Charles Gage Van Riper (* 1. Dezember 1905 im Champion Township, Marquette County, Michigan; † 25. September 1994 in Kalamazoo)  war ein amerikanischer Sprachtherapeut und gilt als der Begründer der amerikanischen Logopädie. Er war einer der berühmtesten Experten auf dem Gebiet des Stotterns und hat die Therapielandschaft nachhaltig geprägt.

Leben
Charles Van Riper, bekannt in seiner Familie als "Cully", war der Sohn des Physikers "Dr. Van". Seit seinem zweiten Lebensjahr stotternd, wurde er an der Universität von Iowa Schüler von Lee Edward Travis, der zusammen mit Samuel Torrey Orton die Lateralisierungshypothese des Stotterns aufstellte. Im Jahr 1936 wurde Van Riper an der Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo angestellt, um Sprachtherapie zu unterrichten. Hier gründete er auch eine Klinik und blieb bis zu seinem Ausscheiden 1976 dort. Die heute sehr verbreitete Therapieform der Stottermodifikation (auch Nicht-Vermeidungsansatz oder Van-Riper-Therapie genannt) mit den vier Therapiephasen Identifikation, Desensibilisierung, Modifikation und Stabilisierung sowie den Sprechtechniken Pull-Out, Preparatory Set und Cancellation wurde von Van Riper entwickelt. In Deutschland wurde die Verbreitung des Therapieansatzes mit der Veröffentlichung des von Andreas Starke übersetzten zweiten Teils von The Treatment of Stuttering durch die Bundesvereinigung Stottern & Selbsthilfe stark gefördert. Van Riper starb nach einer langen Krankheit am 25. September 1994 in seinem Haus in Kalamazoo.

Werke
Van Riper veröffentlichte zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Aufsätze und Bücher. Zu den wichtigsten gehören:
 Speech Correction: Principles and Methods (1939)
 The Nature of Stuttering (1971)
 The Treatment of Stuttering (1973)

Weiterführende Literatur
 American Speech and Hearing Association: The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. Band 22. Hrsg. von der American Speech and Hearing Association, Danville, Ill., 1957, S. 135.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Logopäde
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1905
Gestorben 1994
Mann

Charles Van Riper


Niels Christian Nielsen-Man (født 20. januar 1894 i Tranum Enge - død 20. januar 1969)  var en dansk politiker og medlem af Landstinget for Venstre fra 1932 - 1953. Han blev formand for Statens Jordlovsudvalg i 1947. Han var gift med Magdalene, med hvem han blandt andet fik sønnen Bernhard Nielsen-Man, der senere blev borgmester i Farsø Kommune.

Eksterne henvisninger

Landstingsmedlemmer fra Venstre

N.C. Nielsen-Man


Castelldefels () is a municipality in the Baix Llobregat comarca, in the province of Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain, and a suburban town of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. Its population is 65,954 (IDESCAT, 2017).

Geography and location

It is located about  southwest of Barcelona, just to the north of the massís del Garraf and is the last town on the coast before the comarca of Garraf. The town is famous for its long beach (more than 5 km) and well known for being an affluent area, as the place of residence of many famous sportsmen, such as Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez, Philippe Coutinho, or formerly Ronaldinho; and for being the city which inspired the creation of the character "El Neng de Castefa" who used to appear on the late night show called "BFN" hosted by the showman and presenter Andreu Buenafuente. During the summer, many people from Barcelona and the countryside visit it. Nearby towns include Gavà, Viladecans, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Sitges and el Prat de Llobregat. Castelldefels borders the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between Sitges and Gavà with a major beach. Castelldefels also enjoys close proximity to the major international airport of Barcelona, as El Prat Airport is about 15 km of a drive.

The Olympic canal, called Canal Olímpic de Catalunya, built for the 1992 Summer Olympic Games of Barcelona is in the town.

The main-belt asteroid 72037 Castelldefels, discovered in 2000, is named after the town.

Demography and governance

Between 1979 and 2011, the town was governed by the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC). The first democratic mayor after Constitution was . In 2011, the conservative People's Party (PP) won a plurality of seats for the first time, and Manuel Reyes of the PP was elected mayor of the town. In 2015, the eco-socialist Candela López of the ICV was elected mayor by a leftist government coalition.

Summary of council election results

(a) results for the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia
(b) results for the Party of the Communists of Catalonia
(c) results for the People's Alliance

Education
Castelldefels School of Technology provides higher education in aeronautics and telecommunications technology.

The town is also the location of the Castelldefels and Nexus (sixth form college) campuses of the British School of Barcelona (BSB).

There are ten public primary schools and three public secondary schools.

Transport

Transport links include two stations (Castelldefels and Platja de Castelldefels) on Renfe line R2 from Sant Vicenç de Calders to Maçanet-Massanes via Barcelona, bus routes to Barcelona (L94, L95, L97), Barcelona Airport (L99) and Sant Boi de Llobregat (L96), as well as an urban bus route connecting the rest of the town (CF1), the C-32 motorway and the C-31 and C-245 dual carriageways. A second railway line is due to be constructed from Cornellà de Llobregat to Castelldefels.

2010 accident

On 23 June 2010, 12 young people were killed, and 14 injured, when they were hit by an express train as they crossed the tracks in the railway station at Platja de Castelldefels, while on their way to a summer solstice bonfire party on the beach.

References

 Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya.  (Spanish).  (Catalan).

External links

 Official site (in Catalan and Spanish)
 Artistic and historical buildings in Castelldefels (in Catalan)
 Government data pages

Castelldefels


الشخصيات

مسلسلات تلفزيونية إماراتية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 2006
مسلسلات نشوى مصطفى

نجمة الخليج (مسلسل)


Hellvik Station (Hellvik stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Jærbanen, en del af Sørlandsbanen, der ligger i bygden Hellvik i Eigersund kommune i Norge. Den består af to spor med to perroner, en tidligere stationsbygning af træ og en lille parkeringsplads. Perronernes højde er tilpasset lokaltogene NSB type 72.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads sammen med Jærbanen 1. marts 1878. Oprindeligt hed den Helvig, men den skiftede navn til Helvik omkring 1882, til Helvig igen omkring 1894, til Helvik nok en gang omkring 1907 og endeligt til Hellvik i april 1921. Omkring 1918 blev den opgraderet til station. Den blev fjernstyret 7. juli 1964, og 1. maj 1965 blev den gjort ubemandet.

En del af banen mellem Hellvik og Egersund blev omlagt i 1948. Den gamle tracé benyttes i dag som vandrestien Hellvik folkesti, der går fra Hellvik bedehus via den nedlagte Maurholen Station til Egersund.

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Jærbanen
Etableret i 1878
Stationer på Sørlandsbanen

Hellvik Station


Acanthophyllum, biljni rod u porodici klinčićevke (Caryophyllaceae). Opisan je 1831. godine. Priapda mu 82 vrste višegodišnjih grmova, poglavito u irano–turanskoj florističkoj regiji.

Vrste

 Acanthophyllum acerosum Sosn.
 Acanthophyllum aculeatum Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum adenophorum Freyn
 Acanthophyllum afghanicum (Podlech) A.Pirani & Zarre
 Acanthophyllum albidum Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum allochrusoides (Gilli) Pirani
 Acanthophyllum andarabicum Podlech ex Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum andersenii Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum anisocladum Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum aphananthum Rech.f.
 Acanthophyllum bilobum Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum bracteatum Boiss.
 Acanthophyllum brevibracteatum Lipsky
 Acanthophyllum bungei (Boiss.) Trautv.
 Acanthophyllum caespitosum Boiss.
 Acanthophyllum cerastioides (D.Don) Madhani & Zarre
 Acanthophyllum coloratum (Preobr.) Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum crassifolium Boiss.
 Acanthophyllum cyrtostegium Vved.
 Acanthophyllum diaphanopterum A.Pirani & Moazzeni
 Acanthophyllum diezianum Hand.-Mazz.
 Acanthophyllum eglandulosum (Hedge & Wendelbo) Pirani
 Acanthophyllum ejtehadii Mahmoudi & Vaezi
 Acanthophyllum ekbergii (Hedge & Wendelbo) A.Pirani & Rabeler
 Acanthophyllum elatius Bunge
 Acanthophyllum flavum (Dickoré & Freitag) A.Pirani & Rabeler
 Acanthophyllum glandulosum Bunge ex Boiss.
 Acanthophyllum gracile Bunge ex Boiss.
 Acanthophyllum grandiflorum Stocks
 Acanthophyllum gypsophiloides Regel
 Acanthophyllum herniarioides (Boiss.) Madhani & Zarre
 Acanthophyllum honigbergeri (Fenzl) Barkoudah
 Acanthophyllum kabulicum Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum kandaharicum Gilli
 Acanthophyllum kermanense (Bornm.) A.Pirani & Rabeler
 Acanthophyllum knorringianum Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum korolkowii Regel & Schmalh.
 Acanthophyllum korshinskyi Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum krascheninnikovii Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum lamondiae Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum laxiflorum Boiss.
 Acanthophyllum laxiusculum Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum lilacinum Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum lindbergii (Hedge & Wendelbo) A.Pirani & Oxelman
 Acanthophyllum longicalyx Hedge & Wendelbo
 Acanthophyllum luteum (Falat. & Mahmoodi) A.Pirani & Kovalchuk
 Acanthophyllum maimanense Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum makranicum (Rech.f.) A.Pirani & Rabeler
 Acanthophyllum mikeschinianum Yukhan. & Kuvaev
 Acanthophyllum mucronatum C.A.Mey.
 Acanthophyllum myrianthum (Rech.f.) Madhani & A.Pirani
 Acanthophyllum oppositiflorum Aytaç
 Acanthophyllum pachycephalum Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum pachystegium Rech.f.
 Acanthophyllum paniculatum Regel & Herder
 Acanthophyllum persicum (Boiss.) A.Pirani & Rabeler
 Acanthophyllum pleiostegium Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum popovii (Preobr.) Barkoudah
 Acanthophyllum pulcherrimum Hedge & Wendelbo
 Acanthophyllum pulchrum Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum pungens (Bunge) Boiss.
 Acanthophyllum raphiophyllum (Rech.f.) Barkoudah
 Acanthophyllum recurvum Regel
 Acanthophyllum sarawschanicum Golenkin
 Acanthophyllum scapiflorum (Akhtar) Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum schugnanicum (Preobr.) Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum sedifolium (Kurz) Madhani & Zarre
 Acanthophyllum sordidum Bunge ex Boiss.
 Acanthophyllum speciosum Schiman-Czeika
 Acanthophyllum spinosum (Desf.) C.A.Mey.
 Acanthophyllum squarrosum Boiss.
 Acanthophyllum stenocalycinum (Rech.f. & Schiman-Czeika) A.Pirani & Moazzeni
 Acanthophyllum stenostegium Freyn
 Acanthophyllum stocksianum Boiss.
 Acanthophyllum subglabrum Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum tadshikistanicum (Schischk.) Schischk.
 Acanthophyllum takhtajanii (Gabrieljan & Dittrich) A.Pirani & Rabeler
 Acanthophyllum transhyrcanum G.Preobr.
 Acanthophyllum versicolor Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 Acanthophyllum verticillatum C.A.Mey.
 Acanthophyllum xanthoporphyranthum Hedge & Wendelbo
 Acanthophyllum yasamin-nassehiae Joharchi & A.Pirani

Sinonimi
 Allochrusa Bunge ex Boiss.
 Czeikia Ikonn.
 Kabulianthe (Rech.f.) Ikonn.
 Kuhitangia Ovcz.
 Ochotonophila Gilli
 Scleranthopsis Rech.f.
 Timaeosia Klotzsch

Izvori

Caryophylleae

Acanthophyllum


جيري كاريكا، لاعب كرة قدم برازيلي.

