Dolce & Gabbana (), also known by initials D&G, is an Italian luxury fashion house founded in 1985 in Legnano by Italian designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana. The house specializes in ready-to-wear, handbags, accessories, and cosmetics and licenses its name and branding to Luxottica for eyewear.

History

Early history
Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana met each other in 1982 in a Milan club. They had previously designed for the fashion brand of Giorgio Correggiari. In 1983, they established a design consulting studio "Dolce & Gabbana". They presented their first women's collection in 1985 in Milan, where a year later their store would open its doors. The SS 1986 collection was titled Geometrissimo and was debuted alongside five other up-and-coming Italian labels as part of Milan Fashion Week. Dolce and Gabbana did not have enough money to hire models or provide them with accessories, so they sought help from their friends. Their friends served as models and wore their personal items to accessorize the clothing. A bed sheet from Dolce's home was used as their stage curtain.

In March 1986, Dolce & Gabbana released their first self-produced collection Woman FW 1986/1987 entitled Donne Vere/Real Women. The name of the collection was due in part to the participation of local women as models on the runway. Sales from their first collection were disappointing enough for Gabbana to cancel the fabric order they'd put in to create their second collection. However, Dolce's family offered to help meet their costs when the two visited them in Sicily over Christmas, while incidentally, the fabric company did not receive the cancellation notice in time so the fabric was ready for them back in Milan upon their return.

In 1987, Dolce & Gabbana presented the Women's SS 1988 fashion show entitled Il Gattopardo/The Leopard line, and in 1989 they began designing underwear and swimming costumes. Dolce & Gabbana started to export their products to Japan and other countries including the United States, where they founded their own showroom in 1990. In 1990, the same year they presented their men's collection for 1991/1992, they also launched their first perfume Dolce & Gabbana. D&G won the Woolmark award in 1991, and Perfume's Academy "Most Feminine Flavor of the Year" in 1993 for their fragrance Dolce & Gabbana Parfum. By the end of the 1990s, the company's revenues were around US$500 million and in 2003 their revenue reached $633 million. By 2005, their turnover was €600 million.

In 1990 the brand opened its first women's boutique in Via Sant'Andrea, Milan. Michael Gross wrote of their third collection in a 1992 interview, "They were a secret known only to a handful of Italian fashion editors. Their few models changed behind a rickety screen. They called their collection of T-shirt-cotton and elastic-silk pieces, Transformation." The clothing in this collection came with instructions on the seven different ways a piece could be worn in an outfit, as the wearer could use Velcro and snaps to alter the clothing's form.

Their fourth collection was the first to make a significant impact on the Italian fashion market. In this collection, Dolce drew upon his Sicilian roots. The collection's advertising campaign was shot by photographer Ferdinando Scianna in Sicily, and featured Dutch model Marpessa Hennink in black and white pictures inspired by the Italian cinema of the 1940s. They continued the use of Italian cinema as inspiration in their fifth collection, drawing on the work of filmmaker Luchino Visconti and his film The Leopard.

One of the pieces from their fourth collection was labeled "The Sicilian Dress" by the fashion press, and was named by author Hal Rubenstein as one of the 100 most important dresses ever designed. It is considered to be the most representative piece of this era for the brand. Rubenstein described the piece in 2012 by writing, "The Sicilian dress is the essence of Dolce & Gabbana, the brand's sartorial touchstone. The dress takes its cue from a slip—but it's a slip that's adorned Anna Magnani, and it's a silhouette that has graced Anita Ekberg, Sophia Loren, [and so forth]. The straps fit tight to the body just as bra straps would; the neckline runs straight across but gets waylaid at least twice, once on each side to caress each breast and in the middle to meet an uplifting tuck that's giving a gentle push up. The slip doesn't just slide down, but comes in at the waist to hold the figure firmly but not too tightly and then widens to emphasise the hips, only to fall with a slight taper at the knees to guarantee that the hips will sway when the wearer walks."

1980s and 1990s

In 1987, the two launched a separate knitwear collection line and in 1989, they started designing a lingerie line and a beachwear line. Two years later, they launched their leopard line. In 1989, Dolce & Gabbana opened their first store in Japan in partnership with Kashiyama Co. They started to export their products to the United States, where they founded their own showroom in 1990. In 1992, the same year that they presented their men's collection, they also launched the first "Dolce & Gabbana Pour Femme", produced and distributed by Euroitalia.

They won an "Oscar des Parfums" for best male perfume in 1996 from the French Parfum Academy, the first time ever that the title has been awarded to an Italian brand. Towards the end of the 1990s their sales were around $500 million and in 2003 alone, their revenue reached $633.2 million.

In 1990, they launched their first men's collection. That year, they also moved the design house into its first official offices and began to design gowns and other more expensive pieces in addition to their original clothing. Their 1990 Spring/Summer women's collection referenced the mythological painting of Raphael, and the duo began to build a reputation for crystal-encrusted clothing. The 1991 Fall/Winter women's collection was also adorned by trinkets, including filigree medals and embellished corsets. The 1992 Fall/Winter women's collection was then inspired by the silver screen of the 1950s, though the collection still included crystal embellished body suits.

In 1991, their men's collection was awarded the Woolmark Award for the most innovative men's collection of the year. What is considered to be their first foray into international recognition came when Madonna wore a corset made of gemstones and an accompanying jacket from Dolce & Gabbana at the 1991 New York City premiere of Truth or Dare: In Bed with Madonna. The duo then partnered with Madonna in 1993 to design over 1500 costumes for the artist's Girlie Show international tour in support of her 1992 album Erotica. In an interview about the costumes, Madonna stated that, "Their clothes are sexy with a sense of humor—like me." In 1994, the house's trademark double-breasted jacket was named "La Turlington" after model Christy Turlington. That same year the company launched its second main line—D&G, a line aimed at younger individuals. In 1996 the D&G runway show was streamed only on the Internet and not the runway, in an experimental move towards new media. That year Dolce & Gabbana also designed the costumes for the film Romeo + Juliet.

In the film industry, both Dolce & Gabbana appeared in the 1995 film The Star Maker (L'Uomo delle Stelle) by director Giuseppe Tornatore, playing minor roles as extras. They appeared in more significant cameo roles in Rob Marshall's film-adaptation of Nine. As stylists, they also worked on the music video Girl Panic! by Duran Duran.

In terms of market expansion, in 1989 Dolce & Gabbana signed an agreement with the Kashiyama group to open their first boutique in Japan. They released their first fragrance for women in 1992, called "Dolce & Gabbana Pour Femme", which was awarded the Perfume Academy's 1993 award for best feminine fragrance of the year. Their first male fragrance, "Dolce & Gabbana pour Homme", was the recipient of the best masculine fragrance of the year award from the same Academy in 1995. That year Dolce & Gabbana's collections caused a controversy with the British and Italian press, when they selected the American gangster motif as inspiration for their work. Dolce & Gabbana transposed this Fall/Winter 1995 inspiration onto women's wear, which critics stated brought an erotic edge to the clothing. The duo had used the motif before in 1992 when photographer Steven Meisel shot an ad campaign for the house in which the models posed in "gangster chic". This included wide-lapelled 1930s style coats and black leather caps.

Author Nirupama Pundir stated that, "Dolce & Gabbana, with their superfeminine and fantastical style, broke away from the serious and sober-minded fashions that dominated during much of the Nineties."

2000s
Dolce & Gabbana continued to work with Madonna, designing the costumes for her Drowned World Tour in 2001, in support of her 2000 album Music. They also designed costumes for the international tours of Missy Elliott, Beyoncé, and Mary J. Blige. In 1999, the duo appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in support of singer Whitney Houston, who used the show to debut the Dolce & Gabbana designed costumes for her My Love Is Your Love tour, considered by fashion and music critics to be unusually risqué. The duo continued to design costumes for musical artists through the 2000s, including the costumes for Kylie Minogue's Showgirl Homecoming tour. Madonna also participated in Dolce & Gabbana's 2010 advertising campaigns.

In the 2000s, Dolce & Gabbana took a great deal of inspiration from the sport of football as well. In 2003 the men's line took its main inspiration from the world's great football stars. Other forms of art began taking inspirations from Dolce & Gabbana too. In 2003 dance music artist Frankie Knuckles said that the fashion house was a "great barometer" for trends in both fashion and music. As for their impact on the design world, in 2002 the corsets that were a key part of Dolce & Gabbana's early designs were revived by many of Europe's main designers as a trend. In recent years Dolce & Gabbana has begun holding private viewings of their new collections for buyers, in order to sell their collections before they become public and to pre-empt the copying of their designs by fast fashion companies.

By 2005 their turnover was €597 million. In 2006, the company started a new journey in accessories and leather goods for men and women. The company also ventured into cosmetics, with Scarlett Johansson as the face of the advertising campaign.

In 2006, the brand launched an ad campaign showing two men wearing D&G kissing, which received controversial criticism by conservatives. As the Guardian cited The ASA (Advertising Standards Authority) of Italy: "We did not consider that a kiss between two men automatically made an ad unacceptable for broadcast… "

2010s

In 2012, D&G was merged with Dolce & Gabbana in order to strengthen the main line. The final independent D&G collection was the Spring/Summer 2012 collection shown in September 2011. The New Yorker published in 2005 that, "Dolce and Gabbana are becoming to the two-thousands what Prada was to the nineteen-nineties and Armani was to the nineteen-eighties—gli stilisti whose sensibility defines the decade." As for personal awards, in both 1996 and 1997 Dolce & Gabbana were named by FHM as the designers of the year. In 2003 GQ Magazine named Dolce & Gabbana among their "Men of the Year". The following year readers of British Elle voted Dolce & Gabbana the best international designers at the 2004 Elle Style Awards. Dolce & Gabbana celebrated the 20th anniversary of their brand on 19 June 2010 at the Piazza della la Scala and Palazzo Marino in Milan. A public exhibition was also held the following day that included a room in which several dozen televisions were piled haphazardly upon each other, each showing a different collection from the design house's twenty-year history.

In 2019, Dolce & Gabbana extended its size range up to UK 22. While all luxury fashion houses cater to women of sizes up to UK 16, the Italian label was one of the first to move in the direction of body positivity and more inclusivity for women.

2020s
In September 2021, Dolce & Gabbana issued its first NFT collection "Collezione Genesi NFT", a nine-piece assembly of NFT tokens, created in collaboration with the digital marketplace UNXD. The collection was sold for 1,885.719 Ether, an equivalent of nearly $5.7 million at the time of the purchase. Five of the pieces were physical creations while the other four pieces were purely digital, having been constructed by UNXD using the Polygon blockchain. The collection included various virtual art items such as "Glass Suit", "Impossible Tiara" and others. As the New York Times and Vogue reported, "it was possibly the first NFT collection created by a major fashion house".

The company worked with the British- American designer Harris Reed to present Somali model Iman Abdulmajid at the 2021 Met Gala fashion event held annually for the benefit of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute in New York City. Harper's Bazaar cites Reed: "fashion has a responsibility "to spark conversation in relation to the injustices that are happening within society today." Iman, who famously faced down institutional racism as a model and founded a line of cosmetics for women of color in 1994, seemed the perfect fit to join the two brands in a collaborative, red carpet statement."

In 2022, Dolce & Gabbana joined forces with the South Korean designer Sohee Park (also known as Miss Sohee) to present her first Fashion Week runway show during the Fall/Winter 2022 season in Milan.

Dolce & Gabbana has a long history of co-branding with various Italian brands. Among notable examples are collaborations with Baci Perugina, an Italian chocolatier, Fiasconaro confectionery, Murano glass company Barovier & Toso, Mian, I Dogi, Venini, Barbini, Salviati, and Tessiture Bevilacqua among many others.

