Francis Marion McDowell (June 12, 1831 – March 22, 1894) was an American banker and farmer and a co-founder of the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry,  a fraternal organization in the United States.

Biography
Francis Marion McDowell was born in Wayne, New York, in 1831, of British ancestry, his four grandparents being Scotch, English, Irish and Welsh. In addition to the common schools at Wayne, he was educated at the institution which has since become Alfred University, in Alfred, New York, and for a time he taught school in his hometown.

He later became  partner in the banking and brokerage firm of Hallett & Company of New York City, and in this connection made frequent trips to Europe, especially to interest European capitalists in the construction of the Kansas Pacific Railway, of which his banking firm was a sponsor. McDowell suffered a severe illness, from which he never made complete recovery, and consequently he returned to his native town of Wayne, and engaged in grape growing on the shores of Lake Keuka.  The grape industry was then in its infancy, but he lived to see it attain immense proportions.

At a fruit fair in Hammondsport, New York, that he met William Saunders. The two became friends at once and Saunders was a Sunday guest at McDowell's home. There they discussed the new Grange movement and McDowell was greatly interested. The following winter he went to Washington and became associated with the other six founder of the Grange.

Many of McDowell's ideas were embodied in the final organization and it was his belief that the organization should have a central division, to protect the work from being broken up and varying with different localities. It was therefore upon his suggestion that the hierarchical ordering of members in a series of seven "Degrees" was built, and he was selected as the first High Priest in the Assembly of Demeter. In 1887, co-founder John R. Thompson, consulting with McDowell, wrote the ritual for the Seventh Degree.

McDowell was treasurer of the National Grange for nearly 21 years, from January 1873 until November 1893, until failing health compelled his resignation in November 1893. McDowell's financial experience was invaluable to the Grange, and he never missed attending a National Grange session from the beginning until the time of his death.

He was twice married, his first wife being Miss Josephine Spang of Philadelphia, whom he met and married while in London, and who died a few years later. In December 1874, he married Miss Eva Sherwood of Woodhull, New York, who shortly after joined the Grange, became deeply interested in its work and succeeded her husband as treasurer upon his resignation. They had one daughter.

More than once McDowell's eagerness to build into the new order a sound financial system led him to advance his own private funds, and to make many sacrifices for the fulfillment of his financial ideals. McDowell's death in March 1894, at Penn Yan, New York, followed shortly the death of co-founder John R. Thompson. Interment was in Lake View Cemetery at Penn Yan.

The other founders of the Grange were Oliver Hudson Kelley, William Saunders, John Trimble, Aaron B. Grosh, John R. Thompson, William M. Ireland and Caroline A. Hall.

Sources
  Note: The text of this page is very close to the biography given in this web page. The Connecticut State Grange has kindly allowed this work to be used and has given it freely to the public domain.

Farmers from New York (state)
Alfred University alumni
1831 births
1894 deaths
National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry

Francis Marion McDowell


Ephedra alata, vrsta ljekovite grmolike biljke iz porodice kositerničevki. Rasprostranjena je u pustinjskim krajevima Sahare i Arapskog poluotoka. Biljka je prilagođena da uz malo vlage preživi u tlu koje izgleda isušeno, i ima sličnu strategiju preživljavanja kao i grmlje tamariska.

Pustinjska plemena Sahare tradicionalno je od davnina koriste kao lijek (alkaloid efedrin)

Izvori

Kositerničevke

Ephedra alata


Suchá Dolina este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Prešov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 196 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Suchá Dolina este atestată documentar din 1330.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Suchá Dolina


Cercidoideae potporodica mahunarki u koji je uključen tribus Cercideae s podtribusima Bauhiniinae i Cercidinae, ime je došlo po rodu (Cercis) ili judino drvo. Drugi značajan rod je bauhinija (Bauhinia) koji je dao ime podtribusu Bauhiniinae.

Opis
Iako je u početku prepoznata na razini plemena, potporodica Cercidoideae uvijek se smatrala monofiletskom i samo su se generičke podjele promijenile tijekom proteklih desetljeća. U trenutnoj taksonomiji, potporodica uključuje 14 rodova, od kojih je nekoliko novo prepoznato ili ponovno uspostavljeno iz Bauhinia sl. Velika većina vrsta u potporodici (oko 400 vrsta) su izdvojeni iz Bauhinia . Nedavne filogenetske analize dovele su do recirkumskripcije parafiletske vrste Bauhinia sl. u nekoliko manjih monofiletskih rodova koji tvore dva sestrinske klade, kladu Bauhinia s Bauhinia L. (c. 230 spp), Brenierea Humbert (1 sp) i Piliostigma Hochst. (6 spp), i kladu Phanera s Phanera Lour. (74 spp), Schnella Raddi (45 spp), Cheniella R.Clark & Mackinder (10 spp), Lysiphyllum (Benth.) de Wit (8 spp), Tylosema (Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc. (5 spp), Gigasiphon Drake (5 spp), Barklya F.Muell. (1 sp) i Tournaya A.Schmitz (1 sp). Sestrinski ovom velikom kladu su mali rodovi Griffonia Baill. (5 spp), Adenolobus (Harv. ex Benth. & Hook.f.) Torre & Hillc. (2 spp) i Cercis L. (9-10 spp) koji čine paafiletičku skupinu, sa sestrom Cercis cijeloj skupini. Potonji je diploidan (2n=14), dok su svi ostali rodovi poliploidni, što sugerira da se udvostručenje cijelog genoma moglo dogoditi u pretku svih Cercidoideae osim Cercis.

Nekoliko filogenetskih analiza sugeriralo je da je Cercidoideae sestra svim mahunarkama, ali najnovije filogenomske analize smještaju Cercidoideae kao sestru Detarioideae, a njih dvije se pojavljuju kao sestre ostalim mahunarkama. Analize vremena diverzifikacije kalibrirane s fosilima otisaka lišća Bauhinia sl (46 Ma) i otisaka lišća i ploda Cercis (34 Ma) sugeriraju srednjeeocensku starost krunskog čvora za potporodicu. Najuočljivije značajke razlikovanja Cercidoideae su jednolistni dvokrilni listovi, zigomorfni, cvjetovi nalik leptiru (sa središnjom laticom koja je najdublje u unutrašnjosti) i apikalni hilum sjemena u obliku polumjeseca – ne pojavljuju se sve te karakteristike u svim rodovima Cercidoideae.

Glavne značajke
Cercidoideae su drveće, grmlje ili lijane, mnoge s viticama, često s bodljama ili infrastipularnim bodljama. Kod Brenierea grane su modificirane u kladodije. Listovi Cercidoideae su jednolisni i često dvolisni, ili dvolisni s nasuprotnim listićima. Cvjetovi su blago do jako obostrano simetrični, a ponekad papilionasti (leptiroliki, sa središnjom laticom koja je najunutarnjija). Latice su spojene u lopaticu ili dvokraku do peterokraku čašku ili mogu biti slobodne. Općenito je prisutno pet slobodnih latica, ali ponekad su prisutne dvije ili šest, a kod nekih vrsta latica nema. Kada su prisutne, latice su nepravilno preklopljene, s adaksijalnim laticama i često se razlikuju od ostalih latica. Obično ima 10 prašnika u dva vijuga naizmjenične duljine. Mahune su dehiscentne, često eksplozivne s uvijajućim zaliscima, ili nedehiscentne i onda općenito samaroidne. Sjemenke većine Cercidoideae prepoznaju se po neobičnom hilumu u obliku polumjeseca na vrhu.

Distribucija i ekologija
Vrste Cercidoideae pojavljuju se u nekoliko bioma na svim kontinentima. Nalaze se u umjerenom biomu u Euroaziji, Kini i Sjevernoj Americi, u sukulentnom biomu u južnoj Africi i u biomu prašume u Južnoj i Srednjoj Americi, Aziji i Africi.

Rodovi
 Cercis L. (9 spp.)
 Adenolobus (Harv. ex Benth. & Hook. fil.) Torre & Hillc. (2 spp.)
 Griffonia Baill. (4 spp.)
 Gigasiphon Drake (5 spp.)
 Tournaya A. Schmitz (1 sp.)
 Tylosema (Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc. (5 spp.)
 Barklya F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Schnella Raddi (47 spp.)
 Lysiphyllum (Benth.) de Wit (9 spp.)
 Cheniella R. Clark & Mackinder (10 spp.)
 Phanera Lour. (104 spp.)
 Piliostigma Hochst. (6 spp.)
 Brenierea Humbert (1 sp.)
 Bauhinia L. (174 spp.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Mahunarke

Cercidoideae


رئيس وزراء فنلندا  ، هو رئيس حكومة فنلندا، يُعين في منصبه من قبل رئيس جمهورية فنلندا باعتباره رأس الدولة. رئيس الوزراء الحالي هي بيتري أوربو وهو من مواليد

نظرة عامة
وفقاً لأحكام دستور فنلندا الجديد (سـُن في عام 2000) ، يـُرشح الرئيسُ رئيسَ وزراء بعد تفاوض الأحزاب في برلمان فنلندا على توزيع المقاعد في مجلس الدولة الجديد وعلى برنامج الحكومة. يتعين على البرلمان المصادقة على ترشيح رئيس الوزراء بحصوله على أغلبية مطلقة في تصويت بدون مشاركة مرشحين آخرين. إن لم يتلق المرشح الدعم الكافي، عندها يتبع ذلك جولة جديدة من المفاوضات وترشيح ثاني من الرئيس. وإن فشل المرشح الثاني أيضاً في الحصول على الأغلبية المطلقة، عندها يصار إلى تصويت ثالث، بإمكان أي عضو من أعضاء البرلمان تسمية مرشح، وفي هذه الجولة تكفي الأغلبية النسبية للانتخاب. يلي انتخاب البرلمان التعيين الرسمي من الرئيس.

أول استخدام للإجراءات المذكورة أعلاه كان انتخاب أنيلي يآتينماكي لمنصب رئيس الوزراء في عام 2003. في السابق يفترض أن يرشح الرئيس المرشح الذي في الجولة الثالثة من التصويت الفوز بالأغلبية النسبية، وعادة ما يكون زعيم أكبر حزب. قبل دخول الدستور الجديد حيز التنفيذ، اختص الرئيس بصلاحيات رسمية كاملة لتعيين رئيس الوزراء وبقية أعضاء مجلس الدولة، والذي كان حراً في الانحراف عن مبادئ النظام البرلماني، وإن كان على الوزراء المعينين الحصول على ثقة البرلمان.

يـُرشح رئيس مجلس الوزراء باقي أعضاء مجلس الدولة، الذين يعينهم رئيس الجمهورية بعد ذلك، بموافقة البرلمان.

التاريخ
في عام 1918، تم تحويل مجلس الشيوخ الفنلندي إلى مجلس الدولة (أو مجلس الوزراء) من فنلندا، وتحول منصب نائب رئيس الشعبة الاقتصادية في مجلس الشيوخ إلى رئيس وزراء. الإقامة الرسمية لرئيس وزراء فنلندا منذ عام 1919 في فيلا كيسارنتا ، وتقع في ميلهتي من ضواحي هلسنكي.

منذ استقلالها (أعلن في 6 ديسمبر 1917)، شهدت فنلندا 71 حكومة، بما في ذلك الحالية، أكثر ما ظل في منصب رئيس الوزراء كان بآفو ليبونن لترأسه حكومتين، مدتهما 1464 يوما.

الراتب والمزايا الأخرى
راتب رئيس الوزراء هو حسب القانون نفس مرتب رئيس البرلمان، وهو 11675 € شهرياً (1 أيار 2011). بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتقاضى رئيس الوزراء نصف راتب البرلماني والذي يحق له كعضو جالس في البرلمان. كامل الراتب البرلماني حالياً ( 1 مايو 2011) لا يقل عن 6335 € شهرياً، وبالتالي فإن رئيس الوزراء الفنلندي يتقاضى ما لا يقل عن 14842 € شهريا في المجموع. ويخضع الراتب لضريبة الدخل العادية.

