Imperial Bedroom is the seventh studio album by the English singer-songwriter Elvis Costello, and his sixth with the Attractions—keyboardist Steve Nieve, bassist Bruce Thomas and drummer Pete Thomas (no relation). It was released on 2July 1982 through F-Beat Records in the United Kingdom and Columbia Records in the United States. Recording took place at AIR Studios in London from late 1981 to early 1982 with production handled by Geoff Emerick. Placing an emphasis on studio experimentation, the album saw the group use unusual instruments, including harpsichord, accordion and strings arranged by Nieve. Songs were rewritten constantly while Costello tinkered with the recordings, adding numerous overdubs.

Employing a variety of pop styles that embody new wave, baroque pop and art rock, Imperial Bedroom contains an ornately lush production that several commentators compared to the Beatles and Phil Spector's wall of sound. The lyrics primarily concern love and relationships, with insight into the emotional problems of individuals. Squeeze's Chris Difford co-wrote the lyrics for "Boy With a Problem". The cover artwork, a painting by Barney Bubbles, is a pastiche of Pablo Picasso's Three Musicians.

Promoted under the tagline "Masterpiece?", Imperial Bedroom reached number 6 in the UK and number 30 in the US. Its singles, "You Little Fool" and "Man Out of Time", failed to break the top 50 in the UK. Its commercial performance led Costello to take a new direction with 1983's Punch the Clock. It was greeted with massive acclaim from music critics and continues to be regarded as one of Costello's best works. Reviewers praised the songwriting, production, instrumentation and performances, although its complexity was divisive. Appearing on several best-of lists, Imperial Bedroom has been reissued multiple times with bonus tracks.

Background
By 1981, Elvis Costello had released six studio albums in four years. Following the release of his country covers album Almost Blue (1981), the artist was facing diminishing popularity, particularly in America, where Trust (1981) and the Taking Liberties (1980) collection of outtakes had only reached the top 30; Armed Forces (1979) and Get Happy!! (1980) both reached number two. He had experimented musically with Get Happy!!, Trust and Almost Blue, and began to write more introspective lyrics compared to the angry material of his first three albums. However, the weaker commercial performances of these projects caused him to re-evaluate himself as an artist, leading him to take a new direction for his next album.

Costello's initial vision for his seventh studio project was to record most of it live with minimal overdubs. He and his backing band the Attractions—keyboardist Steve Nieve, bassist Bruce Thomas and drummer Pete Thomas (no relation)—spent two weeks rehearsing the material at a remote college in Devon using this method, yielding an eight-track album. Costello eventually settled on using heavy studio experimentation when he found the material sounded too similar to Trust.

Recording and production

The band regrouped at London's AIR Studios in November 1981, where Costello had booked 12 weeks to record the album. He chose former Beatles engineer Geoff Emerick to produce the album, who the artist primarily used to "make his scattershot ideas a reality"; Emerick would be listed on the album sleeve as producing "from an original idea by Elvis Costello, assisted by Jon Jacobs". It was Costello's first album of original material not produced by Nick Lowe, as Costello believed his complex ideas for the record would be too much for the producer; engineer Roger Béchirian did not return either. Lowe later returned to produce 1986's Blood & Chocolate.

Emerick's primary role was to let the musicians take charge of themselves, as a way to "draw things out of the artist". Costello commented in 1995: "He was used to being thrown an incomprehensible garble of sounds and musical directions and making some sense of it. After working with the Beatles at the height of their psychedelic era, he was used to innovation." According to author Tony Clayton-Lea, Emerick transformed the record from a "decent" eight-track demo album into an "aural tour de force". The album was recorded at the same time as Paul McCartney's Tug of War, on which Emerick simultaneously served as engineer while George Martin produced; Emerick departed for small periods to work on Tug of War—with Jacobs taking over—before resuming work with Costello. The artist later explained that he and McCartney were initially set to have non-conflicting recording schedules but the latter's was moved up, forcing Emerick to work between the two.

The new record was Costello's first where the songs were not performed live before properly recording. Costello instead drew upon brand new songs, but took some tracks from prior ventures: "Boy With a Problem" originated during the sessions for Trust, "Kid About It" from the artist's time producing Squeeze's East Side Story (1981) and "Tears Before Bedtime" during the sessions for Almost Blue. Tracks he wrote at home on the piano included "Almost Blue", "...And in Every Home" and "The Long Honeymoon". Costello asked Sammy Cahn for input in writing what would become "The Long Honeymoon" but the writer declined, which gave him the motivation to finish writing it himself, while Squeeze's Chris Difford co-wrote lyrics for "Boy With a Problem".

With an emphasis on studio experimentation, songs were constantly being rewritten in the studio; Costello took full control of the environment and concentrated the most on the sound of the recordings. Unlike previous albums, where there was a general production idea, Costello stated that the band treated each song individually. Emerick concurred, stating, "My co-production consisted of abandoning the arrangements that we had carefully worked out." Bruce Thomas recalled:

The group utilised unusual instruments, including mellotron, harpsichord, accordion, twelve-string guitar, marimba, strings and trumpets. Once Costello was satisfied with where a track was at, Emerick used his experience to shape them. However, the "idiosyncratic, piecemeal approach" led to each track being led by a specific instrument rather than displaying the Attractions as a creative unit: "Shabby Doll" showcased piano and bass, while "Beyond Belief" showcased drums, which Pete Thomas performed in one take after a heavy night of drinking; Costello stated that Pete's performance led him to rewrite the number using the backing track as a guide. A contemporary review from NME Richard Cook noted that the guitars were demoted to "mere colouration", with the keyboards drawing "the predominant melodic shape". Nieve also played the distorted guitar during the fade of "Tears Before Bedtime" as "a joke".

The Attractions recorded some tracks without Costello present, such as "Pidgin English" and "Boy With a Problem". Nieve arranged the majority of the string sections, including three Wagnerian-like French horns for "The Long Honeymoon", brass and woodwinds for "Pidgin English", "Philly-style violin" for "Town Cryer" and a full 40-piece orchestra for "...And in Every Home". Nieve conducted the orchestra himself, while Martin supervised the arrangement as it contained several allusions to his work with the Beatles; Ringo Starr visited the studio during the session.

The album's original working title was Music to Stop Clocks before being changed to This Is a Revolution of the Mind, a line from James Brown's "King Heroin" (1972). Clayton-Lea found this title "would blatantly publicize the health-conscious change of attitude". It was changed again to P.S. I Love You—a line from "The Loved Ones" and "Pidgin English"—before settling on Imperial Bedroom, the name of a track Costello wrote and recorded after the sessions wrapped. He later remarked that the chosen title had "just the right combination of splendour and sleaze to fit all the tracks on the album".

Later work
After completing the basic tracks in November 1981, Costello and the Attractions debuted several Imperial Bedroom tracks live during shows throughout late-December. Reviewing the newer numbers during the New Year's Eve show, Robert Palmer of The New York Times commented: "Some of them have the harmonic and melodic sophistication of pop standards from the 1930s and 1940s." On 7January 1982, the band performed with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra at the Royal Albert Hall in London, mostly playing older hits and songs from Almost Blue and Imperial Bedroom.

Costello continued tinkering with the Imperial Bedroom recordings alone throughout early 1982, including experimenting with vocal inflections on "Kid About It", "Human Hands" and "Pidgin English". He also overdubbed "vocal groups" onto "Tears Before Bedtime", "The Loved Ones" and "Town Cryer" as a way to contrast with the more straightforward approaches in "Almost Blue", "Man Out of Time" and "The Long Honeymoon". Biographer Graeme Thomson states that he wanted to move away from "having one feel throughout", a trait that had permeated Almost Blue. He also commented that he believed the vocal and instrumental additions set Imperial Bedroom apart from his prior works. The album was completed by March.

Music and lyrics

A departure from the artist's previous albums, Imperial Bedroom employs a variety of musical styles, characterised by commentators as new wave, baroque pop, and art rock. Reviewers also found it Beatlesque, and drew comparisons to Tin Pan Alley. Senior AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine regarded the songs as an extension of the jazz and pop infatuations explored on Trust. In The New York Times, Palmer summarised, "the music is a sumptuous mélange of pop styles, from Beatles-baroque to Phil Spector Wall-of-Sound to torch-song intimacy." Rolling Stone Parke Puterbaugh wrote that the album contains a "potent, articulate musical kick" that relates to the Who's Tommy (1969), the Pretty Things' S.F. Sorrow (1968) and the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). Biographer David Gouldstone says the production makes the songs sound "spontaneous and immediate", while author James E. Perone remarks that Costello's voice is higher in the mix, presenting a "clearer presentation" of his voice than any of Lowe's productions.

The lyrics on Imperial Bedroom are also a departure from previous albums, wherein every song is primarily concerned with topics of love and relationships, and delve further into the psych of dealing with emotions rather than the "revenge and guilt" fantasies of Costello's early work. Gouldstone summarises the album as being about "the emotions, and more specifically the emotional problems, of individuals", while Perone wrote that the songs "can be fully appreciated as a statement on importance of breaking through the noise and static of life to reach simple clarity and focus". Puterbaugh compared its "thematic concerns" to the country albums Red Headed Stranger (1975) by Willie Nelson and The Battle (1976) by George Jones. Many of the songs, particularly "Beyond Belief" and "Man Out of Time", represent an embellishment of somber reflection for Costello, having experienced numerous public and personal disturbances over the past five years and having little time for rumination. Gouldstone states that every song on Imperial Bedroom is personal, with somewhat public themes on "Man Out of Time" and "Pidgin English" given personal embodiments. Speaking to Palmer in June 1982, Costello commented that "the more personal songs are either imaginary scenarios, observations of other people, or observations of myself". The subjects in the songs are far-reaching, representing a wide range of individuals from all levels of society. After having mostly third person narrators on Trust, Imperial Bedroom utilises mostly first-person narrators, with third-person ones making appearances on "The Long Honeymoon", "...And in Every Home" and "You Little Fool". Despite some of the lyrical content, Costello imagined this to be his most optimistic album to date.

Side one
The opening track, "Beyond Belief", evokes 1960s psychedelia and utilises an unusual song structure, wherein there is melodic contrast from section-to-section and the chorus does not appear until the track's outro, to describe a tense relationship study between two mutually mismatched forces. Providing commentary on the confused state of the world, the song sets up a recurring theme where people do not learn from their mistakes. Gouldstone comments that while Costello had previous acted as an observer or outsider, with "Beyond Belief" he now acts in a more positive role than playing a cynical observer. AllMusic's Bill Janovitz viewed the track's use of vocal layering, effects and instrumentation as resembling and predating techniques of sampling and looping before their widespread use in rock. "Tears Before Bedtime" returns to the "marital claustrophobia" of numerous Get Happy!! tracks, concerning a dysfunctional relationship where the characters have given up hope that the fighting will end. Perone finds the song evidence of Costello's continued development in aligning moods of the words and music.

"Shabby Doll" is an exploration of the feelings of anger and hate that come with rejection. Taking its title from an old cabaret poster Costello saw in a hotel dining room, the male character describes his female lover as a "shabby doll"—meaning she was once glamorous but is now past her prime—but by the end of the song, the role have reversed and he becomes the "shabby doll". Like other album tracks, the song displays the artist's acknowledgement of distributing blame evenly between men and women that began on Trust. Its themes of betrayal are aided by the tension-building instrumentation of the Attractions. "The Long Honeymoon" is a tale of infidelity that employs a Latin-type groove, jazz and lounge inflections on piano and French cabaret-style accordion. Perone likens its arrangement to a 1940s/1950s torch song. Its instrumental middle section boasts a rare guitar solo from Costello. Gouldstone compares its themes to the Trust numbers "Big Sister's Clothes" and "Shot With His Own Gun".

