Central Java (, ) is a province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the south, East Java in the east, and the Java Sea in the north. It has a total area of 34,337.48 km2, with a population of 36,516,035 at the 2020 Census making it the third-most populous province in both Java and Indonesia after West Java and East Java. The official estimate as at mid 2022 was 37,032,410. The province also includes a number of offshore islands, including the island of Nusakambangan in the south (close to the border of West Java), and the Karimun Jawa Islands in the Java Sea.

Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Yogyakarta Special Region, in turn including the city of Yogyakarta; however, administratively that city and its surrounding regencies have formed a separate special region (equivalent to a province) since the country's independence, and is administered separately. Although known as the "heart" of Javanese culture, there are several other non-Javanese ethnic groups, such as the Sundanese on the border with West Java. Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, and Indian Indonesians are also scattered throughout the province.

The province has been inhabited by humans since the prehistoric-era. Remains of a Homo erectus, known as "Java Man", were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo, and date back to 1.7 million years ago. What is present-day Central Java was once under the control of several Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, Islamic sultanates, and the Dutch East Indies colonial government. Central Java was also the centre of the Indonesian independence movement. As the majority of modern-day Indonesians are of Javanese descent, both Central Java and East Java have a major impact on Indonesia's social, political, and economic life.

History

Etymology
The origin of the name "Java" can be traced from the Sanskrit chronicle which mentions the existence of an island called yavadvip(a) (dvipa means "island", and yava means "barley" or also "grain"). These grains may be millet (Setaria italica) or rice, both of which have been widely found on this island, before the entry of Indian influence. It is possible that the island had many previous names, including the possibility of it originating from the word jaú which means "far away". Yavadvipa is mentioned in one of the Indian epic, Ramayana. According to the epic, Sugriva, the commander of the wanara (ape man) from Sri Rama's army, sent his envoy to Yavadvip ("Java Island") to look for the Hindu goddess Sita.

Another possibility is that the word "Java" comes from Proto-Austronesian, Awa or Yawa (Similar to the words Awa'i (Awaiki) or Hawa'i (Hawaiki) used in Polynesia, especially Hawaii) which means "home".

An island called Iabadiu or Jabadiu is mentioned in Ptolemy's work called Geographia which was made around 150 AD during the era of the Roman Empire. Iabadiu is said to mean "island of barley", also rich in gold, and has a silver city called Argyra at its western end. This name mentioned Java, which most likely origins from the Sanskrit term Java-dvipa (Yawadvipa).

Chinese records from the Songshu and the Liangshu referred to Java as She-po (5th century AD), He-ling (640–818 AD), then called it She-po again until the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), where they began to call Zhao-Wa. In the book Yingyai Shenglan, written by the Chinese Ming explorer Ma Huan, the Chinese call Java as Chao-Wa, and it was once called the She-pó (She-bó). When Giovanni de' Marignolli returned from China to Avignon, he stopped at the kingdom of Saba, which he said had many elephants and was led by a queen; this name Saba might be his interpretation of She-bó.

Prehistoric era

Java has been inhabited by humans or their ancestors (hominina) since prehistoric times. In Central Java and the adjacent territories in East Java remains known as "Java Man" were discovered in the 1890s by the Dutch anatomist and geologist Eugène Dubois. It belongs to the species Homo erectus, and are believed to be about 1.7 million years old. The Sangiran site is an important prehistoric site on Java.

Around  years ago, Australoid peoples related to modern Australian Aboriginals and Melanesians settled in Central Java. They were assimilated or replaced by Mongoloid Austronesians by about 3,000 BC, who brought technologies of pottery, outrigger canoes, the bow and arrow, and introduced domesticated pigs, fowls, and dogs. They also introduced cultivated rice and millet.

Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic era

Recorded history began in what is now Central Java in the 7th century AD. The writing, as well as Hinduism and Buddhism, were brought by the Indians from South Asia, at the time of Central Java was a centre of power in Java. In 664 AD, the Chinese monk Hui-neng visited the Javanese port city he called Hēlíng (訶陵) or Ho-ling, where he translated various Buddhist scriptures into Chinese with the assistance of the Javanese Buddhist monk Jñānabhadra. It is not precisely known what is meant by the name Hēlíng. It used to be considered the Chinese transcription of Kalinga but it is now most commonly thought of as a rendering of the name Areng. Hēlíng is believed to be located somewhere between Semarang and Jepara.

The first dated inscription in Central Java was the Canggal from 732 AD. This inscription, from Kedu, is written in Sanskrit in Pallava script. It is written that a Shaivite king named Sri Sanjaya established a kingdom called Mataram. Under the reign of Sanjaya's dynasty, several monuments such as the Prambanan temple complex were built. At the same time, a competing dynasty Sailendra arose, adhering to Buddhism and built the Borobudur temple. After 820 AD, there was no more mention of the Hēlíng in Chinese records. Coinciding with the overthrow of the Sailendras by the Sanjayas who restored Shaivism as the dominant religion. In the middle of the 10th century, however, the centre of power moved to eastern Java. Raden Wijaya founded the Majapahit Empire, and reaching its peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk. The kingdom claimed sovereignty over the entire Indonesian archipelago, although direct control tended to be limited to Java, Bali and Madura. Gajah Mada was a military leader during this time, who led numerous territorial conquests. The kingdoms in Java had previously based their power on agriculture, but Majapahit had succeeded in seizing ports and shipping lanes, in a bid to become the first commercial empire on Java. The empire suffered a setback after the death of Hayam Wuruk and the entry of Islam into the archipelago.

In the late 16th century, Islam had surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in Java. The emergence of Islamic kingdoms in Java is also inseparable from the role of Walisongo. At first, the spread of Islam was quick and was accepted by ordinary people, until the entrance of da'wah and it was carried out by the rulers of the island. The Sultanate of Demak was the first recorded Islamic kingdom in Java, first led by one of the descendants of the Majapahit emperor Raden Patah, who converted to Islam. During this period, Islamic kingdoms began to develop from Pajang, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Cirebon, and Banten. Another Islamic kingdom, the Sultanate of Mataram, grew into a dominant force in the central and eastern Java. The cities of Surabaya and Cirebon were subdued by Mataram. Only the Mataram and Banten Sultanates remained after the Dutch arrived in the early 17th century. Some Islamic kingdoms in Java can still be found in several regions, such as Surakarta (with two kingdoms of Kasunanan and Mangkunegaran), and Yogyakarta with the Yogyakarta Sultanate and Pakualaman.

Dutch colonial rule

By the late 16th century, European traders began to frequent central Javanese ports. The Dutch established a presence in the region through the East India Company. Following the fall of Demak to Mataram under the reign of Sultan Agung, Mataram was able to conquer almost all of Java by the 17th century, but internal disputes and Dutch intervention forced it to cede more land to the Dutch. These cessions led to several partitions of Mataram. The first was after the 1755 Treaty of Giyanti, which divided the kingdom in two, the Sultanates of Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Surakarta was divided again with the establishment of the Mangkunegaran following the 1757 Treaty of Salatiga.

During the Napoleonic Wars, Central Java as a Dutch colony was taken over by the British. In 1813, the Sultanate of Yogyakarta was divided with the establishment of the Pakualaman. Following the departure of the British, the Dutch returned as stipulated in the Congress of Vienna. The Java War between 1825 and 1830 ravaged Central Java, which resulted in a consolidation of the Dutch power. The power and the territories of the already divided Mataram were greatly reduced. After the war, the Netherlands enforced the Cultivation System which was linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, first in Cirebon and then Central Java, as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice.

In the 1900s, the predecessor of the modern Central Java was created, named Gouvernement of Midden-Java. Before 1905, central Java consisted of 5 gewesten (regions) namely Semarang, Rembang, Kedu, Banyumas, and Pekalongan. Surakarta was still an independent vorstenland (autonomous region) which stood alone and consisted of two regions, Surakarta and Mangkunegaran, as well as Yogyakarta. Each gewest consisted of districts. At that time, the Rembang Gewest also included Regentschap Tubanand Regentschap Bojonegoro. After the enactment of the 1905 Decentralisatie Besluit (Decentralisation Decision), the governor was given autonomy and a regional Council was formed. In addition, autonomous gemeente (municipal) was formed, Pekalongan, Tegal, Semarang, Salatiga, and Magelang. In 1930, the province was designated as an autonomous region with a provinciale raad (provincial council). The province consists of several residenties (residencies), covering several regentschap (districts), divided into several kawedanan (districts). Central Java consisted of 5 residences: Pekalongan, Jepara-Rembang, Semarang, Banyumas, and Kedu.

Independence and contemporary era
On 1 March 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army landed on Java, and the following week, the Dutch East Indies surrendered to Japan. During Japanese rule, Java and Madura were placed under the Japanese 16th Army. Many who lived in areas considered important to the war effort experienced torture, sex slavery, arbitrary arrest and execution, and other war crimes. Thousands of people were taken away as forced labourers (romusha) for Japanese military projects, including the Burma-Siam and Saketi-Bayah railways, and suffered or died as a result of ill-treatment and starvation. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation. About 2.4 million people died in Java from famine during 1944–45.

Following the surrender of Japan, Indonesia proclaimed its independence on 17 August 1945. The final stages of warfare were initiated in October when, under the terms of their surrender, the Japanese tried to re-establish the authority they relinquished to the Indonesians in towns and cities. The fiercest fighting involving the Indonesian pemuda and the Japanese was in Semarang. Six days later, British forces began to occupy the city, after which retreating Indonesian Republican forces retaliated by killing between 130 and 300 Japanese prisoners. Five hundred Japanese and 2,000 Indonesians had been killed, and the Japanese had almost captured the city when British forces arrived.

The province of Central Java was formed on 15 August 1950, excluding Yogyakarta but including Surakarta. There has been no significant changes in the administrative division of the province ever since. In the aftermath of the 30 September Movement in 1965, an anti-communist purge took place in Central Java, in which the army and community vigilante groups killed Communists and leftists, both actual and alleged. Others were interned in concentration camps, the most infamous of which was on the isle of Buru in Maluku, first used as a place of political exile by the Dutch. Some were executed years later, but most were released in 1979 In 1998, near the downfall of Suharto, anti-Chinese violence broke out in Surakarta (Solo) and surrounding areas, in which Chinese property and other buildings were burnt down. The following year, public buildings in Surakarta were burnt by supporters of Megawati Sukarnoputri after Indonesia's parliament chose Abdurrahman Wahid instead of Megawati for the presidency.

The 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake in the south and Yogyakarta devastated many buildings and caused thousands of deaths and more than  injuries.

Geography

According to the slope level of land in Central Java, 38% of the land has a slope of 0–2%, 31% has a slope of 2–15%, 19% has a slope of 15–40%, and the remaining 12% has a slope of more than 40%.

