27th Volhynian Infantry Division () was a World War II Polish Armia Krajowa unit fighting in the Volhynia region in 1944. It was created on January 15, 1944, from smaller partisan self-defence units during the Volhynia massacre and was patterned after the prewar Polish 27th Infantry Division.

History
The unit was mobilized from secondary units from the Kowel, Łuck and Równe Home Army inspectorates as well as from former Polish policemen who had deserted German service, and numbered about 6,500 people in January 1944. After mobilization in March 1944, the division became one of the largest partisan units in Central Europe with 7300 soldiers, officers and NCOs.

The division initially aided local self-defence units during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and fought against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. It also fought German anti-partisan units and regular Wehrmacht troops. The unit commander, Colonel Babiński strictly prohibited any repressions against women and children. Despite this and despite the orders by the Polish government not to harm civilians, some Polish partisans retaliated against the massacre of Poles by burning down Ukrainian villages and killing ethnic Ukrainians whom they encountered on Volhynian roads.

In 1944 the division fought several major battles near Włodzimierz Wołyński (February 23), Hołoby (March 9) and Zasmyki (March 17).  During the latter two battles the division cooperated with local Soviet partisan groups and the advancing Red Army. After reaching the frontline and contacting the Soviets, Colonel Jan Kiwerski "Oliwa" was asked to combine the unit with the Red Army as a regular unit of the Soviet-backed Polish army. He declined and returned to partisan fighting. The division was surrounded by the Germans near Kowel on April 2.

After receiving a promise of Soviet help, the unit fought surrounded for two weeks. When no help arrived, the unit started to break through in the direction of Włodawa. As a result of heavy fighting, it lost between 10% and 50% of its personnel.

The division returned northwards and was surrounded by the end of May. Elements of the division broke through the Prypeć river and reached the Soviet lines. The officers were arrested by the NKVD and sent to Russia while most of the soldiers were conscripted into the army of General Zygmunt Berling.

The remnants of the division withdrew westwards, crossed the Bug River on June 7 to the Parczew Forest near Lublin. It joined other Home Army units and took part in the liberation of Kock, Lubartów, and the village Firlej on July 21.

After the Red Army reached the area they took over the captured territory. Most of the divisions officers, NCOs and ordinary soldiers were arrested by the NKVD and were interred in gulags. Only a small part joined the Red Army or the Soviet-controlled People' Polish Army.

Commanders
 Colonel Kazimierz Damian Bąbiński "Luboń" - January 15 - February 11
 Lieutenant Colonel Jan Wojciech Kiwerski "Oliwa" - February 11 - April 18
 Major Jan Szatowski "Kowal" - April 18 - May 3
 Major Tadeusz Sztumberk-Rychter "Żegota" - May 3 - July 16
 Colonel Jan Kotowicz "Twardy" - July 16 - July 25

See also
 Operation Tempest
 Przebraże Defence

References

Military units and formations established in 1944
Units and formations of the Home Army
27
Military units and formations disestablished in 1944

27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland)


Panamá participó en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012 con una delegación de ocho atletas que compitieron en cinco disciplinas deportivas. Era la decimosexta asistencia del país a la justa olímpica.

El atleta Irving Saladino era el abanderado en la ceremonia de apertura.

Participantes por deporte

Resumen de resultados

Referencias

Panama
V 2012
Deporte en Panamá en 2012

Panamá en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012


La Trapa de Cheikhlé (Trappe de Cheikhlé), también llamada Trapa del Sagrado Corazón (Trappe du Sacré-Cœur) o Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón (Notre-Dame du Sacré-Cœur) en Cheikhlé, fue un monasterio trapense situado en las proximidades de Akbés, cerca de Alejandreta, en la actual Turquía, fundado en 1881. Luego de hostigamientos sucesivos por parte de los turcos, fue destruido finalmente en 1920, poco después del genocidio armenio.

Historia

Fundación
Debido a la posibilidad de una expulsión de los monjes trapenses de la Trapa de Nuestra Señora de las Nieves (situados en Saint-Laurent-les-Bains en Ardèche) en 1879-1880, Dom Policarpo Marthoud, abad de Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, llegó en Siria en junio de 1881 después de haber visitado Egipto y el Líbano. Compró una propiedad en Cheikhlé y fundó la Trapa de Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón en las montañas de Amanus (hoy, montañas Nur o Gâvur), en la provincia de Alepo en la actual Siria, cerca de la pequeña ciudad de Akbès. En 1882, veinticinco monjes llegaron a Cheikhlé.

Carlos de Foucauld en Cheikhlé
Las fundaciones de la Trapa del Sagrado Corazón de Cheikhlé cerca de Akbés, fueron aprobadas por el capítulo general en 1883. En 1894, Don Luis Gonzaga Martin, prior de Akbés, fue nombrado abad de la Trapa de Staouéli, que se convirtió en la abadía madre, mientras que la Trapa del Sagrado Corazón de Cheikhlé pasó a ser dependiente de ésta.

El hermano Carlos de Foucauld permaneció en la Trapa de Cheikhlé en el año 1890 e hizo su profesión simple el 2 de febrero de 1892. Él se ocuparía de los huérfanos armenios, resultantes de las masacres hamidianas, y señaló explícitamente "los horrores que han ocurrido en estas comarcas" (Carta de Foucauld al P. Havelin) en referencia a dichas masacres.

Destrucción del monasterio
El monasterio fue amenazado por los turcos musulmanes en 1893, en 1895, y posteriormente en 1909. En 1915, durante el genocidio armenio, fue abandonado y finalmente destruido en 1920. En 1926, se declaró el monasterio oficialmente suprimido. De él, se recuerda particularmente el paso de Carlos de Foucauld, quien fue beatificado por la Iglesia católica el 13 de noviembre de 2005.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Monasterios del Císter
Historia del Imperio otomano
Genocidio armenio
Monasterios trapenses

Abadía de Akbés


Le château de Cussigny est un château du  situé  à Corgoloin (Côte-d'Or) en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Au matin du 30 juillet 2023, le château est entièrement détruit par un incendie, ses parties en bois totalement détruites et celles en pierre très fortement endommagées.

Localisation
Le château est isolé à l'est de Corgoloin et à la sortie nord du hameau de Cussigny.

Historique

En 1356, le château est attaqué par une compagnie anglaise. En 1372, Jean de Cussigny le tient en fief du duc de Bourgogne. Il passe au début du  à la famille de Nanteux puis par mariage à celle de Brasey en 1474 et par succession à la fin du  à celle de Saint-Belin qui la garde jusqu'au milieu du . En 1742, Henri-Bénigne de Saint-Belin le fait rebâtir et il passe dès 1764 à Claude Pierre Poulletier de Perrigny puis en 1788 à Bénigne Antoine Carrelet de Loisy qui supprime l'aile nord et les deux dernières tours d'angle au début du .

Dans la nuit du 30 juillet 2023, un incendie se déclare dans le château. Les secours sont alertés à 5h30 du matin. Malgré l'intervention d'une quarantaine de pompiers et d'une patrouille de gendarmes, le château est entièrement ravagé. Les parties en bois sont totalement détruites, et les murs de vieilles pierres sont très fortement endommagés et menacent de s'effondrer. Les pompiers parviennent toutefois à empêcher que le feu ne s'étende à la ferme située à côté. Le château étant vide au moment des faits, le sinistre n'a pas fait de blessé.

Architecture

Le château actuel orienté face à l'est se compose d'un corps central à fronton flanqué de deux ailes au nord et sud. Le corps central comprend un rez-de-chaussée et deux étages, les ailes un rez-de-chaussée et deux étages dont un de comble. Les toits, couverts de tuiles plates et de tuiles vernissées formant le chronogramme "1771", sont éclairés par des lucarnes et des tabatières. Les communs qui comprennent un rez-de-chaussée et un ou deux étages dont un de comble forment une cour carrée au sud du château. Au sud-ouest de la cour, le pigeonnier comprend un rez-de-chaussée et deux étages.

Les façades et toitures du château à l'exclusion de la tour carrée située au sud-ouest, la chapelle, le pigeonnier sont inscrits aux monuments historiques par arrêté du 28 décembre 1960. La cour d'honneur et le parc par arrêté du 5 juillet 1965.

Valorisation du patrimoine
En septembre 2022, les habitants des localités proches s'inquiètent à propos d'un projet de village de vacances autour du château.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Côte-d'Or
 Château de Moux sur la même commune.
 Château de La Chaume sur la même commune

Liens externes

Cussigny
Cussigny
Monument historique dans la Côte-d'Or
Monument historique inscrit en 1960
Monument historique inscrit en 1965

Château de Cussigny


Michael J. Heads ( n. 1957) es un botánico neozelandés, que ha trabajado activamente en el Distrito Ecológico Spenser. Y desarrolló actividades académicas en el Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Otago, Dunedin, Nueva Zelanda. y posteriormente en el Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad de Zimbabue, en Harare.

Algunas publicaciones

Libros
 . 2012. Molecular Panbiogeography of the Tropics. Species and Systematics. Editor Univ. of California Press, 566 pp. ISBN 0-520-27196-3 en línea solo 146 pp.

 . 1999. Panbiogeography: tracking the history of life. Ed. Oxford University Press. 229 pp. ISBN 0-19-507441-6, 9780195074413

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Nueva Zelanda

Michael J. Heads


Kumin može značiti:

 Kim, lat. Carum carvi - biljka i začin
 Kim (biljni rod), Carum
 Kumin (začin), lat. Cuminum cyminum - biljka i začin
 Kumin (biljni rod), Cuminum

Kumin


Sarıcaali, Kırklareli ilinin Lüleburgaz ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski adı 1922 mütareke yılı kayıtlarında Ano Kítron olarak geçmektedir. 1928'den beri ise bugünkü adını taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Kırklareli il merkezine 60 km, Lüleburgaz ilçe merkezine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Lüleburgaz belde ve köyleri

Sarıcaali, Lüleburgaz


Knud Kristensen er navnet på flere politikere:
 Knud Kristensen (statsminister) (1880-1962) − dansk statsminister 1945-47
 Knud Kristensen (Det Konservative Folkeparti) (født 1953) − medlem af Folketinget siden 2007 og borgmester i Vesthimmerlands Kommune siden 2010
 Knud Kristensen (SIND), medlem af Etisk Råd og tidligere formand for Landsforeningen SIND

Knud Kristensen


27988 Menabrea este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
27988 Menabrea este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Prescott (Arizona) de Paul G. Comba. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,04 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 7,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 27001-28000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

27988 Menabrea


Prietenul meu, Max este un film românesc din 1965 regizat de Ion Bostan.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1965 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1965

Prietenul meu, Max


Championnat National 3 (tit bare kaldet National 3) er den femtehøjeste liga i det franske fodboldsystem, og bliver kontrolleret af Frankrigs fodboldforbund. Ligaen består af 180 klubber fordelt i 12 puljer, og når sæsonen er slut bliver den bedst placerede i hver pulje rykket op i landets tredjebedste række, Championnat National 2. De fire dårligst placerede i hver pulje bliver degraderet til det sjettebedste niveau som også er de regionale ligaer Division d'Honneur.
Fodboldligaer
Fodbold i Frankrig
Etableret i 1993

Championnat National 3


Konvencija Vijeća Europe o sprečavanju i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji međunarodni je ugovor sastavljen pod okriljem Vijeća Europe koji je potpisan 11. svibnja 2011. u Istanbulu, zbog čega je poznat još i kao Istanbulska konvencija. Konvencija ima za cilj sprječavanje nasilja, zaštitu žrtava i "okončavanje nekažnjivosti počinitelja". Do siječnja 2018. godine potpisalo ju je 46 država te Europska unija. Turska je 12. ožujka 2012. postala prva država koja je ratificirala Konvenciju, a slijede Albanija, Andora, Austrija, Belgija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Cipar, Crna Gora, Danska, Estonija, Finska, Francuska, Grčka, Gruzija, Hrvatska, Island, Italija, Makedonija, Malta, Monako, Nizozemska, Njemačka, Norveška, Poljska, Rumunjska, Portugal, San Marino, Srbija, Slovenija, Španjolska, Švedska i Švicarska koje su to učinile od 2013. do svibnja 2018. godine. Konvencija je stupila na snagu 1. kolovoza 2014.

