Reichsmarschall a fost un grad militar superior celui de Generalfeldmarschal, creat de Hitler prin decretul din 19 iulie 1940 special pentru Hermann Göring (Reichsmarschall des Großdeutschen Reiches), pe care în 1941 l-a desemnat ca succesor al său la conducerea Germaniei naziste.

Gradul de Reichsmarschall atribuit lui Göring în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, unicul militar german care a fost înaintat la acest grad, a fost un grad formal, el neprimind și autoritatea de comandă supremă în Wehrmacht. Prin acest grad, se intenționa scoaterea în evidență a poziției sale de al doilea om în stat.

Note

Terminologie militară

Reichsmarschall


Askerî uçak ve helikopterler, savaşlarda kara ve su üstündeki hedefleri bombalamak, diğer uçakları tahrip etmek, keşif yapmak, personel ve mühimmat taşımak gibi amaçlarla silahlı kuvvetler tarafından kullanılan hava taşıtları. Özellikle av ve bombardıman görevlerinde kullanılanlar savaş uçağı ve saldırı helikopteri olarak adlandırılırlar. Askerî uçaklar av, bombardıman, av-bombardıman ve nakliye gibi kategorilere ayrılırlar.

Savaş uçakları, kendi uçak mühimmatını kullanarak düşman ekipmanını yok etmek için tasarlanmıştır. Savaş uçakları tipik olarak yalnızca askerî güçler tarafından geliştirilir ve tedarik edilir. Savaş dışı uçaklar, birincil işlevleri olarak savaş için tasarlanmamıştır, ancak kendini savunma için silah taşıyabilir.  Bunlar esas olarak destek rollerinde çalışır ve askerî güçler veya sivil kuruluşlar tarafından geliştirilebilir.

Görevlerine göre havadan yere füze (AGM), havadan havaya füze (AAM) ve top taşıyabilirler. Ayrıca hedeflerin tespiti ve gözlenmesi için çeşitli radar ve pod taşıyabilirler. Avcı uçakları kendi aralarında sınıflara ayrılırlar: hava üstünlük uçakları genelde tek kişilik, hızlı, yüksek irtifalı uçaklardır (Mig 25, Su 27, F-14A, F-15C); hücum uçakları, 15-25 ton arası tek motorlu ateş gücü yüksek uçaklardır (F-16C, Mırage 2000, Mig 29, F-18C, Mig 23, F-15C); hücum destek uçağı (çok ağır silah donanımlı, genelde düşman kara gücünü baskı altında tutan uçaklardır (Mig 27, Su-25, Jaguar, AV 8B Harrier, A-10). Ayrıca hayalet uçak olarak bilinen radarda görünmeyen uçaklar da (Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit bombardıman uçağı ve F-117 Nighthawk ve F-22 Raptor avcı uçakları) vardır.

Tarihi
1783'te, ilk pratik uçaklar (sıcak hava ve hidrojen balonları) kurulduğunda, hızla askeri görevler için kabul edildiler. İlk askeri balon birimi Fransız Aerostatik Kolordusuydu. 1794'te hava gözlemine sahip ilk büyük savaş olan Fleurus Savaşı sırasında bir gözlem balonu uçurdu. Balonlar, Napolyon Savaşları ve Fransa-Prusya Savaşı da dahil olmak üzere 19. Yüzyıl boyunca gözlem ve propaganda dağıtımı için kullanılmaya devam etti. Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında, Alman Zeplin hava gemileri, İngiliz şehirlerine çok sayıda hava saldırısı ve stratejik bombardıman gerçekleştirdi. 1920'lerde ABD Donanması, 1931'de K-1 olmak üzere birkaç rijit olmayan hava gemisi satın aldı. ABD Donanması nihayet 1962'de son balonlarını emekli etti.

Wright Flyer'ın ilk uçuşundan kısa bir süre sonra, birkaç askerî güç motorlu uçaklarla ilgilenmeye başladı.  1909'da ABD Ordusu, ABD Sinyal Birlikleri Havacılık Bölümü için iki kişilik bir gözlem uçağı olan Wright Military Flyer'ı satın aldı.  1911 yılına kadar hizmet etti, o zamana kadar motorlu uçaklar dünya çapındaki birçok orduda önemli bir özellik haline geldi. Uçaklar, İtalyan-Türk savaşında keşif ve taktik bombalama misyonları gerçekleştirdi ve Birinci Balkan Savaşı, ilk deniz-hava operasyonlarını gördü.  İkinci Balkan Savaşı'nda fotokeşif ve propaganda broşürleri düştü.

Savaş sırasında savaş uçakları geliştirildiğinden, uzun menzilli stratejik bombalama bir olasılık haline geldiğinden ve uçaklar uçak gemilerinden konuşlandırıldığından, hava muharebesi Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın dikkate değer bir bileşeniydi.  Uçaklar ayrıca, özellikle tıbbi tahliye olmak üzere daha çeşitli destek rolleri üstlendi ve keşif balonlarına karşı kullanılmak üzere havadan havaya roketler gibi yeni silahlar konuşlandırdı.

Dünya Savaşı sırasında askeri havacılık yeni zirvelere ulaştı.  Kesin hava muharebeleri savaşın sonucunu etkiledi, erken jet uçakları muharebe görevlerinde uçtu, seyir füzesi ve balistik füzeler ilk kez konuşlandırıldı, havadaki birlikler ve kargolar savaşa paraşütle indirildi ve savaşı sona erdiren nükleer silahlar hava yoluyla teslim edildi.

Soğuk Savaş döneminde, havacılık teknolojisi son derece hızlı bir şekilde ilerlemeye devam etti.   Silahlanma odağı esas olarak füzelere çevrildi, uçaklar daha sofistike aviyonikler taşımaya başladı, havadan havaya yakıt ikmali pratiklik için olgunlaştı ve nakliye uçaklarının boyutu büyüdü.  Gizli uçaklar 1970'lerde gelişmeye girdi ve 1980'lerde savaş gördü.

Askeri uçak türleri

Savaş uçakları
 Saldırı uçağı
 Askerî planör
 Deniz devriye uçağı
 Avcı uçağı
 Gece avcı uçağı
 Eskort avcı uçağı
 Hava üstünlüğü avcı uçağı
 Önleme uçağı
 Avcı bombardıman uçağı
 Taarruz uçağı
 Ağır savaş uçağı
 Hafif savaş uçağı

Modeller
 Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
 Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
 Suhoy Su-27
 McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle

Bombacılar
 Bombardıman uçağı
 Gece bombardıman uçağı
 Stratejik bombardıman uçağı
 Ağır bombardıman uçağı
 Orta bombardıman uçağı
 Hafif bombardıman uçağı
 Pike bombardıman uçağı
 Torpido bombardıman uçağı
 İnterdiktor

Modeller
 Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
 Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit
 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Saldırı uçakları
 Saldırı uçağı
 Gece bombardıman uçağı
 Silahlı uçak

Modeller
 Douglas AC-47 Spooky
 Lockheed AC-130
 İlyuşin Il-2

Çok rollü uçaklar
 Çok rollü savaş uçağı
 Avcı bombardıman uçağı
 Silahlı helikopter
 Genel maksat helikopteri

Modeller
 McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle
 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
 Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
 Lockheed P-38 Lightning

Diğer uçaklar
 Askerî helikopter
 Elektronik savaş uçağı
 İnsansız hava aracı
 Silahlı insansız hava aracı
 Orta-irtifa uzun-ömür sınıfı insansız hava aracı
 İnsansız gözetleme ve keşif hava aracı
 Elektronik savaş uçağı
 Askerî nakliye uçağı
Kontrgerilla uçağı
 Gunship
 İrtibat uçağı
 Havada yakıt ikmali
 Test yatağı uçağı
 Eğitim uçağı
 Gözetim uçağı
 Keşif uçağı
 Önleme uçağı
 Deneysel uçak

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Savaş uçakları listesi
 Döner kanatlı hava aracı
 Sabit kanatlı hava aracı
 Havadan erken ihbar ve kontrol
 Yakın hava desteği
 Stealth teknolojisi
 Aerodrom
 Sivil havacılık
 Helikopter

Askerî uçak


Andreas Athanasiou (1994-), joueur canadien de hockey sur glace ;
 Athánasios Athanasíou (1951-), homme politique grec ;
 Charálambos Athanasíou (1946-), homme politique grec ;
 Génica Athanasiou (1897-1966), comédienne française.

Patronyme grec

Athanasiou


Montacute House ist ein Herrenhaus in der Grafschaft Somerset in Großbritannien. Das als Kulturdenkmal der Kategorie I klassifizierte Gebäude liegt am Rande des Dorfs Montacute etwa sechs Kilometer westlich von Yeovil und gilt als Meisterwerk der elisabethanischen Architektur.

Geschichte
Ursprünglich bezeichnete Montacute eine Cluniazenserabtei, die unter Heinrich VIII. aufgelöst wurde und ihren Namen von der Lage unterhalb des konischen Hügels (lat. Mons acutus) St. Michael's Hill erhielt. Schon vor 1466 war eine Familie Phelips im Dorf Montacute ansässig. Vermutlich 1588 begann Edward Phelips, der durch Erbschaft und durch seine Stellung als Rechtsgelehrter am Königshof wohlhabend geworden war, mit dem Bau eines Landsitzes in seinem Heimatdorf. Der Bau wurde um 1601 fertiggestellt und diente bis 1911 als Landsitz der Familie. In der Folge wurde das Anwesen mehrfach vermietet, unter anderem von 1915 bis 1925 an Lord Curzon. 1929 wurde das Herrenhaus zum Abbruch angeboten. Ernest Edward Cook, ein Enkel des Tourismus-Pioniers Thomas Cook rettete das verwahrloste Anwesen. Er stiftete die Mittel für den Kauf durch die Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, die das Gebäude 1931 für nur 5882 £ erwarb und dem National Trust übereignete. Montacute House wurde so zur ersten größeren Gartenanlage, die der National Trust übernahm. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs diente das Haus als Militärquartier. Nach dem Krieg konnte der National Trust das Haus dank zahlreicher Spenden renovieren. Haus und Gärten können von März bis Oktober besichtigt werden.

Anlage

Herrenhaus
Das Herrenhaus wurde vermutlich unter Führung des Maurermeisters William Arnold errichtet und kostete damals in etwa 20.000 £. Das Haus wurde aus großen Blöcken von grobem, goldfarbenen Kalksteinen aus den Steinbrüchen von Ham Hill bei Montacute erbaut. Auch Material aus den Gebäuden der aufgelösten Abtei im Dorf wurde bei dem Bau wiederverwendet. Der langgestreckte dreigeschossige Bau besitzt einen H-förmigen Grundriss. Die Ostfassade war als Hauptfassade konzipiert und ist mit einem säulengerahmten Portal, Ziergiebeln, hohen Schornsteinen, Statuen der Neun Guten Helden und Balustraden versehen. Das Haus ist für die damalige Zeit überaus reich durchfenstert, die Fenster besitzen kleine, bleigefasste Scheiben, die zu großen Teilen aus der Erbauungszeit stammen.

Von 1785 bis 1787 wurde die Fassade des abgebrochenen Clifton Maybank House in Yeovil der Westfassade vorgesetzt, um die ineinanderübergehenden Räume durch einen separaten Korridor einzeln zugänglich zu machen. Dabei wurde der Haupteingang auf diese Seite verlegt. Die Fassade des Clifton Maybank House besteht ebenfalls aus Ham-Hill-Stein und stammt ursprünglich aus der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts.

Innenausstattung
Die Haupträume sind noch mit wertvollen Möbeln der Erbauungszeit ausgestattet. Im dritten Stock befindet sich die Long Gallery, die mit einer Länge von 52 Metern als längste erhaltene Long Gallery Englands gilt. Die Galerie und die anderen Räume dienen als Ausstellungsraum für mehr als hundert Porträts der Tudor- und Stuartzeit, die als Dauerleihgabe der National Portrait Gallery in Montacute House zu sehen sind und die als die größte öffentlich ausgestellte Porträtsammlung dieser Epoche gelten.

Garten
Schon zur Erbauungszeit war das Herrenhaus von Höfen, Gärten und einem Obstgarten umgeben. Trotz mehrerer Umgestaltungen und zuletzt erheblichen Beschädigungen durch Militärfahrzeuge während der Einquartierung im Zweiten Weltkrieg blieben die Grundstrukturen des heute 4,8 ha großen Gartens erhalten.

Der ehemalige Eingangshof bildet heute den östlichen Garten. Aus elisabethanischer Zeit sind die Umfassungsmauern, von Obelisken gekrönte Balustraden und zwei Pavillons erhalten. Der Garten öffnet sich zur Lindenallee, die die ursprüngliche Zufahrt zu dem Herrenhaus bildete. Der nördliche Parterregarten wurde spätestens um 1760 angelegt, seine heutige Form erhielt er um 1850. Er besteht aus quadratischen Beeten um einen zentralen Brunnen und wird von kegelförmigen Eiben und lederblättrigem Weißdorn gerahmt. Die Orangerie  wurde 1848 errichtet. Auf dem südlich des Hauses gelegenen, Cedar Lawn genannten Rasenstück stehen zwei Arizona-Zypressen, die als die größten in England gelten, sowie eine Edelkastanie. Das Rasenstück wird von alten, wellenförmig geschnittenen Eibenhecken umschlossen, die ihre ungewöhnliche Form nach schweren Schneeschäden im Winter 1947 erhielten. Die Hauptzufahrt von Westen wurde um 1785 angelegt und ist von 96 Eiben gesäumt.

