Pinus rigida, the pitch pine, is a small-to-medium-sized pine. It is native to eastern North America, primarily from central Maine south to Georgia and as far west as Kentucky. It is found in environments which other species would find unsuitable for growth, such as acidic, sandy, and low-nutrient soils.

Description
The pitch pine is irregular in shape, but grows to ). Branches are usually twisted, and it does a poor job at self-pruning. The needles are in fascicles (bundles) of three, about  in length, and are stout (over  broad) and often slightly twisted. The cones are  long and oval, with prickles on the scales. Trunks are usually straight with a slight curve, covered in large, thick, irregular plates of bark. Pitch pine has an exceptionally high regenerative ability; if the main trunk is cut or damaged by fire, it can re-sprout using epicormic shoots. This is one of its many adaptations to fire, which also include a thick bark to protect the sensitive cambium layer from heat. Burnt pitch pines often form stunted, twisted trees with multiple trunks as a result of the resprouting. This characteristic makes it a popular species for bonsai.

Pitch pine is rapid-growing when young, gaining around one foot of height per year under optimal conditions, until growth slows at 50–60 years. By 90 years of age, the amount of annual height gain is minimal. Open-growth trees begin bearing cones in as little as three years, with shade-inhabiting pines taking a few years longer. Cones take two years to mature. Seed dispersal occurs over the fall and winter, and trees cannot self-pollinate. The lifespan of a pitch pine is about 200 years or longer.

Taxonomy
It was given its scientific name, Pinus rigida, by British botanist Philip Miller. It belongs to the family Pinaceae and the subgenus Pinus (formerly Diploxylon), along with other hard pines.

Distribution and habitat
Pitch pine is found mainly in the southern areas of the northeastern United States, from coastal Maine and Ohio to Kentucky and northern Georgia. A few stands occur in southern Quebec and Ontario, mostly in two pockets along the St. Lawrence River. It is known as a pioneer species and is often the first tree to vegetate a site after it has been cleared away. It is a climax vegetation type in extreme conditions, but in most cases it is replaced by oaks and other hardwoods. This pine occupies a variety of habitats, from dry, acidic sandy uplands to swampy lowlands, and can survive in very poor conditions. It is the primary tree of the New Jersey Pine Barrens.

Ecology
Pitch pines provide habitat and food for many wildlife species. They are used for cover and nesting by birds such as the pine warbler, wild turkey, red-cockaded woodpecker, great-crested flycatcher, blue jay, black-capped chickadee, black-and-white warbler, Nashville warbler, and chestnut-sided warbler. Deer consume seedlings and new sprouts, and small mammals and birds eat the seeds.

This species occasionally hybridizes with other pine species, such as loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), and pond pine (Pinus serotina); the last is treated as a subspecies of pitch pine by some botanists.

Uses
Pitch pine is not a major timber tree due to the frequency of multiple or crooked trunks, nor is it as fast-growing as other eastern American pines. However, it grows well on unfavorable sites. In the past, it was a major source of pitch and timber for ship building, mine timbers, and railroad ties because the wood's high resin content preserves it from decay. As such, it has also been used for elaborate wood constructions, e. g. radio towers.

Pitch pine is currently used mainly for rough construction, pulp, crating, and fuel. However, due to its uneven growth, quantities of high quality can be difficult to obtain, and large lengths of pitch pine can be very costly.

Archaeology indicates that the Iroquois, Shinnecock, and Cherokee all utilized pitch pine. The Iroquois used the pitch to treat rheumatism, burns, cuts, and boils. Pitch also worked as a laxative. A pitch pine poultice was used by both the Iroquois and the Shinnecock to open boils and to treat abscesses. The Cherokee used pitch pine wood in canoe construction and for decorative carvings.

Pitch pine is known to cross with pond loblolly and shortleaf pines. One of those crosses is the pitlolly pine (pinus x rigitaeda), a natural hybrid between the loblolly pine and the pitch pine. This hybrid combines the tall size of the loblolly pine and the cold-hardiness of the pitch pine. This hybrid was used as substitute of loblolly pine and has been extensively planted in South Korea.

Gallery

References

rigida
Trees of the Eastern United States
Pinus rigida
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Trees of the Southeastern United States
Trees of the Northeastern United States
Flora of Massachusetts
Trees of Ontario
Pinus rigida
Pinus rigida
Garden plants of North America
Plants used in bonsai
Pinus rigida
Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Taxa named by Philip Miller

Pinus rigida


Waitangi (  or  , ) is a locality on the north side of the Waitangi River in the Bay of Islands, 60 kilometres north of Whangarei, on the North Island of New Zealand. It is close to the town of Paihia, to which it is connected by a bridge near the mouth of the Waitangi River estuary. While Statistics New Zealand and NZ Post consider the southern boundary of Waitangi to be the river and estuary, with the area further south being part of Paihia, the area by Te Tī Bay, immediately south of the river, is sometimes referred to as part of Waitangi.

"Waitangi" is a Māori-language name meaning "noisy waters" or "weeping waters", probably referring to the Haruru Falls on the Waitangi River.

The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed at Waitangi on 6 February 1840.  It is also the place where the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand was signed five years earlier, on 28 October 1835. This document was ratified by the British Crown the following year (1836).

History

Signing of Treaty of Waitangi

The Treaty of Waitangi proper began on 5 February 1840 when a public meeting was held on the grounds in front of James Busby's residence. Lieutenant Governor Hobson read a proposed document to the 300 or so European and Māori who were in attendance and then provided the Māori chiefs an opportunity to speak. Initially, a large number of chiefs (including Te Kemara, Rewa and Moka Te Kainga-mataa) spoke against accepting the Crown's proposition to rule over Aotearoa.  Later in the proceedings a few chiefs began to entertain the idea; amongst the more notable chiefs to support the Crown were Te Wharerahi, Pumuka, and the two Hokianga chiefs, Tāmati Wāka Nene and his brother Eruera Maihi Patuone.

The proceedings were ended and were to recommence on 7 February; however, a number of chiefs pressed to sign earlier. The Treaty of Waitangi was initially signed on 6 February 1840 in a marquee erected in the grounds of James Busby's house at Waitangi by representatives of the British Crown, the chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand, and other Māori tribal leaders, and subsequently by other Māori chiefs at other places in New Zealand. Not all of the chiefs chose to sign this document, with a number of chiefs either delaying or refusing to put pen to paper.

In 2007, researcher Brent Kerehona claimed that uncertainty has arisen over whether Ngapuhi chief Moka Te Kainga-mataa actually signed; despite his name appearing on this document. A close inspection of the Treaty document itself shows no evidence of a signature or 'mark' next to Moka's name (which is written as 'Te Tohu o Moka'). Kerehona elaborates by inferring that it is clear by the accounts of Colenso (1890) that not only did Moka clearly express his concerns about the Treaty's effects whilst at the meeting on February 5, but that the discussion that he had with the  Reverend Charles Baker, combined with Moka's final comment, should be taken into account.

The Treaty of Waitangi followed on from The Declaration of Independence (He Whakaputanga) but did not render it void.

Treaty Grounds

Waitangi Treaty Grounds has been open to the public since 1934. What is now called the 'Treaty House' was first occupied by James Busby, who acted as the British resident in New Zealand from 1832 until the arrival of William Hobson, and his wife Agnes Busby. The Treaty House was restored in the 1930s, in preparation for New Zealand Centenary in 1940, sparking the first emergence of the Treaty into Pākehā attention since the 19th century.

Te Whare Rūnanga, a carved Māori meeting house, was built near the Treaty House in 1939 and opened on 6 February 1940. The area of the whare is sometimes used as if it is a marae and referred to as the "upper marae", although it is not a true marae. There is a marae, Te Tii Waitangi, in Te Tī Bay on the south side of the Waitangi River that is sometimes referred to as the "lower marae".

Te Kōngahu Museum of Waitangi opened on the grounds in 2015. Another museum, Te Rau Aroha, opened in 2020.

Demographics
Statistics New Zealand describes Waitangi as a rural settlement. It covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2. The settlement is part of the larger Puketona-Waitangi statistical area.

Waitangi had a population of 51 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 15 people (−22.7%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 21 people (−29.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 39 households, comprising 30 males and 21 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.43 males per female. The median age was 39.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 6 people (11.8%) aged under 15 years, 12 (23.5%) aged 15 to 29, 21 (41.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 9 (17.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 58.8% European/Pākehā, 35.3% Māori, 11.8% Asian, and 5.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 52.9% had no religion, 35.3% were Christian, 11.8% were Hindu and 5.9% had Māori religious beliefs.

Of those at least 15 years old, 12 (26.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 0 (0.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $33,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 6 people (13.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 27 (60.0%) people were employed full-time, 12 (26.7%) were part-time, and 0 (0.0%) were unemployed.

References

 Colenso, William (1890) The Authentic and Genuine History of the Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, Published by the Government Printer, Wellington, in 1890, and reprinted by Capper Press, ChCh in 1971.

External links

 Waitangi Treaty Ground website
 Info on Waitangi
 Biography of chief Moka Te Kainga-mataa; signatory to the Declaration of Independence, Hobson's Proclamations, and participant in the Treaty of Waitangi.

Far North District
History of the Northland Region
Populated places in the Northland Region
Bay of Islands
Treaty of Waitangi

Waitangi, Northland


In medicine, some blood tests are conducted on capillary blood obtained by fingerstick (or fingerprick) (or, for neonates, by an analogous heelprick). The site, free of surface arterial flow, where the blood is to be collected is sterilized with a topical germicide, and the skin pierced with a sterile lancet. After a droplet has formed, capillary blood is captured in a capillary tube (usually relying on surface tension). Blood cells drawn from fingersticks have a tendency to undergo hemolysis, especially if the finger is "milked" to obtain more blood.

Uses
Tests commonly conducted on the capillary blood collected are:
 Glucose levels – Diabetics often have a portable blood meter to check on their blood sugar.
 Mononucleosis – Fingerstick testing can be used to test for mononucleosis.
 Hemoglobin levels – Fingerstick testing of hemoglobin is a quick screening procedure to ensure a blood or plasma donor has an acceptably high blood count for donating blood or blood components.
 Genetic testing – Heelprick testing of a newborn's DNA allows for early diagnosis and mitigation of common hereditary disorders.
 CBC
 Prothrombin time

Fingersticks are routine for hardy adults, but are generally performed on children and the elderly only if a small amount of blood suffices for needed tests. Neonates are given heelpricks instead, as this is less likely to cause permanent damage.

References

External links
 Heelpricks, section "Blood collection on babies"

Blood tests

Fingerstick


مصطلح رجل آسيا المريض أو رجل شرق آسيا المريض أو كما يكتب بالصينية التقليدية (東亞病夫 or 亞洲病夫) ويرمز إلى إمبراطورية تشبنغ الصينية التي استمرت من عام 1644 - 1912 وقد أطلق هذا اللقب على الامبراطورية الصينية في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وبداية القرن العشرين، عندما هزمت من الغرب والقوة اليابانية، حيث أجبرت على تقديم تنازلات إقليمية، ويقابل هذه العبارة "رجل أوروبا المريض"، في إشارة إلى ضعف الامبراطورية العثمانية خلال نفس الفترة. كما تم استخدام مصطلحات مذلة للصينيين من قبل الغزاة اليابانيين خلال فترة الحرب العالمية الثانية، وأيضا السنوات التي سبقتها مباشرةً، خلال احتلال اليابان أقسام من الدولة الصينية، هذه العبارة برزت في أفلام بروس لي مثل Fist of Fury وأفلام المخرج والممثل الصيني جت لي مثل فلم Fearless. أو الإقدام بالعربية، كما أنها استخدمت في أغنية شركة LMF من هونغ كونغ.