Provedbu Konvencije nadzire neovisno tijelo stručnjaka nazvano GREVIO (eng. Group of Experts on Action against Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, hrv. Skupina stručnih osoba za djelovanje protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji). GREVIO objavljuje izvješća u kojima ocjenjuje zakonodavne i druge mjere kojima potpisnice provode Konvenciju. Prema članku 66., GREVIO se sastoji od 10 do 15 članova, ovisno o broju potpisnica, a sami članovi moraju biti državljani neke države-potpisnice.

U ime Republike Hrvatske, Konvencija je potpisana 22. siječnja 2013., no ista nije bila ratificirana nekoliko godina. Kao razlog navodila su se značajna novčana sredstva koja država potpisnica mora izdvojiti u svrhu primjene svih odredaba Konvencije. Premijer Andrej Plenković je 25. studenoga 2016. izjavio da će "Vlada Republike Hrvatske, odnosno ministrica za demografiju, obitelj, mlade i socijalnu politiku Nada Murganić, što skorije pokrenuti postupak ratifikacije Konvencije u Hrvatskom saboru". Rasprava o Konvenciji održana je 22. ožujka 2018. godine na 86. sjednici Vlade Republike Hrvatske. Konvencija je jednoglasno podržana, nakon čega Vlada upućuje prijedlog zakona o potvrđivanju Konvencije Hrvatskom saboru. Vlada je u zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije ugradila i prijedlog interpretativne izjave u kojoj se navodi da je Konvencija u skladu s Ustavom Republike Hrvatske. Hrvatski sabor ratificirao je Konvenciju 13. travnja 2018. godine. Za ratifikaciju je glasalo 110 zastupnika, 30 protiv, a dva su bila suzdržana. Konvencija je u Hrvatskoj stupila na snagu 1. listopada 2018. godine.

U vremenu do ratifikacije Konvencije, u Republici Hrvatskoj su, a i u nekim drugim zemljama nastali društveni prijepori: dio javnosti iznosio je kako je Istanbulska konvencija borbu za suzbijanje nasilja nad ženama iskoristila za pronos ideja i definicija koje ti krugovi nazivaju rodna ideologija, dok je dio javnosti nijekao takve optužbe pozivajući se na razdvojenost spola i roda te ističući da se pojam rodnoga identiteta već javlja u hrvatskom zakonodavstvu, na primjer u Zakonu o suzbijanju diskriminacije.

Povijest
Vijeće Europe poduzelo je niz inicijativa za promicanje zaštite žena od nasilja od 1990-ih. Ove su inicijative između ostaloga rezultirale usvajanjem Preporuke Vijeća Europe Rec (2002)5 Odbora ministara državama članicama o zaštiti žena od nasilja 2002 i pokretanjem Europske kampanje za suzbijanje nasilja nad ženama, uključujući obiteljsko nasilje, između 2006 i 2008. Parlamentarna skupština Vijeća Europe također je zauzela čvrst politički stav protiv svih oblika nasilja nad ženama. Usvojila je brojne rezolucije i preporuke koje pozivaju na zakonski obvezujuće standarde o sprečavanju, zaštiti protiv te kaznenom progonu najtežih i raširenih oblika rodno uvjetovanog nasilja.

Nacionalna izvješća, studije i ankete otkrile su veličinu problema u Europi. Kampanja je pokazala veliku varijaciju između Europskih država u njihovim odgovorima na nasilje nad ženama i nasilju u obitelji. Stoga se potreba za usklađivanjem pravnih standarda kako bi se osiguralo da žrtve imaju koristi od iste razine zaštite svugdje u Europi postala očita. Ministri pravosuđa država članica Vijeća Europe počeli su raspravljati o potrebi jačanja zaštite od nasilja u obitelji, posebice od nasilja intimnog partnera.

Vijeće Europe odlučilo je da je potrebno postaviti sveobuhvatne standarde za sprječavanje i borbu protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji. U prosincu 2008. Odbor ministara osnovao je stručnu skupinu koja je bila ovlaštena pripremiti nacrt konvencije. Tijekom nešto više od dvije godine, ova skupina, nazvana CAHVIO (Ad Hoc Committee for preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence iliti Ad Hoc Odbor za prevenciju i suzbijanje nasilja nad ženama i nasilju u obitelji), izradila je nacrt teksta konvencije. U kasnijoj fazi izrade konvencije, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, Italija, Rusija i Sveta Stolica predložile su nekoliko izmjena kako bi ograničile zahtjeve Konvencije. Amnesty International kritizirao je ove izmjene. Konačni nacrt konvencije izrađen je u prosincu 2010.

Usvajanje, potpisivanje i ratifikacija
Konvenciju je usvojio Odbor ministara Vijeća Europe 7. travnja 2011. Otvorena je za potpisivanje 11. svibnja 2011. povodom 121. zasjedanja Odbora ministara u Istanbulu. Konvencija je stupila na snagu nakon desete ratifikacije, od kojih je osam trebalo biti od strane država članica Vijeća Europe. Od prosinca 2015., konvenciju je potpisalo 39 država, nakon čega je uslijedila ratifikacija od strane osam država Vijeća Europe: Albanije, Austrije, Bosne i Hercegovine, Italije, Crne Gore, Portugala, Srbije i Turske. Kasnije te godine ratificirale su je Andora, Danska, Francuska, Malta, Monako, Španjolska i Švedska, 2015. Slovenija, Finska, Poljska i Nizozemska, 2016. San Marino, Belgija i Rumunjska, a do rujna 2017. Gruzija i Norveška. Države koje su ratificirale Konvenciju pravno su vezane njezinim odredbama nakon što ista stupi na snagu.

Glavne odredbe
Istanbulska konvencija prvi je pravno obvezujući instrument koji "stvara sveobuhvatni pravni okvir i pristup borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama". Usmjerena je na sprečavanje nasilja u obitelji, zaštitu žrtava i procesuiranje optuženih prekršitelja. Konvencija definira nasilje nad ženama kao kršenje ljudskih prava i oblik diskriminacije (čl.3 (a)). Države potpisnice bi trebale primijeniti due diligence prilikom sprečavanja nasilja te kako bi zaštitile žrtve i kazneno gonile počinitelje (članak 5.). Konvencija također sadrži definiciju roda: u smislu Konvencije, rod je definiran u članku 3 (c) kao "društveno izgrađene uloge, ponašanja, aktivnosti i atributi koje određeno društvo smatra primjerenim za žene i muškarce". Nadalje, Konvencija uspostavlja niz kaznenih djela karakterističnih kao nasilje nad ženama. Države koje ratificiraju Konvenciju moraju kriminalizirati više prekršaja, uključujući: psihološko nasilje (članak 33.); uhođenje (članak 34); fizičko nasilje (čl.35); seksualno zlostavljanje, uključujući i silovanje (odnosi se na sve oblike nesuglasnog seksualnog odnosa) (čl.36); prisilni brak (čl.37); žensko obrezivanje (čl.38); prisilni pobačaja i/ili sterilizaciju (čl.39). Konvencija navodi da seksualno uznemiravanje mora biti podvrgnuto "kaznenoj ili drugoj zakonskoj sankciji" (čl. 40). Konvencija također uključuje članak koji se odnosi na zločine počinjene u ime "časti" (čl. 42).

Struktura
Konvencija sadrži 81 članak odijeljen u 12 poglavlja. Njezina struktura slijedi strukturu najnovijih konvencija Vijeća Europe. Struktura se temelji na "četiri Ps": sprečavanju, zaštiti i podršci žrtvama, kaznenom progonu prekršitelja i integriranim politikama. Svako područje predviđa niz specifičnih mjera. Konvencija također utvrđuje obveze vezane uz prikupljanje podataka i podupiranje istraživanja na području nasilja nad ženama (čl. 11).

U Preambuli se poziva na Europsku konvenciju o ljudskim pravima, Europsku socijalnu povelju i Konvenciju o suzbijanju trgovanja ljudima, kao i na međunarodne ugovore o ljudskim pravima Ujedinjenih naroda i Rimski statut Međunarodnoga kaznenog suda.

U članku 1. deklarira kao svrha Konvencije. U 5 točaka (a.-e.) se deklariraju različiti aspekti zaštite žena: sprječavanje nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji, suzbijanje diskriminacije žena; izgradnja sustava mjera za zaštitu žrtava nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji; promicanje međunarodne suradnje radi suzbijanja nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji; te daljnja izgradnja institucija nadležnih za suzbijanje nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji.

U članku 2., ova Konvencija ukazuje na to da se odredbe primjenjuju u vrijeme mira, kao i tijekom oružanih sukoba u slučaju nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji.

Članak 3. Konvencije definira ključne pojmove:

nasilje nad ženama - predstavlja "kršenje ljudskih prava i oblik diskriminacije žena i podrazumijeva sve postupke na temelju spola koji dovode ili bi mogli dovesti do do tjelesne, seksualne, psihološke ili ekonomske štete ili patnje žene uključujući prijetnje takvim djelima, prisiljavanje ili samovoljno lišavanje slobode, bilo da se događa u javnom ili privatnom životu",

nasilje u obitelji - "sva djela tjelesnog, seksualnog, psihološkog ili gospodarskog nasilja koje se javljaju u obitelji, domaćinstvu ili između bivših ili sadašnjih supružnika ili partnera, bez obzira na to da li počinitelj dijeli prebivalište sa žrtvom ili ne",

rod -"društveno izgrađene uloge, ponašanja, aktivnosti i atributi koje određeno društvo smatra prikladnim za žene i muškarce",

rodno uvjetovano nasilje nad ženama - "nasilje koje je usmjereno protiv žene jer je žena ili koja nerazmjerno utječe na žene".

Člankom 4. zabranjuje se nekoliko vrsta diskriminacije: Primjena odredbi ove Konvencije od strane država potpisnica, posebice mjera zaštite prava žrtava, osigurana je bez diskriminacije na bilo kojem temelju, kao što su spol, rod, rasa, boja kože, jezik, političko ili drugo mišljenje, nacionalno ili socijalno podrijetlo, udruživanje s nacionalnom manjinom, imovina, rođenje, seksualne orijentacije, rodni identitet, dob, zdravstveno stanje, invalidnost, bračno stanje, status migranta ili izbjeglice ili drugi status.