Montacute House im Film
Haus und Garten bildeten die Kulissen für mehrere Filme, unter anderem
 Sinn und Sinnlichkeit
 Elizabeth
 Der Hund von Baskerville
 Wallace & Gromit – Auf der Jagd nach dem Riesenkaninchen
 und The Libertine mit Johnny Depp.

Weblinks

 National Trust: Montacute House
 National Heritage: Baubeschreibung

Einzelnachweise

Herrenhaus in England
Parkanlage in England
Grade-I-Bauwerk in Somerset (Unitary Authority)
Erbaut in den 1600er Jahren
Grade-II*-Bauwerk in Somerset (Unitary Authority)
Grade-II-Bauwerk in Somerset (Unitary Authority)
Parkanlage in Europa

Montacute House


Nicolau dos Reis Lobato (Soidaba, Timor Portugués; 24 de mayo de 1946-Turiscai, Timor Oriental; 31 de diciembre de 1978) fue un político timorense. Lobato fue primer ministro del 28 de noviembre al 7 de diciembre de 1975 y presidente de Timor Oriental de 1977 a 1978.

Luchó dentro del Fretilin contra a ocupación militar de Indonesia. En la actualidad un aeropuerto, una avenida y el palacio presidencial en Dili llevan su nombre.

Referencias

Primeros ministros de Timor Oriental
Timorenses del siglo XX
Católicos de Timor Oriental

Nicolau dos Reis Lobato


( « Ne le tue pas ») est un film d'horreur comique américain sorti en 2016 et réalisé par Mike Mendez.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre :
 Réalisation : Mike Mendez
 Scénario : Dan Berk et Robert Olsen
 Décors : Brendan Callaghan
 Costumes : Tisha Myles
 Photographie : Samy Inayeh
 Montage : Cam McLauchlin
 Musique : Blitz//Berlin, Joseph Murray, Menalon Music et Lodewijk Vos
 Production : Jonathan Bronfman et Casey Walker
 Sociétés de production : Archstone Pictures, Burning Sky Films, Bottom Line Entertainment et Eyevox
 Sociétés de distribution : Archstone Distribution (États-Unis), M6 Vidéo (France)
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur - 35 mm
 Genre : Comédie horrifique, fantastique
 Durée : 83 minutes
 Date de sortie :
  États-Unis : 27 août 2016 (Fantasy Filmfest) ; 3 mars 2017 (sortie nationale)
  France : 6 septembre 2017 (DVD)

Distribution
 Dolph Lundgren  : Jebediah Woodley
 Kristina Klebe  : l'agent Evelyn Pierce
 Tony Bentley  : le shérif Dunham
 James Chalke  : le pasteur Erikson
 Miles Doleac : le diacre Shepard
 Otis Willard : Toby Bronson
 Michelle West  : Amber
 Toby Bronson  : Otis Willard
 Todd Farmer : Marcus
 Dawn Ferry : Wendy
 Thomas Owen : Jeremy
 Billy Slaughter : l'agent Jackson
 Aaron McPherson  : Emmett
 Joh Bohn : l'agent Lug
 Jasi Lanier : Rose
 Michael Aaron Milligan  : Frank
 Laura Warner : Eunice
 Randy Austin : Gabriel
 Milorad Djomlija : Glen Prichard
 Sam Furman : Danny
 Karen Kaia Livers  : Susie McCallum
 Tony Messenger : Jebediah Woodley Sr.
 Version française
 Studio de doublage : Les studios de Saint Maur
 Direction artistique : Jean-Pierre Leblan
 Adaptation : Éric Lajoie

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2016
Comédie horrifique américaine
Comédie fantastique américaine

Don't Kill It


Termal kamera, görüntüleme yöntemi olarak gözle görülmeyen IR enerjiyi (ısıyı) esas alan ve görüntünün genel yapısını IR enerjiyi göre oluşmuş renkler ve şekillerin belirlendiği görüntüleme sistemidir. Genelde güvenlik amaçlı da kullanılabilir ama çok çeşitli sektörlerin de kullanımına açıktır. Özellikle ısıya güdümlü füze, gece görüş sistemleri ve benzeri askeri tekniklerin gelişmesi ile önemi artmıştır.

Elektrik sektöründe ise, elektriksel problemlerin tespitinde kullanılır. Elektrik akımının geçişi sırasında materyalde oluşan ısınma termal kameralar ile gözlenerek problem tespiti kolaylıkla yapılabilir. Aşırı yük altındaki güç transformatörleri, kablolar, kontak noktaları, kapasitörler, termal kamera ile gözlenerek ısınan noktalardaki problemler herhangi bir elektriksel ölçüm yapmadan tespit edilebilir.

İnşaat mühendisliği alanda ise çelik yapılarda metal yorgunluğunun tespiti için, sıva altında oluşan küf nem veya çatlakların tespiti içinde kullanılır.

Bu cihazların çektiği fotoğrafta sıcak bölgeler açık renk, soğuk bölgeler ise koyu renk le gösterilir. En soğuk bölgeyi mavi, en sıcak bölgeyi ise sarı gösterir. Ortamın sıcaklığına göre mavi den sarı ya da kırmızı renk kullanarak geçer.

Tüm nesneler eğer -273 derece üzerinde ise termal enerji yaymaktadır. Bu da nesnelerde sıcaklığa bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Gözümüzün göremediği kızılötesi aralıkta termal enerji yayılır. Bu aralık kırmızı ışık ve mikrodalga ışınları arasındadır. Bu kameralar normal bakınca görülmeyen fakat ciddi sonuçlar doğurabilecek problemleri net olarak görebilmeyi sağlar.

Yüzey sıcaklıklarını ölçmek, algılamak amacıyla elektronik optik cihazlarda kullanılmaktadır. Elektromanyetik dalgalar iletimi doğrudan olmayan hareketi esnasında çıkan ısı hareketidir. Bu cihazlar bu dalgaları ışınımı algılamak aynı zamanda ölçmek amacıyla elektronik optik cihazları kullanılır. Burada kamera canlıları vücutlardan çıkan ısı sayesinde görünür. Yani canlının yaydığı vücut ısısından yola çıkarak tespit eder ve yerlerini belirler. Bu cihazları diğer görüntüleme cihazlarından ayıran özelliği ise analiz yazılımlarına sahip olmasıdır.
bu sayede doğadaki tüm materyal tiplerin kızılötesi yayılımları bulunabilir.
her objenin ısı yayımı farklılık gösterir buna emissivity denir ve 0 ile 1 arasında değişir. Siyah hariç tüm nesneler 1'in altında siyahta ise emissivity 1'dir.

Bu cihazlar görüntü oluşturmak için belli bir sıcaklık aralığına sahiptir. Sıcaklığına göre de IR yayılımları vardır ve her IR yayılımın değişik dalda boyunda olduğu için bu cihazlar belirli sıcaklık arasında görüntü verirler. Kameradaki objektifler küçük sıcaklıkta bile sıcaklık farkını yakalayıp bu farktan görüntü oluşturan bir özelliğe sahiptir.

Kullanılan objektifler ve dedektörler
Normal kameralar görüntüyü ışık sayesinde oluştururken termal kameralar görüntüyü ısı sayesinde oluştururlar. Benzer şekilde insan beyni ve gözü görüntüyü oluşturmada renkleri ve ışığı kullanırken renk farklılıkları önemlidir. Beyaz bir duvar önünde bulunan beyaz bir objenin fark edilmesi son derece zor olduğu gibi ortam sıcaklığına eşit bir sıcaklıktaki bir objenin termal kamera ile görüntülenmesi de son derece zordur. Bu tür kameralarda kullanılan objektifler çok küçük sıcaklık farklarını yakalayabilen (0.01 °C gibi) ve bu farklılıktan görüntü oluşturabilen özelliklerdedir. Ayrıca görüntü oluşturabildikleri belli bir sıcaklık aralığına sahiptirler. Her sıcaklık değerinde farklı IR yayılımlar olduğu ve her Ir yayılımın farklı dalga boyuna sahip olasından dolayı da bu objektifler belli sıcaklık aralıklarında görüntü verebilirler. Askeri amaçlı olanlar genellikle doğada bulunan cisimlerin ortak IR yayılımlarının olduğu 8 ile 14 mikro metre dalgaboyuna duyarlı oldukları gibi endüstriyel tipte olanlar daha düşük dalga boylarına hassas üretilirler ve daha yüksek veya daha düşük sıcaklıklarda da görüntü oluşturabilme özelliklerine sahip olabilmektedir.
Bu kameralar kamera merceği, ekranı, veri işleme, rapor oluşturma, kumanda araçları gibi yazılımları içeren optik bileşenlerden
oluşmuştur.Bu kameraların en az bir merceği bulunur ve bu mercek önce kızılötesi ışınımı alır ve dedektöre odaklar ve dedektör de cevap verince görüntü oluşur. aslında mercek ışınımları dedektörde toplamak ve odaklamak amacıyla kullanılır . termal görüntüleyicilerin çoğu uzun dalga boyuna sahip olmakla beraber bu mercekler germanyumdan yapılmıştır.

Kullanım alanları
Askeri ve sivil alanlarda yaygın olarak kullanılan kamera sistemleri ısıl değişkenliklerin tespite yaradığı hemen hemen her alanda kullanılırlar. Canlı varlıkların tespiti askeri uygulamaların en büyük ayağı iken ısı kaçakları ve istenmeyen ısı üretimleri sivil kullanımda daha yaygındır. Sıralamak gerekirse,
 Buhar, basınçlı gaz, sıcak su, sıcak hava taşıyan sistemlerin kaçaklarının tespiti
 Elektrik panoları, iletim hatları, aşırı yüklenen enerji sistemlerinin bağlantı hatalarının ve gereğinden fazla yüklenip ısı yaratan yerlerinin tespiti
 Motor, rulman, dönen parçaların yağlanmamasından kaynaklanan sürtünme ve oluşturduğu yerlerin tespiti,
 Konut, iş merkezi gibi binaların enerji verimliliğinin ölçülmesinde, enerji sarfiyatının düzeltilmesi için sorunlu bölgelerin tespiti
 Su kaçağı tespiti, rutubet nem kontrolü olarak listelenebilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Termografi
 Kızılötesi
 Elektromanyetik Tayf
 Radyasyon

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Hayvanat Bahçelerinde Çeşitli Hayvanların Termal Kamera görüntüleri
 Betonarme Yapılarda Alt Yapı İşlerinde Termal Kamera Kullanımı

Aletler
Termal görüntüleme
Kızılötesi

Termal kamera


روابط إضافية

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أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من لياج
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة مضرب بلجيكيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2008
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2012
مواليد 1984
مواليد في لييج

ستيف دارسيس


أنطوني فان ليفينهوك  ، (1632 - 1723) باحث وعالم هولندي ويعتبر أول من استخدم المايكروسكوب لرؤية البكتيريا والعضيات الدقيقة.

حياته

بدأ مهنته كاهناً بسيطاً في أحد بيوت أمستردام، وبدأ حياته العملية كاتباً متواضعاً في أحد المستودعات الهولندية في أمستردام. ومعظم اكتشافاته كانت تتعلق بالجسم البشري، وقد تمت من خلال استخدامه الماهر للمجهر (الميكروسكوب)، ومراقباته وملاحظاته الدقيقة المعقَّدة. وقد وصف كريات الدم الحمراء، وأظهر كيفية عمل الشعيرات الدموية، وفصَّل بنية الأنسجة العضلية، وبيَّن تركيب الشعر).

السيرة الذاتية

ولد في مدينة دلفت سنة 1632م بهولندا، أسرته متوسطة وأمضى حياته كلها تاجراً للقماش.
تزوج ليفنهوك مرتين وأنجب ستة أولاد ولم يكن له أحفاد، وكانت صحته جيدة وظل يعمل بهمة ونشاط حتى قبل وفاته بساعات، وقد زاره في بيته عظماء الأدب والعلم والسياسة في عصره، زاره القيصر الروسي بطرس الأكبر وملكة إنجلترا. وتوفي في نفس المدينة التي ولد بها في التسعينات من عمره.

اكتشاف الميكروب

أما سبب اكتشافه للميكروب فلأنه كان هاوياً للنظر في الميكروسكوب ولم يكن من السهل في هذا الوقت شرائه من المحالات العامة، ولذلك قام بتركيب ميكروسكوب لاستعماله الخاص. ولم يتعلم صناعة العدسات ولا فن جلاء الزجاج تمهيداً لصناعة العدسة المناسبة ولكنه استطاع عن طريق تركيب العدسات بعضها فوق بعض الحصول على كفاءة للإبصار ليست في استطاعة أية ميكروسكوب مستخدم في ذلك الوقت. ومن بين العدسات التي صنعها واحدة كانت قادرة على تكبير الأشياء 270 مرة. وهناك ما يدل على أنه صنع عدسات ذات قدرة على تكبير الأشياء أكثر من ذلك. كان ليفنهوك رجلاً صبوراً ومثابراً وقوي الملاحظة، واستطاع بعدساته هذه أن ينظر إلى كثير من المواد ابتداء من شعر الإنسان إلى قطرات الدم وقطرات الماء والحشرات والأنسجة الجلدية والعضلية، وسجل ملاحظاته كلها وبمنتهى العناية، كما أنه قام برسم كل ما شاهده تحت الميكروسكوب.