انظر أيضًا
 قرن الإهانة

المراجع

تاريخ الصين
تحقير
تمييز
سلالة تشنغ الحاكمة
سياسة الصين
عنصرية
قومية صينية
مشاعر معادية للصين

رجل آسيا المريض


Le Pardon de Ploërmel («El perdón de Ploërmel») es una opéra comique en tres actos con música de Giacomo Meyerbeer y libreto en francés de Jules Barbier y Michel Carré. Se estrenó en la Opéra-Comique de París el 4 de abril de 1859. La ópera ha conocido cierta notoriedad en el extranjero en su adaptación italiana, Dinorah.

Argumento
La acción se sitúa en Bretaña. Dinorah ha sido abandonada el día de su matrimonio. Ella busca en el campo a su amado Hoël. Llegada a la cabaña de Corentin, ella descansa. Hoël aparece, pero Dinorah, en su delirio, no lo reconoce. Corentin escucha la historia de Hoël: una tormenta destruyó su casa en el día de su boda. Entonces decidió partir en busca de un tesoro en lugar de condenar a su novia a vivir en la pobreza. Corentin y Hoel van al descubrimiento del presunto tesoro. Lo encuentran, pero ninguno de ellos accede a robar porque los espíritus lo conservan. Dinorah sobrevive. Hoel, creyendo que es una aparición, la agarra con sus piernas el cuello. Corentin pide a Dinorah que coja el tesoro. Ella se desmaya. Hoel regresa y la toma en sus brazos. Dinorah se despierta: ella ha olvidado el pasado reciente (el abandono de Hoel, el año pasado en su búsqueda). Hoel confirma que no ha pasado nada. Van los dos a la iglesia de Ploërmel a casarse.

Arias
 Ombre légère (soprano de coloratura). Este aria es una de las más bellas y temibles del repertorio de música francesa. Natalie Dessay y Mado Robin han destacado en ella así como Joan Sutherland y Edita Gruberova. Algunos mencionan que ésta aria fue con la que Maria Callas aprendió a dominar la coloratura.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Notas, discografía y libreto (francés / español) Kareol

Óperas de Giacomo Meyerbeer
Óperas en francés
Óperas de 1859
Óperas estrenadas en París

Le Pardon de Ploërmel


Die Autoroute 40 in der ostkanadischen Provinz Québec gehört teilweise zum Trans-Canada Highway-System. Sie ist die Fortführung des Ontario Highway 417 und hat eine Länge von 341 km.

Streckenbeschreibung
Die Autoroute beginnt an der Grenze zur westlichen Nachbarprovinz Ontario und setzt den dortigen Highway 417 fort, sie ist damit Teil des Trans-Canada Highways. Wie alle Autoroutes in Québec ist auch dieser autobahnähnlich ausgebaut. Die Autoroute verläuft südlich des Ottawa Rivers bis Vaudreuil-Dorion. Dort trifft auf die Autoroute 40 die Autoroute 540, die eine Anbindung an die Autoroute 20 darstellt. Die Autoroute 40 führt mit der Pont de l'Île aux Tourtes über den Lac des Deux Montagnes und kommt so zur Millionenstadt Montréal.

Die Straße verläuft nördlich des Flughafens Montréal-Trudeau, östlich vom Flughafen kreuzt Autoroute 13. Im Stadtteil Saint-Laurent trifft die Autoroute 15 auf die 40 und verläuft über 4 km gemeinsam. Im Stadtteil Anjou kreuzt Autoroute 25, die ab diesem Abschnitt die Auszeichnung als Trans-Canada Highway Richtung Osten übernimmt. Die Strecke orientiert sich nun am Lauf des Sankt-Lorenz-Stroms und verläuft parallel zu dessen nördlichen Ufers. In Trois-Rivières kreuzt Autoroute 55 und hat für 3,5 km eine gemeinsame Streckenführung. Die Autoroute folgt weiter nach Nordosten und gelangt in die Provinzhauptstadt Québec. Diese wird nordwestlich umfahren, wieder am Sankt-Lorenz-Strom angelangt endet die Autoroute.

Ausbauprojekte

Der Anschluss an den Flughafen Montréal-Trudeau soll modernisiert werden, das Projekt soll bis 2017 fertiggestellt werden.

Olympische Sommerspiele 1976
Während den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1976 wurde auf der Autoroute 40 am 18. Juli das Mannschaftszeitfahren im Straßenradsport ausgetragen. Dabei wurde auf der 50 km lange Fairview Circuit errichtet, dessen Start und Ziel sich am CF Fairview Pointe Claire befand. Eine Stunde nach Ende des Rennens wurde die Straße wieder für den öffentlichen Verkehr freigegeben.

Weblinks

Website zum Trans-Canada-Highway

Einzelnachweise

Straße in Québec
Autobahn in Kanada
Autoroute Quebec040
Trans-Canada Highway
Wettkampfstätte der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1976

Autoroute 40 (Québec)


Charinus sooretama est une espèce d'amblypyges de la famille des Charinidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de l'Espírito Santo au Brésil. Elle se rencontre vers Sooretama.

Description
La carapace des mâles mesure de  à  de long sur de  à  et celle des femelles de  à  de long sur de  à .

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, Sooretama.

Publication originale
 Miranda, Giupponi, Prendini & Scharff, 2021 : « Systematic revision of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Arachnida, Amblypygi). » European Journal of Taxonomy, ,  (texte intégral).

Notes et références

Charinidae
Espèce d'amblypyges (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de l'Espírito Santo

Charinus sooretama


Eridano bezeichnet

Eridano (Schiff) der Marine des Königreichs Sardinien-Piemont von 1840
Eridano (Fluss), ehemaliger Arm des Podeltas
Sclavo Automobili Eridano

Eridano


Sportingbet este un operator britanic de jocuri de noroc online, deținut de GVC Holdings plc. Compania a fost listată la Bursa din Londra și a constituit FTSE SmallCap Index înainte de achiziționarea sa de către GVC. Acest site de pariuri sportive este aprobat de Oficiul Național pentru Jocuri de Noroc.

Referințe

Legături externe

GVC Holdings
Pariuri sportive
Case de pariuri

Sportingbet


Acer micranthum, the small-leaved maple, is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae in the snakebark maple group, native to Japan, on Honshū, Kyūshū and Shikoku. Its Japanese name is the .

It is a small, sometimes shrubby tree growing  tall, with slender, arching branches. The bark is smooth and striped at first, becoming rough and dull grey on mature trees. The shoots and winter buds are dark purple-red. The leaves are 4–10 cm long and 2–8 cm broad, palmately lobed, with five deeply toothed lobes with long acuminate tips and double-serrated margins, and with distinctive tufts of orange-red hairs in the main vein axils at the base of the leaf; the petiole is 2–5 cm long. The leaves emerge red in spring and turn shades of yellow, orange and red in autumn. The flowers are produced in early summer in racemes 4–10 cm long, each flower 4 mm diameter, with five yellow to greenish-yellow sepals and petals; it is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate trees. The fruit is a paired samara with two rounded nutlets, each with a wing 1.5–2 cm long; the two wings spreading almost horizontally from each other.

It is most closely related to Acer tschonoskii, which replaces it further north and at higher altitudes in Japan; they have very similar leaf form.

Acer micranthum is  cultivated as an ornamental tree in European and North American gardens, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Though hardy down to , it requires a sheltered position in neutral or acid soil with sun or partial shade.

References

micranthum
Endemic flora of Japan
Trees of Japan
Plants described in 1845
Dioecious plants
Taxa named by Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini
Taxa named by Philipp Franz von Siebold

Acer micranthum


Les  processus clinoïdes moyens (ou apophyses clinoïdes moyennes) sont deux petites saillies osseuses situées aux extrémités de la crête synostosique de la selle turcique.

Ils donnent insertion à la tente de l'hypophyse, qui couvre et protège l'hypophyse. Cette tente se finira sur les processus clinoïdes postérieurs.

Notes et références

Crâne

Processus clinoïde moyen


Pitagorina trojka je naziv za uređenu trojku prirodnih brojeva  gdje su  i  duljine kateta, a  duljina hipotenuze nekog pravokutnog trokuta. Prema Pitagorinom poučku je .

Ako su  relativno prosti, onda kažemo da je  primitivna Pitagorina trojka. Takav trokut sukladno tome nazivljemo primitivni Pitagorin trokut. Uočimo da iz  slijedi da je .

Poznato je da je francuski matematičar i pravnik Pierre de Fermat u svojim radovima u vezi Fermatovog posljednjeg teorema koristio tzv. metodu beskonačnog spusta. U tim se radovima bavio i Pitagorinim trojkama jer su one zapravo rješenje Fermatove jednadžbe  za slučaj n = 2.

Euklidova formula
Euklidova formula je teorem koji daje jednostavnu formulu kojom se mogu generirati sve Pitagorine trojke. Teorem kaže da su sve Pitagorine trojke  u kojima je  paran, dane formulama , gdje je  i  relativno prosti prirodni brojevi različite parnosti.

Dokaz.
Pretpostavimo da imamo primitivnu Pitagorinu trojku sa stranicama . Tada je  i vrijedi  (1). (Trebaju biti sva tri međusobno relativno prosta jer da je npr.  iz (1) slijedilo bi da .) Jasno je da ne mogu sva tri broja  biti neparna, a očito ne može biti više od jednog parnog jer bi tada  ne bi bili relativno prosti. Dakle, jedan od  mora biti paran. Dokazat ćemo da je  neparan. Naime, kada bi  bio paran, tada bi  trebali biti neparni. No, onda bi iz (1) slijedilo da je lijeva strana jednakosti daje ostatak 2, a desna ostatak 0 pri dijeljenju s 4, što je kontradikcija. Dakle,  je neparan te su  različite parnosti.

Sada bez smanjenja općenitosti pretpostavimo da je  paran. Zapišimo (1) u obliku  (2), gdje su  oba parni, jer su očito iste parnosti, a na lijevoj strani je paran broj. Dakle, postoje  takvi da . Uvrštavanjem u (2) dobije se . Pokažimo sada da su  također relativno prosti. Kako  dijeli oba  slijedi  pa je . Odmah se vidi da, zbog toga što je  prema Osnovnom stavku aritmetike slijedi da su oba  potpuni kvadrati pa postoje  takvi da je . Kako je  slijedi da su i  relativno prosti te odovuda slijedi
. Zbog toga što su  oba neparni jasno je da su  različite parnosti. Iz (1) dobivamo da je

Valjda još dokazati da je za bilo koja dva relativno prosta prirodna broja  trojka  zapravo primitivna Pitagorina trojka. Očito je da  vrijedi, dakle treba još samo pokazati da je . Pretpostavimo da postoji  takav da . Kako je  neparan vrijedi  pa  mora dijeliti točno jedan od ; neka BSO . Tada  pa  iz čega je , što je kontradikcija.

Ovime smo pokazali valjanost Euklidove formule, odnosno da su sve Pitagorine trojke dane identitetom  na skupu prirodnih brojeva.

Povezanost s kompleksnim brojevima
Neka je . Tada vrijedi .

Stavimo  pa ćemo imati:

I sada iz jednakosti  za svaki  dobijemo jednu Pitagorinu trojku brojeva.

Napomena o ekvivalenciji
Samo na temelju definicije Pitagorine trojke nije očito da će rješavanje jednadžbe  u skupu prirodnih brojeva biti potpuno ekvivalentno traženju Pitagorinih trojki.

Naime, nije otklonjena mogućnost da ako je trojka  za  rješenje jednadžbe (1), da uistinu postoji pravokutan trokut sa stranicama .

Da bismo dokazali da za svaku trojku koja je rješenje jednadžbe (1) postoji takav pravokutan trokut dovoljno je pokazati da za bilo koju takvu trojku  vrijedi nejednakost trokuta, tj. da mora biti  jer će tada biti moguće konstruirati pravokutan trokut sa stranicama .