يلعب مع نادي النصر الكويتي منذ موسم 2008/2009، وقد سجل في أول مباراة له في الدوري الكويتي 2008/2009 أربعة أهداف في مرمى نادي الكويت ليساعد الفريق على الفوز بنتيجة 4-2 كاريكا.

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم برازيليون

جيري كاريكا


Reg Mountford, de son nom complet Reginald Charles Mountford, né le  à Darlington et mort le , est un footballeur et entraîneur anglais. Il évoluait au poste de défenseur central.

Biographie

Joueur
Reg Mountford débute sur les terrains de football en tant que joueur du Darlington FC en 1928.

Il est joueur de Huddersfield Town de 1929 à 1939.

Entraîneur
Il entraîne l'équipe nationale du Danemark médaillée de bronze durant les Jeux olympiques 1948.

Palmarès

Entraîneur
 Danemark
 Jeux olympiques :
  Bronze : 1948.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur anglais
Joueur du Darlington FC
Joueur du Huddersfield Town AFC
Entraîneur anglais de football
Sélectionneur de l'équipe du Danemark de football
Naissance en juillet 1908
Naissance à Darlington (Royaume-Uni)
Décès en février 1994
Décès à 85 ans

Reg Mountford


El monasterio cisterciense de Stična está situado al sureste de Eslovenia, en la región de Dolenjska. Se trata del monasterio cisterciense más antiguo y el único aún en activo del país, considerado además uno de sus grandes monumentos históricos, culturales, religiosos y arquitectónicos.

Historia
El monasterio cisterciense de Stična fue fundado en 1136 por el que fue patriarca de Aquilea entre 1130 y 1161, Pelegrino I. Los primeros monjes llegaron de Borgoña en 1132, junto con arquitecto francés Michael, que responsable de la construcción del todo complejo monástico. Edificó una amplia basílica románica de piedra con cuatro naves y cinco ábsides y un claustro con una sala principal y edificios auxiliares. La iglesia era el santuario más grande de todo el territorio. La biblioteca del monasterio guardó valiosos manuscritos, escritos en latín medieval (ss. XII y XIII). En el monasterio de Stična, en 1428, se escribió un importante manuscrito sobre la lengua eslovena, fue uno de los primeros textos escritos en esa lengua. Con el desarrollo de la propiedad, fueron surgiendo otras instalaciones: edificios de viviendas, graneros, molinos y establos. El monasterio fue dotado de una muralla y numerosas torres, con lo cual se buscaba la defensa ante los ataques de los turcos. En 1784 el monasterio fue suprimido tras las reformas de José II. Los monjes volvieron al monasterio en 1898 y aún hoy continúan con su tradición centenaria.

Misión de los monjes cistercienses
Actualmente 14 monjes viven en el monasterio y continúan con su tradición de siglos en el espíritu cisterciense: Ora et labora, que implica el cuidado del crecimiento espiritual en la parroquia, la escritura de libros y publicaciones espirituales, el trabajo físico en el jardín y la huerta, el mantenimiento del canto gregoriano. La farmacia del monasterio, al igual que la biblioteca, fue reconstruida en el  por Simon Asič, curandero experto en hierbas.

Arquitectura
Las características arquitectónicas del complejo del monasterio reflejan los principales estilos arquitectónicos europeos, desde el Románico y Gótico hasta al Renacimiento y el Barroco. A lo largo de los siglos, el monasterio ha ido cambiando su aspecto exterior. Hasta hoy se conserva la parte más antigua del monasterio, que es el claustro y la iglesia de la abadía.

Basílica de la "Madre dolorosa de Dios"
La iglesia fue construida en el  como basílica románica, con columnas de tres naves y ábsides semicirculares hacia el este. En el , bajo la guía del abad Jakob Reinprecht (1603-1626) la iglesia románica fue reconstruida en estilo barroco. El exterior y el interior han cambiado por completo y el edificio fue reducido por un arco. La segunda renovación barroca de la iglesia tuvo lugar durante la época del abad Viljem Kovačič (1734-1764). Después de las reformas del emperador José II en el , la iglesia se convirtió en una parroquia]]. En 1936 fue proclamada basílica. La nave principal de la iglesia actual tiene 62,3 m de largo y 18 m de ancho. El altar mayor está consagrado a la Madre Dolorosa de Dios.

Claustro
La zona central del complejo de Stična está situado el claustro. Está compuesto de cuatro galerías que forman un cuadrado alrededor del jardín que hay en el centro. El claustro cambió considerablemente en 1230, cuando se construyeron bóvedas góticas. En períodos posteriores, especialmente en el barroco, se hicieron sólo pequeños cambios a su estructura, por eso el claustro sigue siendo uno de los claustros góticos de mayor esplendor de toda Eslovenia. Durante la Edad Media, fue decorado con frescos de varias épocas, los murales más importantes fueron pintados en el  por el distinguido pintor Janez Ljubljanski. De acuerdo con la Regla de la Orden Cisterciense, las salas de todo el claustro, fueron ordenadas en un orden específico. Lo más importante en el ala oeste es el capítulo, donde los monjes tomaban las decisiones importantes, mientras que el más importante en el ala sur está el refectorio, la sala de comedor.

Museo esloveno del cristianismo
El Museo esloveno del cristianismo fue fundado en 1991 en la abadía de Stična. Hoy el museo ocupa unos 2.000 metros cuadrados de espacio dentro de un edificio renacentista-barroco. El museo muestra una colección permanente sobre la historia del Monasterio de Stična y los capítulos más importantes en la historia de la religión católica en las zonas habitadas de Eslovenia, así como una serie de obras de arte sacro, como manuscritos de los siglos XII y XIII. Los visitantes pueden ver la galería del pintor y fraile Gabrijel Humek y la exposición y el herbolario del padre Simon Ašič. También se puede ver partes del monasterio que están abiertas al público, entre ellas la basílica. Además, el monasterio tiene una pequeña tienda de libros, recuerdos y productos del monasterio.

Enlaces externos

Sitio oficial
Sitio oficial del Museo esloveno del cristianismo
Artículo sobre la historia del monasterio de Stična
Portal oficial informativo del turismo de Eslovenia

Sticna, Eslovenia
Arquitectura de Eslovenia del siglo XII
Sticna

Monasterio cisterciense Stična


Ernest W. B. Hess-Lüttich (* 24. April 1949 in Wiesbaden) ist ein deutscher Germanist. Er war ordentlicher Professor für Angewandte Linguistik und Kommunikationswissenschaft an der Universität Bern.

Leben
Ernest Hess-Lüttich wurde 1949 in Wiesbaden als einziger Sohn des Diplomaten Paul A. Heß und der Übersetzerin Ingetraud D. Heß-Lüttich geboren. Nachdem er 1968 in Bad Godesberg das Abitur absolviert hatte, nahm er ein Magisterstudium der Germanistik, Anglistik, Linguistik und Phonetik an den Universitäten Bonn, Köln und London auf (u. a. bei Beda Allemann, Werner Besch, A. C. Gimson, Helmut Gipper, Werner Habicht, Lothar Hönnighausen, Helmut Koopmann, Helmut Kreuzer, Dieter Mehl, Hugo Moser, Randolph Quirk, Elizabeth Wilkinson), das er 1974 als Magister Artium abschloss. 1976 wurde er an der Universität Bonn in Germanistik promoviert.

1975 nahm er zudem ein Studium der Kommunikationswissenschaft, Medienwissenschaft, Kunst- und Theaterwissenschaft an den Universitäten Bonn, Köln, London, Berlin auf (u. a. bei Ernst H. Gombrich, Dieter Krallmann, Thomas Kuchenbuch, Winfried Lenders, Helmut Richter, Henning Rischbieter, Gerold Ungeheuer); 1980 habilitierte er sich hierin an der FU Berlin.

Von 1980 bis 1985 folgten zudem Studien der Soziologie, Philosophie, Psychologie, Pädagogik (u. a. bei Basil Bernstein, Dieter Claessens, Wilhelmine M. Sayler, Alphons Silbermann, Hans-Georg Soeffner, Ulrich Wienbruch, Gerd Wolandt) an den Universitäten Bonn, Köln, London, Berlin (Abschluss: Dr. paed.).

Wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit
1985 wurde Hess-Lüttich zum Professor für Germanistik und Linguistik an der FU Berlin berufen. Von 1992 bis zu seiner Emeritierung 2014 war er Ordinarius der Germanistik an der Universität Bern.

Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind Dialog- und Diskursforschung: soziale, literarische, ästhetische, intermediale, interkulturelle, intra-/subkulturelle, institutionelle, fachliche, öffentliche, politische Kommunikation.

Gemeinsam mit Achim Eschbach und Jürgen Trabant gibt er die im Verlag Gunter Narr erscheinende, internationale semiotische Fachzeitschrift Kodikas/Code heraus und gehört dem Beirat der Zeitschrift für Semiotik an. 1993–1999 war er Präsident der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Semiotik.

