Die Polarisierung ist nach dem Musikwissenschaftler Hansjörg Pauli eine Technik der Filmmusik: Mehrdeutige Bildinhalte werden durch eine begleitende Filmmusik eindeutig festgelegt. Zum Beispiel wird eine Filmfigur, deren Stimmung man nicht sehen kann, durch eine fröhliche Musik als fröhlich gekennzeichnet.

Die Polarisierung steht nach Pauli im Gegensatz zur Kontrapunktierung, bei der die Musik dem Bild offensichtlich widerspricht, sowie zur Paraphrasierung, bei der die Musik die Bedeutung des Bildes akustisch verdoppelt.

Pauli hat sich später von seiner ursprünglichen Theorie distanziert, dennoch ist seine Einteilung in der Literatur weit verbreitet.

Literatur
Hansjörg Pauli: Filmmusik: Ein historisch-kritischer Abriss, in: H.-Chr. Schmidt (Hrsg.): Musik in den Massenmedien Rundfunk und Fernsehen. Perspektiven und Materialien, Mainz: Schott 1976.

Filmmusiktechnik

Polarisierung (Filmmusik)


An Geodorum siamense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe ngan Dorothy Downie. An Geodorum siamense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Geodorum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Geodorum

Geodorum siamense


Un investitor este o persoană care deține capital și realizează diverse investiții în companii, acțiuni sau fonduri de investiții cu scopul de a obține profit. A nu se face diferența dintre antreprenor și investitor, aceste două persoane au activități total diferite. Investitorul caută oportunități de a-și înmulți capitalul fără ca el să muncească preferând ca investițiile să îi aducă profit.

Investitorii au apărut datorită lipsei de capital al antreprenorilor, tot mai des auzim că o companie primește investiție pentru a se putea dezvolta. Contribuția acestor persoane este vitală în societatea modernă de astăzi însă investitorul teoretic poate fi oricine, practic foarte puțini reușesc să ajungă la statutul de investitor.

Pentru a fi investitor o persoană are nevoie de suficient capital încât investițiile să îi aducă profit suficienți bani cât să se poată întreține în primul rând din aceste investiții, altfel acesta nu poate continua să investească.
Există mai multe tipuri de investitori, ordonați în primul rând după volumul de capital deținut dar și de tipul investițiilor făcute.
În societatea modernă de astăzi există persoane care trăiesc din dividende deținând acțiuni în companiile mari ale lumii, nu au nevoie să muncească și nici nu continuă să investească pentru a genera mai mulți bani însă există și acel tip de investitor care aleargă mereu după noi oportunități, caută firme care sunt în plină dezvoltare pentru a le ajuta obținând astfel un procent din acea companie urmând ca la finalul fiecărui an să primească dividende.

Un investitor are nevoie de experiență în afaceri pe lângă capital și sunt de obicei persoane foarte bine organizate. Un investitor are nevoie de viziune. El trebuie să își dea seama dacă investiția pe care o face îi va aduce profit sau nu.
Majoritatea investitorilor citesc foarte mult și nu ne referim acum la cărți ci la planuri de afaceri. Aceștia primesc foarte multe planuri de afaceri de la persoane ce nu dețin capital însă sunt interesați să demareze propriile afaceri. Voința și munca acestor oameni le aduce profit investitorilor.

Exemple:
Un tip pe nume Florin are o idee de afacere. Vrea să deschidă un magazin de haine în centrul Bucureștiului , a realizat un plan de afaceri și crede că va genera un profit anual de peste 200.000 € cu doar 50.000 € investiți. El merge la mai mulți potențiali investitori și le prezintă planul său. Unul dintre ei va accepta să investească în ideea lui în schimbul unui procent din noua companie. Florin va trebui să muncească pentru ca afacerea să meargă în timp ce investitorul va trebui decât să aducă banii pentru investiție și să își aștepte profitul.

Note

Investitor


Rachel Ruysch (født 3. Juni 1664 i Haag; død den 12. august 1750 Amsterdam) var en nederlandsk stillebenmaler fra barokperioden.

Liv og virke

Baggrunden
Rachel Ruysch blev født i Haag, og flyttede som treåring med sine forældre til Amsterdam. Hun fik sin første lektioner om botanik og malekunst, af sin far, Frederik Ruysch (født i 1638, død i 1731), en højt respekteret anatomi- og botanikprofessor i Amsterdam.

Allerede som 15-årig begyndte Ruysch at studere blomstermaleri hos Willem van Aelst.

Malerinde
Ud over de blomster malede Ruysch i denne periode også krybdyr og insekter. I 1695 blev hun gift med portrætmaleren Juriaen Pool, som hun havde ti børn med, som var usædvanligt for sin tid og stand.

Sammen med sin mand, var hun i 1701 medlem af et malerhold i Haag; hun var den første kvinde, der blev accepteret.

Fra 1708 til 1716 blev hun ansat som en hofmaler af kurfyrsten Johan Wilhelm af Pfalz-Neuburg i Düsseldorf.

Rachel Ruysch malet, indtil hun var over 80 år og skaberperioden strakt sig over mere end 65 år: det første billede, hun er malet i 1681, den sidste i 1747.

Rachel Ruyschs malerier, især blomsterbillederne, er mesterværk af sin art og har altid været højt værdsat. Selv om hun fik usædvanligt høje priser for de billeder, og efterspørgslen var stor, har Ruysch arbejdet meget længe på hvert billede, og var livet igennem trofast mod sin kunst. Hun malede ikke kun blomster og frugter på kunstfærdigt vis, men også insekter der kravler på eller sværmer omkring dem.

Mange af de billeder, der bærer hendes navn er dog malet af andre kunstnere, for man begyndte meget tidligt at fjerne Simon Verelsts signatur fra hans billeder, for at erstatte det med Rachel Ruyschs. Årsagen var, at hun opnåede langt til højre priser end Verelst.

Generationer af blomstermalere, også uden for Nederlandene, var påvirket af hendes stil. Hun er repræsenteret på en lang række europæiske museer.

Noter

Kilder
 Artikelen er oversat fra den norsksprogede Wikipedia

Litteratur
  - Kun adgang for norske IP-adresser.
 Erika Gemar-Költzsch: Holländische Stillebenmaler im 17. Jahrhundert, Lingen 1995
 Marianne Berardi: Videnskab til Kunst. Rachel Ruysch's tidlige udvikling som en stadig liv maler, Pittsburgh 1998
 Christina Haberlik; Ira Diana Mazzoni: 50 Classic – Künstlerinnen, Malerinnen, Bildhauerinnen und Photographinnen. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 2002,

 Driessen, J. (1995) Tsaar Peter de Grote en zijn Amsterdamse vrienden. I samarbejde med Amsterdams Historisch Museum.
 Kooymans, L. (2004) De Doodskunstenaar. De anatomische lessen van Frederik Ruysch, s. 327-329.
 Kloek, E. 2013, 1001 vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis. Vantilt 2013, Nijmegen, , Nummer 403
 Katlijne van der Stighelen, Mirjam Westen, Maaike Meijer, Elck zijn waerom. VROUWELIJKE KUNSTENAARS IN BELGIE EN NEDERLAND 1500-1950, Ludion, Antwerpen 1999, s. 49, 52, 61, 67, 141-143, 198, 200, 202, 208.

Eksterne links

 Rachel Ruysch, cosmopolis.ch
 Biografi, litteratur og kilder, FemBio, Institut für Frauen-Biographieforschung
 Portræt ægteparret Pool meed søn på duesseldorf.de/stadtmuseum
 Rachel Ruysch i Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon af Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis
 Rachel Ruysch i Rijksmuseum
 De doodskunstenaar. De anatomische lessen van Frederik Ruysch. af Luuc Kooijmans (2004)
 De "Kunstkamera" van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse inbreng, gereconstrueerd uit brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de jaren 1711-1752. Jozien J. Driessen-Van het Reve, (2006)
 Hoe maak je anatomische preparaten? Wim Mulder, (2009)
 De Anatomische preparaten van Frederik Ruysch, (2009) et virtuel museum af MAE, de Kunstkamera, Sant-Petersborg og Universiteit van Amsterdam

Barokmalere
Malere fra Nederlandene
Personer fra Amsterdam
Personer fra Haag

Rachel Ruysch


Leah Donde (født 1992 i København) er en dansk atlet som blandt andet har vundet tre danske holdmesterskaber og ungdoms-DM på 800 meter i 2008.

Hun har løbet for tidligere for Sparta Atletik og er i dag medlem af NBRO Running i København.

Meriter

Danmarksmesterskaber
  2007 hold,  Sparta Atletik
  2008 hold,  Sparta Atletik
  2009 hold,  Sparta Atletik
  4 x 800 meter 2010,  Sparta Atletik
  4 x 800 meter 2011,  Sparta Atletik

Ungdosmesterskaber
  2008 800 meter.

