Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (), also referred to as Dnipropetrovshchyna (), is an oblast (province) in southeastern Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country. It was created on February 27, 1932. Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has a population of about  approximately 80% of whom live centering on administrative centers: Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Kamianske, Nikopol and Pavlohrad. The Dnieper River runs through the oblast.

In 2019, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine approved the change of the oblast's name to Sicheslav Oblast (). The change is not yet implemented.

Geography
The Dnipropetrovsk Oblast is located in southeastern Ukraine. The area of the oblast (31,974 km2) comprises about 5.3% of the total area of the country. Its longitude from north to south is 130 km, from east to west – 300 km. The oblast borders the Poltava and Kharkiv Oblasts on the north, the Donetsk Oblast on the east, the Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Oblasts on the south, and the Mykolayiv and Kirovohrad Oblasts on the west.

The Black Sea Lowland covers about half of the territory of the oblast. In Ternivka, a meteorite crater is located. It is  in diameter and it's age is estimated at 280 ± 10 million years (Permian). The crater is not exposed at the surface. The Dnieper Upland contains a number of minerals including iron, manganese, granite, graphite, brown coal, and kaolin. Kryvbas is an important economic region, specializing in iron ore mining and the steel industry. It is arguably the main iron ore region of Eastern Europe. Named after the city of Kryvyi Rih, the region occupies the southwestern part of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, as well as a small neighboring part of the Kirovohrad Oblast.

The region possesses major deposits of iron ore and some other metallurgical ores. To exploit them, several large mining companies were founded here in the middle of the 20th century. Most of them are located in Kryvyi Rih itself, which is the longest city in Europe.

Geology
Much of the Dnipropetrovsk region is located within the boundaries of the Ukrainian Shield and only the northern regions and the extreme eastern part of the territory are confined to the south-eastern side of the Dnipro-Donets depression.

In the geological structure of the region, the breeds come from the archaea, the Proterozoic, the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic.

History

In the 6th and 8th centuries, the first settlements of Slavs appeared on the banks of the Dnieper within the region. During the period of Kievan Rus' (9-12 centuries AD) the Dnieper River was one of the main trade routes of medieval Eastern Europe called "From the Varangians to the Greeks", which connected the Baltic countries with the Crimea and the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople. The Dnieper also served as a major route for transporting the army of Kyiv princes on their way to the Byzantine coastal cities in the early 9th and late 9th centuries.

At the beginning of the 15th century, Tatar tribes inhabiting the right bank of the Dnieper were driven away by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, by the mid-15th century, the Nogai (who lived north of the Sea of Azov) and the Crimean Khanate invaded these lands.  The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate agreed to a border along the Dnieper, and farther east along the Samara River, i.e. through what is today the city of Dnipro. It was in this time that there appeared a new force, the Cossacks, armed freemen not subject to any feudal lord who were to soon dominate the region. They later became known as Zaporozhian Cossacks, from Zaporizhzhia, the lands south of Naddniprianshchyna, which translates as "the Land Beyond the Weirs [Rapids]"). This was a period of raids and fighting causing considerable devastation and depopulation in that area; the area became known as the 'Wilderness'.

In 1635, the Polish Government built the Kodak fortress above the Dnieper Rapids at Kodaky, partly as a result of rivalry in the region between Poland, Turkey and the Crimean Khanate, and partly to maintain control over Cossack activity (i.e. to suppress the Cossack raiders and to prevent peasants moving out of the area). On the night of 3 or 4 August 1635, the Cossacks of Ivan Sulyma captured the fort by surprise, burning it down and butchering the garrison of about 200 West European mercenaries under Jean Marion. The fort was rebuilt by French engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan for the Polish Government in 1638, and had a mercenary garrison. Kodak was captured by Zaporozhian Cossacks on 1 October 1648, and was garrisoned by the Cossacks until its demolition in accordance with the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711.

Under the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654, the territory became part of the Russian Empire. In 1774 Prince Grigori Potemkin was appointed governor of Novorossiysk Governorate, and after the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich, he started founding cities in the region and encouraging foreign settlers. The city of Yekaterinoslav was founded in 1776, not in the current location, but at the confluence of the River Samara with the River Kil'chen' at Loshakivka, north of the Dnieper. On May 8, 1775, after the end of the Russian-Turkish War, Russian authorities opened a postal station and track which linked Kremenchuk, Kinburn foreland and Ochakiv, all locations of the Imperial Russian Army.

In December 1796, Paul I reestablished the Novorossiysk Governorate, mostly with land from the former Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty. In 1802, this province was divided into the Nikolayev Governorate (known as the Kherson Governorate from 1803), Yekaterinoslav Governorate, and the Taurida Governorate. Its capital was the city of Yekaterinoslav (modern Dnipro) created in 1802 out the Yekaterinoslav Vice-regency. It was located within the former lands of Zaporizhian Sich. The government bordered to the north with the Kharkov Governorate and Poltava Governorate, to the west and southwest with the Kherson Governorate, to the south with the Taurida Governorate and Sea of Azov, and to the east with Don Host Oblast.

Olexander Paul discovered and initiated iron ore investigation and production, and this in turn caused the formation of a mining district. In 1874 Alexander II initiated the founding project of a railway, running . This enabled transportation directly to the nearest factories and greatly sped up the development of the region.

On 1 August 1925, the Yekaterinoslav Governorate administration was discontinued, and in 1926 the city of Yekterinoslav was renamed Dnipropetrovsk after communist leader Grigory Petrovsky. Before the introduction of oblasts in 1932, the Ukrainian SSR comprised 40 okrugs, which had replaced the former Russian Imperial guberniya (governorate) subdivisions. In 1932 the territory of the Ukrainian SSR was re-established based on oblasts. The first oblasts were Vinnytsia Oblast, Kyiv Oblast, Odesa Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, and Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Soon after that in the summer of 1932 Donetsk Oblast was formed out of eastern parts of Kharkiv and Dnipropetrovsk.

During the Holodomor in the 1930s, more than 200 collective farms in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast were put on "Blackboards" which was a complete blockade of trade and food aid to villages under performing in grain procurement quotas; a number representing more than half of all such "Blackboards" throughout all of the Ukrainian SSR.

During the 1991 referendum, 90.36% of votes in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast were in favor of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found 2.2% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 89.9% did not support the idea, and the rest were undecided or did not respond.

The city of Dnipropetrovsk was renamed Dnipro in May 2016 as part of the decommunization laws enacted a year earlier. Dnipropetrovsk Oblast was not renamed because it is mentioned as such in the Constitution of Ukraine, and the oblast can only be renamed by a constitutional amendment. In April 2018 a group of over a hundred deputies formally initiated a proposal in the Ukrainian Parliament to change the name to Sicheslav Oblast; in February 2019, the Verkhovna Rada voted to officially amend the Constitution thus granting state sanction to the name change. Later that year the Constitutional Court officially approved the change. The oblast's administrative centre and largest city, Dnipro, had the unofficial name "Sicheslav" in 1918–21 during the Ukrainian War of Independence, commemorating the Zaporizhian Sich. Since then, the renaming process has stalled (as of 2023), with reasons such as the 2019 presidential and parliamentary elections, the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine being cited.

During the Russian invasion, the cities of Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, and Nikopol, among other locations in the region, were bombed by Russia. Russian troops also shelled the village of Ternove and surrounding areas. Reports from Ukrainian military groups suggest this village alongside Berezove, Novoheorhiivka and Zaporizke were attacked and then occupied for an unknown period of time, evincing that the Russian troops entered Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Ukrainian military claimed to have cleared Russian troops from the village on 14 March 2022. It was also reported Russian troops were pushed from areas near Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and Kherson Oblast, near the border. Hannivka was occupied, liberated, and shelled during the invasion. However, as of September 2022, there has been no ground fighting and the oblast remains completely under Ukrainian control.

Administrative subdivisions

The following data incorporates the number of each type of administrative divisions of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast:
 Administrative center – 1 (Dnipro)
 Raions – 7;
 City raions – 18 (Dnipro – 8, Kryvyi Rih – 7, Kamianske −3);
 Settlements – 1504, including:
 Villages – 1438;
 Cities/Towns – 66, including:
 Urban-type settlement – 46;
 Cities – 20.
 Silradas – 288.

The local administration of the oblast is controlled by the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Rada. The governor of the oblast is the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Rada speaker, appointed by the President of Ukraine.

Since July 2020, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast consists of the following seven raions:
 Dnipro Raion;
 Kamianske Raion;
 Kryvyi Rih Raion;
 Nikopol Raion;
 Novomoskovsk Raion;
 Pavlohrad Raion;
 Synelnykove Raion.

Demographics

Its population in 2004 was 3,493,062, which constituted 5.3% of the overall Ukrainian population.

At the 2001 census, the ethnic groups within the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast were:

 Ukrainians – 79.3%,
 Russians – 17.6%,
 Belarusians – 0.8%,
 Jews – 0.4%,
 Armenians – 0.3%,
 Azeris – 0.2%,
 Moldovans – 0.12%,
 Romanis – 0.11%,
 Tatars – 0.11%,
 Germans – 0.11%,
 Other – 0.95%;

the groups by native language:

 Ukrainian 67%,
Russian 32%,
 other languages 1%.

Age structure
 0–14 years: 14.1%  (male 241,006/female 226,216)
 15–64 years: 70.2%  (male 1,100,602/female 1,219,668)
 65 years and over: 15.7%  (male 168,447/female 348,547) (2013 official)

Median age
 total: 40.3 years
 male: 36.6 years
 female: 43.9 years  (2013 official)

Religion

A Pew survey of Dnipropetrovsk residents' religious self-identification showed the following distribution of affiliations: Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 47.5%, Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate 10.7%, Roman Catholic 1.3%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 0.8%, Protestantism 32.3%.

Dnipropetrovsk has one of the most balanced percentage of religious people in the nation mainly due to large number of ethnic groups. The Jewish community is centered in the Dnipro (Golden Rose Synagogue) and Kryvyi Rih area, and emerged during a wave of Jewish immigration.

Cities and towns
There are 20 cities and towns in Dnipro. Major population centers today result from historical factors — with the advent of the iron development took place predominantly along the Kryvyi Rih and Dnipro, a city located on the Dnieper. Kryvyi Rih is the center of a large metropolitan area called Kryvyi Rih Metropolitan Region.

Ranked by population, the oblast's 12 largest municipalities are:

  Dnipro (1,080,846)
  Kryvyi Rih (662,507)
  Kamianske (262,704)
  Nikopol (136,280)
  Pavlohrad (118,816)
  Novomoskovsk (72,439)
  Zhovti Vody (54,370)
  Pokrov (46,532)
  Synelnykove (32,302)
  Ternivka (29,253)
  Pershotravensk (29,140)
  Vilnohirsk (23,782)

Transport

There are eight over-Dnieper bridges and dozens of grade-separated intersections. Several new intersections are under construction. European route E105 cross Left-bank Dnipro from North to South. Highway M04 (Ukraine) and Highway M18 (Ukraine) cross River Dnieper and Dnipro from West to East, entering Kryvyi Rih. Overall, roads are in poor technical condition and maintained inadequately.

Near-Dnipro Railway (NDZ), headquartered in Dnipro, is a component part of the Ukrzaliznytsia (UZ) company. NDR's route map includes all the railroads in the Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhya, Kharkiv, Kherson and Crimea oblasts (provinces of Ukraine).