Weblinks

Hochschullehrer (Universität Bern)
Germanist
Kommunikationswissenschaftler
Semiotiker
Deutscher
Geboren 1949
Mann
Hochschullehrer (Freie Universität Berlin)

Ernest Hess-Lüttich


The Back-Up Plan er en amerikansk romantisk komedie fra 2010 med Jennifer Lopez og Alex O'Loughlin i hovedrollerne. Den havde biografpræmiere i USA den 23. april og blev den kommande weekend USA's mest sete film i biografferne.

Rolleliste
Jennifer Lopez - Zoe
Alex O'Loughlin - Stan
Michaela Watkins - Mona
Danneel Harris - Olivia
Melissa McCarthy - Carol
Linda Lavin - Nana
Eric Christian Olsen - Clive
Anthony Anderson - ´Legepladsfar
Noureen DeWulf - Daphne
Rowan Blanchard - Monas datter
Tom Bosley - Arthur
Maribeth Monroe - Lori
Peggy Miley - Shirley
Jennifer Elise Cox - Babyland pige
Cesar Millan - sigselv

Eksterne Henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2010
Komediefilm fra USA

The Back-Up Plan


Rathfarnham () is a Southside suburb of Dublin, Ireland. It is south of Terenure, east of Templeogue, and is in the postal districts of Dublin 14 and 16. It is within the administrative areas of both Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council and South Dublin County Council.

Located within the historical baronies of Rathdown and Uppercross, Rathfarnham village originally developed around a fortification overlooking a ford on the River Dodder. From the medieval period, Rathfarnham was on the perimeter of the Pale (the area of Anglo-Norman influence in Ireland, centred on Dublin), and a number of defensive structures were built in the area. Rathfarnham Castle, a fortified house, was built in the late 16th century. Developed around these structures, by the 19th century there were a number of mills operating in the area, and Rathfarnham was still somewhat rural by the early 20th century. During the 20th century, with the expansion of metropolitan Dublin, Rathfarnham became a largely residential suburban area.

The population of all electoral divisions labelled as Rathfarnham was 23,276 as of the 2022 census.

Location
Rathfarnham is a civil parish in the historical baronies of Rathdown and Uppercross. The civil parish contains 11 townlands. Historical sites in Rathfarnham's townlands include: Kilmashogue, Mount Venus, Tibradden and Taylors Grange. A broad definition of Rathfarnham also includes the suburban areas of Nutgrove, Ballyboden, Whitechurch and Ballyroan.

History

Early and medieval history
The name Rathfarnham (Fearnán's Ringfort) suggests an earlier habitation, but no remains of prehistoric fortifications, burial places, early churches or old records have been found.

The written history of Rathfarnham begins after the Norman invasion of Ireland. Terenure and Kimmage (Cheming), both described as being in  parish Dublin, are mentioned in an 1175 grant by Henry II to Walter the goldsmith ('Aurifaber') held at Canterbury Cathedral Archives.

In 1199, these lands were granted to Milo le Bret, and he adapted an existing ridge to build a motte and bailey fort at what is now the start of the Braemor Road. Le Bret later established a more permanent fortified settlement on the site of the (later) Rathfarnham Castle and a village grew up around it on a site overlooking a ford over the River Dodder.

In the 13th century, no events of great importance are recorded as Rathfarnham, perhaps as it was protected on its south side by the Royal Forest of Glencree. Rathfarnham became more exposed to an attack when this deer park was overrun by the Clan O'Toole from the Wicklow Mountains in the 14th century.

Located on the perimeter of the Pale (the area around Dublin under greater English control), when the English presence began to shrink after the 14th century, Rathfarnham "came to be on the front lines" and a number of defensive structures were built to protect the area from incursions by Gaelic Irish families.

From the 16th century

The site of Rathfarnham Castle, and much of the land around Rathfarnham, belonged to the Eustace family, Viscounts of Baltinglass. However, their property was confiscated, from James Eustace, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass, for his support of the Second Desmond Rebellion of 1579-1583. The Eustace lands at Rathfarnham were then granted to the Loftus family, who built a fortified house on the site of an earlier structure.

In the 1640s, the Loftus family was at the centre of the Irish Confederate Wars arising out of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. In 1649, the castle was seized by the Earl of Ormonde's Catholic and Royalist forces before the Battle of Rathmines. However, they were granted it back by the English parliamentarians after their victory in that battle. Reputedly, Oliver Cromwell stayed in Rathfarnham Castle on his way south to the Siege of Wexford.

Economic activity in Rathfarnham was stepped up in the 17th century, and the village was granted a patent in 1618 to hold horse and cattle fairs. From the early 18th century a number of gentlemen's residences were developed, including the remodelling of Rathfarnham Castle and the construction of Ashfield.

Rathfarnham Castle

Rathfarnham Castle itself was re-modelled from a defensively focused fortified house into a more comfortable stately home. Lower Dodder Road is still marked by a triumphal arch, from this era, which originally led to the castle. The erection of this gateway is attributed to Henry Loftus, Earl of Ely from 1769 to 1783 who was also responsible for the classical work on the castle itself. The arch is named the "new gate" on Frizell's map of 1779. After the division of the estate in 1913, the arch became the entrance to the Castle Golf Club but was later abandoned in favour of the more direct Woodside Drive entrance. The area around the arch is a haven for wildlife, with the nearby River Dodder home to brown trout, otter and many birds including kingfisher, dipper and grey heron. Woodside Estate is home to red fox, rabbits and grey squirrels.

Ashfield
Ashfield, the next house on the same side, was occupied during the 18th century by Protestant clergy. In the early part of the 19th century, it became the home of Sir William Cusac Smith, Baron of the Exchequer and from 1841 of the Tottenham family who continued in residence until 1913. After this the Brooks of Brooks Thomas Ltd. occupied it until the 1990s when the estate was divided up and houses built along the main road. A new road was later built along the side of the house and named Brookvale after the last occupants.

Industrial revolution
New industries, especially the production of paper, developed on the Owendoher and Dodder rivers, and many mills were erected during the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 19th century, a number of them switched to cotton and wool and later were converted to flour mills. The introduction of steam engines marked the end of this era and replaced the need for mills. Many of the old buildings fell into disrepair and were demolished, and their millraces filled in.

A millpond and extensive mill buildings formerly occupied the low-lying fields on the west side of the main Rathfarnham road, just beside the bridge. On a map by Frizell dated 1779, it is called the "Widow Clifford's mill and mill holding" and in 1843 it is named the "Ely Cloth Factory". A Mr Murray then owned it but in 1850, it passed into the hands of Mr Nickson who converted it into a flour mill. His family continued in occupation until 1875 when John Lennox took over. In 1880 this mill closed down, the buildings were demolished and not a trace now remains.

Historical features

Military Road

Rathfarnham is the start of the Military Road. This road through the Wicklow Mountains (still in use mainly for tourist traffic) was built at the beginning of the 19th century to open up the Wicklow Mountains to the British Army to assist them in putting down the insurgents who were hiding there following the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Rathfarnham itself was the scene of some skirmishes in the early days of the Rising which extended to the final battle in "Raheen" (now Raheen City) in County Wexford.

Construction commenced on 12 August 1800 and was completed in October 1809. The road starts outside the Yellow House, passes the head of Glencree, with a spur down that valley to Enniskerry, rises to the Sally Gap and then dips down to Laragh, over the hills into Glenmalure, and finishes at Aghavannagh. Well-known sections also include the Featherbed Mountain, the section below Kippure Mountain. The total distance was 34 Irish Miles, of which the spur to Enniskerry was 5 Irish Miles. The engineer in charge was Alexander Taylor (born in 1746), who was responsible for many other roads in the country, including some "Turnpike Roads", which are Toll Roads.

Rathfarnham Road
According to many writers, the road to Rathfarnham follows the same route as the Slíghe Chualann, the ancient highway, which in the time of Saint Patrick was used by travellers between Dublin, Wicklow and Wexford. This road is believed to have crossed the Dodder at the Big Bridge, now Pearse Bridge, and re-crossed it again near Oldbawn, an unnecessarily inconvenient route, considering that a road through Templeogue to Oldbawn would not necessitate any crossing. The first record of a bridge being built here was in 1381 and in 1652 it was described by Gerard Boate in his A Natural History of Ireland as a wooden bridge which 'though it be high and strong nevertheless hath several times been quite broke and carried away through the violence of sudden floods.' After three bridges had been demolished by the river, between 1728 and 1765, the present structure of a single stone arch was erected in the latter year. This was widened on the west side in 1953 when it was renamed in commemoration of Patrick and William Pearse.

In 1912 during the construction of a main drainage scheme to Rathfarnham, a stone causeway was uncovered  below the road level. It was  wide and built of great blocks crossing the course of the river. Cut into the surface of the stone were a number of deep parallel grooves, as from the action of wheeled traffic over a long period. This was evidence of the existence here of a busy thoroughfare even before the construction of the earliest bridge.

Old graveyard
Next to Ashfield is the old graveyard containing the ruins of a church that was dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul. This was a medieval church used for Protestant worship until 1795 when it was found to be too small for the congregation and a new one was erected a short way off. The end walls of the old church still stand, the west gable containing a bell turret and the east pierced by a chancel arch, however, the chancel itself has disappeared. The north wall is gone and all that remains of the south wall is an arched opening.

Near the entrance to the burial ground is the grave of Captain James Kelly, an old Fenian who was associated with the Fenian Rising of 1867. He was the organiser for the Rathfarnham district and was known in the area as 'The Knight of Glendoo'. On one occasion when he was on the run he was hiding in the cellar of his business premises in Wicklow Street when police raided it. An employee named James Fitzpatrick who strongly resembled Capt. Kelly in appearance was arrested in error and was tried and sentenced to six months imprisonment, which he served without betraying his identity. Capt. Kelly died on 8 March 1915, aged 70.

On the opposite side of the road are Crannagh Park and Road, Rathfarnham Park and Ballytore Road, all built on part of the old Rathfarnham Estate. In the garden of a house formerly named Tower Court in Crannagh Road is an ancient circular pigeon house, a relic of Lord Ely's occupation of Rathfarnham Castle. The entrance to this curious structure is by a low door on a level with the ground and the inside is lined from floor to roof with holes for the pigeons. A later floor was inserted halfway up, so as to make two rooms, and a second door was broken through the wall at that level.

