AMC Entertainment Holdings, Inc. (doing business as AMC Theatres, originally an abbreviation for American Multi-Cinema; often referred to simply as AMC and known in some countries as AMC Cinemas or AMC Multi-Cinemas) is an American movie theater chain founded in Kansas City, Missouri, and now headquartered in Leawood, Kansas. It is the largest movie theater chain in the world. Founded in 1920, AMC has the largest share of the U.S. theater market ahead of Regal and Cinemark Theatres.

After acquiring Odeon Cinemas, UCI Cinemas, and Carmike Cinemas in 2016, it became the largest movie theater chain in the world. It has 2,807 screens in 353 European theatres and 7,755 screens in 593 American theatres.

The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange; from 2012 to 2018, the Chinese conglomerate Wanda Group owned a majority stake in the company. Private equity firm Silver Lake Partners made a $600 million investment in AMC in September 2018, but the voting power of AMC shares was structured so that Wanda Group still controlled the majority of AMC's board of directors.

Amid financial downturns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, in January 2021, Wanda's ownership was increasingly diluted due to new financing by AMC, as well as short squeezes that resulted in Silver Lake converting its $600 million debt holding to equity. In early-February 2021, Wanda converted its Class B shares to Class A shares, thus reducing its voting power to less than 50%.

History

AMC Theatres was founded in 1920 by Maurice, William, Irvin, Edward, and Barney Dubinsky, who had been traveling the Midwest performing melodramas and tent shows with actress Jeanne Eagels. They purchased the Regent Theatre on 12th Street between Walnut and Grand in downtown Kansas City, Missouri. Maurice, the oldest brother, died in 1929, and Barney left the company in 1936 after being injured in an auto accident. ((https://www.newspapers.com/image/561441873/?terms=BARNEY%20dubinsky%20theater&match=1)) Edward, the youngest brother, eventually changed his last name to Durwood, and the company they formed eventually became known as Durwood Theatres. After a legal fight with his brothers. ((https://www.newspapers.com/image/561441873/?terms=BARNEY%20dubinsky%20theater&match=1)) The chain also had theaters in St. Joseph and Jefferson City, Missouri and Leavenworth and Topeka, Kansas.

When Edward's son Stanley left the U.S. Air Force after World War II, he joined the company in 1945. He persuaded his father to build drive-in theaters in St. Joseph, Jefferson City, and Leavenworth. In 1947 they expanded further with the acquisition of the Liberty Theater in downtown Kansas City which they remodeled and renamed the Roxy. They won an antitrust suit to enable them to show first-run product at the Roxy and went on to acquire all of the downtown cinemas in Kansas City including The Empire Theater, the Capri Theatre, the Midland Theatre and the Paramount Theatre.

In 1961, after Ed died, Stanley took control of Durwood Theatres, a small ten-theatre chain. With an interstate planned around Kansas City, Durwood looked to sites outside downtown and acquired two sites at a shopping center on Kansas City's Ward Parkway to build a 700-seat theater. As the sites could not be combined, they opened two theaters side-by-side as the Parkway Twin Theatre in 1963. This was the company's first foray into using the multiplex model.  According to Variety, Stanley Durwood later claimed in 1962 that he "was standing in the lobby of his 600-seat Roxy in Kansas City mulling over its poor grosses, when he realized he could double his box office by adding a second screen and still operate with the same size staff."

Following the success of the Parkway Twin, AMC followed up with the Embassy 3 triplex at the Country Club Plaza; the Metro Plaza, a four-screen theater in Kansas City in 1966; and a six-screen theater in Omaha in 1969.

The industry quickly embraced the multiplex concept, where additional screens meant very little difference in staff and operating costs but resulted in a significant profit increase. The concept also provided more film choices at one location, drawing bigger crowds. It also gave owners the flexibility to show big hits on more screens and less reliance on any individual film that could turn out to be a bust.

Stanley renamed Durwood Theatres as American Royal Cinema on October 1, 1968, after the American Royal livestock and horse show, but the latter's producers sought an injunction, and the name was changed to American Multi-Cinema, Inc.

Stanley began to apply military management and the insights of management science to revolutionize the movie theatre industry. As he later explained to Variety magazine, "We needed to define what our company was doing in the (exhibition) business. My dad wasn't that organized." It was structured under the belief that every customer was a "guest".

Growth

By the 1980s, the company was experiencing strong growth; in 1983, it had its initial public offering. AMC Theatres built its first multiplex overseas in 1985, the 10-screen multiplex at The Point, Milton Keynes in the United Kingdom, and later opened additional sites in the UK such as in Dudley and Tamworth, Staffordshire. In October 1988, they announced a joint venture with United Artists and Cinema International Corporation (a partnership of Paramount Pictures and Universal Studios) to run their combined cinemas in the UK, Ireland under the AMC name, however, AMC pulled out of the joint venture in December 1988, and sold their U.K. assets, including their 12 cinemas, to the new entity (later called United Cinemas International) for $98 million and withdrew from the UK market.

In 1988, Kinepolis Brussels, the first megaplex in the world,  with 25 screens and 7,600 seats, was opened by Kinepolis, the European chain.

In 1995, AMC Theatres opened the first North American megaplex, the AMC Grand 24 in Dallas, Texas, a theater complex that could accommodate thousands. AMC continued to open other megaplex theaters, such as the AMC Hampton Towne Center 24 in Hampton, Virginia, and the chain's busiest theater in the US, the AMC Empire 25 in New York City near Times Square.

On December 13, 1996, AMC opened the Ontario Mills 30, a 30-screen theater in Ontario, California, which at the time was the largest multiplex in the world. AMC Theatres' megaplex theatres were a success overseas as well. In April 1996, they opened Canal City 13 in Fukuoka, Japan, which was followed on December 20, 1996, by the AMC Arrábida 20 in Porto, Portugal. In January 2002, the 16-screen Great Northern theatre was opened in Manchester in the U.K., which was later supplemented by the opening of a 12-screen cinema on the Broadway Plaza site in Birmingham in October 2003. AMC Theatres sometimes serve a dual function; in addition to the regular cinema functions, they also cater to companies' business conferences that can make use of their projectors for displaying presentations.

In 2004, AMC Theatres was acquired by Marquee Holdings Inc., an investment vehicle controlled by affiliates of J.P. Morgan Partners, LLC, the private equity arm of JPMorgan Chase, and Apollo Global Management, a private investment firm. At the time, AMC was publicly traded on AMEX under the code AEN.

In 2006, the company announced a new initial public offering (IPO) expected to be worth approximately $789 million; however, adverse market conditions convinced the company's management to withdraw from such an offering on May 3, 2007. The company filed for a $450 million IPO in its third such filing since 2006 on July 14, 2010.

Stanley Durwood died in 1999, and his successor was Peter Brown, the first non-Dubinsky/Durwood family member to head the company. Gerardo I. Lopez succeeded Brown as president and CEO of AMC Theatres on March 2, 2009. Previously, Lopez was the Executive Vice President of President Consumer Products Group, Seattle's Best Coffee, and Foodservice at Starbucks. Under new leadership, one of the first major announcements came in March of the same year; the company announced that it would equip 1,500 of its screens with Real D projectors. In the same month, AMC Theatres announced it had closed on a $315 million deal with Sony to replace all of its reel projectors with digital cinema projectors, starting in the second quarter of 2009 and completing in 2012.

The company was formerly headquartered in downtown Kansas City. In September 2011, AMC Theatres announced plans to move its headquarters to a new $30 million four-story building designed by 360 Architecture in the Park Place development at 117th Street and Nall Avenue in Leawood, Kansas in suburban Kansas City. Kansas had offered $47 million in incentives to get the 400 jobs to move.

After reaching a settlement with the state of Illinois regarding complaints from a disability rights organization in April 2012, AMC pledged to equip all of its theaters in the state with captioning and description services by 2014. The disability rights group had accused the company of only providing closed captioning or audio description systems at some of its locations in the state.

Acquisition by Wanda Group (2012–2021)
In May 2012, AMC Theatres was acquired by Chinese conglomerate Wanda Group, headquartered in Dalian, who paid $2.6 billion to acquire AMC's 5,048 screens in 347 theaters in the U.S. and Canada. The deal was finalized on September 4, 2012.  The acquisition made Wanda the world's largest cinema chain. Wang Jianlin, CEO of Dalian Wanda Group, announced that the company would plan to spend $500 million renovating AMC locations.

AMC Theatres had eight movie theatres in Canada. In July 2012, four locations were sold to Cineplex Entertainment, and two more locations were sold to Empire Theatres and later acquired by Landmark Cinemas. The two remaining locations have since closed.

Gerardo I. Lopez announced his resignation as CEO of AMC in August 2015. Craig Ramsey was appointed as the interim CEO by the company board. In December 2015, AMC announced that Adam Aron would be the company's president and chief executive officer, as well as a member of the company's board of directors, beginning on January 4, 2016.

In March 2016, AMC Theatres announced it would acquire competitor Carmike Cinemas. In July 2016, Carmike's management accepted a revised offer, pending regulatory and shareholder approval. The deal was closed on December 25, 2016, making AMC the largest cinema chain in the United States.

On March 1, 2017, AMC Theatres CEO Adam Aron stated that the company would rebrand Carmike Cinemas locations under the AMC name; smaller locations were rebranded under the new banner AMC Classic (which repurposes trademarks associated with Carmike). Aron also announced a plan to rebrand its kitchen-equipped theaters as AMC Dine-In.

In July 2017, AMC Theatres announced they would cut $30 million in expenses by the end of the year. This cost reduction would be accomplished by reducing operating hours, cutting staffing levels, and other measures.

In September 2018, Silver Lake Partners made a $600 million investment in AMC Theatres, whose proceeds were used to repurchase approximately 32% of Wanda Group's class B common stock.  However, the voting power of AMC's shares is structured in such a way (granting three votes per-share for each Class B share if its stake in the company is above 30%) that, even after reducing its ownership of AMC common stock to just under 50% by the end of 2019, Wanda Group continued to retain majority control over AMC's board of directors.

In October 2019, AMC began to offer on-demand rentals and purchases of digital film releases under the banner AMC Theatres On Demand. The service is tied to the company's Stubs loyalty program.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
On March 18, 2020, AMC announced the closure of all of its theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in compliance with CDC guidance against any gathering of over ten people. AMC said this shutdown would last for at least six to twelve weeks. On March 25, 2020, AMC furloughed all of its 600 corporate employees, including CEO Adam Aron. All furloughed corporate AMC employees and associates retain active employment status, including all health benefits.

On April 28, 2020, AMC announced they would no longer carry films from Universal Pictures after NBCUniversal CEO Jeff Shell commented in The Wall Street Journal that the studio wanted to release films via premium video-on-demand simultaneously with theatrical releases. The company threatened that this will also be done with any other studio "who unilaterally abandons current windowing practices absent good faith negotiations between us, so that they as distributor and we as exhibitor both benefit and neither are hurt from such changes."

On June 3, 2020, AMC stated that it had "substantial doubt" that it would remain in business. On July 28, 2020, AMC and Universal were able to resolve their dispute, with AMC agreeing to a shorter theatrical window of 17 days before Universal could release their films via premium VOD, as well as revenue sharing on the premium VOD window.

On August 20, 2020, AMC began the process of reopening selected locations in the United States where allowed under local health orders. In honor of the company's centennial year, AMC also offered a special 15-cent ticket promotion that day, promoted as "Movies in 2020 at 1920 Prices." The company aimed for at least two thirds of its locations to be open in time for the September 3 release of Tenet. The company upgraded its air filtration systems to four times the rates before the pandemic and installed electrostatic sprayers in the auditoriums. In October 2020, the company reported that its existing cash resources "would be largely depleted by the end of 2020 or early 2021."

Stock surge, end of Wanda Group control
On January 26, 2021, AMC stated that it had raised $917 million in new funding, including $506 million in equity and new common shares, and commitments for $411 million in debt financing. The company stated that this new funding "should allow the company to make it through this dark coronavirus-impacted winter". The next day, as part of a wider series of short squeezes coordinated by the Reddit community r/wallstreetbets (which primarily targeted video game retailer GameStop), AMC experienced a major, 300% surge in its share price to a peak of $20.36. The surge triggered Silver Lake Partners' convertible bonds; on January 28, it reached an agreement to convert $600 million of its debt holdings in AMC to equity at $13.51 per-share. Mudrick Capital Management made nearly $200 million in profit off its holdings of AMC debt.

On February 5, 2021, a U.S.-based subsidiary of Wanda Group issued a filing with the SEC, stating that it had converted its Class B common stock to Class A shares to permit their sale. While Wanda remained AMC's largest single shareholder, the conversion, as well as AMC's financing efforts taking its stake below 37%, effectively surrendered its majority control since Class A stock only provides one vote per-share. On May 21, 2021, Wanda filed a 0.002% stake with the SEC, largely confirming the end of their involvement in AMC.

During its fourth-quarter earnings call in March 2021, the company reported that its revenue had fallen by 88% year-over-year. CEO Adam Aron stated that AMC was facing the "most challenging market conditions in the 100-year history of the company", but cited progress on COVID-19 vaccinations, decisions to allow cinemas in New York City and Los Angeles to re-open, and a "significant" number of upcoming blockbuster films as signs of optimism. Aron also confirmed that Wanda no longer had majority control, and the company would now "be governed like most other publicly traded companies with a wide array of shareholders".