The northern coastal region of Central Java has a narrow lowland. In the Brebes area, it is 40 km wide from the coast, while in Semarang, it is only 4 km wide. This plain continues with the depression of Semarang-Rembang in the east. Mount Muria at the end of the Ice Age (around 10,000 years BC) was a separate island from Java, which eventually fused because of alluvial deposits from flowing rivers. The city of Demak during the era of the Demak Sultanate  was on the edge of the sea and became a thriving port. This sedimentation process is still ongoing on the coast of Semarang.

In the south of the area are the Northern Cretaceous Mountains and the Kendeng Mountains, which are limestone mountains stretching from the east of Semarang from the Southwest end of Pati then east to the Lamongan and Bojonegoro in East Java.

The main range of mountains in Central Java is the North and South Serayu Mountains. The North forms a mountain chain that connects the Bogor range in West Java with the Kendeng Mountains in the east. The width of this mountain range is around 30–50 km; on the western end there is Mount Slamet, which is the highest mountain in Central Java as well as the second-highest mountain in Java, and the eastern part is the Dieng Plateau with peaks of Mount Prahu and Mount Ungaran. Between the series of North and South Serayu Mountains are separated by the Serayu Depression which stretches from Majenang in the Cilacap Regency, Purwokerto, to Wonosobo. East of this depression is the Sindoro and Sumbing volcano, and the east again (Magelang and Temanggung areas) is a continuation of depression which limits Mount Merapi and Mount Merbabu.

The Southern Serayu Mountains are part of the South Central Java Basin located in the southern part of the province. This mandala is a geoantiklin that extends from west to east along 100 kilometres and is divided into two parts separated by the Jatilawang valley, namely the western and eastern regions. The western part is formed by Mount Kabanaran (360 m) and can be described as having the same elevation as the Bandung Depression Zone in West Java or as a new structural element in Central Java. This section is separated from the Bogor Zone by the Majenang Depression.

The eastern part was built by the Ajibarang anticline (narrow anticline) which was cut by the Serayu River stream. In the east of Banyumas, the anticline developed into an anticlinorium with a width reaching 30 km in the Lukulo area (south of Banjarnegara-Midangan) or often called the Kebumen Tinggi. At the very eastern end of Mandala, the South Serayu Mountains are formed by the dome of the Kulonprogo Mountains (1022 m), which is located between Purworejo and the Progo River.

The area of the south coast of Central Java also has a narrow lowland, with a width of 10–25 km. In addition, there are South Gombong Karst Areas. Sloping hills stretch parallel to the coast, from Yogyakarta to Cilacap. East of Yogyakarta is a limestone mountain area that extends to the southern coast of East Java.

Hydrology

The rivers that empty into the Java Sea include the Bengawan Solo River, Kali Pemali, Kali Comal, and Kali Bodri, while the ones that empty into the Indian Ocean include Serayu River, Bogowonto River, Luk Ulo River and Progo River. Bengawan Solo is the longest river on the island of Java (572 km); has a spring in the Sewu Mountains (Wonogiri Regency), this river flows to the north, crosses the City of Surakarta, and finally goes to East Java and empties into the Gresik area (near Surabaya).

Among the main reservoirs (lakes) in Central Java are Gunung Rowo Lake (Pati Regency), Gajahmungkur Reservoir (Wonogiri Regency), Kedungombo Reservoir (Boyolali and Sragen Regency), Rawa Pening Lake (Semarang Regency), Cacaban Reservoir (Tegal Regency), Malahayu Reservoir (Brebes Regency), Wadaslintang Reservoir (border of Kebumen Regency and Wonosobo Regency), Gembong Reservoir (Pati Regency), Sempor Reservoir (Kebumen Regency) and Mrica Reservoir (Banjarnegara Regency).

Climate
The average temperature in Central Java is between  and the relative humidity varies between 73% and 94%. While the humidity is high in most low-lying parts of the province, it drops significantly in the upper mountains. The highest average annual rainfall of 3,990 mm with 195 rainy days was recorded in Salatiga.

Administrative divisions

On the eve of the World War II in 1942, Central Java was subdivided into seven residencies (Dutch: residentie or plural residenties, Javanese karésiḍènan or karésidhènan) which corresponded more or less with the main regions of this area. These residencies were Banjoemas, Kedoe, Pekalongan, Semarang, and Djapara-Rembang plus the so-called Gouvernement Soerakarta and Gouvernement Jogjakarta. However, after the local elections in 1957, the role of these residencies were reduced until they finally disappeared.

Today, Central Java (excluding Yogyakarta Special Region) is divided into 29 regencies (kabupaten) and six cities (kota, previously kotamadya and kota pradja), the latter being independent of any regency. The Southeastern (Solo) area used to be the Surakarta Sunanate until the monarchy was unrecognized by the Indonesian government. These contemporary regencies and cities can further be subdivided into 565 districts (kecamatan). These districts are further divided into  rural communes or "villages" (desa) and 764 urban communes (kelurahan).

The districts are listed below with their areas and populations at the 2000, 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022, and are grouped (for convenience) according to the now defunct residenties in which they were formerly situated.

Note: The regencies now appear in the formal order prescribed by the Indonesian Central Statistics Board (Badan Pusat Statistik), as indicated by the regional codes (Kode Wilayah).

Demographics
As of the 2010 census, Central Java's population stood at 32.38 million, barely increasing from 2000, compared with the 1990 census when the population was 28 million. This reflected an increase of approximately 13.5% in 20 years. At the 2020 Census the population was 36,516,035, and the official estimate for mid 2022 was 37,032,410.  Birthrates had not plunged between 2000 and 2010, instead losses due to domestic outmigration on 2010 figures, reversed themselves in 2020 with pandemic back to kampung influence.

The three biggest regencies in terms of population are: Brebes, Cilacap and Banyumas. Together they make up approximately 16% of the province's population. Major urban population centres include Greater Semarang, Greater Surakarta and the Brebes-Tegal-Slawi area in the northwest of the province.

Religion

Although the overwhelming majority of Javanese are Muslims, many also profess indigenous Javanese beliefs. Clifford Geertz, in his book about the religion of Java, made a distinction between the so-called santri Javanese and abangan Javanese. He considered the former as orthodox Muslims and the latter as nominal Muslims that devote more energy to indigenous traditions.

Dutch Protestants were active in missionary activities and were rather successful. The Dutch Catholic Jesuit missionary, F.G.C. van Lith also achieved some success, especially in areas around the central-southern parts of Central Java and Yogyakarta at the beginning of the 20th century, and is buried at the Jesuit necropolis at Muntilan.

Following the upheavals in 1965–66, religious identification of citizens became compulsory, and there has been a renaissance of Buddhism and Hinduism since then. As one has to choose a religion out of the five official religions in Indonesia; i.e. Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, the latter two became alternatives for people who did not want to be Muslims or Christians. Confucianism is also common among Chinese Indonesians. In the post-Suharto era, it is recognised as an official religion along with the aforementioned five.

Ethnicity

At approximately 98%, Javanese people form the overwhelming majority of the population, and a minority of the Sundanese people. Central Java is known as the centre of Javanese culture. The cities of Surakarta and Yogyakarta are the centres of the Javanese royal palace that still stands today.

Significant minority ethnic groups include the Chinese Indonesians. They usually reside in urban areas, although they are also found in rural areas. In general, they primarily work in trade and services. Many speak the Javanese language with sufficient fluency as they have lived alongside the Javanese. One can feel the strong influence in Semarang and the town of Lasem in Rembang Regency, which is on the northeastern tip of Central Java. Even Lasem is nicknamed Le petit chinois or the Small Chinese City. The urban areas that are densely populated by Chinese Indonesians are called pecinan, which means "Chinatown". Additionally, in several major cities, the Arab-Indonesian community can also be found. Similar to the Chinese community, they are usually engaged in trade and services.

In areas bordering the province of West Java, there are Sundanese people and Sundanese culture, especially in the Cilacap, Brebes, and Banyumas regions.  Sundanese toponyms are common in these regions such as Dayeuhluhur in Cilacap, Ciputih and Citimbang in Brebes and even Cilongok as far away in Banyumas. In the interior of Blora, which borders East Java, there is an isolated Samin community, the case of which is almost the same as the Baduy people in Banten.

Language

Although Indonesian is the official language, people mostly speak Javanese as their daily language. The Solo-Jogja dialect or the Mataram dialect is considered as the standard Javanese Language.

Additionally, there are a number of Javanese dialects but in general, it consists of two, namely kulonan and timuran. The former is spoken in the western part of Central Java, consisting of the Banyumasan dialects and Tegal dialects (also called Basa Ngapak). They are quite different in pronunciation from the standard Javanese. The latter dialect is spoken in the eastern part of the province, including the Mataram dialect (Solo-Jogja), Semarang dialect, and the Pati dialect. Between the borders of the two dialects, Javanese is spoken with a mixture of both dialects; these areas are Pekalongan and the Kedu Plain, which composes Magelang and Temanggung.

Sundanese language

Some parts of the districts of Brebes and Cilacap speak Sundanese, the western part of Central Java is the border between the Javanese people and Sundanese people worlds in the western of Java.

Culture

Central Java is considered to be the heart of the Javanese culture. The ideal conduct and moral of the courts (such as politeness, nobility and grace) has a tremendous influence on the people. They are known as soft-spoken, very polite, extremely class-conscious, apathetic, down-to-earth, etc. These stereotypes form what most non-Javanese see as the "Javanese Culture", when in fact, not all Javanese behave in such manner as most Javanese are far from the court culture.

Mapping the Javanese cultures
The Javanese cultural area can be divided into three distinct main regions: Western, Central, and Eastern Javanese culture or in their Javanese names as Ngapak, Kejawèn and Arèk. The boundaries of these cultural regions coincide with the isoglosses of the Javanese dialects. Cultural areas west of Dieng Plateau and Pekalongan Regency are considered Ngapak whereas the border of the eastern cultural areas or Arèk lies in East Java. Consequently, culturally, Central Java consists of two cultures, while the Central Javanese Culture proper is not entirely confined to Central Java.

Creative arts

Architecture
The architecture of Central Java is characterised by the juxtaposition of the old and the new and a wide variety of architectural styles, the legacy of many successive influences from the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, China, and Europe. In particular, northern coastal cities such as Semarang, Tegal, and Pekalongan can boast European colonial architecture. The European and Chinese influence can be seen in Semarang's temple of Sam Poo Kong dedicated to Zheng He and the Domed Church built in 1753. The latter is the second-oldest church in Java and the oldest in Central Java. In the former capital of Surakarta, there are also several European architectures.

Central Java also has some notable religious buildings. The Borobudur and the Prambanan temple complexes are among the largest Buddhist and Hindu structures in the world. In general, a characteristic Javanese mosque does not have a dome as its roof but a Meru-like roof which is reminiscent of a Hindu or Buddhist temple. The tower of the famous Mosque of Kudus resembles a Hindu-Javanese or Balinese temple more than a traditional Middle Eastern mosque.

