L'équipe de Namibie de hockey sur gazon est la sélection nationale de la Namibie représentant le pays dans les compétitions internationales masculines de hockey sur gazon.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques
La Namibie n'a jamais participé au tournoi masculin de hockey sur gazon des Jeux olympiques.

Coupe du monde
La Namibie n'a jamais participé à la Coupe du monde.

Jeux africains
1995 :

Coupe d'Afrique des nations
1996 :
2000 :
2005 :
2022 :

Hockey Series
2018-2019 : Premier tour (Quatrième de l'Open de Bulawayo)

Ligue mondiale
2016-2017 : Éliminé au premier tour

Notes et références

Namibie
Équipe de Namibie
Hockey sur gazon en Namibie

Équipe de Namibie de hockey sur gazon


ماجنوم بي آي Magnum, P.I. هو مسلسل تلفزيوني أمريكي شهير من بطولة توم سيليك في دور توماس ماجنوم محقق خاص يعيش في أواهو في هاواي. وقد استمر المسلسل من عام 1980 إلى 1988 على المحطة الأمريكية سي بي إس. المسلسل من بطولة توم سيليك وجون هيلرمان وروجر موسلي ولاري مانيتي.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أعمال حائزة على جائزة إدغار
برامج تلفزيونية باللغة الإنجليزية
برامج سي بي إس
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في هاواي
عروض تلفزيونية صورت في هاواي
مسلسلات أكشن أمريكية
مسلسلات أمريكية انتهت في 1988
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 1980
مسلسلات تلفزيونية من إنتاج تلفزيون يونيفرسال
مسلسلات جريمة تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 1980
مسلسلات غموض تلفزيونية أمريكية في عقد 1980
مسلسلات مباحث تلفزيونية أمريكية

ماجنوم بي آي


عبد الملك بن هشام المؤرخ النحوي إمام أهل السيرة النبوية، في القرن الثالث الهجري.
 ابن هشام اللخمي لغوي نحوي، في القرن السادس الهجري.
 ابن هشام الأنصاري، من أبرز النحاة المؤلفين في علوم العربية،  في القرن الثامن الهجري.

صفحات توضيح أشخاص

ابن هشام (توضيح)


Vironniemi (svensk: Estnäs) er et distrikt i Helsinkis sydlige stordistrikt. Det udgør hovedparten af byens centrum og er hjemsted for adskillige vigtige bygninger. I Vironniemi finder man bl.a. Præsidentslottet, Senatstorvet, Helsinki Domkirke, Uspenskijkatedralen og Finlands Bank.

Vironniemi er også hjemsted for Helsinki Universitets hovedbygning, Helsinki Rådhus, Helsinki Hovedbanegård og Helsinki Hovedpostkontor. Mange banker og firmaer har deres hovedkontorer i Vironniemi, og distriktet huser også stormagasinerne Sokos og Stockmann, samt Nordens største avis, Helsingin Sanomat. I Vironniemi finder man også Finlands vigtigste kulturinstitutioner, heriblandt Finlands Nationalbibliotek, Finlands Nationalteater, Ateneum, Kiasma og Helsinki Musikhus.

Vironniemi består af tre bydele:
 Kruununhaka (svensk: Kronohagen)
 Kluuvi (svensk: Gloet)
 Katajanokka (svensk: Skatudden)
Vironniemi grænser op til Kaartinkaupunki (svensk: Gardesstaden) i Ullanlinna-distriktet (svensk: Ulrikasborg) mod syd, Kamppi (svensk: Kampen) og Etu-Töölö (svensk: Främre Tölö) i Kampinmalmi-distriktet (svensk: Kampmalmen) mod vest, Siltasaari (svensk: Broholmen) i Kallio-distriktet (svensk: Berghäll) mod nord, og Sörnäinen (svensk: Sörnäs) i Kallio-distriktet mod øst.

Vironniemi har et areal på 2,04 km2 og et indbyggertal på 12.218 (2014). 80 % af distriktets lejligheder er fra før 1960, mens 10 % blev opført i 1980'erne. Vironniemi er det mest veluddannede af Helsinkis 34 distrikter: 36,4 % af distriktets indbyggere har en universitetsgrad. Ca. 10 % af Vironniemis indbyggere taler finlandssvensk, hvilket er flere end i resten af byen.

Vironniemi er endestation for mange sporvogns-, bus-, tog- og færgelinjer. Metrostationerne Hovedbanegården (finsk: Rautatitentorin metroasema; svensk: Järnvägstorgets metrostration) og Helsinki Universitet (finsk: Helsingin yliopisto; svensk: Helsingfors universitet) ligger i Vironniemi.

Referencer

Bydele i Helsinki

Vironniemi


Marele Premiu de la Abu Dhabi din 2018 (cunoscut oficial ca Formula 1 2018 Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi Grand Prix) a fost o cursă de Formula 1 care s-a desfășurat între 23-25 noiembrie 2018 pe Yas Marina Circuit din Abu Dhabi, Emiratele Arabe Unite. Cursa este cea de a douăzeci și una etapă a Campionatului Mondial de Formula 1 din 2018.

Clasament

Calificări

Cursa

Referințe

Abu Dhabi
2018 în Emiratele Arabe Unite
Marele Premiu de la Abu Dhabi

Marele Premiu de la Abu Dhabi din 2018


Frelserens Orden (græsk: Τάγμα του Σωτήρος) er en græsk orden. Den blev oprettet som kongelig orden i 1829. Den har siden eksisteret under skiftende statsformer og regimer, som landets højeste orden.

Baggrund og udvikling

Frelserens Orden blev besluttet oprettet 31. juli 1829 og var tiltænkt som belønning for indsats i frihedskrigen. Ordenen er navngivet efter grækernes mirakuløse frelse fra det tyrkiske åg. Den blev først reelt set indstiftet af kong Otto 1. den 22. maj 1833. Regerende monark var ordensherre indtil Grækenland blev republik. Selv om ordenen blev lavet om til en statsorden i den græske republik, eksisterer den fortsat indenfor det græske kongehus.

Efter overgangen til republik er præsidenten stormester. Frelserens Orden rangerer foran Æresordenen, Føniksordenen og Velgørenhedens orden i det nuværende græske ordensvæsen.

Inddeling
Frelserens Orden er inddelt i fem klasser:
  Storkors ('Μεγαλόσταυρος')
  Storofficer ('Ανώτερος Ταξιάρχης')
  Kommandør ('Ταξιάρχης')
  Guldkors ('Χρυσούς Σταυρός')
  Sølvkors ('Αργυρούς Σταυρός')

Ordenstegn

Frelserens Orden har et ordenstegn som består af et malteserkors i hvid emalje, en krans af laurbær og eg mellem korsarmene. Oprindelig havde ordenstegnet kong Otto 1.s portræt som det centrale motiv i en medaljon lagt på et hvidemaljeret kors. Bagsiden af medaljonen bar et hvidt kors belagt med Bayerns våben, det hele mod blå baggrund. Kongens portræt bar omskriften Otto, hellenernes konge. Blåt og hvidt er farverne i det græske flag og nationalvåben. I 1863, da kong Otto forlod Grækenland og landet fik en dansk prins som ny konge, blev ordenstegnene ændret og kongens portræt taget bort. Midtmedaljonen fik nu en afbildning af Frelseren. Medaljonen er omgivet af et bord i blå emalje hvor indskriften "Η ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ" står. Indskriften betyder Din højre hånd, Herre, er majestætisk i styrke.  Bagsiden fik nu et rent hvidt græsk kors omgivet af omskriften "Η ΕΝ ΑΡΓΕΙ Δʹ ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΣΥΝΕΛΕΥΣΙΣ ͵αωκθʹ" (Hellenernes fjerde nationalforsamling på Argos, 1929). I tiden Grækenland var et kongerige, havde ordenstegnet også en kongekrone. Denne er, efter overgangen til republik i 1975, fjernet fra insignierne. Fra 1984 er ordenstegnet ophængt i båndet i en krans af laurbær og eg.

Ordensstjernen har grupper af otte stråler. Den bærer medaljonen med portrættet af Kristus i midten.

Ordensbåndet er lyst blåt og har smalle hvide kanter.

Tildelinger
Ved oprettelsen var tanken at Frelserens Orden skulle belønne dem som havde kæmpet for grækernes frihed fra tyrkerne, samt filhellenister. Da ordenen blev oprettet kom også andre fortjenester i betragtning, særligt indenfor forsvaret og offentlig tjeneste. Ordenen kunne også tildeles udlændinge. Den første tildeling af storkors kong Otto 1. foretog i 1833, var til sin far, Ludvig 1. af Bayern.

Der blev i 1833 sat begrænsninger på antallet af tildelinger i hver klasse, ikke medregnet ordener tildelt medlemmer af kongehuset eller udlændinge. Efter disse begrænsninger kunne der kun tildeles 12 storkors, foretages 20 udnævnelser til storkommandør, 30 til kommandør og 120 til guldkors. Sølvkorset havde ingen begrænsninger på antal tildelinger.

Antallet af tildelinger steg særligt under den første og den anden Balkankrig. Efter at Grækenland gik over til republikansk statsform forbød grundloven af 1927 ordenstildelinger til græske borgere. Frem til 1935 blev Frelserens Orden derfor kun tildelt udlændinge. Ved genindføringen af monarkiet i 1935 blev tildeling til grækere genoptaget. Antallet af tilladte tildelinger blev gradvis øget eftersom årene gik, så at der i 1960 kunne foretages 20 tildelinger af storkors, 45 udnævnelser til storkommandør, 150 til kommandør, mens der kunne tildeles 450 guldkors til grækere.

Fra 1975 er begrænsningerne på antallet af tildelinger i hver grad ophævet. Ordenen tildeles nu græske statsborgere som har udmærket sig i kamp for Grækenland eller som har ydet særlig samfundsnyttig indsats. Fra 1984 er det nedfældet i reglerne at ordenen også kan tildeles kvinder. Frelserens Orden kan også tildeles udenlandske statsborgere. Storkors tildeles hovedsagelig kun udenlandske statsoverhoveder.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Ordener, dekorationer og medaljer fra Grækenland
Etableret i 1829

Frelserens Orden


Intelligent Music Project est un supergroupe bulgare fondé en 2012 par l'homme d'affaires Milen Vrabevski.

Ils représenteront la Bulgarie au concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022 avec leur chanson .

Histoire
Le supergroupe a été fondé par l'homme d'affaires bulgare Milen Vrabevski et a présenté des artistes comme Simon Phillips, John Payne, Carl Sentance, Bobby Rondinelli et Todd Sucherman. Ils ont sorti leur premier album en 2012. Leur chanteur principal actuel est le chanteur de rock chilien Ronnie Romero.

En novembre 2021, il a été révélé par la télévision nationale bulgare qu'ils avaient été sélectionnés pour représenter la nation au concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022 à Turin. Leur titre, Intention, est sortie le 5 décembre. Le groupe est composé du chanteur Ronnie Romero, Bisser Ivanov, Slavin Slavcev, Ivo Stefanov, Dimitar Sirakov et Stoyan Yankoulov. Yankoulov a déjà représenté la Bulgarie en 2007 et 2013.

Discographie

Albums studio

 2012 : The Power of Mind
 2014 : My Kind o' Lovin'''
 2015 : Touching the Divine 2018 : Sorcery Inside 2020 : Life Motion 2021 : The Creation Singles

 2020 : Every Time 2020 : I Know 2021 : Listen 2021 : Sometimes & Yesterdays That Mattered 2021 : Intention''

Références

Liens externes

Groupe musical bulgare
Groupe musical formé en 2012
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson pour la Bulgarie
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022

Intelligent Music Project


La Kodak Professional Tri-X es una película fotográfica en blanco y negro de alta sensibilidad.

Características

La versión más conocida de esta película es la denominada 400TX, con una sensibilidad nominal ISO 400/27º, siendo una práctica común para esta película el forzarla a sensibilidades mayores, compensando la subexposición durante el revelado. La versión 400TX está disponible en los formatos 135, 120 y película de 35 milímetros en rollo de 30 metros y medio.

Existe otra versión, denominada 320TXP, ligeramente diferente de la anterior, disponible en forma de placas para fotografía en formato grande.

Referencias

Equipamiento fotográfico

Kodak Tri-X


El platooning (también denominado trenes de carretera) es una agrupación de vehículos que incrementa la capacidad de transporte de las carreteras.