Treba uočiti da je jednadžba (1) ekvivalentna s  iz čega slijedi  (jer je ) pa je očito  Analogno se pokazuju druge dvije nejednakosti.

Ovime je ekvivalencija dokazana, odnosno svaka trojka prirodnih brojeva  koja zadovoljava  je ujedino i jedna Pitagorina trojka.

Izvori

Matematika

Pitagorine trojke


Ricardo Sanchez (born September 9, 1953) is a former lieutenant general in the United States Army.  His career was most notable for authorizing the use of torture at the Abu Gharib prison between 2003 and 2004.

Early life and education
Sánchez was born into a poor Mexican American family in Rio Grande City, Texas. During the Vietnam War, Sánchez was in college.  He spent one year at the University of Texas at Austin on an ROTC scholarship, eventually transferring to Texas A&M University-Kingsville, where he graduated in 1973 with a double major in mathematics and history. Sánchez was named a Distinguished Military Graduate (DMG), meaning he was in the top 20% of all ROTC cadets in the nation.  He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army.

Career

Sánchez became a platoon leader in the 82nd Airborne Division, stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. By 1977, he had transferred from the infantry to armor. He received promotions regularly and was stationed at posts in the United States, South Korea, Panama and Germany.

In 1991, then Lieutenant Colonel Sánchez served as a battalion commander during Operation Desert Storm, successfully leading his unit of the 197th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) to Basra without suffering any casualties. Shortly after the Gulf War, Sánchez was promoted to colonel and given command of the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Infantry Division. Afterwards, he served on the staff of U.S. Southern Command, first as deputy chief of staff then as director of operations.

On July 10, 2001, by then a general, Sánchez became commander of 1st Armored Division under V Corps. He held that position for nearly two years, including commanding the division during the invasion of Iraq in March 2003, before assuming command of V Corps on June 14, 2003. On this date he also became commander of Combined Joint Task Force 7, the coalition ground forces in the U.S.-led occupation of Iraq. Much of Sánchez's time commanding 1st Armored Division had been as a brigadier general.

Commander of Coalition Ground Forces in Iraq

June 2003 to June 2004
Sánchez held the top military position in Iraq during what was arguably one of the most critical periods of the war—the year after the fall of the Hussein regime, and the time the insurgency took root and began its counterattack. Highlights during his tenure as commander in Iraq include the killing of Uday and Qusay Hussein, and the capture of Saddam Hussein.

He was in command when the abuse of prisoners occurred most notably at Abu Ghraib prison. Some have been highly critical of the U.S. military's failure to hold senior officers accountable, as blame for abuses at Abu Ghraib and other detention centers was placed only on a few individuals of the lowest rank.

Sánchez was succeeded as commander of coalition ground forces in Iraq by a four-star general: former Army Vice Chief of Staff George Casey. This changeover was part of a larger split in responsibilities as Sánchez's former command, Combined Joint Task Force 7 under a three-star general, was superseded by Multi-National Force Iraq under a four-star general.

Disunity in leadership
L. Paul Bremer was the leader of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq. As the appointed authority, Bremer wanted national elections to take place only after the creation of a constitution that included basic principles about the election process. This led to the delay of the elections, which led to serious problems. It was during this time that the power vacuum within Baghdad was being filled by a Shi'a cleric, a factor that Bremer failed to take into account. Insurgency among Sunni civilians first became a problem when American troops first became a presence on Iraqi soil. This insurgency led to Bremer kicking all the Sunni Ba'thists out the Iraqi administration and the disbandment of the Iraqi army via Coalition Provisional Authority Order 2, which only prompted a harsh response from the American troops. This was a very poor decision on Bremer's part, according to Sánchez, who viewed the insurgency as mostly provoked by Bremer. He is quoted as saying,

When you take a father in front of his family and put a bag over his head and put him on the ground, you have a significant adverse effect on his dignity and respect in the eyes of his family.

There was almost a complete failure to communicate between Bremer, the top civilian, and Sánchez, the military leader. According to journalist Thomas Ricks: "It was very clear they hated each other. They lived in the same palace and didn't talk to each other." This disunity in leadership has been cited as one of the major failures of the first year of the Iraq War.

Abu Ghraib scandal
Sánchez was commander of coalition forces during a period when abuse of prisoners occurred at Abu Ghraib and at other locations. In a memo signed by General Sánchez and later acquired by the ACLU through a Freedom of Information Act request, techniques were authorized to interrogate prisoners, included "environmental manipulation" such as making a room hot or cold or using an "unpleasant smell", isolating a prisoner, disrupting normal sleep patterns and "convincing the detainee that individuals from a country other than the United States are interrogating him."

On May 5, 2006, Sánchez denied ever authorizing interrogators to "go to the outer limits". Sánchez said he had told interrogators: "...we should be conducting our interrogations to the limits of our authority." Sanchez called the ACLU: "...a bunch of sensationalist liars, I mean lawyers, that will distort any and all information that they get to draw attention to their positions."

Documents obtained by The Washington Post and the ACLU showed that Sanchez authorized the use of military dogs, temperature extremes, reversed sleep patterns, and sensory deprivation as interrogation methods in Abu Ghraib. A November 2004 report by Brigadier General Richard Formica found that many troops at the Abu Ghraib prison had been following orders based on a memorandum from Sanchez, and that the abuse had not been carried out by isolated "criminal" elements. ACLU lawyer Amrit Singh said in a statement from the union that "General Sanchez authorized interrogation techniques that were in clear violation of the Geneva Conventions and the army's own standards."

Military career after Iraq
In June 2004, Sánchez relinquished command of the Multi-National Force Iraq (MNF-I) to General George Casey, Vice Chief of Staff of the Army.  Sánchez returned to Germany, where he continued as Commanding General, V Corps.  He was briefly considered for promotion to four-star rank with assignment as Commander, Southern Command; nomination would have required Senate confirmation, which would have been contentious due to the Abu Ghraib scandal.  He was not nominated; the position went to General Bantz Craddock.

On September 6, 2006, Sánchez relinquished command of V Corps in a ceremony at Campbell Barracks, Heidelberg, Germany.  Sánchez had commanded the corps for more than 3 years; longer than any previous commander in the unit's history.  In deference to Sánchez' longevity, he relinquished command to General David McKiernan, Commanding General, US Army Europe and Seventh Army, his higher commander, instead of to a successor.

Sánchez retired on November 1, 2006, culminating 33 years of Army service.  Sánchez now lives in his home state of Texas.

In May 2008 Sanchez's autobiography Wiser in Battle: a Soldier's Story was published by HarperCollins Publishers.  The book focused mostly on Sanchez's frustrations following his appointment to command coalition ground forces in Iraq in 2003.

2012 U.S. Senate campaign
In May 2011, Sánchez announced that he was considering a candidacy for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate seat held by Kay Bailey Hutchison in the 2012 elections.  If he ran, Sánchez indicated that his campaign would be guided by the tenets of Catholic faith, as well as his experiences in growing up so poor that members of his family used cardboard to cover holes in their shoes.  On December 16, 2011, he announced that he would not run, citing a fire that destroyed his home and other concerns. In a statement to his followers Sanchez stated:

I am very grateful for the strong support and encouragement I have received from supporters across the country and the wonderful Texans I have met in every part of our great state. However, pressing personal challenges, coupled with the recent loss of our home due to fire and lagging fundraising numbers make a statewide election campaign impractical for me at this time.

After extensive consultation with my family, Maria Elena and I have decided to put family first and I will therefore end my campaign for the 2012 U.S. Senate seat as of today.

I am blessed to have made friends with so many great Texans on this journey.  Their personal stories and their love for our homeland will continue to inspire me as I look ahead and consider future opportunities for public service.  I remain steadfast in the desire to serve both my country and the State of Texas to help bring new, responsible, and fair-minded leadership to our government.
May God Bless Texas and May God Bless America.

Criticism of the media and political leadership
Speaking to a group of military reporters and editors in Washington, D.C., on October 12, 2007, Sanchez lambasted the media for "sensationalist" coverage and "self-aggrandizement" and expressing the belief that reporters were willing to "compromise [their] integrity" and "display questionable ethics" to get front page stories:
The death knell of your ethics has been enabled by your parent organizations who have chosen to align themselves with political agendas. What is clear to me is that you are perpetuating the corrosive partisan politics that is destroying our country and killing our servicemen who are at war.

My assessment is that your profession, to some extent, has strayed from these ethical standards and allowed external agendas to manipulate what the American public sees on TV, what they read in our newspapers and what they see on the web. For some of you, just like some politicians, the truth is of little to no value if it does not fit your preconceived notions, biases and agendas.

Sánchez went on to criticize the partisanship that has characterized America's political leadership on Iraq:

There has been a glaring, unfortunate, display of incompetent strategic leadership within our national leaders. As a Japanese proverb says, "Action without vision is a nightmare." There is no question that America is living a nightmare with no end in sight.

Since 2003, the politics of war have been characterized by partisanship as the Republican and Democratic parties struggled for power in Washington. National efforts to date have been corrupted by partisan politics that have prevented us from devising effective, executable, supportable solutions. At times, these partisan struggles have led to political decisions that endangered the lives of our sons and daughters on the battlefield. The unmistakable message was that political power had a greater priority than our national security objectives. Overcoming this strategic failure is the first step toward achieving victory in Iraq — without bipartisan cooperation we are doomed to fail. There is nothing going on in Washington that would give us hope.

Sánchez has become the most senior retired general to criticize American political leadership of the war.

Military awards
Among Ricardo Sánchez military awards and decorations are the following:

Decorations and medals

Badge
  Master Parachutist Badge

Bibliography
On May 6, 2008, HarperCollins Publishers released Wiser in Battle: A Soldier's Story, a memoir by General Sánchez and Donald T. Phillips.

On May 7, 2008, General Sánchez was interviewed by Fresh Air host Terry Gross on NPR where he discussed the Iraq war, his life and book.

References

External links

U.S. Commander Retires Over Abu Ghraib
Complete text, audio, and video of Ricardo Sanchez' speech to a military reporters and editors forum luncheon
The Story of Ricardo S. Sanchez by Our World in Balance
U.S. commander "allowed prison abuse" (Friday 27 August 2004, Aljazeera)
SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE INQUIRY INTO THE TREATMENT OF DETAINEES IN U.S. CUSTODY United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, 2008

1953 births
Living people
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
Military leaders of the Iraq War
American people of Mexican descent
Texas A&M University–Kingsville alumni
People from Rio Grande City, Texas
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
Texas Democrats
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Catholics from Texas

Ricardo Sanchez


La saison 2022 du Championnat d'Irlande du Nord féminin de football  est la dix-neuvième saison du championnat. Le Glentoran Women's Football Club vainqueur des deux éditions précédentes remet son titre en jeu.

Organisation
Le championnat rassemble huit équipes. Au terme de la saison 2021 aucune équipe n'a été reléguée et aucune n'a été promue.

La compétition se déroule d'abord en une série de matchs aller-retour, soit quatorze rencontres. À l'issue des 14 premières journées, deux poules sont constituées selon le classement du moment : les quatre premières équipes s'affrontent entre elles une seule fois (à domicile ou à l'extérieur) ; il en est de même pour les quatre dernières.

Les clubs participants

Ce tableau présente les six équipes qualifiées pour disputer le championnat.

Compétition

La pré-saison
Le , l'internationale nord-irlandaise Jessica Foy devient la première footballeuse de l'histoire nord-irlandaise à signer un contrat professionnel avec une équipe disputant le championnat national. Elle paraphe un contrat avec le Glentoran Women's Football Club, l'équipe dont elle est la capitaine et avec laquelle a remporté le championnat 2021.

Les moments forts de la saison
La  journée disputée le  marque la moitié du championnat. Cliftonville Ladies domine le championnat avec sept victoires en autant de matchs et cinq points d'avance sur Glentoran Women's, les championnes en titre.