Brands

Dolce & Gabbana had two central lines (D&G and Dolce&Gabbana) until 2012, when the lines merged under the label Dolce & Gabbana.

Dolce&Gabbana
Dolce&Gabbana (spelled without spaces, unlike the name of the company) specialises in luxury items inspired by high-designs and is more formal and 'timeless', responding to long-term trends as well as seasonal changes.
In February 2010, it was announced that American singer Madonna would design a collection of sunglasses titled MDG, set to be released in May of that year.
It also offers fragrances for men and women. An example is 'The One' which is a perfume by Dolce&Gabbana.

D&G
D&G was the younger, more flamboyant diffusion line of the brand. Unlike Dolce&Gabbana, D&G sold watches as well as clothing: watches were manufactured by Naloni and Binda Group. In 2011, Dolce & Gabbana decided to discontinue the D&G line in order to put "more strength and energy" into their other collections.

Other lines
Dolce & Gabbana created a bridal collection, but only between 1992 and 1998. The Dolce & Gabbana Home Collection—started in 1994—was also discontinued in 1999, with the exception of unique pieces being created for D&G premises. The first women's beachwear collection was developed in 1989, followed by the first men's beachwear collection in 1992. D&G launched an eyewear line in 1998 and a timepieces line in 2000. That same year D&G launched both a men's and women's underwear collection, separate from their Dolce & Gabbana lingerie collection. In 2001 they launched the D&G Junior line for children. In 2006 the duo launched the Anamalier line of leopard print accessories for women, and in 2007 they launched a line of crocodile travel cases for men. Other bags produced by the house include the Miss Sicily tote bag, and the "Dolce" bag, offered in straw and leather.

In 2009, they launched their first line of color cosmetics, with Scarlett Johansson as the face of the advertising campaign. Dolce & Gabbana launched its first line of fine jewellery in late 2011 with an 80-piece line including bejewelled rosaries, charm bracelets, and necklaces. They later launched a fine jewellery collection for men. Dolce & Gabbana have received several awards for their fragrances, as was described in the above sections. Their current fragrances include: "The One", "Sport", "Light Blue", "Dolce", "Classic", "Sicily", "The One Rose", and the original scents "Pour Homme" and "Parfum". On 16 October 2014, the company announced that Colin Farrell would be the face of their new fragrance called "Intenso."

Internet
Dolce & Gabbana made the "DG" logo an instantly recognizable symbol, but they were never able to get the matching internet address DG.com. DG.com is one of the oldest Internet domains and was registered in 1986 by the computer company Data General, now defunct. After that company closed in 1999, the url went to EMC before Dollar General purchased it in 2010 after a bidding war with Dolce & Gabbana.

Dolce & Gabbana Casa
Previewed in August 2021 in Venice on the occasion of the Alta Moda events, the first Dolce&Gabbana Casa Collection showcased four themes for the interior brand - Leo, Zebra, Blu Mediterraneo and Carretto and included various furnitures and interior accessories such as table ornamentals, chandeliers, cabinetry, textiles, and other home decor items. The Casa brand was represented by artisanship items made in collaboration with the Italian masters, and especially, the Venitian experts of furniture handcraft - Murano glass company Barovier & Toso, Mian, I Dogi, Venini, Barbini, Salviati, Tessiture Bevilacqua - who have made their procedural knowledge available to the company. As of March 2022, the Casa brand collection was mostly distributed online.
As Prestige Magazine noted:
"To complement the various backdrops, the designers partnered with famous Murano glass company Barovier & Toso to create spectacular installations like the five chandeliers inspired by D&G's leopard pattern. Each chandelier measured over 5m in height and featured 56 lights, with leopard decorations and black rostrato (spiked) effects. About 20,000 pieces of hand-blown glass were required to build these works of art..."

Alta Moda

Alta Moda was launched in 2012, inspired by Giovanni Battista Giorgini's efforts to promote Italian fashion and Made in Italy brands abroad. Over the years, the concept behind the project's idea of couture was to pay a tribute to the Italian domestic artisanship in all its expressions and to its tailoring tradition. Since its first runway show, Dolce&Gabbana has presented new collections discovering renowned Italian landmarks such as Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Piazza San Marco in Venice or Temple of Concordia, Agrigento.

The main lines of the Alta Moda:
Alta Moda – Women's line
Alta Sartoria – Men's line
Alta Gioielleria – Men's and Women's line
Alta Orologeria – Men's and Women's line

Timeline
July 2012 – Taormina. The first Dolce & Gabbana Alta Moda presentation takes place in Taormina, Sicily, and is consisted of 73 designs that highlighted the Italian artisanship. The show began with a launch of Bellini's Bel Canto opera Norma in the ancient Roman amphitheater, followed by the event next day in the former monastery of San Domenico. The first autumn/winter collection was made in keeping with the traditions of Sicilian historical periods, including modern adaptation of Luchino Visconti's The Leopard (1963 film) radiating the changes in Sicilian life and society during the Risorgimento.
2013 – Milan/Venice. Dolce&Gabbana presents its first Alta Moda in Milan. The Collection was influenced by the symbols of the city. Dolce&Gabbana presented its third Alta Moda Collection in the frescoed halls of the historic Palazzo Barbaro in Venice overlooking the Grand Canal. The collection event was in part influenced by Byzantine and Venetian cathedral mosaics. The fashion show was followed by a masked ball inside another historic Venetian palace - Palazzo Pisani Moretta.
2014 – Milan/Capri. Impressionist and Modern Art Collections were demonstrated in La Scala, Milan's 18th-century opera house with the flower style designs. Dolce&Gabbana presented the Alta Moda Collection on the island of Capri.
2015 – Milan/Portofin. Dolce&Gabbana presented the Alta Moda Collection in the Toscanini foyer of Teatro alla Scala . Alta Sartoria and Alta Gioielleria Collection amplified couture line for men and women upheld in the Palazzo Labus, a 17th-century building in Corso Venezia, followed by the new Alta Moda, Alta Sartoria and Alta Gioielleria Collections during a 4-day event in Portofino in July. The Portofino collection was influenced by William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream and became one of the designers' biggest productions with 94 models and 80 performers taking part in the show.
2016 – Milan/Naples. Alta Moda in Milan was dedicated to Elvira Leonardi Bouyeure, a notable Italian fashion designer and couturier of the post-war period who lived in the same city. The events started with the presentation of the Alta Gioielleria inside the Alta Moda Salons of Via Senato. The following day, the historic Palazzo Labus hosted the Alta Sartoria fashion show. The collection included lines for men and women as well as "molto Italiano" - Alta Moda jewellery craftsmanship that reflected historic art influence, such as painted vistas of Venice. Milan's La Scala was the stage of the Alta Moda show: the clothes were influenced by the heroines of the operas of the composer Giacomo Puccini. Villa Pignatelli was the location for the presentation of the new Alta Gioielleria creations and Castel dell'Ovo was the setting for the Alta Sartoria fashion show.
2017 – Milan/Palermo. Alta Moda Milan fashion show took place inside the laboratories of Teatro alla Scala in Milan, former Ansaldo steelworks. The Alta Gioielleria creations were presented inside the Alta Moda Salons in Via Senato while, the stage of Teatro alla Scala hosted the Alta Sartoria fashion show; the collection was entirely dedicated to the Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi and his masterpieces. During the Men's show, were presented the first four examples of Alta Orologeria.
April 2017 – Tokyo, Japan and Beijing, China. On April 13, Dolce & Gabbana presented its Collection at the National Museum of Tokyo, a tribute to the Japanese culture and Italian tradition: Asian engravings and references to Renaissance painting, oriental and Baroque styles. One week later, the Peninsula Hotel in Beijing hosted the Alta Moda and Alta Sartoria fashion show dedicated to the Chinese arts culture.
July 2017 – Palermo. Alta Moda Palermo was held in Pretoria Square in the historical center of Palermo. Palazzo Gangi hosted the presentation of the new Women's Alta Gioielleria creations; for the first time, a Collection of Men's Alta Gioielleria pieces were showcased at Palazzo Mazzarino. The Alta Moda looks illuminated Piazza Pretoria, while the setting for the Alta Sartoria fashion show was the Cathedral of Monreale.
April 2018 – New York, USA + Mexico City, Mexico. Dolce&Gabbana brought the Grand Tour to New York, where the 4-day events opened with the presentation of the Alta Gioielleria Collection at the New York Public Library. The Alta Sartoria fashion show took place at the Rainbow Room of Rockefeller Center and the Alta Moda show was staged at the Metropolitan Opera House. A few days after the events in New York, Dolce&Gabbana presented an Alta Moda and Alta Sartoria fashion show in Mexico City at the Soumaya Museum; the main source of influence was painter Frida Kahlo's art.
2018 – Como/Milan. In 2018, the show was held on the shores of the lake Como. The presentation of the new Alta Gioielleria creations was held on the Steamship Concordia sailing towards Bellagio. The Alta Moda show took place at the Teresio Olivelli Park in Tremezzina. The collection was a tribute to the first historical novel of Italian literature, The Betrothed. Villa Carlotta was the location for the Alta Sartoria show. Among the top models who presented Alta Moda collection were Naomi Campbell, Eva Herzigova and Helena Christensen.
2019 – Agrigento/Milan. Alta Moda 2019 was first held in Agrigento, a city on the southern coast of Sicily with more than 400 guests visiting the show. The main event was the womenswear show Alta Moda. Another collection - the Alta Gioielleria - took place in a nearby town of Palma di Montechiaro, the birthplace of Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa. The event that took place in December 2019 in Milan featured a new menswear collection, which was held in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, a landmark historical library founded in 1609 by Milan's Archbishop, Cardinal Borromeo.
2020 – Florence. Due to Covid-19, Dolce & Gabbana held two online summer shows of Alta Moda in July 2020. There was also a single live three day event that happened in September 2020, while Alta Moda and Alta Sartoria were also presented online. The menswear collection Dolce & Gabbana Alta Sartoria was housed in the 12th-century Palazzo Vecchio and included such items as brocade velvet blazers, silk blouses and jewel-caked slippers.
2021 – Venice. In 2021, the show celebrated the 1600th anniversary of Venice founding in 421 AD. The event was run in several historical places of Venice: the Doge's Palace, the Venetian Arsenal, and the Rialto Bridge while the models were brought to the runways by gondolas.

Partnerships

Sports
Dolce & Gabbana has designed the on-field attire for A.C. Milan since 2004. In addition to having their on-field uniforms designed by Dolce & Gabbana, A.C. Milan players also dress in team-issued Dolce & Gabbana attire when at official functions off the field. The duo also designed the off-field suits for the Italy national football team. In 2010, Dolce & Gabbana signed a three-year deal with the Chelsea F.C. to design and provide the club's on- and off-field uniforms and attire. The deal included the creation of clothing for female staff members in addition to male staff members and the players themselves. The off-field outfits designed for the club included a dark blue suit featuring the lion symbol on the breast pocket. The designers also re-designed the club's director's lounge and main office reception area. Dolce & Gabbana were also the named sponsors of the Milano Thunder Italian Boxing Team.

Products
In 2006, Dolce & Gabbana partnered with Motorola to produce the Motorola V3i Dolce & Gabbana cellular phone. In 2009, Dolce & Gabbana partnered with Sony Ericsson to produce a version of its Jalou cellular phone line with 24-karat gold details and the logo of the design house emblazoned on the co-designed piece of technology. Dolce & Gabbana also partnered with Citroën to co-design a version of their C3 Pluriel vehicle. In 2010 Dolce & Gabbana partnered with Martini to produce a "gold edition" of its vermouth. In 2010, the design house then teamed with singer Madonna to release a co-designed line of sunglasses called MDG.