As of 2008, NDR's rail system included 3,275 km (2,035 mi) of track, of which 93,3% were electrified. The PDR consists of five sections (directions), the Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, Kryvyi Rih, and Crimea directions. There are 244 railway stations in the NDR system. More than a dozen elektrichka stops are located within the city allowing residents of different neighborhoods to use the suburban trains.

The cities of Dnipro and Kryvyi Rih are served by a local sales-tax-funded bus, tram, metro and trolleybus systems.

Dnipro International Airport is the only international airport in the state and serves as one of the hubs for Dniproavia. The airport has non-stop service to over 20 destinations throughout Ukraine, Russia, and Turkey, as well as to Vienna and Tel Aviv. Kryvyi Rih International Airport provides limited commercial air service.

Environment

The oblast is situated in the steppe region. Forests in the oblast occupy about 3.9% of the oblast's total territory. The average temperature in the winter balances from −3 to −5 °C and in the summer from 22 to 24 °C. The average annual rainfall is 400–490 mm. During the summer, Dnipropetrovsk oblast is very warm (average day temperature in July is 24 to 28 °C (75 to 82 °F), even hot sometimes 34 to 38 °C (90 to 97 °F). Temperatures as high as 36 °C (97 °F) have been recorded in May. Winter is not so cold (average day temperature in January is −3 to 0 °C (25 to 32 °F), but when there is no snow and the wind blows hard, it feels extremely cold. A mix of snow and rain happens usually in December.

The tender climate, mineral sources, and the curative mud allow opportunities for rest and cure within the region. Here there are 21 health-centers and medicated pensions, 10 rest homes, recreation departments and rest camps for children.

The Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has splendid flora and fauna. Here, there are more than 1700 kinds of vegetation, 7500 kinds of animals (including elk, wild boar, dappled deer, roe, hare, fox, wolf, etc.) There are also 114 park and nature objects, including 15 state reserves; 3 nature memorials, 24 local parks; 7 landscape parks; 3 park tracts, which altogether make up approximately 260 square kilometres.

217 rivers flow within the area, including 55 rivers which are longer than 25 km, the major one being the Dnieper, which crosses through the center of the oblast. Also flowing through the region are three major reservoirs, the Kamianske, Dnieper and Kakhovka, and the Dnieper-Kryvyi Rih Canal.

Economy
The Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has a high industry potential. There are 712 basic industrial organizations, including 20 different types of economic activity with about 473,4 thousand workers. The area also produces about 16.9% of the total industry production of Ukraine. This places the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast second in Ukraine (after the neighbouring Donetsk Oblast).

Dnipro is a major industrial centre of Ukraine. It has several facilities devoted to heavy industry that produce a wide range of products, including cast-iron, rolled metal, pipes, machinery, different mining combines, agricultural equipment, tractors, trolleybuses, refrigerators, different chemicals and many others.  The most famous and the oldest (founded in the 19th century) is the Metallurgical Plant named after Petrovsky. The city also has big food processing and light industry factories. Many sewing and dress-making factories work for France, Canada, Germany and Great Britain , using the most advanced technologies, materials and design. Dnipro also formerly dominated in the aerospace industry since the 1950s: engineering department Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and construction at Pivdenmash.

Pivdenmash, the former Yuzhmash, is a manufacturer of space rockets, agricultural equipment, buses, trolley buses, trams, wind turbines, and satellites that was inherited from the Soviet Union. It is a large state-owned company located in Dnipro.

Dniproavia, an airline, has its head office on the grounds of Dnipropetrovsk International Airport.
The region possesses major deposits of iron ore and some other metallurgical ores. To exploit them, several large mining companies were founded here in the middle of the 20th century. Most of them are located in Kryvyi Rih itself, which is the longest city in Europe. Steel companies of the region (except Mittal Steel-owned Kryvorizhstal) are controlled by either the Privat Group or the SCM. From the 1990s until 2004, these once united and state-owned industries went through a hard and scandal-ridden process of privatization. Being a business oligarch entity, Privat Group controls some prominent Ukrainian media, maintains close relations with politicians and sponsors professional sports. Key businesses of the group (including the PrivatBank itself) are based in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, which is regarded as its "homeland". Group's founding owners are natives of Dnipropetrovsk and made their entire career there.

ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih, owned by ArcelorMittal since 2005 is the largest private company by revenue in Ukraine, producing over 7 million tonnes of crude steel, and mined over 17 million tonnes of iron ore. As of 2011, the company employed about 37,000 people. 4 Iron Ore Enrichment Works of Metinvest are a large contributors to the UA's balance of payments. The third giant – Evraz mining company.

Education

Colleges and universities

Dnipropetrovsk has several colleges and universities:

 Dnipro State Medical University
 Alfred Nobel University
 Oles Honchar Dnipro National University
 Dnipro Polytechnic
 State Chemical Technology University of Ukraine
 Dnipro State Technical University of Railway Transport
 Prednieper State Academy of Construction and Architecture
 Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs
 National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine
 Dnipro Medical Institute of Conventional and Alternative Medicine
 Dniprovskyi State Technical University
 Kryvyi Rih University
 Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University
 Kryvyi Rih State University of Economics and Technology

Sport

Region houses the Ukrainian Premier League football club, FC Dnipro. This club, commonly seen as representing the city at large, holds a record for being the only Soviet team to win the USSR Federation Cup twice; since independence they have gone on to win the Ukrainian Championship once and the Ukrainian League Cup three times. Kryvyi Rih was home to the football team Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih. FC Hirnyk Kryvyi Rih is a club based in Kryvyi Rih. The club currently competes in the Ukrainian First League. It is part of the Sports Club Hirnyk which combines several other sections. The club's owner is the Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Combine (KZRK), the biggest subterranean mining public company in Ukraine.
SC Kryvbas is a professional basketball club. Achievements of the team are winning the Ukrainian Basketball League in 2009, and winning the Higher League in 2003 and 2004. Since 2010 the team is active in the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague.

Recently built Dnipro-Arena has a capacity of 31,003 people. The Dnipro-Arena hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification game between Ukraine and England on 10 October 2009. The Dnipro Arena was initially chosen as one of the Ukrainian venues for their joint Euro 2012 bid with Poland. However it was dropped from the list in May 2009 as the capacity fell short of the minimum 33,000 seats required by UEFA.

Dnipropetrovsk has a regional federation within Ukrainian bandy and Rink Bandy Federation.

Culture
Historically, Dnieper Ukraine comprised territory that roughly corresponded to the area of Ukraine within the expanding Russian Empire. Ukrainians sometimes call it Great Ukraine (Velyka Ukrayina). Historically, this region is tightly entwined with the history of Ukraine and is considered the heart of the country.

Ukrainian (Middle Dnieprian dialect, 67,0%) and Russian (31,9%) language are both equally used officially, with Russian being more common in cities, while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. These details result in a significant difference across different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches responses of a significant group of people. The speaking of Surzhyk instead of Russian or Ukrainian is wide and viewed negatively by nationalist language activists. Because it is neither the one nor the other, they regard Surzhyk as a threat to the uniqueness of Ukrainian culture.

Petrykivsky Painting originates from Petrykivka village. The distinctive features of this handicraft are the patterns, unusual technique and white background. It was included to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Notable people from Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
 Helena Blavatsky – Russian occultist, philosopher, and author who co-founded the Theosophical Society
 Leonid Brezhnev – General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
 Marharyta Dorozhon – Ukrainian/Israeli Olympic javelin thrower
 Ihor Kolomoyskyi
 Tihon Konstantinov – Moldavian SSR and Moldavian ASSR politician
 Leonid Kuchma – second President of independent Ukraine
 Yulia Tymoshenko – politician and businesswoman
 Pavlo Lazarenko – former Prime Minister of Ukraine
 Viktor Pinchuk
 Mikhail Nekrich
 Oksana Baiul – figure skater; 1993 World champion and 1994 Olympic champion in ladies' singles
 The Lubavitcher Rebbe – Orthodox rabbi, and third Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement
 Samuel Seidlin –  endocrinologist and nuclear medicine pioneer
 Dmytro Yavornytsky
 Valeriy Lobanovskyi
 Oleksandr Oksanchenko – fighter pilot killed in the Battle of Kyiv in 2022
 Oles Honchar
 Olexander Paul
 Volodymyr Zelensky – current President of Ukraine
Dnipropetrovsk Maniacs- serial killers

Landmarks

The following historical-cultural sites were nominated to the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.
  Tomb of kosh otaman Sirko
  Troitsk Cathedral
  Church of Virgin Mary Birth
  The walls of Ukrainian defensive line
  Kurgan stelae or Balbals are anthropomorphic stone stelae, images cut from stone, installed atop, within or around kurgans (i.e. tumuli), in kurgan cemeteries, or in a double line extending from a kurgan. The stelae are also described as "obelisks" or "statue menhirs". Spanning more than three millennia, they are clearly the product of various cultures. The earliest are associated with the Pit Grave culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe (and therefore with the Proto-Indo-Europeans according to the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis). There are Iron Age specimens are identified with the Scythians and medieval examples with Turkic peoples. Such stelae are found in large numbers in Dnipropetrovsk, Kherson and Nikolaev.
  Kodak fortress was a fort built in 1635 by the order of Polish king Władysław IV Vasa and the Sejm over the Dnieper River, near what was to become the town of Stari Kodaky (by modern day: Dnipro). It was constructed by Stanisław Koniecpolski to control Cossacks of Zaporizhian Sich, prevent Ukrainian peasants from joining forces with the Cossacks and guard the southeastern corner of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Poles tried to establish order in that area, and commissioned French military cartographer and engineer William le Vasseur de Beauplan to construct it. The fortress cost around 100,000 Polish zlotys. The dragoon garrison was commanded by the French officer Jean de Marion. Soviet government attempted to destroy the remnants of the fortress in order to eradicate traces of Polish influences on Ukraine by setting a quarry on that site in 1944. The quarry was closed in 1994, but at that time two-thirds of the fortress had been destroyed. Today the site is just ruins, but it is a popular tourist attraction.
  The Saviour's Transfiguration Cathedral (Ukrainian: Спасо-Преображенський кафедральний собор) is the main Orthodox church of Dnipro, Ukraine. The foundation stone was laid in 1786 by Catherine II of Russia and Emperor Joseph II. The event is described in the memoirs of comte de Ségur. Prince Grigory Potemkin envisioned the church as one of the spiritual centres of New Russia. Ivan Starov submitted to Potemkin his designs for a Roman-style basilica, but construction was postponed until the end of the Russo-Turkish War.

Symbols

A Cossack with a musket was an emblem of the Zaporizhian Host and later the state emblem of the Hetmanate and the Ukrainian State. The origin of the emblem is uncertain, while its first records date back to 1592. On the initiative of Pyotr Rumyantsev the emblem was phased out and replaced by the Russian double-headed eagle in 1767.

A Cossack with a rifle was restored by the Hetman of Ukraine Pavlo Skoropadsky in 1918. However, later the emblem disappeared again until in 2005 it reappeared on the proposed Great Seal of Ukraine. In 2002 was adopted flag and identical coat of arms of Oblast, which consists of cossack with musket and nine yellow eight-pointed stars. Stars represent coat of arms of Yekaterinoslav Governorate which also consisted of imperial monogram of Catherine the Great.

 Other symbols
 Official plants are wheat, acanthus and oak.
 Per aspera ad astra is a motto of the region.