Una de las propuestas tecnológicas para realizar platooning es la construcción de una autovía automatizada. El platooning reduce la distancia entre vehículos empleando para ello enganches electrónicos, y también, posiblemente dispositivos mecánicos. Este mecanismo permite que los vehículos engarzados  puedan acelerar o frenar síncronamente, de tal forma que se elimina la distancia de reacción necesaria para los humanos, permitiendo insertar una mayor cantidad de vehículos en las carreteras. La puesta en circulación de este sistema de transporte necesita de la adquisición de nuevos vehículos o de la modificación de los actuales para que pueda implementarse en ellos el platooning. Los vehículos inteligentes permitirán, debido a sus sistemas de inteligencia artificial a bordo, incluirse o abandonar los platoons.

Beneficios
Uno de los principales beneficios resulta ser económico debido al ahorro de combustible principalmente debido a la disminución de resistencia aerodinámica. La congestión del tráfico se puede reducir debido a lo compacto de los trenes de vehíclos. En trayectos de larga duración se permite introducir una mayor autonomía debido a la monotonía de eventos. Potencialmente se producirían menos accidentes.

Inconvenientes
La sensación que produce en los conductores de perder el control sobre el vehículo. En caso de fallo del sistema y sobre todo con temporal será muy difícil mantener el control del vehículo.

Véase también
 Carretera inteligente

Referencias

Transporte por carretera

Platooning


Danzig is the German name (and former official appellation) of Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland.

Danzig may also refer to:

Places
 Danzig (region), government region, within the Prussian Provinces 1829-1878
 Free City of Danzig, a semi-autonomous city state that existed between 1920 and 1939
 Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic), a semi-independent city state established by Napoleon in 1807
 Danzig, North Dakota, a community in the United States
 Danzig-Holm, German Nazi Stutthof concentration camp
 Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, administrative division of Nazi Germany created on 8 October 1939 from annexed territory of the Free City of Danzig
 Köseler village, also known as Danzig, in Tunceli Province, Turkey
 Dereboyu village, also known as Danzig, in Tunceli Province, Turkey

Sport
 BuEV Danzig, Ballspiel- und Eislauf-Verein Danzig
 Gedania Danzig
 Gedania 1922 Gdańsk
 Ostmark Danzig
 Preußen Danzig
 LSV Danzig, Lufttwaffensportverein Danzig
 Post SG Danzig, Post Sportgemeinde Danzig
 SG OrPo Danzig, Sportverein Schutzpolizei Danzig

Other uses
 Danzig (band), an American heavy metal band
 Danzig (album), a 1988 album by the band
 Glenn Danzig, the band's lead singer and namesake
 Danzig law
 Danzig German, Northeastern German dialects
 Danzig (ship), three German naval ships
 Danzig (horse), an American racehorse
 Danzig Highflyer, a breed of fancy pigeon
 Danzig (surname)
 1419 Danzig, an asteroid
 Danzig Trilogy, a series of novels by Günter Grass

See also
 Dantzig, a surname (including a list of people with the name)
 "Danzing", original title of Ukraine's 2007 Eurovision Song Contest entry
 Gdańsk (disambiguation)

Danzig (disambiguation)


Palazzo Venezia je povijesna građevina na adresi Via Benedetto Croce 19 u Napulju, u Italiji, uz ulicu Spaccanapoli.

Nalazi se pored tri druge važne građevine Napulja: palače Filomarino, palače Carafa della Spina i palače Petrucci. To je dokaz intenzivnog političkog odnosa tijekom stoljeća između Republike Venecije i Napuljskog Kraljevstva i zanemarene zgrade koja je skrivena u središtu grada.

Povijest
Palaču je 1412. godine Mletačkoj Republici na korištenje kao veleposlanstvo dao kralj Ladislav I..

Tijekom 16. stoljeća palača je potpuno propala, a Giuseppe Zono dekretom mletačkog Senata preuzeo ju je 1610. godine s ciljem da je obnovi. Isti je Zono dao postaviti ploču na latinskom jeziku o izvršenoj obnovi. To je bila samo jedna od nekoliko ploča pričvršćenih unutar palače. Jedan od njih podsjeća na restauraciju Pietra Dolcea 1646. godine; drugi je u spomen na potpunu obnovu palače od strane Antonija Marije Vincentija, nakon katastrofalnog potresa 5. lipnja 1688. godine.

Nakon Napoleonovih ratova, sporazumom u Campoformiju, palača postaje vlasništvo Habsburške monarhije, ali je godinu dana kasnije odvjetnik Gaspare Capone kupuje i obnavlja. U 19. stoljeću sagrađena je mala neoklasična vrtna zgrada (casina pompeiana) u dvorištu.

Zgrada
U Venecijansku palaču se ulazi kroz spušteni luk s obiteljskim grbom Capone na vrhu. S lijeve strane nalazi se otvoreno stubište s tri luka iz 18. stoljeća. Nadstrešnica je od željeza i stakla i vraćena je u ranom 19. stoljeću.

Posebnu važnost ima vrt u kojem se nalazi kapelica Marijina špilja (grotta della Madonnina).

Izvori

 Aurelio De Rose, I Palazzi di Napoli. Storia, curiosità e aneddoti che si tramadano da secoli su questi straordinari testimoni della vita partenopea, Newton Compton editori, Roma, 2004.
 Agnese Palumbo, Maurizio Ponticello, Il giro di Napoli in 501 luoghi. La città come non l'avete mai vista, Newton Compton editori, Roma, 2014.

Vanjske poveznice

Neoklasicističke palače u Napulju

Palazzo Venezia (Napulj)


National Studenter Aktion var en nationalsocialistisk studenterorganisation, der løsrev sig fra DNSAP i 1938, og forblev uafhængig til trods for en nær tilknytning til både DNSAP, den danske afdeling af Germanische Leitstelle og Nordische Geschellschaft. Organisation  bestod til krigens slutning og blev aldrig formelt opløst. Dets mest kendte anfører var Erik Spleth (1916-1943), der begyndte at lede organisationen under sine juridiske studier ved Københavns Universitet i 1940. National Studenter Aktion havde kontorer i Studiestræde 13A.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Museumsinspektør i unåde! tidsskrift.dk

Danmark under 2. verdenskrig
Nazisme i Danmark
Elev- og studenterbevægelsen
Etableret i 1938

National Studenter Aktion


Marijeta Vidak (Virovitica, 14. kolovoza 1992.), hrvatska rukometašica, članica francuskog rukometnog kluba Fleury Loiret HB. Igra na mjestu lijevog vanjskog.

Karijera
Karijeru je započela 2001. godine u rodnom gradu u ŽRK Tvin. Od 2008. godine članica je koprivničke Podravke Vegete. U Podravki je najprije igrala u drugom sastavu, Podravki Lino, a prošla je i sve reprezentativne selekcije i bila članica reprezentacije Hrvatske u nižim kategorijama.  U dijelu sezone 2011/12. otišla je na posudbu u Zelinu, a potom se vratila i igrala je opet u Podravki Vegeti. Nakon isteka ugovora 2018. prelazi u rumunjski SCM Gloria Buzău, 2020. je nastupala za Umag, a od 2021. je članica Fleury Loiret HB. Nastupala je za Hrvatsku na dva Europska prvenstva 2016. u Švedskoj i 2020. Danskoj.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši
Životopisi, Virovitica

Marijeta Vidak


11955 Russrobb este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11955 Russrobb este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Dominion Astrophysical Observatory de David D. Balam. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,40 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 4,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

11955 Russrobb


Alfredo Bini (* 12. Dezember 1926 in Livorno; † 16. Oktober 2010 in Tarquinia) war ein italienischer Filmproduzent. Bekannt ist er vor allem als Produzent zahlreicher Filme Pier Paolo Pasolinis.

Leben
Alfredo Bini kam 1945 nach Rom, über das Theater und Statistenrollen in den Cinecittà Studios gelangte er zum Film. Dort arbeitete er in den fünfziger Jahren überwiegend als Produktionsassistent. 1960 gründete er mit den Drehbuchautoren Furio Scarpelli und Agenore Incrocci sowie den Regisseuren Mario Monicelli und Luigi Comencini  die Produktionsfirma Film 5. Die Firma löste sich aber bereits nach dem ersten Film A cavallo della tigre wieder auf.

1960 gründete Bini seine eigene Produktionsfirma Arco Film. Über Mauro Bolognini, den Regisseur seiner ersten Produktion Il bell'Antonio, lernte er Pier Paolo Pasolini kennen, dessen Filme er von Accattone (1961) bis Edipo re (1967) produzierte. Federico Fellini hatte die anfänglich zugesagte Produktion von Pasolinis Debütfilm Accattone durch seine Produktionsfirma Federiz nach Sichtung des ersten Materials zurückgezogen. Bolognini, der das Drehbuch bei Pasolini eher zufällig gesehen hatte, war jedoch davon begeistert und vermittelte den Film an Bini. Accattone wurde ein großer Erfolg und erhielt breite öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit, er war jedoch, wie alle Filme Pasolinis, die folgen sollten, auch sehr umstritten. Bini ließ Pasolini, wie auch seinen anderen Regisseuren, dennoch bei allen Filmen vollkommen freie Hand, was die Arco Film 1963 durch den Prozess um La ricotta (eine Episode in RoGoPaG) in finanzielle Bedrängnis brachte. Der in Reimen gesungene Filmvorspann zu Große Vögel, kleine Vögel (Uccellacci e uccellini, 1966) spielt darauf an:

1969 stritt Bini mit Fellini um die Filmrechte am Stoff des antiken Romanes Satyricon und gewann den Prozess; sowohl Bini als auch Fellini brachten anschließend einen Film heraus: Binis Satyricon unter der Regie von Gian Luigi Polidoro und Fellinis Satyricon. Binis schnell abgedrehte Version wurde von der Kritik jedoch nicht gut aufgenommen und hatte mit der Zensur zu kämpfen (Vorwurf der Obszönität). Bini verteidigte den Film in einem langen Aufsatz . Nach gut 20 Filmen löste Bini die Arco Film 1970 auf.

Mit neuen Firmen blieb Bini im Filmgeschäft aktiv, er gründete die Finarco (1969–1975), Gericho Sound (1969–1975) und Nuova Linea Cinematografica (1970–1974), entwickelte mit diesen Firmen jedoch kein eigenständiges Profil mehr und ko-produzierte viele Filme. Er produzierte zunehmend auch für den Fernseh- und Video-Markt.

Bini leitete 1987 für drei Jahre den Filmmarkt der Mailänder Messe (MIDEF), restrukturierte diesen erfolgreich und bereitet ihn auf die moderne Entwicklung der kommerziellen Märkte der Film- und Fernsehdistribution vor.

Das Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, die Stiftung der Nationalen Filmschule und Kinemathek Italiens, ernannte Bini für die Jahre 1994–1995 als Nachfolger von Lina Wertmüller zum Mitglied der Kommission (Commissario straordinario).

Alfredo Bini war von 1963 bis 1980 mit der Schauspielerin Rosanna Schiaffino verheiratet, die auch in vielen seiner Produktionen spielte. Die beiden haben eine gemeinsame Tochter Annabella, die 1969 geboren wurde.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1958: Gesetz ist Gesetz (La loi, c'est la loi)
 1960: Bel Antonio (Il bell'Antonio)
 1960: Das Haus in der Via Roma (La viaccia)
 1961: Vergewaltigt in Ketten (A cavallo della tigre)
 1961: Accattone – Wer nie sein Brot mit Tränen aß (Accattone)
 1962: I nuovi angeli
 1962: Die schöne Ippolita (La bellezza di Ippolita)
 1962: Mamma Roma
 1962: RoGoPaG
 1964: Gastmahl der Liebe (Comizi d'amore) (Dokumentarfilm)
 1964: Das 1. Evangelium – Matthäus (Il vangelo secondo Matteo)
 1965: Mandragola (La mandragola)
 1966: Große Vögel, kleine Vögel (Uccellacci e uccellini)
 1966: El Greco
 1967: Edipo Re – Bett der Gewalt (Edipo Re)
 1967: Ich komme vom Ende der Welt (L'avventuriero)
 1967: Bora Bora
 1969: Die Degenerierten (Satyricon)
 1969: I due Kennedy
 1972: Africa-Erotica (Il decamerone nero)
 1974: Lancelot, Ritter der Königin (Lancelot du lac)

Auszeichnungen
 1962: Nastro d'Argento: bester Produzent, für sein bisheriges Werk
 1968: Nastro d'Argento: bester Produzent, für Edipo re
 2009: Premio Vittorio De Sica

Weblinks

 Nachruf auf Alfredo Bini beim Guardian, 2. November 2010 (Englisch, abgerufen am 10. März 2012)
 Nachruf auf Alfredo Bini beim Corriere della Sera, 16. Oktober 2010 (Italienisch, abgerufen am 10. März 2012)

Einzelnachweise

Filmproduzent
Pier Paolo Pasolini
Italiener
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 2010
Mann

Alfredo Bini


El Atlas universal de Fernão Vaz Dourado es un atlas dibujado en Portugal en 1571 y conservado en la Torre do Tombo, en Lisboa. Consta de 18 cartas de 53 x 41 cm.