المسيرة العلمية

ظل ليفنهوك يراسل الجمعية الملكية البريطانية منذ سنة 1673م وهي الجمعية العلمية الرائدة في العالم كله، وبالرغم من أنه لا يتحدث سوى اللغة الهولندية فقد انتخبوه عضواً بالجمعية عام 1680م، كما أنه أصبح عضواً مراسلاً لأكاديمية العلوم بباريس. والجدير بالذكر أنه أول من اكتشف تركيب الحيوانات المنوية، وأول من وصف كريات الدم الحمراء، وقد عارض نظرية التوالد التلقائي لأشكال الحياة الدنيا. وقدم أدلة كثيرة تؤيد وجهة نظره، وقد أثبت أن البراغيث تتكاثر تماماً كالحشرات ذات الأجنحة.

ولكن أعظم اكتشاف له جاء سنة 1674م عندما سجل أول ملاحظاته عن الميكروبات. وهو يفحص إحدى قطع القماش. عندما رأى كائنات عصوية الشكل، ففي قطرة واحدة للماء اكتشف عالماً قائماً بذاته، عالماً جديداً لا شك فيه، وعلى الرغم من أنه لم يعرف ما الذي اكتشفه بالضبط فإنه أول من أشار إليه، ومع ذلك فإن ما اكتشفه كان له أهمية عظمى في تاريخ البشرية، وهذه الكائنات الصغيرة الكثيرة الأخرى في الإنسان والحيوان، وقد تمكن من العثور على الميكروبات في أماكن كثيرة: في المستنقعات وفي ماء المطر وفي الأفواه وأمعاء الإنسان، واستطاع أن يضيف أنواعاً مختلفة من البكتريا وحسب أحجامها جميعاً. ولم تظهر أهمية وخطورة اكتشاف ليفينهوك هذا إلا عندما ظهر العالم الفرنسي الكبير باستور، أي بعد ذلك بمائتي عام وقد ظل علم الميكروبات نائماً خامداً حتى جاء القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي عندما تطورت أحجام العدسات وتطورت صناعة الميكروسكوب.

إحتفال محرك جوجل بالذكرى الـ 384 لميلاده

في يوم 24 أكتوبر 2016 إحتفل محرك جوجل بالذكرى الـ 384 لميلاد العالم أنطوني فان ليفينهوك مخترع المجهر الضوئي.

المراجع

انظر أيضا

 ثورة علمية

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص من دلفت
أشخاص هولنديون في القرن 18
أصحاب أعمال هولنديون في القرن 17
تاريخ طبيعي
تاريخ علم الأحياء
ثورة علمية
زملاء الجمعية الملكية
صانعو أدوات علمية
عصر التنوير
علم الأحياء والتاريخ الطبيعي في جمهورية هولندا
علماء أحياء مجهريون هولنديون
علماء أحياء هولنديون
علماء تاريخ طبيعي هولنديون
علماء طبيعة هولنديون في القرن 17
علماء مسيحيون
علماء هولنديون في القرن 17
كالفينيون هولنديون ومصلحون مسيحيون
مجهريون
مخترعون هولنديون في القرن 17
مسيحيون هولنديون
مواليد 1632
مواليد في دلفت
هولنديون في القرن 17
وفيات 1723
وفيات في دلفت

أنطوني فان ليفينهوك


Heliconia is a genus of flowering plants in the monotypic family Heliconiaceae. Most of the ca 194 known species are native to the tropical Americas, but a few are indigenous to certain islands of the western Pacific and Maluku in Indonesia. Many species of Heliconia are found in the tropical forests of these regions. Most species are listed as either vulnerable or data deficient by the IUCN Red List of threatened species. Several species are widely cultivated as ornamentals, and a few are naturalized in Florida, Gambia, and Thailand.

Common names for the genus include lobster-claws, toucan beak, wild plantain, or false bird-of-paradise; the last term refers to their close similarity to the bird-of-paradise flowers in the Strelitzia genus. Collectively, these plants are also simply referred to as "heliconias".

Description
These herbaceous plants range from 0.5 to nearly 4.5 m (1.5–15 ft) tall, depending on the species.

Leaves
The simple leaves of these plants are 15–300 cm (6 in–10 ft). They are characteristically long, oblong, alternate, or growing opposite one another on nonwoody petioles often longer than the leaf, often forming large clumps with age. The leaves in different positions on the plant have a different absorption potential of sunlight for photosynthesis when exposed to different degrees of sunlight. They also look like lobster claws.

Flower

Their flowers are produced on long, erect or drooping panicles, and consist of brightly colored, waxy bracts, with small true flowers peeping out from the bracts. The growth habit of heliconias is similar to Canna, Strelitzia, and bananas, to which they are related. The flowers can be hues of reds, oranges, yellows, and greens, and are subtended by brightly colored bracts.

The flowers' shape often limits pollination to a subset of the hummingbirds in the region. They also produce ample nectar that attract these birds.

Seeds
Fruits are blue-purple when ripe and primarily bird dispersed. Studies of post-dispersal seed survival showed that seed size was not a determinant. The highest amount of seed predation came from mammals.

Taxonomy
The generic name Heliconia was given by Carl Linnaeus in 1771 from the Greek word  Helikṓnios from  Helikṓn after Mount Helicon in Boeotia, central Greece.

Heliconia is the only genus in the monotypic family Heliconiaceae, but was formerly included in the family Musaceae, which includes the bananas (e.g.  Musa, Ensete and so on). However, the APG system of 1998, and its successor, the APG II system of 2003, confirm the Heliconiaceae as distinct and places them in the order Zingiberales, in the commelinid clade of monocots.

Species
Species accepted by Kew Botanic Gardens

Distribution and habitat
Most of the 194 known species are native to the tropical Americas, but a few are indigenous to certain islands of the western Pacific and Maluku. Many species of Heliconia are found in the tropical forests of these regions. Several species are widely cultivated as ornamentals, and a few are naturalized in Florida, Gambia and Thailand.<ref name=

Ecology

Heliconias are an important food source for forest hummingbirds, especially the hermits (Phathornithinae), some of which – such as the rufous-breasted hermit (Glaucis hirsuta) – also use the plant for nesting.  The Honduran white bat (Ectophylla alba) also lives in tents it makes from heliconia leaves.

Bats

Pollination
Although Heliconia are almost exclusively pollinated by hummingbirds, some bat pollination has been found to occur. Heliconia solomonensis is pollinated by the macroglosine bat (Melonycteris woodfordi) in the Solomon Islands. Heliconia solomonensis has green inflorescences and flowers that open at night, which is typical of bat pollinated plants. The macroglosine bat is the only known nocturnal pollinator of Heliconia solomonensis.

Habitat
Many bats use Heliconia leaves for shelter. The Honduran white bat, Ectohylla alba, utilizes five species of Heliconia to make diurnal tent-shaped roosts. The bat cuts the side veins of the leaf extending from the midrib, causing the leaf to fold like a tent. This structure provides the bat with shelter from rain, sun, and predators. In addition, the stems of the Heliconia leaves are not strong enough to carry the weight of typical bat predators, so shaking of the leaf alerts roosting bats to presence of predators. The bats Artibeus anderseni and A. phaeotis form tents from the leaves of Heliconia in the same manner as the Honduran white bat. The neotropical disk-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor, has suction disks on the wrists which allow it to cling to the smooth surfaces of the Heliconia leaves. This bat roosts head-up in the rolled young leaves of Heliconia plants.

Insects

Heliconias provide shelter for a diverse range of insects within their young rolled leaves and water-filled floral bracts. Insects that inhabit the rolled leaves often feed upon the inner surfaces of the leaf, such as beetles of the family Chrysomelidae. In bracts containing small amounts of water, fly larvae and beetles are the dominant inhabitants. In bracts with greater quantities of water the typical inhabitants are mosquito larva. Insects living in the bracts often feed on the bract tissue, nectar of the flower, flower parts, other insects, microorganisms, or detritus in the water contained in the bract (Siefert 1982). Almost all species of Hispini beetles that use rolled leaves are obligate herbivores of plants of the order of Zingiberales, which includes Heliconia. These beetles live in and feed from the rolled leaf, the stems, the inflorescences, or the unfurled mature leaves of the Heliconia plant. In addition, these beetles deposit their eggs on the leaf surface, petioles of immature leaves, or in the bracts of the Heliconia.  Furthermore, some wasp species such as Polistes erythrocephalus build their nest on the protected underside of large leaves.

Hummingbirds
Hummingbirds are the main pollinators of heliconia flowers in many locations. The concurrent diversification of hummingbird-pollinated taxa in the order Zingiberales and the hummingbird family (Trochilidae: Phaethorninae) starting 18 million years ago supports the idea that these radiations have influenced one another through evolutionary time. At La Selva Research Station in Costa Rica, specific species of Heliconia were found to have specific hummingbird pollinators. These hummingbirds can be organized into two different groups: hermits and non-hermits. Hermits are the subfamily Phaethornithinae, consisting of the genera Anopetia, Eutoxeres, Glaucis, Phaethornis, Ramphodon, and Threnetes. Non-hermits are a catch-all group of other hummingbirds that often visit heliconias, comprising several clades (McGuire 2008). Hermits are generally traplining foragers; that is, individuals visit a repeated circuit of high-reward flowers instead of holding fixed territories Non-hermits are territorial over their Heliconia clumps, causing greater self-pollination. Hermits tend to have long curved bills while non-hermits tend to possess short straight bills, a morphological difference that likely spurred the divergence of these groups in the Miocene era. Characteristics of Heliconia flowers that select for either hermit or non-hermit pollinator specificity are degree of self-compatibility, flowering phenology, nectar production, color, and shape of flower. The hummingbird itself will choose the plants its feeds from on the basis of its beak shape, its perch on the plant, and its territory choice.

Hummingbird visits to the Heliconia flower do not affect its production of nectar. This may account for the flowers not having a consistent amount of nectar produced from flower to flower.

Different Heliconia species have different flowering seasons. This suggests that the species compete for pollinators. Many species of Heliconia, even the newly colonized species, are visited by many different pollinators.

Cultivation

Several cultivars and hybrids have been selected for garden planting, including:
 H. psittacorum × H. spathocircinata, both species of South America, mainly Brazil
 H. × rauliniana = H. marginata (Venezuela) × H. bihai (Brazil)
 H. chartacea cv. 'Sexy Pink'

Most commonly grown landscape Heliconia species include H. augusta, H. bihai, H. brasiliensis, H. caribaea, H. latispatha, H. pendula, H. psittacorum, H. rostrata, H. schiediana, and H. wagneriana.

Uses

Heliconias are grown for the florist's trade and as landscape plants. These plants do not grow well in cold, dry conditions. They are very drought intolerant, but can endure some soil flooding. Heliconias need an abundance of water, sunlight, and soils that are rich in humus in order to grow well. These flowers are grown in tropical regions all over the world as ornamental plants. The flower of H. psittacorum (parrot heliconia) is especially distinctive, its greenish-yellow flowers with black spots and red bracts reminiscent of the bright plumage of parrots.

Gallery

See also
 National Tropical Botanical Garden, designated a conservation center by the Heliconia Society International

References

Bibliography

External links

 Monocot families (USDA)
 links at CSDL
 Heliconia observations at iNaturalist

Zingiberales genera
Garden plants of Australasia
Garden plants of North America
Garden plants of South America

Heliconia


Joan Chandler () a fost o actriță americană care a jucat în filmul Rope (1948).

Filmografie
 Humoresque (1946) — Gina Romney
 Rope (1948) — Janet

Note

Legături externe

 Joan Chandler papers, 1923-1959, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

Nașteri în 1924
Decese în 1979
Nașteri pe 24 august
Decese pe 11 mai
Actrițe americane din secolul al XX-lea
Actrițe de film americane
Actrițe de televiziune americane
Decese cauzate de cancer

Joan Chandler


Michael Fagan (* 8. August 1948 in London) ist ein britischer Staatsbürger, der deshalb bekannt wurde, weil es ihm gelungen war, am frühen Morgen des 9. Juli 1982 in das Schlafzimmer von Königin Elisabeth II. im Buckingham Palace einzudringen.

Leben
Michael Fagan wurde im Londoner Stadtteil Clerkenwell geboren. Er war der Sohn des Stahlbauers Ivy Fagan, der ein "Meister im Schlossknacken" war. Außerdem hatte er zwei jüngere Schwestern namens Margaret und Elizabeth. Er besuchte 1955 die Compton Street School in Clerkenwell (heute St. Peter & St. Paul RC Primary School). Mit 18 Jahren verließ er 1966 sein Zuhause aufgrund seines Vaters, der laut Fagan gewalttätig war, und arbeitete als Maler und Dekorateur. Später hatte er mit seiner Frau Christine, die er 1972 heiratete, vier Kinder.