See also
 Subdivisions of Ukraine
 Privat Group

References

External links

 Official site of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Administration
 Information Card of the Region Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine

Oblasts of Ukraine
States and territories established in 1946
Soviet toponymy in Ukraine
1946 establishments in Ukraine

Dnipropetrovsk Oblast


Das Schulprojekt  (ASPnet, ) der UNESCO fördert Schulen unter der Bezeichnung UNESCO-Schule, wenn diese von den vier Säulen des UNESCO-Bildungsmodells,  geprägt sind. Die Mitarbeit im Netzwerk der UNESCO-Schulen ist als langfristiges Engagement angelegt. Die gesamte Schulgemeinschaft ist aufgerufen, kontinuierlich die Anliegen der UNESCO in alle Bereiche des Schulalltags einfließen zu lassen.

In Österreich sind 95 Schulen in diesem Netzwerk, mit weltweit an die 8.000 Schulen, verzeichnet.
Ausgewählt und betreut werden sie von der Österreichischen UNESCO-Kommission.

Liste

Stand: 6/2019

Weblinks
 UNESCO-Schulen, Österreichische UNESCO-Kommission

!
Unescoschulen In Osterreich

Liste der UNESCO-Schulen in Österreich


Atom saati, atomların rezonans frekanslarını sayarak zamanı ölçen bir saat çeşididir. 3 milyon yılda 1 saniye hata yapmalarının ihtimali sadece % 22,522'dir.

İlk atom saatleri, sayım ekipmanları eklenmiş Maserler'dir. Bugünün en iyi atom saatleri, soğuk atomlar ve atomik çeşmelerle çalışan, ileri fizik ürünü aletlerdir. Amerikan Ulusal Standartlar Enstitüsü, kullanılan Maser'lerin hata payı olan günlük 10−9 saniyelik sapmayla çalışan saatler kullanırlar. Atom saatleri devamlı ve istikrarlı bir zaman ölçümü standardı olan Uluslararası Atomik Zamanı (International Atomic Time, IAT) oluştururlar. Diğer ölçümler için, IAT'den elde edilen ancak gece ve gündüzün geçişiyle senkronize edilen Koordine Evrensel Zaman (Coordinated Universal Time, CUT) kullanılır.

İlk atom saati 1949'da ABD Ulusal Standartlar Bürosu'nda (U.S National Bureau of Standards, NBS) yapıldı. İlk isabetli atom saatiyse, sezyum-133 atomunun rezonansı ölçümüyle 1955 yılında İngiltere Ulusal Fizik Laboratuvarı'nda, Louis Essen tarafından yapıldı.

Eski yarı doğru saatler kuvars taşının verilen elektrikle titreşmesini esas alıyordu. Atom saatine eklenen sezyum parça sayesinde, kuvars şaştığında sezyum ona müdahale ediyor ve bu saati mükemmelleştiriyordu.

Ağustos 2004'te NIST bilim insanları, bilgisayar çipi ölçeğinde ilk atom saatini tanıttılar.

Modern radyo saatleri atom saatlerini referans alırlar, ancak radyo saatleri ikincil ekipmanlar oldukları için atom saatlerindeki kesinlikten yoksundurlar. Bu yüzden yüksek kesinlik gerektiren bilimsel uygulamalarda kullanılmazlar.

Zaman ölçme bilimi

Atom saati


Ceyhan, Adana ilinin ilçesidir. Adana'ya 47 kilometre uzaklıktadır. Adana'nın merkez ilçeleri dışında en fazla nüfusa sahip ilçesidir.

Etimoloji
Ceyhan, kuruluşundan günümüze kadar şu isimleri almıştır; 1860 yılından sonra Yarsuat, 1896 yılından sonra II. Abdülhamid'e izafen Hamidiye, daha sonra 1909'da Urfiye ve cumhuriyet sonrası ise 3 Mayıs 1929'da Ceyhan adı verilmiştir.

Tarihçe
Şehrin bilinen tarihi 9 bin yıl öncesine dayanmaktadır. Ceyhan Ovası Hitit, Asur, Fenike, Mısır, İran, Roma ve Bizans medeniyetlerine evsahipliği yapmıştır.

Boğazköy ve Kültepe tabletlerinde adı geçen üç krallıktan, Luvi Krallığı'nın (MÖ 1900) Ceyhan Nehri'nin doğu kısmında, Arzava Krallığı'nın ise (MÖ 1500-1333) nehrin batı kısmında kurulduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Luviler Asurluların, Arzavalılar ise Hititlerin egemenliği altına girmişlerdir. Kizzuwatna Krallığı ise Seyhan ve Ceyhan nehirleri arasında kurulmuş olup Hitit egemenliğine girmiştir.

MÖ 1200 yılında Hitit Krallığının ortadan kalkması ile Kue Krallığı kurulmuş (MÖ 1190-713), Kral Asistavands Karatepe şehrini kurdurmuştur. Daha sonra bölge Asurlar'ın, Babiller'in, Persler'in, Büyük İskender'in, Selevkoslar'ın, Helenistik Mısır Krallığı'nın, Roma İmparatorluğu'nun, Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun, Emeviler'in, Abbasiler'in, Tolunoğulları'nın, Hamdaniler'in ve tekrar Bizans'ın eline geçti.

1071 Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi sonrası, Süleyman Şah (Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti'nin kurucusu) 1083 yılında Ceyhan Ovası'nı ve Adana'yı tamamen ele geçirdi. 1097 yılında Kilikya Ermeni Krallığına bağlanan Ceyhan 14. yüzyılda Mısır Memlüklülerinin eline geçer ve sonrasında Dulkadir oğlu Beyliği topraklarına katılır. O yıllarda nüfusu 5.000'dir. Ceyhan, 1353-1515 yılları arasında Memlüklere bağlı Ramazanoğulları Beyliği'nın hakimiyeti altında kalmıştır. Bu topraklar için Memlükler ve Osmanlılar 1485-1498 yılları arasında savaştılar. 1515 yılından itibaren Yavuz Sultan Selim'in Mısır seferi sırasında Adana toprakları Ceyhan Ovası ile birlikte Osmanlı Devletinin idaresine girdi.

1525 yılına ait Osmanlı Tapu tahrir defterinde adı Yarsuvat olarak geçmektedir. Yarsuvat Kırımca'da nehir kenarı anlamına gelmektedir. Bu dönemde bölgeye yerleştirilen Kınık Türkmenleri, Oğuzların Üçok koluna ait Denizhanoğulları soyundan gelmektedir. Nitekim bugün bölgede kalabalık bir nüfusa sahip olan Sırkıntıoğulları, Karsantıoğulları, Kozanoğulları, Cerit, Yüreğir, Barak, gibi Türkmen obaları Oğuzların Kınık boyuna bağlıdırlar. Konar-göçer Oğuzların Türkmen, Avşar boyları uzun yıllar yörede kışlak olarak yaşamışlardır.

1833-1840 tarihleri arası Ceyhan Ovası el değiştirerek Mısırlı İbrahim Paşa'ya geçmiştir. İbrahim Paşa özellikle Menemencioğulları Türkmenleri başta olmak üzere diğer Türkmen boylarının yardımıyla Konya'ya kadar ilerleyerek Osmanlı yönetiminden çıkmıştır. Mısırlı İbrahim Paşa kendisine destek vermeyip Osmanlıyı destekleyen aşiretlere ise çok acımasız davranmıştır. Örneğin Sırkıntıoğulları ve Karsantıoğulları'nın tüm mallarını yağmaladığı gibi, bu Türkmenleri kılıçtan geçirme kararını bile almıştı. Ancak Menemencioğlu Ahmet Bey'in itirazı nedeniyle bu kararını uygulayamamıştır. Mısır ordusu bölgede Osmanlı yanlısı Türk boylarını sindirmek için özellikle sürgün taktiğini çok kullanmıştır. Özellikle bölgenin en büyük aşireti olan Sırkıntı Türkmenlerini pasivize etmek için Sırkıntıoğlu Murtaza Bey, İbrahim Paşa'nın emriyle Mısır'a sürgün edilmiştir. Ceyhan 1841 yılında tekrar Osmanlı yönetimine geçmiştir. Kurtuluş Savaşı yıllarında ise Türkmen boyları tarafından kurulan Kuvay-ı Milliye birlikleri bölgede destan yazmışlardır. Sırkıntılar grup komutanlığı gibi birçok birlikler Ceyhan'ın kurtuluşuna önemli katkıda bulunmuşlardır.

Kırım Savaşı'ndan sonra Osmanlılar buraya Nogay Türklerini ve 93 Harbi'nden sonra da Rumeli Türklerini iskan etmişlerdir. 1896 yılında II. Abdülhamid tarafından Hamidiye adı verilmiş 1908 yılında ise Urfiye olarak değiştirilmiştir.

19 Temmuz 1926'da ilçe yapılmış ve Cebelibereket (Osmaniye) vilayetine  bağlanmış ve son olarak 3 Mayıs 1920 yılında çıkarılan yasa ile adı Ceyhan olarak değişmiştir. 1933 yılında Cebelibereket ilinin ilçe yapılması üzerine bugünkü statüsüne kavuştu.

Coğrafya ve iklim
Akdeniz Bölgesi'nde yer alan Ceyhan Adana'ya 47 km uzaklıkta, Akdenize 30 km. uzaklıkta, 36. ve 37. kuzey enlemleri ile 35. ve 36. doğu boylamları arasında olan bir ilçedir. Güneyde Yumurtalık, Kuzeyde Kozan, kuzeybatısında İmamoğlu, kuzey doğusunda Kadirli, batıda Yüreğir, doğuda Osmaniye, Hatay iline bağlı Erzin ilçesi ile komşudur.

İlçenin önemli bölümü tarımsal arazi ile kaplı olup yüzölçümü 1.424 km²'dir ve 71 mahallesi vardır.

En önemli akarsu Ceyhan Nehri ilçenin kenarından geçmektedir ve uzunluğu 509 km'dir. Ayrıca Mercin Suyu, Karaçay, Handeresi, Çeperce Deresi ilçenin akarsularıdır.

Yazları sıcak ve kurak, kışları ılık ve yağışlı geçen ilçenin iklimi tipik Akdeniz iklimidir. Yağış miktarı Ceyhan Ovası'nda 600–750 mm. iken, dağlık alanlarda 750–1000 mm arasında olup, yağışların %50'si kışın, %27'si ilkbaharda, %18'i sonbaharda, %5'i yaz aylarında düşer.

Ceyhan'ın  bitki örtüsünü makiler oluşturmaktadır. Ceyhan büyük bir ova olduğu için orman alanlar tahrip edilerek tarım alanlarına dönüştürülmüştür. Buna rağmen yer yer çam ormanlarına rastlanır.

Ceyhan'da son yıllarda oluşturulan Okaliptüs (sıtma ağacı-selvi) ormanları ise geniş alanlar kaplamaktadır. Yine tarımı geliştirmek için ekilen zeytin, turunçgil, kavak ekili alanlar da geniş yer kaplamaktadır.

Ceyhan tabi orman bakımından fakirdir. Lakin kerestecilik maksadıyla okaliptüs ve kavak yetiştiriciliği yapılmaktadır. Ceyhan'da kerestecilik ve mobilyacılık gelişme göstermiştir.

Ceyhan'da üretilen orman ürünleri genellikle kereste ve odun olarak tüketilmektedir.

Ulaşım
Ceyhan, güneyden ve kuzeyden iki önemli yolla çevrilidir.