Costello felt the partly autobiographical "Man Out of Time" was the "heart" of the album. Bookended by a fast-paced band-led performance with screaming—the initial recorded version—"Man Out of Time" boasts a wall of sound production and excessive wordplay to describe three characters: the narrator, a woman and a man who holds a public position. The details are minimal and obtuse, but Gouldstone interprets it as the narrator's plea for the woman to love him after the man has left her; if she does not love him, he loses grasp on reality. AllMusic's Rick Anderson opined that the song presents both the "best" and "worst" of the album, but found its "lush and heartbreakingly pretty" production lends the chorus its emotional weight.

"Almost Blue"—titled after his preceding album of country covers—was based on Chet Baker's recording of "The Thrill Is Gone". The album's only track that is not heavily produced, "Almost Blue" is played in a somber jazz and lounge style, emphasising changing harmonies. In "Almost Blue", the main character is devoid of feeling as he is lost in love, which he brought upon himself, while being in a relationship that has never reached full happiness. Janovitz associated its sorrow quality to Frank Sinatra's 1954 In the Wee Small Hours and 1958 Only the Lonely LPs and overall mood to Miles Davis's Kind of Blue (1959). In contrast to "Almost Blue", "...And in Every Home" vaunts the most extravagant production on the album. Its music is led by Nieve's orchestral arrangements, which one reviewer likened to the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper. The lyrics depict stagnant views of relationships, whose individuals' act in age-inappropriate ways; the characters cheat on their spouses with individuals half their age in an attempt to recapture their youth. Gouldstone interprets it as a study of the waste of lives and marriage destruction.

Side two
Costello described "The Loved Ones" as "the horror of a parade of relations at the fate of a doomed and wasted youth". A mid-1960s pop number, Perone found its impressionist imagery catches a despised man in the midst of being alienated from society. "Human Hands" is an operatic love song about the desire for human contact, with images of masturbation and prostitution. According to Gouldstone, the narrator's seclusion is accentuated through references to the hostility of the outside world. Like "Man Out of Time", "he needs love to protect him from the chaos surrounding him", although his repeated attempts result in failure.

Costello wrote "Kid About It" the morning after John Lennon's murder and reflects his mindset following the event. A gospel-inspired waltz with a simple arrangement, AllMusic's Stewart Mason compared the track's "1950s cool jazz" sound with that of "Almost Blue". In "Kid About It", the narrator pleads to his lover but believes she is behaving immaturely and not taking the relationship seriously. Wanting to return to a less complicated time, he is done playing games and wants to fully settle down. For his vocals, Costello sang in his lowest octave and strained on some of the higher notes, which Mason felt added "vulnerability" to the "emotionally open lyrics". "Little Savage" returns to a more conventional pop/rock song style and structure. The music contrasts with the lyrical theme of the difficulties and failures of relationships, wherein the main character tells his lover his drinking eases the "emotional baggage" of their relationship.

"Boy With a Problem" mixes midcentury torch with contemporary rock and connects prominent lyrical ideals throughout the record, including alcoholism, domestic violence, impotence, relationship dysfunction and lack of self-esteem. The song depicts a marriage going through a tough period, in which the husband is drinking again and both parties are committing acts of violence on one another. The ending gives a sense of hope that she will forgive him. In a stylistic detour, "Pidgin English" echoes 1960s psychedelia to a major extent. Mason observes that the vocals are double-tracked in both stereo channels, giving the appearance of dueling inner dialogues. In an example of Imperial Bedroom focus on breaking free from the static of daily life, the song offers an expansion on the themes of "Human Hands", with Perone stating that it displays "numerous images of people's inability to articulate their emotions in a stream-of-consciousness style and contrasts the resulting confusion with the oft-repeated fade-out phrase "P.S. I love you". Costello elaborates that "among the colloquialisms and lyrical puzzles of 'Pidgin English', there is a longing for the simple words to express love".

"You Little Fool" is a more straightforward number akin to mid-1960s pop equipped with a harpsichord; author Mick St. Michael viewed it as "one step" from the Rolling Stones' "Mother's Little Helper" (1966). In a lyric mirroring Trust "Big Sister's Clothes", a teenage girl is ready to grow up to adulthood while her parents do not understand her nor approve of her love life. Perone says "You Little Fool" offers a culmination of the album's themes of "dejection over the messes people make of their lives". The final track, "Town Cryer", is a soft soul ballad that uses Nieve's orchestral arrangements to the fullest extent; by the song's extended coda, the orchestra overtakes the rest of the band. Costello utilises heavy wordplay to portray a man who has lost at love and has reached his breaking point: he dubs himself a "town crier" and is anxious to make his tears public. Gouldstone argues the introspective tone comes off as a deliberate personal confession. Reviewing Imperial Bedroom on release, Trouser Press Scott Isler argued that the line, "love and unhappiness go arm in arm", perfectly describes the album thematically. Gouldstone contends that if the album itself is a quest to improve satisfaction following the overall dissatisfaction of Costello's earlier albums, the LP ends relatively the same as how it started; however, he maintains the journey itself has been "an enriching experience", and the long fade out of "Town Cryer" allows the listener to process the album as a whole before it ends.

Artwork and packaging

The cover artwork, a painting titled Snakecharmer & Reclining Octopus by Barney Bubbles (credited to "Sal Forlenza"), is a pastiche of Pablo Picasso's Three Musicians (1921). Costello was taken aback upon seeing the painting for the first time, believing Bubbles had responded to "the more violent and carnal aspects of the songs". The painting depicts a resting woman with laced hands surrounded by zipper-like creatures—which spell out "Pablo Si"—sitting next to ringmaster-type figure, wearing what Costello interpreted as a tricorn hat. In his book Let Them All Talk, Hinton describes the picture as "a violent exercise in harsh red and blues". The cover won the Creem readers' poll for the best album cover of 1982. The original LP's inner sleeve boasted photographs by David Bailey of the entire band in black-and-white. The one of Costello, in which he glares into the camera with his chin resting on his fist, was used as the sleeve photo for the "Man Out of Time" single.

Imperial Bedroom was Costello's first album to include a lyric sheet. In a 1995 interview with author Peter Doggett, he explained that up until that point, he was uncomfortable with having "little poems" printed on the sleeve, preferring his words to be heard rather than read. Gouldstone interpreted the inclusion as to possibly not be misheard or misinterpreted. The lyrics appear in a continuous flow, without punctuation nor breaks between songs, and in all caps, which was done by Bubbles at Costello's instruction as he wanted the final result to be a graphic effect rather than, in his words, "stressing any order or hierarchy on the page". Speaking to Doggett, he said: "It makes for quite interesting reading. You can make up your own lines, starting in the middle of one song and into the next one." Eric Klinger of PopMatters later argued that the sheet "lent to the air of mystery and challenge to the listening", making it "even more of an immersive experience".

Release and promotion
Although the album was finished by March 1982, its release was pushed back four months due to financial disputes between F-Beat and Columbia Records. Costello and the Attractions toured Holland and Oceania from April to June as pre-release promotion. Released on 2July 1982, Imperial Bedroom reached number 6 on the UK Albums Chart and number 30 on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart; it spent 12 weeks overall in the UK top 100. Elsewhere, it peaked at number 18 in Norway, 30 in Sweden, 37 in New Zealand, 45 in the Netherlands and 49 in Australia. F-Beat also issued a now-rare collectible double promotional LP, titled A Conversation with Elvis Costello, featuring album tracks interspersed with comments by the artist on the makings of each track.

The album's singles performed poorly. The first, "You Little Fool" backed by the Lowe-produced outtakes "Big Sister" and "The Stamping Ground", was released in June 1982 and reached number 52 in the UK. The second, "Man Out of Time" backed by an alternate version of "Town Cryer", was released in late-July and reached number 58; both failed to chart in the US. The label, expecting another success akin to Armed Forces, were disappointed with the performance of Imperial Bedroom. Costello later opined that the label's choices of singles were poor and "did little" to designate the album's change of style from previous records; he felt "Beyond Belief" would have performed well as the first single. The non-album single "From Head to Toe", a Smokey Robinson cover, was issued in September and performed better than both Imperial Bedroom singles. Clayton-Lea opines that Costello was "swimming against the commercial tide" in the age of New Romantic bands such as Adam and the Ants, Duran Duran, Depeche Mode, the Human League and Soft Cell.

Imperial Bedroom was promoted under the one-word tagline, "Masterpiece?", which Thomson says attracted as much positive publicity as it did negative. After refusing to conduct interviews for several years, Costello began speaking with the press again, explaining: "In the beginning [of my career], I did a few interviews, and I didn't feel they went very well, so I just stopped doing them.[...] Then when the time went by, and I felt there were some thing that were perhaps necessary to explain, I changed my mind." According to Thomson, Costello's initial refusal did little to help in his diminishing sales numbers, as interviews were essential to album promoting at the time. During a particular interview with Rolling Stone Greil Marcus, he atoned for an incident that occurred on the American Armed Funk Tour in March 1979, in which he insulting various American musical artists James Brown and Ray Charles, using racial slurs, in a drunken exchange with Stephen Stills. He gave further apologetic comments in The New York Times, Newsweek and the Los Angeles Times.

Critical reception

Upon release, Imperial Bedroom was greeted with near universal acclaim. Drawing comparisons to Sgt. Pepper, Puterbaugh declared in Rolling Stone that Costello had written his masterpiece following years of experimentation. Sounds magazine's Dave McCullough arguing that it sees Costello reach a "kind of peak of peaks". In a highly positive review for NME, Richard Cook proclaimed: "This is pop music organised to an incredible sophistication. However it has been achieved,... it sets out parameters of sound that seem to alter within the inner ear: which means that Costello has finally achieved a synthesis of words and music that correlates to the duplicity of each."

Critics expressed admiration for Costello as a songwriter and artist. Several declared him the finest songwriter in pop music, earning comparisons to Lennon and McCartney, Cole Porter and George Gershwin. Smash Hits writer David Hepworth asserted: "Like steel going through butter, the songs are offset by an edge that only a craftsman could manufacture." Some critics felt Imperial Bedroom pushed Costello to the forefront of musical innovation, despite lacking major commercial appeal. Record Review David M. Gotz argued that the artist lacked youth appeal, but his work nonetheless "continues to be a stimulating experience for those who have enough time and sense to listen. [...] But he is definitely writing and performing some of the best songs in pop music." Isler argued in Trouser Press that the album's recognition would improve over time, similar to the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds (1966).

Reviewers highlighted the music, lyrics, Nieve's piano and orchestral work, and Emerick's production, although Billboard magazine questioned whether Costello's longtime fans would appreciate it compared to the more "rough-edged rock" of Costello's Lowe-produced records. Several gave high praise to the Attractions, although some noted the band played a lesser role in the arrangements compared to previous records. Reactions to Costello's singing were mostly positive, labelled by some the strongest of his career. Others acknowledged the change in attitude from the artist's previous albums, Barry Alfonso of LA Weekly describing Imperial Bedroom as "the most benign album he's recorded yet, a far cry from the bulk of his material four years ago".

Critics were, however, divided on Imperial Bedroom complexity. While some argued it made Imperial Bedroom an album that would enjoy repeated listens, others felt its concentration on complexity resulted in a "pretentious" and non-"easy-listening" final product that softened the impact of the songs. Costello's lyrical wordplay was viewed as too cumbersome by some, but praised for its vocabulary. Ken Tucker of The Philadelphia Inquirer griped that "In song after song, Costello forces you to become nothing more than a picky English teacher, grading his self-conscious compositions." More negatively, some believed the album was more "artifice than art" and lacked innovation. Bill Carlton of the New York Daily News wrote that Costello lacked the voice the convey the lyrics in an emotional way, describing the album as "pompous, narrow-minded, pseudo-literary hooey mired in incoherent, desultory musical forms, boring, lifeless melodies and log-jammed lyrics".

Imperial Bedroom made appearances on several lists of the year's best albums, including a number one placement in The Village Voice annual Pazz & Jop critics poll, and a number two placement by NME, behind Marvin Gaye's Midnight Love; the publication also placed "Man Out of Time" as one of the year's top ten tracks. Additionally, The New York Times ranked it 1982's seventh best album, while Rolling Stone included it in their list of the year's top 40 albums, recognising the LP as Costello's "most fully realized" and "most compassionate" album to date.