La  journée est prévue pour le 1er août. Le championnat s'interrompt deux mois, laissant la place pour le Championnat d'Europe féminin de football 2022 auquel participe pour la première fois l'Équipe d'Irlande du Nord féminine de football.

Le  la fédération nord-irlandaise annonce une nouvelle évolution pour le championnat. A partir de la saison 2023 deux nouvelles équipes rejoignent la compétition qui passe ainsi de huit à dix équipes. Les nouvelles arrivantes sont issues du Championship, la deuxième division nationale. Larne Football Club Women et Ballymena United Football Club. de fait il n'est prévu aucune relégation pour la saison en cours.

Le  Cliftonville remporte le premier titre de championnes d'Irlande du Nord de son histoire. L'équipe ne peut plus être rattrapée par ses suivantes immédiates et adversaires lors de la dernière journée de la compétition.

Classement

|valign=top align=left width=50%|

|}

Résultats

Bilan de la saison

Notes et références

Voir aussi
Championnat d'Irlande du Nord de football 2021-2022

2022
Irlande du Nord féminin
Football féminin

Championnat d'Irlande du Nord féminin de football 2022


Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow () a fost un tehnician și inventator german. El a inventat discul Nipkow, una dintre primele tehnologii de succes pentru transmisia de televiziune. Sute de posturi au experimentat difuzarea semnalelor de televiziune folosind sistemul lui Nipkow în anii 1920 și 1930, până când acesta a fost înlocuit de către sistemele complet electronice în 1940.

Începuturi
Nipkow s-a născut în Lauenburg (astăzi Lębork) în provincia prusacă Pomerania, care face parte acum din Polonia. În timp ce era elev la școala din localitatea învecinată Neustadt (astăzi Wejherowo) din provincia Prusia de Vest, Nipkow a realizat experimente legate de telefonie și de transmisia imaginilor în mișcare. După absolvire, a plecat la Berlin pentru a studia științele fizice. A studiat optica fiziologică cu Hermann von Helmholtz și electrofizica cu Adolf Slaby.

Discul Nipkow

În timp ce era încă student, el a conceput ideea de a folosi un disc rotativ perforat în spirală (discul Nipkow) pentru a diviza o imagine într-un mozaic de puncte și linii. Această idee i-a venit în timp ce stătea singur acasă cu o lampă de petrol în Ajunul Crăciunului din anul 1883. Alexander Bain transmisese deja imagini prin telegraf în 1840, dar discul Nipkow a îmbunătățit procesul de codare.

S-a adresat oficiului imperial de brevete din Berlin pentru a solicita un brevet cu privire la un telescop electric pentru reproducerea electrică a obiectelor luminoase, în categoria "aparate electrice". Brevetul i-a fost acordat pe 15 ianuarie 1885, retroactiv de la data de 6 ianuarie 1884. Nu se știe dacă Nipkow a mai încercat vreodată realizarea practică a acestui disc, dar se poate presupune că el nu a construit niciodată unul. Brevetul a expirat după 15 ani din cauza lipsei de interes. Nipkow a ocupat o poziție de inginer proiectant la un institut din Berlin-Buchloh și nu a mai continuat să lucreze la difuzarea de imagini.

Primele sisteme de televiziune
Primele transmisii de televiziune au folosit o metodă de scanare a imaginii mecanico-optică, metodă la a cărei realizare contribuise și Nipkow cu discul său; el putea solicita o recunoaștere a meritului său la realizarea invenției. Nipkow a relatat prima vizionare a unei transmisii de televiziune la o emisiune radiofonică din Berlin în 1928: "televizoarele se aflau în încăperi întunecoase. Sute de persoane ședeau și așteptau răbdătoare momentul în care vor vedea pentru prima dată o transmisie de televiziune. Am așteptat printre ei, tot mai nervos. Acum, pentru prima dată urma să văd ceea ce concepusem acum 45 de ani. În cele din urmă am ajuns la rând; o pânză de culoare închisă a fost dată la o parte și am văzut în fața mea o imagine ce pâlpâia, nu prea ușor de deslușit." Sistemul experimentat a provenit de la compania de televiziune Baird a lui John Logie Baird.

Din 1936, atunci când nou înființatul BBC Television Service a ales-o în locul sistemului mecanic al lui Baird, scanarea complet electronică a imaginii, bazată pe munca lui Manfred von Ardenne și pe iconoscopul inventat de Vladimir Zworykin, a devenit din ce în ce mai răspândită și invenția lui Nipkow nu a mai fost esențială pentru dezvoltarea mai departe a transmisiei de televiziune.

Transmițătorul Paul Nipkow
Primul post de televiziune public din Germania, care a început să funcționeze la Berlin, în 1935, a fost numit Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow după Paul Nipkow - "părintele spiritual" al elementului de bază al primei generații a tehnologiei de transmisie televizată. El a devenit președinte de onoare al "consiliului televiziunii" de la "Imperial Broadcasting Chamber". Nipkow a murit în Berlin.

În unul dintre ultimele episoade ale serialului britanic de spionaj Secret Army, Nipkow este creditat ca fiind singurul inventator al televiziunii prin Standartenfuhrer Kessler, deoarece el ar fi conceput circuitul de camere video de supraveghere cu circuit închis pe care l-a instalat la sediul Gestapo-ului de la Bruxelles.

Referințe

Legături externe

 The Television System of Paul Nipkow

Vezi și
 Listă de inventatori și descoperitori germani
 Istoria televiziunii

Nașteri în 1860
Decese în 1940
Inventatori germani
Oameni din Pomerania

Paul Nipkow


In computer science, a union is a value that may have any of several representations or formats within the same position in memory; that consists of a variable that may hold such a data structure. Some programming languages support special data types, called union types, to describe such values and variables. In other words, a union type definition will specify which of a number of permitted primitive types may be stored in its instances, e.g., "float or long integer". In contrast with a record (or structure), which could be defined to contain both a float and an integer; in a union, there is only one value at any given time.

A union can be pictured as a chunk of memory that is used to store variables of different data types. Once a new value is assigned to a field, the existing data is overwritten with the new data. The memory area storing the value has no intrinsic type (other than just bytes or words of memory), but the value can be treated as one of several abstract data types, having the type of the value that was last written to the memory area.

In type theory, a union has a sum type; this corresponds to disjoint union in mathematics.

Depending on the language and type, a union value may be used in some operations, such as assignment and comparison for equality, without knowing its specific type.  Other operations may require that knowledge, either by some external information, or by the use of a tagged union.

Untagged unions
Because of the limitations of their use, untagged unions are generally only provided in untyped languages or in a type-unsafe way (as in C). They have the advantage over simple tagged unions of not requiring space to store a data type tag.

The name "union" stems from the type's formal definition. If a type is considered as the set of all values that that type can take on, a union type is simply the mathematical union of its constituting types, since it can take on any value any of its fields can. Also, because a mathematical union discards duplicates, if more than one field of the union can take on a single common value, it is impossible to tell from the value alone which field was last written.

However, one useful programming function of unions is to map smaller data elements to larger ones for easier manipulation. A data structure consisting, for example, of 4 bytes and a 32-bit integer, can form a union with an unsigned 64-bit integer, and thus be more readily accessed for purposes of comparison etc.

Unions in various programming languages

ALGOL 68

ALGOL 68 has tagged unions, and uses a case clause to distinguish and extract the constituent type at runtime. A union containing another union is treated as the set of all its constituent possibilities, and if the context requires it a union is automatically coerced into the wider union. A union can explicitly contain no value, which can be distinguished at runtime.  An example is:

  mode node = union (real, int, string, void);

  node n := "abc";

  case n in
    (real r):   print(("real:", r)),
    (int i):    print(("int:", i)),
    (string s): print(("string:", s)),
    (void):     print(("void:", "EMPTY")),
    out         print(("?:", n))
  esac

The syntax of the C/C++ union type and the notion of casts was derived from ALGOL 68, though in an untagged form.

C/C++
In C and C++, untagged unions are expressed nearly exactly like structures (structs), except that each data member begins at the same location in memory. The data members, as in structures, need not be primitive values, and in fact may be structures or even other unions. C++ (since C++11) also allows for a data member to be any type that has a full-fledged constructor/destructor and/or copy constructor, or a non-trivial copy assignment operator. For example, it is possible to have the standard C++ string as a member of a union.

The primary use of a union is allowing access to a common location by different data types, for example hardware input/output access, bitfield and word sharing, or type punning.  Unions can also provide low-level polymorphism.  However, there is no checking of types, so it is up to the programmer to be sure that the proper fields are accessed in different contexts.  The relevant field of a union variable is typically determined by the state of other variables, possibly in an enclosing struct.

One common C programming idiom uses unions to perform what C++ calls a reinterpret_cast, by assigning to one field of a union and reading from another, as is done in code which depends on the raw representation of the values. A practical example is the method of computing square roots using the IEEE representation. This is not, however, a safe use of unions in general.

Anonymous union
In C++, C11, and as a non-standard extension in many compilers, unions can also be anonymous. Their data members do not need to be referenced, are instead accessed directly. They have some restrictions as opposed to traditional unions: in C11, they must be a member of another structure or union, and in C++, they can not have methods or access specifiers.

Simply omitting the class-name portion of the syntax does not make a union an anonymous union. For a union to qualify as an anonymous union, the declaration must not declare an object.
Example:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdint>

int main() {
   union {
      float f;
      std::uint32_t d; // Assumes float is 32 bits wide
   };

   f = 3.14f;
   std::cout << "Hexadecimal representation of 3.14f:"
             << std::hex << d << '\n';
}

Anonymous unions are also useful in C struct definitions to provide a sense of namespacing.

Transparent union
In compilers such as GCC, Clang, and IBM XL C for AIX, a  attribute is available for union types. Types contained in the union can be converted transparently to the union type itself in a function call, provided that all types have the same size. It is mainly intended for function with multiple parameter interfaces, a use necessitated by early Unix extensions and later re-standarisation.

COBOL
In COBOL, union data items are defined in two ways. The first uses the  (66 level) keyword, which effectively maps a second alphanumeric data item on top of the same memory location as a preceding data item. In the example code below, data item  is defined as a group containing another group and a numeric data item.  is defined as an alphanumeric data item that renames , treating the data bytes continued within it as character data.

  01  PERSON-REC.
      05  PERSON-NAME.
          10  PERSON-NAME-LAST    PIC X(12).
          10  PERSON-NAME-FIRST   PIC X(16).
          10  PERSON-NAME-MID     PIC X.
      05  PERSON-ID               PIC 9(9) PACKED-DECIMAL.

  01  PERSON-DATA                 RENAMES PERSON-REC.
The second way to define a union type is by using the  keyword. In the example code below, data item  is defined as a 2-byte binary integer containing a version number. A second data item  is defined as a two-character alphanumeric variable. Since the second item is redefined over the first item, the two items share the same address in memory, and therefore share the same underlying data bytes. The first item interprets the two data bytes as a binary value, while the second item interprets the bytes as character values.

  01  VERS-INFO.
      05  VERS-NUM        PIC S9(4) COMP.
      05  VERS-BYTES      PIC X(2)
                          REDEFINES VERS-NUM

Pascal
In Pascal, there are two ways to create unions. One is the standard way through a variant record. The second is a nonstandard means of declaring a variable as absolute, meaning it is placed at the same memory location as another variable or at an absolute address. While all Pascal compilers support variant records, only some support absolute variables.

For the purposes of this example, the following are all integer types: a byte consists of 8 bits, a  word is 16 bits, and an integer  is 32 bits.

The following example shows the non-standard absolute form:
var
    A: Integer;
    B: array[1..4] of Byte absolute A;
    C: Integer absolute 0;
In the first example, each of the elements of the array B maps to one of the specific bytes of the variable A. In the second example, the variable C is assigned to the exact machine address 0.