Rathfarnham village

In the castle grounds were several fish ponds which were supplied by a mill race taken from the stream which rises up at Kilmashogue and flows down through Grange Golf Club and Saint Enda's Park. This served several mills before entering the fish ponds, whence it ran through the golf links while a smaller branch was conducted under the road to the flour mills which stood at the corner of Butterfield Lane, on the site later occupied by Borgward Hansa Motors Ltd. Described in 1836 as Sweetman's Flour Mills, it frequently changed hands before closing down in 1887. It was later operated as a sawmill. The dry mill race can still be seen here on the north side of Butterfield Avenue.

Rathfarnham's Protestant parish church, on the Main Street, was built in 1795 to replace the church in the old graveyard. Beside the church is the old schoolhouse that dates from early in the nineteenth century. Immediately adjoining is Church Lane at the corner of which is a bank built on the site of a Royal Irish Constabulary barracks that was burned down by Anti-Treaty IRA forces in September 1922 during the Irish Civil War. In the lane is an old blocked-up doorway of an early eighteenth-century type. Church Lane leads to Woodview cottages, which are built partly on the site of an old paper mill. The mill race previously mentioned passed under Butterfield Lane to the paper mill and continued on below Ashfield to turn the wheel of the Ely Cloth Factory. It was later turned into the Owen Doher River at Woodview Cottages. Until recently, when the new road was made to Templeogue, the old mill race could still be traced through the grounds of Ashfield where its dry bed was still spanned by several stone bridges.

The paper mill, of which some old walls and brick arches still survive, has been described as the oldest in Ireland but there does not appear to be any evidence to support this. The earliest reference to a paper mill here is 1719 when William Lake of Rathfarnham presented a petition for financial aid but we hear of one at Milltown as far back as 1694. In 1751 William and Thomas Slater whose works were destroyed by fire in 1775 made paper here. Archer's survey of 1801 mentions two paper mills here, Freemans and Teelings, and both Dalton in 1836 and Lewis in 1837 state that one paper mill was still working and from 1836 to 1839 the name Henry Hayes, Rathfarnham Mill appears in the directories. If this can be identified with the mill at Woodview cottages it must have become idle soon afterwards as it is designated "Old Mill" on the 1843 edition of the O.S. map. In 1854 when this mill had neither a water wheel nor machinery, an attempt was made to re-open it for the manufacture of paper but it came to nothing. The mill race has now been completely removed to make way for a housing development.

At the end of the main street, on the right, the road to Lower Rathfarnham passes the site of the earliest Constabulary barracks. This closed down in 1890 when the establishment was transferred to a house named Leighton Lodge near Loreto Abbey.

Rathfarnham Lower
The Catholic Church of the Annunciation was erected in 1878 to replace the old chapel on Willbrook Road. Outside the church door is a primitive type of font on a pedestal bearing the inscription FONT USED IN MASS HOUSE OF PENAL TIMES IN PARISH OF RATHFARNHAM FROM 1732. The appearance of this font would suggest that it was originally a stone bullaun dating back to a period much earlier than the penal times.

On the opposite corner is the well-known Yellow House, a licensed premises built near the site of an inn of the same name which is marked on Taylor's map of 1816. (The Catholic Church of the Annunciation (see above) is on the site of the original Yellow House). A tradition has been recorded by Mr Hammond that in 1798 a Michael Eades, who sheltered wanted men in his house, owned it. It was also frequented by the soldiers of the Rathfarnham Guard whose careless talk was carefully noted by the United Irishmen hiding on the premises. In 1804, when the truth came to be known, the same military wrecked the place. Following Wilbrook road down between the Yellow House and the Annunciation, a large set of wrought iron gates can be observed. These gates, which now act as the pedestrian entrance to the Beaufort Downs housing estate, were originally the entrance to the Beaufort estate of the 18th century.

Nutgrove Avenue
A short distance past the church is Nutgrove Avenue, widened and extended during the 1960s to link up with Churchtown. The old quiet tree-shaded avenue has been completely swept away, along with the narrow lanes, a cramped passage bounded on both sides by towering walls and full of right-angled bends, which wended its crooked course between Loreto Convent cemetery and the garden of Nutgrove House. A massive gateway stood at the entrance to this avenue until about 1911, which bore the inscription Nutgrove School Established 1802. In 1839 the school was under the supervision of Mr Philip Jones, who continued to hold the post of principal until 1866 when the position was held by Mrs Anne Jones. In 1876 the school closed down and the house was occupied as a private residence by various tenants becoming the parish council headquarters. The new avenue was laid through the former school grounds and the house, shorn of its ornamental gardens, stood with its front against the footpath. At some time the house had been disfigured with a rather unsightly concrete porch and the old brickwork covered with cement plaster, concealing the fact that this was a very interesting eighteenth-century building containing fine stairs and coved ceilings with good plaster decoration. Unfortunately, the house fell into very bad repair and eventually was demolished. Weston St John Joyce, in his Neighbourhood of Dublin, states that this house was at one time the dower house of Rathfarnham Castle but in this, he is almost certainly mistaken, as Frizell's map of 1779 shows that it was outside the estate. It is possible that he confused it with the other old house on the opposite side of the avenue which was formerly named Ely Cottage, later altered to Ely Lodge, and which was shown to be within the boundary of the estate. This house was in very bad repair but has recently been restored.

Loreto Abbey
Loreto Abbey in Lower Rathfarnham forms a landmark visible for a number of miles south of the city. It served as the headquarters of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

The mansion which now forms the centrepiece of the group was built by Mr. William Palliser about 1725. No expense was spared in its construction and decoration, and its interior includes polished mahogany and, in one room, embossed leather wallpaper. William Palliser died in 1768 without issue and Rathfarnham House passed to his cousin the Rev. John Palliser, who was rector of the parish.

After his death in 1795 the house was purchased by George Grierson, the King's Printer in Ireland, who resided here for a few years. When Grierson moved to his new abode in Woodtown in 1800 the house remained unoccupied until 1821, when it was purchased by the Most Rev. Dr Murray for the newly founded Loreto Order.

The foundress Rev. Mother Mary Teresa Ball made a number of improvements to the place. She is said to have added a storey to the old house although there is no evidence from the exterior to support this. Many additions have been made over the years, the church was built in 1840, the novitiate in 1863 and six years later St Joseph's wing which contains the concert hall and refectory. St Anthony's wing was erected in 1896, St Francis Xavier's in 1903 and the Lisieux building in 1932 for the accommodation of visiting prelates to the Eucharistic Congress. In the 1920s, novice Agnes Bojaxhiu (later to become Mother Teresa) came to Loreto Abbey to learn English. This was the language the Sisters of Loreto used to teach school children in India.

Directly across the road from the Abbey is Beaufort House, which is now the headquarters of the Loreto Order in Ireland. This house was occupied by Robert Hodgens J.P. (1793–1860) and then by his sons, John Conlan Hodgens and Henry Hodgens. On the grounds is Loreto High School Beaufort which was founded in 1925.

The Ponds
Loreto Terrace on the north side of the Abbey was formerly known as 'The Ponds', a name originating apparently from the large pond which two hundred years ago occupied the low-lying field between Loreto Terrace and Nutgrove Avenue. This area was described in Weston St John Joyce's The Neighbourhood of Dublin in 1912 as "the dilapidated locality known as the Ponds" but it has since been largely rebuilt. An old photograph from Larry O'Connor's collection shows what it looked like at that time. The last of the old houses were demolished in the mid-1980s. It was a very early 18th-century gabled residence named Grove Cottage.

This place was the scene of a skirmish at the outbreak of the rising of 1798. The insurgents of the south county assembled at the Ponds on 24 May 1798 under the leadership of David Keely, James Byrne, Edward Keogh and Ledwich. The latter two had been members of Lord Ely's yeomanry but had taken to the field with the United Irishmen. The insurgents were attacked by the local yeomanry corps but were able to defend themselves and the yeomanry was forced to retreat. A party of regular troops was then sent against them and a stiff encounter took place. A number of the insurgents were killed or wounded and some prisoners were taken including Keogh and Ledwich. The survivors retreated, joining up with a party from Clondalkin, and a further engagement took place at the turnpike on the Rathcoole road where the enemy was successfully repulsed.

Harold's Grange and Taylors Grange
The road to Harold's Grange continues southward from Loreto Abbey. The first site is Snugborough, which has its gable end to the road. The next is Washington Lodge, its 18th-century facade hidden by shrubbery. In later years new avenues have been laid out here on both sides of the road. Barton Drive, on the left, occupies the site of a house named Barton Lodge (occupied by William Conlan, a brewer in Dublin, until his death in 1829 - his daughter married into the local Hodgens family, who in the 1870s donated the lands for the Church of the Annunciation). On the other side is Silveracre, once the home of Dr Henthorn Todd, Professor of Hebrew in Trinity College, who was connected by marriage to the Hudson family of the adjoining Hermitage estate. He died here in 1869. About the middle of the last century, the name of the house was changed to Silverton but it was later reverted to the original Silveracre. Most of the land is now built on. It was also the home in the early part of the twentieth century of Surgeon Croly, who founded Baggot St Hospital.

St Enda's

The next estate on the same side is Hermitage or Saint Enda's, the former home of Patrick Pearse and later of his sister Margaret Mary Pearse. The house, which is entirely faced with cut granite and has an imposing stone portico, was occupied in the eighteenth century by Edward Hudson, an eminent dentist. He had a passion for Irish antiquities, which he demonstrated in an unusual way by the erection of a number of romantic ruins around the estate. He built a small watchtower inside the boundary wall near the entrance gate and further along, a hermit's cave, a dolmen, a ruined abbey and beside a deep well, a tiny chamber with a stone bench and a narrow fireplace. At the corner of the road to Whitechurch the loopholed and crenulated structure, known as the "Fortification" or "Emmet's Fort" was another of his creations. South of the house, he built a grotto surmounted by a tall stone pillar, a Brehon's Chair and a fanciful construction consisting of two great boulders, one balanced on top of the other, which has since been demolished. Just inside the boundary wall, he cut an inscription in Ogham on the two faces of a large rock. Translated they read: RIDENT VICINI GLEBASETS A KH A MOVENTEM EDUARDUM HUDSON. In the pretty glen adjoining the Whitechurch road he erected a sort of temple with several small chambers and flights of steps. The estate was at that time known as the "Fields of Oden" and is so-called on maps of the period. Within the grounds also, at the corner nearest to Whitechurch is an obelisk, stated to have been erected by a former owner, Major Doyne, over the grave of a horse that carried him through the Battle of Waterloo. The date however of Major Doyne's occupation does not support this. Meanwhile, Pádraig Pearse wrote in An Macaomh that "a monument in the wood, beyond the little lake, is said to mark the spot where a horse of Sarah Curran's was killed and is buried." Unlike the constructions of Edward Hudson, which were purposely of the roughest material, this monument was of cut stone with small moulded pillars. After having been vandalized and toppled, it has since been re-erected without the pillars which were broken.