Avrupa'yı Asya'ya bağlayan E-90 ve E-91  karayolu ile Türkiye'de İç Anadolu ve Ege'yi Güneydoğuya bağlayan D-400 Devlet Karayolu Ceyhan'dan geçmektedir. D-400 Karayolu Ceyhan Şehrinin 3 km. kadar Kuzeyenden geçerken yine TAG (Pozantı-Tarsus–Gaziantep Otoyolu)olarak adlandırılan  E-90 ve Avrupa'yı Beyrut ve İsrail'e bağlayan TEM otoyolu da Ceyhan'ın 7 km. kadar güneyinden geçmektedir.

Ayrıca Türkiye'yi Ortadoğu'ya bağlayan demiryolu hattı Haydarpaşa-Bağdat Demiryolu da Ceyhan'dan geçmektedir.

Ceyhan, Adana Havaalanına da 50 km. uzaklıktadır. Deniz ulaşımı için de Yumurtalık ve İskenderun limanlarına yakındır. Kısacası deniz, hava, kara ve demiryolundan ulaşımı kolay bir ilçemizdir.

Ekonomik yapı
Ana geçim kaynağı olarak tarım gösterilebilir. İlçe, tipik bir Çukurova ilçesi olarak, geçmişte akıllara yer eden pamuk üretimiyle anılsa da, şimdilerde değişen ekonomik kaygılar sebebiyle, dönemden döneme değişmekle beraber buğday, mısır, karpuz,soya ve  yerfıstığı üretimine de sıklıkla rastlanır. Köylerde ufak çapta küçük ve büyük baş hayvancılık da yapılır. Tarımın ekonomide yoğun olarak yer alması, Ceyhan'ın ticaret ve sanayi imkânlarını da arttırmıştır. Ceyhan çevresinde eskiden onlarca çırçır fabrikası yer alırken bugün bunlar yerini mısır kurutma tesislerine bırakmıştır. Ayrıca; Yumurtalık Serbest Bölgesine,Yumurtalık-Sugözü Termik Santraline, BOTAŞ'ın BTC (Bakü-Tiflis-Ceyhan) Boru Hattı olarak bilinen ve Bakü'den Yumurtalık'a uzanan Petrol Boru Hattına, Hatay sınırındaki Toros Gübre Sanayii'ne, Adana ve Osmaniye Organize Sanayi Bölgelerine yakınlığı da Ceyhan'ın ekomisinde etkili rol oynar.

Nüfus
İlçeye bağlı; 112 mahalleden oluşmaktadır.

Mahalleler
Ceyhan'ın 112 mahallesinin 31'i merkezde bulunmaktadır. Merkez mahallelerinde 113.914 kişi   (% 70,9) yaşamaktadır. En uzak mahallesi ise 40,5 km uzaklıktaki Günlüce mahallesidir. Merkez mahalleleri dışında nüfusu en fazla olan, 3.806 kişi ile Büyükmangıt mahallesidir.  Ceyhan'ın nüfusu 2017 yılında % 0,28 artmıştır

Ceyhan ilçesinin mahallelerinin ilçeye uzaklığı, rakımı ve nüfusu

* Km,  Burhaniye Mahallesi'nde bulunan kaymakamlığa olan uzaklıktır.

Spor

Spor Kulüpleri
Ceyhan'ın Futbol Bölgesel Amatör (BAL) liginde 2 takımı vardır.

Kardeş şehirler
  Sumgayıt, Azerbaycan

Yönetim
19 Temmuz 1926'da ilçe yapılmış ve Cebelibereket (Osmaniye)vilayetine  bağlanmış ve son olarak 3 Mayıs 1920 yılında çıkarılan kanunla adı Ceyhan olarak değiştirilen ilçe 1 Haziran 1933'te Osmaniye'nin ilçe haline getirilmesiyle Osmaniye'den ayrılarak Adana'ya bağlanmıştır.

Belediye başkanları
 Hülya Erdem 2021-
 Kadir Aydar 2019-2021
Ali Alper Boydak 2017-2019
 Alemdar Öztürk 2014-2017
 Hüseyin Sözlü 1999-2014
 Emin Civelek 1994-1999
 Mehmet Şerif Yiğit 1989-1994
 Mahir Alp Boydak 1984-1989
 Rifat Atik 1981-1983
 Şahin Özbilen 1963-1980
 Ökkeş Sabitoğlu 1955-1960
 Yusuf Mülayim 1954-1955
 Mustafa Akçalı 1952-1954
 Lütfi Başeğmez 1951
 Mustafa Aydar 1947-1950
 Sait Akman 1945-1946
 Hakkı Mete 1943-1944
 Arif Hikmet Özbilen 1941-1942
 Selahattin Sepici 1939-1940
 Hacı Ahmet Topsakal 1935-1938
 Rıfat Çetinsoy 1928-1932
 İbrahim Mete 1930-1931
 Selim Aytemur 1927
 Hacı Mücteba Yücekök 1926-1927
 Hasan Sağındık 1924-1925
 Mehmet Payaslı 1923-1924

Tarihi ve ören yerleri
 Kurtkulağı Kervansarayı
 Haydar Ağa Cami (Kurtkulağı)
 Yılankale
 Ulu Cami
 Sirkeli Höyüğü
 Muradiye Cami
 Durhasandede Türbesi
 Dumlu Kalesi

Önemli günler
 6 Ocak 1922 Ceyhan'ın kurtuluşu

Ayrıca bakınız
 Bakü Tiflis Ceyhan Petrol Boru Hattı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Ceyhan Kaymakamlığı
 Ceyhan Belediyesi

Adana'nın ilçeleri

Ceyhan


La statue-menhir du Moulin de Loat est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Murat-sur-Vèbre, dans le département du Tarn en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte en 2003 par Mme Féliu au Moulin de Loat à proximité d'un ruisseau. La statue est complète. Elle a été gravée sur une dalle de rhyolite dont le site d'extraction le plus proche est situé à environ . Elle mesure  de hauteur sur  de largeur et  d'épaisseur.

La statue est extrêmement usée, les gravures sont pratiquement totalement effacées et ne sont plus visibles qu'en lumière rasante. Il n'en demeure que le bras gauche, les jambes accolées et une partie de la ceinture comportant une boucle rectangulaire, ce qui indique qu'il s'agit probablement d'une statue masculine.

La statue est conservé chez son propriétaire.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques du Tarn
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Liens externes

 Statue-menhir du Moulin de Loat (construit par stéréophotogrammétrie)

Moulin de Loat
Site mégalithique dans le Tarn

Statue-menhir du Moulin de Loat


The Pelican Brief is a legal-suspense thriller by John Grisham, published in 1992 by Doubleday. It is his third novel after A Time to Kill and The Firm. Two paperback editions were published, both by Dell Publishing in 1993. A namesake film adaptation was released in 1993 starring Julia Roberts and Denzel Washington.

Plot
The story begins with the assassinations of two ideologically divergent Supreme Court justices. Both murders are committed by Khamel, the most wanted hitman in the world. Justice Rosenberg, a liberal, is killed at his home while Justice Jensen, a Republican-appointed swing voter, is killed inside a gay movie theater in Washington, D.C. The circumstances surrounding their deaths, as well as the deaths themselves, shock and confuse a politically divided nation.

Darby Shaw, a Tulane University law student, conducts research on Rosenberg and Jensen's records and writes a legal brief speculating they were not killed for political reasons. She shows the brief to Thomas Callahan, her law professor and lover, who in turn shows it to his friend, an FBI lawyer, Gavin Verheek. Soon afterwards, Callahan is killed by a car bomb, while Shaw, who witnesses his death, is contacted at the scene by suspicious people. Afraid that she is the next target, Shaw goes on the run. She contacts and agrees to meet Verheek, but Khamel murders Verheek and impersonates him when they meet. He is just about to kill Shaw when he is shot by an unknown person, so she manages to escape again.

Gray Grantham, a reporter for The Washington Post, is contacted by an informant calling himself "Garcia", who believes he has seen something in his law office that is related to the assassinations. However, Garcia is reluctant to come forward. Shaw shows her findings to Grantham, believing that the assassinations were committed on behalf of Victor Mattiece, an oil tycoon who seeks to drill on Louisiana marshland which is home to an endangered species of pelican. A case that would decide whether Mattiece can gain access to the land is expected to be heard before the Supreme Court. Despite their status as ideological opposites, the two slain justices had a single characteristic in common: a history of environmentalism, causing Shaw to surmise that Mattiece orchestrated their murders to make sure their replacements would be appointed by the current president, a hardline reactionary. Grantham agrees to help Shaw prove her suspicion is correct.

The president and his Chief of Staff, Fletcher Coal, try to cover up the White House's link to Mattiece, afraid that it might endanger the president's re-election. The president orders FBI Director F. Denton Voyles to temporarily stop working on the brief, and asks the more trusted CIA Director Bob Gminski to conduct the investigation instead. They also send an agent to Mattiece to find out whether the brief is true, but Mattiece, who has become practically insane over the past several years, has the agent killed.

Shaw and Grantham manage to track down Curtis Morgan, a.k.a. "Garcia", an employee of the law firm representing Mattiece, only to find out that he died some days before in an apparent mugging. They manage to contact his widow, leading them to discover Morgan's written and videotaped testimony. Morgan reveals that, some time before the assassinations, he accidentally looked at an internal correspondence and realized that some of his co-workers were involved in the murders. Afraid that he himself might be killed, Morgan decided to record his testimony. With this evidence, Grantham and Shaw approach the Posts chief editor. Voyles appears at the newsroom and reveals that he has a tape recording of the conversation with the President ordering him to stop working on the brief, and that the CIA was investigating Mattiece and killed Khamel to save Shaw's life. He also arranges a plane for Shaw to disappear.

The story prominently appears in the Post, over the objections of the president and his staff. One of the implicated lawyers commits suicide. The President is expected to announce he will not seek re-election. Mattiece disappears. Shaw settles on an island in the Caribbean and is joined by Grantham, who agrees to stay for at least a month.

Critical reception
Kirkus Reviews called the book a "gripping legal suspenser," writing that it "is a tale that baits its own hooks with the lures of All the President's Men." Entertainment Weekly wrote that "Grisham recycles the old formulas with sure pacing and considerable panache." Publishers Weekly wrote that the author "delivers a suspenseful plot at a breakneck pace, although his characters are stereotypes."

See also
Supreme Court of the United States in fiction

References

External links
 The Pelican Brief at Grisham's Official site

1992 American novels
Legal thriller novels
Novels by John Grisham
Tulane University Law School
Novels set in New Orleans
American novels adapted into films
Doubleday (publisher) books

The Pelican Brief


معركة علم حلفا هي معركة من معارك الحرب العالمية الثانية وقعت جنوب قرية العلمين في مصر بين الجيش الثامن البريطاني وبين قوات المحور في الفترة 31 أغسطس إلى 7 سبتمبر 1942، وانتهت بانتصار الجيش الثامن.