Descripción

De su autor, Fernão Vaz Dourado (c. 1520- c.1580), se conoce realmente poco. De su obra solo se conservan cinco atlas iluminados, con fechas comprendidas entre 1568 y 15801. Se sabe a ciencia cierta que dos de los atlas fueron dibujados en Goa, aunque otros dos probablemente también lo fueran. Pese a la falta de información sobre su vida, Dourado es considerado uno de los cartógrafos más importantes de su época.

Las cartas de Vaz Dourado muestran importantes concomitancias con las  de otros cartógrafos de renombre, sobre todo con las de la última etapa de Lopo Homem, con los atlas de Diogo Homem (1561 y 1569) y de Sebastião Lopes (c. 1565), si bien también muestran influencias evidentes de la cartografía italiana y de la cartografía española.

La producción de este atlas de colorido llamativo da la impresión de deber más a las reglas de la iluminación que a las de la cartografía destinada a ser empleada por los navegantes. Sus imágenes fueron difundidas rápidamente entre los cartógrafos Norte de Europa, como ocurrió con la inserta en la obra de Linschoten o la difundida en las ediciones de la obra de Ortelius. A partir de estas imágenes se elaboraron nuevas versiones por todo el mundo.

En 2012, el sello español M. Moleiro Editor publicó la primera y única reproducción facsímil del Atlas universal de Fernão Vaz Dourado, en una edición limitada a 987 ejemplares. La edición vino acompañada de un volumen de estudio a cargo de María Fernanda Alegría, Alexandra Curvelo, Sónia Domingos, Teresa Araújo y Ana Fialho.

Notas

1) João Carlos Garcia, «O Atlas Universal atribuido a Fernão Vaz Dourado», Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal.

Enlaces externos

 Página del Atlas universal de Fernão Vaz Dourado en la web de M. Moleiro Editor

 Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

Códices
Atlas
Libros de Portugal
Libros del siglo XVI
Literatura de Portugal del siglo XVI

Atlas Universal de Fernão Vaz Dourado


Alaca ağaçkakan (Dendrocopos syriacus), ağaçkakangiller (Picidae) familyasına ait 22–23 cm boyunda parklar ve karışık ormanlarda yaşayan ağaçların gövdelerine tırmanmaya uyum sağlamış bir ağaçkakan türüdür. Uzun dili yardımıyla, ağaç kabuklarının altından ve çürümüş gövdelerden çıkardığı böceklerle beslenir. Erkekleri başlarının arkasındaki kırmızı lekeden ayırt edilir, dişilerde ise bu leke yoktur, tepesi ve ensesi siyahtır. Kuyruk altı tüyleri kırmızı alt kısmı ise beyaz ve hemen hemen lekesizdir. Orman Alaca ağaçkakanından ayrılan yönü boyun kenarındaki yanağını kaplayan siyah çapraz hattın olmamasıdır. Çalılıklar, bahçeler, zeytinlikler, seyrek ormanlık alanlarda yaşam sürerler. Ağaçların oyluklarına yuva yaparlar.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

 ^ BirdLife International and NatureServe (2014) Bird Species Distribution Maps of the World. 2012. Dendrocopos syriacus. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 26 May 2015.

2. Alaca Ağaçkakan - eBird. (n.d.-b). eBird. https://ebird.org/species/syrwoo1?siteLanguage=tr

Dendrocopos
Türkiye'deki kuşlar

Alaca ağaçkakan


Matthias Sommer, né le  à Witten, est un bobeur allemand.

Biographie

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques
  : médaillé de bronze en bob à deux aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin .

Coupe du monde
 2 podiums  :
 en bob à 4 : 1 deuxième place et 1 troisième place.

Références

Liens externes

Bobeur allemand
Bobeur aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Médaillé aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Médaillé de bronze olympique allemand
Naissance en décembre 1991
Naissance à Witten

Matthias Sommer


Itambé es un municipio brasileño del estado del Paraná, situado en la región metropolitana de Maringá. Tiene una población estimada, en 2021, de 6.110 habitantes.

Fue creado a través de la Ley Estatal n° 4.245, de 25 de julio de 1960, e instalado el 30 de noviembre de 1961, siendo separado de los municipios de Marialva, Bom Sucesso y São Pedro do Ivaí.

Geografía

Itambé está localizado en el gran bloque continental del Planalto do Tropp do Paraná que se extiende al oeste del río Tibagi, entre los ríos Paranapanema y Ivaí, hasta el río Paraná, y que es denominado Planalto de Apucarana.

Tiene un área de 243,82 km² representando el 0,1223 % del estado, el 0,0433 % de la región y el 0,0029 % de todo el territorio brasileño. Se localiza a una latitud 23º39'39" sur y a una longitud 51º59'24" oeste, estando a una altitud de 428 m.

Clima

El clima de Itambé puede ser clasificado como subtropical, con una temperatura mínima de 15 °C (en los meses de julio y agosto) y una máxima de 25 °C (en el mes de enero). La penetración de masa polar atlántica, durante el invierno o incluso a fines del otoño, provoca heladas frecuentes.

Hidrografía

La red hidrográfica del municipio pertenece a la subcuenca del río Ivaí. Está constituida por el río Keller, arroyo Marialva, Agua Gilberto, arroyo Pinguim y arroyo Marisa, los cuales forman parte de los afluentes de la margen derecha del río Ivaí.

Administración

 Prefecto: Vitor Aparecido Fedrigo
Viceprefecto: Idefonso Machado

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Diario de la UEM
 Museo Paranaense

Localidades de Paraná

Itambé (Paraná)


Les Sœurs du Cœur Immaculé de Marie de Blon forment une congrégation religieuse féminine enseignante et hospitalière de droit pontifical.

Histoire

En 1840, l'abbé Achard confie la gestion de l'orphelinat qu'il a fondé à Blon, près de Vire, à Léontine Le Bègue de Germiny (1803-1871).

Elle se forme à la vie religieuse chez les sœurs de Notre Dame de Fidélité et reçoit l'habit religieux le 15 octobre 1842 à Douvres-la-Délivrande en prenant le nom de mère du Saint Cœur de Marie devant Louis-François Robin, évêque de Bayeux et Lisieux. La communauté porte au départ le nom de Filles de la Miséricorde du Cœur Immaculé de Marie.

L'institut reçoit le décret de louange le 20 février 1861 en prenant son nom actuel, et ses constitutions sont définitivement approuvées par le Saint-Siège en 1872.

Il est agrégé aux Clarétains le 21 février 1955.

Activité et diffusion

Les sœurs se consacrent à l'enseignement, à la visite des malades et aux retraites spirituelles.

Elles sont présentes en France avec la maison-mère à Vire.

En 2017, la congrégation comptait 18 sœurs dans 5 maisons.

Notes et références

Congrégation catholique féminine
Congrégation enseignante catholique
Fondation en 1842

Sœurs du Cœur Immaculé de Marie de Blon


Pierre Gabard, né le  à Barbezieux et mort le  à Philadelphie, est un militaire, diplomate et résistant français, compagnon de la Libération. Ingénieur agronome en poste en Afrique, il est mobilisé au déclenchement de la seconde guerre mondiale puis décide de se rallier à la France libre après l'armistice du 22 juin 1940. Grièvement blessé dans les combats en Afrique, il entame une carrière diplomatique en Amérique qu'il poursuit après la fin de la guerre et jusqu'à son décès.

Biographie

Jeunesse et engagement

Fils d'un colonel et d'une professeure de peinture et de musique, Pierre Gabard naît le 13 septembre 1913 à Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire en Charente. Après ses études secondaires, il entre à l'école coloniale d'agriculture de Tunis puis devance son appel pour effectuer son service militaire dans la cavalerie. Libéré en 1933 avec le grade de sous-lieutenant, il termine ses études et doté de son diplôme d'ingénieur agronome, il s'installe à Libreville au Gabon.

Seconde Guerre mondiale

À la déclaration de la seconde guerre mondiale en 1939, Pierre Gabard est mobilisé au bataillon de tirailleurs de l'Oubangui-Chari avec le grade de lieutenant. Adjoint du capitaine Henri Amiel à partir de juin 1940, il assiste ce dernier dans le commandement du poste de Berbérati. Après l'armistice du 22 juin 1940, Gabard, son chef, et une grande partie des hommes de leur compagnie décident de se rallier à la France libre en août. Toujours aux côtés du capitaine Amiel, il est affecté au bataillon de marche  (BM2) à Bangui sous les ordres du commandant Robert de Roux. Après plusieurs mois d'entraînement et de voyage, le BM2 arrive en Palestine en mai 1941 pour participer à la campagne de Syrie. Intégré à la  brigade française libre indépendante du général Koenig, le BM2 prend part à la guerre du désert en Libye. Au cours de cette campagne, Pierre Gabard s'illustre en juin 1942 lors de la bataille de Bir Hakeim pendant laquelle il est grièvement blessé lorsque, après avoir contré plusieurs attaques des troupes allemandes et italiennes du 8 au 10 juin, il défend la sortie des français occupant l'arrière-garde dans la nuit du 10 au 11 juin. Devant être amputé d'une jambe, il ne peut plus combattre mais reste cependant au service des forces françaises libres. En 1943 et 1944, il part pour les États-Unis et le Canada pour prononcer des conférences sur l'armée française. De janvier à août 1945, il est désigné par le général de Gaulle pour faire partie de la mission diplomatique dirigée par Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot en Amérique latine.

Après-guerre

Après la guerre qu'il a terminé avec le grade de capitaine, sa participation à la mission Pasteur Vallery-radot l'ayant introduit dans le monde diplomatique, Pierre gabard devient secrétaire de l'ambassade de France au Pérou en novembre 1945. En avril 1947, il s'installe à Montréal au Canada où il est suppléant du consul de France. Il devient ensuite, en 1955, Consul général de France à Philadelphie aux États-Unis.

Gravement malade, Pierre Gabard meurt en fonction le 15 avril 1967 à Philadelphie. Rapatrié en France, il est inhumé à Angoulême.

Décorations

Références

Bibliographie

 .
 .
 .
 .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Ordre de la Libération
 Libération de la France

Liens externes

Officier des Forces françaises libres (terrestres)
Résistant français
Consul de France
Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur (date non précisée)
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Titulaire de la médaille coloniale
Chevalier de l'ordre national de la Croix du Sud
Naissance en septembre 1913
Naissance à Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire
Décès en avril 1967
Décès à Philadelphie
Décès à 53 ans

Pierre Gabard


"Numb" este un cântec al cântăreței australiane Sia. Piesa a fost compusă de Sia, Jimmy Hogarth și James MacMillan, fiind inclusă pe cel de-al treilea material discografic de studio al artistei, Colour the Small One. Înregistrarea a fost lansată ca cel de-al patrulea single extras al albumului în luna aprilie a anului 2005.

Referințe

Sia
Discuri single din 2005

Numb (cântec)


Miklós Lovas (1931.), mađarski astronom

Radio je u zvjezdarnici Konkolyu od 1964. do 1995. godine. Centar za male planete priznao mu je otkriće dvaju asteroida, 3103 Egera i 3579 Rocholta. Otkrio je dva periodična kometa, 93P/Lovas i 184P/Lovas, te tri neperiodična, C/1974 F1 (Lovas), C/1976 U1 (Lovas) i C/1977 D1 (Lovas).

1959. godine promatrao je udar sonde Luna 2 o površinu Mjeseca.
Njemu u čast nazvan je asteroid (73511) Lovas.

Izvori

Mađarski znanstvenici
Astronomi

Miklós Lovas


Persona del año () es un suplemento anual de la revista de noticias estadounidense Time que destaca la vida y obra de una persona, pareja, grupo, idea, lugar o máquina que, para bien o para mal, mayor influencia hayan tenido en los eventos del año.

