Kedilerin enfeksiyöz peritonitisi, (Feline infectious peritonitis (Pleuritis) = FIP), kedilerin bağışıklık sistemini etkileyen bir hastalıktır. Kedi koronavirüsünün mutasyon geçirmesi ile meydana gelir. Korona virüsünün mutasyon geçirmiş hali olan FIP virüsü, FIP hastalığına neden olur.

FIP bilimsel tanısı (adı konulmadan) 1914 yılına kadar görülmüştür, ancak ilk kez 1963 yılında Dr. Jean Holzworth tarafından rapor edilmiştir.

FIP, kedilerin bağışıklık sistemine etki eden bir hastalıktır. FIP adı "feline infectious peritonitis" virüsünün adının ilk harflerinden oluşan bir kısaltmadır. Feline infectious peritonitis, corona virüsünün orijinal halidir.

FIP, kedilerde görülen ölümcül bir hastalıktır, kesin tedavisi yoktur. Kesin tanı otopsi sayesinde konulabilir. Yüksek güvenilirlikli tanı için birçok test yapılması gerekir. FIP'in tanısında kullanılan testlerde bazı durumlarda hatalı sonuçlar alınabilir. Uzmanlar, çok gerekli olduğunda hayvanı "uyutma" kararı verebilir.

FIP hastalığının diğer hayvanlara ve insanlara geçtiği konusunda hiçbir tıbbi bulgu yoktur. Ayrıca feline coronavirus oldukça bulaşıcı olsa da mutasyona uğramış virüsün aynı ortamda yaşayan kediler arasında yayıldığını gösteren bir bulgu bulunmamaktadır. FIP, her bir kedide bireysel hikâye oluşturur. Bununla birlikte, kalabalık veya çok kedili hane içinde bulunan kedilerin benzer immun yetersizliklerden ötürü FIP'e yakalanma riski daha fazladır.

Hastalığın epidemiyolojisi
Hastalık, kedilerin 6 ile 23 ay arası yavrularında ve 5-13 yaş arası yetişkinlerinde daha çok görülür ve kedi 14 yaşın üzerine çıktığında risk daha da artar. Bununla birlikte her yaşta görülme olasılığı vardır.
Cinsiyet, hastalık olasılığını etkilemez. Irk açısından bakılacak olursa büyük farklılıklar olmamasına rağmen bağışıklık sistemi güçlü ırklarda daha az görülür.

Corona (korona) virüsü

Coronaviridae ailesinden hayvan ailelerinde bulunan bir RNA virüsüdür. Solunum, sindirim ve boşaltım organlarını etkileyen virüs daha çok ilkbahar ve sonbaharda etkindir. Aslında Corona virüsü kedilerin sıklıkla karşılaştığı bir virüstür. Mutasyona uğramadan öldürücü olma riski neredeyse yok gibidir. Virüs kediden kediye temas yoluyla geçer, yayılma yoluysa genelde dışkıdır. Kedilerin neredeyse yarısı bu virüsle hayatlarında bir kez karşılaşırlar. Bu oran kedilerin toplu yaşadığı yerlerde daha da artar. Tanı testlerinde ise kedilerin metabolizmalarının virüse karşı oluşturduğu metabolik maddeler [antibody düzeyi (titer seviyesi)] ölçülebilir. Belirtiler genelde ateş, ishal ve halsizlik şeklinde olur. Ama neredeyse yüzde yüze varan oranlarda kediler bu virüsün hastalığını yenebilirler. Virüsün yayılması genelde "dışkılama > dışkıyla temas > tüy yalama" şeklinde olur. Düşük bir olasılık da olsa hava yolu da bulaşma yolları arasındadır. Corona virüsünün kedilerin rahatça atlattığı bu hastalığı, virüsün mutasyon geçirmesiyle ölümcül FIP'e dönüşür.

Bilimsel görüşlere göre Corona virüsü %2 ila %10 oranlarında FIP virüse dönüşür (FIPV). Bu mutasyonun nasıl gerçekleştiğine dair viroloji bilimi kesin veri sunamamaktadır. Şu halde Corona virüsünü kapan kedilerin %92-%98'i basit belirtilerle hastalığı atlatırken geri kalanlarda hastalık öldürücü FIP'e çevirmektedir. Corona virüsünün mutasyon geçirmiş hali olan FIP virüsü, FIP hastalığına neden olur.

Belirtileri

FIP'te genel olarak aşağıdaki belirtiler görülür. Ama bu belirtilerin görülmesi FIP tanısının konulabilmesi için yeterli değildir:

 İştahsızlık ve kilo kaybı
 Ateş
 Halsizlik ve durgunluk
 Karın bölgesinin şişmesi
 Görme sorunları, gözün sulanması ve gözde renk değişimi
 Solunum sorunları ve nezle
 Denge sorunları
 Genel psikolojik durumda değişme, mutsuz ifade

Tanısı

Tanı, otopsi haricinde kesin olarak konulamaz. Ancak birden çok yapılan testlerin her biri için güvenilirlik artacaktır.
En sık kullanılan testler kan testleridir:
  Kan testi: Bu test kanda Corona virüsü ile ilgili molekülleri araştırır. Testte, titer seviyesinin 3.200'ün üstünde olması hastalıktan şüphelenme nedenidir. Ancak kan değerlerindeki oynama nedeniyle belli bir süre sonunda test tekrarlanmalıdır. Ayrıca test kedinin Corona virüsü ile bulaşık olup olmadığı hakkında bilgi verir, yani virüsün mutasyon geçirip FIP olduğu ya da geçirmediği hakkında bilgi vermez.
 Elisa testi*:  Bir tür kan testi
 RT-PRC testi*:  Dışkı ve ağız içi mukoza testi
 FA testi*:  Doku ve karın içinde biriken sıvı için test
 Karında biriken suyun incelenmesi: Islak FIP'te (bkz.: hastalık türleri) karında biriken sıvıyı inceler. Sıvıda protein oranının 35 g/L'yi geçmesi ve albümin/globulin'in %50'den büyük olması şüphelenme sebebidir. Hastalık sebebiyle karında biriken sıvı karakteristik olarak, kıvamlı, sarı ve bulanıktır.
  Röntgen ve ultrason: Karında biriken sıvının ve bölgenin belirlenmesinde kullanılır.
  Otopsi: Kedi öldükten sonra kesin tanı için yapılır. Amaç, ölen kediyle birlikte yaşayan kedilerin risk durumunu belirlemek olabilir.
(*Bu üç testte de birinci testte olduğu gibi söz konusu bölgede "antibody (dolaylı: titer)" düzeyi araştırılır.)

Hastalığın türleri

Alyuvarlara yerleşen virüs tüm vücudu sarar. Bağışıklık sistemini çökertir. İki çeşidi vardır:

 Efuziv FIP:
Efüzyonlarla karakterize bu form daha öldürücüdür ve kediye daha çok rahatsızlık verir. Kan damarlarında yaptığı deformasyonla sıvının karın bölgesinde ve dokularda birikmesine sebep olur. Akciğer üzerine basınç olduğundan bu sıvı ara ara alınabilir.

 Non Efuziv FIP:
Hastalığın, efuziv forma göre daha yavaş ilerleyen, daha zor gözlemlenen türüdür. İştahsızlık, kilo kaybı, tüy renginde kalitesizleşme, burun renginde açılma, belirtiler arasındadır. Belirtiler yavaş geliştiğinden ve nispeten hafif olduğundan tanı zor konur. Gözlerde de hasara sebep olabilir.

Tedavisi
Hastalığın kesin tedavisi yoktur. Belki hasta kedinin daha uzun ve rahat yaşaması sağlanabilir. Çalışmalar devam etmektedir.

Bağışıklık sistemi güçlendiriciler, interferonlar, vitamin kürleri (özellikle C vitamini), antibiyotik desteği en önemli tedavi araçları arasındadır.

Islak FIP'te karında biriken suyun zaman zaman alınması kedinin solunumunu rahatlatabilir. Veteriner hekimin bilgisi dahilinde doğal ürünler denenebilir. Ancak unutulmamalıdır ki hastalığın efuziv forumun herhangi bir tedavisi yoktur.

Korunma

 Temizlik
Corona virüsü salya ve dışkıyla bulaştığından kedi ve ortam temizliği çok önemlidir. Virüs 4-6 hafta arası pasif bekleme süresine sahiptir. Kedinin Corona virüsle karşılaşmaması için kedi kumu, mama kabı, ortam temiz tutulmalıdır. Kedinin bakım ve temizliği düzenli yapılmalıdır. Sokağa çıkarmamak virüsle karşılaşmayı engelleyebileceği gibi, kedi açısından stres kaynağı olabileceğinden ve halihazırda Corona virüsü ile karşılaşmış olabileceğinden hastalığı da başlatabilir.

 Beslenme
Kediyi besin yönünden zengin beslemek ve antioksidanlar, hastalığa karşı korunmada küçük de olsa katkıda bulunabilir.

 Stres
Corona virüsünün FIP'e dönüşmesinde etken olarak görülür. Kedinin psikolojisinin iyi olması sadece bu hastalığa değil diğer hastalıklara karşı korunmada da önemlidir.
Ev içi ve dışında kedinizi strese sokabilecek nesne ya da durumları en aza indirmeye çalışın. (örneğin: elektrikli süpürgenin sesi vb.)

 FIP'e karşı aşılar: Pfizer®, hastalığa karşı "Primucell®" adında bir aşı geliştirmiştir. %50-%60'lar oranında koruyucudur. Kesin koruma sağlamaz. Ayrıca 16. aydan itibaren kullanılabilmektedir. Hasta kedilerde bağışıklık sistemi etkilendiğinden, uzmanlar aşıların kesilmesi gerektiğini düşünmektedirler. Konu hakkında veterinere danışılmalıdır.

İyileşme
Kedinin hastalığından otopsi yapılmadan emin olunamaz, bu yüzden de hasta olduğu sanılan kedilerde bile en son olarak ötanazi düşünülmelidir. Veterinerle birlikte hastalığın ilerlemiş evrelerinde ötanaziyi tartışılmalıdır.

Hasta kedinin iyileştiği bazı durumlar vardır ama kedinin hastalığa sahip olup olmadığı kesin bilinmediğinden emin olunamamaktadır.

Kaynakça

 www.hopeforfip.org
 www.kedimveben.com

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071026140806/http://www.hopeforfip.org/ Hastalık Hakkında Geniş İçerik (Türkçe ve İngilizce)
 Hayvan Hastalıkları Üzerine Bir Site (İngilizce)
 Hayvan Sağlığı Kanalı (İngilizce)
 Kedi Danışma Merkezi (İngilizce)
 Cornell Kedi Sağlığı Merkezi  (İngilizce)
 FIP Araştırma ve Tedavi Yöntemleri Üzerine (İngilizce)

Peritonit
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar

Kedil bulaşan peritonit


المقيم العام الفرنسي هو الممثل الرسمي للحكومة الفرنسية بكل من تونس والمغرب خلال فترة الحماية لكل منهما، وهو ما يقابل المندوب السامي بالمستعمرات البريطانية مع الفارق بين النظامين.

