chimioterapia poate fi combinată cu alte tratamente împotriva cancerului, cum ar fi radioterapia sau chiar operarea.

Eficacitate
Eficacitatea chimioterapiei depinde în funcție de tipul cancerului și de stadiul acestuia. Efectele acestei terapii variază de la a fi curativă pentru unele tipuri de cancer, cum sunt de exemplu leucemiile, până la a fi fără efect în cazul unora, cum sunt tumorile cerebrale, sau chiar inutilă pentru cancerul de piele non-melanom (CPNM).

Vezi și
 Radioterapie
 Imunoterapie
 Ozonoterapie

Referințe

Tratarea cancerului
Oncologie

Chimioterapie


The Faraday effect or Faraday rotation, sometimes referred to as the magneto-optic Faraday effect (MOFE), is a physical magneto-optical phenomenon. The Faraday effect causes a polarization rotation which is proportional to the projection of the magnetic field along the direction of the light propagation. Formally, it is a special case of gyroelectromagnetism obtained when the dielectric permittivity tensor is diagonal. This effect occurs in most optically transparent dielectric materials (including liquids) under the influence of magnetic fields.

Discovered by Michael Faraday in 1845,  the Faraday effect was the first experimental evidence that light and electromagnetism are related. The theoretical basis of electromagnetic radiation (which includes visible light) was completed by James Clerk Maxwell in the 1860s. Maxwell's equations were rewritten in their current form in the 1870s by Oliver Heaviside.

The Faraday effect is caused by left and right circularly polarized waves propagating at slightly different speeds, a property known as circular birefringence. Since a linear polarization can be decomposed into the superposition of two equal-amplitude circularly polarized components of opposite handedness and different phase, the effect of a relative phase shift, induced by the Faraday effect, is to rotate the orientation of a wave's linear polarization.

The Faraday effect has applications in measuring instruments. For instance, the Faraday effect has been used to measure optical rotatory power and for remote sensing of magnetic fields (such as fiber optic current sensors). The Faraday effect is used in spintronics research to study the polarization of electron spins in semiconductors. Faraday rotators can be used for amplitude modulation of light, and are the basis of optical isolators and optical circulators; such components are required in optical telecommunications and other laser applications.

History

By 1845, it was known through the work of Fresnel, Malus, and others that different materials are able to modify the direction of polarization of light when appropriately oriented, making polarized light a very powerful tool to investigate the properties of transparent materials. Faraday firmly believed that light was an electromagnetic phenomenon, and as such should be affected by electromagnetic forces. He spent considerable effort looking for evidence of electric forces affecting the polarization of light through what are now known as electro-optic effects, starting with decomposing electrolytes. However, his experimental methods were not sensitive enough, and the effect was only measured thirty years later by John Kerr.

Faraday then attempted to look for the effects of magnetic forces on light passing through various substances. After several unsuccessful trials, he happened to test a piece of "heavy" glass, containing equal proportions of silica, boracic acid and lead oxide, that he had made during his earlier work on glass manufacturing. Faraday observed that when a beam of polarized light passed through the glass in the direction of an applied magnetic force, the polarization of light rotated by an angle that was proportional to the strength of the force. He used a Nicol prism to measure the polarization. He was later able to reproduce the effect in several other solids, liquids, and gases by procuring stronger electromagnets.

The discovery is well documented in Faraday's daily notebook. On 13 Sept. 1845, in paragraph #7504, under the rubric Heavy Glass, he wrote:

He summarized the results of his experiments on 30 Sept. 1845, in paragraph #7718, famously writing:

Physical interpretation
The linear polarized light that is seen to rotate in the Faraday effect can be seen as consisting of the superposition of a right- and a left- circularly polarized beam (this superposition principle is fundamental in many branches of physics). We can look at the effects of each component (right- or left-polarized) separately, and see what effect this has on the result.