Tour and subsequent events
Costello and the Attractions toured America from July to September 1982. The singer boasted more friendly on-stage demeanor compared to previous tours, including a stunt where he appeared in a full gorilla suit during the encore of the show coinciding with his 28th birthday. The setlists embraced funk and R&B flavours and mostly consisted of material from Get Happy!!, Trust and Imperial Bedroom, as well as covers and old hits. He received backlash from fans who only wanted to hear older hits, which challenged him; he had previously rejected fan requests. Additionally, the studio craft of Imperial Bedroom meant the tracks, particularly "...And in Every Home", "Beyond Belief" and "Man Out of Time", were harder to play live.

Despite the massive critical success of Imperial Bedroom, its modest commercial performance forced Costello to reevaluate his musical style. Columbia, remaining eager for another Armed Forces, showed little interest in the artist's less-commercial works. By 1982, Costello had garnered a loyal fanbase, largely through his own merits, but knew his heavily artistic and challenging material was doing him more harm than good, so he decided to change direction with his next record. He and the Attractions briefly toured Britain from mid-September to early-October, road-testing several new songs that would appear on 1983's Punch the Clock.

Retrospective appraisal

In later decades, Imperial Bedroom has received acclaim as one of Costello's best and most essential records, with some proclaiming it his masterpiece. Commentators agreed the record was Costello's showcase as a songwriter, standing as the Bob Dylan or Van Morrison of the new wave era, and earning him the respect of musicians and critics who disregarded him as a punk rocker. In his book Let Them All Talk, Hinton proclaims Imperial Bedroom as "an album of astonishing vitality and musical optimism" that "remains perhaps his most perfect achievement", occupying "an aural richness" that would return on 1996's All This Useless Beauty. Reviewing Costello's entire career, Klinger argued that its musical styles predated the artist's collaborations with Burt Bacharach, Allen Toussaint and the Brodsky Quartet. On its 40th anniversary, Allison Rapp of Ultimate Classic Rock stated that Imperial Bedroom was one of Costello's most mature attempts at wrestling with one's existentialism.

The production has been praised for its intricacy, offering a listening experience that rewards repeated listens. Others have argued the album has aged well and highlight its wordplay, and the performances of the Attractions. Mojo Mat Snow gave particularly praise to Bruce Thomas's basslines and compared him to that of Paul McCartney, calling his work "models of dramatic invention". Bruce himself considered it Costello and the Attractions' best record: "We were all throwing in musical ideas." In his book The Words and Music of Elvis Costello, Perone contends that the LP demonstrated that the band could thrive in a more musically expansive environment compared to previous albums. Actor Robert Downey Jr. named Imperial Bedroom his favourite album of all time in 2005. Speaking to Uncut, the actor stated:

Imperial Bedroom has not been without its detractors, particularly regarding the production. Writing for Blender magazine, Douglas Wolk stated that the "hyperdense songwriting" and elaborate orchestrations make for a difficult listening experience, a sentiment echoed by Slant Magazine. Others, including Treblezine Tyler Parks, have found it "pretentious" and "obsessed with its own virtuosity", while Jason Mendelsohn of PopMatters believed its lush set pieces were the record's greatest strength and weakness, becoming so "overwrought" it makes you yearn for the artist's simpler works. Costello himself admitted in the 2002 liner notes that the record "is not exactly easy listening as it is". Gouldstone argues that "whatever your opinion of the production, Imperial Bedroom remains a collection of high-quality songs".

Rankings
Imperial Bedroom has made appearances on several best-of lists. In 1989, Rolling Stone ranked it number 38 on its list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1980s. Over two decades later, Slant Magazine listed the album at number 59 in a similar 2012 list. Staff writer Huw Jones stated that the album "affirms Costello as a poet laureate for the counterculture and a restless musical genius all in the space of 50 topsy-turvy minutes". Three years later, the album was also included by Ultimate Classic Rock in their list of the 100 best rock albums of the 1980s. In 1998, readers of Q magazine named it the 96th greatest album ever. Five years later in 2003, Rolling Stone placed Imperial Bedroom at number 166 on list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list.

The album was also voted number 321 in the third edition of writer Colin Larkin's book All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000), and included in the 2018 edition of Robert Dimery's book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Reissues
Imperial Bedroom was first released on CD through Columbia and Demon Records in January 1986. Its first extended reissue through Demon in the UK and Rykodisc in the US on CD came in May 1994, which was packaged with a slew of bonus tracks, including various outtakes and tracks recorded during sessions as Matrix Studios in February 1982. The additional material received a positive mention by David Cavanagh in Q. Imperial Bedroom was again reissued by Rhino Records on 19November 2002 as a two-disc set with additional bonus tracks, including material from the initial two-week rehearsals preceding the sessions. The album was later remastered and reissued by UMe on 6November 2015.

Track listing
All songs written by Elvis Costello, except "Boy with a Problem", with lyrics co-written by Chris Difford.

Side one
 "Beyond Belief" – 2:34
 "Tears Before Bedtime" – 3:02
 "Shabby Doll" – 4:48
 "The Long Honeymoon" – 4:15
 "Man Out of Time" – 5:26
 "Almost Blue" – 2:50
 "...And in Every Home" – 3:23

Side two
 "The Loved Ones" – 2:48
 "Human Hands" – 2:43
 "Kid About It" – 2:45
 "Little Savage" – 2:37
 "Boy With a Problem" – 2:12
 "Pidgin English" – 3:58
 "You Little Fool" – 3:11
 "Town Cryer" – 4:16

Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic:

Elvis Costello – vocals, guitar, piano
Steve Nieve – piano, organ, orchestrations, harpsichord, accordion, guitar on "Tears Before Bedtime"
Bruce Thomas – bass
Pete Thomas – drums

Production
Geoff Emerick – producer
Jon Jacobs – assistant producer
Daniel Hersch – mastering
David P. Bailey – photography
Barney Bubbles – cover design

Charts

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1982 albums
Columbia Records albums
Elvis Costello albums
F-Beat Records albums
Hip-O Records albums
Rhino Records albums
Rykodisc albums
Albums produced by Geoff Emerick
Baroque pop albums
Art rock albums by English artists
Universal Music Enterprises albums

Imperial Bedroom


Magnetização natural remanente (NRM) é a remanência sob a forma da magnetização permanente de uma rocha ou sedimento resultante do campo magnético da Terra no momento em que o material foi depositado como sedimento ou cristalizado a partir de magma. Esta magnetização constitui um registo da intensidade e direção do campo magnético terrestre e permite, pelas alterações de orientação, determinar o movimento tectónico das formações geológicas ao longo de milhões de anos a partir de sua posição original. A magnetização natural remanente forma a base do paleomagnetismo e da magnetostratigrafia.

Tipos
Existem vários tipos de NRM que podem ocorrer numa amostra. Muitas amostras têm mais de um tipo sobreposto. A magnetização termo-remanente (TRM) é adquirida durante o arrefecimento abaixo do ponto de Curie dos minerais ferromagnéticos e é a melhor fonte de informação sobre o passado do campo magnético da Terra. A magnetização adquirida durante a mudança de fase, ação química ou crescimento de cristais a baixa temperatura é denominada magnetização química remanente. Os sedimentos adquirem uma magnetização remanente deposicional durante sua formação ou uma magnetização remanente pós-deposicional posteriormente.

Alguns tipos de remanência magnética são indesejáveis e devem ser removidos antes que a remanência útil seja medida. Um é magnetização isotérmica remanente (IRM), que como um componente do NRM induzido pela exposição de uma partícula a um campo magnético intenso, fazendo com que o campo inverta seus momentos magnéticos de coercividade mais baixa para se alinhar com o campo intenso. Um mecanismo frequentemente citado de aquisição de IRM é o efeito de dos fortes campos magnéticos locais gerados por trovoadas  quando um raio que atinja as proximidades do material. Outra é magnetização remanente viscosa (VRM), uma remanência adquirida quando a rocha fica exposta ao campo magnético da Terra por longos períodos.

O componente mais importante da remanência natural é adquirido quando uma rocha é formada. Essa componente é designada de componente primário ou magnetização remanente característica (ChRM). Qualquer componente posterior é designada por componente secundário. Para separar esses componentes, o NRM é removido gradualmente usando técnicas de desmagnetização térmica ou de campo alternado para revelar o componente magnético característico.

Mas nem todas as mudanças magnéticas resultantes de choque mecânico podem ser removidas pela desmagnetização de campo alternado (AF). Os arenitos marinhos que formam as estruturas onde estão depositados hidrocarbonetos apresentam mineralogias instáveis cuja suscetibilidade a campos magnéticos de baixa intensidade e à magnetização remanente isotérmica aumentam irreversivelmente, mesmo após choques mecânicos fracos e uma desmagnetização AF em campos alternados com um pico de 100 mT.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ver também
Magnetismo das rochas

Magnetismo
Geofísica
Estratigrafia

Magnetização natural remanente


Dekeanglere var en keltisk stamme som levede på De britiske øer før den romerske invasionen i år 43 e.Kr. Dekeanglerne levede i det nordlige Wales, men det er uvist om deres område dækkede kun nutidens områder Flintshire og Denbighshire i det nordøstlige Wales eller om det strakte sig længere vestover.

Stammenavnet til dekeanglerne er stavet forskellig og nogen præcis angivelse findes ikke; Deciangli; Decangi; Deceangi; Cangi; Ceangi eller Ceangli. Navnet synes at være fonetisk knyttet til distriktet Tegeingl i Flintshire.

Det var den romerske legat Publius Ostorius Scapula som satte i gang invasionen af Wales. Dekeanglerne blev angrebet en gang omkring år 48. Tilsyneladende overgav dekeanglerne sig uden større modstand, i modsætning til silurerne og ordovikerne som kæmpede imod længere og ydede hårdere modstand mod de romerske invasionsstyrker. Grunden kan være at dekeanglerne ikke havde nogen form for udbygget central ledelse af stammen, men var spredt rundt i deres område i mindre grupper og familier. De var derfor ikke i stand til at organisere en effektiv modstand mod den store og velorganiserede romerske hær.

Dekeanglerne synes at have levet hovedsagelig i voldsteder, og en kæde af bosætning har tilsyneladende strakt sig langs bjergkæden Clwydian Range, som går fra Llandegla i syd til Prestatyn i nord.

Der kendes ikke nogen romersk fæstning, som blev oprettet i dekeanglernes område, og heller ikke om romerne anlagde en by der, skønt en fæstning for hjælpetropper i Canovium (Caerhun) var antagelig på deres landområder. En civil bosættelse kan være opstået omkring denne. Muligheden for at udvinne bly i Halkynbjerge ved nutidens Halkyn synes at have været kendt af romerne før de invaderede området. Derudover var der kobberminer i Pen y Gogarth (engelsk: Great Orme) i nærheden ad Llandudno.

Se også
Liste over keltiske stammer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Deceangi hos Roman-Britain.org
 Deceangli  hos Romans in Britain

Wales' historie
Romersk Britannien
Keltiske stammer

Dekeanglere


Nepheline syenite is a holocrystalline plutonic rock that consists largely of nepheline and alkali feldspar. The rocks are mostly pale colored, grey or pink, and in general appearance they are not unlike granites, but dark green varieties are also known. Phonolite is the fine-grained extrusive equivalent.

Petrology

Nepheline syenites are silica-undersaturated and some are peralkaline (terms discussed in igneous rock). Nepheline is a feldspathoid, a solid-solution mineral, that does not coexist with quartz; rather, nepheline would react with quartz to produce alkali feldspar.

They are distinguished from syenites not only by the presence of nepheline but also by the occurrence of many other minerals rich in alkalis and in rare earths and other incompatible elements. In nepheline syenites, alkali feldspar dominates, commonly represented by orthoclase and the exsolved lamellar albite, form perthite. In some rocks the potash feldspar, in others the soda feldspar predominates. Fresh clear microcline is very characteristic of some types of nepheline syenite.