Internationelle mesterskaber
 Deltog i Europamesterskabet for hold på 800 og 3000 meter i 2008.
 Deltog i Europamesterskabet i cross for juniorer 2011.
 Deltog i det Nordiske mesterskabet i cross 2008, 2009.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Leah Dondes personlige hjemmeside
 Statletik-profil

Noter

Atleter fra Sparta Atletik
Atleter fra NBRO Running
Mellemdistanceløbere fra Danmark
Langdistanceløbere fra Danmark

Leah Donde


Daniel Haines (January 6, 1801 – January 26, 1877) was an American attorney, jurist, and politician who served as the 14th Governor of New Jersey in nonconsecutive terms in office from 1843 to 1845 and 1848 to 1851. During his first term, Haines was instrumental in calls for constitutional reform which led to the New Jersey Constitution of 1844. In both terms, he promoted educational reform and prison reform, a cause he continued to champion in retirement.

Early life
Daniel Haines was born on January 6, 1801 in New York City to Elias and Mary (nee Ogden) Haines. He was the eldest of seven children.

Elias Haines was a well-known and successful merchant in New York City, and his father Stephen Haines had been a distinguished patriot in the American Revolution. Their earliest ancestors had settled at Salem, Massachusetts in 1637 before moving to Southold, New York. The Haineses were among the first settlers of Elizabethtown, New Jersey. Mary Ogden was the daughter of Robert Ogden III and the niece of Aaron Ogden, who would serve as Governor of New Jersey in 1812 and 1813.

Daniel Haines was educated privately in New York before attending a preparatory school in Elizabethtown. He graduated from The College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1820. After graduation, Haines entered the law office of his uncle, Thomas C. Ryerson, in Newton. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his own practice in Hamburg.

Early political career
Haines began his political life as a member of the Federalist Party, but supported Andrew Jackson in the 1824 presidential election, as did most of his neighbors in Sussex County. As a leading resident of small Vernon Township, Haines secured every single vote in the township for Jackson.

Haines continued his private legal practice for fifteen more years before entering public office in 1838, when he was elected to represent Sussex County in the New Jersey Legislative Council by a large majority. Upon his inauguration, he immediately became involved in the Broad Seal War, a bitter partisan controversy over the 1838 elections to the United States Congress. When the House of Representatives seated the Democratic ticket over the Whig claimants, Whig legislators from Morris and Essex counties introduced resolutions denouncing the action; Haines led the Democratic caucus in the ensuing debate. Though the resolutions passed, Haines's leadership role elevated his status within his party and the state.

Governor of New Jersey

1843 election
In 1843, the Democratic Party won control of the Legislative Council. At the time, the Governor of New Jersey was the presiding officer of the Council and elected by its members; the Governor jointly served as Chancellor. On October 27, 1843, Haines was nominated as the Democratic candidate in a meeting of the legislative caucus, ensuring his election.

First term (184345)
During his first term as Governor, Haines led efforts for constitutional reform consistent with a belated transition to Jacksonian democracy. In his own words, Haines argued that the state constitution had "provisions which are at least inexpedient if not wholly incompatible with the spirit of the present age." Two of his chief concerns were dividing the offices of Governor and Chancellor and the election of the Governor by popular vote, rather than legislative majority. To smooth partisan concerns over reform, Haines called for a bipartisan convention on the argument that the constitution was "a measure which is too momentous to be made the subject of party difference." The new Constitution was ratified in 1844.

In addition to constitutional reform, Haines placed emphasis on educational and military policy. He called on the legislature to revise the common school law, under which local authorities avoided their delegated responsibility to visit and examine their schools and report to the state. Haines suggested that the Council and State Assembly "inquire into the expediency of appointing a general superintendent," and the office was introduced in 1844.

In his second annual message, Haines turned his focus to the state militia, which he announced "seems to have fallen in great disrepute" after insufficient record-keeping led to an annual loss of federal military supplies. Haines additionally complained that troops were poorly disciplined, and that "the ordinary militia musters... are generally admitted to retard rather than to promoted improvement; and to be a tax upon the time and service of the citizen without any corresponding benefit."

Haines peremptorily declined to be nominated for Governor in the 1844 election, the first under the new Constitution he had championed. It was won narrowly by Charles C. Stratton, a Whig; Haines left office on January 21, 1845.

1847 election
On September 22, 1847, the Democratic state convention nominated Haines for governor on the first ballot.

In the November election, he defeated William Wright, a former mayor of Newark and U.S. Representative, despite the fact that the Whigs won the legislative elections. He was sworn into office for a three year term.

Second term (18481851)
In his second term, Haines continued his crusade for educational reform. He called on the legislature to make education its main priority, as "not many more than one half of the children in the state receive instruction in the schools [and]... a very large proportion must be growing up in ignorance." To improve the quality of public education, Haines called for a state normal school to educate teachers, the introduction of free public education, and an increase in revenues apportioned to state and local schools.

Haines also took an interest in prison reform during his second term in office. He claimed that the prisons were "schools for vice, whose youngest pupils may become the ripest scholars and most finished rogues." He decried the common housing of "the hardened villain and the juvenile delinquent" in the same cells and called for the establishment of workshops in county prisons, separation of older and younger prisoners, and the construction of a reform school for juveniles.

New Jersey Supreme Court
After his second term ended in 1851, Haines returned to the private practice of law in Hamburg for one year, taking on prominent cases of national importance. In one case involving Charles Goodyear's right to vulcanize Indian rubber, his co-counsel was Daniel Webster.

In 1852, Governor George Franklin Fort appointed Haines to a seven-year term on the New Jersey Supreme Court. He was sworn in after Senate confirmation in November. He was reappointed in 1859 by William A. Newell and retired from the bench in 1866.

As a jurist responsible for the Newark circuit, Haines won the praise of fellow justice Lucius Elmer, who said "few judges were ever freer from the influence of passion or prejudice."

Later political activities
During and after his judicial service, Haines remained an active member of the Democratic Party.

In 1860, Haines supported Stephen A. Douglas for President over Abraham Lincoln, whose election he feared "might precipitate war." He continued to oppose calls for war until the Battle of Fort Sumter, when he became an active supporter of the Union cause and assisted in efforts to raise troops. He supported George B. McClellan against Lincoln in 1864, feeling that "the measures of the administration tend to protract the war." After leaving the bench, Haines supported Horatio Seymour in 1868 because he was "steadily opposed to most of the measures of reconstruction adopted by the Republican Party."

After leaving the bench, Haines remained an activist for prison reform until his death. In 1868, the legislature appointed Haines to lead a study on prison systems in New Jersey and other states. In 1870, Governor Theodore F. Randolph appointed him a delegate to the National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline, which in turn named him to a committee to organize a national reform association and serve as a delegate to the International Convention of Prison Discipline and Reform in London in 1872. In 1872, he also served as vice president of the National Prison Association.

Personal life and death
Haines married his first wife, Ann Maria Austin of Warwick, New York on June 28, 1827. They had three daughters and two sons. Their son, Thomas Ryerson Haines, died at the Battle of Harrisonburg during the Civil War. Anna Maria died on December 8, 1844.

Haines remarried to Mary Townsend of Newark on July 6, 1865.

Haines was a ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church, President of the Sussex County Bible Society, and a member of the committee to reunify the Church after the Civil War.

Haines died at his home in Hamburg, New Jersey on January 26, 1877 and was buried at North Hardyston Cemetery in Hardyston Township, New Jersey.

See also
List of governors of New Jersey

References

Further reading
 (Ph.D. dissertation)

External links
New Jersey Governor Daniel Haines, National Governors Association
Political Graveyard information for Daniel Haines

1801 births
1877 deaths
Democratic Party governors of New Jersey
Members of the New Jersey Legislative Council
Justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Sussex County, New Jersey
People from Hamburg, New Jersey
People from Vernon Township, New Jersey
Princeton University alumni
American Presbyterians
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges

Daniel Haines


Kokainli Roman (Rusça: Роман с кокаином), ilk olarak 1934 yılında Paris'te bulunan Numbers adlı dergide yayımlanmış daha sonra ise kitaplaştırıldı. Hikâyenin yazarının Mihail Ageyev ismini kullanan Mark Abramoviç Levi olduğu sanılmaktadır.

Konusu ve eleştiriler
Rus Edebiyatı uzmanları, Kokainli Romanı'nın, kokaine çok düşkün genç bir adamın hayatını açık sözlü biçimde betimleyen, Dostoyevski'nin psikolojik romanları tarafından etkilenmiş hikâye olduğunu düşünmektedirler. Bu öykü, anlatıcı Vladim'in, kokaine düşmekten önce, okul ve aşk yaşantılarında nasıl geliştiğini betimliyor.