Batik
Central Java is famous and well known for its exquisite batik, a generic wax-resist dyeing technique used on textiles. There are different styles of batik motifs. A centre of batik production is in Pekalongan. Other centres include Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Batik in Pekalongan style, which represent gaya pesisir (or coastal style), is different from the one in Surakarta and Yogyakarta that represent batik from the heartland of Java (gaya kejawèn).

Dance
One can even see the court influences in the art forms. The dances of the courts of Java are usually slow and graceful with no excessive gestures. The people followed this approach, and as a result, slow-paced and graceful movements can even be found in folk dances throughout Central Java, though with some exceptions. One can enjoy the beauty of Central Javanese dances in "Kamajaya-Kamaratih" or "Karonsih", usually performed in a traditional Javanese wedding.

Theatre
There are several kinds of Central Javanese theatre and performing arts. The most well-known is the Javanese wayang theatre, which has several types. These are wayang kulit, wayang klitik, wayang bèbèr, wayang golèk, and wayang wong. Wayang kulit are shadow puppets theatre with leather puppets. The stories are loosely based on Mahabharata and Ramayana cycles. Wayang klitik are puppets theatre with flat wooden puppets. The stories are based on Panji (king) stories. Panji was a native Javanese princes who embarked a 'journeys of desire'. Wayang bèbèr is scroll theatre, and it involves "performing" scenes of a story elaborately drawn and painted on rolled sheets. Wayang golèk consists of three-dimensional wooden puppets. The narrative can be based on anything, but usually are drawn from Islamic heroic ones. Finally, wayang wong is wayang theatre involving live figures, actors who are performing a play. The narrative, however, must be based on Mahabharata or Ramayana.

In addition to wayang, there is another form of theatre called ketoprak. It is a staged play by actors accompanied by Javanese gamelan. The narrative is free but cannot be based on Mahabharata or Ramayana.

Music
Central Javanese music is almost synonymous with gamelan. It is a musical ensemble typically featuring a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, drums, gongs, bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings. Vocalists may also be included. The term refers more to the set of instruments than the players of those instruments. A gamelan as a set of instruments is a distinct entity, built and tuned to stay together. Instruments from different gamelan are not interchangeable. However, gamelan is not typically Central Javanese as it is also known elsewhere.

Contemporary Javanese pop music is called campursari. It is a fusion between gamelan and Western instruments, much like kroncong. Usually, the lyrics are in Javanese, though not always. One notable singer is Didi Kempot, born in Sragen, north of Surakarta. He mostly sings in Javanese.

Literature
It can be argued that Javanese literature started in Central Java. The oldest-known literary work in the Javanese language is the inscription of Sivagrha from Kedu Plain. This inscription, which is from 856 AD, is written as a kakawin or Javanese poetry with Indian metres. The oldest of narrative poems, Kakawin Ramayana, which tells the well-known story of Ramayana, is believed to have come from Central Java. It can be safely assumed that this kakawin were written in the central Java region in the 9th century.

After the shift of Javanese power to eastern Java, it had been quiet from Central Java for several centuries concerning Javanese literature until the 16th century. At this time, the centre of power was shifted back to Central Java. The oldest work written in modern Javanese language concerning Islam is the so-called "Book of Bonang" or also "The Admonitions of Seh Bari". This work is extant in just one manuscript, now kept in the University of Leiden as codex Orientalis 1928. It is assumed that this manuscript originates from Tuban, in eastern Java and was taken to the Netherlands after 1598. However, this work is attributed to Sunan Bonang, one of the nine Javanese saints who spread Islam in Java and Sunan Bonang came from Bonang, a place in Demak Regency, Central Java. It can be argued that this work marked the beginning of Islamic literature in the region.

However, the pinnacle of Central Javanese literature was created at the courts of the kings of Mataram in Kartasura and later in Surakarta and Yogyakarta that are mostly attributed to the Yasadipura family. The most famous member of this family is Rangga Warsita who lived in the 19th century. He is the best-known of all Javanese writers and also one of the most prolific. He is also known as bujangga panutup or "the last court poet".

Following independence, the Javanese language as a medium was pushed to the background. Still, one of the greatest contemporary Indonesian authors, Pramoedya Ananta Toer was born in 1925 in Blora. He was an author of novels, short stories, essays, polemics, and histories of his homeland and its people. A well-regarded writer in the West, his outspoken and often politically charged writings faced censorship at home. He faced extrajudicial punishment for opposing the policies of both President Sukarno and Suharto. During imprisonment and house arrest, he became a cause célèbre for advocates of freedom of expression and human rights. In his works, he writes much about life and social problems in Java.

Cuisine
Rice is the staple food of Central Java. In addition to rice, dried cassava, known locally as gaplèk, also serve as a staple food. Javanese food tends to taste sweet. Cooked and stewed vegetables, usually in coconut milk (santen in Javanese) are prevalent. Raw vegetable, which is popular in West Java, is less prevalent in Central Java.

Saltwater fish, both fresh and dried are common, especially among coastal areas. Freshwater fish is not popular in Central Java, unlike in West Java, except perhaps for catfish known locally as lélé. It is usually fried and served with chilli condiment (sambal) and raw vegetables.

Chicken, mutton and beef are common meat. Certain parts of the population also eat dog meat, known by its euphemism daging jamu (literally "traditional medicine meat").

Tofu and tempe serve as the standard replacement to fish and meat. Famous dishes in Central Java include gudeg (sweet stew of jackfruit) and sayur lodeh (vegetables cooked in coconut milk).

Besides the aforementioned tofu, there is a strong Chinese influence in numerous dishes. Some examples of Sino-Javanese food include noodles, bakso (meatballs), lumpia, soto etc. The widespread use of sweet soybeans sauce (kecap manis) in the Javanese cuisine can also be attributed to the Chinese influence.

Transportation

Central Java is connected to the Trans-Java Toll Road which currently runs from Merak in Banten to Probolinggo (planned: Banyuwangi), East-Java. Within the province the toll road starts at Brebes, continuing via Semarang then turn southeast to Surakarta until east of Sragen. Along the north coast east of Semarang, the North Coast Road (Jalur Pantai Utara or Jalur Pantura) is the main road. Losari, the Central Javanese gate at the western border on the northern coast, could be reached from Jakarta in 4 hours drive. On the southern coast, there is also a national way which run from Kroya at the Sundanese-Javanese border, through Yogyakarta to Surakarta and then to Surabaya via Kertosono in East Java. There is furthermore a direct connection from Tegal to Purwokerto and from Semarang to Yogyakarta and Surakarta.

Central Java was the province that first introduced a railway line in Indonesia. The very first line began in 1873 between Semarang and Yogyakarta by a private company, but this route is now no longer used. Today there are five lines in Central Java: the northern line which runs from Jakarta via Semarang to Surabaya. Then there is the southern line from Kroya through Yogyakarta and Surakarta to Surabaya. There is also a train service between Semarang and Surakarta and a service between Kroya and Cirebon. At last there is a route between Surakarta and Wonogiri. The line between Kutoarjo and Surakarta, the line from Cirebon to Purwokerto up to Kroya and the entire north coast line (since 2014) are double-track, while second tracks from Surakarta to Kertosono (towards Surabaya) and Purwokerto-Kroya-Kutoarjo are under construction of which the latter will be finished in 2019
. Other lines are single-track.

On the northern coast Central Java is served by 8 harbours. The main port is Tanjung Mas in Semarang, other harbours are located in Brebes, Tegal, Pekalongan, Batang, Jepara, Juwana and Rembang. The southern coast is mainly served by the port Tanjung Intan in Cilacap.

Finally on mainland Central Java there are five commercial airports.  There is one additional commercial airport on the Karimunjawa isles. The airports on the mainland are: Adisumarmo International Airport in Surakarta, Jenderal Ahmad Yani International Airport in Semarang, Ngloram Airport in Cepu, Blora, General Sudirman Airport in Purbalingga and Tunggul Wulung Airport in Cilacap. Karimunjawa is served by Dewadaru Airport.

Economy

GDP in the province of Central Java was estimated to be around $US 98 billion in 2010, with a per capita income of around $US 3,300. Economic growth in the province is quite rapid and GDP is forecast to reach $US 180 billion by 2015. The poverty rate of its people is 13% and will be decreased below 6%.

Agriculture

Much of Central Java is a fertile agricultural region. The primary food crop is wet rice. An elaborate irrigation network of canals, dams, aqueducts, and reservoirs has greatly contributed to Central Java's the rice-growing capacity over the centuries. In 2001, productivity of rice was 5,022 kilograms/ha, mostly provided from irrigated paddy field (± 98%). Klaten Regency had the highest productivity with 5525 kilograms/ha.

Other crops, also mostly grown in lowland areas on small peasant landholdings, are corn (maize), cassava, peanuts (groundnuts), soybeans, and sweet potatoes. Terraced hillslopes and irrigated paddy fields are familiar features of the landscape. Kapok, sesame, vegetables, bananas, mangoes, durian fruits, citrus fruits, and vegetable oils are produced for local consumption. Tea, coffee, tobacco, rubber, sugarcane and kapok; and coconuts are exported. Several of these cash crops at a time are usually grown on large family estates. Livestock, especially water buffalo, is raised primarily for use as draft animals. Salted and dried fish are imported.

Education
Central Java is home to such notable state universities, which are:
 Diponegoro University
 Semarang State University
 Sebelas Maret University
 Jenderal Soedirman University
 Surakarta Institute of Indonesian Arts
 Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
 Tidar University

The Military Academy (Akademi Militer) is located in Magelang Regency while the Police Academy (Akademi Kepolisian) is located in Semarang.

For foreign students requiring language training Salatiga has been a location for generations of students attending courses.

Tourism

There are several tourism sites in Central Java. Semarang itself has many old buildings: Puri Maerokoco and the Indonesian Record Museum are located in this city.

Borobudur, which is one of the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites of Indonesia, is also located in this province, in the Magelang Regency. Candi Mendut and Candi Pawon can also be found near the Borobudur temple complex.

Candi Prambanan, on the border of Klaten regency and Yogyakarta is the biggest complex of Hindu temples. It is also a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site. There are several temples in the region around the Dieng Plateau. These date from before the era of the ancient Mataram.

The Palace of the Sunan (Keraton Kasunanan) and Pura Mangkunegaran, are located in Surakarta, while the Grojogan Sewu waterfall is located in Karanganyar Regency. Several Majapahit temples and Sangiran museum are also located in Central Java.

