Un sednoid este un obiect transneptunian din Sistemul Solar al cărui periheliu este dincolo de  de la Soare și a cărui semiaxă majoră este cuprinsă între 150 și . Sednoidele corespund la ceea ce Chadwick A. Trujillo și Scott S. Sheppard definesc, în articolul lor anunțând descoperirea lui , ca un obiect din norul lui Oort intern. Dată fiind distanța lor față de Soare, ele formează o submulțime a obiectelor detașate.

Denumirea
În articolul lor în care anunțau descoperirea transneptunianul , publicat în martie 2014, Chadwick A. Trujillo și Scott S. Sheppard defineau ceea ce este un "obiect din norul lui Oort intern", fără să folosească niciodată termenul de "sednoid". Totuși, această denumire, creată pornind de la cel al primului obiect cunoscut din acest grup, anume 90377 Sedna, după modelul "plutoid", este utilizat începând din 2013 de către autori în rezumatul unei prezentări effectuate la cea de-a 45-a întâlnire a a Diviziei de Planetologie  (în engleză: Division for Planetary Sciences) a  American Astronomical Society, întâlnire ținută chiar înaintea primirii de către editor a articolului sus-menționat. Această denumire a fost reluată într-o "cerere de timp de observații" efectuată de cei doi autori pentru semestrul 2014A (de la 1 februarie la 31 iulie 2014). În urma punerii on-line a articolului pe site-ul revistei Nature, la 26 martie 2014, denumirea de sednoid este utilizat din plin în mass-media, îndeosebi în cele anglofone.

Crearea categoriei
Crearea categoriei sednoidelor datează de la anunțarea descoperirii lui : acest obiect, a cărei orbită este similară cu aceea a lui 90377 Sedna, este într-adevăr al doilea obiect cunoscut având un periheliu superior a 50 de unități astronomice, situat, prin urmare, în permanență dincolo de limita exterioară a Centurii Kuiper.

Lista membrilor cunoscuți

Note

Sednoid


* රෝගියාට අවශ්‍ය ආහාරපාන හැකි පරිදි ලබා දීම.

* රෝගියාට පහසුවෙන් සිටිය හැකි පරිදි ස්ථානයක් සකසා දීම.

* රෝගියාට නියමිත කර ඇති ඖෂධ ලබා දීම.

* අපවිත්‍ර වූ ඇදුම් පැළදුම් පිරිසිදු කර දීම.

* රෝගියාට සිත සැනසෙන ලෙස කතා කිරීම.

අපට රෝගියෙකු වෙනුවෙන් කළ හැකි උපකාර


Neofelis  ist eine Gattung der Katzen (Felidae), die mit dem Nebelparder (Neofelis nebulosa) und dem Sunda-Nebelparder (Neofelis diardi) zwei Arten beinhaltet. Beide Arten leben in Südostasien, wobei der Nebelparder auf dem Festland von Nepal, Nordindien und China bis zur malaiischen Halbinsel und der Sunda-Nebelparder in zwei Unterarten auf den Inseln Sumatra und Borneo vorkommt.

Merkmale
Die beiden Arten der Gattung Neofelis gehören zu den kleineren Arten der Großkatzen. Der Nebelparder erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 75 bis 105 Zentimeter mit einem Schwanz von 79 bis 90 Zentimetern, das Gewicht liegt im Durchschnitt bei 18 bis 22 Kilogramm. Die Größe des Sunda-Nebelparders liegt in einem ähnlichen Bereich. Beide Arten besitzen eine gelb-braune bis dunkelgraue Grundfarbe, auf der sich eine auffällige Zeichnung aus großen dunkleren und teilweise schwarz umrandeten Flecken befindet.

Der Sunda-Nebelparder hat längere Eckzähne und dickere Reißzähne im Oberkiefer als der Nebelparder. Die Wolkenzeichnungen des Fells sind kleiner und dunkler und es gibt viele auffällige Flecken innerhalb der Wolkenflecken. Das Fell ist grauer, allgemein dunkler und es weist einen dunklen, durchgehenden, doppelten Aalstrich auf.

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der beiden Arten der Gattung Neofelis befindet sich in Südostasien. Dabei ist der Nebelparder auf dem südostasiatischen Festland in Teilen der Volksrepublik China, Nepal, Indien, Bangladesch, Bhutan, Kambodscha, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam und dem Festlandgebiet von Malaysia verbreitet. Der Sunda-Nebelparder lebt dagegen auf den Inseln Sumatra und Borneo sowie eventuell auf einigen kleineren Inseln des malaiischen Archipels.

Systematik
Die Gattung Neofelis ist eine eigenständige Gattung innerhalb der Großkatzen (Pantherinae). Sie wurde 1867 von John Edward Gray wissenschaftlich beschrieben, um den von Edward Griffith 1821 beschriebenen Nebelparder von den restlichen Großkatzen abzugrenzen. Gelegentlich wurde Neofelis als Untergattung der Eigentlichen Großkatzen (Panthera) angesehen, durch ihr verknöchertes Zungenbein unterscheidet sich die Gattung Neofelis aber von den anderen Großkatzen. Man geht entsprechend davon aus, dass Neofelis die Schwestergruppe der restlichen Großkatzen und zugleich der ursprünglichste Ast der Großkatzen ist, die sich nach aktuellem Wissensstand vor etwa sechs Millionen Jahren von den anderen Katzen getrennt haben.

Bis 2006 galt der Nebelparder (Neofelis nebulosa) als einzige Art der zu den Großkatzen gehörenden Gattung Neofelis. Auf der Basis von molekulargenetischen und morphometrischen Untersuchungen wurde aber der bislang als Unterart geltende Sunda-Nebelparder (Neofelis diardi) der indonesischen Inseln Sumatra und Borneo als eigene Art eingestuft. Auf genetischer Ebene sind die beiden Formen ebenso verschieden wie die Arten der Gattung Panthera untereinander, demnach sind zwei Arten zu unterscheiden.

Belege

Weblinks

Katzen
Felidae

Neofelis


دوم منتوف (بالمالطية:Duminku Mintoff) (مواليد 6 أغسطس 1916 في بورملا، مالطا - وفاة 20 أغسطس 2012). كان زعيم حزب العمال المالطي في الفترة بين (1949 -1948)، ورئيس وزراء مالطا لفترتين الأولى بين عامي (1955 - 1958) (حين كانت مالطا لا تزال مستعمرة بريطانية). الثانية بعد الاستقلال بين عامي (1971 - 1984).

أثناء فترة توليه رئاسة وزراء مالطا بعد الاستقلال انسحبت مالطا من برنامج التعاون العسكري مع حلف شمال الأطلسي (الناتو).

وفي 13 ديسمبر 1974، أعلنت الجمهورية في مالطا، أعلن منتوف قطع جميع الروابط المؤسساتية مع بريطانيا، وفي 31 مارس 1979 أعلن انسحاب القوات البريطانية في مالطا. على الصعيد الدولي أصبحت مالطا تتمتع بعلاقات وثيقة مع ليبيا، إضافة لتقارب في العلاقات مع الاتحاد السوفييتي.

وفي الميدانين الاجتماعي والاقتصادي قاد منتوف سياسة التأميم وأعلن إنشاء دولة الرفاهية الاجتماعية، كما اهتم بالبنية التحتية والتعليم والصناعة والصحة، كما أعلن تأسيس شركة الطيران الوطنية المالطية (طيران مالطا) في 1973، كما كان له دور في عملية اطلاق رهائن رحلة كيه إل إم 861 في نوفمبر 1973 أيضا. ظل منتوف رئيسا للوزراء حتى 1984. كما عرف عن مينتوف معارضته انضمام مالطا للاتحاد الأوروبي.

روابط خارجية

مصادر

أشخاص من كوسبيكو
خريجو جامعة مالطا
خريجو كلية هيرتفورد (أكسفورد)
رومان كاثوليك مالطيون
رؤساء وزراء مالطا
سياسيون مالطيون في القرن 20
قادة أحزاب سياسية في مالطا
ماركسيون
ماركسيون مالطيون
معماريون مالطيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1916
مواليد في كوسبيكو
نواب رؤساء وزراء مالطا
وزراء خارجية مالطا
وفيات 2012
وفيات مرتبطة بالمرض في مالطا

دوم منتوف


Hafniomonas, rod zelenih algi iz porodice Dunaliellaceae, dio reda Chlamydomonadales. Sastoji se od 10 priznatih vrsta.

Vrste
 Hafniomonas botryodes (F.W.Jane) Ettl
 Hafniomonas conica (H.Ettl) Nakada & Nozaki
 Hafniomonas heom Nakada & Nozaki
 Hafniomonas hubeiensis H.J.Hu
 Hafniomonas laevis Nakada, Suda & Nozaki
 Hafniomonas montana (Geitler) Ettl & Moestrup
 Hafniomonas plurisigma (Ettl) Ettl
 Hafniomonas reticulata (Korshikov) Ettl & Moestrup
 Hafniomonas stellata (M.O.P.Iyengar) Nakada & Nozaki
 Hafniomonas turbinea Nakada & Nozaki

Izvori

Dunaliellaceae

Hafniomonas


Dnevnik, žanr autobiografske književnosti u kojem autor svakodnevno ili povremeno bilježi svoja zapažanja ili unutarnja stanja, vezana uz stvarne ili izmišljene događaje s kojima je povezan. Spada u diskurzivni književni rod.

Dnevnički tekst je strukturiran po datumima, što potječe od knjigovodstvenih bilanci što su ih na pragu novog vijeka počeli voditi europski trgovci. Time se dotadašnji običaj pisanja ljetopisa (kronika, anala) razvio u smjeru uključivanja sadržaja iz privatnog života. Počinju se bilježiti i događaji izvan božanske, povijesne i zakonske sfere. Dnevnik se obično ne piše s namjerom objavljivanja, premda mnogi autori koriste građu iz dnevničkih zapisa kada pripremaju autobiografije i memoare.

Dnevnik je procvao u kasnoj renesansi. Do avangarde 20. stoljeća, njegova forma i sadržaj su se bitno promijenili. U počecima dnevnik teži prikazati autentičan individualni život pojedinca, neopterećen pravilima javne komunikacije. Kronološkim bilježenjem nastojalo se rekonstruirati i kauzalnu vezu između događaja i iskustava. Međutim, pritisak svakodnevnog pisanja vodi i prema banalnosti. Tako francuski pisac nobelovac Andre Gide 13. studenog 1939. u svoj dnevnik upisuje "Ni najmanje želje da išta napišem u ovu bilježnicu". U moderno doba, dnevnik počinje proizvoditi događaje i opise za koje sugerira da ih tek bilježi.