Vladimir Nabokov'a göre Kokain Romanı, çöken günümüzün iğrenç ürünüdür. Her şeye rağmen hikâye, 1983 yılında Fransızcaya çevirilerek yayımlanıp birçok kişinin övgüsünü almıştır. İngilizce çevirisi (Michael Henry Heim tarafından) 1984 yılında yayımlandı. 1988'de ise Almanca'ya çevrildi (Daniel Dubbe tarafından).

Fransız basını bu kitaba övgüler yağdırmıştır: Le Figaro, L' Express ve Les Nouvelles Litteraires'da övgü dolu yazılar çıkmıştır.

Yazarı belli değil
Kitabın kim tarafından yazıldığı bilinmemektedir. Kitabı Fransızcaya çeviren Rus asıllı Fransız Lydia Chweitzer'e göre bu eser Nabokov tarafından kaleme alınmıştı. Bu tezi yine Rus asıllı bir Fransız olan ve Slav ırkıyla ilgilenen Prof. Nikita Struve'de desteklemekteydi. Nabokov'un eşi Vera Nabokov ise bu kitabı kocasının yazmadığını belirtmişti. Bu açıklamadan sonra gizemi giderek artan merakı Lidya Çervinskaya adlı bir Rus körüklemişti.

Çervinskaya 1907 yılında Kiev'de doğmuş, 1919 yılında ise ailesi ile birlikte İstanbul'a göç etmişti. Yaşı 19'a geldiğinde ise Paris'e gitmişti. Her yıl ailesini İstanbul'da ziyaret eden Çervinskaya göçmen dergisi olan Numbers'in editörünün yardımı ile bu gizemli yazarı ortaya çıkarmak istiyordu. Yazar, yazılarını dergiye İstanbul'dan gönderiyordu. Çervinskaya İstanbul'a gelerek kendisine verilen adrese gitti. Burası o dönemler bir Musevi mahallesi olan Galata'daki Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Hastanesi'ydi. Burada Mark Levi'yi bulan Çervinskaya onun bu hastanede olma sebebini ellerindeki titremelere ve halüsinasyonlara bağlamıştı. Mark Levi savaşa katılmış ve çıkan bir çatışmadan sonra yaralanmış ve devamında elleri sürekli titremeye başlamıştı. İstanbul'da birbirlerine aşık olan ikilinin ilişkileri Mark Levi'nin Berlin'e kaçması ile son buldu. Mark Levi bir iz bırakmadan Berlin'e gitmiş ve 1933 yılında Hitler'in iktidara gelmesiyle tekrar İstanbul'a dönmüştü. Çervinskaya'nın başından geçenler gerçekten doğru muydu belli değil ancak kitabı Fransızca'ya çeviren Lydia Chweitzer İstanbul'a giderek bu konuda bilgi edinmek için araştırma yapmıştı.

Chweitzer, İstanbul'daki Türkiye Yahudi cemaat'in hahambaşısından edindiği bilgiye göre 12 Şubat 1936'da Mark Abramoviç Levi adında birinin hastanede hayatını kaybettiğini ve Kimsesiz Yahudi Mezarlığı'na defnedildiğini öğrendi.

Bir başka kaynağa göre ise M.Ageyev İstanbul'dan Erivan'a göç etmiş ve hayatının sonuna kadar (5 Ağustos 1973)
burada yaşamıştı.

Günümüzde, William S. Burroughs'un, uyuşturucu ölçüsüzlüğünü anlatmak için bu eser tarafından etkilendiği kabul ediliyor.

Kaynakça
 Yeniden keşfedilen şaheser hakkındaki bilmeceler başlıklı "Der Spiegel" dergisinin konu hakkındaki makalesi (Almanca)
 İngilizce Wikipedia'nın 2 Mayıs 2008 tarihli sürümü

Dış bağlantılar
 Роман с кокаином (Rusça)
 Kitap ile ilgili makale (İngilizce)

Rus romanları
Psikolojik romanlar
Rus edebiyatı
Rusça romanlar
Kapak resmi aranan kitaplar
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kitaplar

Kokainli Roman


El Congreso Mundial Uigur (World Uyghur Congress, WUC) (uigur: ; transcripción: ;  es una organización internacional que representa a los grupos exiliados uigures que dicen representar los intereses del pueblo uigur dentro y fuera de la Región Autónoma de Xinjiang en la República Popular de China.

El Congreso Mundial Uigir se declaró a sí mismo como movimiento de oposición pacífico contra la ocupación china del Turkestán Oriental y contra el totalitarismo, la intolerancia religiosa y el terrorismo como instrumento político.

El Congreso Uigur fue creado en abril de 2004 en Munich, Alemania, por una serie de grupos exiliados uigures que incluyen la Asociación Americana Uigur y el Congreso Nacional de Turkestán Oriental. Desde 2006, el Congreso está presidido por Rebiya Kadeer, una prominente mujer de negocios y activista política que vive exiliada en Estados Unidos después de haber estado seis años en prisión en China acusada de filtrar secretos de estado.

El gobierno chino considera a la WUC como una organización terrorista que pretende la separación de su región de China.

La región autónoma de Turkestán Oriental tiene una población aproximada de 19.250.000 habitantes (censo de 2000) y una extensión de 1,6 millones de km². Se encuentra en la zona más occidental de China y ocupa un cuarto de su territorio en la frontera con Rusia, Kazajistán, Kirguistán y Tayikistán, al oeste; Afganistán, al sudoeste; Pakistán, India y Tíbet, al sur, y Mongolia, en el nordeste.

No se conocen con exactitud a qué etnias y cuántos son los habitantes de la región, pero se considera que los uigures son en torno a 9 millones, seguidos de al menos catorce grupos diferentes entre los que predominan los 7 millones de chinos.

El Congreso Mundial Uigur forma parte de la Organización de Naciones y Pueblos No Representados desde el 11 de febrero de 1991 como socio fundador.

Referencias
 Traducción de la wiki en inglés
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120605235106/http://www.uyghurcongress.org/es/ (página oficial en español)
 http://www.unpo.org/members/7872

Organización de Naciones y Pueblos No Representados
Movimientos de liberación nacional

Congreso Mundial Uigur


Clonmel () is the county town and largest settlement of County Tipperary, Ireland. The town is noted in Irish history for its resistance to the Cromwellian army which sacked the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. With the exception of the townland of Suir Island, most of the borough is situated in the civil parish of "St Mary's" which is part of the ancient barony of Iffa and Offa East.

Population
The 2016 census used a new boundary created by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) to define the town of Clonmel and environs, resulting in a population figure of 17,140. The latest National Census (3 April 2022) determined that Clonmel had a population of 18,369, the 27th largest urban area in Ireland.

Etymology

The name Clonmel is derived from the anglicisation of the Irish name Cluain Meala meaning "honey meadow" or "honey valley." It is not clearly known when it got this name; many suppose that it came from the fertility of the soil and the richness of the country in which it is situated.

History

Town walls

Clonmel grew significantly in medieval times, and many reminders of this period can be found in the town. A small section of the town walls remains in place near Old St. Mary's Church. This building is one of the main architectural features of the town. It was originally built in the 14th century or earlier but has been reconstructed or renovated on numerous occasions. The church was fortified early in its history, the town being strategically important, initially for the Earls of Ormonde, and later the Earl of Kildare. Some fortified parts of the church were destroyed or damaged during the Cromwellian occupation. One of the former entry points into the town is now the site of the 'West Gate, a 19th-century reconstruction of an older structure. There were originally three gates in the walled town, North, East and West – with the South being protected by the river Suir and the Comeragh Mountains. The West Gate is now an open arched entrance onto O'Connell Street, the main street of the town.

Corporation regalia
Under a charter granted by James I of England, Clonmel became a Free Borough on 5 July 1608, and the Mayor and officers of the town were granted the power to "name, elect and constitute one Swordbearer and three Sergeants-at-Mace". The present sword and two silver maces date only from Cromwellian times. The sword, of Toledo manufacture, was donated by Sir Thomas Stanley in 1656 and displays the Arms and motto of the town. The larger mace is stamped 1663.

Cromwellian period

Oliver Cromwell laid siege to Clonmel in May 1650. The walls were eventually breached, but Hugh Dubh O'Neill, the commander of the town's garrison, inflicted heavy losses on the New Model Army when they tried to storm the breach. That night, O'Neill, deciding that further resistance was hopeless due to a lack of ammunition, led his soldiers and camp followers out of the town under cover of darkness. The story is told that Cromwell became suspicious of O'Neill's desperate situation when a silver bullet was discharged by the townspeople at his troops outside the walls. The following morning, 18 May 1650, mayor John White was able to surrender the town on good terms as Cromwell was still unaware of the garrison's escape just hours before. Although feeling deceived, Cromwell did not put the inhabitants 'to the sword' as occurred elsewhere.