التسمية
 سمي المسؤول الفرنسي بتونس في البداية الوزير المقيم، واستمرت هذه التسمية إلى 23 جوان/حزيران 1885، ليصبح يسمى منذئذ المقيم العام وقد استمر هذه التسمية إلى غرة سبتمبر/أيلول 1955 . وكان «الوطنيون» التونسيون يطلقون عليه أحيانا اسم السفير الفرنسي على أساس أن تونس دولة لها شخصيتها القانونية إزاء فرنسا.
 اشتهر عدد من المقيمين العامين بدورهم في إرساء نظام الحماية، من بينهم خاصة بالنسبة لتونس بول كانبون والماريشال ليوتي بالنسبة للمغرب.

بين تونس والمغرب
 عمل عدد من المقيمين العامين بتونس والمغرب، ومن بينهم:
 لوسيان سان (Lucien Saint) الذي كان مقيما عاما بتونس فيما بين 1921 و1929 ثم انتقل مباشرة إلى المغرب بمثل خطته إلى سنة 1933.
 مارسال بيروتون ( Marcel Peyrouton ) إذ عمل أولا بالمغرب بين شهري أفريل/نيسان وجويلية/تموز 1933، ثم انتقل بمثل خطته إلى تونس حتى مارس/آذار 1936. كما عاد إلى تونس لفترة تقل عن شهرين (1940) خلال عهد [ | نظام فيشي ] الموالي للمحور.

المقيمون العامون بتونس
توالى على البلاد التونسية خلال عهد الحماية ثلاثة وعشرون مقيما عاما:

1- تيودور روسطان (Théodore Roustan) من 13 ماي/أيار 1881-28 فيفري/شباط 1882)

2- بول كانبون ( Paul Cambon ) من 28/2/1882 إلى 23/11/1886.

3- جوستان ماسيكو (Justin Massicault ) إلى 5/11/1892.

4- موريس روفيي(Maurice Rouvier ) إلى 14/11/1894.

5- روني ميي ( René Millet ) إلى نوفمبر 1900.

6- بينوا ميركل ( Benoît de Merkel ) إلى 27/12/ 1901.

7- إيتيان بيشون ( Étienne Pichon ) إلى 7/2/1907.

8- غابريال ألابتيت (Gabriel Alapetite ) إلى 26/10/1918.

9- إيتيان فلاندان ( Étienne Flandin ) إلى 1/1/1921.

10- لوسيان سان ( Lucien Saint ) إلى 2/1/1929.

11- كلود مانسرون ( François Manceron ) إلى 29/7/1933.

12- مارسيل بيروتون ( Marcel Peyrouton ) إلى 21/3/1936.

13- أرمان غيون ( Armand Guillon ) إلى 18/10/1938.

14- إيريك لابون ( Eirik Labonne ) إلى 3/6/1940.

15- مارسيل بيروتون ( Marcel Peyrouton ) إلى 22/7/1940.

16- جان بيار إستيفا (Jean-Pierre Esteva ) إلى 10/5/1943.

17- شارل ماست ( Charles Mast ) إلى 22/2/1947.

18- جون مونس ( Jean Mons ) إلى 13/6/1950.

19- لوي بيريي ( Louis Périllier ) إلى 13/1/1952.

20- جان دوهوتكلوك (Jean de Hauteclocque ) إلى 2/9/1953.

21- بيار فوازار ( Pierre Voizard ) إلى 5/11/1954.

22- بيار بوايي دولاتور ( Pierre Boyer de Latour ) إلى 31/8/1955.

23- روجي سايدو (Roger Seydoux ) إلى 20/3/1956. وقد كان يسمى مندوبا ساميا.

المقيمون العامون بالمغرب
أما بالمغرب فقد تولى 14 مقيما عاما هم على التوالي:

1- الماريشال هوبرت ليوتي (maréchal Hubert Lyautey ) بين أفريل/نيسان 1912 وأكتوبر/تشرين الأول 1925.

2- تيودور ستيغ ( Théodore Steeg ) إلى جانفي/كانون الثاني 1929.

3- لوسيان سان ( Lucien Saint ) إلى 29 جويلية/تموز 1933.

4- هنري بونسو ( Henri Ponsot ) إلى مارس/آذار 1936.

5- مارسيل بيروتون (Marcel Peyrouton ) إلى سبتمبر/أيلول 1936.

6- الجنرال موريس نوغاس (général Maurice Noguès ) إلى جوان/حزيران 1943.

7- غابريال بوو (Gabriel Puaux ) إلى مارس/آذار 1946.

8- إيريك لابون (Eirik Labonne ) إلى 1947.

9- الجنرال ألفونس جوان (général Alphonse Juin ) إلى 1951.

10- الجنرال أوغستان غيوم ( général Augustin Guillaume ) حتى 1954.

11- فرانسيس لاكوست (Francis Lacoste ) حتى 1955.

12- جلبار قرندفال ( ) 1955.

13- بيار بوايي دولاتور ( Pierre Boyer de Latour ) إلى نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني 1955.

14- أندري دوبوا( André Dubois) إلى مارس/آذار 1956.

مراجع

تاريخ المغرب
حكومة تونس
قوائم أصحاب مناصب سياسية في تونس
مقيم عام فرنسي بالمغرب

المقيم العام الفرنسي (تونس)


A Igreja Reformada na Venezuela  (IRV) - em espanhol Iglesia Reformada en Venezuela - é uma denominação reformada continental, estabelecida na Venezuela em 1985 pelo Rev. César Rodriguez e outros pastores evangélicos nacionais que aderiram à Fé Reformada.

História

A Igreja Reformada na Venezuela surgiu em 1985, quando um grupo de pastores evangélicos venezuelanos, liderados pelo Rev. César Rodriguez, aderiram à Fé Reformada.

A primeira igreja foi fundada em Barquisimeto e a segunda em Valência. Em 1988 as duas igrejas formaram uma federação.

Posteriormente, igrejas foram plantadas em Quíbor, Acarigua, Maracaibo e El Tierral.

Em 2018, a denominação já era formada por 6 igrejas, que juntas tinham cerca de 350 membros.

Doutrina

A IRV subscreve as Três Formas da Unidade (Confissão Belga, Catecismo de Heidelberg e Cânones de Dort).

Relações intereclesiásticas

A denominação tem relacionamento de igreja-irmã com as Igrejas Reformadas Liberadas.

Denominações reformadas continentais na Venezuela

Igreja Reformada na Venezuela


Ivo Mbah, mort le  à Teke (Kumba), est un chef de guerre séparatiste camerounais, commandant des Forces de défense de l'Ambazonie (FDA) qui a combattu lors de la crise anglophone au Cameroun. Signalé comme l'un des premiers séparatistes à partir en guerre contre les autorités camerounaises, il a lutté pendant plus d'un an avant d'être tué au combat avec l'armée camerounaise.

Biographie

Origine et activité professionnelle
Ivo Mbah est originaire de la région du Nord-Ouest du Cameroun et exerce comme chauffeur de moto-taxi.

Crise anglophone au Cameroun
Ivo Mbah prête allégeance au leader des Forces de défense de l'Ambazonie (FDA), Lucas Ayaba Cho. Il est recruté par un homme dont le nom de guerre est  et prend le grade de . Ivo Mbah est l'un des premiers membres des Forces de défense de l'Ambazonie et est populaire parmi les séparatistes. Ses partisans penseraient qu'il possède des . Ainsi, Mbah utilisant cette croyance, déclare dans des vidéos de propagande qu'. Selon l'armée, il commande plus de  des FDA dans toutes les régions anglophones du Cameroun en 2018. Il opère principalement dans les villages de Matoh et de Teke du département de la Meme.

Mort
Dans la matinée du , Ivo Mbah se rend à Teke, une localité de Kumba, pour être présent lors du mariage de son chauffeur. Selon l'armée, sa présence lui est divulguée, et les forces spéciales du Bataillon d'intervention rapide (BIR) se déploient. Habillés en civil, les soldats entrent dans l'intention de le capturer vivant, mais une fusillade éclate lorsque des séparatistes reconnaissent les soldats. Ivo Mbah se réfugie dans un bâtiment, où les soldats le poursuivent. Après un combat intense impliquant un combat rapproché, Ivo Mbah est tué. Quelques minutes après sa mort, des photos et des vidéos de son cadavre sont publiées sur les réseaux sociaux. D'autres sources déclarent que Mbah a été tué par un groupe d'autodéfense locaux anti-séparatiste ou par un groupe séparatiste rival.

Conséquences de sa mort et héritage
La mort d'Ivo Mbah est un succès important pour l'armée et un coup au moral des séparatistes. Cependant, son assassinat n'est pas un succès complet pour le gouvernement. Le plan était de le capturer vivant et de l'utiliser pour la collecte de renseignements. Au lieu de cela, il est mort sans donner la moindre information. L'assassinat a un effet néfaste sur le plan du programme de désarmement, démobilisation et réinsertion (DDR) mis en place peu avant.

Plusieurs leaders séparatistes rendent hommage à Ivo Mbah. Lucas Ayaba Cho le décrit comme . Samuel Ikome Sako, président par intérim du gouvernement intérimaire de l'Ambazonie, écrit qu'il admire personnellement Ivo Mbah pour sa bravoure et que sa mort est une grande perte pour la .

En mai 2022, les FDA enlèvent la sénatrice Elizabeth Regina Mundi du Rassemblement démocratique du peuple camerounais (RDPC). Les FDA proposent de l'échanger contre 75 prisonniers politiques et menacent de l'exécuter si le gouvernement ne se conforme pas à cette demande. Les FDA déclarent également qu'elles pourraient échanger son cadavre contre celui d'Ivo Mbah.

Notes et références

Décès en décembre 2018
Décès au Cameroun
Ambazonie
Crise anglophone au Cameroun
Seigneur de guerre africain mort au combat
Membre d'une faction armée

Ivo Mbah


Krempermoor Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 1,55 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 530 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Günter Meyer tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-krempermarsch.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Krempermoor


Chapelle or La Chapelle may refer to:

Communes in France
 La Chapelle, Allier
 La Chapelle, Ardennes
 La Chapelle, Charente
 La Chapelle, Savoie
 Les Chapelles, Savoie department

Other places
 Église de la Chapelle or Kapellekerk, a church in Brussels
 Quartier de La Chapelle, a neighborhood of Paris, France
 La Chapelle (Paris Metro), a metro station in Paris, France
 Porte de la Chapelle (Paris Metro), a metro station in Paris, France
 Sainte-Chapelle, a Gothic chapel on the Île de la Cité, Paris, France
 La Chapelle, Artibonite, a commune in Artibonite department, Haiti
 La Chapelle, a commune of Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
 Chapelle, Glâne, a municipality of the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland
 Archbishop Chapelle High School, a high school in New Orleans, United States
 Aix-la-Chapelle or Aachen, Germany

Other uses
 La Chapelle (Church), a Baptist Evangelical multi-site church based in Montreal, Canada.
Chapelle (surname)
Chapelle Jewellery, a brand of jewellery retailer F.Hinds
de la Chapelle syndrome, a genetic disorder

See also
Chappelle (disambiguation)
Lachapelle (disambiguation)

Chapelle


Leonotis leonurus est une espèce végétale de la famille des menthes, Lamiaceae. La plante est un arbrisseau, ou un petit Arbuste, persistant à feuilles larges originaire d'Afrique du Sud et d'Afrique australe, où elle est très commune. Il est connu pour ses propriétés médicinales. On prétend que le principal composant psychoactif de Leonotis leonurus est la léonurine, même si la «léonurine» n'a jamais été trouvée dans la plante à l'aide d'analyses chimiques. Comme les autres plantes de la famille de la menthe, elle contient également de la marrubiine . Le nom « dagga sauvage » le lie étroitement au cannabis, car « dagga » dérivé du Khoikhoi « dachab » est un nom indigène sud-africain pour les espèces de cannabis. Ce nom peut être un abus de langage, car aucune partie de la plante n'est utilisée comme hallucinogène.