Istaknuti primjeri u 20. stoljeću su dnevnik istraživača Roberta F. Scotta (1910. – 1912.), "Dnevnik Katherine Mansfield" (1927.), "Dnevnik Andréa Gidea" u dva toma (1939., 1954.), "Dnevnik Anne Frank" (1947.) i "Dnevnik Virginije Woolf" (1977. – 1984.) u pet knjiga. U novijoj domaćoj književnosti poznati su dnevnički zapisi književnog kritičara i publicista Igora Mandića "Sebi pod kožu" (2006.), "U zadnji čas: autobiografski reality show" (2009.) i "Oklop od papira" (2014.).

Razvojem online komunikacija nastaje oblik mrežnog dnevnika (weblog), dnevnika koji autor piše na računalu i redovito objavljuje na međumrežju putem za to predviđenih alata.

Vidi još
Diskurzivni književni rod
Diskurzivni književni oblici
Putopis
Esej
Polemika
Memoari

Izvori

Književne vrste

Dnevnik (književnost)


Svöluveifari (fræðiheiti: Uropsalis segmentata) er fugl af ætt náttfara. Hann finnst í Andesfjöllum Bólivíu, Kólumbíu, Ekvador og Perú.

Tenglar

Náttfarar

Svöluveifari


Super Air Jet é uma companhia aérea indonésia com sede em Jacarta e baseada no Aeroporto Internacional Soekarno-Hatta. A companhia aérea foi fundada em março de 2021 e iniciou suas operações em 6 de agosto de 2021.

História
O Super Air Jet foi lançado formalmente em março de 2021 e é financiado pelo fundador do Lion Air Group, Rusdi Kirana. A companhia aérea obteve o Certificado de Operador Aéreo do Ministério dos Transportes da Indonésia em 30 de junho de 2021 e lançou no mesmo ano para 11 destinos na Indonésia. A companhia aérea é liderada por Ari Azhari, que já atuou como Gerente Geral de Serviços do Lion Air Group. Apesar das conexões estreitas da companhia aérea com o Lion Air Group, seus canais oficiais rejeitaram as alegações de quaisquer vínculos formais com a Lion Air e suas subsidiárias.

A companhia aérea adota um modelo de transportadora de baixo custo que se concentra em viagens ponto a ponto para transportar passageiros entre ilhas na Indonésia. A Super Air Jet se concentra nos millennials como um mercado-alvo. A companhia aérea lançará seus serviços com seis rotas inaugurais de Jacarta a Batam, Medan, Padang, Palembang, Pekanbaru e Pontianak.

A Super Air Jet lançou voos com três Airbus A320-200 usados que anteriormente voavam para a Índia IndiGo e Tigerair Australia. A companhia aérea iniciou oficialmente as operações em 6 de agosto de 2021 com um voo de Jacarta para Medan e Batam, após um atraso de um mês devido à Aplicação de Restrições de Atividades Comunitárias da Indonésia.

Destinos

Em abril de 2022, a companhia aérea atualmente atende 19 destinos a partir de sua base no Aeroporto Internacional Soekarno-Hatta de Jacarta em Cengkareng.

Frota

A frota da Super Air Jet consiste nas seguintes aeronaves (Abril de 2022):

Ver também

 Lista de companhias aéreas em atividade

Ligações externas

 Sítio oficial (em inglês)

Empresas aéreas da Indonésia
Empresas aéreas fundadas em 2021
Lion Air

Super Air Jet


Nora De Marco (1953) es una botánica y taxónoma argentina. Desarrolla actividades académicas en el Departamento Botánica, de la Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia en la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, siendo responsable del Arboretum.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 2004. Floración de Guadua chacoensis (Poaceae: Bambuseae). Lilloa 43 (1-2)

Eponimia
 (Fabaceae) Genista demarcoi Brullo, Scelsi & Siracusa

Referencias

Botánicos de Argentina
Profesores de Argentina
Alumnado de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Profesorado de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Escritores en español del siglo XX
Escritores en español del siglo XXI
Taxónomos de Argentina

Nora De Marco


Nes kommuna er en kommune på Færøerne. Den omfatter bygderne Toftir, Saltnes og Nes på Eysturoy. Kommunen blev udskilt fra Skála kommuna i 1967. Til trods for sit beskedne areal på bare 14 km², er Nes kommuna folkerig, og er en af de færøske kommuner, der har den højeste befolkningstæthed.

1. januar 2016 havde Nes kommuna 1.237 indbyggere.

Politik

Ved kommunalvalget 13. november 2012 var valgdeltagelsen 84,2%. Folkeflokken bevarede sine 5 mandater, og da Jóhannus Danielsen fik en enkelt stemme mere end sin næstmest populære partifælle, kunne han overtage borgmesterposten efter Símun Johannesen, der ikke genopstillede.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Officiel netside

Kommuner i Færøerne
Eysturoy

Nes kommuna


تبليط بنروز  هو عبارة عن تبليط ينتج عن تكرار لا دوري لشكل هندسي قام باختراعه روجر بنروز في عام 1970.

خصائص تبليط بنروز
 لا دوري، أي أن أي جزء منه لا يمكن أن يتطابق مع القطعة الأصلية بشكل تام.
 تظهر أي منطقة من التبليط عدد لانهائي من المرات في التبليط

مراجع

الرياضيات والفن
تبليط
مفاهيم علمية المسمى
نسبة ذهبية
هندسة متقطعة

تبليط بنروز


22644 Matejbel este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
22644 Matejbel este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Petr Pravec și U. Babiakova. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,14 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 10,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 22001-23000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

22644 Matejbel


Raymond Collishaw,  (22 November 1893 – 28 September 1976) was a distinguished Canadian fighter pilot, squadron leader, and commanding officer who served in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) and later the Royal Air Force. He was the highest scoring RNAS flying ace and the second highest scoring Canadian pilot of the First World War. He was noted as a great leader in the air, leading many of his own formations into battle. After the Great War, he became a permanent commissioned officer in the Royal Air Force (RAF), seeing action against the Bolsheviks in 1919–20, and subsequently commanding various Air Service detachments. During the Second World War, he commanded No. 204 Group (which later became the Desert Air Force) in North Africa, achieving great success against the numerically and technologically superior Italian Air Force. He was retired in 1943.

Early life
Raymond Collishaw was born in Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, on 22 November 1893. His father was John Edward Collishaw from Wrexham, Wales, and his mother Sarah "Sadie" Jones from Newport, Wales, but raised in Pantygog, Garw Valley. He was brought up in Nanaimo, though some of his schooling took place in Victoria, British Columbia and Oakland, California, due to his father's occasional pursuit of gold mining.

In 1908, at the age of 15, thanks to his father's connection, Collishaw joined the Canadian Fisheries Protection Services as a cabin boy. He was a lower class sailor on board the Alcedo. He would continue working on ships and the coast for the next seven years –  working his way up to First Officer, and in 1914, transferring to the Fispa. He was aboard when it sailed into the Arctic Circle in search of the Stefansson expedition – too late to rescue the Karluk.

First World War

Training
When war broke out in 1914, Collishaw's first idea was to join the Royal Navy, but did not hear from them for some time. Toward the end of 1915, Collishaw heard that the Royal Naval Air Service was hiring, and so he applied to them instead, and attended flight training (ground school and dual instruction) at the Curtiss Aviation School in Toronto (at his own expense). He qualified as a probationary pilot in January 1916 and crossed the Atlantic on the Adriatic. His first posting was to the naval air station at Redcar, where he completed his pilot training, flying the Caudron G.3; his first solo taking place 16 June 1916. After attending the Gunnery School at Eastchurch, he was confirmed as a full flight sub-lieutenant.

RNAS 3 Wing
On 2 August 1916 Collishaw was deployed to his first operational posting, joining the RNAS's 3rd Wing. The wing was operating out of Luxeuil, France and supporting the French 4th bombardment group, flying the British Sopwith 1½ Strutter. Some of the Sopwiths were equipped as bombers, while others were configured as two-seat fighters. Collishaw found these new aircraft "a revelation" to fly (compared to his trainer aircraft). His initial sorties were with the "fighter" Strutter configuration – which he noted, "doubtless influenced significantly my subsequent air force career."

Collishaw's first encounter with a German aircraft was while flying escort duty on 3 Wing's first large-scale raid into Germany, against the Mauser Rifle Factory at Oberndorf, on 12 October 1916. The raid consisted of 27 aircraft from both British and French squadrons, and had multiple flights at different altitudes. Collishaw's was nearly at their target when they were attacked by three German Fokker D.IIIs. One of the Fokkers, flown by a Sgt. Hanstien, carried out effective attacks against two Collishaw's wing-mates on either side of him. Collishaw dived and fired, having Hanstein in his sights, but Hanstein then quickly evaded with a climbing maneuver. Collishaw's engine revved too high in the dive, shearing a wire and becoming under-powered, requiring him to return to base. Collishaw noted that while a significant event, the Oberndorf raid was of questionable success given the limited known target damage and allied aircraft losses, without any aircraft losses from the German side. The German pilots on-scene that day were quite experienced, and included the then-NCO Ernst Udet.

Collishaw's first confirmed victories occurred on 2 October, while he was ferrying a new Strutter from Wing Headquarters (at Luxeuil) to his squadron's new forward base (at Ochey, France) alone (without an observer). Six German scouts spotted him and dived across the lines. As Collishaw recounted:

Collishaw then attempted to return to allied lines, but had become disoriented. He couldn't make out his compass, but based on the position of the sun, he flew in what he presumed was the correct direction, gaining altitude and flying for what seemed to him to be a long time. Finally he spotted an aerodrome, and so he went in for a landing.

Collishaw again flew for a long time, making sure to cross the trenches this time, and finally landed at a French aerodrome, 70 miles northwest of his intended destination. He received medical treatment for his eyes and returned to his unit.

3 Wing participated in a number of larger air raids on targets deep into German territory in November and December. Collishaw's usual post was as a "fighter" support, and in this capacity he had a few engagements, but with no conclusive outcomes. On 23 January 1917, returning from a wing raid at the blast furnaces at Burbach, he had a "particularly desperate" encounter with a Fokker D.III, and he was forced down on the allied side near Nancy. The next day, in recognition for his participation in the many raids of 3 Wing, he was informed he had been awarded the French Croix de Guerre.