Historia

La tradición de seleccionar una «persona del año» comenzó en 1927 con los editores de Time en la búsqueda de historias periodísticas de actualidad. La idea fue también un intento de remediar la falta de no haber puesto en la portada a Charles Lindbergh a principios de ese año cuando este realizó su viaje aéreo trasatlántico. Para finales de ese año, se decidió que la portada tendría a Lindbergh como el «hombre del año».

Desde entonces, una persona o grupo de personas y en dos casos especiales un invento y el planeta tierra, han sido seleccionados como el «hombre del año» (The Man of the Year).

En 1999 el título fue cambiado por «persona del año» en un esfuerzo de ser más inclusivo y evitar frases sexistas. Sin embargo, las únicas mujeres que han ganado el reconocimiento hasta el momento como «persona del año» han sido The Whistleblowers (2002), Melinda Gates (esta última junto a Bill Gates y Bono en 2005), Greta Thunberg (2019) y Kamala Harris (2020, junto a Joe Biden). Cuatro mujeres recibieron el reconocimiento cuando todavía se llamaba el "hombre del año": Wallis Simpson en 1936, Soong May-ling (Madame Chiang Kai-shek) en 1937, la Reina Isabel II de Inglaterra en 1952 y Corazón Aquino en 1986. Sin embargo, las mujeres han sido incluidas en variados grupos como los revolucionarios de Hungría de 1956, los científicos estadounidenses de 1969, la mujer estadounidense de 1966, el estadounidense medio de 1969, el soldado estadounidense de 2003 y Usted de 2006.

Desde 1927 casi todos los presidentes en ejercicio de los Estados Unidos han sido escogidos como personas del año, con excepción de Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover y Gerald Ford. Es posible que esta calificación haya sido otorgada a casi todos los presidentes de Estados Unidos debido a que este reconocimiento proviene o se otorga en ese país.

El 31 de diciembre de 1999 Time nominó a Albert Einstein la persona del siglo. Franklin D. Roosevelt y Mahatma Gandhi fueron escogidos como los otros destacados. Roosevelt recibió el título tres veces: 1932, 1934 y 1941.

El primer nominado de habla española fue Corazón Aquino. Los mineros chilenos atrapados en el derrumbe en la mina San José también fueron nominados en 2010.

Entre las 31 personas nominadas en 2011 se encuentra Lionel Messi, quien encabeza la lista de votaciones del público durante varios días, además de Steve Jobs, y políticos como el primer ministro de Turquía, Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, Nicolás Sarkozy, Hillary Clinton y otros.

Controversias

Aunque la revista insiste en lo contrario, la designación es por lo general vista como un honor y se menciona como si fuera un auténtico reconocimiento o premio debido a la selección de previas personas de admirable vida. Por esa razón, los periodistas ponen al nuevo escogido con frecuencia en la línea de grandes personalidades como Martin Luther King. Sin embargo, no puede olvidarse que también personajes como Adolf Hitler en 1938 y el ayatolá Jomeiní en 1979 también obtuvieron dicho título.

En 1998 el luchador profesional Mick Foley lideró una encuesta para que fuera elegido como la persona del año por Time, pero bien pronto la revista lo eliminó debido a ese comportamiento.

Pero la elección de figuras tan controvertidas como el ayatolá Jomeiní en 1979 no ha sido pacífica y recibió amplias críticas en Estados Unidos. Según algunos críticos, en 2001, después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre, la persona del año entonces hubiese sido Osama bin Laden y no Rudolph Giuliani, el alcalde de Nueva York, de acuerdo con la política de selección. La selección de Giuliani incluyó un artículo en donde se menciona la elección de Khomeini y el rechazo a Hitler como la persona del siglo. Según el artículo, la candidatura de bin Laden era más fuerte que la de Giuliani, así como la de Hitler lo era más que la de Einstein.

En 2001 los usuarios de un foro de Internet japonés votaron en masa por el artista Masashi Tashiro como la persona del año. El acto fue inmediatamente conocido como el "Festival Tashiro" y este fue conocido en los medios japoneses por haber cometido múltiples crímenes. Sin embargo el personaje no fue aceptado por Time.

La otra controversia fue la selección de 2006 de "You", que representaba a las personas que utilizan el Internet de manera usual vía blogs, YouTube, MySpace y Wikipedia. Pero medios como The Daily Show y Jon Stewart se refirieron a esta selección como una broma algo estúpido y controversial ya que quien lideraba para dicho personaje en esa oportunidad era el presidente de Venezuela Hugo Chávez.

En 2019, la activista sueca Greta Thunberg a sus 16 años, se convirtió en la persona más joven en ser elegida como persona del año. No obstante su elección fue blanco de críticas y en especial de Donald Trump (también opcionado a personaje del año) que calificó dicha elección como ridícula y en un mensaje por Twitter recomendó en forma burlesca a Greta que necesitaba manejar su problema de Ira.

Personas del año según la revista

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Times's Persons of the Year.

Revistas de Estados Unidos
Celebridades

Persona del año


An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application.  Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject.

The terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In management reports, an executive summary usually contains more information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does.

Purpose and limitations
Academic literature uses the abstract to succinctly communicate complex research. An abstract may act as a stand-alone entity instead of a full paper. As such, an abstract is used by many organizations as the basis for selecting research that is proposed for presentation in the form of a poster, platform/oral presentation or workshop presentation at an academic conference. Most bibliographic databases only index abstracts rather than providing the entire text of the paper. Full texts of scientific papers must often be purchased because of copyright and/or publisher fees and therefore the abstract is a significant selling point for the reprint or electronic form of the full text.

The abstract can convey the main results and conclusions of a scientific article but the full text article must be consulted for details of the methodology, the full experimental results, and a critical discussion of the interpretations and conclusions. Abstracts are occasionally inconsistent with full reports. This has the potential to mislead clinicians who rely solely on the information present in the abstract without consulting the full report.

An abstract allows one to sift through copious numbers of papers for ones in which the researcher can have more confidence that they will be relevant to their research. Once papers are chosen based on the abstract, they must be read carefully to be evaluated for relevance.

It is generally agreed that one must not base reference citations on the abstract alone, but the content of an entire paper. This is because abstracts may not be fully representative of the full report or article. Therefore, basing reference citations solely on the information present in the abstract could be misleading.

According to the results of a study published in PLOS Medicine, the "exaggerated and inappropriate coverage of research findings in the news media" is ultimately related to inaccurately reporting or over-interpreting research results in many abstract conclusions. A study published in JAMA concluded that "inconsistencies in data between abstract and body and reporting of data and other information solely in the abstract are relatively common and that a simple educational intervention directed to the author is ineffective in reducing that frequency." Other "studies comparing the accuracy of information reported in a journal abstract with that reported in the text of the full publication have found claims that are inconsistent with, or missing from, the body of the full article."

According to the Modern Language Association, there are almost no circumstances in which it is acceptable to cite an abstract: "It only makes sense to cite an abstract if you are writing about the abstract as an abstract and not about the work it summarizes: for instance, if you are writing about different styles of writing abstracts used in the sciences and humanities."

History
The history of abstracting dates back to the point when it was felt necessary to summarise the content of documents in order to make the information contained in them more accessible. In Mesopotamia during the early second millennium BCE, clay envelopes designed to protect enclosed cuneiform documents from tampering were inscribed either with the full text of the document or a summary. In the Greco-Roman world, many texts were abstracted: summaries of non-fiction works were known as epitomes, and in many cases the only information about works which have not survived to modernity comes from their epitomes which have survived. Similarly, the text of many ancient Greek and Roman plays commenced with a hypothesis which summed up the play's plot. Non-literary documents were also abstracted: the Tebtunis papyri found in the Ancient Egyptian town of Tebtunis contain abstracts of legal documents. During the Middle Ages, the pages of scholarly texts contained summaries of their contents as marginalia, as did some manuscripts of the Code of Justinian.

The use of abstracts to summarise science originates in the early 1800s, when the secretary of the Royal Society would record brief summaries of talks into the minutes of each meeting, which were referred to as 'abstracts'. The Royal Society abstracts from 1800 – 1837 were later collated and published in the society's journal Philosophical Transactions, with the first group appearing in 1832. These abstracts were generally one or more pages long. Other learned societies adopted similar practices. The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) may have been the first to publish its abstracts: the Monthly Notices of the RAS launched in 1827, containing (among other things) abstracts of talks given at their monthly meetings; the full papers were published months or years later in the Memoirs of the RAS. The RAS abstracts were between one and three paragraphs long. In both cases, these early abstracts were written by the learned society, not the author of the paper. Perhaps the earliest example of an abstract published alongside the paper it summarises was the 1919 paper On the Irregularities of Motion of the Foucault Pendulum published in the Physical Review of the American Physical Society, which often published abstracts thereafter.

Copyright
Abstracts are protected under copyright law just as any other form of written speech is protected.

Structure
Abstract is often expected to tell a complete story of the paper, as for most readers, abstract is the only part of the paper that will be read. It should allow the reader to give an Elevator pitch of the full paper.

An academic abstract typically outlines four elements relevant to the completed work:
 The research focus (statement of the problem(s)/specific gap in existing research/research issue(s) addressed);
 The research methods (experimental research, case studies,  questionnaires, etc) used to solve the problem;
 The major results/findings of the research; and
 The main conclusions and recommendations (i.e., how the work answers the proposed research problem).
It may also contain brief references, although some publications' standard style omits references from the abstract, reserving them for the article body (which, by definition, treats the same topics but in more depth).

Abstract length varies by discipline and publisher requirements. Typical length ranges from 100 to 500 words, but very rarely more than a page and occasionally just a few words. An abstract may or may not have the section title of "abstract" explicitly listed as an antecedent to content.

Sometimes, abstracts are sectioned logically as an overview of what appears in the paper, with any of the following subheadings: Background, Introduction, Objectives, Methods, Results, Conclusions. Abstracts in which these subheadings are explicitly given are often called structured abstracts. Abstracts that comprise one paragraph (no explicit subheadings) are often called unstructured abstracts.

Example
Example taken from the Journal of Biology, Volume 3, Issue 2.:
The hydrodynamics of dolphin draftingby Daniel Weihs, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.

Abstract:

Background
Drafting in cetaceans is defined as the transfer of forces between individuals without actual physical contact between them. This behavior has long been surmised to explain how young dolphin calves keep up with their rapidly moving mothers. It has recently been observed that a significant number of calves become permanently separated from their mothers during chases by tuna vessels. A study of the hydrodynamics of drafting, initiated inmechanisms causing the separation of mothers and calves during fishing-related activities, is reported here.

Results
Quantitative results are shown for the forces and moments around a pair of unequally sized dolphin-like slender bodies. These include two major effects. First, the so-called Bernoulli suction, which stems from the fact that the local pressure drops in areas of high speed, results in an attractive force between mother and calf. Second is the displacement effect, in which the motion of the mother causes the water in front to move forwards and radially outwards, and water behind the body to move forwards to replace the animal's mass. Thus, the calf can gain a 'free ride' in the forward-moving areas. Utilizing these effects, the neonate can gain up to 90% of the thrust needed to move alongside the mother at speeds of up to 2.4 m/s. A comparison with observations of eastern spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) is presented, showing savings of up to 60% in the thrust that calves require if they are to keep up with their mothers.

Conclusions
A theoretical analysis, backed by observations of free-swimming dolphin schools, indicates that hydrodynamic interactions with mothers play an important role in enabling dolphin calves to keep up with rapidly moving adult school members.

© 2004 Weihs; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL

Abstract types

Informative
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance and its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.

Descriptive
The descriptive abstract, also known as the limited abstract or the indicative abstract, provides a description of what the paper covers without delving into its substance. A descriptive abstract is akin to a table of contents in paragraph form.

Graphical abstracts

During the late 2000s, due to the influence of computer storage and retrieval systems such as the Internet, some scientific publications, primarily those published by Elsevier, started including graphical abstracts alongside the text abstracts. The graphic is intended to summarize or be an exemplar for the main thrust of the article. It is not intended to be as exhaustive a summary as the text abstract, rather it is supposed to indicate the type, scope, and technical coverage of the article at a glance. The use of graphical abstracts has been generally well received by the scientific community. Moreover, some journals also include video abstracts and animated abstracts made by the authors to easily explain their papers. Many scientific publishers currently encourage authors to supplement their articles with graphical abstracts, in the hope that such a convenient visual summary will facilitate readers with a clearer outline of papers that are of interest and will result in improved overall visibility of the respective publication. However, the validity of this assumption has not been thoroughly studied, and a recent study statistically comparing publications with or without graphical abstracts with regard to several output parameters reflecting visibility failed to demonstrate an effectiveness of graphical abstracts for attracting attention to scientific publications.

