Richard Allen Boone (født 18. juni 1917 i Los Angeles, død 10. januar 1981 i St. Augustine) var en amerikansk skuespiller, som optrådte i over 50 film og var kendt for sine roller i westerns og for tv-serien Have Gun – Will Travel.

Udvalgt filmografi

Film
 Brændende horisonter (1951) – Lt. Col. Gilfillan
 Gaucho'en (1952) – Major Salinas
 Duellen på havets bund (1953) – Thomas Rhys
 Alamo (1960) – General Sam Houston
 En torden af trommer (1961) – Captain Stephen Maddocks
 Rio Conchos (1964) – Maj. James 'Jim' Lassiter
 Ridderen fra Normandiet (1965) – Bors
 De kaldte ham Hombre (1967) – Grimes
 Brevet til Kreml (1969) – Vagt
 Big Jake (1971) – John Fain
 Seksløberen som blev tavs (1976) – Sweeney
 Hobbitten (1977) – Smaug, stemme
 Marlowe går til sagen (1978) – Lash Canino

Tv-serier
 Medic (1954-56) – Dr. Konrad Styner
 Have Gun – Will Travel (1957–63) – Paladin
 The Richard Boone Show (1963–64) – Vært

Litteratur
 O'Hara, Maureen. 'Tis Herself: An Autobiography; Simon & Schuster; Marts 2005;
 Rothel, David. Richard Boone: A Knight Without Armor in a Savage Land ; Empire Publishing; August 2001;

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Californien
Filmskuespillere fra USA
Tv-skuespillere fra USA
Teaterskuespillere fra USA
Personer fra Los Angeles

Richard Boone (skuespiller)


An Pleurothallis arachnopsis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry Gordon Jones. An Pleurothallis arachnopsis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Guyana. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis arachnopsis


Imperfeita (estilizado como IMPERFEITA) é o álbum de estúdio de estreia da cantora e compositora brasileira Flay, lançado em 9 de março de 2023 de forma independente pela ONErpm.

Lista de faixas

Álbuns de estreia de 2023
Álbuns independentes
Álbuns em língua portuguesa

Imperfeita


El patriarcado es un grupo de diócesis que hacen referencia a un obispo que tiene el título de patriarca. Se definen como patriarcal tanto a las diócesis como a las iglesias que son sede del patriarcado y del patriarca.

Antiguos patriarcados
Los cinco patriarcados más importantes de la iglesia antigua fueron:

Patriarcado de Roma
Patriarcado de Alejandría
Patriarcado de Antioquía
Patriarcado de Jerusalén
Patriarcado de Constantinopla

Patriarcados modernos

Iglesia ortodoxa
Las Iglesias ortodoxas y orientales tienen un patriarca al frente de cada Iglesia autocéfala patriarcal. Los patriarcados de la Iglesia ortodoxa son:
Patriarcado de Constantinopla
Patriarcado de Alejandría
Patriarcado de Antioquía
Patriarcado de Jerusalén
Patriarcado de Moscú
Patriarcado de los Serbios
Patriarcado de Rumanía
Patriarcado de Bulgaria
Patriarcado de Georgia

Patriarcados ortodoxos que no están en comunión con Constantinopla
Patriarcado de Moscú de la antigua Iglesia ortodoxa rusa

Iglesia católica

Patriarcados orientales

En la Iglesia católica oriental existen los siguientes patriarcados (de diversos ritos orientales):
Patriarcado de Alejandría de los coptos
Patriarcado de Antioquía de los maronitas (con sede en Bkerké, en El Líbano)
Patriarcado de Antioquía de los sirios (con sede en Beirut, en El Líbano)
Patriarcado de Antioquía de los melquitas (con sede en Damasco, Siria)
Patriarcado de Bagdad de los caldeos
Patriarcado de Cilicia de los armenios (con sede en Beirut, en El Líbano)

Patriarcados latinos
En la Iglesia católica occidental, el título de patriarca es honorífico y es concedido a algunos arzobispos. En la actualidad existen los siguientes patriarcados de rito romano:
Patriarcado latino de Jerusalén
Patriarcado de Lisboa
Patriarcado de Venecia
Además de los anteriores, están los siguientes patriarcados titulares:
 Patriarcado de las Indias Occidentales (sede vacante desde 1963)
 Patriarcado de las Indias Orientales (posee la arquidiócesis de Goa y Damián)

También hubo un Patriarcado de Cartagena (siglo VII), Patriarcado de Grado (suprimido en 1451, cuando el título de patriarca se transfirió a la sede de Venecia), el Patriarcado de Aquilea (en 1751) y, más recientemente, los patriarcados latinos de Alejandría, Constantinopla y Antioquia, los tres suprimidos en 1964 por el papa Pablo VI. Durante un determinado período de tiempo (en la Edad Media) el arzobispado de Bourges tuvo el título de patriarca.

En 2006 el papa Benedicto XVI renunció al título de Patriarca de Occidente, por la imprecisión que ha adquirido el concepto de Occidente y por su contraposición a los Patriarcas de Oriente, manteniendo de hecho el patriarcado de la Iglesia latina.

Véase también
Patriarca

Referencias

Patriarcas

Patriarcado (cristianismo)


Søster er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2004 instrueret af Kaspar Munk.

Handling
"Nogle gange tænker jeg på, hvor jeg hører til"
 Hvornår er vi i familie med et andet menneske?
 En personlig dokumentar om instruktørens forhold til sin søster, efter han selv er blevet far.

Medvirkende

 Trine Fuglsang
 Kaspar Munk

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2004

Søster (dokumentarfilm)


අර්මග් යනු ප්‍රාන්ත ආමාග් හී ප්‍රාන්ත නගරය වන අතර, උතුරු අයර්ලන්තයේ නගරයක් මෙන්ම සිවිල් පල්ලියකි.
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles with OS grid coordinates
අයිරිෂ්-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි
අර්මග්

අර්මග්


خيرسونيسوس (Χερσόνησος) هي مدينة تقع في وسط جزيرة كريت في اليونان. تبعد المدينة حوالي 25 كيلومترًا شرق كاندية وغرب آغيوس نيكولاوس. وهي جزء من الوحدة الإقليمية في هيراكليون. مقر الحكومة المحلية هو قرية جورنز.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1428 نسمة.

التاريخ
كانت مدينة خيرسونيسوس القديمة مهمة في مقاطعة كريت وبرقة الرومانية وأصبحن أسقفية مسيحية، وهي أسقفية تابعة لأسقفية غورتينا.

يظهر أسماء بعض أساقفتها في الوثائق الموجودة: شارك أنديريوس في مجمع أفسس عام 431؛ لونجينوس في مجمع أفسس الثاني عام 449؛ كان يوفراتس أحد الموقعين على الرسالة التي أرسلها أساقفة المقاطعة إلى الإمبراطور ليو الأول التراقي عام 458 بعد مقتل بروتيريوس الإسكندري. حضر سيسينيوس في مجلس ترولان عام 692؛ وسيسينيوس آخر في مجمع نيقية الثاني عام 787.

مراجع

السياحة في اليونان
مدن اليونان
بلديات كريت

خيرسونيسوس (إراكليون)


ARDS est un sigle qui peut désigner :
 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (en français, syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë).

Ards - anciennement The Ards, ou Ardes, est un toponyme irlandais qui peut désigner :
 péninsule d'Ards, en Irlande
 Ards, surnom de la ville de Newtownards, en Irlande du Nord ;
 Ards Football Club ;
 borough d'Ards (ou Ards), un ancien district de gouvernement local de l'Irlande-du-Nord.

ARDS


246789 Pattinson este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
246789 Pattinson este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Zelenchukskaya Station de Timur V. Kryachko. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,42 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 4,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 246001-247000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2009
Centura de asteroizi

246789 Pattinson


Yrsa, Yrse, Yrs or Urse (fl. 6th century) was a tragic heroine of early Scandinavian legend.

She appears in several versions relating to her husband, the Swedish king Eadgils, and/or to her father and rapist/lover/husband Halga (the younger brother of King Hrothgar who received aid from Beowulf) and their son Hrólfr Kraki. The common claim in Beowulf studies that Hrólfr Kraki probably was the son of Halga is taken from the Yrsa tradition. Several translators (e.g. Burton Raffel) and scholars have emended her name from a corrupt line (62) in the manuscript of Beowulf, although this is guesswork.

Scholarly analysis
The name Yrsa is not known from other Norse sources and may be derived from Latin Ursus ("bear"). It has been suggested that if she had any historic antecedent, she may have been Frankish and captured by Helgi in one of his raids. Scholars have noted chronological inconsistencies, in the traditions on Yrsa, in studies on whether there is a historical background. When Aðils was old enough to marry, Yrsa would already have been rather old, and they would have married for political reasons. According to a theory, she would have been the sister of Helgi, and before marrying Aðils, she would have been the wife of his brother Áli. In this way an emended line in Beowulf (1. 62) would be explained.

In the Icelandic sagas

Hrólfr Kraki's saga
In Hrólfr Kraki's saga, Helgi (i.e. Halga) went to the Saxons wanting to woo their warlike Queen Oluf. She was, however, not interested and humiliated Helgi by shaving his head and covering him with tar, while he was asleep, and sending him back to his ship. Some time later, Helgi returned and through a ruse, he kidnapped the queen for a while during which time he made her pregnant.

Having returned to her kingdom, the queen bore a child, a girl which she named Yrsa after her dog. Yrsa was sent to live as a shepherd, until she was 12 years old, when she met her father Helgi who fell in love with her, not knowing it was his daughter. Oluf kept quiet about the parentage and saw it as her revenge that Helgi would wed his own daughter. Helgi and Yrsa had the son Hrólfr Kraki (Hroðulf).

Learning that Helgi and Yrsa lived happily together, Queen Oluf travelled to Denmark to tell her daughter the truth. Yrsa was shocked and although Helgi wanted their relationship to remain as it was, Yrsa insisted on leaving him to live alone. She was later taken by the Swedish king Aðils (Eadgils) as his queen, which made Helgi even unhappier.

Missing Yrsa, Helgi went to Uppsala to fetch her, but was killed by Aðils in battle. Yrsa was naturally upset that the man who was closest to her was killed by her husband, and promised Aðils that his berserkers would all be slain if she could help it. She was no happier in the king's company and she was not interested in making up with him either. Later, when a young Swedish warrior named Svipdag arrived to test his skills, she greatly supported him in his fights with the berserkers who eventually were all slain. Svipdag chose not to remain with King Eadils and instead he sought service with Yrsa's son Hrólfr who had succeeded Helgi as the king of Denmark.

After some time, when Aðils owed Hrólfr not only the gold he had taken from Helgi during the battle, but also tribute for his help fighting king Áli (i.e. Onela of Beowulf) in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern, Hrólfr arrived at Uppsala to gather his tribute. Aðils did his best to stop Hrólfr through different ruses, but had to go away to gather reinforcements. While the Swedish king was gone, Yrsa provided her son with more gold than was due to him. Then she gave Hrólfr and his men twelve of the Swedish king's best horses (Aðils was famous for his well-bred horses), and all the armour and provisions they needed.

Hrólfr took a fond farewell of his mother and departed over the Fyrisvellir. When they saw Aðils and his warriors in pursuit, they spread the gold behind themselves. Aðils saw his precious Svíagris on the ground and stooped to pick it up with his spear, whereupon Hrólfr cut his back with his sword and screamed in triumph that he had bent the back of the most powerful man in Sweden.

Later, Hrólfr was killed by his brother-in-law Hjörvarðr (i.e. the Heoroweard of Beowulf) through treason and when the battle was over Hrólfr's sister the half-elven Skuld ruled Denmark. Yrsa exacted revenge by sending a large Swedish army led by Vogg who captured Skuld before she could summon her army. Skuld was tortured to death and Hrólfr's daughters took over the rule of Denmark.

This account resembles that of the Gesta Danorum, but is more elaborate. A notable difference is that Yrsa is no longer Danish but Saxon, and that Yrsa stayed in Sweden, when her son Hroðulf fled Eadgils with the gold.

Skjöldunga saga
The Skjöldunga saga relates that Helgo (Halga) was the king of Denmark together with his brother Roas (Hroðgar). Helgo raped Olava, the queen of the Saxons, and she bore a daughter named Yrsa. The girl later married king Adillus (Eadgils), the king of Sweden. Yrsa and Adillus had the daughter Scullda.

