Budj Bim (gunditjmaranski za "Visoka glava") je planinsko područje ugaslog vulkana u blizini gradića Macarthura, Victoria, Australija. Njezin grubo stožasti vrh ima visinu od 178 m, a on je ostatak tri spojena vulkanska kratera u kojima se danas nalazi Lake Surprise ("Jezero iznenađenje"). Na jugoistoku se nalazi niz manjih kratera i stožaca "lava tumula", te protjeka lave ("kanala lave") koji oblikuju štitasti vulkan.

Ova niska planina, gotovo brdo, je istražio bojnik Thomas Mitchell 1836. god. i nazvao ga Mount Eeles po Williamu Eelesu koji se zajedno s njim borio u Španjolskom ratu za neovisnost. God. 1845. jedan geograf je pogrešno zapisao ime ove planine i ona je ostala Mount Eccles. Izvorno gunditjmaransko ime mu je vraćeno Zakonom o aboridžinskoj zemlji 1987. god., kada je planina vraćena na upravljanje Udruzi staraca Kerrup Jmara (Kerrup Jmara Elders Corporation).
Prema skorašnjim dokazima iz sedimenata s dna kratera Lake Surprise procjenjuje se da je ovaj vulkanski krajolik nastao erupcijom prije 30.000-40.000 godina. Ta erupcija je prouzročila Tyrendarra rijeku lave koja se pruža južno do mjesta Tyrendarra, 50 km južnije, što je pomjerilo tok rijeke Fitzroy i stvorilo prirodnu drenažu Budj Bim/jezero Condah kanalima lave, a koju je aboridžinsko stanovništvo naroda Gunditjmara (Dhauwurd Wurrung) koristilo da jednostavnim kamenim branama ulovi u zamke australske jegulje (kuyang, Anguilla australis). Zbog toga je ovo područje zaštićeno kao nacionalni park, ali i područje australske nacionalne baštine 2004. god. God. 2019. Kulturni krajolik Budj Bima je upisan na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Australiji i Oceaniji kao "jedno od najvećih i najstarijih svjetskih sustava akvakulture".

Kulturni krajolik Budj Bima

Protjeci lave Budj Bima dali su osnovu za složen sustav kanala, pregrada i brana koje je narod Gunditjmara svojim zamkama lovio i spremao kooyange (jegulje kratkog pera, Anguilla australis). Visoko produktivni sustav akvakulture pružao je ekonomsku i socijalnu osnovu društvu Gunditjmara tijekom razdoblja od najmanje 6.600 godina. Gunditjmari su stvorili, manipulirali i modificirali ove lokalne hidrološke i ekološke sustave, te su koristili obilne lokalne vulkanske stijene kako bi izgradili kanale, ustave i brane i upravljali vodnim tokovima kako bi sustavno zarobili, skladištili i ubirali kooyange i unaprijedili i ostale prehrambene resurse. Kulturni krajolik Budj Bima rezultat je kreativnog procesa koji je narod Gunditjmara pripovijedao kao "priču dubokog vremena", pozivajući se na ideju da su tamo oduvijek živjeli. Iz arheološke perspektive, duboko vrijeme predstavlja razdoblje od najmanje 32.000 godina. Dinamični odnos Gunditjmara i njihove zemlje u današnje vrijeme nastavlja se usmenim prijenosom i kontinuitetom kulturne prakse. Naime Budj Bim je gunditjmaranski naziv za "vrhovnog stvoritelja" koji je prema Gunditjmara vjerovanju stvorio zemlju izniknuvši iz zemlje u obliku vulkana, dok su kanali lave njegovi zubi i krv koji su se prosuli po ovom vlažnom području, a vrh vulkana je njegova obrva koju Gunditjmara muškarci još uvijek pohode, ukrašeni posebnim perima emua na obući.

Nažalost, tijekom kolonizacije ovog područja od 1830-ih, kada su se dogodili i brojni masakri lokalnih starosjedilaca, kompleksni sustav akvakulture je gotovo uništen. Većina pokolja se dogodio tijekom tzv. "Eumerella rata" 1840-ih kada su Gunditjmare pokušali pružiti otpor britanskim doseljenicima. Poslije progona Gunditjmara skvoteri su uništili kamene brane i ustave kako bi napravili ograde za svoju stoku i naposljetku razbili kamenje za izgradnju putova.

Izvori
 Barry J. Blake, The Warrnambool language: a consolidated account of the Aboriginal language of the Warrnambool area of the Western District of Victoria based on nineteenth-century sources, Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, 2003.

Vanjske poveznice

 Budj Bim National Heritage Landscape, Australian Heritage Database, Department of the Environment
 Budj Bim National Park, Parks Victoria, Government of Victoria

Ostali projekti

Zemljopis Australije
Nacionalni parkovi u Australiji
Svjetska baština u Australiji
Planine u Australiji

Budj Bim


83M6E Rus şirketi olan Almaz Bureau tarafından geliştirilen bir S-300 SAM Komuta/Kontrol Sistemidir. MAZ 8X8 arazi aracına monte 1 adet 64N6E Flap Lid 300 km menzilli Big Bird veya 200 km menzilli Tin Shield 3D phased array Hedef Tespit/takip Radarı ve 54K6E Kumanda Merkezinden oluşmakta ve 6 adede kadar SAM bataryasını yönetebilmektedir. Bu Komuta/ Kontrol Sistemi sayesinde 300 km menzile kadar uzaklıkta ve 10000 km/saat hızlarına ulaşan 100 adet hedef aynı anda takip edilebilmekte ve sistem otomatik olarak en tehlikeli hedef izine kilitlenebilmektedir.

83M6E


An Kyllinga brunneoalata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henri Chermezon. An Kyllinga brunneoalata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kyllinga, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Gabon. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kyllinga

Kyllinga brunneoalata


Cook Dağı ya da Aoraki, Yeni Zelanda'nın en yüksek dağıdır (3724 m). Yeni Zelanda Alpleri'nde Güney Adası üzerindeki Mackenzie Distrikt'inde (idari yapı) Canterbury Bölgesi'nde bulunur.

Cook Dağı, 1953 yılında düzenlenen 70.696 hektar araziyi ve 2000 m yükseklikte 140 dan fazla dağı kapsayan Mount Cook Milli Parkı'nın merkezindedir. Parkın %40'ı buzullar altında olup, bunların en ünlüsü Cook Dağı'nın yamaçlarındaki, 27 km uzunluğa sahip Tasman Buzulu'dur.

Dağ, İngiliz kâşif James Cook'un adını almıştır. Adını, 1851 yılında çevrenin katografisini çıkaran Captain Stokes verir. Stokes dağı, 1769 yılında, Yeni Zelanda Adaları'nın çevresini ilk olarak dolaşan ve bunları Büyük Britanya için alan James Cook'un adıyla adlandırır.

Buna karşın Aoraki adı Maori Dili'ndeki Ngāi Tahu Dialekti'nden gelir. Maori Dili'nde dağın adı Aorangi'dir (Türkçe: Gökdelen). Birçok Yeni Zelanda yöresinin adlandırmasında rol oynayan dil tartışmalarında, dağın resmi olarak "Aoraki/Mount Cook" olarak adlandırılmasında uzlaşılmıştır.

Cook Dağı, 1992 yılında toprak kayması sonucu, buz ve çakıl kitlesinin vadiye kaymasıyla, zirvesinden 20 m. kaybeder.

İlk tırmanış
İlk tırmanış denemesi 1882 yılında başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan iki İsviçreli tarafından gerçekleştirilir. 1894'te 3 Yeni Zelandalı dağcı zirveye kadar ulaşmayı başarır. İsviçreli Matthias Zurbriggen bir yıl sonra dağa tek başına tırmanmayı başarır. 1948 yılında Yeni Zelanda'nın milli kahramanı Edmund Hillary de Cook Dağı'na tırmanır.

Önemli tırmanış rotaları
Cook Dağı'na şu ana kadar yirmiden fazla rota üzerinden, her yanından tırmanılmıştır. Bugünkü önemli rotalar şunlardır.

 Linda Glacier
 Zurbriggen Ridge
 East Ridge

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yeni Zelanda'daki dağlar
Üçbinlikler
Güney Adası

Cook Dağı


Giovanni Ceirano puede referirse a:

 Giovanni Battista Ceirano (1860 – 1912), industrial italiano primero de los cuatro hermanos Ceirano.
 Giovanni Ceirano (1865 – 1948), industrial italiano segundo de los cuatro hermanos Ceirano.
 Giovanni "Ernesto" Ceirano (¿? – ¿?), piloto automovilístico e industrial italiano, hijo de Giovanni Ceirano y sobrino de Giovanni Battista Ceirano.

Giovanni Ceirano (desambiguación)


Tricloroetilena este un compus chimic și un compus halogen utilizat în mod obișnuit ca solvent industrial. Este un lichid clar neinflamabil, cu un miros dulce. Nu trebuie confundat cu 1,1,1-tricloroetanul similar, cunoscut în general sub denumirea de "cloroten". Este clasificat  cancerigen de grupul 1 (cert cancerigen pentru om conform clasificării).

Referințe

Legături externe
 U.S. EPA: Trichloroethylene—TCE information website -Agenția pentru Protecția Mediului—EPA.
 Sustainable uses and Industry recommendations
 ATSDR - Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Trichloroethylene Toxicity
 NAS: Assessing Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene - Key Scientific Issues —NAS.
 U.S. NIH: Eleventh Report on Carcinogens: Trichloroethylene Monograph —NIH.
 NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Trichloroethylene—TCE - NIOSH.

Organocloruri

Tricloroetilenă


Gnostisizm Antik Mısır hermetizmini, Antik Yunan ezoterizmini, İbrani geleneklerini, Zerdüştçülüğü, bazı Doğu geleneklerini ve dinlerini, Hristiyanlığı eklektik bir tutumla sentezleyen, birçok tarikâtın benimsediği mistik felsefeye verilen genel addır.

Gnosis

Terim, eski Yunanca'daki "sezgi veya tefekkür yoluyla edinilebilen bilgi" anlamındaki "gnosis" sözcüğünden türetilmiştir. (Gnosis üç bilgi türünden biridir. Diğerleri, öğrenimle öğrenilebilir bilgi "mathesis" ve ancak ıstırap çekerek öğrenilebilen bilgi "pathesis"tir.) Eski Yunan ezoterizmine göre nasıl ıstırap yoluyla ulaşılabilecek bilgiye öğrenim ve sezgi yoluyla ulaşılamazsa, sezgi yoluyla öğrenilebilecek bilgiye (gnosis) de ne ıstırap yoluyla ne öğrenim yoluyla ulaşılabilir. Bu yüzden kimileri gnostisizmi "'sezgi' yoluyla alınan 'bilgiyle kurtuluş öğretisi'" olarak tanımlar.

Gnostisizmin merkezi ve Kilise'nin tutumu

Gnostisizmin ocağı, bu felsefenin oluşumunda muhtemelen büyük rol oynamış değerli el yazmalarının bulunduğu, antik çağın en büyük kütüphanesine sahip olan İskenderiye kentidir. Buradaki okullarda MS. 1 ve 2. yüzyıllarda okutulan gnostisizmi Kilise hep sapkın bir yol olarak görmüş ve göstermiştir. Gnostisizm ise Hristiyan dogmatizmine akılcılık yaklaşımını benimseyerek karşı koymuştur. Örneğin gnostikler İsa'nın Tanrı'nın oğlu olmadığını savunmuş ve çarmıha çakılmadığını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bununla birlikte, bazı Gnostikler İsa'nın Tanrı'nın bir vücut bulmuş hali olduğuna inanıyordu. Gnostiklere ait el yazmaların kilise tarafından yönlendirilen yıkımlarla (İskenderiye Kütüphanesi'nin yıkımı vs.) yok edilmesinden dolayı gnostikler hakkında 20. yüzyıla dek pek fazla bilgi edinilememişse de, 1902 ile 1948 yılları arasında gnostiklere ait çok sayıda el yazması keşfedilmiş ve bunlar sayesinde gnostisizmin ilkeleri daha iyi anlaşılmış bulunmaktadır.