Abstract quality assessment
Various methods can be used to evaluate abstract quality, e.g. rating by readers, checklists (not necessary in structured abstracts), and readability measures (such as Flesch Reading Ease).

See also

 Abstract (law)
 Abstract management
 Academic conference
 Annotation
 Executive summary
 Fast abstract
 IMRAD – commonly used structure for academic journal articles and their abstracts
 List of academic databases and search engines
 Preface
 TL;DR

References

Further reading

 ISO 214: Documentation — Abstracts for publications and documentation.

Academic publishing
Academic terminology
Publishing

Abstract (summary)


Hussvamp-familien (Serpulaceae) er en Svampe-familie i Rørhat-ordenen. Svampene i denne familie afskiller sig fra andre rørhatte ved at deres frugtlegemer ikke er regulære paddehatte som man ellers ville forvente af rørhatte.

Rørhat-ordenen

Hussvamp-familien


Georgia State Route 400 (SR 400; commonly known as Georgia 400) is a freeway and state highway in the U.S. state of Georgia serving parts of Metro Atlanta. It is concurrent with U.S. Route 19 (US 19) from exit 4 (Interstate 285) until its northern terminus south-southeast of Dahlonega, linking the city of Atlanta to its north-central suburbs and exurbs. SR 400 travels from the Lindbergh neighborhood in the Buckhead district of Atlanta, at Interstate 85 (I-85), to just south-southeast of Dahlonega. Like the Interstate highways, it is a limited-access road (with interchanges instead of intersections), but unlike the interstates (which were renumbered by GDOT in 2000), the exit numbers are not mileage-based, they are sequential. Once SR 400 passes exit 18 (SR 369), it changes from a limited-access freeway into an at-grade divided highway with traffic lights, but still with a high speed limit of , and ends at the J.B. Jones Intersection at SR 60/SR 115 in Lumpkin County.

Between I-85 and I-285, SR 400 is designated "T. Harvey Mathis Parkway", after a local land developer and road proponent who died the day after being appointed as head of the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games in June 1991, when the tollway was under construction. Upon reaching the Perimeter (I-285) and beyond, the highway is designated "Turner McDonald Parkway".

SR 400 is one of only two state routes in the 400-499 series to not be designated as an unsigned route following an interstate, with the other being the SR 410 . Although, both SR 400 and SR 410 were originally planned as interstate routes, SR 400 was supposed to be I-485 and SR 410 was supposed to be I-675.

Route description

SR 400 begins at I-85 just north of Downtown Atlanta. SR 400 travels concurrently with MARTA's Red Line between its Buckhead and Medical Center stops; the Red Line's final stop is at the North Springs station. SR 400 southbound can access the station via Exit 5C, and traffic from the station can enter SR 400 northbound.

SR 400 goes through a tunnel under the Atlanta Financial Center in Buckhead, south of SR 400's exit 2 (SR 141 Connector/Lenox Road). Farther north, SR 400 meets I-285, also known as "The Perimeter" or "Atlanta Bypass".

At I-285, SR 400 meets with US 19. The two travel concurrently until an intersection with SR 60 and SR 115 in Dahlonega.

North of I-285, SR 400 travels through Sandy Springs, Roswell, and Alpharetta in Fulton County. Major junctions include SR 140 (exit 7A/7B on SR 400 northbound and exit 7 on SR 400 southbound) and SR 120 (exit 10).

From US 19 and I-285 in Sandy Springs, SR 9 travels parallel to SR 400 to the west until SR 9 reaches Coal Mountain. In Coal Mountain, SR 9 veers northwest away from SR 400, but then later turns northeast toward its northern terminus at its intersection at US 19 in downtown Dahlonega.

SR 400's exit 6 at Northridge Road is known as the Mayor Eva Cohn Galambos Memorial Interchange.

From SR 400's exit 8, Mansell Road, to exit 11, Windward Parkway, North Point Parkway travels parallel to the east of SR 400. North Point Parkway provides access to North Point Mall.

SR 400 enters Forsyth County at the overpass of McGinnis Ferry Road. In the county, SR 400 travels through Cumming and Coal Mountain. Major interchanges include SR 141 (exit 13), SR 20 (exit 14A/14B on SR 400 northbound; exit 14 on SR 400 southbound), SR 306 (exit 17), and SR 369. SR 400's limited-access portion ends at SR 369, and SR 400 continues on.

Travelers can access Bald Ridge Marina and boat ramps for Lake Lanier via exits 15 (Bald Ridge Marina Road) and 16 (Pilgrim Mill Road).

North of SR 400's intersection with Jot Em Down Road, SR 400 continues into Dawson County, where it travels through Dawsonville. Major intersections include SR 53 and SR 136.

At the intersection of SR 400 and SR 53, a continuous-flow intersection was completed in May 2017. Near this intersection is the entrance to North Georgia Premium Outlets.

SR 400 continues into Lumpkin County just south of its intersection with Whelchel Road and Wilson Drive. After traveling  in the county, SR 400 and US 19 meet SR 115 from the north and SR 60 from the east. SR 400 ends at this point, and US 19 turns left and continues north through downtown Dahlonega into the Appalachian Mountains and the Chattahoochee–Oconee National Forest.

All of SR 400 south of the Dawson–Lumpkin county line is included as part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.

Exits on the controlled-access part of SR 400 are numbered according to the consecutive numbering system instead of reference post (i.e. mile-based) numbering. This is unlike the Interstate highways in Georgia, which have used reference post numbering since 2000, with the exception of I-24, which continues the exit numbering from Tennessee as the interstate highway crosses through Georgia back into Tennessee. This means that exit numbers on SR 400 start at 1 and use consecutive numbers (2, 3, 4, etc.) regardless of the nearest mile marker.

At the southern terminus, new ramps connecting SR 400 south to I-85 north and I-85 south to SR 400 north opened on April 2, 2014. The project was two years in the making and was paid for with funds from the SR 400 toll plaza. Prior, drivers had to exit off SR 400 onto Sidney Marcus Boulevard to get to I-85 north. On I-85 south, drivers had to take the Cheshire Bride Road/Lenox Road exit to get to Sidney Marcus Boulevard for access onto SR 400 north. The ramp from I-85 south is shared with the SR 13 ramp (exit 86). From SR 400, Sidney Marcus Boulevard is now exit 1B and the ramp to I-85 north is 1A.

In Forsyth County in 2017–2018, SR 400 was expanded from two lanes to three from McFarland Parkway to SR 369 (which is planned to be exit 18).

History

Original portion (I-285 to SR 306)

Planning for the freeway, later known as the North Fulton Expressway, began in 1954. The initial section north of I-285 was officially dedicated on May 24, 1971 and subsequent additions to the north opened in stages through 1981. The road was subsequently widened in the late 1980s from its original four-lane configuration to eight lanes between I-285 and Holcomb Bridge Road, and to six lanes between Holcomb Bridge Road and Haynes Bridge Road. The widening projects were brought on by the massive growth that the freeway brought to northern Fulton and southern Forsyth counties. In 2005 the GDOT began widening the section from Holcomb Bridge Road to Windward Parkway from six to eight lanes from Holcomb Bridge Road to McFarland Parkway. In addition, metal noise barrier walls and a concrete divider in the median were also added. In 2010, a half-diamond interchange (exit 4C) was added on the north side of Hammond Drive, allowing southbound exits and northbound entrances.

Freeway revolt

At one time, SR 400 was to connect to I-675 in southeast DeKalb county. However, residents in intown Atlanta neighborhoods did not want the highway to cut through and partially destroy their neighborhoods (as had occurred in Sweet Auburn and other neighborhoods), and a freeway revolt ensued, ending when then-Governor Jimmy Carter signed a new city charter and the USDOT rejected the highway studies in 1973, and George Busbee had the plan officially terminated when he became governor in 1975. The point where this road would have had its interchange with the also-doomed I-485 (now Freedom Parkway and SR 10 to Stone Mountain Freeway) is now the site of the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum. A later routing of I-485 would have had that number running from the Downtown Connector east to the current library, then north on what is now SR 400.

A revival of the connection to I-675 was proposed in 2009. A tunnel would go under East Atlanta and other neighborhoods in Atlanta on the DeKalb-county side, south to I-20. A surface road through less-developed land would then go south to I-675.  The project would be a public/private initiative.

I-85 to I-285 extension

Planning
The northern portion of the inside-the-Perimeter route remained alive following the freeway revolts, and after lawsuits by residents that spent several years in court, GDOT was able to force the extension through Buckhead. Dozens of homes were taken through eminent domain or the threat of it, and the highway was built through the middle of formerly-secluded and forested neighborhoods. Some remaining residents live on dead end streets with metal barrier walls.

During planning stages of the highway in 1984, the Robinson-Humphrey Bank Company proposed a massive expansion of its office building in Buckhead, now known as the Atlanta Financial Center, which was to be built directly in the proposed routing of the highway. A compromise was worked out for Fulton County to pay $3 million to Robinson-Humphrey to offset extra construction costs. This allowed the new tower to be constructed with special concrete supports allowing for the highway and eventual MARTA Red Line to run underneath; the deal also covered Robinson-Humphrey's $1 million donation of the right-of-way to the Georgia DOT. Construction of the massive tunnel underneath the office complex and its parking garage was underway in 1990; the tunnel was sealed off with concrete to protect the building from noise and vibration.

The original plans for the North Tollway put interchanges at Marion Road (now Sidney Marcus Boulevard), Peachtree Road at North Stratford Road, Wieuca Road, Windsor Parkway, and Johnston Ferry Road. By 1972, plans had been adjusted to exclude the Wieuca Road exit and add an expressway connecting Andrews Road at Roswell Road to Peachtree Road at Lenox Road as an alternative to a direct interchange with Peachtree Road. The mainline toll booth would have been south of Peachtree Road. By 1986, the present alignment with only 3 exits (Marion Road, Buckhead Loop/Lenox Road, and Glenridge Connector) and a single tollbooth north of Peachtree Road were finalized, eliminating direct access to both Peachtree Road and the residential Buckhead neighborhoods.

Atlanta City Council member Buddy Fowlkes was opposed to the extension of GA 400; "I'm encouraged," he said in 1989. "People are starting to understand that there are alternatives to the Georgia 400 extension."

Construction and Completion
In 1991, the State Road and Tollway Authority authorized $96 million in bonds to pay for the GA 400 Buckhead extension which would be paid back by 2011 with toll revenue.
The road opened to traffic on August 1, 1993, after three years of construction. Existing exits were renumbered up by four to accommodate the extension, which had a single toll plaza in the middle of its length when opened.

In addition, the North Line (now Red Line) for Atlanta's MARTA train system was constructed in the median from the Glenridge Connector to south of Lenox Road, and was opened on June 8, 1996, extending the line from Lenox Square mall north to Perimeter Mall, and connecting the Perimeter Center area to the rail system. That edge city largely developed due to its proximity to the 400/285 interchange.

Direct access from SR 400 southbound to I-85 northbound (and the reverse direction) opened in April 2014, ending the need to take the indirect route via Sidney Marcus Boulevard. In June 2015, a ceremony was held to name the flyover bridges for Captain Herb Emory, a beloved local traffic reporter for WSB AM and WSB-TV (as well as other co-owned stations) who had also died in April 2014.

SR 369 Interchange (Exit 18)
Funding for a project to create a new interchange on SR 400 at SR 369/Browns Bridge Rd came from the Forsyth County Transportation Bond, approved by voters in 2014, along with GDOT funding. Previously, SR 400 met SR 369 at a signalized intersection, where the freeway part of SR 400 ended. Plans showed that a partial cloverleaf interchange would be built, with ramps from both directions of SR 400 meeting SR 369 at traffic lights; the northbound SR 400 ramp would also meet at the entrance of Browns Bridge Church. Also as a part of this project, SR 369 will be widened from its intersection with SR 9, through the interchange at SR 400, to its intersection at SR 306. The widening project is currently still underway as of 2023. The workers cleared the area and removed underground storage tanks, per county officials. Forsyth County acquired four properties as part of right-of-way acquisition and is expected to go out for bid in the fall of 2019; a bid is expected to be awarded in early 2020. Construction began in late 2020 and the interchange opened in early 2023.