No. 3 Naval Squadron
In February 1917, Collishaw was posted to No. 3 Naval Squadron, which had just been established at the beginning of the month and was operating in direct support of the army and RFC at Vert Galand near Somme plain, and equipped with the then-somewhat-dated Sopwith Pups. The squadron, though British, was a majority Canadian outfit at the time in terms of pilot membership. One thing Collishaw noticed was that the pace of missions had steeply increased: instead of flying raids every week or two, as had been done at 3 Wing, at Naval 3, pilots could expect one or more patrols every day, and rarely without some sort of enemy encounter. In addition, the squadron was within operational distance of some of the best German air units, including Jasta 11. Thankfully, as Collishaw noted, "many of the German pilots who flew the new Albatros and Halberstadt fighters seemed to be inexperienced and unable to get the most out of their machines." Collishaw had a number of combats while out on frequent patrols over the ensuing two months, but suffered regular frustrations due to gun and engine malfunctions. Still, he added two to his tally before suffering another incident where, in combat at high altitude, bullets hit his goggles, and in response he threw off his entire face-mask, causing his face to become badly swollen by frostbite. This required him to return to England for a few weeks on sick leave.

No. 10 Naval Squadron
 When Collishaw returned to service in late April, he was posted to No. 10 Naval Squadron as a flight commander. Once again, Collishaw discovered that the squadron was mainly Canadian by composition. Naval 10 was slowly being equipped with the new, fast-climbing and maneuverable Sopwith Triplane, and Collishaw found the aircraft "delightful", though still wished for a second forward-firing Vickers machine gun. (Collishaw eventually received one of six experimental Triplanes with two synchronized Vickers guns, along with a 130HP Clerget engine.) He had his first combat in a Triplane on 28 April, firing on a two-seater in the morning (but foiled by a gun jam), and then later in the day attacking four German fighters (while covering a disabled seaplane off Nieuport) and possibly surprising them with its performance. He swirled onto the tail of one of them, and firing a few bursts, caused it to break-up mid-air. The other Germans then broke off. This was Collishaw's 5th victory, making him an "ace". He had another victory on 30 April, and on 10 May, downed his first opponent in flames. Collishaw again noted a jump in the number of daily sorties being flown, usually 2–4 per day, and sometimes more.

By the middle of May, the Royal Flying Corps was badly in need of reinforcements. This was mainly due to the after-effects of Bloody April, but also because of preparations for a new offensive at Messines. Naval 10 had been earmarked as a unit to offer this direct support, a fact the squadron commander and pilots of the squadron had known for some time. Naval 10 shifted to a new aerodrome at Droglandt.

The Black Flight
Collishaw's "B" Flight of Naval 10 would initially be composed entirely of Canadians, and would later be nicknamed the "Black Flight", owing to the flight's black (front) engine cowling and wheel covers (to contrast with the red and blue of Naval 10's "A" and "B" Flights, respectively). In addition, the flight decided to give their machines names in large (3-inch) white letters on either side near the cockpit. Ellis Vair Reid, of Toronto, flew Black Roger; John Edward Sharman, of Winnipeg, flew Black Death; Gerald "Gerry" Ewart Nash, of Stoney Creek, flew Black Sheep; Marcus Alexander, of Toronto, flew Black Prince; and Collishaw chose Black Maria (a reference to a police van). During their first two months they claimed a record 84 German aircraft destroyed or driven down – which, strangely enough, brought Collishaw and the unit no wide publicity, though garnered a great deal of renown among their German opponents in the area. Collishaw later claimed that this was because officials in the regular Royal Flying Corps were loath to give credit to naval pilots. In his autobiography, Collishaw noted that they did not always fly together, and operational conditions demanded that pilots of the various flights be available to sub-in on an as-needed basis – and on different machines (which were serviced after about 30 flying hours). There were only a relatively small number of occasions where the full-strength "original" flight were in the field. He maintained that the squadron as a whole should be given credit in terms of whatever legend exists of the "Black Flight".

The original group's first (uneventful) flight, a line patrol, took place on 18 May 1917. Gerry Nash was the first to score a victory, on 21 May, after diving on a flight of five German scouts, and leaving the pilot of his target slumping back in his cockpit, entering a side-slipping spin. Outnumbered, Gerry was then able to use the excellent climbing ability of the Triplane to exit the fight vertically. It was 31 May before Collishaw was able to properly engage two enemy aircraft, though indecisively.

Collishaw then began a week-long streak of kills, with at least one per day, starting on 1 June, when "B" Flight was out in full force, having three separate engagements within their 2½ hour sortie. Collishaw shot an Albatros down in flames, and Ellis and Gerry / Nash (shared) both scored victories. 2 June began with a hostile air patrol – Collishaw's flight being dispatched to intercept a German two-seater aircraft spotted over the lines. Sending it down out-of-control, their next sortie was escorting some F.E.2b reconnaissance aircraft. When a group of German scouts approached, Collishaw led the attack, and sent one down out-of-control. On 3 June Collishaw (then a flight sub-lieutenant) received his first promotion, to acting flight lieutenant. Members of "B" Flight were up on four separate occasions that day, Collishaw scoring one German Albatros in flames. The same day, flight sub-lieutant (F/S/L) Percy McNeil (Toronto), leader of "A" Flight, was shot down by German ace Karl Allmenröder, and John Sharman was appointed to lead "A" Flight, being replaced in "B" Flight by F/S/L D. F. FitzGibbon (British). 4 June saw Collishaw on another four sorties, with the last of them yielding another victory shot down in flames. 5 June started with a long-range high-altitude offensive patrol over Menin; Collishaw leading a whole-formation firing charge against a two-seater, which went down in flames. Later Collishaw dived below another two-seater, firing a long burst that sent the plane into a long spin, FitzGibbon also connecting a burst as it fell away. 6 June brought a coordinated effort, Collishaw's leading another flight (total of 10 aircraft) in an offensive patrol. At 16,000 feet, the flight ran into a two-seater being escorted by some 15 German fighters. A dogfight ensued, Collishaw quickly downing two in flames, one after the other. Going after a third, his bullets made the pilot fall back as the aircraft plunged into a spin. Nash had gone after the two-seater, and put several bursts into it before it went down, all the way into the ground. He then fired a quick close-range burst at a German fighter, which resulted in it taking a nearly vertical nose-dive. Reid focused on a Halberstadt, maneuvering to keep peppering the fighter as it went down. Various other members of the Naval 10 patrol scored victories as well, and after 35 minutes, 10 of the German aircraft had been either destroyed or thrown from the dogfight in a spin, with no allied losses. Two subsequent large patrols that day, led by Collishaw, encountered no further German aircraft. Finishing the week, Collishaw shot-up one additional Albatros in another large dogfight on 7 June, which fell into a cloud.

9 June brought a close call, and the destruction of the original Black Maria (Triplane N.5490). On the early-morning two-flight offensive patrol, Collishaw's flight dived on a formation of German Albatros D.IIIs. He got on the tail of a German fighter, who upon noticing his position, went into a wild series of tight turns, which Collishaw's Triplane could slightly out-perform. Getting into a favorable position, he was just about to open fire when a stream of bullets smashed into his cockpit, from a German aircraft that had made a diving attack out of the sun. Collishaw's controls were effectively disabled, and his plane drifted off to the side and began a series of turning swoops and dives. Initially terrified, Collishaw's descent over 15 minutes gave way to resignation, and he recalled "thinking rather wistfully how nice it would be to have a parachute." Miraculously, the Triplane's descent pattern of swoops ended up making contact with the ground at an angle that, while folding the Triplane into a mass of wreckage, left Collishaw with nothing but a few bruises. Luckier still, Collishaw had come down within striking distance of the forward British trenches, and a party of them recovered Collishaw, administering "the type of stimulant that one might be expected to appreciate after such an experience..." He vowed to never let himself be attacked out of the sun. Upon returning to base, Collishaw flew Nash's Triplane N.5492.

On 14 June, Collishaw was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross – his first British decoration. On the same day, Jasta 11 was transferred to Marcke, almost directly opposite Naval 10's aerodrome at Droglandt. Ten days later, on 24 June 1917, Naval 10 would meet Jasta 11 directly on the morning patrol. Losses would be registered on both sides, with Karl Allmenröder scoring one. The next day, 25 June, Allmenröder scored another. This time, however, it was an original Black Flight member, coming after they had scored an aggregate total of over 50 victories. Gerry Nash, after a desperate maneuvering battle, was hit and suffered a critical failure of his controls. He was forced to land in German territory – destroying his plane before he was captured. Collishaw and the rest of the flight were deeply grieved at the loss – they had not seen Nash go down – but heartened when they eventually learned he had not been killed.

Two days later, on 27 June 1917, Collishaw would encounter Allmenröder again. Out on patrol, Collishaw's flight spotted a formation of three Albatrosses below him, while also being aware of another flight of German fighters watching from above. He reasoned he could attack them quickly and climb away, so led his flight down in pursuit and from long range (more than 100 yards) let off several bursts.

Indeed, Nash heard the church bells ring for the funeral of Allmenröder, whom his guard said had been shot down by the leader of the Black Triplanes.

6 July 1917 was Collishaw's most successful day. Diving to the aid of some beleaguered F.E.2d's who were surrounded by what he estimated to be around 30 German fighters, Naval 10's two flights turned the situation into a wild dogfight. Descending onto the rear of a red Albatros, Collishaw took a few burst shots which he thought connected with the pilot and it began going down. No sooner had he made this observation than he had to take violent evasive action to avoid an incoming attack. This whirlwind process continued five more times – each time yielding a damaged German plane exiting the battle. Other members of Collishaw's force scored victories as well, and had accounted for a further four aircraft before the dogfight dissolved. Collishaw was credited with six aircraft shot down out-of-control. The next day, Collishaw was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

Collishaw suffered two frightening experiences in mid-July. The first was an episode where he had to take very violent evasive action to avoid colliding with a German fighter, snapped his restraining straps and was ejected from the cockpit of his plane – only catching his arms around the top wooden struts, and only able to wrestle back into the cockpit after the Triplane had careened down about 10,000 feet. The second was when shrapnel from anti-aircraft fire sent two sizable pieces of his engine cowling flying, one catching in the wing wires, drastically changing the drag profile of the plane and throwing it into a dangerous spin. Managing as best he could to regain control (by varying all control surfaces and the throttle) and fly the plane, he had no choice but to have a hard landing just past the British line, breaking the plane's undercarriage, but nothing much else.

22 and 28 July were sad days for the squadron, and Collishaw especially, for they marked the losses of John Sharman and Ellis Reid, respectively – both being killed. Sharman's Triplane was struck by anti-aircraft fire and disintegrated mid-air. Reid, it was suspected, fell prey to pilots from Jasta 11. Reid had been Naval 10's second-highest scorer, with 19 kills.