Coat of arms and symbols
The motto of Central Java is Prasetya Ulah Sakti Bhakti Praja. This is a Javanese phrase meaning "A vow of devotion with all might to the country". The coat of arms of Central Java depicts a legendary flask, Kundi Amerta or Cupu Manik, formed in a pentagon representing Pancasila. In the centre of the emblem stands a sharp bamboo spike (representing the fight for independence, and it has 8 sections which represent Indonesia's month of Independence) with a golden five-pointed star (representing faith in God), superimposed on the black profile of a candi (temple) with seven stupas, while the middle stupa is the biggest. This candi is reminiscent of the Borobudur. Under the candi wavy outlines of waters are visible. Behind the candi two golden mountain tops are visible.

These twin mountains represents the unity between the people and their government. The emblem shows a green sky above the candi. Above, the shield is adorned with a red and white ribbon, the colours of the Indonesian flag. Lining the left and right sides of the shield are respectively stalk of rice (17 of them, representing Indonesia's day of Independence) and cotton flowers (5 of them, each one is 4-petaled, representing Indonesia's year of Independence). At the bottom, the shield is adorned with a golden red ribbon. On the ribbon the name "Central Java" (Jawa Tengah) is inscribed in black. The floral symbol of the province is the Michelia alba, while the provincial fauna is Oriolus chinensis.

Further reading
 Tourist (printed information)
 Backshall, S. et al. (1999) Indonesia, The rough guide London . Central Java – pp. 153–231
 Cribb, Robert (2000) Historical Atlas of Indonesia London: Curzon Press
 Dalton. B. (1980s) Indonesia Handbook various editions – Central Java.
 Geertz, C. (1960) The Religion of Java University Of Chicago Press 1976 paperback:
 Hatley, Ron et al. (1984) Other Javas: away from the kraton Clayton: Monash University
 Vaisutis. Justine et al. (2007) Indonesia Eighth edition. Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd, Footscray, Victoria

See also

 West Java
 East Java

References

Bibliography

External links

 Media Online

1945 establishments in Indonesia
Provinces of Indonesia
States and territories established in 1945

Central Java


The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse (no Brasil: O Menino, a Toupeira, a Raposa e o Cavalo) é um curta-metragem de aventura dramática britânico-estadunidense que utiliza-se da técnica de animação lançado em 2022 dirigido por Peter Baynton e Charlie Mackesy, escrito por Jon Croker e Mackesy baseado no livro homônimo de Mackesy de 2019. Seu elenco de voz incluí Jude Coward Nicoll, Gabriel Byrne, Idris Elba e Tom Hollander como os quatro protagonistas. A trama gira em torno dos personagens desenvolvendo companheirismo entre eles no deserto em um dia de primavera e explora temas como: humanidade, empatia e bondade. Teve lançamento no Reino Unido através da BBC One e BBC iPlayer na véspera de Natal (24 de dezembro de 2022) e internacionalmente na Apple TV+, como um filme original da Apple, no dia de Natal.

No início de 2020, quando o livro se tornou um best-seller, vários produtores tentaram adquirir seus direitos para uma possível adaptação as telas. Esses direitos foram posteriormente adquiridos por Cara Speller, que colaborou com Matthew Freud na produção do filme pela NoneMore Productions em sua primeira produção. JJ Abrams também produziu o filme pela Bad Robot Productions. A animação foi feita remotamente durante a pandemia do COVID-19, com mais de 120 artistas de mais de 20 países trabalhando no filme. Como o livro ilustrado tinha uma qualidade de estilo solta e inacabada, Baynton e sua equipe de animação queriam combinar isso usando tinta de lápis aos personagens, que tinham detalhes intrincados e textura inspirada em aquarela no fundo.

Em 17 de janeiro 2023 foi o conteúdo televisivo mais indicado na principal premiação de animação, o Annie Awards, em sete categorias: incluindo Melhor Produção Especial, Melhor Direção, Direção de Arte e Montagem na TV. Além disso, em 12 de março de 2023, o curta venceu a categoria de Melhor Curta de Animação na 95.ª edição do Oscar.

Sinopse
Quatro amigos se reúnem em um encontro que até então parecia improvável na busca de uma compreensão mais profunda de gentileza, coragem e esperança.

Elenco

 Jude Coward Nicoll - O Menino
 Gabriel Byrne - A Toupeira
 Idris Elba - A Raposa
 Tom Hollander - O Cavalo

Produção
Em 2019, Charlie Mackesy publicou o livro gráfico ilustrado The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse com base em seus esboços que postou no Instagram sobre conversas entre um menino, uma toupeira, uma raposa e um cavalo. O romance foi um best-seller, com mais de 250.000 exemplares vendidos no início de 2020, e vários produtores tentaram adaptá-lo para um longa-metragem, até que foi solicitado pelos produtores Cara Speller e Matthew Freud para adaptá-lo a um curta de animação. Speller descobriu o livro sem ter o conhecimento, mas gostou muito dele após lê-lo e sentiu que havia muito material que poderia ser adaptado a uma peça cinematográfica. Assim, ela entrou em contato com Mackesy e Freud para discutir a criação de uma adaptação de curta-metragem.

Speller sentiu que "sempre foi muito importante para mim, desde o início, que Charlie estivesse no centro de qualquer equipe que montamos para fazer o filme. Você pode dizer imediatamente pelo livro que ele tem instintos incrivelmente fortes sobre o que funciona. Para mim, não fazia sentido tentar fazer isso sem tê-lo tão intimamente envolvido." Ela e Freud então abriram uma produtora intitulada NoneMore Productions, para financiar o filme, e JJ Abrams também produziu o filme sob a bandeira da Bad Robot Productions, se juntando a Woody Harrelson. Speller achou fascinante como Mackesy "embora obviamente tenha criado esses personagens e os conheça melhor do que ninguém, ele aprendeu muito mais sobre eles durante o processo de fazer o filme".

O filme foi dirigido por Peter Baynton e co-escrito por Jon Croker, com Jude Coward Nicoll, Gabriel Byrne, Idris Elba e Tom Hollander dublando os quatro protagonistas. O elenco de Nicoll foi um desafio a equipe criativa já que ele era um novato na atuação e foi selecionado entre 300 pessoas que fizeram o teste para o papel. Ele acrescentou: "Estávamos procurando uma certa fragilidade e vulnerabilidade na voz do menino. Queríamos que as pessoas, ao ouvirem a voz do menino, tivessem o instinto de tentar cuidar dele ou tentar protegê-lo [...] Ele nos anuncia logo no início do filme que está perdido e está procurando um lar. Todos nos sentimos incrivelmente protetores do menino. E essa era a qualidade que procurávamos na voz do personagem: um tom muito suave, muito gentil e insegurança sonoramente na voz." Baynton disse que "ele encontrou esse tipo de relacionamento adorável e relação musical entre as vozes de Nicoll e Hollander". Parecia fácil imaginar a dupla gravando suas vozes juntas em um estúdio, embora os dois atores gravassem separadamente devido à pandemia.

Animação e Design
O filme teve uma equipe internacional de mais de 120–150 pessoas vindas de mais de 20 países. A produção começou no meio da pandemia de COVID-19, portanto, cada membro teve que trabalhar remotamente de casa. Speller construiu a equipe da mesma forma que monta uma equipe para uma produção já que "você está sempre procurando os artistas mais talentosos que pode encontrar; não importa onde eles estejam no mundo, contanto que você pense que eles são a opção certa para o projeto e para a equipe". Ela chamou isso de "esforço fenomenal", pois cada membro foi além de uma maneira imaginável. Mackesy sentiu que fazer o filme foi comovente, pois "foi em grande parte uma jornada de bondade e amizade. Todos nós nos tornamos amigos. E, portanto, sempre amarei o processo tanto quanto amo o produto. E sempre que o vejo, posso pausar o filme a qualquer momento, e me lembrarei dos momentos de conversas profundas – e discussões e discordâncias ocasionais, mas sempre com gentileza."

Baynton acrescentou que, "o desenho de Charlie é sustentado por um grande conhecimento de anatomia, embora ele desenhe de forma extremamente rápida e bastante impressionista você pode dizer que ele conhece a anatomia de cavalos, meninos ou raposas tão bem. Para a toupeira, é um pouco diferente." Ele trouxe que o desafio era traduzir as ilustrações requintadas em animação desenhada à mão e "encontrar uma maneira de desenhar os personagens que nos permitisse matizar as performances que pudessem comunicar as emoções sutis que queríamos expressar". Como Mackesy tinha uma qualidade de estilo solta e inacabada, o processo envolvia desenhar os personagens anatomicamente corretos em uma linha de lápis e passar por cima com tinta solta, para dar uma forma completa, e o fundo era feito à mão. estilo pintado para se assemelhar à textura da aquarela de Mackesy. A equipe de animação, liderada pelos supervisores Tim Watts, Gabriele Zucchelli, Setareh Erfan e o diretor de arte Mike McCain, trabalhou intensamente em modelos detalhados e durante o processo de arte e storyboard, ele incentivou os artistas a encontrarem a forma mais solta de tinta, que consistia em" encontrar aquela linha muito tênue que meio que flutua em torno dos personagens"

Sobre o design dos personagens, Baynton disse "uma das primeiras coisas de que me lembro é que tem o cavalo, raposa e criança muito realistas e bem proporcionados, mas então essa estranha e pequena toupeira gráfica com círculos tubulares neste nariz, representado por um triângulo preto. Como um pequeno batente de porta. É um aspecto muito charmoso do que Charlie criou, esse tipo de contraste. Para animar, voltamos ao livro e desenvolvemos essa abordagem naturalista, não tão caricatural quanto possível ao menino, a raposa e o cavalo, e depois uma animação mais ousada a toupeira."

Trilha Sonora
Isobel Waller-Bridge compôs a trilha sonora do filme; ela disse que a música era "realmente a energia de Charlie, acho que realmente meio que alimentou a partitura, assim como o material real do livro. Eles são tão intimamente relacionados, como você pode imaginar. Então foi apenas ouvir Charlie , honestamente, a maneira como ele fala, a maneira como ele olha para o mundo e, em seguida, prestando muita atenção exatamente ao motivo pelo qual ele fez o livro e por que sentiu que era importante fazer o filme. Então, a música foi realmente apenas uma extensão dessa energia e tudo até a instrumentação e a escolha do piano que parecia muito, muito importante. Muitas dessas escolhas importantes vieram de Charlie também, que parecia o caminho certo." O design de som e a música foram feitos simultaneamente e a trilha foi escrita antes mesmo de o filme ser concluído. As partes da orquestra foram interpretadas pela BBC Concert Orchestra sob regência de Geoff Alexander. O álbum de 18 faixas consistindo na trilha sonora de Waller-Bridge foi lançado em 23 de dezembro de 2022 pela Sony Masterworks.

Lançamento
Em outubro de 2022, foi anunciado que a Apple Studios distribuiria a adaptação animada do livro gráfico ilustrado de Charlie Mackesy, The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse (2019) como um Apple Original Film internacionalmente, com exceção do Reino Unido, onde foi lançado pela BBC. A promoção do curta foi realizada a partir de dois trailers sendo lançados em 9 e 12 de dezembro, e um clipe de dois minutos lançado exclusivamente na Collider em 21 de dezembro. O curta-metragem estreou primeiro na BBC One e BBC iPlayer na véspera de Natal (24 de dezembro de 2022) e foi transmitido mundialmente no dia seguinte pela Apple TV+.