Nach seinem Einbruch im Juli 1982 im Buckingham Palace wurde Fagan von der Polizei festgenommen und auf richterlichen Beschluss für mehrere Monate in eine psychiatrische Klinik eingewiesen. Dort wurde er allerdings ohne eindeutige Diagnose wieder entlassen.

In der Populärkultur
In der vierten Staffel der Fernsehserie The Crown spielte Tom Brooke Fagan in einer Version der Ereignisse, die in der Begegnung Fagans mit der Königin stark fiktionalisiert ist.

1983 sang Fagan eine Version des Sex Pistols Songs "God Save The Queen" auf der LP "Never Mind The Bollocks 1983" der Band The Bollock Brothers.

Literatur
 Davidson, Spencer. God Save the Queen, Fast, Time (26. Juli 1982), Seite 33
 Wilson, Colin (2004). The World's Greatest True Crime
 Rogal, Kim und Ronald Henkoff. Intruder in the Palace, Newsweek (26. Juli 1982), S. 38–39
 Michael Fagan: Her nightie was one of those Liberty prints, down to her knees Independent on Sunday 19. Februar 2012
 Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Designated Sites under Section 128) Order 2007

Einzelnachweise

Person (London)
Elisabeth II.
Brite
Geboren 1948
Mann

Michael Fagan


Isidorus ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite nördlich des Mare Nectaris, nördlich von Daguerre und unmittelbar westlich von Capella.
Der Krater ist stark erodiert, im Inneren befindet sich der Nebenkrater Isidorus A. Der östliche Rand wird von Capella überlagert.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem spanischen Heiligen und Gelehrten Isidor von Sevilla offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Isidorus auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)
Isidor von Sevilla

Isidorus (Mondkrater)


The pylorus ( or ), or pyloric part, connects the stomach to the duodenum. The pylorus is considered as having two parts, the pyloric antrum (opening to the body of the stomach) and the pyloric canal (opening to the duodenum). The pyloric canal ends as the pyloric orifice, which marks the junction between the stomach and the duodenum. The orifice is surrounded by a sphincter, a band of muscle, called the pyloric sphincter.
The word pylorus comes from Greek πυλωρός, via Latin. The word pylorus in Greek means "gatekeeper", related to "gate" () and is thus linguistically related to the word "pylon".

Structure

The pylorus is the furthest part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided into two parts, the antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach, and the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum.

Antrum
The pyloric antrum is the initial portion of the pylorus. It is near the bottom of the stomach, proximal to the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum.  It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the pyloric canal by a slight groove.

Canal
The canal () is the opening between the stomach and the duodenum. The wall thickness of the pyloric canal is up to 3 millimeters (mm) in infants younger than 30 days, and up to 8 mm in adults.

Sphincter
The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It controls the outflow of gastric contents into the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion.

Histology

Under microscopy, the pylorus contains numerous glands, including gastric pits, which constitute about half the depth of the pyloric mucosa.  They consist of two or three short closed tubes opening into a common duct or mouth. These tubes are wavy, and are about one-half the length of the duct. The duct is lined by columnar cells, continuous with the epithelium lining the surface of the mucous membrane of the stomach, the tubes by shorter and more cubical cell which are finely granular. The glands contain mucus cells and G cells that secrete gastrin.

The pylorus also contains scattered parietal cells and neuroendocrine cells. These endocrine cells include D cells, which release somatostatin, responsible for shutting off acid secretion. (There is a second hormone-sensitive population near the fundus.)
Unstriated muscles, which are entirely involuntary, are located at the pylorus.

Function
The pylorus is one component of the gastrointestinal system. Food from the stomach, as chyme, passes through the pylorus to the duodenum. The pylorus, through the pyloric sphincter, regulates entry of food from the stomach into the duodenum.

Clinical significance
In such conditions as stomach cancer, tumours may partly block the pyloric canal. A special tube can be implanted surgically to connect the stomach to the duodenum so as to facilitate the passage of food from one to the other. The surgery to place this tube is called a gastroduodenostomy.

Stenosis

Pyloric stenosis refers to a pylorus that is narrow. This is due to congenital hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter. The lumen of the pylorus is narrower, and less food is able to pass through. This problem is often detected in the early weeks of life. When it is present, a newborn baby may projectile vomit after eating, but despite vomiting remain hungry. Pyloric stenosis may be managed by the insertion of a stent, or through surgical cutting of the pyloric sphincter, a pyloromyotomy.

Other
Pyloric tumors
Pyloric gland adenoma

Additional images

See also

 Human gastrointestinal tract
 Stomach
 Duodenum
 Digestion

References

External links
 "Pylorus", Stedman's Online Medical Dictionary at Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
  - "Abdominal Cavity: The Stomach"
  - "Stomach, Spleen and Liver: The Pylorus"

Digestive system
Stomach

Pylorus


Alapín puede hacer referencia a:

 Simón Alapín, ajedrecista;
 Apertura Alapín; o
 Sistema Alapín.

Alapín


Horia Demian (* 1942; † 1989) war ein rumänischer Basketballspieler, der von 1960 bis 1970 für U Cluj (Știința Cluj zwischen 1951 und 1965, heutzutage CS Universitatea Cluj-Napoca) spielte.

Karriere
Demian spielte 165-mal für die Rumänische Basketballnationalmannschaft und bekam 1964 für seine Leistungen die Auszeichnung  Maestru al Sportului vom Rumänischen Basketball-Verband verliehen. Er nahm zwischen 1961 und 1967 an 4 Basketball-Europameisterschaften teil. Seine beste Platzierung war dabei ein 5. Platz bei seiner letzten Teilnahme.

Zur Erinnerung und als Ehrerbietung wurde die Horia Demian Sporthalle in Cluj-Napoca nach ihm benannt. In der Halle finden die Heimspiele der Handball- and Basketball-Mannschaften von CS Universitatea Cluj-Napoca statt.

Einzelnachweise

Basketballnationalspieler (Rumänien)
Rumäne
Geboren 1942
Gestorben 1989
Mann

Horia Demian


Aceasta este o listă a armenilor membri ai Academiei Române.

Membri titulari
 Ana Aslan (n. 1 ianuarie 1897, Brăila - d. 20 mai 1988, București)
 Spiru Haret (n. 15 februarie 1851, Iași - d. 17 decembrie 1912, București)

Membri corespondenți
 Nicolae Bagdasar (n. 5 februarie 1896, Roșiești, Vaslui - d. 21 aprilie 1971, București)
 Gheorghe Manea (n. 8 aprilie 1904, Râmnicu Sărat - d. 3 ianuarie 1978, București)
 Matei Socor (n. 15 septembrie 1908, Iași - d. 30 mai 1980, București)
 Krikor H. Zambaccian (n. 6 februarie 1889, Constanța - d. 18 septembrie 1962, București)

Membri post-mortem
 Dumitru Bagdasar (n. 17 decembrie 1893, Roșiești, Vaslui – d. 16 iulie 1946, București)
 Aram Frenkian (n. 19 martie 1898, Constanța - d. 10 septembrie 1964, București)
 Garabet Ibrăileanu (n. 23 mai 1871, Târgu Frumos - d. 12 martie 1936, București)
 H. Dj. Siruni (n. 6/18 aprilie 1890, Adabazar, Imperiul Otoman - d. 7 aprilie 1973, București)

Membri de onoare
 Henri V. Kehiaian (n. 12 august 1929, București  - d. 18 decembrie 2009, Paris)
 Petru Th. Missir (n. 8 octombrie 1856, Roman - d. 10 ianuarie 1929, București)

Lista armenilor membri ai Academiei Române


Berylliumhydroxid, Be(OH)2, er en amfoterisk hydroxid, der er opløselig i både syrer og alkalier. Det produceres industrielt som et biprodukt i udvindelsen af berylliummetal fra malmen af beryl og bertrandit. Naturlig ren berylliumhydroxid er sjældent (i form af mineralet behoit, orthorhombisk) eller meget sjældent (clinobehoit, monoklin). Når alkali føjes til en berylliumsaltopløsning dannes α-formen (en gel). Hvis dette lades stå eller koges bundfælder den rombiske β-form sig. Denne har den samme struktur som zinkhydroxid, Zn(OH)2, med tetraedriske berylliumcentre.

Fodnoter

Berylliumforbindelser

Berylliumhydroxid


Etiopija
 pokrajina Semien, povijesna pokrajina
 Nacionalni park Semien
 Semiensko gorje

Semien


Alexandre Zambeaux (1975-), un acteur français ;
 Édouard Zambeaux (1971-), un journaliste français.

Zambeaux


Inter-Asterisk eXchange (IAX) is a communications protocol native to the Asterisk private branch exchange (PBX) software, and is supported by a few other softswitches, PBX systems, and softphones.  It is used for transporting voice over IP telephony sessions between servers and to terminal devices.

The original IAX protocol is deprecated and has been superseded by a second version, commonly called IAX2. The IAX2 protocol was published as an informational (non-standards-track) RFC 5456 by discretion of the RFC Editor in February 2010.

Basic properties
IAX is a binary-encoded voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) that is used for streaming media, but is primarily designed for IP voice calls.

IAX uses a single User Datagram Protocol (UDP) data stream and port number, by default 4569, between endpoints for both session signaling and media payloads. This feature provides benefits for traversing network address translators at network boundaries, as it simplifies firewall configuration. Other VoIP protocols typically use independent channels for signaling and media, such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), H.323, and the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), which carry media with the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).

IAX supports trunking, multiplexing channels over a single link. When trunking, data from multiple sessions are merged into a single stream of packets between two endpoints, reducing the IP overhead. This is advantageous in VoIP transmissions, in which IP headers use a large fraction of bandwidth.

IAX2 supports native encryption of both control and media streams using AES-128.

Origin
Both versions of the IAX protocol were created by Mark Spencer and much of the development was carried out in the Asterisk open-source community.

Goals
The primary goals for IAX are to minimize bandwidth used in media transmissions, and to provide native network address translation (NAT) transparency.  It was intended to be easy to use behind firewalls.

Drawbacks
 Awkward extensibility: Due to the lack of a generic extension mechanism, new features have to be added in the protocol specification, which makes the protocol less flexible than H.323, SIP, and MGCP.
 Vulnerability: Older implementations of IAX2 were vulnerable to resource exhaustion DoS attack methods that are available to the public.  While no solutions existed for these issues,  the best practices included limiting UDP port access to specific trusted IP addresses. Internet-facing IAX2 ports are considered vulnerable and should be monitored closely. The fuzzer used to detect these application vulnerabilities was posted on milw0rm. and is included in the VoIPer development tree. These issues were briefly mentioned in the IAX RFC 5456 on page 94. This flaw does not exist in up-to-date installations.

References

External links
  IAX: Inter-Asterisk eXchange Version 2
  IANA Registration for Enumservice 'iax'

VoIP protocols
Asterisk (PBX)
Application layer protocols

Inter-Asterisk eXchange


Xi Centauri (ξ Cen) puede referirse a dos estrellas distintas en la constelación de Centaurus:

 Xi1 Centauri (HD 113314), estrella blanca de magnitud aparente +4,83.
 Xi2 Centauri (HD 113791), sistema estelar de magnitud +4,26 cuya componente principal es una estrella blanco-azulada de tipo B1.5V.

Xi Centauri


Pietrele Dropa (cunoscute și ca Pietrele Dzopa, Pietrele Dropas sau Pietrele Drop-ka) sunt o serie de 716 discuri circulare, care sunt mai vechi de 12.000 de ani, pe care sunt și niște hieroglife mici. Fiecare disc are aproximativ 30 de centimetri în diametru, având o gaură în mijloc, fiind dublu spiralate.. Nu există nicio înregistrare în vreun muzeu din lume, motiv pentru care unii le consideră ca fiind o farsă.

Tsum Um Nui
Pentru 20 de ani, s-a declarat că pietrele umanoizilor Dropa au fost puse într-un depozit, înainte să îi fie date lui Tsum Um Nui (scris cu caractere chinezești: 楚 聞 明) pentru un studiu în 1958. El a ajuns la concluzia că șanțurile de pe discuri sunt de fapt niște hieroglife foarte mici, ele putând să fie văzute doar cu o lupă, și scrise cu un sistem de scriere care nu a mai fost întâlnit nicăieri altundeva. În 1962, Tsum Um Nui a descifrat micile hieroglife de pe ele, care uluitor spun povestea unei nave spațiale care s-a prăbușit în zona peșterilor din regiunea Munților Bayan Har, nava conținând mici ființe umanoide numite Dropa, uneori și "oamenii Dropa". Umanoizii Dropa nu au putut să-și repare nava și nu au reușit să se adapteze foarte bine la condițiile de pe Pământ. De-a lungul timpului, umanoizii Dropa erau din ce în ce mai puțini, ei fiind vânați de oamenii primitivi sau animale sălbatice, sau fiind răpuși de boli necunoscute cauzate de faptul că ei nu erau adaptați prea bine Pământului. Tsum Um Nui a notat o hieroglifă care spunea aparent: "Dropa au venit jos din nori în navele lor. Femeile noastre, bărbații și copii noștri s-au ascuns în peșteri de 10 ori înainte de răsăritul soarelui. Când în sfârșit am înțeles semnele limbii ființelor Dropa, ne-am dat seama că noi-veniții aveau intenții bune și pacifiste".