In June 2021, retail investors once again poured into AMC stock, propelling shares to an all time high of $77.26 in another alleged short squeeze. Short sellers betting against AMC incurred losses of over $2.8B as a result. AMC issued more shares during the surge, but warned potential investors against buying the shares "unless you are prepared to incur the risk of losing all or a substantial portion of your investment". The cinema chain operator said it believed current prices reflected "market and trading dynamics unrelated to our underlying business".
In the year to date, shares in AMC had soared 2,421% – despite its cinemas being largely shut during the pandemic.

In August 2021, the company revealed plans to begin accepting cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin for purchases in the future, which it did in November 2021 for online purchases via PayPal. In April 2022, AMC added integration with BitPay as a payment provider to its mobile app.

On August 4, 2022, AMC took Wall Street by surprise with the announcement of its "AMC Preferred Equity Units" after market close, a new preferred share class. The units were to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "APE," a nod to the individual investors who turned the company into a meme stock, who often refer to themselves as "apes". Over 516 million APE units were subsequently issued to AMC shareholders in a 1:1 special dividend, with the units wielding similar economic properties as common shares.  AMC stock gained 19% to $22.18 at the close on Friday after initially falling following the announcement of the new units on Thursday. The preferred shares started trading under the "APE" ticker on the New York Stock Exchange starting Aug. 22. AMC CEO Adam Aron stated "We are making great strides on our path towards pandemic recovery".

In February 2023 AMC announced plan to test a dynamic pricing model for tickets for showings that occur after 4pm based on seat location. Seats located near the front of the theatre and select ADA seats will be priced less than other seats and will only be made available to members of the Stubs rewards program and seats in the middle of the theatre will be priced more than the other non-front row seats. In addition, AMC Stubs A-List members will be able to reserve the expensive middle seats at no additional charge. In July 2023 AMC chose to abandon dynamic pricing after testing showed that customers were still not likely to choose front-row seats despite their lower prices, with most customers still sitting in the middle of the theatre or other non-front seats despite the upcharge. This made AMC believe that this made their prices less competitive as competitors did not also adapt dynamic pricing. The company also stated that it would test seats that recline further back in the front rows that would potentially allow better views. On July 31, the company reported their highest single-week admissions revenue in company history due to the Barbenheimer craze. On September 6, AMC announced that it had planned to sell up 40 million shares.

Features

AMC patented cup holder armrests in 1981. AMC also introduced stadium-style seating. The seats are placed on risers so that each person has an unobstructed view of the screen. In 1995, they introduced "Love Seat" style seating with retractable armrests so that there can be no barrier between two seats.
In July 1994, AMC signed an agreement with Sony to begin installing SDDS (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound) in auditoriums, and began upgrading selected older auditoriums in 2003. On March 26, 2009, AMC announced an agreement to convert 1,500 existing auditoriums to fully digital 3D screens using RealD technology. On March 30, 2009, they announced they would convert all 4,500 screens in their chain to 4K digital projectors provided by Sony.

Premium formats
Selected AMC locations offer premium screens and features for a higher ticket price, including large-screen formats. Most theater locations are equipped to show 3D films in RealD 3D.

Dolby Cinema is a premium large format that features dual 4K laser projectors with Dolby Vision HDR, Dolby Atmos surround sound, and recliners with seat-mounted subwoofers. They also feature special entrance tunnels into the auditorium, with a video wall displaying content relating to the film being screened. Some Dolby Cinema screens were converted from the Prime and ETX formats.
IMAX auditoriums are available at many locations; IMAX digital or laser projectors are used in most locations, with a few using traditional 70 mm analog projectors.
Laser at AMC delivered by laser projection from Cinionic includes improved picture contrast compared to digital projectors, more vivid color, and maximum picture brightness, with guaranteed light levels that exceed most 2D digital projections. AMC signs exclusive agreement with Cinionic to install laser projectors in 3,500 of its U.S. auditoriums through 2026.

 Prime at AMC auditoriums feature large screens with Dolby Atmos or DTS X), and recliners with seat-mounted subwoofers. In 2015, AMC began to replace Prime with Dolby Cinema at some locations.
BigD is a large-screen format inherited from the Carmike Cinemas chain, which uses a 70-foot screen and stadium seating with retractable armrests.

Defunct premium format
 ETX (Enhanced Theatre Experience) was a premium large format used in selected markets, which included larger screens, 12-channel surround sound, and digital projection (utilizing either Sony 4K projection or Christie DLP technology). Some auditoriums also included Dolby Atmos. In 2015, AMC began to replace ETX with Dolby Cinema.

Non-film formats
 Virtual Reality
 AMC Entertainment Holdings Inc invested $20 million in virtual-reality arcades and productions: $10 million to virtual reality entertainment company Dreamscape Immersive and another $10 million in a content fund.

Guest loyalty programs
AMC Theatres created the now-defunct MovieWatcher program that rewarded frequent movie-goers similar to other rewards programs but featured innovative aspects. It was based on a points-per-movie-ticket-purchased system, with rewards varying from concessions to movie passes based on point-based level. However, points were limited to a maximum of four points per three-hour time period, which was equal to two tickets. For the AMC cinemas that were not part of the Loews Cineplex acquisition and therefore ticketed by MovieTickets.com, the website's surcharge was waived for MovieWatcher members.

On April 1, 2011, AMC started a new rewards program known as AMC Stubs, which could be purchased for a fee of $12 for an entire year. For that initial fee, members would receive $5 on every $50 spent between the box office and the concession stand at any AMC theater nationwide. AMC Stubs members also received a free size upgrade with every popcorn and drink they purchase (for example, an AMC Stubs member can get a large popcorn for the price of a regular).

Other perks include birthday gifts and waived ticketing fees for online ticketing sites such as MovieTickets.com and Fandango and also online ticket purchases through AMC's own website and mobile app. Receipts or ticket stubs were required for manual adjustments. No more than four manual adjustments would be allowed per account in a single calendar month. Manual adjustments would be made for purchases made within 30 calendar days from date of original purchase.

As of March 29, 2012, AMC Stubs had 3.2 million members, which represents approximately 18% of AMC attendance during fiscal 2012. In July 2018, AMC Stubs was split into three programs that are currently still in-place: the free AMC Stubs Insider; the yearly fee-based AMC Stubs Premiere, which costs $15 annually and provides the same benefits as the original Stubs plus an expedited line at tickets and concessions; and the monthly fee-based AMC Stubs A-List, which includes up to 3 movie tickets a week to any film in any format for $19.95 to $23.95 a month, depending on the state the member plans to watch movies in. Discount Tuesdays is another feature every Tuesday for members to purchase tickets typically for just $6 to any film in most locations, with occasional exclusions, plus surcharges for premium formats such as 3D, IMAX, and Dolby Cinema, as well as special events.

MacGuffins Bar and Lounge
Some AMC locations have a bar service under the MacGuffins brand. These are primarily offered at AMC and AMC Dine-in locations, but some AMC Classic locations with liquor licenses offer their alcoholic beverages under this brand. Drinks can be ordered to be drunk in the bar and lounge area or taken into the theater. Some AMC Dine-in theaters have their MacGuffins set up as a full-service restaurant that can be accessed without having to pay for a movie ticket.

Vouchers
Several types of vouchers may be used at AMC Theatres.

 Black And Yellow tickets
 AMC sells Black and Yellow (formerly Red, Green, Gold, and Silver) tickets, typically priced from $8.50 to $10.25, that can be purchased in bulk at many retailers, like Costco and Sam's Club, as well as at AMC locations.  Both can be redeemed towards any movie, but yellow tickets cannot be redeemed in the states of California, New York, and New Jersey. Regardless of the ticket used, surcharges apply for special presentations and premium formats such as RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema, IMAX, among others.
 Gift cards
 AMC offers gift cards, which are sold at AMC theaters and by some retailers. They can be used to buy goods or services (such as tickets and food) both online and at AMC theaters.
 Snack vouchers
 AMC offers Show Snacks coupons. Some can be exchanged for a small popcorn, while others offer a small fountain drink. The chain also offers similar coupons via SMS or smartphone apps. Older coupons specially designed for the concession stand may be honored by AMC, at its discretion.

Banners
Following the acquisition of Carmike Cinemas, AMC began to unify its cinemas under one of three main banners in 2017:

 AMC serves as the flagship banner, covering conventional cinemas with premium features and formats available. Many of the former Loews Cineplex Entertainment theatres still use the Magic Johnson Theatres sub-brand as AMC Magic Johnson and, formerly until 2017, AMC Loews.
AMC Classic is used for smaller locations with fewer premium amenities. The brand is primarily used by the former Carmike locations, and use Carmike's "folded film" logo and "America's Hometown Cinemas" slogan. Since the Carmike purchase, some AMC Classic locations have undergone refurbishments to add expanded concessions options (including a larger menu, MacGuffins bars, and Coca-Cola Freestyle machines), upgraded AV equipment, and reclining seats, and switches from second-run to first-run films.
 AMC Dine-In is used for cinemas that offer expanded food service, including auditoriums with reserved seating and table service. Very similar to Studio Movie Grill.

Other endeavors
AMC also formed a short-lived partnership with Planet Hollywood that failed due to that company's bankruptcy. The Planet Movies by AMC venture planned to open complexes worldwide with the objective of having icon locations in major metropolitan and other select areas, like Orlando and Columbus. Initially, seven existing, unnamed AMC megaplex theaters with more than 150 combined screens were to be re-branded under a license arrangement to incorporate certain elements of the new concept. The initial seven re-branded locations were to include markets such as Orlando, Florida. The AMC Pleasure Island 24 megaplex in Orlando, situated directly across from Planet Hollywood's most successful restaurant and retail unit and adjacent to Disney's Pleasure Island (now Disney Springs) was to be the first Planet Movies location.

After the initial seven, the joint-venture planned to own and operate all subsequent units including 8 to 10 complexes with 200 to 250 screens planned to open over the next 18 to 24 months. Over the longer term, the venture anticipated rolling out units at the rate of 5 to 10 per year. From almost the very start, the well-publicized financial strains on Planet Hollywood hindered the project. The only Planet Movies location to actually open, a 30 screen megaplex, did so in the summer of 1999 at Easton Town Center in Columbus, Ohio. The location was also located alongside an Official All Star Café and Planet Hollywood restaurant.

The continued poor financial performance of Planet Hollywood led the company to declare bankruptcy in December 1998, and even before the first location had opened stated that "the joint venture has no definitive plans to expand this concept once the Columbus site is completed". As Planet Hollywood was preparing to emerge from bankruptcy in October 1999 their re-organization plan emphasized focus back on their core restaurant business and away from side-ventures like Planet Movies and their Cool Planet ice cream chain.  The Planet Hollywood restaurant and All Star Café in Columbus were closed in late 2000, and the film memorabilia were also removed from the theater as it was rebranded AMC Easton 30, and continues to operate.  The Planet Movies by AMC joint venture was formally dissolved on January 9, 2001.

Both of the Disney Parks in the United States at one time included AMC movie theaters at their Downtown Disney sections: AMC Dine-In Disney Springs 24 all-stadium-seating megaplex with Dolby Cinema and Dine-In Theatres (opened in 1996) (formerly AMC Pleasure Island 24) at Walt Disney World Resort and AMC Downtown Disney 12 at Disneyland Resort stadium-seating multiplex (opened in 2001, closed in 2018). The AMC Citywalk Stadium 19 located on Universal Studios Hollywood's Citywalk was relaunched after a renovation as "Universal Cinema, an AMC Theatre", on April 21, 2017. This location includes a seven-story IMAX screen with IMAX Laser and IMAX 70mm film, as well as "Black Box"–inspired auditoriums.  It has one Christie Laser Projector per auditorium, with Dolby Atmos speakers. At Universal Studios Florida, AMC had the Universal Cineplex 20 (also a former Cineplex Odeon), until September 2018 when it became a Cinemark.

AMC Independent (also known as AMCi) is an AMC film distribution program that aims to help independent films reach a theatrical audience. The program was announced in 2010 via the AMC Blog, and has been responsible for promoting and distributing all independent films to AMC theaters since.

In 2023, AMC partnered with Taylor Swift and Beyoncé to release their respective concert films Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour and Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé. In both cases, AMC acted as both the distributor and exhibitor of the films, bypassing the involvement of major film studios.

Acquisitions

AMC has acquired multiple other theater chains throughout its history, resulting in a total of 385 theaters with 5,128 screens in six countries:

In March 2002, AMC bought General Cinema Corporation, which added 66 theaters with 621 screens to the company assets, as well as Gulf States Theaters, which had five theaters with 68 screens in the greater New Orleans area. In late 2003, AMC acquired MegaStar Theatres, adding additional theaters in the Atlanta and Minneapolis–St. Paul markets.

On January 26, 2006, AMC merged with Loews Cineplex Entertainment to form AMC Entertainment; the deal brought into AMC's fold the entire Loews and American Cineplex chains, along with Magic Johnson Theatres (named after NBA player Magic Johnson) and Star Theatres, based in Metro Detroit. In 2010, AMC acquired Chicago-based Kerasotes Showplace Theatres, LLC for $275 million, combining the nation's second and sixth largest movie theater chains, except for the Showplace 14 in New Jersey and the Showplace ICON theatres.

In December 2015, Starplex Cinemas was sold to AMC for approximately $175 million. Most of these theaters now operate as AMC Classic as of July 2017.