After being denounced by three men who desired the £5 bounty and arrested at Fethard while vested for Mass on Holy Saturday, 25 March, 1654, Augustinian Friar William Tirry was taken to Clonmel Gaol (on the future site of the Clonmel Borstal) and held there pending trial. On 26 April, he was tried by a jury and Commonwealth judges, including Colonel Solomon Richards, for violating the Proclamation of 6 January 1653, which defined it as high treason for priests to remain in Ireland. In his own defense, Fr. Tirry replied that while he viewed the Commonwealth as the lawful Government, he had no choice but to disobey its laws, as the Pope had ordered him to remain in Ireland. Fr. Tirry was according found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging, which was carried out in Clonmel on 2 May 1654.

An account told by Franciscan Friar Matthew Fogarty, who had been tried with Friar William Tirry, supplies further details: "William, wearing his Augustinian habit, was led to the gallows praying the rosary. He blessed the crowd which had gathered, pardoned his betrayers and affirmed his faith. It was a moving moment for Catholics and Protestants alike."

Despite the efforts of a Puritan minister to silence him, Fr. Tirry told the assembled crowd, "there is only one true Church, whose head is the pope: Pope and Church are to be obeyed. He publicly forgave the three men who had betrayed him, and... stated explicitly that he had been offered life and favour, it would renounce his religion." Fr. Tirry was then hanged, after which he was buried, with some ceremony, in the ruins of the Augustinian friary in nearby Fethard. The evidence is that he was buried in the grounds, rather than inside the ruins of the church, but it has not yet been possible to locate his grave. Fr. William Tirry was beatified by Pope John Paul II along with 16 other Irish Catholic Martyrs on 27 September 1993. The Augustinian order celebrates his feast day on 12 May.

18th century
During the second half of the 18th century, the famous Sean nos song Príosún Chluain Meala was composed inside Clonmel Gaol by one O'Donnell, a member of the Whiteboys originally from Iveragh, County Kerry, who was being held awaiting execution by hanging upon the following Friday. According to Donal O'Sullivan, O'Donnell had two companions awaiting the rope with him and that their heads were posthumously severed from the their bodies and displayed spiked upon the prison gates. "The Gaol of Cluain Meala", a highly popular and often sung English translation of the lyrics, was made by County Cork poet Jeremiah Joseph Callanan (1795–1829).

19th century
A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of Kickham Barracks in 1805.

Following the failed attempt at rebellion near Ballingarry in 1848, the captured leaders of the Young Irelanders were brought to Clonmel for trial. The event was followed with great interest internationally and for its duration brought journalists from around the country and Britain to Clonmel Courthouse. Standing in the dock in the image opposite is Thomas Francis Meagher, Terence MacManus and Patrick O'Donoghue. Their co-defendant, William Smith O'Brien was also sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered, the last occasions such a sentence was handed down in Ireland. When delivering the guilty verdict, the foreman of the Grand Jury, R.M. Southcote Mansergh, great-grandfather of the academic Nicholas Mansergh stated:
We earnestly recommend the prisoner to the merciful consideration of the Government, being unanimously of opinion that for many reasons his life should be spared.
The sentences of O'Brien and other members of the Irish Confederation were eventually commuted to transportation for life to Van Diemen's Land. A conspiracy to rescue the prisoners on 8 November led by John O'Leary and Philip Gray was betrayed and resulted in the arrest at 'The Wilderness' of seventeen armed rebels led by Gray.

20th century
Clonmel was the location of the foundation of the Labour Party in 1912 by James Connolly, James Larkin and William O'Brien as the political wing of the Irish Trades Union Congress.

21st century
In November 2015 the town was the location of Ireland's first marriage between two men.

Administration and politics

The Clonmel was one of ten boroughs retained by the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840. The borough corporation elected 12 councillors. The first mayor of Clonmel Borough in 1843 was John Hackett. Clonmel Town Hall was opened in 1882.

Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, the area became an urban district, while its body retained the style of a borough corporation. The borough corporation became a borough council in 2002. On 1 June 2014, the borough council was dissolved and administration of the town was amalgamated into Tipperary County Council. Pat English was the last Mayor of Clonmel Borough Council.

Clonmel retains the right to be described as a borough. The chair of the borough district uses the title of mayor, rather than Cathaoirleach.

As of the 2019 Tipperary County Council election, the local electoral area of Clonmel elects 6 councillors.

National
Clonmel belongs to the Dáil constituency of Tipperary which elects five TDs to Dáil Éireann (the Irish Parliament).

Senator Garret Ahearn is a former mayor of Clonmel borough district. He was a candidate in Tipperary at the 2020 Irish general election.

Geography
The town is built in the valley of the River Suir. It divides the town which is mainly located on the north bank. To the south, the town is surrounded by the Comeragh Mountains and Slievenamon to the northeast. To the north, east and west is some of Ireland's richest farmland, known as the Golden Vale. The town covers a land area of approximately 11.59 km2.

Climate

Flood defences
The River Suir floods the local area after very heavy rainfalls in the up-river catchment area of 2,173 km2. The Office of Public Works (OPW) completed and installed a Flood Forecasting System which has been used since 2007. The flood of 2015 had a flow of 390m3/s, 2004 had a flow of 354m3/s with the flood of 2000 having a flow of 353m3/s. The 2015 flood was the worst since that of 1946, which had seen a flow of 479m3/s. Phase 1 of the Clonmel Flood Defence (planned to cope with a 100-year flood) started in 2007. It was scheduled to be completed by late 2009. Phases two and three were completed by 2012. Property omitted from Phase 1 along the Convent Road were protected in 2014 and the access to the river for the workmen's boat club was also raised.
Flooding of October 2014 was less than a 1–5 flood with a flow of 300m3/s. As part of a media exercise by the OPW the barriers were all put up.

The flood defence consists of demountable barriers, walls and earth banks. Flooding occurred at the Gashouse Bridge, Coleville Road, Davis Road, the Quays and the Old Bridge area before the flood defences. Clonmel is not tidal as the tide turns above the Miloko chocolate crumb factory in Carrick-on-Suir. Floodwaters spill onto the land above Miloko on the County Waterford side of the river.

Economy

Retail
Clonmel's main shopping streets are Gladstone Street and O'Connell Street which are home to many national and international retailers such as Elverys Sports, Penneys, River Island, Easons and Lifestyle Sports to name a few. More local retailers can be found along the streets branching off from those streets.

The Showgrounds Shopping Centre built during the Celtic Tiger can be found only 1 km from the town centre. This modern shopping centre built on the towns original showground, houses retailers such as M&S, TKMaxx, Argos and Golden Discs.

The Poppyfield Retail Park is located on the outskirts of the town. It has many stores such as DID Electrical, Supervalu, Maxi Zoo, Woodie's and World of Wonder. The retail park has food vendors being KFC, Costa Coffee, the Red Herring and Esquires Coffee. There is also a hotel on the site.

Industry

Clonmel has become home to many large multi-national companies, particularly in the medical area. The two biggest medical companies in the town are Abbott and Boston Scientific, both of which manufacture implantable devices. Two other multi-national pharmaceutical companies are Merck & Co. and Pinewood Healthcare which can be found less than twenty minutes away.

The town produces many beverages both alcoholic and non-alcoholic. Bulmers cider, also known as Magners outside Ireland, was founded in the town and is still brewed in a new complex  east of the town with orchards surrounding it. The original brewery in the town is set to become a new visitor attraction. Glenpatrick Spring Water bottles still, carbonated and flavoured water from the limestone rocks beneath Slievenamon for many big supermarket chains in Ireland and the UK such as Tesco and M&S.

Clonmel is home to international engineering and construction groups such as Kentz and Sepam which were both founded in the town. Sepam has helped in the construction of huge infrastructure projects around the world such as the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London, Disneyland Shanghai and some of the terminals at Heathrow Airport to name a few.

Media

Radio
Tipp FM is a local radio station for the county of Tipperary. It has its main office in Clonmel. In 2019, Tippfm had over 69,000 listeners tuning in every week, increasing its market share to 35% . It broadcasts on FM, on 95.3, 97.1, 103.3 and 103.9. The Clonmel transmitter broadcasts on 97.1 MHz.

Print
Clonmel is home to three newspapers: two broadsheets and one tabloid free sheet.
The Nationalist, founded in 1890, is a Clonmel-based broadsheet newspaper that appears weekly, covering both Clonmel town and South Tipperary. It has a circulation of 14,375. It was formed to represent the views of the nationalist community in Tipperary, which led to the first editor being jailed under the Coercion Act on charges that he had intimidated a cattle dealer for taking a farm from which tenants had been evicted. It is now run by Johnston Press.

Also owned by Johnston Press is South Tipp Today, a free tabloid newspaper with a circulation of 20,500 founded in 1995. It is delivered door-to-door in some areas, and available in local shops across South Tipperary. It is popular, fondly referred to as the 'small paper' by its readers, and covers news, entertainment, local notes and lifestyle.

The Sporting Press is published and printed in Clonmel, it covers news related to the greyhound community in Ireland. It has a circulation of 7,500.