Pojam roda
Istanbulska konvencija prvi put u međunarodnome ugovoru određuje pojam roda, koji se u tekstu Konvencije spominje u 24 navrata. Tako u stavci c članka 3. rod određuje sljedećim riječima:

Ta se odredba upotpunjuje i odvojenošću spola i roda prisutnoj u stavki 3 članka 4:

Ustavno-pravno nadilaženje
Konvencija u članku 6 navodi sljedeće:

Time se jasno i nedvosmisleno zahtijeva od stranaka (država potpisnica) Konvencije uvođenje "rodne perspektive" u politiku provođenja Konvencije, samim time što je Konvencija sastavljena na načelu "sve ili ništa" pojašnjenom u članku 78:

Prema čl. 78, stranka ne može birati hoće li potpuno ili samo djelomično i koje će dijelove Konvencije implementirati u svoj zakonski i pravni okvir, čime se stranke obvezuje na dosljedno provođenje svih članaka Konvencije i njihovo uključivanje u zakonodavstvo.

Prijepori

Konvencija na više mjesta koristi termin "rod", a u čl. 3. daje i definiciju tog termina, kao i definiciju termina "rodno uvjetovano nasilje nad ženama". U toč. 43. Pojašnjavajućeg izvješća se pojašnjava: "...priređivači Nacrta smatrali su da je važno definirati termin "rod". U kontekstu ove Konvencije termin rod, temeljen na dvama spolovima, muškom i ženskom, pojašnjava da postoje i društveno konstruirane uloge, ponašanja, aktivnosti i atributi koje određeno društvo smatra primjerenim za žene i muškarce. Istraživanja su pokazala da određene uloge ili stereotipi proizvode neželjene ili štetne prakse i pridonose da se nasilje nad ženama smatra prihvatljivim. Kako bi se prevladale takve rodne uloge, članak 12 (1) uokviruje iskorjenjivanje predrasuda, običaja, tradicija i ostalih praksi koje se temelje na ideji inferiornosti žena ili na stereotipnim rodnim ulogama... Termin "rod" prema ovoj definiciji nije zamišljen kao zamjena za termine 'žena' i 'muškarac' koji se rabe u Konvenciji."

Također se ukazuje da Konvencija o sprječavanju i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji promovira i interesa i prava LGBT zajednice, što se iz redova te zajednice i potvrđuje.

Neki kritičari u hrvatskom društvu - tipično povezani uz Katoličku Crkvu - nalaze da nisu svi stereotipi o ulogama dvaju spolova žena nužno loši i da ne proizvode sve kulturalno prihvaćene razlike u spolovima neželjene ili štetne prakse.

Zbog razloga kakvoga kritičari Istanbulske konvencije iznose i u Hrvatskoj, pokrenula je vlada Poljske inicijativu za istup te zemlje iz Konvencije, nakon čega je na europskoj razini organiziran napor da se odgovori poljsku vladu od takve ideje.

Dana 15. prosinca 2017. godine na Markovu trgu održan je prosvjed podrške ratifikaciji Istanbulske konvencije. Prosvjed je održan pod nazivom "STOP fundamentalističkom nasilju nad ženama".

Tim je povodom u prosincu 2017. godine Znanstveno vijeće za obrazovanje i školstvo Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti izdalo Izjavu, u kojoj se iznosi za Konvenciju da je "glavni je cilj toga dokumenta zaštita žena i obitelji od nasilja, što nikome dobronamjernome ne može biti sporno. No, isto je tako razvidno da se dijelovi Konvencije temelje na rodnoj ideologiji, što za odgojno-obrazovni sustav Republike Hrvatske smatramo neprihvatljivim jer u nj ne treba unositi zasade bilo kakve partikularne ideologije, pa ni rodne." Izjava je promptno i žestoko osuđena od strane, feminističkih, LGBT i ljevičarskih skupina, a HAZU se očitovao da mišljenje jednog Znanstvenog vijeća HAZU ne predstavlja službeno mišljenje čitave HAZU, jer se o njemu nije glasalo na razini čitave institucije.

Protivljenje ratifikaciji Istanbulske konvencije jasno su izrazile i parlamentarne stranke Neovisni za Hrvatsku i Hrast, a većina članova Mosta nezavisnih lista glasat će protiv ratifikacije. Predsjednik Mosta nezavisnih lista Božo Petrov u intervju za Jutarnji list kazao je kako se pita je li Istanbulska konvencija borba protiv nasilja ili borba za neke druge ideološke stvari te da bi Hrvatska trebala krenuti u izmjene zakona i osiguranje većih sredstava za borbu protiv nasilja nad ženama bez prihvaćanja navedenog dokumenta Vijeća Europe.

Početkom 2018. godine, vlasti Bugarske i Slovačke su izričito odbile ratificirati Istanbulsku konvenciju, zbog protivljenja definiranju "roda" u javnosti tih zemalja. Bugarske udruge za ljudska prava zatim su oštro kritizirale Vladu zbog takvog poteza, a Bugarski helsinški odbor izjavio je da su "Bugarske službe pokazale potpuni nemar prema sustavnim napadima na žene".

Javno mnijenje
Agencija Ipsos je u ime Vlade Republike Hrvatske provela anketu o javnom mnijenju građana Republike Hrvatske o Istanbulskoj konvenciji. Anketa je provedena na reprezentativnom uzorku od 604 punoljetna građana RH. Prema rezultatima ankete, 31,9% anketiranih u potpunosti podržava, a 34,1% uglavnom podržava Konvenciju. Nasuprot tome, 12,4% anketiranih uopće ju ne podržava, a 10,4% ju uglavnom ne podržava. Ukupno gledano, 66% ispitanika podržava Konvenciju, dok 22,8% ju ne podržava. Njih 11,1% nije sigurno. Nadalje, anketa je istražila i razinu informiranosti građana o Konvenciji. Prema rezultatima, 12,2% odgovorilo je da zna jako puno, 48,6% ih zna osnovne informacije, 35,8% je čulo za Konvenciju, a 3,3% nije čulo za nju ili ne zna o čemu se radi.

Agencija 2X1 komunikacije provela je telefonsku anketu na 1400 ispitanika na temu Istanbulske konvencije. Prilikom anketiranja ispitanici su odgovarali i na pitanje koju stranku podupiru. Na pitanje "Podupirete li Istanbulsku konvenciju?", 58,07% ispitanika je odgovorilo da ne podupire, a 41,93% odgovorilo je pozitivno tj. da podupire ratifikaciju Konvencije.
 Anketirani ispitanici koji su simpatizeri HDZ-a odredili su su se u omjeru 38,93% za, a 61,07 % protiv ratifikacije IK.
 SDP-ovi simpatizeri su 59,85% za, a 40,16% protiv.
 Most-ovi glasači su 42,42% za i 57,58% protiv.
 Među simpatizerima Živog zida 59,18 % je za, a 40,82% protiv.
Jedina stranka sa značajnijim postotkom čiji su simpatizeri apsolutno protiv ratifikacije Istanbulske konvencije je stranka Neovisni za Hrvatsku.

Implementacija Konvencije

Turska
U Turskoj se, prvoj zemlji koja je ratificirala Konvenciju (2012.), i u godinama poslije ratifikacije Konvencije broj ubojstava žena iz časti povećava, što je trend primjetan još od 2011. godine. Broj žrtava nasilja se povećao sa 125 u 2011. godini na 286 u 2014. godini, dok je u prvih šest mjeseci 2015. godine ubijeno 160 žena. Sljedećih godina rast ubojstava se nastavio, pa su tako u prvom dijelu 2017. ubijene 244 žene. Prema navodima turskih organizacija za sprečavanje nasilja na ženama, porast broja žrtava nasilja rezultat je loše implementacije Konvencije u zakonodavni sustav, kao i politička nemotiviranost za boljom implementacijom. Ipak, ta se tvrdnja ne može primijeniti na slučaj 18-godišnje žene G.A., koju je muž ubio izbovši ju nožem 32 puta, jer je počinitelj isprva uhićen, ali nakon tri mjeseca pušten na slobodu.

Leyla Kaya, povjerenicu za prava žena Udruženja za ljudska prava (IHD) kritizirala je nedjelotvornost mehanizama koje propisuje Konvencija:

CNN Turska je objavio, pozivajući se na službene izvore, da je od 2010. do 2017. ubijeno 1.915 žena, od čega gotovo dvije trećine od supruga ili partnera, daljih 213 od očeva, sinova, ili braće, a još 114 od drugih muških rođaka. Najmanje 395 ih je ubijeno jer su pokrenule razvod. Uz to, 40% Turkinja izjasnilo se da je barem jednom u životu dobila batine od supruga, partnera, brata ili oca.

Vezani članci
 Međunarodni instrumenti za zaštitu ljudskih prava

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice Konvencije
 Radin, Helena Štimac (ur.) Konvencija Vijeća Europe o sprečavanju i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji i Pojašnjavajuće izvješće (neslužbeni prijevod) Ured za ravnopravnost spolova Vlade Republike Hrvatske, Biblioteka Ona, Zagreb, 2014.

 Nacrt Prijedloga Zakona o potvrđivanju Konvencije Vijeća Europe o sprječavanju i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u obitelji (s obrazloženjem), srpanj 2017. god., na stranicama e-savjetovanja Vlade RH

 Council of Europe, Treaty Office, Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 210  pristupljeno 16. veljače 2018.

Međunarodni instrumenti za zaštitu ljudskih prava
Ženska prava


Ingried Brugger (* 1960 in Zell am See) ist eine österreichische Kunsthistorikerin, Museumsleiterin und Modedesignerin. Sie ist seit 2000 geschäftsführende Direktorin des Bank Austria Kunstforum.

Leben
Ingried Brugger, Tochter des Bundesforste-Angestellten Karl Brugger († 2018), hat Kunstgeschichte und Germanistik an der Universität Wien und der Freien Universität Berlin sowie Architektur an der Technischen Universität Wien studiert. In ihrer Dissertation untersuchte sie den "Einfluss der venezianischen Malerei auf die Malerei nördlich der Alpen zwischen 1580 und 1620". Nach dem Studium gehörte sie zu den Mitgründern der Galerie Orbis Parvus. 1988 beginnt sie als Kuratorin am Kunstforum Wien (heute: Kunstforum Bank Austria) zu arbeiten. Sie war Redakteurin der Zeitschrift Kunstpresse. Seit 2000 leitet sie das Bank Austria Kunstforum.

Brugger ist Leiterin der Bank-Austria-eigenen Sammlung Fotografis und Mitglied der Expertenkommission der Bank Austria Kunstsammlung. Von 2004 bis 2007 war Brugger Universitätsrätin an der Kunstuniversität Linz, seit 2008 ist sie Universitätsrätin an der Akademie der Bildenden Künste Wien. Seit 2008 ist sie Vorstandsmitglied der Interessensgemeinschaft österreichischer Museen und Ausstellungshäuser.

Brugger ist mit dem Künstler Christian Ludwig Attersee verheiratet und wohnt in Wien.