On March 3, 2016, AMC announced its intent to acquire Carmike Cinemas in a $1.1 billion deal, pending regulatory and shareholder approval, which would allow it to overtake Regal as the United States' largest movie theater chain. The merger officially closed in December 2016.

In July 2016, UCI & Odeon Cinema Group was sold to AMC for approximately $1.21 billion, subject to European Commission approval. The acquisition was approved by the European Commission and the deal closed in November 2016.

In January 2017, Nordic Cinema Group, the leading movie theater operator in the Nordic and Baltic area, was sold to AMC for approximately $929 million. The deal was completed in March 2017 after AMC received clearance from the European Commission.

In July 2021, AMC Theatres announced that it would acquire the leases to the Americana at Brand in downtown Glendale and The Grove at Farmers Market in Los Angeles locations, formerly owned by Pacific Theatres, and that they would reopen in August as part of the AMC chain. The company has not ruled out acquiring the leases of other Pacific Theatres locations. In December 2021, AMC Theaters also announced that they had acquired the leases to the former Pacific Theaters location at Northridge Fashion Center in Northridge, Los Angeles and the Arclight Chicago 14 in Lincoln Park, Chicago, which both opened in 2022. In February 2022, AMC Theaters reached a deal to acquire the leases to the Arclight Montgomery 16 at Westfield Montgomery in Washington D.C. and the Westfield UTC mall's Arclight UTC 14 in La Jolla, with the former reopening that month and the latter in March of that year. During the same month, the company reached an agreement to acquire the lease to the Century 12 Evanston, previously owned by Cinemark Theatres, in Evanston, Illinois. In December 2022, the company reached a deal on the acquisition of the former Arclight Cinemas located at The Hub on Causeway in Boston.

In April 2022, AMC Theaters acquired seven Bow Tie Cinemas locations in Connecticut, New York, and Maryland.

Controversies
The early versions of stadium-style seating as built by AMC in 1995 had auditoriums configured with an entrance to a flat area immediately in front of the screen for wheelchair users.  People seated there had to either lean back or look up at an uncomfortable angle to see the screen. Able-bodied guests had to ascend the stairs to sit in the middle of the risers in order to have a comfortable line-of-sight with the screen. Since some wheelchair users have limited neck movement range, this configuration made AMC a popular target for Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) lawsuits. AMC subsequently solved the problem in newer theaters by building full-stadium auditoriums where the main entrance is through a ramp that emerges onto a platform in the middle of the risers so that wheelchair users can enjoy optimal line-of-sight. However, the U.S. Department of Justice sued the company, and obtained an order requiring AMC to retrofit over 1,990 screens in 95 multiplexes and megaplexes across the United States.

The company successfully appealed the order to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which ruled on December 5, 2008 that the order was excessive and violated AMC's due process rights under the Constitution of the United States. AMC won by pointing out that the United States Access Board had not yet amended its guidelines for movie theaters to specifically require them to provide wheelchair guests sightlines that were as good as those from elevated risers, versus merely providing an unobstructed view of the screen. Therefore, the court ruled that it was unfair to AMC to retroactively hold it to a standard that did not exist at the time it began building stadium-style theaters.

When AMC announced that most of their theaters would reopen in mid-July 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the initial announcement said masks would be recommended but not mandatory. AMC CEO Adam Aron stated, "We are strongly encouraging our guests to wear masks all across the country, but not requiring it" and "We did not want to be drawn into a political controversy... We thought it might be counterproductive if we forced mask wearing on those people who believe strongly that it is not necessary." After massive pushback from the public, Aron changed the policy to require masks: "This announcement prompted an intense and immediate outcry from our customers, and it is clear from this response that we did not go far enough on the usage of masks," Aron said.

Slogans
"There Is A Difference" (1986–late '90s)
"Changing the Way You See Movies" (late '90s-2002)
"Experience The Difference" (2002–2011)
"Where Movies Live" (2010–2012)
"AMC Amazing" (2012–2021)
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See also

 Cinemark Theatres
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References

External links

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AMC Theatres


Eduard Albert Bielz (1827–1898) est un malacologiste et botaniste austro-hongrois, fils de Michael Bielz (1787–1866).

Publications
 Zwei neue Schliessmundschnecken, Verhandlungen und Mittheilungen des Siebenbürgischen Vereins für Naturwissenschaften in Hermannstadt 3(2), 1852, .

Références

Liens externes

Malacologiste
Botaniste
Naissance en février 1827
Décès en mai 1898
Décès à 71 ans

Eduard Albert Bielz


An Puya roldanii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Julio Betancur ngan Callejas. An Puya roldanii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya roldanii


جاركو أوكارينن  (ولد في 16 أغسطس 1967) هو مطور أول شبكة دردشة عالمية، التي تسمى الآن بالآي آر سي. كتب جاركو برنامج عميل الآي آر سي و أنشأ خادوم للشبكة الجديدة و ذلك في سنة 1988 حين كان يعمل في جامعة أولو في مدينة أولو الفلندية.

صمم جاركو الشبكة الجديدة لتكون بديلا عن برنامج MUT الذي كان يعمل على خادم بي بي أس الفلندي الذي كان يسمى صندوق أولو (OuluBox)

استمر جاركو في تطوير الآي آر سي لأربعة سنوات متواصلة, و في سنة 1997 حصل على أول جوائزه من تطوير الآي آر سي حيث حصل على جائزة دفوراك لنظام الاتصالات الشخصية, و في سنة 2005 حصل على جوائر أخرى من مؤسسة جائزة الألفية للتقنية.

انظر أيضا
 آي آر سي.

مراجع

بروتوكول الدردشة عبر الإنترنت
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة أولو
علماء وعالمات حاسوب
علماء حاسوب فنلنديون
فنلنديون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
مبرمجون
مبرمجون فنلنديون
مغتربون فنلنديون في السويد
مواليد 1967
موظفو جوجل

جاركو أوكارينن


Samur (Martes zibellina), mali grabežljivac iz roda kuna.
 Samur (rijeka), rijeka u Dagestanu (Rusija) i Azerbajdžanu.
 Nacionalni park Samur-Jalama, nacionalni park u Azerbajdžanu.

Samur (razdvojba)


Aerobryidium, rod mahovnjača iz porodice Meteoriaceae, dio reda Hypnales.

Rod je opisan 1906. a tipična vrsta je A. filamentosum (Hook.) Fleisch., 1906. Na popisu je desetak vrsta

Legitimne vrste

 Aerobryidium auronitens (Hook. ex Schwägr.) Broth.
 Aerobryidium crispifolium (Broth. & Geh.) M. Fleisch.
 Aerobryidium filamentosum (Hook.) M. Fleisch.
 Aerobryidium fuscescens E.B. Bartram

Ostalo
 Aerobryidium attenuatum (Thwaites & Mitt.) M. Fleisch.
 Aerobryidium indicum D. Subram.
 Aerobryidium laevisetum Dixon
 Aerobryidium lanosulum (Müll. Hal.) M. Fleisch.
 Aerobryidium laosiense (Broth. & Paris) S.H. Lin
 Aerobryidium levieri (Renauld & Cardot) S.H. Lin
 Aerobryidium longicuspis Broth.
 Aerobryidium phymatodes (Besch.) Broth.
 Aerobryidium punctulatum (Müll. Hal.) Dixon
 Aerobryidium subpiligerum (Hampe) Cardot
 Aerobryidium taiwanense Nog.
 Aerobryidium wallichii (Brid.) C.C. Towns.

Izvori

Meteoriaceae

Aerobryidium


Il magnifico West ist ein Italowestern, den Gianni Crea 1972 inszenierte. Der sehr preiswert hergestellte Film war im deutschsprachigen Raum bislang nicht zu sehen.

Handlung
Der junge Revolverheld Texas Bill und sein bewährter Partner und Freund Pistola beschützen einen Gasthausbesitzer und dessen Tochter Mary vor den Anfeindungen zweier Banditen; Jahre zuvor hatten sie bereits die Brüder Fred und Jim vor dem ungerechtfertigten Aufhängen bewahren können. Diese guten Taten erregen den Ärger des Gangsterbosses Martin, der die Gegend um Tucson mit seinem Terror überzieht. Er versucht, die beiden loszuwerden und sorgt dafür, dass Texas Bill ins Gefängnis kommt; Pistola aber kann ihn befreien und beide tun sich mit einigen Farmern zusammen, die sich in einiger Entfernung von Tucson niedergelassen haben. Unterstützt von diesen, können sie die Bande von Martin dezimieren und die Macht des Gangsterbosses beenden. Texas Bill und Mary reiten neuen Abenteuern entgegen.

Kritik
"Der Film ist einer der schlechteren "komischen" Western, da er keine narrative Entwicklung nimmt, sondern einfach endlose Schießereien und Handgreiflichkeiten aneinanderreiht. Auch präsentiert er keine moralisch verwerflichen Handlungselemente." Christian Keßler sarkastisch: "Die Leute krauchen wieder stundenlang sinnlos durch die Gegend, und nicht besonders fesselnde Einzelheiten werden in minutiöser Aufbereitung dem Zuschauer nahegebracht."

Bemerkungen
Gedreht wurde der Film in Ostia und Tor di Valle. Im Film deutlich sichtbar ist eine Hochspannungsleitung.

Weblinks

 Der Film bei comingsoon

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1972
Italienischer Film
Italowestern
Filmkomödie

Il magnifico West


වාර්තා සහිත පුවත්පතක් ලෙස සැළකෙන ඉහත සඳහන් මිනුම් දෙකෙන් එකක් හෝ දෙකම නියෝජනය වන පුවත්පත් ලැයිස්තුව පහත දැක්වේ. (භාෂා අනුව වර්ග කර ඇත)

පුවත් පත්හි සංවාදශීලී වාර්තා

ඉහල මට්ටමේ බටහිර පුවත්පත් හෝ යල්පිනූ සදයන් ලෙසට සැලකේ. මේ අර්ථය, කාර්යාලීය පුවත් පත්‍රිකා මුද්‍රණයේ දී නාවික කාල සටහන් මුද්‍රණයේ දී, සහ නව පුවත් කලාවේදයේ වඩාත් සුදුසු  ලිඛිත ක්‍රම සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර පැවති වටිනා දෙයක් ලෙස සැලකුණි. ඩැනියෙල් ඕක්රන්ට් එකල "නිව් යෝර්ක් ටයිම්ස්" හි කතුවරයා ලෙස 2004 අප්‍රේල් 25 දින ඔහුගේ පුවත් පත තවදුරටත් වාර්තාමය පුවත් පතක් නොවන බවටත් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර එම වෙනස පිළිගැනිණි. ඔහුගේ දෘෂ්ටියට අනුව වාර්තාමය පුවත්පත් සහිත පුවත් කළාව වාර්තාකරණයේ දී ලඝු ලේඛනයන් තැබීම පමණක් ද, අත් පත්‍රිකා නැවත මුද්‍රණය කිරීම පමණක් ද (වචනයෙන් වචනය පරිවර්තනය කරන ලද විශේෂත්වයක් නැතිව පවත්වන ලද කථා) වන අතර එය කුපිත කරවන සුළු පුවත් කළාවේද "ද නිව් යෝර්ක් ටයිම්ස්" හි ජෝන් ගෙඩස් වඩාත් තදින් ප්‍රකාශ කර ඇත්තේ "වාර්තා පත්‍රිකාවක්" තිබිය හැකි යැයි මම නොසිතමි. මෙම පදයෙන් හැඟවෙන්නේ සියල්ල දන්නා, සිද්ධීන් වාර්තා තබන්නන් යන්න වන අතර තීරකයකු විසින් අප‍ගේ ජීවිතවල දවසක ඇති වැදගත්කම සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඩැහැගන්නා බවයි. මම නම් එවැනි ස්ථානවල වැඩෙහි නොයෙදෙමි"

ඉංග්‍රීසි ප්‍රවෘත්ති පත්‍ර - රටවල් අනුව

ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව

·	ද ඕස්ට්‍රේලියන් : ජාතික
·	ද ඕස්ට්‍රේලියන් ෆිනැන්සියල් රිවිව් : ජාතික
·	සිඩ්නි මෝනිං හෙරල්ඩ් : සිඩ්නි
·	දි ඒජ් : මෙල්බර්න්

බර්මියුඩාව

·	ද රෝයල් ගැසට් : ජාතික

කැනඩාව

·	ද ග්ලෝබ් ඇන්ඩ් මේල්
·	ද ටොරොන්ටෝ ස්ටාර් : ටොරොන්ටෝ
·	ල දෙව්වා : මොන්ට්‍රියල් (ප්‍රංශ භාෂාව)
·	ද ගැසට් : මොන්ට්‍රියල් (ඉංග්‍රිසි භාෂාව)

ඊජීප්තුව

·	අල් අහ්රම් වීක්ලි - කයිරෝ

ඝානා

·	ඩේලි ග්‍රැපික් : අක්රා

හොංකො

·	සවුත් චයිනා මෝනිං පෝස්ට්
·	ද ස්ටෑන්ඩර්ඩ්

ඉන්දියා
·	බබ්රේන් : දිල්ලිය (මූලස්ථානය)
·	ද හින්දු : චෙන්නායි (මූලස්ථානය)
·	ද හින්දුස්ථාන් ටයිම්ස් : දිල්ලිය (මූලස්ථානය)
·	දි ඒෂියන් ඒජ් : මුම්බායි (මූලස්ථානය)
·	දි ඉන්ඩියන් එක්ස්ප්‍රස් : දිල්ලිය (මූලස්ථානය)
·	නිව්ස් : දිල්ලිය (මූලස්ථානය)
·	ද පයනියර් : (මූලස්ථානය) දිල්ලිය - භෝපාල්, කොචින්, බුවනේෂ්වර්
·	ඩෙකාන් හෙරල්ඩ් : බැංගලෝර් (මූලස්ථානය)
·	ද ටෙලිග්‍රාෆ් : කොල්කතා (මූලස්ථානය)
·	දි එකොනොමික් ටයිමිස් : මුම්බායි (මූලස්ථානය)
·	ද ස්ටේට්ස්මන් : කොල්කතා (මූලස්ථානය)
·	ද ස්ටේට්මන්ට් ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් : දිල්ලි (මූලස්ථානය)
·	හැජොර් බටොරි (දෙසතියකට වරක් ප්‍රකාශිත ඇසෑම් පුවත්පත ඇසෑමයේ කර් පරේශ් බෛස්ට් (මූලස්ථානය)

අයර්ලන්තය

·	දි අයිරිෂ් ටයිම්ස් ඩබ්ලින්

ඊශ්‍රායලය

·	හාරෙස්ට් : ටෙල්  අවිව්
·	ද ජෙරුසලම් පෝස්ට් : ජෙරුසලම්

ලෙබනන්

·	ද ඩේලි ස්ටාර් බීරුත් -  මුද්‍රණය කර ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල්  හෙරල්ඩ් ට්‍රිබියුන් සමග බෙද‍ා හරිනු ලැබේ.