The short-lived Premier People was launched in Clonmel in October 2010. It was a weekly (tabloid) freesheet with a focus on news, local notes and sports and was published on Tuesday evenings. It was delivered door-to-door in Clonmel and to all shops in South Tipperary. It was founded by Ann Commins, who co-founded South Tipp Today. Premier People ceased publishing in 2011.

The Tipperary Free Press was established in 1826 by the future first catholic Lord Mayor of Clonmel, John Hackett, following a meeting of the Clonmel Corporation.  It was proposed that a Liberal and Independent newspaper should be in circulation in the district and Councillor Hackett, having been a printer and bookbinder in the town for some years, stepped forward to take on the task.   The successful newspaper with a circulation of 45,650 in 1829 was an influential and popular voice in supporting liberal causes, yet it was labelled as radical. Its primary intention was to be 'The voice of the common people''' and played a highly prominent role in the quest for Catholic Emancipation as advocated by Daniel O'Connell.  Hackett was sued for libel on multiple occasions for his caricatures of political rivals.  Printed on O'Connell Street bi-weekly, it circulated in counties Tipperary, Waterford, Kilkenny, Cork and Limerick.  In its later years, it assumed a Catholic-Whig political leaning.  Printing ceased when it was acquired by the Tipperary Independent (1882–1906) in 1883.

 Culture

 Museums and Galleries

The Tipperary Museum of Hidden History  tells the history of County Tipperary from the Stone Age to the present. It is also host to many special exhibitions each year. It is the first custom-built county museum in Ireland.

The Main Guard was a civic building until 1810 when it was converted to shops. During a recent restoration, some of its sandstone columns were found to have been 'reclaimed' from the Medieval ruins of the Cistercian Inislounaght Abbey at Marlfield. It has been used in the past as a Tholsel or office to collect tolls, duties and customs dues, a place for civic gatherings and as a court. It now houses an exhibition showing the historic development of Clonmel, including a model of the town as it appeared in the 13th century.

The South Tipperary Arts Centre opened in 1996. The Arts Centre hosts around 12 exhibitions per year and a variety of art classes for adults and children. As well as presenting a range of visual arts exhibitions in the main gallery space, the centre also host events such as music, performance, poetry readings and dance. The centre has a spacious upstairs studio which is used for short term exhibitions & screenings, as well as for a variety of classes and workshops. It is also a rehearsal space for theatre, dance, music, and is available for meetings and seminars.

 Theatre and cinema
The White Memorial Theatre building is a former Wesleyan/Methodist Chapel and was designed and built by local architect William Tinsley in 1843. The building was purchased in 1975 by St. Mary's Choral Society  and named after Society founder Professor James A White, Frank Patterson's first music mentor. The society put on an average of 2 shows a year in the building. The building also hosts shows by the Stage Craft Youth Theatre group and special event during the year.

Clonmel has a vibrant youth arts sector. Stagecraft Youth Theatre was founded in 1998 by current Artistic Director Shane Dempsey. Stagecraft provides training for young actors in all aspects of theatre practice. Stagecraft is renowned for producing vibrant work in a fun, child-centred environment. Stagecraft is one of Ireland's largest youth theatre's and is affiliated with NAYD. They have recently staged works by Alex Jones, Enda Walsh, Hannah Burke, Jack Thorne and Moira Buffini.

In 2011 Shane Dempsey founded The Hub, a 45-seat studio theatre in Albert Street. The Hub is home to Stagecraft.

The IMC, with five screens and located on Kickham Street, is the town's only remaining cinema. Several other cinemas formerly operated in the town including the Ritz, which opened in 1940 and was located on the site of the present Credit Union. The first cinema in the town opened in January 1913 as the Clonmel Cinema Theatre, soon to be renamed the Clonmel Electric Picture Palace. It was located at the rear of No. 35 Gladstone Street. It was soon followed by John Magner's Theatre at the Mall, which burned to the ground in 1919, to be re-built in 1921 with an increased capacity of over a thousand seats. It was eventually named the Regal Theatre and remodelled as an 850-seat theatre, which finally closed in 2001. It was in the Regal Theatre where the tenor Frank Patterson made his stage debut. The Oisin, in O'Connell Street, was of a similar scale and was also built in 1921. It was on the site of the present-day Heatons but burned to the ground in 1965. The last film to be shown there was A Patch of Blue.

 Festivals

For nine days from the first weekend of July, the town hosts the annual Clonmel Junction Festival. It consists of a mix of street theatre, rock, traditional and world music. Several international acts visit the festival each year. In the last few years, young local bands have also had an opportunity to showcase their talents. Children from local schools and community groups are encouraged to participate with support from local artists.

Finding a Voice is a festival that is held around International Women's Day, 8 March. It presents performances of music by female composers.

Clonmel is home to the International Film Festival Ireland, which focuses on independent films. Its inaugural event was during September 2009 and ran for five days. It has become an annual event, occurring every September. The 2010 event expanded to include a Youth Film Festival, that showcased locally made short films.

The Clonmel Busking festival runs for four days every August. It provides free music events during the day in Clonmel town centre, while at night a number of concerts take place in various venues throughout the town.

 Music
Banna Chluain Meala (literally translating as 'Clonmel band') was founded in 1971. Originally a brass band, Banna Chluain Meala later developed as a brass and reed band, which included a concert, marching and field show performances.  The band also has a colour guard section which enhances marching and field show performances. The total complement of the band has ranged from 100 to 150 members throughout the years.  The band has travelled widely abroad to the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Chicago in the United States of America and represented Ireland at an International Festival in Cheb in the Czech Republic in 2004 to celebrate the new entrants to the European Union.

Banna Chluain Meala is one of Ireland's most honoured bands. They hold concert band championship titles on national and international levels.  As a marching band, they have had unparalleled success nationally, being crowned IMBA Irish champions in the highest division on twelve occasions (1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2015).  They have also had success abroad, including as Open Class champions at the British Youth Band Championships at Wembley in 1994.

Clonmel has hosted the Irish traditional music festival, the Fleadh Cheoil, on five occasions from 1992 to 1994 inclusive, and again in 2003 and 2004.

One of the better-known songs concerning Clonmel is "The Gaol of Cluain Meala," a translation from the turn of the 19th century by a Cork man, Jeremiah Joseph Callanan, of the traditional Irish-language song "Príosún Chluain Meala". It was revived by the celebrated balladeer Luke Kelly in the 1960s. The narrator in the Irish republican song "Galtee Mountain Boy" farewells Clonmel in the song. The song was written by Patsy Halloran from Clonmel.

Music venues in Clonmel include The Piper Inn, famous for hosting a show by Irish rock band Thin Lizzy.

Clonmel in literatureVertue rewarded, or The Irish princess (1693), one of the earliest romance novels written in the English language, tells the story of "Merinda" from High Street, Clonmel and a Williamite officer stationed in the town during the Jacobite war.

Raymond Chandler's 1939 novel The Big Sleep features Rusty Regan as a main character: "A big curly-headed Irishman from Clonmel, with sad eyes and a smile as wide as Wilshire Boulevard."

Charles Kickham's 1873 novel Knocknagow had two main characters modelled on Clonmel locals.  These were his cousins, Dr T.J. Crean Sr. as "Arthur O'Conner" and his wife Clara Crean (née Kickham) as "Mary Kearney", who both lived on Queen Street at the time.

John Flanagan's 2009 novel The Kings of Clonmel uses Clonmel as a fictional kingdom.  It is the eighth book in the Ranger's Apprentice series.

 Sport

 Association Football
Clonmel is home to Clonmel Celtic, Old Bridge, Wilderness Rovers, Redmondstown and Clonmel Town who play in the TSDL League.

Athletics
Clonmel is home to Clonmel Athletic Club.

 Rugby
Clonmel Rugby Club plays in the All Ireland League, Division 2C. The rugby club was founded in 1892. In 1990 the club opened their new club House coinciding with the first-ever Soviet Union rugby team visit to Ireland. In their centenary year, 1992, they hosted London Irish RFC against Shannon RFC in a memorable game played at the club grounds. Clonmel won the Munster Junior Cup for the first time in its 122-year history in 2014 and followed that up with a Munster Junior League (Division 1) title and the Munster Junior Challenge Cup in the 2015 season.

 Cricket
Clonmel's cricket club plays teams in the Munster Cricket Union Senior 2 and Senior 3 leagues. The cricket club currently fields 1 adult team and 2 youth teams. All play their home games in the Presentation Convent Field.

 Horse Racing and Coursing
Clonmel is noted in greyhound circles for being the home of the annual National Hare Coursing meeting in early February at Clonmel Racecourse located in the Powerstown area of the town. Also Included in this event is the Ladies' International Open Meeting and the coursing derby. At this time each year, Clonmel's population is swollen by a large influx of sportspeople from Ireland, the UK, and from as far afield as Australia, New Zealand, the United States and the Middle East.