In circularly polarized light the direction of the electric field rotates at the frequency of the light, either clockwise or counter-clockwise. In a material, this electric field causes a force on the charged particles that compose the material (because of their large charge to mass ratio, the electrons are most heavily affected). The motion thus effected will be circular, and circularly moving charges will create their own (magnetic) field in addition to the external magnetic field. There will thus be two different cases: the created field will be parallel to the external field for one (circular) polarization, and in the opposing direction for the other polarization direction – thus the net B field is enhanced in one direction and diminished in the opposite direction. This changes the dynamics of the interaction for each beam and one of the beams will be slowed more than the other, causing a phase difference between the left- and right-polarized beam. When the two beams are added after this phase shift, the result is again a linearly polarized beam, but with a rotation of the polarization vector.

The direction of polarization rotation depends on the properties of the material through which the light is shone. A full treatment would have to take into account the effect of the external and radiation-induced fields on the wave function of the electrons, and then calculate the effect of this change on the refractive index of the material for each polarization, to see whether the right- or left-circular polarization is slowed more.

Mathematical formulation

Formally, the magnetic permeability is treated as a non-diagonal tensor as expressed by the equation:

The relation between the angle of rotation of the polarization and the magnetic field in a transparent material is:

where

β is the angle of rotation (in radians)
B is the magnetic flux density in the direction of propagation (in teslas)
d is the length of the path (in meters) where the light and magnetic field interact
 is the Verdet constant for the material. This empirical proportionality constant (in units of radians per tesla per meter) varies with wavelength and temperature and is tabulated for various materials.

A positive Verdet constant corresponds to L-rotation (anticlockwise) when the direction of propagation is parallel to the magnetic field and to R-rotation (clockwise) when the direction of propagation is anti-parallel. Thus, if a ray of light is passed through a material and reflected back through it, the rotation doubles.

Some materials, such as terbium gallium garnet (TGG) have extremely high Verdet constants (≈  for 632 nm light). By placing a rod of this material in a strong magnetic field, Faraday rotation angles of over 0.78 rad (45°) can be achieved. This allows the construction of Faraday rotators, which are the principal component of Faraday isolators, devices which transmit light in only one direction.  The Faraday effect can, however, be observed and measured in a Terbium-doped glass with Verdet constant as low as (≈  for 632 nm light). Similar isolators are constructed for microwave systems by using ferrite rods in a waveguide with a surrounding magnetic field. A thorough mathematical description can be found here.

Examples

Interstellar medium
The effect is imposed on light over the course of its propagation from its origin to the Earth, through the interstellar medium. Here, the effect is caused by free electrons and can be characterized as a difference in the refractive index seen by the two circularly polarized propagation modes. Hence, in contrast to the Faraday effect in solids or liquids, interstellar Faraday rotation (β) has a simple dependence on the wavelength of light (λ), namely:

where the overall strength of the effect is characterized by RM, the rotation measure. This in turn depends on the axial component of the interstellar magnetic field B||, and the number density of electrons ne, both of which vary along the propagation path. In Gaussian cgs units the rotation measure is given by:

or in  SI units:

where
ne(s) is the density of electrons at each point s along the path
B‖(s) is the component of the interstellar magnetic field in the direction of propagation at each point s along the path
e is the charge of an electron;
c is the speed of light in vacuum;
m is the mass of an electron;
 is the vacuum permittivity;

The integral is taken over the entire path from the source to the observer.

Faraday rotation is an important tool in astronomy for the measurement of magnetic fields, which can be estimated from rotation measures given a knowledge of the electron number density. In the case of radio pulsars, the dispersion caused by these electrons results in a time delay between pulses received at different wavelengths, which can be measured in terms of the electron column density, or dispersion measure. A measurement of both the dispersion measure and the rotation measure therefore yields the weighted mean of the magnetic field along the line of sight.  The same information can be obtained from objects other than pulsars, if the dispersion measure can be estimated based on reasonable guesses about the propagation path length and typical electron densities. In particular, Faraday rotation measurements of polarized radio signals from extragalactic radio sources occulted by the solar corona can be used to estimate both the electron density distribution and the direction and strength of the magnetic field in the coronal plasma.