Sodalite, colorless and transparent in thin section, but frequently pale blue in the hand specimens, is the principal feldspathoid mineral in addition to nepheline. Reddish-brown to black aenigmatite occurs also in these rocks. Extremely iron-rich olivine is rare, but is present in some nepheline syenite. Other minerals common in minor amounts include sodium-rich pyroxene, biotite, titanite, iron oxides, apatite, fluorite, melanite garnet, and zircon. Cancrinite occurs in several nepheline-syenites. A great number of interesting and rare minerals have been recorded from nepheline syenites and the pegmatite veins which intersect them.

Macroscopic aspects

Macroscopic aspects of nepheline syenite are similar to those of granite. The presence of nepheline and absence of quartz are the fundamental difference. Biotite is generally of low content and the main mafic minerals are clinopyroxene (±) and amphibole (±). The macroscopic colour is grey, being little darker than granite. There is high-grade metamorphic rock originated from nepheline syenite that is characterized by gneiss texture of very rare occurrence. It is called nepheline syenite gneiss or litchfieldite. An example is found at Canaã village, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Texture
The rock is holocrystalline, generally equigranular, equidirectional, and gross with grain size of 2 mm to 5 mm. In certain rare cases, the rock contains alkaline feldspar phenocrysts of 2 cm to 5 cm in length and 5 mm to 2 cm in thickness. The phenocrysts demonstrate orientation and eventually show cumulative texture.

Mineral composition
The main minerals are alkali feldspar, nepheline, clinopyroxene (±), amphibole (±), and biotite (±). Nepheline is the main feldspathoid. Quartz and orthopyroxene are absent. According to the IUGS classification nomenclature (International Union of Geological Sciences, Streckeisen, 1978), nepheline syenite has 10% < F/(F + A + P) < 60% and P/(A + P) < 10% (where F – feldspathoids, A – alkali feldspar, and P – plagioclase volume fractions). Phonolite is the fine-grained equivalent.  In case nepheline is less than 10%, the rock is called alkaline syenite with nepheline or pulaskite. The similar rock without quartz and nepheline is denominated alkaline syenite or syenite. Because of the presence of feldspathoids, nepheline syenite is classified to be a typical alkaline rock.

The alkaline feldspar is not potassic, but generally sodic-potassic, which is characterized by interlocking anorthoclase, called perthite. In the alkali feldspar almost pure albite domains are observed. Nepheline generally shows partial alteration into natrolite and cancrinite. The clinopyroxene is sodic whose composition varies from hedenbergite to aegirine-augite. This mineral eventually presents resorption shape. The reaction rim constituted by amphibole and/or biotite is commonly observed. The amphibole is of high alkali, such as alkaline hornblende  and riebeckite. The alkaline clinopyroxene and amphibole are characteristics of typical alkaline rocks. Biotite is annite, with high Fe/Mg ratio.

The accessory minerals are magnetite, ilmenite, apatite, and titanite. Eventually, sodalite is found along hydrothermal fractures. Different from granite, zircon is rare and, if present, it is as xenocrysts. On the other hand, nepheline syenite gneiss contains abundant and large zircon crystals.

Genesis
Silica-undersaturated igneous rocks typically are formed by low degrees of partial melting in the Earth's mantle. Carbon dioxide may dominate over water in source regions. Magmas of such rocks are formed in a variety of environments, including continental rifts, ocean islands, and supra-subduction positions in subduction zones. Nepheline syenite and phonolite may be derived by crystal fractionation from more mafic silica-undersaturated mantle-derived melts, or as partial melts of such rocks. Igneous rocks with nepheline in their normative mineralogy commonly are associated with other unusual igneous rocks such as carbonatite.

Distribution

Nepheline syenites and phonolites occur, for example, in  Brazil, Canada, Cameroon, China, Greenland, Italy, Norway, the Pyrenees, Sweden, the Transvaal region, the Ural Mountains, in the USA Magnet Cove igneous complex of Arkansas, the mountains of the Central Montana Alkali Province, and as well as on oceanic islands.

Phonolite lavas formed in the East African rift in particularly large quantity, and the volume there may exceed the volume of all other phonolite occurrences combined, as discussed by Barker (1983).

Nepheline-normative rocks occur in close association with the Bushveld Igneous Complex, possibly formed from partial melting of the wall rocks to that large ultramafic layered intrusion.

Nepheline syenites are rare; there is only one occurrence in Great Britain (Loch Borralan) and one in France and Portugal. They are known also in Bohemia and in several places in Norway, Sweden and Finland. In the Americas these rocks have been found in Texas, Arkansas, New Jersey (Beemerville Complex) and Massachusetts, also in Ontario, British Columbia and Brazil. South Africa, Madagascar, India, Tasmania, Timor and Turkestan are other localities for the rocks of this series.

Rocks of this class also occur in Brazil (Serra de Tingua) containing sodalite and often much augite, in the western Sahara and Cape Verde Islands; also at Zwarte Koppies in the Transvaal, Madagascar, São Paulo in Brazil, Paisano Pass in West Texas, United States, and Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The rock of Salem, Massachusetts, United States, is a mica-foyaite rich in albite and aegirine: it accompanies granite and essexite. Litchfieldite is another well-marked type of nepheline-syenite, in which albite is the dominant feldspar. It is named after Litchfield, Maine, United States, where it occurs in scattered blocks. Biotite, cancrinite and sodalite are characteristic of this rock. A similar nepheline-syenite is known from Hastings County, Ontario, and contains hardly any orthoclase, but only albite feldspar. Nepheline is very abundant and there is also cancrinite, sodalite, scapolite, calcite, biotite and hornblende. The lujaurites are distinguished from the rocks above described by their dark color, which is due to the abundance of minerals such as augite, aegirine, arfvedsonite and other kinds of amphibole. Typical examples are known near Lujaur on the White Sea, where they occur with umptekites and other very peculiar rocks. Other localities for this group are at Julianehaab in Greenland with sodalite-syenite; at their margins they contain pseudomorphs after leucite. The lujaurites frequently have a parallel-banding or gneissose structure. Sodalite-syenites in which sodalite very largely or completely takes the place of nepheline occur in Greenland, where they contain also microcline-perthite, aegirine, arfvedsonite and eudialyte.

Cancrinite syenite, with a large percentage of cancrinite, has been described from Dalekarlia, Sweden and from Finland. Urtite from Lujaur Urt on the White Sea consists very largely of nepheline, with aegirine and apatite, but no feldspar. Jacupirangite (from Jacupiranga in Brazil) is a blackish rock composed of titaniferous augite, magnetite, ilmenite, perofskite and nepheline, with secondary biotite.

Nomenclature
There is a wide variety of silica-undersaturated and peralkaline igneous rocks, including many informal place-name varieties named after the locations in which they were first discovered. In many cases these are plain nepheline syenites containing one or more rare minerals or mineraloids, which do not warrant a new formal classification. These include;

Foyaite: foyaites are named after Foya in the Serra de Monchique, in southern Portugal. These are K-feldspar-nepheline syenites containing <10% ferromagnesian minerals, usually   pyroxene, hornblende and biotite.

Laurdalite: The laurdalites, from Laurdal in Norway, are grey or pinkish, and in many ways closely resemble the larvikites of southern Norway, with which they occur. They contain anorthoclase feldspars, biotite or greenish augite, much apatite and in some cases, olivine.

Ditroite: Ditroite derives its name from Ditrau, Transylvania, Romania. It is essentially a microcline, sodalite and cancrinite variety of nepheline syenite. It contains also orthoclase, nepheline, biotite, aegirine, acmite.

Chemical composition

The chemical peculiarities of the nepheline-syenites are well marked. They are exceedingly rich in alkalis and in alumina (hence the abundance of felspathoids and alkali feldspars), with silica varying from 50 to 56%, while lime, magnesia and iron are never present in great quantity, though somewhat more variable than the other components. A worldwide average of the major elements in nepheline syenite tabulated by Barker (1983) is listed below, expressed as weight percent oxides.

Nepheline syenite is characterized by high ratio of (Na2O+K2O)/SiO2 and (Na2O+K2O)/Al2O3, which are represented respectively by the existence of nepheline and alkaline mafic minerals. Therefore, it is classified geochemically as alkaline rock. This rock has low Fe and Mg contents, in total about 3wt%, and in this sense it is classified to be felsic rock. However, the SiO2 content is not so high, being 53% to 62wt%, which is equivalent to andesite and diorite. In this sense, it corresponds to intermediate rock. Light rare-earth elements are highly concentrated, indicating that the magma is highly differentiated.

 SiO2: 54.99%
 TiO2: 0.60%
 Al2O3: 20.96%
 Fe2O3: 2.25%
 FeO: 2.05%
 MnO: 0.15%
 MgO: 0.77%
 CaO: 2.31%
 Na2O: 8.23%
 K2O: 5.58%
 H2O: 1.47%
 P2O5: 0.13%

The normative mineralogy of this average composition contains about 22% nepheline and 66% feldspar.

Because nepheline syenite lacks quartz and is rich in feldspar and nepheline, it is used in the manufacturing of glass and ceramics.

Applications
Industrial use of nepheline syenite includes refractories, glass making, ceramics and, in pigments and fillers. In these applications the nepheline syenite is ground and dark minerals are carefully separated leaving a mixture of primarily feldspar and nepheline. This mixture is higher in alkali and aluminium and typically lower in iron and silica than feldspars from pegmatites making it a good raw material. In 1994 production of nepheline syenite in Canada and Norway, the largest producing countries, was 600,000 tonnes and 330,000 tonnes respectively.

Requirements for nepheline syenite as a raw material for glass manufacturer include:
Al2O3 >23%; >14% Na2O + K2O; Fe2O3 <0.1%,
Absence of refractory minerals.
Coarsely ground, typically -40# to +200# mesh.

The typical mineralogical and chemical analysis of a ceramic grade nepheline syenite are:

Notes

References
 Sørensen, H. 1974. The alkaline rocks. 1st Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 634 p. .
 Streckeisen, A. L. 1978. IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. Classification and Nomenclature of Volcanic Rocks, Lamprophyres, Carbonatites and Melilite Rocks. Recommendations and Suggestions. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, 141, 1–14.
 Motoki, A., Sichel, S. E., Vargas, T., Aires, J. R., Iwanuch, W., Mello, S. L. M., Motoki, K. F., Silva, S., Balmant, A., Gonçalves, J. 2010. Geochemical evolution of the felsic alkaline rocks of Tanguá, Rio Bonito, and Itaúna intrusive bodies, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Geociências, Rio Claro, 29–3, 291–310.
 Motoki, A., Araújo, A. L., Sichel, S. E., Motoki, K. F., Silva, S. Nepheline syenite magma differentiation process by continental crustal assimilation for the Cabo Frio Island intrusive complex, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Geociências, Rio Claro, 2011, in press.

 Attribution

Further reading
 Daniel S. Barker, Igneous Rocks, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 417 p., 1983.

External links

 Nepheline in Arkansas
 Canada fact sheet Nepheline syenite
 USGS
 Alkaline rock occurrences in the Americas
 USGS Feldspar

Igneous petrology
Plutonic rocks

Nepheline syenite


Marmaton Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Marmaton Township (Allen County, Kansas)
 Marmaton Township (Bourbon County, Kansas)

Marmaton Township


An Hierochloe occidentalis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Samuel Botsford Buckley. An Hierochloe occidentalis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hierochloe, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Hierochloe

Hierochloe occidentalis


Maximilian Joseph von Lamotte, auch de Lamotte und de la Motte (* 19. April 1809 in München; † 9. Januar 1887 in Speyer) war ein hoher bayerischer Verwaltungsbeamter, Vize-Regierungspräsident der Rheinpfalz und erster Direktor der Pfälzischen Ludwigsbahn.