Tsum Um Nui și-a publicat descoperirile sale în 1962 într-un jurnal profesional, ulterior fiind ridiculizat. Se crede că la scurt timp după aceea, el a plecat în Japonia într-un exil autoimpus, unde a murit la nu mult timp de la publicarea lucrării sale.

Examinarea rusă
Cercetătorii ruși au solicitat să le fie date temporar discurile ca să le studieze, așa că mai multe discuri au fost expediate la Moscova. Odată ajunse acolo, au fost supuse unor analize chimice care au scos la iveală faptul că discurile au un conținut mare de metal (40% cobalt și 8% aluminiu), discurile fiind mai vechi de 12.000 de ani. După cum s-a scris și în revista sovietică Sputnik, Doctorul Vyatcheslav Saizev descrie un experiment unde discurile au fost la "vibrații", în acel moment, discurile emițând un ritm neobișnuit, ca și cum o sarcină electrică ar trece printr-unul dintre ele.

Ernst Wegerer
Se presupune, că Ernst Wegerer a fost un inginer austriac care în 1974 a vizitat Muzeul Banpo din Xi'an, în provincia chineză Shaanxi, unde el a văzut 2 pietre dropa. Se spune că atunci când a întrebat despre discuri, proprietarul nu a putut să-i spună nimic, dar i-a permis să ia unul în mână și să-l pozeze. Ernst spune că hieroglifele nu pot să fie văzute în pozele sale din cauza blițului camerei sale și din cauză că ele erau deteriorate. În 1994, proprietarul discurilor a dispărut din muzeu.

Publicații
O referire la Dropa (ființe extraterestre) și Pietrele Dropa s-a făcută într-un număr al revistei germane Das vegetarische Universum din luna iulie a anului 1962.

Ele sunt menționate în cartea din 1978 Sungods in Exile de David Agamon (numele real David A. Gamon). Această carte este scrisă ca și cum ar fi un documentar despre o expediție din 1947 cu omul de știință Karyl Robin-Evans. Urmează presupusele sale călătorii în regiunea retrasă a lanțului muntos Bayan Har, unde găsește oameni pitici numiți Dropa. Potrivit cărții sale, populația Dropa era formată din câteva sute de membri, toți având o înălțime de aproximativ 1,2 m. Se presupune că Robin-Evans a trăit printre Dropa timp de o jumătate de an și în acea perioadă le-a învățat limba și istoria și, de asemenea, a fecundat una dintre femeile Dropa. I s-a spus că s-au prăbușit acolo cu mult timp în urmă și că strămoșul lor venise de pe o planetă din constelația Sirius. Gamon a dezvăluit mai târziu în publicația britanică Fortean Times că Sungods in Exile a fost "farsa sa preferată" și o satiră.

În Japonia, au fost menționate în 1996, când a fost lansată o versiune tradusă a lui Hartwig Hausdorf și Peter Krassa "Satelliten der Götter" ("Sateliții zeilor").

Controverse

A fost confirmat că "Tsum Um Nui" nu este un nume chinez. Nu sunt menționări referitoare ale lui în China în afară de legătura dintre el și Pietrele Dropa. Conform amatorului dropa Hartwig Hausdorf, Tsum Un Nui este un "fost nume japonez, dar adaptat limbii chineze". Nici nu sunt vreun fel de menționări despre expediții din 1938 a lui Chi Pu Tei.

Din fotografiile lui Wegerer lipsesc dovezi concrete ale hieroglifelor, dar prezintă similitudini cu discurile bì. Bì sunt discuri rotunde din jad cu găuri în centru. Când sunt îngropate în pământ, mineralele le schimbă pentru a fi multicolore. Bì au fost datate în anul 3000 î.Hr. și au fost comune în ceea ce este acum provincia Shaanxi. Unele bì sunt decorate cu caneluri paralele și alte marcaje.

Referințe

Pseudoarheologie
Paleoastronautică
Controverse

Pietrele Dropa


La Casa de Córdoba es un linaje nobiliario español originario de la Corona de Castilla, cuya creación se debe a la participación en la conquista de Córdoba del noble gallego Fernán Núñez de Témez en 1236, por dicha labor fue recompensado por el rey Fernando III de Castilla con numerosas posesiones en dicho territorio. Su establecimiento en el reino de Córdoba propició que sus descendientes adoptasen el apellido Fernández de Córdoba.

A este linaje pertenecieron los señores de la casa de Priego, de la casa de Cabra, de la casa de Comares y de la casa de Sessa.

Escudo y Lema
En oro, tres fajas de gules.

En 1483 al capturar preso al rey de Granada, Boabdil, el Gran Capitán reorganizó el escudo de la siguiente forma: Cortado, 1º las antedichas armas. y 2º de plata, el rey moro preso con una cadena al cuello moviente del flanco siniestro. Bordura de plata con la leyenda en letras de sable 'Omnia per ipso facta sunt'.

El lema de la Casa de Córdoba es "Omnia per ipso facta sunt", lo que se traduce del latín como "Todas las cosas fueron hechas por Él".

Títulos concedidos a la Casa de Córdoba

Ducado de Andría (GdE)
Ducado de Baena (GdE)
Ducado de Montalto (GdE)
Ducado de Santángelo (GdE)
Ducado de Santo Gémini (GdE)
Ducado de Sessa (GdE)
Ducado de Terranova (GdE)
Marquesado de Aguilar
Marquesado de Albodoluy
Marquesado de Arcicóllar
Marquesado de Armunia
Marquesado de Canillejas (GdE)
Marquesado de Casa Real de Córdoba
Marquesado de Casa Saltillo
Marquesado de Comares
Marquesado de Cubas
 Marquesado de la Granja
Marquesado de Griñón
Marquesado de Guadalcázar (GdE)
Marquesado de Maratea

Marquesado de Miranda de Anta
Marquesado de Montalbán
Marquesado de Moratalla
Marquesado de Peñalba
Marquesado de Priego (GdE)
Marquesado de la Puebla de los Infantes (GdE)
Marquesado de Valenzuela
Marquesado de Villafranca
Marquesado de Villaseca
Marquesado de Zugasti
Condado de Alcaudete
Condado de Cabra (GdE)
Condado de Casa Palma
Condado de las Posadas
Condado de Prado Castellano
Condado de Torralva
Condado de Torres-Cabrera (GdE)
Vizcondado de Iznájar
Señorío de Aguilar

A esta Casa se incorporó la casa de Feria y en ella recayeron la casa de Cardona, la casa de Segorbe y la casa de Medinaceli en el . Así como la casa de Arión en el XIX.

Bibliografía

Casa de Córdoba

Casa de Córdoba


Die Segunda División 2007/08 (offiziell Liga BBVA) war die 77. Spielzeit der zweithöchsten spanischen Fußballliga. Sie begann am 25. August 2007 und endete am 15. Juni 2008 mit dem 42. Spieltag. Meister wurde der CD Numancia.

Vor der Saison
Die 22 Mannschaften trafen an 42 Spieltagen jeweils zweimal aufeinander. Die drei besten Mannschaften stiegen in die Primera División auf. Die letzten vier Vereine stiegen ab.

Als Absteiger aus der Primera División nahmen Celta Vigo, Real Sociedad und Gimnàstic de Tarragona teil. Aus der Segunda División B kamen der FC Córdoba, SD Eibar, Racing de Ferrol und Sevilla Atlético.

Abschlusstabelle

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der linken Spalte aufgelistet und die Gastmannschaft in der obersten Reihe.

Nach der Saison
 Aufsteiger in die Primera División
 1. – CD Numancia
 2. – FC Málaga
 3. – Sporting Gijón

 Absteiger in die Segunda División B
 19. – Racing de Ferrol
 20. – FC Cádiz
 21. – FC Granada 74
 22. – Polideportivo Ejido

 Absteiger aus der Primera División
 Real Saragossa
 Real Murcia
 UD Levante

 Aufsteiger in die Segunda División
 FC Alicante
 FC Girona
 SD Huesca
 Rayo Vallecano

Torschützenliste

Weblinks
 Resultados Históricos Del Fútbol Español arquero-arba.futbolme.net
 Segunda División lafutbolteca.com

Einzelnachweise

2007/08
Fußballsaison 2007/08

Segunda División 2007/08


Hanerau-Hademarschen Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 14,63 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 3068 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Volker Timm tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amthanerau-hademarschen.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Hanerau-Hademarschen


Aloe dyeri es una  especie de Aloe nativa de  Sudáfrica.

Descripción
Es una planta usualmente solitaria, sin tallo o de tallo corto, de 400-700 mm de altura.excluida la inflorescencia. Con hojas ascendente o arqueadas de  400-700 x 45-150 mm, la superficie canalizada, en la parte superior, por lo general, con una cantidad variable de manchas blancas pequeñas, irregulares o de bandas transversales onduladas, la superficie inferior con mayor abundancia y frecuencia que las superiores. Las inflorescencias con 15-50 ramas que alcanzan los 1,5-2,0 m de altura; en forma de racimos cilíndricos, laxos; con brácteas acuminadas deltoides. Las flores brillantes de color rojo ladrillo, de 25-35 mm de largo.

Distribución
Aloe dyeri se encuentra en el sureste de la Provincia de Limpopo, en Mpumalanga y Suazilandia, también en Mozambique. Se produce en la sombra en el bosque espinoso en kloofs piedra a baja altura sobre el acantilado de Mpumalanga y Suazilandia, en posiciones similares en las montañas de la Cordillera Lebombo, o en pastizales pedregosos protegida del sol de mediodía y  por la tarde.

Hábitat
Esta es la especie más grande en la sección, con rosetas que alcanza los 2 m de diámetro e inflorescencias de hasta 2 m de altura. Las hojas son a menudo arqueadas.

Taxonomía
Aloe dyeri fue descrita por Schönland y publicado en  Fl. Pl. Africa 26: 1016, en el año 1947.
Etimología
Ver: Aloe

dyeri: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico inglés William Turner Thiselton-Dyer.

Referencias

dyeri

Flora de África austral
Flora de África continental
Plantas descritas en 1947
Plantas descritas por Schönland

Aloe dyeri


Christian Schultz (født 17. juni 1957 i København) er en dansk økonom med speciale i industriøkonomi, konkurrence og regulering samt politisk økonomi. Han er professor i økonomi ved Københavns Universitet, institutleder for Økonomisk Institut sammesteds og formand for Konkurrencerådet.

Karriere

Christian Schultz blev cand.polit. i 1984 og ph.d. fra Økonomisk Institut ved Københavns Universitet i 1989 med en afhandling med titlen Unemployment in market economies, som Birgit Grodal var vejleder for. Han har været ansat på Økonomisk Institut siden da, i årene 1987-89 som postdoc, 1989-95 som lektor og fra 1995 som professor. Siden 2010 har han været leder for instituttet. Han har været medlem af Konkurrencerådet siden 2001 og dets formand siden 2012.

Forskning

Christian Schultz har offentliggjort en lang række artikler, især inden for emnerne industriøkonomi, spilteori og politisk økonomi, i forskellige videnskabelige tidsskrifter, heriblandt Economic Journal, Review of Economic Studies, European Economic Review og Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift. Han har bl.a. skrevet en række artikler sammen med den senere overvismand Hans Jørgen Whitta-Jacobsen.

Offentlig debat

Christian Schultz har desuden lejlighedsvis deltaget i den offentlige debat, bl.a. som forfatter til diverse avisindlæg, hvor han på forskellige tidspunkter har ytret sig om makroøkonomiske teorier (i debat med professor Jesper Jespersen fra RUC), en anbefaling af dansk ØMU-medlemskab, fordele ved teleauktioner, straffesparkskonkurrencens spilteori og Konkurrencerådet og konkurrencelovgivningens virke.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Christian Schultz' hjemmeside på Økonomisk Institut

Økonomer fra Danmark
Professorer fra Københavns Universitet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Christian Schultz


Moldovas førstedivision 2016-17 var den 26. udgave af det moldoviske mesterskab i fodbold. Turneringen bliver afviklet fra juli 2016.

Tabel

Statistik

Topscorere
Opdateret pr. kampe spillet den 21. maj 2017.

References

External links
 Official website
 uefa.com

Fodbold i Moldova

Divizia Națională 2016-17


MPEG-1 හෝ MPEG-2 ශ්‍රව්‍ය ස්තරය III, වැඩි වශයෙන් පොදුවේ හදුන්වන්නේ MP3 යන ආකෘතිය ලෙසිනි, is a patented digital audio encoding format using a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on digital audio players.

MP3 is an audio-specific format that was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in MPEG-2 standard. The first MPEG subgroup - Audio group was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 Part 3), which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, finalised in 1992 and published in 1993 (ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993). Backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio (MPEG-2 Part 3) with additional bit rates and sample rates was published in 1995 (ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995).