Gnostisizmin ilkeleri

 Hakikatlere ulaşabilmede dinler yetersizdir.
 Hakiki bilgiler, yani hakikate ait ya da hakikate yakın bilgiler ancak ruhsal ve psişik gelişim yoluyla edinilebilir.
 Ruh ölümsüzdür. Ruh dünya yaşamında bir tür hapishane yaşamı geçirmektedir.
 Gerçek olan, fiziksel dünya yaşamı değil, ruhsal yaşamdır.
 Dünya düalite ilkesinin geçerli olduğu bir gelişim ortamıdır.
 Ruhsal gelişim yolunda en önemli bilgi kaynaklarından biri ruhsal alemden ruhsal irtibatlarla alınabilecek yüksek bilgiler içeren tebliğlerdir ki, bunlar ruhsal bakımdan seçkin insanlara verilir.

Ünlü gnostikler
Gnostisizm'in öncü öğretmenleri arasında 1. ve 2. yüzyıllarda yaşamış Valentin, Simon, Basilide, Carpocrade, Saturnin ve Marcion sayılabilir. Gnostisizm'deki temel kavramlardan biri Demiurgos'tur. Gnostik kaynakların çoğu, gizli bilgi "Gnosis" keşfedilinceye ve aydınlanıncaya kadar, dünyada yeniden doğulacağını belirtmiştir, Gnostik bilgelerin hemen hemen hepsi, reenkarnasyonu kabul eder.

1945 yılından önce Gnostisizm hakkında bilinenler, hacimli bir Gnostik metni olan Pistis Sophia ve ilk yüzyılda kilise babalarının Gnostisizme karşı söylediklerinden ibaretti, 1945 yılında Nag Hammadi yakınlarındaki mağaralarda pek çok antik Gnostik metin bulundu ve Gnostisizme bakış açısı önemli oranda değişti, Elaine Pagels gibi bazı bilim insanları ve Peter Gandy gibi gizem tarihi araştırmacıları, literalist Roma kilisesi kristolojisinin Gnostisizm'den türediğini söylemiştir.

En önemli Gnostik metinleri; Tomas İncili, Yuhanna'nın Gizli Kitabı, Filip İncili ve Pistis Sofya'dır.

Dış bağlantılar
 The Gnostic Society Library

Kaynakça

 Dharma Ansiklopedi, Dharma Yayınları
 Dictionary of Mysticism, Nevill Drury
 Gnosticism, Dina Ripsman Eylon

Gnostisizm


Die Aero A.42 war ein einmotoriges Flugzeug des tschechoslowakischen Herstellers Aero.

Geschichte
Der 1929 als Bomber entwickelte Eindecker (Erstflug im Jahre 1930) mit einem starren Fahrwerk hatte für die damalige Zeit ein durchaus fortschrittliches Design, jedoch war die tschechische Luftwaffe nicht zufrieden mit der Leistung des Flugzeugs, insbesondere wurden die Start- und Landestrecken als zu hoch und die Steiggeschwindigkeit als zu niedrig empfunden. Außerdem konnten sich die Besatzungen nicht mit der engen Kabine und der schlechten Sicht anfreunden.

Nach Testflügen mit den beiden Prototypen schlug die tschechische Luftwaffe Aero diverse Modifikationen an der Konstruktion vor, darunter die Änderung der Holztragflächen in Metallflächen. Jedoch führte das Unternehmen die Weiterentwicklung in dieser Richtung nicht fort, und so wurden außer den beiden Prototypen keine weiteren Exemplare der A.42 für die tschechischen Luftstreitkräfte produziert.

Am 20. September 1930 stellte der Pilot Vilém Svozil mit einer der beiden Maschinen internationale Geschwindigkeitsrekorde auf mit einer Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit von 252,348 km/h über eine Strecke von 1.000 km mit Nutzlasten von 500 kg und 1.000 kg sowie mit einer Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit von 253,428 km/h ohne Nutzlast.

Einer der beiden Maschinen war bis 1938 im Dienst bei der tschechoslowakischen Luftwaffe, anschließend bei der slowakischen Luftwaffe, wo sie wahrscheinlich im Jahre 1940 verschrottet wurde.

Varianten
Trotz des Misserfolgs stellte Aero noch weitere Versuche mit dem Muster an. So wurde die A.42 mit verschiedenen Antriebsvarianten und Bewaffnungen versehen, und auch das Cockpit existierte in offenen und geschlossenen Varianten.

1933 wurde mit der A.42c eine Version mit zwei Motoren des Typs Walter Merkur IV mit einer Leistung von je 370 kW (503 PS) gebaut.

Militärische Nutzer

Technische Daten

Siehe auch
 Liste von Flugzeugtypen

Literatur
 Wilfried Kopenhagen: Das große Flugzeugtypenbuch. 5. Auflage, Transpress, Berlin 1989.
 Heinz A. F. Schmidt: Historische Flugzeuge. Band II. Transpress, Berlin 1970, S. 9.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Aero
Militärischer Flugzeugtyp
Einmotoriges Flugzeug mit Kolbenmotor
Erstflug 1930

Aero A.42


Another World es el segundo álbum de estudio hecho por el guitarrista de Queen, Brian May. Grabado en el estudio de su casa después de la finalización del último álbum de Queen, Made in Heaven, el álbum fue lanzado en el Reino Unido el 1 de junio de 1998 y el 15 de septiembre de ese año en EE.UU. El álbum comenzó su vida como un álbum de covers. El concepto "Héroes" era para grabar sus canciones favoritas de sus artistas favoritos, pero la idea pronto se transformó en un álbum completo. Algunas de las tapas encontrado su lugar en el álbum, mientras que otros fueron puestos en libertad como B-sides en sencillos y en el CD de promoción de la gira Another World .

El baterista Cozy Powell murió en un accidente de coche antes de que el álbum fue terminado.

Lista de canciones
Todas las canciones fueron escritas y compuestas por Brian May, excepto la que se indicará.

 "Space" - 0:47
 "Business" - 5:07
 "China Belle" - 4:01
 "Why Don't We Try Again" - 5:24
 "On My Way Up" - 3:00
 "Cyborg" - 3:54
 "The Guv'nor" - 4:13
 "Wilderness" - 4:52
 "Slow Down" (Larry Williams) - 4:18
 "One Rainy Wish" (Jimi Hendrix) - 4:05
 "All The Way From Memphis" (Ian Hunter) - 5:16
 "Another World" - 7:30
 La canción "Another World" contiene una hidden track. Termina a las 4:05, después de un minuto de silencio se hizo la parte solista de piano de "Business" hasta el final. La edición japonesa del álbum no tiene un hidden track.
 "F.B.I" (Hank Marvin) (Bonus track exclusivo de Japón)
 "Hot Patootie" (Richard O'Brien) (Japan exclusive bonus track)

Producción
 Arreglo y Producción por Brian May
 Ingeniería y la coproducción por Justin Shirley-Smith
 Grabado en el Estudio de Allerton Hill,
 Masterizado por Kevin Metcalfe en los estudios Townhouse
 Dirección ejecutiva - Jim Beach
 Gestión, tratamiento, cuidado de niños - Julie Glover
 Diseño y fotografía - Richard Gray
 Equipo de supervisión, mantenimiento, material - Pete Malandrone

Enlaces externos
Brian May's official homepage
Brian May fansite

Álbumes de 1998
Álbumes de Brian May

Another World (álbum de Brian May)


Carl Johan Thyselius (født 8. juni 1811 i Södermanland, død 11. januar 1891 i Stockholm) var en svensk embedsmand og politiker, der var Sveriges statsminister fra 1883 til 1884.

Han var desuden justitsråd fra 1856 til 1860, ecklesiastikminister fra 1860 til 1863 og civilminister fra 1875 til 1880.

Se også
Sveriges regeringer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sveriges statsministre
Politikere fra Sverige
Embedsmænd fra Sverige
Svenskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Södermanland

Carl Johan Thyselius


Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Waqid al-Aslami () ( – 207 AH; c. 747 – 823 AD) was a historian commonly referred to as al-Waqidi (Arabic: ). His surname is derived from his grandfather's name Waqid and thus he became famous as al-Imam al-Waqidi. Al-Waqidi was an early Muslim historian and biographer of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, specializing in his military campaigns. He served as a judge (qadi) for the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun. Several of al-Waqidi's works are known through his scribe and student (in the field of the al-maghazi genre), Ibn Sa'd.

Biography
Al-Waqidi was born in Medina around 748 AD (130 AH). He was the mawla (client) of 'Abd Allah ibn Burayda of the Banu Aslam of Medina. According to Abu Faraj al-Isfahani, al-Waqidi's mother was the daughter of 'Isa ibn Ja'far ibn Sa'ib Khathir, a Persian, and the great-granddaughter of Sa'ib, who introduced music to Medina. Amongst his prominent teachers were Ibn Abi Thahab Ma'mar bin Rashid, Malik ibn Anas and Sufyan al-Thawri. He lived in Medina at the time of Abu Hanifa and Ja'far al-Sadiq and studied in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi as a student of Malik ibn Anas. Al-Waqidi also had access to the grandchildren of Muhammad's companions. Al-Waqidi originally earned a living as a wheat trader, but when a calamity struck at the age of 50, he migrated to Iraq during the reign of Harun ar-Rashid. He was appointed a judge of eastern Baghdad, and Harun ar-Rashid's heir al-Ma'mun later appointed him the qadi of a military camp at Resafa.

Al-Waqidi concentrated on history, and was acknowledged as a master of the genre by many of his peers. His books on the early Islamic expeditions and conquests predate much of the Sunni and Shia literature of the later Abbasid period. His works regarding the battles of Muhammad and his companions were considered reliable by most early Islamic scholars. While still regarded as an important source for early Islamic history, later authors debated the reliability of his works. Western orientalists who enjoyed his writings include Martin Lings.

Works
Al-Waqidi is primarily known for his Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi (Arabic: كتاب التاريخ والمغازي, "Book of History and Campaigns"), which is the only part of his corpus that has been fully preserved. It describes the battles fought by Muhammad, as well as Muhammad's life in the city of Medina. The work draws upon the earlier sira of Ibn Ishaq, though it includes details not found in Ibn Ishaq's text.

A number of works chronicling the Islamic conquests have been attributed to al-Waqidi, though most of these attributions are now believed to be mistaken. Futuh al-Sham (Arabic: كتاب فتوح الشام, "Book of the Conquests of Syria"), a novelization of the Islamic army's conquests of Byzantine Syria, has traditionally been ascribed to al-Waqidi. Modern scholars generally classify Futuh al-Sham as a falsely-attributed later work, dating it to around the time of the Crusades, though some scholars believe a small portion of the text may be traced back to al-Waqidi. In addition to depicting the battles of the Islamic armies, the work also details the valor of various Muslim women, including Hind bint Utbah, Khawlah bint al-Azwar, and Asma bint Abi Bakr.

According to Ibn al-Nadim, al-Waqidi authored a book detailing the death of Husayn ibn Ali, though this work has not survived. Other lost texts attributed to al-Waqidi include a book chronicling the last days of Muhammad's life. The works of al-Waqidi's student Ibn Sa'd may contain some excerpts from these texts.