Wirken

Ausstellungen
Seit Brugger die Direktion des Bank Austria Kunstforums übernommen hat, hat sie zahllose Ausstellungen selbst oder in Kooperation konzipiert. Darunter waren Themenausstellungen zur Architektur in Zentraleuropa (2001), zum Prinzip Prominenz (2006), zum Eros in der Kunst der Moderne (2007), Futurismus(2003), Symbolismus in Belgien (2007/2008), Impressionismus (2002/2003), zu Abstrakter Malerei (2008) und Stillleben (2010). Einen wichtigen Raum nimmt die Kunst der Klassischen Moderne ein. Die in Kooperation mit dem Berliner Martin Gropius Bau produzierte Ausstellung Frida Kahlo (2010) war die bestbesuchte in der Geschichte des Hauses. Andere Präsentationen zeigten das Werk von Pablo Picasso (2000), Joan Miró (2001), Kasimir Malewitsch (2001), Emil Nolde (2001/2002), Kurt Schwitters (2002), Wassily Kandinsky (2004), Tamara de Lempicka (2004/2005), René Magritte (2005), Marc Chagall (2006/2007), Georges Braque (2008/09) und Werke von Dalí bis Francis Bacon aus der Sammlung Ulla und Heiner Pietzsch. 2003/2004 wirft sie mit einer Personale von Roy Lichtenstein und 2005 mit einer für Willem de Kooning einen Blick auf Pop Art und amerikanische Avantgarde. Zentrale Figuren der österreichischen Malerei waren in ihrem Programm Arnulf Rainer (2000), Adolf Frohner (2001) und Christian Ludwig Attersee (2005). Zeitgenössische Positionen waren u. a. monographische Ausstellungen von Anna Jermolaewa und Markus Lüpertz (2006), Dan Perjovschi und Nedko Solakov (2007), Stefan Sandner (2008), Bertram Hasenauer (2009) und Birgit Jürgenssen (2010).

Als Kuratorin und Autorin ist Brugger Herausgeberin von Publikationen im Bereich der Kunst des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts.

Modedesign
Im Jahr 2010 gründete Brugger das Modelabel INGRIED BRUGGER.

Schriften

Herausgeberin
 Frida Kahlo. Retrospektive (mit Florian Steininger, Helga Prignitz-Poda). Prestel, München 2010,
 Augenschmaus. Vom Essen im Stillleben (mit Heike Eipeldauer). Prestel, München 2010,
 Georges Braque(mit Heike Eipeldauer, Caroline Messensee). Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2008,
 FOTOGRAFIS Collection Reloaded. Jung und Jung Verlag, Salzburg 2008,
 Monet – Kandinsky – Rothko und die Folgen. Wege der abstrakten Malerei (mit Florian Steiniger). Edition Minerva, München 2008,
 Der Kuss der Sphinx. Symbolismus in Belgien (mit Evelyn Benesch, Michel Draguet). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Friedrichstein 2007,
 Marc Chagall. Meisterwerke 1908–1922 (mit Evelyn Benesch). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Friedrichstein 2006,
 Markus Lüpertz (mit Florian Steiniger). Edition Minerva, München 2006,
 Verrückte Liebe. Von Dali bis Francis Bacon (mit Evelyn Benesch). Wien 2006,
 Superstars. Das Prinzip Prominenz (mit Heike Eipeldauer, Gerald Matt). Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2005,
 Tamara de Lempicka. Femme fatale des Art déco (mit Alan Blondel). Hatje-Cantz, Ostfildern 2004,
 Attersee. Die Liebe, das Haus und der Ring. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2005,
 Willem de Kooning (mit Florian Steininger). Palace Editions, München 2005,
 Wassily Kandinsky. Der Klang der Farbe (mit Evelyn Benesch, Sabine Fehlemann). Palace Editions, Formio 2004,
 Roy Lichtenstein (mit Florian Steininger). Edition Minerva, München 2003,
 Im Bann der Moderne: Picasso, Chagall, Jawlensky. Die Privatsammlung Im Obersteg (mit Toni Stooss). Jung und Jung, Salzburg 2003,
 Futurismus. Radikale Avantgarde (mit Evelyn Benesch). Edizioni Gabriele Mazzotta, Mailand 2003,
 Impressionismus: Amerika – Frankreich – Russland (mit Evelyn Benesch, Jewgenia Petrowa, Joseph Kiblitsky). Palace Editions, Formia 2002,
 Karel Appel (mit Florian Steininger). Jung und Jung, Salzburg 2002,
 Kurt Schwitters (mit Siegfried Gohr, Gunda Lyken). Jung und Jung, Salzburg 2002,
 Kasimir Malewitsch (mit Joseph Kiblitsky). Palace Editions, Formia 2001,
 Emil Nolde und die Südsee (mit Johann Georg Prinz von Hohenzollern, Manfred Reuther). Hirmer, München 2001,
 Miró. Später Rebell (mit Evelyn Benesch). Edition Minerva, München 2001,
 Adolf Frohner. Verteidigung der Mitte (mit Gabriela Fritz). Edition Minerva, München 2001,
 Arnulf Rainer. Bilder.Gegen.Bilder. Wien 2000
 Picasso. Figur und Porträt (mit Götz Adriani, Evelyn Benesch). Edition Minerva, München 2000,
 Jahrhundert der Frauen. Vom Impressionismus bis zur Gegenwart. Residenz, Salzburg 1999, S. 21–43
 Rot in der russischen Kunst (mit Joseph Kiblitsky, Jewgenia Petrowa, Klaus Albrecht Schröder). Skira Editore, Mailand 1998,
 Kunst und Wahn (mit Peter Gorsen, Klaus Albrecht Schröder). Dumont, Köln 1997,
 Herbert Boeckl (mit Klaus Albrecht Schröder). Prestel-Verlag, München 1994,
 Das Jahrzehnt der Malerei. Österreich 1980–1990 (mit Klaus Albrecht Schröder). Wien 1991
 Modefotografie von 1900 bis heute. Wien 1990

Aufsätze und Essays
 Viva la Vida. Zum 100. Geburtstag der mexikanischen Künstlerin Frida Kahlo, in: Spektrum, Wien, Juni 2007
 Amouren auf Papier, in: Walter Schmögner. Erotische Arbeiten. Galerie Hofstätter, Wien 2001,
 Der Künstler ist ein Erfinder, in: Christian Ludwig Attersee. Malerei 1980 bis 2000, Sankt Petersburg 2000
 Dramaturgie der Irren-Inszenierung, in: Ebenbilder, Bonn 2000
 Realismus mit Brüchen, in: Helmut Ditsch, Wien 2000, S. 10–13
 Die Brücke – Stil und Entwicklung, in: Die Brücke. Hrsg.: Magdalena M. Moeller, Firmer, München 1995, S. 9–27
 Paris zwischen den Kriegen, in: Meisterwerke aus dem Guggenheim. Hrsg.: Klaus Albrecht Schröder, New York 1994, S. 81–92
 Die Auffindung und Prüfung des Hl. Kreuzes durch Kaiserin Helena. Zu einem wieder aufgefundenen Frühwerk Hans von Aachens, in: Artibus et Historie, 28, 1993, S. 113–130
 Lovis Corinth. Biographie, in: Lovis Corinth. Hrsg.: Klaus Albrecht Schröder, Prestel, München 1992, S. 206–223
 Larve und "Stille Frau", in: Oskar Kokoschka und Alma Mahler. Die Puppe, Epilog einer Passion, Frankfurt am Main, 1992, S. 69–79
 Das Genreporträt im Biedermeier, in: Wiener Biedermeier. Malerei zwischen Wiener Kongreß und Revolution. Hrsg.: Gerbert Frodl und Klaus Albrecht Schröder, Prestel, München 1992, S. 9–37
 Wesen mit Wesen streitend. Die Dresdner Werkgruppe 1916–1923, in: Oskar Kokoschka. Hrsg.: Klaus Albrecht Schröder und Johann Winkler, Prestel, München 1991, S. 19–29.

Weblinks

 Bank Austria Kunstforum
 Modelabel Ingried Brugger

Einzelnachweise

Österreicher
Kunsthistoriker
Museumsleiter
Modedesigner (21. Jahrhundert)
Geboren 1960
Frau

Ingried Brugger


Karacaören, Zonguldak ilinin Devrek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1892 yılı kayıtlarında Karacaviran olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 40 km, Devrek ilçe merkezine 14 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Devrek belde ve köyleri

Karacaören, Devrek


Maxwell "Max" Branning es un personaje ficticio de la serie de televisión británica EastEnders, interpretado por el actor Jake Wood desde el 27 de junio de 2006, hasta ahora.

Antecedentes
Max es el quinto hijo de Kim y Reenie Branning y hermano de Jack, Suzy, Derek, Carol y April. Tuvo una infancia difícil, que se vio agravada por la llegada de su hermano menor Jack, debido a que ambos competían por la atención de su padre. Cuando Max fue culpado por Jack el robo de una medalla de la segunda guerra mundial que la madre de Jim le había dado en honor a su difunto padre por su valentía, Jim decidió romper toda relación con él e incluso llegó a encerrarlo en un ataúd.

A los 17 años Max embaraza a su novia, Rachel por lo que terminan casándose y dándole la bienvenida a su hijo Bradley en agosto de 1987 con tan solo 18 años. Aunque Max pierde contacto con sus padres, sigue comunicándose con sus hermanos en especial con Carol.

Poco después Max comienza una aventura con Tanya Cross, la pareja descubre que Tanya está embarazada en 1993, por lo que Max decide divorciarse de Rachel para estar con Tanya, como consecuencia de esto pierde todo contacto con Bradley. Max y Tanya le dan la bienvenida a su primera hija, Lauren en marzo de 1994 y el 6 de agosto del mismo año se casan. Más tarde le dan la bienvenida a su segunda hija Abi el 23 de junio de 1996 y por último a Oscar el 13 de diciembre de 2007.

Biografía
En el 2013 Tanya descubre que el tiempo en que Max estuvo fuera de la ciudad mientras estaban separados él se había casado con Kirsty Branning lo que la deja destrozada, aunque al inicio Max no quiere saber nada de Kirsty y quiere recuperar a Tanya finalmente Tanya decide terminar la relación. Poco después Kirsty le revela a Max que estaba embarazada pero que había abortado porque su hermano Derek Branning le había dicho que Max no quería al bebé lo que deja sorprendido a Max quien le dice que no sabía nada. Más tarde Kirsty le dice a Max que está embarazada de nuevo pero Max no toma las noticias muy bien y le dice a Kirsty que quiere que aborte, poco después Kat Moon descubre que Kirsty no está embarazada y sólo había dicho eso para que Max no la dejara por Tanya.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 EastEnders Official Website > Character > Max Branning
 EastEnders > Character > Who's Who > Max Branning
 Walford Web | Max Branning

Branning, Max

Max Branning


Pokalturneringen i basketball (også kendt som DBBF pokalen eller blot Pokalturneringen) er Danmarks pokalturnering i basketball. Turneringen afholdes af DBBF. Turneringen er blevet afviklet siden 1975, hvor Falcon slog Stevnsgade i finalen. Bakken Bears er den mest succesrige klub i turneringen med 12 titler. Seneste vinder er Bakken Bears efter de slog Horsens IC i finalen i Forum Horsens i sæsonen 2019-20.

Historie
Dansk basket var længe domineret af sjællandske (og i særdeleshed Københavnske) basketballklubber, hvilket også gjorde sig gældende i pokalturneringen. Derfor skulle vi helt hen til 1993 for at finde den første vinder udenfor sjælland. Her kunne Horsens IC lade sig kåre som vinder efter at have besejret Hørsholm i finalen. Magtforholdet ændrede sig dog ret markant omkring årtusindeskiftet, hvilket resulterede i stor dominans fra klubberne vest for Storebælt i 00'erne og 10'erne.