الخلفية التاريخية
 بعد أن فشل القائد الألماني إرفين رومل في إلحاق الهزيمة بالقوات البريطانية في معركة العلمين الأولى في يوليو عام 1942 كان عليه أن يعد العدة لمحاولة هزيمتهم مرة أخرى، وكان عليه أن ينتظر حتى تكون قواته مستعدة تماماً لشن الهجوم.
 لكن رومل كان يتوقع أن البريطانيين يزيدون من قوتهم، وقد قدّر أنه يحتاج الحلفاء إلى شهرين أو ثلاثة بعد سقوط طبرق في 21 يونيو 1942 حتى يكملوا شحن الإمدادات اللازمة لقهر قوات المحور، وعندها تكون مهمة المحور أصعب بكثير، ولذلك كان من الضروري مهاجمة البريطانيين قبل منتصف سبتمبر.
 في أوائل أغسطس كان رئيس الوزراء البريطاني ونستون تشرشل قد عزل القائد البريطاني كلود أوكنلك من قيادة الجيش الثامن وقوات الشرق الأوسط، وأحل محله هارولد ألكسندر في قيادة قوات الشرق الأوسط وبرنارد مونتغمري في قيادة الجيش الثامن.
 يتفق رأي الجانب البريطاني في أن فرصة نجاح هجوم رومل تتضاءل كلما تأخر هذا الهجوم، حيث قال هارولد ألكسندر لمونتغمري قبل المعركة:«فإذا ما أسرع [رومل] في هجومه فنحن في خطر..أما إذا تباطأ أسبوعين فسيلقى حتفه...».
 كانت قوات المحور تعاني من مشاكل الإمدادات، حيث يبتعد أقرب ميناء، وهو ميناء طبرق، أكثر من 590 كم عن الجبهة، وكانت المشكلة أن ميناء طبرق ذو طاقة استيعابية صغيرة، ولذلك كان كثيراً ما كان التفريغ يتم في ميناء بنغازي التي تبعد أكثر من 1050 كم عن الجبهة، ناهيك عن أن قوافل السفن الإيطالية التي تحمل إمدادات المحور كانت تتعرض للغارات من جزيرة مالطة.
 على العكس من ذلك بالنسبة للحلفاء كان ميناء الإسكندرية يبعد حوالي 110 كم عن الجبهة، وكان ميناء السويس يبعد حوالي 345 كم. ولذلك لم تكن للحلفاء مشاكل تذكر في نقل إمداداتهم سوى في المدة الزمنية حيث يتم نقل جزء كبير منها عبر رأس الرجاء الصالح.
 إزاء هذه المعطيات التقى رومل مع أوغو كافاليرو رئيس القيادة العليا الإيطالية، وألبرت كسلرنغ قائد القوات الألمانية في جبهة البحر المتوسط في 27 أغسطس حيث قال رومل أن المعركة تعتمد على الإيصال السريع للوقود، وقد ضمن كافاليرو وكسلرنغ إيصال 6000 طن من الوقود، حتى أن كافاليرو قال لرومل:«يمكن أن تبدأ المعركة الآن...الوقود هو أصلاً في الطريق».

خطط الجانبين
 كان خطة رومل تقضي بالقيام بهجوم تضليلي في الشمال على يد الفيلقين العاشر والحادي والعشرين الإيطاليين، في حين يكون الهجوم الرئيسي هو حركة التفافية في الجنوب بواسطة الفيلق الأفريقي الألماني والفيلق العشرين الإيطالي، ثم الاتجاه شمالاً نحو علم حلفا ثم الاتجاه إلى الإسكندرية (وهي خطة مشابهة لتلك التي استخدمت في معركة عين الغزالة).
 في المقابل كان لدى مونتغمري وهيئة أركانه فكرة عن خطة رومل حيث أنهم قاموا بتسريب خريطة زائفة إلى رومل حول المواقع البريطانية. أما رومل فقد اكتشف بعد أيام من الهجوم أن القيادة البريطانية كانت تعلم بقراره للهجوم قبل وقوعه بواسطة ضابط إيطالي كبير، وقد عرف رومل ذلك من بعض الأسرى البريطانيين.

سير المعركة

 في الساعة الثانية من فجر يوم 31 أغسطس بدأت قوات المحور الهجوم والوصول إلى أول حقل ألغام بريطاني. ثم توقف الهجوم بعد ساعات لنقص الوقود، ناهيك عن كثافة حقول الألغام، وقد علم رومل بنبأ مقتل فون بسمارك von Bismarck قائد إحدى الفرق، وبنبأ إصابة والتر نهرنغ Nehring قائد الفيلق الأفريقي. ثم تم استئناف الهجوم في الساعة الواحدة بعد الظهر بعد إعادة التزود بالوقود.
 في 1 سبتمبر تحبط قوات رومل محاولة اللواء البريطاني الثامن للاتصال باللواء البريطاني الثاني والعشرين، ومع ذلك يضطر رومل لإيقاف الهجوم ثانية بسبب كثافة حقول الألغام، وبسب نقص الوقود.
 في 2 سبتمبر قوات رومل تنسحب من خط الطاقة - باب القطارة بسبب مشكلة الوقود والتفوق الجوي.
 يومي 3 و4 سبتمبر يحقق النيوزيلنديون أهدافهم رغم مقاومة قوات المحور الشديدة.
 يستمر القتال حتى اليومين التاليين ويتوقف القتال صباح يوم 7 سبتمبر.

أسباب الهزيمة
يعلل رومل في مذكراته أسباب إخفاق الهجوم الذي قامت به قوات المحور إلى السباب التالية:
 المواقع البريطانية الجنوبية مواقع قوية عكس تقارير فرق الاستطلاع لدى رومل.
 السيطرة الجوية للقوات البريطانية.
 لم يصل الوقود الذي كان أساسياً لنجاح الخطة حيث غرقت بعض السفن التي وعد ها كافاليرو، كما لم يتمكن كسلرنغ من الإيفاء بوعده بإرسال 500 طن يومياً إلى الجبهة (يقول القائد الألماني ويستفال أن كسلرنغ أرسل هذه الكمية فعلاً إلاّ أنها استهلكت في الطريق).

ما بعد المعركة
 كان فشل رومل في إلحاق الهزيمة بالبريطانيين كبيراً لدرجة أنه خسر زمام المبادرة لصالحهم، ولم يكن في يديه سوى انتظار الهجوم البريطاني التالي، وهو الذي عُرف لاحقاً باسم معركة العلمين الثانية.
 في 23 سبتمبر غادر رومل أفريقيا إلى ألمانيا لتلقي العلاج لمعاناته من عدة مشاكل صحية، تاركاً ورائه فون شتومه von Stumme قائداً لقوات المحور. ولم يعد رومل إلى الجبهة إلاّ بعد بدء معركة العلمين الثانية.

مصادر

 «مذكرات رومل»، ترجمة فتحي عبد الله النمر، مكتبة الأنجلو – مصرية، القاهرة، 1966.
 محمود سليمان محمود، «رومل والفيلق الأفريقي»، الدار الجماهيرية للنشر والتوزيع والإعلان، 1998.
 برنارد مونتغمري، «مذكرات المارشال مونتجمري»، ترجمة د. الحسيني المعدّى، الدولية للنشر والتوزيع، القاهرة،
2009.
 Peter Young (ed.), the History of World War II, Orbis Publication, 1984
 Shelford Bidwell (ed.), "Hitler's Generals and Their Battles", Salamander Books- London, Chatwell Books-New York, 1976.
 ليدل هارت (ed.), "Purnell's History of the Second World War", vol.6, Phoebus Publishing Company, London, 1980.

مصر في 1942
أحداث أغسطس 1942
أحداث سبتمبر 1942
حملة الصحراء الغربية
حملة شمال إفريقيا
مصر في الحرب العالمية الثانية
معارك أستراليا في الحرب العالمية الثانية
معارك ألمانيا في الحرب العالمية الثانية
معارك الحرب العالمية الثانية تشمل نيوزيلندا
معارك المملكة المتحدة في الحرب العالمية الثانية
معارك إيطاليا في الحرب العالمية الثانية
نزاعات في 1942

معركة علم حلفا


Hârlău (also spelled Hîrlău, ; ; ) is a town in Iași County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It was one of the princely court cities of Moldavia, in the 15th century. One village, Pârcovaci, is administered by the town.

Geography
The town is located in the northwestern part of Iași County, at a distance of  from Târgu Frumos and  from the county seat, Iași. It is situated close to the border with Botoșani County,  south of the city of Botoșani.

Hârlău lies on the banks of the Bahlui River. It is crossed by national road , which is part of European route E58. The Hârlău train station is the terminus of the CFR Line 607, which starts at the Iași railway station.

Population
The 2011 census counted 10,905 inhabitants, 93.85% Romanians, and 6.06% Roma. A large Jewish community used to live in Hârlău.

Natives
 Lucian Boz (1908–2003), literary critic, essayist, novelist, poet, and translator
  (1869–1943), writer, journalist, and politician
 Mihail Davidoglu (1910–1987), playwright
  (born 1946), historian
  (1895–1976), jurist and politician
  (1894–1974), Catholic priest
 Petru Rareș (1483–1546), Prince of Moldavia
 Mordecai Sandberg (1897–1973), composer and physician

References

External links
 The General Archive of The History of The Jewish People. RM 160, 164.

Towns in Romania
Populated places in Iași County
Localities in Western Moldavia

Hârlău


Jack Henry López (Río Piedras, 16 de dezembro de 1992) é um jogador de beisebol estadunidense, que joga na posição de defensor interno (infielder).

Carreira

Fujita compôs o elenco da Seleção dos Estados Unidos de Beisebol nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, onde conquistou a medalha de prata após confronto contra a equipe japonesa na final da competição.

Beisebolistas olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Beisebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas olímpicos do beisebol

Jack López


الشَّعْرَوِيَّة أو تريكوفايتون

الوصف
يتميز جنس الشعروية بتطوير كل من الأبواغ الصغيرة والكبيرة ذات الجدران الملساء. تكون الأبواغ الكبيرة محمولة على الأغلب بشكل جانبي ومباشرة على خيط فطري أو على سويقة صغيرة، وكما تتميز بأن جدرانها إما سميكة أو رقيقة، ذات شكل كمثري إلى مغزلي وأحجام تتراوح بين 4~8 × 8~50 ملم. تكون الأبواغ الكبيرة نادرة أو غير موجودة في العديد من الأنواع. بينما يكون شكل الأبواغ الصغيرة دائري أو إجاصي إلى كمثري أو حتى غير منتظمة الشكل وبأحجام مختلفة 2~3 × 2~4 ملم.

عند الإنسان
تسبب ما يعرف بحكة مليبار، وهي عبارة عن عدوى فطرية للجلد تتجلى على شكل حلقات متمركزة من طبقات متداخلة من القشور لتشكيل بقع بثرية قشرية.

أنواع الشعرويات

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Doctor Fungus
 Mycology Unit at the Adelaide Women's and Children's Hospital

أجناس العوفنيات
أمراض القطط
فطريات طفيلية
مفصلاويات

شعروية


වසර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ යොදාගෙන ආයුර්වේදය, සිද්ධා බෙහෙත්, සාම්ප්‍රදායික චීන ඖෂධ හා යුනානි වැනි ප්‍රදාන අංගයක් වේ. එය පළමු වරට සායම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරන ලද අතර, පසුව එහි ජනක වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවෙහි එහි ඇති දේපල සඳහා භාවිතා කරන ලදී. [100]

නිශ්චිත ප්‍රභවය නොදන්නා නමුත් දකුණු ආසියාවේ සිට බොහෝ දුරට වියට්නාමය, චීනය හෝ බටහිර ඉන්දියාවේ සිට පැවත එන බව පෙනෙන්නට තිබේ. [1] වනාන්තරයේ දක්නට නොලැබෙන අතර, දිග ආසියාවේ, ඕසියානා සහ බටහිර අප්‍රිකාවේ සමහර රටවල වගා කර ඇත. [1] ලෝකයේ විශාලතම කර්මාන්තමය නිෂ්පාදකයා, පාරිභෝගිකයා හා අපනයනකරු වන්නේ ඉන්දියාවයි. [1]

බහු වාර්ෂික ශාක පැළෑටි උස 1 m (3 අඩි 3 ක්) දක්වා ඉහළට එළඹෙනු ඇත. ඉතා අතු බෙදි, කහ, තැඹිලි, සිලින්ඩරාකාර, ඇරිමාලි රයිසෝම සොයාගත හැකිය. කොළ එකිනෙකට වෙනස් වන අතර පේළි දෙකක් සකස් කර ඇත. කොළ කොළ, පත්රික පත්ර සහ පත්ර තලය ලෙස බෙදී ඇත. කොළ කොට්ටේ සිට ව්යාජ කඳේ පිහිටයි. පොල්ගස්වල දිග 50 - 115 සෙ.මී. (20-45) දිග. සරළ පත්ර තලවල සාමාන්යයෙන් 76 සිට 115 සෙ.මී. (30-45) දිග සහ කලාතුරකින් 230 cm (91) පමණ වේ. ඒවාට 38 සිට 45 අතර පළල (15-18 දක්වා) ඇත. අන්තිමේදී පතුලේ පටු පැල්ලමක් ඇත.