Criticism

Comparison with earlier commentaries
Historian Patricia Crone gives al-Waqidi as an example of the phenomenon whereby the farther an Islamic commentary on Muhammad's life was removed in time from his life and the events in the Quran, the more information it provided.
If one storyteller should happen to mention a raid, the next storyteller would know the date of this raid, while the third would know everything that an audience might wish to hear about.
This was despite the fact later commentaries depended on the earlier sources for their content, which suggested that if later commentaries differed in length from earlier work they should be briefer as some facts about the early days were lost or forgotten. (Crone attributed the phenomenon to storytellers' embellishment.)
Commentary works of Al-Waqidi were much larger than those of the oldest prophetic biography  Ibn Ishaq (died 767)  despite the fact that al-Waqidi's later works covered a shorter period of time (only Muhammad's period in Medina).
Waqidi will always give precise dates, locations, names, where Ibn Ishaq has none, accounts of what triggered the expedition, miscellaneous information to lend color to the event ... But given that this information was all unknown to Ibn Ishaq, its value is doubtful in the extreme. And if spurious information accumulated at this rate in the two generations between Ibn Ishaq and al-Waqidi, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that even more must have accumulated in the three generations between the Prophet and Ibn Ishaq.

Historian Michael Cook gives an example of the difference in accounts of the death of Muhammad's father Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib.  Ibn Ishaq relates that some say he died while Muhammad's mother was pregnant with Muhammad was born and some while Muhammad was 28 months old; another commentator (Ma'mar ibn Rashid) says that he died in Yathrib after being sent there to lay stores of dates. About a half a century later al-Waqidi relates that
'Abdallah had gone to Gaza on business, had fallen ill on  the way back, and died in Yathrib after leaving the caravan he was with to be nursed by relations there. Waqidi was further able to specify Abdallah's age at death and the exact place of his burial. ...[that the death] took place ... while Muhammad was still in the womb,
and that while there were "other accounts of the matter" his was the best.

Critics
Waqidi has faced criticism regarding his scholarly reliability from many Sunni Islamic scholars, including:

 al-Shafi'i (d. 204 A.H.) said "All the books of al-Waqidi are lies. In Medina there were seven men who used to fabricate authorities, one of which was al-Waqidi."
 Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241 A.H.) said "He is a liar, makes alternations in the traditions"
 al-Baladhuri (d. 278 A.H.) said "al-Waqidi is matruk (known as a liar).
 Al-Nasa'i (d. 303 A.H.) said "The liars known for fabricating the hadith of the Messenger of Allah are four. They are: Ibn Abi Yahya in Medina, al-Waqidi in Baghdad, Muqatil ibn Sulayman in Khurasan and Muhammad ibn Sa'id in Syria."
 Al-Bukhari (d. 256 A.H.) said "al-Waqidi has been abandoned in hadith. He fabricates hadith"
 Al-Dhahabi (d. 748 A.H.) said "Consensus has taken place on the weakness of al-Waqidi"
 Yahya ibn Ma'in (d. 233 A.H.) said "He is weak. He is nothing. Not reliable!"
 Ishaq ibn Rahwayh (d. 238 A.H.) said "According to my view, he is one of those who fabricate Hadith"
 Abu Dawood (d. 275 A.H.) said "I do not write his hadith and I do not report (hadith) on his authority. I have no doubt that he used to make up hadith"
 Abu Hatim Muhammad ibn Idris al-Razi (d. 277 A.H.) said "He fabricates hadith. We have abandoned his hadith"
 Al-Daraqutni (d. 385 A.H.) said "There is weakness in him (in his reporting)"
 Ali ibn al-Madini (d. 241 A.H.)said "He fabricates Hadith"
 Ibn 'Adi (d. 365 A.H.) said "His traditions are not safe and there is danger from him (in accepting his traditions)"
 Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 A.H.)said "He has been abandoned in spite of vastness of his knowledge"
 Abu Zur'a al-Razi (d. 264 A.H.) said "(Waqidi's writing) Abandoned, Weak"
 Al-Nawawi (d. 676 A.H.): said "Their (muhaddithin scholars) consensus is that al-Waqidi is weak"
 Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani (d. 1999 C.E.) said that al-Waqidi is a liar.

Even among those who questioned his authenticity many still considered him a pillar in history and accepted his narrations in this regard. Ibn Hajar Asqalani records: "He is acceptable in the narrations of the battles according to our companions and Allah knows the best."

Early Islamic scholars

References

External links
 Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

740s births
822 deaths
8th-century Arab people
8th-century historians from the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century Arab people
9th-century historians from the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century Arabic-language writers
People from Medina
Arab people of Iranian descent

Al-Waqidi


Coagulation factor XII, also known as  Hageman factor, is a plasma protein. It is the zymogen form of factor XIIa, an enzyme () of the serine protease (or serine endopeptidase) class.  In humans, factor XII is encoded by the F12 gene.

Structure

Human Factor XII is 596 amino acids long and consists of two chains, the heavy chain (353 residues) and light chain (243 residues) held together by a disulfide bond. It is 80,000 daltons. Its heavy chain contains two fibronectin-type domains (type I and II), two epidermal growth factor-like domains, a kringle domain, and a proline-rich region, and its light chain contains the protease domain. The structure of the FnI-EGF-like tandem domain of coagulation factor XII has been solved by X-ray crystallography.
Crystal structures of the FXII light chain has also been determined unbound (β-FXII) and bound (β-FXIIa) to inhibitors.

Factor XII (FXII, Hageman factor) is a plasma glycoprotein of approximately 90 kDa molecular weight is part of the coagulation cascade and activates factor XI and prekallikrein in vitro. Factor XII itself is activated to factor XIIa by negatively charged surfaces, such as glass. This is the starting point of the intrinsic pathway. Factor XII can also be used to start coagulation cascades in laboratory diagnostic coagulation assays called activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT).

In vivo, factor XII is activated by binding (contact) to polyanions termed contact-activation. Multiple polymers, the white clay material kaolin and glass are non-physiological factor XII contact activators. Activated platelets release inorganic polymers, polyphosphates. Contact to polyphosphates activates factor XII and initiates fibrin formation by the intrinsic pathway of coagulation with critical importance for thrombus formation and the factor XII-activated pro inflammatory kallikrein kinin-system. Targeting polyphosphates with phosphatases interfered with procoagulant activity of activated platelets and blocked platelet-induced thrombosis in mice. Addition of polyphosphates restored defective plasma clotting of Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome patients, indicating that the inorganic polymer is the endogenous factor XII activator in vivo. Platelet polyphosphate-driven factor XII activation provides the link from primary hemostasis (formation of a platelet plug) to secondary hemostasis (fibrin meshwork formation).  Polyphosphate exerts differential effects on plasma clotting in test tubes ex vivo, depending on polymer size and it was shown in vitro that platelet-size soluble polyphosphates induce little activaton of factor XII in solution but that they are accelerators of thrombin-induced activation of factor XI. The mystery was solved upon the discovery that short chain polyphosphate forms insoluble calcium-rich nanoparticles in vivo. These aggregates accumulate on the platelet surface and activate factor XII independently of the chain length go the individual polymer. Regulation of polyphosphates in platelets has remained poorly understood. Combinations of systems biology, genetics and functional analyses has identified the phosphate-exporter XPR1 as important regulator of polyphosphates in platelets. Targeting XPR1 increases polyphosphate content and leads to accelerated arterial and venous thrombosis in mouse models.

Based on the seminar role of factor XII in thrombosis while sparing haemostats, targeting the protease has emerged as a promising drug traget for safe anticoagulant drugs that in contrast to currently used anticoagulants, do not increase bleeding. Multiple factor XII inhibitors have been developed and some of them are in clinical trials

Genetics

The gene for factor XII is located on the tip of the long arm of the fifth chromosome (5q33-qter).

Role in disease

Factor XII deficiency is a rare disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Unlike other clotting factor deficiencies, factor XII deficiency is totally asymptomatic and does not cause excess bleeding. Mice lacking the gene for factor XII, however, are less susceptible to thrombosis. The protein seems to be involved in the later stages of clot formation rather than the first occlusion of damages in the blood vessel wall.

Factor XII does play an important role in clot formation during in vitro measurements of the partial thromboplastin time, which causes these measurements to be markedly prolonged in patients with factor XII deficiency, usually well beyond even what is seen in hemophilia A, hemophilia B, or factor XI deficiency. As a result, the main concern related to factor XII deficiency is the unnecessary testing, delay in care, worry, etc. that may be prompted by the abnormal lab result. All of this, including the mechanism of inheritance, also holds true for the other contact factors, prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) and high molecular weight kininogen.

Excess levels of factor XII can predispose individuals towards greater risk of venous thrombosis due to factor XII's role as one of the catalysts for conversion of plasminogen to its active fibrinolytic form of plasmin.

Factor XII is also activated by endotoxins, especially lipid A in vitro.

Experimental mouse models have suggested a role of FXII in multiple sclerosis.

History

Hageman factor was first discovered in 1955 when a routine preoperative blood sample of the 37-year-old railroad brakeman John Hageman (1918) was found to have prolonged clotting time in test tubes, even though he had no hemorrhagic symptoms. Hageman was then examined by hematologist Oscar Ratnoff, who found that Hageman lacked a previously unidentified clotting factor. Ratnoff later found that the Hageman factor deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, after examining several related people who had the deficiency. Paradoxically, pulmonary embolism contributed to Hageman's death after an occupational accident in 1968. Since then, case studies and clinical studies identified an association between thrombosis and Factor XII deficiency. Hepatocytes express blood coagulation factor XII.

Currently produced QuikClot products, produced and marketed primarily for use in battlefield medicine to treat penetrating trauma (such as gunshot wounds and stab wounds), and other injuries that are known to commonly cause exsanguination (such as blast injury), are used with the overarching goal of increasing the time between the blood loss occurring, and the patient succumbing to the blood loss. The purpose of increasing this time is so that the patient may reaching a higher level of medical care before succumbing from their injuries. These products use a Kaolinite-based coating, applied to the bandages by the manufacturer before packaging and sale. This coating, when applied to an open wound via the application of the bandages, directly promotes blood clotting by activating Factor XII in the coagulation cascade. Also, due to the active ingredient nature of Kaolinite, the activation of the Factor XII occurs in both an earlier amount of time than it otherwise would, and at an increased, more rapid rate than it otherwise would. This coating is widely considered amongst combat medics to be vastly superior to the older QuikClot powder formulation, which was poured into wounds, due to the fact that the older formulation used bead-form Zeolite, a mineral which promotes the coagulation cascade, due to the fact that the reaction between the Zeolite powder and the blood inside the wound site was an Exothermic one, sometimes so intensely that it caused cases of second degree burns on the inside surface of the wound. This, obviously, caused extreme pain to the patient, often more-so than the initial injury was causing them at the time (assuming the patient was still conscious at the time of the application of the powder). This effect is often seen in movies and TV programs, with the QuikClot powder being poured into wounds, and the patient screaming out in pain as their wounds were violently burned on the inside surface of the wounds. This created a common misconception, which persists to this day, that commonly used QuikClot products still use this method of clot promotion (Zeolite powder) to this day. However, Zeolite-based clotting products are no longer widely used by militaries and police departments throughout the western world, as they have been widely supplanted by the Kaolinite-based bandage products, which do not cause any exothermic reaction whatsoever, nor do they have the absolute-requirement of the application of the product exclusively to the inside-surface of the wound.

References

Further reading

External links
 The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.211

Coagulation system
EC 3.4.21
Zymogens

Factor XII


Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) was an American publisher of board wargames and related magazines, particularly its flagship Strategy & Tactics, in the 1970s and early 1980s. It produced an enormous number of games and introduced innovative practices, changing the course of the wargaming hobby in its bid to take control of the hobby away from then-dominant Avalon Hill. SPI ran out of cash in early 1982 when TSR called in a loan secured by SPI's assets. TSR began selling SPI's inventory in 1982, but later acquired the company's trademarks and copyrights in 1983 and continued a form of the operation until 1987.