Recepção

Resposta da Crítica
No site agregador de resenhas, Rotten Tomatoes, 80% das 5 resenhas dos críticos são positivas, com nota média de 8/10. Metacritic, que utiliza uma média ponderada, atribuiu ao filme uma pontuação de 81 em 100, com base em 4 críticos, indicando "aclamação universal".

Emily Bernard, da Collider, deu quatro estrelas e meia em cinco e disse: "Os fãs do livro de Mackesy ficarão totalmente encantados em ver que as ilustrações desenhadas à mão se traduzem lindamente na tela sem perder nada de sua aparência elegante - estética bagunçada. Como as falas são literalmente tiradas das páginas do trabalho original detalhado, o filme parece menos um curta-metragem com uma história em andamento e mais um livro em movimento. Não tem o mesmo ritmo ou propulsão de enredo que um curta-metragem típico teria, mas isso só aumenta o charme dele." Megan Graye, do The Independent, escreveu "The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse é um alerta a adultos e um mundo de sabedoria para crianças. Esta história de 30 minutos o deixará esperançoso e provavelmente um pouco choroso. Emergir dela sem ser afetado é quase impossível."

Anita Singh, do The Daily Telegraph, comentou que: "A grande coisa sobre isso, porém, é a aparência. A animação (que tem uma dívida com Winnie-the-Pooh e O Pequeno Príncipe) é linda, trazendo desenhos de tinta e aquarela de Mackesy para vida. Sintonizar permite que você se desligue do mundo por meia hora. E se assistir é como se afogar em um barril de xarope de ouro - bem, todos nós não tomamos uma overdose de coisas doces no Natal?". Em uma crítica negativa, James Walton, do The Spectator, disse: "O filme de Mackesy está claramente esperando se juntar a The Snowman como um clássico de Natal emocionante. O problema é que essa esperança é tão nua, até mesmo desesperadamente aparente na tela - com o programa praticamente implorando-nos para achá-lo encantador e comovente."

Prêmios e Indicações

Em 21 de dezembro de 2022, o filme adentrou a lista preliminar (shortlist) na categoria de Melhor Curta de Animação na 95.ª edição do Oscar.

Ligações Externas

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2022
Filmes do Reino Unido de 2022
Filmes de animação sobre amizade
Filmes originais da AppleTV+
Filmes baseados em romances de autores do Reino Unido
Filmes baseados em livros infantis
Filmes da Bad Robot Productions
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes impactados pela pandemia de COVID-19
Filmes premiados com o Oscar de melhor curta-metragem de animação

The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse (filme)


An Bothriochloa barbinodis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Mariano Lagasca y Segura, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Wilhelm Guillermo Gustav o Franz Francis Herter. An Bothriochloa barbinodis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bothriochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bothriochloa

Bothriochloa barbinodis


Le secteur du petfood désigne l'industrie produisant et commercialisant des aliments pour animaux de compagnie, qui sont ensuite vendus dans des supermarchés, des animaleries ou par des vétérinaires.

Histoire
James Spratt est le premier à confectionner et vendre des biscuits pour chiens à partir du milieu du . En 1922, les premières boîtes de conserve de nourriture pour animaux de compagnie sont commercialisées aux États-Unis par Chappel Brothers of Rockford, sous le nom de . Les croquettes apparaissent pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, pendant laquelle la viande étant rationnée, les boîtes de conserve ne sont plus commercialisées. Dans les années 1960, l'extrusion permet de fabriquer des croquettes plus légères, plus régulières et plus grandes.

Marché
En 2019, le marché du petfood est estimé à 87,08 milliards de dollars, avec une augmentation prévue jusqu'à 113,2 milliards de dollars pour 2024. Cinq sociétés dominent l'industrie du petfood : Mars, Nestle Purina Petcare, J. M. Smucker, Hill's Pet Nutrition (du groupe Colgate-Palmolive), et Blue Buffalo (du groupe General Mills).

En 2020, plus de deux millions de tonnes d'aliments sont fabriqués en France, dont environ la moitié est exportée.

Critique
Le petfood est une industrie dite sensible car il est souvent reproché aux dirigeants de ces groupes de faire d'énorme profits en nourriture pour animaux alors que des millions d'êtres humains ne mangent pas à leur faim. L'odeur qui se répand autour des sites de production est également source de critique, d'où la discrétion de la plupart des producteurs.

Références

Industrie agroalimentaire
Alimentation animale

Petfood


متحف طرابزون أو قصر كوستاكي يقع في شمال مقاطعة زيتنليك بالقرب من شارع ازون في طرابزون بتركيا.

التاريخ

بُني المتحف في 1890-1900، بناه كوستاكي تيفيلاكتوف الذي كان صاحب مصرف مشهور هاجر من روسيا إلى طرابزون بعد الحرب العثمانية-الروسية (1877-1978).
عندما كانت طرابزون محتلة من قِبل الروس، كانوا يستعملون هذا المبنى كمقر روسي هناك. بعد أن غادر الروس من طرابزون، اشترى السيد نيمليزاد عاكف، الذي كان تاجر مشهور في طرابزون، جميع أملاك كوستاكي بعد أن أفلس.
بعد ذلك قاموا بتجهيز القصر لأول رئيس تركي، مصطفى كمال اتاتورك وزوجته حيث أقاموا فيه في أول زيارة لهم لطرابزون بين 15 و 17 من سبتمبر 1924. قامت الحكومة بمصادرة المبنى بعد ذلك عندما تولى علي غالب منصب حاكم طرابزون. وكان المبنى بمثابة بهو الحاكم بين العامين 1927-1931. بعد أن انتقل المبنى ليخدم وزارة التعليم، كان مدرسة ثانوية للبنات (1937-1931) لمدة 50 عام. في 1987، حولوا المبنى إلى وزارة الثقافة ليقوموا بتجهيزه ليُفتح كمتحف وفُتح في 22 من أبريل عام 2001.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 http://www.karalahana.com/english/archive/Kostaki-Mansion-Museum-of-Trebizond.html

تأسيسات سنة 2001 في تركيا
مبان ومنشآت في طرابزون
متاحف أثرية في تركيا
متاحف أسست سنة 2001
متاحف إثنوغرافية
متاحف في بيوت تاريخية في تركيا
متاحف في طرابزون (محافظة)

متحف طرابزون


A valpromida (nome comercial: Depamida) é um derivado de carboxamida do ácido valpróico usado no tratamento da epilepsia e alguns transtornos de humor. É metabolizada extensivamente (~80%) em ácido valpróico (que age também como anticonvulsivante), mas possui propriedades anticonvulsivantes próprias. Os níveis plasmáticos da valpromida são mais estáveis e superior aos do ácido valpróico ou valproato, de modo que  parece ser mais eficaz na prevenção de convulsões febris. No entanto, é cem vezes mais potente como um inibidor da epóxido hidroxilase microssomal do fígado. Por isso, o uso com outros inibidores da epóxido hidrolase, como a carbamazepina, aumenta o potencial de intoxicação e é desaconselhado clinicamente.

A valpromida é formada pela reação do ácido valpróico e amônia utilizando o cloreto de acila como intermediário.

Na forma pura, a valpromida é um pó cristalino branco e tem ponto de fusão de cerca de 125-126 ° C. Está disponível no mercado em alguns países europeus e no México.

Ver também
 Valproato de pivoxil
 Tratamento da perturbação bipolar

Estabilizadores de humor
Inibidores de histona deacetilase
Inibidores da GABA transaminase
Análogos do GABA
Antiepiléticos e anticonvulsivantes

Valpromida


An Zoysia forbesiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hamilton Paul Traub. An Zoysia forbesiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zoysia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Zoysia

Zoysia forbesiana


قائمة بالأبطال في بطولة 2001 أمريكا المفتوحة:

الكبار

فردي رجال

 لايتون هيويت هزم  بيت سامبراس، 7-6, 6-1, 6-1

فردي سيدات

 فينوس ويليامز هزم  سيرينا ويليامز، 6-2, 6-4

زوجي رجال

 واين بلاك و كيفن أولايت هزم  دونالد جونسن و جاريد بالمر، 7-6, 2-6, 6-3

زوجي سيدات

 ريناي ستبس و ليزا رايموند هزم  كيمبرلي بو و ناتالي تاوزيات، 6-2, 5-7, 7-5

زوجي مختلط
 تود وودبريدج و ريناي ستبس هزم  ليندر بايس و ليزا رايموند، 6-4, 5-7 (11-9)

الشباب

فردي أولاد
 غيلس مولر هزم  يو تزاو وانغ، 7-6, 6-2

فردي بنات
 ماريون بورتولي هزم  سفيتلانا كوزنيتسوفا، 4-6, 6-3, 6-4

 زوجي أولاد
 توماس بيرديتش و ستيفان بوهلاي زوجي بنات
 غالينا فوكاينا و سفيتلانا كوزنيتسوفا'

مراجع

الرياضة في مدينة نيويورك في 2001
أحداث أغسطس 2001 الرياضية في الولايات المتحدة
أحداث سبتمبر 2001 الرياضية في الولايات المتحدة
أمريكا المفتوحة حسب السنة (كرة مضرب)
كرة المضرب في 2001
كرة مضرب أمريكية في 2001

أمريكا المفتوحة 2001 (كرة مضرب)


An Ischaemum travancorense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf ngan Cecil Ernest Claude Fischer. An Ischaemum travancorense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ischaemum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ischaemum

Ischaemum travancorense


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 İoannis Klimakos, Hristiyan aziz, kilise babası ve keşiş (ö. 649)

Ölümler
 I. Hüsrev, Sasani İmparatorluğu hükümdarı (d. 501)

579


The Pretender is an American action drama television series created by Steven Long Mitchell and Craig W. Van Sickle, that aired on NBC from September 19, 1996, to May 13, 2000.

The series follows Jarod, a young man who is a "Pretender", a genius impostor able to quickly master the complex skill sets necessary to impersonate a member of any profession. After being kidnapped as a child by The Centre, a sinister think tank located in the fictional Blue Cove, Delaware, who exploited his Pretender abilities, Jarod escapes as an adult and goes on the run. He is chased by a trio of Centre agents—Miss Parker (the daughter of a pivotal figure within The Centre), Sydney (a Centre psychologist who raised Jarod) and Broots (a Centre computer expert). In each episode, Jarod assumes a new professional identity (e.g., doctor, lawyer, soldier, pilot) to investigate a crime framed on someone else, and deliver justice to the actual culprits. In the meantime, Jarod searches for his origins, and leads Miss Parker, Sydney and Broots on a chase to discover the dark secrets of The Centre, including how they are involved in the death of Miss Parker's mother.