Edward Hudson was succeeded by his son William Elliot Hudson, who was born here in 1796. A distinguished scholar, he was a friend of Thomas Davis and Charles Gavan Duffy and was a patron of Irish literature and art. Shortly before his death in 1857, he endowed the Royal Irish Academy with a fund for the publication of its Irish Dictionary and he also left the Academy Library a valuable collection of books.

From 1840 to 1858 Hermitage was the home of Richard Moore, Attorney General, and in 1859 it came into the possession of Major Richard Doyne, stated to be a veteran of the Waterloo. From 1872 to 1885 it was occupied by George Campbell, merchant of 58 Sackville St., and after lying vacant for a few years it was tenanted by Major Philip Doyne of the 4th Dragoon Guards. In 1891 Colonel Frederick le Mesurier, a barrister returned as occupier and in 1899 Mr. William Woodburn.

St Enda's School was founded by Padraig Pearse in 1909 and was at first housed in Cullenswood House, Ranelagh. Pearse felt that the confined surroundings of this house gave no scope for the outdoor life that should play so large a part in the education of youth, so in 1910 he leased Hermitage from Mr Woodburn and moved his college here. A long billiard room was converted into a study hall and chapel, the drawing room became a dormitory and the stables opening off an enclosed square became classrooms. In "The Story of a Success" Pearse tells of the realisation of one of his life's ambitions and it was from here that he set off for the city on his bicycle for the last time on Easter Sunday 1916. After the rising, the college continued to function under the care of Margaret Pearse until it finally closed down in 1935. After the death of Margaret Pearse in 1968 St Enda's passed into the hands of the state and has since been opened as a public park and home of the Pearse Museum.

Priory
Directly opposite St Enda's was Priory, the home of John Philpot Curran, at the time of Emmet's rising. The house was formerly named Holly Park but when Curran bought it in 1790 he changed the name to Priory. He lived here for 27 years at the peak of his fame and here he was to endure the tragic events, which cast a shadow on his private life. First, the untimely death of his daughter Gertrude, followed by the loss of his wife, who left him for another man, and lastly the discovery of the association of his daughter Sarah Curran with Robert Emmet. Gertrude Curran died in 1792 at the age of 12 as the result of a fall from a window. Curran had her buried in the grounds of the Priory and over the grave, he placed a recumbent slab, on which was fixed a metal plate bearing the inscription:

Here lies the body of Gertrude Curran
fourth daughter of John Philpot Curran
who departed this life October 6, 1792
Age twelve years.

The position of the grave was clearly marked on the early editions of the O.S. maps. It was about midway along the northern boundary of the corner field facing the fortification, on the north side of the boundary bank and a few yards from it. It was formerly enclosed by a grove of trees, which can be seen in J. J. Reynold's photograph of 1903 but these were cut down about 1928. Sometime later the stumps were dug out and the stone slab broken up and thrown on the adjoining bank. The metal plate had already been taken by souvenir hunters. It was Sarah Curran's desire to be buried here also but to this her father would not agree as he had come in for criticism on the previous occasion for burying his daughter in unconsecrated ground.

In this district nearly every ancient site is associated in tradition with either Sarah Curran or Robert Emmet and it has been suggested as the last resting place of Robert Emmet. In October 1979 The Hermitage estate was being developed and heavy machinery moved in to lay the roads and sewers. A Mrs Bernadette Foley of nearby Barton Drive drew attention to the need to carry out this work before the site was buried forever under a concrete jungle. With the co-operation of Messrs Gallaghers, the developers, a small group undertook to investigate the site. First, the exact location was checked on the original large-scale manuscript map in the O.S., next the field was carefully chained and the site was marked to within a few feet and then a narrow trench  deep was dug through where the burial should have been. The result was a complete blank. A second and a third trenches were cut at intervals until a large area had been investigated without finding any burial, timber, brick or stone.

The developers then offered to investigate further with the excavator and carefully cleared an area of  long and  wide to a depth of  without finding any sign of disturbance. They then deepened this area by another two feet with no better result. All the accounts of the burial state that it was made in a vault and it is therefore surprising and disappointing that no evidence whatever was found and there does not seem to be any obvious explanation for it. The builders, Messrs Gallaghers Ltd. were commended for their interest in this aspect of the site and their painstaking excavation work under the supervision of Mr Leslie Black was expertly carried out.

The priory was occupied by the Curran family until 1875 and subsequently by the Taylors until 1923. At the beginning of the century, the house and gardens were still in good repair but after Taylor's time, the place was neglected. Twenty years ago the walls were still standing but little now remains but some heaps of rubble.

St Columba's College
St Columba's College is a privately run, Church of Ireland co-educational boarding school with c. 300 pupils. It was founded in 1843 by the then Primate of Ireland, Rev. William Sewell. In 1849 the college moved from Stackallan House in County Meath to its present site in Whitechurch, Rathfarnham. The headmaster of the college is addressed as 'warden' and the vice-principal as 'sub-warden'. The college school day is split up during the winter - school classes end at 13:00 and there are games and other outdoor activities after lunch from 14:00 to 15:30. Classes recommence at 16:15 and continue until 18:00. The school week consists of five days from Monday to Saturday with Wednesday and Saturday being half-days. The college has a very high academic profile but it also focuses considerable attention on music, drama and art. The college caters for a wide range of academic abilities and provides an excellent special-needs service for children with mild learning deficits. The geographical layout of the college does not accommodate or facilitate wheelchairs.

Features
Rathfarnham is home to several notable historic buildings, including Rathfarnham Castle and Loreto Abbey, four parks: Marlay Park, Dodder Park, St Enda's and Bushy Park, and several pubs including The Eden, Buglers, Revels and the landmark Yellow House. Padraig Pearse established St Enda's School for Boys, which is now a museum in his honour situated in Saint Enda's Park.

Amenities
Rathfarnham has a number of shops and businesses, including two bank branches, notably in the Nutgrove Shopping Centre. The area's other shopping centre is the small Rathfarnham Shopping Centre. The area also has a Garda Station and two post offices and is home to the city's main animal shelter.

Marlay Park is a large open parkland, with a craft centre near the old "big house"; the park hosts concerts every year. Aside from St Enda's, Dodder Park and Bushy Park (see above), Loreto park and small green spaces, the area also hosts two golf clubs.

Education
There are six schools in Rathfarnham: St Marys BNS, Loreto High School, Loreto Primary, Gaelcholáiste an Phiarsaigh, Rathfarnham Parish National School and Educate Together Rathfarnham.

Organisations and sport

Rathfarnham is home to the 13th Dublin, the 14th Dublin, the 31st Dublin (which was founded in 1917) and the 68th Dublin Scout troops and the Rathfarnham Girl Guides The area is also home to the Rathfarnham Concert Band.

For Gaelic games, there is the Ballinteer St John's GAA Club, and also Ballyboden St. Enda's GAA which is one of the largest GAA clubs in Ireland. Rathfarnham has a number of soccer teams including Nutgrove Celtic, Rathfarnham Punters, Rathfarnham Rovers, Leicester Celtic, Broadford Rovers and Whitechurch United.

Rathfarnham is also home to a number of boxing clubs and to Rathfarnham WSAF Athletic Club.

Demographics
According to the 2006 Census, Rathfarnham has a population of 17,333 – a drop of 2.1% since 2002. The population has gradually decreased over the years from 17,760 in 1996 to 17,717 in 2002.

The number of people living around the neighbourhoods of Ballyroan and St Endas fell by 8% and 7% respectively. On the other hand, there were minimal increases in the Butterfield and Hermitage areas.

Culture and entertainment

Music
Between May and August every year, concerts are held in Marlay Park. Acts to play the venue in 2007 included Damien Rice, Foo Fighters, Kaiser Chiefs, Crowded House, Aerosmith, Damien Rice, The Who and Peter Gabriel. Muse, The Killers, Lenny Kravitz/Alanis Morissette played in the park during 2008 Metallica, Fatboy Slim, Dizzee Rascal and Calvin Harris played there in August 2009. Marley Park has also hosted the Longitude Festival every July since 2013.

Film location
A number of films have shot some of their scenes in Rathfarnham. The opening scene in Intermission was recorded at Rathfarnham Shopping Centre. In one scene in the movie Ordinary Decent Criminal, a car is blown up in front of the Pearse Museum in St Enda's Park. The Secret Scripture was filmed in Loreto Abbey, Rathfarnham in 2015.

Pubs

Pubs in the area include the "Buglers" pub in Ballyboden House on Ballyboden Road in Ballyboden. John Blake was the first known publican to be granted the licence in 1799. On Rathfarnham's main street, near Rathfarnham Castle, is "The Castle Inn".

"The Eden House" pub is on Grange Road near Marlay Park. The building was formerly "Eden House", one of the 18th century stately houses on Grange Road, before being converted to its present use. The pub was then sold in 2006 for €5.5m, renovated, and is now run by owners of The Morgue Pub in Templeogue Village. "The Old Orchard" is on Butterfield Avenue near Rathfarnham Shopping Centre. "The Blue Haven" is situated at the junction of Ballyroan Road and Butterfield Avenue.

"The Yellow House", is at the corner of Willbrook Road and Grange Road, a short distance from Rathfarnham Castle. It is believed that the first pub bearing the name was a thatched cottage standing on the site of the present Catholic church and that the licence went back as far as the early eighteenth century. A new Yellow House was built in 1825 and opened for business in 1827. The current building dates from 1885. It was refurbished and extended in 1979. According to local folklore, the poet Francis Ledwidge worked there for two days as an apprentice before homesickness for his home town of Slane, County Meath, caused him to leave.