Struktur
Pokalturneringen i Danmark er anderledes end den sædvanlige ligastruktur med grundspil og slutspil. Turneringen følger en "single elimination"-struktur som man kender fra college-basketballs slutspil (NCAA March Madness) eller DBU Pokalen i fodbold. I pokalturneringen trækker alle deltagere lod om hvem der skal mødes i en enkelt kamp. Vinderen af kampen går herefter videre til næste runde, hvor man igen skal trække lod om hvem der skal mødes. Dette fortsætter indtil alle hold på nær et enkelt er eliminerede hvorefter dette kåres som vinder af turneringen.
Alle hold i den bedste liga i Danmark, Basketligaen, har obligatorisk deltagelse i pokalturneringen, mens det er frivilligt at deltage for hold i de lavere rækker.

Vindere og finalister

Basketball i Danmark

Pokalturneringen (basketball)


الدائرة الإدارية : هي إحدى تقسيمات فرنسا الإدارية. في 2004، تم تقسيم الأقاليم الفرنسية المئة إلى 342 دائرة إدارية. وفي عام 2007 تم تخفيض هذا العدد إلى 341 بعد فصل مجموعتين من أقاليم ماوراء البحار في جزر جوادلوب.
وتسمى عاصمة الدائرة بالمحافظة الفرعية . وتقسم الدائرة إداريًا إلى المديريات والبلديات.

مراجع

الدوائر الإدارية الفرنسية
تقسيمات البلدان في أوروبا
تقسيمات إدارية من المستوى الثالث حسب البلد
تقسيمات فرنسا

دوائر إدارية فرنسية


Reinhardtius er ættkvísl af flyðruætt sem inniber einungis eina tegund, það er, grálúðu sem ennfremur er nefnd svartaspraka.

Kvíslinni var valið nafn af Walbaum eftir danska líffræðingnum Johannes Christopher H. Reinhardt.

Flyðruætt

Reinhardtius


Meuselko ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Annaburg in Sachsen-Anhalt.

Geographie

Geographische Lage
Meuselko befindet sich ca. 40 km südöstlich der Lutherstadt Wittenberg, und etwa 10 km nördlich von Herzberg (Elster).

Gemeindegliederung
Meuselko gehört zum Ort Löben und ist seit 2004 Ortsteil der Stadt Annaburg.

Klima

Meuselko liegt in der kühl-gemäßigten Klimazone. Die nächsten Wetterstationen liegen westlich in Jessen (Elster) und östlich auf dem Flugplatz Holzdorf. Der Monat mit den geringsten Niederschlägen ist der Februar, der niederschlagsreichste der Juni. Die mittlere jährliche Lufttemperatur beträgt an der etwa 12 Kilometer westlich gelegenen Wetterstation Jessen 9,2 °C.

Geschichte
Der Ort ist ein sogenanntes Buschdorf, gelegen in der Elsteraue. Erwähnt wurde der Ort 1429 in der Schreibweise Muselkaw, welches sich aus dem altsorbischen Mysl(i)kov – "Ort des Myslik", einem von myslić ("denken") abgeleiteten Personennamen herleitet.

Das Rundling- und Sackgassendorf (ähnlich einem Angerdorf) wurde an der Straße nach Löben erweitert. Der zum Pfarrbereich Löben gehörende Ort hatte 1528 8 Hüfner und 10 Kossaten.

Im Rahmen der nationalsozialistischen Germanisierung sorbischstämmiger Ortsnamen hatte der Landrat des Kreises Schweinitz 1937 mit Zustimmung der Gemeinde beantragt, Meuselko in "Elstertal" umzubenennen und so den sorbischen Namen zu tilgen. Anders als in anderen Regionen scheiterte die Umbenennung hier jedoch an der Ablehnung des zuständigen Regierungspräsidenten.

Auf Beschluss des Kreistages wurde Meuselko 1977 nach Löben eingemeindet.

Politik

Ortsteilvertretung
Seit der Eingliederung in die Stadt Annaburg am 1. Januar 2004 ist Meuselko ein Ortsteil der Stadt. Vertreten wird Meuselko nach der Hauptsatzung der Gemeinde Löben durch den Ortsbürgermeister und einen Ortsbeirat.
Ortsbürgermeister ist gegenwärtig Detlef Franke.

Bildung
Schulpflichtige Kinder des Ortes werden zurzeit in die Grundschule Annaburg eingeschult. Ebenfalls in Annaburg befindet sich als weitere Bildungseinrichtung eine Sekundarschule die den Status einer Ganztagsschule hat. In Jessen (Elster) besteht die Möglichkeit ab der 5. Klassenstufe das Gymnasium zu besuchen. Die nächstgelegenen Kindertagesstätten befinden sich in Holzdorf(Elster) sowie in Annaburg. Seit dem Schuljahr 2011/2012 besteht außerdem die Möglichkeit, Kinder in die Evangelische Grundschule Holzdorf einschulen zu lassen.

Freizeit und Tourismus
Ein seit 1996 bestehender Reithof bietet betreute Wohnplätze für Mädchen und junge Frauen. Hauptsächlich werden pädagogisch-therapeutische Mensch-Tier-Begegnungen mit Reiten, Versorgung und Pflege der Tiere sowie Tierschutz angeboten. Weiterhin werden Ferienangebote mit Zeltlagern durchgeführt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Wittenberg
Geographie (Annaburg)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Wittenberg)
Gemeindeauflösung 1977

Meuselko


قد يقصد بمصطلح أكسيد الكربون على العموم إما:
 أحادي أكسيد الكربون: مركب كيميائي من الأكسجين والكربون له الصيغة الكيميائية CO
 ثنائي أكسيد الكربون: مركّب كيميائي من الأكسجين والكربون له الصيغة الكيميائيّة CO2
هناك أكاسيد أخرى للكربون أقل شيوعاً.

أكسيد الكربون (توضيح)


Das Schloss Nidda ist ein im angehenden 17. Jahrhundert erbautes Schloss in Nidda, Wetteraukreis, Hessen. Es wurde teilweise noch im Stil der Spätgotik, teilweise bereits im Stil der Renaissance gestaltet. Der Bau stammt aus der Zeit bald nach 1604, als Nidda in den Besitz der Landgrafschaft Hessen-Darmstadt gelangte; auf der Stadtansicht Valentin Wagners von 1633 ist das Schloss bereits zu sehen.

Vorgeschichte

Das Schloss steht an der Stelle und auf den Fundamenten einer ursprünglich von Graf Volkold II. von Nidda in der feuchten Niederung im Tal der Nidda gebauten Wasserburg. Diese diente zur Sicherung der wichtigen Handelsstraße, die aus dem Raum Frankfurt entlang der Nidda über den Vogelsberg zog.

Es ist nicht ganz geklärt, ob Volkold II. oder bereits sein Vater Volkold I. der Erbauer der kreisrunden Wasserburg in Nidda war; möglicherweise vollendete der Sohn den vom Vater begonnenen Bau. Bekundet ist zumindest, dass der Gerichtsbezirk Bingenheim schon in dieser Zeit auch als "Grafschaft Nidda" bezeichnet wurde. Volkold II. zog von der fuldischen Burg Bingenheim auf die Eigenburg in Nidda um und nannte sich spätestens ab 1104 "Graf von Nidda".

Nach dem Tod von Volkolds Enkel Berthold II. († vor 1205) kamen seine kleine Grafschaft und damit auch die Burg durch Erbschaft an seinen Neffen Ludwig I. von Ziegenhain. Mit dem Erlöschen der Grafen von Ziegenhain in der männlichen Linie im Jahre 1450 wurden die Grafschaft und die Burg Nidda Besitz der Landgrafen von Hessen. Diesen diente die Burg als Amtssitz von Ministerialen. Bei der Teilung der Landgrafschaft unter den Söhnen Philipps I. 1567 kam Nidda mit der Burg an Hessen-Marburg, dann 1604 an Hessen-Darmstadt.

Bau
Landgraf Ludwig V., möglicherweise aber auch erst sein Sohn und Nachfolger Georg II., ließ die nahezu kreisrunde und einst von einem Wassergraben umgebene und inzwischen recht baufällige Burg zu einem Schloss umbauen, das seinen Amtsleuten im Amt Nidda als Residenz und Amtssitz diente, darunter mehreren Angehörigen der Familie Krug von Nidda. Die Wassergräben wurden zugeschüttet. Der südliche, zweigeschossige Hauptbau auf erhöhtem Kellergeschoss mit dem an der Längsseite vorgelagerten Treppenturm wurde im spätgotischen Stil errichtet, aber die Schmuckformen des Portals werden bereits der Renaissance zugeordnet. An den Hauptbau wurden 1907/08 zwei im Winkel von jeweils 45 Grad nach Nordwesten bzw. Norden anschließende Erweiterungsflügel angebaut, wobei der nunmehr mittlere eine große Tordurchfahrt in den Innenhof überspannt und der äußerste wiederum einen vorgebauten Treppenturm hat.

Nutzung
1688 und 1693 diente das Schloss dem Landgrafen Ernst Ludwig von Hessen-Darmstadt als Residenz, als er während des Pfälzischen Erbfolgekriegs Darmstadt verlassen musste, da Teile seines Landes durch französische Truppen besetzt waren.

1821 wurden die landgraflichen Ämter aufgelöst, und das Schloss wurde Sitz des Landrats, des Landratsbezirks Nidda und des Landgerichtsbezirks Nidda bzw. ab 1830 des Kreises Nidda. Von 1848 bis 1852 war es Sitz des Regierungsbezirks Nidda und dann, nach der Abschaffung der Regierungsbezirke im Jahre 1852, wiederum Sitz des Kreisamts für Nidda. Als der Kreis Nidda 1874 aufgelöst wurde, wurde das Schloss Dienstgebäude des Amtsgerichts Nidda. Aus dieser Zeit stammen das Wohnhaus des Amtsrichters und der Gefängnisbau im Schlosshof. Das Amtsgericht wurde Ende 2011 aufgelöst. Erst im Jahre 2018 kauften private Interessenten das Schloss. Neben den Besitzern selbst leben und arbeiten heute auch Künstler und Musiker im Schloss und ein Standesamt wurde eingerichtet.

Jeden Sommer finden nun im Schloss und seinem Hof kulturelle Veranstaltungen statt, die von der Bevölkerung und von auswärtigen Gästen gern besucht werden.

Literatur
 Siegfried R.C.T. Enders: Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Abteilung: Baudenkmale in Hessen. Wetteraukreis I. Hrsg. vom Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen, Vieweg, Braunschweig/ Wiesbaden 1982, ISBN 3-528-06231-2, S. 299.
 Georg Ulrich Großmann: Südhessen. Kunstreiseführer. Imhof, Petersberg 2004, ISBN 3-935590-66-0, S. 123f.
 Rudolf Knappe: Mittelalterliche Burgen in Hessen. 800 Burgen, Burgruinen und Burgstätten. 3. Auflage. Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2000, ISBN 3-86134-228-6, S. 358.
 Rolf Müller (Hrsg.): Schlösser, Burgen, alte Mauern. Hessendienst der Staatskanzlei, Wiesbaden 1990, ISBN 3-89214-017-0, S. 271–273.