Some years later, Helgo attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa. He raped Yrsa, his own daughter, and took her back to Denmark, where she bore the son Rolfo (Hroðulf). After a few years, Yrsa's mother, Queen Olava, came to visit her and told her that Helgo was her own father. In horror, Yrsa returned to Adillus, leaving her son behind. Helgo died when Rolfo was eight years old, and Rolfo succeeded him, and ruled together with his uncle Roas. Not much later, Roas was killed by his half-brothers Rærecus and Frodo (Froda), whereupon Rolfo became the sole king of Denmark.

In Sweden, Yrsa and Adillus married their Scullda to the king of Öland, Hiørvardus (also called Hiorvardus and Hevardus, and who corresponds to Heoroweard in Beowulf). As her half-brother Rolfo was not consulted about this marriage, he was infuriated and he attacked Öland and made Hiørvardus and his kingdom tributary to Denmark.

Adillus requested Rolfo's aid against the Norwegian king Ale (Onela). Rolfo sent his berserkers, but when the war had been won, Adillus refused to pay. Rolfo came to Uppsala and after some adventures he could flee with Adillus' gold, helped by his mother Yrsa, and he "sowed" it on the Fyrisvellir.

This account differs from Hrólf Kraki's saga in the respect that Yrsa was first peacefully married to Eadgils, and later captured by Halga, who raped her and made her pregnant with Hroðulf. In Hrólfr Kraki's saga, she was first captured by Halga who had Hroðulf with him. Learning that Halga was her father, she returned to Saxland from where Eadgils kidnapped her. In Hrólfr Kraki's saga, Helgi dies when more or less trying to save her from Eagdils, while the Skjöldunga saga presents her marriage with Eadgils as a happier one, and Halga died in a different war expedition.

Ynglinga saga
The Skjöldunga saga was used by Snorri Sturluson as a source when he told the story of Aðils (Eadgils) and Yrsa. What remains of the Skjöldunga saga is a Latin summary by Arngrímur Jónsson, and so the two versions are basically the same, the main difference being that Arngrímur's version is more terse.

Snorri relates that Aðils betook himself to pillage the Saxons, whose king was Geirþjófr and queen Alof the Great. The king and consort were not at home, and so Aðils and his men plundered their residence at ease driving cattle and captives down to the ships. One of the captives was a remarkably beautiful girl named Yrsa, and Snorri writes that everyone was soon impressed with the well-mannered, pretty and intelligent girl. Most impressed was Aðils who made her his queen.

Some years later, Helgi (Halga), who ruled in Lejre, attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa. He raped Yrsa, his own daughter, and took her back to Lejre, where they had a son, Hrólfr (Hroðulf). When the boy was three years of age, Yrsa's mother, Queen Alof of Saxony, came to visit her and told her that her husband Helgi was her own father. Horrified, Yrsa returned to Aðils, leaving her son behind, and stayed in Sweden for the rest of her life. When Hrólfr was eight years old, Helgi died during a war expedition and Hrólfr was proclaimed king.

Snorri finishes his account by briefly mentioning that the Skjöldunga saga contained an extensive account of how Hrólfr came to Uppsala and sowed gold on the Fyrisvellir.

Skáldskaparmál
In the Skáldskaparmál, Yrsa's husband King Aðils (Eadgils) requested Yrsa's son Hrólfr's help against the Norwegian king Áli (Onela). Hrólfr was busy fighting the Saxons but sent his berserkers.

When Hrólfr heard that Aðils refused to pay, he set off to Uppsala. They brought the ships to the river Fyris and rode directly to the Swedish king's hall at Uppsala with his twelve berserkers. Yrsa welcomed them and led them to their lodgings. Fires were prepared for them and they were given drinks. However, so much wood was heaped on the fires that the clothes started to burn away from their bodies. Hrólfr and his men had enough and threw the courtiers on the fire. Yrsa arrived and gave them a horn full of gold, the ring Svíagris and asked them to flee. As they rode over the Fyrisvellir, they saw Aðils and his men pursuing them. The fleeing men threw their gold on the plain so that the pursuers would stop to collect the gold. Aðils, however, continued the chase on his horse Slöngvir. Hrólfr then threw Svíagris and saw how Aðils stooped down to pick up the ring with his spear. Hrólfr exclaimed that he had seen the mightiest man in Sweden bend his back.

Gróttasöngr
The Gróttasöngr contains a stanza (nr 22) sung by the giantesses Fenja and Menja. It only names Yrsa and the situation that her son and brother (i.e. Hroðulf) will avenge Fródi (Froda):

This piece cannot refer to Hrólfr Kraki's saga where Froda was the half-brother of Healfdene because this Froda was killed by Hroðgar. It can, however, be interpreted through the Skjöldunga saga in which Hroðulf's uncle Hroðgar was murdered by his half-brother Froda.

In other pre-modern sources

Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses
The Chronicon Lethrense (and the included Annales Lundenses) tells that one day, the Danish king Helghe arrived in Halland/Lolland and slept with Thore, the daughter of one of Ro's farmers. This resulted in Yrse. Much later, he met Yrse, and without knowing that she was his daughter, he made her pregnant with Rolf Krage. Lastly, he found out that Yrse was his own daughter, went east and killed himself.

Ro is the same personage as Hroðgar, who received Beowulf at Heorot. His co-king Helghe is the same as Hroðgar's brother Halga, and Rolf Krage is the same personage as Hroðgar's nephew Hroðulf. However, in Beowulf, it is never explained in what way they were uncle and nephew.

Gesta Danorum
The Gesta Danorum (Book 2) reports that Helgo was the brother of the Danish King Ro, but whereas Ro was king of the Danish lands, Helgo had inherited the sea. One day during his sea roving, arrived at Thurø, where he found and raped the young girl Thora, who became pregnant with Urse. When Helgo, after many years, returned to Thurø, Thora avenged her lost virginity by sending Urse to Helgo who, unknowingly, raped his own daughter. This resulted in Roluo Kraki.

During a Swedish invasion, Ro was killed by Hothbrodd, the King of Sweden. Helgo avenged his brother's death and made the Swedes pay tribute. However, he then chose to commit suicide due to his shame for his incestuous relationship with Urse, and their son Roluo Kraki succeeded him. Athislus, the new King of Sweden, thought that the tribute to the Daner might be smaller if he married the Danish king's mother, and so took Urse for his queen. However, after some time, Urse was so upset with the Swedish king's greediness that she thought out a ruse to run away from the king and at the same time liberate him of his wealth. She incited Athislus to rebel against Roluo, and arranged so that Roluo would be invited and promised a wealth in gifts.

When the banquet had lasted for three days, Urse and Roluo escaped from Uppsala, early in the morning in carriages where they had put all the Swedish king's treasure. In order to lessen their burden, and to occupy any pursuing warriors they spread gold in their path, although there was a rumour that she only spread gilded copper. When Athislus, who was pursuing the escapers saw that a precious ring was lying on the ground, he bent down to pick it up. Roluo was pleased to see the King of Sweden bent down, and escaped in the ships with his mother.

This account is more elaborate than that of Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses. Helgo is the same personage as Helghe/Halga. His brother the Danish King Ro is the same as Hroðgar, Roluo is the same as Hroðulf/Rolf Krage, and the Swedish King Athislus is the same as Eadgils, the Swedish king of Beowulf. Yrse is here called Urse, and the story of her son fleeing the Swedish king with all his treasure is also found in the following accounts. It is noteworthy that all the Danish sources, Chronicon Lethrense, Annales Lundenses and Gesta Danorum differ on where Halga found Yrsa, but make her Danish. The Icelandic sources that follow make her a Saxon, on the other hand, and not Danish.

Beowulf
The poem Beowulf reads (lines 59–63):
59  Ðæm feower bearn    forðgerimed
60  in worold wocun    weoroda ræswa
61  heorogar. 7 hroðgar    7 halga til
62  hyrde ic ꝥ    elan cwen
63  heaðo-Scilfingas    healsgebedda
This appears in Gummere's translation as:
59  Then, one after one, there woke to him,
60  to the chieftain of clansmen, children four:
61  Heorogar, then Hrothgar, then Halga brave;
62  and I heard that – ela's queen,
63  the Heathoscylfing's helpmate dear.
There is obviously something wrong with line 62. A name of a daughter has dropped out, a daughter who was the wife of someone whose name ends in -ela and who was Scylfing, i.e. belonging to the royal dynasty of Sweden. It is likely enough that at some time in copying the poem a scribe was unable to make out the exact spelling of these names and so left the text blank at that point to be fixed up later. It was never fixed up and so the names were lost in later copies.

By Old English poetic rules of alliteration the name of the daughter must also begin with a vowel. The choice is usually the name Yrs or Yrse, since Scandinavian tradition speaks much of Yrsa the granddaughter of Healfdene and wife of King Eadgils of Sweden. This assumes great shifting of names and roles, since Eadgils is the enemy of Onela. Onela appears in Norse texts as Áli. Accordingly, many editors and translators prefer to simply note that the line is corrupt. Others like Burton Raffel render the missing passage as Yrs (i.e. Yrsa), and modern commentary sometimes refers to the marriage of Onela and Yrsa without indicating that this exists only through somewhat dubious conjectural emendation.

In film
A personage named Yrsa is voiced by Leslie Harter Zemeckis (Robert Zemeckis' wife) in the 2007 animated version of Beowulf. Her only role in the movie is to be courted by the Geatish warrior Hondscio.

Notes

References

Sources
Birger Nerman, 1925, Det svenska rikets uppkomst (in Swedish)
Beowulf:
 Beowulf read aloud in Old English
 Modern English translation by Francis Barton Gummere
 Modern English translation by John Lesslie Hall
 Ringler, Dick. Beowulf: A New Translation For Oral Delivery, May 2005. Searchable text with full audio available, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries.
 Several different Modern English translations
Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense:
 Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses in translation by Peter Tunstall
 The same translation at Northvegr
 Book 2 of Gesta Danorum at the Online Medieval & Classical library
 The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf by Olson, 1916, at Project Gutenberg
 Hrólf Kraki's saga in English translation at Northvegr
the Ynglinga saga in translation by Samuel Laing, 1844, at Northvegr
The Gróttasöngr in Thorpe's translation
Skáldskaparmál:
Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda in the original language
CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (English)
CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (Old Norse)

Heroes in Norse myths and legends
Mythological rape victims
Incest in legend
Women in mythology

Yrsa


Kazuto Ishido (født 1. april 1982) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Fukushima United FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kazuto Ishido


«Born For This» —en español: «Nacimos para esto»— es una canción de la banda estadounidense Paramore, incluida en su segundo álbum de estudio, Riot!. Fue lanzada como sencillo en descarga digital en ciertos países como Japón, México y Alemania. Fue escrita por Hayley Williams y Josh Farro, aunque contiene extractos de la canción «Liberation Frequency» del álbum The Shape of Punk to Come, escrita por D. Sandström, D. Lyxzén, K. Steen y J. Brannstrom, e interpretada por Refused.

Fue interpretada en directo en los álbumes Live in the UK y The Final RIOT!, ambos en 2008, y en este último la canción fue utilizada como introducción. La canción cuenta con un clip de vídeo de aproximadamente un minuto de duración, en el cual se muestra a la banda grabar la canción junto a otros coristas.

Referencias

Canciones de 2007
Canciones de Paramore
Canciones en inglés

Born For This


فندق المدينة شيراتون أحد فنادق المدينة المنورة يقع هذا الفندق على ضفاف وادي العقيق، على بعد 7كم غربي المسجد النبوي، وقد أنشئ عام 1400 للهجرة وفق تصميم معماري إسلامي، للفندق استراحة خاصة على بعد خطوات من المسجد النبوي معدة لاستقبال نزلاء الفندق في فترة ما بين الصلوات يتم فيها تقديم الوجبات الخفيفة والمشروبات، ويُعد الفندق برنامجاً للزيارات الدينية بالمدينة المنورة وآخر للرحلات الأثرية وخاصة إلى مدائن صالح والعلا. والفندق مجهز بالعديد من صالات الأفراح بالمدينة والتي تتسع الواحدة منها لأكثر من 600 شخص.