Transport
Rathfarnham is served by the Dublin Bus route numbers 16 (Ballinteer to Dublin Airport via Dublin city centre), 15B (Stocking Avenue to Grand Canal Dock via the city centre), 17 (to UCD), 61 (to Eden Quay), 75 (to Tallaght) and 161 (to Rockbrook). The 16 route was the first bus route in Dublin to have free Internet Wi-Fi onboard.

In 2007, it was proposed that a Luas tram line (mentioned in a feasibility study as 'Line E') would be routed through Rathfarnham. However, it was found that the proposal would not be feasible, as road widening would be required, necessitating the compulsory purchase of a significant number of homes and gardens on the route. Because of this, the project was not progressed.

Notable people

See also
 List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Dublin)
 List of castles in Ireland
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

External links

South Dublin County Council
Rathfarnham community website
South Dublin County History
South Dublin County Images

Towns and villages in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
Towns and villages in South Dublin (county)
Civil parishes of Rathdown, County Dublin

Rathfarnham


Die Rush Township ist eine von 23 Townships im Jo Daviess County im Nordwesten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Illinois.

Geografie

Die Rush Township liegt im Nordwesten von Illinois und wird vom Apple River durchflossen. Die Grenze zu Iowa, die vom Mississippi gebildet wird, befindet sich rund 40 km westlich. Die Grenze zu Wisconsin liegt rund 10 nördlich.

Die Rush Township liegt auf 42°24′40″ nördlicher Breite und 90°02′20″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über 95,35 km². Im Norden der Township befindet sich der Apple River Canyon State Park.

Die Rush Township grenzt innerhalb des Jo Daviess County im Norden an die Warren Township, im Osten an die Nora Township, im Südosten an die Wards Grove Township, im Süden an die Stockton Township, im Südwesten an die Woodbine Township, im Westen an die Thompson Township und im Nordwesten an die Apple River Township.

Verkehr
In der Rush Township existieren keine überregionalen Fernstraßen. Die Township wird von einer Reihe von County Roads und anderen meist unbefestigten weiter untergeordneten Straßen durchzogen.

Die nächstgelegene Flugplätze sind der rund 80 km westlich in Iowa gelegene Dubuque Regional Airport, der rund 60 km nordwestlich in Wisconsin gelegene Platteville Municipal Airport und der rund 50 km östlich in Illinois gelegene Albertus Airport bei Freeport.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 380 Einwohner. Die Bevölkerung lebt ausschließlich verstreut über das Gebiet der Township, Siedlungen oder Gemeinden existieren nicht.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 www.city-data.com - Rush Township
 Township Officials of Illinois

Rush Township (Illinois)


Reginald Denham né à Londres le  et mort à Englewood (New Jersey) le , est un réalisateur et scénariste britannique.

Biographie

Filmographie partielle

Comme réalisateur
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 1935 : The Village Squire
 1935 : The Silent Passenger
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 1936 :  (The Crimson Circle)
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 1936 : Dreams Come True
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Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1894
Décès en février 1983
Naissance à Londres
Décès à Englewood (New Jersey)
Réalisateur britannique
Scénariste britannique
Décès à 89 ans

Reginald Denham


د. محمد هداية نور واحد مواليد 8 أبريل 1960م كلاتين (جاوى الوسطى)سياسي إندونيسي ورئيس مجلس الشورى الشعبي الاندونيسي لعام 2004 / 2009م، ورئيس حزب العدالة والرفاهية الإندونيسي.

السيرة الدراسية
 المدرسة الابتدائية الحكومية كيبونداليم كبدول 1، براميانان (1973).
 معهد والي سنجو الإسلامي، نجايار يونوروجو الشرقية (1973).
 معهد كلية المعلمين الإسلامية، دار السلام جونتور يونوروجو الشرقية (1978).
 جامعة سونان كاليجوجو الإسلامية الحكومية، يوكياكارتا (كلية الشريعة 1979).
 الجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة- كلية الدعوة وأصول الدين (1983). برسالة «موقف اليهود من الأنصار».
 الدراسة العليا أو الماجستير بالجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة قسم العقيدة (1987م) برسالة «الباطنيون في إندونيسيا، العرض والدراسة».
 الدراسة العليا لنيل درجة الدكتوراه بالجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة قسم العقيدة (1992م) برسالة «النواقض للروافض، تحقيقاً ودراسة».
 العنوان الدائم: -JI. H.Rijin Rt.01/09 No.196 Jati Makmur Pondok Gede Bekasi Indonesia
 العنوان المؤقت: Indonesia -Widya Chandra IV No.16 Jakarta Selatan

سيرة العمل والوظيفة
 محاضر في مرحلة الماجستير قسم الدراسات الإسلامية، الجامعة المحمدية بجاكرتا.
 محاضر في مرحلة الماجستير قسم القانون، الجامعة المحمدية بجاكرتا
 محاضر في الدراسات العليا بجامعة شريف هداية الله الإسلامية الحكومية بجاكرتا.
 محاضر في الدراسات العليا بجامعة الشافعية بجاكرتا.
 العضو الاستشاري للرابطة الإندونيسية للدعاة المركزي بجاكرتا.
 العضو الاستشاري لهيئة الهلال الأحمر الإندونيسية بجاكرتا

سيرة الخلفية التنظيمية
 عضو في اتحاد الطلاب المسلمين (1973م).
 رئيس مكتب تنسيق حركة الكشاف بدار السلام جونتور 1977- 1978م.
 عضو في اتحاد الطلبة المسلمين بالجامعة الإسلامية الحكومية يوكياكرنا (1979).
 كاتب المجلس الاستشاري لاتحاد الطلبة الإندونيسين بالمدينة المنورة (1982- 1983).
 رئيس اتحاد الطلبة الإندونيسين بالمملكة العربية السعودية (1983- 1985).
 مؤسس ورئيس مؤسسة أبي ظبي الخيرية (1993 – 1994).
 عضو هيئة الأوقاف لمعهد دار السلام جونتور يونوروجو 1999 إلى الآن.
 المنسق الديني للهيئة الإندونيسية للسلام 2001.
 المنسق للجنة الإندونيسية للتضامن مع شعب العراق 2002.

الخبرات السياسية
 رئيس المجلس الاستشاري لحزب العدالة والرفاهية (1998- 2000م). (جناح الإخوان المسلمين في إندونيسيا)
 رئيس حزب العدالة والرفاهية (2000-2003م).
 الرئيس العام لحزب العدالة والرفاهية (2003-2004).

الندوات والأنشطة العلمية
 حضور دعوة MASG بولاية الينويس الأمريكية لإلقاء اقتراحات علمية.
 حضور الدعوة الدولية لمنظمة الطلبة المسلمين بإسطنبول تركيا 1996.
 حضور الندوة الدولية بمدرسة واك تانجونج الإسلامية بسنغافورة 1998.
 حضور الندوة الدولية من اتحاد المسلمين البريطانيين بمانجستر لندن.
 إلقاء المقالات العلمية في ندوة الطلبة الإندونيسيين بماليزيا 1999.
 الندوة الدولية من جامعة الإمام ابن سعود الإسلامية فرع جاكرتا 1999.
 حضور الندوة الدولية بجامعة بن خلدون بيوجور بالتعاون مع جامعة الإمام ابن سعود الإسلامية فرع جاكرتا 1999.
 حضور دعوة المهرجان الوطني والندوة الدولية برياض المملكة العربية السعودية 2000.
 حضور ندوة عن تطور الإسلام بأوروبا من مؤسسة Islamika Forbundebi Sverige ستوكهولم السويد.
 مشارك في إلقاء مقال في الندوة التي عقدتها وزارة الخارجية اليابانية حول رؤساء الغد/ المستقبل.
 الندوة الدولية بكوالالمبور ماليزيا كمقترحات لمنظمة المؤتمر الإسلامي.
 مشارك في الندوة الدولية بالقاهرة عن الدور الإسلامي وحضارة التدويل 2004.
 حضور ندوة عن مستقبل إندونيسيا «بناء الطبع الزرقاء لدولة إندونيسيا» التي أقامتها اتحاد الطلبة الإندونيسيين بإستراليا 2004.

المؤلفات
 التدبر لسورة الكهف.
 التدبر لسورة يس.
 إدارة المرحلة الانتقالية نحو مجتمع إندونيسيا المدني.
 شمولية الإسلام عن الأدب الكلاسيكي.
 التجديد كحركة.
 عودة الإسلام والأصولية العلمانية تحت المجهر.
 البحث عن دراسة حديث مسيوججني.
 العثورعن إندونيسيا ضد الفساد في الدين.
 العثور على معنويات بندونج 1950م بمناسبة ذكرى مؤتمر آسيا- أفريقيا الـ 50

المقدمات للكتب المترجمة التالية
 مبادئ الإسلام للحياة بقلم الأستاذ صلاح الصاوي.
 موسوعة فقه المرأة بقلم الأستاذ عبد الكريم زيد.
 مقدمة دراسة الإسلام بقلم الأستاذ يوسف القرضاوي.
 السنة كمصدر العلم والحضارة بقلم الأستاذ يوسف القرضاوي.
 الفتنة الكبرى بقلم الأستاذ أمحزون.
 محرر لترجمة إندونيسية لتفسير في ظلال القرآن.
 محرر لترجمة تفسير ابن كثير.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقعه علي الويب باللغة الاندونيسية
 أبعاد الصراع السياسي في إندونيسيا، برنامج بلا حدود، قناة الجزيرة، 13 يونيو 2001م

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين
إخوان مسلمون إندونيسيون
سياسيون إندونيسيون
علماء دين سنة إندونيسيون
قادة الإخوان المسلمين
مراقبو الإخوان المسلمين
مسلمون إندونيسيون
مواليد 1379 هـ
مواليد 1960
مواليد في جاوة الوسطى
أشخاص من كلاتن (مقاطعة)
رؤساء الجمعية الاستشارية الشعبية

محمد هدايت نور وحيد


Six Feet Under, HBO tarafından yapılmış bir televizyon dizisidir. Dizinin 63. ve son bölümünün yayın tarihi 1 Temmuz 2007'dir.

American Beauty'nin senaristi Alan Ball'ın senaryosunu yazdığı dizi, bir cenaze evi işleten ve bu evde yaşayan Fisher ailesinin yaşamlarına dair bir kara mizahtır. 2003 yılında En İyi Drama Dizisi dalında Altın Küre ödülü alan yapım, 2005 yılında 5. sezonuyla ekranlara veda etmiştir.