මැලේසියාව

·	නිව් ස්ට්‍රේට් ටයිමිස් : කුආලා ලම්පූර්

නවසීලන්තය

·	ද නිව් සීලන්ඩ් හෙරල්ඩ් : ඕක්ලන්ඩ්.

පකිස්ථානය

·	ඩෝන් (Dawn) : කරච්චි
·	ද නිව්ස් ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල්  :  කරච්චි, ලාහෝර් සහ ඉස්ලාමාබාද්
·	ඩේලි ටයිම්ස් : ලාහෝර්

පිලිපීනය

·	පිලිපීන් ඩේලි ඉන්ක්වයර් : මකට් සිටි
·	මැනිලා බුලටින් : මැනිලා
·	මැනිලා ටයිම්ස් : මැනිලා
·	පිලිපීන් ස්ටාර් : මැනිලා

සිංගප්පූරුව

·	ද ස්ට්‍රේට් ටයිම්ස්

දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව

·	මේල් ඇන්ඩ් ගාර්ඩියන් : ජොහැන්නස්බර්ග්

එක්සත් අරාබි එමීරේට්ස්

·	ඛලීජ් ටයිම්ස් : ඩුබායි
·	ගල්ෆ් නිව්ස් : ඩබායි

එක්සත් රාජධානිය

එංගලන්තය
·	සාම්ප්‍රධායික 'ද ටයිමිස්' තරඟකාරයෙකු නොමැති පුවත්පත ලෙස ලන්ඩනය සළකනු ලැබේ.
·	ද ඩේලි ටෙලිග්‍රාෆ් : ලන්ඩන් : මෙයද ඊළඟ පුවත්පත ලෙස සළකනු ලැබේ.
·	ද ගාර්ඩියලන් : මැන්චෙස්ටර් /ලන්ඩන්
·	ෆිනෑන්සියල් ටයිමිස් : මූලස්ථානය ලන්ඩන්

ස්කොට්ලන්තය

·	ද ස්කොට්මන් : එඩින්බර්ග් "ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ජාතික පුවත්පත"
·	ද හෙරලඩ් : ග්ලාස්ගෝ

වේල්ස්

·	ද වෙසටර්න් මේල් : කාඩිෆ් "වේල්ස් හි ජාතික පුවත්පත"

උතුරු අයර්ලන්තය

·	ද වෙල්ෆාස්ට් ටෙලිග්‍රාෆ් : බෙල්ෆාස්ට්
·	ද නිව්ස් ලේටර් : බෙල්ෆාස්ට් (1737 දී ආරම්භ කරන ලද තවමත් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් වෙමින් තිබෙන ලෝකයේ  පැරනිම ඉංග්‍රිසි භාෂා පුවත්පත)
·	ද අයිරිස් නිව්ස් : බෙල්ෆාස්ට්, මධ්‍යස්ථ ජාතිකවාදි

එක්සත් ජනපදය

නියර් එදිරිව මිනසෝටා (Near vs Mannasota) වැනි එක්සත් ජනපද ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයේ තීන්දුව සහ එක්සත් ජන පදයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාවට කරන ලද පළමු සංශෝධනය නිසා ඇතැම් පුවත්පත් මුද්‍රණය කිරීමට, නැතහොත් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීමට, බාධා පැමිණිවීමට හෝ පුවත්පත් බලපත්‍ර දීමට තිබෙන අයිතිය ගැන පැහැදිලි කළේ නැත. නැතහොත් එසේ කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. එම නිසා විශාල බෙදා හැරීමක් තිබෙන, වෘත්තිය කර්තෘ මණ්ඩලයක් සහ ප්‍රවෘත්ති එකතු කිරීමේ කටයතු කෙරෙන, සාමාන්‍ය සාධාරන ප්‍රවෘත්ති වාර්තා කරන ඕනෑම පුවත්පතක් ඇමෙරිකාව තුල ප්‍රවෘත්ති පත්‍රයක් ලෙස සැළකේ. නීතිමය දැන්වීම් පලකිරීමේ කාරණය සඳහා පුවත්පතක් ලෙස ලියා පදිංචි වීම සඳහා ඉල්ලුම් කිරීමට ඇතැම් පුවත්පත් වලට අවශ්‍ය ප්‍රතිපාදන සලසා දී තිබේ. මෙය මෙසේ කරනු ලබන්නේ ආදායම් එකතු  කිරීමේ කාර්යය සඳහාය. (අසත්‍ය නම් ලියා පදිංචිය, උකස් බේරා ගැනීමේ නිදහස නැති කිරීම සහ නඩු කටයුතු සම්බන්ධ ලේඛණ වැනි) නීතිමය ප්‍රකාශන ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවලදි පුවත්පතක පල කිරීම අවශ්‍ය විය හැකිය. එම පුවත් පත හුදෙක් තත්වාකාර නොවන පුවත්පතක් විය හැකි නමුදු එවැන්නක් ලෙස විශේෂ කාරණයට හඳුනාගත හැකි රජයේ ලියා පදිංචි වූ පුවත්පතක් වේ.

පෘථූල ව්‍යාප්තියක් තිබෙන නමුදු ද "නැෂනල් ඉන්ක්වයරර්" පුවත්පතක් නොවන්නේ මේ හේතුව නිසාය (එහි ප්‍රවෘත්ති එකතු කිරීමේ කාර්යය වෘත්තිය මට්ටමේ නැත. එහි සඳහන් වන කථා අපක්ෂපාති නොවෙනවා මෙන්ම නියම සාධක ද අඩංගු නොවේ. එහෙත් ඊට වඩා අඩු ප්‍රමාණයක ව්‍යාප්තියක් (බෙදා දීමක්) තිබුනද වොෂින්ටන් පෝස්ට් වැනි පත්‍රයක් පුවත්පතක් ලෙස සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සළකනු ලබන්නේය.

නියම පුවත්පත් ලෙස බොහෝ දෙනා සළකනු ලබන පුවත්පත් හැටියට උදාහරණ වශයෙන් පහත පුවත්පත් ඇතුලත් කළ හැකිය.

·	ද නිව් යෝර්ක් ටයිම්ස් . නිව් යොර්ක් සිටි (ජාතික පුවත්පතක් ලෙස සළකනු ලැ‍බේ)
·	වො‍්ල් ස්ට්‍රීට්  ජර්නල්: නිව් ෙයාර්ක් සිටි (ව්‍යපාර සහ ආර්ථිකය සම්බන්ධ පුවත් අඩංගු පුවත්පතකි)
·	වොෂින්ටන් පෝස්ට් : වොෂින්ටන් ඩි.සි
·	යු.එස්.ඒ ටුඩේ-මූලස්ථානය වර්ජිනියාවේ ආර්ලිංග්ටන් ජාතික ප්‍රේක්ෂකත්වයක් සඳහා ජාතික තත්වයෙන් බෙද‍ා හරිනු ලබන පුවත් පතකි. ජාතික ප්‍රේක්ෂකත්වයක් අදහස් කරමින් පෞද්ගලික සහ රජයේ ඒජන්සි වල නීති සටහන් මුද්‍රණය කරනු ල‍බේ.

වෙනත්

·	ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් හෙරල්ඩ් ට්‍රිබියුන් : ප්‍රධාන  මූලස්ථානය පැරිස් අරාබි භාෂාවෙන් පලවන පුවත්පත්- (රටවල් අනුව)
·	අෂාර්ක් අල් - අස්වත් :ලන්ඩන්
·	අල් හයත් : ලන්ඩන් සහ බීරුත්

ඊජීප්තුව

·	අල් - අහ්රම් : කයිරෝ

ඊශ්‍රායලය සහ අත්පත් කර ගත් ප්‍රදේශ

·	අල් - කුද්ස් : ජෙරුසලම්

ලෙබනන්

·	අල් - අක්බර් : බීරුත්
·	අන් - නහර් : බීරුත්

ඕලන්ද භාෂාවෙන් පලවන පුවත්පත් - රටවල් අනුව

බෙල්ජියම

·	ඩි ස්ටෑන්ඩඩ් : බ්‍රසල්ස්
·	ඩිමෝර්ගන් : බ්‍රසල්ස්
·	ඩි ටිජ්ඩ් : ඇන්ට්වර්ප්

නෙදර්ලන්තය

·	NRC හැන්ඩල්ස්බ්ලැඩ් - රොටර් සෑම්
·	ඩි වෝල්ක්ස්රන්ට් : ඇම්ස්ටර්ඩෑම්

පෘතුගිසි භාෂාවෙන් පලවන පුවත්පත් : රටවල් අනුව

බ්‍රසීලය

·	කොරෙයිගෝ බ්‍රැසිලියන්සේ : බ්‍රැසිලියා
·	ෆල්හා ඩි එස් පාවුලෝ : සාඕ පාවුලෝ
·	ඕ ග්ලෝබෝ : රියෝ ඩි ජැනෙයිරෝ

පෘතුගාලය

·	එක්ස්ප්‍රෙසෝ : ලිස්බන්
·	පබ්ලිකෝ : ලිස්බන්
·	ජොර්නල් ඩි නොවිසියාස් : පොර්තෝ
·	ඩයරියෝ ඩි නොවිසියාස් : ලිස්බන්

ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් පලවන පුවත්පත් : රටවල් අනුව

කැනඩාව

·	ලා ප්‍රෙස්සෙ : මොන්ට්‍රියල්
·	ලා දෙව්වා : මොන්ට්‍රියල්

ප්‍රංශය

·	ල මොන්ද් : පැරිස් - ප්‍රංශ බස කථා කරන සියලු අයගේ පුවත්පත ලෙස සැලකේ
·	ල මොන්ද් ඩිප්ලොමැතික් : පැරිස්
·	ල ෆිගරෝ : පැරිස්
·	ලිබරේෂන් : පැරිස්
·	ලෙ එකොස් : පැරිස්

ලෙබනන්

·	ලෝර්යන් ල ෂූර් : බීරුත්

ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය

·	ල තොම්ප් : ජිනීවා

ජර්මන් භාෂාවෙන් පලවන පුවත්පත් - රටවල් අනුව

ඕස්ට්‍රියා

·	ඩි ප්‍රෙස්සෙ : වියානා
·	ධර්ස්ටෑන්ධර්ඩි : වියානා
·	සැලැස්බර්ගර් - නැක්ක්‍රීච්ටන් : සැල්ස්බර්ග්
·	වියනියර් සෙයිටුන්ග් : වියානා - ලෝකයේ පැරණිම පුවත්පත

ජර්මනිය

·	ෆ්‍රැන්ක්ෆර්ටර් ඇල්ගෙමෙයින් සෙයිටුන්ග් ෆ්‍රැන්ක්ෆර්ට්
·	ස්‍යුඩෙඋට්ස්චෙ සෙයිටුංග් : මියුනික්
·	ඩි වෙල්ට් : බර්ලින්
·	ඩි සෙස්ට් : හැම්බර්ග් (සතිපතා)
·	ඩර් ස්පීගල් : හැම්බර්ග් (පුවත්පතක් නොවේ - සතිපතා සඟරාවකි)

ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය

· Neue Zur Cher Zeitung Zurich

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් පල වන පුවත්පත් - රටවල් අනුව

ආජන්ටිනාව

·	ක්ලැරින් - බුවනෝර්ස් එයාර්ස්
·	ලා නේසියන්  - බුවනෝර්ස් එයාර්ස්

බොල්වියා

·	එල් ඩයරියෝ - ලා පාස්

චිලි

·	එල් මර්කියුරියෝ - සැන්තියාගෝ

කොලොම්බියා

·	එල් තියෙම්පෝ - බොගෝටා
·	එල් එක්ස්පෙක්ටේඩොර් - බෝගෝටා
·	එල් කොලොම්බියානෝ - මෙඩෙලින්
·	එල් පේස් - කැලි