In the following example, a record has variants, some of which share the same location as others:
type
     Shape = (Circle, Square, Triangle);
     Dimensions = record
        case Figure: Shape of
           Circle: (Diameter: real);
           Square: (Width: real);
           Triangle: (Side: real; Angle1, Angle2: 0..360)
        end;

PL/I
In PL/I then original term for a union was cell, which is still accepted as a synonym for union by several compilers. The union declaration is similar to the structure definition, where elements at the same level within the union declaration occupy the same storage. Elements of the union can be any data type, including structures and array. Here
vers_num and vers_bytes occupy the same storage locations.

  1  vers_info         union,
     5 vers_num        fixed binary,
     5 vers_bytes      pic '(2)A';

An alternative to a union declaration is the DEFINED attribute, which allows alternative declarations of storage, however the data types of the base and defined variables must match.

Rust

Rust implements both tagged and untagged unions. In Rust, tagged unions are implemented using the  keyword. Unlike enumerated types in most other languages, enum variants in Rust can contain additional data in the form of a tuple or struct, making them tagged unions rather than simple enumerated types.

Rust also supports untagged unions using the  keyword. The memory layout of unions in Rust is undefined by default, but a union with the  attribute will be laid out in memory exactly like the equivalent union in C. Reading the fields of a union can only be done within an  function or block, as the compiler cannot guarantee that the data in the union will be valid for the type of the field; if this is not the case, it will result in undefined behavior.

Syntax and example

C/C++
In C and C++, the syntax is:
union <name>
{
    <datatype>  <1st variable name>;
    <datatype>  <2nd variable name>;
    .
    .
    .
    <datatype>  <nth variable name>;
} <union variable name>;

A structure can also be a member of a union, as the following example shows:
union name1
{
    struct name2
    {
        int     a;
        float   b;
        char    c;
    } svar;
    int     d;
} uvar;
This example defines a variable uvar as a union (tagged as name1), which contains two members, a structure (tagged as name2) named svar (which in turn contains three members), and an integer variable named d.

Unions may occur within structures and arrays, and vice versa:
struct
{
    int flags;
    char *name;
    int utype;
    union {
        int ival;
        float fval;
        char *sval;
    } u;
} symtab[NSYM];
The number ival is referred to as symtab[i].u.ival and the first character of string sval by either of *symtab[i].u.sval or symtab[i].u.sval[0].

PHP
Union types were introduced in PHP 8.0. The values are implicitly "tagged" with a type by the language, and may be retrieved by "gettype()".
class Example
{
    private int|float $foo;

    public function squareAndAdd(float|int $bar): int|float
    {
        return $bar ** 2 + $this->foo;
    }
}

Python
Support for typing was introduced in Python 3.5. The new syntax for union types were introduced in Python 3.10.
class Example:
    foo = 0

    def square_and_add(self, bar: int | float) -> int | float:
        return bar ** 2 + self.foo

TypeScript
Union types are supported in TypeScript. The values are implicitly "tagged" with a type by the language, and may be retrieved by "typeof()".
function successor(n: number | bigint): number | bigint {
    return ++n
}

Rust
Tagged unions in Rust use the  keyword, and can contain tuple and struct variants:

enum Foo {
	Bar(i32),
	Baz { x: String, y: i32 },
}

Untagged unions in Rust use the  keyword:

union Foo {
	bar: i32,
	baz: bool,
}

Reading from the fields of an untagged union results in undefined behavior if the data in the union is not valid as the type of the field, and thus requires an  block:

let x = Foo { bar: 10 };
let y = unsafe { x.bar }; // This will set y to 10, and does not result in undefined behavior.
let z = unsafe { x.baz }; // This results in undefined behavior, as the value stored in x is not a valid bool.

See also
 Tagged union
 Variant type

References

External links
 boost::variant, a type-safe alternative to C++ unions
 MSDN: Classes,Structures & Unions, for examples and syntax
 differences, differences between union & structure
 Difference between struct and union in C++

Data types
Composite data types
C (programming language)
Articles with example C code

de:Verbund (Datentyp)#Unions

Union type


Andradina es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza en la mesorregión de Araçatuba y microrregión de Andradina, a una latitud 20,53 sur y a una longitud 51,22 oeste.
Posee un área de 960,1 km². Su población estimada en 2008 era de 56.505 habitantes.

Clima
El clima de Andradina puede ser clasificado como clima tropical de sabana (Aw), de acuerdo con la clasificación climática de Köppen.

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2000

Población Total: 55.161
 Urbana: 50.836
 Rural: 4.325
 Hombres: 27.199
 Mujeres: 27.962
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 57,45

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 16,72

Expectativa de vida (años): 70,77

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 1,98

Tasa de Alfabetización: 90,55%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,798

 IDH-M Salario: 0,754
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,763
 IDH-M Educación: 0,876
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Hidrografía
 Río Tietê

Transporte
 Aeropuerto de Andradina (asfaltado)

Carreteras
 SP-300

Administración
 Prefecto: Jamil Akio Ono – PT - (2009/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Pedro Ayres de Souza
 Presidente de la cámara: Cristiano Rodrigues de Oliveira (2011)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página de la prefectura
 Noticias

Localidades de São Paulo

Andradina


Jorge Villalba, (Argentina, 1927 - San Martín de los Andes, 5 de septiembre de 2001, Neuquén, Argentina). fue un actor de cine teatro y televisión argentino.

Su vinculación con el teatro
Atraído por el teatro  desde su adolescencia, inició su carrera en el teatro independiente cuando éste convocaba a grandes auditorios en diversas obras de autores clásicos y contemporáneos. Su primer éxito fue en la obra Un viejo olor a almendras amargas , de Abel Mateo, acompañado por Eduardo Bergara Leumann. Ya profesional, lo dirigió Marcelo Lavalle en  La zorra y las uvas  y Las brujas de Salem; por Salvador Santángelo en  El reñidero , en la versión ofrecida en 1980, acompañado por Alberto Segado y en Hamlet , donde interpretó el personaje de Leartes y trabajó con Miguel Bebán.
Luego vinieron, entre otros títulos, La araña y la mosca, de Jorge Blanco; Rebelión en las Malvinas, de Manuel Ferradás Campos; Buen día, monsieur Gauguin, de Héctor Schujman, y Julio Riestra ha muerto, de María Luisa Levinson. Miembro de la Asociación Argentina de Actores desde 1956, otros grandes actores con los que trabajó fueron Orestes Caviglia, Mario Soffici y Francisco Petrone. En 1985 dirigió Pioneros, de Hugo Luis Saccocia, en el marco Festival Nacional de Teatro, que se desarrolló en el Teatro Nacional Cervantes.

Cine
Sus primeros pasos en el cine fueron en Alta política una película de 1957 dirigida por Raúl Geynal que no tuvo estreno comercial y Pobres habrá siempre (1958) dirigido por Carlos Borcosque.
Además de esos directores, trabajó también en numerosas películas conducido por Lucas Demare, Leopoldo Torre Nilsson, Lautaro Murúa, Manuel Antín y –en sus dos aportes más importantes al cine- por Leonardo Favio en  Juan Moreira, donde interpretó a Julián Andrade, y Héctor Olivera  en La Patagonia rebelde, en el papel del gaucho Cuello. En 1995, ya viviendo en el sur, participó en el filme La nave de los locos, de Ricardo Wullicher y en el teleteatro Alen, luz de luna.

Traslado a la Patagonia
En 1971 conoció San Martín de los Andes durante la filmación de Mi hijo Ceferino Namuncurá, bajo la dirección de Jorge Mobaied y diez años después se instaló allí en forma definitiva desarrollando una intensa actividad cultural en distintos puntos del sur argentino -inauguró una sala teatral, organizó ciclos de cine nacional- y puso en escena con numerosos elencos, importantes obras teatrales, por lo que un año antes de fallecer fue galardonado por el Instituto Nacional de Teatro por su sobresaliente trayectoria artística. En 1982, a poco de su llegada y gracias a su entusiasmo y tesón, se inauguró el Teatro San José con un recital poético de autores neuquinos. El teatro se abrió en el edificio donde había estado la antigua iglesia y que se usaba sólo como depósito de muebles. Después de largas tramitaciones y mediando la buena disposición de la entonces intendente, Josefina Ragusi, la Curia, con sede en Bahía Blanca, cedió el edificio al municipio para transformarlo en sala teatral. Usó sus contactos para que la televisión conociera las virtudes de la ciudad y así vinieron tiras como Al Sur, Pasión o la exitosa Alén, Luz de Luna.

Evocación
De mirada profunda, con un intenso celeste en sus ojos, su recia estampa y su voz honda hicieron de Jorge Villalba, uno de esos actores que suelen definirse como "marcados a hachazos", emblemáticos para personajes de guapo, de villano y, ocasionalmente, de cálido componedor de problemas cotidianos que él dirimía con la entrañable ternura de su sonrisa de hombre sabio y tolerante.

Falleció de cáncer en el hospital Ramón Carrillo de la ciudad donde residía, el 5 de septiembre de 2001.

Filmografía

Televisión
 Alén, luz de luna (1996) 1 episodio
  Episodio #1 (1996) .... Félix De Biase
 Tu mundo y el mío (1987) Serie .... (1987)
 María de nadie (1985) Serie .... Aquiles
 Sola (1983) Serie .... Agrelo
 Hombres en Pugna (1980) Serie .... Sargento
 Un ángel en la ciudad (1980) Serie .... Anselmo
 Una escalera al cielo (1979) Serie.... Camilo
 Renato (1978) Serie ... Anselmo
 Una promesa para todos (1978) Serie.... Luis
 Malevo'' (1972) Serie .... Valerio

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  Información sobre Jorge Villalba en Internet Movie Data Base
 Información sobre Jorge Villalba en el sitio del cine nacional

Actores de cine de Argentina
Actores de teatro de Argentina
Actores de televisión de Argentina
Fallecidos por cáncer

Jorge Villalba


Diplomacy - the responsibility to protect er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2008 med instruktion og manuskript af Rasmus Dinesen og Boris Benjamin Bertram.

Handling
Den humanitære katastrofe i Sudans Darfur-region er trods stor international bevågenhed stadig omfattende og ødelæggende. Der er endnu ikke blevet indsat fredsbevarende styrker i området, og det koster hver måned op imod 7.000 menneskeliv. Fra FN's sikkerhedsråds hovedsæde i New York arbejdes der på højtryk for at få en resolution igennem, der skal sikre fred i Darfur-regionen. Men det er ikke så nemt, som man skulle tro. Det diplomatiske spil er kompliceret og langsommeligt, og der er mange lande, der skal være enige. Filmen giver et unikt blik bag kulisserne i FN's allerhelligste, og følger tre repræsentanter fra den danske FN-mission, heriblandt FN-ambassadør Ellen Margrethe Løj, i den nervepirrende måned, Danmark får lov at sidde med ved forhandlingsbordet med blandt andre generalsekretæren Kofi Annan.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2008


إليزابيث جيلبيرت  هي روائية أمريكية، كاتبة، كاتبة قصّة قصيرِة، كاتبة سير ذاتية ولدت في من 18 يوليو عام 1969 في ولاية كونيكتيكت الأمريكية

حياتها
سويّة مع أختها الوحيدة الروائية والمؤرخة كاثرين جلبرت مردوخ كبرت اليزابيث في مزرعة شجرة عيد الميلادِ ضمن عائلة صغيرة في كونيكتيكت. درست في جامعة نيويورك وتخرّجت في 1991 في اختصاص علمِ السياسة، وبعدها عاشت حياة متشردة بكل ما تعنيه الكلمة من معان فعملت كطباخة ونادلة. تجاربها كطباخة في مزرعة رجل ظهرت بقوة في كلتا القصص القصيرة وكتابها، الرجل الأمريكي الأخير (فايكنك 2002).