Weblinks

 www.museum-nidda.de/stadt-nidda/stadtrundgang/ Informationen zum Schloss im unteren Abschnitt
 Schloss Nidda mit Fotos auf www.burgen-und-schloesser.net
 Renaissanceschlösser in Hessen (Projekt am Germanischen Nationalmuseum von Georg Ulrich Großmann)
 Schloss Nidda auf der Homepage Tourismus Wetterau

Einzelnachweise

Nidda
Nidda
Nidda
Bauwerk in Nidda
Kulturdenkmal in Nidda

Schloss Nidda


El Palmar (por la variedad de palmas de su vegetación) es un municipio del departamento de Quetzaltenango, localizado a 35 km de la ciudad de Quetzaltenango y a 178 km de la Ciudad de Guatemala en la región sur-occidente de la República de Guatemala. Celebra su fiesta titular en honor a Santiago Apóstol el 25 de julio.

Se considera como fecha de su creación como municipio el 17 de octubre de 1873, cuando el gobierno del general Justo Rufino Barrios expropió las tierras comunales de los indígenas para subastarlas entre sus correligionarios liberales como parte de la Reforma Agraria que se impulsó tras el triunfo de la Revolución Liberal de 1871.

Después de la erupción del volcán Santa María en 1902, que destruyó el occidente de Guatemala, la actividad del volcán se mantuvo, al punto que en 1923 otra violenta erupción formó el volcán Santiaguito.  Desde su formación, El Palmar fue víctima de las erupciones del nuevo volcán, hasta que fue totalmene destruido en 1986, y tuvo que trasladarse a una nueva ubicación llamada «Nuevo Palmar».

Toponimia

Cuando el municipio de Momostenango se fundó, los pobladores del municipio tenían que ir a otros lugar para incrementar su extensión territorial. Llegaron al territorio de El Palmar y lo nombraron con ese nombre debido a la variedad de palmas que existían dentro de su vegetación.

División política

Cuenta con un total de dos aldeas y seis caseríos que son:

Costumbres y Tradiciones:

El municipio de El Palmar cuenta con muchas costumbres y tradiciones que se practican actualmente: por ejemplo tenemos bailes tradicionales como el convite típico, baile que se realiza en la feria titular del municipio el 25 de julio de cada año organizada por la agrupación cultural palmarense "Santiago Apóstol", cuyo fundador es el profesor Frisly Mazariegos, y que refleja la vivencia palmarense en sus costumbres y tradiciones.

Aldea Niminá

Es una comunidad pequeña con un pequeño territorio, y una población aproximada de 2,200 personas. Originalmente eran nueve habitantes, con casas bastante alejadas unas de otras; las familias originales eran Mazariegos, De León, Calderón, Reyes, Pérez y Ramírez: todas ellas eran originarias de San Carlos Sija, con excepción de las familias Pérez y Ramírez. Su fiesta más concurrida es el viernes santo, por la dramatización a su manera de la crucifixión.

En el siglo  Niminá, cuenta con centro adoquinado y  calles pavimentadas, y numerosos servicios de salud y comercio, incluyendo uno de transporte de Niminá a Retalhuleu, destino donde se comercializan los productos que ofrece la comunidad.

Geografía física
El municipio de El Palmar cuenta con una extensión territorial de 149 km².

Clima

La cabecera municipal de El Palmar tiene clima tropical (Köppen: Am).

Ubicación geográfica
El municipio de El Palmar se encuentra en la parte sureste del departamento de Quetzaltenango. Se encuentra a una distancia de 33 km de la cabecera departamental Quetzaltenango.

Sus colindancias son:
 Norte: Colomba, San Martín Sacatepéquez y Concepción Chiquirichapa, municipios del departamento de Quetzaltenango
 Este: Colomba, municipio del departamento de Quetzaltenango y Nuevo San Carlos municipio del departamento de Retalhuleu
 Oeste: Zunil, municipio del departamento de Quetzaltenango y San Felipe municipio del departamento de Retalhuleu
 Sur:  Nuevo San Carlos y San Felipe, municipios del departamento de Retalhuleu

Gobierno municipal

Los municipios se encuentran regulados en diversas leyes de la República, que establecen su forma de organización, lo relativo a la conformación de sus órganos administrativos y los tributos destinados para los mismos.  Aunque se trata de entidades autónomas, se encuentran sujetos a la legislación nacional y las principales leyes que los rigen desde 1985 son:

El gobierno de los municipios está a cargo de un Concejo Municipal mientras que el código municipal —ley ordinaria que contiene disposiciones que se aplican a todos los municipios— establece que «el concejo municipal es el órgano colegiado superior de deliberación y de decisión de los asuntos municipales […] y tiene su sede en la circunscripción de la cabecera municipal»; el artículo 33 del mencionado código establece que «[le] corresponde con exclusividad al concejo municipal el ejercicio del gobierno del municipio».

El concejo municipal se integra con el alcalde, los síndicos y concejales, electos directamente por sufragio universal y secreto para un período de cuatro años, pudiendo ser reelectos.

Existen también las Alcaldías Auxiliares, los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo (COCODE), el Comité Municipal del Desarrollo (COMUDE), las asociaciones culturales y las comisiones de trabajo. Los alcaldes auxiliares son elegidos por las comunidades de acuerdo a sus principios y tradiciones, y se reúnen con el alcalde municipal el primer domingo de cada mes, mientras que los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo y el Comité Municipal de Desarrollo organizan y facilitan la participación de las comunidades priorizando necesidades y problemas.

Los alcaldes que ha habido en el municipio son:

 2012-2016: René Haroldo Ramírez

Historia

Tras la Reforma Liberal

El poblado prosperó lentamente, con pobladores que arribaron de municipios de Totonicapán y vivieron allí hasta 1846. Debido a los problemas de los derechos del territorio fueron obligados a trasladarse a otro lugar; tras la Reforma Liberal de 1871, siguiendo los lineamientos de la Reforma Agraria impulsada por el gobierno de Justo Rufino Barrios para favorecer a sus correligionarios, el municipio se formó tras la expropiación de tierras comunales de los indígenas de la región por medio del siguiente decreto, del 17 de octubre de 1873:

Erupciones

El municipio fue víctima de muchas erupciones. A finales del año de 1923 hizo erupción el volcán Santa María arrasando a muchas vidas y destruyendo a casi todo el territorio. Gracias a la erupción se formó el volcán Santiaguito. La segunda erupción sucedió en 1929 provocado por el volcán Santiaguito destruyendo grandes terrenos de agricultura. La tercera erupción la provocó el mismo volcán en 1954 dañando nuevamente a muchos terrenos de agricultura. La cuarta erpución también fue provocada por el volcán Santiaguito en 1983 destruyendo el rastro municipal. La quinta erupción se produjo en mismo año por el volcán Santiaguito y esta vez destruyó por completo la cabecera municipal.

La erupción —tipo peleana— más grande del volcán ocurrió en 1929, la cual mató a aproximadamente 2500 personas. Mucho del material expulsado es arrastrado por las lluvias produciendo lahares que siguen el cauce de los ríos que nacen en sus faldas. Este tipo de peligro obligó al traslado de la población de El Palmar.

Traslado
Debido a las grandes cantidades de destrozos que provocaron las erupciones, desde de 1983 los pobladores planificaron el traslado del municipio en un lugar adecuado. Después de 3 años, en 1986 el municipio se trasladó en la finca San José en donde se encuentra actualmente la cabecera municipal. Poco a poco las familias afectadas se trasladaron al nuevo lugar y se finalizó en el año 1988.

Véase también

 Elecciones municipales de Guatemala de 2015
 Historia Territorial de Guatemala
 Organización territorial de Guatemala

Notas y referencias

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Información Completa sobre El Palmar

Municipios de Quetzaltenango
Patronazgo de Santiago Apóstol

El Palmar (Quetzaltenango)


SMS  was the lead ship of the  of dreadnought battleships in the German  (Imperial Navy). The vessel was launched in February 1915 and entered service in July 1916, too late to take part in the Battle of Jutland. Her main armament consisted of eight 38 cm (15 in) guns in four turrets, which was a significant improvement over the preceding s ten 30.5 cm (12 inch) guns. The ship was to have formed the nucleus for a fourth battle squadron in the High Seas Fleet, along with three of her sister ships. Of the other ships only one——was completed; the other two were canceled later in the war when production requirements shifted to U-boat construction.

 was commissioned midway through the war, and had a limited service career. The first operation in which the ship took part was an abortive fleet advance into the North Sea on 18–19 August 1916, a month after she had been commissioned. The ship also participated in Operation Albion in the Gulf of Riga, but shortly after the German attack began on 12 October 1917,  was mined and had to be withdrawn for repairs. She was interned with the majority of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow in November 1918 following the end of World War I. On 21 June 1919, Admiral Ludwig von Reuter ordered the fleet to be scuttled;  sank at 14:30. In September 1934, the ship was raised, towed to Rosyth, and scrapped.

Design

Design work on the  class began in 1910 in the context of the Anglo-German naval arms race, with initial discussions focused on the caliber of the main battery; previous German battleships had carried  guns, but as foreign navies adopted  and  weapons, the German naval command felt the need to respond with larger guns of their own. They considered , , and  guns. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the State Secretary of the  (Imperial Naval Office), was able to use public outcry over the Agadir Crisis to pressure the  (Imperial Diet) into appropriating additional funds for the  (Imperial Navy) to offset the additional cost of the larger weapons. The design staff settled on the 38 cm caliber since the 40 cm was significantly more expensive and the 38 cm gun marked a significant improvement over existing German guns.

 was  long at the waterline, and an even  long overall. She had a beam of  and a draft of   displaced  at a normal displacement; at full combat load, she displaced up to .  was powered by three Parsons steam turbines, with steam provided by three oil-fired and eleven coal-fired Schulz-Thornycroft water-tube boilers. Her propulsion system was rated at  for a maximum speed of , and on trials achieved  for a maximum speed of . The ship could carry up to  of coal and  of fuel oil, which provided a maximum range of  at a cruising speed of .

The ship was the first German warship armed with eight  SK L/45 guns. The main battery guns were arranged in four twin gun turrets: two superfiring turrets each fore and aft. Her secondary armament consisted of sixteen  SK L/45 guns, four  SK L/45 guns and five 60 cm (23.6 in) underwater torpedo tubes, one in the bow and two on each beam. Upon commissioning, she carried a crew of 42 officers and 1,129 enlisted men. The ship had an armored belt that was  thick and an armored deck that was  thick. Her forward conning tower had  sides, and the main battery turrets had 350 mm thick sides and  thick roofs.

Service history

 was ordered with the provisional name "T" in 1912, under the fourth and final Naval Law, which was passed that year. Work began at the Howaldtswerke Dockyard in Kiel under construction number 590. The ship was laid down on 22 December 1913 and launched on 18 February 1915. After fitting-out, she was commissioned on 18 March, but remained largely idle in port for the next month, undergoing initial tests, including inclination tests to determine how the vessel responded to flooding. She got underway on 15 April for initial trials of her main battery, which lasted into the next day.  conducted her first full-power speed test on 25 April off the island of Alsen; these trials continued until 2 May. After further examinations, the ship was deemed ready for service on 15 July, a month and a half too late for her to participate in the Battle of Jutland.

 joined III Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet upon her commissioning. The ship would have been available for the operation, but the ship's crew, composed largely of the crew from the recently decommissioned battleship , was given leave. She had cost the Imperial German Government 49 million Goldmarks.  was later joined in service by one sister ship, . Two other ships of this class,  and , were canceled before they were completed. At the time of her commissioning, s commander was  (Captain at Sea) Max Hahn. Ernst Lindemann, who went on to command the battleship  during her only combat sortie in World War II, served aboard the ship as a wireless operator. On 25 May, Ludwig III of Bavaria, the last King of Bavaria, visited the ship.  briefly served as the fleet flagship, from 7 to 16 August.