The ionosphere
Radio waves passing through the Earth's ionosphere are likewise subject to the Faraday effect. The ionosphere consists of a plasma containing free electrons which contribute to Faraday rotation according to the above equation, whereas the positive ions are relatively massive and have little influence. In conjunction with the Earth's magnetic field, rotation of the polarization of radio waves thus occurs. Since the density of electrons in the ionosphere varies greatly on a daily basis, as well as over the sunspot cycle, the magnitude of the effect varies. However the effect is always proportional to the square of the wavelength, so even at the UHF television frequency of 500 MHz (λ = 60 cm), there can be more than a complete rotation of the axis of polarization.  A consequence is that although most radio transmitting antennas are either vertically or horizontally polarized, the polarization of a medium or short wave signal after reflection by the ionosphere is rather unpredictable. However the Faraday effect due to free electrons diminishes rapidly at higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) so that at microwave frequencies, used by satellite communications, the transmitted polarization is maintained between the satellite and the ground.

Semiconductors

Due to spin-orbit coupling, undoped GaAs single crystal exhibits much larger Faraday rotation than glass (SiO2). Considering the atomic arrangement is different along the (100) and (110) plane, one might think the Faraday rotation is polarization dependent. However, experimental work revealed an immeasurable anisotropy in the wavelength range from 880–1,600 nm. Based on the large Faraday rotation, one might be able to use GaAs to calibrate the B field of the terahertz electromagnetic wave which requires very fast response time. Around the band gap, the Faraday effect shows resonance behavior.

More generally, (ferromagnetic) semiconductors return both electro-gyration and a Faraday response in the high frequency domain. The combination of the two is described by gyroelectromagnetic media, for which gyroelectricity and gyromagnetism (Faraday effect) may occur at the same time.

Organic materials
In organic materials, Faraday rotation is typically small, with a Verdet constant in the visible wavelength region on the order of a few hundred degrees per Tesla per meter, decreasing proportional to  in this region. While the Verdet constant of organic materials does increase around electronic transitions in the molecule, the associated light absorption makes most organic materials bad candidates for applications. There are however also isolated reports of large Faraday rotation in organic liquid crystals without associated absorption.

Plasmonic and magnetic materials

In 2009  γ-Fe2O3-Au core-shell nanostructures were synthesized to integrate  magnetic (γ-Fe2O3) and plasmonic (Au) properties into one composite. Faraday rotation with and without the plasmonic materials was tested and rotation enhancement under 530 nm light irradiation was observed. Researchers claim that the magnitude of the magneto-optical enhancement is governed primarily by the spectral overlap of the magneto-optical transition and the plasmon resonance.

The reported composite magnetic/plasmonic nanostructure can be visualized to be a magnetic particle embedded in a resonant optical cavity. Because of the large density of photon states in the cavity, the interaction between the electromagnetic field of the light and the electronic transitions of the magnetic material is enhanced, resulting in a larger difference between the velocities of the right- and left-hand circularized polarization, therefore enhancing Faraday rotation.

See also

 Electro-optic Kerr effect
 Faraday rotator
 Inverse Faraday effect
 Magnetic circular dichroism
 Magneto-optic Kerr effect
 Optical rotation
 Polarization spectroscopy
 QMR effect (quadratic rather than linear)
 Voigt effect (magnetic-linear birefringence)

References

External links
 Faraday Rotation (at Eric W. Weisstein's World of Physics)
 Electro-optical measurements (Kerr, Pockels, and Faraday)
 Faraday Rotation Effect in (radio)astronomy
 A simple

Magneto-optic effects
Michael Faraday
Polarization (waves)

Faraday effect


Jacob Steen Christensen (født 25. juni 2001) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der har  spillet for den danske klub FC Nordsjælland, og fra sommeren 2023 for  FC Köln.

Klubkarriere
Christensen spillede for Akademisk Boldklub, inden han i en alder af 12 år skiftede til Farum Boldklub / FC Nordsjælland.

FC Nordsjælland
Christensen fik sin debut i Superligaen for FC Nordjælland den 15. juli 2018, da han sammen med Ibrahim Sadiq blev skiftet ind i det 73. minut i stedet for Benjamin Tiedemann og Andreas Skov Olsen i 1-0-sejr over Esbjerg fB i en alder af 17 år. I runden efter, den 22. juli 2018, startede han til gengæld inde.