يحق لرئيس الوزراء بثلاثين يوم إجازة خلال كل سنة تقويمية. وتتكفل الحكومة بنفقات الصيانة والموظفين وخدمات الإقامة الرسمية كيسارنتا. المواصلات والخدمات الأمنية تحت تصرف رئيس الوزراء طوال الوقت.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

تأسيسات سنة 1917 في فنلندا
رؤساء وزراء فنلندا
سياسة فنلندا

رئيس وزراء فنلندا


Veliki orijent Srbije (srp. Велики oријент Србије) je slobodnozidarska obedijencija osnovana 2015. godine u Srbiji i uz koju se vežu određene kontroverze.

Povijest

Udruženje RVLS
Dio članstva Velike ujedinjene lože Srbije i oko petnaest članova Regularne velike lože Srbije predvođenih Čedomirom Vukićem, koji je bio izbačen iz Regularne velike lože Srbije, osniva Regularnu Veliku Ložu Srbije, Beograd u studenom 2007. godine. Vukić je zbog osnivanja orgnaizacije sličnog naziva dobio i nadimak Čeda Zarez. Tako Vukićeva velika loža ulazi u sudski proces s Regularnom velikom ložom Srbije zbog naziva što dovodi to toga da mijenja naziv u Udruženje "Regularna Velika Loža Srbije, Beograd" (srp. Удружење "Регуларна Велика Ложа Србије, Београд").

U jesen 2019. godine ova obedijencija je optužena za prevaru.

Veliki orijent
Čedomir Vukić sa svojim sinom Dušanom 2015. godine osniva Veliki orijent Srbije, koji postaje veliki majstor. Veliki orijent Srbije je početkom 2017. godine imao ložu u Zagrebu, Loža "Ban Josip Jelačić", te će kasnije iste godine unijeti svijetlo u Veliki orijent Hrvatske. Krajem 2017. godine u Velikom orijentu Hrvatske dolazi do raskola jer je dijelu članova smetalo to što se hrvatskim masonima upravlja iz Beograda, preko Velikog orijenta Srbije. Zato oni osnivaju svoju ložu, Veliku ložu Croatia.

Vidi još
 Popis masonskih velikih loža u Europi

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Veliki Orijent Srbije
 Udruženje "Regularna Velika Loža Srbije, Beograd"

Sr
Slobodno zidarstvo u Srbiji

Veliki orijent Srbije


Giuseppe Donizetti ya da Donizetti Paşa (d. 6 Kasım 1788, Bergamo (günümüzde Lombardiya,  İtalya), – ö. 12 Şubat 1856, İstanbul). İtalyan müzisyen.

Türkiye'yi 19. yüzyılda batı müziği ile tanıştıran ve ilk Türk bandosu olan Mûsikâ-i Hümâyûn'un (günümüzde Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası) gelişmesinde en büyük katkıyı sağlamış olan kişidir.

28 yıl boyunca Osmanlı Devleti'nin hizmetinde çalışan ve kendisine "Paşa" unvanı verilen Donizetti, hükümdarın kurduğu modern ordunun bando teşkilatını hayatı boyunca yönetti ve ikinci vatanı olan İstanbul'da hayatını kaybetti.

Giuseppe Donizetti'nin, II. Mahmut için bestelediği "Mahmudiye Marşı" on bir yıl, II. Mahmut'un ölümünden sonra tahta çıkan oğlu  Sultan Abdülmecit için bestelediği "Mecidiye Marşı" da (1839) 22 yıl boyunca Osmanlı Devleti'nin marşı olarak çalınmıştır.

Hayatı ve  Çalışmaları

Giuseppe Donizeetti 6 Kasım 1788'de Bergamo (günümüzde Lombardiya, İtalya) doğdu. Çoğu müzisyen olan bir aile ortamı içinde yetişti. Sonradan tanınmış bir opera bestecisi olan Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848) onun küçük kardeşi idi.

Bergamo'da amcası Carini Donizetti'den flüt dersleri aldı. İlk müzik derslerini için Bergamnoi'da yeni açılan Lezioni Caritatevoli di Musica adlı okula devam etmek istedi ama 17 yaşında idi ve yaşının büyük olması nedeniyle konservatuvarlara kabul edilmedi. Kardeşi sonradan opera bestecisi olarak ün yapacak Gaetano'nun müzik hocası Bergamo'da yerleşik Alman besteci Johann Simon Mayr'dan bir süre ücretsiz müzik dersi aldı.

1808'de 20 yaşında iken Napolyon Bonapart'ın Fransa ordusuna kayıt oldu. Fransa ordusunda 1808-1813 arasında asker olarak Avusturya ve İspanya seferlerine katıldı. 1813'te Cenevre'de "Elba Adsai Taburu Bandosu"'na girdi. 1814 Napolyon Elba adasına sürüldüğünde onunla birlikte Elba'ya gitti. Napolyon Mart 1815'te Fransa'ya dönüp Yüz Gün tekrar imparator olarak hüküm sürmesi döneminde bando şefi olarak Napolyon'un yanında idi. O yıl Angela Toki ile evlendi. Napolyon'un 19 Haziran,1815'de Waterloo Muharebesi'nde yenilmesinden sonra Fransa ordusundan ayrıldı. Ardından Sardinya-Piyemonte Krallığı ordusunun "Casale Ili Alayi (Reggimento Provinciale Casale" alayına bando üyesi olarak katıldı, 1821'de bu alayın müzik direktörü  ve bando şefi oldu.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda yeni kurulan Mûsıkâ-i Humâyûn adlı saray bandosunun şefi olmak üzere İstanbul'a davet edildi. Osmanlı Sultanı  II. Mahmut, Vakay-i Hayriye adiı ile Yeniçeri Ocağı'nı kaldıran reform yapmış ve  eski orduyu dağıtmış; yerine kurduğu yeni ordu (Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediyye) ile birlikte Avrupa asıllı asker eğitim programı uygulanmaya başlamıştı. Bu dönemde Mehter eğitimi için Mehterhane ve Mahter tipi askeri müzik sistemi yeni ordu için yetersiz ve uygunsuz görülüp kaldırılmış; Mûsikâ-i Hümâyûn adlı yeni bir saray bandosu kurulmuştu. Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Paşa ve Sardinya Krallığı İstanbul elçisi Markı Groppallo vasıtasıyla Fransız müzisyen Manguel yerine Mûsıkâ-i Humâyûn bandosunun başına bir deneyimli bir İtalyan müzisyen bando şefi aranmış ve Markı'nın tavsiyesi ile Fransa ve Sardinya ordusunda bando şefliği deneyimi olan Giuseppe Donizetti bu görev için davet edilmiştir. II. Mahmut'un daveti ile İstanbul'a gelen Giuesppe Donizetti 17 Eylül 1828'de görevine başladı. Donizetti İtalya'dan gemi ile gelirken Batı Avrupa tipi bir askeri bando için gerekli müziksel çalgıları da birlikte getirmişti. Ayrıca yanında askeri bando deneyimi olan ve müzik öğretmenliği yapacak kabiliyetli birkaç İtalyan da gelmişti. İstanbul'a varınca ilk iş olarak askeri bando Mûsikâ-i Hümâyûn'u yapılandırdı ve bir ay içerisinde padişaha ilk konserini verecek hale getirdi.

Bundan sonraki 28 yıl boyunca Osmanlı Devleti'nin hizmetinde çalışan Giuseppe Donizetti'ye 1841'de miralay (albay) ve daha sonra  mirliva (tuğgeneral) rütbesi ile "Paşa" unvanı verilmiş; hükümdarın kurduğu modern ordunun bando teşkilatını ölümüne kadar yönetmiştir. İstanbul, Donizetti için ikinci bir vatan olmuş ve 12 Şubat 1856'da ölene dek İstanbul'da yaşamıştır.

Giuseppe Donizetti'nin, II. Mahmut için bestelediği "Mahmudiye Marşı" on bir yıl, II. Mahmut'un ölümünden sonra tahta çıkan oğlu Sultan Abdülmecit için bestelediği "Mecidiye Marşı" da (1839) 22 yıl boyunca Osmanlı Devleti'nin marşı olarak çalınmıştır.

Sultan Abdülmecit tarafından Paşa unvanı ile taltif edilen Donizetti'nın çalışmaları sadece askeri bando kurulması ile sınırlı kalmadı. Bazı Türk musikisi eserlerini Klasik Batı müziği sistemine uydurarak çok sesli hale getirdi. Türk musikisi makamlarını kullanarak bazı eserlerin bestelemesini yaptı. Sarayda Osmanlı hanedan ailesinin fertleri ve harem halkına  (örneğin Sultan Abdülmecid, Dürrinigar Kalfa) müzik dersleri verdi. Türkiye'de  Batı müziğinin öğretimi ve kurumlaşması için gayet ciddi çabalar sarf etti. Yetiştirdikleri arasında Nacib Paşa, Hacı İbrahim Paşa, Süleyman Paşa, Neşet Paşa, Miralay Halil Bey, Kaymakam Atıf Bey ve Dürrinigar Kalfa gibi Türk müziğinin sonraki gelişmelerini ilerleten öğrencileri vardı.

Müzik alanında yaptığı başarılı çalışmalar dolayısıyla Sultan II. Mahmut tarafından "İftihar"; Sultan Abdülmecit tarafından "Mecidi" ve Fransa tarafından "Légion d'honneur" nişanları ile ödüllendirilmiştir.

Donizetti Paşa, Pera'da (Beyoğlu ve çevresinin eski adı) her yıl düzenlenen İtalyan opera gösterilerini desteklemiş, sarayda konserler düzenlemiş ve İstanbul'u ziyaret eden Franz Liszt, Parish Alvars ve Leopold de Meyer gibi zamanın önde gelen virtüözlerine ev sahipliği yapmıştır. 1848'de İstanbul'u ziyaret eden Lizst Sultan Abdülmecit'e sunmak üzere Grande Paraphrase de la marche de Donizetti composée pour Sa Majesté le Soultan Abdül Mejid-Khan adlı bir beste yapmış ve bu bestenin notaları 1848'de Berlin'de basılıp yayımlanmıştır.

Donizetti'nin kendisi gibi müzisyen olan iki kardeşi daha vardır. İçlerinden en yetenekli ve ünlüsu  bir opera bestecisi küçük kardeşi Gaetano Donizetti idi. Geatano uzun zamandır ağabeyini hiç görmemekle beraber onu sevgi ile "Benim Türk kardeşim" diye andığı belirtilmektedir.

Donizetti'nin cenazesi, ölümünden sonraki üç hafta boyunca Beyoğlu'ndaki Santa Maria Kilisesi'nde muhafaza edilmiş ve 6 Mart 1856'da Santa Esprit Kilisesi'inin mezarlığına nakledilerek defnedilmiştir.

Ölümünden sonra yerine Callisto Guatelli Paşa atanmış ve 1856-1858 ile 1868-1899 yılları arasında  Mûsikâ-i Hümâyûn bandosunu yönetmiştir.

Hakkında Yapılan Çalışmalar

Müzikolog Emre Aracı tarafından kaleme alınan kapsamlı bir biyografisi Donizetti Paşa Osmanlı Sarayının İtalyan Maestrosu adı altında 2006 yılında bir kitap halinde  ve kısaltılmış biyografisi bir makale olarak "The Musical Times" dergisinde 2002-2003'te yayımlanmıştır.

4 Ocak 2007'de "Bergamo Müzik Festivali"'nde "Teatro Donizetti"'de Türk müzikolog Emre Aracı ilk kısmı  "Donizetti Paşa'nın batı müziği besteleri" ve ikinci kısmı "Donizetti Paşa'nın klasik Osmanlı müziği" adlı iki kısımdan oluşan bir lirik-senfonik konseri hazırlayıp ve orkestra şefliği yapmıştır.