The series was inspired by serial impostor Ferdinand Waldo Demara. It was a part of the network's Saturday night lineup until its cancellation after four seasons. TNT ordered two sequel television films that aired in 2001—The Pretender 2001 and The Pretender: Island of the Haunted. In 2013, creators Steven Long Mitchell and Craig W. Van Sickle began updating the story with a book series and graphic novels; the first, The Pretender: Rebirth, was published on October 7.

Plot
Jarod (Michael T. Weiss) is a prodigy who is abducted very early and raised in a think tank called the Centre, based in the fictional town of Blue Cove, Delaware. Told that his parents have died, Jarod is assigned to the care of a man named Sydney (Patrick Bauchau), a psychiatrist working for the Centre. During Jarod's youth, Sydney mentors the boy and regularly coaches him through complex simulations designed to exploit his intellect for real life application. But some years later, Jarod discovers that the Centre is using data gathered from his responses for nefarious purposes, such as illegal black ops and engineering the deaths of others. Feeling responsible, Jarod escapes the Centre. Soon afterward, he discovers that the people whom he had long believed to be his parents actually were not, as Jarod has an anomaly in his blood that a father or mother would share — which neither of his supposed parents do.

The Centre assigns a team to recapture Jarod, consisting of Sydney, computer expert Broots (Jon Gries), and "Miss Parker" (Andrea Parker), a dogged and formidable operative who was raised in the Centre and knew Jarod since always. Though she is no longer an active field operative, she is "recalled from Corporate" during the pilot episode and put in charge of Jarod's recapture; in exchange, she would get to leave The Centre. While Sydney feels loyalty to Jarod and wishes his safe return, Miss Parker is under orders to "preferably" bring him in alive and will not hesitate to use deadly force. Fearing for Jarod's safety, Sydney at times undermines Miss Parker and will directly prevent her from using lethal methods to prevent Jarod's continued evasion of his pursuers. In the pilot, Parker questions Sydney's commitment to the Centre, telling him he can be a scientist for the Centre or "mommy" to Jarod, but not both.

Despite The Centre's resources, Jarod often stays a step or two ahead of his pursuers. While tracking down clues to his past and his parents, Jarod also targets criminals who have gone unpunished or undetected by the law. Through assumed identities (which involve different surnames, but always "Jarod" as a first name), he uncovers the truth about these crimes, and lures the perpetrators into staged set-ups that emulate the harm they have done to others, and forces them to confess their crimes. At times, he leaves Miss Parker and Sydney deliberate clues ("breadcrumbs") that point to the criminals he is targeting and why. During his adventures, Jarod also discovers the joys of early life he was denied while being raised in isolation — such as bubblegum, ice cream, a Slinky,  and Silly Putty — that are often used in these traps. Meanwhile, Miss Parker, Sydney, and Broots learn more about The Centre's dark secrets, and how the institution was involved in the death of Miss Parker's mother.

Series finale
Though Jarod learns more about his family, there are still unanswered questions when the series ends after four seasons. The series finale closed with Jarod and Miss Parker being nearby an exploding bomb. The ending did not reveal whether either survived the blast. The next year, the telemovie The Pretender 2001 picked up directly from this cliffhanger, leading into Jarod's next adventure.

Themes

Loyalty
Loyalty is a recurring theme in the series. During the first season, Jarod sends Miss Parker evidence that she too has been manipulated by the organization, which is led by her father ("Mr. Parker"). Miss Parker discovers that she has been lied to about her mother's death, and The Centre was actually involved in her death (which she had been told was suicide). Although her loyalty wavers on her quest for answers, and some specific periods – most notably during early season two, when her father disappears and is replaced by Mr. Lyle and Brigitte – it never completely falters.

Similarly, Sydney's loyalty to The Centre wavers upon its actions. Having raised Jarod, Sydney feels a unique bond to Jarod, and is unwilling to harm him to recapture him. This rift increases when he discovers truths about what the organization – specifically Mr. Raines – has done to Jarod, other Pretender children, and his twin brother, Jacob, who is his only family.

Identity
Having been kidnapped as a young child and raised in The Centre, Jarod has little memory of his life before being taken by The Centre. He yearns to find the identity The Centre kept him from having, and to reunite with his family. Similarly, Miss Parker struggles with her identity throughout the series, after The Centre's dark secrets affect her own family, such as learning she has a twin brother, and the circumstances surrounding death of her mother.

She learns from Jarod that she was lied to about how her mother Catherine Parker had died. Further revelations are made concerning Miss Parker's origins and her brother. This puts her in a parallel to Jarod's quest of discovery, and at times her loyalty wavers, though it never falters. When she and Jarod do share a romantic moment, Jarod questions if this will change things and Miss Parker replies it will not. "You run, I chase."

Cast

 Michael T. Weiss as Jarod
 Andrea Parker as Miss Parker/Catherine Parker
 Patrick Bauchau as Sydney/Jacob
 Jon Gries as Broots (season 4; recurring previously)

Recurring

 Harve Presnell as Mr. Parker
 Richard Marcus as Dr. William Raines
 Paul Dillon as Angelo
 James Denton as Mr. Lyle
 Pamela Gidley as Brigitte
 Ryan Merriman as Young Jarod/Gemini
 Ashley Peldon as Young Miss Parker
 Alex Wexo as Young Sydney
 Jake Lloyd as Young Angelo
 Kelsey Mulrooney as Debbie Broots
 Jeffrey Donovan as Kyle
 Jason Brooks as Thomas Gates
 Kim Myers as Jarod's Mother

Production
The pilot was filmed in and around Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The building used as "The Centre" in transition sequences is the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant. Following the pilot, the series moved production to Los Angeles.

In the Spring of 1999, the series was sold into syndication to TNT and The WB.

After the series was cancelled in May 2000, a fan campaign for the series to continue prompted negotiations involving the show's creators and both NBC and TNT. In October 2000, TNT greenlit two television films – The Pretender 2001 and Island of the Haunted – which aired on TNT in January and December 2001, respectively. However, both movies ended with an unresolved cliffhanger, and TNT opted not to order any more movies.

The creators of the show, Steven Mitchell and Craig van Sickle stated in an interview on the French DVD of the telemovies that an ending was written for the series; they just needed financing to create it. In a September 2007 interview on the miniseries Tin Man, Mitchell and van Sickle noted that fans were still requesting an ending and that it would happen "soon" due to a relationship with "Strange Highway" Entertainment. They also noted that the story line would continue digitally on the web. On May 21, 2008, van Sickle again expressed interest in having a final episode or film to finish the series, and asked fans to continue to be patient until it happens.

Novels and rebirth of series
On July 8, 2013, it was announced through The Pretender Creators Facebook page that the series would be reborn. On July 19, the producers stated in an interview that they planned graphic novels and then a mini-series/movies.

The first Pretender novel, Rebirth, was released on September 22, 2013, in eBook and paperback through Amazon. The second Pretender novel, Saving Luke, was released on May 12, 2014, in eBook and paperback, also through Amazon.

Episodes and Nielsen ratings

Awards and nominations
Won
FAITA Award (also known as First Americans in the Arts Awards):
 Outstanding Guest Performance by an Actor in a TV Drama SeriesTyler Christopher (2001)

Young Artist Awards:
 Best Performance in a TV Drama Series — Guest Starring Young ActorSeth Adkins (1999)
 Best Performance in a TV Drama Series — Supporting Young ActorRyan Merriman (1998–1999)

Nominations
Emmy Awards:
 Outstanding Main Title Theme Music by Mark Leggett and Velton Ray Bunch (2000)

Golden Satellite Award:
 Best TV Series—Drama (1998–1999)
 Best Performance by an Actor in a Drama SeriesMichael T. Weiss (1998–1999)
 Best Performance by an Actress in a Drama SeriesAndrea Parker (1999)

Saturn Award:
 Best Genre TV Actor – Michael T. Weiss (1998)

Young Artist Award:
 Best Performance in a TV Drama Series for Guest Starring Young ActorZachary Browne (1998)
 Best Performance in a TV Drama Series for Guest Starring Young ActressCaitlin Wachs (2000)
 Best Performance in a TV Drama Series for Guest Starring Young ActressAshley Peldon (1999)
 Best Performance in a TV Drama Series for Young ActorRyan Merriman (1997)
 Best Performance in a TV Drama Series for Young ActressAshley Peldon (1997)

YoungStar Award:
 Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Drama TV SeriesRyan Merriman (1997,1999–2000)

Home media
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released all 4 seasons on DVD in Region 1 between 2005–2006. They also released the two Pretender movies together as a set on March 13, 2007. All 4 seasons were re-released on May 26, 2009, with new packaging.

All episodes from the first two seasons are available for purchase online through Amazon.com's video on demand service.

Thrillogy
Thrillogy was a short lived sci-fi/action programming block on NBC's Saturday night that debuted in Fall of 1996 with three action/sci-fi series: Dark Skies, The Pretender, and Profiler. When Dark Skies was cancelled before the 1996–97 television season was over, NBC attempted to keep the Thrillogy block intact for the 1997–98 season by inserting the new series Sleepwalkers. However, the series was cancelled after the airing of only two episodes, and NBC dropped the Thrillogy marketing. The Pretender and Profiler continued airing together on Saturday nights, earning respectable ratings for NBC.

At the midseason point of the 1999–2000 season, NBC reintroduced the Thrillogy lineup with the addition of paranormal series The Others. However, NBC cancelled the entire lineup at the end of the season. The Thrillogy concept aired for less than the equivalent of two full seasons over a four season period.

Profiler crossovers
Michael T. Weiss portrayed Jarod on the TV series Profiler during an NBC crossover event. The first half of the plot unfolded on The Pretender (season 3, episode 19 "End Game"), in which two lead characters from Profiler, Dr. Samantha "Sam" Waters (Ally Walker) and Bailey Malone (Robert Davi) guest-starred. The conclusion takes place in an episode of Profiler (season 3, episode 19 "Grand Master") in which Weiss guest starred; Jarod's alias at the time is Jarod Doyle, a police officer.

Two additional crossovers took place the following season; Walker departed from the series, and was replaced with new profiler Rachel Burke (Jamie Luner). The first crossover takes place on The Pretender (season 4, episode 10 "Spin Doctor") and concludes on Profiler (season 4, episode 10 "Clean Sweep"), where Jarod had a short lived romance with Burke. Weiss later appeared as Jarod on another episode of Profiler (season 4, episode 18 "Pianissimo"); however, The Pretender did not air another crossover episode.

See also
 T.H.E. Cat—a forerunner of the "expert(s) help(s) people in trouble" genre

References

External links

1990s American drama television series
1996 American television series debuts
2000s American drama television series
2000 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Fictional vigilantes
NBC original programming
Television series by Universal Television
Television shows filmed in Toronto
Television shows set in Delaware
Television series by MTM Enterprises
Vigilante television series

The Pretender (TV series)


Christoph Maria Herbst (født 9. februar 1966 i Wuppertal, Tyskland) er en tysk skuespiller. Han kendes bl.a. fra tv-serien Stromberg.