Leben und Wirken
Er wurde als Sohn des bayerischen Hofjuweliers Peter Lukas de Lamotte und dessen Frau Anna Maria, geb. de Quaglio, geboren; König Maximilian I. Joseph von Bayern war sein Taufpate. Die väterliche Familie stammte ursprünglich aus der Normandie und schrieb sich früher de la Motte.

Maximilian Joseph von Lamotte trat in den bayerischen Verwaltungsdienst ein. Zunächst bei der Regierung von Oberbayern angestellt, wurde er 1836 Akzessist und gleich darauf Regierungssekretär bei der Regierung des Rheinkreises in Speyer, ab 1837 Aktuar im Landkommissariat Bergzabern. Von 1840 bis 1845 amtierte Maximilian Joseph von Lamotte als Landkommissär von Kaiserslautern. Hier erwarb er sich den Namen eines Organisators des Straßenbaues und der Verkehrsinfrastruktur, weshalb man ihn 1844 auch zum ersten Direktor der Pfälzischen Ludwigsbahn-Gesellschaft ernannte, welches Amt er bis 1849 innehatte. Die Bauverwaltung der Ludwigs-Bahn, mit ca. 14.000 Arbeitskräften, lag in seinen Händen. 1848 wechselte Lamotte als Landkommissar nach Germersheim, am 27. August 1850 ernannte ihn König Maximilian II. zum Regierungsrat bei der Regierung der Rheinpfalz in Speyer, weswegen seine Zeit im Landkommissariat Germersheim zum 31. August endete. 1867 avancierte er in Speyer zum Direktor der Kammer des Innern. Von 1853 bis 1867 berief ihn die Bayerische Regierung als Mitglied in den Verwaltungsrat der Pfälzischen Eisenbahnen. Zuletzt wirkte Maximilian Joseph von Lamotte als Vize-Regierungspräsident der bayerischen Rheinpfalz, er war somit deren zweithöchster Verwaltungsbeamter. Als solcher trat er 1881 in den Ruhestand. 1853 hatte er eine vielbeachtete Denkschrift über den aufstrebenden Wirtschaftsstandort Ludwigshafen am Rhein verfasst, die noch heute für die Stadthistorie von Bedeutung ist.

Als 1853, bei der Errichtung des neuen Westwerkes des Speyerer Domes, dort erstmals ein Dombauverein gegründet wurde, wählte man Maximilian Joseph von Lamotte zum 1. Vorsitzenden. Dieser Dombauverein war der Vorläufer des heutigen, 1995 wiedergegründeten Vereins. Bei der Übernahme des Vorsitzes schrieb König Ludwig I. am 16. Dezember 1853, in einem Brief, u. a. die sehr persönlichen Worte:

Laut Grabinschrift war Maximilian Joseph von Lamotte Komtur des Verdienstordens vom Heiligen Michael und Ritter des Verdienstordens der Bayerischen Krone.

Im September 1840 hatte der Verwaltungsbeamte Sibylla Michell, Tochter des höchsten pfälzischen Steuerinspektors Philipp Joseph Michell, geheiratet. Nach ihrem Tod im Jahr 1854 ehelichte er 1855 deren Schwester Therese, welche jedoch bereits 1860 starb, wonach er Witwer blieb. Lamotte und seine Familie waren dezidiert katholisch, die Kinder wurden teilweise von Speyerer Ordensschwestern erzogen. Aus der zweiten Ehe entstammte ein Sohn, aus der ersten hingegen sieben Kinder, wovon die ledige Tochter Clara Anna Maria von Lamotte (1849–1938), den Vater im Alter pflegte. Sie war in der katholischen Frauenseelsorge sehr engagiert, gründete das Speyerer Marienheim zur hauswirtschaftlichen Ausbildung von Mädchen und war Inhaberin des päpstlichen Ehrenzeichens Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice.

Maximilian Joseph von Lamotte wurde auf dem (neuen) Friedhof Speyer beigesetzt, das Grab ist noch vorhanden. Auf dem Sockel ist auch die Tochter Clara vermerkt.

Literatur
 Landesarchiv-Verwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz: Jahrbuch für westdeutsche Landesgeschichte. Bände 3–4, 1977, S. 381 Scan aus der Quelle mit tabellarischem Lebenslauf
 Albert Mühl: Die Pfalzbahn: Geschichte, Betrieb und Fahrzeuge der pfälzischen Eisenbahnen. 1982, S. 28, ISBN 3806203016.
 Maria Adele Herrmann: Clara de Lamotte, die Gründerin des Marienheims, in Frauen in Speyer. Stadtverwaltung Speyer, 1990, S. 88–98.
 Schriften zur Geschichte von Stadt- und Landkreis Kaiserslautern. Band 2, Arbogast Verlag, 1960, S. 102, Ausschnitte aus der Quelle
 Lothar Keller: Landcommissär Max Joseph de Lamotte, ein Pionier des Straßenbaus. In Kaiserslautern Stadt und Land. 1970 Heft 2, S. 15–18. Findhinweis
 Ludwig Hans: Germersheimer Landkommissäre des 19. Jahrhunderts. In: Schriftenreihe zur Geschichte des Landkreises Germersheim. Band 2, Steimer Verlag, 2012, S. 199–234, ISBN 978-3-9815628-0-4.

Weblinks
 Rede von Max Joseph de Lamotte bei der Eröffnung der Pfälzischen Industrie-Ausstellung 1860, aus dem "Bericht über die Pfälzische Industrie-Ausstellung zu Kaiserslautern im Herbste 1860" Seiten 36–41

Einzelnachweise

Träger des Verdienstordens der Bayerischen Krone (Ritter)
Ritter II. Klasse des Verdienstordens vom Heiligen Michael
Bayerische Geschichte (19. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1809
Gestorben 1887
Mann

Maximilian Joseph von Lamotte


Richard Phillip "Ric" Egington (* 26. Februar 1979 in Warrington) ist ein britischer Ruderer. Er gewann bis 2011 zwei Weltmeistertitel und eine olympische Silbermedaille.

Karriere
Egington gewann bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2003 Silber in der nichtolympischen Bootsklasse Vierer mit Steuermann. Ab 2005 gehörte er zum britischen Achter, 2007 gewann er mit Bronze seine zweite Weltmeisterschaftsmedaille. 2008 erreichte der Achter im Weltcup mit je einem ersten, zweiten und dritten Platz dreimal das Siegerpodest; bei den Olympischen Spielen in Peking gewann der britische Achter die Silbermedaille hinter dem kanadischen Boot.

2009 wechselte Egington in den Vierer ohne Steuermann, der mit drei Ruderern aus dem 2008er Achter zwei Weltcupregatten und das Finale bei den Weltmeisterschaften gewann. Auch 2010 gewann die Crew zwei Weltcupregatten und belegte bei der dritten Regatta den dritten Platz, bei den Weltmeisterschaften kam das Boot allerdings nur auf den vierten Platz. 2011 erreichte der Vierer erneut zwei Weltcupsiege und gewann den Weltmeistertitel in Bled.

Der 1,99 Meter große Richard Egington rudert für den Leander Club.

Endkampfplatzierungen

Olympische Spiele

 2008: 2. Platz im Achter (Alex Partridge, Tom Stallard, Tom Lucy, Richard Egington, Josh West, Matt Langridge, Alastair Heathcote, Colin Smith und Steuermann Acer Nethercott)
 2012: 3. Platz im Achter (Alex Partridge, James Foad, Tom Ransley, Richard Egington, Mohamed Sbihi, Greg Searle, Matt Langridge, Constantine Louloudis und Steuermann Phelan Hill)

Weltmeisterschaften

 2003: 2. Platz im Vierer mit (James Livingston, Richard Egington, Kieran West, Tom Stallard und Steuermann Peter Rudge)
 2005: 4. Platz im Achter (Simon Fieldhouse, Tom Stallard, Jonathan Devlin, Richard Egington, Josh West, Henry Bailhache-Webb, Tom Parker, Kieran West und Steuermann Acer Nethercott)
 2006: 5. Platz im Achter (Toby Garbett, Tom Solesbury, Jonathan Devlin, Richard Egington, Josh West, Kieran West, Matt Langridge, Tom Stallard und Steuermann Acer Nethercott)
 2007: 3. Platz im Achter (Tom James, Tom Stallard, Tom Lucy, Tom Solesbury, Josh West, Richard Egington, Robin Bourne-Taylor, Alastair Heathcote und Steuermann Acer Nethercott)
 2009: 1. Platz im Vierer ohne (Alex Partridge, Richard Egington, Alex Gregory und Matt Langridge)
 2010: 4. Platz im Vierer ohne (Alex Partridge, Richard Egington, Alex Gregory und Matt Langridge)
 2011: 1. Platz im Vierer ohne (Matt Langridge, Richard Egington, Tom James und James Gregory)

Weblinks

Weltmeister (Rudern)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Ruderer (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Brite
Geboren 1979
Mann

Richard Egington


فرناندو فيرداسكو  مواليد 15 نوفمبر 1983 في مدريد، إسبانيا. هو لاعب كرة مضرب إسباني مُحترف. وصل لأعلى تَصنيف عالمي له رقم.7 (أبريل 2009).

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
الرياضة في إسبانيا
رياضيون من مدريد
قوائم رياضيين إسبان
كرة المضرب في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون إسبان
لاعبو كرة مضرب إسبان
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2012
لاعبو كرة مضرب من مدريد
مواليد 1983
مواليد في مدريد
يهود إسبان

فرناندو فيرداسكو


Le colobos (grec ancien κολοϐός ; latin colobos) est, dans la métrique antique, un pied de cinq syllabes à longueurs variées, composé de quatre longues suivies d'une brève et d'une longue ; il est noté : | — — — — ∪ |.

Étymologie
Kολοϐός est un nom commun qui en dehors de la métrique signifie « tronqué, mutilé », comme si la syllabe brève tronquait l'unité des longues. Par erreur, certains philologues ont lu le mot « calotibus, calotibos ».

Usage
Le pied est mentionné par Diomède : « colobos ex quattuor longis et breui temporum nouem ». Il voisine chez lui avec le molossiambe, pied composé de trois longues, d'une brève et d'une longue (noté | — — — ∪ — |).

On peut citer comme exemple de colobos le mot latin cīrcūmfērrētŭr et le nom propre grec Ψευδηράκλειτος.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Métrique antique
 Pied (poésie)
 Scansion
 Vers

Pieds métriques

Colobos


Varahagiri Venkata Giri (10. august 1894 – 24. juni 1980), ofte omtalt som V. V. Giri, var en indisk politiker, der var Indiens præsident fra 1969 til 1974. Før han blev præsident, var han guvernør i Karnataka fra 1965 til 1967 og Indiens 3. vicepræsident fra 1967 til 1969.

Giri tiltrådte som fungerende præsident da præsident Zakir Husain døde 3. maj 1969. Han fratrådte som fungerende præsident 20. juli 1969, for at stille op som uafhængig præsident ved det efterfølgende præsidentvalg. Han vandt dette valg og var herefter Indiens præsident fra 24. august 1969 til 24. august 1974. I perioden fra 20. juli 1969 til 24. august 1969 var den fungerende præsident Mohammad Hidayatullah.

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

Indiens præsidenter
Indiens vicepræsidenter
Politikere fra Indien

Varahagiri Venkata Giri


Das Herrenhaus Palacio de Ibarra aus dem 17. Jahrhundert liegt etwas außerhalb der Stadt Brihuega in der Provinz Guadalajara (Spanien). In der Nähe befindet sich auch der Palacio de Don Luis. Das Herrenhaus war während des Spanischen Bürgerkrieges Schauplatz heftiger Kämpfe zwischen vorrückenden italienischen Truppen, der Corpo Truppe Volontarie und Internationalen Brigaden (BI-XI und BI-XII). Die Schlacht von Guadalajara sowie das Gefecht um das Herrenhaus Palacio de Ibarra wurden vom damaligen Kriegsberichterstatter Ernest Hemingway in seinen Werken aufgegriffen.