Leave to Canada
In August, Collishaw returned to Canada for two months' leave, the British Empire's second-highest-scoring living ace. He was virtually unknown, in stark contrast to the grand reception given to the top-scoring living ace, Billy Bishop, when he returned on leave in September. As he recalled, "I was astounded to see so few visible reminders of the war in Canada." He took his time crossing the country to his home in Nanaimo, stopping in some larger cities to visit the families of pilots he had known who had been killed. He also was invited to address some Men's clubs. Collishaw visited his home and became engaged to his future wife.

No. 13 Naval Squadron
Returning to the war late November, Collishaw was made a flight commander at No. 13 Naval Squadron, which was equipped with Sopwith Camel fighters, and was operating from Dunkirk (St. Pol), doing escort duty with the Channel Patrol. He noted that the pace of sorties was much relaxed compared to what he had experienced at Naval 10 – only once was he up more than once per day. As a result, over his two months with the squadron, he only added one victory to his tally.

One interesting event during this period was an air battle between his squadron and a formation of German scouts in which no shot was fired. Collishaw was leading the entire squadron, providing high-altitude protection for an observation machine at 20,000 feet. A German formation approached, and Collishaw led his pilots to the attack – but found that his guns had jammed; the temperature being so low the oil had frozen. Several times he turned to attack the Germans, and each time they withdrew, until the reconnaissance was complete and both sides returned home. Collishaw later learned that all the squadron's guns were jammed and, years after the war, he met with the German flight leader from that day, who explained that they had experienced the exact same thing. As Collishaw described, "It was surely one of the fiercest and most harmless aerial combats of the war."

Collishaw was abruptly made a squadron commander on 29 December, after his predecessor was injured in a crash. He received a promotion to that effect several days later.

Squadron Commander – No. 3 Naval / No. 203 Squadron RAF

On 23 January 1918, Collishaw returned to the embattled area of the Western Front to command No. 3 Naval Squadron (stationed at Mont-Saint-Éloi), one of his previous units. Collishaw found that serving as a commanding officer took up a great deal of his time with "paper work", and as a result, his flight time was significantly curtailed until June. Tactics at the time had shifted: much larger flights needed to be deployed to avoid being overwhelmed by the larger German formations on patrol; and aircraft were now being called upon to do low-level strafing attacks on enemy positions and troops. These attacks were urgently requested after the Germans launched their Spring Offensive, and their forces were rapidly breaking through and rushing through open territory. These advances eventually brought the aerodrome under shellfire, and forced No. 3 Naval to shift bases to Treizennes. On 1 April, the RNAS and the RFC merged into the Royal Air Force, and No. 3 Naval became No. 203 Squadron RAF. Collishaw remained in command with the new rank of major. On 9 April 1918 the situation at the front had improved, and the squadron moved closer to the lines at Liettres – soon joined by Collishaw's old Naval 10 (now No. 210 Squadron RAF). The squadron later shifting to Le Hamel, Collishaw finally got back into the air in early June, and his flight time increased further in July. On 4 July, Collishaw learned he had been awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. This was followed on 1 August with a bar to his Distinguished Service Order. Scoring intermittently, Collishaw remained in command of 203 Squadron until 21 October, when he was recalled to London, England. He had been credited with 60 victories.
In London, Collishaw learned he was to be posted back to Canada, and was in the midst of a tour of the latest pilot training procedures in Britain when the Armstice was signed. He was informed by the Air Ministry that he might participate in an attempt to fly across the Atlantic using a 'Super' Handley Page V/1500 long-range bomber, but this was scrapped due to unwanted media publicity. He took an extended leave in Canada before returning to England in the early Spring of 1919, being promoted to lieutenant colonel.

Russia 1919

In the Spring of 1919, civil war was raging in Russia. The British government decided that in addition to the current Military Mission that acted in support of General Anton Denikin's White Russian forces, a squadron would be sent to operate under him, and Collishaw was chosen to be in command. Collishaw arrived at Novorossiysk (in the Crimea area) on 8 June 1919, and took command of No. 47 Squadron RAF on 13 June, though it wasn't until 11 July before he could travel in-person to meet them at their operational base at Krasnodar. The Squadron was at the time outfitted with Airco DH.9s. Sopwith Camels would arrive in a reinforcement shipment in September. Given most of the ground fighting in the region was being conducted by horseback cavalry units, the squadron was tooled and designed to operate out of special rail trains – one for each flight (there eventually would be four) – which would be able to quickly follow the front lines, jumping from one suitable makeshift aerodrome or landing site to another.

The squadron's operations were incredibly effective against Red Army forces, mainly consisting of troops, cavalry, and some occasionally hardened positions. Collishaw and his pilots were adept at using their advantages and equipment to maximum effect – reconnaissance, bombing, and strafing inflicted thousands of casualties (particularly after receiving a detachment of Sopwith Camels) on the Red Army and assisted greatly in the initial advances of the White Russian forces through the summer and fall. Their operations were conducted with relative impunity – though small-arms fire would at times get intense, and some fortifications and ships housed dangerous arrays of anti-aircraft batteries. The squadron met with virtually no airborne resistance throughout the campaign, only on a few occasions shooting down some Nieuport and Albatros aircraft (displaying various markings – some having black crosses) that attacked. Collishaw himself, flying a Camel, attacked and destroyed one of these enemy aircraft on 9 October. In early-mid October, just as White Russian forces secured their widest gains to-date, Collishaw came down with Typhus Fever, which was wildly endemic in the region. He was reduced to a comatose state for more than a week, but slowly regained his strength. While recovering, he learned he had been awarded the Order of the British Empire for his service in Russia.

By November 1919, White Russian advances had stalled and their over-extended lines had to be pulled back. Leadership and allegiances among the White Russian forces was also beginning to strain as the Red Army was beginning to turn the tide of the battle with incremental advances and occasional breakthroughs. While flight operations continued, weather was deteriorating as winter drew nearer. Bolshevik advances steadily became more rapid and numerous, and Collishaw's forces were increasingly often required to cover retreats. This required they shift bases more rapidly to keep out of harm's way, and led to more intense operational and logistical problems. In at least two instances, planes and materiel were lost to the Red Army as they overtook them.

By the end of December, Red Army advances had become uncontrollable in some areas, and Collishaw's flight train was cut off from the rest of the squadron. This forced the trains – containing troops, refugees, and Collishaw's flight – to go in a different direction, through hostile (though undefended) territories. It also meant going without supplies such as munitions, food, coal, and water for the locomotives, all of which had to be foraged at regular stops along the rail line by available troops in the combined army trains. To make matters worse, word reached them that the Red Army had dispatched an armoured train after them, boasting a front-mounted 9-inch howitzer. Forward rail lines were occasionally being damaged by hostile peasants, requiring makeshift repairs to keep the train moving. Progress was painfully slow, and as the armoured train closed distance to them, things became increasingly anxious and desperate. At one point, the Red Army train did make visual contact with them – fortunately just as Collishaw's train rounded a bend. The Red Army followed-up a few days later by sending an unmanned run-away locomotive down the line, that succeeded in smashing into the back of into Collishaw's train, destroying at least eight cars, and requiring a reconfiguration of the train before they could proceed. Finally, on 4 January 1920, the train reached Crimea, and the "nightmare" as Collishaw called it, was over.

At this point, the campaign was worsening significantly, as Denikin's forces were split and had no meaningful hope of closing the gap. Flight operations recommenced in February. Collishaw's closest call during this campaign, besides the chase by rail and his fight with typhus, was while leading a late-February bombing raid in a DH.9 – his engine was hit by gunfire from the ground, causing it to lose most of its horsepower. Forced to land, he was incredibly fortunate that his engine remained functional (though reduced) and recent weather had combined (being very cold and windy, filling in any dips or trenches in the landscape) to make possible the subsequent twenty miles of taxiing he completed in his aircraft to friendly territory.

In March 1920 the RAF received orders to evacuate. Collishaw noted that his experiences in Russia were far more frightening than those on Western Front – including as they did the many aspects of civil war, a typhus epidemic, and many desperate refugees.

Inter-war years
After 47 Squadron was withdrawn from Russia, Collishaw was sent to Egypt to command No. 84 Squadron. The squadron was moved to Persia, which was made a British protectorate after the war, to defend against the Russians. In the 1921 New Year's Honours List, Collishaw was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.

Returning to England, Collishaw was married to his Canadian fiancée, Neita Trapp in late 1923. He attended RAF Staff College in May 1924, and then shifted to command the re-formed No. 23 Squadron, still in England. In 1927, he became the Head of the Department for Operations and Intelligence with the Air Defense of Great Britain (later RAF Fighter Command). In July 1929, he was promoted to wing commander and posted to Malta, serving as the Senior RAF officer aboard HMS Courageous, until September 1932. Transferring back to England Collishaw took command of RAF Bircham Newton, then the station of bomber squadrons Nos. 35 and 207, which were organized as special service units able to rapidly deployed abroad. After three "dull" years there, Collishaw secured a promotion to group captain in 1935, and transferred from Upper Heyford to Sudan to command No. 5 Wing RAF – this in response to the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. After the cessation, he then transferred to the RAF base at Heliopolis, the ensuing years of which Collishaw found "the most pleasant of all those that I spent in uniform."

On 18 April 1939 Collishaw was promoted to air commodore, and took over as Air Officer Commanding "Egypt Group" at Cairo (which would later become 202 Group in September,  and after Collishaw's time, the Desert Air Force). Given the perceived impending war with Germany, Collishaw "set about to mould Egypt Group into an operational force capable of carrying out its responsibilities..."

Second World War
At the commencement of the Second World War in 1939, Collishaw concentrated on strategy and tactics to neutralize the Italian air force and to gain aerial superiority in North Africa. This was a tough challenge considering that he was greatly outnumbered (150 aircraft vs. the Italians' nearly 400), and his men were flying outdated Gloster Gladiator biplane fighters and Vickers Wellesley bombers. Soon after the war started Collishaw's men were off the mark quickly, striking at an Italian airbase destroying 18 aircraft within two days of the commencement of hostilities with only three aircraft losses. He then turned their efforts to bombing harbours, ships and troops to hold up the reinforcement of North Africa. They damaged the Italian cruiser San Giorgio and blew up an ammo dump.

In October 1940, Italy declared war on Greece. This put increased pressure on Collishaw in the form of robbing him of some of his aircraft – sent to aid Greece by the British. However these transfers were paid back in December by fortunate shipments (transport convoys had to run a very dangerous gauntlet through the Mediterranean) of Hurricanes and Wellington bombers – several squadrons worth. Collishaw still didn't have the numbers (about 48 fighters / 116 bombers to the Italians 191 fighters / 140 bombers), but it was a better situation than before, and this time he had the technological edge. Using these forces, Collishaw offered good support to the British ground offensive into Libya that launched early December as Operation Compass. The offensive had not been planned to advance too far, however they caught the Italians completely by surprise and were able to push deep into enemy territory, taking Benghazi on 6 February 1941. It was a stunning victory, both on land and in the air. As Collishaw noted, by the end of the offensive:

Collishaw's efforts were specifically recognized by the commanders of the operation. In March 1941 he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath.