I starten af oktober 2018 skrev under på en forlængelse af sin kontrakt, således parterne fik papir på hinanden frem til sommeren 2021.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Akademisk Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra FC Nordsjælland

Jacob Steen Christensen


The prime minister of Lithuania (;  "Minister-Chairman") is the head of the government of Lithuania. The prime minister is Lithuania's head of government and is appointed by the president with the assent of the Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas. The modern office of prime minister was established in 1990, when Lithuania declared its independence, although the official title was "Chairperson of the Council of Ministers" until 25 November 1992.

Historically, the title of prime minister was also used between 1918 and 1940. This was during the original Republic of Lithuania, which lasted from the collapse of the Russian Empire until the country's annexation by the Soviet Union.

Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940)

Following the ultimatum in June 1940, the forces of Soviet Union entered Lithuania, prompting President Antanas Smetona to flee the country. Antanas Merkys, who assumed the position of acting president in accordance with the constitution, soon announced he had taken over the Presidency on a permanent basis and appointed Justas Paleckis, favored by the Soviet authorities, as the Prime Minister ahead of the "people's government". Merkys soon resigned, allowing Paleckis to assume the post of acting president as well. The presidency of Merkys is not recognized as legitimate in modern Lithuania and Paleckis is not listed as an interwar Prime Minister in government sources.

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1990)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Lithuanian SSR
Mečislovas Gedvilas (25 August 1940 – 2 April 1946) (in exile in the Russian SFSR 1941–1944)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian SSR
Mečislovas Gedvilas (2 April 1946 – 16 January 1956)
Motiejus Šumauskas (16 January 1956 – 14 April 1967)
Juozas Maniušis (14 April 1967 – 16 January 1981)
Ringaudas Songaila (16 January 1981 – 18 November 1985)
Vytautas Sakalauskas (18 November 1985 – 17 March 1990)

Provisional Government of Lithuania (1941)
Acting Prime Minister of the Provisional Government
Juozas Ambrazevičius (June 23, 1941 – August 5, 1941)

Republic of Lithuania (1990–present)

List of prime ministers (1990–present)
From 11 March 1990 after adopting the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.

Political parties and affiliations:

See also
 Lists of office-holders
 Grand Chancellor of Lithuania

Timeline

References

External links
 Official site

Lithuania, Prime Minister of
Lists of political office-holders in Lithuania

Prime Minister of Lithuania


Davorin Marčelja (Kastav, 13. siječnja 1924. – Zagreb, 2. lipnja 2011.), hrvatski atletičar i košarkaš. Natjecao se za Jugoslaviju.

Natjecao se na Olimpijskim igrama 1948. u desetoboju i osvojio 18. mjesto. Na OI 1952. je odustao zbog ozljede.

Ima jedan nastup za košarkašku A reprezentaciju Jugoslavije.

Bio je član zagrebačkih Marathona i Mladosti.

Izvori

Hrvatski desetobojci
Hrvatski košarkaši

Davorin Marčelja


The Plastic People of the Universe - Oamenii din plastic ai Universului (PPU) este o trupă rock cehă din Praga. A fost cel mai important reprezentant al culturii subterane din Praga (1968-1989), care a luptat împotriva asupririlor regimului comunist al Cehoslovaciei. Datorită neconformismului lor, membrii trupei au suferit adesea repercusiuni grave, cum ar fi arestări. Grupul continuă să interpreteze în ciuda morții fondatorului, principalului său compozitor și basist, Milano "Mejla" Hlavsa în 2001.

Istorie
Din ianuarie până în august 1968, sub conducerea liderului Partidului Comunist din Cehoslovacia Alexander Dubček, cehoslovacii au experimentat Primăvara de la Praga. În august, trupele sovietice și celelalte țări membre ale Pactului de la Varșovia au invadat Cehoslovacia. Această invazie a dus la răsturnarea lui Dubček și la ceea ce a devenit cunoscut ca procesul de normalizare. La mai puțin de o lună după invazie, s-a format The Plastic People of the Universe.