Anısına Beyoğlu'nun Pera Bölgesinde "Palazzo Donizetti Hotel" bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Güntekin, Mehmet, (1999), "Donizetti Paşa", Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, ISBN 978-975-08-1153-4. C.1 s.380 ISBN 975-08-0072-9
 Aracı, Emre (2006), Donizetti Paşa Osmanlı Sarayının İtalyan Maestrosu, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, ISBN 978-975-08-1153-4.
 Aracı, Emre (2002) "A Levantine life: Giuseppe Donizetti at the Ottoman court (Levanten Bir Hayat: Osmanlı sarayında Giuseppe Donizetti)", The Musical Times Cilt 143
 Bellotto, Francesco  (2001) '"Giuseppe Donizetti." ; The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Londra, ISBN 0-333-60800-3
 Donizetti, Guiseppe (1911) La Musique en Turquie et Quelques Traites Biograohique sur Donizetti Pacha İstanbul
 Casari, Mario, (2008) "Un musicista alla corte ottomana: Giuseppe Donizetti", Quaderni di Oriente Moderno, 2008-6, s.101–110  .
 Costanza, Maurizio,  (2010) La Mezzaluna sul filo - La riforma ottomana di Mahmûd II,, Venezia: Marcianum Press (cap. IV.7b)
 Akdemir, Hayrettin (1991) Die neue türkische Musik, dargestellt an Volksliedbearbeitungen für mehrstimmigen Berlin: Chor. ISBN 3-924423-12-1
 Gazimihal, Murat Ragip (1955), Türk Askeri Müzikaları Tarihi,, İstanbul:Maarif Basimevi

1788 doğumlular
Bergamo doğumlular
1856 yılında ölenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
İtalyan bando şefleri
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda sanat
Légion d'honneur sahipleri
İstanbul'da defnedilenler

Giuseppe Donizetti


Die Liste der Biografien führt alle Personen auf, die in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia einen Artikel haben. Dieses ist eine Teilliste mit einem Eintrag einer Person, deren Namen mit den Buchstaben "Mullerw" beginnt.

Mullerw

Mullerwi
 Müllerwiebus, Roswitha (* 1946), deutsche Politikerin (SPD), MdL

Liste der Biografien/Mullerw


The Cabot family was part of the Boston Brahmin, also known as the "first families of Boston".

History

Family

The Boston Brahmin Cabot family descended from John Cabot (born 1680 in Jersey, a British Crown Dependency and one of the Channel Islands), who emigrated from his birthplace to Salem, Massachusetts in 1700.

The Cabot family emigrated from Jersey, where the family name can be traced back to at least 1274. In Latin, caput means "head", and the  Rev. George Balleine writes that in Jersey the "cabot" is a small fish that seems all head. In French, once a commonly spoken language in Jersey, "cabot" means a dog, or a military corporal, "caboter" is to navigate along the coast, and "cabotin" means "theatrical".

Rise to prominence

John Cabot (born 1680 Isle of Jersey) and his son, Joseph Cabot (born 1720 in Salem), became highly successful merchants, operating a fleet of privateers carrying opium, rum, and slaves. Shipping during the eighteenth century was the lifeblood of most of Boston's first families. Joseph's sons, Joseph Cabot Jr. (born 1746 in Salem), George Cabot (born 1752 in Salem), and Samuel Cabot (born 1758 in Salem), left Harvard to work their way through shipping, furthering the family fortune and becoming extraordinarily wealthy. Two of the earliest U.S. Supreme Court cases, Bingham v. Cabot (1795) and Bingham v. Cabot (1798), involved family shipping disputes. In 1784, Samuel Cabot relocated to Boston.

George Cabot

George Cabot and his descendants went into politics. George Cabot became a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, and was appointed but declined to be first Secretary of the Navy. His great-grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge (born 1850 in Boston) was also a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts from 1893 until his death in 1924. In the 1916 election, Henry Cabot Lodge defeated John F. Fitzgerald, former mayor of Boston and the maternal grandfather of John, Robert and Edward Kennedy. George's great-great-great grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (born 1902 in Nahant) was also U.S. Senator from Massachusetts from 1937 to 1943 and from 1946 to 1953, when he lost to John F. Kennedy in the 1952 Senate election. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. went on to be the U.S. Ambassador to United Nations under President Eisenhower and ambassador to South Vietnam under President Kennedy. He was 1960 vice presidential candidate for Richard Nixon against Kennedy–Lyndon B. Johnson. George's other great-great-great grandson, John Davis Lodge (born 1903 in Washington, D.C.) was the 64th Governor of Connecticut. George's great-great-great-great grandson, George Cabot Lodge II (born 1927, son of Henry Cabot Lodge) ran against the successful Edward M. Kennedy in the United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 1962.

Samuel Cabot

From John Cabot's grandson, Samuel Cabot's side, Samuel Cabot Jr. (born 1784 in Boston) furthered the family fortune by combining the first family staples of working in shipping and marrying money. In 1812, he married Eliza Perkins, daughter of merchant king Colonel Thomas Perkins. Samuel Cabot III (born 1815 in Boston) was an eminent surgeon, whose daughter, Lilla Cabot Perry, was a noted Impressionist artist, and son, Godfrey Lowell Cabot (born 1861 in Boston) founded Cabot Corporation, the largest carbon black producer in the country, used for inks and paints. Godfrey's son, John Moors Cabot (born 1901 in Cambridge), a great-great-grandson of Samuel, was a U.S. Ambassador to Sweden, Colombia, Brazil, and Poland during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administration. Another great-great grandson, Paul Codman Cabot (born 1898 in Brookline), was cofounder of America's first mutual fund and "Harvard's [Endowment] Midas".

Boston Toast

The widely known "Boston Toast" by Holy Cross alumnus John Collins Bossidy features the Cabot family:

Kabotchnik v. Cabot
In 1923, Harry H. Kabotchnik and his wife Myrtle petitioned to have his family name changed to Cabot.

Some prominent Cabots of Boston (Judge Cabot of the Boston Juvenile Court; Stephen Cabot, headmaster of St. George's School, Middletown, R.I.; Dr. Hugh Cabot, dean of Michigan University Medical School) along with the Pennsylvania branch of the Order of the Founders and Patriots, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania counter-sued to prevent the change.

Judge Charles Young Audenried eventually ruled for the Kabotchniks, as there was "nothing in the law to prevent it."

Notable members
 John Cabot  (b. 1680 in Isle of Jersey) - successful ship merchant
 Elizabeth Cabot (b. 1715), married Stephen H. Higginson
 Stephen Higginson (b. 1743)
 Sarah Higginson (b. 1745), first wife of John Lowell
 John Lowell Jr. (b. 1769)
 Francis Cabot (b. 1717 in Salem) – ship merchant
 Susanna Cabot (b. 1754), second wife of John Lowell
 Francis Cabot Lowell (b. 1775 in Newburyport) – cofounded Harvard's Porcellian Club, helped introduce power loom in U.S.
 Joseph Cabot (b. 1720 in Salem) – successful ship merchant
 Capt. John Cabot (b. 1745 in Salem) – cofounded America's first cotton mill, John Cabot House namesake
 Joseph Cabot Jr. (b. 1746 in Salem) – ship merchant
 George Cabot (b. 1752 in Salem) – successful ship merchant, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, appointed but declined to be first Secretary of the Navy
 Henry Cabot (b. 1783)
 Anna Cabot (b. 1821)
 Henry Cabot Lodge (b. 1850 in Boston) – U.S. Senator from Massachusetts and ardent opponent of Woodrow Wilson's League of Nations
 George Cabot Lodge (b. 1873 in Boston) – poet
 Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (b. 1902 in Nahant, MA) – U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, incumbent 1952 U.S. Senate candidate from Massachusetts against John F. Kennedy, U.S. Ambassador to United Nations and South Vietnam, and 1960 vice presidential candidate for Richard Nixon against Kennedy–Lyndon B. Johnson
 George Cabot Lodge II (b. 1927) – Harvard Business School professor, 1962 U.S. Senate candidate from Massachusetts against Edward M. Kennedy
 John Davis Lodge (b. 1903 in Washington, D.C.) – 64th Governor of Connecticut
 Francis Cabot (b. 1757 in Salem)
 Mary Ann Cabot (b. 1784) - married her first cousin, Nathaniel Cabot Lee (b. 1772), son of Joseph Lee and Elizabeth Cabot (daughter of Joseph Cabot)
 John Clarke Lee (b. 1804 in Boston)
 George Cabot Lee (b. 1830 in Boston)
 Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt (b. 1861), first wife of President Theodore Roosevelt
 Frederick Cabot (b. 1786 in Salem)
 Francis Cabot (b. 1825 in Newton, Massachusetts)
 Francis Higginson Cabot (b. 1859 in Boston)
 Francis Higginson Cabot (b. 1896) — vice president, Stone & Webster
 Francis Higginson Cabot (b. 1925 in New York City) — noted gardener and horticulturist
 Samuel Cabot (b. 1758 in Salem) — successful ship merchant
 Samuel Cabot Jr.  (b. 1784 in Boston) — shipping businessman
 Samuel Cabot III (b. 1815 in Boston) – eminent surgeon
 Lilla Cabot (b. 1848 in Boston) – among first American impressionist artists, contributor to Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 Samuel Cabot IV (b. 1850) – chemist, founder of Valspar's Cabot Stains
 Arthur Tracy Cabot (b. 1852 in Boston) – progressive surgeon
 Godfrey Lowell Cabot (b. 1861 in Boston) – founder of Cabot Corporation, philanthropist who sponsored the restoration of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology's complete Kronosaurus skeleton.
 James Jackson Cabot (b. 1891 in Cambridge)
 Thomas Dudley Cabot (b. 1897 in Cambridge) – businessman and philanthropist, Cabot House namesake
 Louis Wellington Cabot – businessman, philanthropist, former chairman of Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, married Mabel Hobart
 Linda Cabot Black – cofounder of Opera Company of Boston and Opera New England
 Sophie Cabot Black (b. 1958) – poet
 John Moors Cabot (b. 1901 in Cambridge) – U.S. Ambassador to Sweden, Colombia, Brazil, and Poland during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations
 Lewis Cabot
 Eleanor Cabot – Eleanor Cabot Bradley Estate namesake
 Edward Clarke Cabot (b. 1818) — architect and artist
 Elizabeth Cabot Lee (b. 1819 in Boston) — philanthropist and co-sponsor of the Harvard Museum of Natural History's famous Glass Flowers exhibit. Widely known as Elizabeth C. Ware (her married name).
 James Elliot Cabot (b. 1821 in Boston) — philosopher and author
  Richard Clarke Cabot (b. 1868 in Brookline, Massachusetts) — clinical physician, social work pioneer
 Hugh Cabot (b. 1872 in Beverly Farms)
 Hugh Cabot (b. 1905 in Boston)
 Hugh Cabot III (b. 1930 in Boston) — painter
 Walter Channing Cabot (b. 1829)
 Henry Bromfield Cabot (b. 1861 in Boston) – lawyer
 Paul Codman Cabot (b. 1898 in Brookline)
 Charles Codman Cabot (b. 1900 in Brookline) — associate judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, Boston Bar Association president
 Elise Cabot Forbes (b. 1869) — maternal grandmother of Michael Paine
 Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (b. 1787 in Boston) – abolitionist and writer

Cabot family network

Associates
Nathan Appleton
Samuel Bodman
Sarah Caldwell
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Augustus Peabody Gardner
Prescott F. Hall
Alexander Hamilton
Patrick Tracy Jackson
Abbott Lawrence
John Lowell
Harrison Gray Otis
T.H. Perkins
Thomas S. Perry
Josiah Quincy Jr.
Theodore Roosevelt
Israel Thorndike
John Train
Sam Zemurray