History

Origin and early years
Jim Dunnigan had been introduced to Avalon Hill wargames while serving in the U.S. Army in Korea. Upon his return to civilian life in 1964, Dunnigan began to contribute articles to Avalon Hill's house publication The General and independent wargaming magazine Strategy & Tactics. In one of his contributions to The General, Dunnigan criticized what he saw as a lack of historical accuracy in Avalon Hill's 1965 release, Battle of the Bulge. Thomas Shaw, at the time in charge of Avalon Hill, asked Dunnigan to design and submit his own wargame. The result was Jutland, published by Avalon Hill in 1967. Two years later, after designing 1914 for Avalon Hill, Dunnigan struck out on his own after concluding there must be a "more effective way to publish games." He quickly gathered a staff of like-minded designers, including Al Nofi and Redmond A. Simonsen. Dunnigan acquired Strategy & Tactics, which had been in financial trouble, from its founder Christopher Wagner. However, SPI quickly proved that it was primarily a game publisher rather than a magazine publisher; not only did it start to publish a variety of wargames, but each issue of Strategy & Tactics included a complete wargame, comprising a map, rule book and a sheet of die-cut counters.

In SPI's first two or three years, it embarked upon an expensive advertising campaign, including — but not limited to — full page advertisements in Scientific American magazine. New subscribers received free copies of its most successful game, Napoleon At Waterloo, an "easy to play" pocket-sized game with a foldout map and 78 pieces punched from card stock. This advertising campaign led to a much larger subscriber base and SPI came to be seen as a serious competitor to Avalon Hill, the company that had founded the board wargaming hobby.

While S&T had started as a wargaming 'fanzine', under SPI it became more of a military history magazine that included a wargame. So in 1972, SPI started Moves as a house organ that talked about current and future SPI games, including a fair amount of information on SPI's game design process.

In 1974, SPI started to ship some of their wargames games to J.D. Bardsley in the UK, who acted as a sales representative using the name SP/UK. Bardsley sold the games either via mail order or face to face at games conventions. Sales increased rapidly, and by March 1976, SP/UK had sold 25,000 units. To handle the increased sales, SPI formed a formal British subsidiary, Simpubs Ltd. in June 1976. Simpubs immediately created the bi-monthly periodical Phoenix with J.D. Bardsley as managing editor.

Commercial success and growth
Like many new wargame companies in the early '70s, early SPI games left a lot to be desired physically. A typical early game came in an envelope with only a one-color map and one large folded sheet for the rules. However, SPI quickly set about improving the physical quality of the components with better printing and boxes under the guidance of Art Director Redmond A. Simonsen. In 1973, they introduced a flat plastic box that was molded to be a counter storage tray with a clear cover. The actual cover of the game was a printed sheet that backed the clear plastic. This allowed SPI to produce the boxes in bulk, as they were identical for each game, the printed sheet provided the cover and could be printed with all the other components of the game. This system became the hallmark of SPI games, and was later emulated by Simulations Canada, whose early games utilized a smaller storage tray, with the cover of the rules booklet doubling as the cover sheet.

SPI used a unique feedback system, polling the readers of S&T as to which games they would be interested in seeing (and buying). This market research gave SPI a greater likelihood of developing successful games.

Although starting with small to medium size wargames, SPI found an insatiable market, with subscribers clamoring for an ever-wider range of wargames, including historical simulations that were daunting in their scope and complexity, such as War in the East, War in the Pacific, The Next War, Terrible Swift Sword and Campaign for North Africa, each with several maps, thousands of counters and multiple rule books. Campaign for North Africa was an ultra-detailed and virtually unplayable game, covering the entire North African campaign down to the level of individual fighter pilot ratings and supply trucks. At the other end of the spectrum, SPI created a new series of smaller games called 'folio' games, often created in groups of four and sold both individually and together as a "Quadrigame". Each of the four component games included two rules booklets, one with rules common to all four games, and the other with rules exclusive to the individual game; the component games would each cover a different battle from the same war, era, or genre.

The scale of the games ranged from the strategic to the operational and down to the tactical level. Three of the more popular games were tactical: Sniper!, FireFight and Air War, all of which were later reprinted by TSR.

SPI started out publishing games on historical subjects, but soon started producing games that were more hypothetical (e.g. World War III, Invasion: America), and a little later, also tackled fantasy and science fiction subjects, such as Starforce: Alpha Centauri and War of the Ring (a Lord of the Rings game), eventually starting a new magazine, Ares which, like S&T, included a new science fiction or fantasy game in each issue. At this time, the company also attempted to tap into the growing popularity of role-playing games, with DragonQuest and Universe, responses to Dungeons & Dragons and Traveller respectively; the term "Adventure Gaming" also replaced "Wargaming" in company advertising.

Demise and asset acquisition by TSR
In an attempt to expand its customer base, SPI entered into a much-publicized arrangement with Lorimar Productions to produce the Dallas role-playing game based on the soap opera Dallas in 1980. The game proved to be an infamous failure, and Simonsen later remarked that the 80,000 copies printed were 79,999 too many.

SPI had shopped for venture capital providers to take advantage of the perceived expansion of the gaming market in the late 1970s. When the expansion did not deliver the expected higher profits, only higher sales, the money needed to be returned. First efforts led to discussions with Avalon Hill to merge with or acquire SPI, but that did not materialize, partially due to the increasing losses in cash for SPI thanks to the increases in costs from inflation and the decreases in revenue. AH did purchase five of SPI's titles, which helped with operational costs. However, more money was needed.

SPI negotiated a promissory note loan (at the time mentioned as $225,000 but here listed as $400,000 from TSR (the publishers of Dungeons & Dragons). The note was guaranteed by SPI's assets. SPI used the cash to pay their venture capitalists, and were broke but happy. However, less than two weeks later, TSR called in the note.  SPI, with no cash available and no options to get the cash, were forced to give over their inventory stock to TSR in early 1982, and were effectively out of business. TSR originally claimed they acquired SPI, but as that would mean they also would be responsible for their debts, quickly changed that statement. Thus, SPI's assets—but not its debts and liabilities—were acquired by TSR in 1983.  TSR refused to honor SPI subscriptions and used the "assets, not liabilities" agreement to ignore SPI's debts.  This policy alienated many of TSR's potential customers.

Aftermath
In an effort to make money from the SPI intellectual properties that they now owned, TSR released several titles that were ready for publication but had been stranded by a lack of money for printing, such as Battle Over Britain and Richard Berg's latest contribution to the Great Battles of the American Civil War series, A Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam. TSR also reboxed and republished several popular SPI titles from the mid-1970s under the TSR logo, including Air War, Blue & Gray: Four American Civil War Battles, and Napoleon's Last Battles. But TSR halted all current SPI game development, and most SPI game designers resigned and moved to rival company Avalon Hill, lured by the formation of a subsidiary specifically for them called Victory Games.

TSR soon learned that one reason for SPI's demise was the collapse of the wargame market in the early 1980s. As a result, rather than becoming a major player in the wargame market, TSR published fewer and fewer wargames. Eventually TSR discontinued all the SPI magazines except for Strategy & Tactics. In 1987, TSR sold the rights to S&T to 3W.

Decision Games, a California company founded in 1988, now has the rights to most of the SPI backlist.

Awards
 Charles S. Roberts Award, Best Professional Magazine of 1974, 1975, 1976, and 1977: Strategy & Tactics
 Charles S. Roberts Award, All Time Best Fantasy Board Game of 1977: War of the Ring
 Charles S. Roberts Award, Best 20th Century Game of 1978: To the Green Fields Beyond
 Charles S. Roberts Award, Best 20th Century Game of 1979: City-Fight
 Charles S. Roberts Award: Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Game of 1979: The Creature That Ate Sheboygan
 H. G. Wells Award, Best Roleplaying Rules of 1979: Commando
 Charles S. Roberts Award, Best Pre-20th Century Boardgame of 1980: Empires of the Middle Ages
 H. G. Wells Award: Best Roleplaying Rules of 1980: DragonQuest

See also
 List of SPI games
 Operational Studies Group
 Victory Games

Bibliography
 1977: Wargame Design: The History, Production, and Use of Conflict Simulation Games ()
 1977: War in the East: The Russo-German Conflict 1941–45 ()

References

External links
 SPI Compendium by Greg Costikyan (lists games, magazine contents, etc.)
 A Farewell to Hexes by Greg Costikyan

1969 establishments in New York City
1982 disestablishments in New York (state)
American companies established in 1969
American companies disestablished in 1982
Publishing companies established in 1969
Publishing companies disestablished in 1982
Board game publishing companies
Defunct companies based in New York City
Role-playing game publishing companies
Wargame companies

Simulations Publications, Inc.


Elektriksel iletken, elektriği ileten maddelere verilen addır. Atomların dış yörüngesindeki elektronlar atoma zayıf olarak bağlıdır. Isı, ışık ve elektriksel etki altında kolaylıkla atomdan ayrılırlar. Gümüş, bakır ve altın iyi iletkenlerdir.

Atomları 1 valans elektronlu olan metaller iyi iletkendir. Buna örnek olarak altın, gümüş ve bakır gösterilebilir.

Gümüş en iyi iletkendir, ikinci en iyi iletken bakır, sonraki altındır. Bakır, kablo ve tellerde gümüşe göre ucuz olması nedeniyle tercih edilir. Altın kolay oksitlenmemesi sebebiyle elektriksel kontaklarda kullanılır. Altının oksidi de iletkendir. Altin az bulunur olması ve fazla ısınması nedeniyle tercih edilmemektedir.
Alüminyum, altından sonra en iyi iletkendir ve yüksek gerilim hat iletiminde kullanılır.

İletken maddeler

Katılar
 Altın
 Alüminyum
 Magnezyum
 tungsten
 Çinko
 Demir
 Çelik
 Nikel
 Krom
 Kurşun
 Bakır
Gümüş
 Sodyum
 Grafit
 Platin

Sıvılar
 Limonlu su
 Tuzlu su
 Asitli su
 Sirkeli su
 Çeşme suyu (klorlu su)
 Sıvı cıva

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yarı iletken
 Yalıtkan
 İletkenlik

İletken
Fizik terimleri

Elektriksel iletken


වර්ශ 2005 ක් වූ අගෝස්තු මස 23 වන දින ආරම්භ කල බළන්ගොඩ නැණසල අද වන විට වසරකට දරුවන් දහසකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයකට පරිගණක දැනුම ලබා දෙන ආයතනයකි. පරිගණක හැටකට අධික අංගසම්පූර්ණ පරිගණක විද්‍යාගාර දෙකකින් සමන්විත බළන්ගොඩ නැණසල කාර්යය මණ්ඩලය දස දෙනෙකුට අධිකය.
2013 වර්ෂයේදී බළන්ගෙඩ නැණසල ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සියළු නැණසල මධ්‍යස්ථාන අතරින් විශිෂ්ඨතම නැණසල ලෙස ස්වර්ණ සම්මානය දිනා ගන්නා ලදී.
එසේම 2009 වර්ෂයේදී ඊ-ස්වාභිමාණී සම්මානය දිනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ එහි පවත්වාගෙන ගිය රන්සර අන්තර්ජාල රේඩියෝ නාලිකාව වෙනුවෙනි.

බළන්ගොඩ නැණසල


Reuniunile regionale RIPE SEE sunt întâlniri de lucru organizate de RIPE NCC în regiunea Europei de Sud-Est.

Listă de reuniuni
Reuniunile RIPE sunt întâlniri de lucru la care participă specialiști din domeniul internetului și telecomunicațiilor din întreaga lume. RIPE SEE este o reuniune regională dedicată țărilor din sud-estul Europei. Prima reuniune RIPE SEE a fost ținută la Dubrovnik, Croația în anul 2011 și a durat patru zile. Începând cu anul 2013 reuniunile se țin regulat o dată pe an și durează câte două zile.