Advertising campaigns
The commercial for the first women fragrance of Dolce & Gabbana ran for several years in Italy, created by filmmaker Giuseppe Tornatore, scored by Ennio Morricone, and starred actress Monica Bellucci. The 30-second commercial begins with a man slapping an octopus against the stone ridges of a tide pool. He stands and looks around his surroundings at different women going about their daily lives. One woman (Bellucci) is seen changing into a 1950s-style bathing suit behind a white sheet being held up by two other women. After she changes, she tosses her bra atop a prickly pear cactus and walks towards the ocean. Later she is seen lying atop a well-made bed, and the man who saw her is standing outside her window, holding her bra up to his nose. The film closes with the image of the Dolce & Gabbana fragrance bottles against a black backdrop. In 2003, the Dolce & Gabbana perfume Sicily was advertised in another commercial about a Sicilian funeral, which was also directed by Giuseppe Tornatore.

Gisele Bündchen starred in the 2006 commercial for the fragrance "The One", featuring Bundchen in front of a vanity mirror being made up, with flashes of a mob of cameramen interspersed; she then puts on a golden dress, shoes, and a pair of D&G sunglasses. Photographers and filmmakers that have worked with Dolce & Gabbana on advertising campaigns have included Giampaolo Barbieri, Michel Comte, Fabrizio Ferri, Steven Klein, Steven Meisel, Mert + Marcus, Jean Baptiste Mondino, Ferdinando Scianna, Giampaolo Sgura, Mario Sorrenti, Sølve Sundsbø, Mario Testino, Giuseppe Tornatore, and Mariano Vivanco. Dolce & Gabbana have won two Leadawards for their campaigns from Germany's leading advertising awards. In 2004 they won for their Fall/Winter 2003/04 campaign and in 2006 they won for their Fall/Winter 2005/06 campaign.

Inspirations and style

Originally inspired by eclectic, thrift shop bohemian style, Dolce & Gabbana's deeply colored, animal prints have been described as "haute hippy dom" taking inspiration in particular from Italy's prestigious film history. "When we design it's like a movie (Domenico)," says Domenico Dolce. "We think of a story and we design the clothes to go with it (Domenico)." They claim to be more concerned about creating the best, most flattering clothes than sparking trends, once admitting that they wouldn't mind if their only contribution to fashion history was a black bra (Dolce & Gabbana 2007). Sicily and Sicilian culture is the most important style and identity of Dolce & Gabbana.

D & G trademarks include underwear-as-outerwear (such as corsets and bra fastenings), gangster boss pinstripe suits, and extravagantly printed coats. Meanwhile, their feminine collections are always backed by powerful ad campaigns, like the black-and-white ads featuring model Marpessa photographed by Ferdinando Scianna in 1987 (Dolce & Gabbana). "They find their way out of any black dress, any buttoned-up blouse (Domenico)," says Rossellini. "The first piece of theirs I wore was a white shirt, very chaste, but cut to make my breasts look as if they were bursting out of it (Domenico)."

Once dubbed the "Gilbert and George of Italian fashion", Dolce & Gabbana gave their fashion interests a musical turn in 1996, by recording their own single, in which they intoned the words "D&G is love" over a techno beat (Dolce & Gabbana 2011). Newer to the design game than other heavyweight Italian fashion houses such as Armani and Versace, the pair acknowledge that luck has played its part in their phenomenal success. By 1997, their company reported a turnover of €400 million, prompting both designers to announce that they planned to retire by the age of 40 – a promise they did not keep (Domenico).

After the designers spotted a Veneziano painting of Christ on the cross wearing a pair of their branded underwear briefs in the Venice Biennale, they commissioned the artist to do a portrait of them with the Madonna portrayed as the likeness of the chanteuse and performer Madonna Ciccone and the courtiers as two putti at her feet.

In January 2016, the company launched a high-end fashion range aimed at wealthy Muslim women featuring a collection of hijabs and abayas printed with daisies, lemons and roses.

Books
In addition to designing clothing, Dolce & Gabbana have co-authored nearly two dozen books featuring photographic narratives as well as collections of their own work. The proceeds of many of these books go to charities including the Children's Action Network and the Butterfly Onlus "école sans frontières" Foundation. The following is a bibliography of their literary works:

1996 - 10 Anni Dolce & Gabbana (A collection of the most important advertising and editorial images of the design house's first decade)
1997 - Wildness
1998 - Animal
2003 - Hollywood (Features over 100 photographs of the movie stars from the post-1985 era)
Calcio (Photographs of 44 soccer players, 3 teams, and 2 coaches)
A.C. Milan
2004 - Music (Features over 150 of globally recognised musicians)
20 Years Dolce & Gabbana (A chronological photographic history of each of the house's collections, using over 1000 photos)
2006 - Milan
2006 Italia (A book celebrating the 2006 World Cup title won by Italy)
2006 - Fashion Album (Contains over 400 images paying homage to the great fashion photographers of Dolce & Gabbana collections)
2007 - Secret Ceremony
Family (A book that focuses on the family as the center of a man's life)
The Good Shepherd (A book that illustrates the day of a common shephard, wearing Dolce & Gabbana clothing)
Milano Beach Soccer
2008 - Diamonds & Pearls
2010 - 20 Years of Dolce & Gabbana for Men
2011 - Icons 1990–2010
2011 - Fashion Shows 1990 – 2010
Nazionale Italiana: South Africa 2010 (A series of images starring the Italy National Football Team during the training sessions preceding the 2010 FIFA World Cup)
2011 - Uomini
Milan Fashion Soccer Players Portraits
2011 - David Gandy (A 280-page photographic coffee table book of images chronicling collaborations with British model David Gandy from 2006 to 2011)
2012 - Campioni
2013 - Lionel Andres Messi
2016 - Lin Dan
2017 - Generations: Millennials: The New Renaissance

Spaces and exhibitions
Dolce & Gabbana opened the La sede di via San Damiano atelier in September 1995. They opened a combined seven-floor boutique and corporate space Lo showroom di via Goldoni in 2002, moving from its prior main showroom at Piazza Umanitaria. In July 2006 Dolce & Gabbana then opened a 5,000 square foot show floor Lo showroom di via Broggi in Milan. The design house also bought the Il Metropol theatre in Milan, a historic cinema built in the 1940s. It was renovated and reopened in September 2005. In 2006 Dolce & Gabbana opened IL GOLD, an establishment with café, bar, bistro, and restaurant areas. This is followed by the opening of a co-sponsored drinking establishment the duo founded at their Milanese men's showroom called the Martini Bar in 2003. An additional Martini Bar was later opened at their Shanghai showroom in 2006. In 2009 Dolce & Gabbana had 93 boutiques and 11 factory outlets, and was sold in over 80 countries. In all they have 251 mono-brand stores.

In the United States standalone boutiques can be found in Bal Harbour, Beverly Hills, Chicago, Houston, Las Vegas, and New York City. Dolce & Gabbana also operates boutiques in other cities in select department stores: Nordstrom, Saks Fifth Avenue, Neiman Marcus, and Bergdorf Goodman.

In addition to developing runway shows and advertising campaigns for its collections, Dolce & Gabbana use their spaces to host photography and other art exhibitions. Soon after the opening of the Il Metropol, they hosted two exhibitions by artist Ron Arad in the lobby space: Blo-Glo between April 2006 and April 2007, and Bodyguards in late April 2007. They held photography exhibitions featuring the work of Enzo Sellerio in 2007 and Herbert List in 2008. In 2011 Dolce & Gabbana held an open house and architectural exhibition with Studio Piuarch showcasing the studio's various architectural designs and projects since 1996. Studio Piuarch built the Dolce & Gabbana headquarters in 2006, which was where the exhibition and open house was held.

Dolce & Gabbana also uses its spaces for book launches and photographic exhibitions of its own clothing, such as the book launch of their book David Gandy in 2011. They also use other spaces as well, such as the Palazzo della Ragione in Milan, where in May 2009 they staged a photographic exhibition of over 100 images selected from the history of US Vogue over its 90-year history. The exhibition was called Extreme Beauty in Vogue.

The company has production factories in Legnano and Incisa in Val d'Arno.

Controversies

Advertising

Following complaints from consumer groups in February 2007, Dolce & Gabbana pulled an advertisement in Spain that showed a man holding a woman to the ground by her wrists while a group of men look on. Spain's Labour and Social Affairs Ministry branded the campaign as illegal and humiliating to women, saying the woman's body position had no relation to the products Dolce & Gabbana was trying to sell. Italian publications followed suit, banning the ad. According to Debonair Magazine, «this Dolce & Gabbana advertisement has been criticized as a glorification of gang-rape. While one can never be sure of D&G's true intent, the company's penchant is for controversy.» When asked about the ad being banned in Spain, Dolce & Gabbana responded that the "Spaniards were a bit backward."

According to The Huffington Post UK, feminist writer Louise Pennington also commented on the image. She stated that, "This particular image is a representative of an increasingly misogynistic contraction of women in the fashion industry demonstrating very clear links between the fashion-beauty industry and the mainstreaming of pornography. Those who suggest this image is harmless fail to recognize the reality of rape culture and the dehumanization of women's bodies in our pornographic mainstream media."

Hong Kong photography ban

On January 5, 2012, it was reported that Hong Kong residents had been prevented from taking pictures of Dolce & Gabbana window displays in both their Hong Kong stores. In particular staff and security personnel at their flagship store on Canton Road asserted the pavement area outside was private property where photography was forbidden. The actions sparked protests spanning several days and gained international news coverage on 8 January. Citing the case of Zhou Jiugeng, a Nanjing official whose high-living lifestyle was identified by mainland Chinese internet users using photographs, local news reports speculated that the Dolce & Gabbana photo ban may have been imposed at the request of some wealthy Chinese government officials attempting to block details on the source of their wealth.

Dolce & Gabbana issued a formal apology to the people of Hong Kong from its Milan headquarters on 18 January 2012, confirming that it had no relation to the incident.

Gay adoption and in vitro fertilization
In an interview on 16 March 2015 issue of Italian magazine Panorama, Stefano Gabbana and Domenico Dolce caused controversy when they remarked, "We oppose gay adoptions. The only family is the traditional one." They also criticized in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and surrogacy by saying, "No chemical offspring and rented uterus: life has a natural flow, there are things that should not be changed."

Critics took to social media to voice their opposition, with the hashtag #BoycottDolceGabbana garnering 30,000 tweets on Twitter in five days. Celebrities, including Elton John, Madonna, Victoria Beckham, Ricky Martin, Martina Navratilova and Courtney Love, were among those expressing anger over the remarks.

According to Guardian, "in an interview in 2006, Gabbana revealed that he had approached a woman to be the mother of his baby but made it clear that he struggled with the idea of a same-sex family.
"I am opposed to the idea of a child growing up with two gay parents," he said. "A child needs a mother and a father. I could not imagine my childhood without my mother. I also believe that it is cruel to take a baby away from its mother."

More than 10,000 people signed an online petition calling for Macy's and Debenhams to stop stocking the brand in their department stores, until D&G retracted their statements and apologized. Protesters also gathered outside Dolce & Gabbana's flagship London shop calling for an international boycott of the luxury fashion store.