Businesses
Beverly Cotton Manufactory
Boston Manufacturing Company
Cabot, Cabot & Forbes
Cabot Corporation
Gulf Central Pipeline Company
Holtzer-Cabot Electrical Company
John & Andrew Cabot and Company
Lee, Higginson & Co.
Opera Company of Boston
Radio Swan
Samuel Cabot, Inc.
Southworth Machine Company
State Street Investment Corporation
Train, Cabot & Associates
United Fruit

Charities, colleges and non-profit organizations
Aero Club of New England
Cabot Corporation Foundation
Cabot Family Charitable Trust
Ella Lyman Cabot Trust
The Garden Conservancy
Glass Flowers
Godfrey L. Cabot Solar Energy Conversion Research Project
Immigration Restriction League
Maria Moors Cabot Prize
Massachusetts General Hospital
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Paul & Virginia Cabot Charitable Trust
Porcellian Club
Virginia Wellington Cabot Foundation
Watch and Ward Society

Buildings and historic sites
Cabot House (Harvard)
Cabot Farm
Eleanor Cabot Bradley Estate
Jeremiah Lee Mansion
John Cabot House
Les Quatre Vents
Lewis Cabot Estate
Mount Murray
Stonecrop Gardens

See also
 List of United States political families
 Thomas Dudley Cabot

References

External links

 Papers, 1786–1945. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University
 The Cabot Family

American people of French descent
Business families of the United States
Families from Massachusetts
People from Boston
Political families of the United States

Cabot family


Michael Hoferer (* 14. Oktober 1820 in Großprüfening; † 26. November 1894 ebenda) war ein Handwerker und amtierte über viele Jahre hinweg als Bürgermeister der Gemeinde Großprüfening. Er war auch Mitglied der Gesellschaft der bayerischen Ostbahn und engagierte sich für deren Bau. Zudem führte er den Titel eines Fürstlichen Hofrates und Hofschmiedemeisters.

Leben
Er war neben einer Schwester der einzige Sohn des Schmiedemeisters und Schultheißen Michael Hoferer (1772–1843) und seiner zweiten Ehefrau Walburga Weber (1791–1869). Die Familie der Mutter stand in enger Verbindung mit dem ehemaligen Kloster Prüfening, während die Familie des Vaters eine bekannte Handwerker- und Bauersfamilie, die schon seit Generationen in verwaltenden Ämtern, als Ortsrichter, Gemeinderat oder Bürgermeister tätig war. Bereits der Großvater Joseph Hoferer war als Gemeinderat tätig. Er besuchte nach dem Abschluss der Dorfschule in Prüfening die Königliche Kreisgewerbeschule in Regensburg und genoss eine gute Ausbildung. Das Handwerk erlernte er in der elterlichen Werkstatt. Nach dem Tod des Vaters übernahm er den elterlichen Betrieb. Innerhalb weniger Jahre hatte er sich als Hufschmied einen guten Namen gemacht und erhielt erstmals Aufträge von der Fürstenfamilie Thurn und Taxis. Später erhielt er den Titel des Fürstlichen Hufschmieds.

Ab 1860 war Hoferer Bürgermeister der Gemeinde Großprüfening. Er wurde mehrfach wiedergewählt, unter anderem in den Jahren 1870 und 1875 und blieb bis zum Jahre 1880 im Amt. Während seiner Amtszeit wurde der Ausbau der Uferschutzbauten an der Donau und der Bau einer befestigten Straße nach Regensburg forciert. Als erstmals 1868 über den Bau einer Eisenbahnstrecke von Regensburg nach Nürnberg diskutiert wurde, war Hoferer einer der eifrigsten Verfechter der Eisenbahn. Trotz heftigsten Widerstands der Dorfbevölkerung begannen 1869 die ersten Vermessungen. Zu Beginn war in Prüfening keinesfalls der Bau einer Haltestation vorgesehen. Erst durch vehementen Einsatz Hoferers, der Großprüfening und das nahe Schloss Prüfening als Ausflugs- und Wanderziel hervorhob, entschied man sich zum Bau einer Bahnstation in Prüfening. 1872/1873 wurde die neue Strecke offiziell eröffnet. Prüfening erlebte seither als Sommerfrische und Ausflugsziel der Stadtbevölkerung einen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung.

Hoferer war ab 1872 Mitglied des landwirtschaftlichen Bezirkskomitees Stadtamhof und Regensburg und der Actiengesellschaft der bayerischen Ostbahnen. Er engagierte sich als Aktionär und Kreispolitiker an dem zügigen Ausbau der Ostbahn. Seinen energischen Bemühungen und Intervention ist es zu verdanken, dass Großprüfening und andere kleinere Regengemeinden an das Bahnnetz angeschlossen wurden.

Auf ihn geht auch die Gründung eines Armenhauses in Prüfening und einige Stiftungen zurück. Unter anderem riefen er und seine Gattin im Jahre 1866 die Michael und Franziska Hoferer´sche Stiftung ins leben, welche für die Versorgung von Witwen und Waisen eintrat. Hoferer starb am 26. November 1894 in seinem Anwesen in Großprüfening in seinem 74. Lebensjahr an einem Gehirnschlag und wurde am 28. November im Familiengrab auf dem katholischen Friedhof in Dechbetten beigesetzt.

Seiner am 6. August 1850 geschlossenen zweiten Ehe mit der Reederstochter Franziska Riederer entstammten neun Kinder, darunter der Lokalpolitiker und Gutsbesitzer Johann Baptist Hoferer (1860–1936), der Großkaufmann und Bankier Josef Hoferer (1866–1941) und der Großkaufmann Maximilian Alois Hoferer (1873–1956).

Auszeichnungen
 Ludwigsorden
 Verdienstorden vom Heiligen Michael
 1866: Armeedenkzeichen
 Verdienstmedaille des Landwirtschaftlichen Vereins

Literatur
 Dt. Reichsbahn, Die deutschen Eisenbahnen in ihrer Entwicklung 1835–1935, Berlin, 1935
 Heinrich Prößl, 100 Jahre Familie Prößl auf dem Adlersberg, Regensburg, 1938
 Peter Loeffler, Prüfening – Dorf und Schloss, Regensburg
 Karl Röhrl, Die Hoferer von Prüfening – eine Familienchronik, Regensburg 1905

Bürgermeister (Bayern)
Politiker (19. Jahrhundert)
Ritter IV. Klasse des Verdienstordens vom Heiligen Michael
Träger des Ludwigsordens (Bayern)
Deutscher
Geboren 1820
Gestorben 1894
Mann

Michael Hoferer


Memeliler, sürüngenler ve kuşlar dahil olmak üzere yüksek omurgalılarda duodenum veya oniki parmak bağırsağı, ince bağırsağın ilk ve en kısa bölümüdür.
Balıkta, ince bağırsağın bölünmeleri o kadar net değildir ve duodenum yerine "ön bağırsak" veya "proksimal bağırsak" terimleri kullanılabilir.
Memelilerde duodenum, demir emilimi için ana bölge olabilir.

Duodenum, jejunum ve ileum 'dan önce gelir ve ince bağırsağın en kısa kısmıdır. İnsanlarda duodenum, mideyi jejunum ile birleştiren yaklaşık 25–38 cm (10-15 inç) uzunluğunda içi boş, eklemli bir tüptür. Duodenal bulbus ile başlar ve duodenumun asıcı kasında sona erer. Dört bölüme ayrılabilir.

Duodenum neredeyse tamamen retroperitonealdir. Duodenumun pH seviyesi yaklaşık 6'dır.

Duodenum ismi Latince duodenum digitorum yani "oniki parmak"tan gelmektedir. Türkçe ismi olan onikiparmak bağırsağı da buradan gelir.

Yapısı
Oniki parmak bağırsağı 25–38 cm (10-15 inç) boyunda, C şeklinde bir yapıdır ve mide 'ye bitişiktir. Anatomik olarak dört bölüme ayrılmıştır. Oniki parmak bağırsağının ilk kısmı periton içinde yer alır ancak diğer kısımları retroperitoneal 'dir.

Kısımları
Oniki parmak bağırsağının "ilk bölümü" veya "superior bölümü", pilor 'dan transplorik düzleme doğru devam eden kısımdır. L1 'in vertebral seviyesinde, segmentlerin geri kalanından daha üsttedir. Yaklaşık 2 cm uzunluğundaki duodenal ampul duodenumun ilk kısmıdır ve hafifçe genişlemiştir. Duodenal ampul, fetal yaşamda organı arka karın duvarından askıya alan bir mezenter olan mezoduodenumun kalıntısıdır. Oniki parmak bağırsağının ilk kısmı hareketlidir ve karaciğere küçük omentum 'un hepatoduodenal ligament ile bağlıdır. Oniki parmak bağırsağının ilk kısmı köşede, "üst duodenal eğilme" (ingilizce:superior duodenal flexure) ile biter.

İlişkiler:
Önceki
Safra kesesi
Karaciğerin dörtlü lobu
Sonra
Safra kanalı
Gastroduodenal arter
Portal damar
Inferior vena cava
Pankreas başı
Superior (üstteki)
Safra kesesi boynu
Hepatoduodenal ligament (küçük omentum)
Inferor (altaki)
Pankreas boynu
Büyük omentum
Pankreas başı
Duodenumun ikinci kısmı veya aşağı inen kısmı üst oniki parmak bağırsağının bükümünden (superior duodenal fleksuradan) başlar. Alt vertebral gövde L3'ün alt sınırına, ortadaki onikiparmak bağırsağının aşağısındaki büküme (medial "inferiyor duodenal fleksiyon" a) keskin bir dönüş yapmadan önce, aşağı inen kısmın sonuna gider.

Pankreas kanalı ve ortak safra kanalı, majör duodenal papilla yoluyla inen duodenuma girer. Oniki parmak bağırsağının ikinci kısmı ayrıca küçük duodenal papillayı, aksesuar pankreas kanalı girişini içerir. Embriyolojik ön bağırsak ve orta bağırsak arasındaki bağlantı, ana duodenal papillanın hemen altındadır.
Duodenumun üçüncü kısmı veya yatay kısmı veya alt kısmı 10 ~ 12 cm uzunluğundadır. aşağı onikiparmak bağırsak bükümünde ("inferior duodenal flexure") başlar ve inferior vena cava, abdominal aorta ve vertebral kolon önünden enine sola doğru geçer. Üst mezenterik arter ve ven, duodenumun üçüncü kısmından önündedirler (ingilizce: anterior). Bu kısım aort ile SMA arasında sıkışarak superior mezenterik arter sendromuna neden olabilir.

Duodenumun dördüncü kısmı veya yükselen kısmı, duodenojejunal bükümde (ingilizce: duodenojejunal flexure) jejunum ile birleşerek yukarı doğru geçer. Oniki parmak bağırsağının dördüncü kısmı, omur L3 seviyesindedir ve aort 'un doğrudan üstünden veya hafifçe solundan geçebilir.

Kan kaynağı
Oniki parmak bağırsağı iki farklı kaynaktan arteriyel kan alır. Bu kaynaklar arasındaki geçiş, ön bağırsağı orta bağırsaktan ayırdığı için önemlidir. Oniki parmak bağırsağının 2. kısmına yakın (yaklaşık olarak büyük duodenal papillada - safra kanalının girdiği yerde), arteryel kaynak gastroduodenal arter ve dalı üst pankreatikoduodenal arter 'dir. Bu noktanın (orta bağırsak) distalinde, arteryel besleme superior mezenterik arter (SMA) 'dan gelir ve dalı inferior pankreatikoduodenal arter 3. ve 4. bölümleri besler.
üst ve alt pankreatikoduodenal arterler (sırasıyla gastroduodenal arter ve SMA'dan), çölyak gövdesi ve SMA arasında bir anastomotik halka oluşturur; yani burada teminat dolaşımı potansiyeli vardır.