With the Italians in disarray, Churchill again took some of Collishaw's forces and sent them to Greece. While Collishaw's forces were thereby reduced, he still argued with senior command that British forces should pursue the fleeing Italians to push them completely out of Libya without delay. However with the slow arrival of the Germans in Tripoli, the decision made was to remain in-place. It was not long before aircraft of the Luftwaffe began to provide serious opposition, and their aircraft (particularly the Junkers Ju 87 and Ju 88, and Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110) being considerably superior to available British forces in Egypt. Logistics, supply, and equipment issues made resisting German air attacks much more difficult. With Italian air reinforcements also starting to flow in, Collishaw's forces were starting to lose more aircraft than they were being supplied with. Rommel's advances meant that the RAF and supporting units were often being employed to cover retreats. Command of the RAF was restructured in April, Collishaw now commanding the 202 Group. In May, a badly-needed convoy arrived carrying 50 Hurricane fighters. With the failure of Operation Battleaxe in June, British forces were seen as in need of reorganization. While Collishaw's air forces were holding their own and providing excellent support, losses were mounting, and replacement crews were relatively inexperienced.

In July 1941, Collishaw, like many senior British commanders who had been in action Africa, was recalled from the desert. He was replaced with Air Vice-Marshal Coningham. Promoted to his final rank of Air Vice Marshal, he was given a headquarters posting in Fighter Command in Scapa Flow, Scotland, and remained there until July 1943, when he "was retired". He spent the rest of the war as a Civil Defence Regional Air Liaison Officer, returning to Canada at war's end.

Later years and legacy

In his retirement, Collishaw pursued some varied involvement with mining companies, just like his father had before him. In his spare time, Collishaw would often research First World War aerial history, corresponding widely with former pilots, historians, and enthusiasts.

His memoirs were titled Air Command, A Fighter Pilot's Story and were published in 1973.

Collishaw died on 28 September 1976 in West Vancouver, British Columbia at the age of 82.

He was widely noted – by those who served with him or under him – as a very competent and charismatic leader, in all his various capacities. He emphasized camaraderie amongst his men, socializing, and humour.

He was often seen smiling, and had a dutifully cheerful demeanour. As Collishaw would attest in his memoirs, this was a strategic priority:

Given the difficult state of record-keeping and victory standards from the First World War, there have been various historians – and even Collishaw himself, in some ways – that have thought Collishaw's real aerial victory count should be higher. As with some other distinguished First World War flight and squadron leaders, Collishaw was supposedly noted as occasionally helping bolster the confidence of new pilots by attributing victories or successful combat actions to them.

Royal Canadian Air Cadets 205 Collishaw squadron, named after him, is in his home town of Nanaimo, and 204 Black Maria squadron, named after his aircraft, is located in Kamloops.

On 2 October 1999, the terminal at Nanaimo Airport was named the Nanaimo-Collishaw Air Terminal in his honour.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Mike Bechthold, "Deeply regret to inform you": War and Loss in the Trapp Family"
 Letters written by AVM Collishaw to Colin MacGregor Stevens 1967–1968
 Collishaw biography
 Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – AVM R Collishaw
 Raymond Collishaw; earlyaviators.com
 The Canadian Encyclopedia – Raymond Collishaw

|-

|-

1893 births
1976 deaths
Canadian military personnel from British Columbia
Royal Navy officers
Canadian World War I flying aces
Canadian people of Welsh descent
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Canadian recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Naval Air Service aviators
People from Nanaimo
Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Royal Air Force personnel of the Russian Civil War
Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire

Raymond Collishaw


Kollektivisering betegner sammenlægning af gårdbrug og andre typer virksomheder til kollektive eller statlige virksomheder. I kommunistiske lande som det tidligere Sovjetunionen og Folkerepublikken Kina blev kollektivisering af landbruget gennemført ved statslig tvang - og udløste omfattende fødevaremangel og i flere tilfælde hungersnød.

Den første kolkhoz, som kollektivbrugene i Sovjetunionen blev kaldt, startede i 1930. Fordi de baltiske lande ikke blev kommunistiske sovjetrepublikker før i 1940, undgik de den første kollektiviseringsbølge. Ikke desto mindre blev kollektiviseringen gennemført i slutningen af 1940erne, hvilket førte til stærk modstand blandt mange småbrugere.

Kommunisme
Landbrug

Kollektivisering


Elvira Carmela de la Puente Haya (*Lima, 15 de julio de 1941) es una actriz y política peruana. Fue congresista de la república durante los periodos 2000-2001 y 2001-2006.

Biografía
Nació en Lima el 15 de julio de 1941. Hija de José Félix de la Puente Ganoza y Lucía Haya de la Torre. Su madre fue hermana del histórico líder aprista Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre. Fue prima del activista Luis de la Puente Uceda.

Estudió en el Colegio Villa María de la ciudad de Lima. Una vez graduada, empezó a trabajar como secretaria en la Municipalidad de Miraflores. En la que empezó a estudiar teatro en el Club de Teatro de Lima con Reynaldo D'Amore.

Junto a D'Amore formaron la Asociación Teatro Miraflores y formaron el Corral de Comedias, que luego se convertiría en el actual Teatro Británico.

En 1971 se casó con el actor Orlando Sacha.

De 1987 a 1990, trabajó en el Instituto Nacional de Comunicación Social, en donde fue directora general de Promoción y directora general de Comunicación Social.

Fue miembro del directorio del Fondo de Promoción Turística del Perú.

En 1989 fue nombrada como presidenta del directorio de la Agencia Peruana de Noticias y Publicidad (Andina), cargo que ocupó hasta 1990. Su labor en la agencia fue reconocida por el Senado de la República en octubre de 1989.

Vida política
Fue militante del APRA, partido de su tío Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre

Su carrera política la inicia en las elecciones municipales de 1986, cuando fue candidata para regidora de Miraflores, sin embargo, no resultó elegida.

Candidata a la segunda vicepresidencia en 2000
Para las elecciones generales del 2000, De la Puente fue candidata a la segunda vicepresidencia de la república en la plancha presidencial de Abel Salinas Izaguirre por el APRA. En los comicios, la candidatura presidencial no tuvo éxito tras el fraude electoral a favor de la segunda reelección de Alberto Fujimori a la presidencia de la república.

Congresista (2000-2001)
En las mismas elecciones, De la Puente fue también elegida congresista de la república por el APRA, con 40 759 votos, para el periodo parlamentario 2000-2005.

En el Legislativo, mostró su oposición a la reelección de Fujimori y participó en la Marcha de los Cuatro Suyos, encabezada por Alejandro Toledo.

En noviembre del 2000, tras la publicación de los vladivideos y la renuncia de Alberto Fujimori a la presidencia de la república mediante un fax desde Japón, su cargo parlamentario fue reducido hasta el 2001. Cuando hubo nuevas elecciones generales.

Congresista (2001-2006)
En las elecciones generales del 2001, fue reelegida congresista de la república por el APRA, con 52 824 votos, para el periodo parlamentario 2001-2006.

Durante su labor legislativa, promovió la denominada ley del artista, en la cual se apoya al sector artístico con derechos de propiedad intelectual, contratos artísticos y fomento de las artes escénicas. La ley fue aprobada por amplia mayoría y promulgada por el expresidente Alejandro Toledo en 2003. De la misma forma, apoyó la denominada ley del libro.

Fue parte de Comisión de Cultura y Patrimonio Cultural, la cual presidió en el período 2002-2003. De la misma manera, fue miembro del Consejo Directivo del Congreso, de la Comisión Permanente y de las comisiones de Educación, Relaciones Exteriores, Salud, Turismo y Telecomunicaciones, Ambiente y Ecología.

Luego de terminar su periodo legislativo, De la Puente intentó nuevamente su reelección al Congreso de la República en las elecciones generales del 2006 por el APRA, sin resultar reelegida.

Carrera artística

Telenovelas
 Nuestra historia (2015) como Madeline
Amores que matan (2015) como Magdalena
 Pulseras rojas (2014)
Conversando con la Luna (2012)
Clave Uno... médicos en alerta (2009)
Pobre diabla (2000) como Elvira Moncayo.
María Emilia, querida (1999)
Cosas del amor (1998) como Mariana Castro-Iglesias.
Escándalo (1997) como Cucha de Velarde.
Gorrión (1994) como Doña Celia de Maidana.
No hay porqué llorar (1985)

Cine
New crime city (1994) como Madre.

Teatro
Ocho mujeres y un crimen (2012) como Gaby.
Lecciones de fe (2010-2012) como Esperanza.
Verano y humo (2004)
Panorama desde el puente (1998)
Ha llegado un inspector (1995)
Chismes (1991)
Sor-presas (1990)
Annie (1987)

Genealogía

Referencias

Nacidos en Lima
De la Puente (familia)
Congresistas de Perú 2001-2006
Congresistas de Perú 2000-2001
Congresistas por Lima Metropolitana
Alumnado del Colegio Villa María
Actrices de televisión de Perú
Actores de teatro de Perú
Miembros del Partido Aprista Peruano
Actores-políticos
Actrices de cine de Perú

Elvira de la Puente


Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond and the comical monster in Mel Brooks' film spoof Young Frankenstein (1974). He also starred in The Candidate (1972). Boyle, who won an Emmy Award in 1996 for a guest-starring role on the Fox science-fiction drama The X-Files, won praise in both comedic and dramatic parts following his breakthrough performance in the 1970 film Joe, and as Wizard in Taxi Driver (1976).

Early life
Peter Lawrence Boyle was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania, the son of Alice (née Lewis) and Francis Xavier Boyle. He was the youngest of three children and had two elder sisters: Alice Duffy (nee Boyle) and Sidney Boyle. He moved with his family to nearby Philadelphia.

His father, Francis, was a Philadelphia TV personality from 1951 to 1963. Among many other roles, he played the Western show host Chuck Wagon Pete, as well as hosting the after-school children's program Uncle Pete Presents the Little Rascals, which showed vintage Little Rascals and Three Stooges comedy shorts alongside Popeye cartoons. He also appeared at times on Ernie Kovacs' morning program on WPTZ (now KYW-TV).