Tolls

When SR 400 was a toll road, the toll plaza, operated by the State Road and Tollway Authority (SR TA), collected 50¢ tolls in both the northbound and southbound directions.  The toll plaza was located north of Lenox Road (exit 2). Each direction had two open-road toll lanes, which collected tolls at highway speeds using the Georgia Peach Pass electronic tag (formerly "Cruise Card"), and seven gated toll lanes that accepted cash. The toll facility handled a total of approximately 120,000 vehicles per day. About 37% of transactions were paid via Peach Pass, the same technology also used by SunPass in Florida, Quick Pass in North Carolina, TxTag in Texas, and PikePass in Oklahoma. Peach Pass can be used interchangeably with the Florida and North Carolina systems and passes, but not with TxTag and PikePass, due to a lack of reciprocal billing arrangements with those non-adjacent states.

SR 400 was the only active toll road in Georgia, after the Torras Causeway toll between Brunswick and St. Simons Island on the southeastern Georgia coast was removed in 2003, until the high occupancy toll express lanes opened on I-85 in 2011. The SR 400 toll was to expire in 2011 after 20 years. In March 2009, local TV news reports brought up an issue regarding tolls on the road, since SRTA reported that enough money has been collected to pay the bonds used to construct the road (though prepayment prior to 2011 was prohibited).  Despite promises that the toll would be removed once the road was paid for, the tolls continued to be collected.  The road costs $2 million per year just to maintain (plus occasional repaving), and it cost several million more for the demolition of the toll plaza. (One option would have been to simply close the toll plaza, allowing drivers to pass through without paying.) On September 24, 2010, then Governor Sonny Perdue and members of the State Road and Tollway Authority (SRTA) voted to keep the tolls on until 2020 in order to fund 11 new projects on the highway.

In July 2012, two weeks before voters of Georgia voted on the Transportation Referendum act, Governor Deal said that the toll on SR 400 would be abandoned in November 2013, meaning that, at the beginning of 2014, SR 400 would be a toll-free road. Tolling was discontinued on November 22, 2013 at 11:08 am; the last toll was collected by Governor Nathan Deal and was paid by the same couple that paid the first toll in 1993. The toll plaza was removed in a four-phase demolition project.

In 2012, a feasibility study was initiated by the Georgia Department of Transportation to explore the possibility of adding tolled express lanes. The proposed express lanes would be  long, and mirror the existing lanes on I-85. The lanes' southern terminus will be I-285 in Sandy Springs, and their northern terminus would be SR 20 in Cumming. Fees would be similar to the existing I-85 lanes, and will be paid using Peach Pass, making the express lanes compatible with the existing express lanes on I-85 (as well as the former toll plaza in Buckhead if it had remained in operation).

Future

McGinnis Ferry Road Interchange
A traffic study in 2007 explored the possibility of a new interchange on SR 400 at McGinnis Ferry Road; this Interchange Feasibility Report was approved by GDOT in 2010 and Forsyth County in 2012. The exit is to be located between Exit 11 (Windward
Parkway) and Exit 12 (McFarland Parkway). Construction started in October 2021, and is expected to be completed in 2023. Construction will be completed by Forsyth County and GDOT. As a part of the project, one lane each way will be added on SR 400 between the Windward Pkwy exit and the McFarland Pkwy exit, and SR 400 S will have an additional lane added between McFarland Pkwy and McGinnis Ferry Rd. Also, as part of the construction:

 The McGinnis Ferry Rd bridge over SR 400 will be replaced.
 McGinnis Ferry Rd will be widened to four lanes from Bethany Bend to the SR 400 intersection, and to six lanes from the SR 400 interchange to the intersection of McGinnis Ferry Rd, Union Hill Rd, and Ronald Reagan Blvd. Ronald Reagan Blvd will also be widened to six lanes from McGinnis Ferry Rd to Counselors Way.
 Sidewalks will be added on the southbound side of McGinnis Ferry Rd, and a multi-use path will be added on the northbound side of McGinnis Ferry Rd.
 Additional right and left turn lanes will be added on McGinnis Ferry Rd at major intersections.

This project complements construction to extend Ronald Reagan Blvd from McFarland Pkwy to Majors Rd.

I-285 Interchange
GDOT, working with North Perimeter Contractors, began construction in February 2017 at the SR 400/I-285 interchange to add collector-distributor lanes and flyover ramps to ease congestion at the interchange. The interchange currently sees 420,000 drivers each day, despite that the current interchange was designed to accommodate 100,000 drivers daily. The project is expected to cost $800 million and is estimated to save drivers on SR 400 and I-285 a combined 20,000 hours of driving time each day. The project will also include:
 The conversion of the SR 400 and Abernathy Rd (exit 5) to a diverging diamond interchange.
 The reconstruction of the Mount Vernon Hwy bridge over SR 400, the Peachtree Dunwoody Rd bridge over I-285, and the Glenridge Dr bridge over I-285.
 The construction of multi-use paths along the southeastern portion of SR 400 and I-285, and path improvements along Mount Vernon Hwy and Abernathy Rd. These improvements will also connect to Path 400.

Construction was originally expected to be completed by 2020, but due to discovering unmarked utility lines, and labor shortages & supply-chain problems as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, will now continue into 2024.

SR 400 Express Lanes

GDOT is currently conducting environmental studies to study the impact of new express toll lanes each way on SR 400, starting at the North Springs MARTA station and traveling 16 miles along SR 400 to the McFarland Pkwy exit (exit 12). The express lanes, for which drivers will need a Peach Pass to travel on, will be two buffer-separated lanes each way from the North Springs MARTA station to McGinnis Ferry Rd and one buffer-separated lane each way from McGinnis Ferry Rd to McFarland Pkwy. The express lanes will use 'dynamic pricing,' so drivers will pay higher prices during rush hour; but, transit buses and registered vanpools will not have to pay additional fees to use these lanes. In addition, a bus rapid transit system, Georgia's first, will run along the express lanes; the system will possibly include bus access to stops at or near the North Spring MARTA station, Holcomb Bridge Rd, North Point Mall, Old Milton Pkwy, and an existing MARTA park and ride at Windward Pkwy. The local SR 400 lanes and the express lanes are expected to have direct merges around Northridge Rd (exit 6), Haynes Bridge Rd (exit 9) and at its terminus at McFarland Pkwy; expected direct access ramps will be located at the North Springs MARTA station, Holcomb Bridge Rd (exit 7), Webb Bridge Road, and Union Hill Rd.

Construction was to begin in 2021, but due to increased costs (which exceeded GDOT's $1.7 billion budget) had to be delayed. A new developer is expected to be announced in early 2024, construction to begin in 2025, and substantial completion to take place in 2031. As a part of the project, GDOT has said that they might be acquiring around 50 homes near the North Springs MARTA station, as well as small pieces of land along SR 400 north of Sandy Springs.

Expansion of SR 400 Express Lanes to I-285
GDOT is also working on environmental studies for express lanes along the top end of I-285, from Paces Ferry Rd to Henderson Rd, with construction slated to start in 2023 and finish in 2029. Once this project is complete, GDOT will add express lanes along SR 400 from the North Springs MARTA station south to meet with the I-285 express lanes once they are completed.

Filming on GA 400
Several scenes from the movie Smokey and the Bandit were filmed on SR 400, which was used due to the low traffic volumes at the time of filming during its construction. The "Alabama" police chase, where a Georgia State Patrol car chases Bandit, who is driving a Trans-Am, takes place on SR 400 at the interchange with SR 141/Peachtree Pkwy, Exit 13. In addition, other film scenes were shot along SR 400 between McFarland Pkwy in Alpharetta (Exit 12) and SR 20/Buford Hwy in Cumming (Exit 14).  Filming also took place in other parts of metro Atlanta, including McDonough and Jonesboro.

Exit list

See also

 Transportation in Atlanta

Notes

References

External links

 Georgia State Route 400 on State-Ends.com
 State Road and Tollway Authority homepage
 Peach Pass

400
Former toll roads in Georgia (U.S. state)
Transportation in Fulton County, Georgia
Transportation in Forsyth County, Georgia
Transportation in Dawson County, Georgia
Transportation in Lumpkin County, Georgia
Freeways in the United States
Roads in Atlanta
Sandy Springs, Georgia
Roswell, Georgia

Georgia State Route 400


Halilbey, Hatay'ın Belen ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Hatay iline 57 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Belen'in mahalleleri

Halilbey, Belen


Gulfebermyg (Aedes aegypti) er en stikmyg kendt for at være alvorlig smittebærer og kan overføre flere sygdomme, heriblandt Chikungunya-feber, Zikavirus, Denguefeber og Gulfeber til mennesker. Myggen stammer oprindeligt fra Afrika, men findes nu i store dele af troperne, særligt i byerne og tætbefolkede områder.
Stikmyg

Gulfebermyg


Nicklas Søderberg Lundstrøm (født 15. marts 1986 i København) er en dansk skuespiller, uddannet ved Odense skuespillerskole i 2014. Kendt for sine roller i bl.a. Supervoksen (2006), Needle Boy (2016), S, P eller K (2009) og tv-serien Sommer (2008) samt filmen En frygtelig kvinde (2017).

Filmografi

Film

Tv-serier

Teater
 2009 Tybalt i "Romeo og Julius". Instruktør: Signe Myndborg
 2012 Bertel i "Jul i Gammelby" Instruktør: Mogens Pedersen. Folketeateret
 2013 Buddy "Keno" Walch og ensemble i "Det bare mænd" Instruktør: Kim Bjarke. Odense teater
 2013 "Candyman" – frit efter filmen "Hard Candy". Medvirkende: Betina Nydal og Nicklas Søderberg Lundstrøm. Konsulent: Anders G. Koch. Teater Momentum
 2013 Diverse roller i "Love and Information". Instruktør: Anders Lundorph. Odense Teater og Folketeatret (Præsentationsforestilling)
 2014 Fyrst Orsino i "Helligetrekongers Aften". Instruktør: Jacob Schjødt. Teater Momentum og Det Kgl. Teater (Afgangsforestillimg)
 2014-2015 Nicodemus i "Skammerens Datter". Instruktør: Jacob Schjødt. Odense Teater
 2015 Kay i "Snedronningen" Instruktør: Geir Sveaass, Århus Teater
 2016-2017 Fast ensemble på Teater Momentum Kunstnerisk leder og Instruktør: Henrik Grimbäck

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Danmark
Personer fra København

Nicklas Søderberg Lundstrøm


හුස්ම හිරවීම (ගිලීමේදී හුස්ම හිරවීම) සිදුවන්නේ ආහාර හොඳින් හපන්නේ නැති විට සහ එය අයාලේ ගොස් ශ්වසන මාර්ගය අවහිර කරන විටය.

එය ප්රථමාධාර මගින් විසඳනු ලැබේ (පහත කියවන්න) සහ, එය දිගටම පවතී නම්, හදිසි වෛද්ය සේවා වෙත ඇමතීමෙන්.

ගිලීමේදී හුස්ම හිරවීමට එරෙහිව ප්රථමාධාර
සමහර අතින් ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම මගින් හුස්ම හිරවීම සමනය කළ හැකිය (පහත කියවන්න).

මීට අමතරව, වෙළඳපොලේ සමහර "ප්‍රති-හුස්ම හිරවීම" උපාංග තිබේ (LifeVac සහ Dechoker).

පොදු වින්දිතයින් සඳහා ප්රථමාධාර
පළමු කොටස කැස්සයි.

වින්දිතයාට කැස්ස කළ නොහැකි නම්, අතින් ක්‍රම දෙක භාවිතා කරන්න (පහත පින්තූර දෙකම බලන්න).

වඩා හොඳ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් සඳහා, ඒවා මාරුවෙන් මාරුවට ඒකාබද්ධ කරන්න: එක් එක් තාක්‍ෂණය ආසන්න වශයෙන් 5 වතාවක් කරන්න, සහ අනෙක් තාක්ෂණය දෙසට වෙනස් කරන්න, සහ මෙම හැරීම් අඛණ්ඩව නැවත කරන්න.

ගැබිනි සහ තරබාරු පුද්ගලයින්ට මෙම අත් ශිල්පීය ක්‍රමවල වෙනස්කම් අවශ්‍ය වේ (පහත කියවන්න).

ළදරුවන්ට (අවුරුදු 1 ට අඩු) මෙම අත් ශිල්පීය ක්‍රමවල වෙනස්කම් අවශ්‍ය වේ (පහත කියවන්න).

හුස්ම හිරවීම දිගටම පවතී නම්, හදිසි වෛද්ය සේවා අමතන්න.