Oniki parmak bağırsağının venöz drenajı arterleri takip eder. Sonuçta bu damarlar portal sistem 'e, doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak dalak veya üst mezenterik ven ve ardından portal vene akar.

Fonksiyonu
Oniki parmak bağırsağı, enzimler kullanılarak ince bağırsakta yiyeceklerin parçalanmasından büyük ölçüde sorumludur. Oniki parmak bağırsağı ayrıca midenin hormonal yollarla boşalma hızını da düzenler. Secretin ve kolesistokinin, pilor (ingilizce:pylorus) açıldığında ve daha fazla sindirim için gastrik kek (ingilizce:chyme) duodenuma yayıldığında orada bulunan asidik ve yağlı uyaranlara yanıt olarak duodenal epiteldeki hücrelerden salınır. Bunlar karaciğer ve safra kesesi'nin gerektiği kadar safra (ingilizce:bile) salmasına ve pankreas'ın gerektiği kadar bikarbonat ve tripsin, lipaz ve amilaz gibi sindirim enzimlerini oniki parmak bağırsağına salmasına neden olurlar.

Oniki parmak bağırsağının villusları(ingilizce:villi), histolojik olarak tanımlanabilir bir yapı olan yapraklı bir görünüme sahiptir. Mukus salgılayan Brunner bezleri "sadece" duodenumda bulunur. Oniki parmak bağırsağı duvarı muscularis mucosae 'yı oluşturan çok ince bir hücre tabakasından oluşur.

Klinik önemi

Ülser

Oniki parmak bağırsağı ülserleri yaygın olarak Helicobacter pylori bakterisinin neden olduğu enfeksiyon nedeniyle oluşur. Bu bakteriler, bir dizi mekanizma yoluyla duodenumun koruyucu mukozasını aşındırarak mide asitlerinden zarar görmesine neden olur. Duodenumun ilk kısmı, asidik kekin, duodenumun alkali salgılarıyla karışmadan önce duodenum mukozasıyla buluştuğu yer olduğu için ülserlerin en yaygın yerleşim yeridir.
Duodenal ülserler tekrarlayan karın ağrısına ve dispepsi 'ne neden olabilir ve genellikle bakterileri test etmek için üre nefes testi ve ülseri doğrulamak ve biyopsi almak için endoskopi kullanılarak araştırılır. Yönetilirlerse, bunlar genellikle bakterileri yok etmeyi amaçlayan antibiyotik ve mide asiditesini azaltmak için ÜFE ve antiasit aracılığıyla yönetilir.

Çölyak hastalığı
İngiliz Gastroenteroloji Derneği (BSG) kılavuzları, yetişkin çölyak hastalığı tanısı için duodenal biyopsi gerektiğini belirtir. Biyopsi ideal olarak hastanın glüten içeren diyet uyguladığı bir anda yapılır.

Kanser
Duodenal kanser, ince bağırsağın ilk bölümünde yer alan bir kanserdir. Oniki parmak bağırsağı kanseri, mide kanseri ve kolorektal kansere kıyasla nispeten nadirdir. Histolojisi genellikle adenokarsinomdur.

İltihap
Oniki parmak bağırsağının iltihaplanması duodenit (ingilizce: duodenitis) denir. Bilinen birden çok nedeni vardır.

Kaynakça

Sindirim sistemi

Oniki parmak bağırsağı


An Gastrochilus puncticulatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Cavestro. An Gastrochilus puncticulatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gastrochilus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sulawesi. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gastrochilus

Gastrochilus puncticulatus


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Horné Dubové enthält das eine nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützte Objekt in der Gemeinde Horné Dubové im Okres Trnava.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Horne Dubove


An Polystachya armeniaca in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni La Croix ngan Phillip James Cribb. An Polystachya armeniaca in nahilalakip ha genus nga Polystachya, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Polystachya

Polystachya armeniaca


Thomas Spelling (født 2. februar 1993) er en dansk ishockeyspiller. Han spiller i øjeblikket for Aalborg Pirates.

Biografi
Thomas er født og opvokset i Herning og spillede i Herning IK som ungdomsklub.

Metal Ligaen

Herning Blue Fox

Sæsonen 2009-10

Sæsonen 2010-11

Sæsonen 2011-12

SønderjyskE

Sæsonen 2013-14

Sæsonen 2014-15

Sæsonen 2015-16

Sæsonen 2016-17

Sæsonen 2017-18

Aalborg Pirates

Sæsonen 2018-19

Sæsonen 2019-20

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Ishockeyspillere fra Danmark
Ishockeyspillere fra Aalborg Pirates

Thomas Spelling


Sanday may refer to:

 Sanday, Inner Hebrides () in the Small Isles
 Sanday, Orkney
 Sanday Airport
 Sanday Light Railway
 Sanday (surname)

See also
 Sanda Island () off Kintyre
 Sandray () in the Outer Hebrides
 Handa Island () off Sutherland
 Sandoy, Faroe Islands
 Sandøy, Norway

Sanday


David Cunningham Garroway (July 13, 1913 – July 21, 1982) was an American television personality. He was the founding host and anchor of NBC's Today from 1952 to 1961. His easygoing and relaxing style belied a lifelong battle with depression. Garroway has been honored for his contributions to radio and television with a star for each on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the St. Louis Walk of Fame, the city where he spent part of his teenaged years and early adulthood.

Early life
Born in Schenectady, New York, Garroway was of Scottish descent.  By the time Garroway was 14, he had moved with his family 13 times, finally settling in St. Louis, Missouri, where he attended University City High School and Washington University in St. Louis, from which he earned a degree in abnormal psychology. Before going into broadcasting, Garroway worked as a Harvard University lab assistant, book salesman, and piston ring salesman. After not being able to successfully sell either, Garroway decided to try his hand in radio.

Career

Early years
Garroway began his broadcasting career at NBC as a page in 1938; he graduated 23rd in a class of 24 from NBC's school for announcers. Following graduation, he landed a job at Pittsburgh radio station KDKA in 1939. As a station reporter, he filed reports from a hot-air balloon,  a U.S. Navy submarine in the Ohio River, and deep inside a coal mine. His early reporting efforts earned Garroway a reputation for finding a good story, even in unusual places.  The "Roving Announcer", as he was known, worked his way up to become the station's special-events director, while still attending to his on-air work.  After two years with KDKA, Garroway left for Chicago.

Radio

When the United States entered World War II in 1941, Garroway enlisted in the U.S. Navy, serving as a line officer. While stationed in Honolulu, he hosted a radio show when he was off duty, playing jazz records and reminiscing about the old days back in Chicago. After the war, Garroway went to work as a disc jockey at WMAQ (AM) in Chicago. Over time, Garroway hosted a series of radio programs, such as The 11:60 Club, The Dave Garroway Show, and Reserved for Garroway. One oddity Garroway introduced on his radio shows was having the studio audience respond to a song number not by applauding, but by snapping their fingers. Garroway also worked to organize jazz concerts, creating  a "Jazz Circuit" of local clubs in 1947, bringing back interest in this music genre. His fellow disc jockeys voted him the nation's best in the 1948 and 1949 Billboard polls. He won the award again in 1951.

Garroway was the first "communicator" on NBC Radio's Monitor when the program first aired on June 12, 1955. He continued as the Sunday-evening host of the news and music program from 1955 to 1961. Garroway worked on the air at WCBS radio in 1964 and briefly hosted the afternoon rush-hour shift at KFI in Los Angeles in late 1970 and early 1971.

Television

Garroway was introduced to the national television audience when he hosted the experimental musical variety show Garroway at Large, telecast live from Chicago. It was carried by NBC from June 18, 1949, to June 24, 1951.

Garroway's relaxed, informal style when on the air became part of his trademark. In 1960, reviewer Richard F. Shepard of The New York Times wrote, "He does not crash into the home with the false jollity and thunderous witticisms of a backslapper. He is pleasant, serious, scholarly looking, and not obtrusively convivial." On television, Garroway was known for his signoff, saying "Peace" with an upraised palm.

Along with Arthur Godfrey, Arlene Francis, Steve Allen, and Jack Paar, Garroway was one of the pioneers of the television talk show. Television commentator Steven D. Stark traces the origins of the style to Chicago. Garroway, Studs Terkel, and Hugh Downs all hosted relaxed, garrulous, extemporaneous shows in that city in the early 1950s. Earlier radio and television voices spoke with an authoritative "announcer's" intonation, resembling public oration, often dropping about a musical fifth on the last word of a sentence. Garroway was one of the broadcasters who introduced conversational style and tone to television, beginning some broadcasts as though the viewer were sitting in the studio with him, as in this November 20, 1957, introduction for the Today show: "And how are you about the world today? Let's see what kind of shape it's in; there is a glimmer of hope."

Pioneering NBC president Sylvester "Pat" Weaver chose Garroway as the host of his new morning news-and-entertainment experiment, the Today show, in 1952. He was joined by news editor Jim Fleming and announcer Jack Lescoulie when the show debuted on Monday, January 14, 1952. Though initially panned by critics, Garroway's style attracted a large audience that enjoyed his easygoing presence early in the morning. His familiar "cohost", a chimpanzee with the puckish name of J. Fred Muggs, did not hurt his genial manner, but his concurrent seriousness in dealing with news stories and ability to clearly explain abstract concepts earned him the nickname "The Communicator" and eventually won praise from critics and viewers alike.

At the same time he did Today, Garroway also hosted a Friday-night variety series, The Dave Garroway Show, from October 2, 1953, to June 25, 1954. On October 16, 1955, he began hosting NBC's live Sunday-afternoon documentary Wide Wide World, continuing with that series until June 8, 1958. Another Friday-evening variety show, Dave's Place, was on the air in 1960. He also hosted a radio show, Dial Dave Garroway, that went on the air as soon as Today wrapped up each morning.  Dial Dave Garroway had begun in 1946 when Garroway was still working for WMAQ in Chicago.

Garroway took Today to various locations during his tenure - Paris in 1959 and Rome in 1960; car shows and technology expos; plays and movies; and aboard an Air Force B-52 for a practice bombing run.  Through television, Garroway gave viewers access to a variety of people that included politicians, writers, artists, scientists, economists, and musicians. In his role as Today host, Garroway acted as pitchman for several of the show's sponsors. Among them were Admiral television sets, Alcoa, and Sergeant's dog food. Most of the appearances were in the form of print ads in newspapers and magazines. By 1960,  a board game called "Dave Garroway's Today Game" also was produced.

In 1961, Garroway hosted a special filmed program for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association that traced Billy Graham's crusades from 1949 to 1960.

Garroway's relaxed demeanor on TV hid his depression. Toward the end of his professional career, he began to have disagreements with staff members; some days, Garroway would disappear in the middle of the Today broadcast, leaving colleagues to finish the live program. When Garroway's second wife, Pamela, died of a prescription-drug overdose on April 28, 1961, Garroway sank into a deeper emotional malaise. In late May 1961, Garroway resigned, announcing his intention to leave Today—either at the end of October when his contract was finished or sooner, if possible — to spend more time with his children.  On June 16, 1961, Garroway left the morning show he helped pioneer.

Later career
After leaving Today, Garroway returned to television on National Educational Television (the forerunner of PBS) with a science series called Exploring the Universe in late 1962. Later, he went back to working in radio, doing "split-shift" shows called Garroway AM (midmornings) and Garroway PM (midafternoons) for WCBS (AM), New York. Garroway also started a magazine, National FM-Radio; the venture was a costly failure, with Garroway realizing he was not cut out to be a businessman. While he was in the publishing business, Garroway began reading various law books to try to understand what his lawyer was saying. His attorney told him that he had done enough legal reading to pass the New York State bar exam. On a bet, Garroway sat for and passed the written exam.