බොහෝ ආසියානු ආහාරවල අත්යවශ්ය අමුද්‍රව්‍යවලින් එකකි. අබ ඇටයක්, භූමි සුවඳක් සහ ආහාරයට මදක් කටුක රසයක් ලබා දීම. [5] [6] කහ ආහාරයට ගැනීමෙන් බහුල ලෙස රසවත් ආහාරවල භාවිතා වේ, නමුත් කේක් සව්දිය වැනි සමහර පැණිරස කෑමවල භාවිතා වේ. ඉන්දියාවේදී, කහ ආදී ශාක පත්ර කොළ පාටේ පිටි සහ පොල් කැකුළු මිශ්රණය මගින් ශාක විශේෂ මිශ්ර තැටි පිළියෙල කිරීම සඳහා යොදා ගනී. පසුව විශේෂ කට්ටලයක් (chondrõ) ද වසා දැමීමට යොදා ගනී. බොහෝ කහ රසය මගින් රයිෙසෝම් කුඩු ආකාරයෙන් රන් කහ වර්ණ ලබා දීමට භාවිතා කරයි. [6] ටින් බීම වර්ග, බේකරි නිෂ්පාදන, කිරි නිෂ්පාදන, අයිස්ක්රීම්, යෝගට්, කහ කේක්, තැඹිලි යුෂ, බිස්කට්, පොප් කොර්න් වර්ණය, ධාන්ය වර්ග, සෝස් සහ ජෙලටින් වැනි බොහෝ නිෂ්පාදන වල භාවිතා වේ. ව්යංජන කුඩු වල ප්රධානම සංඝටකයකි. සාමාන්යයෙන් වියළූ, කුඩු ආකාරයක භාවිතා කරන නමුත්, කහ, වැනි ඉඟුරු වැනි නැවුම් ලෙස යොදා ගනී. නැවුම් කහ උඳුනකින් සාදන ලද කහ කුටි විශාල කුට්ටි වැනි අච්චාරු, වැනි නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු වට්ටෝරු වල විවිධාකාර වූ භාවිතයන් ඇත.

දකුණු ආසියාවේ සහ මැදපෙරදිග ආහාර පිසීමේදී කුළු බඩු ලෙස කහ කෙටක් යොදා ගනී. විවිධ ඉරාන කෝරෝස් භාජන තෙල් සහ කහ කුකුළන් වලින් කූමාලකරණය කරගනිමින්, වෙනත් අමුද්රව්ය වලින් පසුව භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. මොරොක්කෝ කුළුබඩු මිශ්ර ආර්එස්එල් හැනෝවට සාමාන්යයෙන් කහ පැහැති වේ. දකුණු අප්රිකාවේ දී, තම්බන ලද සුදු සහල් සහ රතු පැහැති වර්ණයක් ලබා දෙන අතර, සාමාන්යයෙන් ජිබ්රීස් (කහ රයිස්) ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. වියට්නාම ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා කහ කුක් භාවිතා කරන අතර සමහර බඳුන්වල රසයන් වර්ණ හා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීමට භාවිතා වේ. ආමොක් ඇතුළු විවිධ ආහාර වර්ගවල භාවිතා කරන ලද කාම්බෝජියානු කරි පේස්ට්, ක්රෝංගු, සාමාන්යයෙන් අලුත් නැවුම් කහ ආදියයි. ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ, රංගන්, කැටැං පාන්ං සහ වෙනත් බොහෝ වර්ගවල වැනි සුමත්රා මුවංගා හෝ පාදාන් කරි පදනම සඳහා කහ කොළ භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. තායිලන්තයේ, නැවුම් කහ වන රයිසෝම බහුලව භාවිතා වන අතර, කහ කරි සහ කහ උඳුන වැනි දකුණු තායි ආහාර පිසීමේ දී බහුලව භාවිතා වේ. කහ උණ සඳහා භාවිතා කරන උණුසුම් පානයක "කහට ලිටේ" හෝ "රන්වන් කිරි" යොදා නොගනිති. හැල්ඩි ඩෝඩෝ (හල්ඩි යනු හින්දි භාෂාවෙන් කහ කෘමි) යනු දකුණු ආසියාතික වට්ටෝරුවකි. එක්සත් ජනපදය හා එක්සත් රාජධානිය තුල විකුණන ලද රන් බ්ලැක් අයිවරි කෝප්පයක් ලෙස හඳුන්වන බීම වර්ග භාවිතා කරන්නේ කිරි සහ පැණිරස ආහාර නොවන අතර සමහර විට කළු ගම්මිරිස් වැනි සාම්ප්රදායික වට්ටෝරුවලට අමතරව (ගහනය භාවිතා කළ හැකිය).

ඉතා සැහැල්ලු වේගයෙන් නොවන අතර එය සාමාන්යයෙන් සාරි සහ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලාගේ සළු වැනි ඉන්දියානු ඇඳුම් වල භාවිතා වේ. [6] කහ ආහාර (ආහාර ආකලන ලෙස භාවිතා කරන විට E100 ලෙස සංකේත කරනු ලැබේ) [24] හිරු එළිය සිට ආහාර නිෂ්පාදන ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා භාවිතා වේ. ඔලෙයොරසින් තෙල් අඩංගු නිෂ්පාදන සඳහා භාවිතා වේ. ඇල්කොහොල් දියාරු කිරිකින සහ පොලෝසොරබේට් ද්රාවණයකින් හෝ වල්පැලෑටි කුඩු, ජලය අඩංගු වන නිෂ්පාදන සඳහා භාවිතා වේ. අච්චාරු, ප්රසන්න සහ අබ, වැනි වර්ණක, සමහර විට මැකී යෑමට වන්දි ගෙවීමට භාවිතා වේ.

ඇන්ටාෙටෝ (E160b) සමඟ සංයෝජනයට අනුව, චීස්, යෝගට්, වියළි මිශ්ර, සලාද ආවරණ, ශීත බටර් සහ මාගරින් වර්ණය සඳහා භාවිතා කර ඇත. කහ ආදිය සඳහා කහ පැහැය ලබා ගත හැකිය, ටින් කුකුල් මස්, සහ වෙනත් ආහාර (බොහෝ විට කුංකුම සඳහා වඩා අඩු ලාභදායී ආදේශනයක් ලෙස) කහ කුරුල්ලන් සඳහා යොදා ගනී.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 වදකහ

කුළුබඩු
සිංහල බේතට ගන්නා ශාක

කහ


There are various names of God, many of which enumerate the various qualities of a Supreme Being. The English word god (and its equivalent in other languages) is used by multiple religions as a noun  to refer to different deities, or specifically to the Supreme Being, as denoted in English by the capitalized and uncapitalized terms God and god. Ancient cognate equivalents for the biblical Hebrew Elohim, one of the most common names of God in the Bible, include proto-Semitic El, biblical Aramaic Elah, and Arabic ilah. The personal or proper name for God in many of these languages may either be distinguished from such attributes, or homonymic. For example, in Judaism the tetragrammaton is sometimes related to the ancient Hebrew ehyeh ("I will be"). It is connected to the passage in Exodus 3:14 in which God gives his name as אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה (Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh), where the verb, translated most basically as "I am that I am" or "I shall be what I shall be", "I shall be what I am" In the Hebrew Bible (), YHWH, the personal name of God, is revealed directly to Moses. Correlation between various theories and interpretation of the name of "the one God", used to signify a monotheistic or ultimate Supreme Being from which all other divine attributes derive, has been a subject of ecumenical discourse between Eastern and Western scholars for over two centuries. In Christian theology the word is considered a personal and a proper name of God. On the other hand, the names of God in a different tradition are sometimes referred to by symbols. The question whether divine names used by different religions are equivalent has been raised and analyzed.

Exchange of names held sacred between different religious traditions is typically limited. Other elements of religious practice may be shared, especially when communities of different faiths are living in close proximity (for example, the use of Khuda or Prabhu within the Indian Christian community) but usage of the names themselves mostly remains within the domain of a particular religion, or even may help define one's religious belief according to practice, as in the case of the recitation of names of God (such as the japa). Guru Gobind Singh's Jaap Sahib, which contains 950 names of God is one example of this. The Divine Names, the classic treatise by Pseudo-Dionysius, defines the scope of traditional understandings in Western traditions such as Hellenic, Christian, Jewish and Islamic theology on the nature and significance of the names of God. Further historical lists such as The 72 Names of the Lord show parallels in the history and interpretation of the name of God amongst Kabbalah, Christianity, and Hebrew scholarship in various parts of the Mediterranean world.

The attitude as to the transmission of the name in many cultures was surrounded by secrecy. In Judaism, the pronunciation of the name of God has always been guarded with great care. It is believed that, in ancient times, the sages communicated the pronunciation only once every seven years; this system was challenged by more recent movements. The nature of a holy name can be described as either personal or attributive. In many cultures it is often difficult to distinguish between the personal and the attributive names of God, the two divisions necessarily shading into each other.

Abrahamic and Abrahamic-inspired religions

Judaism

El comes from a root word meaning "god" or "deity", reconstructed in the Proto-Semitic language as ʾil. Sometimes referring to God and sometimes the mighty when used to refer to the God of Israel, El is almost always qualified by additional words that further define the meaning that distinguishes him from false gods. A common title of God in the Hebrew Bible is Elohim (Hebrew: ). The root Eloah () is used in poetry and late prose (e.g., the Book of Job) and ending with the masculine plural suffix "-im"  creating a word like ba`alim ("owner(s)") and adonim ("lord(s), master(s)") that may also indicate a singular identity.

In the Book of Exodus, God commands Moses to tell the people that 'I AM' sent him, and this is revered as one of the most important names of God according to Mosaic tradition.

In , when Moses first spoke with God, God said, "I used to appear to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but I did not make myself known to them by my name YHWH."

YHWH () is the proper name of God in Judaism. Neither vowels nor vowel points were used in ancient Hebrew writings and the original vocalisation of YHWH has been lost.

Later commentaries additionally suggested that the true pronunciation of this name is composed entirely of vowels, such as the Greek . However, this is put into question by the fact that vowels were only distinguished in the time-period by their very absence due to the lack of explicit vowels in the Hebrew script. The resulting substitute made from semivowels and glottals, known as the tetragrammaton, is not ordinarily permitted to be pronounced aloud, even in prayer. The prohibition on misuse (not use) of this name is the primary subject of the command not to take the name of the Lord in vain.