වින්දිතයාට ටික වේලාවකට පසු සිහිය නැති විය හැක (පහත කියවන්න), එයට "ප්‍රති-හුස්ම හිරවීම හෘද පෙණහලු පුනර්ජීවනය" අවශ්‍ය වේ.

ගර්භනී හෝ අධික තරබාරු පුද්ගලයින් සඳහා ප්රථමාධාර
පළමු කොටස කැස්ස ද වේ.

වින්දිතයාට කැස්ස කළ නොහැකි නම්, අතින් ක්‍රම දෙක භාවිතා කරන්න (පහත පින්තූර දෙකම බලන්න).

වඩා හොඳ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් සඳහා, ඒවා මාරුවෙන් මාරුවට ඒකාබද්ධ කරන්න: එක් එක් තාක්‍ෂණය ආසන්න වශයෙන් 5 වතාවක් කරන්න, සහ අනෙක් තාක්ෂණය දෙසට වෙනස් කරන්න, සහ මෙම හැරීම් අඛණ්ඩව නැවත කරන්න.

හුස්ම හිරවීම දිගටම පවතී නම්, හදිසි වෛද්ය සේවා අමතන්න.

වින්දිතයාට ටික වේලාවකට පසු සිහිය නැති විය හැක (පහත කියවන්න), එයට "ප්‍රති-හුස්ම හිරවීම හෘද පෙණහලු පුනර්ජීවනය" අවශ්‍ය වේ.

ළදරුවන් සඳහා ප්රථමාධාර (අවුරුදු 1 ට අඩු)
ළදරුවන් සඳහා මෙම ශිල්පීය ක්රම දෙක භාවිතා කරන්න (පහත පින්තූර දෙකම බලන්න).වඩා හොඳ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් සඳහා, ඒවා මාරුවෙන් මාරුවට ඒකාබද්ධ කරන්න: එක් එක් තාක්‍ෂණය ආසන්න වශයෙන් 5 වතාවක් කරන්න, සහ අනෙක් තාක්ෂණය දෙසට වෙනස් කරන්න, සහ මෙම හැරීම් අඛණ්ඩව නැවත කරන්න.

හුස්ම හිරවීම දිගටම පවතී නම්, හදිසි වෛද්ය සේවා අමතන්න.

ටික වේලාවකට පසු දරුවාට සිහිය නැති විය හැක (පහත කියවන්න), එයට "ළදරුවන් සඳහා ප්‍රති-හුස්ම හිරවීම හෘද පෙණහලු පුනර්ජීවනය" අවශ්‍ය වේ.

වින්දිතයා සිහිසුන්ව සිටින විට
අයදුම් කරන්න: "ප්‍රති-හුස්ම හිරවීම හෘද පෙණහලු පුනර්ජීවනය" (සාමාන්‍ය, ළදරුවන් සඳහා නොවේ)

හෝ "ළදරුවන් සඳහා ප්‍රති-හුස්ම හිරවීම හෘද පෙණහලු පුනර්ජීවනය" (අවුරුදු 1 ට අඩු). (පහත කියවන්න).

ප්‍රති-හුස්ම හිරවීම හෘද පෙණහලු පුනර්ජීවනය

හදිසි වෛද්ය සේවා සඳහා ඇමතුමක් අවශ්ය වේ.

වින්දිතයා තිරස් ස්ථානයක තබන්න, මුහුණ ඉහළට.

වින්දිතයාට "ප්‍රති-හුස්ම හිරවීම හෘද පෙණහලු පුනර්ජීවනය" කරන්න, අඛණ්ඩ ආකාරයෙන්:

 පපුවේ මැද භාගයේ පහළ භාගයේ පීඩන 30 ක්.
 තදබදයට ලක් වූ වස්තුව පෙනෙන්නේ නම්, එය උපුටා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කරන්න. වස්තුව නිස්සාරණය කළ හැකි හෝ නොකළ හැකි, නමුත් වින්දිතයා සාමාන්‍ය ලෙස හුස්ම ගන්නා තෙක් මෙම පුනර්ජීවනය දිගටම පැවතිය යුතුය.
 වින්දිතයාගේ නාසය වසා දමන්න. මුඛයෙන් මුඛයෙන් වාතාශ්රය (මුදවා ගැනීමේ හුස්ම) සිදු කිරීමෙන් වාතය හඳුන්වා දෙන්න. තවත් සමාන වාතාශ්‍රයක් (හුස්ම බේරා ගැනීම) සිදු කිරීමෙන් වාතය නැවත හඳුන්වා දෙන්න.
 වින්දිතයාගේ හිස ඉදිරිපස සහ පසුපසට කරකවන්න, එහි පිහිටීම මඳක් වෙනස් කරන්න. මුඛයෙන් මුඛයෙන් වාතාශ්රය (මුදවා ගැනීමේ හුස්ම) සිදු කිරීමෙන් වාතය හඳුන්වා දෙන්න. තවත් සමාන වාතාශ්‍රයක් (හුස්ම බේරා ගැනීම) සිදු කිරීමෙන් වාතය නැවත හඳුන්වා දෙන්න.

පළමු එක (30 පීඩන) සිට මෙම සියලු පියවර අඛණ්ඩව නැවත කරන්න.

ළදරුවන් සඳහා ප්‍රති-හුස්ම හිරවීම හෘද පෙණහලු පුනර්ජීවනය
හදිසි වෛද්ය සේවා සඳහා ඇමතුමක් අවශ්ය වේ.

ළදරුවා තිරස් අතට, මුහුණ ඉහළට තැබීම. ළදරුවාගේ හිස සෑම විටම ඉදිරිපස දෙස බැලිය යුතුය.

ළදරුවාට "ළදරුවන් සඳහා ප්‍රති-හුස්ම හිරවීම හෘද පෙණහලු පුනර්ජීවනය" සිදු කරන්න, අඛණ්ඩ ආකාරයෙන්:

 දරුවාගේ පැත්තේ සිට: පීඩන 30 ක්, පපුවේ මැද භාගයේ ඇඟිලි දෙකකින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.
 තදබදයට ලක් වූ වස්තුව පෙනෙන්නේ නම්, එය උපුටා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කරන්න. වස්තුව නිස්සාරණය කළ හැකි හෝ නොකළ හැකි, නමුත් ළදරුවා සාමාන්යයෙන් හුස්ම ගන්නා තෙක් මෙම නැවත පණ ගැන්වීම දිගටම කරගෙන යා යුතුය.
 මුඛය භාවිතා කරමින්, දරුවාගේ මුඛයට සහ දරුවාගේ නාසයට එකවර ආවරණය කරන්න. ඒ ආකාරයෙන් වාතය හඳුන්වා දෙන්න (වාතාශ්‍රය හෝ ගලවා ගැනීමේ හුස්ම). නැවත වාතය හඳුන්වා දෙන්න (තවත් සමාන වාතාශ්රයක් හෝ ගලවා ගැනීමේ හුස්මක්).
 දරුවාගේ හිස ඉදිරිපස දෙස බැලීම, එය කරකැවීම නොකිරීමට නිර්දේශ කරනු ලැබේ. මක්නිසාද යත් හිසෙහි නැඹුරුව ළදරුවන්ගේ ශ්වසන මාර්ගය පටු කළ හැකි බැවිනි.

පළමු එක (30 පීඩන) සිට මෙම සියලු පියවර අඛණ්ඩව නැවත කරන්න.

මූලාශ්‍ර

හුස්ම හිරවීම


René de Borst (* 1958 in Den Haag) ist ein niederländischer Ingenieurwissenschaftler und Centenary Professor of Civil Engineering an der University of Sheffield.

Leben
De Borst machte 1982 seinen Diplomabschluss an der TU Delft (cum laude), wo er 1986 mit Auszeichnung promoviert wurde. 1988 erhielt er eine Professur für numerische Mechanik an der TU Delft in der Fakultät für Bauingenieurwesen und ab 1999 war er Professor für Technische Mechanik in der Fakultät für Flugzeugbau. Er war auch wissenschaftlicher Leiter des Koiter Instituts für Mechanik (benannt nach dem 1997 verstorbenen Warner Tjardus Koiter). Von 2007 war er Professor an der TU Eindhoven, wo er auch 2007 bis 2011 Dekan der Fakultät für Maschinenwesen war. Von 2012 bis 2015 war er Regius Professor für Bauingenieurwesen und Mechanik an der University of Glasgow. Der Lehrstuhl war seit 2010 vakant. Seit 2016 ist er der Centenary Professor of Civil Engineering an der University of Sheffield.

Er befasst sich insbesondere mit Entwicklungen in der Bruchmechanik (Rissbildung und Ausbreitung von Rissen), Reibung in Materialien und numerischer Modellierung in der Mechanik, insbesondere im Bauingenieurwesen, aber auch zum Beispiel im Flugzeugbau. Er ist Mitentwickler des Software-Pakets DIANA. Seine Untersuchungen betrafen z. B. Risse in Beton und Verbundwerkstoffen, Stabilität von Erdmassen, von schiefen Bohrlöchern und Tunneln in stochastisch inhomogenen Schichten, Aufbrechen ölführender Gesteinsschichten.

1999 erhielt er den Spinoza-Preis. 1996 erhielt er den Max-Planck-Forschungspreis, 1998 den Computational Mechanics Award der International Association of Computational Mechanics und er erhielt mehrere Auszeichnungen von der International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics. 1995 erhielt er den Composite Structure Award und 2011 den Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award.

Er ist Herausgeber des International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, des  International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics und Mitherausgeber des Aeronautical Journal.

De Borst war Präsident der International Association for Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures (1998–2001). 2005 wurde er Mitglied der Königlich Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Seit 2002 ist er Fellow der International Association of Computational Mechanics, seit 2010 Fellow der International Association of Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, seit 2012 Fellow der Institution of Civil Engineers, seit 2013 Fellow der Royal Society of Edinburgh, seit 2014 Mitglied der Europäischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste und seit 2015 Fellow der Royal Academy of Engineering. 2015 bekam er ein Ehrendoktorat vom Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon. Im selben Jahr erhielt er den Grand Prize der Japanese Society for Computational Engineering Science und einen ERC Advanced Grant. Seit 2011 ist er Offizier des Ordre national du Mérite. 2017 bekam er den O.C. Zienkiewicz Medal der Polish Association for Computational Mechanics und ist seit 2019 Ehrenmitglied der Italian Group of Fracture.

Schriften (Auswahl)
Herausgeber mit Erwin Stein, Thomas J. R. Hughes Encyclopedia of Computational Mechanics, 3 Bände, Wiley 2004
Herausgeber mit Ekkehard Ramm: Multiscale methods in computational mechanics, Springer 2010 (darin von Borst, M. V.  Cid Alfaro, A. S. J. Suiker Multiscale Modelling of the Failure Behaviour of fibre reinforced laminates)
Fundamentals of Discretization Methods, Computational methods in buckling and instability in Richard Blockley, Wei Shyy (Hrsg.) Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering, Band 3, Wiley 2010
mit J. J. C. Remmers Numerical models for self healing mechanisms, in S. van der Zwaag Self Healing Materials An Alternative Approach to 20 Centuries of Materials Science, Springer Series in Materials Science, Vol. 100, 2007
mit M. G. D. Geers, R. H. J. Peerlings Computational Fracture Mechanics in Concrete Technology, in A. Carpenteri, M. Aliabadi Computational damage mechanics, 1999, S. 23–69
mit M. G. D. Geers, R. H. J. Peerlings, W. A. M. Brekelmans Material Instabilities in Solids, in R. de Borst, E. van der Giessen (Herausgeber) Higher-order damage models for the analysis of fracture in quasi-brittle materials, Wiley 1998, S. 405–423
mit J. J. C. Remmers, A. Needleman The simulation of dynamic crack propagation using the cohesive segments method, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, Band 56, 2008, S. 70–92
Challenges in computational materials science: Multiple scales, multi-physics and evolving discontinuities, Comp. Mat. Sci., Band 43, 2008, S. 1–15

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
Homepage in Eindhoven
Würdigung anlässlich des Spinoza Preises, niederländisch
Kurzes Porträt, englisch

Ingenieurwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität Eindhoven)
Hochschullehrer (Glasgow)
Niederländer
Max-Planck-Forschungspreisträger
Spinoza-Preisträger
Träger des französischen Nationalverdienstordens (Offizier)
Mitglied der Königlich Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Europäischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste
Mitglied der Royal Society of Edinburgh
Mitglied der Royal Academy of Engineering
Geboren 1958
Mann

René de Borst


An Spartina ciliata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart. An Spartina ciliata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Spartina, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Spartina

Spartina ciliata


مبيدات الأعشاب هي المواد المستخدمة للسيطرة على النباتات غير المرغوب فيها. تتحكم مبيدات الأعشاب الانتقائية في أنواع معينة من الحشائش، بينما تترك المحصول المرغوب دون أن يصاب بأذى نسبيًا، بينما يمكن استخدام مبيدات الأعشاب غير الانتقائية (تسمى أحيانًا مبيدات الأعشاب الكلية في المنتجات التجارية) لإزالة النباتات والأعشاب معا حيث تقتل جميع المواد النباتية التي تتلامس معها. بصرف النظر عن التصنيف الانتقائي وغير الانتقائي، تشمل التصنيفات المهمة الأخرى: الثبات (المعروف أيضًا باسم الإجراء المتبقي : مدة بقاء المنتج في مكانه ويظل نشطًا) ، وسائل الامتصاص (سواء تم امتصاصه بواسطة أوراق الشجر الموجودة فوق الأرض فقط أو من خلال الجذور ، أو بوسائل أخرى) ، وآلية العمل. أما من الناحية التاريخية فقد تم استخدام منتجات مثل الملح الشائع والأملاح المعدنية الأخرى كمبيدات للأعشاب، إلا أن هذه المنتجات تراجعت تدريجياً، وفي بعض البلدان تم حظر عدد منها بسبب ثباتها في التربة والسمية ومخاوف من تلوث المياه الجوفية. كما استخدمت مبيدات الأعشاب في الحروب والنزاعات.