Spanischer Bürgerkrieg
Bauwerk in der Provinz Guadalajara

Palacio de Ibarra


Crises gêmeas são um termo em economia que se relaciona a crises simultâneas nos bancos e na moeda (também chamadas de crise do balanço de pagamentos). O termo foi introduzido no final da década de 1990 pelas economistas Graciela Kaminsky e Carmen Reinhart,  após a ocorrência de diversos episódios com essa característica ao redor do globo.

Economia monetária
Finanças internacionais
Crises financeiras

Crises gêmeas


Principiul Pareto (cunoscut de asemenea ca regula 80/20 sau legea celor puțini dar critici) prevede că, pentru multe evenimente, aproximativ 80% din efecte sunt produse de 20% din cauze.  Joseph M. Juran a fost cel care a propus principiul și l-a denumit după economistul italian Vilfredo Pareto, care a remarcat legătura 80/20 pe când activa la , în 1896, și a publicat-o în prima lui lucrare, "Cours d'economie politique". În esență, Pareto arăta că aproximativ 80% din suprafața Italiei, era deținută de 20% din populație; Pareto a dezvoltat principiul observând că aproximativ 20% din păstăile de mazăre în grădina lui produceau 80% din recoltă.

Este o  frecvent utilizată în domeniul afacerilor; de exemplu, "80% din vânzări provin de la 20% din clienți". Din punct de vedere matematic, regula 80/20 este aproximativ urmată de o distribuție a  (cunoscută și ca ) pentru un anumit set de parametri, și s-a demonstrat empiric că multe fenomene naturale prezintă o astfel de distribuție.

Principiul Pareto este doar tangențial legat de eficiența Pareto. Pareto a dezvoltat ambele concepte în contextul  și a bogăției în rândul populației.

În economie
Observația inițială era în legătură cu populația și bogăția. Pareto a observat că 80% din pământul din Italia era deținut de 20% din populație. Apoi, el a efectuat cercetări în mai multe alte țări și a constatat, spre surprinderea sa, că se aplică o distribuție similară.

O diagramă care dădea inegalității o formă foarte vizibilă și ușor de înțeles, așa-numitul "efect al paharului de șampanie", a fost cuprinsă în Raportul Programului Națiunilor Unite pentru Dezvoltare din 1992, care arăta că distribuția globală a veniturilor era foarte inegală, cei mai bogați 20% din populația globului controlând 82,7% din veniturile mondiale.

În știință
Cu cât mai multe predicții face o teorie, cu atât mai mare este șansa ca unele dintre ele să fie verificabile într-o manieră necostisitoare. Modificările unor teorii existente fac mai din ce în ce mai puține predicții noi, crescând riscul ca acele câteva predicții rămase să fie foarte costisitor de testat.

În software
În informatică și teoria automaticii, ca de exemplu pentru convertoarele electromecanice de energie, principiul Pareto poate fi aplicat la eforturi de .

De exemplu, Microsoft a menționat că, prin repararea a 20% dintre cele mai frecvent raportate buguri, 80% din erorile și blocajele asociate dintr-un anumit sistem vor fi eliminate.

În , este o practică comună a se estima că 80% din trafic apare în 20% din perioada de timp.

În ingineria software, Lowell Arthur a exprimat un principiu  corolar: "20 la sută din cod are 80% din erori. Găsiți-le, reparați-le!"

În sport
Se spune că aproximativ 20% din sportivi participă la 80% din concursurile mari, iar dintre aceștia, 20% câștigă 80% din premii. Exisă aplicabilitate și la echipele din multe jocuri populare.

Principiul Pareto a fost aplicat și la antrenamente, unde aproximativ 20% dintre exerciții și obiceiuri au 80% din impact, iar cel antrenat nu ar trebui să se concentreze prea mult pe un antrenament variat. Acest lucru nu înseamnă neapărat că alimentația sau antrenamentul de forță nu sunt importante, ci acestea nu sunt la fel de important ca activitățile-cheie.

Legea celor puțini poate fi văzută și în pariuri, unde se spune că, cu 20% din efort, se poate obține o performanță egală cu cea a 80% din pariori.

Sănătatea și siguranța muncii
Profesioniștii din sănătatea și securitatea muncii folosesc principiul Pareto pentru a sublinia importanța prioritizării pericolelor. Presupunând că 20% din pericole cauzează 80% din accidente, și categorisind pericolele, profesioniștii din domeniul siguranței pot viza acele 20% dintre pericole care produc 80% din accidente. Alternativ, dacă riscurile sunt abordate în ordine aleatorie, un profesionist în domeniul siguranței are probabilitate mare de a adresa unul dintre cele 80% de pericole care produc doar o parte din restul de 20% dintre accidente.

În afară de asigurarea eficientă a practicilor de prevenire a accidentelor, principiul Pareto asigură și că riscurile sunt abordate într-o ordine economică, tehnica asigurând că resursele sunt utilizate cele mai eficient pentru a preveni cele mai multe accidente.

Alte aplicații
În disciplina științei sistemelor, Epstein și Axtell au creat un model de simulare pe bază de agenți numit SugarScape, cu o abordare de modelare descentralizată, bazată pe reguli de comportament individual definite pentru fiecare agent din economie. Distribuția bogăției și principiul 80/20 al lui Pareto au devenit emergente în rezultatele lor, ceea ce sugerează că principiul este o consecință a acțiunii colective a acestor reguli individuale.

Principiul Pareto are multe aplicații în controlul calității. Stă la baza diagramei Pareto, unul dintre principalele instrumente folosite în tehnicile de controlul total al calității și . Principiul Pareto servește ca bază pentru  și analiza XYZ, utilizate pe scară largă în logistică și achiziții în scopul de a optimiza stocurile de mărfuri, precum și costurile legate de întreținerea și completarea stocului.

În îngrijirea sănătății în Statele Unite, s-a constatat că 20% dintre pacienți folosesc 80% din resursele de îngrijire a sănătății.

 a constatat că 80% din infracțiuni sunt comise de 20% din infractori. Această statistică este utilizată pentru a sprijini atât politicile de percheziție pe loc, cât și teoria geamurilor sparte, întrucât capturarea infractorilor care comit infracțiuni minore probabil că va duce la prinderea infractorilor care comit (sau care altfel ar comite) infracțiuni mai grave.

Considerații matematice
Ideea are o aplicare ca regulă generală în multe locuri, dar este frecvent utilizată abuziv. De exemplu, este greșită afirmația că o soluție a unei probleme "respectă regula 80/20" doar pentru că 80% din cazuri se încadrează în ea; trebuie și ca soluția să necesite doar 20% din resursele care ar fi necesare pentru a rezolva toate cazurile. În plus, interpretarea datelor cu un număr mic de categorii sau observații este tot un abuz de regula 80/20.

Este un caz special al fenomenului mai larg al . Dacă  α, care este unul dintre parametrii care caracterizează o distribuție Pareto, este ales astfel încât α = log45 ≈ 1.16, atunci rezultă că 80% din efecte provin din 20% din cauze.

Rezultă că și 80% din acele 80% din efecte provin din 20% din cele 20% din cauze, și așa mai departe. Optzeci la sută din 80% este 64%; 20% din 20% este 4%, deci aceasta implică și o lege "64/4"; și, în mod similar, o lege "51,2/0,8". În mod similar, pentru cele 80% de cauze inferioare cu cele 20% din efecte inferioare, 80% din 80% din cauze produc 20% din 20% din efecte. Acesta este, în linii mari, tabelul de mai sus cu averea populației lumii, unde cei 60% din zona inferioară dețin 5,5% din averi, aproape de o legătură 64/4.

Corelația 64/4 implică, de asemenea, o zonă "medie" de 32%, cuprinsă între 4% și 64%, unde cele mai de jos 80% din cele mai de sus 20% (16%) și cele mai de sus 20% din cele mai de jos 80% (16%) reprezintă efectele medii produse de cauze medii (32%). În tabelul averii de mai sus, aceasta se traduce prin faptul că a doua chintilă (20%) controlează 12% din avere, iar a patra chintilă (probabil) controlează 16% din avere.

Termenul de 80/20 este doar o prescurtare pentru principiul general. În cazuri individuale, distribuția poate fi la fel de bine, să zicem, mai aproape de 80/10 sau 80/30. Nu este nevoie ca cele două numere pentru să aibă suma 100, întrucât ele sunt măsuri de lucruri diferite, (de exemplu, "numărul de clienți" vs "suma cheltuită"). Cu toate acestea, fiecare caz în care ele nu au suma 100% este echivalent cu cel în care au suma 100%. De exemplu, după cum s-a menționat mai sus, "legea 64/4 lege" (în care cele două numere nu au suma 100%) este echivalentă cu "legea 80/20" (în care au suma 100%). Astfel, specificarea a două procente în mod independent nu duce la o clasă de distribuții mai largă decât ceea ce se obține prin specificarea celei mai mar și lăsarea celui mai mic procent să completeze până la 100%. Astfel, există doar un singur grad de libertate în alegerea acestui parametru.

Suma de 100% conduce și la o frumoasă simetrie. De exemplu, dacă 80% din efecte provin din 20% din cauze, apoi restul de 20% din efecte provin de la celelalte 80% din cauze. Acest lucru este numit "raport comun", și poate fi folosit pentru a măsura gradul de dezechilibru: un raport comun de 96:4 este foarte dezechilibrat, 80:20 este semnificativ dezechilibrat (indice Gini: 60%), 70:30 este moderat dezechilibrat (indice Gini: 40%), iar 55:45 este doar ușor dezechilibrat.

Principiul Pareto este o ilustrare a o relației "legii puterii" relație, care apare și în fenomene cum ar fi incendiile de pădure și cutremurele.
Pentru că este auto-similar pe o gamă largă de mărimi, el produce rezultate complet diferite fața de fenomenele cu distribuție gaussiană. Acest fapt explică eșecurile frecvente ale instrumentelor financiare sofisticate, care sunt modelate pe presupunerea că este adecvată o relație gaussiană, de exemplu, la fluctuațiile prețurilor acțiunilor.

Măsuri de egalitate

Coeficientul Gini și indicele Hoover
Folosind notația "A : B" notație (de exemplu, 0.8:0.2) și cu A + B = 1, se pot calcula măsuri ale inegalității ca indicele Gini (G) și la indicele Hoover (H). În acest caz, ambele sunt la fel.

Indicele Theil
Indicele Theil este o măsură a entropiei utilizată pentru a cuantifica inegalități. Măsura este 0 pentru distribuții 50:50 și ajunge la 1 la o distribuție Pareto de 82:18. Inegalități mai mari dau indici Theil supraunitari.

Bibliografie

Lectură suplimentară

 .
Maxime
Statistică

Principiul Pareto


La  Temporada 1993 de la Primera B, conocida como Copa Concasa 1993 por motivos comerciales, fue la tercera en la historia de la segunda división del fútbol profesional colombiano.

Sistema del torneo

Los 14 equipos participantes jugaron una fase de todos contra todos y el líder de esta logró el ascenso a la Primera A en su temporada 1994.

Datos de los clubes

Relevo anual de clubes

Equipos participantes

 Debutan en la Primera B los clubes Lanceros Boyacá, Fiorentina y Deportes Risaralda.

 A partir de esta temporada, Deportivo Armenia traslada su localía al municipio de Buga y cambia su nombre a Guadalajara.

 Desapareció Deportes Dinastía.

Reclasificación

Cuadrangular Final

Véase también
Categoría Primera B

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
Web oficial de Dimayor
Colombia 1993 - Rsssf

1993
Primera B

Primera B 1993 (Colombia)


Executive One er flyvekontroltjenestens officielle kaldesignal på amerikanske civile fly, der befordrer USA's præsident.