Description
L'arbuste de 1 a 2 m de hauteur , et de 1,5  m de large   large. Les feuilles d'un vert moyen-foncé font 5 à 10 cm de longues et sont aromatiques lorsqu'elles sont écrasées. La plante a des fleurs orange tubulaires en verticilles étagées, typiques de la famille de la menthe, qui encerclent les tiges carrées. Ils s'élèvent au-dessus de la masse du feuillage pendant la saison estivale, la floraison se poursuivant en hiver dans les climats plus chauds .

Variation de la couleur des fleurs
Une variété blanche (connue familièrement sous le nom de « Alba ») et une variété jaune existent également.

Écologie
L'habitat naturel de Leonotis leonurus est constitué de prairies humides d'Afrique australe. Il attire les oiseaux nectivores (principalement les souimangas), ainsi que divers insectes comme les papillons. La couleur principalement orange à rouge orangé et la forme tubulaire des fleurs indiquent sa co-évolution avec les souimangas africains, qui ont des becs incurvés adaptés pour se nourrir de fleurs tubulaires.

Culture
Leonotis leonurus est cultivé comme plante ornementale pour ses abondants épis de fleurs d'oranger et est utilisé comme accent ou écran dans les jardins et les parcs . Il est modérément tolérant à la sécheresse et constitue une source de nectar pour les oiseaux et les papillons dans les paysages. Il a été introduit en Europe dans les années 1600.

La queue de lion peut surtout être trouvée dans d'autres régions climatiques subtropicales et méditerranéennes au-delà de l'Afrique du Sud telles que la Californie, Hawaï , et l'Australie où elle s'est naturalisée dans certaines régions. Dans les climats plus frais, il est utilisé comme plante de serre annuelle et hivernale.

Pharmacologie et toxicologie
Le principal composant actif, la marrubiine (lactone diterpénique)  possède à la fois des propriétés antioxydantes et cardioprotectrices et s'est avéré améliorer de manière significative la fonction myocardique.

Une étude animale expérimentale suggère que l'extrait aqueux de feuilles de Leonotis leonurus possède des propriétés antinociceptives (antidouleur), anti- inflammatoires et hypoglycémiantes .

Une étude animale chez le rat a indiqué qu'à fortes doses, la queue de lion a des effets toxicologiques néfastes importants sur les organes, les globules rouges, les globules blancs et d'autres fonctions corporelles importantes. Les tests de toxicité aiguë chez les animaux ont causé la mort de ceux qui ont reçu 3200 dose mg/kg. À 1600 mg/kg d'extrait a entraîné des changements dans les globules rouges, la concentration d'hémoglobine, le volume corpusculaire moyen, les plaquettes et les globules blancs.

Utilisations traditionnelles
Les infusions à base de fleurs et de graines, de feuilles ou de tiges sont largement utilisées pour traiter la tuberculose, la jaunisse, les crampes musculaires, l'hypertension artérielle, le diabète, les hépatites virales, la dysenterie et la diarrhée. Les feuilles, les racines et l'écorce sont utilisées comme émétique pour les morsures de serpent, les piqûres d'abeilles et de scorpions. Le jus de tige frais est utilisé comme infusion bue pour "l'impureté du sang" dans certaines régions d'Afrique du Sud.

Utilisations récréatives
Les feuilles et les fleurs séchées ont un léger effet calmant lorsqu'elles sont fumées. Chez certains utilisateurs, les effets ont été notés comme étant similaires au cannabinoïde THC trouvé dans le cannabis, sauf qu'il a un high beaucoup moins puissant. Il a également été rapporté qu'il provoque une légère euphorie, des changements visuels, des étourdissements, des nausées, de la transpiration, de la sédation et des étourdissements.

Il est parfois utilisé comme substitut du cannabis par les utilisateurs récréatifs comme alternative aux plantes psychoactives illégales.

Statut légal

Lettonie
Leonotis leonurus est illégal en Lettonie depuis novembre 2009. C'est un médicament de l'annexe 1. La possession de quantités jusqu'à 1 gramme est passible d'une amende pouvant aller jusqu'à 280 euros. La possession et la distribution de plus grandes quantités peuvent être punies d'une peine pouvant aller jusqu'à 15 ans de prison.

Pologne
Leonotis leonurus a été interdit en Pologne en mars 2009. La possession et la distribution entraînent une accusation criminelle .

Articles connexes
 Léonurine
 Léonotis nepetifolia
 Leonurus hearta
 Léonurus japonicus
 Léonurus sibiricus

Références

Liens externes

 Jardin botanique du Missouri - Kemper Garden Center : Leonotis leonurus
 Profil du ministère de l'Agriculture des États-Unis sur Leonotis leonurus (oreille de lion)

Plante tolérant la sécheresse
Enthéogène
Plante médicinale
Flore endémique d'Afrique du Sud
Lamiaceae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)

Leonotis leonurus


Ingegerd Knutsdatter de Danemark également dénommée Ingerta et Ingerd (née entre 1080 et 1085 – morte à une date inconnue), est une princesse danoise, fille du roi  et de la reine  Adèle. Elle est considérée comme la mère fondatrice de la
Maison de Bjälbo qui donnera des monarques à la Suède et à la Norvège.

Contexte
Après la déposition et le meurtre de son père en 1086, sa mère quitte le Danemark et se retire en Flandre avec son fils Charles, pendant qu'Ingegerd et sa sœur  Cécilia Knudsdatter  demeurent en Suède auprès de leur oncle  et de la reine Boedil Thurgotsdatter, qui deviennent leurs parents adoptifs Les deux sœurs épousent des magnats suédois : Cecilia le  Jarl Eric, et Ingegerd Folke le Gros à qui elle donne un fils . Il est spécifié que leur deux mariages interviennent en Suède.

Eric et Boedil retournent au Danemark lorsque  devient roi 1095. Sa sœur Cecilia reviendra également plus tard au Danemark, mais rien n'indique qu'Ingegerd en fasse de même.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
.

Personnalité danoise du XIIe siècle
Maison d'Estridsen

Ingegerd Knutsdatter


Konstantin, bio je prelat Katoličke Crkve koji je služio kao biskup trebinjski od oko 1142. do oko 1154. godine.

Životopis

Mavro Orbini navodi biskupa Konstantina koji je, s ostalim biskupima gornje Dalmacije, 1141./42., potvrđen kao sufragan dubrovačkog nadbiskupa Andrije.

Junije Rastić ne navodi Konstantina poimenice, ali svjedoči kako je nadbiskup Andrija išao u Rim kod pape Inocenta II. kako bi dobio potvrdu svojih sufraganskih biskupija gornje Dalmacije, Trebinja, Zahumlja i Bosne.

Izvori

Literatura

Knjige

Trebinjsko-mrkanski biskupi

Konstantin (trebinjski biskup)


Melanophylla dianeae, gotovo nestala vrsta drveća iz porodice Torricelliaceae s otoka Madagaskara. Vrsta je imenovana po Diane Wyse Jackson, suprugi Petera Wyse Jacksona.

Melanophylla dianeae ima samo pet odraslih stabala na području na koje je snažno utjecalo čišćenje šuma za poljoprivredu metodom posijeci-i-spali. Međunarodna unija za zaštitu prirode ovu vrstu je rangirala kao "kritično ugroženom."

Napori za uzgoj biljaka iz sjemena nisu uspjeli, pa se sada pokušava metodom zračnog plastenja.

Izvori

Celerolike
Flora Madagaskara

Melanophylla dianeae


The Byzantine Rite, also known as the Greek Rite or the Rite of Constantinople, is a liturgical rite that is identified with the wide range of cultural, devotional, and canonical practices that developed in the Eastern Christian church of Constantinople.

The canonical hours are extended and complex, lasting about eight hours (longer during Great Lent) but are abridged outside of large monasteries. An iconostasis, a partition covered with icons, separates the area around the altar from the nave. The sign of the cross, accompanied by bowing, is made very frequently, e.g., more than a hundred times during the divine liturgy, and there is prominent veneration of icons, a general acceptance of the congregants freely moving within the church and interacting with each other, and distinctive traditions of liturgical chanting.

Some traditional practices are falling out of use in modern times in sundry churches and in the diaspora, e.g., the faithful standing during services, bowing and prostrating frequently, and priests, deacons, and monastics always wearing a cassock and other clerical garb even in everyday life (monastics also sleep wearing a cassock) and not shaving or trimming their hair or beards.

In addition to numerous psalms read every day, the entire psalter is read each week, and twice each week during Great Lent, and there are daily readings of other scriptures; also many hymns have quotes from, and references to, the scriptures woven into them. On the numerous fast days there is prescribed abstention from meat and dairy products, and on many fast days also from fish, wine, and the use of oil in cooking. Four fasting seasons are prescribed: Great Lent, Nativity Fast, Apostles' Fast and Dormition Fast. In addition, throughout the year most Wednesdays and Fridays, as well as Mondays in monasteries, are fast days.

History

In its present form, the rite is the product of a long cultural synthesis that developed in the years after the 8th-9th century Iconoclasm, in which monasteries and their cultural contacts with the Holy Land played a decisive role. From the 9th to the 14th centuries, the influence of the Palestinian Rite exerted a dominating influence and the rite has been called a "hybrid" between an earlier ceremonial rite which scholars have dubbed the cathedral rite of Constantinople, called the asmatiki akolouthia ("sung services") and the Palestinian Rite of Jerusalem, the Hagiopolitan (Gr. "of the Holy City") in Greek, chiefly through the monastic typikon of the Mar Saba monastery near Jerusalem. Later developments were usually connected to monasteries at Constantinople and Mt. Athos patronized by the imperial court, such as Studion, whose Rule formed the nucleus of early monastic communities in Bulgaria and the Rus'. In the early modern period, the traditions of the rite received further elaboration from the interface of Christian and Islamic mystical traditions fostered in the Ottoman court.

Before the mid-17th century, the practices of the Russian Church, relatively remote from the great ecclesiastical and cultural centers of Greek Christianity, showed some significant local and textual variation from the rest of the Christian world. The practices of the Russian Church were brought violently in line with the contemporary Greek usage during the reforms of Patriarch Nikon, resulting in relative uniformity across the Eastern Orthodox Church. The resulting  (Rus. schism) split Russian Christianity into the present Russian Orthodox and the historically persecuted Old Believers, who maintained many archaic practices of worship.

Sacred Mysteries
The "Holy Mysteries", or "Sacred Mysteries", or similar, refer to the elements of Holy Communion, the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, in the texts of the Divine Liturgy, the prayers before and after communion, and elsewhere, as, for example, in the first petition of the ectenia after communion, "Arise! Having partaken of the divine, holy, pure, immortal, heavenly, life-creating, and awesome Mysteries of Christ, let us worthily give thanks to the Lord."

Also termed the sacred mysteries is a broad theological category including the seven sacraments defined in the Western Church but differing slightly in emphasis—stressing their ineffable character and forgoing the intense theological definitions which emerged in the centuries following the Reformation. Although all modern Orthodox churches customarily observe the same seven sacraments as in Catholicism, the number has no dogmatic significance and, up to the 17th century, individual authors varied greatly in the number of rites considered "mysteries". Despite the historical differences, modern Orthodox and Catholic faithful are generally united in viewing the West's seven sacraments and Orthodoxy's looser number of sacred mysteries—seven only by convention—as effectively equivalent. The Catholics regard the two as identical.