ගොනු ව්‍යුහය

MP3


La Copa de la Paz 2003 o también llamada Peace Cup 2003 fue la primera edición de este torneo futbolístico veraniego solidario. La edición de este año fue se disputó en Corea del Sur y participaron ocho equipos de diversas partes del mundo. Fue ganada por el PSV Eindhoven quien venció por 1 a 0 en la final al Olympique de Lyon.

Diseño de la competición

El torneo comenzó con una fase de grupos compuesta por 2 grupos de 4 equipos cada uno. El líder de cada grupo se enfrentó con el otro líder del grupo de los cuales surgió la final.

Sedes

Resultados

Primera fase

Grupo A

Grupo B

Final

CampeónPSV Eindhoven1° título

Enlaces externos
 Copa de la Paz 2003 en RSSSF

2003

Copa de la Paz 2003


معركة نهر طلاس (بالصينية:怛罗斯之战) وقعت في شهر ذي الحجة من عام 133 هـ الموافق لشهر يوليو من عام 751 م. في إطار الفتوح الإسلامية بآسيا، وفيها أوقع المسلمون هزيمة ساحقة بالجيش الصيني، لكن النصر الإسلامي تم بكلفة كبيرة وضعت حدًا للفتوح الإسلامية شرقًا. كانت أكثر المعارك الإسلامية توغلا في قلب آسيا.

كان الأكثر أهمية في هذه المعركة هو أسر بعض صناع الورق الصينيين، ومنهم انتقل سر صناعة الورق إلى بغداد ودمشق والقاهرة، ثم الأندلس ومنها إلى أوروبا وسائر العالم.

الجبهة الإسلامية
أدى وصول العباسيين إلي سدة الخلافة إلي استقرار الدولة الإسلامية وبالتالي التفكير في تأمين حدودها، فأرسل الخليفة أبو جعفر المنصور الي أبو مسلم واليه علي خراسان بالتحضير بحملة لاستعادة هيبة المسلمين في تركستان (أي آسيا الوسطي) فقام أبو مسلم بتجهيز جيش زحف به إلي مدينة «مرو» وهناك وصلته قوات دعم من إقليم طخارستان -يقع هذا الإقليم في أفغانستان- وسار أبو مسلم بهذا الجيش إلى سمرقند وانضم بقواته مع قوات زياد بن صالح الحارثي الوالي السابق للكوفة، وتولي زياد قيادة الجيش.

الجبهة الصينية
شد الصينيون 30 ألف مقاتل طبقا للمصادر الصينية و100 ألف مقاتل طبقا للمصادر العربية، وكان قاو شيان جه على رأس الجيش الصيني، وفي شهر ذي الحجة من عام 133 هـ الموافق لشهر يوليو من عام 751 م. اشتبكت الجيوش الصينية مع الجيوش الإسلامية بالقرب من مدينة طلاس أو طرار والتي تقع علي نهر الطلاس بجمهورية قرغيزيا.

أحداث المعركة
اشتبكت الجيوش الإسلامية مع الجيوش الصينية، وحاصر فرسان المسلمين الجيش الصيني بالكامل وأطبق عليه الخناق مما أدي الي سقوط الآف القتلي من الجانب الصيني، وهرب قاو شيان جه من المعركة بعد أن خسر زهرة جنده، اما عن زياد بن صالح فقد أرسل الاسرى وكانوا 20 ألف إلى بغداد وتم بيعهم في سوق الرقيق.

أهمية المعركة
ترجع أهمية المعركة في أنها كانت أول وأخر صدام عسكري حدث بين المسلمين والصينيين، كما انها أنهت نفوذ الصين في آسيا الوسطي -بعد ان سقطت قرغيزيا في ايدي المسلمين- حيث تم صبغ تلك المنطقة (اسيا الوسطي) بصبغة اسلامية بعد أن اسلم أكثر قبائلها وغدت مناطق اشعاع اسلامي وحضاري وانجبت علماء مسلمين عظام كالامام البخاري والترمذي وغيرهم كما انها ادت الي وصول الورق الصيني الي دول الشرق الإسلامي بعد ان أسر المسلمين عدد كبير من صناع الورق الصينيين، ونقلهم الي بغداد.

المصادر

 كتاب الحروب والمعارك-محمد غريب جودة-دار الطلائع

751
الفتح الإسلامي لما وراء النهر
الصين في القرن 8
تاريخ قيرغيزستان
معارك الدولة العباسية
معارك تشمل الإمبراطورية التبتية
معارك تشمل سلالة تانغ الحاكمة
نزاعات في عقد 750

معركة نهر طلاس


An Pleurothallis globifera in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Guido Frederico João Pabst. An Pleurothallis globifera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis globifera


Harrah's Entertainment (later named Caesars Entertainment Corporation, previously The Promus Companies) was an American casino and hotel company founded in Reno, Nevada, and based in Paradise, Nevada, that operated over 50 properties and seven golf courses under several brands. In 2013, it was the fourth-largest gambling company in the world, with annual revenues of $8.6 billion. It was acquired in 2020 by Eldorado Resorts, which then changed its own name to Caesars Entertainment.

At the end of its existence, Caesars was a public company, majority-owned by a group of private equity firms led by Apollo Global Management, TPG Capital, and Paulson & Co.; and Carl Icahn. Caesars's largest operating unit filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 2015, which led to the foundation of Vici Properties as a result.

History

William F. Harrah era (1937–1978)
The company's background can be traced to October 29, 1937, when Bill Harrah opened a small bingo parlor in Reno, Nevada, a predecessor to Harrah's Reno. In 1955, he expanded to Stateline, Nevada, on the south shore of Lake Tahoe, where he would eventually open Harrah's Lake Tahoe.

Harrah's Inc. made its initial public offering in 1971. In 1972, it was listed on the American Stock Exchange and in 1973, Harrah's became the first casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

Bill Harrah died at the Mayo Clinic Hospital in Rochester, Minnesota, at the age of 66, during a cardiac surgery operation to repair an aortic aneurysm.

Under Holiday Inn
In February 1980, Holiday Inn acquired Harrah's, Inc. for $300 million. Liquidation of Harrah's collection of almost 7,000 antique automobiles reportedly returned the full purchase price of the company to Holiday Inn. Holiday Inn at the time had interests in two casinos: the under-construction Holiday Inn Marina Casino in Atlantic City, and a 40 percent stake in the  Holiday Casino, adjacent to the Holiday Inn hotel on the Las Vegas Strip.

In July 1987, Bill's Casino Lake Tahoe opened. Harrah's Laughlin opened in August 1988.

The Promus Companies
The company that would become Harrah's Entertainment was formed in 1990 as The Promus Companies. To effect the sale of the Holiday Inn hotel business to Bass PLC, Promus was created as a corporate spin-off, holding Harrah's, Embassy Suites, Homewood Suites, and Hampton Inn; Bass then acquired Holiday Corp., which retained only the Holiday Inn assets. The next year, the company's headquarters moved from Reno to Memphis, Tennessee.

In April 1992, the Holiday Casino was rebranded as Harrah's Las Vegas.

The late 1980s and early 1990s saw a rapid increase in gambling markets with the growth of Indian gaming and legalization of riverboat casinos. In 1993 and 1994, the company opened Harrah's Joliet, Harrah's Vicksburg, Harrah's Tunica, Harrah's Black Hawk, Harrah's Central City, Harrah's Shreveport, Harrah's North Kansas City, and Harrah's Ak-Chin.

Renamed as Harrah's Entertainment
In 1995, Promus decided to spin off its non-gaming hotel businesses, in part because they had been undervalued by investors due to perception of the company as a risky gaming stock. Promus Hotel Corp. was established, holding Embassy Suites, Hampton Inn, and Homewood Suites, while the parent company, holding 16 casinos, was renamed as Harrah's Entertainment.

Harrah's continued its expansion over the next ten years, opening Harrah's Skagit Valley, SkyCity Auckland, Harrah's St. Louis-Riverport, Harrah's Cherokee, Harrah's Prairie Band, Harrah's New Orleans, and Harrah's Rincon, and acquiring the Southern Belle Casino, Showboat, Inc., the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino, Players International, Harveys Casino Resorts, Louisiana Downs, Horseshoe Gaming, and the World Series of Poker.

On September 4, 1997, Harrah's Entertainment launched its Total Gold loyalty program (renamed as Total Rewards on April 4, 2000 and again as Caesars Rewards on February 1, 2019), developed at a cost of $20 million. It was the first gaming company to offer a systemwide comps program, allowing points earned at one casino to be redeemed for goods and services at any of the company's other casinos.  The system would be credited as a major driver of Harrah's growth over the coming years.

Harvard Business School professor Gary Loveman joined Harrah's as chief operating officer in 1998, and would go on to serve as chief executive officer from 2003 to 2015.

In 1999, the company moved its headquarters from Memphis to Las Vegas.

Purchase of Caesars Entertainment, Inc.

Harrah's made its largest single expansion in 2005, when it acquired Caesars Entertainment, Inc. for $10.4 billion. Negotiations were spurred on by news of a merger agreement between MGM Mirage and Mandalay Resort Group. The two companies sold several properties ahead of the merger to assuage antitrust concerns, including Harrah's East Chicago and Harrah's Mardi Gras. The acquisition increased Harrah's portfolio to 40 casinos, plus four cruise ship casinos. The deal furthered Harrah's goal of gaining a larger presence on the Las Vegas Strip, where Caesars owned four casinos, and improved its ability to market to high rollers.

Harrah's began to push for a larger international presence in 2005, announcing joint venture agreements to build casinos in Spain, Slovenia, and the Bahamas, and applying for a license to build a major resort in Singapore, though none of these projects would come to fruition. Harrah's also acquired London Clubs International in 2006, and the Macau Orient Golf club in 2007.

From 2005 to 2010, the company consolidated control of a long stretch of the east side of the Las Vegas Strip, acquiring the Bourbon Street, Imperial Palace, Barbary Coast, and Planet Hollywood casinos, along with large tracts of land behind the Strip properties.

In 2005 and 2006, Harrah's Entertainment closed its Lake Charles casino due to damage from Hurricane Rita, sold the Flamingo Laughlin and sold Grand Casino Gulfport.

Company goes private
Loveman at some point sought advice from private equity tycoon David Bonderman about the possibility of spinning off ownership of Harrah's Entertainment real estate as a separate real estate investment trust (REIT), hoping to attain the higher price-to-earnings ratios at which hotel companies traded, compared to gaming companies. In 2006, the discussions evolved toward the idea of a leveraged buyout of Harrah's by Bonderman's company, TPG Capital. Another private equity firm, Apollo Global Management, approached Loveman about a buyout and he encouraged them to collaborate with TPG. By the end of the year, an agreement was announced for the two companies to buy Harrah's Entertainment for $17.1 billion in cash plus $10.7 billion in assumed debt. The transaction closed in January 2008, leaving Harrah's with $25.1 billion in debt.

The Linq
It was widely announced in previous years that the company planned to implode properties and build new ones from scratch, but after the market downturn the company conceded that it had little experience in building major resorts. Instead it developed Project LINQ in 2009, which would add 20 restaurants and bars between the company's Imperial Palace, O'Sheas and Flamingo casinos, on the east side of the Las Vegas Strip. The goal was to create an entertainment district similar to what had developed organically in Los Angeles, Memphis and New Orleans but did not yet exist on the Strip, with its enclosed and casino-centric zones. It provided competition for the Fremont Street Experience.

Las Vegas Arena
The Anschutz Entertainment Group first tried to build an arena in Las Vegas in association with Harrah's Entertainment. In 2007, the joint venture announced they would build a 20,000-seat stadium behind the Bally's and Paris casino-hotels. Caesars Entertainment, Inc. had previously envisioned using the location to build a baseball park, but the company's buyout by Harrah's cancelled the plans. Through the following year, Harrah's got uncertain on continuing with the project, not knowing if AEG would split the costs and whether building a major league-ready stadium without a guaranteed franchise to play on it would be feasible given the enduring financial crisis. The original plans were to break ground in June 2008 and finish the arena in 2010, but by 2009, it was revealed the stalled project had not even done a traffic study despite being located near a busy intersection. In 2010, the plans were changed to use an area behind the Imperial Palace. However, given the financing would require a special taxation district, opposition from the Clark County Commission regarding using public money in the project stalled it even further. AEG eventually backed out completely by 2012, once MGM Resorts International came up with their own project using a terrain behind the New York-New York and Monte Carlo resorts. This attracted AEG primarily for not relying on public funding.

The acquisition of Planet Hollywood provided Harrah's Entertainment with a contiguous  property bordering the strip. The vacant lots behind the casinos had been slated for a sports arena large enough to hold a professional basketball or hockey team. The three casinos will have over 8,000 rooms which can be directly connected to the arena.

It was announced in August 2010 that Harrah's Entertainment would run casinos in Cincinnati and Cleveland in Ohio when they opened in 2012.

Renamed as Caesars Entertainment Corporation

On November 23, 2010, plans for an IPO were canceled, but a planned name change from Harrah's Entertainment to Caesars Entertainment Corporation did go forward and was made official on the same day. This change was intended to capitalize on the international name recognition of the Caesars  brand. The Harrah's brand would remain one of the company's three primary casino brands.