غالبًا ما تكون مبيدات الأعشاب الحديثة عبارة عن محاكيات اصطناعية لهرمونات نباتية طبيعية تتداخل مع نمو النباتات المستهدفة. أصبح مصطلح مبيدات الأعشاب العضوية يعني مبيدات الأعشاب المعدة للزراعة العضوية. تنتج بعض النباتات أيضًا مبيدات الأعشاب الطبيعية الخاصة بها، مثل جنس Juglans ( الجوز ) ، أو شجرة الجنة؛ يسمى هذا العمل لمبيدات الأعشاب الطبيعية والتفاعلات الكيميائية الأخرى ذات الصلة، باسم allelopathy (تضاد بيوكيميائي). بسبب مقاومة مبيدات الأعشاب - وهي مصدر قلق كبير في الزراعة - يجمع عدد من المنتجات بين مبيدات الأعشاب ووسائل العمل المختلفة. قد تستخدم الإدارة المتكاملة للآفات مبيدات الأعشاب جنبًا إلى جنب مع طرق مكافحة الآفات الأخرى.

في الولايات المتحدة في عام 2012، كان حوالي 91 ٪ من جميع استخدامات مبيدات الأعشاب التي تم تحديدها، كان استخدامها في الزراعة. في عام 2012، بلغ إجمالي الإنفاق العالمي على مبيدات الآفات ما يقرب من 24.7 مليار دولار؛ وشكلت مبيدات الأعشاب حوالي 44٪ من تلك المبيعات وشكلت الجزء الأكبر، تليها المبيدات الحشرية ومبيدات الفطريات والمبخرات. تُستخدم مبيدات الأعشاب أيضًا في الغابات،  حيث تم العثور على تركيبات معينة لقمع أنواع الأخشاب الصلبة لصالح الصنوبريات بعد القطع،  وكذلك أنظمة المراعي، وإدارة المناطق المخصصة كموائل للحياة البرية.

مراجع

العناية بالمروج
علم السموم
مبيدات
مبيدات آفات
مبيدات أعشاب
ملوثات التربة

مبيد أعشاب


النقد الجديد  هو إحدى المدارس النقدية التي ظهرت في القرن العشرين وهدفها هو القراءة المتأنية للنص الأدبي، مع استبعاد كل من السياق التاريخي والنفسي والاجتماعى للنص، ولاسيما السيرة الذاتية للكاتب. يستخدم مصطلح النقد الحديث عادة للإشارة إلى نظرية النقد الأدبي التي بدأت بأعمال آي. آ. ريتشاردز وتي. إس. إليوت قبل الحرب في إنجلترا، واستأنفها رموز أدبية مثل جون كرو رانسوم، وكلينث بروكس، وآلين تيت في الولايات المتحدة إبان الأربعينيات وحتى أوائل الستينيات.

مفهوم
النقد الأدبي الجديد هو نوع محدد من النقد الأدبي تطور بداية العشرينات وحتى الثلاثينات من القرن العشرين وقد تبلورت هذه المدرسة النقدية بشكل أكثر وضوحا إثر صدور كتاب جون كرو رانسومز عام 1941. المدرسة النقدية الجديدة تتعامل مع العمل الأدبي على أساس محتواة فقط دون النظر إلى ردود أفعال القراء أو أهداف ونوايا المؤلف أو الروابط والمناسبات التاريخية والثقافية التي كتب فيها النص.كذلك تؤكد هذه المدرسة على القراءة عن كثب للنص وعدم فصل المبنى والمعنى للنص عن بعضهما البعض وتقدر بشكل استخدام الضوابط الأدبية للنص وهي تسمى أحيانا النهج الموضوعي للأدب .

مراجع

أدب أمريكي في القرن 20
أدب باللغة الإنجليزية
النقد الجديد
روايات باللغة الإنجليزية
علم العلامات
نظرية الأدب
نقاد الأدب
نقد أدبي

نقد جديد


A bomb vessel, bomb ship, bomb ketch, or simply bomb was a type of wooden sailing naval ship. Its primary armament was not cannons (long guns or carronades) – although bomb vessels carried a few cannons for self-defence – but mortars mounted forward near the bow and elevated to a high angle, and projecting their fire in a ballistic arc. Explosive shells (also called bombs at the time) or carcasses were employed rather than solid shot. Bomb vessels were specialized ships designed for bombarding (hence the name) fixed positions on land. In the 20th century, this naval gunfire support role was carried out by the most similar purpose-built World War I- and II-era monitors, but also battleships, cruisers, and destroyers.

Development
The first recorded deployment of bomb vessels by the English was for the siege of Calais in 1347 when Edward III deployed single deck ships with bombardes and other artillery. The first specialised bomb vessels were built towards the end of the 17th century, based on the designs of Bernard Renau d'Eliçagaray, and used by the French Navy. They were first called galiote à bombe (a word derived from the Dutch galliot, denoting a short, beamy vessel well suited for the powerful downward recoil of its weapons). Five such vessels were used to shell Algiers in 1682 destroying the land forts, and killing some 700 defenders. Two years later the French repeated their success at Genoa. The early French bomb vessels had two forward-pointing mortars fixed side-by-side on the foredeck. To aim these weapons, the entire ship was rotated by letting out or pulling in a spring anchor. The range was usually controlled by adjusting the gunpowder charge. The French later adopted the word bombarde for this vessel, but it should not be confused with the horizontal fire, stone throwing bombard of earlier centuries.

The French design was copied by the Royal Navy, who continued to refine the class over the next century or more, after Huguenot exiles brought designs over to England and the United Provinces. The side-by-side, forward-pointing mortars were replaced in the British designs by mortars mounted on the centerline on revolving platforms. These platforms were supported by strong internal wooden framework to transmit the forces of firing the weapons to the hull. The interstices of the framework were used as storage areas for ammunition.

Early bomb vessels were rigged as ketches with two masts. They were awkward vessels to handle, in part because bomb ketches typically had the masts stepped farther aft than would have been normal in other vessels of similar rig, in order to accommodate the mortars forward and provide a clear area for their forwards fire. As a result, by the 1800s British bomb vessels were designed as full-rigged ships with three masts, and two mortars, one between each neighboring pair of masts. The full rig also meant that bomb vessels could be used as escort sloops between bombardment missions; in 1805 the Acheron bomb along with the Arrow sloop were both lost in a defence  of their convoy. Bomb vessels often had the front rigging made of chain, to better withstand the muzzle blast of the mortars.

Mortars were the only kind of naval armament to fire explosive shells rather than solid shot until the invention of the Paixhans gun. Since it was considered dangerous to have large stocks of shells on board the ships that were firing them, and because the reinforced mortar platforms occupied so much space below decks, bomb vessels were usually accompanied by a tender to carry ammunition as well as the ordnance officers in charge of firing the mortars. However, as naval warfare became more advanced, bomb ships were also accompanied by frigates to protect them from direct assault by faster, smaller vessels.

Bomb vessels were traditionally named after volcanoes, or given other names suggestive of explosive qualities. Some were also given names associated with the underworld. Vessels of other types which were later converted to bomb ships generally retained their original names.

Bomb vessels were highly specialized and expensive to fit out and maintain, and only marginally suited for their secondary role as cruisers. Because bomb vessels were built with extremely strong hulls to withstand the recoil of the mortars, several were converted in peacetime as ships for exploration of the Arctic and Antarctic regions, where pack ice and icebergs were a constant menace. Most famously, these ships included  and . In this case, the volcanoes – Mount Erebus and Mount Terror on Ross Island in Antarctica – were named after the ships, instead of vice versa.

Although horizontal fire naval guns propelling explosive shells had entered all major navies by the 1840s (see Paixhans gun), there was still room for a specialized vessel on occasion. During the American Civil War, the Union fleet included armored gunboats armed with 13 inch mortars; the weapon weighed 17,250 lbs and its bedding another 4,500 lbs. They fired 204-lb shells, with a bursting charge of 7 lbs of gunpowder, and had a range of three miles. At this distance, the projectile spent 30 seconds in flight. They were used to attack several forts, for example Fort Pulaski, Georgia.

Notable bomb vessels and actions

 The bomb vessels  and  were further strengthened for an expedition of discovery to the North Pole in the 1770s. The uncompleted expedition included a young Horatio Nelson.
 Bomb vessels , Explosion, Hecla, Sulphur, Terror (1784), Volcano, and  participated in the First Battle of Copenhagen in 1801.
 , Vesuvius, , and  participated in the Second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807.
  and  additionally participated in the Battle of the Basque Roads in 1808 (this action was also notable for including three rocket vessels in support of the bombs).
 The "bombs bursting in air" recorded by Francis Scott Key at the Battle of Baltimore in 1814 were provided by the , , , , and a new .
 Another  and her sister ship  were used by William Edward Parry on a series of voyages to the Arctic between 1819 and 1827.
 During the Battle of Veracruz in 1838, the bomb vessels Cyclope and Vulcain fired most of the shells used by the French, and scored decisive hits on Mexican ammunition depots.
  and  served as polar exploration vessels. Terror had been used by George Back in his 1836 Arctic expedition, in Sir James Clark Ross's own expedition of 1840 to the Antarctic, before they were lost on Sir John Franklin's lost expedition of 1845.

In fiction
Commodore Hornblower (published 1945), a Horatio Hornblower novel written by C. S. Forester, features several actions by British bomb vessels. The text includes a highly detailed account of the procedures used to load the mortars and aim, which involved anchoring fore-and-aft, receiving range corrections from another vessel, precisely adjusting the aim using an anchor cable attached to a windlass, and by using fine adjustments in the amount of gun powder to correct the range. However, Forester erred in describing the vessels as ketches, which by the early 19th century had been replaced by full-rigged ships, and in assigning the management of the mortars to Naval officers, rather than the Royal Marine Artillery which had been formed for this specific purpose. A later book, Hornblower in the West Indies, features a small portable "ship's mortar" mounted in a boat, used to bombard a target during a riverine operation.

In a fictionalized account, war correspondent, author, and yachtsman G. A. Henty describes in vivid detail the deployment of ten bomb-ketches by the Spanish besiegers during the final period of the siege of Gibraltar.

In The Ramage Touch by Dudley Pope (published 1979), Captain Lord Ramage and the crew of the frigate Calypso capture two bomb ketches, which they subsequently use to thwart a French invasion plan in the Mediterranean. Like the Hornblower books, The Ramage Touch describes in great detail the technical aspects of employing a bomb vessel during the Napoleonic era.

In H.M.S. Cockerell by Dewey Lambdin (published 1995), First Lieutenant Alan Lewrie is set ashore by his vindictive captain, for 'land service' during the siege of Toulon. There Admiral Goodall gives him a bomb ketch, which he commands for several weeks until it is blown out of the water and sunk by a young Colonel of artillery named Buonaparte.

See also
List of bomb vessels of the Royal Navy
 Paixhans gun

References

Further reading

External links

 Naval History of Great Britain by William James, on pbenyon (archived 21 July 2008)

Naval sailing ship types

Bomb vessel