2004 Altın Küre'de iki ayrı dalda aday gösterilip Frances Conroy ile Televizyon dizilerinde en iyi kadın oyuncu ödülünü almıştır. Aynı yıl Screen Actors Guild Awards'da (Conroy ve tüm casting ekibi ile) iki ödül almıştır. 32 kez Emmy adaylığı alıp 7'sini, 8 Golden Globe adaylığından 3'ünü kazanmıştır.

Final bölümü Variety dergisinin "En Unutulmaz Dizi Finalleri" listesinde yer almıştır.

Oyuncular ve Karakterler
 Peter Krause - Nate Fisher
 Michael C. Hall - David Fisher
 Frances Conroy - Ruth Fisher
 Lauren Ambrose - Claire  Fisher
 Freddy Rodríguez - Federico 'Rico' Diaz
 Mathew St. Patrick - Keith
 Jeremy Sisto - Billy Chenowith
 Justina Machado - Vanessa Diaz
 James Cromwell - George Sibley (2004-2005)
 Rachel Griffiths - Brenda Chenowith

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 IMDB sayfası
  HBO/Six Feet Under Resmi Sitesi

2001'de başlayan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2005'te sona eren Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2000'lerde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri dramatik televizyon dizileri
HBO televizyon dizileri
LGBT teması içeren Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
Peabody Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Drama Dizisi Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
Los Angeles'ta geçen televizyon programları
Kurguda bipolar bozukluk
En İyi Oyuncu Kadrosu SAG Ödülü - Drama (TV) sahipleri
Aileler ile ilgili televizyon dizileri
2000'lerde İngilizce televizyon dizileri

Six Feet Under (dizi)


The Dominion of New England in America (1686–1689) was an administrative union of English colonies covering all of New England and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies, with the exception of the Delaware Colony and the Province of Pennsylvania. The region's political structure was one of centralized control similar to the model used by the Spanish monarchy under the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The dominion was unacceptable to most colonists because they deeply resented being stripped of their rights and having their colonial charters revoked. Governor Edmund Andros tried to make legal and structural changes, but most of these were undone and the Dominion was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James II had left the throne in England. One notable change was the forced introduction of the Church of England into Massachusetts, whose Puritan leaders had previously refused to allow it any sort of foothold.

The Dominion encompassed a very large area from the Delaware River in the south to Penobscot Bay in the north, composed of the Province of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut Colony, Province of New York, the provinces of East Jersey and West Jersey, and a small portion of Maine. It was too large for a single governor to manage. Governor Andros was highly unpopular and was seen as a threat by most political factions. News of the Glorious Revolution in England reached Boston in 1689, and the Puritans launched the 1689 Boston revolt against Andros, arresting him and his officers.

Leisler's Rebellion in New York deposed the dominion's lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson. After these events, the colonies that had been assembled into the dominion reverted to their previous forms of government, although some governed formally without a charter. King William III of England and Queen Mary II eventually issued new charters.

Background
A number of English colonies were established in America and in the West Indies during the first half of the 17th century, with varying attributes. Some originated as commercial ventures, such as the Virginia Colony, while others were founded for religious reasons, such as Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony and Rhode Island Colony. The governments of the colonies also varied. Virginia became a crown colony, despite its corporate beginning, while Massachusetts and other New England colonies had corporate charters and a great deal of administrative freedom. Other areas were proprietary colonies, such as Maryland and Carolina, owned and operated by one or a few individuals.

Following the English Restoration in 1660, King Charles II sought to streamline the administration of these colonial territories. Charles and his government began a process that brought a number of the colonies under direct crown control. One reason for these actions was the cost of administration of individual colonies, but another significant reason was the regulation of trade. Throughout the 1660s, the English Parliament passed a number of laws to regulate the trade of the colonies, collectively called the Navigation Acts. The American colonists resisted these laws, particularly in the New England colonies which had established significant trading networks with other English colonies and with European countries and their colonies, especially Spain and the Dutch Republic. The Navigation Acts also outlawed some existing New England practices, in effect turning merchants into smugglers while significantly increasing the cost of doing business.

Some of the New England colonies presented specific problems for the king, and combining those colonies into a single administrative entity was seen as a way to resolve those problems. Plymouth Colony had never been formally chartered, and the New Haven Colony had sheltered two of the regicides of Charles I, the king's father. The territory of Maine was disputed by competing grantees and by Massachusetts, and New Hampshire was a very small, recently established crown colony. The Massachusetts General Court authorized Boston silversmith John Hull to produce local coinage between 1652 and 1682, which the English government considered treasonous.

Massachusetts had a long history of virtually theocratic rule, and they exhibited little tolerance for non-Puritans, including supporters of the Church of England (which was most important for the king). Charles II repeatedly sought to change the Massachusetts government, but they resisted all substantive attempts at reform. In 1683, legal proceedings began to vacate the Massachusetts charter; it was formally annulled in June 1684.

England's desire for colonies that produced agricultural staples worked well for the southern colonies, which produced tobacco, rice, and indigo, but not so well for New England due to the geology of the region. Lacking a suitable staple, the New Englanders engaged in trade and became successful competitors to English merchants. They were now starting to develop workshops that threatened to deprive England of its lucrative colonial market for manufactured articles, such as textiles, leather goods, and ironware. The plan, therefore, was to establish a uniform all-powerful government over the northern colonies so that the people would be diverted away from manufacturing and foreign trade.

Establishment
Following the revocation of the Massachusetts charter, Charles II and the Lords of Trade moved forward with plans to establish a unified administration over at least some of the New England colonies. The specific objectives of the dominion included the regulation of trade, reformation of land title practices to conform more to English methods and practices, coordination on matters of defense, and a streamlining of the administration into fewer centers. The Dominion initially comprised the territories of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, the Province of Maine, and the Narraganset Country (Washington County, Rhode Island).

Charles II had chosen Colonel Percy Kirke to govern the dominion, but Charles died before the commission was approved. King James II approved Kirke's commission in 1685, but Kirke came under harsh criticism for his role in putting down Monmouth's Rebellion, and his commission was withdrawn. The King issued a provisional commission on October 8, 1685 to Massachusetts Bay native Joseph Dudley as President of the Council of New England, due to delays in developing the commission for Kirke's intended successor Sir Edmund Andros.

Dudley's limited commission specified that he would rule with an appointed council and no representative legislature. The councilors named as members of this body included a cross-section of politically moderate men from the old colonial governments. Edward Randolph had served as the crown agent investigating affairs in New England, and he was appointed to the council, as well. Randolph was also commissioned with a long list of other posts, including secretary of the dominion, collector of customs, and deputy postmaster.

Dudley administration
Dudley's charter arrived in Boston on May 14, 1686, and he formally took charge of Massachusetts on May 25. His rule did not begin auspiciously, since a number of Massachusetts magistrates refused to serve on his council. According to Edward Randolph, the Puritan magistrates "were of opinion that God would never suffer me to land again in this country, and thereupon began in a most arbitrary manner to assert their power higher than at any time before." Elections of colonial military officers were also compromised when many of them refused to serve. Dudley made a number of judicial appointments, generally favoring the political moderates who had supported accommodation of the king's wishes in the battle over the old charter.

Dudley was significantly hampered by the inability to raise revenues in the dominion. His commission did not allow the introduction of new revenue laws, and the Massachusetts government had repealed all such laws in 1683, anticipating the loss of the charter. Furthermore, many refused to pay the few remaining taxes on the grounds that they had been enacted by the old government and were thus invalid. Dudley and Randolph were largely unsuccessful at introducing the Church of England due to a lack of funding, but they were also hampered by the perceived political danger of imposing on the existing churches for their use.

Dudley and Randolph enforced the Navigation Acts, although they did not adhere entirely to the laws. Some variations were overlooked, understanding that certain provisions of the acts were unfair, and they suggested to the Lords of Trade that the laws be modified to ameliorate these conditions. However, the Massachusetts economy suffered, also negatively affected by external circumstances. A dispute eventually occurred between Dudley and Randolph over matters related to trade.

The Lords of Trade decided on September 9, 1686 to include the colonies of Rhode Island and Connecticut in the dominion, based on a petition from Dudley's council. Andros's commission had been issued in June, and he was given an annex to his commission to incorporate them into the dominion.

Andros administration
Andros had previously been governor of New York; he arrived in Boston on December 20, 1686 and immediately assumed power. He took a hard-line position, claiming that the colonists had left behind all their rights as Englishmen when they left England. The Reverend John Wise rallied his parishioners in 1687 to protest and resist taxes, so Andros had him arrested, convicted, and fined. An Andros official stated: "Mr. Wise, you have no more privileges Left you then not to be Sold for Slaves."

Andros' commission called for governance by himself with a council. The initial composition of the council included representatives from each of the colonies which the dominion absorbed, but the council's quorums were dominated by representatives from Massachusetts and Plymouth because of the inconvenience of travel and the fact that travel costs were not reimbursed.

Church of England
Shortly after his arrival, Andros asked each of the Puritan churches in Boston if its meetinghouse could be used for services of the Church of England, but he was consistently rebuffed. He then demanded keys to Samuel Willard's Third Church in 1687, and services were held there under the auspices of Robert Ratcliff until 1688, when King's Chapel was built.

Revenue laws
After Andros' arrival, the council began a long process of harmonizing laws throughout the dominion to conform more closely to English laws. This work was so time-consuming that Andros issued a proclamation in March 1687 stating that pre-existing laws would remain in effect until they were revised. Massachusetts had no pre-existing tax laws, so a scheme of taxation was developed that would apply to the entire dominion, developed by a committee of landowners. The first proposal derived its revenues from import duties, principally alcohol. After much debate, the committee adopted a different proposal, in essence reviving previous Massachusetts tax laws. These laws had been unpopular with farmers who felt that the taxes were too high on livestock. In order to bring in immediate revenue, Andros also received approval to increase the import duties on alcohol.

The first attempts to enforce the revenue laws were met by stiff resistance from a number of Massachusetts communities. Several towns refused to choose commissioners to assess the town population and estates, and officials from a number of them were consequently arrested and brought to Boston. Some were fined and released, while others were imprisoned until they promised to perform their duties. The leaders of Ipswich had been most vocal in their opposition to the law; they were tried and convicted of misdemeanor offenses.