 Rowing and boat building
Clonmel has two clubs associated with recreational activity on the river Suir, both of which are based in Irishtown.

Clonmel Rowing Club (CRC)
Clonmel Rowing Club (CRC), was founded in 1869 and is one of the oldest sporting clubs in the town. It is located on Moor's Island, on the Suir, about 500 meters west of the town centre. The club colours are Royal Blue and White. Sporting success in the early 1900s culminated in the winning of the Senior Men's 'eight' championships in 1920. The club is affectionately known locally as "The Island". In winter, training takes place on a 4-mile stretch of the river to the west of the town, from the clubhouse to Knocklofty bridge. In the summer months this stretch is reduced to 2 miles as far as Sandybanks, near Marlfield village.

Flooding has become a perennial problem, especially noticeable in recent years. The flow becomes so fast that rowing in January is not possible on this part of the Suir. Within a 25-mile radius there are two locations where the club can still train satisfactorily, Cappoquin and Fiddown.

CRC has a newly constructed, purpose-built boathouse since 1979, with boat storage on the ground floor. Upstairs are two squash courts, a function hall and dressing rooms. Currently, one squash court is being used as the gym.

Recently, Clonmel has seen a resurgence with the success of Daire Lynch winning the men's senior single sculls and making international representation.

 Workmen's Boat Club
The Workmen's Boat Club was established in 1883. The property was leased from the Bagwell estate until 1999 when it was finally purchased by the club. One of the major undertakings of the club in recent years has been the restoration of the historic racing craft Cruiskeen, which was built in the 1840s by GAA founder member Maurice Davin. The project, outsourced to 'Conservation | Letterfrack', took several years of meticulous cleaning, treatment and repair and the 38 ft./11.6m timber boat is now on permanent display in the County Museum, Clonmel.

 GAA Clubs
Clonmel is home to several Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) clubs. Clonmel Óg the most recently established GAA club in the town was set up in 1984 and it competes in the senior division only 31 years after being formed. Moyle Rovers GAA club is just outside the town and has been a dominant force in recent decades.

Gaelic football club Clonmel Commercials, the 2016 Munster Football Club champions, are based in the town, on the Western Road. They reached the semi-finals of the 2015–16 All Ireland Football Club championships, losing out to Ballyboden St. Endas, who would go on to win the championship. Sister hurling club, St. Mary's, are also located on Western Road.

Education

Primary schools

 Gaelscoil Chluain Meala has around 200 students. Located at Irishtown and originally the Free School, the building was designed by two pupils of the renowned architect John Nash. It was for a number of years the offices of South Tipperary County Council.
 St Mary's Parochial School, Clonmel, also known as the Model School, traces its roots to the Incorporated Society School of 1832. It is located on the Western Road. (Church of Ireland)
St Oliver's national school was founded in 1982. It is situated at Heywood Road.
 St.Mary's CBS is located in Irishtown directly beside the Gaelscoil.
 St.Peter and Paul's CBS.
 Sisters of Charity Girls School.
 Presentation Primary School.

Secondary schools
 Presentation Convent, for girls, (Roman Catholic)
 Loreto Convent, for girls, (Roman Catholic)
 CBS High School, for boys, (Roman Catholic)
 Gaelcholáiste Chéitinn, co-educational. Part of the Clonmel Central Technical Institute. Established in 2004, the school teaches through the medium of Irish. It was established as an autonomous school within the Vocational Education Committee system in response to a demand for second-level education through the medium of Irish.
 Coláiste Chluain Meala, co-educational. Formerly known as The Clonmel Central Technical Institute Secondary School which traces its history back to 1842. Under the control of the local Education and Training Board.
 CTI Senior College, co-educational. Part of the Clonmel Central Technical Institute and under the control of the local Education and Training Board. There is an official website listing PLC courses.

Third level

Clonmel is home to one third-level college, LIT. It will merge with Athlone IT to become an as-yet-untitled technological university (TU), in 2021/22. The Clonmel Campus of LIT offers courses in Business, Creative Multimedia, Digital Animation Production and Marketing with Languages. The Creative Multimedia & Digital Animation Production degrees are operated under the LIT Limerick School of Art and Design. The LIT Clonmel campus is located along the Clonmel Inner Relief Road, but it is proposed that it will move to a new location within the town centre in the future.

Training
Clonmel Youth Training Entreprises Limited was established in 1984 by voluntary and business people, who saw the need to tackle the growing issue of unemployment and the related consequences of early school leavers in Clonmel.

Transport

Roads
Clonmel is located on the N24, the national primary roadway that links the cities of Limerick and Waterford. The N24 westbound connects Clonmel to junction 10 of the Cork to Dublin M8 motorway, while eastbound it links the town with Kilkenny via the N76.

Charles Bianconi, onetime mayor of the town, ran his pioneering public transport system of horse-drawn carriages from Clonmel.

Rail
Clonmel railway station opened on 1 May 1852. Today there are two trains daily to Waterford via Carrick on Suir, and two to Limerick Junction via Cahir and Tipperary which has main-line connections to Dublin. There is no Sunday service.

Waterways
The River Suir had been made navigable to Clonmel from 1760 when completion of the River Suir Navigation in the 19th century allowed large vessels to reach the town's quays.

People associated with Clonmel

 Anne Anderson (born 1952), was Ireland's first female Ambassador to the United States of America, United Nations, France, Monaco and European Union, born in Clonmel.
 Bonaventura Baron (1610–1696), a distinguished Franciscan humanist, philosopher and writer was born in Clonmel.
 Charles Bianconi (1786–1875), one-time mayor of Clonmel, ran his pioneering public transport system of horse-drawn carriages from Clonmel
 George Borrow (1803–1881), polyglot, ethnologist of the Romani people and author of Lavengro, in which he briefly writes of his time in Clonmel, lived here in 1815
 Francis Bryan (1490–1550), English courtier and diplomat during the reign of Henry VIII, died in Clonmel in 1550
 Austin Carroll (1835–1909), Irish Catholic nun and writer
 Thomas Chamney, Irish athlete who ran 800m in Beijing Olympics in 2008
 Bridget Cleary (1869–1895), burned alive by her husband, Michael Cleary, because she was believed to be a shapeshifting fairy. The ensuing criminal trial was very high-profile.
 William J. Duane (1780–1865), American politician and lawyer from Pennsylvania, was born in Clonmel.
 Dave Foley is a professional rugby union player
 Sarah Pim Grubb (1746–1832), Quaker businesswoman, wife of John Grubb, died in Clonmel
 Vincent Hanley (1954–1987), a pioneering Irish radio DJ and television presenter, nicknamed "Fab Vinny". He worked mainly for Raidió Teilifís Éireann and was the first Irish celebrity to die from an AIDS-related illness
Mary Elizabeth Southwell Dudley Leathley (1818– 1899), writer, was born in Clonmel in 1818.
 Sir Lionel Milman, 7th Baronet (1877–1962), Anglo-Irish first-class cricketer and British Army officer
 Fred Murray, former professional football player, now personal masseur for Foo Fighters member Dave Grohl
 Vivian Murray, businessman
 Pat O'Callaghan was an Irish athlete and 1928 Olympic gold medalist
 Nellie Ó Cléirigh was an Irish lace authority and historian
 Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin (1950–2018), an Irish musician, held Professorship of Music at the Irish World Music Centre of the University of Limerick
 Frank Patterson (1938–2000), one of Ireland's most famous tenors, was native to the town
 Ramsay Weston Phipps (1838–1923), military historian, born in Clonmel, lived there off and on throughout his life
 Rozanna Purcell, model and Miss Universe Ireland 2010
 Adi Roche, co-founder of Chernobyl Children's Project International and 1997 candidate for the Irish Presidency
 Andrea Roche, best known Irish model and Miss Ireland 1997
 Symon Semeonis, or Simon Fitzsimons, was a 14th-century Franciscan friar who left Clonmel in 1323 on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The account of his "Itinerary" is preserved in a manuscript in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
 Laurence Sterne (1713–68), author of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, was born in the town, though his family returned to England soon after
 Anthony Trollope (1815–1852), a noted author, worked in the town for a period
 Stephen White (1575–1646) was an Irish Jesuit, historian and antiquarian born in Clonmel, who wrote about the early Irish saints

Sister towns
Clonmel is twinned with several places:

See also
 Clonmel Borstal
 Grange, County Tipperary
 List of towns and villages in Ireland
 Market Houses in Ireland
 Siege of Clonmel
 St Joseph's Industrial School, Clonmel
St. Patrick's Well, Clonmel

References

 History of Clonmel William P. Burke 1907 from Internet Archive.
  Observations on fishing and other 'native fauna', Clonmel, 1833
 From Cahir to Clonmel, 1834
 White, James : My Clonmel Scrapbook : 1995 based on the 1907 original
 The Cistercian Abbeys of Tipperary (inc. Inislaunaght founded 1147–8) from Four Courts Press
 Watson, Sydney John : A Dinner of Herbs: A History of Old Saint Mary's Church, Clonmel 1988
 McGrath, Bríd (ed.): The Minute Book of the Corporation of Clonmel, 1608–1649'' : Irish Manuscripts Commission  : 2006 :

External links

County towns in the Republic of Ireland
Towns and villages in County Tipperary
Boroughs in the Republic of Ireland
Iffa and Offa East

Clonmel


Američki engleski jezik (American English, skr. AmE,  AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US, poznat i kao United States English ili US-English),  inačica je engleskoga jezika kojom govore stanovnici SAD-a, a koja obuhvaća sve dijalekte i govore engleskoga na prostoru SAD-a. Iako nema status službenoga jezika, u praksi ima tu ulogu kao jezik s najviše govornika i jezik zakonskih propisa, isprava i svakodnevni govorni jezik. Smatra se kako je od 20. stoljeća postao najutjecajnija, a brojem govornika najgovorenija inačica engleskoga jezika u svijetu. Glavni je čimbenik amerikanizacije i globalizacije u jezičnomu smislu.