انظر أيضًا
 فندق أوبروي المدينة
 فندق دار الإيمان

مراجع

فنادق المدينة المنورة
مبان ومنشآت في المدينة المنورة

فندق المدينة شيراتون


Baron Freyberg, of Wellington in New Zealand and of Munstead in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1951 for the prominent military commander Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard Freyberg. He served as Governor-General of New Zealand from 1946 to 1952. His only son, the second Baron, was a Colonel in the Grenadier Guards.

, the title is held by the latter's only son, the third Baron, who succeeded in 1993. Lord Freyberg is one of the ninety hereditary peers elected to remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sits as a cross-bencher.

The family seat is Munstead House, near Godalming, Surrey.

Barons Freyberg (1951)
Bernard Cyril Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg (1889–1963)
Paul Richard Freyberg, 2nd Baron Freyberg (1923–1993)
Valerian Bernard Freyberg, 3rd Baron Freyberg (b. 1970)

The heir apparent and sole heir to the peerage is the present holder's son, the Hon. Joseph John Freyberg (b. 2007)

References

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1951

Baron Freyberg


NBA 1994./1995. je bila 49. po redu sezona sjevernoameričke profesionalne košarkaške lige.

U finalnoj seriji doigravanja prvaci Zapadne konferencije Houston Rocketsi su omjerom 4:0 pobijedili prvake Istočne konferencije Orlando Magic i obranili naslov prvaka, osvojivši ukupno drugi naslov u povijesti.

Poredak po divizijama na kraju regularnog dijela sezone

Napomena: (d) - ušli u doigravanje, Pob - pobjede, Por - porazi

Doigravanje

Napomena: u zagradi je plasman unutar konferencije

Finalna serija

Napomena: (I) - pobjednik Istočne konferencije, (Z) - pobjednik Zapadne konferencije

Nagrade za sezonu 1994./95.

Izvori

1994./95.

NBA 1994./95.


Le château de Sainte-Sabine est un château moderne situé à Sainte-Sabine (Côte-d'Or) en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté .

Localisation
Le château est situé rue Saint-Martin à l'extrémité nord du village, sur une terrasse dominant le ruisseau de la Miotte.

Historique

La première trace du château remonte à 1461. En 1562, il relève d'Alexandre de Saulx et passe en 1578 à la famille de Messey qui entreprend sa reconstruction en 1625. De cet édifice, seuls les pavillons nord-ouest et sud-ouest encadrant le portail d'entrée semblent avoir été conservés. En 1717, Pierre Parisot qui en a hérité affranchit les habitants du village et fait réaliser l'aile nord. La propriété reste dans la famille jusqu'en 1768 où Patrice Wale, conseiller du Roi, rachète le fief à Jean Parisot. Le 14 septembre 1796, le château est vendu à Nicolas-Guillaume Basire, frère de Claude Basire. Celui-ci le cède deux ans plus tard à Pierre Rocault qui comble les fossés, supprime le pont-levis et mure les meurtrières. En 1831, son fils Jean-Baptiste démolit le colombier et vers 1850 son petit-fils reconstruit le château "à la moderne".

Architecture
Le château de Sainte-Sabine se compose d'un quadrilatère fossoyé, cantonné de tours cornières en forme de bastion. Chacune comporte un étage de soubassement taluté, un rez-de-chaussée et un étage. L'entrée est à l'ouest par une porte cochère. Le corps de logis principal, à droite en entrant, a été modifié au  et sa façade intérieure est garnie d'une tour semi-hexagonale demi-hors-œuvre. À l'extérieur, l'étage de ce corps de bâtiment a été doublé d'une salle-à-manger en forme d 'orangerie en 1990. La cour intérieure est limitée au nord par un corps de bâtiment néo-renaissance et à l'est par un parapet.

Valorisation du patrimoine
Le château a été récemment restauré et transformé en hôtellerie.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or

Liens externes

Sainte-Sabine
Auxois

Château de Sainte-Sabine


Vrzino kolo, pojam iz pučkog vjerovanja. Prema njemu to je kolo koje plešu vile, odnosno mjesto na kojem se pleše to kolo i u njemu se stječu magična znanja. Preneseno značenje je "zbrka, metež, nešto što je teško razriješiti". U staroslavenskim tekstovima iz 14. stoljeća izraz je zapisan kao verzino kolo a u jednom tekstu kao vergiliisko, što se odnosi na starorimskog pjesnika Vergilija, kojeg se u onim vremenima smatralo velikim "magjionikom".

Vidi
samoreferiranje
kružna referencija
tautologija

Izvori

Mitologija
Hrvatska kultura

Vrzino kolo


Sur Singh es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Tarn Taran, estado de Punyab.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 218  a  km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 12 158 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Punyab (India)

Sur Singh


Hague Tribunal is a popular name for any of the various international courts located in The Hague, Netherlands:
Permanent Court of Arbitration, a permanent arbitration court established in 1899
Permanent Court of International Justice (1922–1944), superseded by the International Court of Justice
International Court of Justice (since 1945)
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, an ad hoc criminal tribunal created by the United Nations Security Council
International Criminal Court, a permanent criminal court created by the Rome Treaty
International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce

Hague Tribunal


ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb, ženski je nogometni klub iz Zagreba.

Povijest
Ženski nogometni klub Dinamo Zagreb osnovan je 24. lipnja 2016. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb

Dinamo

ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb


ව්‍යාජ කඳ කොළ පැහැතිය. ව්‍යාජ කඳ මීටර් 2.5-3 උස් වන අතර පත්‍ර කඳ මීටර් 0.3-1 උස්ව වැඩේ. කඳ මහත් වේ. පත්‍ර නටුව පිටතට වක් වී නොමැත. පත්‍රයේ මැද නාරටිය කොළ පැහැතිය. පත්‍ර තලයේ උඩ පෘෂ්ඨය තද කොළ පාටය, යටි පෘෂ්ඨය ලා කොළ පාටය. වැඩි වශ‌යෙන් කඩුපත් මො‌රෙයියන් හටගනී. කෙසෙල් මුහය දම් පාටට හුරුය. මිහිරි සුවදක් ඇති අතර ගෙඩි තරමක් වක්වී ඇත.කෙසෙල් ගෙඩියේ මදය රසවත්ය, පිටි සහිතයි. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදය ඉදුණු විට කහ පැහැයට හැරේ. කැන පහලට එල්ලා වැටෙන අතර කැනේ මැද නාරටිය දම් පාටට හුරුය. කැනක බර කි.ග්‍රෑම් 18-20 ක් පමණ වේ. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදයට පැනමා රෝගය වැළඳීමට වැඩි ප්‍රවණතාවක් ඇත. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදයට වෙළඳපොලෙහි සාමාන්‍ය වටිනාකමක් පවතී. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදය 2005 වසරේදී නිර්දේශ කරන ලදී.

කෝලි කුට්ටු


Ryedale was a non-metropolitan district in North Yorkshire, England. It was in the Vale of Pickering, a low-lying flat area of land drained by the River Derwent. The Vale's landscape is rural with scattered villages and towns. It has been inhabited continuously from the Mesolithic period. The economy was largely agricultural with light industry and tourism playing an increasing role.

Towns included Helmsley, Kirkbymoorside, Malton, Norton-on-Derwent, and Pickering. Part of Ryedale lies within the North York Moors National Park. The A64 passed through Ryedale and villages such as Rillington. In the 2011 Census, the population of this primarily rural area of 150,659 hectares, the largest district in North Yorkshire, was 51,700.

Derivation of name
The name refers to the River Rye and was previously used for the Ryedale wapentake of Yorkshire, which covered roughly the same area. The non-metropolitan district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of urban district of Norton and Norton Rural District, from the historic East Riding of Yorkshire, along with the urban districts of Malton and Pickering with Flaxton Rural District, Helmsley Rural District, Kirkbymoorside Rural District, Malton Rural District and Pickering Rural District, all from the North Riding of Yorkshire.

History
In the Middle Ages, there were markets in several Ryedale towns; Malton, Pickering, Kirkbymoorside, and Helmsley. A monastery was built at Lastingham in 654. Over the centuries, Celts, Romans and Anglo Saxons all inhabited the area around Pickering. The district had many ancient Saxon churches and some can still be visited, including St Peter's in Scrayingham, St Martin's in Wharram Percy, St Martins in Bulmer, St Helens in Amotherby, All Saints in Appleton-le-Street, St Peter and St Paul's Church, Pickering, All Saints in Hovingham, Holy Trinity in Stonegrave, St Gregory's Minster, Kirkdale built around 1055-1065, All Saints in Sinnington and St Andrews in Ailsby/Middleton. The Kirkdale sundial above St Gregory's door dates to the 11th century (c. 1055 to 1065).

Several abbeys and priories were also built in the 12th century, including Kirkham Priory, the very large Byland Abbey, Ampleforth Abbey, now the site of the Catholic Ampleforth College, and the finest ruined abbey in Yorkshire, Rievaulx Abbey near Helmsley; it was seized in 1538 during the dissolution of the monasteries. All can be seen but all except Ampleforth are ruins.

Ryedale has two impressive castles, both now ruins. The traditional style Pickering Castle was a royal hunting lodge with a moat, while Helmsley Castle was a fine medieval structure with double earthworks. The latter was extensively damaged during the Civil War, in 1644.

Council

(*2023 composed of 5 "Independent Group", 2 "Ryedale First Independents", 3 "Independents for Ryedale" and 2 "Non-Aligned Independents" and 1 "Independent aligned with Liberal Democrats".)

Since 2015 one Conservative seat was lost to the Liberal Party in a by-election. Seven former Conservative councillors also joined the Independent bloc.

The Conservatives were nonetheless the largest political party bloc on the council. The district was a stronghold for the Liberal Party who were the second largest political party bloc on the council.

The Ryedale First Independent Group was launched in 2019 by six former Conservative district councillors and one Conservative district councillor who failed to gain re-approval to stand for the party.

Abolition
In July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023, the non-metropolitan county would be reorganised into a unitary authority. Ryedale District Council was abolished and its functions transferred to a new single authority for the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire.

York Unitary Authority
The district lost about half its population in 1996, when an expanded City of York became a unitary authority area, specifically the parishes of Clifton Without, Earswick, Haxby, Heworth Without, Holtby, Huntington, Murton, New Earswick, Osbaldwick, Rawcliffe, Skelton, Stockton-on-the-Forest, Strensall, Towthorpe, and Wigginton.  According to the 2001 census, those parishes that were moved into York had a combined population of 50,163, compared to the population of the those parishes remaining in Ryedale district, which numbered 50,872.

Economy

The market towns of Helmsley, Kirkbymoorside, Pickering and Malton were the largest centres of population in the Ryedale District with about half of the population living there. The eastern part of the area is dominated by the influence of Scarborough.
Each of the market towns within the Ryedale District had areas set aside for industrial use and small firms engaged in light industry and the service industries occupy these. The largest employer in the district was the pork processor Karro Food Group (once known as The Malton Bacon Factory), now employing around 1,100 people in this location.

The village of Sherburn in what was eastern Ryedale is home to factories of both Severfield and the Kingspan Group who purchased the local Ward Brothers steelworks business. The Kingspan factory also hosts a 5 MW solar array, one of the largest commercial rooftop solar projects in the UK.

Between 1981 and 2022, the district had hosted the Ryedale Festival, which features concerts and performances at various venues during the summer months.

Notable residents
 One Night Only, Indie-pop band
 Richard Buck, athlete
 Francis Jackson, organist and composer
 James Martin, chef and television personality
 James Norton, actor
 Selina Scott, television presenter
 Ryan Swain, television and radio presenter, skateboarder

Demographics
For all districts in the Yorkshire and the Humber region, Ryedale had the lowest rate of teenage pregnancy between 2000 and 2013, and remained below the national average for England.

References

External links

   Ryedale – Home of Kirkbymoorside Town Brass Band
 Ryedale.co.uk    Promoting Ryedale
 Ryedale District Council YouTube channel
 Visit Ryedale – Official Tourist Information for Ryedale, North Yorkshire

Districts of England established in 1974
2023 disestablishments in England
Former non-metropolitan districts of North Yorkshire

Ryedale


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Malachov enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Malachov im Okres Banská Bystrica.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Malachow


Ariranha do Ivaí es un municipio brasileño del estado de Paraná. Posee un área de 241 km² representando el 0,1207 % del estado, 0,0427 % de la región y 0,0028 % de todo el territorio brasileño. Se localiza a una latitud 24°23'09" sur y a una longitud 51°35'06" oeste, estando a una altitud de 700 metros en la sede. Su población estimada en 2005 era de 2.584 habitantes.