صحافة
نشرت دار نشر (المحترم) مجموعة قصص قصيرة لجلبرت بعنوان (حجّاج)عام 1993، تحت عنوان بارزِ " ظهور لأول مرّة لكاتبِة أمريكيِة " حيث كانت أول كاتبة لقصّة قصيرة غير منشورة تظهر لأول مرّة في (المحترم) منذ الكاتب (نورمان مايلر). قادها هذا إلى عملِ ثابت كصحفية لعدد من المجلات الوطنية.

كتبها
 أول كتاب لها كان مجموعة القصص القصيرة (الحُجّاج) التي فازت بجائزة Pushcart وكانت مشتركة في الدّور النّهائي للقلمِ / جائزة همنغواي
 رجال ستيرن عام 2000 اختيرت بالنيويورك تايمزِ ك «كتاب بارز».
 (رجل أمريكا الأخير).
 رواية توقيعه على الأشياء كلها المرشحة ضمن جوائز المرأة للخيال.
 مؤخراً جداً نَشرت:طعام صلاة حب بحث امرأةِ واحد عن كلّ شيء عبر إيطاليا والهند وأندونيسيا (فايكنك، 2006)، وكانت الرواية كتسجيل أو تدوين للكاتبة للاستكشاف الروحي والشخصيِ حينما سافرت إلى الخارج.
المذكرات كانتْ على قائمةِ النيويورك تايمزِ الأكثر رواجاً في ربيع عام 2006، وفي أكتوبر/تشرين الأول، 2008، بعد 88 إسبوعِ، الكتاب ما زال على القائمة وبعد ذلك ظهرت في برنامج أوبرا وينفري الشهير وقد اختارت شركة إنتاج سينمائية كبيرة الرواية كي تمثلها جوليا روبرتس.

كتبها المترجمة للعربية
طعام صلاة حب، (ترجمة: زينة إدريس)، الدار العربية للعلوم ناشرون، 2009
(ترجمة: رشا صادق)، دار المدى للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، 2022
توقيعه على الاشياء كلها، (ترجمة: أسامة إسبر)، منشورات الجمل (رواية)، 2016
السحر الكبير:الحياة الإبداعية المتحررة من الخوف، (ترجمة: أسامة إسبر)، منشورات الجمل، 2021
مدينة البنات، (ترجمة: عابد إسماعيل)، دار المدى للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، 2022

انظر أيضاً
 طعام، صلاة، حب.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص دخلوا في الهندوسية
اليزابيث
أشخاص من ليتشفيلد (كونيتيكت)
أمريكيون من أصل سويدي
خريجو جامعة نيويورك
روائيات أمريكيات
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
روائيون مثليون
روائيون مثليون أمريكيون
روائيون من كونيتيكت
روائيون من ولاية نيويورك
شخصيات إل جي بي تي من كونيتيكت
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 21
كاتبات رحلة
كاتبات سفر أمريكيات
كاتبات قصة قصيرة أمريكيات
كاتبات مذكرات
كاتبات مذكرات أمريكيات
كاتبات مقالات أمريكيات
كتاب سفر أمريكيون
كتاب قصة قصيرة أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب مثليون من الولايات المتحدة
كتاب مذكرات أمريكيون
كتاب مذكرات أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب مذكرات في القرن 21
كتاب مذكرات مثليون
كتاب مقالات أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب من واتربوري (كونيتيكت)
كتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1969
مواليد في واتربوري
نساء أمريكيات
هندوس أمريكيون
هندوس مثليون

إليزابيث جيلبرت


Boletales (Édouard-Jean Gilbert, 1931) este un ordin de ciuperci a încrengăturii Basidiomycota, în clasa Agaricomycetes și subclasa Agaricomycetidae cu global peste 1.300 de specii împărțit în 96 de genuri și 16 (17) familii. Cea mai cunoscută și mare familie este cea a Boletaceae-lor care include specia savurosului Boletus edulis (hrib cenușiu). Se dezvoltă aproape numai în păduri de conifere, foioase sau mixte precum la marginile lor.Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1

 Istoric
Ordinul Boletales este destul de vechi, fosile găsite au fost putut datate în timpul geologic al Paleogenului, cu o vârstă între 34 și 44 milioane de ani, fiind însă mult mai tânăr decât ordinul Agaricales, a cărui evoluție a început între 139 și 178 milioane de ani, adică în Jurasic.

Ordinul a fost determinat de micologul francez E.-J.Gilbert în volumul 3 al marii sale opere Les Livres du Mycologue din 1931.

Celelalte încercări de redenumire nu sunt folosite și astfel neglijabile.

 Descriere
Ordinul Boletales a fost inițial stabilit pentru a descrie ciuperci cu picior, tuburi și pori, dar pe baza caracteristicilor micro-morfologice și filogenetice (în special prin analiza ADN), s-a putut dovedi că bureți cu un aspect absolut diferit aparțin acestui ordin. Astfel se găsesc aici de asemenea specii cu lamele ca Chroogomphus rutilus, Paxillus involutus, sau Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, cu pseudo-lamele ca Boletinellus merulioides, cu glebă pe interior (pufaie ca Astraeus hygrometricus, Scleroderma citrinum și Scleroderma verrucosum), subterane ca trufa, de exemplu Alpova diplophloeus sau Melanogaster tuberiformis, chiar și bureți de mucegai ca Serpula lacrymans.

În plus, marea majoritate, dar nu toate speciile, sunt simbionți micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). Astfel de exemplu Gomphidius glutinosus este simbiont și parasit (atacă micorizele lui Suillus bovinus), Leucogyrophana mollusca sau Pseudoboletus parasiticus (parazitează pe Scleroderma citrinum) sunt paraziți puri, Buchwaldoboletus se hrănește parazitar și saprofit, pe când Gyrodontium sacchari, Pseudomerulius curtisii sau Tapinella atrotomentosa trăiesc numai ca saprofiți.

Multe, dar nu toate speciile în acest ordin sunt comestibile, dar există de asemenea câteva otrăvitoare ca Boletus satanas, Boletus lupinus sau Paxillus involutus precum o serie de bureți necomestibili între alții Caloboletus calopus, Rhopalogaster transversarium sau Tylopilus felleus''.

Sistematică
Familiile în ordinul Boletales sunt:

Imagini (specii tip de gen din familiile ale ordinului Boletales)

Imagini din familia Boletaceae (selecție)

Imagini din diverse familii (selecție)

Note

Bibliografie
 Bruno Cetto: "Der große Pilzführer", vol. 1, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1976, ISBN 3-405-11774-7
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Heinrich Dörfelt, Gottfried Jetschke (ed.): "Wörterbuch der Mykologie", Editura Spektrum, Heidelberg 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

Boletales
Ordine de fungi
1931 în știință

Boletales


Episteme, felsefe tarihindeki genel kullanımıyla, bilgi anlamına gelmektedir. Felsefenin alt disiplerinden biri olan epistemoloji'de episteme kavramından gelir. Episteme ve logos terimlerinin birleşiminden ortaya çıkar epistemoloji.

Platon'da episteme
Episteme bilgi anlamına gelmekle birlikte, gündelik yaşamadaki bilgi anlamıyla tam olarak örtüşmez buradaki bilgi anlamı. Özellikle Platon'dan gelen anlamı doğru bilgi anlamındadır. Platon, bilgi sorununu değerlendirirken, iki tür bilgiden söz eder; birincisi Doxa, yani yanlış ya da yanılsamalı bilgi, ki bunlar sanılardır ve kesin olmayan bilgilerdir ve ikincisi Episteme, yani doğru bilgi. Buna göre, doksa duyu organlarıyla algılanan dünya, episteme ise dünyanın akılla kavranılmasıdır. Doxa'lar, bir anlamda eğreti bilgiler olarak görülür. Çünkü, gözlemlenen dünya (phainomena) sürekli bir akış ve değişkenlik halinde bulunduğundan ve tikelliğinden dolayı, gerçek (ya da doğru) bilginin nesnesi olamaz. Bu bilginin, yani epistemenin nesnesi değişmeyen, genel ve tümel olandır. Platon burada akıl ve duyum ayrımından hareketle, epistemelere ulaşmanın akıl ile olanaklı olduğunu belirtir. Görünenlerin ötesindeki görünmeyen sabit gercekliklere, gözlemlenen dünyanın değişkenliğinin ardındaki değişmeyen ideaların kesin bilgisine ancak akıl yoluyla ulaşılabilir. Epistemeler burada iki başlıkta ele alınır: bilimsel bilgi ve ussal bilgi. Birinciler, bağıntılarla ilgilidir; ikinciler ise idea'yla. Bu anlamda, felsefe konumu epistemelerin, yani tümellerin bilgisinin temel kaynağı olarak belirmiş olmaktadır.

Foucault'da episteme
Michel Foucault'a gelene kadar episteme az çok genel anlamı olan bilgi tanımlamasına bağlı olarak ele alınmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Ancak Foucault ile birlikte kavram başka bir kuramsal statüye geçer. Foucault'nun önemli çalışmalarından bir bölümü bilimler ve düşünceler tarihi ve dolayısıyla da epistemolojinin tarihi üzerinedir. Ancak Foucault bu çalışmalarını yepyeni bir perspektif ve yöntemle ("soykütüğü" ve "arkeoloji") geliştirir ve özellikle 17. yüzyıldan itibaren düşünüşümüzün ya da ussallığımızın kuruluşunu değerlendirir.Ona göre bu kuruluş, tek tek düşünürlerin etkileriyle olmamış, bir dizge olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Foucault'taki epistemenin ilk anlamı, burada kullanılan dizge anlamındadır.

Buna göre episteme, verili bir tarihsel dönemdeki tüm kültürel ve düşünsel farkları kendinde belirleyen temel düzen ya da ana kod olarak açıklanabilir. Belirli bir dönemin temel kodaları ve şifrelerinden meydana gelir episteme. Bir bütün yaşantıya yön ve düzen veren kültürel şifrelerdir bunlar. Anonim düşünceler, genel kanılar, gerekli inanışlar bu kodlarla belirlenir. Bu halleriyle sözkosu şifreler, insanın söylemsel koşullarının sınırlarını belirlemesi bakımından Kant'ın a priorilerine benzerler. Episteme ise daha cok Thomas Kuhn'da görülen paradigma kavramına benzer.Foucault, buradan hareketle, Bilginin arkeolojisi'ni yapar, yani bilimsel söylemi belirleyen ve yapılandıran kurallar bütününü deşifre etmeye yönelir. Tarihsel gelişme içerisinde bir episteme başka bir episteme ile yer değiştirebilir; bu, önceki epistemenin kural ve formüllendirmelerinin gecersiz kılınması şeklinde ortaya çıkar. Bu nedenle Foucault, Kelimeler ve Şeyler adlı çalışmasında, epistemeden, tarih içinde yer almış bir "alan" ve "mekân" olarak da söz eder.Bir dönemin epistemesi, o dönemin düşüncesinin yapısı olarak ortaya çıkar ve bu durum elbette bilimsel düşünce için de böyledir. Episteme, bilincin ve bilinçdışının belirli bir dönemdeki genelliğini kapsar.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Michel Foucault
 Epistemoloji
 Bilgi rejimleri
 Paradigma
 Doxa

Kaynakça
 Felsefe Tarihi, Macit Gökberk, Remzi Kitabevi.
 Bilginin Arkeolojisi, M.Foucault, Birey yayınları.
 Kelimeler ve Şeyler, M.Foucault, İmge kitabevi

Epistemoloji kavramları
Bilgi

Episteme


ou Charlie au Québec est un film américain réalisé par Keith Thomas, sorti en 2022.