Instead of pronouncing YHWH during prayer, Jews say "Adonai" ("Lord"). Halakha requires that secondary rules be placed around the primary law, to reduce the chance that the main law will be broken. As such, it is common religious practice to restrict the use of the word "Adonai" to prayer only. In conversation, many Jewish people, even when not speaking Hebrew, will call God HaShem (), which is Hebrew for "the Name" (this appears in ).

Almost all Orthodox Jews avoid using either Yahweh or Jehovah altogether on the basis that the actual pronunciation of the tetragrammaton has been lost in antiquity. Many use the term HaShem as an indirect reference, or they use "God" or "The Lord" instead. Mark Sameth argues that Yahweh was a pseudo name for a dual-gendered deity, the four letters of that name being cryptogram which the priests of ancient Israel read in reverse as , "heshe," as earlier theorized by Guillaume Postel (16th century) and Michelangelo Lanci (19th century).

Christianity

In Christianity, the Old Testament reveals YHWH (; often vocalized with vowels as "Yahweh" or "Jehovah") as the personal name of God. References, such as The New Encyclopædia Britannica, affirm the vocalization "Yahweh" by offering additional specifics to its (Christian) reconstruction out of Greek sources:
Early Christian writers, such as Clement of Alexandria in the 2nd century, had used a form like Yahweh, and claim that this pronunciation of the tetragrammaton was never really lost. Other Greek transcriptions also indicated that YHWH should be pronounced Yahweh.

Jah or Yah (rendered as  in Hebrew) is an abbreviation of Jahweh/Yahweh/Jehovah. It appears in certain translations of the Bible, such as the Revised Standard Version, and is used by Christians in the interjection Hallelujah, meaning "Praise Jah", which is used to give Jahweh glory. In Christianity, certain hymns dedicated to God invoke the divine name using the vocalization Jehovah (, ), such as Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah.

The Hebrew personal name of God YHWH is rendered as "the " in many translations of the Bible, with Elohim being rendered as "God"; certain translations of Scripture render the Tetragrammaton with Yahweh or Jehovah in particular places, with the latter vocalization being used in the King James Version, Tyndale Bible, and other translations of the Bible from that time period and later. Many English translations of the Bible translate the tetragrammaton as , thus removing any form of YHWH from the written text and going well beyond the Jewish oral practice of substituting Adonai for YHWH when reading aloud.

English Bible translations of the Greek New Testament render  (Greek: ) as God and  (Greek: ) as "the Lord", with the latter being the "Greek translation of the Hebrew OT name for God, Yahweh."

Jesus (Iesus, Yeshua) was a common alternative form of the name  ( – Joshua) in later books of the Hebrew Bible and among Jews of the Second Temple period. The name corresponds to the Greek spelling , from which comes the English spelling Jesus. Christ means 'the anointed' in Greek ().  is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew word Messiah; while in English the old Anglo-Saxon Messiah-rendering  (healer) was practically annihilated by the Latin , some cognates such as  in Dutch and Afrikaans survive—also, in German, the word  is sometimes used as reference to Jesus, e.g., in church chorals).

In the Book of Revelation in the Christian New Testament, God, that is, Jesus is quoted as saying "I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End". (cf. , , and )

Some Quakers refer to God with the title of the Light. Another term used is King of Kings or Lord of Lords and Lord of Hosts. In addition to the personal name of God YHWH (pronounced with the vocalizations Yahweh or Jehovah), titles of God used by Christians include the Hebrew titles Elohim, El-Shaddai, and Adonai, as well as Ancient of Days, Father/Abba which is Hebrew, "Most High". Abba ('father' in Hebrew) is a common term used for the creator within Christianity because it was a title Jesus used to refer to God the Father.

Mormonism

In Mormonism the name of God the Father is Elohim  and the name of Jesus in his pre-incarnate state was Jehovah. Together, with the Holy Ghost they form the Godhead; God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. Mormons typically refer to God as "Heavenly Father" or "Father in Heaven".

Although Mormonism views the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit as three distinct beings, they are one in purpose and God the Father (Elohim) is worshipped and given all glory through his Son, Jesus Christ (Jehovah).  Despite the Godhead doctrine, which teaches that God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Ghost are three separate, divine beings, many Mormons (mainstream Latter-day Saints and otherwise, such as the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) view their beliefs as monotheist since Christ is the conduit through which humanity comes to the God the Father. The Book of Mormon ends with "to meet you before the pleasing bar of the great Jehovah, the eternal Judge of both the quick and dead. Amen."

Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God has only one distinctive name, represented in the Old Testament by the Tetragrammaton. In English, they prefer to use the form Jehovah. According to Jehovah's Witnesses, the name Jehovah means "He causes to become".

Scriptures frequently cited in support of the name include Isaiah 42:8: "I am Jehovah. That is my name", Psalms 83:18: "May people know that you, whose name is Jehovah, You alone are the Most High over all the earth", and Exodus 6:3: "And I used to appear to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as God Almighty, but with regard to my name Jehovah I did not make myself known to them."

While opposers of the faith critique their use of the form "Jehovah", Jehovah's Witnesses still hold on to their belief that, despite having scholars prefer the "Yahweh" pronunciation, the name Jehovah adequately transmits the idea behind the meaning of God's name in English. While they do not discourage the use of the "Yahweh" pronunciation, they highly consider the long history of the name Jehovah in the English language and see that it sufficiently identifies God's divine persona.  This rationale is analogous to the widespread use of Jesus as the English translation of .

Islam

Allah—meaning 'the God' in Arabic—is the word for God in Islam. The word Allah has been used by Arabic people of different religions since pre-Islamic times. More specifically, it has been used as a term for God by Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) and Arab Christians. God has many names in Islam. The Qur'an says (in translation) "to Him Belong the Best Names ()"; examples include Ar-Rahman ('the Entirely Merciful') and  ('the Especially Merciful'). Beside these Arabic names, Muslims of non-Arab origins may also sometimes use other names in their own languages to refer to God, such as Khuda in Persian, Bengali and Urdu.  or Tengri was used in the Ottoman Turkish language as the equivalent of Allah.

Sufism
In Tasawwuf, the inner, mystical dimension of Islam, Hu,  (depends on placement in the sentence), or Parvardigar in Persian are used as names of God. The sound  derives from the last letter of the word Allah, which is read as  when in the middle of a sentence.  means 'Just He' or 'Revealed'. The word explicitly appears in many verses of the Quran:

Bahá'í Faith

The scriptures of the Bahá'í Faith often refer to God by various titles and attributes, such as Almighty, All-Possessing, All-Powerful, All-Wise, Incomparable, Gracious, Helper, All-Glorious, and Omniscient. Bahá'ís believe the Greatest Name of God is "All-Glorious" or  in Arabic.  is the root word of the following names and phrases: the greeting  ('God is the All-Glorious'), the invocation  ('O Thou Glory of the Most Glorious'),  ('the Glory of God'), and  ('Follower of the All-Glorious'). These are expressed in Arabic regardless of the language in use (see Bahá'í symbols). Apart from these names, God is addressed in the local language, for example  in Hindi,  in French and  in Spanish. Bahá'ís believe Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, is the "complete incarnation of the names and attributes of God".

Mandaeism

Mandaeans believe in one God called  ('The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God'). Other names for God used include  ('Lord of Greatness'),  ('The Great Mind'),  ('King of Light') and  ('The First Life').

Gnosticism

Indian religions

Hinduism

There are multiple names for God's various manifestations worshiped in Hinduism. Some of the common names for these deities in Hinduism are:
 Bhagavan () the most frequently used name for Lord in Hinduism. The equivalent term used for female deities is  ().
 Brahman () is a theological concept espoused in Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, which is of neuter gender. The word  () popularly pronounced as  () is also used synonymously with it. The word is used to denote the Supreme Divinity/Supreme Soul.
 Isvara () shortened as  () is applied to mean 'God' in both religious and secular context (for example in the Gita, Arjuna is referred to as  which is a compound of the two words , 'human' and , thus the word means 'God of humans', i.e. 'king'). The term  ('Supreme God') is used to refer to one's  (chosen deity for personal veneration) in general terms. The feminine equivalents are  () and  () used in case of female deities.
  () is the most commonly used suffix used for male deities in Hinduism. The feminine equivalent is  ().

Additionally, most Hindu deities have a collection of 8/12/16/32/100/108/1000/1008 names exclusively dedicated to them known as .

Arya Samaj

Maharishi Dayanand in his book Vaghasiya Ayush has listed 100 names of God each representing some property or attribute thereof mentioning "Om" or "Aum" as God's personal and natural name.

Jainism

Jainism rejects the idea of a creator deity responsible for the manifestation, creation, or maintenance of this universe. According to Jain doctrine, the universe and its constituents (soul, matter, space, time, and principles of motion) have always existed. All the constituents and actions are governed by universal natural laws and an immaterial entity like God cannot create a material entity like the universe. Jainism offers an elaborate cosmology, including heavenly beings (s), but these beings are not viewed as creators; they are subject to suffering and change like all other living beings, and must eventually die.

Jains define godliness as the inherent quality of any soul characterizing infinite bliss, infinite power, perfect knowledge and perfect peace. However, these qualities of a soul are subdued due to karmas of the soul. One who achieves this state of soul through right belief, right knowledge and right conduct can be termed as god. This perfection of soul is called kaivalya (omniscience). A liberated soul thus becomes a god – liberated of miseries, cycles of rebirth, world, karmas and finally liberated of body as well. This is called nirvana or moksha.

If godliness is defined as the state of having freed one's soul from karmas and the attainment of enlightenment/Nirvana and a god as one who exists in such a state, then those who have achieved such a state can be termed gods/Tirthankara. Thus, Rishabhanatha was god/ but he was not the only ; there were many other . However, the quality of godliness is one and the same in all of them.

Jainism does not teach the dependency on any supreme being for enlightenment. The  is a guide and teacher who points the way to enlightenment, but the struggle for enlightenment is one's own. Moral rewards and sufferings are not the work of a divine being, but a result of an innate moral order in the cosmos; a self-regulating mechanism whereby the individual reaps the fruits of his own actions through the workings of the karmas.

Jains believe that to attain enlightenment and ultimately liberation from all karmic bonding, one must practice the ethical principles not only in thought, but also in words (speech) and action. Such a practice through lifelong work towards oneself is called as observing the Mahavrata ('Great Vows').

Gods can be thus categorized into embodied gods also known as Tīrthankaras and Arihantas or ordinary Kevalis, and non-embodied formless gods who are called Siddhas. Jainism considers the s and s to be souls who dwell in heavens owing to meritorious deeds in their past lives. These souls are in heavens for a fixed lifespan and even they have to undergo reincarnation as humans to achieve .

Sikhism

There are multiple names for God in Sikhism. Some of the popular names for God in Sikhism are:
 Akal Purakh, meaning 'timeless being'.
 Ik Onkar, 'One Creator', found at the beginning of the Sikh Mul Mantar.
 Nirankar, meaning 'formless'.
 Satnam, meaning 'True Name'; some are of the opinion that this is a name for God in itself, others believe that this is an adjective used to describe the , .
 Waheguru, meaning 'Wonderful Teacher bringing light to remove darkness'; this name is considered the greatest among Sikhs, and it is known as , 'the Guru's Word'.  is the only way to meet God.
  or , meaning 'the Giver'.
  or , meaning 'the Doer. , meaning 'compassionate'''.
 , meaning 'benevolent.In the Sikh scripture, both Hindu and Muslim names of the Supreme Being are also commonly employed, expressing different aspects of the divine Name. For instance, names like Ram ('pervading'), Hari ('shining'), Parmeshwar ('supreme lord'), and  ('world lord') refer to Hindu terms, while names like Allah (Arabic for God), Khuda (Persian for God), Rahim ('merciful'), Karim ('generous'), and Sahib ('lord') are of Muslim origin.