කොස්ටරිකා

·	අල් ඩියා : සැන්ජෝස්
·	ලා‍නේෂියන් : සැන්ජෝස්

ඩෙමිනික් ජනරජය

·	ලිස්ටින් ඩයිරිගෝ - සැන්ටෝ ඩෙමින්ගෝ

ගෝතමාලා

·	ප්‍රෙන්ස් ලිබ්ර - ගෝතමාලා සිටි
·	එල් පෙරියෝඩිකෝ - ගෝතමාලා සිටි
·	ඩයරියෝ ඩි සෙන්ට්‍රෝ අමෙරිකා - ගෝතමාලා සිටි

මෙක්සිකෝ

·	එක්සෙල්සියර් - මෙක්සිකෝ සිටි
·	එල් යුනිවර්සල් - මෙක්සිකෝ සිටි
·	රිෆෝමාර් - මෙක්සිකෝ සිටි
·	ලා ජෝර්නාඩා - මෙක්සිකෝ සිටි

නිකරගුවා

·	ලා ප්‍රෙන්සා - මනගුවා

පේරු

·	එල් කොමර්සිකෝ - ලිමා
·	ල‍ා රිබ්ලාකා - ලිමා

ස්පාඤ්ඤය

·	එල් පේස් - මැඩ්රිඩ්
·	එල් මුන්ඩෝ - මැඩ්රිඩ්
·	ඩයරිගෝ ඒබිසි - මැඩ්රිඩ්
·	ල‍ා වැන්ගුආර්ඩියා - බාර්සිලෝනා

එක්සත් ජනපදය

·	ලා ඔපීනියන් - ලොස් ඇන්ජලීස්
·	එල් න්‍යුවෝ හෙරල්ඩ් - මියාමි

වෙනිසියුලා

·	එල් නැෂනල් - කරකාස්
·	එල්  යුනිවර්සල් - කරකාස්

චීන භාෂාවෙන් පලවල පුවත්පත් රටවල් අනුව

චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුව

·	පීපල්ස් ඩේලි - සැලකිය යුතුයි මෙය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුදුසුකම් ලබා සිටි එය මහජන වාර්තා අඩංගු පුවත්පතක් වන හෙයිනි. උදා මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව නීති දැන්වීම් පල කිරීම සඳහා එය ප්‍රයෝජනයට ගනි.
·	චීන ජනරජය - (තායිවාන්)
·	චයිනා ටයිම්ස් - තායිපේ

හොංකොං

·	මිංග් පාඕ - චායි වැන්

උතුරු ඇමෙරිකාව

·	මිංග් පාඕ - ජාතික (එක්සත් ජනපදය - කැනඩා) හොංකොං හි වෙනම මුද්‍රණයක්.
·	සිංග් ටාඕ ඩේලි - (ජාතික) එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සහ කැනඩාවේ ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් කෙරෙන හොං  කොං හි වෙනම මුද්‍රණයක්
·	වර්ල්ඩ් ජර්නල් (ජාතික)(එක්සත් ජනපදය කැනඩාව)

ක්‍රොඒෂියන් පුවත්පත්

·* වෙයරෙන්ජි : සැන්රෙබ්

ඩෙන්මාර්ක් පුවත්පත්

 බර්ලින්ග්ස්කෝ ටිඩෙන්ඩෙ : කෝපන්හේගන්
 පොලිටිකන් - කෝපන්හෙගන්

පින්ලන්ත පුවත්පත්

 හෙල්සින්ගින් සනමට් - පින්ලන්තයේ හෙල්සින්කි.

ග්‍රීක පුවත්පත්

·* කතිමෙරනි : ග්‍රීසියේ ඇතන්ස්
·* ටො විමා : ග්‍රීසියේ ඇතන්ස්

හිබ්‍රෑ පුවත්පත්

·* හාරේට්ස් - ඊශ්‍රායලයේ ටෙල් අවීර්

අයිස්ලන්ත පුවත්පත්

·* මොර්ගුන්බ්ලාඩිඩ් - අයිස්ලන්තයේ රික් ජාවික්
·* ෆ්‍රෙට්ටබ්ලයිඩ් -  අයිස්ලන්තයේ රික් ජාවික්
·* බ්ලයිඩ් - අයිස්ලන්තයේ රික් ජාවික්

ඉතාලි පුවත්පත්

·	කොරියර් ඩෙල්ලා සේරා : ඉතාලියේ මිලාන්
·	ලා රිපබ්ලිකා - ඉතාලියේ - රෝමය
·	ලා ස්තම්පා - ඉතාලියේ ටියුරින්
·	ලොසර්වතෝර් රොමානෝ - වතිකානු සිටි
·	කොරියර් කැනඩිස් : ටොරොන්ටෝ සහ මොන්ට්‍රියල්

ජපාන පුවත්පත්

·	අසාහි ෂිම්බුන් - ජපානයේ ටෝකියෝ
·	යොමුරි ෂිම්බුන් - ජපානයේ ටෝකියෝ

කොරියන් පුවත්පත්

·	ජුංග් ඇංග් ලිබෝ - ද කොරියාවේ සියෝල්
·	ද කොරියා ටයිම්ස් - ද කොරියාවේ සියෝල්

නෝවිජියානු පුවත්පත්

·	ඈෆ්ටන් පෝස්ටන් - ෆොර්වේහි ඔස්ලෝ

සර්බියන් පුවත්පත්

·	පොලිටිකා - ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බෙල්ග්‍රේඩ්
·	බොර්බා - සර්බියාවේ බෙල්ග්‍රේඩ්
·	වෙසර්න්ජෙ නොවොස්ති - සර්බියාවේ බෙල්ග්‍රේඩ්

ස්වීඩන් ප්‍රවෘත්ති පත්‍ර

·	ඩගෙන්ස් නයිහෙවර් - ස්වීඩනයේ ස්වෝක්හෝම්
·	ස්වෙන්ස්කා ඩැග්බ්ලැඩර් - ස්වීඩනයේ ස්වෝක්හෝම්
·	හාෆ්වුඩ්ස්ටඩ්ස්බ්ලැඩර් - ෆින්ලන්තයේ හේල්සින්ක්

පෝලන්ත ප්‍රවෘත්තිපත්‍ර

·	ගැසේටා වයිබෝර්සා - පෝලන්තයේ වෝර්සෝ
·	ර්සෙස්පෝස්පොලිටා - පෝලන්තයේ වෝර්සෝ

තායිලන්ත ප්‍රවෘත්තිපත්‍ර

·	ද රෝයල් ගැසට් (තායිලන්තය)

තුර්කි‍යේ ප්‍රවෘත්තිපත්‍ර

·	මිලිසෙත් - ඉස්තාන්බූල්
·	සූමන් - ඉස්තාන්බූල්
·	කුම්හුරිසෙත් - ඉස්තාන්බූල්

යුක්රේන් පුවත්පත්

·* සෙර්කාලෝ නෙඩේලි කිව්

උර්දු පවත්පත්

·* ඩේලි ජාංග් : කරච්චි සහ ලාහෝර් (පකිස්ථානයේ)

වියට්නාම් පුවත්පත්

·* ථාන්න්‍යෙන් : හෝ චි මින් නගරය
·* තුවාත්රේ : හෝ චි මින් නගරය

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_of_record#List_of_newspapers_of_record

වාර්තා පුවත්පත් ලේඛණ


Atik Mustafa Paşa Camii (Cabir Camii) veya Kristos Pantepoptes Kilisesi (Yunanca: Άγία Θέκλα τοῦ Παλατίου τῶν Βλαχερνών Hagia Thekla tou Palatiou tōn Vlakhernōn), İstanbul'un Ayvansaray semtinde kiliseden camiye çevrilmiş bir dinî yapıdır. Orta Bizans döneminden kalma yapının eski ismi "Kristos Pantepoptes"tir. Konstantinopolis'te yapılar plan tipi olarak ya Serbest Haç Plan tipi, ya da Kapalı Yunan Haçı(kare içerisinde haç) Plan tipiyle inşa edilmekteydi. Kristos Pantepoptes'in plan tipi ise Kare İçinde Haç Plan ya da Kapalı Yunan Haçı olarak isimlendirilen plan tipidir.

Yapının tarihi hakkında bir takım söylentiler mevcuttur Bunlardan birisi; Halifenin bayraktarlığını yapmış olan Cabir'in yine bir fetih için Konstantinopolis'e geldiği, fetih sırasında öldüğü ve buraya gömüldüğü söylentisidir.

İstanbul'un fethi sırasında ne durumda olduğu bilinmeyen kilise II. Beyazıt döneminde camiye çevrilmiştir. Caminin içinde Doğu Roma dönemine ait hiçbir bezeme yoktur. 1957'de Amerikan Bizans Enstitüsü tarafından binanın güney cephesinde, badana tabakasının altında bulunan fresklerin, Ayios Kosmas, Hagios Damianos ve baş melek Mikhael'e ait oldukları tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Camiye çevrilen kiliseler

İstanbul'daki camiye çevrilen kiliseler
Bizans İmparatorluğu'nda din
Fatih'teki camiler
İstanbul'daki Bizans kiliseleri
Konstantinopolis kilise ve manastırları
Ayvansaray

Atik Mustafa Paşa Camii


Hannes Anier (* 16. Januar 1993 in Tallinn) ist ein ehemaliger estnischer Fußballspieler.

Verein
Hannes Anier begann seine Karriere zunächst beim FCF Kesklinn, der im Tallinner Stadtteil Kesklinn beheimatet ist. Von dort aus kam er im Jahr 2006 zum estnischen Rekordmeister FC Flora Tallinn. Im Jahr 2009 wechselte er leihweise in die Esiliiga, der zweithöchsten Spielklasse in Estland zum FC Valga Warrior. In Valga kam Anier zu ersten Einsätzen im Profibereich und konnte zu Beginn der Spielzeit 2009 in vier Spielen ein Tor erzielen. Im selben Jahr gab er auch das Debüt in der höchsten estnischen Liga, der Meistriliiga, im Ligaspiel mit dem FC Flora in der A. Le Coq Arena gegen den JK Nõmme Kalju. Er debütierte dort nach einer Einwechslung für Aivar Anniste. Im Derby gegen Nõmme spielte Hannes erstmals gemeinsam mit seinem Bruder Henri, der bereits seit 1998 in der Jugend bei Flora spielte, in einem Punktspiel. Im Jahr 2010 wurde Anier erstmals Meister in Estland, im Jahr darauf gewann er mit dem Pokal und dem Supercup drei Titel mit dem FC Flora Tallinn. Anfang 2012 befand sich der Stürmer für eine Woche im Probetraining beim dänischen Erstligisten Odense BK, wo er sich für einen Vertrag empfahl. In der Saison 2014/15 machte er sechs Spiele für die zweite Mannschaft des FC Erzgebirge Aue. Im Februar 2015 wurde sein Vertrag in Aue aufgelöst. Im September 2015 kehrte er zum FC Flora Tallinn zurück, wurde Meister, Pokalsieger sowie Supercupsieger und war insgesamt drei Spielzeiten dort aktiv. 2018 folgte ein kurzes Gastspiel beim Thisted FC in Dänemark, ehe er sich dem heimischen JK Tallinna Kalev anschloss. 2021 ging er weiter zum Ligarivalen FC Levadia Tallinn, gewann erneut das Double und kehrte 2022 wieder zurück nach Kalev. Dort beendete Anier nach nur einer Spielzeit seine aktive Karriere.

Nationalmannschaft
Von 2008 bis 2016 absolvierte Hannes Anier insgesamt 53 Partien für diverse estnische Jugendauswahlen und erzielte dabei neun Tore. Während dieser Zeit kam er 2014 auch zu vier Einsätzen bei der A-Nationalmannschaft und einem Testspieltreffer gegen Tadschikistan (2:1).

Erfolge
 Estnischer Meister: 2010, 2011, 2017, 2021
 Estnischer Pokalsieger: 2011, 2016, 2021
 Estnischer Superpokalsieger: 2011, 2012, 2016

Familie
Sein älterer Bruder Henri Anier (* 1990) ist ebenfalls Fußballprofi und spielt beim Lee Man FC in der Hong Kong Premier League.

Weblinks
 Spielerprofil beim FC Flora Tallinn
 Anier Statistiken beim Estnischen Fußballverband

Einzelnachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Estland)
Fußballspieler (FC Valga Warrior)
Fußballspieler (FC Flora Tallinn)
Fußballspieler (Odense BK)
Fußballspieler (FC Erzgebirge Aue)
Fußballspieler (Thisted FC)
Fußballspieler (JK Tallinna Kalev)
Fußballspieler (FC Levadia Tallinn)
Estnischer Meister (Fußball)
Este
Geboren 1993
Mann

Hannes Anier


Selendi. Türkiye'nin Ege Bölgesi'nde bulunan Manisa ilinin ilçelerinden biridir. 1954 yılında, 6324 numaralı karar ile kurulmuştur. Manisa'ya 155 km, Uşak'a ise 70 km mesafede yer alır. İlçe sınırlarından Gediz Nehri'nin önemli kollarında biri olan Selendi çayı geçer. Asıl geçim kaynağı tütüncülük, hayvancılık ve tarımdır. Ayrıca Pınarlar, Eskin, Terziler, Kürkçü ve Hacıhaliller köylerinde son yıllarda kirazcılık artmıştır. Kınık mahallesi piknik alanı, Gavur evleri kaya mezarları, Bayraklı anıtı Selendi'nin gezilebilecek  yerleridir. Merkez nüfusu 8.108'dir. Köyleri de dahil toplam nüfusu 26.500'dür fakat son 50 yıldır sürekli göç veren ilçenin göç eden kişileri de hesaba katıldığında nüfusu 77.000'i geçmektedir. Manisa'nın en az yoğunluklu ilçesidir. Ayrıca ilçede eskin mahallesinde bulunan altın-kurşun-krom karışımı maden rezervi bir müddet işletilmiş fakat madenin 49 yıllık kullanım hakkını elinde bulunduran Bulgaristanlı firmanın bu ülkede iflas etmesi sonucu maden kapatılmıştır ve yıllardır atıl olarak durmaktadır. Bunların yanında Gediz Nehrinin en büyük kolu olan selendi çayı kış aylarında Gediz Nehrinden daha fazla su taşır. İlçenin tarihinde aldığı en büyük yatırımlar; tekel yaprak tütün depolama işletmeleri ve yatılı ilköğretim bölge okuludur. Selendi'nin tarhana, höşmerim, keşkek ve yufkası meşhurdur. İlçede üretilen Amerikan tipi küçük yapraklı tütünler çok değerlidir.