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Gladys Bowery Black (4. siječnja 1909. – 19. srpnja 1998.) bila je američka ornitologinja, konzervatorica i spisateljica poznata kao "Iowa's Bird Lady".  Uvrštena je u Kuću slavnih žena Iowe 1985. godine.

Rani život, obrazovanje i brak
Gladys Bowery rođena je 4. siječnja 1909. godine, kao jedno od dvoje djece Jamesa M. Boweryja i Jerushae (Ford) Bowery. Odgajana je na farmi istočno od mjesta Pleasantville, Iowa, gdje ju je majka rano upoznala s pticama. Pohađala je srednju školu Pleasantville i stekla medicinsku sestru iz bolnice Mercy (Des Moines, 1930.) i diplomirala za medicinsku sestru u javnom zdravstvu na Sveučilištu u Minnesoti. Karijeru je započela u ruralnim područjima države.

Udala se za Waynea Blacka i preselili su se u Georgiju, gdje je Wayne imao posao u zrakoplovnoj bazi Warner Robins. Wayne Black je radio u javnom zdravstvu i mnogo je volontirao.

Karijera u ornitologiji
Dok je živjela u Georgiji, Black je počela surađivati s profesorom ornitologije Davidom Wareom Johnstonom sa Sveučilišta Mercer, a on joj je bio mentor dok je uspostavljala lokalni program prstenovanja ptica. Kad je Wayne umro 1956. godine, Black se vratila u Pleasantville i pridružila se ornitološkom savezu Iowe. Iako nikada nije prošla nikakvu formalnu obuku iz ornitologije, provela je više od tri desetljeća radeći na identificiranju vrsta ptica u svojoj matičnoj državi, vođenju kontrolnih popisa i educiranju javnosti o pticama i srodnim pitanjima poput očuvanja staništa.

Od 1969. do 1987., Black je pisala tjednu kolumnu o pticama koja se pojavila u The Des Moines Registryu, Knoxville Journal Expressu, Pella Chronicleu i Marion County News.  Određeni broj ovih kolumni objavljen je u njezinoj jedinoj knjizi Iowa Birdlife (1992), zajedničkom projektu Nature Conservancy i University of Iowa Press koji je još bio u tisku od 2015. Također je vodila djecu na šetnje u prirodi i raspravljala o ornitologiji i očuvanju u građanskim i crkvenim skupinama širom države.

Godine 1978., Koledž Simpson dodijelio je Black počasni doktorat kao priznanje za njezin javni dolazak i stručnost u obrascima migracije i gniježđenja američkih ptica. Među ostalim priznanjima bila je i potvrda Inženjerijskog korpusa američke vojske kojom se priznaju njezini napori u području konzervatorskog obrazovanja vezani uz Lake Red Rock (1978), izbor za člana Akademije znanosti Iowe (1983), ulazak u Žensku kuću slavnih u Iowi (1985.) i priznanje guvernera Iowe za njezinih 35 godina volontiranja (1989.).

Black je također bila amaterski drvorezbar, te je 1968. godine izložila jedan vlastiti rad na izložbi rezbarenja ptica u muzeju Ward Museum of Wildfowl Art u Marylandu; a naknadno je uvršten na drugu izložbu u muzeju 2012. godine, "Making Her Mark: A Showcase of Women's Carvers".

Black je umrla kod kuće 19. srpnja 1998.

Ostavština
Black je odana počast 2004. godine stvaranjem skloništa Gladys Black Bald Eagle, financiranog javnim donacijama i smještenog na poznatom mjestu za boravište ćelavog orla u okrugu Marion, Iowa.

Uz to, uspostavljen je Gladys Black Environmental Education Project  kao partnerstvo između dvije neprofitne skupine, Udruge Red Rock Lake i Marion County Conservation, radi poticanja javne upotrebe županijskih prirodnih resursa i sponzoriranja ekoloških edukacija i očuvanja.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Gladys Black Environmental Education Project

Američki biolozi
Ornitolozi

Gladys Black


An Sparganium in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Sparganium in nahilalakip ha familia nga Typhaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sparganium

Sparganium


Ljiljana Dobra r. Obradović (Novi Sad), srbijanska i hrvatska pjesnikinja i pacifistkinja. Rođena je u Novom Sadu, a dolazi iz Rume (Vojvodina, Srbija).

Djetinjstvo je i mladost provela u svom zavičajnom selu Pavlovci na obroncima Fruške gore. Osnovnu školu (prva četiri razreda) u Pavlovcima, ostala četiri (kao đak - putnik) završila je u Rumi, Srednju ekonomsku u Beogradu, dok je ekonomiju studirala na VEKŠ-u u Novom Sadu.

Potrebu da stihovima ili prozom izrazi svoje osjećaje, doživljaje, maštanja ili čežnje osjetila je još u počecima svog obrazovanja – još u prvim razredima osnovne škole. Ubrzo se ispostavilo da su joj već ti, lijepo oblikovani i uspješno sročeni, prvi literarni pokušaji plijenili pažnju njenih nastavnika, sredine u kojoj je živjela i određenih faktora koji su se, u ono vrijeme, brinuli za dječje stvaralaštvo, tako da je najviše njenih pjesama izlazilo u Sremskim novinama, i to zahvaljujući, u prvom redu, nagovoru upravo njenih nastavnika koji su kod nje, još tada, uočili dostatnu pjesničku nadarenost ili, još konkretnije, začuđujuću mogućnost kreativnog i sugestivnog izražavanja.

Tako je našoj poetesi Ljiljani Dobra bavljenje pisanom riječju postalo nasušna potreba i u razdobljima koja su slijedila, uključujući i ovo današnje – posebno je mnogo toga napisala, razumije se, u stihovima, objavljujući ih u raznim edicijama i zbornicima, a svoju je poeziju, pored ostalog, čitala i u radio-emisijama, gdje su je pozivali kao gosta. A da se doista radilo o plodnoj pjesničkoj produkciji (jer, istinski pjesnik, kako bi ono netko rekao, diše svoju poeziju!), mogu ponajbolje posvjedočiti i one joj zbirke pjesama koje su ostale, neobjavljene, u rukopisu ...

Osim što je već gore izneseno gdje i kada je, još kao osnovka, što od svojih literarnih radova objavila, njena su pjesnička ostvarenja objavljivana ovim redom: u zborniku pjesama i priča za djecu "Brojanica snova", Bibliofil, Ruma, 1999.; u zborniku radova pjesnika "Rečnik naše sudbine", Bibliofil, Ruma, 2002.; zatim, prve svoje haiku pjesme objavila je u zajedničkoj knjizi najljepše haiku niske "Rascvetali slap", Književna akademija, u izdanju Vase Radovanovića i Gordane Ćulibrk; isto tako je zastupljena u knjizi "Između dva sveta", objavljenoj povodom sjećanja na B. Miljkovića, u izdanju Udruženja književnika "Branko Miljković", Niš, 2005., dok su joj pak radovi kojima je sudjelovala na Šesnaestom saveznom i Trećem međunarodnom susretu pjesnika, tiskani u knjizi "Garavi sokak", Književni klub "Miroslav-Mika Antić", Inđija, 2005.

Po preseljenju u Hrvatsku, živi i stvara u Šibeniku. Profesija: Ekonomist

Udala se za hrvatskog, čakavskog sonetistu Ivana Dobru. Sa suprugom živi na relaciji Srijem – Dalmacija – New York.

Književnica Ljiljana Dobra objavila je 7 zbirki pjesama:

 Lastar, (Književna zadruga "Drugari", Ruma, 1999.)

 Otava, (Apostrof, Beograd, 2000.)

 Bol vetra (vlast. nakl. 2009.),

 Sjaj svica - haiku (Hrvatsko književno društvo, 2010.)

 Sunčev spomenar  - dječja poezija (AM graphic, 2016.),.