Demografía

Datos del Censo - 2000

Población Total: 2.883
 Urbana: 697
 Rural: 2.186

 Hombres: 1.521
 Mujeres: 1.362

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,688
 IDH-M Salario: 0,598
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,702
 IDH-M Educación: 0,764

Referencias

Municipios de Paraná (Brasil)

Ariranha do Ivaí


Accelerated Evolution debitantski je studijski album kanadskog progresivnog metal sastava The Devin Townsend Band. Album je 31. ožujka 2003. godine objavila diskografska kuća HevyDevy Records. Ovaj album, koji je skladao i producirao sam Townsend, čini mješavina glazbenih stilova u rasponu od alternativnog i hard rocka do progresivnog metala. Townsend, glavni pjevač i gitarist, osnovao je grupu zajedno s vancouverskim glazbenicima kako bi nastupali zajedno s njime na albumu: sastav se, uz Townsenda, sastojao od gitarista Briana Waddella, bubnjara Ryana Van Poederooyena, basista Mikea Younga te klavijaturista Davea Younga. Ova postava, koja je činila The Devin Townsend Band, bila je prva Townsendova postava oformljena za izvedbu njegovog samostalnog glazbenog materijala te je bila osnovana s ciljem da bude polarna suprotnost Townsendovom ekstremnom metal projektu Strapping Young Lad.

Accelerated Evolution bio je skladan i snimljen u isto vrijeme kada i istoimeni album Strapping Young Lada, prilikom čega je Townsend podjednako raspodijelio svoju kreativnu energiju na oba projekta. Accelerated Evolution bio je sniman u Vancouveru, Britanskoj Kolumbiji, od rujna do studenog 2002. godine te je bio objavljen krajem ožujka 2003. godine pod licencijom Townsendove neovisne diskografske kuće HevyDevy Records. Kritičari su dobro prihvatili album zbog njegovog spoja žanrova i utjecaja, njegove glazbene pristupačnosti te masovnog rock stila produkcije.

Pozadina
Tijekom skladanja i snimanja svojih prvih samostalnih albuma Infinity (iz 1998.) i Physicist (iz 2000.), Devin Townsend suočavao se s osobnim problemima koji su utjecali na njegovo umijeće skladanja glazbenog materijala. Ovi su problemi bili riješeni tijekom skladanja Terrie (iz 2001.), koju je Townsend opisao "vrlo ljekovitim albumom". Nakon Terrie Townsend je ponovno osjetio entuzijazam za skladanjem nove glazbe te je jednom prilikom izjavio: "Samo daj. Bit ću toliko jebeno osjetljiv ali i toliko žestok, ne bojeći se biti ni jedno ni drugo". Godine 2002., Townsend je započeo rad na svoja sljedeća dva albuma. Ponovno je oformio svoj ekstremni metal projekt Strapping Young Lad, koji se bio raspao 1998. godine, te je započeo skladati glazbu za novi album sastava pod imenom Strapping Young Lad (SYL).

U isto je vrijeme Townsend osnovao novi, stalni sastav koji je po važnosti "bio jednak Strappingu" kako bi snimao svoje samostalne uratke i promovirao ih na turnejama. The Devin Townsend Band sastojao se od gitarista Briana Waddella, bubnjara Ryana Van Poederooyena te braće Mikea i Davea Younga, poimence na bas-gitari i klavijaturama. Townsend je, kao i u Strapping Young Ladu, pjevao, svirao gitaru te izvršavao produkciju. Townsend je za sastav odabrao članove lokalnih skupina koji "nisu imali ista iskustva" i koji su mogli dati svježu perspektivu u pogledu "svih tih osjećaja" koji su bili prisutni na njegovom samostalnom materijalu. Izjavio je kako mu je bilo "osvježavajuće" svirati s ljudima koji su cijenili njegov samostalni materijal više od materijala Strapping Young Lada. Međutim, istaknuta je bila odsutnost bubnjara Genea Hoglana iz Strapping Young Lada koji je prije svirao na Townsendovim prethodnim trima samostalnim albumima.

Townsend je skladao i producirao prvi album sastava u isto vrijeme dok je radio na SYL-u, trošeći pola tjedna na jedan i drugu polovicu na drugi album. Inženjering i miksanje albuma izvršili su Townsend i Shaun Thingvold, koji je radio i na prethodnim Townsendovim i Strapping Young Ladovim albumima. Ovaj je album izvorno nosio radno ime Relationships, ali je bio preimenovan u Accelerated Evolution kao mig brzini sastavljanja novog sastava u manje od godine dana.

Glazbeni stil
Accelerated Evolution bio je skladan kako bi bio "polarna suprotnost" SYL-u. Album spaja aspekte različitih žanrova, uključujući alternativnog rocka, hard rocka i progresivnog metala s elementima "žestine, atmosfere, humora i eksperimentiranja". Album je također bio opisan melodičnijim i više baziranim na rock glazbi od SYL-a ili Physicista, no ipak "više orijentiranim na pjesme" od Terrie, inspiriran glazbom Johna Lennona, Jimija Hendrixa i Rusha. Pjesme poput "Storm", "Suicide" i "Sunday Afternoon" bile su uspoređivane s Townsendovim albumom Infinity, no da su u usporedbi s tim albumom bile "manje mahnite i zrelije". Townsend je izjavio kako je skladao album na način da bi bio "komercijalno održiv", čineći svoj postojeći stil jezgovitijim i pristupačnijim ali bez pretjeranog odmaka pri kojem bi skladao "pop pjesme". Townsend se koristio čistim vokalima puno češće nego na svojim prethodnim albumima te je producirao i miksao album u svojoj jedinstvenoj tehnici "zvučnog zida", prilikom kojeg je spajao "slojeve i slojeve [zvuka] gitara, klavijatura i vokala".

Sve je pjesme napisao i skladao Devin Townsend, dok su za dodatni aranžman bili zaslužni Brian Waddell, Ryan Van Poederooyen, Dave Young i Mike Young.

Završetak pjesme "Traveller" preuzima glazbeni uzorak iz pjesme "Sister" s albuma Ocean Machine: Biomech. "Depth Charge" će kasnije biti referenciran u pjesmi "Decimator" na albumu The New Black Strapping Young Lada.

Objava
Accelerated Evolution je u ožujku 2003. objavila Townsendova neovisna diskografska kuća HevyDevy Records. Album je u Kanadi objavio HevyDevy, u Japanu Sony, a u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi InsideOut. Naslovnicu albuma načinio je Travis Smith koji je također izradio naslovnice za albume Terria i SYL. InsideOut je također objavio i posebnu inačicu albuma koja je sadržavala EP od tri pjesme pod imenom Project EKO, Townsendovo prvo glazbeno izdanje u žanru elektroničke glazbe. Album se uspeo na 135. mjesto francuske ljestvice albuma te 249. mjesto na japanskoj ljestvici albuma.

Prije nego što je osnovao The Devin Townsend Band, Townsend je promovirao svoje samostalne albume uživo uz pratnju Strapping Young Lada; sastav bi prvo svirao niz pjesama Strapping Young Lada i onda niz pjesama Devina Townsenda. Nakon objave Accelerated Evolutiona, Townsend je otišao na turneju s The Devin Townsend Bandom, neko vrijeme odvojeno od Strapping Young Lada, a nekad zajedno s njim. Nakon dva koncerta u Vancouveru u srpnju 2003., The Devin Townsend Band je otišao na turneju po Kanadi zajedno sa Strapping Young Ladom i Zimmers Holeom u listopadu 2003. Nakon ovoga uslijedila je sjevernoamerička turneja s progresivnim metal sastavom Symphony X koja je trajala od studenog do prosinca 2003.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Accelerated Evolution je zadobio uglavnom pozitivne kritike. Mike G. iz Metal Maniacsa odabrao je Accelerated Evolution za "album godine", hvaleći ga zbog "teško izvedivog trika pri kojem je ekstreman a opet pristupačan, istovremeno žestok i rokajući a opet veličanstven i predivan." William Hughes iz Sputnikmusica nazvao ga je "nevjerojatnim", izjavljujući kako "sadrži elemente koji će se svidjeti obožavateljima svih različitih žanrova, od progresivnog do metala." Alex Henderson iz Allmusica nazvao je album "odličnim" te je pohvalio Townsendovu sposobnost spajanja žanrova i utjecaja: "Kanadski roker nudi dovoljno duboko naštimanih gitara kako bi se ovaj CD svrstao u kategoriju alt rocka. A ipak Accelerated Evolution nosi velik zvuk koji podsjeća na pop-metal, arena rock i hard rock iz 1970-ih i 1980-ih – velike melodije, velike harmonije, velike gitare, velike vokale, veliku produkciju." Chris Hawkins iz KNAC.com-a je izjavio da "kao i uvijek, ono što Devin postiže jest uzeti najzarazniji ritam, otisnuti svoj žig na njega i tako stvoriti nešto potpuno originalno". Xander Hoose iz webzina Chronicles of Chaos u pozitivnom je svijetlu usporedio album sa SYL-om, komentirajući kako je "prisutno više varijacije te da su pjesme pamtljivije i da se sastoje od više slojeva od njihovih jednodimenzionalnih suparnika na SYL-u". Hoose je dodao da "svima onima koji su mislili da je Terria otišla u previše krivom smjeru, Accelerated Evolution će vjerojatno doći kao olakšanje".

Osoblje

The Devin Townsend Band
 Devin Townsend – vokali, gitara, ambijentalni zvukovi, produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miksanje
 Ryan Van Poederooyen – bubnjevi
 Mike Young – bas-gitara
 Brian Waddell – gitara
 Dave Young – klavijature

Ostalo osoblje
 Shaun Thingvold – inženjer zvuka, miksanje
 Göran Finnberg – mastering
 Travis Smith – naslovnica

Izvori

Albumi iz 2003.
Albumi Devina Townsenda

Accelerated Evolution


Michael Landon Gernhardt (born May 4, 1956) is a NASA astronaut and manager of the Environmental Physiology Laboratory, and principal investigator of the Prebreathe Reduction Program (PRP) at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.

Personal life
He enjoys running, swimming, flying, fishing, and scuba diving. His father, George M. Gernhardt, is deceased. His mother, Suzanne C. Winters, resides in Whitestone, Virginia.

Education

1974 Graduated from Malabar High School, Mansfield, Ohio
1978 Received a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University
1983 Received a Master of Science degree in Bioengineering from University of Pennsylvania
1991 Received a Doctorate in Bioengineering from University of Pennsylvania

Organizations

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
Sea Space Symposium
Aerospace Medical Association.

Undersea career
From 1977 to 1984, Gernhardt worked as a professional diver and project engineer on a variety of subsea oil field construction and repair projects around the world. He has logged over 700 deep sea dives, and has experience in air, mixed gas, bounce bell and saturation diving. During his diving career, Gernhardt attended graduate school at the University of Pennsylvania, and developed a new theoretical decompression model based on tissue gas bubble dynamics. He then participated in the development and field implementation of a variety of new decompression tables. From 1984 to 1988, Gernhardt worked as Manager, and then Vice President of Special Projects, for Oceaneering International. During this time, he led the development of a telerobotic system for subsea platform cleaning and inspection, as well as a variety of new diver and robot tools. In 1988, he founded Oceaneering Space Systems, a company formed to transfer subsea technology and operational experience to the ISS program. From 1988 until his selection by NASA in 1992, he worked on the development of new astronaut and robot-compatible tools for performing maintenance on Space Station Freedom. He also worked on the development of new portable life support systems and decompression procedures for extra-vehicular activity.

NASA career
At NASA, Gernhardt reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1992. His technical assignments to date include:
Flight software verification in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)
Development of nitrox diving to support training for the Hubble Space Telescope repair, and on a variety of Space Station EVA developments
Member of the astronaut support team at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, responsible for Shuttle prelaunch vehicle checkout, crew ingress/egress
Spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) at Mission Control Center, Houston, during various Shuttle missions
Lead an international research team in developing a new exercise prebreathe protocol that improved the safety and efficiency of space walks from the ISS.