Bassistul Milan Hlavsa a creat formația în 1968 și a fost puternic influențat de Frank Zappa si The Velvet Underground (trupa lui Zappa, The Mothers of Invention, a avut o piesă denumită Plastic People pe albumul lor Absolutely Free din 1967). Istoricul de artă și criticul cultural ceh Ivan Jirous a devenit managerul/directorul artistic al trupei în anul următor,  cu un rol similar cu cel al lui Andy Warhol la formația The Velvet Underground. Jirous l-a prezentat lui Hlavsa pe chitaristul Josef Janíček și pe violonistul Jiří Kabeš. Guvernul comunist ceh consolidat a revocat licența muzicienilor în 1970.

Discografie

 Muž bez uší (înregistrări live 1969-72)
 Vožralej jak slíva (înregistrări live 1973-75)
 Egon Bondy, Happy Hearts Club Banned (1974)
 Ach la stat hanobení (înregistrări live 1976-77)
 Pašijové hry velikonoční (1978)
 Jak bude po smrti (1979)
 Co înseamnă vésti koně (1981)
 Kolejnice duní (1977-82)
 Hovězí porážka (1983-1984)
 Půlnoční myš (1985-86)
 Bez ohňů este subterană (1992-93)
 Oamenii de plastic din univers (1997)
 Pentru Kosovo (1997)
 10 ani Globusu aneb underground v kostce (2000)
 Milan Hlavsa - Než je dnes člověku 50 - Posledná dekáda (2001)
 Línea cu tebou spím - Lazy Love / În Memoriam Mejla Hlavsa (2001)
 Pașijové hry / Pasiunea Play (cu Agon Orchestra) (2004)
 Do lesíčka na čekanou (2007)
 Magor's Shem (Turneu de 40 de ani, PPU 1968-2008) (2008)
 Masca za maskou (2009)
 Non Stop Opera (2011)

Referințe

Legături externe
 Persoanele din plastic ale Universului - site-ul oficial
 Oamenii din plastic ai Universului de
 profil oficial Facebook - Persoanele din plastic ale Universului
 canal oficial YouTube - Oamenii din plastic ai Universului
 Film documentar produs de Česká televize: Oamenii de plastic din univers, regizor - Jana Chytilová
 Format: film Kinobox
 Articol din Viata de la Praga
 Interviu cu Paul Wilson
 Interviu / profil de la Washington Post's Express
 Articolul din Rolling Stone

Vezi și
Gertruda Sekaninová-Čakrtová

Fondări în 1968
Formații rock

The Plastic People of the Universe


Herbert Scheithauer (* 3. März 1970 in Bremen) ist ein deutscher Psychologe und Hochschullehrer an der FU Berlin. Er lebt in Bremen und Berlin. Bekannt wurde der Entwicklungswissenschaftler durch mehrere von ihm mitentwickelte Vorhaben zur Gewaltprävention an Schulen.

Leben

Nach seinem Zivildienst studierte Scheithauer ab 1991 an der Universität Bremen Psychologie und Soziologie; 1998 erhielt er seinen Abschluss mit einer Diplomarbeit "Zum Zusammenhang von Depressiven Störungen, kritischen Lebensereignissen und Problemlösungsverhalten bei Jugendlichen". Anschließend war er ab 1999 Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen. Von 2000 bis 2001 war er Präventionsfachkraft beim Bremer Kinderschutz‐Zentrum des Deutschen Kinderschutzbundes, Thema: schulische Prävention. 2003 wurde er bei Franz Petermann zum Dr. phil. promoviert mit einer Dissertation über "Entwicklungsorientierte Metaanalyse geschlechtsspezifischer Formen aggressiven Verhaltens im Kindes‐ und Jugendalter". Er blieb als Post‐Doc am Bremer Zentrum, bis er 2004 eine Juniorprofessur für Pädagogische und Entwicklungspsychologie an der FU Berlin erhielt. Seit 2010 ist er Professor für Entwicklungspsychologie und Klinische Psychologie an der FU.