In April 1969, Garroway launched a daytime talk show on WNAC-TV, Tempo Boston, which he hoped would be picked up for national syndication. Stations in New York and Philadelphia agreed to pick up the show, but by early 1970, the small-scale syndication ended and Tempo was cancelled. The show had promise, but management instead decided to fill its time slot with old movies instead of more expensive local programming. After leaving the Boston airwaves, Garroway traveled to Southern California, hosting a music-and-talk show on KFI radio in Los Angeles. He planned to re-enter the television world with a CBS summer replacement show, Newcomers, but the show never made it past the summer of 1971. While in Los Angeles, Garroway began to take acting workshops; he had a role in an episode of the Western series Alias Smith and Jones as a judge in 1972.

Garroway appeared sporadically on other television programs without achieving the success and recognition levels he enjoyed on Today. He largely remained out of the public eye for the rest of the 1960s and 1970s, although he did re-emerge for Today anniversaries. His final such appearance was on the 30th-anniversary show, on January 14, 1982.

Other media

Garroway narrated a compilation of romantic songs performed by the Boston Pops Orchestra, Getting Friendly with Music, in 1956. He also served as narrator for special albums, including 1964's The Great Campaigners, 1928–1960 and 1960's Names From the Wars.

In 1960, Garroway wrote Fun on Wheels, an activity book for children on road trips. The book was revised and reissued in 1962 and 1964.

Toward the end of his life, Garroway planned to write an autobiography. The book never made it past the research stage; the surviving notes, manuscripts, audio tapes, and news clippings were sent to former Today researcher Lee Lawrence. Upon Lawrence's death in 2003, the boxes were turned over to the Library of American Broadcasting, Special Collections, University of Maryland Libraries, where they remained as of 2009.

Personal life

Marriages and children

Garroway was married three times and had three children. His first marriage was to Adele Dwyer, whom he married in 1945. The couple had a daughter, Paris, before divorcing the following year. He married former actress and ballerina Pamela Wilde in 1956. They had a son, David Cunningham Garroway Jr., in 1958. Garroway later adopted Wilde's son Michael from her first marriage. Wilde died of a prescription-drug overdose on April 28, 1961. Garroway married astronomer Sarah Lee Lippincott in February 1980. They remained married until Garroway's death in 1982.

Interests

Garroway was very interested in astronomy, and during a tour of Russian telescopes, he met his third wife, astronomer Sarah Lee Lippincott. In his final years, he attended astronomy symposia at Swarthmore College and spent time at Sproul Observatory.

Garroway was also an automobile enthusiast, and one of his hobbies was collecting and restoring vintage luxury and sports cars. He was especially fond of his 1938 SS Jaguar 100, which he also raced in his spare time. Garroway was featured in several automobile commercials, including the first Chevrolet Corvette in 1953, and the Ford Falcon in 1964.

Garroway, a music lover and amateur drummer, lent his name to a series of recordings of jazz, classical, and pop music released in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Among them were Wide, Wide World of Jazz, 1957's Some of My Favorites, and 1958's Dave Garroway's Orchestra: An Adventure in Hi-Fi Music.

Death
In 1981, Garroway underwent open-heart surgery, as a result of which he contracted a staph infection. On January 14, 1982, Today broadcast its 30th-anniversary special, which featured all of the important living, former, and current staff members. Garroway, who had recently undergone drug rehabilitation for an amphetamine addiction, appeared to be cheerful and in good spirits during the show. He also indicated that he would be present for the show's 35th anniversary in 1987.

A few months later, however, Garroway began suffering complications from the infection he had contracted during surgery. He spent some weeks in and out of hospitals and had an in-home nurse tending to him. On July 21, he was found dead of a self-inflicted shotgun wound at his Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, home. No suicide note was found and Garroway's nurse did not recall him being unusually depressed in the final day of his life. Garroway's son Michael said that his father had been experiencing complications from his heart operation and he had "unfortunately succumbed to the traumatic effects of his illness". In addition, he was extremely depressed at his inability to resurrect a TV career, saying to friends and family "I'm old hat, old news. Nobody wants old Dave anymore." His family held a private graveside service for him in Philadelphia on July 28. Garroway is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

The July 22 edition of Today was mainly a remembrance of Garroway. His colleague Jack Lescoulie, news editor Frank Blair, and former consumer reporter Betty Furness offered tributes on the show. Garroway's death was noted on NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw and Roger Mudd. Commentator John Chancellor was the man who had replaced Garroway on Today 21 years earlier. On NBC News Overnight, host Linda Ellerbee closed the program with "Peace" instead of her usual "And so it goes."

Because of Garroway's dedication to the cause of mental health, his third wife, Sarah, helped establish the Dave Garroway Laboratory for the Study of Depression at the University of Pennsylvania.

Parodies and fictional representations

Robert McKimson's 1960 cartoon Wild Wild World depicts "Cave Darroway" presenting footage from the Stone Age.

Mad spoofed him in one issue (issue #26, from November, 1955) as "The Dave Garrowunway Show."

In Robert Redford's 1994 film Quiz Show, Garroway was portrayed by Barry Levinson.

References

Listen to
 Boxcars711: Dave Garroway narrates Names from the Wars (1960)

External links

 A Garroway retrospective
 'Garroway at Large'  from the Museum of Broadcast Communications
 TVParty.com tribute to 'Today' in the 1950s - includes video clips and photos from the Garroway era

 Dave Garroway Laboratory for the Study of Depression
 St. Louis Walk of Fame Entry
  Dave Garroway's famous Jaguar SS100 racing car, with article and history
 Dave Garroway Papers at the American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming

1913 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American television news anchors
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American radio DJs
Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery
Suicides by firearm in Pennsylvania
NBC News people
Writers from Schenectady, New York
Military personnel from Schenectady, New York
United States Navy officers
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
20th-century American musicians
Journalists from New York (state)
1982 suicides
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists

Dave Garroway


This is a list of current and former programmes broadcast on BBC Radio 4.

When it came into existence – on 30 September 1967 – Radio 4 inherited a great many continuing programme series which had been initiated prior to that date by its predecessor, the BBC Home Service (1939–1967), and in some cases even by stations which had preceded the Home Service. Such inherited programmes are included in the list.

The years indicated in brackets after programme titles refer to the dates, where known, of each programme's first, subsequent, and final broadcasts – and, in cases where Radio 4 programmes began their run on stations other than the Home Service, the names of those originating stations are also shown.

Note that many of Radio 4's past comedy and drama productions have been, and continue to be repeatedly rerun on Radio 4, as well as on the digital radio channel BBC Radio 4 Extra (previously BBC Radio 7).

News and current affairs
The Africans (2007)
Americana (2009–11)
Analysis (1970–)
Any Answers? (1955–)
Any Questions? (1948–)
Asian Diasporas (2007–)
The Bottom Line (2006–)
Broadcasting House (1998–)
 Checkpoint (1973–85) (became Face The Facts)
The Commission
The Copysnatchers
Crossing Continents (2002–)
 Does He Take Sugar? (1977–98)
Face the Facts (1984–2015)
Farming Today (1964-)
Farming Today This Week
File on 4 (1975–)
From Our Own Correspondent (1955–)
In Business (1975–)
In Search of the British Work Ethic (2010)
In Touch (1961–)
Inside Money
iPM (2007–)
Law in Action
Letter from America (1946–2004)
Midnight News
Money Box (1977–)
More or Less
Nice Work (2002–05)
The Pariah Profession
PM (1970–)
A Point of View (2007–)
The Politics of Hunger
Profile
Seven Days
Six O'clock News
Sport on Four (1977–98)
Straw Poll
Straw Poll Talk Back
Taking Issue
Taking a Stand
Talking Politics
Today (1957–)
Today in Parliament (1945–)
United Nations or Not?
Week in Westminster
The Westminster Hour
With Us or Against Us
The World at One (1965–)
The World This Weekend
The World Tonight (1970–)
Yesterday in Parliament (1947 Light Programme; 1957–)

Drama
A Touch of Mistletoe, 1930s-set sentimental drama
The Afternoon Play
The Archers (1950–), farming soap opera
Cashcows (2005)
The Classic Serial
Dr Finlay's Casebook
The Friday Play
Saturday Night Theatre (1943–96)
St. Berks
Talk to Sleep, 4-part comedy-drama by John Dryden
Woman's Hour Drama
Neverwhere
Tumanbay
Tracks
The Children of the Stones
The Stone Tape
The Lovecraft Investigations

Arts
The Afternoon Reading
Back Row
Book at Bedtime (1949–57 Light Programme; 1962–)
Book of the Week
Bookclub
The Film Programme
Front Row
A Good Read
Kaleidoscope (1973–98)
Loose Ends (1985–)
The Heard
Open Book
Poetry Please
Radio Lives, (1990–96) profiles of radio personalities
Radio Roots, profiles of radio personalities
The Saturday Play
Saturday Review
Soul Music
White Nights
With Great Pleasure

Quizzes
Counterpoint (1986–)
Brain of Britain
Masterteam, general knowledge quiz (2001–2006)
Prompt!, theatre quiz (1986-1988)
Round Britain Quiz
The 3rd Degree
Wildbrain, natural history quiz (1997–2002)
X Marks the Spot (1998–2006)

Comedy

Panel games
Armando Iannucci's Charm Offensive (2005–08), satirical quiz
Does the Team Think? (1957–67 Light Programme; 1968, 1970–73 Radio 2; 1970–71, 1974–76 Radio 4; 2007–09 Radio 2), parody of Any Questions?
Foul Play, writers are asked to solve a murder mystery written by host Simon Brett
Heresy (2003–), the presenter and a panel of guests commit "heresy" by challenging people's most deeply held opinions on a subject
I Guess That's Why They Call It The News (2009), satirical news-based quiz
I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue (1972–), nonsensical word and musical games played by comedians
Inspiration, quiz about inventions presented by Chris Stuart
It's Your Round (2011), game in which each contestant suggests a game to play for one round
Just a Minute (1967–), parlour game involving speaking without hesitation, deviation, or repetition
King Stupid, earlier version of panel game The 99p Challenge
Many a Slip (1964–79), contestants must spot mistakes in texts and music
The Motion Show
My Music (1967–93), musical games
My Word! (1956–90), word games played by comedy writers and journalists
The News Quiz (1977–), satirical quiz on week's news
The 99p Challenge (1998–2004), silly games and tasks
The Personality Test (2006–07), a guest host asks questions about his or herself
Petticoat Line (1965–1976), all female discussion
Puzzle Panel (1998–2005), puzzles
Quote... Unquote (1976–), quiz about quotations
So Wrong It's Right (2010–12), Charlie Brooker asks his guests to invent or nominate really awful things
The Unbelievable Truth (2007–), game in which contestants deliver a mostly untrue speech and panelists must identify true statements
We've Been Here Before, historically oriented panel show with Clive Anderson
Whispers (2003–05), quiz about celebrity rumours and gossip
Who Goes There, biographical quiz
Whose Line is it Anyway? (1988), improvisational comedy game
The Write Stuff (1998–2014), questions about literature and writing parodies of a specific author