RIPE SEE 1
Prima reuniune regională RIPE din regiunea de Sud-Est a Europei a avut loc în perioada 6 - 9 septembrie 2011 la hotelul Valamar Lacroma din Dubrovnik, Croația. Obiectivele reuniunii au fost încurajarea cooperării dintre operatorii de rețele IP din regiune, facilitând schimbul de informații și discuțiile asupra problemelor care îi afectează. Evenimentul a fost o ocazie pentru RIPE NCC în calitate de RIR pentru Europa să intre în contact cu operatorii registrelor locale internet (LIR), în scopul de a sprijini activitatea acestora. La reuniune au participat 122 de invitați atât din regiune cât și din restul Europei.

Detalii eveniment:
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RIPE SEE 2
A doua reuniune regională RIPE SEE a avut loc în perioada 22 - 23 aprilie 2013 la hotelul Aleksandar Palace din Skopje, Macedonia. Începând cu această ediție, evenimentul a devenit unul anual, cu o durată de două zile. Pentru a atrage cât mai mulți participanți din regiune, RIPE NCC a lansat un program bursier pentru acoperirea costurilor de transport și cazare. La eveniment au participat 160 de invitați.

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RIPE SEE 3
A treia reuniune regională RIPE SEE a avut loc în perioada 14 - 15 aprilie 2014 la hotelul Kempinksi Zografski din Sofia, Bulgaria. Atât accesibilitatea locației cât și notorietatea evenimentului au făcut ca numărul de participanți să crească semnificativ față de reuniunile precedente, numărul acestora ajungând la 229.

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RIPE SEE 4
A patra reuniune regională RIPE SEE a avut loc în perioada 21 - 22 aprilie 2015 la hotelul Metropol Palace din Belgrad, Serbia. Începând cu această ediție, conținutul prezentărilor și discuțiilor a fost înregistrat video și pus la dispoziția publicului pe canalul de YouTube dedicat reuniunilor SEE. La eveniment au participat 235 de invitați.

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RIPE SEE 5
A cincea reuniune regională RIPE SEE a avut loc în perioada 19-20 aprilie 2016 la hotelul Tirana International din Tirana, Albania. La eveniment au participat 147 de invitați.

Detalii eveniment:
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RIPE SEE 6
A șasea reuniune regională RIPE SEE a avut loc în perioada 12-13 iunie 2017 la hotelul Mediteran din Budva, Macedonia. La eveniment au participat 126 de invitați.

Detalii eveniment:
 Lista participanților
 Comitetul de Program
 Agenda evenimentului
 Arhiva prezentărilor

RIPE SEE 7
A șaptea reuniune regională RIPE SEE va avea loc în perioada 18-19 iunie 2018 la hotelul Timișoara din Timișoara, România.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Saitul oficial RIPE NCC
 Reuniunile RIPE SEE

Vezi și
 RIPE NCC
 Internet Society

Internet
Telecomunicații

Reuniunile regionale RIPE SEE


Samuel Fischer (n. 24 decembrie 1859, Liptó Szent Miklos/Ungaria, astăzi Liptovský Mikuláš/Slovacia - d. 15 octombrie 1934, Berlin) a fost unul dintre cei mai importanți editori din Germania. El era evreu, la fel ca și colegul său rival, Leopold Ullstein. A fondat în 1886 editura S. Fischer Verlag din Berlin, acum cu sediul în Frankfurt pe Main.

Biografie
Samuel Fischer a fost al treilea dintre cei cinci copii ai negustorului Carl Fischer și ai soției sale, Minna, născută Ullmann. După ce și-a petrecut copilăria și tinerețea în Ungaria, Fischer a plecat în 1874, aproape fără niciun ban, la Viena pentru a urma acolo cursuri de ucenicie ca librar. A petrecut șase ani acolo, a lucrat ca jurnalist și a dobândit a dobândit cunoștințe comerciale la cursurile serale. În 1880 s-a stabilit în Berlin și a fost angajat ca ajutor de librar la Librăria Centrală a lui Hugo Steinitz. În septembrie 1883, Samuel Fischer a devenit partener în Hugo Steinitz & Co. Verlagsbuchhandlung din Friedrichstraße. În 1886 a fondat S. Fischer Verlag. În ianuarie 1887 a tipărit prima sa carte ce conținea piesa de teatru Rosmersholm a lui Henrik Ibsen.

În clubul de dezbateri literare, Fischer a avut ocazia să observe tendințele literare actuale. În acest cerc, el ar fi putut căuta viitoarele figuri proeminente ale literaturii realiste din Germania. Fischer totuși nu a făcut acest lucru și în schimb s-a orientat către un autor străin, mai puțin celebru la acea vreme,  ca Émile Zola. A tradus operele lui Tolstoi (drama Puterea întunericului) și Dostoievski (romanele Soțul etern, Jucătorul și Idiotul), autori ruși ale căror scrieri nu erau protejate de legea drepturilor de autor de la acea vreme. Fischer a jucat, astfel, un rol decisiv în promovarea literaturii marilor clasici ruși în țările vorbitoare de limba germană. Între anii 1887 și 1889, Fischer a continuat să se concentreze asupra teatrului. El a sprijinit cu fermitate înființarea asociației Freie Bühne, care a deschis noi perspective pentru editor.

În 1893 s-a căsătorit la Berlin cu Hedwig Landshoff (1871-1952), ce provenea dintr-o familie de negustori înstăriți. În 1894 s-a născut fiul lor, Gerhart, care a murit de tifos la scurt timp după împlinirea vârstei de 19 ani în 1913. În 1905 s-a născut Brigitte (d. 1991), care, după moartea tatălui, a continuat activitatea editorială împreună cu soțul ei, Gottfried Bermann Fischer (1897-1995). Cea de-a doua fiică (ilegitimă), Hildegard (1916-2005), a călătorit cu Brigitte în anii războiului mai întâi în Suedia, apoi în Statele Unite ale Americii, unde, printre altele, a lucrat ca secretară particulară a dirijorului Fritz Busch.

În 1898 au apărut operele complete ale lui Ibsen în zece volume. Fischer se întâlnise personal cu autorul în 1889 și a obținut dreptul de a edita scrierile lui Ibsen.

Printre autorii publicați în aceste prime două decenii s-au aflat, printre mulți alții, Gerhart Hauptmann, Arthur Schnitzler, Peter Altenberg, Herman Bang, Jakob Wassermann, Thomas Mann, Hugo von Hofmannsthal și Hermann Hesse. Editura și-a pus mari speranțe în Thomas Mann, căruia i s-a cerut să trimită mai multe manuscrise. Prima carte publicată a fost un volum de nuvele. Adevăratul succes a venit cu romanul Casa Buddenbrook. Fischer a avut inițial îndoieli cu privire la acest roman fluviu deoarece i se părea prea lung pentru a atrage atenția cititorilor. Cu toate acestea, Thomas Mann a făcut apel la conștiința literară a lui Fischer, astfel încât editorul a fost în cele din urmă de acord să publice romanul în 1901. Temerile lui Fischer păreau să se confirme la început; cu toate acestea, a doua ediție care a apărut în 1903 a fost un succes comercial.

O consecință imediată a declanșării Primului Război Mondial a fost întreruperea relațiilor externe ale editurii. Fischer a fost obligat să-și reducă producția. Ca majoritatea industriașilor germani, el spera într-o victorie germană. Dintr-un total de 176 de titluri publicate de Fischer între 1915 și 1918, aproape o treime era formată din literatură de război. În anii 1920 a apărut întrebarea cine ar trebui să preia administrarea editurii, deoarece editorul avea vârsta de 70 de ani. Fischer l-a desemnat pe Gottfried Bermann, care începuse să lucreze la editură începând din 1 octombrie 1925 și s-a căsătorit în 1927 cu fiica cea mare a editorului, Brigitte. Astfel a fost evitată vânzarea iminentă a editurii. Atribuțiile succesorului au fost extinse în mod constant, iar în 1928 Fischer Bermann a fost numit director general..

După preluarea puterii de către național-socialiști, materiale tipărite nedorite au fost confiscate, iar libertatea presei a fost restricționată. Au apărut discuții cu privire la viitorul editurii, iar decizia îi aparținea lui Samuel Fischer, care-și menținuse dreptul de a aproba unele măsuri, deși cedase practic conducerea afacerii lui Bermann Fischer. Fischer nu era de amenințarea politică la adresa editurii și de gravitatea declarațiilor antisemite.

Samuel Fischer a murit pe 15 octombrie 1934 în Berlin și a fost înmormântat în cimitirul evreiesc Berlin-Weißensee . După moartea lui Samuel Fischer editura a fost împărțită. Berman Fischer a părăsit Germania cu drepturile de publicare și cu lucrările deja tipărite ale unor autori nedoriți, în timp ce angajații rămași în Germania au continuat să lucreze la Berlin sub vechiul nume și o nouă direcție. Berman Fischer a emigrat mai întâi la Viena, apoi la Stockholm și, în cele din urmă, la New York.

Plăci memoriale și mormânt

Pe clădirea din Erdener Straße 8 din cartierul Grunewald al Berlinului, în care familia Fischer a locuit începând din anul 1905, a fost amplasată o placă de marmură cu un portret în relief.

Pe clădirea din Bülowstraße 90 din cartierul Schöneberg al Berlinului, în care s-a aflat sediul S. Fischer Verlag, se află, de asemenea, o placă memorială.

El a achiziționat în anul 1904 un teren de la bancherul Hermann Rosenberg, un unchi al Katiei Mann. Arhitectul vilei a fost Hermann Muthesius.

Mormântul lui Samuel Fischer se află în cimitirul evreiesc din Berlin-Weißensee în parcela J4.

Note

Bibliografie
 In Memoriam S. Fischer: 24. Dezember 1859–1959. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1960, ISBN 3-10-050303-1.
 Walther Amelung: Es sei wie es wolle – es war doch so schön. Lebenserinnerungen als Zeitgeschichte. Königstein im Taunus 1984.

 Richard Faller (Mitverf.): Ein grosser Verleger: Samuel Fischer. Carl-Zuckmayer-Gesellschaft, Mainz 1984.
 Gottfried Bermann Fischer: Bedroht – Bewahrt. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1967.
 Samuel Fischer, Hedwig Fischer: Briefwechsel mit Autoren. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1989, ISBN 3-10-021503-6.
 Barbara Hoffmeister: S. Fischer, der Verleger. Eine Lebensbeschreibung. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-10-032003-2.
 Hugo von Hofmannsthal: Briefwechsel mit Max Rychner, mit Samuel und Hedwig Fischer, Oscar Bie und Moritz Heimann. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1973, ISBN 3-10-000023-4.
 Peter de Mendelssohn: S. Fischer und sein Verlag. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1970, ISBN 3-10-049401-6.
 Friedrich Pfäfflin, Ingrid Kussmaul: S. Fischer, Verlag. Von der Gründung bis zur Rückkehr aus dem Exil. Ausstellung des Deutschen Literaturarchivs im Schiller-Nationalmuseum. Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar 1985, ISBN 3-928882-93-7.
 Gertraude Steindl: Samuel Fischer (1859–1934). In: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (Hrsg.): Deutsche Presseverleger des 18. bis 20. Jahrhunderts. Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach bei München 1975, ISBN 3-7940-3604-4, pp. 274–284.

Legături externe

 Samuel Fischer in der Neuen Deutschen Biographie
 Samuel Fischer (1859–1934) auf den Seiten von Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur, ein Projekt des Lessing-Gymnasiums Döbeln.

Nașteri în 1859
Decese în 1934
Editori germani

Samuel Fischer (editor)


Marufalınca, Sinop ilinin Boyabat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Alınca olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 100 km, Boyabat ilçe merkezine 21 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Boyabat belde ve köyleri

Marufalınca


Ayoub Boukhari, né le  à Rotterdam, est un joueur international néerlandais de futsal.