On February 8, 2012, an initial public offering took place, with the common stock trading on the NASDAQ  under the symbol "CZR."

Caesars Acquisition Company merger
On December 22, 2014, Caesars announced its intention to acquire Caesars Acquisition Company. Under the terms of the transaction, shareholders of Caesars Acquisition Company would receive 0.664 share of Caesars Entertainment common stock for each share of Caesars Acquisition Company held.

Casino unit files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy
The casino operating unit, Caesars Entertainment Operating Company, Inc. and approximately 170 of its subsidiaries filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on January 15, 2015. The casino unit's parent company, Caesars Entertainment Corporation, did not file for bankruptcy protection. The casino operating group's investors initiated litigation against the parent company, Caesars Entertainment Corporation's over the parent company's debt guarantees. Vici Properties was founded as a result.

On November 2, 2015, Rock Gaming announced it would begin assuming management of Horseshoe Casino Cleveland, Horseshoe Casino Cincinnati and ThistleDown Racino from Caesars Entertainment and complete the transition by June 2016.

Playtika Company acquisition and sale
Caesars acquired Playtika in May 2011 for an amount between $80 and $90 million. Playtika, a social game developer company, was founded in 2010 by Robert Antokol and Uri Shahak and produced Facebook social gaming platforms (slotomania.com & caesarsgames.com). In June 2016, a Chinese consortium, which included Alibaba chief Jack Ma's Yunfeng Capital, agreed to purchase it in a buyout for $4.4 billion.

On November 29, 2017, Caesars announced it was selling Harrah's Las Vegas to Vici Properties while Caesars continued to operate it. The same day, they announced that they were buying Centaur Gaming. In addition, they were building a new convention center in Las Vegas named Caesars Forum.

Caesars and Eldorado merger
On March 17, 2019, it was announced that Caesars Entertainment Corporation and Eldorado Resorts were exploring a merger of the two companies. On June 23, 2019, Caesars officially accepted Eldorado's offer, reported to be worth almost $8.6 billion. Caesars controlled 53 assets compared to Eldorado's 26. After completion of the merger, 5 board members would come from Caesars and 6 would come from Eldorado. Shareholders of both companies approved of the merger on November 15, 2019, and it was completed in July 2020.

Carl Icahn investment, new CEO
On April 16, 2019, Caesars announced that Affinity Gaming CEO Anthony Rodio would become the CEO of Caesars within 30 days, replacing Mark Frissora, who announced his intention to step down in November 2018. Rodio came recommended by investor Carl Icahn, who owned almost 100 million shares (a 28.5% stake in Caesars as of June 17, 2019) and had reportedly been pushing Caesars to sell the company.

Fines and settlements
In 2015 the US Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) fined Caesars Entertainment's Las Vegas casino $8 million for failing to properly police transactions for illicit activity. A 2012 IRS examination found Caesars had failed to report to the authorities over 100 incidents involving potential criminal activity. The Nevada Gaming Control Board announced a related $1.5 million penalty.

Caesars Entertainment was censured by the UK's Gambling Commission in 2015 for lax money-laundering controls in at two of its London casinos. Caesars entered into a voluntary settlement, agreeing to improve its anti-money laundering processes and making a payment of £875,000 to be used for "socially responsible purposes".

In 2020 the UK Gambling Commission fined Caesars Entertainment EMEA a record £13m for failures relating to VIP schemes. The failures included allowing a customer to lose £323,000 in 12 months, despite showing signs of gambling addiction. Caesars was also found guilty of failing to prevent money laundering, and failing to check the source of funds of someone who bet £3.5m in three months, and a politically exposed person (PEP) who lost £795,000 in just over a year. Three senior managers lost their licence to run a gambling business.

Sale
In April 2020, Twin River Worldwide Holdings announced a deal with Caesars Entertainment and Vici Properties to purchase Bally's Atlantic City in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Properties
At the time of its acquisition in 2020, Caesars operated the following properties:

 Bally's
 Bally's Atlantic City
 Bally's Las Vegas
 Caesars
 Caesars Atlantic City
 Caesars Palace
 Caesars Southern Indiana
 Harrah's
 Harrah's Ak-Chin Casino
 Harrah's Atlantic City
 Harrah's Cherokee
 Harrah's Cherokee Valley River
 Harrah's Council Bluffs
 Harrah's Gulf Coast
 Harrah's Hoosier Park Racing & Casino
 Harrah's Joliet
 Harrah's Lake Tahoe
 Harrah's Las Vegas
 Harrah's Laughlin
 Harrah's Louisiana Downs
 Harrah's Metropolis
 Harrah's New Orleans
 Harrah's North Kansas City
 Harrah's Northern California
 Harrah's Philadelphia
 Harrah's Resort Southern California
 Horseshoe
 Horseshoe Casino Baltimore (50% ownership with Jack Entertainment)
 Horseshoe Bossier City
 Horseshoe Council Bluffs
 Horseshoe Hammond
 Horseshoe Casino Tunica
 Other Las Vegas Strip
 The Cromwell Las Vegas
 Flamingo Las Vegas
 The Linq
 Paris Las Vegas
 Planet Hollywood Las Vegas
 Other US casinos
 Harveys Lake Tahoe
 Indiana Grand Racing & Casino
 Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino
 International casinos
 Caesars Windsor, Canada
 London Clubs International (12 locations)

Properties previously operated by the company included:

 Atlantic City Country Club
 Atlantic Club Casino Hotel
 Bill's Casino Lake Tahoe
 Binion's Horseshoe
 Bourbon Street Hotel and Casino
 Caesars Golf Macau
 Caesars Palace at Sea
 Flamingo Laughlin
 Grand Casino Gulfport
 Harrah's East Chicago
 Harrah's Prairie Band
 Harrah's Reno
 Harrah's Shreveport
 Harrah's Sky City
 Harrah's St. Louis
 Harrah's Casino Tunica
 Harrah's Tunica Mardi Gras Casino
 Horseshoe Casino Cincinnati
 Horseshoe Casino Cleveland
 IP Casino Resort Spa
 Rio Secco Golf Club
 Showboat Atlantic City
 Showboat Hotel and Casino
 ThistleDown Racino
 Tunica Roadhouse
 Turfway Park (50% stake)

References

Further reading

External links

1990 establishments in Nevada
2012 initial public offerings
2020 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1990
Companies based in Paradise, Nevada
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2015
Gambling companies established in 1990
Hospitality companies established in 1990
Gambling companies of the United States
Hospitality companies of the United States
Poker companies

Harrah's Entertainment


Luigi "Gino" Colaussi (4. marts 1914 - 27. juli 1991) var en italiensk fodboldspiller (angriber) og -træner.

Colaussi blev verdensmester med Italiens landshold ved EM 1938 i Frankrig, og spillede tre af italienernes fire kampe i turneringen, heriblandt finalen mod Ungarn, hvor han scorede to af italienernes mål i sejren på 4-2. Dermed blev han den første spiller nogensinde til at score mere end ét mål i en VM-finale. Han nåede i alt at spille 26 landskampe, hvori han scorede 15 mål.

På klubplan spillede Colaussi hele sin karriere i hjemlandet, hvor han blandt andet repræsenterede Triestina og Juventus. Han vandt både det italienske mesterskab og pokalturneringen Coppa Italia med Juventus.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra Juventus F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Vicenza Calcio
Fodboldtrænere fra Italien
Verdensmestre i fodbold

Gino Colaussi


Lohanna França, Vila Velha, 1 de janeiro de 1995) é uma professora, militante feminista e política brasileira, filiada ao Partido Verde (PV). Atualmente é deputada estadual por Minas Gerais,  eleita com 67.178 votos. Formou-se em Bioquímica pela Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ) e foi professora de inglês no curso Wizard e no Colégio Anglo, em Divinópolis, de 2018 a 2020.

Vida pública
Iniciou sua militância na universidade fazendo parte do Movimento Estudantil da UFSJ.

Eleições de 2020
Em maio de 2020, ainda como professora, lançou a pré-candidatura a vereadora em Divinópolis pelo Cidadania.  Selecionada pelo RenovaBR, escola de formação política, tornou-se a mulher mais jovem a exercer o mandato de vereadora em Divinópolis e a mais votada da história da cidade, aos 25 anos, com 5.462 votos.

Atuação na Câmara de Divinópolis
Em 2021, foi eleita a mulher destaque na área de Política e Comunidade, em votação aberta e promovida pelo Jornal Agora.

No decorrer da vereança, destaca-se o Projeto pela Dignidade Menstrual, que arrecadou mais de 10 mil unidades de absorventes para doação as mulheres em vulnerabilidade social.

Eleições de 2022

Em junho de 2022 anunciou sua pré-candidatura pelo PV à Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais ao defender que levar suas  bandeiras políticas, como a Educação, o Meio Ambiente, a Cultura e a pauta feminista, para além de Divinópolis.

No pleito do dia 2 de outubro de 2022, Lohanna foi eleita a 35º deputada Estadual mais votada pelo estado de Minas Gerais com 67.178 votos, sendo a deputada mais votada do PV no estado.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Ano
! Eleição
! Candidata a
! Partido
! Nº
! Coligação
! Votos
! Resultado
|-
| 2020
| Vereadora de Divinópolis
| Vereadora
| Cidadania (partido político)
| 23500
|
| 5.468
|
|-
| 2022
| Estadual de Minas Gerais
| Deputada Estadual
| PV
| 43500
| ''Brasil dá Esperança"(PT, PV, PCdoB)
| 67.178
|
|-

Ligações externas

Naturais de Vitória
Alunos da Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei
Deputados estaduais de Minas Gerais
Mulheres de Minas Gerais na política
Feministas do Brasil
Ativistas dos direitos LGBT do Brasil
Ativistas dos direitos humanos
Vereadoras do Brasil

Desempenho em eleições

Lohanna França


Anelidi, VIS Anelidi, hrvatski zabavno-glazbeni sastav

Povijest
Osnovan je u Galižani 1965. godine. Neprekidno djeluju sve do danas. Kroz sastav je prošlo više glazbenika. Najpoznatija postava bila je: Dario Burić, Branko Milošević, Aldo Spada, Claudio Vlacci, Bruno Zahtila. U sastavu su još bili Lucio Andreani, Mirko Cetinski, Božidar Gregorić, Aldo Rakić i Davor Žuljević.

Sudionici svih bitnijih glazbenih festivala u Hrvatskoj. Nastupali su i u Italiji, Austriji (Gradišće) i Francuskoj. Žanrovski su sljedbenici pop-rock izričaja 1960-ih, stopljenog s ljubavnim temama i hrvatski glazbeni izričaj s istarskog poluotoka. Njihova skladba Mala Keti prva je singlica nekog sastava iz Istre i ujedno njihov prvi veći uspjeh. Ističu im se još skladbe Ne reci da je svemu kraj, U konobi, Glorija, Geraldina i Tri naranče.
Od osnivanja do prvog nosača zvuka prošlo je dosta vremena.

Diskografija
Diskografija:
 Tiha noć je, moje zlato spava / Mala Keti, 1972.
 Baš me briga, 1972.
 Pjesma Vrsaru, 1973. (Mirko Cetinski i grupa Anelidi)
 Vera, 1973.
 Kad se vratim / Glorija, 1974.
 U latici tulipana, 1975.
 Mate, Mate, navijamo za te, 1976.
 Anelidi, 1988.
 Ne reci da je svemu kraj, 1989.
 Bila jednom ljubav jedna, 1992.
 Lipa nan je Istra, 1993.
 Anelidi su bili crnci (u suradnji s Liviom Morosinom), 1996.

Izvori

Hrvatski glazbeni sastavi

Anelidi


ألبين برونوفسكي Albín Brunovský (1935 – 1997) رسام ومصور سلوفاكي، يعتبر من أعظم الرسامين السلوفاكيين في القرن العشرين. أغلب أعماله تمثل صوت حركة الفن الحديث في سلوفاكيا. كما أنه صمم آخر مجموعة من العملات التشيكوسلوفاكية. أيضا رسم العديد من رسومات كتب الأطفال.

مراجع

رسامو الفن الحديث
رسامون سلوفاكيون
فنانون سلوفاكيون
مواليد 1935
وفيات 1997
وفيات في براتيسلافا

ألبين برونوفسكي


Arceuthobium campylopodum, es una especie de planta parásita perteneciente a la familia de las santaláceas. Es nativa de los bosques de coníferas del oeste de Norteamérica.

Descripción
Es una planta parásita común de varias especies de pino, incluyendo Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus ponderosa y Pinus coulteri.

Arceuthobium campylopodum tiene una estructura de color amarillo verdoso por encima de la corteza del árbol, mientras que la mayor parte de la planta está por debajo de la corteza. Las semillas maduran durante el otoño y se dispersan a los árboles cercanos.

Usos

Algunas tribus indias de la meseta usaban el Arceuthobium campylopodum como un lavado para prevenir la caspa.