Leistungen

Neben Forschung und Lehre, die sich u. a. bezieht auf Themen wie Entwicklungspsychopathologie, biopsychosoziale Mechanismen der Entwicklung pro-/dissozialen Verhaltens, biopsychosoziale Grundlagen der ontologischen Entwicklung, Förderung sozial-emotionaler Kompetenz in Bildungseinrichtungen oder Prävention und Klinische Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychologie hat Scheithauer in kurzer Zeit mehrere spezielle Projekte zur Gewaltprävention an Schulen präsentiert.

Programme

Projekte (Beteiligung an aktuell implementierten Präventionsprogrammen):

 Papilio. Das Programm Papilio (www.papilio.de) ist ein entwicklungsorientiertes Programm zur Prävention von Verhaltensproblemen und Förderung sozio‐emotionaler Kompetenzen im Kindergartenalter.
 Fairplayer. Das Programm fairplayer.manual (www.fairplayer.de) ist eine manualisierte, strukturierte Präventionsmaßnahme, die unterrichtsbegleitend zur Förderung sozialer Kompetenzen und zur Prävention von Bullying eingesetzt wird.
 Fairplayer.sport. Das Programm fairplayer.sport (www.fairplayer‐sport.de) ist eine manualisierte, strukturierte Präventionsmaßnahme für die Arbeit mit Jugendmannschaften, mit dessen Hilfe Trainer in ihren Teams bewegungsorientiert soziale und moralische Fertigkeiten vermitteln und einüben können.
 Leaking‐Projekt. Dabei handelt es sich um ein empirisches Forschungsprojekt zu School Shootings und deren Ankündigungen an deutschen Schulen.
 Netwass‐Projekt. Das aus dem Projekt "Berliner Leaking‐Projekt" hervorgegangene Präventionsprogramm Networks Against School Shootings (NETWASS) wird, gefördert vom BMBF, in der Umsetzung in Schulen in drei Bundesländern evaluiert.
 Medienhelden. Es handelt sich um ein Programm zur Prävention von Cybermobbing und Förderung von Medienkompetenz, zur Integration in den Schulunterricht.

Mitgliedschaften

 seit 2004 Berater der Stiftung Deutsches Forum für Kriminalprävention (DFK), seit 2008 ebendort Beirat
 seit 2006 Fachbeirat des Medhochzwei-Verlags (früherer Psychotherapeutenverlag)
 seit 2008 Mitglied im Beirat des "BuddY e.V.", Düsseldorf
 seit 2008 Mitglied im wissenschaftlichen Beirat im Projekt "Konzeption und Evaluation eines Modularen Präventionskonzepts für Kinder aus suchtbelasteten Familien" (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit)
 seit 2008 Mitglied im European Network of Early Childhood Interventions
 seit 2009: ERASMUS‐Beauftragter (Luxemburg)

Auszeichnungen

 European Crime Prevention Award. ECPN für "Fairplayer" 2011.