Divine Liturgy
The divine liturgy may be celebrated on most days, the exceptions, known as aliturgical days, being in or near Great Lent. Typically, however, the liturgy is celebrated daily only in cathedrals and larger monasteries but elsewhere only on Sundays, major feast days, and some other days, especially during Great Lent.

These three forms of the eucharistic service are in use universal usage:
 The Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is the one most commonly celebrated throughout the year.
 The Liturgy of St. Basil is celebrated ten times a year.
 The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts is celebrated on certain weekdays of Great Lent and of Holy Week.

Daily office

The daily cycle begins with vespers and proceeds throughout the night and day according to the following table:

The typica is used whenever the divine liturgy is not celebrated at its usual time, i.e., when there is a vesperal liturgy or no liturgy at all. On days when the liturgy may be celebrated at its usual hour, the typica follows the sixth hour (or matins, where the custom is to serve the Liturgy then) and the Epistle and Gospel readings for the day are read therein; otherwise, on aliturgical days or when the Liturgy is served at vespers, the typica has a much shorter form and is served between the ninth hour and vespers.

Also, there are Inter-Hours for the First, Third, Sixth and Ninth Hours. These are services of a similar structure to, but briefer than, the hours. Their usage varies with local custom, but generally they are used only during the Nativity Fast, Apostles Fast, and Dormition Fast on days when the Lenten alleluia replaces "God is the Lord" at matins, which may be done at the discretion of the ecclesiarch when the Divine Liturgy is not celebrated.

In addition to these public prayers, there are also private prayers prescribed for both monastics and laypersons; in some monasteries, however, these are read in church. These include Morning and Evening Prayers and prayers (and, in Russia, canons) to be prayed in preparation for receiving the Eucharist.

The full cycle of services are usually served only in monasteries, cathedrals, and other Katholika (sobors). In monasteries and parishes of the Russian tradition, the Third and Sixth Hours are read during the Prothesis ( Liturgy of Preparation); otherwise, the Prothesis is served during matins, the final portion of which is omitted, the Liturgy of the Catechumens beginning immediately after the troparion following the Great Doxology.

The Midnight Office is seldom served in parish churches, except at the Paschal Vigil as the essential office, wherein the burial shroud is removed from the tomb and carried to the altar.

Aggregates
The sundry Canonical Hours are, in practice, grouped together into aggregates so that there are three major times of prayer a day: Evening, Morning and Midday.

The most common groupings are as follows:

Ordinary days
 Evening — Ninth Hour, Vespers, Compline
 Morning Watches — Midnight Office, Matins, First Hour
 Morning — Third Hour, Sixth Hour, and the Divine Liturgy or Typica

Weekdays during Lent
Evening — Great Compline
Morning Watches — Midnight Office, Matins, First Hour
Morning — Third Hour, Sixth Hour, Ninth Hour, Typica, Vespers (sometimes with the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts or, on the Annunciation, the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom)

When there is an all-night vigil
On the eves before Great Feasts and, in some traditions, on all Sundays, this grouping is used. However, the All-night vigil is usually abridged so as to not last literally "all-night" and may be as short as two hours; on the other hand, on Athos and in the very traditional monastic institutions, that service followed by the hours and Liturgy may last as long as 18 hours.

Afternoon — Ninth Hour, Little Vespers, Compline (where it is not read at the commencement of the Vigil)
Early night — Compline (where it is not the custom for it to follow small vespers), Great Vespers, a reading, Matins, First Hour

When the royal hours are read
Evening — Ninth Hour, Vespers, Compline
Morning Watches — Midnight Office, Matins
Morning — First, Third, Sixth, and Ninth Hours and the Typica

On the eves of Christmas, Theophany, and Annunciation
When the feast is a weekday (or, in the Russian tradition, on any day for Christmas, Theophany), Vespers (with the Liturgy in most instances) is served earlier in the day and so Great Compline functions much as Great vespers does on the vigils of other feast days.

Evening — Great Compline (in some traditions) and, if there be an All-Night Vigil, the reading, matins, first hour.
Morning Watches — (unless there be an all-night vigil) midnight office, matins, first hour.

Sacraments and other services performed as needed

The Holy Mysteries (Sacraments)

Baptism

Baptism transforms the old and sinful person into a new and pure one; the old life, the sins, any mistakes made are gone and a clean slate is given. Through Baptism a person is united to the Body of Christ by becoming a member of the Orthodox Church. During the service, water is blessed. The catechumen is fully immersed in the water three times, once in the name of each of the figures of the Holy Trinity. This is considered to be a death of the "old man" by participation in the crucifixion and burial of Christ, and a rebirth into new life in Christ by participation in his resurrection. Properly a new name is given, which becomes the person's name.

Children of Orthodox families are normally baptized shortly after birth. Converts to Orthodoxy are usually formally baptized into the Orthodox Church, though exceptions are sometimes made. Those who have left Orthodoxy and adopted a new religion, if they return to their Orthodox roots, are usually received back into the church through the mystery of Chrismation.

Properly, the mystery of Baptism is administered by bishops and priests; however, in emergencies any Orthodox Christian can baptize. In such cases, should the person survive the emergency, it is likely that the person will be properly baptized by a priest at some later date. This is not considered to be a second baptism, nor is it imagined that the person is not already Orthodox, but rather it is a fulfillment of the proper form.

The service of Baptism used in Orthodox churches has remained largely unchanged for more than 1500 years. St. Cyril of Jerusalem (d. 386), in his Discourse on the Sacrament of Baptism, describes the service; it is largely consistent with the service currently in use in the early 21st century.

Chrismation

Chrismation grants the gift of the Holy Spirit through anointing with Holy Chrism. It is normally given immediately after baptism as part of the same service. It may also be used to formally receive again lapsed members of the Orthodox Church. As baptism is a person's participation in the death and resurrection of Christ, so chrismation is a person's participation in the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost.

A baptized and chrismated Orthodox Christian is a full member of the Church and may receive the Eucharist regardless of age and, indeed, does so beginning at the first liturgy attended after chrismation, infant communion being the universal norm.

The sanctification of chrism may, in theory, be performed by any bishop at any time, but in longstanding practice is performed no more than once a year by hierarchs of most of the autocephalous churches, although some autocephalous churches obtain their chrism from another church. Anointing with it substitutes for the laying-on of hands described in the New Testament, and according to the prayer of consecration of chrism, the apostles made the initial chrism, laying their hands on it, for priests to substitute for laying on of hands for sundry practices, where only the apostles could perform said laying on of hands.

Holy Communion (Eucharist)

The Eucharist is at the center of Orthodox Christianity. In practice, it is the partaking of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ in the midst of the Divine Liturgy with the rest of the church. The bread and wine are believed to be transubstantiated as the genuine Body and Blood of the Christ Jesus through the operation of the Holy Spirit.

Communion is given only to baptized Orthodox Christians who have prepared by fasting, prayer and confession. The wine is administered with a spoon directly into the recipient's mouth from the chalice. From baptism young infants and children are carried to the chalice to receive holy communion.

Because of the Orthodox understanding of mankind's fallen nature in general, those who wish to commune prepare themselves in a way that reflects mankind in paradise. First, they prepare by having their confession heard and the prayer of repentance read over them by a priest. They are encouraged to increase their prayer rule, adding the prescribed prayers in preparation for communing. Finally, they fast completely from food, drink, and sexual activity from the evening before, a time interpreted variously in sundry locations as: from arising from sleep, or from midnight, or from sunset the previous evening.

Confession

When one who has committed sins repents of them, wishing to reconcile to God and renew the purity of original baptisms, they confess their sins to God before a spiritual guide who offers advice and direction to assist the individual in overcoming their sin. Parish priests commonly function as spiritual guides, but such guides can be any person, male or female, who has been given a blessing to hear confessions. Spiritual guides are chosen very carefully, as this is a mandate that once chosen must be obeyed. Having confessed, the priest lays his hands on the penitent's head while reciting the prayer of absolution.

Sin is a mistake made by the individual, but there is the opportunity for spiritual growth and development. An act of penance (), if the spiritual guide requires it, is never formulaic, but rather is directed toward the individual and their particular problem, as a means of establishing a deeper understanding of the mistake made, and how to effect its cure. Because full participatory membership is granted to infants, it is not unusual for even small children to confess. Though the scope of their culpability is far less than an older child, they also have an opportunity for spiritual growth.

Marriage

From the Eastern Orthodox understanding of marriage, it is one of the holy mysteries or sacraments. As well as in many other Christian traditions, for example in the Catholic Church, it serves to unite a woman and a man in eternal union and love before God, with the purpose of following Christ and His Gospel and raising up a faithful, holy family through their holy union. The church understands marriage to be the union of one man and one woman, and certain Orthodox leaders have spoken out strongly in opposition to the civil institution of same-sex marriage.

Jesus said that "when they rise from the dead, they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven" (Mk 12:25). For the Orthodox Christian this passage should not be understood to imply that Christian marriage will not remain a reality in the Kingdom, but points to the fact that relations will not be "fleshy", but "spiritual". Love between wife and husband, as an icon of relationship between Christ and Church, is eternal.

The Church does recognize that there are rare occasions when it is better that couples do separate, but there is no official recognition of civil divorces. For the Orthodox, to say that marriage is indissoluble means that it should not be broken, the violation of such a union, perceived as holy, being an offense resulting from either adultery or the prolonged absence of one of the partners. Thus, permitting remarriage is an act of compassion of the Church towards sinful man. Ecclesiastically divorced Orthodox (not civilly divorced only).

Should a married deacon or priest die, it is common for his wife to retire to a monastery once their children are out of the house. Widowed priests are not allowed to remarry (no priest may be married after his ordination) and also frequently enter monasteries.

The order of a first marriage consists of three distinct services: the Betrothal, the Mystery of Crowning, and the Taking off of the Crowns, but nowadays these are performed in immediate succession. There is no exchange of vows.

Holy Orders

Since its founding, the Church spread to different places and its leaders in each region came to be known as  (overseers, plural of , overseer—Gr. ), which became "bishop" in English. The other ordained roles are  (Gr. , elder), which became "prester" and then "priest" in English, and  (Gr. , servant), which became "deacon" in English (see also subdeacon). There are numerous administrative positions among the clergy that carry additional titles.

Bishops are always monks. Although someone who is not a monk may be elected to be a bishop, which frequently happens with widowed priests, he must receive a monastic tonsure before consecration to the episcopate. Deacons and priests, however, are typically married, and it is customary that only monks or married men be ordained. It is considered preferable for parish priests to be married as they often act as counsel to married couples and thus can draw on their own experience. Unmarried priests usually are monks and live in monasteries, though when there is of a shortage of married priests, a monk-priest may be assigned to a parish.

A deacon or priest would have to abandon his orders, i.e. be liaised, to marry after ordination; it is common for widowed clergy to enter a monastery. Also, widowed wives of clergy, who are discouraged from remarrying, often become nuns when their children are grown.

Only men can take holy orders, although deaconesses had both liturgical and pastoral functions within the church. This has fallen out of practice, the last deaconess having been ordained in the 19th century; however, in 2016, Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria decided to reinstate the order of deaconesses and, in February 2017, Patriarch Theodoros II appointed six nuns to be subdeacons.