Il s'agit de la nouvelle adaptation du roman Charlie () de Stephen King, déjà adapté au cinéma avec Charlie de Mark L. Lester, sorti en 1984.

Synopsis

Après avoir développé des dons de pyrokinésie, la jeune Charlene McGee , âgée de , est menacée par une agence gouvernementale voulant utiliser ses aptitudes comme arme. Elle doit constamment déménager et fuir avec ses parents, Andy et Vicky, jusqu'au jour où les membres du Personnel de l'agence les retrouvent, assassinent Vicky et manquent de kidnapper Charlie. Face au danger et n'ayant plus la possibilité de fuir, ni de faire marche arrière, Charlie n'a d'autre choix que d'apprendre à canaliser son pouvoir et accepter son destin.

Résumé détaillé
Dans un flashback, la petite Charlene « Charlie » McGee est assise dans son berceau, et met spontanément le feu à la pièce avec son pouvoir de pyrokinésie, ce qui fait paniquer son père, Andrew « Andy » McGee. Dans un autre flashback, un jeune Andy et sa petite amie Victoria « Vicky » Tomlinson discutent avec un médecin d'un essai clinique : celui-ci leur explique qu'on leur injectera le médicament chimique expérimental « Lot-6 », qui leur donne secrètement des pouvoirs surnaturels : Andy acquiert la télépathie et la « poussée », tandis que Vicky acquiert la télékinésie.

De nos jours, Charlie est assise à la table de la cuisine après avoir fait un cauchemar. Ses parents la rejoignent et Charlie leur explique qu'elle a réprimé quelque chose de mauvais, ses pouvoirs devenant de plus en plus instables. Elle provoque involontairement un accident à son école après avoir fait exploser une cabine de toilettes, après avoir été victime d'intimidation de la part de ses camarades de classe. Andy utilise son pouvoir, « la poussée », pour persuader une cliente à arrêter de fumer, bien que la tension provoque des saignements dans ses yeux.

Pendant ce temps, dans une installation secrète, le Capitaine Jane Hollister, Chef du DSI, surveille les signatures thermiques causées par les explosions de Charlie. Elle rend visite au  Joseph Wanless, créateur du « Lot-6 » et des surhumains qui en résultent, qui implore Hollister de neutraliser Charlie avant que ses pouvoirs ne deviennent incontrôlables. Hollister recrute un autre surhumain, John Rainbird, pour l'aider. Rainbird visite la maison des McGee, confrontant Vicky qui tente de contre-attaquer avec ses pouvoirs télékinétiques réprimés. Rainbird prend le dessus et la tue, tenant Charlie sous la menace d'un couteau alors qu'elle et Andy rentrent à la maison après être sortis manger une glace. Les pouvoirs de Charlie la submergent et elle envoie ses feux dans toute la maison, la brûlant. Andy et Charlie prennent la fuite à bord du véhicule familial.

Sur la route, ils rencontrent un homme nommé Irv Manders. Après avoir utilisé la « poussée » pour convaincre Irv de les conduire à Boston, ils font une halte chez ce dernier. Après que Charlie est tombée accidentellement sur sa femme paralysée, Irv s'emporte et la réprimande avant de concéder qu'il réagit parfois de manière excessive. Irv reste assis toute la nuit à regarder un reportage sur l'incident à la maison McGee, qui est présenté comme un meurtre par Andy. Irv et Andy se disputent avant qu'Andy n'explique à Irv qu'il essaie juste de protéger sa fille. Charlie dit à Irv, après avoir parlé par télépathie avec sa femme, qu'elle lui pardonne l'accident qui l'a laissée paralysée, l'obligeant à céder et à tenter de protéger Andy et Charlie lorsque la police apparaît en raison de son appel d'urgence précédent.

Rainbird se cache dans les buissons, tue les policiers, puis tire sur Irv dans le genou avant que des camions noirs n'arrivent pour récupérer Charlie et Andy. Andy utilise sa « poussée » une dernière fois pour tromper Rainbird, afin que Charlie puisse s'enfuir dans la forêt au loin.

Charlie passe son temps à perfectionner ses pouvoirs de feu avant de voler un vélo, de la nourriture et des vêtements, à des garçons qui l'ont intimidée, pour se rendre chez DSI, le laboratoire qui retient son père captif.

Charlie parvient à trouver DSI, et se cache dans la voiture d'un agent du laboratoire, dans le but de lui subtiliser son badge. Il la supplie de ne pas le tuer et lui dit qu'il n'a pas d'arme. Elle le tue en le brûlant après qu'il a sorti un revolver pour se défendre. Elle suit un grand escalier jusqu'à la zone restreinte où son père est gardé prisonnier. Elle atteint la cellule vitrée de son père, de l'intérieur de laquelle le capitaine Hollister lui dit de ne pas essayer de la brûler, de peur qu'elle ne brûle son père dans le processus. Andy dit à Charlie que Rainbird, pas lui, l'a télépathiquement appelée. Ne voyant pas d'autre issue, il s'excuse auprès d'elle puis la « pousse » mentalement à brûler tout l'endroit, à commencer par Hollister et lui-même. Charlie met le feu aux deux personnes, déverrouille mentalement toutes les portes de sécurité, et traverse l'établissement en tuant tout le monde. Rainbird est libéré lorsque sa cellule de détention est déverrouillée. Charlie est capturée par des hommes en combinaison ignifuge, incapable de leur faire du mal. Les hommes sont sur le point de la maîtriser lorsque Rainbird leur tire dessus par derrière. Il se rend à Charlie et s'agenouille pour son jugement. Charlie commence à le brûler mais se regarde dans le miroir et, réalisant que DSI le contrôle également et Charlie, se rendant compte qu'elle n'est pas une meurtrière, décide de l'épargner avant de finalement brûler le reste du bâtiment. Enfin, Charlie est vue marchant puis s'effondrant en larmes sur une plage. Rainbird finit par la rejoindre et, sachant qu'elle est désormais seule au monde, Charlie permet à Rainbird de la porter, et ils quittent la plage ensemble.

Fiche technique
 Titre original et français :
 Titre québécois : Charlie
 Réalisation : Keith Thomas
 Scénario : Scott Teems, d'après le roman Charlie () de Stephen King
 Musique : John Carpenter, Cody Carpenter et Daniel Davies
 Décors : Zosia Mackenzie
 Costumes : Aline Gilmore
 Photographie : Karim Hussain
 Montage : Timothy Alverson
 Production : Jason Blum et Akiva Goldsman
 Production déléguée : Martha De Laurentiis, Gregory Lessans, Scott Teems et Ryan Turek
 Sociétés de production : Blumhouse Productions, Angry Adam Productions, BoulderLight Pictures et Weed Road Pictures
 Société de distribution : Universal Pictures (États-Unis, France)
 Budget : n/a
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : thriller, science-fiction, fantastique
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 États-Unis, Québec :
 France :
 Classification :
 États-Unis : R
 France : Tous publics avec avertissement lors de sa sortie en salles et en vidéo mais déconseillé aux moins de 12 ans à la télévision.

Distribution
 Zac Efron  : Andrew « Andy » McGee
 Ryan Kiera Armstrong  : Charlene « Charlie » McGee
   : Victoria « Vicky » McGee, née Tomlinson
 Michael Greyeyes  : John Rainbird
 Gloria Reuben  : le capitaine Hollister
 Kurtwood Smith  :
 John Beasley  : Irv Manders

Production
En , Universal Pictures et Blumhouse Productions annoncent une nouvelle adaptation du roman Charlie de Stephen King, après Charlie (1984) de Mark L. Lester. Akiva Goldsman est annoncé à la réalisation et Jason Blum à la production<ref>{{lien web|langue=en|auteur=Anthony D'Alessandro|titre=''Firestarter: Stephen King Classic Reignites With Universal, Blumhouse & Akiva Goldsman morning Directing|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/firestarter-remaake-blumhouse-akiva-goldsman-stephen-king-universal-1202078846/|date=27 avril 2017|site=deadline.com|consulté le=29 avril 2020}}.</ref>. En , Fatih Akın remplace finalement Akiva Goldsman au poste de réalisateur, alors que Scott Teems est choisi pour écrire le script. En , le projet change à nouveau de réalisateur avec l'arrivée de Keith Thomas.

En , Zac Efron est choisi pour le rôle principal. En , Michael Greyeyes rejoint la distribution. En  de la même année, Ryan Kiera Armstrong est choisie pour incarner le personnage de Charlie McGee. Gloria Reuben et Sydney Lemmon sont ensuite annoncées.

Le tournage débute le . Il se déroule en Ontario, notamment à Toronto, Hamilton, Burlington. Les prises de vues s'achèvent le , comme l'annoncent Zac Efron et Ryan Kiera Armstrong sur leurs comptes Instagram le jour même.

 Musique

En , il est révélé que la musique du film sera composée par John Carpenter, entouré de son fils, Cody Carpenter, et de son filleul, Daniel Davies, (fils de Dave Davies du groupe The Kinks). La bande originale du film sort le  en streaming digital sur Spotify, Deezer, Amazon Music, etc.

 Accueil
 Sortie
En , il est annoncé que le film sera distribué par Universal Pictures dans les salles américaines le  et qu'il sera diffusé en simultané sur Peacock.

En France, le film sort en salles le .

Le film sort en DVD et Blu-ray le  aux États-Unis, avec en bonus : des scènes coupées et inédites en version longue, une fin alternative, un making-of en quatre parties (comprenant les interviews du réalisateur, des producteurs et des différents acteurs du film), ainsi qu'un bêtisier et le commentaire audio du réalisateur Keith Thomas.

En France, le film sort en DVD et Blu-ray le , et les bonus sont les mêmes que pour le Blu-ray et le DVD Américain.

 Critiques
Sur le site agrégateur de critiques Rotten Tomatoes, 11 % des  sont positives, avec une note moyenne de . Le consensus du site Web se lit comme suit : .

Metacritic, qui utilise une moyenne pondérée, a attribué au film une note de , basée sur , indiquant des « critiques généralement défavorables ». Les audiences interrogées par CinemaScore ont donné au film une note moyenne de « C- » sur une échelle A + à F, tandis que PostTrak a rapporté que 50 % des membres du public lui ont donné un score positif, avec 27 % disant qu'ils le recommanderaient certainement.

En France, les critiques et avis concernant le film sont majoritairement négatifs.

 Box-office
Le premier jour de sa sortie au box-office en France, le long-métrage a engrangé , dont  en avant-première, pour  ; derrière, on trouve C'est magnifique ! (avec ) et devant, Compétition officielle (avec ). Au bout d'une première semaine d'exploitation, le film réalise  et se place en  du box-office, loin derrière Top Gun : Maverick et ses .

Au bout d'une deuxième semaine d'exploitation, le film engrange  de plus. Après une troisième semaine d'exploitation, il compte  de plus. Après une quatrième semaine d'exploitation, il ne cumule que  de plus. Au bout d'une cinquième semaine d'exploitation, le nombre d'entrées a fortement chuté à . Au total, en France, il a cumulé un total de , ce qui est très peu.

 Notes et références

 Annexes
 Articles connexes
 Charlie, le roman de Stephen King
 Charlie, précédente adaptation sortie en 1984
 Firestarter : Sous l'emprise du feu'', suite du film de 1984

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2022
Film de science-fiction américain
Film fantastique américain
Thriller (film) américain
Film sur les pouvoirs psychiques
Film tiré d'une œuvre de Stephen King
Film tourné à Hamilton (Ontario)
Film tourné en Ontario
Film tourné à Toronto
Film de Blumhouse Productions
Film distribué par Universal Pictures
Film classé R aux États-Unis
Film doublé au Québec

Firestarter (film, 2022)


Hermann Ier de Lippe (en all. Herman I. zur Lippe ;  - 1167 en Italie) était seigneur de Lippe de 1158 à 1167.