Gernhardt presently serves as a member of the astronaut office EVA branch, as Principal Investigator of the Prebreathe Reduction Program, and as Manager of JSC's Environmental Physiology Laboratory.

A four-flight veteran, Gernhardt has logged over 43 days in space, including 4 spacewalks totaling 23 hours and 16 minutes. He was a mission specialist on STS-69 in 1995, STS-83 in 1997, STS-94 in 1997, and STS-104 in 2001.

Gernhardt served as an aquanaut on the first NEEMO (NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations) crew aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory in October 2001.  In April 2005, he was the commander of the NEEMO 8 mission.

Gernhardt drove the lunar rover prototype at President Barack Obama's inaugural parade on January 20, 2009.

On September 19, 2011, NASA announced that Gernhardt would participate in the NEEMO 15 mission in October 2011 from the DeepWorker submersible.  The DeepWorker is a small submarine used as an underwater stand-in for the Space Exploration Vehicle, which might someday be used to explore the surface of an asteroid.
In June 2012, Gernhardt piloted the DeepWorker as part of the NEEMO 16 mission, for which he was principal investigator.

Spaceflight experience
STS-69 took place from September 7–18, 1995.  Its prime objective was the successful deployment and retrieval of a SPARTAN satellite and the Wake Shield Facility (WSF). The WSF was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of using this free-flying experiment to grow semiconductors, high temperature superconductors and other materials using the ultra-high vacuum created behind the spacecraft, near the experiment package. Gernhardt was one of two astronauts to perform a spacewalk to evaluate future Space Station tools and hardware, logging 6 hours and 46 minutes of EVA. Mission duration was 260 hours, 29 minutes, and 8 seconds, traveling 4.5 million miles in 171 orbits of the Earth.

STS-83 took place from April 4–8, 1997. This was the Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL-1) Spacelab mission, and it was cut short due to problems with one of the Shuttle's three fuel cell power generation units. Mission duration was 95 hours and 12 minutes, traveling 1.5 million miles in 63 orbits of the Earth.

STS-94 took place from July 1–17, 1997.  This was a re-flight of the Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL-1) Spacelab mission, and focused on materials and combustion science research in microgravity. Mission duration was 376 hours and 45 minutes, traveling 6.3 million miles in 251 orbits of the Earth.

STS-104 took place from July 12–24, 2001.  This was the 10th mission to the International Space Station (ISS). During the 13-day flight, the crew conducted joint operations with the Expedition-2 crew. Gernhardt was one of two astronauts to perform three spacewalks to install the joint airlock "Quest" (including the first US spacewalk from the ISS), and to outfit it with four high-pressure gas tanks. The mission was accomplished in 200 Earth orbits, traveling 5.3 million miles in 306 hours and 35 minutes.

Awards and honors
NASA Space Flight Medals (4)
NASA Exceptional Service Medals (2)
NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal
NASA Distinguished Service Medal

References

External links
Biographical Data from NASA PDF Version
Spacefacts biography of Michael L. Gernhardt

1956 births
Living people
American medical researchers
American underwater divers
Aquanauts
People from Mansfield, Ohio
University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Vanderbilt University alumni
NASA civilian astronauts
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Spacewalkers

Michael L. Gernhardt


Helwing ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Barbara Helwing, deutsche Vorderasiatische Archäologin
 Christian Friedrich Helwing (1725–1800), Lemgoer Gymnasialdirektor, Verleger, Bürgermeister von Lemgo, Mitvormund des Fürsten Leopold von Lippe
 Ernst Helwing (1803–1875), Historiker
 Friedrich Wilhelm Helwing (1758–1833), lippischer Diplomat und Politiker
 Georg Andreas Helwing (1666–1748), deutscher lutherischer Theologe und Botaniker, siehe Georg Andreas Helwig

Siehe auch:
 Helwingsche Verlagsbuchhandlung

Helwing


An Elythranthera emarginata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Alexander Segger George. An Elythranthera emarginata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elythranthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Elythranthera

Elythranthera emarginata


Kessow ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Boris Kessow (* 1977), bulgarischer Badmintonspieler
 Karin Kessow (* 1954), deutsche Eisschnellläuferin und -trainerin

Kessow


An Platanthera mandarinorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Platanthera mandarinorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 P. m. formosana
 P. m. mandarinorum
 P. m. pachyglossa

Mga kasarigan

Platanthera

Platanthera mandarinorum


Lib (otok), otok u sastavu Maršalovih Otoka
 Lib (planina), planina u BiH
 Lib (mitologija), jedan od braće Anemoi, vidi Eol

Lib


Olaylar
 Prens'in Sarayı'nın yapımı tamamlandı.
 Aziz Giorgi Kilisesi'nin yapımı tamamlandı.

Doğumlar
 IV. Giorgi, Bagratlı Hanedanı mensubu Gürcü kralı (ö. 1222 / 1223)
 Muhammed Nasır, Muvahhidler hükümdarı (ö. 1273)

Ölümler
 20 Mart - III. Clemens, papa (d. 1130)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 V. Thibaut, ortaçağ asilzadesi ve Blois kontu (d. 1130)
 Hüsrev Melik, son Gazne Devleti sultanı
 Şihabeddin Sühreverdî, İranlı İslam filozofu ve işrakilik isimli fikrî akımın kurucusu (d. 1155)

1191


Nuevo hace referencia a los siguientes artículos artículos:

Toponimia
 Nuevo, barrio de Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
 Nuevo, barrio de Naranjito, Puerto Rico.
 Nuevo, lugar designado por el censo, en el condado de Riverside, California, Estados Unidos.
 .
 .
 .
 .

Arte
 .

Arquitectura
 .

Nuevo


Sherbert v. Verner (1963), foi um caso no qual a Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos considerou que a Cláusula do livre exercício da Primeira Emenda exigia que o governo demonstrasse um interesse imperioso e que a lei em questão foi estritamente adaptada antes de negar o seguro-desemprego a alguém que foi demitido porque os requisitos de seu trabalho conflitavam substancialmente com sua religião.

Casos da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos

Caso Sherbert v. Verner


Hrvatsko dizajnersko društvo (HDD) je neprofitno i dobrovoljno udruženje dizajnerske struke u Hrvatskoj. Djeluje od 1983. Okuplja stvaraoce i stručnjake s područja grafičkog dizajna, dizajna proizvoda, dizajna elektronskih medija, tipografije, fotografije, ilustracije, modnog dizajna, teorije dizajna i edukacije u dizajnu. Sjedište je u Zagrebu u Boškovićevoj 18, gdje su 2009. otvorene nove prostorije s galerijom.

Udruženje djeluje sustavno, s ciljem razvoja i afirmacije dizajnerskog stvaralaštva u Hrvatskoj. Zastupa interese i status struke i članova. Nevladino je i nestranačko. Radi na uspostavi pravila dizajnerske struke kao društveno i tržišno relevantne. Kod članova potiče profesionalnu odgovornost, kontinuiranu edukaciju te kreativni i inovativni pristup u dizajnerskoj praksi. Priređuje izložbe i predavanja, potiče stručnu valorizaciju djela dizajna. HDD je član međunarodnih strukovnih udruženja International Society of Graphic Design (ICOGRADA) i International Society of Industrial Design (ICSID).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Mapiranje povijesti hrvatskog dizajna, Vizkultura, 10. travnja 2019.

Udruge

Hrvatsko dizajnersko društvo


بلهارسية منسونية أو بلهارسيا منسونية  هي من أهم طفيليات الاٍنسان، ومن أبرز مسببات البلهارسيا. ينسب اسمها إلى الطبيب الإسكتلندي السير باتريك مانسون، الذي اكتشفها في فرموزا (تايوان).

معرض الصُور

مراجع

أمراض ديدانية
أمراض منقولة بالماء
حيوانات وصفت في 1907
ديدان طفيلية للبشر
طفيليات البشر

بلهارسية منسونية


Himalaya Dağları, dünyanın en büyük ve en yüksek sıradağları arasında zirveyi çeker. Asya'nın orta güney kısmında, doğu-batı doğrultusunda uzanır. Dünyanın en yüksek zirvesi Everest'i (8848 m) içine alır. Everest Tepesi, Nepal ile Tibet (Çin) sınırında yer alır. Everest tepesi Nepal'in sınırları içerisindedir. Himalayalar, levha tektoniği kuramına göre, iki kıtasal levhanın yani Hindistan levhası ve Asya levhasının çarpışması sonucu oluşmuştur ve bu oluşum hâlen devam etmektedir.

Pakistan, Hindistan, Çin, Nepal ve Butan'dan geçen 2400 km uzunluğundaki Himalaya dağ zincirinin buzulları, Asya'nın 9 büyük nehrini besliyor. 1,3 milyar insan, bu su yollarına bağımlı olarak yaşıyor. Verilere göre ise Himalayalarda sıcaklıklar, son 30 yıl içinde on yılda bir 0,06 ile 0,15 derece artmakta ve sıcaklıkların artmaya devam etmesi hâlinde 50 yıla kadar buzul ve karların tamamen erimesi bekleniyor.

Himalayaların oluşumu
Geç Prekambriyen ve Paleozoik dönemleri boyunca, Avrasya kıtasından Eski Tetis Okyanusu'yla ayrılan Hindistan alt kıtası, Gondwana kıtasının bir parçasıydı. Erken Karbonifer döneminde, Gondwana üzerine kıtasal riftleşme süreci başladı ve Erken Permiyen Dönemi'nde Yeni Tetis Okyanusu'nu oluşturdu. Böylelikle bugünün İran, Afganistan ve Tibet bölgelerinin bir kısmını oluşturan kıta parçaları Gondwana'dan ayrılarak kuzeye doğru sürüklendi. Daha sonra Norian (210 Ma) Dönemi'nde başlayan bir başka riftleşme süreci, Gondwana kıtasını ikiye ayırdı. Hindistan, Avustralya ve Antarktika ile birlikte Doğu Gondwana'yı oluştururken, Doğu ve Batı Gondwana'nın birbirinden arada okyanus kabuğunun oluşmasıyla ayrılması daha sonra gerçekleşti (160-155 Ma). Erken Kretase döneminde, Hindistan levhası Avustralya ve Anarktika'dan ayrıldı ve Güney Hint Okyanusu oluşmaya başladı (130-125 Ma).

Daha sonra Hindistan, Avrasya kıtası ile arasındaki okyanus kabuğu tüketilene kadar hızla kuzeye doğru sürüklenmeye başladı (84 Ma). Yaklaşık 6000 km yol kat ettikten sonra, okyanus kabuğu tüketilince bu sefer kıtasal kabuklar karşı karşıya geldi. Okyanus kabuğu, kıtasal kabuğa göre daha ince ve yoğun olduğundan, kıtasal kabuğun altına görece daha kolay batar. Ancak, kıtasal kabuklar karşılaştığında, bu kabuklar hemen hemen aynı kalınlıkta ve yoğunlukta olduğundan birbirlerinin altına kolayca batmazlar ve deformasyon meydana gelir. Hindistan ve Avrasya kıtalarının birbirlerine göre hızlarının 55 Ma civarında çok hızlıdan (18-19,5 cm/yıl) hızlıya (4,5 cm/yıl) düşmesinden, kıtasal kabukların bu zaman diliminde karşılaştıkları düşünülmekte. Yapılan ölçümler, tüm bu süreç boyunca Hindistan'ın kıtasal kabuğunda 2500 km kısalma olduğunu gösteriyor.

Bu kısalmayı açıklamak için çeşitli model mekanizmalar öneriliyor. Birincisi, Hindistan kıtasal kabuğunun kısmen de olsa Tibet'in altına batmış olabileceği yönünde. İkinci modele göre (), Hindistan çarpışma esnasında Avrasya kıtasını oluşturan kıtasal parçaları hareketlendirmiş ve bunların yanal olarak yolundan çekilmesini sağlayarak kendine yer açmış olabilir. Diğer bir modele göreyse (), çarpışmanın etkisiyle Hindistan'ın kıtasal kenarında oluşan bindirme faylar ve katlanmalar ile Tibet kabuğunun deformasyonu, bu kısalmanın bir kısmını karşılamıştır.