Præsident Richard Nixon var med udgangen af 2015 den eneste amerikanske præsident som har rejst på en kommerciel flyvning. Dette skete under energikrisen i 1973 for at "sætte et eksempel for resten af nationen under den nuværende energikrise" og "vise sin tillid til flyselskaberne". Han fløj i et McDonnell Douglas DC-10-fly fra flyselskabet United Airlines på en ordinær ruteflyvning fra Washington Dulles International Airport til Los Angeles International Airport. Eneste bagage præsidenten medbragte var en kuffert med forskellige kommunikationsmidler, så han kunne forblive i kontakt med Det Hvide Hus i tilfælde af en nødsituation. Nixons valg af civilt transportmiddel sparede ikke brændstof, på grund at et Boeing 707 fra 89th Airlift Wing fløj tomt til Californien, så det kunne fragte præsidenten tilbage til Washington D.C. som Air Force One.

Hvis præsidentens familie er ombord på et civilt fly, kan White House Transportation Agency og United States Secret Service vælge at tildele afgangen kaldesignalet Executive One Foxtrot.

Når vicepræsidenten er ombord er kaldesignalet Executive Two.

Se også
 Air Force One

Referencer

Kaldesignaler
Fly fra USA

Executive One


Diese Liste gibt den Fortschreibungsstand vom 15. April 2020 wieder und enthält 30 Baudenkmäler.

Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Aurach

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Dietenbronn

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Eyerlohe

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Hilsbach

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Wahrberg

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Weinberg

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Windshofen

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Abgegangene Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Aurach (Landkreis Ansbach)

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

!
Aurach Landkreis Ansbach
Baudenkmaler Aurach Landkreis Ansbach

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Aurach (Landkreis Ansbach)


A Liga Jovem da UEFA de 2021–22 foi a oitava edição da UEFA Youth League, uma competição europeia de futebol de clubes juvenil organizada pela UEFA.

O Real Madrid, que conquistou o título em 2019–20, foi o detentor do título, já que a edição 2020–21 foi cancelada devido à pandemia de COVID-19 na Europa e o título não foi concedido. Eles foram eliminados pelos rivais da cidade Atlético Madrid nas oitavas de final.

O time português Benfica conquistou o seu primeiro título, derrotando o Red Bull Salzburg por 6 a 0 na final. Esta foi uma repetição da final de 2017, vencida pelo Salzburg por 2-1. Foi também o primeiro título do Benfica no futebol Europeu desde a Taça dos Campeões Europeus de 1961–62. Em agosto, o Benfica disputou a primeira edição da Taça Intercontinental Sub-20, ao bater o campeão da CONMENBOL, o Peñarol, por 1-0.

Equipes
Podem participar no torneio um total de 64 equipas de pelo menos 32 das 55 federações da UEFA. Eles são divididos em duas seções, cada uma com 32 equipes:

 Caminho da Liga dos Campeões da UEFA: As equipes juvenis dos 32 clubes que se classificaram para o Liga dos Campeões da UEFA de 2021–22 entram no caminho da UEFA Champions League. Em caso de vaga (não ingressando as equipas juvenis), esta era preenchida por uma equipa definida pela UEFA.
 Caminho dos Campeões Nacionais: Os jovens campeões nacionais das 32 principais associações de acordo com seu coeficiente da UEFA de 2021 entraram no Caminho dos Campeões Nacionais. No caso de haver uma vaga (federações sem competição nacional juvenil, bem como campeões nacionais juvenis já incluídos no percurso da UEFA Champions League), era primeiro preenchida pelos detentores do título, caso ainda não tivessem se classificado, e depois pelos campeões nacionais juvenis da próxima federação no ranking da UEFA.

Akademia e Futbollit, Angers, Deportivo La Coruña, Daugavpils, Empoli, Hajduk Split, 1. FC Köln, Miercurea Ciuc, Pogoń Szczecin, St Patrick's Athletic, Trabzonspor, Žalgiris e Zvijezda 09 fizeram suas estreias no torneio. A Lituânia será representada pela primeira vez.

Calendário
O calendário da competição é o seguinte (todos os sorteios foram realizados na sede da UEFA em Nyon, Suíça, salvo indicação em contrário).

 Para a fase de grupos do Caminho da Liga dos Campeões da UEFA, em princípio as equipas jogam os seus jogos às terças e quartas-feiras das jornadas previstas para a UEFA Champions League, e no mesmo dia que as equipas seniores correspondentes; no entanto, as partidas também podem ser disputadas em outras datas, incluindo segundas e quintas-feiras.
 Para a primeira e segunda eliminatórias do Caminho dos Campeões Nacionais, em princípio os jogos são disputados às quartas-feiras (primeira eliminatória nas jornadas 2 e 3, 2ª eliminatória nas jornadas 4 e 5, conforme previsto para a UEFA Champions League); no entanto, as partidas também podem ser disputadas em outras datas, incluindo segundas, terças e quintas-feiras.

Ligações externas

 Sítio Oficial
 Partidas da Liga Jovem da UEFA de 2021–22, UEFA.com

Referências
Edições da Liga Jovem da UEFA

Liga Jovem da UEFA de 2021–22


Der Leiterberg ist ein 507 Meter hoher Berg im Pfälzerwald 1,5 km nordöstlich vom Stüterhof, einem Ortsteil von Waldleiningen. Er befindet sich komplett auf der Gemarkung von Waldleiningen und liegt im Landkreis Kaiserslautern in Rheinland-Pfalz. Auf seinem Gipfel befindet sich die sogenannte Leiterberger Platte mit einem Feuchtbiotop, das vom Grundwasser gespeist wird.

Geographie

Geographische Lage
Der Leiterberg liegt im Mittleren Pfälzerwald etwa 3 Kilometer südwestlich von Waldleiningen am Nordrand des Hohen Pfälzerwaldes bzw. der Frankenweide, einem Hochplateau, das mit dem Weißenberg (610 m ü. NHN), Hortenkopf (606 m über NN), Mosisberg (610 m ü. NHN) und dem Eschkopf (609 m ü. NHN) die vier höchsten Erhebungen des inneren Pfälzerwaldes trägt. Er befindet sich auf einem langgestreckten Höhenzug, der etwa 2 km nordöstlich des Riesenberges (514 m ü. NHN) von der pfälzischen Hauptwasserscheide abzweigt, sich bis Lambrecht erstreckt und dabei die Entwässerungssysteme von Speyer- und Hochspeyerbach trennt.

Geomorphologie
Legt man die Typologie von Bergformen des Pfälzerwaldes nach Geiger zugrunde, so handelt es sich beim Leiterberg um einen wenig prägnanten Rückenberg, der in das umfassende System langgestreckter Höhenzüge des inneren Pfälzerwaldes eingebettet ist. Dies belegen auch die georeferentiellen Parameter der Dominanz und Schartenhöhe, die nur sehr geringe Werte aufweisen. So beträgt seine Dominanz nur 2 Kilometer, da der nächstgelegene höhere Berg (Riesenberg) in genau dieser Entfernung zu finden ist. Daneben sind Leiter- und Riesenberg nur durch eine flache Mulde ("Scharte") mit einer Höhe von 502 m ü. NHN voneinander getrennt, sodass die Schartenhöhe als Differenzbetrag zwischen den Höhen von Mulde und Leiterberg den minimalen Wert von 5 Metern einnimmt.

Gewässer

Der Leiterberg empfängt als nördlicher Ausläufer der Frankenweide mit etwa 950 mm Jahresniederschlag relativ hohe Niederschlagsmengen und ist das Quellgebiet mehrerer kleinerer Fließgewässer. Besonders an seinem oberen Westhang entspringen mehrere Quellen, von denen eine als "Haidhaldbrunnen" gefasst ist. Am Fuße des Leiterberges befindet sich im "Stüter Loch" außerdem die Stüterbächel-Quelle; ab hier fließt das Stüterbächel nach Aufnahme verschiedener Zuflüsse etwa 2,5 Kilometer in nördlicher Richtung. Der kleine Bach war ursprünglich oberster Teil des Leinbaches, versickert jedoch mittlerweile nach Passieren eines Fischweihers in einer Wiese, sodass Quelle und Verlauf des Leinbaches anders festgelegt werden mussten. Südöstlich des Leiterberges entspringt ferner der Weltersbach, der nach etwa 3 Kilometern in der Nähe des Weilers Mückenwiese in den Speyerbach mündet.

Eine hydrologische Besonderheit des Leiterberges ist die Leiterberger Platte, die sich in seinem Gipfelbereich befindet. Es handelt sich hierbei um ein Feuchtbiotop mit Weiher, das zu einer der Kernzonen im Biosphärenreservat Pfälzerwald-Nordvogesen erklärt wurde und deshalb besonderen Schutz genießt. Bereits im Landauer Anzeiger vom 17. September 1931 schrieb Wolfgang Bertram den Aufsatz "Ein Weiher auf der Leiterberg beim Stüterhof im Pfälzerwald" und ging schon damals auf die besondere Hydrologie des Berges ein.

Geologie
Der Leiterberg wird in erster Linie von den Gesteinsschichten des Unteren, Mittleren und Oberen Buntsandsteins gebildet, die zu Beginn der Trias (251–243 Millionen Jahre) bei vorwiegend wüstenhaften Bedingungen abgelagert wurden.

Dabei sind bis etwa zu einer Höhe von 400 m ü. NHN Gesteine des Unteren Buntsandstein aufgeschlossen, wobei vor allem Formationen der  Rehberg und Schlossbergschichten die Oberfläche bilden. In diesen Gesteinsschichten wechseln sich kleinräumige Felszonen mit dünnen Tonschichten ab, wobei letztere oft als Quellhorizont fungieren (siehe Gewässer). Es handelt sich häufig um rote, teilweise geröllführende Sandsteine unterschiedlicher Korngröße, die vor allem in höheren Bereichen eine eher feinkörnigere, geringer kristallisierte Struktur aufweisen und damit weniger verwitterungsbeständig sind.

Ab einer Höhe von etwa 400 m ü. NHN werden diese Gesteine durch die jüngeren Formationen des Mittleren und Oberen Buntsandsteins überdeckt. Charakteristisch sind dabei besonders Formationen der Karlstalschichten, die aus stark verkieselten, quarzitisch gebundenen Mittel- und Grobsandsteinen bestehen und in der Karlstal-Felszone häufig wie im namensgebenden Karlstal als harte Felsblöcke mit mehreren Metern Durchmesser an die Oberfläche treten. Diese charakteristischen Felsbildungen ("Felsenmeere") sind allerdings im Bereich des Leiterberges nicht nachzuweisen; sie werden durch weitere Gesteinsfolgen des Mittleren und Oberen Buntsandsteins überlagert, die im oberen Bereich eher tonig gebunden sind und deshalb wasserstauende Wirkung besitzen. Entsprechendes zeigt sich besonders im Bereich der Leiterberger Platte, wo diese Bedingungen in Verbindung mit häufigen Niederschlägen zur Bildung eines Feuchtbiotops mit Weiher geführt haben.

Kernzone im Biosphärenreservat
Der Leiterberg und das gesamte angrenzende Gebiet ist als "Zone für natürliche Entwicklung" (Kernzone) ausgewiesen. Die Kernzone "Leiterberger Platte" ist etwa 18 ha groß. (Siehe unter Naturpark Pfälzerwald mit Übersicht aller Kernzonen)
Sie liegt in der Gemarkung Waldleiningen im Landkreis Kaiserslautern. Die Grenze des Gebietes beginnt im Osten am gemeinsamen Grenzpunkt der Abteilungsgrenze Leiterberger Hald-Leiterberger Platte mit der Gemarkungsgrenze der Gemarkungen Waldleiningen und Elmstein, folgt der Gemarkungsgrenze in südwestlicher Richtung ca. 950 m bis zu einem nördlich abzweigenden Weg, folgt diesem an der Westseite ca. 10 m und dann dem westlich abzweigenden Weg an der Nordseite ca. 150 m. Sie knickt an der nächsten Wegegabelung in spitzem Winkel ab, verläuft weiter ca. 130 m auf der Südostseite des nordöstlich abzweigenden Weges zu einem Wegekreuz, folgt der Verlängerung des vorgenannten Weges weitere ca. 30 m zu einer Wegegabelung und begleitet ab dieser den südlich verlaufenden (rechts abzweigenden) Weg an der Südostseite in nordöstlicher Richtung ca. 200 m wiederum zu einer Wegegabelung, folgt ab dieser dem nördlich verlaufenden (links abzweigenden) Weg an dessen Ostseite ca. 280 m bis zur Abteilungsgrenze Luitberger Hald-Luitberger Platte und dieser in südöstlicher Richtung zurück zum Ausgangspunkt.