Türk Kurtuluş Savaşında Aşağı güllüce ve Kınık mevkiinde şiddetli çatışmalar geçmiştir. 44 mahallesi bulunmaktadır.

Tarihçe
Selendi İlçesi; Manisa İl'inin doğusunda  Uşak ve Kütahya ile sınır konumundadır.  İlçenin isminin kaynağı ile ilgili iki farklı tahmin bulunmaktaydı.  Birincisi; ilçenin Lidya döneminde Silandos diye anıldığı,  daha sonra zamanla Selendi olarak günümüze geldiğidir.  İkincisi ise; Selendi Çayı'na sel inince halk, ''sel indi'' söylemini zamanla ''sel endi''  olarak kullanmıştır.  İlçedeki Karaselendi bölgesindeki yeni bulunan Bergama Krallığı  zamanında yazılmış bir kitabede ise ilçenin ismi  MOXEİON olarak geçmektedir. Bu durum Selendi'nin Helenistik (Lidya, Persler, Makedonya Krallığı, Bergama Krallığı) dönemdeki isminin Moxeion  olduğunu göstermektedir.  Bergama Krallığına ait aynı kitabede Makada ve Moxeion isimli iki halktan (demos) bahsedilmektedir. Silandos ismi ise Lidya Devleti ile İlişkilendiriliyordu.  Bilimsel veriler bu Silandos  isminin Roma İmparatorluğu zamanında kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Çünkü o dönemde bölgede darp edilen sikkeler  üzerinde Silandeon (Silandosta basılmıştır anlamında) yazıyordu. Silandos sikkeleri ms 1.-3. yüzyıllarda yaklaşık 300 yıl basılmıştır.  2008 yılında Prof. Dr. Engin AKDENİZ tarafından yapılan incelemede ilçenin batısındaki Hotaklı mevkiinde bulunan TERSTEPE HÖYÜĞÜ bulunmuştur.  Höyük üzerinde yapılan araştırma sonucu; bu bölgedeki yerleşimin ilk  olarak kalkolitik çağda (mö 5500) başlamış ve günümüze kadar devam etmiştir. yapılan araştırma sonuçları ilçenin 7500 yıllık bir yerleşim yeri olduğunu göstermektedir.

               İlçedeki yerleşim geçmişten günümüze şu şekilde devam etmiştir.

1- ilk kalkolitik ve tunç çağı                    mö. 5500- 1200

2-  Frigya dönemi                                   mö 1200 - 676

3- Lidya Dönemi                                      mö.676-546

4- Persler Dönemi                                   mö.546-330

5- Makedonya Krallığı                            mö. 330 - 241

6- Bergama Krallığı                                 mö. 241 - 133

7-Roma İmparatorluğu                           mö.133 - ms.330

8- Bizans İmparatorluğu                        ms. 330 - 1077

9- Anadolu Selçuklu devleti                  ms.1077 - 1307

10- Germiyan Oğulları beyliği              ms.1276 1428

11- Osmanlı İmparatorluğu                   ms.1428 1922

12- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti                        ms. 1923 - .......

                İzmir 2 Numaralı Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulunun 13.06.2014 tarih ve 3984 sayılı kararı ile 1. derece sit alanı ilan edilen Ters Tepe Höyüğü  Manisa' daki 92 höyük içinde en büyük höyüktür ve ikinci büyük höyüğün iki katıdır. Bu höyük ile ilgili Prof. Dr. Engin AKDENİZ şöyle demektedir.  İlk Kalkolitik Çağ'da yerleşim gören, İlk Tunç Çağı'nda da yerleşim gördüğü anlaşılan, 18 hektarlık alanıyla Manisa'nın en büyük merkezi yerleşimi olan Selendi yakınlarındaki Ters Tepe, Orta Tunç Çağı'nda da bu özelliğini koruyacaktır. Ters Tepe Höyüğü ve Moxeion Kenti'nde arkeolojik kazı yapılarak bu tarihi zenginliğin ortaya çıkarılması konusunda üniversitelerin çalışma yapması beklenmektedir.
Selendi

Nüfus

Mahalleler
 Bekirağalar Mahallesi
 Eski Cami Mahallesi
 Hacıhaliller Mahallesi
 Fatih Mahallesi
 İnnice Mahallesi
 Kurtuluş Mahallesi
 Şerefiye Mahallesi
 Yeni cami Mahallesi
 Yıldız Mahallesi
 Karşıova Mahallesi
 Zafer Mahallesi
 Çortak Mahallesi

Egitim
Selendi merkezde 5 lise bulunmaktadır.Bunlar;
 Selendi Çok Programlı Lisesi
 Selendi Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi
 Selendi Anadolu Lisesi
 Selendi Sağlık Meslek Lisesi.
 Selendi İmam Hatip Lisesi.

Selendi merkezde 5 ilköğretim okulu bulunmaktadır.
 Atatürk ilköğretim okulu
 Üçeylül ilköğretim okulu
 Cumhuriyet ilköğretim okulu
 Fatih ilköğretim okulu
 Yatılı bölge ilköğretim okulu.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Selendi kaymakamlığı

Selendi


As falácias jingle-jangle são suposições errôneas de que duas coisas diferentes são iguais porque têm o mesmo nome (falácia jingle); ou duas coisas idênticas ou quase idênticas são diferentes porque são rotuladas de forma diferente (falácia jangle). Na pesquisa psicológica, uma falácia jangle é a inferência de que duas medidas (por exemplo, testes, escalas) com nomes diferentes medem construtos diferentes. Em comparação, uma falácia jingle é a suposição de que duas medidas chamadas pelo mesmo nome capturam o mesmo construto.

Um exemplo da falácia jangle pode ser encontrado em testes destinados a avaliar a inteligência emocional. Alguns desses testes medem apenas a personalidade ou testes regulares de QI. Um exemplo da falácia jingle é que personalidade e valores às vezes são confundidos e tratados como o mesmo construto. As falácias jingle e jangle tornam desafiador revisar literaturas para meta-análises. Ferramentas de aprendizado de máquina foram criadas para descobrir artigos relevantes, mesmo quando o mesmo construto é nomeado de maneira diferente em artigos diferentes.

Veja também

 Validade do construto

Referências

Falácias lógicas

Falácias jingle-jangle


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja
 Od 26. veljače do 8. ožujka – Svjetsko prvenstvo u rukometu u Francuskoj: prvak Rumunjska
 Od 10. do 24. svibnja – Svjetsko prvenstvo u košarci u Ljubljani, u Jugoslaviji (danas Slovenija): prvak Jugoslavija
 Od 31. svibnja do 21. lipnja – Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu u Meksiku: prvak Brazil

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja
 Od 4. do 12. rujna – Europsko prvenstvo u vaterpolu u Barceloni u Španjolskoj: prvak SSSR

Osnivanja
 Paris Saint-Germain FC, francuski nogometni klub
 Toulouse FC, francuski nogometni klub
 FC Barcelona B, španjolski nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1970.


El Intel 440FX (nombre código Natoma), es un chipset de Intel, soporte para procesadores Pentium Pro y Pentium II fue usadas en las primeras procesadores de Pentium II. También se le conoce como i440FX y fue liberado mayo de 1996. Los números oficiales son 82441FX y 82442FX.

440FX no soporta UltraDMA, SDRAM, o AGP. Su contraparte es el southbridge PIIX3.

Fue reemplazado por Intel 440LX.

Los diseñadores del emulador QEMU escogiero simular este chipset y su homólogo PIIX3.

Véase también
 Anexo:Chipsets Intel

Enlaces externos
Intel 440FX ("Natoma")
Intel 440 Chipset Family technical documentation

Chipsets x86
Chipsets de Intel
Intel

Intel 440FX


The Belsen trials were a series of several trials that the Allied occupation forces conducted against former officials and functionaries of Nazi Germany after the end of World War II. British Army and civilian personnel ran the trials and staffed the prosecution and judges.

The Belsen trials took place in Lüneburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, in 1945 and the defendants were men and women of the Schutzstaffel as well as prisoner functionaries who had worked at various concentration camps, notably Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen.

The first trial generated considerable interest around the world, as the public heard for the first time from some of those responsible for the mass murder in the eastern extermination camps. Some later trials are also referred to as Belsen trials.

First trial

Officially called the "Trial of Josef Kramer and 44 others", the trial began in a Lüneburg gymnasium on 17 September 1945, within the British occupation zone.

The defendants were 45 former SS men, women and kapos (prisoner functionaries) from the Bergen-Belsen and Auschwitz concentration camps. Josef Kramer had been camp commandant at Bergen-Belsen and before that at Auschwitz. Of the other defendants, 12 were kapos, 16 female SS members and 16 male SS members. Although the SS was an all-male organisation, women were able to enlist as members of the SS-Gefolge, a form of civilian employee. One prisoner functionary, Ladisław Gura, who was also an SS member under arrest, was found to be too ill to stand trial after the trial had started. Three others had been excluded from the list of indicted for the same reason before the trial began. Three SS members had been shot trying to escape after the British took over the camp and one had committed suicide. Out of a total of 77 SS men and women arrested by the British in April, another 17 had died of typhus by 1 June 1945.

Next to Kramer, the most high-profile defendants were Fritz Klein, who had been camp doctor at Belsen, and Franz Hössler, deputy camp commandant. Elisabeth Volkenrath had been Oberaufseherin (head warden or supervising wardress) at Auschwitz before she came to Belsen. Many of the defendants had arrived in Bergen-Belsen only after February 1945, some as late as two days before liberation. However, most had been active in similar functions in other concentration camps before that.
The trial took place before a British military tribunal. The judges were Major-General H.M.P. Berney-Ficklin (presiding), Brigadier A. de L. Casonove, Colonel G.J. Richards, Lt.-Colonel R.B. Moriush and Lt.-Colonel R. McLay. C.L. Stirling was Judge Advocate. Colonel T.M. Backhouse, Major H.G. Murton-Neale, Capt. S.M. Stewart and Lt.-Col. L.J. Genn were Counsel for the Prosecution. Counsel for the Defence were also members of the British Army — in the case of the five Polish defendants a Polish officer, Lt. Jedrezejowicz.

As this was a military court, it was legally based on the Regulations for the Trial of War Criminals made under Royal Warrant of 14 June 1945.
All the charges related to international law, which applied at the time the crimes were committed, so this was not a case of retroactive justice. Due to the nature of the court, the only charges that could be brought were war crimes and crimes against citizens of the Allied countries. "Crimes against humanity" and "crimes against peace", which featured in the later trials at Nuremberg, were not among the charges at Lüneburg.

Charges
The official charges were grouped into crimes committed at Auschwitz and Belsen and were as follows:At Bergen-Belsen, Germany, between 1st October, 1942, and 30th April, 1945, when members of the staff of Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp responsible for the well-being of the persons interned there, in violation of the law and usages of war, were together concerned as parties to the ill-treatment of certain of such persons, causing the deaths of Keith Meyer (a British national), Anna Kis, Sara Kohn (both Hungarian nationals), Heimech Glinovjechy and Maria Konatkevicz (both Polish nationals) and Marcel Freson de Montigny (a French national), Maurice Van Eijnsbergen (a Dutch national), Maurice Van Mevlenaar (a Belgian national), Jan Markowski and Georgej Ferenz (both Polish nationals), Salvatore Verdura (an Italian national), and Therese Klee (a British national of Honduras), Allied nationals, and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown, and physical suffering to other persons interned there, Allied nationals and particularly to Harold Osmund le Druillenec (a British national), Benec Zuchermann, a female internee surnamed Korperova, a female internee named Hoffmann, Luba Rormann, Isa Frydmann (all Polish nationals) and Alexandra Siwidowa, a Russian national and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown.

and

...at Auschwitz, Poland, between 1st October, 1942,and 30th April, 1945, when members of the staff of Auschwitz Concentration Camp responsible for the well-being of the persons interned there, in violation of the law and usages of war, were together concerned as parties to ill-treatment of certain of such persons, causing the deaths of Rachella Silberstein (a Polish national), Allied nationals, and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown, and physical suffering to other persons interned there, Allied nationals, and particularly to Ewa Gryka and Hanka Rosenwayg (both Polish nationals) and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown.