Filmografi

Som skuespiller
 1997: Sketch up
 1998: Balko (krimiserie, afsnit: Terror im OP)
 1998: Der Clown (tv-serie, 2. sæson, afsnit 5 og 6)
 1998: Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei (tv-serie, 3. sæson, afsnit 3)
 1998: Der wirklich letzte Junggeselle
 2000: Scharf aufs Leben (tv)
 2001–2003, 2008: Ladykracher (tv-serie, 1. sæson afsnit 1-3 og 4. sæson afsnit 7)
 2002: Lassie (kortfilm)
 2002: SOKO Köln (tv-serie, 1. sæson, afsnit 6)
 2003: 3 für Robin Hood
 2004: Aus der Tiefe des Raumes
 2004: (T)Raumschiff Surprise – Periode 1
 2004: Der WiXXer
 2004–2012: Stromberg (tv-serie i 46 afsnit)
 2004: Das Zimmermädchen und der Millionär (tv)
 2004: Erkan & Stefan in Der Tod kommt krass
 2004: Im Dunkeln (kortfilm)
 2005: Lorenz lacht (kortfilm)
 2005: Der Fischer und seine Frau
 2005: Vom Suchen und Finden der Liebe
 2005: Mädchen über Bord (tv)
 2006: Freunde für immer – Das Leben ist rund (tv)
 2006: Hui Buh – Das Schlossgespenst
 2006: Wo ist Fred?
 2007: Die Aufschneider
 2007: Hilfe! Hochzeit! – Die schlimmste Woche meines Lebens (tv)
 2007: Neues vom WiXXer
 2007: Hände weg von Mississippi
 2007: Tramitz & Friends (tv-serie i 5 afsnit)
 2007: Jakobs Bruder
 2008: Don Quichote – Gib niemals auf! (tv)
 2008: Zwei Weihnachtsmänner (tv)
 2009: Wickie und die starken Männer
 2009: Pastewka (tv-serie, 5. sæson, afsnit 1 og 5)
 2010: Carlotta und die Wolke (kortfilm)
 2010: Kreutzer kommt… in den Club (tv)
 2010: Das Traumschiff – Bora Bora (tv)
 2011: Wickie auf großer Fahrt
 2012: Abend bei Freunden (kortfilm)
 2012: Das Haus der Krokodile
 2012: Und weg bist du (tv)
 2012: Kreutzer kommt… ins Krankenhaus (tv)
 2012: Götter wie wir (tv-serie, 1. sæson, afsnit 2)
 2012: Achtung Polizei! – Alarm um 11 Uhr 11 (tv)
 2012: Flemming – Gruppenspiele (tv)
 2013: King Ping – Tippen Tappen Tödchen
 2013: V8 – Du willst der Beste sein
 2013: Geld her oder Autsch'n!
 2013: 300 Worte Deutsch
 2014: Stromberg – Der Film
 2014: Männerhort
 2014: Die Mamba
 2014: 3 Türken und ein Baby
 2015: Mara und der Feuerbringer
 2015: Besser als Du (tv)
 2015: Die Kleinen und die Bösen
 2015: V8 – Die Rache der Nitros
 2015: Er ist wieder da
 2015: Highway to Hellas
 2016: Die Dasslers – Pioniere, Brüder und Rivalen
 2016: Die letzte Sau
 2017: Zwischen Himmel und Hölle
 2017: Kalt ist die Angst
 2018: Pastewka (tv-serie, 8. sæson, afsnit 8)
 2018: Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer
 2018: Liliane Susewind – Ein tierisches Abenteuer
 2018: Der Vorname
 2018: Deutsch-Les-Landes (tv-serie)

Synkronisering
 2006: Urmel aus dem Eis - Doktor Zwengelmann
 2007, 2012: Die Simpsons (The Simpsons, Zeichentrickserie) - Charles, Ricky Gervais
 2008: Jasper und das Limonadenkomplott - Dr. Block
 2008: Horton og Støvfolket Hvem - Horton
 2008: Urmel voll in Fahrt - Eddie
 2008: Willkommen bei den Sch'tis - Antoine Bailleul
 2009: Mullewapp – Das große Kinoabenteuer der Freunde - Franz von Hahn
 2010: Konferenz der Tiere - Hahn Charles
 2013: Ritter Rost – Eisenhart & voll verbeult - Prinz Protz
 2015: Stockmann - Stockmann
 2016: Angry Birds – Der Film - Red
 2017: Ritter Rost 2 – Das Schrottkomplott - Ritter Rost
 2017: Die Schlümpfe – Das verlorene Dorf - Gargamel
 2017: Emoji – Der Film - Hi-5
 2018: Peter Hase - Peter Hase

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Tyskland
Personer fra Wuppertal
Filmskuespillere fra Tyskland

Christoph Maria Herbst


Onsøy Station (Onsøy stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation, der ligger i Onsøy i Fredrikstad kommune på Østfoldbanens vestre linje i Norge.

Stationen blev åbnet 4. februar 1879 under navnet Onsø men skiftede navn til Onsøy 1. juni 1919. Den blev fjernstyret 17. december 1973 og gjort ubemandet 1. januar 1975. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 29. maj 1983, hvor stationen blev nedgraderet til fjernstyret krydsningsspor. Stationsbygningen, der var opført i gulmalet træ efter tegninger af Peter Andreas Blix, blev revet ned i sommeren 2007. Stationen ligger 86,5 km fra Oslo S.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Østfoldbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1879
Ophørt i 1983
Jernbanestationer i Østfold

Onsøy Station


Hocalar, Antalya ilinin Manavgat ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 70 km, Manavgat ilçesine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Manavgat'ın mahalleleri

Hocalar, Manavgat


Lånlet Arena (tidligere Power Arena, Scandlines Arena og Pricerunner Arena ), også kendt som Nykøbing F. Hallerne. er et anlæg på over 5.500 m2 bebygget areal. Området er indrettet med to store haller på tilsammen 2.500 m2 og en mindre hal, to gymnastiksale, møde- og selskabslokaler, restaurant og cafe, skydebaner, et karatecenter samt styrketræning.

Hallerne bliver brugt til flere sportsgrene, dog primært håndbold. Det er her, Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub spiller deres hjemmekampe i Damehåndboldligaen.

Historie
Hallen blev etableret i 1969, hvor den blev indviet 1. marts.

Et styrketræningscenter blev indviet i 2000.

Hallen hed en overgang Pricerunner Arena, da prisportalen Pricerunner sponsorerede Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub. Hovedsponsoratet blev overtaget af Scandlines i 2014, og arenaens navn blev ændret til Scandlines Arena. I 2017 blev Danmarks nye elektronikbutik POWER, nye navnesponsor for arenaen i Nykøbing.

Referencer

Idrætsanlæg i Danmark
Sport i Nykøbing Falster
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Nykøbing Falster
Etableret i 1969

Lånlet Arena


Honghe steht für:

 den Autonomen Bezirk Honghe der Hani und Yi (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in der chinesischen Provinz Yunnan, siehe Honghe;
 den darin gelegenen Kreis Honghe (红河县), siehe Honghe (Kreis);
 die Gemeinde Honghe (红河乡) im Kreis Jingchuan in der chinesischen Provinz Gansu, siehe Honghe (Jingchuan);
 die Staatsfarm Honghe (洪河农场) der Stadt Tongjiang in der chinesischen Provinz Heilongjiang, siehe Honghe (Tongjiang);

Für Flüsse siehe auch: Hong He

Honghe (Begriffsklärung)


Moneses er ættkvísl blómplantna af lyngætt. Ólafsstjaki (fræðiheiti: Moneses uniflora) er eina tegund ættkvíslarinnar. Hann vex víða um norðurhveli, en ekki á Íslandi og Grænlandi.

Tilvísanir

Lyngætt

Ólafsstjaki


Doxato (en griego: Δοξάτο), que también puede encontrarse en kazarévusa como Doxaton (Δοξάτον) o como su anterior nombre Dokalon (Δοκάλον); es un pueblo y municipio griego en la Unidad periférica de Drama, en la periferia de Macedonia Oriental y Tracia, Grecia. El pueblo está situado a 10 kilómetros al sureste de Drama. Antiguamente, era un importante centro de producción de tabaco.

Municipio

  El municipio de Doxato se formó en 2011 con la reforma de gobierno del Plan Calícrates, siendo esta el resultado de la unión de los siguientes dos municipios, que pasaron a ser unidades municipales:

 Doxato
 Kalampaki

Según el censo de 2001, el municipio contaba con poco más de 11.000 habitantes y el pueblo, 3.739.

Municipio de Doxato

 El municipio de Doxato fue el resultado del Plan Kapodistrias, formado por la unión de los municipios de Doxato y Megalou Alexandrou, así como los pueblos de Agios Athanasios y Kefalarion.

División

 Kyria  (Δ.δ. Κυρίων, 2.471 hab.)
 Vathyspilo (το Βαθύσπηλον, 243 hab.)
 Vathychorion (το Βαθυχώριον, 275 hab.)
 Eurípedon (το Ευρύπεδον, 186 hab.)
 Kyria (τα Κύρια, 1.714 hab.)
 Ipsilón  (το Υψηλόν, 53  hab.)

 Agios Athanassios (Δ.δ. Αγίου Αθανασίου, 3.465  hab.)

 Agora (Δ.δ. Αγοράς, 192 hab.)

 Doxato (Δ.δ. Δοξάτου, 3.739  hab.)

 Kefalarion (Δ.δ. Κεφαλαρίου, 851 hab.)
 Ano Kefalarion (το Άνω Κεφαλάριον, 472 hab.)
 Kato Kefalarion (το Κάτω Κεφαλάριον, 379 hab.)

 Vathyspilo (Δ.δ. Πηγαδίων, 282 hab.)
 Pigadia (τα Πηγάδια, 255 hab.)
 Aigeiros (ο Αίγειρος, actualmente deshabitado)
 Peristeria (τα Περιστέρια, 27 hab.)

Historia

Etimología

Según Yordan Ivanov, el nombre de Doxato probablemente derive del griego τοξάτον, "columnata externa"; o de τόξον , "arco largo". Además, la ciudad da nombre al monte Doxato.

Imperio Otomano

Según Vasil Kanchov en su libro "Macedonia: Etnografía y estadísticas"; a principios del , Doxato contaba con unos 2.190 habitantes, repartidos de la siguiente manera: 900 griegos, 850 turcos, 120 búlgaros cristianos, 120 morlacos y 200 gitanos. En 1905, en el pueblo hay una escuela de enseñanza secundaria y una escuela primaria con cuatro profesores griegos y 200 estudiantes.