Dolce & Gabbana criticized calls for a boycott on their brand as "medieval" and called to boycott Elton John. During an interview with CNN, the pair said "they respected how people chose to live their lives, including the use of IVF, and said others should also respect differences in opinion. They also added that they could have expressed themselves using better language to the Italian magazine but appeared taken aback by the social media backlash. "

Shanghai event promotion video
In November 2018, Dolce & Gabbana released a series of videos on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter profiles, as well as its Sina Weibo account in China, featuring a Chinese model with her eye intentionally narrowed, dressed up in the brand's garments and accessories and clumsily attempting to use chopsticks to eat Italian food in a pretentious way. The video narratage is in Standard Mandarin with a hubristic and lecturing tone, while having sexually suggestive lines.

Social media users commented that it reflects Dolce & Gabbana's lack of understanding of Chinese culture and racism. Under the public pressure, D&G removed this series from its Sina Weibo whilst still keeping them on Instagram. Social media outcry was further exacerbated by a screen capture of racist comments alleged to have been made from the D&G co-founder Stefano Gabbana's Instagram account, Later Dolce & Gabbana claimed on Instagram that both the brand's and the designer's accounts had been hacked, also issuing a video where they apologized for the ads and asked for forgiveness from the Chinese people. "We have always been in love with China," Dolce said in the video. "We love your culture and we certainly have much to learn. That is why we are sorry if we made mistakes in the way we expressed ourselves." "We will never forget this experience and it will certainly never happen again," Gabbana said. "From the bottom of our hearts, we ask for forgiveness." Stefano Gabbana complained about removing the videos from the internet and called China the "Ignorant Dirty Smelling Mafia", adding that it was a "country of shit" and "feel inferiors" in the message. Later Dolce & Gabbana claimed on Instagram that both the brand's and the designer's accounts had been hacked.

Wang Junkai and Dilraba Dilmurat, both of whom served as the brand's celebrity ambassadors, severed their ties with the company. Other celebrities, including Zhang Ziyi, Li Bingbing and Chen Kun withdrew from the event. Ultimately, the show was cancelled by the brand.

Chinese e-commerce sites, including Alibaba and JD.com, removed the products of Dolce & Gabbana. The founders of Dolce & Gabbana apologized in a video on 23 November, which was posted on its Sina Weibo account, and also posted on Instagram and Facebook later. Throughout the video, the founders can be seen reading off a script from a teleprompter located on the right. At the end of the video, the founders were saying "对不起" (sorry) in Chinese. Meanwhile, the three videos were finally removed from the official Instagram account.

Legal issues
In May 2009, the Italian government charged Dolce & Gabbana with tax evasion for having moved assets of about 249 million euros to Luxembourg in the 2004–2006 period. On 19 June 2013, they were found guilty of failing to declare 1 billion euros ($1.3 billion) of income to authorities after moving their brand to Gado, a Luxembourg-based holding company. The court sentenced them both to one year and eight months in jail. Dolce & Gabbana filed an appeal. On 30 April 2014, a three judge panel overruled the appeal and decided to uphold the initial sentence. Finally, on 24 October 2014, both Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana were found not guilty of tax evasion by the Italian Court of Justice.

Following the cancellation of their 2018 show in China, Dolce and Gabbana filed a lawsuit against fashion watchdog Diet Prada, claiming defamation by the bloggers who reposted anti-Asian comments made by one of their designers. The $USD600m claim argued that the Instagram account was responsible for encouraging public backlash, the cancellation of their show and loss of business. In the lawsuit, the petitioners once again claimed that their Instagram account was hacked and then publicly apologized for the incident. The loss of business in question includes Chinese retailer Yangmatou taking down 58,000 Dolce and Gabbana products from their store. Luxury western retailers, such as Net-a-Porter, also removed them from their brand list. Fashion Law Institute lawyers are defending the Diet Prada founders.

References

Further reading

"Dolce & Gabbana." The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Fashion and Fashion Designers. London: Thames & Hudson, 2007. Credo Reference. Web. 29 November 2011.
"Gabbana, Stefano." Marquis Who's Who in the World. New Providence: Marquis Who's Who LLC, 2011. Credo Reference. Web. 29 November 2011.
"Gabbana, Stefano." The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Fashion and Fashion Designers. London: Thames & Hudson, 2007. Credo Reference. Web. 29 November 2011.
"Domenico Dolce Quotes – Swide Magazine ." Swide Magazine by Dolce&Gabbana. Swide Magazine, 2 June 2011. Web. 29 November 2011.
"Dolce & Gabbana – Biography on Bio." Bio: Shows, Video, TV Schedule and More on Bio. AETN UK. Web. 29 November 2011.

External links

Dolce & Gabbana on FASHION NET

Clothing brands of Italy
Shoe companies of Italy
High fashion brands
Luxury brands
Fashion accessory companies
Companies based in Milan
Retail companies established in 1985
Clothing companies established in 1985
Italian companies established in 1985
Privately held companies of Italy
Bags (fashion)
Underwear brands
Watch manufacturing companies of Italy
Eyewear brands of Italy

Dolce & Gabbana


The flag of Grenada consists of two yellow triangles at the top and bottom and two green triangles at the hoist and fly.  These are surrounded by a red border charged with six five-pointed yellow stars – three at the top centre and three at the bottom centre – along with an additional star on a red disc at the centre and a nutmeg at the hoist triangle.  Adopted in 1974 to replace the temporary design used since the islands became an Associated State of the United Kingdom, it has been the flag of Grenada since the country gained independence that year.   The representation of a nutmeg is symbolic of the islands' primary export, and was the one feature from the previous flag that was preserved.

History
Sovereignty over Grenada changed hands between the French and the British throughout the 18th century.  This continued until 1783, when the Peace of Paris saw France permanently relinquish the island to the United Kingdom.  It eventually became a crown colony within the latter's colonial empire in 1877.  The territory joined the West Indies Federation in 1958 and was a member state until 1962.  On 3 March 1967, five years after the federation was dissolved, Grenada became an Associated State.  This gave Grenada full control over domestic matters, while Britain retained responsibility for the territory's foreign affairs and defence.  A new flag for the territory was adopted, though this was only intended to be a temporary design.  It consisted of a horizontal tricolour of blue, yellow, and green bands, charged with a nutmeg at the centre.

Negotiations for independence commenced after the Grenada United Labour Party won the most seats in the election in August 1967, having campaigned in favour of sovereignty.  A search for a national flag began soon after.  The new design was created by Anthony C. George, a native Grenadian from Soubise in Saint Andrew Parish.  It eschewed the commonly-used arrangement of a horizontal or vertical tricolour, while maintaining the nutmeg symbol from the previous flag.  The new flag was hoisted at midnight on 7 February 1974, the day Grenada became an independent country, and was adopted by the government the same day.

Design
The colours and symbols of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings.  The green epitomises the islands' vegetation and agriculture, while the yellow evokes the sun, as well as the warmth and wisdom of Grenadians.  The red represents harmony, unity, courage, and vitality.

The yellow stars on the red border symbolise the country's parishes, while the yellow star on the red disc at the centre signifies its two sister islands, Carriacou and Petite Martinique which are counted as the country's seventh parish. The symbol of a nutmeg at the hoist alludes to one of the primary agricultural exports of the islands.  The country is the second-largest producer of nutmeg in the world, trailing only Indonesia.  Consequently, Grenada has acquired the nicknames of "Isle of Spice" and "Spice Island".

Variants
The civil ensign (for merchant ships) is identical in design to the national flag, but has an aspect ratio of 1:2 (instead of 3:5). The naval ensign is based on the British white ensign, a red cross on a white field, with the addition of the national flag in the canton.

Protocol
Advice regarding flag etiquette is listed on the official website of the government, as well as on the websites of the country's embassies.  When displayed together with the flags of other sovereign nations, the foreign flag should not be flown on top of or to the right (i.e. observer's left) of the Grenadian flag.  The only exception to this recommendation is at foreign diplomatic missions on the island, which is also the only place where a foreign flag can be flown without the flag of Grenada accompanying it.  When displayed together with domestic flags, the national flag ought to be situated at the centre and be the tallest one of the group.  The Grenadian flag should not be smaller in size compared to other flags being flown adjacent to it.  When carried in a procession, it should be located on the marching right (in a single file) or at the front of the centre (if there is more than one line).

The guidelines also state that the flag is not to touch the ground, nor should it be dipped towards an individual or an object.  It ought to be displayed either in or near every polling place when elections in Grenada are held.  The national flag should be flown by merchant ships that are registered in the country, but should not be placed on top of motor vehicles (other than by the police force and during state events).  It is not to be reproduced for commercial purposes without prior approval from the government.  When it becomes damaged and is no longer fit to be publicly displayed, it is permissible to dispose of the national flag via burning.

Historical flags

References

External links
A flag database featuring the Grenada flag

The Grenada National Flag

Flag
National flags
Flags introduced in 1974

Flag of Grenada


Billy Mariano da Luz (Curitiba, 14 de Março de 1978), conhecido por seu nome artístico Butcher Billy, é um designer gráfico e artista. Como ilustrador, possui um tom único de nostalgia contemporânea, misturando imagens, rimas, música e comédia para criar obras inusitadas que dialogam com a cultura moderna. Seu trabalho é satírico e costuma misturar a realidade com a ficção, combinando diversos elementos que vão desde David Bowie e Superman até Michael Jordan e figuras políticas.

Em uma entrevista à revista Continente, Billy conta que sempre teve o costume de desenhar durante a infância. Após ter se graduado em Design Gráfico pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Billy trabalhou como diretor de arte em agências além de fazer trabalhos artísticos comissionados. Em 2012, após um de seus trabalhos sobre o Dia Internacional do Rock ter viralizado, Billy começou a ganhar popularidade no cenário do pop art, mas foi com a divulgação pelas redes sociais (o instagram oficial de Billy Butcher possui 165 mil seguidores em 2022) que o artista teve reconhecimento global pelas suas obras. Hoje em dia, Butcher Billy também faz parte da IllustrationX, uma das principais agências de ilustração no mundo.

Inspirações artísticas
De ascendência irlandesa, suas obras possuem influências diretas de grandes artistas, indo desde Banksy, Andy Warhol, Tim Burton até David Bowie e bandas como Queen e The Cure. Seus trabalhos possuem poucos elementos na composição geral, sempre com visual básico, mas buscando gerar um grande efeito em quem observa. Apesar de suas obras serem criadas de forma digital, Billy usa de referências às décadas de 70, 80 e 90, e métodos tradicionais como o pontilhado (ver serigrafia), além de trazer consigo elementos tipográficos e imagéticos dos movimentos dessas décadas, como o pop art e Street art. Em uma entrevista à revista TopView em 2018, o artista cita como inspiração a vida e trabalhos do street artist norte-americano Keith Haring, que retratava a cena cultural alternativa de Nova York nos anos 80 misturando Street art e o Grafito.

Reconhecimento e colaborações com grandes marcas
Com um maior destaque na internet, Billy foi recebendo diversas propostas para exposições em galerias de arte moderna, em países como Londres e Dubai, mas também para realizar ilustrações exclusivas em capas de livros e peças gráficas de grandes marcas como Netflix e ESPN.

Um de seus principais trabalhos foi o desenvolvimento de pôsteres para a série Black Mirror da Netflix, proposta originada em 2016, pela decisão de ilustrar os episódios do seriado como capas de quadrinhos dos anos 70, que chamaram atenção do criador e roteirista da Netflix. Com o contato pelas redes sociais, Billy foi comissionado a realizar uma série de ilustrações que seriam utilizadas na 4ª temporada do seriado. Desde então Billy tem continuado a trabalhar com a empresa na série Stranger Things, com seu estilo estampando camisas e embalagens promocionais.

Mais para frente, Billy fez mais peças gráficas para grandes séries da Netflix como Arcane, Cobra Kai e Gambito da Rainha.