Schriften

Scheithauer veröffentlichte bislang zahlreiche Zeitschriftenaufsätze, Kongressbeiträge und Fachbuchbeiträge. Er ist Reviewer und Herausgeber von vielen Fachzeitschriften und hat mehrere Programme zur Prävention von Gewalt an Schulen publiziert. Die folgende Auswahl betrifft seine Monografien.
 mit H. Mayer, P. Heim, B. Barquero und U. Koglin: Papilio. Ein Programm für Kindergärten zur Primärprävention von Verhaltensproblemen und zur Förderung sozial‐emotionaler Kompetenz. 2. Auflage. beta‐Instituts Verlag, Augsburg 2007.
 mit C. Peter und S. Raith‐Kaudelka: Gehörlose Eltern – Hörende Kinder. CODATrainingsprogramm, mit DVD. Beltz, Weinheim 2010.
 mit F. Petermann, M. Kusch und K. Niebank: Entwicklungspsychopathologie. Ein Lehrbuch. Psychologie Verlags Union, Weinheim 1998.
 mit F. Petermann und K. Niebank (Hrsg.): Risiken in der frühkindlichen Entwicklung. Entwicklungspsychopathologie der ersten Lebensjahre. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2000.
 mit F. Petermann und K. Niebank: Entwicklungswissenschaft. Entwicklungspsychologie ‐ Genetik ‐ Neuropsychologie. Springer, Berlin 2004.
 mit F. Petermann, U. Petermann und M. Nehrke: Aggressionsdiagnostik. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2000.
 Aggressives Verhalten von Jungen und Mädchen. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2003.
 mit R. Bondü: Amoklauf und School Shooting. Bedeutung, Hintergründe und Prävention. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011.
 mit H. D. Bull: fairplayer.manual: Förderung von sozialen Kompetenzen und Zivilcourage ‐ Prävention von Bullying und Schulgewalt. Theorie‐ und Praxismanual für die Arbeit mit Jugendlichen und Schulklassen. 3. Auflage. niebank‐rusch‐Verlag, Bremen 2007.
 mit T. Hayer, K. Niebank (Hrsg.): Problemverhalten und Gewalt im Jugendalter. Erscheinungsformen, Entstehungsbedingungen und Möglichkeiten der Prävention. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2008.
 mit T. Hayer und F. Petermann: Bullying unter Schülern ‐ Erscheinungsformen, Risikobedingungen und Interventionskonzepte. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2003.
 mit C. Rosenbach und K. Niebank: Gelingensbedingungen für die Prävention von interpersonaler Gewalt im Kindes‐ und Jugendalter. Expertise im Auftrag der Stiftung DFK, Berlin. 2. Auflage. Deutsches Forum Kriminalprävention, Bonn 2008.

Weblinks

 Entwicklungswissenschaften-Webseite
 Website von "Fairplayer"
 neues Projekt "Medienhelden"
 Webseite Scheithauer an der FU Berlin

Einzelnachweise

Entwicklungspsychologe
Pädagogischer Psychologe
Sachbuchautor (Pädagogik und Psychologie)
Hochschullehrer (Freie Universität Berlin)
Deutscher
Geboren 1970
Mann

Herbert Scheithauer


Interkalarni heterokromatin je transkripcijski inaktivan kromatin. Nakon kromosomskog G-pruganja vidljive su G-pruge, tj. interkalarni heterokromatin. Smješten je duž krakova kromosoma. Za vrijeme interfaze je kondenziran. Genetički je vjerojatno aktivan.

Izvori

Stanična biologija
Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina

Interkalarni heterokromatin


Anders Antonsen (født 27. april 1997 i Aarhus) er en dansk badmintonspiller. Han repræsenterer Aarhus Badmintonklub, men træner til dagligt i Danmarks Badminton Forbunds elitecenter i Brøndby Hallen.

I april 2015 vandt Antonsen i Lublin U/19 europamesterskabet i herresingle. Han har vundet det danske mesterskab i herresingle tre gange i træk fra 2017 til 2019.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Anders Antonsens officielle websted
 Anders Antonsens profil på bwfbadminton.com

Personer fra Aarhus
Badmintonspillere fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 2020
Badmintonspillere ved sommer-OL 2020

Anders Antonsen


Wisconsin v. Jonas Yoder (1972), é o caso em que a Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos decidiu que as crianças Amish não poderiam ser colocadas sob educação obrigatória após a 8ª série. O direito fundamental dos pais à liberdade de religião estava determinado a superar o interesse do Estado em educar os filhos deles. O caso é frequentemente citado como base para o direito dos pais de educar seus filhos fora das escolas públicas ou privadas tradicionais.

Casos da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos

Caso Wisconsin v. Yoder


James P. Allison () este un imunolog american. La 1 octombrie 2018, i-a fost decernat Premiul Nobel pentru Fiziologie sau Medicină, împreună cu Tasuku Honjo, "pentru descoperirea terapiei cancerului prin inhibarea reglării imune negative". James P. Allison a studiat antigenul 4 de pe limfocitele T citotoxice (CTLA-4) care frânează răspunsul imun antitumoral al acestor limfocite și a dezvoltat un anticorp monoclonal care inhibă CTLA-4 și astfel permite limfocitelor T să atace celulele canceroase.

Note

Nașteri în 1948
Imunologi americani
Laureați ai Premiului Nobel pentru Fiziologie sau Medicină
Laureați americani ai Premiului Nobel

James P. Allison