Grecia

Durante la Guerra de los Balcanes, Doxato fue liberada por el ejército búlgaro, pero tras la Guerra de los Balcanes en 1913, el pueblo permanece bajo la jurisdicción del estado griego. Según las estadísticas griegas, en 1913 vivían en Doxato 1.117 personas. En 20 años, Doxato se queda sin apenas turcos, pero la ciudad acoge a muchos de los refugiados chipriotas, habiendo el mismo número de habitantes que antes de las emigraciones. En 1928, en Doxato había 258 familias y 1.099 refugiados.

Masacres

Primera masacre

La primera masacre aconteció durante la Segunda Guerra de los Balcanes, en una lucha durante Grecia y Serbia contra Bulgaria. Según fuentes griegas, una unidad de caballería búlgara rodeó Doxato y procedieron a la masacre, en la que murieron entre 500 y 600 personas, según que fuente se consulte, entre los que había mujeres y niños. Sin embargo, según un informe de una comisión internacional organizado por la Fundación Carnegie, la masacre había sido llevada a cabo por musulmanes armados abastecidos por el ejército búlgaro.

Segunda masacre

La segunda masacre tuvo lugar el 29 de septiembre de 1941 durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando Doxato, junto con el este de Macedonia y Tracia, estaba bajo ocupación búlgara. Durante la noche del 28 al 29 de septiembre de 1941, una insurrección encabezada por Partido Comunista Griego (KKE) contra las tropas búlgaras provocó el ataque a una estación de policía del pueblo. Murieron entre 6 y 7 policías búlgaros. Al día siguiente, las tropas búlgaras reunieron a todos los hombres de 14 años o más, los repartieron en grupos de diez y los ejecutaron la noche del 29 de septiembre de 1941. Tras la masacre, hubo un periodo de gran inestabilidad e inseguridad: Había detenciones continuas, registros domiciliarios y ataques a los ciudadanos.

Distinciones

El gobierno griego entregó a la ciudad el título de "Ciudad heroica y mártir" (Ηρωική και Μαρτυρική Πόλη), como reconocimiento de las masacres que los ciudadanos han sufrido.

Población histórica

Deportes

Doxato cuenta con equipo de fútbol (Filippoi Doxatou) y otro de baloncesto (AED).

Residentes notables

 Georgios Kavasaliotis Í Kavalaris (Γεώργιος Καβασαλιώτης ή Καβαλάρης), activista griego.

 Ioannis Hatzópoulos (Ιωάννης Χαντζόπουλος), activista griego.

Referencias

Municipios de la periferia de Macedonia Oriental y Tracia
Localidades de la periferia de Macedonia Oriental y Tracia

bg:Доксат
el:Δήμος Δοξάτου (πρόγραμμα Καποδίστριας)

Doxato


Agnès Varda, asıl ismiyle Arlette Varda, (30 Mayıs 1928; Ixelles, Belçika - 29 Mart 2019; Paris, Fransa), Fransız fotoğrafçı ve sinemacı. "Yeni Dalga akımının büyükannesi" diye de anılır. Özellikle La Pointe Courte, Cléo de 5 à 7 (5'ten 7'ye Cléo), Çatısız Kuralsız ve Les Glaneurs et la glaneuse (Toplayıcılar) filmleriyle tanınır. Agnès Varda Fransa'daki feminist politikaların içinde de etkin olarak yer almıştır.

Hayatı
Anadolu'dan göçmüş Yunan baba ve Fransız anneden Brüksel'de doğdu. Çocukluğunun ilk yıllarını Belçika'da geçirdikten sonra önce Sete'ye, daha sonra da Paris'e gitti. Jean Vilar yönetimindeki Théâtre national populaire 'de çalışmaya ve fotoğrafla ilgilenmeye başladı. Daha sonra evleneceği yönetmen Jacques Demy ile tanıştı.

1954'te Alain Resnais'nin La Pointe Courte filminde Philippe Noiret ile çalıştı. Varda daha sonra San Francisco'ya giderek babasının kuzeni Jean Varda üzerine yarı gerçeküstü bir belgesel hazırladı: Uncle Yanko.

1961'de ikinci uzun metrajlı filmi olan ve ölümcül hastalığı olan bir şarkıcının iki saatini anlatan Cléo de 5 à 7 (5'ten 7'ye Cleo) çekti. 60'lı yıllar boyunca, Yeni Dalga içinde değerlendirilen sayısız film yaptı.

1968 - 70 yıllarında Los Angeles'ta hollywoodvari bir hippi filmi olan Lions Love 'ı çekti. Daha sonra, 'feminist ve iyimser' bir film çekmek üzere Fransa'ya döndü: L'une chante, l'autre pas (Biri şarkı söylüyor, diğerleri değil). Tekrar döndüğü Los Angeles'ta 1979-81 yılları arasında iki belgesel film hazırladı: Mur murs ve Documenteur.

1985'te genç oyuncu Sandrine Bonnaire'in rol aldığı Sans toit ni loi filmiyle Venedik Film Festivali'nde Altın Aslan ödülünü aldı.

Eşi Jacques Demy'nin 1990'da ölümünden sonra anısına üç film yaptı: Bir kurgu olan Jacquot de Nantes (Nantlı Jacquot) ve iki belgesel; Les demoiselles ont eu 25 ans ve L'univers de Jacques Demy.

1999'da çektiği belgesel les Glaneurs et la glaneuse (Toplayıcılar) kariyerinin önemli filmlerinden biri oldu. Bir dijital kamera ile toplayıcılık kavramının çevresinde yaptığı geniş tur, onun duyarlı ve sorumlu kimliğini açığa çıkartıyordu. Film hem eleştirmenler hem de seyirci tarafından beğenildi. İki yıl sonra filmin devamı geldi: İki Yıl sonra.

2002 yılında, Fransız Akademisi'nin René Clair ödülünü kazandı.

2005'te Cannes Film Festivalinde uzun metraj yarışma jürisinde yer aldı

Jacques Demy ile evliliğinden olan oğlu Mathieu Demy Fransız sinemasının genç oyuncularındandır.

Filmografi
 1955 : La Pointe Courte
 1957 : O saisons, ô châteaux (kısa metraj)
 1958 : L'Opéra mouffe (belgesel)
 1958 : Du côté de la côte (belgesel)
 1962 : Cléo de 5 à 7 (Cléo Beşten Yediye)
 1963 : Salut les cubains (kısa metraj)
 1965 : Le Bonheur
 1966 : Les Créatures
 1967 : Oncle Yanco (kısa metraj)
 1967 : Loin du Viêt Nam (Chris Marker, Jean-Luc Godard, Alain Resnais, Joris Ivens, William Klein, Claude Lelouch ile ortak belgesel)
 1968 : Black Panthers (belgesel)
 1969 : Lions Love
 1970 : Nausicaa (TV)
 1975 : Réponses des femmes (belgesel)
 1976 : Plaisir d'amour en Iran (kısa metraj)
 1977 : L'Une chante, l'autre pas
 1977 : Réponses de femmes (belgesel)
 1978 : Daguerréotypes (belgesel)
 1981 : Murs, murs (belgesel)
 1981 : Belgesel
 1982 : Ulysse (kısa metraj)
 1983 : Une minute pour une image (TV dizisi)
 1984 : Les Dites cariatides (belgesel)
 1984 : 7p., cuis., s. de b., ... à saisir (kısa metraj)
 1985 : Çatısız Kuralsız (Orijinal Adı: Sans toit ni loi)
 1986 : T'as de beaux escaliers tu sais (kısa metraj)
 1987 : Le Petit Amour
 1987 : Jane B. par Agnès V.
 1991 : Jacquot de Nantes
 1993 : Les Demoiselles ont eu 25 ans (belgesel)
 1995 : Les Cent et une nuits de Simon Cinéma
 1995 : L'Univers de Jacques Demy (belgesel)
 2000 : Les Glaneurs et la glaneuse (belgesel)
 2002 : Les Glaneurs et la glaneuse... deux ans après (belgesel)
 2003 : Le Lion volatil (kısa metraj)
 2004 : Ydessa, les ours et etc. (belgesel)
 2004 : Cinévardaphoto (belgesel)
 2004 : Der Viennale '04-Trailer (kısa metraj)
 2005 : Les dites cariatides bis (belgesel)
 2005 : Cléo de 5 à 7: souvenirs et anecdotes (belgesel)
 2006 : Quelques veuves de Noirmoutier (belgesel)
 2008 : Les plages d'Agnès (belgesel)
 2015 : Les 3 Butons (kısa metraj)
 2017 : Visages Villages (belgesel)

Dış bağlantılar
 Varda'nın kişisel internet sitesi''
 Varda ve Demy'nin filmlerinin dağıtımını yapan şirketin sitesi
 Varda hakkında bir yazı

Kaynakça

Montparnasse Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
1928 doğumlular
Ixelles doğumlular
Fransız film yönetmenleri
Fransız fotoğrafçılar
Fransız feministler
Yunan asıllı Fransızlar
Akademi Onur Ödülü sahipleri
2019 yılında ölenler
Paris'te ölenler
Fransa'daki Belçikalı göçmenler

Agnès Varda


El río Habesor,río Gaza o uadi Gaza es un uadi o arroyo que fluye por las zonas centrales de Israel y de la Franja de Gaza (Palestina). La corriente se inicia en el monte Boker, cerca de Sde Boker, y desemboca en el mar Mediterráneo, cerca de Deir al-Balah, al sur de la ciudad de Gaza, donde se llama uadi Gaza. El arroyo es el más grande del norte del Néguev, y junto con sus afluentes principales, los arroyos Grar y Beersheba, llega hasta Sde Boker, Yeruham, Dimona y Arad/Tel Arad.

Se encuentra canalizado y entubado en parte de su recorrido.

Historia
En el Antiguo Testamento, Besor era un barranco o arroyo en el extremo suroeste de Judá, donde 200 de los hombres de David se quedaron atrás porque estaban desfallecidos, mientras los otros 400 perseguían a los amalequitas.

Entre 1951 y 1954, se construyó la presa de Yeruham  en uno de los afluentes del arroyo Habesor.

En octubre de 2023, como parte de la guerra entre Hamas e Israel de 2023, se ordenó a 1,1 millones de personas que se vivían al norte del arroyo que se desplazaran hacia la mitad sur de la Franja de Gaza.

Véase también
 Geografía de Israel
 Geografía de Palestina

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Información sobre el Río

Ríos de Israel
Ríos de Palestina

Río Habesor


Lauren Hall (født 2. februar 1979) er en amerikansk cykelrytter, der kører for  Sho-Air TWENTY20. Hun deltog i kvindernes holdkørsel ved VM i landevejscykling 2013 i Firenze. Hun vandt Gent-Wevelgem for kvinder i 2014.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige cykelryttere fra USA

Lauren Hall