Admiral Reinhard Scheer planned a fleet advance for 18–19 August 1916; the operation consisted of a bombardment conducted by I Scouting Group. This was an attempt to draw out and destroy Admiral David Beatty's battlecruisers. As  and  were the only two German battlecruisers still in fighting condition, three dreadnoughts were assigned to the unit for the operation:  and the two  ships  and . Admiral Scheer and the rest of the High Seas Fleet, including 15 dreadnoughts, were to trail behind and provide cover. The makeshift I Scouting Group conducted familiarization exercises on 15 August in preparation for the operation; Hipper was displeased by the slow speed of the battleships and Scheer ordered the unit not to exceed  from the main fleet so as to avoid being cut off by the faster British battlecruisers.

The Germans got underway late in the day on 18 August; the British were aware of the German plans and sortied the Grand Fleet to meet them. By 14:35 on 19 August, Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet's approach and, unwilling to engage the whole of the Grand Fleet just 11 weeks after the close call at Jutland, turned his forces around and retreated to German ports. Another sortie into the North Sea followed on 18–20 October, and the German fleet again encountered no British naval forces. The High Seas Fleet was reorganized on 6 December, and  was stationed in the second position of III Squadron, since she was not outfitted to serve as a squadron flagship. Her placement as the second vessel in the line nevertheless would have allowed her to bring her greater firepower into action as quickly as possible.

Operation Albion

In early September 1917, following the German conquest of the Russian port of Riga, the German navy decided to evict the Russian naval forces that still held the Gulf of Riga. To this end, the  (the Navy High Command) planned an operation to seize the Baltic islands of Ösel, particularly the Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe peninsula. On 18 September, the order was issued for a joint Army-Navy operation to capture Ösel and Moon islands; the primary naval component consisted of the flagship  and III Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet. At this time, V Division included the  and four -class battleships. VI Division consisted of the five s. Along with 9 light cruisers, 3 torpedo boat flotillas, and dozens of mine warfare ships, the entire force numbered some 300 ships, supported by over 100 aircraft and 6 zeppelins. The invasion force amounted to approximately 24,600 officers and enlisted men. Opposing the Germans were the old Russian pre-dreadnoughts  and , the armored cruisers , , and , 26 destroyers, and several torpedo boats and gunboats. The garrison on Ösel numbered some 14,000 men.

The operation began on 12 October, when , along with  and the four s, began firing on the Russian shore batteries at Tagga Bay. Simultaneously, the five s engaged the batteries on the Sworbe peninsula; the objective was to secure the channel between Moon and Dagö islands, thus blocking the only escape route of the Russian ships in the gulf.  role in the operation was cut short when she struck a naval mine at 5:07 while moving into her bombardment position at Pamerort. The mine explosion killed one  and six sailors, allowed  of water into the ship and caused the forecastle to sink by . Despite the damage inflicted by the mine,  engaged the naval battery at Cape Toffri on the southern tip of Hiiumaa.  was released from her position at 14:00. Preliminary repairs were made on 13 October in Tagga Bay. The temporary repairs proved ineffective, and  had to be withdrawn to Kiel for repairs; the return trip took 19 days. Repairs lasted from 3 November to 27 December, during which the forward torpedo tube room was stripped of its equipment and the torpedo ports were sealed. The room was then turned into an additional watertight compartment. Four  SK L/30 anti-aircraft guns were also installed during the repairs.

On 16 October, two -class battleships and several smaller vessels were sent to engage the Russian battleships in the Gulf of Riga. The following day,  and  engaged the Russian battleships— dueled with  and  fired on both  and the cruiser . The Russian vessels were hit dozens of times, until at 10:30 the Russian naval commander, Admiral Bakhirev, ordered their withdrawal.  had taken too much damage, and was unable to escape; instead, she was scuttled and her crew was evacuated on a destroyer. By 20 October, the naval operations were effectively over; the Russian fleet had been destroyed or forced to withdraw, and the German army held the islands in the gulf.

Subsequent operations

Following her return to the fleet,  was assigned to security duties in the North Sea. Admiral Scheer had used light surface forces to attack British convoys to Norway beginning in late 1917. As a result, the Royal Navy attached a squadron of battleships to protect the convoys, which presented Scheer with the possibility of destroying a detached squadron of the Grand Fleet. Scheer remarked that "A successful attack on such a convoy would not only result in the sinking of much tonnage, but would be a great military success, and would ... force the English to send more warships to the northern waters." Scheer instituted strict wireless silence in preparation for the planned attack. This denied the British the ability to intercept and decrypt German signals, which had previously been a significant advantage. The operation called for Hipper's battlecruisers to attack the convoy and its escorts on 23 April while the battleships of the High Seas Fleet stood by in support.

On 22 April,  and the rest of the German fleet assembled in the Schillig Roads outside Wilhelmshaven and departed the following morning at 06:00. Heavy fog forced the Germans to remain inside their defensive minefields for half an hour. Hipper's forces were  west of Egerö, Norway, by 05:20 on 24 April. Despite the success in reaching the convoy route undetected, the operation failed due to faulty intelligence. Reports from U-boats indicated to Scheer that the convoys sailed at the start and middle of each week, but a west-bound convoy had left Bergen on Tuesday the 22nd and an east-bound group left Methil, Scotland, on the 24th, a Thursday. As a result, there was no convoy for Hipper to attack.

The same day, one of  screws slipped off, which caused serious damage to the power plant and allowed  of water into the ship.  was forced to break radio silence in order to inform Scheer of the ship's condition, which alerted the Royal Navy to the High Seas Fleet's activities. Beatty sortied with a force of 31 battleships and four battlecruisers, but was too late to intercept the retreating Germans. The Germans reached their defensive minefields early on 25 April, though approximately  off Helgoland  was torpedoed by the submarine .  nevertheless successfully returned to port.

Fate

From 23 September to early October,  served as the flagship of III Squadron, under  (Vice Admiral) Hugo Kraft.  was to have taken part in what would have amounted to the "death ride" of the High Seas Fleet shortly before the end of World War I. The bulk of the High Seas Fleet was to have sortied from its base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet. Scheer—by now the  of the fleet—intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to obtain a better bargaining position for Germany, whatever the cost to the fleet.

While the fleet was consolidating in Wilhelmshaven, war-weary sailors began rioting. On 24 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on several battleships mutinied; three ships from III Squadron refused to weigh anchor, and acts of sabotage were committed on board the battleships  and . The order to sail was rescinded in the face of this open revolt. In an attempt to suppress the mutiny, the battleship squadrons were dispersed. , along with the rest of III Squadron, was sent to Kiel.

Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, the majority of the High Seas Fleet was to be interned in the Royal Navy base at Scapa Flow.  was listed as one of the ships to be handed over. On 21 November 1918, the ships to be interned, under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, sailed from their base in Germany for the last time. The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser , before meeting a flotilla of 370 British, American, and French warships for the voyage to Scapa Flow.

The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty. Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter ordered his ships to be sunk. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers; at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships.  sank at 14:30. The ship was raised on 1 September 1934 and was broken up the following year in Rosyth. The ship's bell was eventually delivered to the German Federal Navy and is on display at Kiel Fördeklub. Some parts of the ship, including her main battery gun turrets, remain on the sea floor between , where they can be accessed by scuba divers.

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

Further reading

Bayern-class battleships
World War I battleships of Germany
World War I warships scuttled at Scapa Flow
1915 ships
Ships built in Kiel
Maritime incidents in 1919

SMS Bayern


James Wilson (3 September 1760 – 30 August 1820), commonly known as "Purly Wilson," was a Scottish revolutionary, born in the parish of Avondale in Scotland, a prominent figure in the Radical movement seeking electoral reform.  He was a weaver from the town of Strathaven in Lanarkshire, but as the Industrial Revolution affected the weaving trade he had to find alternative work.

A free-thinking man, he was sceptical of religion and disliked the government of the day.  He read Thomas Paine's Rights of Man and started to become active in lobbying for political reform.  When the Society of the Friends of the People was formed by a group of Whigs he joined the Strathaven branch, although he doesn't appear to have been extremely active initially.

However, when it became clear that the local nobleman, the Duke of Hamilton, objected to the aims of the Friends of the People, many members withdrew and Wilson became more active in trying to maintain the local society.

The Friends of the People eventually folded across the country, but Wilson maintained his Radical reformist activities.  In the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars many returning soldiers faced unemployment.  In such an environment the scope for radical activity was ripe.

In 1816 some 40,000 people assembled near Glasgow to demand an improvement to their social and political conditions.  In 1817 the first edition of the satirical reformist publication, The Black Dwarf was published and Wilson and his Radical colleagues would read this at their continued meetings.

Radical activities continued in the West of Scotland around Glasgow, and the government employed a number of spies to infiltrate the meetings and associations of activists.  Troops were stationed in Glasgow, and government spies encouraged Radicals to rise, telling them that England too was in the throes of Radical insurrection.  This was a deliberate attempt to cause Radical leaders to rise up where they could then be arrested.  On 1 April 1820 a notice was posted in Glasgow and surrounding areas urging people to rise against the British government, signed by the Organising Committee for a Provisional Government, the start of the so-called Radical War.

Wilson responded in exactly the manner predicted by the government.  He led a band of Radicals from Strathaven marching towards Glasgow.  Wilson was initially wary of the information presented that a rising was taking place (he was informed of the rising by a government agent), and sent a man to visit the rallying point at Cathkin Braes to see if it was true that there was a force of French troops awaiting to assist the radicals.

However, despite there being no French troops in sight, the Radicals in Strathaven were keen to march, so Wilson led them towards the city, with the marchers carrying a banner declaring, Scotland Free or a Desart.  They marched overnight, and by the next day it was apparent to them by now that there was no mass insurrection.  Disappointed and dejected, they returned to Strathaven.

However, upon his return Wilson was arrested on a charge of high treason.  On 24 July 1820, he was found guilty of treason after proceedings before a commission of oyer and terminer and was sentenced to death.  He was hanged and beheaded on 30 August 1820.

In 1846 a monument to Wilson was erected in Strathaven.

See also
John Baird
Andrew Hardie

External links
James Wilson at Radical Glasgow

1760 births
1820 deaths
People from Strathaven
Executed Scottish people
19th-century executions by England and Wales
Scottish people executed for treason against the United Kingdom
1820 crimes in the United Kingdom

James Wilson (revolutionary)


An Bisboeckelera longifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Edward Rudge, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze. An Bisboeckelera longifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bisboeckelera, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bisboeckelera

Bisboeckelera longifolia


John Speed Smith (* 1. Juli 1792 bei Nicholasville, Kentucky; † 6. Juni 1854 in Richmond, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Zwischen 1821 und 1823 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
John Smith besuchte zunächst eine Privatschule. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner im Jahr 1812 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Richmond in diesem Beruf zu praktizieren. Während des Britisch-Amerikanischen Krieges von 1812 war er Offizier in der United States Army. Dabei brachte er es bis zum Oberst im Stab von General William Henry Harrison. Später schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. Im Jahr 1819 wurde er in das Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky gewählt.