Biographie

En club
Natif de Rotterdam, Ayoub Boukhari fait ses premières touches de balle dans sa ville natale dans le club de l'Excelsior Rotterdam. Il fait ensuite le pas vers la catégorie des jeunes du Feyenoord Rotterdam, rejoint le RKSV Leonidas avant de faire son retour à l'Excelsior Rotterdam.

Ayoub Boukhari joue ses premiers matchs avec l'équipe de Noordwijk en D3 néerlandaise. Le 1er juillet 2017, il signe un contrat professionnel au Sparta Rotterdam. Il dispute la saison 2017-2018 également en D3 néerlandaise avec l'équipe B du Sparta Rotterdam. Il dispute au total treize matchs et marque deux buts.

Le 30 novembre 2018, il fait ses débuts professionnels avec l'équipe première du Sparta Rotterdam à l'occasion d'un match de championnat face à Helmond Sport en D2 néerlandaise.

Le 24 juillet 2020, à l'âge de 23 ans, il se convertit au futsal en signant un contrat de plusieurs saisons au FC Eindhoven Futsal. Lors de la saison 2021-22, en fin de saison, il termine à la cinquième place des meilleurs buteurs de l'Eredivisie avec 37 buts.

En sélection
Le 10 avril 2022, il reçoit sa première sélection en équipe des Pays-Bas de futsal lors d'un match amical contre la Géorgie (match nul, 1-1).

Famille
Il est le frère de l'international marocain Nourdin Boukhari et du joueur international marocain de futsal Mourad Boukhari.

Annexes

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Fiche sur OnsOranje
 Ayoub Boukhari sur le site officiel du FC Eindhoven

Joueur néerlandais de futsal
Personnalité néerlandaise née d'un parent marocain
Naissance en mai 1997
Naissance à Rotterdam

Ayoub Boukhari


An Calamagrostis guamanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Escalona. An Calamagrostis guamanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis guamanensis


Vellore (English: ), is a sprawling city and the administrative headquarters of Vellore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Palar River in the northeastern part of Tamil Nadu and is separated into four zones that are further subdivided into 60 wards, covering an area of 87.915 km2 and housing a population of 423,425 as reported by the 2001 census. It is located about  west of Chennai, and about  east of Bangalore. Vellore is located on the Mumbai–Chennai arm of the Golden Quadrilateral. Vellore is governed under a mayor and the Vellore Municipal Corporation. It is a part of both the Lok Sabha and state assembly constituencies of Vellore.

Vellore is the home to Christian Medical College & Hospital, the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) and Sripuram Golden Temple.

The Vellore region is the largest exporter of finished leather goods in the country. Leather exports from Vellore account for more than 37% of India's leather exports and leather-related products.

Vellore is one of 27 cities chosen by the Government of India to take part in the country's Smart Cities Mission.

Etymology
According to a legend, many babul trees (known locally as velan trees) surrounded this region, which led to the name 'Vellore'.

Vellore is also known as the Second Madras because of its importance and location relative to Chennai (Madras).

History
The recorded history of Vellore dates back to the ninth century, as seen from a Chola inscription in the Annamalaiyar Temple in Tiruvannamalai.

Vellore is strategically located and well-connected by rail and bus routes to major towns in the neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. Many dynasties and rulers dominated Vellore throughout its history, including the Pallava dynasty, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, the Rashtrakuta dynasty, the Sambuvaraya chieftains, Vijayanagar, the Nawabs of the Carnatic, and the administration of the British. In the 18th century, Vellore was involved in the Carnatic Wars between Britain and France. It was situated close to several decisive battles, including those at Ambur (1749), Arcot (1751), and Vandavasi (1760).

Vellore Fort is important to Vellore's history. Due to a lack of historical records, it is not known exactly when the fort was constructed, but estimates based on stone inscriptions suggests that the fort was most likely built during the rule of Chinna Bommi Nayak between 1526 and 1595. The fort is a good example of Tamil Nadu military architecture, while the Jalakandeswarar Temple within the fort represents Vijayanagara architecture.

Christian Medical College & Hospital, founded in 1900 by the American medical missionary Dr. Ida S. Scudder, is another Vellore landmark. The hospital has grown into a medical institution of international repute.

The central prison in Vellore, established in 1830, had imprisoned notable figures like C. Rajagopalachari and Ramaswamy Venkataraman. Other landmarks include the Aruganthampoodi mausoleums, located close to the section of National Highway 48 between Vellore and Arcot, where the family members of Tipu Sultan were buried; and the Muthu Mandapam, a memorial on the banks of Palar River built by the Tamil Nadu Government to honor Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the last ruler of the Kingdom of Kandy in Sri Lanka, who ruled from 1798 to 1815 and was imprisoned in Vellore Fort for 17 years until his death.

Vellore Fort

The fort of Vellore was built around 1566 CE by the chieftains of Sadashiv Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire. In the mid-17th century the fort was owned by various parties. The Aravidus, the last dynasty that ruled Vijayanagara lost Vellore to the Bijapur Sultan before being captured by the Marathas after a siege that lasted four and a half months in 1676. The fort came under the charge of Dost Ali, the Nawab of Carnatic, before passing on to the British in 1760. Vellore Fort withstood Hyder Ali's siege from 1780 to 1782, and would later become the base for Lord Cornwallis' march on Bangalore to defeat Tipu Sultan.

When Tipu Sultan was killed at Sringapatam during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-79 CE), his kingdom was handed back to the Hindu Wodeyar kings of Mysore and the British exiled Tipu's surviving sons, daughters, their families, and their entire entourage to Vellore Fort. They stayed in the palaces in the fort and participated in the Mutiny of 1806.

Vellore mutiny

In 1805, the new Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army of the British East India Company, General Sir John Cradock, began an ambitious reform of the army's disciplinary system. New, standardized regulations were approved for the Madras Army, which dictated how sepoys should wear their uniforms and appear on duty. Under these regulations, Hindus were prohibited from wearing religious marks on their foreheads while on duty, and Muslims were required to shave their beards and trim their moustaches. One change that was especially problematic was a new headdress associated with Indian converts to Christianity, which included a leather cockade. This caused an uproar, as leather was a cultural taboo for the upper caste sepoys of the Madras Army. As a result, many sepoys believed that their British officers were conspiring to convert them to Christianity.

In May 1806, a few soldiers protested against these changes and were sent to Fort St. George in Chennai, where they were publicly lashed and discharged from the army. With the levels of resentment towards the British already high, the sons of the deceased Tipu Sultan exacerbated the conflict by assisting the mutineers who revolted on 10 July. Under the pretense of attending the wedding of one of Tipu Sultan's daughters, mutineers gathered in Vellore Fort where the wedding was held and revolted. Raising the flag of the Kingdom of Mysore, they declared Tipu Sultan's son Fateh Hyder king. The mutineers inflicted about 200 casualties before their revolt was put down by reinforcements under the command of Sir Hugh Robert Rollo Gillespie; many of the mutineers were captured and summarily executed or court-martialed.

As a result of the uprising, the dress codes were retracted, and Cradock was dismissed. Although the mutiny took place before larger revolts in the 1850s, it was indicative of the simmering dissent in the Indian soldiery. The Vellore mutiny is considered to be the first large-scale Indian mutiny against the British, and a prelude to the much larger Sepoy Mutiny in 1857.

Economic, social and cultural changes in the 20th century
The economic condition of the district in the earlier stages was not sound with the absence of major industries. Industries like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Ranipet, Tamil Nadu Explosives Ltd., and Vellore Katpadi were established as the result of governmental policy. There has been notable growth of small scale industries and tanneries in the district, which not only generated employment opportunities, but also contributed economic growth to farmers. Uzhavar Sandhai helped the rural poor improve the economy. Women-driven self help groups played an important role in building rural economy and teaching rural women to be self-reliant.
Vellore also changed socially as time went by. Increased social awareness and upward social growth marked the successful foundation of its districts. Literacy improved in part of the Arivoli Movement.

During the first half of the 19th century, the town came under British rule.

Geography and climate

Vellore is at , 220m above sea level. The city has a tropical savanna climate. It is in the Vellore district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu,  west of the state capital Chennai and  kms South of its twin city Chittoor, across the Andhra Pradesh border.Vellore lies in the Eastern Ghats region and Palar river basin. The topography is almost flat with slope from west to east.

Vellore is in a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The temperature ranges from  to . Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the mildest. Vellore receives  of rainfall every year.  The southwestern monsoon from June to September brings  of rainfall, with September being the rainiest month. The northeastern monsoon which lasts from October to December brings  of rainfall. The humidity ranges from 40%–63% during summer and 67%–86% during winter.

Demographics

According to 2011 census, Vellore had a population of 504,079 of which 247,002 are males and 257,077 are females. The sex-ratio of Vellore is 1,009 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 926. A total of 48,547 were under the age of six, constituting 24,692 males and 23,855 females. The literacy rate of Vellore is 87.09% which is higher than National Urban average of 85%. Literacy rate for male and female for Vellore stood at 92.03% and 82.23% respectively. Total literates in Vellore were 379,849 of which males were 199,247 and remaining 180,602 were females. The city had a total of 112,486 households, with 70,257 workers, including 297 cultivators, 395 main agricultural labourers, 4,387 in household industries, 59,281 other workers, 5,897 marginal workers, 59 marginal cultivators, 74 marginal agricultural labourers, 667 marginal workers in household industries, and 5,097 other marginal workers.

According to the religious census of 2011, Vellore's population was 80.09% Hindu, 14.28% Muslim, 4.79% Christian, 0.02% Sikh, 0.03% Buddhist, 0.51% Jain, with 0.26% following other religions, and 0.02% following no religion or not indicating any religious preference.

As of 2001, 69.88% of the city's land area was developed. Out of the developed area, 55.76% was used for residential purposes, 8.34% for commerce, 1.58% for industry, 3.3% for education, 16.46% for public and semi-public use, and 10.12% for transport and communication. Although population density varies between different areas, the average density of the city of Vellore is 241 persons per hectare.

Administration and politics

Vellore is the municipal headquarters of Vellore district. The town was first recognized as a third-grade municipality in 1866, promoted to first-grade in 1947, to selection-grade in 1970, and to a municipal corporation on 1 August 2008. The functions of the Vellore Municipal Corporation are divided into six departments: General Administration/Personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Planning, and Information Technology (IT). These departments are under the executive control of a municipal commissioner. Legislative powers are held by a body of 60 members, with each councilor being elected from one of the city's wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected mayor who is assisted by a deputy mayor.

Vellore is a part of the Vellore, Katpadi and Anaicut assembly constituencies and elects 3 members to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. Since the 1977 elections, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the assembly elections in 1977 and 2009, while Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) won seats in 1980, 1984 and 1989. Elections were won twice by the Indian National Congress (INC), in 1991 and 2001, while the Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC) secured seats in 1996 and 2001. The current MLA of Vellore constituency is Mr. P. Karthikeyan, Katpadi constituencyis Mr. Duraimurugan and Aniacut constituency is Mr. Nandakumar all from DMK.

Vellore is a part of the Vellore and Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituencies. It consisted of the following six assembly constituencies before 2009: Katpadi, Gudiyatham, Pernampattu, Anaicut, Vellore, and Arni constituencies. After the 2009 reorganization, it is composed of Vellore, Anaicut, Kilvazhithunaiankuppam, Gudiyatham, Vaniyambadi, and Ambur constituencies.

Since 1951, the Vellore parliament seat was won by the Indian National Congress four times in the 1957, 1962, 1989 and 1991 elections; AIADMK twice during the 1984 and 2014 elections; CWL once during 1951 elections; independent once during the 1980 elections; Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam five times during the 1967, 1971, 1996, 2004 and 2009 elections; once each by NCO during the 1977 elections; and twice by Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) during the 1998 and 1999 elections. The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is Kathir Anand from the DMK party.

Law enforcement in Vellore is organized by the Vellore subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a deputy superintendent. There are four police stations in the city, one of them being an all-women station. Different special task forces focus on prohibition enforcement, district crime, and social justice and human rights. Administrative duties are performed by a branch that operates at the district level and is headed by a superintendent.