Kıtasal kabuktaki bu büyük miktarda kısalmada bu üç mekanizma da rol oynamış olmakla birlikte, Himalayaların yükselmesi, son mekanizmaya bağlıdır.

Dikkate değer Himalaya dağcıları
 Nasuh Mahruki Everest'e çıkan ilk Türk'tür.
 George Mallory (1886–1924) Everest Dağı'na ilk çıkış denemesi; kuzey yüzünde öldü.
 Noel Odell (1890–1987) İngiliz. İlk tırmanış, 1936, Nanda Devi (Hindistan'daki en yüksek ikinci dağ), En yüksek doruk noktasında 1950 metreye kadar kaldı.
 Bill Tilman (1898–1977) İngiliz. Nanda Devi'ye ilk tırmanış denemesi 1936. 1934'te, ilk kişi  Nanda Devi mabedi içine girmeyi denedi.
 Eric Shipton (1907–1977) İngiliz. Bill Tillman ile Nanda Devi mabedine ilk nüfuz eden. Khumbu Glacier üzerindeki Everest'e giden yolu keşfetti.
 John Hunt (1910–1998) İngiliz. Everest Dağı seferinin lideri, 1953.
 Tenzing Norgay (1914–1986) Nepalli Şerpa dağcı. Edmund Hillary'nin yanı sıra Everest'teki ilk dağcı.
 Maurice Herzog (doğum. 1919) Sekizbinlik zirvelerden biri olan Annapurna'ya 1950'de tırmanan ilk kişi. Soğuk yakması dolayısıyla bütün ayak parmaklarını ve el parmaklarının çoğunu kaybetti. Tepeye 1970 yılına kadar tekrar tırmanılmadı.
 Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008) Yeni Zelandalı dağcı ve kâşiftir, Tenzing Norgay'la ile birlikte Everest'e çıkan ilk kişi.
 Tom Bourdillon (1924–1956) İngiliz Everest keşif heyetinin 1951, 1952 ve 1953'teki üyesi, Edmund Hillary ve Tenzing Norgay fethetmeden 3 gün önce Everest in zirvesine 300 fit yaklaştı.
 Hermann Buhl (1924–1957) Nanga Parbat'a ilk tırmanış denemesi 1953 (Yalnız ve oksijensiz tamamlamıştır). Broad Peak'e ilk tırmanış denemesi. Chogolisa'dan düşüp öldü. Cesedi bulunamadı.
 Willi Unsoeld (1926–1979) Birleşik Devletler. Everest'e ilk denemesi batı yüzünden, 1963. Kızı Nanda Devi Unsoeld 1976'da Nanda Devi'nin keşif seferinde öldü. Mount Ranier'de çığ düşmesi sonucu öldü, 1979.
 Chris Bonington (doğum. 1934) Annapurna'ya ilk tırmanış denemesi (güney yüzü), Everest'e dört tırmanış denemesi.
 Nawang Gombu (doğum. 1936) Hint dağcıdır. Everest'e iki defa tırmanmıştır. 1963 ve 1965.
 Jim Whittaker (doğum. 1936) Birleşik Devletler. Zirveye tırmanan ilk Amerikalı.
 Reinhold Messner (doğum 1944) İtalyan dağcı.Sekizbinliklerin bütün on dördüne tırmanan ilk insan.
 Jerzy Kukuczka (1948–1989) Polonyalı dağcı. 10 yeni rota belirleyerek 14 sekizbinliğin hepsine diğerlerinden daha hızlı tırmanmıştır.
 Nazir Sabri Pakistanlı dağcı. Tek denemede 2 sekizbinliği (Broad Peak ve Gasherbrum II) ilk tırmanan kişi.
 Jaime Viñals Everest Dağı'na tırmanan ilk Orta Amerikalı kişi.
 Casey Mackins İngiliz dağcıdır. Everest'e 1984'te Tibet'ten yeni bir rotadan oksijensiz tırmandı. Daha sonra 1990'da ünlü denizden zirveye keşfinde Nepal'den tırmanmıştır. Everest'e deniz seviyesinden başlayarak (Bengal Körfezi) tırmanan ilk kişidir.

Dikkate değer zirveler

Ayrıca bakınız
 Karakurum Karayolu
 Sekizbinlik
 Yeti

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Comprehensive Information about the mountains of Himalaya with links to good images
 Harish Kapadia
 The making of the Himalaya and major tectonic subdivisions
 Geology of the Himalayan mountains
 Birth of the Himalaya
 Some notes on the formation of the Himalaya
 Guide to the 8000 m peaks
 Pictures from a trek in Annapurna (film by Ori Liber)
 Kumaon Himalayas
 Adi Kailash - Himalayas

Himalaya Dağları


Florya (Chloris chloris), ispinozgiller (Fringillidae) familyasından ötücü bir kuş türü.

Özellikleri
14 cm uzunluğundaki floryaların erkekleri dişilerinden daha iri, renkleri daha göz alıcıdır. Dişi ve genç kuşlar, daha soluktur ve kahverengi tonlar hakimdir. Gagası, kalın ve koni biçimindedir. Ötüşleri de oldukça güzel ve cıvıltılıdır. Erkeğin, "kelebek" gösteri uçuşu vardır.

Üreme ve beslenme
Ağaçlar veya çalılıklarda yuva yapar, 3-8 yumurta bırakır. Üreme mevsimleri dışında gruplar oluşturan floryaların başlıca besini tohumdur.

Dağılımı
Palearktik bölgede geniş bir dağılım gösteren floryalar, Anadolu'nun Doğu bölgeleri dışındaki bütün yörelerinde ürer, kışın göç sırasında hemen her yerde çok sayıda görülür. Bu kuş, Avrupa, kuzey Afrika ve güneyde batı Asya boyunca yaygındır.

chloris
Afrika kuşları
Avrupa kuşları
Polonya'daki kuşlar
Türkiye'deki kuşlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Florya (kuş)


La microrregión de Santa Cruz do Sul es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño del Rio Grande do Sul perteneciente a la mesorregión Centro Oriental Rio-Grandense. Su población fue estimada en 2005 por el IBGE en 317.715 habitantes y está dividida en dieciséis municipios. Posee un área total de 5.564,553 km².

Municipios
 Arroio do Tigre
 Candelária
 Estrela Velha
 Gramado Xavier
 Herveiras
 Ibarama
 Lagoa Bonita do Sul
 Mato Leitão
 Passa Sete
 Santa Cruz do Sul
 Segredo
 Sinimbu
 Sobradinho
 Vale do Sol
 Venâncio Aires
 Vera Cruz

Microrregiones de Río Grande del Sur

Microrregión de Santa Cruz do Sul


Célestin Bergevin, né le  à Saint-Timothée, aujourd'hui un quartier de Salaberry-de-Valleyfield et mort le  à Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, est un juge de paix, capitaine et homme politique québécois, député de Beauharnois à l'Assemblée législative de la province de Québec sous la bannière du Parti conservateur du Québec de 1867 à 1871 et de 1878 à 1886.

Biographie
Célestin Bergevin naît à le  à Saint-Timothée de Pierre Bergevin, un agriculteur, et d'Angélique Mercier. Il est agriculteur, mais occupe entre-temps les positions de gardien du havre de Valleyfield et de juge de paix.

Il est maire de Saint-Clément-de-Beauharnois de 1878 à 1882. À l'échelle provinciale, il est élu député dans Beauharnois lors des premières élections provinciales du Québec en 1867. Aux élections de 1871, il perd face à George-Étienne Cartier. Aux élections partielles de juillet 1873 à Beauharnois, il se présente face à Élie-Hercule Bisson, mais perd de nouveau, et de même aux élections générales de 1875. Il est finalement élu aux élections de 1878, puis réélu en 1881, avant d'être défait par Bisson en 1886.

Il marie le  Marie Salomae May. Célestin Bergevin meurt le  à Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, âgé de 77 ans et est enterré le . Ses cousins Achille Bergevin et  sont aussi devenus députés de Beauharnois, tout comme son oncle .

Résultats électoraux

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
  du Québec
  du Québec
  du Québec
 Circonscription de Beauharnois

Liens externes

Député du Parti conservateur du Québec
Juge de paix
Naissance en septembre 1832
Naissance à Salaberry-de-Valleyfield
Naissance au Bas-Canada
Décès en juillet 1910
Décès au Québec
Décès à 77 ans

Célestin Bergevin


Castela emoryi es una especie de arbusto de la familia  Simaroubaceae, es originaria de Norteamérica.

Descripción
Es una planta que tiene, generalmente, un tamaño de <1 m de altura, aunque de vez en cuando puede alcanzar los 4  m, tiene una intrincada ramificación; las partes jóvenes son densamente puberulentas. Las hojas son efímeras, y rara vez se ve. La inflorescencia se produce en forma de panícula erecta, muy ramificada, de 2.5-5 cm de longitud, con flores de 6-8 mm de diámetro. Fruta de ± 6 mm, la parte superior plana y la base redondeada, a veces las semillas persisten varios años.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en graveras, laderas y planicies, a una altitud de ± 650 metros, en el desierto de Mojave (con excepción de las montañas del desierto) y el Desierto de Sonora.

Propiedades

C. emoryi  contiene quasinoides tales como la glaucarubolona, glucósido que tiene  propiedades insecticidas contra las termitas tales como Reticulitermes flavipes o potencial actividad fungicida para el control del mildiu de la vid. También contiene glaucarubol, un compuesto característico de la familia,  ácido elágico, betulinol y syringaresinol.

Taxonomía
Castela emoryi fue descrita por (A.Gray) Moran & Felger y publicado en Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 15(4): 40'''', en el año 1968.
EtimologíaCastela: nombre genérico otorgado en honor del naturalista francés René Richard Louis Castel.emoryi: epíteto otorgado en honor de William Hemsley Emory.
Sinonimia
 Holacantha emoryi'' A. Gray

Referencias

emory

Castela emoryi


The Girls of the Golden West fue un dúo de música Western compuesto por Mildred Fern Good (11 de abril de 1913 - 3 de mayo de 1993) y Dorothy Laverne Good, (11 de diciembre de 1915 - 12 de noviembre de 1967) popular durante la "Western Era" de los años 1930s y 1940s. Mildred y Dolly nacieron en Mt. Carmel, Illinois.

Fuentes
 Country Music:The Rough Guide; Wolff, Kurt

Enlaces externos
 All Music

Cantantes de country
Dúos de música de Estados Unidos

Girls of the Golden West


Andrea Šunjić-Bernadić (Mostar, 1984.), hrvatska likovna umjetnica iz Bosne i Hercegovine.

Životopis
Rođena je u Mostaru. Na Akademiju likovnih umjetnosti na Širokom Brijegu upisala se 2005. godine. Godine 2010. magistrirala je na slikarskom odjelu u klasi prof. Antuna Borisa Švaljeka. Godine 2010. upisala je i poslijediplomski studij Akademije likovnih umjetnosti na Širokom Brijegu Sveučilišta u Mostaru. Mentor joj je bio prof. Ante Kajinić. Izlagala na više samostalnih i skupnih izložbi. Sudionica brojnih likovnih kolonija i humanitarnih aukcija.

Izvori

Hrvatski slikari iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Životopisi, Mostar

Andrea Šunjić-Bernadić


Te-tid på kanten af Sahara er en film instrueret af Signe Fischer Smidt, Ida Krogh Mikkelsen.

Handling
Teen spiller en hel central rolle for tuaregerne, som lever på kanten af Sahara. Der er faste ceremonier omkring brygning og drikning af te. Det koster en bøde at bryde reglerne. Filmen tager os med ud i det tørre og varme landskab, og lader tre landsbybeboere fortælle om teen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark

Te-tid på kanten af Sahara


Melvin Eugene "Mel" Payton (Martinsville, Indiana,  - Indianapolis, Indiana, ) fue un jugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó dos temporadas en la NBA. Con 1,93 metros de estatura, lo hacía en la posición de escolta.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante cuatro temporadas con los Green Wave de la Universidad de Tulane, en las que promedió 11,8 puntos por partido. En su último año como universitario fue incluido en el mejor quinteto de la Southeastern Conference.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la decimonovena posición del Draft de la NBA de 1951 por Philadelphia Warriors, donde jugó una temporada como suplente, promediando 2,9 puntos y 1,8 rebotes por partido.