Boyle's paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants, and his mother was of mostly French, British and Irish descent. He was raised Catholic and attended St. Francis de Sales School and West Philadelphia Catholic High School for Boys. After graduating from high school in 1953, Boyle spent three years in formation with the De La Salle Brothers, a Catholic teaching order. He lived in a house of studies with other novices earning a Bachelor of Arts degree from La Salle University in Philadelphia in 1957, but left the order because he did not feel called to religious life.

While in Philadelphia, he worked as a cameraman on the cooking show Television Kitchen hosted by Florence Hanford.

After graduating from Officer Candidate School in 1959, he was commissioned as an ensign in the United States Navy, but his military career was shortened by a nervous breakdown. In New York City, Boyle studied with acting coach Uta Hagen at HB Studio while working as a postal clerk and a maitre d'.

Career

In 1963, Boyle was hired for the Wayside Theatre's opening season. One of his starring roles that year was in Summer and Smoke by Tennessee Williams. Boyle played Murray the cop in a touring company of Neil Simon's The Odd Couple, leaving the tour in Chicago and joining The Second City ensemble there. He had a brief scene as the manager of an indoor shooting range in the critically acclaimed 1969 film Medium Cool, filmed in Chicago.

Boyle gained acclaim for his first starring role as the title character, a bigoted New York City factory worker, in the 1970 movie Joe. The film's release was surrounded by controversy over its violence and language. During this time, Boyle became close friends with actress Jane Fonda, and he participated with her in many protests against the Vietnam War. After seeing people cheer at his role in Joe, Boyle refused the lead role in The French Connection (1971), as well as other film and television roles that he believed glamorized violence. However, in 1974, he starred in a film based on the life of murdered New York gangster "Crazy" Joey Gallo, called Crazy Joe.

His next major role was as the campaign manager for a U.S. Senate candidate (Robert Redford) in The Candidate (1972). In 1973, he appeared in Steelyard Blues with Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland, a film about a bunch of misfits trying to get a Catalina flying boat in a scrapyard flying again so they could fly away to somewhere with not so many rules. He also played an Irish mobster opposite Robert Mitchum in The Friends of Eddie Coyle (1973).

Boyle had another hit role as Frankenstein's monster in the 1974 Mel Brooks comedy Young Frankenstein, in which, in an homage to King Kong, the monster is placed onstage in top hat and tails, grunt-singing and dancing to "Puttin' on the Ritz". Boyle said at the time, "The Frankenstein monster I play is a baby. He's big and ugly and scary, but he's just been born, remember, and it's been traumatic, and to him the whole world is a brand-new, alien environment. That's how I'm playing it". Boyle met his wife, Loraine Alterman, on the set of Young Frankenstein while she was there as a reporter for Rolling Stone. He was still in his Frankenstein makeup when he asked her for a date. Through Alterman and her friend Yoko Ono, Boyle became friends with John Lennon, who was the best man at Boyle and Alterman's 1977 wedding. Boyle and his wife had two daughters, Lucy and Amy.

Boyle received his first Emmy nomination for his acclaimed dramatic performance in the 1977 television film Tail Gunner Joe, in which he played Senator Joseph McCarthy. Yet, he was more often cast as a character actor than as a leading man. His roles include the philosophical cab driver Wizard in Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976), starring Robert De Niro; a bar owner and fence in The Brink's Job (1978); the private detective hired in Hardcore (1979); the attorney of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson (played by Bill Murray) in Where the Buffalo Roam (1980); a corrupt space mining-facility boss in the science-fiction film Outland (1981), opposite Sean Connery; Boatswain Moon in the (1983) pirate comedy Yellowbeard, also starring Cheech and Chong, Madeline Kahn, and members of the comedy troupe Monty Python; a local crime boss named Jocko Dundee on his way to retirement, starring Michael Keaton in the comedy film Johnny Dangerously (1984); a psychiatric patient who belts out a Ray Charles song in the comedy The Dream Team (1989), also starring Michael Keaton; a boss of an unscrupulous corporation in the sci-fi movie Solar Crisis (1990) with Charlton Heston and Jack Palance; the title character's cab driver in The Shadow (1994), starring Alec Baldwin; the father of Sandra Bullock's fiancée in While You Were Sleeping (1995); the corporate raider out to buy Eddie Murphy's medical partnership in Dr. Dolittle (1998); the hateful father of Billy Bob Thornton's prison-guard character in Monster's Ball (2001); Muta in The Cat Returns (2002); and Old Man Wickles in the comedy Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004). In cameo roles, he can be seen as a police captain in Malcolm X (1992), and as a drawbridge operator in Porky's Revenge (1985). In 1992, he starred in Alex Cox's Death and the Compass, an adaptation of Jorge Luis Borges' La Muerte y la Brujula. However, the film was not released until 1996.

His New York theater work included playing a comedian who is the object of The Roast, a 1980 Broadway play directed by Carl Reiner. Also in 1980, he co-starred with Tommy Lee Jones in an off-Broadway production of playwright Sam Shepard's acclaimed True West. Two years later, Boyle played the head of a dysfunctional family in Joe Pintauro's less well-received Snow Orchid, at the Circle Repertory.

In 1986, Boyle played the title role of the television series Joe Bash, created by Danny Arnold. The comedy drama followed the life of a lonely, world-weary, and sometimes compromised New York City beat cop, whose closest friend was a prostitute, played by actress DeLane Matthews.

In October 1990, Boyle suffered a near-fatal stroke that rendered him completely speechless and immobile for nearly six months. After recovering, he went on to win an Emmy Award in 1996 as Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for his appearance on The X-Files. In the episode, "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose", he played an insurance salesman who could see selected things in the near future, particularly others' deaths. Boyle also guest-starred in two episodes as Bill Church Sr. in Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. He appears in Sony Music's unaired Roger Waters music video "Three Wishes" (1992) as a scruffy genie in a dirty coat and red scarf, who tries to tempt Waters at a desert diner.

Boyle played Frank Barone in the CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond, which aired from 1996 to 2005. He was nominated for an Emmy seven times for this role and never won, though fellow co-stars Brad Garrett, Ray Romano, Patricia Heaton, and Doris Roberts won at least one Emmy each for their performances.

In 1999, he had a heart attack on the set of Everybody Loves Raymond. He soon regained his health and returned to the series. After the incident, Boyle was drawn back to his Catholic faith and resumed attending Mass.

In 2001, he appeared in the film Monster's Ball as the bigoted father of Billy Bob Thornton's character. Introduced by comedian Carlos Mencia as "the most honest man in show business", Boyle made guest appearances on three episodes of the Comedy Central program Mind of Mencia, one of which was shown as a tribute in a segment made before Boyle's death, in which he read hate mail, explained the "hidden meanings" behind bumper stickers, and occasionally told Mencia how he felt about him.

Starting in late 2005, Boyle and former television wife Doris Roberts appeared in television commercials for the 75th anniversary of Alka-Seltzer, reprising the famous line, "I can't believe I ate that whole thing!" Although this quote has entered into popular culture, it is often misquoted as, "...the whole thing." Boyle was in all three of The Santa Clause films. In the original, he plays Scott Calvin's boss Mr. Whittle. In the sequels, he plays Father Time.

Death
On December 12, 2006, Boyle died at the age of 71 at New York Presbyterian Hospital in New York City after suffering from multiple myeloma and heart disease. At the time of his death, he had completed his roles in the films All Roads Lead Home and The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause—the latter being released one month before his death—and was scheduled to appear in The Golden Boys. The end credits of All Roads Lead Home include a dedication to his memory.

Boyle's death had a tremendous effect on his former co-stars from Everybody Loves Raymond, which had ceased production less than two years before his death. When asked to comment on Boyle's death, his cast members heaped praise on Boyle. Ray Romano was personally affected by the loss, saying, "He gave me great advice, he always made me laugh, and the way he connected with everyone around him amazed me." Patricia Heaton stated, "Peter was an incredible man who made all of us who had the privilege of working with him aspire to be better actors."

On October 18, 2007 (which would have been Boyle's 72nd birthday), his friend Bruce Springsteen dedicated "Meeting Across the River" to Boyle during a Madison Square Garden concert with the E Street Band in New York. Springsteen segued into "Jungleland" in memory of Boyle, stating: "An old friend died a while back – we met him when we first came to New York City... Today would have been his birthday."

After Boyle died, his widow Loraine Alterman Boyle established the Peter Boyle Memorial Fund in support of the International Myeloma Foundation (IMF). Boyle's closest friends, family, and co-stars have since gathered yearly for a comedy celebration fundraiser in Los Angeles. Acting as a tribute to Boyle, the annual event is hosted by Ray Romano and has included performances by many comedic veterans including Dana Carvey, Fred Willard, Martin Mull, Richard Lewis, Kevin James, Jeff Garlin, and Martin Short. Performances typically revolve around Boyle's life, recalling favorite moments with the actor. The comedy celebration has been noted as the most successful fundraiser in IMF history. The first event held in 2007 raised over $550,000, while the following year over $600,000 were raised for the Peter Boyle Memorial Fund in support of the IMF's research programs.

He was interred at Green River Cemetery in Springs, New York.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

Emmy Awards (Primetime)

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Other Accolades

References

External links

 MSNBC.com (December 13, 2006): The Daily Nightly: "Remembering Uncle Pete", by Clare Duffy, NBC Nightly News Producer

1935 births
2006 deaths
People from Norristown, Pennsylvania
Male actors from Pennsylvania
Catholics from Pennsylvania
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Primetime Emmy Award winners
La Salle University alumni
United States Navy officers
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male voice actors
American male comedy actors
Burials at Green River Cemetery
American people of Irish descent
American people of French descent
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

Peter Boyle


El FC Dinamo Batumi es un club de fútbol georgiano de la ciudad de Batumi. Fue fundado en 1923 y juega en la Umaglesi Liga.