Unction
Anointing with oil, often called "unction", is one of the mysteries administered by the Orthodox Church and it is not reserved only for the dying or terminally ill, but for all in need of spiritual or bodily healing, and with reception of this sacrament comes forgiveness of sins. In Greece, during the Ottoman occupation, when parish priests were not allowed to hear confessions, it became the custom to administer this mystery annually on Great Wednesday to all believers so that all could commune the following days through Pascha. In recent decades, this custom has spread to many other locations.

Other services performed as needed

Local variations
Two main strata exist in the rite, those places that have inherited the traditions of the Russian Church which had been given only the monastic Sabbaite typicon which she uses to this day in parishes and cathedrals as well as in monasteries, and everywhere else where some remnant of the cathedral rite remained in use; therefore, the rite as practiced in monasteries everywhere resembles the Russian recension, while non-Russian non-monastic customs differs significantly. For example, in the Russian tradition, the "all-night vigil" is served in every church on Saturday nights and the eves of feast days (although it may be abridged to be as short as two hours) while elsewhere, it is usual to have matins on the morning of the feast; however, in the latter instance, vespers and matins are rather less abridged but the Divine Liturgy commences at the end of matins and the hours are not read, as was the case in the extinct cathedral rite of Constantinople.

Also, as the rite evolved in sundry places, different customs arose; an essay on some of these has been written by Archbishop Basil Krivoshein and is posted on the web.

Liturgical books

 (; Church Slavonic: , ), or Book of Hours, provides the fixed portions of the Daily Cycle of services () as used by the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches.

Numerous movable parts of the service are inserted into this fixed framework. These are taken from a variety of liturgical books:

Psalter (Greek: , ; Slavonic:  or , ) A book containing the 150 Psalms divided into 20 sections called Kathismata together with the 9 Biblical canticles which are chanted at Matins; although these canticles had been chanted in their entirety, having over time come to be supplemented by interspersed hymns (analogously to stichera) to form the Canon, the canticles themselves are now only regularly used in a few large monasteries. The Psalter also contains the various "selected psalms", each composed of verses from a variety of psalms, sung at matins on feast days, as well as tables for determining which Kathismata are to be read at each service; in addition to the Psalms read at the daily offices, all the Psalms are read each week and, during Great Lent, twice a week.
 (Greek: ; Slavonic: ,  or , )—Literally, the Book of the "Eight Tones" or modes. This book contains a cycle of eight weeks, one for each of the eight  (church modes of the Byzantine musical system of eight modes), providing texts for each day of the week for Vespers, Matins, Compline, and (on Sundays) the Midnight Office. The origins of this book go back to compositions by St. John Damascene. The (Great)  is also called .  containing only Marianic hymns are called . Since the 17th century, different collections of the Octoechos had been separated as own books about certain Hesperinos psalms like the  an octoechos collection for the psalm 103, the  for psalm 140, and the  for the psalm verse 150:6 and also the .
 (Greek: ; Slavonic: , )—A twelve-volume set which provides liturgical texts for each day of the calendar year, printed as 12 volumes, one for each month of the year. Another volume, the General Menaion contains propers for each class of saints for use when the propers for a particular saint are not available. Additionally, locally venerated saints may have services in supplemental volumes, pamphlets, or manuscripts.
 (Greek: ) A collection of the lives of the saints and commentaries on the meaning of feasts for each day of the calendar year, also printed as 12 volumes, appointed to be read at the meal in monasteries and, when there is an all-night vigil for a feast day, between vespers and matins.
 (Greek: ; Slavonic: , ; Romanian: ), also called the Lenten Triodion. The Lenten Triodion contains propers for:
the Pre-Lenten Season
the Forty Days of Great Lent itself
Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday
Holy Week
 (Greek: ; Slavonic: , , literally "Flowery Triodon"; Romanian: ) This volume contains the propers for the period from Pascha to the Sunday of All Saints. This period can be broken down into the following periods:
Bright Week (Easter Week) Commencing with matins on Pascha (Easter Sunday) through the following Saturday
Paschal Season—The period from Thomas Sunday until Ascension
Ascension and its Afterfeast
Pentecost and its Afterfeast
All Saints Sunday (the Sunday after Pentecost)
 (Greek: ; Romanian: )—The  contains for each day of the year brief lives of the saints and meanings of celebrated feasts, appointed to be read after the Kontakion and Oikos at Matins.
 (Greek: , ; Slavonic: , )—Contains the  chanted at the Canon of Matins and other services. The hymns of the books  and  had been collected earlier in a book called  or .
Priest's Service Book (Greek: , ; Slavonic: , ) It contains the portions of the services which are said by the priest and deacon and is given to a deacon and to a priest with his vestments at ordination. The  contains the portions of the services for the whole year which are said by the priest (), the bishop () or the deacon (). The two largest parts are the  with the liturgies for the whole year and the  with the blessings.
Bishop's Service Book (Greek:  , Slavonic: , ) the portions of the services which are said by the Bishop; for the Canonical Hours, this differs little from what is in the Priest's Service Book.
 (Greek: ) It contains the Old Testament Lectionary readings appointed at Vespers and at other services during the Church year.
Gospel Book (Greek: ,  or , ) Book containing the 4 Gospels laid out as read at the divine services.
Apostle Book (Greek:  or ,  or ; Slavonic: , ) Contains the readings for the Divine Liturgy from the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles together with the  and Alleluia verses that are chanted with the readings.
Patristic writings Many writings from the Church fathers are prescribed to be read at matins and, during great lent, at the hours; in practice, this is only done in some monasteries and frequently therein the abbot prescribes readings other than those in the written rubrics. Therefore, it is not customary to enumerate all the volumes required for this.
Collections (Greek: , ; Slavonic: , ) There are numerous smaller anthologies available which were quite common before the invention of printing but still are in common use both because of the enormous volume of a full set of liturgical texts and because the full texts have not yet been translated into several languages currently in use. Some of the anthologies are called .
Typicon (Greek: , ; Slavonic: ,  or , ) Contains all of the rules for the performance of the Divine Services, giving directions for every possible combination of the materials from the books mentioned above into the Daily Cycle of Services.
 (Greek: ) is a service book that contains the Anastasima (Resurrectional) hymns of vespers, Sunday matins and other hymns.
 (Greek: ) it contains the stichera for the morning and evening services throughout the year. Chant compositions in the sticheraric melos can also be found in other liturgical books like the  or the .
 (Greek: ) is a liturgical book which contains the paracletic canons of the week.
Homilies (Greek: ) some homilies of the Church Fathers are recited regularly or on special occasions, such as the Paschal Homily of St. John Chrysostom.

Also some books for special occasions, such as the book for the great week- , the  for the 15. August, or the  including certain excerpts. The Apostolike Diakonia of the Church of Greece and some Greek-orthodox bishops have also published certain old liturgies. Such as the Liturgy of St. James and others.

Calendar

The fixed portion of the liturgical year begins on September 1. There is also a movable Paschal cycle fixed according to the date of Pascha (Easter), which is by far the most important day of the entire year. The interplay of these two cycles, plus other lesser cycles influences the manner in which the services are celebrated on a day to day level throughout the entire year.

Traditionally, the Julian Calendar has been used to calculate feast days. Beginning in 1924, several autocephalous churches adopted, for fixed dates, the Revised Julian Calendar which is aligned with the Gregorian calendar; the Paschal cycle, however, continued to be calculated according to the Julian Calendar. Today, some churches and portions of some other churches continue to follow the Julian Calendar while others follow the Revised Julian (Eastern Orthodox) or Gregorian (usually the more Latinized Byzantine Catholic) Calendar. Among Eastern Orthodox, only the Orthodox Church of Finland has adopted the Western calculation of the date of Pascha (see computus); all other Orthodox Churches, and a number of Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as the Ukrainian Lutheran Church, celebrate Pascha according to the ancient rules.

Liturgical cycles
Various cycles of the liturgical year influence the manner in which the materials from the liturgical books (above) are inserted into the daily services:

Weekly cycle
Each day of the week has its own commemoration:
Sunday—Resurrection of Christ
Monday—The Holy Angels
Tuesday—St. John the Forerunner
Wednesday—The Cross and the Theotokos
Thursday—The Holy Apostles and St. Nicholas
Friday—The Cross
Saturday—All Saints and the departed

Most of the texts come from the , which has a large collections of hymns for each weekday for each of the eight tones; during great lent and, to a lesser degree, the pre-lenten season, the Lenten Triodion supplements this with hymns for each day of the week for each week of that season, as does the  during the pascal season. Also, there are fixed texts for each day of the week are in the  and Priest's Service Book (e.g., dismissals) and the Kathismata (selections from the Psalter) are governed by the weekly cycle in conjunction with the season.

Fixed cycle
Commemorations on the Fixed Cycle depend upon the day of the calendar year, and also, occasionally, specific days of the week that fall near specific calendar dates, e.g., the Sunday before the Exaltation of the Cross. The texts for this cycle are found in the .

Paschal cycle
The commemorations on the Paschal Cycle ("Movable Cycle") depend upon the date of Pascha (Easter). The texts for this cycle are found in the Lenten Triodion, the , and the , as well as the Gospel Book and Apostle Book because the daily Epistle and Gospel readings are determined by this cycle. The cycle of the  continues through the following great lent, so the variable parts of the lenten services are determined by both the preceding year's and the current year's dates of Easter.

8 Week cycle of the octoechos
The cycle of the eight Tones is found in the , and is dependent on the date of Easter and commences with the Sunday after (eighth day of) Easter, that week using the first tone, the next week using the second tone, and so, repeating through the week preceding the subsequent Palm Sunday.

11 Week cycle of the matins gospels
The portions of each of the Gospels from the narration of the Resurrection through the end are divided into eleven readings which are read on successive Sundays at matins; there are hymns sung at Matins that correspond with that day's Matins Gospel.

List of Churches of Byzantine liturgical tradition

Eastern Orthodox Churches

Only autocephalous (self-governed) churches are listed; autonomous churches are considered under their mother churches. Those churches which continue to follow the old Julian Calendar are marked with an asterisk (*), while those that follow the Revised Julian Calendar are unmarked.
 Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
 Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria
 Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
 Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem*
 Russian Orthodox Church*
 Serbian Orthodox Church*
 Romanian Orthodox Church
 Bulgarian Orthodox Church
 Georgian Orthodox Church*
 Church of Cyprus
 Church of Greece
 Albanian Orthodox Church
 Polish Orthodox Church*
 Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia
 Orthodox Church in America
 Macedonian Orthodox Church
 Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)
 Orthodox Church of Ukraine

Eastern Catholic Churches

Within Eastern Catholicism, several Eastern Catholic Churches are using Byzantine Rite, in its original Greek or some other form (Slavic, Romanian, Hungarian, Albanian, Arabic, Georgian).

History
During the Early Middle Ages, Byzantine liturgical practices were employed in some (mainly southern) regions of Byzantine Italy. Churches in those regions were returned to papal authority after the Norman conquest of southern Italy in the 11th century, thus creating the base for inclusion of local Byzantine-Rite communities into the Catholic Church. Most notable among those communities was the famous Monastery of Saint Mary of Grottaferrata.

Since the Union of Florence (1439), several efforts were made towards promotion of church union among Orthodox Slavs, who were employing Church Slavic variant of Byzantine Rite in their liturgy. In Latin terminology, Eastern Slavs were also known under an exonymic designation as Ruthenians, and thus an Eastern Slavic form of Byzantine Rite came to be known as the Ruthenian Rite.