Butcher Billy também fez uma série de capas de livros para a editora brasileira Aleph, que possui um foco em cultura pop e ficção científica, se alinhando com a temática e estilo do artista.

Entrando na tendência de arte virtual, em abril de 2022 foi feito o lançamento de uma coleção de NFTs chamada Metaverse Players, criados por Butcher Billy, no estilo próprio do artista.

Ligações Externas

 https://www.behance.net/butcherbilly
 https://www.instagram.com/thebutcherbilly/

Referências

Artistas do Paraná
Brasileiros de ascendência irlandesa
Design
Designers do Brasil
História do design
História do design gráfico

Butcher Billy


Eventus Bonus ("iyi son"), Roma mitolojisinde hem ticaret hem de tarımda başarının tanrısıdır. İnanışa göre iyi hasatları ve kârı o getirirdi. Roma Cumhuriyeti'nden Marcus Terentius Varro, onu tarım üzerine liderlik eden on iki tanrıdan biri olarak listelemiştir. Eventus'un işlevi tarımsal olarak görünse de Romalılar altın paralarında onun ikonunu da kullanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Roma tanrıları
Tarım tanrıları
Ticaret tanrıları

Eventus Bonus


Reyhan Jamalova é uma mulher do Azerbaijão, que trabalha na área de ciência, tecnologia, engenharia e matemática (STEM). Seu trabalho é voltado para energia sustentável em áreas rurais. Ela é fundadora e CEO da Rainergy, uma empresa que se concentra em aproveitar o poder da água da chuva para gerar eletricidade de forma sustentável. Atualmente, ela é estudante de graduação na Universidade da Pensilvânia. Além disso, ela recebeu várias menções honrosas, prêmios e/ou homenagens pelo trabalho que realizou, incluindo elogios do governo do Azerbaijão.

Vida pregressa

Infância
Reyhan Jamalova se interessou pelos direitos humanos quando criança. Junto com sua melhor amiga, ela iniciou uma campanha de arrecadação de fundos para crianças na Somália que tinham acesso limitado à educação, comida e água. Depois de arrecadar $10 vendendo coisas como giz de cera e lápis, Reyhan Jamalova e sua amiga (com a ajuda dos pais de Jamalova) deram esse dinheiro para uma instituição de caridade.

Quando criança, Reyhan Jamalova e sua família experimentaram chuvas torrenciais nas montanhas do Cáucaso. Essas chuvas levariam a eventos devastadores para a comunidade, como a perda de colheitas, inundações e danos gerais à construção, juntamente com buracos e colapso de pontes. Crescer nesse ambiente influenciou o interesse de Jamalova pela sustentabilidade para ajudar sua comunidade e outras pessoas.

Educação
Tendo nascido em uma pequena aldeia, Reyhan Jamalova não teve acesso à educação em STEM e esperava-se que se casasse aos 17 anos. No entanto, aos 12 anos, Reyhan Jamalova conquistou a nota máxima em um vestibular para uma renomada escola em Baku, capital do Azerbaijão, e se afastou de sua família para continuar seus estudos. Aos 15 anos, Reyhan Jamalova fundou a Rainergy.

Reyhan Jamalova recebeu uma oferta de admissão na Universidade da Pensilvânia junto com uma bolsa de estudos. Ela está atualmente em seu primeiro ano na Universidade da Pensilvânia, interessada em se formar em ciência da computação e da informação. Depois de obter seu diploma de bacharel, ela planeja obter um mestrado em ciência de dados, enquanto trabalha no Rainergy.

Rainergy
Reyhan Jamalova, com a ajuda de sua amiga e tutores de física, trabalhou por 4 meses fazendo cálculos e desenvolvendo um gerador para coletar energia da água da chuva. A Rainergy foi apresentada pela primeira vez durante uma competição ClimateLaunchpad, onde foi votada como o projeto favorito entre os membros da audiência. A fase de construção do projeto foi inicialmente financiada pelo governo do Azerbaijão, mas desde então atraiu outros investidores, incluindo o The Global Good Fund e o Islamic Development Bank.

O dispositivo tem 9 metros de altura e consiste em quatro partes integrantes: "um coletor de água da chuva, uma caixa d'água, um gerador elétrico e uma bateria". A função do coletor de água da chuva é encher o reservatório com a água da chuva, que passará rapidamente pelo gerador e produzirá energia. Essa energia é então armazenada por meio de uma bateria, o que permite que ela seja utilizada como energia mesmo quando há falta de chuva. Este dispositivo reduz a dependência de outras fontes de energia, como redes elétricas locais. Além disso, é barato.

O protótipo inicial de Reyhan Jamalova e sua equipe poderia acender 22 lâmpadas de LED com 22W de potência. Em comparação com outros sistemas de energia alternativa, como painéis solares, turbinas eólicas e piezoeletricidade, Rainergy tem emissões de CO2 mais baixas com 10g por KW/H, que ocorrem durante a produção de eletricidade.

Prêmios e homenagens

 2018 - Prêmio Presidencial da Juventude
 2018 - Forbes 30 abaixo de 30
 2018 - BBC 100 Women Honoree
 2019 - Prêmio TRT World Citizen Youth
 2020 - bolsista do Global Good Fund
 2020 - bp NetZero Scholar

Veja também

 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Empresários do Azerbaijão
Pessoas vivas
Cientistas do Azerbaijão
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2018

Reyhan Jamalova


مقاطعة ليش هي إحدى مقاطعات أيرلندا الستة والعشرين.

أعلام

 مايك كليري
 توماس كيلي
 كيرن فيلان
 شون فلمنج
 هيو إيمرسون
 كورنيليا أدير

روابط إضافية
 Official website of Laois County Council

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1556 في أيرلندا
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1556
لينستر
مقاطعات جمهورية أيرلندا

مقاطعة ليش


Kievka  es un jútor del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del río Kubán, frontera con el krai de Stávropol, 27 km al sudeste de Gulkévichi y 158 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 172 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Otrado-Olginskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desdeeste enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Киевка (Краснодарский край).

Localidades del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar

Kiyevka (Krasnodar)


Der Schlosspark Rauischholzhausen ist ein im 19. Jahrhundert angelegter, 32 Hektar großer Englischer Landschaftspark im Dorf Rauischholzhausen (Gemeinde Ebsdorfergrund, Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf, Hessen). Die frei zugängliche Parkanlage, die sich rund um Schloss Rauischholzhausen erstreckt, ist gleichzeitig Neuer Botanischer Garten der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.

2009 wurde der Park in die Europäische Themenroute des European Garden Heritage Network aufgenommen.

Geschichte

1871 erwarb Ferdinand Eduard von Stumm (bis 1888 noch ohne Adelstitel), Abkömmling der Großindustriellenfamilie Stumm und seinerzeit Botschaftsrat in St. Petersburg, die Rauschen Besitzungen. Dieser war als Teilhaber der Gebrüder Stumm zu großem Wohlstand gekommen und ließ im Wettbewerb mit seinen Brüdern, die gleichfalls prächtige Schlösser erbauen ließen (Schloss Halberg und Schloss Ramholz), die Parkanlage und das Schloss anlegen.

Das Schloss, mit dessen Planung der Architekt Carl Schäfer beauftragt worden war, wurde 1876 fertiggestellt, der Park wurde 1873 bis 1876 zeitgleich von Heinrich Siesmayer gestaltet. Hierbei wurde auch ein älterer Baumbestand, v. a. Huteeichen, integriert. Während der Parkanlage waren dauerhaft 40 bis 50 Arbeiter mit der Anlage beschäftigt. Aufwändig war vor allem die vom Bauherren gewünschte Verpflanzung ausgewachsener Bäume, um den Park von Anfang an ein fertiges Aussehen zu geben.

Zu Zeiten der (von) Stumms war der gesamte Park von Mauer, Zaun, Hecken und verschlossenen Toren umschlossen. Nur in Abwesenheit des Schlossherrn durften, mit expliziter Erlaubnis, Dorfbewohner den Park betreten, und zwar ausschließlich zur Dahlienschau.

In den Jahren 1938 und 1941 verkaufte Stumms Sohn Ferdinand, der bis 1918 ebenfalls im diplomatischen Dienst gestanden hatte und seit dem Tod seines Vaters im Jahre 1925 Schlossherr gewesen war, Gutshof, Schloss und Park. In einem Brief schrieb er: "Den Park wiederherzustellen ist unmöglich, 60- bis 80-jährige Bäume kann man nicht ersetzen […] der glücklicherweise im Winter 41/42 verkaufte Park ist nur noch eine ganz schöne Ruine".

Seit Anfang der 1970er Jahre fiel die inzwischen zu Baumriesen angewachsene (Feld-)Ulmenallee vom nördlichen Parkeingang auf der Ostseite zum Schloss dem Ulmensterben zum Opfer und musste schließlich durch eine Krimlindenallee ersetzt werden.

Parklandschaft

Der Park ist in Nord-Süd-Richtung etwa einen Kilometer lang; seine Breite beträgt in der Nordhälfte etwa 500 Meter, nach Südosten verschmälert er sich. Er wird in Süd-Nord-Richtung vom zur Ohm entwässernden Rülfbach und einem östlich parallelen Mühlgraben durchflossen.

Der Burgteich im Norden liegt auf einer Höhe von etwa ; zu den Rändern nach Südwesten, Süden und Südosten steigt die Höhenlage deutlich auf rund  zum Plateau des Vorderen Vogelsbergs (Sennberg 2,7 km südlich des Schlosses: ) an.

Unmittelbar an der Südseite des Schlosses finden sich beachtliche Formschnitte aus Buchsbaum und Eiben, vom Schloss führt zum höher gelegenen Stallgebäude, wo sich auch der Parkplatz befindet, ein Laubengang aus formgeschnittenen Hainbuchen. Alle anderen Teile des Parks sind deutlich naturnäher bepflanzt.

Gliederung
Der ins Dorf Rauischholzhausen übergehende Nordostteil des Parks besteht aus einer vom Burgteich zum Schloss hin ansteigenden, nur von wenigen Solitärbäumen unterbrochenen Wiese, die westlich bis an den Rülfbach reicht und nach Osten von einer Krimlindenallee gesäumt wird.

Das westlich des Rülfbaches gelegene Parksegment ist in seinem Nordteil abwechslungsreich bepflanzt und durch Wechsel von artenreichen Baumgruppen und Wiesen bestimmt. In seinem Südwesten findet sich eine Lebensbaum-Gruppe, die eine Stellung zwischen einer Allee und einer – baumhohen – "Hecke" darstellt. Dem gegenüber nimmt den Süden des Westteils der ehemalige Sportplatz ein, dessen früherer Einsatzzweck noch heute gut erkennbar ist. An seiner Südseite stehen, wie überdimensionierte Torpfosten, zwei alte Stieleichen, die als Huteeichen bereits vor Anlage des Parks bestanden hatten. Ansonsten wird die Wiese nur durch eine Himalaya-Birke am Nordostrand unterbrochen.

Vom Stallgebäude führt eine Allee aus Rosskastanien zum von einer zweistämmigen Eibe umsäumten Bismarck-Denkmal, die gleichzeitig einen Abschnitt der Ostbegrenzung darstellt. Ansonsten ist das etwa die Hälfte der Parkfläche einnehmende Segment südlich des Schlosses und östlich des Rülfbaches ähnlich dem Nordwestsegment bepflanzt. Der Mühlgraben und zahlreiche Wege segmentieren den Wechsel aus Wiesen und Baumgruppen deutlich, im Südwesten führen die Wege abschnittsweise auch durch naturnahen Wald.

Alter Baumbestand
Auffällig sind im Schlosspark vor allem exotische Nadelbaumriesen, jedoch finden sich auch markante Exemplare heimischer Arten.