Besonderer Schutzzweck der Kernzonen ist es, einen vom Menschen weitestgehend unbeeinflussten Ablauf der natürlichen Prozesse zu gewährleisten und hierüber die Eigendynamik natürlicher oder naturnaher Ökosysteme einschließlich der Böden und Gesteine sowie der sich daraus ergebenden Vielfalt an Lebensräumen, Tieren und Pflanzen auf Dauer zu schützen.

In den Kernzonen sind alle Handlungen verboten, die diese Räume beschädigen, verändern oder den besonderen Schutzzweck anderweitig beeinträchtigen können. Das Betreten, Reiten oder Befahren ist auf den mit Genehmigung der oberen Naturschutzbehörde entsprechend gekennzeichneten Wegen auf eigene Gefahr erlaubt. Der Genehmigung der oberen Naturschutzbehörde bedürfen alle Begehungen außerhalb der gekennzeichneten Wege, insbesondere zu Zwecken der Wissenschaft oder der Umweltbildung.

Literatur
 Michael Geiger u. a. (Hrsg.): Der Pfälzerwald, Porträt einer Landschaft. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf. 1987, ISBN 3-9801147-1-6
 Michael Geiger u. a. (Hrsg.): Geographie der Pfalz. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf. 2010, ISBN 978-3-9812974-0-9
 Karl Heinz: Pfalz: mit Weinstraße; Landschaft, Geschichte, Kultur, Kunst, Volkstum. Glock und Lutz Verlag, Heroldsberg 1976
 Klaus Hünerfauth: Natur- und Kulturlandschaften der Pfalz im Überblick. In: Michael Geiger u. a. (Hrsg.): Geographie der Pfalz. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf. 2010, S. 148–187 ISBN 978-3-9812974-0-9

Einzelnachweise

Berg im Pfälzerwald
Waldleiningen

Leiterberg


La baronía de Quadras es un título nobiliario español creado por la reina regente María Cristina de Habsburgo Lorena y concedido, en nombre del rey Alfonso XIII, a favor de Manuel de Quadras y Feliú Prim, para hacer memoria de un antiguo señorío de su casa que databa de 1378, mediante real decreto del 16 de abril de 1900 y real despacho expedido el 13 de diciembre del mismo año.

Barones de Quadras

Historia de los barones de Quadras

 Manuel de Quadras y Feliú Prim (m. Barcelona, 12 de abril de 1927), I barón de Quadras, caballero del Real Cuerpo de la Nobleza de Cataluña, gran cruz del Santo Sepulcro.
Casó con Juana Ana Veiret y Xipell. Le sucedió, en 1927, su hijo:

 José de Quadras y Veiret, II barón de Quadras, caballero del Real Cuerpo de la Nobleza de Cataluña, de la Real Hermandad del Santo Cáliz de Valencia y de la Real Cofradía de Nuestra Señora del Portillo de Zaragoza, gentilhombre de cámara del rey.
Casó con María del Pilar de Camps y de Casanova. El 28 de septiembre de 1966, previa orden del 17 de junio del mismo año para que se expida la correspondiente carta de sucesión (BOE del 18 de julio), le sucedió su hija:

 Juana de Quadras y de Camps (n. 1931), III baronesa de Quadras.
Casó con Juan de Querol y de Muller, conde de Rius.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 El escudo de la familia

Quadras
Quadras
Quadras

Baronía de Quadras


Stefan (død 26. marts 752) var en romersk præst, der blev valgt til pave i d. 23. marts 752 for at efterfølge Pave Zacharias. Han døde af et slagtilfælde d. 26. marts, inden han nåede at blive ordineret biskop. I 745 havde Zacharias gjort ham til kardinalpresbyter med titlen af San Crisogono. Det er den samme titel som kardinal Frederick af Lorraine modtog, der senere blev udnævnt til Pave Stefan 9.

Fordi Stefan døde så hurtigt tælles han ikke med i den officielle paverække, men blev tilføjet under navnet Stefan 2. i 1400-tallet, men er ikke listet i Liber Pontificalis.

Referencer

Paver i middelalderen

Stefan (valgt pave)


Un trolley-camion est un véhicule de type trolleybus utilisé pour transporter des marchandises au lieu de passagers. Un trolley-camion est généralement un type de camion électrique alimenté par deux câbles aériens, à partir desquels il puise de l'électricité. Deux collecteurs de courant sont nécessaires pour fournir et renvoyer le courant, car le courant de retour ne peut pas passer au sol (comme le font les tramways sur rails) puisque les trolley-camions utilisent des pneus qui sont des isolants. Les trolley-camions ont été utilisés dans divers endroits du monde et sont toujours utilisés dans des villes de Russie et d'Ukraine, ainsi que dans des mines d'Amérique du Nord et d'Afrique. Parce qu'ils tirent leur énergie de l'électricité les trolley-camions peuvent utiliser des sources d'énergie bas-carbone comme l'énergie renouvelable ou nucléaire et ainsi réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluant associé. Des systèmes de trolley-camion modernes sont à l'essai en Suède et en Allemagne le long des autoroutes utilisant des hybrides diesel-électriques pour réduire les émissions : il s'agit du projet eHighway de Siemens.

Utilisation à travers le monde

Autriche
Les trolley-camions ont été utilisés à Sankt Lambrecht, en Autriche, par l'usine de dynamite AkzoNobel du 16 novembre 1945 au 21 avril 1951. Ces trolley-camions ont été utilisés pour transporter de la dynamite au-dessus des Alpes juste après la Seconde Guerre mondiale en raison de la pénurie de matériel qui a empêché pendant un certain temps l'utilisation de camions diesel. Dans les années 1950, les pénuries de matériaux avaient été atténuées, de sorte que les trolley-camions ont été remplacés par des camions diesel et les anciennes lignes électriques ont été démantelées. Certains camions de la ligne abandonnée ont été reconvertis en trolleybus et utilisés dans les rues de Kapfenberg.

Canada
La Compagnie minière Québec Cartier a utilisé des trolley-camions dans sa mine de minerai de fer au Québec de 1970 à 1977, date à laquelle le gisement a été épuisé et que la mine a été fermé. L'alimentation électrique de cette mine éloignée était une centrale électrique extraite d'une locomotive électrique diesel.

À partir de 2022, la Copper Mountain Mining Corporation opérant à Copper Mountain, en Colombie-Britannique convertit ses camions de transport diesel-électriques en trolley-camion, l'électricité étant fournie par l'alimentation de transmission existante de la mine de BC Hydro.

Allemagne

Le ministère fédéral allemand de l'Environnement est en train de construire un réseau de câbles aériens le long de l'autoroute pour les hybrides diesel-électriques, permettant aux camions de rouler à l'électricité. Un court tronçon d'essai a été construit sur une base militaire à Brandebourg, avec des itinéraires plus longs en Hesse et dans le  Schleswig-Holstein prévus pour 2018. Le test dans le Schleswig-Holstein a commencé le  juin 2019 et en Hesse le 7 mai 2019. Un autre test a lieu dans le Bade-Wurtemberg : un tronçon mesure  de longueur tandis que l'autre en fait .

Italie
Des trolley-camions ont été utilisés par la société de services publics d'électricité AEM de Milan, en Italie, pour fournir des matériaux de construction et des services au barrage de San Giacomo (construit de 1940 à 1950) et au deuxième barrage de Cancano (construit de 1952 à 1956). Deux lignes de trolley-camion de la vallée de la Valteline qui ont permis de construire puis d'alimenter les barrages le long de la rivière Spöl et ont été utilisées de 1938 à 1962.

Namibie
La mine d'uranium de Rössing en Namibie comptait plus de 10 trolley-camions en 2001.

Afrique du Sud
Les trolley-camions ont été introduits dans la mine de cuivre de Palabora en Afrique du Sud en 1980.

Union soviétique, Russie, Ukraine
De nombreuses villes de l'Union soviétique exploitaient des trolley-camions. Le modèle de camion MAZ-525 a été converti en trolley-camion en 1954 à Kharkiv, en Ukraine. L'expérience de Kharkiv avec des trolley-camions a été arrêtée en raison des inconvénients du système.

De nos jours, les trolley-camions opèrent dans plusieurs villes d'Ukraine telles que Donetsk et Sébastopol  ainsi que dans des villes de Russie telles que Bryansk et Saint-Pétersbourg. Un type, le KTG-1, est conçu pour l'entretien et la réparation des véhicules de trolleybus urbains; tandis qu'un autre, le KTG-2, est utilisé pour le transport de marchandises.

Suède
La première autoroute publique électrifiée a ouvert en Suède le 22 juin 2016 sur un tronçon de la route européenne E16 près de Gävle, permettant aux camions Scania hybrides et électriques à batterie de rouler à partir de câbles aériens.

Suisse
Des trolley-camions ont été utilisés à Gümmenen et Mühleberg en Suisse entre 1918 et 1922 lors de la construction du barrage qui retient lac Wohlen.

États-Unis
Des trolley-camions ont été utilisés dans les opérations minières et dans les projets d'entretien des routes aux États-Unis.

Michigan
De 1939 à 1964, la mine « International Salt Company » à River Rouge (Michigan) a utilisé des trolley-camions. C'était une mine de sel souterraine. Des batteries ont été utilisées pour alimenter les camions lorsqu'ils s'éloignaient des câbles aériens. Pour une utilisation dans une mine, les câbles aériens peuvent occasionnellement être déplacés au fur et à mesure que l'activité d'excavation progresse. Ainsi, les trolley-camions utilisés dans les mines n'ont pas nécessairement un itinéraire de déplacement aussi fixe que les itinéraires des trolley-camions utilisés dans les villes.

Californie
De 1956 à 1971, la « Riverside Cement Company » à Bloomington (Californie), a exploité Kenworth des camions à benne basculante convertis en trolley-camion à la carrière de Crestmore près de Riverside en Californie. Les camions étaient équipés de "rallonges" pour l'alimentation en électricité. Les longues rallonges stockées sur des bobines motorisées à bord des chariots leur offraient une mobilité accrue.

En 2015 débute une phase de démonstration d'un système d'autoroute électrifiée dans la zone desservie par le port de Los Angeles et le port de Long Beach. Lorsque les camions ne circulent pas sur l'eHighway, ils peuvent fonctionner au diesel, au gaz naturel comprimé (GNC), avec une batterie ou avec une autre source d'énergie. Ils sont construits par Mack Trucks en coopération avec Siemens. La phase de démonstration devrait durer un an.

Nouveau Mexique
La mine de Chino près de Santa Rita (Nouveau-Mexique), a installé des trolley-camions en 1967. Ces camions sont équipés de moteurs diesel et la puissance du trolley-camion est utilisée pour aider les camions à monter et descendre la rampe qui mène à la mine. Ce type d'arrangement à double puissance est connu sous le nom de système d'assistance au chariot.

Nevada
La mine Goldstrike de Barrick (Nevada), a utilisé des trolley-camions de 1994 à 2001 puis le système a été mis hors service en raison d'une importante reconfiguration de la mine. Le système était similaire à celui utilisé dans la mine de cuivre de Palabora en Afrique du Sud.

Zambie
Des trolley-camions ont été utilisés dans la mine de Nchanga en Zambie de 1983 et ce pendant une partie des années 1980.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Trolleybus
 Camion électrique
 Siemens eHighway

Liens externes
 Projet d'assistance au trolley de Copper Mountain
 Trolley-camions hybrides de Siemens
 Le nouveau trolley-camions sur autoroute
 La ligne St. Lambrecht Trolley-truck
 Anglais Russie » Camions électriques en Russie

Camion
Véhicule électrique

Trolley-camion