Al año siguiente fue traspasado a los Indianapolis Olympians a cambio de Don Lofgran. Allí jugaría su última temporada como profesional, promedianto 7,1 puntos y 4,7 rebotes por partido.

Tras retirarse, fue entrenador en equipos de instituto durante 35 años.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Payton en NBA.com
 Ficha de Mel Payton en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Indiana
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Tulane Green Wave
Baloncestistas de los Philadelphia Warriors
Baloncestistas de los Indianapolis Olympians

Mel Payton


Below is a list of the 18 states of the Sudan (Arabic names are in parentheses). Prior to 9 July 2011, the Republic of the Sudan was composed of 25 states. The ten southern states now form part of the independent country of South Sudan. Two additional states were created in 2012 within the Darfur region, and one in 2013 in Kordofan, bringing the total to 18.

States of the Republic of the Sudan
The following 18 states form the territory of the Republic of the Sudan:

 Khartoum (ولاية خرطوم Wilāyat Kharṭūm)
 North Kordofan (ولاية شمال كردفان Wilāyat Shamāl Kurdufān)
 Northern (ولاية الشمالية Wilāyat ash-Shamāliyyah)
 Kassala (ولاية كسّلا Wilāyat Kassalā)
 Blue Nile (ولاية النيل الأزرق Wilāyat an-Nīl al-Azraq)
 North Darfur (ولاية شمال دارفور Wilāyat Shamāl Dārfūr)
 South Darfur (ولاية جنوب دارفور Wilāyat Janūb Dārfūr)
 South Kordofan (ولاية جنوب كردفان Wilāyat Janūb Kurdufān)
 Gezira (ولاية الجزيرة Wilāyat al-Jazīrah)
 White Nile (ولاية النيل الأبيض Wilāyat an-Nīl al-Abyaḍ)
 River Nile (ولاية نهر النيل Wilāyat Nahr an-Nīl)
 Red Sea (ولاية البحر الأحمر Wilāyat al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar)
 Al Qadarif (ولاية القضارف Wilāyat al-Qaḍārif)
 Sennar (ولاية سنّار Wilāyat Sinnār)
 West Darfur (ولاية غرب دارفور Wilāyat Gharb Dārfūr)
 Central Darfur (ولاية وسط دارفور Wilāyat Wasṭ Dārfūr)
 East Darfur (ولاية شرق دارفور Wilāyat Sharq Dārfūr)
 West Kordofan (ولاية غرب كردفان Wilāyat Gharb Kurdufān) (disestablished in 2005; reestablished in 2013)

Special administrative areas
 The Abyei Area, located on the border between South Sudan and the Republic of the Sudan, currently has a special administrative status and is governed by an Abyei Area Administration. It was due to hold a referendum in 2011 on whether to be part of South Sudan or part of the Republic of Sudan.

Regional bodies
In addition to the states, there also exist regional administrative bodies established by peace agreements between the central government and rebel groups:
 The Darfur Regional Government was established by the Darfur Peace Agreement to act as a co-ordinating body for the states that make up the region of Darfur.
 The Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council was established by the Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement between the Sudanese Government and the rebel Eastern Front to act as a coordinating body for the three eastern states.

History

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan had eight mudiriyat, or provinces, which were ambiguous when created but became well defined by the beginning of World War II.  The eight provinces were: Blue Nile, Darfur, Equatoria, Kassala, Khartoum, Kordofan, Northern, and Upper Nile. In 1948, Bahr al Ghazal split from Equatoria.

There were numerous new provinces created on 1 July 1973.  North and South Darfur were created from Darfur, while Kurdufan divided into North and South Kordofan.  Gezira and White Nile were split off from Blue Nile.  River Nile split off from Northern.  Red Sea was split off from Kassala.

A further fracturing of provinces occurred in 1976.  Lakes split from Bahr al Ghazal, and Jonglei split off from Upper Nile.  Equatoria divided into Eastern and Western Equatoria.  There were thus eighteen provinces.  In 1991, the government reorganized the administrative regions into nine federal states, matching the nine provinces that had existed from 1948 to 1973.  On 14 February 1994, the government reorganized yet again, creating twenty-six wilayat (states).  The majority of the wilayat were either the old provinces or administrative subregions of a province.  As part of the new government structure in South Sudan in 2005, Bahr al Jabal was renamed Central Equatoria. In 2006, West Kurdufan was split and merged with North Kurdufan and South Kordofan.

In January 2012, the new states of Central Darfur and East Darfur were created in the Darfur region, bringing the total number of states to 17. In July 2013, West Kurdufan was reestablished.

Since April 2019, states in Sudan have been without state governments and legislative councils.

Former states now part of South Sudan

On 9 July 2011, the ten southern states became the independent country of South Sudan. They were further divided into 86 counties.

See also
ISO 3166-2:SD
List of current state governors in Sudan
List of Sudanese states by population
List of Sudanese states by Human Development Index
States of South Sudan — first-level administrative division of the Republic of South Sudan

References

External links

 States of Sudan.
 2008 Census Results , Central Bureau of Statistics

Subdivisions of Sudan
Sudan 1
Sudan geography-related lists

fr:Subdivisions du Soudan#États

States of Sudan


IRAF (Image Reduction and Analysis Facility) is a collection of software written at the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) geared towards the reduction of astronomical images and spectra in pixel array form. This is primarily data taken from imaging array detectors such as CCDs. It is available for all major operating systems for mainframes and desktop computers. IRAF was designed cross-platform, supporting VMS and UNIX-like operating systems. Use on Microsoft Windows was made possible by Cygwin in earlier versions, and can be today done with the Windows Subsystem for Linux. Today, it is primarily used on macOS and Linux.

IRAF commands (known as tasks) are organized into package structures. Additional packages may be added to IRAF. Packages may contain other packages. There are many packages available by NOAO and external developers often focusing on a particular branch of research or facility.

Functionality available in IRAF includes the calibration of the fluxes and positions of astronomical objects within an image, compensation for sensitivity variations between detector pixels, combination of multiple images or measurement of the redshifts of absorption or emission lines in a spectrum.

While IRAF is still very popular among astronomers, institutional development and maintenance was stopped. IRAF is now maintained as community software.

History
The IRAF project started in fall 1981 at Kitt Peak National Observatory. In 1982, a preliminary design and the first version of the Command Language (CL) were completed. The IRAF Group was founded. Designer of the IRAF system and chief programmer was Doug Tody. In 1983, Space Telescope Science Institute selected IRAF as the environment for their SDAS data analysis system and ported the system to VMS. The first internal IRAF release was in 1984. After a limited distribution of a few outside sites the first public release was 1987.

In the middle of the 1990s, the "Open IRAF" project was started to address the problems that were seen at that time. This included language bindings, a way to use IRAF components without the full IRAF environment, new data types and dynamically loadable user code. This project was never completed.

At the end of the 1990s, the IRAF development slowed down considerably, as the system was considered mature. The user support was transferred to a Web forum in 2005 and new development of the core system was officially decreased to a very low level. However, voluntary work of the IRAF developers continued and they distributed some unofficial intermediary versions.

From 2006 to 2009, a first effort was made to port IRAF to 64 bit at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan. While this effort did not evolve into a new official IRAF version, it contributed significant portions to the 64-bit port by NOAO.

NOAO resumed development efforts in 2007,  porting the system to 64 bit and adding Virtual Observatory capabilities to it. This phase ended in 2013 with the release of version 2.16.1.

In 2017, the source code was transferred to GitHub. In an effort to package the IRAF software for Debian, it was cleaned up from the remaining non-free source code and is maintained solely by the community since then. After a few pre-releases, version 2.17 was released in early 2022.

Licensing
The licensing status of IRAF generally follows the MIT license scheme. Older versions contained some non-free software. In particular, the NCAR graphics code restricted re-distribution of IRAF before it was removed in version 2.16. Also, old versions used code taken from the Numerical Recipes book under a different license. This code was removed or replaced with Open Source in versions after 2.16.1. This allowed the distribution of IRAF packages in mainstream Linux distributions like Debian or Ubuntu.

System design
Four basic components make up the run-time IRAF system:

 The Applications Packages are a structured collection of portable tasks for scientific data reduction and analysis, but also for system utilities.
 The Command Language (CL) is the default interactive user interface and is also used as scripting language for tasks in the application packages.
 The Virtual Operation System (VOS) provides a portable interface for the application tasks. It is modeled after the Unix system functions, but with an API for the IRAF specific Subset Preprocessor language (SPP).
 The Host System Interface (HSI) is the kernel providing an interface between the host system and the functions of the VOS. It also provides tools necessary for bootstrapping the system from source. The SPP compiler is also part of the HSI.
Only the HSI is system dependent. All other components are portable by the use of the functions provided by the HSI. This way, porting to a new system requires only changes in this component. However, the initial design was implicitly based on the universal use of 32-bit data types and therefore the port to 64 bit required major efforts not only in the HSI but in all components of the system.

Application packages
Application Packages are recursively structured in subpackages and tasks. They can be divided into two classes: general system and basic dataprocessing utilities, and packages specific to astronomical data reduction and analysis. The tasks are dominatly written in SPP and CL.

System packages
The system packages are located in the base package of IRAF and provide tools for the CL, useful operating system utilities, and basic scientific utilities, f.e. for image processing:

 dataio Data format conversion (FITS, IRAF image format etc.)
 images General bitmap image processing and display
 lists List processing
 plot Vector graphics plotting utilities
 softools Software development and system maintenance tools
 system System utilities
 utilities Miscellaneous utilities, including nttools to handle tables.

Optical astronomy packages
The noao packages are used for the analysis of optical astronomy data. Most of these tasks are general, but the imred package also contains data reduction tasks for specific instruments. Some of the important packages are:

 imred Image reductions package, containing both general tasks for astronomical data reduction and for specific KPNO instruments
 artdata Artificial data generation package. May generate artificial catalogs, 2D and 2D spectra, create images from artificial stars, galaxies, noise and cosmic rays etc. for testing purposes.
 astrometry Astrometry package to obtain astrometric coordinates for objects in stellar fields
 digiphot Digital stellar photometry package

 onedspec One dimensional spectral data reduction and analysis package. One important task in this package is splot, a graphical tool for the analysis of spectra.
 twodspec Two dimensional spectral reduction and analysis package, the same operations for two-dimensional spectra (longslit, multispec)
 surfphot Galaxy isophotal analysis package
 astcat Astronomical catalog and surveys access package

External packages
One strength of IRAF was the existence of various external packages, which resolved specific problems or implemented specialized data reduction pipelines. Among the packages are

 fitsutil Utilities for single and multiple extension FITS files
 sptable IRAF package for tabular spectra
 ctio Tools for the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
 stsdas Software system from Space Telescope Science Institute for calibrating and analyzing data from the Hubble Space Telescope (the original tables package from STSci is included as utilities.nttables in the system packages).
 stecf IRAF tasks developed at the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
 rvsao Radial Velocity Package by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
 wcstools Image World Coordinate System Utilities by Jessica Mink
 aXe Spectral Extraction and Visualization software
 gemini Data reduction pipeline for the Gemini Observatory

Many of these packages are however not maintained anymore. Porting to 64 bit also required significant effort and not all external packages were ported and therefore only usable in a 32-bit environment.

User-defined tasks
IRAF allows users to write their own tasks in two main ways. One is by writing non-compiled procedure (Command Language, CL) scripts. The second is through compiled subset pre-processor (SPP) programs. Tutorial documents exist for both methods.

IRAF specific languages

Command language
The Command Language (CL), serves as a command and runtime supportive interface between the user at his computer terminal and the application programs he is executing. The user types his commands to the CL and it does whatever task and file manipulations are necessary to carry out the commands. In later versions, the original CL was extended to ECL, which has an editable command line as its main advantage. A version that enabled direct access to the Virtual Observatory (VOCL) was developed too.

The CL primarily serves as a shell and organizes the work with the system and the applications. There are three types of tasks the CL can execute: native tasks, which are part of compiled IRAF executables, scripts (CL tasks which are tasks written in CL), and foreign tasks, external programs or scripts that are executed by the CL. For each task, a parameter file may exist. It contains a description of each of the parameters used by the task that should be known and managed by the CL.