Biographie
Les seigneurs de Lippe, Herman  et son frère Bernard Ier, ont été mentionnés pour la première fois en 1123. Leur siège ancestral était le Herrenhof , qui était situé dans la zone qui devint plus tard la ville de Lippstadt.

Hermann et son frère ont fondé un monastère pour les religieuses prémontrées à  vers 1139. Après la mort de Bernard en 1158, il a repris ses domaines. Il était un fidèle disciple d'Henri le Lion. Il lui doit aussi son ascension au pouvoir : il devient vogt (bailli) du , territoire du monastère qu'il fonde à Cappel et il fut également bailli de Busdorf et de Schötmar.

Mariage et descendance
Herman  était marié à une inconnue et de cette union, deux enfants en sont issus :
  (* vers 1138, † vers 1163)
 Bernard II a fondé les villes de Lippe (aujourd'hui Lippstadt) et Lemgo.

Ascendance

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Liste des princes de Lippe

Liens externes

Date de naissance non renseignée (XIe siècle)
Décès en 1167
Chevalier du XIIe siècle
Seigneur de Lippe
Maison de Lippe
Noblesse allemande du XIIe siècle

Herman Ier de Lippe


Giuseppe Vedovato (* 13. März 1912 in Greci; † 18. Januar 2012 in Rom) war ein italienischer Politiker der Democrazia Cristiana. Er saß von 1953 bis 1972 in der Camera dei deputati und von 1972 bis 1975 im Senat.

Als Hochschullehrer für Geschichte war Vedovato an der Universität La Sapienza tätig. Von 1972 bis 1975 war er Präsident der Parlamentarischen Versammlung des Europarates. 2003 erhielt er vom Europarat die Ehrenpräsidentschaft.

Werke (Auswahl)
 1947: The question of the administration of Italian colonies in Africa under trusteeship
 1979: Politica Estera Italiana E Scelta Europea
 1998:  La Hongrie vers l'Europe: de la vocation a l'intégration
 2004: Storia Della CISL Di Venezia: 1950–1968

Weblinks
 Biografische Daten
 Europarat:Parliamentary Assembly awards a diploma of honour making Giuseppe Vedovato an Honorary President
 Personalie

Einzelnachweise

Senator (Italien)
Mitglied der Abgeordnetenkammer (Italien)
Mitglied der Democrazia Cristiana
Hochschullehrer (Universität La Sapienza)
Historiker
Mitglied der Parlamentarischen Versammlung des Europarats
Italiener
Geboren 1912
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Giuseppe Vedovato


Nederlandsk Nedersaksisk har flere betydninger:
 Nederlandsk Nedersaksisk (sprog)
 Nogen eller noget fra Nederlandsk Nedersaksen (region)

Nederlands Nedersaksisk


In physics and physical chemistry, time-resolved spectroscopy is the study of dynamic processes in materials or chemical compounds by means of spectroscopic techniques. Most often, processes are studied after the illumination of a material occurs, but in principle, the technique can be applied to any process that leads to a change in properties of a material. With the help of pulsed lasers, it is possible to study processes that occur on time scales as short as 10−16 seconds. All time-resolved spectra are suitable to be analyzed using the two-dimensional correlation method for a correlation map between the peaks.

Transient-absorption spectroscopy

Transient-absorption spectroscopy (TAS), also known as flash photolysis, is an extension of absorption spectroscopy. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, an example of non-linear spectroscopy, measures changes in the absorbance/transmittance in the sample. Here, the absorbance at a particular wavelength or range of wavelengths of a sample is measured as a function of time after excitation by a flash of light. In a typical experiment, both the light for excitation ('pump') and the light for measuring the absorbance ('probe') are generated by a pulsed laser. If the process under study is slow, then the time resolution can be obtained with a continuous (i.e., not pulsed) probe beam and repeated conventional spectrophotometric techniques.

Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy relies on our ability to resolve two physical actions in real time. The shorter the detection time, the better the resolution. This leads to the idea that femtosecond laser based spectroscopy offers better resolution than nano-second laser based spectroscopy.
In a typical experimental set up, a pump pulse excites the sample and later, a delayed probe pulse strikes the sample. In order to maintain the maximum spectral distribution, two pulses are derived from the same source. The impact of the probe pulse on the sample is recorded and analyzed with wavelength/ time to study the dynamics of the excited state.

Absorbance (after pump)  –  Absorbance (before pump) = ΔAbsorbance

ΔAbsorbance records any change in the absorption spectrum as a function of time and wavelength. As a matter of fact, it reflects ground state bleaching (-ΔA), further excitation of the excited electrons to higher excited states(+ΔA), stimulated emission(-ΔA) or product absorption(+ΔA). Bleaching of ground state refers to depletion of the ground state carriers to excited states. Stimulated emission follows the fluorescence spectrum of the molecule and is Stokes shifted relative to and often still overlaps with the bleach signal. This is a lasing effect (coherent emission) of the excited dye molecules under the strong probe light. This emission signal cannot be distinguished from the absorption signal and often gives false negative Δ absorbance peaks in the final spectra that can be decoupled via approximations. Product absorption refers to any absorption changes caused due to formation of intermediate reaction products. TA measurements can also be used to predict non emissive states and dark states unlike time resolved photoluminescence.

Transient absorption can be measured as a function of wavelength or time.
The TA curve along wavelength provides information regarding evolution/decay of various intermediate species involved in chemical reaction at different wavelengths.
The transient absorption decay curve against time contains information regarding the number of decay processes involved at a given wavelength, how fast or slow the decay processes are. It can provide evidences with respect to inter-system crossing, intermediate unstable electronic states, trap states, surface states etc.

Conditions
TA measurements are highly sensitive to laser repetition rate, pulse duration, emission wavelength, polarization, intensity, sample chemistry, solvents, concentration and temperature. The excitation density (no. of photons per unit area per second) must be kept low otherwise sample annihilation, saturation and orientational saturation may come into play.

Application
Transient absorption spectroscopy helps study the mechanistic and kinetic details of chemical processes occurring on the time scales of few picoseconds to femto-seconds. These chemical events are initiated by an ultrafast laser pulse and are further probed by a probe pulse.
With the help of TA measurements, one can look into non-radiative relaxation of higher electronic states (~femtoseconds), vibrational relaxations (~picoseconds) and radiative relaxation of excited singlet state (occurs typically on nanoseconds time scale).

Transient absorption spectroscopy can be used to trace the intermediate states in a photo-chemical reaction; energy, charge or electron transfer process; conformational changes, thermal relaxation, fluorescence or phosphorescence processes, optical gain spectroscopy of semiconductor laser materials. etc. With the availability of UV-Vis-NIR ultrafast lasers, one can selectively excite a portion of any large molecule to desired excited states to study the specific molecular dynamics.

Transient absorption spectroscopy has become an important tool for characterizing various electronic states and energy transfer processes in nanoparticles, to locate trap states and further helps in characterizing the efficient passivation strategies.

Other multiple-pulse techniques

Transient spectroscopy as discussed above is a technique that involves two pulses. There are many more techniques that employ two or more pulses, such as:
 Photon echoes.
 Four-wave mixing (involves three laser pulses)
 fifth-order experiments (involves four excitation pulses and a probe pulse)

The interpretation of experimental data from these techniques is usually much more complicated than in transient-absorption spectroscopy.

Nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance are often implemented with multiple-pulse techniques, though with radio waves and micro waves instead of visible light.

Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy

Time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy also employs a two-pulse, "pump-probe" methodology. The pump pulse is typically in the UV region and is often generated by a high-powered Nd:YAG laser, whereas the probe beam is in the infrared region. This technique currently operates down to the picosecond time regime and surpasses transient absorption and emission spectroscopy by providing structural information on the excited-state kinetics of both dark and emissive states.

Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy

Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is an extension of fluorescence spectroscopy. Here, the fluorescence of a sample is monitored as a function of time after excitation by a flash of light. The time resolution can be obtained in a number of ways, depending on the required sensitivity and time resolution:
 With fast-detection electronics (nanoseconds and slower)
 With Time Correlated Single Photon Counting, TCSPC (picoseconds and slower)
 With a streak camera (picoseconds and slower)
 With  intensified CCD (ICCD) cameras (down to 200 picoseconds and slower)
 With optical gating (femtoseconds-nanoseconds) - a short laser pulse acts as a gate for the detection of fluorescence light; only fluorescence light that arrives at the detector at the same time as the gate pulse is detected. This technique has the best time resolution, but the efficiency is rather low. An extension of this optical gating technique is to use a "Kerr gate", which allows the scattered Raman signal to be collected before the (slower) fluorescence signal overwhelms it. This technique can greatly improve the signal:noise ratio of Raman spectra.
This technique uses convolution integral to calculate a lifetime from a fluorescence decay.

Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and 2PPE

Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy (2PPE) are important extensions to photoemission spectroscopy. These methods employ a pump-probe setup. In most cases the pump and probe are both generated by a pulsed laser and in the UV region. The pump excites the atom or molecule of interest, and the probe ionizes it. The electrons or positive ions resulting from this event are then detected. As the time delay between the pump and the probe are changed, the change in the energy (and sometimes emission direction) of the photo-products is observed. In some cases multiple photons of a lower energy are used as the ionizing probe.

See also
 Time-resolved mass spectrometry
 Ultrafast laser spectroscopy

References

Time-resolved spectroscopy


Albula goreensis,  vrsta ribe iz porodice Albulidae iz tropskih mora istočnog Atlantika, od Senegala na jug do Angole.

To je manja riba čija je običajena dužina oko 35 cm. O ugroženosti vrste zbog nedostatka podataka nije nije ništa poznato.

Izvori

Albuliformes

Albula goreensis


La Malzfabrik Michael Weyermann GmbH & Co. KG est une malterie et brasserie à Bamberg, dans le Land de Bavière.

Histoire
L'entreprise est fondée en 1879 par le marchand de céréales et batelier de Bamberg Johann Baptist Weyermann (1853-1919). En 1905, son fils Rudolf Weyermann le rejoint. L'entreprise se concentre sur la production de malts spéciaux pour la production de bière. Weyermann développe les variétés de malt Carapils, Carafa ou Caramünch. La production des malts spéciaux a lieu dans le complexe de bâtiments Memmelsdorfer Straße/Brennerstraße à Bamberg, à partir de 1888 et est construit selon les plans du maître d'œuvre Gustav Haeberle. En 1973, le bâtiment de production historique de Bamberg est classé monument industriel.

En 1902, commence la production de la Weyermann'schem Farbebier à partir des malts torréfiés et colorés de sa propre fabrication. La bière de malt torréfié noir sans substitut et désamérisée Sinamar ("sine amaro" = "sans amertume") est produite de 1905 jusqu'à la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans la succursale de la Farbbierbrauerei Johann Baptist Weyermann à Potsdam. La production à Bamberg relève ensuite de la société Röstmalzbierbrauerei Heinz Weyermann GmbH. Sinamar est également utilisé pour colorer des boissons et des aliments. Depuis 2007, il existe également une variante de produit fabriquée selon les directives de Bioland.

En 2001, la société Main Malz KG Meißner & Sohn à Hassfurt, qui produit du malt de pils, est acquise. En 2003, la Malzfabrik est membre fondateur et copropriétaire du groupe MEG Malt Export. En 2005, un entrepôt à céréales d'une capacité de  et un centre logistique avec des systèmes d'ensachage et de palettisation automatiques sont construits sur le site de production de Bamberg en face du complexe historique de l'usine.

Weyermann exploite une distillerie de compensation depuis 1997 et une distillerie fermée depuis 2015.

Références

Brasserie ayant son siège en Allemagne
Entreprise ayant son siège en Bavière
Monument historique à Bamberg
Malterie
Distillerie
Entreprise fondée en 1879

Malzfabrik Michael Weyermann