Sitcoms
Absolute Power (2000–4), public relations company satire
Acropolis Now (2000–2), the fictional adventures of historical figures in ancient Greece
After Henry (1985–89), about three generations of women living together following a bereavement
Alison and Maud (2002–04), sitcom about sisters running a bed and breakfast
All Gas and Gaiters (1966–71), church farce starring Derek Nimmo
All the Young Dudes (2001–02), comedy-drama written by and starring Jim Sweeney
As Time Goes By (1997–99), radio adaptation of BBC TV sitcom (1992–2005) about a rekindled romance
At Home with the Snails (2001–02), somewhat surreal family sitcom about the dysfunctional family of a man who is obsessed with snails.
The Attractive Young Rabbi (1999–2002), gentle comedy about the clash of attitudes between a young female Reform Rabbi and an older, more traditional male Orthodox Rabbi
Ballylenon (1994-9 and 2009–10), sitcom set in a 1950s County Donegal village.
Beta Female
The Big Business Lark (1969), sitcom set in the boardroom of a national plastics business.
The Big Town All Stars (1998–2001), sitcom about an up-and-coming a cappella group.
The Bigger Issues (2002–03), set in world of fringe theatre
Bleak Expectations
Brian Gulliver's Travels (2011–12), a satirical modern pastiche of Gulliver's Travels
The Brothers (2004–07), sitcom about two brothers who give up their careers to design websites.
Brothers in Law (1970–2), legal comedy with Richard Briers, based on the TV series
The Cabaret of Dr Caligari, macabre comedy
Cabin Pressure, comedy about a very small airline with one plane
The Castle
Chambers, legal sitcom, later moving to TV
Clare in the Community, about a social worker
Count Arthur Strong, adventures of elderly comedian prone to malapropism
Dad's Army (1973–75), about the Home Guard during World War II
Deep Trouble, nuclear submarine comedy
Delve Special, investigative journalism parody
The Department, satirical comedy about a mysterious organisation
Do Nothing till You Hear from Me, about a trumpet player
Double Income, No Kids Yet, about a childless couple surrounded by families
Double Science, about school science teachers
Ed Reardon's Week, a struggling and aging writer
Elephants to Catch Eels, historical sitcom about Cornish smugglers
ElvenQuest, fantasy parody
The Embassy Lark, diplomatic comedy
Fags, Mags and Bags (2007–), set in a newsagent/general store
The Fall Of The Mausoleum Club (1988), macabre comedy starring Jim Broadbent
Fallen Arches (1988–89)
Four Joneses and a Jenkins, family comedy-drama set in rural Wales
Flatshare by Beth O'Leary
Flying the Flag (1987–92), Cold War diplomatic satire
Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel (on Radio 4 1990–2, originally made for NBC Blue Network), law firm satire featuring the Marx Brothers
Giles Wemmbley Hogg Goes Off, adventures of a posh idiot traveling the world
Hinge and Bracket, comedy from female impersonators:
At Home with Hinge and Bracket (1990)
The Enchanting World of Hinge and Bracket  (1977–1979)
The Random Jottings of Hinge and Bracket (1982–1989)
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1978, 1980, 2004–5), science fiction comedy by Douglas Adams
Hordes of the Things, parody of The Lord of the Rings
The House of the Spirit Levels, parody of business and northern family sagas
Hut 33 (2007–09), set among code-breakers at Bletchley Park
I Think I've Got a Problem, musical comedy with Bob Monkhouse and Suggs
In the..., black comedies based on Mark Tavener's writing
In the Red
In the Balance
In the Chair
In the End
King Street Junior, junior school
Knowing Me, Knowing You (1992–93), parody with Steve Coogan's presenter character
Ladies of Letters, sitcom with Patricia Routledge and Prunella Scales playing elderly correspondents
Legal, Decent, Honest and Truthful, advertising satire starring Martin Jarvis
Lenin of the Rovers
Linda Smith's A Brief History of Timewasting
The Little Big Woman Show, sitcom about a wannabe singer working as a temp
Little Blighty on the Down (1988–92), satirical village comedy
A Little Night Exposure (1978)
Living with the Enemy, former left-wing comedian and right-wing politician forced into house-share
The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul, Douglas Adams adaptation
Man of Soup, sitcom set in post-Soviet eastern Europe
The Masterson Inheritance, improvised historical comedy parodying costume drama
McKay the New (1989–91), sitcom
The Men from the Ministry (1962–77), civil service
Millport. Set in main town of Great Cumbrae, island in River Clyde
Milton Jones:
Another Case of Milton Jones
The House of Milton Jones
The Very World of Milton Jones
Mr and Mrs Smith, marriage guidance sitcom by British comedian Will Smith
Mr Blue Sky show about an optimistic family man by Andrew Collins
More Mr Mulliner, from PG Wodehouse's stories
The Motorway Men (1972), sitcom about labourers building motorways
Nebulous, post-apocalyptic
The Next Programme Follows Almost Immediately, 1970s show set in a comedy factory starring David Jason
The Nick Revell Show, absurdist sitcom about a writer and his talking geraniums
Night Class, Johnny Vegas sitcom about a pottery teacher
No Commitments, about three sisters
Not Today, Thank You
Old Dog and the Partridge, pub sitcom
Old Harry's Game, Andy Hamilton comedy about Satan
Our Brave Boys, set in British Ministry of Defence
Parsley Sidings, set in a quiet railway station
Party, about young people founding a new political party
The Party Line, topical political sitcom by Steve Punt and Hugh Dennis
The Quanderhorn Xperimentations (2018), a science fiction spoof by Rob Grant and Andrew Marshall
The Rapid Eye Movement, sitcom about a writer with tiny actors living in his head
Reluctant Persuaders, London's worst advertising agency. Written by Edward Rowett. Stars Nigel Havers, Josie Lawrence, Mathew Baynton, Rasmus Hardiker, Olivia Nixon and Kieran Hodgson
Rent, house share comedy
Revolting People, set US in run-up to American Revolutionary War
Rigor Mortis, in hospital pathology department
Ring Around the Bath, domestic sitcom
Robin and Wendy's Wet Weekends
Romantic Friction, sitcom about a romance writer
Ronan the Amphibian (2003), about a financial adviser turned into an amphibian by aliens
Rudy's Rare Records, set in a record store starring Lenny Henry
Scenes from Provincial Life, adaptation of William Cooper's novel
Sean Lock:
Sean Lock, 15 Storeys High, sitcom
Sean Lock's 15 Minutes Of Misery, sitcom
Seymour the Fractal Cat, science fiction
Share and Share Alike, sitcom about a share-dealing club
The Six Mothers-in-law of HenryVIII (2003), an unreliable history of Tudor times created and written by Barry Grossman
The Shuttleworths, comedy about domestic life of character John Shuttleworth
Smelling of Roses, Prunella Scales as an event manager
Snap, divorce sitcom by Paul Mendelson
The Sofa of Time, fantasy comedy
Something or Other, dark comedy by Alex Bartlette and Grant Cathro
Stanley Baxter and Friends, series of 4 sitcoms
Stockport, so Good they Named it Once, comedy drama
Think the Unthinkable (2001–05), about management consultants
Three Men Went to Mow (2002–03), gardening sitcom
Tim Merryman's Days of Clover (2003), business sitcom
Time For Mrs Milliner, Jane Asher hat-making sitcom
To the Manor Born
Toad Squad, episode of Hopes and Desires re-broadcast as a one-off
Truly, Madly, Bletchley, sitcom about public access radio
Two Doors Down, sitcom set in suburban Glasgow
Unnatural Acts, sitcom about a married couple
Up the Garden Path, family comedy from Sue Limb's novel
Tomorrow, Today!, science fiction parody
Vongole, campus comedy with Bill Nighy
Weak at the Top, business and management satire
Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? (1975), adaptation of TV series about two working-class men
Creighton Wheeler, a Zelig-like figure in two series:
Wheeler's Fortune
Wheeler's Wonder
A Whole 'Nother Story, sitcom
Wild Things, garden centre sitcom
Winston in Love, Peter Tinniswood sitcom
The Wordsmiths at Gorsemere, romantic poetry spoof by Sue Limb from her book
World of Pub, pub sitcom
Yes Minister, adaptation of satire about politician and civil service
You'll Have Had Your Tea (2002–07), silly comedy using Barry Cryer and Graeme Garden's long-running characters

Sketch shows
And Now in Colour, sketch show
Armstrong and Miller
The Atkinson People, spoof profiles
Auntie's Secret Box (1996)
Beachcomber, by the Way, surreal comedy
Bearded Ladies
The Big Booth, sketch show with Boothby Graffoe and others
Bigipedia, high-concept sketch show set within a fictional wikipedia-like website
The Burkiss Way
The Cheese Shop
Chewin' the Fat
The Children's Hour, spoof children's show reports
Cliché (1981)
Concrete Cow (2002–03)
The Consultants (2003–05)
The Curried Goat Show, sketch show
Dan and Nick: The Wildebeest Years
Dead Ringers
Dial M for Pizza
Don't Start
Down the Line
Five Squeezy Pieces, largely female sketch show
Forty Nights in the Wildebeest sketch show, follow up to Dan and Nick: The Wildebeest Years
Goodness Gracious Me
The Grumbleweeds Radio Show (1979–88 Radio 2; ? –91)
The Harpoon
Harry Hill's Fruit Corner
Hearing with Hegley, sketch show with poet John Hegley
The Hudson and Pepperdine Show
The In Crowd, sketch show from Manchester including Robin Ince
In One Ear, sketch show
Injury Time (1980–82), Oxbridge performers in revue sketches
The Jason Explanation, sketch show with David Jason
John Finnemore's Souvenir Programme (2011 to present)
Laura Solon: Talking and Not Talking
The League Against Tedium, Simon Munnery
On the Town With the League of Gentlemen (1997)
Lines From My Grandfather's Forehead (1971–72)
Lionel Nimrod's Inexplicable World, parodic show exploring a different topic each week
Listen Against, parodying British radio
Listen to Les, Les Dawson
Little Britain
A Look Back at the Nineties, satirical sketches
Marriott's Monologues, monologues by comic writer Marriott Edgar
The Mel and Sue Thing
The Michael Bentine Show
The Boosh
The Miles and Millner Show, music and sketches
The Milligan Papers
Milligna (or Your Favourite Spike), Spike Milligan sketch show
The Million Pound Radio Show
The Museum of Everything
Naked Radio
The Now Show (1998–)
The Omar Khayyam Show, Spike Milligan comedy
On the Hour (1991–92)
The Pin, winner of 'Best Comedy' at 2016 BBC Radio Awards
Radio Active (1980–7)
Radio9
The Reduced Shakespeare Radio Show, Shakespeare parody
Round The Horne
Saturday Night Fry (1988)
Six Geese a Laying, Zoe Lyons
The Six Mothers in Law of Henry VIII, parodic history documentary
The Skewer
The Skivers, sketches
The Small World of Dominic Holland, standup and sketches
Son of Cliché (1983–84)
Struck Off and Die, medical themed sketches and vox pops
The Sunday Format
A Swift Laugh, Griff Rhys Jones selects great comedy moments
That Mitchell and Webb Sound
This Is Craig Brown, satirical sketches
Two Thousand Years of Radio, comedy with Claire Downes and Stuart Lane
Week Ending (1970–98)

Individual comedy plays
The 15 Minute Musical (2004–)
Kenneth William's Playhouse (1975)
Trapped, series of comedy dramas about trapped people, by Mark and Daniel Maier

Stand-up, cabaret, and variety
 Alexei Sayle's Imaginary Sandwich Bar
Boothby Graffoe In No Particular Order
The Cabaret Upstairs, introduced by Clive Anderson
Four at the Store, stand-up
Four in a Field, stand-up from Glastonbury Festival and Latitude Festival
The Frankie Howerd (Variety) Show
Henry Normal's Encyclopedia Poetica, spoof guide to poetry with readings from comic poets
Ken Dodd's Palace of Laughter, from his touring show
The Ken Dodd Show
King Cutler, Phyllis King and Ivor Cutler performing songs, poems, and stories
Mark Watson Makes the World Substantially Better
Mark Steel's in Town, performed in venues around (and outside) the UK
Ross Noble Goes Global (2002–04)
Ross Noble On...
A Set and a Song, comedy and music
Sounding Off with McGough, performances by poet Roger McGough
Stand Up 2
Stand Up America
Stand Up Great Britain
Stand Ups and Strumpets