God, according to Guru Nanak, is beyond full comprehension by humans; has an endless number of virtues; takes on innumerable forms, but is formless; and can be called by an infinite number of names thus "Your Names are so many, and Your Forms are endless. No one can tell how many Glorious Virtues You have."

The word Allah () is used 12 times in the Guru Granth Sahib (primary religious scripture) by Sheikh Farid. Guru Nanak Dev, Guru Arjan Dev and Bhagat Kabeer used the word 18 times.

Persian religions
Yazidism

Yazidism knows only one eternal God, often named . According to some Yazidi hymns (known as s), God has 1001 names.

Zoroastrianism

In Zoroastrianism, 101 names of God (Pazand ) is a list of names of God (Ahura Mazda). The list is preserved in Persian, Pazand and Gujarati. Parsi tradition expanded this to a list of 101 names of God.

African religions
!Kung

The supreme being in !Kung mythology is known as Khu, Xu, Xuba, or Huwa.

Odinani

Chukwu is the supreme being of the Odinani religion of the Igbo people. In the Igbo pantheon, Chukwu is the source of all other Igbo deities and is responsible for assigning them their different tasks. The Igbo people believe that all things come from Chukwu, who brings the rain necessary for plants to grow and controls everything on Earth and the spiritual world. They believe Chukwu to be an undefinable omnipotent and omnipresent supreme deity that encompasses everything in space and time itself. Igbo Christians also refer to the Abrahamic God as Chukwu.

West African Vodun
Nana Buluku is the female supreme being in West African Vodun. In Dahomey mythology, Nana Buluku is the mother supreme creator who gave birth to the moon spirit Mawu, the sun spirit Lisa, and all of the universe. After giving birth to these, she retired and left the matters of the world to Mawu-Lisa. She is the primary creator, Mawu-Lisa the secondary creator, and the theology based on these is called Vodun, Voodoo or Vodoun.

Yoruba religion
The supreme creator in the traditional religion of the Yoruba people is known as Olorun or Olodumare. The Yoruba believe that Olodumare is omnipotent and is the source of all. Olodumare is aloof; he is not directly involved in earthly matters and lets other Yoruba deities (orisha), who are his sons and daughters, answer human concerns through divination, possession, sacrifice and more. However, everything is in the hands of Olodumare when they are going to bed at night. Yoruba Muslims and Christians also refer to the Abrahamic God as Olorun.

Zulu traditional religion
Unkulunkulu is the supreme creator in Zulu traditional religion. Unkulunkulu brought human beings and cattle from an area of reeds. He created everything, from land and water, to man and the animals. He is considered the first man as well as the parent of all Zulu.  He taught the Zulu how to hunt, how to make fire, and how to grow food. Zulu Christians also refer to the Abrahamic God as Unkulunkulu.

Native American religions
Anishinaabe

Gitche Manitou, also known as Gitchi Manitou, Kitchi Manitou, means "Great Spirit" in several Algonquian languages. Christian missionaries have translated God as Gitche Manitou'' in scriptures and prayers in the Algonquian languages.

See also

 Bhadrakalpika Sūtra c. 200-250 CE, which gives names of 1002 Buddhas
 Creator deity
 God
 Existence of God
 Lists of deities
 List of goddesses
 Sahasranama
 Vishnu Sahasranāma
The Nine Billion Names of God, a short story by Arthur C. Clarke

References

Sources

External links

 Bibliography on Divine Names in the Dead Sea Scrolls
 Education—Hearing and chanting in ISKCON
 Do You Know the Origin of Name "Jehovah"?
 Ehyeh and YHWH—The Relationship Between the Divine Names in Exodus 3:14-15
 Hebrew Names of God
 Jehovah (Yahweh)
 Judeo Christian Biblical Names of God
 The 101 Names of God given by Meher Baba

Ceremonial magic
Language and mysticism
God

Names of God


Brian Baumgartner (29 de noviembre de 1972) es un actor estadounidense de cine y televisión, conocido por su papel de Kevin Malone en la serie de NBC The Office.

Biografía
Baumgartner nació en Atlanta, Georgia, donde asistió a la escuela Holy Innocents' Episcopal School. Asistió a la escuela secundaria The Westminster Schools en Atlanta con Ed Helms, quien fue su compañero en The Office. Se graduó un año después, en 1992.

Luego asistió a la Escuela de Arte Meadows de la Universidad Metodista del Sur, donde consiguió un título en teatro, antes de mudarse a Los Ángeles, California. Se desempeñó como Director Artístico del Hidden Theater en Minneapolis, Minnesota, donde recibió varios premios por su excelencia artística y de actuación. Además, trabajó en el Guthrie Teather, Berkeley Repertory Theatre, la compañía del Children's Theater y en el Teatro de la Jeune Lune. Es fanático de los Dodgers de Los Ángeles y actualmente vive en Los Ángeles y Hilton Head con su esposa e hija.

Trayectoria
Las apariciones de Baumgartner en televisión incluyen papeles en Jake in Progress, Arrested Development y Everwood. También actuó como un buscador de talentos en Last Comic Standing con su compañera en The Office Kate Flannery.

Desde 2005 hasta 2013 actuó en la serie The Office.

Apareció en la comedia romántica License to Wed, junto a Robin Williams y su compañero de The Office John Krasinski.

En junio de 2007, Baumgartner ganó un Premio Daytime Emmy al "Mejor Programa de Banda Ancha - Comedia", por su trabajo en The Office Accountants. Compartió el premio con Angela Kinsey y Óscar Núñez.

El 8 de julio de 2008 se presentó con el resto del elenco de The Office en el programa de concursos Celebrity Family Feud, en el que su equipo triunfó sobre el equipo de American Gladiators. También apareció en un vídeo de humor, "Las carreras de tortuga", en YouTube. Además, puso voz a un fantasma vampiro en un episodio de 2011 de Adventure Time, titulado "La firma de calor".

Filmografía

Cine y televisión

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actores masculinos de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Atlanta

Brian Baumgartner


إيبوليتو دي جوليانو دي ميديشي (1511 – 10 أغسطس 1535) كان الابن الغير شرعي الوحيد لجوليانو دي ميديشي دوق نمور.

ولد إيبوليتو في أوربينو. توفي والده عندما كان في الخامسة من عمره عام 1516، ونربى لاحقاً على يد عمه البابا ليو العاشر وابن عمه جوليو.

عندما تم انتخاب جوليو دي ميديشي ليصبح البابا كليمنت السابع، حكم إيبوليتو فلورنسا نيابة عنه ولكن بعد حصار فلورنسا (1529-1530)، فضّل كليمنت ابن أخيه الغير شرعي الآخر الساندرو وجعل إيبوليتو رئيس أول للأساقفة في أفينيون ومن ثم جعله كاردينال، وأرسله كمندوب بابوي إلى المجر حيث ظهرت مواهبه العسكرية.

كان إيبوليتو يحب كاترين دي ميديشي لكنهم لم يتزوجا ابدا. ألساندرو دي ميديشي ضبط عليه وكاترين دي ميديشي في أحضان الخاص. ومع ذلك، عندما تم إرساله بعيدا عن الكاردينال، ولم يسمح لهم برؤية بعضهم البعض لفترة أطول. وتشير بعض النظريات التي هي سبب من الأسباب كليمنت له الكاردينال: للحفاظ عليه وكاترين دي ميديشي على حدة.

شغل إيبوليتو منصب سفير فلورنسا إلى الإمبراطور شارل الخامس عام 1535. توفي إيبوليتو من الملاريا في العطري، في جنوب لاتسيو، وإن كانت هناك شائعات بأنه قد مات مسموما من قبل ألساندرو دي ميديشي، الذي كان ينوي أن تنسحب من الانتهاكات.

مراجع

أشخاص من جمهورية فلورنسا القرن 16
الكاردينال-ابن أخ
حكام القرن 16 في أوروبا
حكام فلورنسا
دبلوماسيو الكرسي الرسولي
رؤساء أساقفة رومان كاثوليك القرن 16
رؤساء أساقفة من أفينيون
سفراء جمهورية فلورنسا
كرادلة إيطاليون
كرادلة إيطاليون في القرن 16
مواليد 1511
مواليد في أوربينو
ميديشي
وفيات 1535
وفيات بأمراض معدية في لاتسيو
وفيات بسبب الملاريا

إيبوليتو دي ميديشي


Hans-Jochim Brauer (* 26. August 1945 in Helmstedt) ist ein deutscher ehemaliger Bundestagsabgeordneter (Die Grünen).

Leben

Ausbildung und Beruf
Brauer studierte Sport, Biologie sowie Pädagogik und war Lehrer an der Hauptschule Königslutter, einer Orientierungsstufe sowie einer Schule der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie.

Politik
Bei der Bundestagswahl 1987 wurde Brauer über die Landesliste Niedersachsen der Grünen in den Deutschen Bundestag gewählt, dem er bis zum Ende der 11. Wahlperiode im Dezember 1990 angehörte. Im Bundestag war Brauer Ordentliches Mitglied des Sportausschusses sowie Stellvertretendes Mitglied des Ausschusses für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit.

Daneben war er Kreisvorstandsmitglied des Bundes für Umwelt und Naturschutz (BUND).

Literatur
 Rudolf Vierhaus, Ludolf Herbst (Hrsg.), Bruno Jahn (Mitarb.): Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002. Bd. 1: A–M. K. G. Saur, München 2002, ISBN 3-598-23782-0, S. 93.

Weblinks
Datenhandbuch des Deutschen Bundestages im Webarchiv des Bundestages

Bundestagsabgeordneter (Niedersachsen)
Bündnis-90/Die-Grünen-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1945
Mann

Hans-Jochim Brauer


විපර්යාසයක් කෙරෙහි එන්තැල්පි විපර්යාසයේ (∆H) සහ එන්ට්‍රොපියේ (∆S) මගින් වන සමස්ත බලපෑම ∆G නම් ගිබ්ස් ශක්ති වෙනස මගින් ලබා දෙයි. නියත උෂ්ණත්වයේ (T) දී මේවා අතර සම්බන්ධතාව පහත ආකාරය වෙයි.
∆G = ∆H - T∆S

නියත උෂ්ණත්වයේ දී හා පීඩනයේ දී,
ස්වයංසිද්ධ ව සිදු වන ප‍්‍රතික‍්‍රියාවක් සඳහා ∆G < 0
ස්වයංසිද්ධ ව සිදු නො වන ප‍්‍රතික‍්‍රියාවක් සඳහා ∆G > 0
සමතුලිත ප‍්‍රතික‍්‍රියාවක් සඳහා ∆G = 0

නියත එන්ට්‍රොපි පද්ධතියක (∆S = 0) ස්වයංසිද්ධතාව ∆H මගින් තීරණය වන අතර,
නියත එන්තැල්පිය යටතේ (∆H = 0) සිදු වන විපර්යාසයක ස්වයංසිද්ධතාව ∆S මගින් තීරණය වේ.

තාප රසායනය
තාපගති විද්‍යාව

ගිබ්ස් ශක්තිය