All of the defendants pleaded not guilty.

Overview of the trial

The trial lasted 54 days in court. It began on 17 September with the indictment and the opening speech for the prosecution. Brigadier Glyn Hughes was the first witness for the prosecution on 18–19 September.

On 20 September, the British Army screened a film they had made of the conditions at Belsen immediately after liberation. On 21 September, the court visited Bergen-Belsen. Evidence for the defence began on 8 October with the opening speech for the defendant, Kramer, who also testified. Closing speeches were made from 7–12 November, followed by the closing arguments by the prosecution on 13 November. Sentencing took place four days later, on 17 November 1945.

Since the trial was conducted in English, translations into German and Polish were necessary. This was one of the factors which prolonged the trial, which had initially been expected to last for two to four weeks. In retrospect, the prosecution has been criticised as hasty and ill-prepared. None of the SS guards who had fled the camp after the ceasefire on 13 April had been searched for. Instead of eyewitness testimony, in some cases only affidavits were available at the trial. Some witnesses contradicted themselves on cross-examination, while others failed to identify the defendants as the perpetrators of the crimes in question. One former inmate, Oskar Schmitz, was erroneously charged as an SS man, and had no chance to clarify this before the trial began.

The defence claimed that the arrest of the defendants had been illegal, as it contravened the promise of free withdrawal contained in the ceasefire agreement. However, the wording on this point was only clear for members of the Wehrmacht at Belsen. Moreover, according to the prosecution, the burning of the camp files by the SS and the firing of shots on 15 April had voided the agreement. In fact, the relevant section of the ceasefire agreement read:
SS guard personnel [...] will be treated as PW. SS Adj personnel will [...] remain at their posts and carry on with their duties (cooking, supplies, etc) and will hand over records. When their services can be dispensed with, their disposal is left by the Wehrmacht to the British authorities.

On 17 November, the court sentenced 11 of the defendants to death by hanging. Another 18 were found guilty and sentenced to prison sentences of one to 15 years. One defendant, Erich Zoddel, was sentenced to life in prison, but was then executed 13 days later. Zoddel had been sentenced to death in a separate military trial in August 1945 for murdering a female prisoner after the liberation. None of the sentenced were only found guilty of the "conspiracy" of working within the concentration camp system, but rather all of them were sentenced for individually committed crimes. 14 defendants were acquitted (the final defendant was too sick to stand trial). Due to clemency pleas and appeals, many prison sentences were eventually shortened considerably. By mid-1955, all those sentenced to prison had been released.

Individual defendants and sentences
List of SS-defendants

(A=guilty of crimes at Auschwitz, B = guilty of crimes at Bergen-Belsen)

Not able to stand trial due to illness: Nikolaus Jänner, Paul Steinmetz, Walter Melcher, Ladisław Gura (who was both an SS member and a prison functionary).

List of Kapos

(A=guilty of crimes at Auschwitz, B = guilty of crimes at Bergen-Belsen)

Public reaction
The Belsen Trial attracted substantial national and international media interest. Significantly, more than 100 representatives of the news media reported at length on the trial's progress.

Through them, the world learned not just about the thousands of deaths by hunger and disease at Belsen, communicated especially forcefully by the film and photo evidence produced by the British Army. Possibly even more importantly, the Belsen trial also was the first time that the organised mass murder at Auschwitz Birkenau received a public airing, with some of those responsible describing the selection process, the use of the gas chambers and the crematoria. In Great Britain, the trial was mostly viewed positively, as a triumph of the rule of law, given the fairness and meticulousness with which it had been conducted. However, in some other countries, notably the Soviet Union and France, the verdicts were criticised as too mild. Many survivors also felt this way.

Executions
All the executions were carried out on 13 December 1945 by hanging at Hamelin Prison.  The executioner was Albert Pierrepoint, aided by an assistant.

Second trial
A second Belsen trial was conducted at Lüneburg from 13 to 18 June 1946 by a British military tribunal.

Third trial
The British held a third Belsen trial in April 1948. There was only one defendant, Ernst Julius Curt Meyer. Meyer had been arrested in May 1945, but was erroneously released in September 1947. He was re-arrested in February 1948. Meyer was found guilty of war crimes for non-fatal abuse and sentenced to life in prison. His sentence was reduced to 21 years in 1950, and he was released from prison on 24 December 1954.

See also
Allied Control Council
Subsequent Nuremberg Trials

References

Holocaust trials
1945 in Germany

Belsen trials


Animatronic is the third studio album by Norwegian metal band The Kovenant, released in 1999 through Nuclear Blast.

Track listing

Personnel
Lex Icon – vocals, bass
Psy Coma – guitars, keyboards, programming
Von Blomberg - drums

Additional personnel
Eileen Küpper - vocals (soprano)
Matthias Klinkmann - engineering
Siggy Bemm - producer
Per Heimly - photography

References

1999 albums
The Kovenant albums
Nuclear Blast albums

Animatronic (album)


Tomás Preljubović (; ), fue gobernante de Epiro en Ioánina desde 1366 hasta su muerte el 23 de diciembre de 1384. También ostentó el título de «matador de albaneses» ().

Orígenes

Tomás era el hijo del César Gregorio Preljub (en griego: Γρηγόριου Πρελούμπου), el  gobernador serbio de Tesalia, que falleció a finales de 1355 o comienzos de 1356. Su madre Irene era una hija de Esteban Uroš IV Dušan de Serbia y Helena de Bulgaria.

Vida

Después de la violenta muerte de su padre, la pretensión de Tomás por Tesalia fue impugnada por su madre Irene, pero se vieron obligados a huir a Serbia por el avance de Nicéforo II Orsini en 1356. Ahí, Irene se casó con Radoslav Hlapen, el gobernante de Vodena, que tomó bajo su protección a Tomás.

Durante la ausencia del nuevo gobernante de Tesalia, Simeón Uroš, en el Despotado de Epiro en 1359-1360, Hlapen invadió Tesalia, tratando de ganarlo para su hijastro. Aunque Simeón logró contener la invasión, se vio obligado a ceder Kastoriá a Tomás y a que se casara con su hija María. Durante los siguientes años, Simeón Uroš reconoció que no podía ejercer su autoridad efectiva sobre la mayor parte de Epiro y delegó el poder en Arta y Angelokastro a los jefes locales albaneses. En 1366 los ciudadanos de Ioánina, la última fortaleza importante que permanecía bajo el control de Simeón, le envió una petición para nombrar a un gobernador que pudiera protegerlos de las incursiones de los clanes albaneses.

Simeón Uroš respondió mediante la designación de su yerno como su gobernador. Tomás entró en Ioánina en algún momento entre 1366 o 1367. Su reinado en Epiro es reflejado con mucho detalle en la llamada Crónica de Ioánina, que tiene prejuicios y hostilidad contra Preljubović. Se le representa como un cruel y caprichoso tirano. Tomó varias propiedades de la Iglesia de Ioánina y se las concedió a sus partidarios serbios. En 1382 un nuevo designado para el arzobispado local, Mateo, fue enviado desde Constantinopla, e invistió a Tomás con el título de déspota en nombre del emperador bizantino Juan V Paleólogo. Sin embargo, después entró en conflicto con el arzobispo y lo exilió de Ioánina.

Tomas también fue acusado de perseguir a la nobleza local, que inspiró una serie de revueltas contra su gobierno. Además de apoderarse de los bienes eclesiásticos y privados, estableció nuevos impuestos y monopolios en diversos productos, incluyendo pescado y fruta. Además de confiar en sus fuerzas militares para hacer cumplir estas impostas, Tomás emprendió una guerra continua contra los albaneses de Arta y Angelokastro.

Poco después de tomar posesión de Ioánina, fue sitiado sin éxito por Pedro Losha de Arta. Tomás casó a su hija con el hijo de Losha en 1370, satisfaciendo a los albaneses y poniendo fin a los conflictos. En 1374, Pedro murió de peste en Arta, después de lo cual Juan Espata se hizo cargo de la ciudad. En ese momento Juan no estaba obligado por los acuerdos con Tomás; puso sitio a Ioánina y asoló el resto del país. Tomás trajo la paz cuando casó a su hermana Helena con Juan Spata al año siguiente. Sin embargo, los ataques a la ciudad continuaron, por los Malacasios, que fueron derrotados dos veces por Preljubović (1377 y 1379). En mayo de 1379, Juan Spata devastó el país.

Continuamente acosado, Tomás pidió ayuda a sus vecinos francos y luego otomanos. Este último respondió rápidamente y envió una fuerza auxiliar en 1381. Tomás puso esta fuerza a buen uso y conquistó muchas fortalezas enemigas en 1381-1384. Sus implacables éxitos le valieron el epíteto de «matador de albaneses» ().

Sin embargo, Tomás había llegado a tener malas relaciones con su esposa María, que participó en la posterior conspiración contra su marido. El 23 de diciembre de 1384, Tomás fue asesinado por sus guardias y la población de Ioánina juró lealtad a su viuda e invitó a su hermano Juan Uroš Ducas Paleólogo que viniera y la asesorara en el gobierno.

Descendencia

Con una amante desconocida, Tomás Preljubović tuvo únicamente una hija:

Irene, quien se casó con Juan Losha de Arta, y murió en 1374 o 1375.

Con su esposa María Ángelo Ducas Paleólogo, Tomás tuvo posiblemente un hijo:

 Preljub, que pudo haber muerto joven.

Fuentes

Déspotas de Epiro
Nacidos en Ioánina

Tomás Preljubović


سفيان حركات ، من مواليد 26 جانفي 1984 ، لاعب كرة قدم جزائري.

هو يلعب مع نادي اتحاد عنابة.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
جزائريون في القرن 21
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو اتحاد الجزائر
لاعبو اتحاد الحراش
لاعبو اتحاد عنابة
لاعبو الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة الأولى لكرة القدم
لاعبو شباب بلوزداد
لاعبو شبيبة القبائل
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون
لاعبو كرة قدم من الجزائر
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم تحت 23 سنة
لاعبو مولودية الجزائر
مواليد 1404 هـ
مواليد 1984
مواليد في مدينة الجزائر
لاعبو كرة قدم رجال جزائريون

سفيان حركات


Iosif Budahazi (în ; ) a fost un scrimer român specializat pe sabie.

S-a apucat de scrimă în orașul său natal, Carei, împreună cu fratele său cel mic, Gyuri. În timpul studiilor sale s-a alăturat CS "Universitatea" din București sub îndrumarea lui Gheorghe Man. În 1967 a fost campion național atât la juniori, cât și la seniori. Alături de Gheorghe Culcea, Dan Irimiciuc, Constantin Nicolae și Octavian Vintilă, a participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1972 de la München. La proba individuală a fost eliminat în turul patru. La proba pe echipe, România s-a clasat pe locul 4.

În paralel cu cariera sportivă, era inginer constructor.

Note

Referințe

Scrimeri olimpici români
Sabreri
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1972
Nașteri în 1947
Decese în 2003

Iosif Budahazi


The Tender Trap este un film de comedie, muzical și de dragoste american din 1955, regizat de Charles Walters. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Frank Sinatra, Debbie Reynolds și David Wayne.

Distribuție
 Frank Sinatra — Charile Y. Reader
 Debbie Reynolds — Julie Gillis
 Celeste Holm — Sylvia Crewes
 David Wayne — Joe McCall
 Lola Albright — Poppy Mastrs
 Jarma Lewis — Jessica Collins
 Howard St. John — Mr. Sayers
 Tom Helmore — Mr. Loughran
 Joey Faye — Sol Z. Steiner
 Willard Sage — Director
 Marc Wilder — Actor—Ballet
 Jack Boyle — Audition Dancer
 James Drury — Eddie

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 1955
Filme în limba engleză
Filme americane
Filme MGM
Filme de comedie din anii 1950
Filme de comedie americane
Filme de comedie
Filme regizate de Charles Walters
Filme muzicale
Filme de dragoste

The Tender Trap (film)


ගුරුලේත්තුව යනු බීම සඳහා ජලය සුළු ප්‍රමාණ වලින් තබා ගැනීමට සිංහල ජනයා භාවිතා කරන ලද, ගෝලාකාර බඳක් සහ දිගටි සිහින් කරක් සහිත මැටි බඳුනකි.
මෙහිදි ස්වභාවිකවම ජලය සිසිල් වන අතර සිංහල ජනයා විසින් ස්වභාවිකම ජලය සිසිල් කරගැනීමට එකල මෙම ගුරුලේත්තුව භාවිතා කරන ලදි.
  වර්තමානයේ දී පවා මෙම ගුරුලේත්තුව ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ භාවිතා කරයි.

ගුරුලේත්තුව


Transeptul este spațiul unei biserici care unește aula (sau navele) de prezbiteriu. Transeptul este un element arhitectural specific bisericilor catolice și constituie, în plan orizontal, brațul transversal al crucii creștine.

Galerie imagini

Elemente arhitecturale
Arhitectură creștină

Transept


Le vocabulaire de l'espéranto comprend aussi des termes et expressions spécifiques utilisés dans les mouvements espérantistes.

 espérantiste, une personne qui participe à la diffusion de l'espéranto.
 espérantisme
 homaranisme, une doctrine humaniste, prônée par l'initiateur de l'espéranto, Ludwig Zamenhof, pour rapprocher les êtres humains au delà des différences de langue, religion etc.
 anationalisme, idéologie d'une partie du mouvement espérantiste prônant la sortie des clivages nationaux.