Economy

According to the Indian Census of 2001, the urban workforce employment rate of Vellore is 43.64%. Vellore, being the headquarters of the district, has registered growth in its tertiary sector activities with a corresponding decrease in the primary sector. Most employment is provided by the leather industry, tobacco industry, agricultural trading, and industries in and around the city. Approximately 83.35% of the workforce is employed in tertiary sector comprising transport, services and commerce. The secondary sector activities like manufacturing and household industries employs 13.52% of the workforce. Male worker employment (43.64%) is higher than female work employment (24.39%).

Vellore is known as the leather hub of India. Hundreds of leather and tannery facilities are around Vellore and nearby towns, such as Ranipet, Ambur and Vaniyambadi. The Vellore district is the top exporter of finished leather goods in the country. Vellore leather accounts for more than 37% of the country's export of leather and leather-related products (such as finished leathers, shoes, garments and gloves). Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is one of the nine major government owned enterprises in the nation. The Boiler Auxiliaries Plant of BHEL in Ranipet is the industrial hub of Vellore. Chemical plants in the Ranipet-SIPCOT economic zone are a major source of income to Vellore residents. EID Parry is a sanitary-ware manufacturing company with 38% of the world's market share in bathroom accessories. Tirumalai Chemicals and Greaves are among the international brands that have manufacturing units in the city. Automobile and mechanical companies of global Brands, including SAME Deutz-Fahr, TVS–Brakes India, Mitsubishi, Greaves Cotton and MRF have their manufacturing units in the area. Brakes India Sholingur's foundry division is located at Vellore-Sholingur and is a major employer in the area. Asia's biggest explosives manufacturing company, Tamil Nadu Explosives Limited (TEL), is in Vellore at Katpadi. This is India's only government explosives company with more than a thousand employees. The company is headed by a senior Indian Administrative Service officer. Kramski Stamping and Molding India Pvt Ltd, a German precision metal and plastic integrated-component manufacturing company with automotive, telecommunications, electronics and medical applications is located in Erayankadu, near Vellore. Major businesses in the city center are on Officer's Line, Town Hall Road, Long Bazaar and Bangalore, Scudder, Arni, Gandhi and Katpadi Roads. Many boarding and lodging houses are in and around Scudder and Gandhi Roads. Microsoft Corporation (India) Pvt. Ltd. announced the launch of 14 Microsoft Innovation Centers (MICs) in India. Trichy, Vellore, Coimbatore, Madurai and Salem in Tamil Nadu.

Christian Medical College & Hospital (CMCH), on Ida Scudder Road in the heart of the city, is Vellore's largest private employer and has a large floating population from other parts of India and abroad. Lodging, hospitals and allied businesses are among the major sources of income generated in the central part of the city. The Government Vellore Medical College and Hospital (VMCH) are located at Adukamparai in Vellore. With hospitals such as Apollo KH Hospital in Melvisharam and Sri Narayani Hospital & Research Centre in Sripuram, coupled with colleges such as CMC & VIT and other engineering and science colleges, the health care industry is growing rapidly.

'Naruvi Hospitals' is being built at a cost of 3300 million INR, a joint venture between vellore based 'Pearl Human Care' and Detroit-based Henry Ford Health System. Sri Narayani Aayurvedic Centre, was inaugurated by Union Minister of State for AYUSH Shripad Yesso Naik on August, 2019.

Other rural industries than agriculture include weaving and beedi and matchstick rolling. The Indian Army has a number of recruits from the Vellore district (especially from Kammavanpet known as "the military village") and military spending is a major source of income.

Education

Vellore is considered a prominent destination for medical and technological education in India. It has a state-government university, a private technological university, one government and one private medical school and several engineering and arts and science colleges.

Notable Islamic and Arabic college in Vellore is Bakqiyat Salihat Arabic College.

The country's first stem-cell translational research centre was established in Vellore in December 2005. The central government's biotechnology department selected the Christian Medical College (CMC) as the first in a series of centers as it already had world-class clinical hematology and biochemistry departments. The college made a breakthrough which attracted the attention of the country's medical and scientific community: the Centre for Stem Cell Research at the Christian Medical College succeeded in reprogramming cells from adult mice to make them function like stem cells found in the human embryo. The agricultural research station at Virinjipuram is in the Northeastern Zone of Tamil Nadu. It is one of 32 research stations of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU). The Government of India-sponsored National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) scheme has been in operation since October 1997, and it makes conservation measures conducted in water and soil of 18 watersheds in the Vellore and Tiruvannamalai districts.

Thiruvalluvar University was split off from the University of Madras and is located near Vallimalai, Vellore. Most government-run arts and science colleges in Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram and Cuddalore districts are affiliated with Thiruvalluvar University. Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology is the only government engineering college in Vellore. The Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) has been ranked best private engineering university in India by the magazine India Today. It was established under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956, and was founded in 1984 as a self-financing institution called the Vellore Engineering College. The Union Ministry of Human Resources Development conferred University status on Vellore Engineering College in 2001.

Christian Medical College & Hospital (CMCH), one of the largest hospitals in India and Asia, is based out of Vellore. It is a major health care provider for the surrounding districts.

Auxilium Women's College (founded in 1954) is the first women's college in Vellore district; Other arts and sciences colleges in the city are the Dhanabakyam Krishnaswamy Mudhaliar Women's College (DKM) near Sainathapuram and the Muthurangam Government Arts College (MGAC) in Otteri, near Bagayam. Voorhees College (founded 1898) is the oldest college in the district and known as the institution where Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (former president of India) studied; a commemorative stamp for the centenary of the college was issued by the government of India. C. Abdul Hakeem College is in Melvisharam. Arignar Anna Arts College for Women (AAA) is located in Walajapet.

The Government Law College was established in 2008. It offers a three-year Bachelor of Laws (BL) degree with an annual intake of 80 students. The college is in Katpadi, Vellore. There are several Arabic colleges in Vellore such as the Madrasa Al-Baqiyathus Salihath (popularly known as Baaqiyaath), founded by Shah Abdul Wahab and is the second oldest Arabic college in India after Darul Uloom Deoband in Uttar Pradesh.

Schieffelin Institute of Health – Research and Leprosy Centre (SIH-R & LC) is located near Vellore and was established in 1955 to care for leprosy patients.

Tourism

Vellore Fort is the most prominent landmark in the city. During British rule, Tipu Sultan's family and the last king of Sri Lanka, Vikrama Rajasinha, were held as royal prisoners in the fort. The fort houses a church, a mosque and a Hindu temple, the latter known for its carvings. The first rebellion against British rule erupted at this fort in 1806, and it witnessed the massacre of the Vijayanagara royal family of Emperor Sriranga Raya. The fortifications consist of a main rampart, broken at irregular intervals by round towers and rectangular projections. The main walls are built of massive granite stones, surrounded by a broad moat fed with water by subterranean pipes from the Suryagunta reservoir.

Within the fort is the similarly aged Jalakanteswara Temple. The fort houses the Tipu Mahal where Tipu Sultan is believed to have stayed with his family during the war with the British; the graves of Tipu's sons are found at Vellore. It is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India. Vellore Fort has been declared a Monument of National Importance and is a famous tourist attraction.

The State Government Museum is inside the fort and opened to the public in 1985. It consists of art, archaeology, prehistory, weapons, sculptures, bronzes, wood carvings, handicrafts, numismatics, philately, botany, geology, and zoology exhibits. Historical monuments of the North Arcot District are contained in the gallery. Special exhibits include a double bronze sword from Vellore Taluk dating to 400 BCE, stone sculptures from the late Pallava to Vijayanagar periods, ivory chess boards and coins used by the last Kandian King of Sri Lanka, Vikrama Raja Singha. Educational activities at the museum include an art camp for school students and the study of inscriptions and iconography for college students.

Transport

Road

The Vellore municipal corporation maintains  of roads. It has  of concrete road,  of kutcha road and  of bituminous road. The National Highways passing through or terminating at Vellore as per new numbering are:

Vellore is connected with major cities in the states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Bus service is available to Chennai, Coimbatore, Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram, Tirupathi, Kadapa, Anantapur, Salem, Chittoor, Kuppam, Kolar, Kolar Gold Fields, Madanapalle, Vijayawada, Hyderabad, Mangalore, Karur, Kumbakonam, Aranthangi, Mannargudi, Nagapattinam, Hosur, Marthandam, Thoothukudi, Thiruchendur, Sengottai, Cuddalore, Kurnool, Kadiri, Trichy, Thuraiyur, Thammampatti, Thiruvannamalai, Tindivanam, Pondicherry, Kallakkurichi, Tirupattur, Viluppuram, Kanyakumari, Arani, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Kanchipuram, Arakkonam,  Tiruttani, Kalpakkam, Pallikonda, Ponnai, Gudiyatham, Dharmapuri, Erode, Tirupur, Palakkad, Krishnagiri, mumbai Gingee and other major towns and cities in South India. Vellore is served by a city bus service, which connects the city, suburbs, and other places of interest. The bus service extends about 30 km from the city center. There are two bus terminals: the Town Bus Terminus (opposite the fort and near CMC Hospital) and the Central Bus Terminus (Near Green Circle). Other bus terminals are located at Chittor Bus Stand (near VIT Road), Bagayam and Katpadi (Junction bus stop). The bus stands are maintained by the Vellore Municipal Corporation.  Vellore New Integrated Bus Terminus was constructed at a cost of ₹46.51 crore in a 9.25 acre area under the Smart City project by the Vellore City Municipal Corporation, it was completed in 24 months and become operational by January 2022.

Rail
Vellore has three main railway stations: Vellore Katpadi Junction, Vellore Cantonment and Vellore Town. The largest is Vellore Katpadi Junction (5 km north of CMC hospital). It is a major railway junction on the Chennai-Bangalore broad-gauge line running to Chennai, Bangalore, Tirupati, New Delhi, Howrah, Kanyakumari. There are direct rail links to Vijayawada Junction, Tirupati, Jhansi Junction, Bhubaneswar, Nagpur Junction, Bangalore, Coimbatore Junction, Lucknow Junction, Dehradun, Agartala, Ahmedabad Junction, Ludhiana Junction, Bhopal Junction, Mumbai Central, Mangalore Central, Tiruchirappalli Junction, Mayiladuthurai Junction, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Bilaspur Junction, Korba, Patna Junction, Ernakulam Junction, Thiruvananthapuram Central, Kanniyakumari, Shirdi, Kanpur Central, Gaya Junction, Dhanbad Junction, Jammu Tawi, Madurai, Durg Junction, Gwalior Junction, Chennai Central, Howrah Junction, New Delhi, Guwahati, Silchar, Madhupur Junction, Nagercoil Junction, Kozhikode, Kollam Junction, Bhagalpur Junction, Jaipur Junction, Dibrugarh, Varanasi Junction, Pune Junction, Hyderabad, Vishakapatnam and other major cities. More than 150 trains cross the Vellore-Katpadi Junction daily. Nearly 250 to 265 trains halt this junction. This is the major and busiest junction in South India and 1st Important railway station in Vellore district.

Vellore Cantonment is in Suriyakulam on the Viluppuram-Tirupati broad gauge line, 8 km from Katpadi Junction. EMU and passenger trains to Tirupati, Chennai and Arakonnam depart from here. The 150-km broad gauge line was extended to Villupuram in January 2010. It connects Vellore and South Tamil Nadu; however,  it is serviced by slow passenger trains. The line was opened for goods trains in June 2010. An EMU from Vellore Cantonment to Chennai Central was introduced on December 22, 2008. Vellore Town Station is in Konavattam on the line connecting Katpadi Junction with Viluppuram Junction via Tiruvannamalai.