Here is a simple Hello World script in CL:
{
print(' Hello, world !! ')
}CL scripts have usually the suffix .cl, which may cause conflicts with Common Lisp code files.

Subset preprocessor language
The subset preprocessor language (SPP) implements a subset of the IRAF preprocessor language that was planned in the early days of IRAF. The SPP language is based on the Ratfor language.  The lexical form, operators, and control flow constructs are identical to those provided by Ratfor.  The major differences are the data types, the form of a procedure, the addition of inline strings and character constants, the use of square brackets for arrays, and the task statement. The i/o facilities provided are quite different.

The xc program, provided with IRAF, translates SPP programs into Fortran 66, and from there with f2c into C code.

The preprocessor is complemented with mkpkg, a make like build automation tool, generic, a tool to translate generic types into type dependent source code, and xyacc, a modified yacc to produce SPP output.

Here is a simple Hello World program in SPP:
task    hello                   # CL callable task
procedure hello()               # common procedure
begin
        call printf ("hello, world\n")
endSPP programs have usually the suffix .x, those which need to be preprocessed with the generic tool have .gx.

Supplementary software
A full IRAF working environment usually requires two other applications: an extended xterm window with a graphics windows (called xgterm and distributed in a separate x11iraf package) and an image display program referred to as an "image server". The two most popular image servers are SAOImageDS9 (by SAO) and ximtool (NOAO, also distributed in the x11iraf package).

As an alternative of xgterm and the Command Language, the Python package PyRAF can be used. PyRAF is able to translate CL scripts into Python scripts. It also provides a graphics window (based on Tk or on Matplotlib). As command shell, either the Python or IPython command shell can be used, or a special mode resembling much of the look and feel of the CL command shell.

See also

List of observatory software
Astropy
IDL/Gnudatalanguage
Starlink

References

External links
IRAF Homepage
IRAF documentation
Source code repository on Github
IRAF community discussion page
IRAF.Net Forum
Old IRAF home page on webarchive

Astronomy software
Cross-platform software

IRAF


Agaricus silvicola și sylvicola (Carlo Vittadini, 1838 ex Charles Horton Peck, 1872), sin. Psalliota silvicola (Carlo Vittadini, 1838 ex Charles Richon & Ernest Roze, 1885), numit în popor ciupercă de pădure (ca și Agaricus silvaticus precum Agaricus vaporarius), este o  specie saprofită de ciuperci comestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota, în familia Agaricaceae și de genul Agaricus. Buretele se poate găsi în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord în păduri de foioase și în cele de conifere, mai ales pe lângă fagi respectiv molizi, crescând solitar sau în grupuri mici, de la câmpie până la munte, din mai până în octombrie.

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 6-12 cm  și este amenajată central peste picior, fiind  inițial semisferică, cu marginea răsfrântă către picior, dar se aplatizează destul de repede, devenind la bătrânețe aproape plană. Cuticula este uscată cu aspect fibros, prezentând niciodată solzi sau scuame. Coloritul este originar alb, dar trece odată cu vârsta sau pe vreme uscată ușor în culoarea crem-gălbuie. Se decolorează la atingere sau leziune pal-gălbui.
 Lamelele: sunt lungi, subțiri, stau aglomerate, și libere de picior, inițial albe, schimbând coloritul apoi în pal-roz, gri-roz și la bătrânețe în maro de ciocolată închis.
 Sporii: sunt netezi și ovoidali cu o dimensiune cuprinsă între 5–6 × 3–4 microni. Culoarea lor este brun-purpurie.
 Piciorul: are o înălțime de 5-10 cm, o lățime de 1-1,5 (2) cm și este alb, neted, aproape cilindric, deja în tinerețe gol pe interior, sfârșind într-un mic bulb mărginit și turtit fără volvă care se decolorează la atingere gălbui. Prezintă o manșetă simplă, albă, membranoasă, trecătoare care se răsfrânge în jos peste picior.
 Carnea: este albă, destul de fragilă, pe măsura avansării în vârstă moale, îngălbenind (nici odată înroșind) după tăiere. Exemplare mai bătrâne capătă un accent maroniu. Buretele este de gust dulceag, având un miros intensiv de anason sau de migdale, mai ales spre bază, care nu se pierde complet în timpul preparării.
 Reacții chimice: Buretele se decolorează cu Hidroxid de potasiu galben.

Confuzii
În mod general,  ciuperca pădurii poate fi doar confundată cu alte specii inofensive de genul Agaricus care au miros de anason sau de alune, cum sunt Agaricus abruptibulbus, Agaricus albolutescens (comestibil), Agaricus arvensis sau Agaricus macrosporus, dar și cu celelalte soiuri albuie ale genului Agaricus fără mirosul specific,  ca de exemplu Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus campestris, sau, de asemenea, cu Amanita Eliae, Calocybe gambosa ori Volvariella speciosa sin. Volvariella gloiocephala. Excepția face otrăvitorul Agaricus xanthodermus, a cărui carne de bază este colorată mereu galben, mirosind a iod, fenol sau cerneală. Altfel se prezintă situația, dacă un începător ar confunda soiul cu specii letale cum sunt Amanita phalloides, Amanita verna, Amanita virosa sau Inocybe erubescens care este în tinerețe alb.

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Specii otrăvitoare de confundat

Specii comestibile de confundat

Valorificare
Cu toate că această specie nu-și pierde mirosul de anason în timpul preparării complet, ciuperca de pădure este un burete mult căutat și consumat, pentru că gustos și de calitate bună. El  poate fi pregătit ca ciulama, de asemenea împreună cu alte ciuperci sau adăugat la un sos de carne, în special de vânat. Gustos este de asemenea cu jumări de ou, prăjit în unt cu verdețuri, ca umplutura unei plăcinte de foaie sau în mod ardelean (seu de porc, ceapă, ciuperci tăiate, morcov, păstârnac, boia ardei, smântână).

Note

Bibliografie
 Bruno Cetto, volumele 1-4 (vezi la note).
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "Pilze", Editura Silva, Zürich 1986
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

 Agaricus silvicola, film

Agaricus
Ciuperci comestibile
Ciuperci saprofite
1838 în știință

Agaricus silvicola


Konzervacija restauracija predmeta od krzna je djelatnost koja se bavi očuvanjem i zaštitom predmeta od krzna, odnosno predmeta koji sadrže i dijelove od krzna. Kod muzealiziranih predmeta na njihovoj zaštiti rade za ovaj materijal specijalizirani konzervatori restauratori.

Određenje po vrstama objekata

Krzna
Krznom definiramo životinjsku kožu sa sačuvanom dlakom.

Razlika između kose i krzna
Razlika je semantičke prirode. I kosa i krzno izgrađeni su od keratina, a od njega su također i koža, kandže, nokti, kopita, i rogovi.

Preparirane životinje
Prepariranje je kao tehnika postojalo već u Drevnom Egiptu. Iako se ovdje radilo više o mumificiranju nego prepariranju, oni su životinje sačuvali u njihovom izvornom obliku uklanjanjem unutarnjih organa i isušivanjem lešine pomoću soli iz rijeke Nil. Najranija primjena prepariranja u suvremenom smislu počinje početkom 16. stoljeća. Vremenom su se tehnike razvijale, i u Viktorijansko doba već imamo prepariranje jednako današnjem. Dolazi do prelaza s tehnike punjenja životinskih koža slamom ili papirom do uporabe unutarnje potporne konstrukcije i izvornih životinjskih lubanja. Preparirane se životinje u muzejima koriste i danas. Kao posebno značajan možemo ovdje izdvojiti rad Carla Akeleya, koji je prvi preparirane životinje počeo izlagati u simuliranom prirodnom okolišu.

Krznena odjeća i srodni predmeti
Ljudi krznenu odjeću nose od pradavnih vremena. Najpoznatiji stari primjer je danas svakako Ötzi - Ledeni čovjek, koji nam daje neposredan dokaz o korištenju i izgledu krznene odjeće i obuće prije otprilike 5300 godina.

Umjetnički objekti

Moderna umjetnost
Postoji više primjera ovakovih predmeta u razdoblju Moderne. Kao najpoznatiji primjer izdvojimo rad Merret Openheim naziva Le Déjeuner en fourrure.

Uzroci propadanja krznenih predmeta

Insekti

Temperatura i vlažnost zraka

Kemijski uzroci

Neprimjerena pohrana

Rukovanje
Krzneni se predmeti lako prljaju. Kod odjeće dolazi i do oštećenja zbog nošenja. S predmetima treba rukovati u nitrilnim rukavicama.

Preparirani objekti
Stariji su primjerci prepariranih životina ispunjavani slamom i papirom,kako bi se rekreirala muskulatura životinja. B

Čišćenje

Suho čišćenje

Četke i usisač

Čišćenje spužvom

Mokro čišćenje
Štetno za sve na bjelančevinama zasnovnae materijale.

Smrzavanje
Ovo je jedini siguran način uništenja štetnika na krznu. Objekte stavimo u poliesterne vreće iz kojih istisnemo sav zrak. 2 tjedna u frizeru je obično dovoljno (-18 °C). Na temperaturi od - 30 °C dovoljna su 72 sata.

Preventivna zaštita
"Od svih predmeta od prirodnih materijala, oni dobiveni od životinjskih koža među natrajnijim i najotpornijim su materijalima u zbirkama." Međutim sva su krzna osjetljiva na oštećenja od svjetlosti i temperature. Također, je obvezna primjena Muzejske integrirane zaštite od štetnika.

Krzna

Preparirani objekti
U viktorijansko doba u uporabu je ušao arsenov sapun. Francuski farmaceut Jean-Baptiste Bécoeur, izumio je 1738. pastu za preveniranje napada štetnika na prepariranim objektima. Radilo se o mješavini arsen trisulfida, kamfora, kalijeva karbonata, kalcijeva hidroksida i sapuna . On nije za svog života javno obznanio sastav mješavine. No isti je 1820. ustanovio i popularizirao Louis Dufresne, francuski preparator.

Odjeća i pribor

Dodatna literatura

 Kite,M.,Thomson,R.: Conservation of Leather and Related Materials,London 2006.

Izvori

Konzervacija


El Diablo de Descartes es un experimento científico clásico que demuestra el principio de flotabilidad (principio de Arquímedes) y la ley de los gases ideales.

Historia

Originalmente, entre los siglos XIV y XVI, se buscaba la forma de calcular la temperatura pero no sabían cómo hacer realmente para saberlo.
En Venecia, bajo el mecenazgo de los Médici, muchos como Galileo y Leonardo Da Vinci trataron de lograr un instrumento que sirviera para ello.
Tras ellos, Torricelli prueba con diversos materiales (esferas de cristal huecas mediante un agujero) y con recipientes llenos de agua; y se da cuenta de que con las variaciones de temperatura esas esferas descienden en los recipientes. Así dijo: «Vivimos en el fondo de un océano del elemento aire, el cual, mediante una experiencia incuestionable, se demuestra que tiene peso».

Tras ello muchos continúan estas investigaciones y finalmente Raffaello Magiotti consigue fabricar el antecesor directo al diablillo de Descartes y lo plasma en su obra Renitenza Certissima dell Acqva alla compressione.
El texto fue el primer informe de la resistencia a la compresión práctica -que Magiotti erróneamente afirmó ser absoluta- de agua a temperatura constante, así como la expansión y contracción de los medios de comunicación de fluido (agua y aire) sometido a cambios de temperatura. Además de las descripciones de varios termómetros, la obra también presenta una ilustración de los buzos de campana de tarro y de los diablillos de Descartes.

Descripción
El Ludión o Diablillo de Descartes (nombre del cual se desconoce su origen) es normalmente curvado, para provocar que el movimiento ascensional lleve asociado un giro. En colecciones de instrumentos científicos de finales del  ya se encuentran ejemplos de este tipo de figura con distintas formas: juglar, guerrero o pequeño diablo. En la práctica, puede usarse como recipiente una botella de refresco, de forma que todas sus paredes, al ser flexibles, funcionan a modo de membrana, transmitiendo la presión que se ejerce con las manos.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
 Diablillo de Descartes - explicación del funcionamiento del juguete por parte del asesor científico del Parque de las Ciencias de Granada, en YouTube

Juguetes científicos
Instrumentos epónimos

Diablillo de Descartes