Since the 14th century, several regions of the former Kievan Rus' came under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland, that later created the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. By the end of the 16th century, many among Orthodox Slavs within the borders of the Commonwealth accepted union with the Catholic Church, but kept their Slavic variant of Byzantine Rite, commonly known as Ruthenian Rite in Latin terminology. What was historically called the Ruthenian Uniate Church was set up to accommodate the local Christians and their ecclesiastic leadership under the Catholic umbrella in a state known for its religious tolerance. At the time, the religious boundaries of the Schism were comparatively fluid, and the leadership of what is now western Ukraine had from the 13th to the 15th centuries repeatedly vacillated between eastern and western leadership. The Union of Brest in 1595 finalized the shift of the Orthodox leadership of the lands of White and Little Russia (modern Belarus and Ukraine) to Uniate status. The population of those countries became Greek Catholic without a break in administration. Later, when Muscovite Russia conquered the same, the ecclesiastical leadership largely switched its allegiance again. The modern Ukrainian, Ruthenian, and Hungarian Greek Catholic Churches (approx. 5 million total) compose the great majority of Greek Catholics today, but are only a fraction of the early modern Greek Catholic or Uniate population.

The last Greek Catholic congregation of any size, the Arabic-speaking Melkite Greek Catholic Church (approx. 1.5 million), predominantly resident in Syria and with a large diaspora, is descended from a split within the far more numerous Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (approx. 4.3 million), when in 1729 a claimant to the Antiochene See, removed from his position by the Ottoman authorities, received recognition by the Papacy as the legitimate incumbent. The Melkite Patriarch is presently resident in Damascus, having fled the city of Antioch upon its annexation by Turkey in 1939, a move disputed by Syria.

The Byzantine Rite is distinct from other Eastern Catholic liturgies, themselves using the Aramaic-Syriac, Armenian, and Coptic liturgies of the Oriental Orthodox churches that separated from both Greek and Latin worlds before the Great Schism.

Particular Churches

These Particular Churches are considered sui iuris churches (autonomous) in full communion with the Holy See

 Albanian Greek Catholic Church
 Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
 Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church
 Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia
 Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
 Melkite Greek Catholic Church
 Hungarian Greek Catholic Church
 Italo-Albanian Catholic Church
 Macedonian Greek Catholic Church
 Romanian Greek Catholic Church
 Russian Greek Catholic Church
 Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church
 Slovak Greek Catholic Church
 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church*

Note: Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholics are not recognized as a particular Church (cf. canon 27 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches).

Byzantine Rite Lutheranism

 The Ukrainian Lutheran Church uses liturgical formulae from the Byzantine Rite to form the base text for the Order of Service in the Ukrainian Evangelical Service Book, as well as the Revised Julian Calendar.
 It has also been used by the German Eastern Rite Community (Ostkirchlicher Konvent), St. Valentine's Lutheran Fellowship of the Grand Canyon Synod (ELCA), and in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia.
 Several other Lutheran communities also use the Byzantine Rite that has been adapted to Lutheran theology.

Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism
It has also been employed, although less frequently, in the Anglican Communion, e.g., its being utilized by the Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism.

See also
Other Eastern liturgical rites:
 Alexandrian Rite
 Antiochene Rite
 Armenian Rite
 East Syriac Rite
 West Syriac Rite

Notes

References

Sources

External links
Byzantine rite in Italy - the tradition of the Italo-Greek-Albanian Church
Fr. Ronald Roberson's book The Eastern Christian Churches – A Brief Survey is the most up-to-date primer on these churches, available online at Catholic Near-East Welfare Association (CNEWA).
Rites of the Catholic Church Giga-catholic website
Study Text of the Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom
 Study Text of the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great
The Divine Music Project - thousands of pages of Byzantine music in English for Byzantine rite services
Text of the Union of Brest (translation)
 The Byzantine-Slavic Rite

4th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire
Catholic liturgical rites
Christian terminology
Eastern Christian liturgies
Medieval Greek

Byzantine Rite


Asuni (sardinski: Asùni) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Oristanu u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 233 metra i ima 345 stanovnika. Prostire se na 21,34 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 16 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Laconi, Ruinas, Samugheo, Senis i Villa Sant'Antonio.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Oristano

Asuni


«رحلة العجائب» -أو أحيانا «أليس في رحلة العجائب» لتمييزه عن غيره- مسلسل رسوم متحركة -أي كارتوني- مدبلج بالعربية. أبطاله: سالي وكلبها توتو والفزاعة والحطاب الصفيحي والليث. مكوَّن من 52 حلقة؛ طول كل منها يقارب 21 دقيقة، ومدبلج في مؤسسة الإنتاج البرامجي المشترك لدول الخليج العربي.

القصة
قصة المسلسل مقتبسة عن رواية الأطفال «ساحر أوز العجيب»: وهي من تـأليف ليمان فرانك بوم.

الشخصيات
 أليس
 الفزاعة
 الحطاب
 الليث
 الزنبرك
 الطائر
 الكلب توتو
 الحيزبونة
 الحكيم زوزو
 المحنك حاكم الكهوف ووزيره القرندل وغيرها الكثير من الشخصيات.

انظر أيضًا
 شويتشي سيكي

روابط خارجية
 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz at دي اتش اكس ميديا

 The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz (Heb/English)

مراجع

أفلام رسوم متحركة مبنية على ساحر أوز العجيب
أنمي ومانغا خيالية
أنمي ومانغا مغامرات
أنمي ومانغا مقتبسة من روايات
إنتاج مؤسسة الإنتاج المشترك لدول الخليج العربي
برامج تلفزيونية في القناة الرابعة البريطانية
برامج تلفزيونية مبنية على روايات أمريكية
برامج تلفزيونية مبنية على كتب أطفال
ديسكوتيك ميديا
عروض تلفزيون طوكيو
مسلسلات أطفال تلفزيونية يابانية
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة 1986
مسلسلات أنمي مدبلجة للعربية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية فانتازيا يابانية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية انتهت في 1987
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية عن أسود
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية عن أطفال
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية عن الأيتام
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية مبنية على ساحر أوز
مسلسلات فانتازيا رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية
واشنطن ويزاردز في تلفاز
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة فانتازية تلفزيونية يابانية للأطفال

سالي في رحلة العجائب


Číž este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Rimavská Sobota din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 644 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu  și Zádor.

Istoric
Localitatea Číž este atestată documentar din 1274.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Číž


Baduário (; ) foi um oficial bizantino do , conhecido apenas por uma única inscrição em um epitáfio. A inscrição está escrita em grego, mencionando a gloriosa memória de Baduário e Teodora. Seu título é traduzido em latim como "curador da casa de Areobindo" (curador domus rerum Areobindi). A redação sugere que a referida casa não era mais de propriedade de ninguém chamado Areobindo. Provavelmente foi uma propriedade que passou à "propriedade imperial" e Baduário ou era um curador imperial ou do possível proprietário a quem a residência foi entregue. A Teodora mencionada na inscrição poderia ser sua esposa. Existem teorias que identificam este homem com Baduário, genro de   e Sofia. No entanto, a única esposa conhecida do outro Baduário é chamada de "Arábia", não Teodora.

Bibliografia

Curadores do Império Bizantino do século VI

Baduário (curador)


Papilio cynorta est une espèce de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Papilionidae. Cette espèce est présente dans le région afrotropicale, dans le golfe de Guinée et en Afrique centrale.

Description
L'envergure est comprise entre 7 et 9 cm. Il y a un net dimorphisme sexuel. À l'avers les ailes du mâle sont noires ou marron foncé. Les ailes antérieures portent une large bande blanche traversée de veines sombres et une macule blanche à l'apex. Les ailes postérieures portent une bande blanche dans le prolongement de celle des ailes antérieure. Au revers les ailes sont un peu plus claires. Les ailes antérieures portent les mêmes motifs. Les ailes postérieures ont des veines noires et des traits noirs entre les veines, la base est orangée avec deux points noirs, la bande blanche a des contours plus floues et est traversée de veines noires.

La femelle imite Acraea epaea. À l'avers les ailes sont marron foncé. Les ailes antérieures portent des macules blanches aux contours plus ou moins nets. Les ailes postérieures sont foncées à la base et dans la marges et ont des veines noires bien marquées ainsi que des traits noirs entre les veines. Au revers les ailes antérieures portent les mêmes motifs qu'à l'avers. Les ailes postérieures ont des motifs similaires à ceux de l'avers mais la base est nettement orangée et porte deux points noirs.

Chez les deux sexes le corps est noir et le thorax porte des macules blanches.

Écologie
La femelle pond ses œufs sur la plante-hôte. Chez cette espèce les plantes utilisées appartiennent à la famille des Rutacées : genres Calodendrum, Clausena, Citrus, Teclea et Vepris.

Les chenilles se nourrissent des feuilles de la plante-hôte et passent par cinq stades avant de se changer en chrysalide. Comme toutes les espèces de Papilionides les chenilles portent derrière la tête un osmeterium, organe fourchu qu'elles déploient pour faire fuir les prédateurs.

La chrysalide est attachée à son support par son crémaster et maintenue tête en haut par une ceinture de soie.

Les adultes volent bas et de manière assez erratique, et restent dans les sous-bois et les taillis. Ils se nourrissent du nectar des fleurs, y compris celles qui poussent dans des endroits sombres. Les mâles boivent dans des flaques de boue.

Habitat et répartition
Papilio cynorta est un papillon afrotropical présent dans le golfe de Guinée et en Afrique centrale : Guinée, Sierra Leone, Libéria, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, sud et centre du Bénin, sud du Nigéria, Cameroun, Guinée équatoriale (île Bioko), Gabon, Angola, République centrafricaine, République démocratique du Congo, Ouganda, Tanzanie. L'espèce vit dans les forêts humides et dans les forêts sèches. En Tanzanie elle est présente dans les forêts de montagne de 780 à 1400 m d'altitude.

Systématique
L'espèce Papilio cynorta a été décrite pour la première fois en 1793 par l'entomologiste Johan Christian Fabricius dans Entomologia systematica.

Papilio cynorta et l'Homme

Nom vernaculaire
Papilio cynorta est appelé en anglais "Blotched Sash" ou encore "Mimetic swallowtail".

Menaces et conservation
Papilio cynorta n'est pas évalué par l'UICN. L'espèce ne semble pas menacée et paraît assez commune sur son aire de répartition.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Papilionidae
Lépidoptère d'Afrique
Lépidoptère décrit au XVIIIe siècle
Faune d'Afrique centrale
Faune d'Afrique de l'Ouest

Papilio cynorta


Ellen Preis () a fost o scrimeră austriacă specializată la floretă, laureată cu trei medalii olimpice – una de aur și două de bronz – în trei ediții ale Jocurilor Olimpice. A fost și triplă campioană mondială la individual.

Carieră
Născută în Berlin dintr-un tată german și o mama austriancă, a deținut dublă cetățenie. A mers la Viena în 1930 și s-a apucat de scrima la clubul mătușii ei, Wilhelmine Werdnik, prima campioană la scrimă din Germania. După ce a fost refuzată de Federația Germană de Scrimă, a ales cetățenia sportivă austriacă. A participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1932, unde a ajuns în faza finală. Cu opt victorii și o înfrângere, a întâlnit-o pe Heather "Judy" Guinness într-un meci de baraj pentru medalia de aur. Încă nu exista aparatul electric de control al tușelor în perioada respectivă: tușele erau atribuite de niște judecători. În timpul meciului, Judy Guinness a notificat de două ori ca a fost lovită, chiar dacă judecătorii nu l-au observat. În cele din urmă Ellen Preis a câștigat aurul, scorul fiind 5–3.