Estadio

Jugadores

Plantilla 2020/21

Palmarés

Torneos nacionales

Era Soviética
 Liga Soviética de Georgia (2):1938, 1940

Era Independiente
 Erovnuli Liga (1): 2021
 Copa de Georgia (1):1998
 Supercopa de Georgia (2):1998, 2022

Participación en competiciones de la UEFA

Enlaces externos

FC Dinamo Batumi

FC Dinamo Batumi


جادا كورين بينكيت سميث  (مواليد 18 سبتمبر 1971 –) هي ممثلة، وكاتبة أغاني أمريكية من أصول أفريقية. وهي زوجة الممثل الشهير ويل سميث. وابنها هو جيدن سميث، وابنتها هي ويلو سميث.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
أصحاب أعمال أفارقة أمريكيون
أمريكيون من أصل بربادوسي
أمريكيون من أصل برتغالي
أمريكيون من أصل جامايكي
أمريكيون من أصل يهودي
حائزون على جائزة أكاديمية الفنون والعلوم التفاعلية
خريجو جامعة كارولاينا الشمالية
سيدات أعمال أمريكيات
كتاب أغان من كاليفورنيا
كوميديات أمريكيات
كوميديون أمريكيون في القرن 20
كوميديون أمريكيون في القرن 21
كوميديون من ماريلند
مسيرون رياضيون أفارقة أمريكيون
مسيرون رياضيون أمريكيون
مصابون بمرض مناعي ذاتي
مغنو روك أفارقة أمريكيون
مغنو ميتال أمريكيون
مغنو نيو ميتال
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مغنون من لوس أنجلوس
مغنون من ماريلند
مغنون وكتاب أغان أفارقة أمريكيون
مغنون وكتاب أغان من كاليفورنيا
مغنون وكتاب أغان من ماريلند
مغنون ومغنيات وكتاب أغان أمريكيون
مغنيات أمريكيات إفريقيات
مغنيات أمريكيات إفريقيات في القرن 21
مغنيات أمريكيات في القرن 20
مغنيات أمريكيات في القرن 21
مغنيات روك أمريكيات
مغنيات هيفي ميتال
مغنيات هيفي ميتال أمريكيات
مغنيات وكاتبات أغان أمريكيات
مغنيات وكاتبات أغاني إفريقيات أمريكيات
ملاك فيلادلفيا سفنتي سيكسرز
ممثلات أداء صوتي أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات إفريقيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات من بالتيمور
ممثلات من لوس أنجلوس
ممثلون أمريكيون من ولاية ماريلند
منتجات أفلام أمريكيات
منتجات تلفزيون
منتجات تلفزيون أمريكيات
منتجو أفلام أمريكيون
منتجو تلفزيون من كاليفورنيا
منتجون سينمائيون أمريكيون أفارقة
مواليد 1971
مواليد في بالتيمور (ماريلاند)
موسيقيون من بالتيمور
ويل سميث

جادا بينكيت سميث


Ellen Louise Shulman Baker, M.D., M.P.H. (born April 27, 1953) is an American physician and a former NASA astronaut. Baker is a veteran of three shuttle flights and logged more than 686 hours in space. Baker served as Chief of the Education/Medical Branch of the NASA Astronaut Office until her retirement in 2011 after more than 30 years of service to NASA.

Family
The daughter of physician Mel and politician Claire Shulman, she was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, but raised in New York City. She is married to Kenneth J. Baker. They have two daughters: Karen Sarah and Meredith Claire.

Education
Baker graduated from:
 Bayside High School in Queens in 1970.
 University at Buffalo, Bachelor of Arts degree in geology in 1974
 Cornell University, doctorate in medicine in 1978
 University of Texas School of Public Health, Master's Degree in Public Health in 1994

Medical career
After completing medical school, Baker trained in internal medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. In 1981, after three years of residency training in internal medicine, she was certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine.

NASA career
In 1981, following her parents, Baker joined NASA as a medical officer at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. That same year, she graduated from the Air Force Aerospace Medicine Course at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. Prior to her selection as an astronaut candidate, she served as a physician in the Flight Medicine Clinic at the Johnson Space Center. Selected by NASA in May 1984, Baker became an astronaut in June 1985. Since then, she has had a variety of jobs at NASA in support of the Space Shuttle program and Space Station development. She was a mission specialist on STS-34 in 1989, STS-50 in 1992, and STS-71 in 1995 and has logged over 686 hours in space. She then served as Chief of the Astronaut Office Education/Medical Branch.

Spaceflight experience

STS-34 Atlantis (October 18–23, 1989) launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California. During the mission, the crew deployed the Galileo probe to explore Jupiter, operated the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SSBUV) to map atmospheric ozone, conducted several medical experiments, and numerous scientific experiments. Mission objectives were accomplished in 79 orbits of the Earth, traveling 1.8 million miles in 119 hours and 41 minutes.

STS-50 Columbia (June 25, 1992 – July 9, 1992) launched and landed at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. STS-50 was the first flight of the United States Microgravity Laboratory and the first Extended Duration Orbiter flight. Over a two-week period, the crew conducted scientific experiments involving crystal growth, fluid physics, fluid dynamics, biological science, and combustion science. Mission objectives were accomplished in 221 orbits of the Earth, traveling 5.7 million miles in 331 hours 30 seconds and 4 minutes in space.

STS-71 Atlantis (June 27 – July 7, 1995) launched from the Kennedy Space Center with a seven-member crew and returned there with an eight-member crew. STS-71 was the first Space Shuttle mission to dock with the Russian Space Station Mir, and involved an exchange of crews. The Atlantis Space Shuttle was modified to carry a docking system compatible with the Russian Mir Space Station. It also carried a Spacelab module in the payload bay in which the crew performed various life sciences experiments and data collections. Mission accomplished in 153 orbits of the Earth, traveling 4.1 million miles in 235 hours and 23 minutes.

References

External links

Ellen Baker's NASA biography
Spacefacts biography of Ellen S. Baker

1953 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
Women astronauts
Weill Cornell Medical College alumni
People from Fayetteville, North Carolina
University at Buffalo alumni
Physician astronauts
Physicians from North Carolina
People from Bayside, Queens
NASA civilian astronauts
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston alumni
Bayside High School (Queens) alumni
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Jewish physicians
20th-century American women physicians
20th-century American physicians
21st-century American women physicians
21st-century American physicians
Mir crew members
21st-century American Jews

Ellen S. Baker


O Grupo de Oujda ou clã de Oujda foi um grupo de oficiais militares e políticos na Argélia que operou durante a Guerra da Independência (1954-1962). Na sequência da independência da Argélia, o grupo de Oujda dominou a política argelina após a crise argelina do verão de 1962.

História
O grupo de Oujda foi formado em torno do coronel Houari Boumédiène, destacado na cidade marroquina de Oujda. Mais tarde, ele se tornaria chefe de gabinete do Armée de libération nationale (ALN), que era o braço armado da Frente de Libertação Nacional (FLN), a principal organização nacionalista que lutava contra o controle colonial francês sobre a Argélia.

Como chefe de gabinete, Boumédiène entrou em conflito com o governo no exílio da FLN, o Governo Provisório da República Argelina (GPRA), que no final da guerra tentou destitui-lo. Ele então apoiou uma aliança de políticos da FLN contra o governo provisório pós-independência do GPRA e marchou com o Armée de libération nationale em direção a Argel para ocupá-la. O GPRA foi apoiado pelo Wilaya III (Kabylia) e pelo Wilaya IV (Algérois), e o grupo Oujda foi apoiado pelo exército de fronteira. O exército de fronteira derrotou o GPRA e entrou em Argel em 9 de setembro de 1962. Ahmed Ben Bella tornou-se presidente e Boumédiène ministro da Defesa. Nesta função, Boumédiène continuou a exercer uma poderosa influência sobre o regime, através do exército argelino. Para garantir seu domínio sobre o exército, ele começou a promover e apoiar seus velhos amigos e colegas dos anos Oujda. Esses homens e sua comitiva ficariam conhecidos como Grupo Oujda, formando uma poderosa facção pró-Boumédiène dentro das fileiras políticas e militares do estado de partido único, mas por sua vez dependente dele para seus cargos.

Após o aumento da tensão entre os dois homens e seus apoiadores, Ben Bella em 1965 confrontou Boumédiène ao tentar demitir seu colaborador próximo, o ministro das Relações Exteriores Abdelaziz Bouteflika, e ao anunciar que logo retribuiria responsabilidades dentro do exército. Boumédiène reagiu realizando um golpe militar, no qual Ben Bella "desapareceu" (anos depois, foi libertado após ter sido mantido isolado em prisão domiciliar) e assumindo pessoalmente o controle do país por meio de uma junta militar. Seus associados de Oujda agora se tornaram o pilar de seu regime, mas conforme Boumédiène aumentava seu poder, a maioria dos membros do clã foram gradualmente expurgados.

Ainda assim, uma "velha guarda" definida de forma mais geral, incluindo alguns dos homens de Oujda, continuaria a exercer influência após a morte de Boumédiène em 1978, sobre seu sucessor Chadli Bendjedid. Bendjedid conscientemente se esforçou para marginalizar esses homens e substituí-los por seus próprios partidários. Esta política tornou-se informalmente conhecida como desboumédiènização. O início da década de 1980, portanto, marcou o fim de tudo o que restava do clã de Oujda como uma facção (um tanto) coesa na política argelina, mesmo que os "conservadores" da FLN que favoreciam as políticas ao estilo de Boumédiène continuassem a desafiar Chadli por dentro até serem finalmente expurgados após os motins de outubro de 1988.

Em 1999, um velho fiel do clã de Oujda, o ex-ministro das Relações Exteriores Abdelaziz Bouteflika (que, coincidentemente, nasceu em Oujda), fez um retorno inesperado, vencendo as eleições presidenciais argelinas. Ele havia sido condenado por corrupção em 1981, logo após a tomada de poder de Chadli, no que foi considerado um dos passos mais importantes da desboumédiènização, e em 1983 foi para o exílio. Bouteflika foi reeleito para um segundo mandato em 2004 e, em seguida, para um terceiro mandato em 2009 e um quarto mandato em 2014.

História política da Argélia
Guerra de Independência Argelina

Clã de Oujda


{{Infookvir nogometni klub
| ime kluba          = Loznica
| slika              =
| puno ime           = Fudbalski klub Loznica
| nadimak            = Zeleno-beli
| godina osnivanja   = 1919.
| igralište          = Stadion Lagator, Loznica
| kapacitet stadiona =
| trener             =
| liga               = Prva liga
| sezona             = 2020./21.
| plasman            = 5.
| trenutačna sezona  =
| igrači             =
| pattern_la1= |pattern_b1= |pattern_ra1= |pattern_sh1= |pattern_so1=
| leftarm1= |body1= |rightarm1= |shorts1= |socks1=
| pattern_la2= |pattern_b2= |pattern_ra2= |pattern_sh2= |pattern_so2=
| leftarm2= |body2= |rightarm2= |shorts2= |socks2=
| pattern_la3= |pattern_b3= |pattern_ra3= |pattern_sh3= |pattern_so3=
| leftarm3= |body3= |rightarm3= |shorts3= |socks3=
}}

Fudbalski klub Loznica (srpski Фудбалски клуб Лозница), uobičajeno Loznica, FK Loznica je nogometni klub iz Loznice, Mačvanski okrug, Srbija.
U sezoni 2021./2022., nastupa u ligi drugog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Srbije.