Air

The Vellore Airport was established in 1934 and is located in Abdullapuram, 11 km away from the city centre. It had been used to land trainer aircraft and helicopters. It was reactivated as a part of the Airports Authority of India idle airports activation programme in July 2006 to facilitate regular flying by trainee pilots of the Madras Flying Club whose operations were restricted with the increase in scheduled aircraft movement at Chennai Airport. Vellore airport is in the process of being revived under the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS). UDAN, runway and terminal building works are under progress, all the required infrastructure works scheduled to be ready by June 2019 for operations. In September 2023, it was reported that initial tests of signaling and other equipment were successful and that the airport would imminently be opened for commercial flight operations.

Sports
Vellore is known for producing number of national and international weightlifters, M Tamil Selvan, a silver medal winner at the 1978, 1982 Commonwealth games and represented India in 1980 Olympics.

Sathish Sivalingam, a gold medal winner at the 2014,2018 Commonwealth games. Vellore has the States first center of excellence for weightlifting. Built at an expense of 24 million INR, the centre has facilities for conducting international weightlifting events, latest training equipment and a multi-purpose training hall.

Vellore was among the two districts in Tamil Nadu which didn't have a sports complex. In 2018, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced a sports complex would be set up with facilities for 400 metre athletics track, gallery, administrative office besides grounds for hockey, basketball, kabaddi, badminton and tennis. It would also have a swimming pool and gymnasium.

Urban Area

Utility services
Electricity supply to Vellore is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The city and its suburbs form the Vellore Electricity Distribution Circle. A chief distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters. The water supply is provided by the Vellore municipal corporation from the Palar river through Palar headworks and Karungamputhur headworks and distributed through ten overhead tanks. As of 2005, there are 16,371 connections to 33,772 households. In 2000–2001, a total of 7.4 million litres of water was supplied daily for households in the city. The other sources of water are Otteri Lake, Sathuvancheri town panchayat, Ponnai and street wells.

According to the municipal data for 2011, about 83 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from Vellore every day by door-to-door collection. The source segregation and dumping are carried out by the sanitary department of the Vellore municipal corporation. The municipal corporation covered 16 wards for waste collection as of 2001. There is no underground drainage system and the sewage system for sullage disposal is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences. The municipal corporation maintained  of storm water drains in 2011. As of 2011, 24 government and private hospitals and one veterinary hospital take care of the citizens' health care needs. As of 2011, the municipal corporation maintained 5,241 street lamps: 735 sodium lamps, 73 mercury vapour lamps, 4,432 tube lights and one high mast beam lamp. The municipal corporation operates the Netaji Daily Market that caters to the needs of the city and the rural areas around it.

See also
List of areas of Vellore
List of people from Vellore

Notes

References

Sources

External links
 Vellore Official Government Site
 When the Vellore sepoys rebelled

Cities and towns in Vellore district

Smart cities in India

Vellore


Nefes Nefese ile şunlar kastedilmiş olabilir:
 Nefes Nefese (film, 1983), Jim McBride'ın 1983 tarihli filmi. Özgün adı Breathless
 Nefes Nefese (film, 1995), özgün adı Blown Away olan 1995 filmi
 Nefes Nefese (roman), Ayşe Kulin'in 2002 tarihli romanı
 Nefes Nefese (dizi), 2005 yılında atv'de yayımlanan Türk televizyon dizisi
 Nefes Nefese (dizi), 2018 yapımı Star TV'de yayımlanan Türk televizyon dizisi

Nefes Nefese


København er en dansk kortfilm fra 2009 instrueret af Andreas Dalsgaard.

Handling
København handler om Janus, en krigsfotograf med en hverdag i verdens blodigste brændpunkter. Efter 5 år i udlandet vender han hjem til København for at åbne en udstilling med sine fotografier. Han skal bare blive én dag. Åbne udstillingen og beundres af folk. Men hjemkomsten tager en ny drejning, da Janus opsøger Katrine, en kvinde han forlod 5 år tidligere.

Medvirkende
 Thomas Bo Larsen, Janus
 Laura Drasbæk, Katrine
 Pernille Vallentin, Rikke
 Ellen Hillingsø, Elisabeth
 Christine Gjerulff, Camilla
 Gry Bay, Sandra
 Figne Hartmann Petersen, Figne
 Adrian Hughes, Journalist
 Kim Sønderholm, Museumskustode

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2009

København (film)


Sebze çorbası

Malzeme listesi
 2 adet pırasa
 1 adet havuç
 1 adet soğan
 2 diş sarımsak
 1 adet soyulmuş irice domates
 150 g kadar lahana
 tuz
 zeytinyağı

Yapılışı
Çorbanın içine koyulacak sebzeler isteğe bağlı olarak belirlenir.
Tüm sebzeler yıkanır, irice doğranarak düdüklü tencereye konulur. Tuz ve zeytinyağı eklenerek yarım saat kadar haşlanır. Sebzeler haşlandıktan sonra süzülerek bir kaba alınır. Kevgirden veya mutfak robotundan geçirilerek püre haline getirilir. Sebzelerin suyu kaynamaya bırakılır. İki yumurta sarısı bir limonun suyu ile bir kapta tuz eklenerek çırpılır. Kaynayan sebze suyundan biraz alınıp bu karışıma eklenerek ısınması sağlanır. Tencerede kaynamakta olan sebze suyu karıştırılırken limon ve yumurtadan oluşan terbiye eklenerek karıştırılmaya devam edilir. 3 dakika sonra püre haline getirilmiş olan sebzeler eklenerek 5 dakika daha kaynatılır. Üzerine kıyılmış maydanoz eklenerek sunulur. İsteğe bağlı olarak sebze püresi ile birlikte baharatta eklenebilir. Daha kıvamlı olması istenirse sebzeler süzüldükten sonra kaynamaya bırakılan sebze suyuna pirinç ya da şehriye eklenebilir.

Çorbalar
Sebzeler

Sebze çorbası


Cefapirina este un antibiotic din clasa cefalosporinelor de primă generație. Este utilizată sub formă de sare de sodiu în prevenirea (operatorie) și în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene. Există și formulări de uz veterinar (benzatin-cefapirină).

Utilizări medicale

Reacții adverse

Sinteză

Note

Vezi și
 Cefalexină
 Cefazolină
 Cefadroxil
 Cefaloridină

Cefalosporine
Acetați
Piridine
Tioeteri

Cefapirină


Hermann Theobald Petschke (* 21. März 1806 in Budissin; † 28. Januar 1888 in Leipzig) war ein deutscher Jurist und Komponist.

Leben und Werk
Er wurde als erster Sohn von Maximilian Karl August Petschke und Henriette Charitas Petschke geboren. Der Vater war als Oberamtsadvokat in Budissin tätig. 1824 immatrikulierte sich Hermann Theobald Petschke an der Universität Leipzig. 1830 wurde er promoviert. Von 1829 bis 1833 war Petschke als Privatdozent an der Universität Leipzig tätig. Ab 1833 war er in Leipzig als Rechtsanwalt tätig. Er war Mitglied im Leipziger Kunstverein und im Verein für kirchliche Kunst in Sachsen. Er war ferner Mitglied im Richard-Wagner-Verein sowie im Leipziger Musikerverein. Die Leipziger Universitäts-Sängerschaft zu St. Pauli ernannte Petschke zum Ehrenmitglied.

Am 13. Januar 1843 gründete Petschke einen Männergesangsverein. Er komponierte zahlreiche Werke. Seine Kompositionen für den Männergesang erhielten große Beachtung. Weiterhin war Petschke ab 1849 Mitglied der Gewandhauskonzertdirektion. Hermann Theobald Petschke vermachte der Stadt Leipzig in seinem Testament 470.412,60 Mark. Das gesamte Vermögen sollte dann als Stiftungsfond zum Ankauf von Kunstwerken für das städtische Museum dienen. Er wurde auf dem Neuen Johannisfriedhof in Leipzig neben seinem Bruder Hermann Bernhard Petschke begraben. Im Zuge der Säkularisierung des Neuen Johannisfriedhofs wurde das Grabmal auf den Alten Johannisfriedhof verbracht.

Werke

Einzelnachweise

Musiker (Leipzig)
Komponist (Deutschland)
Ehrenmitglied einer Studentenverbindung
Geboren 1806
Gestorben 1888
Mann
Deutscher

Hermann Theobald Petschke


Chylomicrons (from the Greek χυλός, chylos, meaning juice (of plants or animals), and micron, meaning small particle), also known as ultra low-density lipoproteins (ULDL), are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%), cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%). They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body. ULDLs are one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (sorted by density) that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. A protein specific to chylomicrons is ApoB48.

There is an inverse relationship in the density and size of lipoprotein particles: fats have a lower density than water or smaller protein molecules, and the larger particles have a higher ratio of internal fat molecules with respect to the outer emulsifying protein molecules in the shell. ULDLs, if in the region of 1,000 nm or more, are the only lipoprotein particles that can be seen using a light microscope, at maximum magnification. All the other classes are submicroscopic.

Function

Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues. When a large portion of the triglyceride core has been hydrolyzed, chylomicron remnants are formed and are taken up by the liver, thereby also transferring dietary fat to the liver.

Origin
Pancreatic lipases digest dietary triglycerides in the lumen of the small intestine, forming monoglycerides and fatty acids. These lipids are absorbed into enterocytes via passive diffusion. Inside the cell, these lipids are transported to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, where they are re-esterified to form triglycerides. These triglycerides, along with phospholipids and cholesterol, are added to apolipoprotein B48 to form immature chylomicrons. Immature chylomicrons are transported from the smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus via SAR1B proteins, where they are processed, resulting in mature chylomicrons.

Mature chylomicrons are secreted through the basolateral membrane into the lacteals, where they join lymph to become chyle. The lymphatic vessels carry the chyle to the lymphatic ducts before they join the venous return of the systemic circulation via subclavian veins. From there, the chylomicrons supply the tissue with fat absorbed from the diet. It is important to note that, unlike digested carbohydrates (in the form of monosaccharides) and proteins (in the form of amino acids), digested lipids (in the form of chylomicrons) bypass the hepatic portal system, avoiding first pass metabolism.

Stages
The three stages of the chylomicron are nascent, mature, and remnant.

Nascent chylomicrons
Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids and monoglycerides. These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they are re-esterified to form triglycerides. The triglycerides are then combined with phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, and apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) to form a nascent chylomicron. These are then released by exocytosis from the enterocytes into the lacteals, lymphatic vessels originating in the villi of the small intestine, and are then secreted into the bloodstream at the thoracic duct's connection with the left subclavian vein.

Nascent chylomicrons are composed primarily of triglycerides (85%) and contain some cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. The main apolipoprotein component is ApoB48.

Mature chylomicron
While circulating in blood, chylomicrons exchange components with high-density lipoproteins (HDL). The HDL donates apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) to the nascent chylomicron and, thus, converts it to a mature chylomicron (often referred to simply as "chylomicron"). APOC2 is the coenzyme for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity.

Chylomicron remnant
Once triglyceride stores are distributed, the chylomicron returns APOC2 to the HDL (but keeps APOE), and, thus, becomes a chylomicron remnant, now only 30–50 nm. ApoB48 and APOE are important to identify the chylomicron remnant in the liver for endocytosis and breakdown.

Pathology
There are some disorders in which chylomicrons are involved.

Hyperchylomicronemia
The hyperchylomicronemia syndrome is a disorder characterized by extreme hypertriglyceridemia, the presence of chylomicrons, and one or more of the following clinical manifestations: eruptive xanthomas, lipaemia retinalis, hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent abdominal pain, and/ or acute pancreatitis.

Hypochylomicronemia
Hypochylomicronemia is defined as the low level or absence of postprandial CMs, and it can result from genetic or acquired causes.

Chylomicron remnants and cardiovascular disease
Postprandial hyperlipidemia is considered an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

References

Lipoproteins

Chylomicron