După ce s-a retras din carieră sportivă la vârsta de 50 de ani, a dat lecții de scrimă pentru actori la Burgtheater și lecții de respirație la Universitatea de Muzica și de Artele spectacolului din Viena.

Referințe

Legături externe

Floretiști
Scrimeri austrieci
Medaliați olimpici cu aur austrieci
Medaliați olimpici cu bronz austrieci
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1932
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1936
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1948
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1952
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1956

Ellen Preis


José Luis Silverio Pascual Osollo Pancorbo, mejor conocido como Luis G. Osollo (Ciudad de México, 19 de junio de 1828 - San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 18 de junio de 1858) fue un militar mexicano. Combatió durante la intervención estadounidense, la Revolución de Ayutla y el inicio de la Guerra de Reforma. Fue partidario de los conservadores.

Biografía
Sus padres fueron Francisco Osollo y Gabriela Pancorbo. Ingresó al Colegio Militar el 28 de abril de 1839. Militó en los batallones de Zacatecas, Tres Villas y Atlixco. Por su desempeño ascendió de rangos hasta llegar a general de brigada. Fue comandante general de México y general en jefe del Ejército de Operaciones sobre el Norte.

Comenzó a distinguirse como militar al finalizar la Revolución de Ayutla. En 1855, participó en el movimiento conocido como Revolución Conservadora de Zacapoaxtla de Antonio de Haro y Tamariz, al mando de sus filas, ocupó la ciudad de Puebla. Durante la batalla de Ocotlán logró traspasar las filas del general Ignacio Comonfort, no obstante, fue derrotado. Se exilió a Estados Unidos, el mismo general Comonfort le envió una libranza de mil pesos para que pudiese sortear sus gastos, la cual devolvió agradeciendo el gesto. Su exilio fue breve, disfrazado de marinero desembarcó en Santa Anna de Tamaulipas con la intención de unirse nuevamente a las tropas pronunciadas en San Luis Potosí. Durante una acción de retirada en La Magdalena perdió el brazo derecho. Fue hecho prisionero de guerra pero se le otorgó la libertad, condicionando el reconocimiento del gobierno liberal.

Al estallar la Guerra de Reforma, tomó las armas nuevamente en la Ciudad de México. Obtuvo victorias en Salamanca y Guadalajara. Murió de cólera en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí el 18 de junio de 1858. Sus funerales se realizaron con todos los honores militares, se guardó luto durante ocho días; la oración fúnebre la pronunció Juan B. Ormaechea.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Militares de México
Conservadores de México
Alumnado del Heroico Colegio Militar
Fallecidos en San Luis Potosí (ciudad)

Luis G. Osollo


Celfa Vilayeti, Cezayir'in kuzeyinde yer alan bir vilayet.

33.236 km² yüzölçümündeki vilayetin nüfusu 1.197.000'dir. Vilayetin merkezi Celfa şehridir.

Cilfe (il)


Troy Donockley (født 30. maj 1964) er en engelsk komponist og multiinstrumentalist, der er bedst kendt for at spille Uilleann pipes. Han har optrådt med mange forskellige grupper og kunstnere, men er nok mest kendt som medlem af det finske symfoniske metalband Nightwish, som han har oprtådt med siden 2007, og siden 2013 har været fuldgyldigt medlem af.

Diskografi

Som Troy Donockley
 The Unseen Stream (1998) (remastered 2005)
 The Pursuit of Illusion (2003)
 The Madness of Crowds (2009)

Med Nightwish
 Dark Passion Play (2007) (som gæst)
 Made in Hong Kong EP (2009) (som gæst)
 Imaginaerum (2011) (som gæst)
 Showtime, Storytime Live DVD (2013)
 Endless Forms Most Beautiful (2015)
 Vehicle of Spirit Live DVD (2016)

Med Barbara Dickson
 Full Circle (2004)
 Time and Tide (2008)
 Words Unspoken (2011)
 To Each & Everyone - The Songs of Gerry Rafferty (2013)

Med The Bad Shepherds
 Yan, Tyan, Tethera, Methera! (2009)
 By Hook or By Crook (2010)
 Mud Blood & Beer (2013)

Med Iona
 Iona (1988) (as guest)
 The Book of Kells (1992) (som gæst)
 Beyond These Shores (1993) (as guest)
 Journey Into The Morn (1995)
 Heaven's Bright Sun (1997)
 Woven Cord (1999)
 Open Sky (2000)
 The River Flows (2002)
 The Circling Hour (2006)

Med Dave Bainbridge
 When Worlds Collide (2005)
 From Silence (2005)

Med Maddy Prior
 Flesh and Blood (1997)
 Ravenchild (1999)
 Ballads and Candles (2000)
 Arthur The King (2001)
 Lionheart (2003)

Med Midge Ure
 Duet (2006)

Med You Slosh
 Glorious Racket (1989)
 Lift Me Up (1991)

Med Auri
 Auri (2018)

Som sessions/gæstemusiker
 The Enid – The Seed and the Sower (1987)
 Barbara Dickson – Parcel of Rogues (1994), Full Circle (2004)
 Kathryn Tickell – Debatable Lands (1999)
 Mostly Autumn – The Spirit of Autumn Past (1999), The Last Bright Light (2001), Passengers (2003), Storms Over Still Water (2005), Storms Over London Town (2006), Heart Full of Sky (2007), Glass Shadows (2008), Go Well Diamond Heart (2010), Ghost Moon Orchestra (2012)
 Roy Harper – Royal Festival Hall Live - 10 June 2001 (2001)
 Mermaid Kiss – Etarlis (2007)
 Magenta – Home (2006), Metamorphosis (2008)
 Johanna Kurkela – Hyvästi, Dolores Haze (2010)
 Kompendium – Beneath The Waves (2012)
 Mike Dawes – What Just Happened? (2013)
 Ayreon – The Theory of Everything (2013)
 Tuomas Holopainen – Music Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge (2014)
 Gandalf's Fist – A Forest of Fey (2014)
 Dave Bainbridge – Celestial Fire (2014)
 Kamelot – Haven (2015)
 Karnataka – The Gathering Light (2010), Secrets of Angels (2015)
 Sonata Arctica – The Ninth Hour (2016)
 Steve Hackett – The Night Siren (2017)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Nightwish
Folkemusikere
Musikere fra England

Troy Donockley


Ghikaea, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice volovotkovki. Jedina je vrsta G. speciosa  iz Etiopije, Somalije i Kenije. Grm je koji naraste do 1.5 metara visine. Listovi su nasuprotni

Sinonimi
 Ghikaea spectabilis Volkens & Schweinf.
 Graderia speciosa Rendle

Izvori

Buchnereae

Ghikaea


A plastic model kit, (plamo in Eastern influenced parlance), is a consumer-grade plastic scale model manufactured as a kit, primarily assembled by hobbyists, and intended primarily for display. A plastic model kit depicts various subjects, ranging from real life military and civilian vehicles to characters and machinery from pop fiction, especially from eastern pop culture. A kit varies in difficulty, ranging from a "snap-together" model that assembles straight from the box, to a kit that requires special tools, paints, and plastic cements.

Subjects

The most popular subjects of plastic models by far are vehicles such as aircraft, ships, automobiles, and armored vehicles such as tanks. The majority of models throughout its early history depict military vehicles, due to the wider variety of form and historical context compared to civilian vehicles. Other subjects include science fiction vehicles and mecha, real spacecraft, buildings, animals, human(oid) dolls/action figures, and characters from pop culture.

While military, ship, and aircraft modelers prize accuracy above all, modelers of automobiles and science-fiction themes may attempt to duplicate an existing subject, or may depict a completely imaginary subject. The creation of custom automobile models is related to the creation of actual custom cars and often an individual may have an interest in both, although the cost of customizing a real car is obviously enormously greater than that of customizing a model.

Construction and techniques

The first plastic models were injection molded in cellulose acetate (e.g. Frog Penguin and Varney Trains), but currently most plastic models are injection-molded in polystyrene, and the parts are bonded together, usually with a plastic solvent-based adhesive, although experienced modelers may also use epoxy, cyanoacrylate, and white glue where their particular properties would be advantageous. While often omitted by novice modellers, specially formulated paint is sold for application to plastic models. Complex markings such as aircraft insignia or automobile body decorative details and model identification badges are typically provided with kits as screen-printed water-slide decals.

Recently, models requiring less skill, time, and/or effort have been marketed, targeted to younger or less skilled modelers as well as those who just wish to reduce the time and effort required to complete a model. One such trend has been to offer a fully detailed kit requiring normal assembly and gluing, but eliminate the often frustrating task of painting the kit by molding it out of colored plastic, or by supplying it pre-painted and with decals applied. Often these kits are identical to another kit supplied in normal white or gray plastic except for the colored plastic or the prepainting, thus eliminating the large expense of creating another set of molds.

Another trend which has become very extensive is to produce kits where the parts snap together, with no glue needed; sometimes the majority of the parts snap together with a few requiring glue. Often there is some simplification of detail as well; for instance, automotive kits without opening hoods and no engine detail, or sometimes opaque windows with no interior detail. These are often supplied in colored plastic, although smaller details would still require painting. Decals are usually not supplied with these but sometimes vinyl stickers are provided for insignia and similar details.

Resin casting and vacuum forming are also used to produce models, or particular parts where the scale of production is not such as to support the investment required for injection molding.

Plastic ship model kits typically provide thread in several sizes and colors for the rigging. Automobile kits typically contain vinyl tires, although sometimes these are molded from polystyrene as well, particularly in very inexpensive kits. Thin metal details produced by photoetching have become popular relatively recently, both as detailing parts manufactured and sold by small businesses, and as parts of a complete kit. Detail parts of other materials are sometimes included in kits or sold separately, such as metal tubing to simulate exhaust systems, or vinyl tubing to simulate hoses or wiring.

Scales

Almost all plastic models are designed in a well-established scale. Each type of subject has one or more common scales, though they differ from one to the other. The general aim is to allow the finished model to be of a reasonable size, while maintaining consistency across models for collections. The following are the most common scales for popular subjects:

 Aircraft: 1/24, 1/32, 1/48, 1/72, 1/100, and 1/144. 1/48 and 1/72 being the most popular.
 Military vehicles: 1/16, 1/24, 1/32, 1/35, 1/48, 1/72, and 1/76.
 Automobiles: 1/8, 1/12, 1/16, 1/18, 1/20, 1/24, 1/25, 1/32, 1/35, and 1/43.
 Ships: 1/72, 1/96, 1/144, 1/200, 1/350, 1/400 1/450, 1/600, and 1/700.
 Figures: 1/72, 1/48, 1/35, 1/24, 1/16, 1/13, 1/8, 1/6, and 1/4. The smaller scale figures are usually used in dioramas; the larger scales (1/8 and 1/6) are popular    for stand-alone subjects.
 Figurine busts: 1/12, 1/10, 1/9
 Railways: 1:43.5 (7 mm/1 ft : O scale), 1:76.2 (4 mm/1 ft : OO scale), 1:87 (3.5 mm/1 ft : HO scale)
 Mecha: 1/144, 1/100, 1/72, 1/60, and 1/35.