Notes et références

Linguistique de la langue espéranto

Vocabulaire de l'espéranto


Duabanga, maleni rod zimzelenog drveća iz porodice Lythraceae. Postoje tri vrste u tropskoj jugoistočnoj Aziji, uključujući jednu hibridnu

Vrste
 Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp.
 Duabanga moluccana Blume
 Duabanga × taylorii Jayaw.

Izvori

Vrbičevke

Duabanga


Loðpokarottur (fræðiheiti: Caluromys), einnig kallaðar ullpokarottur, eru ættkvísl pokarotta.

Heimildaskrá

Pokarottur

Loðpokarottur


Osmokruhović ili Osmokruović, Stefan, (?, prva polovica 17. st. – ?, 1666.), veliki sudac Križevačke kapetanije, koja je obuhvaćala dio sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Nazivao se i Osmokruh, Osmokrug i Osmokruč. Uz potporu koprivničkoga i ivaničkoga velikog suca pokrenuo je 1665. u Varaždinskome generalatu bunu krajišnika protiv austrijskih časnika. Buna je izbila zbog kršenja i zloupotreba krajiških povlastica ustanovljenih 1630. u Statuta Valachorum Smatrajući sebe zapovjednikom krajišnika, koji je podređen izravno caru, Osmokruhović je zahtijevao da se krajišnicima prizna pravo vlasništva na zemlje između Save i Drave. Koristeći neslogu pobunjenika, bunu je 1666. ugušio austrijski vicegeneral Ivan Josip Herberstein. Ubrzo potom Osmokruhović je zajedno sa svojim suradnicima bio osuđen na smrt zbog veleizdaje. Nakon te bune gotovo je nestalo krajiške upravno-sudske autonomije; mjesta krajiških velikih sudaca više nisu bila popunjavana, a sve važne funkcije prebačene su u djelokrug vojnih zapovjednika, velikih kapetana.

Izvori

Hrvatska povijest (1527. – 1790.)
Vojna krajina
Vojna povijest 17. stoljeća

Osmokruhovićeva buna


U.S. Route 82 (US 82) is an east–west United States highway in the Southern United States. Created on July 1, 1931 across central Mississippi and southern Arkansas, US 82 eventually became a  route extending from the White Sands of New Mexico to Georgia's Atlantic coast.

The highway's eastern terminus is in Brunswick, Georgia, at an interchange with Interstate 95.  It is co-signed for its last   with U.S. Route 17.  Its western terminus is in Alamogordo, New Mexico at an intersection with U.S. Route 54 and U.S. Route 70.

Route description

New Mexico

US 82 begins at an intersection with US highways 54 and 70 north of Alamogordo, and south of La Luz, New Mexico. Heading east out of Alamogordo the road ascends into the Sacramento Mountains, traveling through the Lincoln National Forest.  While climbing steep Mexican Canyon, the highway passes the abandoned railroad trestles of the El Paso and Northeastern Railway, and passes through the only road tunnel in New Mexico. The road then traverses the New Mexico villages of High Rolls, Cloudcroft, and Mayhill  After descending the mountains into the rugged, flat plains of eastern New Mexico, it generally follows a north-northeasterly bearing until Artesia, where it takes a more due-easterly bearing on through to Lovington, veering back slightly to the north before crossing into Texas.

Texas

US 82 crosses into Texas from New Mexico at Texas Farm to Market Road 769, turning northeastward toward Plains, where it merges with US 380. US 82 is co-signed with US 380 from Plains to Brownfield, where it joins US 62, and US 380 leaves the route. US 82/62 continues northeastward toward Lubbock.

In Lubbock, US 82 and US 62 split, where US 82 is a limited access freeway west of US Route 87. From Wolfforth to downtown Lubbock, US 82 is named Marsha Sharp Freeway after Marsha Sharp, former head basketball coach of the Texas Tech Lady Raiders and Women's Basketball Hall of Fame inductee. It once again merges with US 62 (along with State Highway 114) east of the campus of Texas Tech University, where it continues eastward through Ralls, where US 62 makes a sharp turn to the north and leaves the route.  US 82 continues eastward across the level plains of the Llano Estacado to Crosbyton and then dips downward as it crosses the White River of Blanco Canyon, where the Texas Department of Transportation maintains the Silver Falls Rest Area with facilities and hiking trails.  After climbing out of Blanco Canyon, US 82 eventually exits the Llano Estacado and enters the rolling plains near Dickens, Texas.

US 82/SH 114 continues eastward as a co-signed route until Seymour, where it merges with U.S. Highways 183, 277 and 283, with US 183 and 283 leaving the route at Mabelle. US 82/277 continues eastward to Wichita Falls, merging with US 287 just south of downtown. US 82 leaves US 287 at Henrietta and continues east, signed independently (apart from various state highway routes) across the remainder of Texas, crossing into Arkansas in downtown Texarkana.

Arkansas

US 82 enters Arkansas in downtown Texarkana, then proceeds almost due east across the flat plains of the Red River.  It crosses the Red River at Garland City on a new bridge, then passes through the towns of Lewisville and  Magnolia.  At Magnolia the route joins US 79 for approximately two miles before continuing eastward.  The route passes through the cities of El Dorado and Strong before crossing the Ouachita River just north of Lake Jack Lee, then continues through Crossett and Hamburg to Lake Village.  The route continues from there across the Mississippi River to Greenville, MS.  US 82 closely follows the historical alignment of Arkansas Highway 2.

Mississippi

Through the entire state, the highway is four-laned with interchanges at major junctions.  After crossing the Mississippi River from Arkansas via a four-laned, cable-stayed Mississippi River bridge, the road briefly travels northeast toward central Greenville, then turns east to Columbus, passing through Indianola, Greenwood, Winona, and Starkville, while bypassing Itta Bena.

According to the Mississippi Department of Transportation, construction is now underway on a U.S. 82 bypass around Greenville.  The new road will commence at the recently opened Mississippi River Bridge and terminate at the current U.S. 82 near Leland, creating a half-loop freeway around South Greenville.  Cloverleaf interchanges are presently being built at the freeway's junctions with MS 454 and MS 1. This new bypass will be the southern terminus for the planned freeway connector to Interstate 69, which is also under construction through the northern Mississippi Delta.

From Starkville east through Columbus and on to the Alabama state line, US 82 is built to freeway standards.

Alabama

Throughout Alabama, US 82 is paired with unsigned State Route 6 (SR 6). The highway enters the state east of Columbus, Mississippi, and bears southeast towards Northport and Tuscaloosa, where it crosses over I-20 and I-59 south of town. It is known in West Alabama as McFarland Boulevard, in memory of Ward Wharton McFarland, a political, business, and civic leader who died in 1979. After leaving Tuscaloosa, the route continues southeast, passing through the cities of Brent, Centreville, and Maplesville en route to Prattville, on the northern edge of the Montgomery metropolitan area. This approximately  drive goes through some of the most rural areas of the state, much of it two lanes with the exception of the section from Tuscaloosa to Centreville. Upon arriving in Prattville, it runs concurrently with I-65, with which it goes through downtown Montgomery with (also junctioning with the current southern terminus of I-85), and splits off to the east south of downtown. After leaving Montgomery, the route continues southeast through Union Springs and Midway en route to Eufaula, on the Alabama–Georgia state line, where it junctions with US 431. The route then crosses over the Chattahoochee River into Georgetown, Georgia, over Lake Eufaula.

Currently in Pickens County, Alabama, a widening project of US 82 is underway to make the highway four lanes. New bridges are being constructed using Federal Highway Administration monies, as well as matching Alabama Department of Transportation funds. Four-laning the highway in Tuscaloosa County, west of Northport to the Pickens County line, was completed in the fall of 2010. The highway is now four lanes from the Mississippi state line to just southeast of Centreville at mile marker 88, with the exception of a short two lane stretch from Gordo to the Tuscaloosa County line.

Georgia

US 82 is a  U.S. Highway in the U.S. state of Georgia.

Throughout much of southern Georgia, US 82 is paired with State Route 520 and designated as "Corridor Z" and "South Georgia Parkway." West of Dawson, US 82 is paired with State Route 50, the historic State Route number for US 82 in Georgia. From Dawson onwards, US 82 becomes a four-lane highway as it moves through Albany and then onto Tifton where US 82 intersects with I-75. After this the highway moves east through southern plains and Waycross, near the Okefenokee Swamp. US 82 then proceeds to Brunswick, where it terminates at the intersection with I-95.

History
During the initial creation of the US Highway System, the US 82 designation was unassigned. The Mississippi Highway Department requested the creation of a route between Greenville and Columbus, additionally proposing that it should be extended eastward to Birmingham, Alabama, and into Arkansas. The American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) initially balked at the request because it was not accompanied by concurrent requests from Arkansas or Alabama, and because the proposed route utilized several private toll bridges. Following concurrence from Arkansas, the route was approved on July 1, 1931. In Arkansas, US 82 completely replaced State Road 2, running from the Mississippi River to US 71 in Texarkana. US 82 was extended east into Alabama and west into Texas in 1934; making US 82 a  route from US 385 in Lubbock to US 11 in Tuscaloosa. Over the next eight years, construction and other routing improvements reduced the total length to . In 1948, the route was extended east to Waycross, Georgia, with an extension east to US 17 in Midway, Georgia eight years later.

On November 26, 1960, an extension to Las Cruces, New Mexico was denied due to substandard roadway conditions in New Mexico, but was later approved on June 18, 1963. The route was extended east to I-95 in Chester, Georgia on June 25, 1979. The east ends of US 82 and U.S. Route 84 were swapped in 1989 after the roads around Waycross, Georgia, were reconfigured. This change made US 82's eastern terminus I-95 in Brunswick, Georgia, which is the current terminus today. New Mexico decided to delete an overlap with US 70 between Alamogordo and Las Cruces, resulting in the current western terminus at US 54/US 70.

Future

U.S. Route 82 is proposed to have an interchange with Interstate 69 in the near future.

The highway is also receiving a new routing to bypass Greenville, Mississippi.

Major intersections
New Mexico
  in Alamogordo
  in Artesia
Texas
  in Plains. The highways travel concurrently to Brownfield.
  in Brownfield. US 62/US 81 travels concurrently to Lubbock. US 82/US 385 travels concurrently through Brownfield.
  in Lubbock
  in Lubbock
  in Lubbock. The highways travel concurrently to southwest of Ralls.
  south of Guthrie
  north-northeast of Seymour. US 82/US 183/US 283 travels concurrently to Mabelle. US 82/US 277 travels concurrently to Wichita Falls.
  in Wichita Falls. US 82/US 281 travels concurrently through Wichita Falls. US 82/US 287 travels concurrently to west of Henrietta.
  in Ringgold
  in Gainesville
  in Whitesboro
  in Sherman
  in Bells
  in Paris. The highways travel concurrently through Paris.
  northwest of De Kalb
  west of New Boston
  in Texarkana
  in Texarkana. The highways travel concurrently to Texarkana, Arkansas.
  on the Texas–Arkansas state line on the Texarkana–Texarkana, Arkansas city line. The highways travel concurrently to Texarkana, Arkansas.
Arkansas
  in Texarkana
  in Magnolia
  in Magnolia. The highways travel concurrently through Magnolia.
  in El Dorado
  east of Crossett. The highways travel concurrently to Hamburg.
  south of Montrose
  in Lake Village. US 65/US 82 travels concurrently to Fairview. US 82/US 278 travels concurrently to east of Leland, Mississippi.
Mississippi
  east of Leland.
  in Indianola
  in Greenwood. The highways travel concurrently through Greenwood.
  in Winona
  in Winona
  west-southwest of Columbus. The highways travel concurrently to Columbus.
Alabama
  in Northport. The highways travel concurrently through Northport.
  in Tuscaloosa
  in Tuscaloosa
  in Prattville
  in Prattville. The highways travel concurrently to Montgomery.
  in Montgomery
  in Montgomery. US 80/US 82 travels concurrently through Montgomery.
  in Montgomery
  in Montgomery. US 82/US 231 travels concurrently to south-southeast of Pike Road.
  in Union Springs. The highways travel concurrently through Union Springs.
  in Eufaula. The highways travel concurrently through Eufaula.
Georgia
  east of Cuthbert
  in Albany. The highways travel concurrently through Albany.
  in Tifton
  in Tifton. The highways travel concurrently to east-southeast of Tifton.
  in Tifton
  northwest of Alapaha. The highways travel concurrently to Alapaha.
  in Pearson
  west of Deenwood. The highways travel concurrently to Waycross.
  in Waycross. The highways travel concurrently through Waycross.
  in Nahunta
  west of Brunswick. The highways travel concurrently for approximately .
  west of Brunswick

Special routes

Twelve special routes of US 82 currently exist: four in Arkansas, four in Texas, two in New Mexico, one in Mississippi, and one in Georgia.

See also

 Mississippi Highway 182
 Texas State Highway 56

References

External links

Endpoints of U.S. Highway 82

United States Numbered Highway System
U.S. Highways in New Mexico
U.S. Highways in Alabama

U.S. Route 82


Doukas ist der Name von

  Doukas (* um 1400; † nach 1462), byzantinischer Geschichtsschreiber, siehe Dukas (Historiker)

Doukas ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Neophytos Doukas (1760–1845), griechischer Gelehrter, Priester und Autor

Siehe auch:

 Dukas
 Dukas (Adelsgeschlecht)

Doukas