 O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1919. godine pod nazivom Gučevo, a kasnije mijenja ime u LSK (Loznički sportski klub). Klub je u prvim desetljećima rada igrao uglavnom prijateljske utakmice s momčadima iz okolnih mjesta, najviše iz Bijeljine, Zvornika, Šapca i Valjeva. Za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata klub mijenja ime u FK Trgovački. Tada su lokalni rivali klubovi Srbadija (osnovana 1942.) i Gajret.  Po završetku rata, dolazi do obnove kluba pod nazivom Jadar, a kasnije konačno i FK Loznica. 1949. godine se osniva klub Proleter koji postaje dugogodišnji lokalni rival.
Najveći uspjeh klub postiže u devedesetim godinama 20. stoljeća, kada igra u tadašnjoj 1. B ligi SRJ. Također u sezoni 2015./16. klub je nastupao u Prvoj ligi Srbije''.

Uspjesi

FNRJ / SFRJ

SRJ / SiCG

Srbija
 Srpska liga – Zapad
 prvak: 2014./15.

 Zona Drina
 prvak: 2012./13.

 Zona Dunav
 prvak: 2007./08.

Poveznice
 službene stranice
 srbijasport.net, FK Loznica, profil kluba
 srbijasport.net, FK Loznica, rezultati po sezonama
 srbijafudbal.com, FK Loznica, profil kluba

Izvori
 fkloznica.rs, Istorija kluba, pristupljeno 20. travnja 2018.

Loznica

FK Loznica


Estonski povijesni muzej (est.: Eesti Ajaloomuuseum) povijesni je muzej u Tallinnu. Čuva više od 280 000 izložaka vezanih uz povijesni i kulturni razvoj Estonaca, Estonije, ali jednako tako i europskih i svjetskih kultura i civilizacija. Utemeljio ga je gradski ljekarnik Johann Burchart 19. veljače 1864. pod imenom »Domovinski muzej«, na temelju osobne zbirke. Sam Muzej objedinjuje nekoliko ustanova pa tako uklučuje Palaču Maarjamäe, Veliku cehovsku dvoranu, Filmski muzej te Muzej kazališta i glazbe.

Izvori

Građevine u Estoniji
Povijesni muzeji
Tallinn

Estonski povijesni muzej


فري ميوزك آرت برودكشن هي شركة تسجيلات موسيقية مشهورة، أسسها المنتج والمخرج نصر محروس في أواخر الثمانينيات وهو أحد أبرز المنتجين الموسيقيين في مصر وعرف عنه اكتشافه للمواهب الجديدة مثل شيرين عبد الوهاب وتامر حسني. أنتجت الشركة المئات من الأغاني العربية الناجحة منذ الثمانينات ولديها رصيد ضخم من الألبومات الموسيقية.

أفلام

 كابتن هيما - 25 يونيو 2008، قصة وإخراج: نصر محروس، سيناريو: أحمد عبد الفتاح، بطولة: تامر حسني، زينة، ميار وأحمد راتب.  وهو أول فيلم من إنتاج فري ميوزك بالاشتراك مع الشركة العربية للإنتاج

إخراج الفيديو كليب

 الحب الحقيقي- محمد فؤاد
 تعالالي- خالد عجاج
 وحداني- خالد عجاج
 ليه يا دنيا- خالد عجاج ومحمد منير
 ليه بيفكروني- محمد محي
 أنا بعشق البحر- محمد منير
 سو يا سو- محمد منير
 يا ترى- بهاء سلطان
 آه يا ليل- شيرين
 حبيبي وأنت بعيد - تامر حسني
 حب بابا- هاريدي
 بابا فين - فري بيبي
 متشكرين - حسن الأسمر
 قادر وتعملها - محمد محي
 دايماً على بالي - محمد محيي
 قرب حبيبي - تامر حسني
 صبري قليل- شيرين
 جرح تاني- شيرين
 حضن الغريب - تامر حسني
 دامت لمين- محمد رشدي
 قوم اوقف وأنت بتكلمني - بهاء سلطان
 ما بتفرحش- شيرين
 يعني اللي في عيني في عينيك- بهاء سلطان وسوما
 قطر الحياة- محمد رشدي
 لازم أعيش- شيرين
 مفيش مرة - شيرين
 عنية بتحبك - تامر حسني
 هتروح ما تروح- سوما
 كان زمان- بهاء سلطان
 الواد قلبو بيوجعو- بهاء سلطان
 هي دي - تامر حسني

الألبومات التي أصدرتها شركة فري ميوزك

 أمين سامي 1
 أمين سامي 2
 أمين سامي 3
 عاشق الساكس 1
 عاشق الساكس 2
 عاشق الساكس 3
 عاشق الساكس 4
 عاشق الساكس 5
 فري ميكس 1 1998
 فري ميكس 2 2000
 فري ميكس 3 2002
 فري ميكس 4 2004
 فري بيبي 2002
 محمد فؤاد – كاماننا
 محمد فؤاد – حيران
 محمد فؤاد – الحب الحقيقي
 خاد عجاج – أصعب حب
 خاد عجاج – وحشتني
 خاد عجاج – ولا دمعه
 خاد عجاج – وحداني
 محمد منير – في عشق البنات
 محمد منير – قلبي مساكن شعبية
 محمد محي – صورة ودمعة
 محمد محي – قادر وتعملها 2003
 بهاء سلطان - ياللي ماشي
 بهاء سلطان – تلات دقائق
 بهاء سلطان – قوم أوقف 2004
 بهاء سلطان – كان زمان 2006
 شيرين – جرح تاني 2003
 شيرين – لازم أعيش 2005
 تامر حسني – حب 2003
 تامر حسني – عنية بتحبك 2005
 تامر حسني– الجنة في بيتنا 2006
 تامر حسني – يا بنت الإيه 2007
 تامر حسني – قرب كمان 2008
 سوما – عيب عليك 2006

مصادر

شركات إنتاج فني
شركات تسجيلات
شركات مصرية

فري ميوزيك


Aceasta este o listă a obiectelor NGC cu numerele între 3001 și 4000. Lista cuprinde obiecte ce fac parte din conținutul New General Catalogue; alte obiecte pot fi găsite la pagina listei obiectelor NGC.

Datele furnizate în aceste tabele provin din the Historically Corrected New General Catalogue, corectat și revizuit de Dr. Wolfgang Steinicke.

3001-3100

3101-3200

3201-3300

3301-3400

3401-3500

3501-3600

3601-3700

3701-3800

3801-3900

3901-4000

Bibliografie
  NGC/IC Project

Referințe

Vezi și
 New General Catalogue
 Catalogul Messier

Note

Liste astronomie

Listă a obiectelor NGC (3001–4000)


بوتات الإنترنت ، تعرف أيضاً باسم الكريرات أو روبوتات الويب أو روبوتات الشبكة العالمية أو ببساطة بوتات، وهي برامج تقوم بعمل مهام تلقائية على الإنترنت. وعادة تقوم البوتات بإجراء مهام بسيطة ومركبة بصورة متكررة، بمعدل أعلى مما يمكن أن يقوم به الإنسان وحده. الاستعمال الأكبر للبوتات هو فهرسة صفحات الإنترنت، حيث يقوم برنامج بجلب وتحليل المعلومات من خوادم الويب تلقائياً بسرعة أعلى من سرعة الحاسوب، كل خادم بالإمكان احتوائه على ملف يسمى robots.txt، يحتوي على قواعد لفهرسة هذا الخادم وعلى البوت طاعتها، هذا الملف هو ببساطة نص يذكر القواعد التي تحكم سلوك البوت على ذلك الخادم.

البوتات السيئة
الروبوت السيئ  هو برنامج آلي ذو غرض ضار. يُسبب ضررًا بالمستخدمين الحقيقيين تكون هذه هجمات هذهِ البوتات أكثر خطورة، بحيث يتم كشف معلومات الأشخاص من مواقع الويب لاقتحام حساباتهم أو تسريب بياناتهم الحساسة. غالبًا ما تتصرف الروبوتات السيئة مثل الأشخاص الحقيقيين أو البرامج العادية غير الضارة، ونتيجةً لذلك، فقد أصبحت شائعة بشكل مثير للصدمة على الرغم من عدم احتلالها عناوين الأخبار كما تفعل بعض الهجمات الأخرى.

في عام 2022 أكدَّ فريق شركة  أن 27.7٪ من حركة المرور على الإنترنت تَمَّت بواسطة روبوتات سيئة. وصَرَّحَ الفريق: «أصبحت هذه الروبوتات السيئة الآن أكثر تقدمًا ومراوغة من أي وقت مضى، حيث تحاكي السلوك البشري بطرق تجعل اكتشافها ومنعها أكثر صعوبة» وأضافت المخاطر التي تسببت بها هذه البرامج.

تطوير البوتات الاجتماعية

إن بوتات الشبكات الاجتماعية عبارة عن مجموعات من الخوارزميات التي تتولى واجبات مجموعات التعليمات المتكررة من أجل إنشاء خدمة أو اتصال بين مستخدمي الشبكات الاجتماعية. تختلف التصميمات المختلفة لبوتات التتبع الشبكية من برامج الدردشة، والخوارزميات المصممة للتحاور مع مستخدم بشري، إلى البوتات الاجتماعية، الخوارزميات المصممة لتقليد السلوكيات البشرية للتحدث مع الأنماط السلوكية المشابهة لنمط المستخدم البشري.

مراجع

بوت إنترنت


Bahrenfleth, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 14,77 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Mart 2010 itibarıyla 613 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Harm Früchtenicht tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-krempermarsch.de

Kaynakça

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Bahrenfleth


An Guarianthe bowringiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni O'brien, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Louis Dressler och Wesley Ervin Higgins. An Guarianthe bowringiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Guarianthe, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Guarianthe

Guarianthe bowringiana


Nacionalni park Vezuv () je talijanski nacionalni park sa središtem na aktivnom vulkanu Vezuvu, jugoistočno od Napulja. Park je osnovan 5. lipnja 1995. godine i prostire se na površini od oko 135 km2, a sve se nalazi unutar pokrajine Napulj.

U središtu je aktivni vulkan i njegov najstariji (sada neaktivni) krater, Monte Somma. U njemu se nalazi 612 vrsta biljki i 227 vrsta životinja.

Povezani članci
 Pompeji
 Herkulanej
 Boscoreale
 Boscotrecase
 Ercolano
 Massa di Somma
 Ottaviano
 Pollena Trocchia
 San Giuseppe Vesuviano
 San Sebastiano al Vesuvio
 Sant'Anastasia
 Somma Vesuviana
 Terzigno
 Torre Annunziata
 Torre del Greco
 Trecase

Reference

Vanjske poveznice

 Stranice Uprave parka na Parks.it

Vezuv

Nacionalni park Vezuv