In reality, models do not always conform to their nominal scale; there are 1/25 scale automobile models which are larger than some 1/24 scale models, for instance. For example, the engine in the recent reissue of the AMT Ala Kart show truck is significantly smaller than the engine in the original issue. AMT employees from the 1960s note that, at that time, all AMT kits were packaged into boxes of a standardized size, to simplify shipping; and the overriding requirement of designing any kit was that it had to fit into that precise size of box, no matter how large or small the original vehicle. This practice was common for other genres and manufacturers of models as well. In modern times this practice has become known as fit-the-box scale. In practice, this means that kits of the same subject in nominally identical scales may produce finished models which actually differ in size, and that hypothetically identical parts in such kits may not be easily swapped between them, even when the kits are both by the same manufacturer.

The shape of the model may not entirely conform to the subject, as well; reviews of kits in modeling magazines often comment on how well the model depicts the original.

History
The first plastic models were manufactured at the end of 1936 by Frog in the UK, with a range of 1/72nd scale model kits called 'Penguin'. In the late 1940s several American companies such as Hawk, Varney, Empire, Renwal and Lindberg began to produce plastic models. Many manufacturers began production in the 1950s and gained ascendancy in the 1960s such as Aurora, Revell, AMT, and Monogram in America, Airfix in UK and Heller SA in France. Other manufacturers included; Matchbox (UK), Italeri, ESCI, (both Italian) Novo {ex-Frog moulds} (former Soviet Union), and Fujimi, Nichimo and Bandai (Japan).

American model companies who had been producing assembled promotional scale models of new automobiles each year for automobile dealers found a lucrative side business selling the unassembled parts of these  "promos" to hobbyists to assemble, thus finding a new revenue stream for the injection molds which were so expensive to update each year. These early models were typically lower in detail than currently standard, with non-opening hoods and no engines, and simplified or no detail on the chassis, which attached to the body with very visible screws. Within a short time, the kit business began to overshadow the production of promos, and the level of accuracy and detail was raised to satisfy the demands of the marketplace.

In the 1960s, Tamiya manufactured aircraft kits in the peculiar (at the time) scale of 1/100. Although the range included famous aircraft such as the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, North American F-86 Sabre, Dassault Mirage III, Grumman A-6 Intruder and the LTV A-7 Corsair II, it never enjoyed the same success as 1/72 scale kits did. Soon, Tamiya stopped manufacturing 1/100 scale aircraft but re-issued a small selection of them in 2004.

Since the 1970s, Japanese firms such as Hasegawa and Tamiya, and since the 1990s also Chinese firms such as DML, AFV Club and Trumpeter have dominated the field and represent the highest level of technology. Brands from Russia, Central Europe, and Korea have also become prominent recently with companies like Academy Plastic Model. Many smaller companies have also produced plastic models, both in the past and currently.

Prior to the rise of plastic models, shaped wood models were offered to model builders.  These wood model kits often required extensive work to create results easily obtained by the plastic models.

With the development of new technologies, modeling hobby can also be practiced in the virtual world. The Model Builder game, produced by Moonlit studio, available on Steam (service), consists of cutting, assembling, and painting airplanes, helicopters, tanks, cars, and others and making dioramas with them. Transferring the hobby to the game world allows novice modelers and people who do not have space, time, or money to buy multiple models to pursue their interests.

Manufacture
While injection-molding is the predominant manufacturing process for plastic models, the high costs of equipment and making molds make it unsuitable for lower-yield production. Thus, models of minor and obscure subjects are often manufactured using alternative processes. Vacuum forming is popular for aircraft models, though assembly is more difficult than for injection-molded kits. Early manufacturers of vacuum formed model kits included Airmodel (the former DDR), Contrail, Airframe (Canada), Formaplane, and Rareplanes (UK). Resin-casting, popular with smaller manufacturers, particularly aftermarket firms (but also producers of full kits), yields a greater degree of detail moulded in situ, but as the moulds used don't last as long, the price of such kits is considerably higher. In recent times, the latest releases from major manufacturers offer unprecedented detail that is a match for the finest resin kits, often including high-quality mixed-media (photo-etched brass, turned aluminum) parts.

Variations
Many modellers build dioramas as landscaped scenes built around one or more models. They are most common for military vehicles such as tanks, but airfield scenes and 2-3 ships in formation are also popular.

Conversions use a kit as a starting point, and modify it to be something else. For instance, kits of the USS Constitution ("Old Ironsides") are readily available, but the Constitution was just one of six sister ships, and an ambitious modeller will modify the kit, by sawing, filing, adding pieces, and so forth, to make a model of one of the others.

Scratch building is the creation of a model "from scratch" rather than a manufactured kit. True scratchbuilt models consist of parts made by hand and do not incorporate parts from other kits. These are rare. When parts from other kits are included, the art is technically called "Kit Bashing." Most pieces referred to as "scratchbuilt" are actually a combination of kit bashing and scratchbuilding. Thus, it has become common for either term to be used loosely to refer to these more common hybrid models.

Kitbashing is a modelling technique where parts from multiple model kits are combined to create a novel model form. For example, the effects crews on the various Star Trek TV shows frequently kitbashed multiple starship models to quickly create new classes of ship for use in background scenes where details would not be particularly obvious.

Issues
The demographics of plastic modeling have changed in its half-century of existence, from young boys buying them as toys to older adults building them to assemble large collections. In the United States, as well as some other countries, many modelers are former members of the military who like to recreate the actual equipment they used in service.

Technological advances have made model-building more and more sophisticated, and the proliferation of expensive detailing add-ons have raised the bar for competition within modeling clubs. As a result, a kit built "out of the box" on a weekend cannot compare with a kit built over months where a tiny add-on part such as an aircraft seat can cost more than the entire kit itself.

Though plastic modeling is generally an uncontroversial hobby, it's not immune to social pressures:
 In the 1990s, various countries banned Formula One race cars from carrying advertising for tobacco sponsors. In response, manufacturers such as Tamiya removed tobacco logo decals from their race car kits, even those of cars which appeared before the tobacco ban.
 The Nazi swastika, which appears on World War 2 Luftwaffe aircraft, is illegal to display in Germany, and disappeared from almost all manufacturers' box illustrations in the 1990s. Some makers still include the emblem on the decal sheet, others have "broken" it into two elements which must be reassembled by the builder, while others have omitted it altogether. Aftermarket decal sheets exist that consist entirely of Luftwaffe swastikas.
 A long lasting legal conflict exists between aerospace corporations and the manufacturers of plastic models. Manufacturers of aircraft have sought royalties from model makers for using their designs and intellectual property in their kits. Hobbyists argue that model kits provide free advertising for the makers of the real vehicles and that any royalties collected would be insignificant compared to the profits made from aircraft construction contracts. They also argue that forcing manufacturers to pay royalties and licensing fees would financially ruin all but the largest model kit makers. Some proponents of the aerospace industry contest that the issue is not of financial damages, but of intellectual property and brand image. In contrast, most of the world's commercial airlines allow their fleet to be modeled, as a form of publicity. Many cottage industry manufacturers, particularly of sci-fi subjects, avoid the issue by selling their products under generic untrademarked names (e.g. selling a figure that clearly depicts Batman as "Bat Hero Figure"). Similarly, automobile manufacturers occasionally make an effort to collect royalties from companies modeling their products.

Recently, the UK's Ministry of Defence has required model and decal manufacturers to pay licensing fees in order to use Royal Air Force insignia.

See also
Model aircraft
Ship model
Model military vehicle
Armor Modeling and Preservation Society
International Plastic Modellers' Society (IPMS)
List of scale model kit manufacturers
List of model aircraft manufacturers

References

Chris Ellis; How to Go Plastic Modelling, Patrick Stephens, 1968 (and subsequent editions).
Gerald Scarborough; Plastic Modelling, Airfix Magazine Guide 1, Patrick Stephens, 1974.
Robert Schleicher (Author) & Harold A. Edmonson (Editor); Building Plastic Models, Kalmbach, 1991.

External links

The International Plastic Modellers' Society, UK (IPMS UK)
The International Plastic Modelers' Society, USA (IPMS USA)
The International Plastic Modellers' Society, Canada (IPMS CANADA)

Scale modeling
model

Plastic model kit


El Jardín de invierno (en finés: Talvipuutarha) es un invernadero administrado por el ayuntamiento de Helsinki. Alberga una amplia gama de plantas, de las cuales una parte significativa son tropicales.

Historia
Este jardín fue construido originalmente para el general Jacob Julius af Lindfors, quien lo donó a la Asociación finlandesa de la jardinería. El edificio fue diseñado por el arquitecto Gustav Nyström.

Se abrió al público en 1893. Los socios tenían preferencia de visita, y por un acuerdo el acceso a las colecciones fue libre desde el principio. En 1907 el ayuntamiento de la ciudad de Helsinki compró el jardín.

Colecciones
El edificio está compuesto por tres secciones, la sala de las palmeras, la sala de los cactus, y el ala oeste.

Antes de su renovación en 2011 tenía alrededor de 200 plantas exóticas, con palmeras que llegaban hasta la cúpula y dos Camelias centenarias, una de las cuales murió. Al final del invernadero se encuentra una pintura mural realizada en 1893 por Salomo Wuorio.

Los invernaderos tienen exhibiciones especiales para los niños: durante la Navidad y en "pääsiäissisustukset". Antiguamente en "pääsiäissisustukset" había una gran presentación de polluelos, pero en la primavera de 2006 no se efectuó debido al miedo a la gripe aviar. En uno de los invernaderos se encuentra un estanque en el que nadan carpas koi.

El Jardín de Invierno tiene en su frente, hacia la playa Töölönlahti a lo largo de la calle de Helsinki, un jardín de rosas en terrazas. El lugar es cálido y soleado. Por lo tanto, es uno de los primeros lugares donde los capullos abren en la primavera.

Renovación
Durante una inspección en 2007 se detectó que el estado de la estructura de acero estaba en muy malas condiciones, por lo que el invernadero permaneció cerrado para su renovación desde la primavera de 2010 hasta el otoño de 2011.
Durante el trabajo de renovación, se eliminaron yesos y cuarenta toneladas de vidrio y la estructura metálica fue raspada y repintada.

Las plantas que sobrevivieron fueron replantadas de nuevo durante la primavera de 2011. Los árboles grandes y muchas plantas de gran tamaño no se pudieron conservar y tuvieron que ser talados, lo que dio más visibilidad a la fuente y el mural de Wuorio. Se aportaron plantas de los jardines botánicos de la Universidad de Helsinki y Taltu

Véase también
 Jardín Botánico de la Universidad de Helsinki
 Vanhankaupunginlahti
 Gardenia-Helsinki
 Arboretum de Viikki

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Helsingin rakennusvirasto Talvipuutarhasta.
 Virtuaalinen kaupunkikierros – Helsingin talvipuutarha.
 Talvipuutarhan puisto.
 Kuvia Talvipuutarhan kasvihuoneista.

Jardines botánicos de Finlandia
Invernaderos

Talvipuutarha


Clavicloniaceae, porodica crvenih algi nastala revidiranjem porodice Acrotylaceae i opisana 2021 dio reda Gigartinales. Postoje tri roda sa šest vrsta

Rodovi
 Amphiplexia J.Agardh 2
 Antrocentrum Kraft & Min-Thein 3
 Claviclonium Kraft & Min-Thein 1

Izvori

Gigartinales

Clavicloniaceae