Taxonomía
Arceuthobium campylopodum fue descrita por George Engelmann y publicado en Boston Journal of Natural History 6(2): 214, en el año 1850.
Etimología
Arceuthobium: nombre genérico que deriva de las palabras griegas arkeuthos =  "enebro", y bios =  "vida", porque era la única especie incluida en el género en el que le fue dado por primera vez el nombre, ya que era un parásito de Juniperus oxycedrus.

campylopodum: epíteto latino que significa "con un tallo curvo o torcido".
Sinonimia
Arceuthobium campylopodum var. brachyarthron Engelm.
Arceuthobium campylopodum var. macrarthron Engelm.
Arceuthobium campylopodum f. microcarpum L.S.Gill
Arceuthobium campylopodum f. typicum L.S.Gill
Razoumofskya campylopoda (Engelm.) Kuntze
Razoumowskya campylopoda Piper

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Jepson Manual Treatment
 USDA Plants Profile
 Photo gallery

campylopodum
Plantas medicinales
Plantas parásitas

Arceuthobium campylopodum


Die Slowakische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2012 war die 20. Auflage der Titelkämpfe im Badminton in der Slowakei. Sie fanden vom 27. bis zum 29. April in Prešov statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
Meisterschaftsstatistik beim nationalen Verband

2012
Badminton 2012
Badmintonwettbewerb in Prešov

Slowakische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2012


Die römisch-katholische Kapelle St. Rochus befindet sich in Egg an der Günz im Landkreis Unterallgäu in Bayern. Die Kapelle steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Baubeschreibung und Geschichte
Die Kapelle stammt im Kern aus dem 16. oder 17. Jahrhundert. Im Jahr 1738 wurde die Kapelle erneuert und erweitert. Der Kapellenbau ist ein einschiffiges Gebäude mit drei Achsen und einem halbrunden Schluss. Außen ist die Kapelle mit Lisenen gegliedert. Die Kapelle verfügt über einen Dachreiter aus dem 19. Jahrhundert und ist mit einem Zeltdach gedeckt.

Innenausstattung
Die Ausstattung der Kapelle ist zum Großteil modern. Es befinden sich mehrere gefasste Holzfiguren in der Kapelle. Dies sind eine stehende Muttergottes aus dem späten 15. Jahrhundert, aus der Werkstatt Ivo Strigels stammend, sowie ein Christus im Kerker und die Figur des hl. Rochus beide aus dem zweiten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Egg an der Günz
Baudenkmal in Egg an der Günz
Egg an der Gunz
Rochus, St.
Egg an der Gunz
Kirchengebäude in Europa

St. Rochus (Egg an der Günz)


Otto Breg (* 27. November 1949 in Bruck an der Mur, Steiermark; † 3. Januar 2010 in Braunau am Inn, Oberösterreich) war ein österreichischer Gewichtheber und Bobsportler.

Breg startete seine sportliche Karriere als Gewichtheber. Dabei gewann er diverse nationale Meistertitel.
Später wechselte er zum Bobsport. Als Anschieber im Viererbob gewann er weitere österreichische Titelkämpfe. International trat er bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1976 in Innsbruck im Team von Werner Delle Karth an. Nach vier Läufen belegte der Bob "Österreich II" den sechsten Rang.

Anschließend gründete Breg ein Technisches Büro für Elektrotechnik und war er als Lehrer an der HTL Braunau tätig. Dort engagierte er sich auch im Bereich des Rollhockeys und Motorsports. Er trat auch selbst bei diversen Motorradrennen an.

Breg starb im Alter von 60 Jahren im Januar 2010 in seiner Wahlheimat Braunau am Inn.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Bobfahrer (Österreich)
Gewichtheber (Österreich)
Rennfahrer (Österreich)
Unternehmer (Österreich)
Olympiateilnehmer (Österreich)
Berufsschullehrer
Person (Steiermark)
Sportler (Braunau am Inn)
Österreicher
Geboren 1949
Gestorben 2010
Mann
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1976

Otto Breg


Flemington ist ein Stadtteil der australischen Stadt Melbourne, der sich ungefähr 4 km nordwestlich des Stadtzentrums befindet. Auf der Rennstrecke Flemington Racecourse wird alljährlich im November der Melbourne Cup, das wichtigste Pferderennen Australiens, ausgetragen.

Geschichte
1839 erwarb der Siedler James Watson zusammen mit anderen Investoren Land in der Gegend und benannte es nach dem Anwesen Flemington in Schottland, dessen Verwalter sein Schwiegervater war. In den 1840er Jahren siedelten sich verschiedene Geschäfte an. 1854 wurde ein Postamt eröffnet.

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Melbourne
Moonee Valley City
Melbourne City

Flemington (Victoria)


Cayo Half Moon (en inglés: Half Moon Caye; que quiere decir: "Cayo de la Media Luna") es una isla en el Mar Caribe que pertenece al país centroamericano de Belice y que se localiza en las coordenadas geográficas . Administrativamente está integrado en el Distrito de Belice. Por sus bellezas naturales constituye un monumento natural que es objeto de protección.

Véase también
 Geografía de Belice
 Geografía de América

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de Localización de la isla

Half Moon, Cayo
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1982

Cayo Half Moon


Las reacciones isodésmicas son reacciones reales o hipotéticas en la cual el número total de cada tipo de enlace es idéntico en reactivos y productos. Son empleadas para realizar estimaciones termoquímicas sobre las entalpías de formación de compuestos químicos combinando datos experimentales con datos de energía obtenidos a partir de cálculos teóricos de la química cuántica.  Por ejemplo para la reacción (1) hay tres enlaces O-H, tres enlaces O-N (dos O-N y uno O=N) y un enlace O-O tanto para reactivos como para productos. A continuación se muestran algunos ejemplos de reacciones isodésmicas:

H2O2 + HNO3 → HO2NO2 + H2O     (1)

CH3O2H + FNO3 → CH3O2NO2 + HOF     (2)

CH3O2H + C2H6 + ClNO3 → C2H5O2NO2 + CH4 + HOCl     (3)

Las reacciones isodésmicas fueron propuestas por Hehre Warren (1970) y ofrecen muy buenos resultados para la obtención de datos termoquímicos, debido a la cancelación de errores sistemáticos inherentes del método de cálculo empleado. El procedimiento para predecir la entalpía de formación (∆Hf) de un compuesto de interés incluye calcular la entalpía de reacción teórico (∆HT)  para la reacción propuesta, continuando con el cálculo de ∆Hf del compuesto  deseado a partir de la misma reacción con la utilización de valores experimentales de las otras especies y el ∆HT obtenido inicialmente.

Las reacciones isodésmicas sirven para estudiar muchos modelos de reacciones. Sin embargo, este método posee limitaciones tales como:

• La disponibilidad de buenos datos termoquímicos experimentales de cada unos de los componentes de la reacción.

• Esta técnica no puede ser usada para calcular barreras de activación.

• Diferentes reacciones isodésmicas pueden predecir diferentes valores para la misma entalpía de formación, debido a que esta técnica no es un modelo químico y por lo tanto no puede ser evaluada sistemática y cuantitativamente. Otro tipo de reacciones que tienen el mismo fundamento y son frecuentemente usadas en termoquímica computacional son las reacciones isogíricas.

Referencias

Reacciones químicas

Reacción isodésmica


Kultak, Muğla ilinin Milas ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Kultak mahallesi Milas'ın 60 km. güneydoğusunda Ören beldesine bağlı bir yerleşim yeridir. 1965 yılına kadar Muğla merkeze bağlı bir köy iken, köy yolunun Ören'den gelmesinden dolayı Milas'a bağlanmıştır. Çok eski bir köy olduğu merkezinde bulunan kavak ağaçlarının ve mezarlıkların çokluğundan ve eski tarihi kalıntılardan anlaşılmaktadır. Kultak ismi ansiklopedilerde ibadet edilen yüksek yer,tepe olarak belirtilmektedir. Tarım, halıcılık, madencilik,hayvancılık ve fazla yaygın olmasa da arıcılık geçim kaynaklarıdır. Ayrıca son yıllarda zeytincilik giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Kultak mahallesinde sağlık evi, cami, ilköğretim okulu, telefon santralı, iç mesuyu, bunlarla ilgilenen devlet görevlileri mevcuttur. Son yıllarda Ören'den Muğla'ya dolmuş işlediğinden ve köy Bodrum-Akyaka-Marmaris arası sahil yolunun üzerinde olduğundan, doğal güzelliği ile ün salan Sedir Adası'nın, Akbük Koyu'nun yolu üzerinde doğal güzellikleri ile turizme hitap edecek özellikleri bulunan bir yer haline gelmiştir. Milas ilçe merkezine uzaklığı 60 km, Muğla ile merkezine olan uzaklığı 50 km.dir.

KULTAK mahallesi ayrıca GÖKOVA KÖRFEZİ ÖZEL KORUMA ÇEVRE KORUMA BÖLGESİ sınırları içerisinde olup; 1. ve  3. derece doğal sit alanı ilan edilmiş olmasına rağmen,  mahallede hala açık işletme usulü kömür çıkartılmaktadır

Kultak Köyü; 37.040928 Enlem - 28.043976 Boylam koordinatları arasında yer alır.

Tarihçe
Köy, eski bir yerleşim alanının üzerine daha sonradan gelen Yörükler tarafından kurulmuş olup, ilk önce Zeytinköy'ün bir mahallesi iken 1960'tan sonra köy statüsüne kavuşmuştur.

Coğrafya
Muğla iline 50 km, Milas ilçesine 60 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

TÜİK (Türkiye istatistik enstitüsü kurumu)nun 2010 yılında yaptığı adrese dayalı nüfus verilerine göre mahalle nüfusu 392 dir.ERKEK=196
KADIN=196
TÜİK (Türkiye istatistik enstitüsü kurumu)nun 2007 yılında yaptığı adrese dayalı nüfus verilerine göre mahalle nüfusu 386 dır.ERKEK=196 KADIN=190 olarak belirlenmiştir.
TÜİK (Türkiye istatistik enstitüsü kurumu)nun 2008 yılında yaptığı adrese dayalı nüfus verilerine göre mahalle nüfusu 367 dır.ERKEK=186 KADIN=181 olarak belirlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.maps.google.com.(kultak türkiye)

Milas'ın mahalleleri

Kultak, Milas


Ana Yabar Sterling (n. Pamplona, 7 de septiembre de 1948) es una abogada, profesora, economista, política española. En 1974 obtiene el doctorado en derecho por la Universidad de Navarra, y en 1976 en economía por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Es catedrática de Economía política y Hacienda pública en la Universidad Complutense.

Políticamente, se vinculó al Partido Liberal, y fue escogida diputada por las filas de la Coalición Popular para la provincia de Valencia a las elecciones generales de España de 1986. Cuando se rompió la coalición, pasó al Centro Democrático y Social de Adolfo Suárez. En las elecciones de 1989 ya no se presentó y continuó con su labor académica y la publicación de libros.

Algunas publicaciones
 Hacienda pública. Volumen 1316 de Unidades Didácticas. Con César Albiñana García Quintana. Editor Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 111 pp. ISBN 8436202147 (1974)

 El sector público en España: un análisis cuantitativo de política fiscal. 294 pp. ISBN 8471960397 (1977)

 Política fiscal y neutralidad presupuestaria. Estudios de Hacienda Pública. Editor Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 201 pp. ISBN 8471960621 (1977)

 Un futuro para la economía española (1978)

 La actividad financiera de los municipios de Navarra (1979)

 La actividad financiera de los municipios de Navarra. Con José María San Martín, y Javier Marín Ordoqui. Editor Diputación Foral de Navarra, 386 pp. ISBN	8423504271 (1979)

 La distribución funcional de la renta en España y en la Comunidad Económica Europea. 213 pp. ISBN 8485719301 (1982)

 La economía de Cantabria: estructura actual y perspectiva de futuro. Editor Gobierno de Cantabria, Consejería de Economía, Hacienda y Comercio, 242 pp. ISBN 8450520835 (1985)

 Fiscalidad ambiental. Monografía Derecho financiero y tributario. Edición	ilustrada de Cedecs, 527 pp. ISBN 8495027089 (1998)

 La protección fiscal del medio ambiente: aspectos económicos y jurídicos. Monografías Jurídicas/Marcial Pons Series. Monografías jurídicas. Con Ángel Baena Aguilar. Edición ilustrada de Marcial Pons, 453 pp. ISBN 8472489302 (2002)

 Cambio climático: planteamientos y análisis desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar (2005)

 Política ambiental y ordenación del territorio urbano en la Unión Europea y España, pp. 14-36. En: Nuevas tendencias en la ordenación del territorio. 350 pp. ISBN 978-84-692-6725-7

Honores
 2006: nombrada Directora del Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Ambientales (IUCA).
 presidenta del Comité Científico Español (CCE) del IHDP.
 2011: copresidenta de la 12.ª Conferencia Global de Tributación Ambiental (12th GCET), Madrid del 20 al 21 de octubre de 2011.

Referencias

 Biografías de políticos valencianos

Abogados de Navarra
Economistas de España del siglo XX
Economistas de España del siglo XXI
Políticos de la provincia de Valencia
Diputados por la provincia de Valencia
Catedráticos de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Escritores en español
Nacidos en Pamplona

Ana María Yabar Sterling