The other provinces did not resist the imposition of the new law, even though the rates were higher than they had been under the previous colonial administration, at least in Rhode Island. Plymouth's relatively poor landowners were hard hit because of the high rates on livestock.

Town meeting laws
One consequence of the tax protest was that Andros sought to restrict town meetings, since these were where that protest had begun. He introduced a law that limited meetings to a single annual meeting, solely for the purpose of electing officials, and explicitly banning meetings at other times for any reason. This loss of local power was widely hated. Many protests were made that the town meeting and tax laws were violations of the Magna Carta, which guaranteed taxation by representatives of the people.

Land titles and taxes
Andros dealt a major blow to the colonists by challenging their title to the land, as the great majority of Americans were land-owners unlike their English equals. Taylor says that they "regarded secure real estate as fundamental to their liberty, status, and prosperity", and the colonists "felt horrified by the sweeping and expensive challenge to their land titles." Andros had been instructed to bring colonial land title practices more in line with those in England, and to introduce quit-rents as a means of raising colonial revenues. Titles issued in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine under the colonial administration often suffered from defects of form such as lacking an imprint of the colonial seal, and most of them did not include a quit-rent payment. Land grants in colonial Connecticut and Rhode Island had been made before either colony had a charter, and there were conflicting claims in a number of areas.

The manner in which Andros approached the issue was doubly divisive, since it threatened any landowner whose title was in any way dubious. Some landowners went through the confirmation process, but many refused, since they did not want to face the possibility of losing their land, and they viewed the process as a thinly veiled land grab. The Puritans of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay refused, some of whom had extensive landholdings. All of the existing land titles in Massachusetts had been granted under the now-vacated colonial charter; in essence, Andros declared them to be void and required landowners to recertify their ownership, paying fees to the dominion and becoming subject to the charge of a quit-rent.

Andros attempted to compel the certification of ownership by issuing writs of intrusion, but large landowners who owned many parcels contested these individually, rather than recertifying all of their lands. Few new titles were issued during the Andros regime; only about 20 were approved out of 200 applications.

Connecticut charter
Andros' commission included Connecticut, and he asked Connecticut Governor Robert Treat to surrender the colonial charter not long after his arrival in Boston. Connecticut officials formally acknowledged Andros' authority, unlike Rhode Island, whose officials acceded to the dominion but in fact did little to assist him. Connecticut continued to run their government according to the charter, holding quarterly meetings of the legislature and electing colony-wide officials, while Treat and Andros negotiated over the surrender of the charter. In October 1687, Andros finally decided to travel to Connecticut to personally see to the matter. He arrived in Hartford on October 31, accompanied by an honor guard, and met that evening with the colonial leadership. The Colonists lay the charter on a table for all to see during this meeting, but the lights suddenly went out. When the lights were relit, the charter had disappeared. It was said to have been hidden in a nearby oak tree (referred to afterward as the Charter Oak) so that a search of nearby buildings could not locate the document.

Connecticut records show that its government formally surrendered its seals and ceased operation that day. Andros then traveled throughout the colony, making judicial and other appointments before returning to Boston. On December 29, 1687, the dominion council formally extended its laws over Connecticut, completing the assimilation of the New England colonies.

Inclusion of New York and the Jerseys
The provinces of New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey were added to the Dominion on May 7, 1688. They were remote from Boston where Andros had his seat, so New York and the Jerseys were run by Lieutenant Governor Francis Nicholson from New York City. Nicholson was an army captain and protégé of colonial secretary William Blathwayt who came to Boston in early 1687 as part of Andros' honor guard and had been promoted to his council. During the summer of 1688, Andros traveled first to New York and then to the Jerseys to establish his commission. Dominion governance of the Jerseys was complicated by the fact that the proprietors' charters had been revoked, yet they had retained their property and petitioned Andros for what were traditional manorial rights. The dominion period in the Jerseys was relatively uneventful because of their distance from the power centers and the unexpected end of the Dominion in 1689.

Indian diplomacy
In 1687, New France Governor Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville launched an attack against Seneca villages in western New York. His objective was to disrupt trade between the English at Albany and the Iroquois confederation, to which the Seneca belonged, and to break the Covenant Chain, a peace that Andros had negotiated in 1677 while he was governor of New York. New York Governor Thomas Dongan appealed for help, and King James ordered Andros to render assistance. James also entered into negotiations with Louis XIV of France, which resulted in an easing of tensions on the northwestern frontier.

On New England's northeastern frontier, however, the Abenaki harbored grievances against English settlers, and they began an offensive in early 1688. Andros made an expedition into Maine early in the year, in which he raided a number of Indian settlements. He also raided the trading outpost and home of Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin on Penobscot Bay. His careful preservation of the Catholic Castin's chapel was a source of later accusations of "popery" against Andros.

Andros took over the administration of New York in August 1688, and he met with the Iroquois at Albany to renew the covenant. In this meeting, he annoyed the Iroquois by referring to them as "children" (subservient to the English) rather than "brethren" (equals). He returned to Boston amid further attacks on the New England frontier by Abenaki parties, who admitted that they were doing so in part because of French encouragement. The situation in Maine had also deteriorated again, with English colonists raiding Indian villages and shipping the captives to Boston. Andros castigated the Maine colonists for this and ordered the Indians to be released and returned to Maine, earning the hatred of the Maine settlers. He then returned to Maine with a significant force and began the construction of additional fortifications to protect the settlers. Andros spent the winter in Maine, and returned to Boston in March upon hearing rumors of revolution in England and discontentment in Boston.

Glorious Revolution and dissolution

The religious leaders of Massachusetts, led by Cotton and Increase Mather, were opposed to the rule of Andros and organized dissent targeted to influence the court in London. King James published the Declaration of Indulgence in May 1687, and Increase Mather sent a letter to thank him for the declaration, and then he suggested to his peers that they also express gratitude to the king as a means to gain favor and influence. Ten pastors agreed to do so, and they decided to send Mather to England to press their case against Andros. Edward Randolph attempted to stop him; Mather was arrested, tried, and exonerated on one charge, but Randolph made a second arrest warrant with new charges. Mather was clandestinely spirited aboard a ship bound for England in April 1688. He and other Massachusetts agents were well received by James, who promised in October 1688 that the colony's concerns would be addressed. However, the events of the Glorious Revolution took over, and James was deposed by William III and Mary II.

The Massachusetts agents then petitioned the new monarchs and the Lords of Trade for restoration of the old Massachusetts charter. Mather furthermore convinced the Lords of Trade to delay notifying Andros of the revolution. He sent a letter to previous colonial governor Simon Bradstreet containing news that the charter had been illegally annulled and that the magistrates should "prepare the minds of the people for a change." News of the revolution apparently reached some individuals as early as late March, and Bradstreet is one of several possible organizers of the revolt in Boston on April 18, 1689. He and other pre-Dominion magistrates and some members of Andros' council addressed an open letter to Andros on that day calling for his surrender. Andros, Randolph, Dudley, and other dominion supporters were arrested and imprisoned in Boston.

The dominion then effectively collapsed, as local authorities in each colony seized dominion representatives and reasserted their earlier power. In Plymouth, dominion councilor Nathaniel Clark was arrested on April 22, and previous governor Thomas Hinckley was reinstated. Rhode Island authorities resumed the colony's charter with elections on May 1, but previous governor Walter Clarke refused to serve, and the colony continued without one. In Connecticut, the earlier government was also rapidly readopted. New Hampshire was temporarily left without formal government, and came under de facto rule by Massachusetts Governor Simon Bradstreet.

News of the Boston revolt reached New York by April 26, but Lieutenant Governor Nicholson did not take any immediate action. Andros managed to send a message to Nicholson while in captivity. Nicholson received the request for assistance in mid-May, but he was unable to take any effective action due to rising tensions in New York, combined with the fact that most of Nicholson's troops had been sent to Maine.  At the end of May, Nicholson was overthrown by local colonists supported by the militia in Leisler's Rebellion, and he fled to England.  Leisler governed New York until 1691, when King William commissioned Colonel Henry Sloughter as its governor.  Sloughter had Leisler tried on charges of high treason; he was convicted in a trial presided over by Joseph Dudley and then executed.

Massachusetts and Plymouth
The dissolution of the dominion presented legal problems for Massachusetts and Plymouth. Plymouth never had a royal charter, and the charter of Massachusetts had been revoked. As a result, the restored governments lacked legal foundations for their existence, an issue raised by the political opponents of the leadership. This was particularly problematic in Massachusetts, whose long frontier with New France saw its defenders recalled in the aftermath of the revolt; that area was exposed to French and Indian raids after the outbreak of King William's War in 1689. The cost of colonial defense resulted in a heavy tax burden, and the war also made it difficult to rebuild the colony's trade.

Agents for both colonies worked in England to rectify the charter issues, with Increase Mather petitioning the Lords of Trade for a restoration of the old Massachusetts charter. King William was informed that this would result in a return of the Puritan government, and he wanted to prevent that, so the Lords of Trade decided to solve the issue by combining the two colonies. The resulting Province of Massachusetts Bay combined the territories of Massachusetts and Plymouth along with Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and the Elizabeth Islands that had been part of Dukes County in the Province of New York.

Administrators
This is a list of the chief administrators of the Dominion of New England in America from 1684 to 1689:

Attorney General
The Attorney General was an appointed executive officer of the Dominion of New England:

See also
 History of New England
 New England Colonies
 New England Confederation

References

Further reading

 Dunn, Richard S. "The Glorious Revolution and America" in The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century ( The Oxford History of the British Empire, (1998) vol 1 pp 445–66.

Taylor, Alan, American Colonies: the Settling of North America, Penguin Books, 2001.

 Webb, Stephen Saunders. Lord Churchill's coup: the Anglo-American empire and the Glorious Revolution reconsidered (Syracuse University Press, 1998)

States and territories established in 1686
States and territories disestablished in 1689
English colonization of the Americas
History of the Thirteen Colonies
1686 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Colonial United States (British)
History of New England
Pre-statehood history of New York (state)
Pre-statehood history of New Jersey
Former colonies in North America

Dominion of New England


An Muhlenbergia torreyana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schult., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Albert Spear Hitchcock. An Muhlenbergia torreyana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Muhlenbergia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Muhlenbergia

Muhlenbergia torreyana