Laubbäume
Die wohl ältesten Bäume des Parks sind die Stieleichen an der Südseite des ehemaligen Sportplatzes mit Stammumfängen von 4,40 und 5,30 Metern. Auch im Südostsegment finden sich ältere Eichen.

Kurios sind eine Symbiose aus Eiche und Rotbuche (zugunsten der Zweitgenannten) südwestlich des Schlosses und eine aus Eiche und Hainbuche auf der Wiese zwischen Schloss und Burgteich.

Unmittelbar in Burgteichnähe findet sich eine prächtige Blutbuche. Im westlich angrenzenden Nordwestsegment finden sich eine Roteiche mit 4,40 m Stammumfang und ein Spitzahorn mit 3,70 Metern.

Nadelbäume

Rund im Park verstreut finden sich diverse Baumriesen von Nadelbäumen wie Douglasie, Rotfichte, Hemlocktanne und diversen Kiefernarten.

Besonders imposant sind eine über 40 m hohe Douglasie und eine kaum kleinere Fichte am Hang zum Rülfbach, westsüdwestlich des Schlosses, mit je 4,5 Metern Stammumfang. Die mit 3,8 Metern wohl dickste von diversen alten Hemlocktannen des Parks findet sich unmittelbar südlich des Schlosses.

Im Zentrum des Südostsegments auffällig ist eine 3,70 Meter Stammumfang messende Griechische Tanne am linken Mühlgrabenufer südlich des Schlosses, dem rechts des Grabens ein Lebensbaum mit 3,5 Metern gegenübersteht. Südöstlich davon stehen am Parkrand zwei markante Kiefern, deren nördlichere der einzigen dreinadeligen Kiefernart Pinus ponderosa angehört.

Unter den vielen Scheinzypressen und Lebensbäumen der für Besucher auffälligste Baum dürfte indes ein Riesenlebensbaum mit 3,50 Metern Stammumfang sein, der, in westlicher Nachbarschaft zum Schloss, von Norden aus gesehen scheinbar auf der Schlossmauer wächst.

Einzelnachweise

Weblink

Parkanlage in Hessen
Bauwerk in Ebsdorfergrund
Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
Parkanlage in Europa

Schlosspark Rauischholzhausen


Posttraumatisk epilepsi (PTE) er en form for epilepsi der opstår efter en hjerneskade skabt af et fysisk traume til hjernen (traumatisk hjerneskade, forkortet TBI). En person med PTE har gentagne posttraumatiske anfald (PTS, anfald der opstår efter en TBI) mere end en uge efter den oprindelige skade. PTE vurderes til at være 5 % af alle epilepsitilfælde og over 20 % af alle tilfælde af symptomatisk epilepsi (i hvilken anfald skyldes en identificerbar organisk hjernelidelse).

Det vides ikke hvordan man skal forudsige hvem der vil udvikle epilepsi efter en TBI og hvem der ikke vil. Men sandsynligheden for at en person vil udvikle PTE er påvirket af graden og typen af skaden; eksempelvis penetrerende skader og de skader der involverer blødning inden i hjernen giver en højere risiko. Påbegyndelsen af PTE kan ske kort tid efter det fysiske traume der har skabt det, men også måneder eller år efter. Folk med hovedtraumer kan vedblive at have en højere risiko for anfald end den generelle population selv årtier efter skaden. PTE kan skyldes flere biokemiske processer der sker i hjernen efter et traume, herunder overstimulering af hjerneceller og skader på hjernevævet af frie radikaler.

Diagnostiske målinger inkludere elektroencefalografi (EEG) og hjernebilleddannelsesteknikker såsom magnetisk resonans skanning, men disse er ikke 100 % pålidelige. Antiepileptisk medicin forhindre ikke udviklingen af PTE efter en hovedskade, men kan blive brugt til at behandle lidelsen hvis den opstår. Når medicin ikke hjælper med at kontrollere anfaldene, kan operation blive nødvendigt. Moderne operationsteknikker i forhold til PTE har deres rødder i 1800-tallet, men trepanation (skære et hul i kraniet) kan have været brugt mod lidelsen i ældre kulturer.

Referencer

Neurologiske sygdomme

Posttraumatisk epilepsi


"Anticipating" este un cântec înregistrat de către interpreta americană Britney Spears pentru cel de-al treilea ei album de studio, Britney (2001). A fost compus de către Spears împreună cu producătorii Brian Kierulf și Josh Schwartz. Cântecul a fost lansat exclusiv în Franța la 21 iunie 2002 prin intermediul casei de discuri Jive Records drept cel de-al patrulea single extras al albumului Britney. "Anticipating" este un cântec disco, dance-pop, funk și teen pop, cu influențe de R&B. Versurile vorbesc despre prietenie și frăția dintre fete. Piesa s-a bucurat de recenzii pozitive din partea criticilor de specialitate, cu criticii felicitând versurile de împuternicire și comparându-l cu compozițiile din anii 1980 a lui Madonna, Rick Astley și cântecul "All For You" a lui Janet Jackson.

"Anticipating" a obținut un succes comercial modest, poziționându-se pe locul 38 în clasamentul francez al singleurilor. Cântecul a fost promovat printr-o interpretare live în cadrul turneului Dream Within a Dream Tour (2001-2002), în care poartă o fustă din denim peticită, dansând în fața unor desene colorate cu creioane. Videoclipul piesei, regizat de Marty Callner, a fost de asemenea folosit și în interpretarea pentru Live from Las Vegas. "Anticipating" a fost, de asemenea, promovat printr-o reclamă pe care Spears a filmat-o pentru Toyota Vios.

Informații generale
În timpul turneului Oops!... I Did It Again World Tour (2000), Spears a dezvăluit faptul că s-a simțit inspirată de artiștii hip hop cum ar fi Jay Z și The Neptunes și că a vrut să creeze un album mai funk. În februarie 2001, Spears a semnat un acord de promovare în valoare de 7–8 milioane de dolari cu Pepsi, și a lansat o altă carte scrisă în colaborare cu mama ei, intitulată A Mother's Gift. În aceeași lună, Spears a început sa înregistreze cântece pentru al treilea său album de studio, cu "Anticipating" fiind înregistrat la studiourile Rusk Sound din Los Angeles, California, DOJO din Jackson, New Jersey, studiourile Sound on Sound studiourile și Battery din New York City. Cântecul a fost compus de către Spears, Brian Kierulf și Josh Schwartz, în timp ce producția a fost făcută de Kierulf și Schwartz. A fost mixat la studiourile Battery de către Stephen George. Inginerii de sunet care au lucrat la acest album au fost Aaron Kaplan, Rich Tapper, Jill Tengan și Charles McCrorey. Nile Rodgers a cântat la chitara. Chitara bas și programarea au fost realizate de Kierulf. Acompaniamentul vocal a fost făcut de Spears și Jennifer Karr. Al treilea său album de studio, Britney, a fost lansat în luna noiembrie 2001. Într-un interviu acordat ziarului Daily Record, Spears a comentat piesa, spunând: "Este un cântec distractiv pe care l-am scris. Este ca și cum ați fi cu prietenele voastre și doar dansați. Cred că această piesă aduce aminte de anii '70." A fost lansat ca al patrulea single al albumului la data de 21 iunie 2002 în Franța.

Structura muzicală și versuri

"Anticipating" este un cântec teen pop și dance-pop care durează trei minute și 16 secunde. Corey Moss de la MTV a observat că piesa are influențe disco din anii 1970, în timp ce Joan Anderman de la The Boston Globe a comparat cântecul cu melodiile vechi ale Madonnei, cum ar fi "Holiday" (1983). Glenn Gamboa de la Newsday a comparat cântecul cu "All for You" a lui Janet Jackson, numindu-l "un cântec pop plăcut și strălucitor în stilul R&B". Conform partiturii muzicale publicate de Musicnotes.com de la Universal Music Publishing Group, piesa este compusă în tonalitatea Fa major și are un tempo de 112 bătăi pe minut. Gama vocală a lui Spears se întinde de la tonalitatea joasă Fa3 până la tonul înalt de La4. Cântecul are o secvență muzicală de Si♯(9)–Do–Rem7–Si♯(9). Versurile vorbesc despre prietenia și frăția dintre femei. În timpul pasajului, Spears cântă: "Gotta really let me know if you want me / You gotta turn me on and make me feel sexy" (ro.: "Va trebui să îmi spui dacă chiar mă vrei / Va trebui să mă exciți și să mă faci să mă simt sexy"). În timpul lansării albumului, K-luv de pe site-ul său oficial a declarat că: "imnul puternic feminin «Anticipating» dovedește că Britney este, acum mai mult ca niciodată, o forță de luat în considerare."

Recepție
"Anticipating" a primit în general recenzii pozitive din partea criticilor de specialitate. Jane Stevenson de Jam! a numit "Anticipating" drept cea mai puternică piesă de pe album. Redactorul ziarului Yale Daily News, Catherine Halaby, a considerat piesa drept o "baladă distractivă și draguță în stilul disco". Nikki Tranker de la PopMatters a spus că piesa "oferă fanilor Britney ceva puțin mai diferit, cu o melodie simplă frumos subliniată de un sunet disco foarte bine executat în stilul anilor '70". Jim Farber de la Daily News, în timpul recenziei pentru turneul Dream Within a Dream Tour, a numit piesa împreună cu piesa "Stronger", drept "[două] imnuri feminine puternice". Katie Perone de la Loyola Greyhound a spus că "[este] o melodie distractivă și efervescentă, care probabil ar fi avut un mare succes pe Oops!". Barry Walters de la Rolling Stone a declarat că piesa este "o privire retrospectivă euforică a lui Rick Astley, [unde] emană o emoție fără să-și încadreze vocea în teatralitatea școlărească tipică postului de televiziune Nickelodeon". Într-o listă compusă de Sam Lanksy de la PopCrush, "Anticipating" a fost clasat pe locul opt într-o listă cu cele mai bune cântece ale lui Spears. În recenzia albumului, David Browne de la Entertainment Weekly a criticat "Anticipating" împreună cu "Bombastic Love" pentru faptul că "[se bazează] pe formulele învechite". La data de 26 iulie 2002, piesa a debutat pe locul 46 în clasamentul francez realizat de SNEP. În următoarea săptămână a ocupat locul 38. "Anticipating" a rămas în clasament timp de 13 săptămâni.

Promovare

Cântecul a fost interpretat în timpul turneului Dream Within a Dream Tour. Spectacolul a început cu un interludiu video în care Spears vorbea cu dansatoarele ei. Apoi a apărut pe scenă, purtând o fustă denim peticită. Decorul a fost realizat din desene imense de cărți de colorat de case și mașini. După al doilea refren, a invitat publicul să cânte împreună cu ea. La sfârșitul melodiei, a vorbit pe scurt cu publicul înainte de a își da jos fusta și maieul pentru a interpreta piesa "I'm a Slave 4 U". Shaheem Reid de la MTV a observat că în timpul nopții de deschidere a turneului din Columbus, Ohio, "Probabil că Britney a uitat că retrospectiva disco este un lucru nou, asta pentru că a încurajat pe toată lumea să cânte împreună în timpul refrenului [...] Deși publicul a aplaudat și s-a distrat pe ritm, Britney a trebuit să facă asta singură din punct de vedere vocal". Videoclipul, regizat de Marty Callner, a constat dintr-o filmare a turneului Live from Las Vegas. Au fost adăugate câteva efecte speciale, printre o minge strălucitoare și numele cântecului care apare pe ecran. Cântecul a fost, de asemenea, promovat într-o reclamă pe care Spears a filmat-o pentru Toyota Vios.