Nach dem Rücktritt des Abgeordneten George Robertson wurde Smith bei der Nachwahl im siebten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky als dessen Nachfolger in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 6. August 1821 sein neues Mandat antrat. Da er bei den regulären Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1822 auf eine erneute Kandidatur verzichtete, konnte er bis zum 3. März 1823 nur die angebrochene Legislaturperiode seines Vorgängers im  Kongress beenden.

Zwischen 1827 und 1845 saß Smith mehrfach als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. Im Jahr 1827 war er dessen Präsident. Von 1828 bis 1832 fungierte er in der Nachfolge von John J. Crittenden als Bundesstaatsanwalt für den Distrikt Kentucky. In den Jahren 1846 bis 1850 gehörte Smith dem Senat von Kentucky an. Er starb am 6. Juni 1854 in Richmond, wo er auch beigesetzt wurde.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Senats von Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei
United States Attorney for the District of Kentucky
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1792
Gestorben 1854
Mann

John Speed Smith


كوم الويسية هي إحدى القرى الواقعة تحت السيادة السورية, التابعة لمركز خان أرنبة التابع لمحافظة القنيطرة في هضبة الجولان بجنوب غرب سوريا.

قرى محافظة القنيطرة
قرى الجولان المحررة

كوم الويسية


Vox populi («voz del pueblo» en latín, significa «lo que es conocido y repetido por todos») puede referirse a:

Cultura
 Vox populi, vox Dei, proverbio latino.

Entretenimiento
 Una de las denominaciones de Vox Pop o Voice of the people, un programa clásico de la radiodifusión en Estados Unidos (1936-1948).

Música
 Vox populi, tipología de voz de un/a cantante. La mayoría de veces, este tipo de voz se adapta a la interpretación del margen del género pop.
 Vox populi, Lado A de un sencillo de la banda chilena Quilapayún de 1971.
 Vox populi, Lado B de otro sencillo de la misma banda de 1972.

Cine
 Vox populi, película holandesa de 2008 dirigida por Eddy Terstall.
 Vox populi, cortometraje brasileño de 1998 dirigido por Marcelo. Laffitte

 Videojuegos
 Vox populi, facción de rebeldes del videojuego BioShock Infinite.

Publicaciones
 Vox Populi es la revista de la Escuela Oficial de Idiomas de Pamplona.

Notas

Vox populi


بلدة حينة بلدة سورية تابعة لمنطقة قطنا في محافظة ريف دمشق، سوريا. وهي من قرى جبل حرمون (جبل الشيخ)، تقع بالقرب من تل حينة الأثري وترتفع عن سطح البحر 1080 م، وفيها معالم أثرية تعود إلى عهد الملكة "هيلانة"، ويعتقد أن اسمها جاء من حانة الخمر لوجود معاصر أثرية تعود إلى العصر الروماني فيها. عدد سكانها حوالي 5.000 نسمة تحيط بها القرى والبلدات التالية: دربل - كفر حور - مغر المير - عين الشعرة-بيت جن. وفيها كنيستان تحملان اسم النبي إيليّا الغيور أو مار إلياس، كنيسة للروم الكاثوليك في ساحة القرية تسمى كنيسة الساحة وأخرى للروم الأورثودوكس على تل القرية تسمى كنيسة التل وأهل القرية معروفون بحبهم للحياة وعملهم الدؤوب للحفاظ على القرية وقلوبهم الطيبة ونخوتهم وحبهم لأرضهم حيث تعد الزراعة هي العمل الرئيسي لمعظم السكان بالإضافة إلى أنها مجمع لشعراء الزجل في منطقة الحرمون خاصة وسوريا بشكل عام.

تشتهر بزراعة اليانسون حيث يعد يانسون حينة الأفضل في سوريا والأغلى ثمنا بالإضافة لزراعة القمح والخضروات الصيفية وتعتبر من المناطق السياحية في ريف دمشق تبعد عن دمشق 65 كم.

انظر أيضا
قائمة بلدات سوريا

المصادر

يوميات حينة على الفيسبوك

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة قطنا
حينة
حينة

حينة


Abdalata, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1907 yılı kayıtlarında Abdalata Tekkesi, 1946 yılı kayıtlarında ise Aptalata olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Abdalata, Çorum


ليس للكادميوم أي دور بنائي في جسم الإنسان ويعتبر الكادميوم ومركباته من المواد السامة حتى وإن كان بتراكيز منخفضة، حيث غالباً ما يتحد الكادميوم مع المركبات الحيوية للأحياء والنظم البيئية. يؤدي التسمم بالكادميوم عند الإنسان إلى وهن العظام والفشل الكلوي.

انظر أيضًا
 مرض إتاي إتاي

مراجع

تأثيرات سامة للمعادن
كادميوم

تسمم بالكادميوم


Karacan şu anlamlara gelebilir:

Kişiler
 Ali İhsan Karacan
 Ali Naci Karacan
 Alpaslan Karacan
 Ercüment Karacan
 Jem Karacan

Yerleşim yerleri
 Karacan, Tutak, Ağrı ili Tutak ilçesine bağlı köy

Karacan


In astronomical spectroscopy, the Lyman-alpha forest is a series of  absorption lines in the spectra of distant galaxies and quasars arising from the Lyman-alpha electron transition of the neutral hydrogen atom.  As the light travels through multiple gas clouds with different redshifts, multiple absorption lines are formed.

History
The Lyman-alpha forest was first discovered in 1970 by astronomer Roger Lynds in an observation of the quasar 4C 05.34. Quasar 4C 05.34 was the farthest object observed to that date, and Lynds noted an unusually large number of absorption lines in its spectrum. He suggested that most of the absorption lines were all due to the same Lyman-alpha transition. Follow-up observations by John Bahcall and Samuel Goldsmith confirmed the presence of the unusual absorption lines, though they were less conclusive about the origin of the lines. Subsequently, the spectra of many other high-redshift quasars were observed to have the same system of narrow absorption lines. Lynds was the first to describe them as the "Lyman-alpha forest". Jan Oort argued that the absorption features are due not to any physical interactions within the quasars themselves, but to absorption inside clouds of intergalactic gas in superclusters.

Physical background

For a neutral hydrogen atom, spectral lines are formed when an electron transitions between energy levels. The Lyman series of spectral lines are produced by electrons transitioning between the ground state and higher energy levels (excited states). The Lyman-alpha transition corresponds to an electron transitioning between the ground state (n = 1) and the first excited state (n = 2). The Lyman-alpha spectral line has a laboratory wavelength (or rest wavelength) of 1216 Å, which is in the ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The Lyman-alpha absorption lines in the quasar spectra result from intergalactic gas through which the galaxy or quasar's light has traveled. Since neutral hydrogen clouds in the intergalactic medium are at different degrees of redshift (due to their varying distance from Earth), their absorption lines are observed at a range of wavelengths. Each individual cloud leaves its fingerprint as an absorption line at a different position in the observed spectrum.

Use as a tool in astrophysics

The Lyman-alpha forest is an important probe of the intergalactic medium and can be used to determine the frequency and density of clouds containing neutral hydrogen, as well as their temperature. Searching for lines from other elements like helium, carbon and silicon (matching in redshift), the abundance of heavier elements in the clouds can also be studied. A cloud with a high column density of neutral hydrogen will show typical damping wings around the line and is referred to as a damped Lyman-alpha system.

For quasars at higher redshift the number of lines in the forest is higher, until at a redshift of about 6, where there is so much neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium that the forest turns into a Gunn–Peterson trough. This shows the end of the reionization of the universe.

The Lyman-alpha forest observations can be used to constrain cosmological models. They can also be used to constrain the properties of dark matter, such as the dark matter free streaming scale, which for thermal relic dark matter models is closely related to the dark matter particle mass.

See also
 Lyman-alpha blob
 Lyman break galaxy
 Lyman alpha emitter
Lyman continuum photons

References

External links

Physical cosmology
Astronomical spectroscopy
1970 in science

Lyman-alpha forest


Volodymyr Petrovych Kuts (, , 7 February 1927 – 16 August 1975) was a Soviet long-distance runner. He won the 5000 and 10000 m races at the 1956 Olympics, setting Olympic records in both events.

Biography
Kuts was born in Oleksyne, Ukrainian SSR, USSR. His father died due to alcoholism when Kuts was five years old. During World War II he falsified his age and served two years with the Soviet Army as a courier. He took up running after the war, while continuing his military service as a navy sniper. In 1951 he won his first national titles, in the 5000 and 10000 m, an achievement he repeated in 1953–1956. His first international success came in 1954, when he defeated the favourites – Emil Zátopek and Christopher Chataway – in the 5000 m at the European Championships, setting a new world record. He lost the world record months later to Chataway (who beat him narrowly), only to take it back 10 days later.

Having lost his world record again in 1955, Kuts was still one of the favourites for the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. His chief opponent in the 5000 m was British runner Gordon Pirie, who had broken the world record earlier that year. However, Kuts had set a new 10,000 metres world record shortly before the Games. In the first final, the 10,000 m, Kuts – as always – led from the start, finally breaking Pirie's spirit 4 laps from the end and winning by a wide margin. He broke away from Pirie with a final, desperate sprint, and admitted later that had Pirie stayed with him on that sprint, he might have dropped out due to fatigue. The 5,000 m final 5 days later ended in a similar fashion, with Kuts leading from start to finish. His winning margin of 11 seconds was the largest ever for this event in Olympic history.

Kuts improved the 5000 m world record in 1957 to 13:35.0 minutes, a time which would remain unbeaten until 1965, when it was bettered by Australia's Ron Clarke. Although he was only beaten on a couple of occasions, Kuts retired at the age of 32 in 1959. He had often suffered from pains in his stomach and legs, which he once froze while serving in the Navy. These problems severely hindered his training in 1957–1959 and followed him for the rest of his life.

After retiring from competitions Kuts worked as an athletics coach. He suffered a stroke after a traffic accident in 1972, and hence was not allowed to accompany his several trainees at the 1972 Olympics. He died in 1975, in an apparent suicide from mixing sleeping pills and alcohol. Near the end of his life he weighed about 120 kg, approximately 50 kg heavier than usual.

Kuts was married twice, first to Raisa Andreyevna Kuts and then to Raisa Timofeyevna Kuts. He met his first wife in 1953, when she was taking his interviews as a journalist. She later taught him Russian grammar, as Kuts completed only six years of school before the start of World War II, and often mixed up Russian and Ukrainian languages. They had a son Yuri, who became a scientist. After a second divorce in 1973, Kuts didn't remarry.

Publications

References

1927 births
1975 deaths
Soviet male long-distance runners
Russian male long-distance runners
Ukrainian male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Suicides in the Soviet Union
Soviet military personnel of World War II from Ukraine
Soviet Navy personnel
Soviet military snipers
1975 suicides
Drug-related suicides
Alcohol-related deaths in the Soviet Union
Sportspeople from Sumy Oblast

Vladimir Kuts


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