Talks
Chris Addison:
The Ape That Got Lucky
Chris Addison's Civilisation (2006)
Fanshawe Gets to the Bottom of
Frank Muir Goes Into, comedian takes a humorous look at different topics
Guy Browning's Small Talk, humorous life coaching advice
Rainer Hersch:
All Classical Music Explained
Rainer Hersch's 20th Century Retrospective
It's a Fair Cop
Jeremy Hardy Speaks to the Nation
Life, Death and Sex with Mike and Sue
Mark Steel:
The Mark Steel Lectures (1999–2002)
The Mark Steel Revolution (1998)
The Mark Steel Solution (1992 Radio 5; 1994–96)
Mitch Benn's Crimes Against Music
People Like Us (1995–97)
The Problem with Adam Bloom with Adam Bloom
Round Ireland with a Fridge, by Tony Hawks, later a film
Where Did It All Go Wrong?, monologues from Simon Munnery
Will Smith Presents the Tao of Bergerac

Documentaries
Absent Friends, documentary about off-screen comedy characters by Alan Stafford
The Borscht Belt, documentary by David Prest
Cartoons, Lampoons, and Buffoons (1998)
Comedy Album Heroes, Greg Proops presents show about classic comedy albums
Double Trouble, documentary about famous comedy double acts
Fred Housego's Unknowns, documentary about lesser-known comedians
How Tickled Am I, profiles of comedians and comic actors by Mark Radcliffe
Palace of Laughter (2002–03), Geoffrey Wheeler visits old music halls
Radio Anarchists, profile of American 1960s pranksters Coyle and Sharpe
Radio Fun, series on comics presented by Bob Monkhouse
Should We Be Laughing?, documentary about disability in comedy
Six Characters in Search of an Answer, profiling well-known comedy characters
There'll Never be Another, documentary on comedy with Graeme Garden
Turns of the Century, comedy documentary

Science, technology and medicine
All in the Mind (2003–)
Another Five Numbers
Brief History of the End of Everything
Britain's X-Files
Case Notes
A Cell for All Seasons
Changing Places
Check Up
Climate Wars
The Columbia Astronauts
Connect
Costing the Earth
Dial a Scientist — (~1976) (see Brian J. Ford (scientist))
Emotional Rollercoaster
Five Numbers
Frontiers
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Home Planet
The Infinite Monkey Cage
The Life Scientific
Land Lines
Leading Edge
Life as an Adult
Life as a Teenager
Life in Middle Age
Lifeblood
Living with Pain
Living World
Material World
Medicine Now
Mind Changers
The Mozart Effect
Nature
Nature's Magic
The New X-Files
One Man's Medicine
Patient Progress: Strokes
Rainforests of the Deep
Red Planet
Reith Lectures
Science Now (1974–1975+ (?)) (see Brian J. Ford)
Scientists in a Shoebox
Seeds of Trouble
Small Dog on Mars
Stars in Their Eyes
Swan Migration
Tales of Cats and Comets
Think About It
Tweet of the Day (2013-)
A Twist to Life
Unearthing Mysteries
Walk Out to Winter
What Remains to Be Discovered?
Whatever you think
Where are you taking us?
Wild Europe
Wild Underground
World on the Move
Wrestling with Words

Religion and ethics
Bells on Sunday
Beyond Belief
Bigots and Believers
The Choice
Church Going
The Daily Service (1925 Daventry 5XX; 1929 National Programme; 1939–)
Devout Sceptics
Four Noble Truths
A Higher Place (2002)
In the Footsteps of Moses
Lent Talks
The Long Search (1977)
Missionaries
The Moral Maze (1990–)
Prayer for the Day
The Real Patron Saints
Something Understood (1995–)
Sounding the Divine
Sunday
Sunday Worship
Ten to Eight (1965–70)
Thought for the Day (1970–)
Words from the Cross

History
A History of the World in 100 Objects (2010–)
The Norman Way (2004)
Apprentice
Back to Beeching
The Child Migrants
City of the Sharp Nosed Fish
Creme de la Crime, documentary about famous crimes with Steve Punt and Hugh Dennis
The Dark Origins of Britain
The Decade of Self-doubt
Document
Falkland Families
For What It's Worth
Great Lives
Heroes and Villains
A History of Human Folly
In Our Time (1998–)
Lend Me Your Ears
The Long View
Making History
Mapping the Town
Memory Like Shells Bursting
Reconciling Histories
The Reunion
The Roman Way
The Routes of English
The Secret Museum
Soldier, Sailor
Spies R US: the history of the CIA
The Telemark Heroes
This Sceptred Isle (1995–)
The Three Voyages of Captain Cook
Tiger Tales
Voices of the Powerless
What If..?
Why Did We Do That?

Factual
The Archive Hour
Between Ourselves
Breakaway (1979–98)
Cartoon Clichés
Chetham's School of Music
Community Caring
Cutting a Dash
A Dance through Time
Darcus and Dickens
Deep Blue
Desert Island Discs (1942–), long-running show in which a guest picks their favourite records
A Different World
Down Your Way
Excess Baggage
Feedback: Radio series
File on 4, documentary reports
The Food Programme
Four Corners
Four Thought
Herbs: Pure and Simple
Home This Afternoon (1964–70)
The House I Grew Up In
Gardeners' Question Time (1947–), long-running horticultural advice from a panel of experts
Go 4 It
Going Places
Great Lives
Home Truths (1998–2006)
In Living Memory
In Our Time (2002–)
In Touch
An Indian in Bloomsbury
Is It On?
It's My Story: Physician, Heal Thyself
Last Word
The Learning Curve
Let's Pretend
The Message
Nothing to Do But Drink
On the Ropes
On Your Farm
Open Country
Painted Fabrics
Poisoned Angel: the Story of Alma Rosé
Public Records, Private Lives
Questions, Questions
Ramblings
Reel Histories
Subterranean Stories
Thinking Allowed
This Sceptred Isle (1995–1996, 1999, 2001, 2005–2006)
Traveller's Tree
Travels with my Anti-Semitism (1999), David Cohen
Veg Talk
Weekend Woman's Hour
Winnie the Pooh Lost and Found
Woman's Hour (1946 Light Programme; 1973–), magazine program aimed at women
Word of Mouth
A World in Your Ear
You and Yours (1970–)

Conversations
Chain Reaction, light-hearted interviews with each guest becoming the following week's host
Genius, members of the public present ideas to make the world better
In Conversation With, interviews, mainly with comedians
Loose Ends (1986–)
Midweek
Never the Same Again (1986–95)
Off The Page
Room 101, in which celebrities pick their most-hated things
Start the Week
Stop The Week (1974–1992)
That Reminds Me, reminiscences from celebrities
Where Are You Taking Us? (1973?)-1974? (also see Brian J. Ford (presenter))

Miscellaneous
After Eden
After Happy Ever
Listen with Mother (1950 Light Programme; 1973–82)
Pick of the Week
Radio 4 Appeal
UK Theme (1973–2006)
Saturday Live
Shipping Forecast (1925 Daventry 5XX; 1929–39 National Programme; 1945 Light Programme; 1967 Radio 2; 1978–)
Test Match Special (1956 Third Programme; 1967 Radio 3; 1994–)
Weather Forecast (1922 London 2LO; 1925 Daventry 5XX; 1929–39 National Programme; 1945–)

References

External links
BBC Radio 4 site – A-Z of all Radio 4 programmes

Radio 4 programmes
BBC Radio 4 programmes

List of BBC Radio 4 programmes


Chanco is a name traditionally assigned to a Native American who is said to have warned a Jamestown colonist, Richard Pace, about an impending Powhatan attack in 1622.  This article discusses how the Native American came to be known as Chanco.

Unnamed Indian
The Native American's warning to Richard Pace is described in the London Company's official account of the 1622 attack, but the Native American is not named.  He is described only as a converted Native American "belonging to one Perry":

The account later makes reference to other Native Americans who warned settlers of the impending attack:

None of the Native Americans who gave warnings are named.

Chauco
A Native American named Chauco is mentioned in a letter from the Council in Virginia to the Virginia Company of London, dated April 4, 1623:

"Chauco" misread as "Chancho"
In 1740, William Stith published his History of the first discovery and settlement of Virginia.  According to a description of the book on the Library of Congress website, ""William Stith compiled this detailed factual history of Virginia by culling material from the Records of the Virginia Company, a manuscript archive that Jefferson later owned and used in his own work."  The archive was subsequently acquired by the Library of Congress and is now available online

Stith evidently read the letter in which Chauco's peace mission is mentioned, and concluded that Chauco (misread by Stith as "Chanco") was the same person as the Native American who warned Richard Pace.  This identification is explicitly made by Stith in the following passage:

Whether Stith's identification was correct or mistaken, remains undetermined.  In Pocahontas's People, Helen C. Rountree argues that Chauco and the Pace's Paines Native American have probably been wrongly conflated.

Whatever the truth, the name "Chanco" has by now been firmly established in folklore as the name of "the Native American who saved Jamestown," and seems unlikely ever to be dislodged.

Appearances In Modern Culture
Chanco on the James (formerly Camp Chanco) is an outdoor events facility & summer camp in Surry County, Virginia owned & operated by the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Virginia.

References

People of the Powhatan Confederacy
17th-century Native Americans

Chanco


قصر وندزور أو قلعة وندسور أو كما تلفظ وِنزُر (إنكليزية،Windsor Castle)، في ويندسور في المقاطعة الإنجليزية بيركشاير، المملكة المتحدة، هي أكبر قلعة ماهوله في العالم، ويعود تاريخها إلى فترة وليام الفاتح، هي الأقدم في فترة الاحتلال المستمر. قد تكون من أكثر قلاع شهرة في العالم.مساحة أرض القلعة حوالي 484000 قدم مربع (حوالي 45000 متر مربع).
جنبا إلى جنب مع قصر باكنغهام في لندن وهولي رود قصر في ادنبرة، من أهم أماكن الإقامة الرسمية للتاج البريطاني.تقضي الملكة اليزابيث الثانية الكثير من عطل نهاية الاسبوع في السنة في القلعة، وتستخدمها كمكان للتسلية الرسمية والخاصة على حد سواء. والمسكنان الاخران لها، هم دار ساندرينغام وقلعة بالمورال، التي هي المنزل الخاص للاسرة الحاكمة.
معظم الملوك والملكات من إنجلترا كان لها تأثير مباشر على البناء والتطور للقلعة، والتي هي القلعة الحامية لهم، والمنزل، و القصر الرسمي، وأحيانا سجنهم. تاريخ القلعة والملكية البريطانية يرتبطان ارتباطا وثيقا. يمكن ارجاع زمن تاريخ القلعة من خلال عهود الملوك الذين قطنونها. عندما كانت البلاد تعيش في سلام، القلعة اتسع نطاقها من الإضافات الكبيرة والشقق الكبرى ؛ عندما كان البلد في حالة حرب، كانت القلعة محصنه بكثافه أكبر. وقد استمرت هذا النمط حتى يومنا هذا.

على مدى 1000 سنة من تاريخ، تغيّر تصميم قلعة وندسور وتطور وفقا للزمان، والأذواق ومتطلبات الملوك المالية المتعاقبه. ومع ذلك، فان مواقع السمات الرئيسية ظلت ثابتة إلى حد كبير، والحديث خطة ادناه هو دليل مفيد إلى المواقع. القلعة اليوم، على سبيل المثال، لا تزال تتمحور حول علوة أو هضبة مصطنعة، والتي بنى وويليام الفاتح أول قلعة خشبية فيها.

مراجع

قصر وندسور
تأسيسات القرن 11 في إنجلترا
دور ملكية في إنجلترا
قصور في إنجلترا
قصور ملكية
قلاع تراثية من المستوى الأول
قلاع في بيركشاير
مبان تراثية في إنجلترا
مبان تراثية مدرجة في المستوى الأول
مبان ومنشآت اكتملت في القرن 11
متاحف تاريخية في بيركشاير
متاحف فنية ومعارض في بيركشاير
مواقع جذب سياحي في باركشير
ويليام الفاتح

قلعة وندسور


An Habenaria cochleicalcar in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Marie Bosser. An Habenaria cochleicalcar in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria cochleicalcar