Ordinea pieselor pe disc

Specificații
 A ^ Versiunea albumului de proveniență Britney.
 B ^ Remix realizat de "Metro".
 C ^ Remix realizat de "Darkchild".
 D ^ Remix realizat de "Alan Braxe".
 E ^ Mix de club realizat de "Antoine Clamaran".
 F ^ Instru Mix realizat de "Antoine Clamaran".
 G ^ Sweet & Sour Mix realizat de "PK'Chu & RLS'".
 H ^ Hard & Sexy Mix realizat de "PK'Chu & RLS'".
 III ^ Hard & Sexy Dub Mix realizat de "PK'Chu & RLS'".

Personal
Persoanele care au lucrat la album sunt preluate de pe coperta Britney.
Management
Înregistrat la studiourile Rusk Sound, Los Angeles, California; DOJO, Jackson, New Jersey; sunet înregistrat la studiourile Sound și Battery, New York City, New York.
Mixat la studiourile Battery, New York City, New York.

Personal

 Britney Spears – voce principală, textieră, pian
 Brian Kierulf – textier, producător, chitară bas, chitară, programare
 Josh Schwartz – textier, producător,
 Jennifer Karr – acompaniament vocal
 Stephen George – mixare

 Nile Rodgers – chitară
 Aaron Kaplan – inginer de sunet
 Rich Tapper – inginer de sunet
 Jill Tengan – inginer de sunet
 Charles McCrorey – inginer de sunet

Clasamente

Datele lansărilor

Referințe

Legături externe

Cântece din 2001
Discuri single din 2002
Cântece ale lui Britney Spears

Anticipating


Pilbrodalen er en mindre, ca. 5 km lang   dal,  syd for Stilling-Solbjerg Sø, der i begge ender har forbindelse med søen. Mod vest er Pilbrodalen bred og skærer sig ned i de store, bløde bakker mellem Vitved og Fastrup ved Solbjerg. Mod vest når den anden ende af Pilbrodalen ud i Stilling Sø. Her er dalen meget smal med stejle skråninger. I Pilbrodalen har der ligget flere søer, men de fleste er efterhånden groet til som moser. I disse er der siden gravet tørv, hvorved der er opstået en række mindre vandhuller, som i dag er med til at give dalen sit særpræg. Dalen rummer også et større overdrev.  I moserne i dalen vokser majgøgeurt og frøbid, mens der på skrænterne findes bakkegøgelilje og tyndakset gøgeurt.
Dalen er  Nationalt Geologisk Interesseområde NGI 67.

Den vestlige snævre del, og den brede  østligste del af Pilbrodalen, er en del af den 366 hektar store naturfredning omkring Stilling-Solbjerg Sø .  Det fredede område er privateje, så offentligheden må  kun  færdes i terrænet ved etablerede opholdarealer og stier i nærheden af de mest karakteristiske landskabsformationer. Den østligste del danner kommunegrænse mellem Skanderborg- og Aarhus Kommuner

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

Om Pilbrodalen  naturstyrelsen.dk
 geus.info om dalen

Fredede arealer i Danmark
Lokaliteter i Skanderborg Kommune
Lokaliteter i Aarhus Kommune

Pilbrodalen


Taglit Birthright Israel es una organización que organiza viajes a Israel para jóvenes judíos. Su objetivo es reducir la división que hay entre Israel y la diáspora judía alrededor del mundo y fortalecer la identidad judía de los participantes, así como su conexión con la historia y la cultura judía.

En el verano de 2011, más de 250.000 jóvenes (más de 22.000 por año), de 52 diferentes países, participaron en el programa desde su creación en el invierno del año 2000. De ellos, el 70 % son ciudadanos estadounidenses. Desde 2007, la capacidad anual del programa se incrementó a 37.000 participantes por año. Taglit es una palabra en hebreo que significa Descubrimiento.

Historia

El programa fue creado por el ex-ministro de justicia israelí Yossi Beilin en 1994, con la cooperación de Charles Bronfman y Michael Steinhardt. Lo financian el gobierno israelí, filántropos privados y la Agencia Judía para la Tierra de Israel; además, cuenta con el apoyo de la diáspora judía en el Mundo.

Ha invertido más de 400 millones de dólares estadounidenses en viajes educativos a Israel. Educadores de alto nivel, historiadores y profesionales del turismo han sido contratados para planificar el programa. La demanda es muy alta. Los viajes son llevados a cabo en invierno y en el verano israelí. El registro es en línea y en cada viaje hay más solicitantes que plazas disponibles.

En el plano económico, el programa Birthright Israel ha generado unos ingresos turísticos que llegan a la suma de 1.5 billones de nuevos séquels israelíes en servicios como hoteles, comida, seguridad, guías, entradas, transporte y vuelos.

Elegibilidad

Los individuos elegibles para participar en el programa son todos aquellos que tienen al menos un pariente judío y que no practican activamente otra religión. Los participantes deben tener entre 18 y 26 años, ambos incluidos, estar graduados, no haber participado antes en algún otro viaje educativo o de estudios, y no haber vivido en Israel después de los 12 años, aunque en 2014 se modificaron las normas del programa, permitiendo que aquellos que hayan viajado con otros planes antes de los 18 años y hayan vivido en el país menos de tres meses, también puedan ser elegidos para participar en el plan Según la información de agosto de 2009, aquellas personas que cumplan 27 antes del 1.° de diciembre no son elegibles para los viajes del año siguiente.

El viaje de Taglit-Birthright Israel incluye pasajes aéreos desde las principales ciudades, hoteles, casi todas las comidas (media pensión), transporte en Israel y los costos asociados al turismo en el país durante los 10 días del viaje.

Un depósito de 260 dólares estadounidenses es requerido, el cual puede ser reembolsado hasta 15 días después de volver del viaje. El transporte desde la ciudad de origen del participante hasta el aeropuerto de salida no está incluido, partiendo desde múltiples ciudades.

Organizadores del viaje
Los viajes son organizados por diferentes organizaciones y compañías que previamente han sido acreditadas por Taglit-Birthright Israel, según los estándares logísticos, educativos y de seguridad. Todos los grupos son liderados por guías turísticos israelíes licenciados y son acompañados por un guardia de seguridad que va armado; el viaje incluye visitas al Muro de las Lamentaciones y al museo Yad Vashem, así como a otros sitios que son determinados por Taglit-Birthright Israel. Los viajes pueden variar según la edad del grupo y su contexto religioso. El viaje puede estar orientado a estudiantes, graduados, universitarios, participantes de una ciudad en particular; ortodoxos, reformistas, entusiastas, aventureros, pluralistas, etc.

Itinerario

Los viajes generalmente duran 10 días, y a menudo incluyen lo que se llama un Mega Evento, en el que intervienen dignatarios, embajadores, bandas musicales y el encuentro de todos los participantes de todas las organizadoras de viajes que se encuentran en ese momento en Israel. Otra característica de los viajes es un mifgash (encuentro) de 5 a 10 días con ciudadanos israelíes, especialmente soldados sirviendo en las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel (FDI), quienes se unen al viaje como iguales. El propósito de este mifgash es que los participantes y los soldados se conozcan entre sí, para así entender cada punto de vista individual desde una perspectiva del otro lado del mundo. Un componente del encuentro es una sesión de discusión, que anima a explorar tópicos como: ¿Qué significa ser judío en el mundo moderno?, ¿En qué se diferencia la vida del judío de Israel del judío del resto del mundo?, ¿Qué tienen en común los Jóvenes judíos israelíes con los judíos de la diáspora, y qué los separa?, ¿De qué manera impacta el servicio militar obligatorio en la percepción que los jóvenes tienen sobre el servicio y el compromiso hacia su país?, entre otras preguntas. Este encuentro con los soldados trata de darle a los participantes la oportunidad de conocer Israel a través de los jóvenes israelíes de aproximadamente su misma edad. Más de 30.000 ciudadanos israelíes (principalmente soldados de las FDI) formaron parte del programa desde el año 2000.

El itinerario incluye visitas a sitios históricos, religiosos y a lugares que forman parte del patrimonio cultural, por todo el país, incluyendo Jerusalén, el Muro de las Lamentaciones y el Mar Muerto. Muchos viajes también incluyen visitas a la ciudad de Tel Aviv y a la región de Galilea. Los viajes no pretenden ser una visita exhaustiva de Israel, sino tan solo una primera introducción. Los participantes del programa son alentados a permanecer más tiempo en Israel o a retornar más adelante por su propia cuenta. Los participantes tienen la opción de aplazar su regreso durante 3 meses adicionales y de usar ese tiempo para explorar Israel y la región.

Medidas de seguridad

Birthright sigue una política de seguridad durante el viaje que asegura un estancia razonablemente segura.
 Birthright no visita la región de Cisjordania, la Franja de Gaza, ni los barrios árabes de Jerusalén Este.
 Birthright visita el barrio judío de la ciudad vieja de Jerusalén.
 Los participantes de cada grupo deben permanecer juntos en todo momento y seguir la agenda planeada de actividades.
 Los participantes no pueden abandonar el grupo ni visitar Israel por su cuenta durante los 10 días que dura el viaje.
 El uso del transporte público no está permitido en ningún momento.
 Un guardia de seguridad armado debe escoltar al grupo durante todo el viaje.

Fondos

Taglit-Birthright Israel percibe la mitad de todos sus ingresos directamente del gobierno israelí. Otras contribuciones proceden de las Federaciones Judías de América del Norte y de la Agencia Judía para la Tierra de Israel, así como de muchos filántropos privados, a través de la Fundación Birthright, incluyendo entre ellos a Charles Bronfman, Michael Steinhardt y a Lynn Schusterman. Steinhardt se describe a sí mismo como un ateo y dijo que ofrece su apoyo a Taglit porque quiere apoyar los valores humanísticos del judaísmo. El programa también recibe dinero procedente del gobierno federal alemán.

En 2007, Miriam y Sheldon Adelson se comprometieron a donar 25 millones de dólares estadounidenses a Birthright Israel. En ese mismo año, había muchos participantes que estaban inscritos en las listas de espera, y por ello se tuvo que incrementar la capacidad anual del programa, pasando de 25.000 a 37.000 participantes entre los años 2007 y 2008. La fundación de la familia Adelson ha entregado más de 100 millones de dólares estadounidenses a la organización Birthright Israel desde el año 2007.

Críticas
El programa Birthright Israel ha sido criticado por las siguientes razones:

Escenario político de los participantes
Birthright Israel tiene un proceso pre-viaje para determinar la elegibilidad de los postulantes. Como Salon.com reportó, las opiniones políticas de los candidatos son tenidas en cuenta: "Candidatos potenciales que sean descubiertos teniendo una 'agenda oculta' no serán factibles de ser incluidos en los viajes de [Birthright]". Sin embargo, lo que constituye una "agenda oculta", no es aclarado por los organizadores de Birthright, ni se muestra como es el proceso de determinación.

Balance político de los líderes de grupo
Debido a que cada viaje es organizado y se desarrolla de manera distinta, las discusiones sobre temas políticos son a discreción de los organizadores del viaje. Hay artículos que afirman que, de acuerdo testimonios de participantes, los viajes carecieron de discusiones sobre el conflicto árabe-israelí o directamente no incluyeron discusiones políticas.

Programas parecidos
Organizaciones como Birthright Unplugged fueron fundadas como respuesta a diversos cuestionamientos y críticas. El objetivo de esta organización es mostrar a personas de todo el Mundo el pueblo y la sociedad palestina, y dar a conocer su realidad política, llevando grupos a ciudades palestinas, a pueblos y campos de refugiados, apoyando al movimiento Boicot, Desinversiones y Sanciones (BDS) contra el Estado sionista de Israel. Los viajes están disponibles para cualquier persona que desea conocer la situación del pueblo palestino. El programa lleva a cabo diversas actividades realizadas en nombre de los palestinos, incluido el apoyo a las sanciones y el boicot contra el Estado sionista de Israel.

Debido al éxito de Birthright Israel, otras comunidades han decidido llevar a cabo programas parecidos, entre estos programas cabe mencionar: Birthright Armenia, un programa organizado por la comunidad armenia, y Journey to Greece, un programa organizado por la comunidad griega. La organización Irishway organiza viajes a Irlanda para los estudiantes de educación secundaria estadounidenses y canadienses de origen irlandés.

El programa Know Thy Heritage (conoce tu herencia) ha sido creado por la Fundación Ecuménica Cristiana de Tierra Santa (en inglés: Holy Land Christian Ecumenical Foundation) (HCEF) esta entidad, organiza viajes a Palestina, para los jóvenes palestinos que residen en otros países. El programa empodera a los jóvenes palestinos en la diáspora mediante el fortalecimiento del conocimiento de su identidad, cultura, historia y tradiciones palestinas, así como su comprensión del entorno económico palestino, el panorama político y las estructuras sociales.

Véase también
 Diáspora
 Pueblo judío
 Sionismo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Birthright Israel
 Kelner, Shaul, Leonard Saxe, et al. Making Meaning: Participants' Experience of Birthright Israel (Waltham, MA : Brandeis University, Nov. 2000)
 The Birthright Israel Program: Present and Possible Future Impacts - Interview with Leonard Saxe at the Institute for Global Jewish Affairs
 Saxe, L. & Chazan, B. (2008). Ten Days of Birthright Israel: A Journey in Young Adult Identity. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England
 Avi Herring discusses the merits of Birthright Israel in The Current, a Columbia University journal

 MASA Israel Journey This is a follow up program for birthright Israel alumni and is a long-term Israel experience
 Research on Taglit-Birthright Israel
 Taglit visit to Ein Hod artists' Village June 4 2010
 Kenes-AwesomeIsrael.com, a new Official Taglit Birthright Israel trip provider
 Voices of Oklahoma interview with Lynn Schusterman. First person interview conducted on September 14, 2010 with Lynn Schusterman. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
 Israel in Touch Taglit Birthright Israel trip
 Trip to Israel with IsraelExperts - the Taglit Birthright Israel Trip Organizer

Organizaciones sionistas de Israel
Organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro de Israel

Taglit Birthright Israel


Vila i stambena najamna zgrada Antičević, vila i stambena zgrada u Splitu. Nalazi se na adresi Bihaćka 12-14, Split.

Povijest
Građene su od 1910. do 1912. godine.
Vilu i stambenu najamnu zgradu Antičević, projektirao je za Ivu Antičevića, ravnatelja Zadružnog saveza, splitski graditelj i planer Petar Senjanović. Jedinstvena su cjelina u arhitektonsko-oblikovnom smislu, a vezuje ih i prostrani vrt s ogradom jedinstvenom u Splitu. Duž čitavoga ogradnog zida protezala se s unutrašnje strane vrta odrina čije su drvene grede bile oslonjene na betonske pilone vrtne ograde. Slikovitost i secesijska dekorativnost obiju građevina postignuta je, osim ornamentom, obradom pročelja u kombinaciji glatke i grube, štrcane žbuke, ali i oživljavanjem osnovnog volumena terasama, verandama, balkonima i trijemovima, te razigranošću krovnih ploha, a prepoznatljivi su i elementi tradicionalne dalmatinske arhitekture. Ovaj skladno i funkcionalno riješen sklop zanimljiv je spoj elemenata secesijske i tradicionalne dalmatinske arhitekture, karakterističan za Senjanovićev opus u cjelini.

Pod oznakom Z-5952 zavedene su kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Građevine u Splitu
Zaštićene stambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji


An Octarrhena tenuis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Octarrhena tenuis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Octarrhena, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Octarrhena

Octarrhena tenuis


La tangara velia (Tangara velia), también denominada tangara lomiopalina (en Ecuador), tangará culiopalina (en Colombia), tángara diamante (en Colombia), tangara de lomo opalino (en Perú) o tángara tanagrella (en Venezuela), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Thraupidae, perteneciente al numeroso género Tangara. Algunos autores sostienen que la subespecie T. velia cyanomelas se trata de una especie separada. Es nativa de América del Sur, en la cuenca amazónica, en el escudo guayanés y en el este de Brasil.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye en una inmensa área desde el sureste de Colombia, hacia el este por el sur y sureste de Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam y Guayana Francesa; hacia el sur por el sur de Colombia, este de Ecuador, este de Perú, la casi totalidad de la Amazonia brasileña (al este hasta Pará, al sur hasta Mato Grosso), hasta el noroeste de Bolivia. La subespecie T. velia cyanomelas se encuentra aislada en el litoral oriental de Brasil (desde Pernambuco hasta Espirito Santo).

Esta especie es considerada bastante común en sus hábitats naturales: el dosel y los bordes del bosque húmedo de terra firme, plantaciones con sombra y claros arbolados adyacentes, principalmente por debajo de los 600 m de altitud.

Descripción
Mide entre 13 y 15 cm de longitud y pesa 19 g. Su plumaje es azul turquesa en la cara y las partes inferiores y negro en la corona, nuca las partes superiores y un collar en el cuello; el uropigio es amarillo; el centro del vientre es de color castaño.

Comportamiento

Alimentación
Es frugívora. Se alimenta de bayas, frutas y semillas y adicionalmente de insectos.

Reproducción
Construye un nido en forma de cuenco con 9 cm de diámetro y 5 cm de profundidad. La hembra pone dos o tres huevos color gris blancuzco; el período de incubación dura 13 a 17 días y los polluelos abandonan el nido 15 a 16 días después de nacer.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie T. velia fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista sueco Carlos Linneo en 1758 bajo el nombre científico Motacilla velia; su localidad tipo es: «Surinam».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino Tangara deriva de la palabra en el idioma tupí «tangará», que significa «bailarín» y era utilizado originalmente para designar una variedad de aves de colorido brillante; y el nombre de la especie «velia, sin explicación por su autor, tal vez un error de grafía para la palabra latina «sialia» o para la palabra griega «elea»: pequeño pájaro mencionado por Aristóteles.

Taxonomía

A diferencia de las subespecies de la Amazonia, la tangara pechiplateada de la mata atlántica del este de Brasil, tiene el pecho azul claro con puntos oscuros y una pequeña mancha amarilla en la frente y es tradicionalmente tratada como la subespecie T. velia cyanomelas, sin embargo, las clasificaciones Aves del Mundo (HBW) y Birdlife International (BLI) así como el Comité Brasileño de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO) la consideran una especie separada: Tangara cyanomelas. Esta separación no es seguida todavía por otras clasificaciones.

Los amplios estudios filogenéticos recientes demuestran que la presente especie es hermana de Tangara callophrys (ambas ya estuvieron colocadas en un género Tanagrella) y el par formado por ambas es hermano de Tangara chilensis.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird v.2019 se reconocen cuatro subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Grupo politípico velia:
 Tangara velia iridina (), 1841 – Colombia (a oriente de los Andes) hasta el norte de Bolivia y noroeste de Brasil.
 Tangara velia velia (), 1758 – las Guayanas y norte de la Amazonia brasileña.
 Tangara velia signata (), 1905 – este de la Amazonia brasileña (al sur del río Amazonas en Pará.

 Grupo monotípico cyanomelas:
 Tangara velia cyanomelas (), 1830 – litoral oriental de Brasil (desde Pernambuco a Espirito Santo).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Tangara velia en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Tangara velia en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de  Tangara velia en Wikiaves.

velia
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1758
Taxones descritos por Carlos Linneo

Tangara velia


Un aldol (denumire provenită de la cuvintele "aldehidă-alcool") este o beta-hidroxi aldehidă sau cetonă, fiind obținut în urma condensării aldolice a doi compuși carbonilici, fără deshidratare (reacție aldolică).

Aldehide
Alcooli

Aldol


Take Hart  is a British children's television programme about art, presented by Tony Hart. It took over from Vision On, and ran from 1977 until 1983. The programme featured Hart and the animated Plasticine character Morph, and other characters created by David Sproxton like 'Smoulder the Moulder', which was a lump of mould which would create props by 'spraying' them out of a spray can. The only other human to appear on a regular basis was Mr Bennett, the caretaker, played by Colin Bennett. The programme won a BAFTA award for Hart in 1984.

As well as demonstrating small-scale projects (the type that viewers might be able to do), Hart also created large-scale artworks on the TV studio floor, and even used beaches and other open spaces as 'canvases' (to be viewed from a camera-crane). This idea was later adopted by Art Attack, which began in 1990.

A regular feature of the programme was 'The Gallery', which displayed artworks sent in by young viewers. The easy-listening vibraphone music accompanying this feature – "Left Bank Two", composed by Wayne Hill – has passed into British TV musical lore. In later series, "Left Bank Two" alternated with John Williams' recording of "Cavatina", and in the final three series, the theme music was replaced by the more reggae-like "Passion Punch", composed by Stanley Myers, and The Gallery music was replaced by "Marguerite", by Bob Morgan, which is also well-remembered by many viewers.

By the end of the eighth series in December 1983, Hart felt that the format of the programme, which essentially continued with much of the format of its predecessor Vision On, had become somewhat outdated and routine. Despite the award of a BAFTA in early 1984, viewing figures for Take Hart by 1983 had gradually fallen since the series' heyday in the late 1970s. In an attempt to update the image of the series, Take Hart  was dropped in December 1983, and replaced by the relatively more popular series Hartbeat.

Some 2 inch Quadruplex videotape master copies of Take Hart episodes were irretrievably junked by Adam Lee of the BBC archives in 1993 on the assumption that they were 'no use' and that examples of some other episodes were sufficient. A few months later, access to the material was requested by the head of Children's BBC's light entertainment department for a documentary on Tony Hart.

Series guide

Series 1: 13 editions first shown 15 February 1977 – 17 May 1977
Series 2: 6 editions first shown 14 March 1978 – 18 April 1978
Series 3: 13 editions first shown 3 January 1979 – 28 March 1979
Series 4: 13 editions first shown 2 January 1980 – 26 March 1980
Series 5: 15 editions first shown 14 January 1981 – 22 April 1981
Special:  Take Hart on Holiday By the Sea, first shown 12 June 1981
Series 6: 15 editions first shown 6 January 1982 – 14 April 1982
Series 7  15 editions first shown 5 January 1983 – 13 April 1983
Series 8: 10 editions first shown 28 October 1983 – 30 December 1983

References

External links

BBC children's television shows
British television series with live action and animation
1977 British television series debuts
1983 British television series endings
1970s British children's television series
1980s British children's television series
English-language television shows
Television series about art
Lost BBC episodes

Take Hart


Criado em 2014, o Festival Internacional de Roteiro Cinematográfico em Língua Portuguesa (GUIÕES ou Festival Guiões) é um festival que acontece em Lisboa, Portugal, e é dedicado aos roteiros audiovisuais. Nele, há palestras, oficinas e outras atividades, como concursos de roteiros de longas-metragens e de pilotos de séries de televisão. Entre seus convidados, já estiveram presentes Carlos Saldanha (codiretor de A Era do Gelo), Aly Muritiba (roteirista e diretor de Deserto Particular) e José Carvalho (roteirista de Sai de Baixo).

!Artigos novos
Festivais de Portugal