 АЛЕН МАК В МОРЕ БЕЗ КРАЙ (ИК "МЕЛНИК"  2018.)

 Čipka od inja - (Hrvatsko književno društvo, 2020.)

Njeni su tekstovi objavljeni na prigodnim mjestima u brojnim zbirkama na arapskom, japanskom, indijskim jezicima (hindski, telugu i malajalam), talijanskom, engleskom, hrvatskom, srpskom, romskom, bugarskom i rumunjskom jeziku. Sudjeluje u radu na međunarodnim recitalima i pjesničkim natjecanjima, a poezija joj je objavljena na relevantnim mjestima  i antologijama. Dobitnica je mnogih međunarodnih nagrada i priznanja, a Nigerija (World Institute For Peace WIP)  i Indija (WORLD DIALOGUES COUNCIL INDIA) su je imenovale ambasadoricom mira.

- Pjesnikinja je zastupljena u Hrvatskoj antologiji haiku poezije "Nepokošeno nebo 2 (2008. – 2018.)"

- 2019. godine Ljiljana Dobra ušla je u Top 100 pjesnika haikua u Europi. Njena prva knjiga haikua "Sjaj svica" tiskana je na tri jezika: hrvatskom, srpskom i engleskom. Piše i prozu, dječju poeziju, kratke misli, aforizme i bavi se umjetničkom fotografijom. Ljiljana Dobra članica je Hrvatskog književnog društva u Rijeci, Matice hrvatske, Udruge umjetnika "Vjekoslav Majer" i "Kultura snova",  u Zagrebu, Usua Australija, " Umetnički horizont" Kragujevac u Srbijini mnogih međunarodnih književnih udruženja i Udruženja za međunarodni mir, jednakost, humanost, sklad i socijalnu pravdu.

U ranijoj fazi, Ljiljana je stvarala je na srpskom. Poslije očeve smrti tugu je liječila knjigama te posjećivala književne portale, a na jednom od njih ( Index. Hr. i Hogarova Arka) objavljivala je svoju poeziju. Ondje je upoznala svog supruga Ivana. Došla je živjeti kod supruga u Šibenik i na otok Žirje. Radi lakšeg sporazumijevanja naučila je standardni hrvatski uz pomoć vrsnog hrvatskog književnika Roka Dobre ali i mjesnu čakavštinu te je počela pisati i pjesme, odnosno sonete na žirjanskoj čakavštini. Pjesme iz zbirke Sjaj svica napisala je na hrvatskom, na srpskom i na engleskom jeziku. Sunčev spomenar  je dvojezična dječja knjiga na hrvatskom i srpskom jeziku, a АЛЕН МАК В МОРЕ БЕЗ КРАЙ je tiskan na bugarskom jeziku u Bugarskoj. Čipka od inja je tiskana na tri jezika: hrvatskom, srpskom i engleskom jeziku, a deset pjesama je prevedeno na japanski.

20. studenog 2020. u Gradskoj Vijećnici Rijeka, Hrvatsko književno društvo je Ljiljani Dobri dodijelilo nagradu poznatog hrvatskog slikara i književnika " Borivoj Bukva" za najbolju haiku zbirku u Hrvatskoj u 2020. godini a pod imenom " Čipka od inja"

Izvori

Srpski pjesnici
Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvatski fotografi
Žirje
Ruma

Ljiljana Dobra


Elektronik Ses Fenomeni (EVP-Electronic voice phenomena) ses kayıtlarında görülen ruhsal sesler anlamında paranormal bir durumdur. İlk kez 1959 yılında İsveçli film yapımcısı Friedrich Juergenson teyp ile kaydettiği sesler sonucu ortaya atıldı.

Hayaletler
Paranormal terminolojisi
Parapsikoloji
Sözdebilim
Spiritüalizm
Telefonculuk

Elektronik Ses Fenomeni


صندوق إطلاق مدرع هي حاوية محمية تحمل وتطلق أربعة صاوريخ بي جي أم-109 توماهوك تم تطويرها من قبل البحرية الأمريكي. تم إضافة الصناديق إلى البارجات من طراز أيوا في الثمانينات من القرن العشرين عند تطوير تلك صف من البارجات. يحتوي كل صندوق على أربعة صواريخ توماهوك جاهزة للإطلاق، وتم تزويد كل بارجة بثمانية صناديق، لذا كل بارجة تحمل 32 صاروخ. تم إستخادام صناديق مدرعة لإستغلال قوة تدريع البارجات، وأيضا لحماية الصواريخ الحساسة. تم إزالة بعد المدافع ذات العيار 5 بوصة لكي يتم إضافة الصناديق.

تم استخدام النظام على عدة أطرزة من السفن الأخرى، منها الطرادات النووية من طراز لونج بيتش وفرجنيا وأيضا بعض المدمرات من طراز سبروانس. زودت كل سفينة من بصندوقان، لذا تحمل كل سفينة ثمانية صواريخ. ولكن تم التوقف عن استعمال هذا النظام لصالح نظام الإطلاق العامودي. ولكن توجد مشكلة في النظامان، حيث أن لا يمكن إعادة تعبئتها في البحر وعلى العودة إلى الميناء لتزويد بالصواريخ وذلك نظرا لعدم توفر معؤدات التذخير الا بالميناء.

الصناديق موزودة بنظام تلقائي لإطفائ الحرائق، والذي يعمل عند ارتفاع درجات الحرارة إلى مستويات عالية.

انظر أيضا
 نظام إطلاق عامودي

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 صور للصناديق الإطلاق المدرعة

تسليح بحرية الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية

صندوق إطلاق مدرع


සර්වග්‍රාහි යෝග්‍යතාවය (1F) පිළිබදව නිර්වචනයන් කිහිපයක් ඇත. නමුත් ඉන් එකක් ( ඔලී - 2003-ට අනුව ඩබ්ලිව්.ඩී හැමිල්ටන් ගේ ප්‍රථම විස්තරය හා නොගැලපේ) පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ හැසිරිම් වල සෘජු හා වක්‍ර යෝග්‍යතා ප්‍රතිවිපාකයන්හි එකතුව සර්වග්‍රාහි යෝග්‍යතාවය වේ. එහි සෘජු යෝග්‍යතා ප්‍රතිවිපාකය යනු පුද්ගලයා සහ සමාජ සහකරුවන් අතර ඇති සම්බන්ධයේ මට්ටමෙන් බර තබන ලද (රික්ලේෆ්ස් සහ මිලර් 2001) සමාජ සහකරුවන්ගේ යෝග්‍යතාවය කෙරෙහි වන බලපෑමද වේ. සමාන සමාජ හැසිරිම් කෙරෙහි ලැදිකම ඇති කෙරෙන ජාන සහිත අනෙකුත් පුද්ගලයන්ගේ පැවැත්ම හෝ අභිජනනය සමාජ හැසිරිම් විසින් වැඩි කිරිමේදි හෝ අඩු කිරිමේදි ඒවා ජිවියාගේ අනියම් යෝග්‍යතාවය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ඇති කරයි. එහෙයින් මෙම ආකෘතිය වුල්කාර ජාන පරම්පරාවෙන් සර්වසම වන විට අවශ්‍ය වන ඥාතියා තෝරා ගැනිමට (දැඩි අර්ථයෙන්) වඩා පොදු එකක් වේ. වර්ග්‍රාගි යෝග්‍යතාවය නිරූපණය කිරිම සදහා ඉතාමක් පොදු ඓතිහාසික පසුබිම ඇත්තේ ආසන්න සබදතාවයක් ඇති ජිවින් කාණ්ඩ වල නිසා ආකෘතින් දෙක එක සමාන ලෙස සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සැලකේ.

ජානයේ දැක්ම අනුව පරිණාමයේ සාර්ථකත්වය අවසානයේ රදා පවතින්නේ තමාගේ උපරිම පිටපත් සංඛ්‍යාවක් ජනගහණය තුළ රදවා තබාගැනිමෙනි. වර්ෂ 1964 වර්ෂය වන තෙක් ජාන විසින් මෙම තලය ලගා කරගත්තේ පුද්ගලයාට උපරිම ජීවය දරුවන් සංඛ්‍යාවක් ඉතිරි කොට තබා යාමට සැලැස්විමෙන් බව සාමාන්‍ය විශ්වාසය විය. කෙසේ වුවද, ජිවියෙකුගේ ආසන්න  ඤාතින් ජාන වැඩිගණනක් පොදුවේ කොටස් කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ ඇති නිසා (දුර්ලභ ජානවල ප්‍රතිවාදි වු "පොදු ජාන" හා පටලවා නොගත යුතුය) මෙම ඥාති පුද්ගලයන්ගේ අභිජනනය සහ පැවැත්මට අනුබල දිම මගින් ජානයට හිමි පරිණාමික සාර්ථකත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කර ගත හැකි බව වර්ෂ 1964 දි ඩප්ලිව්. ඩී හැම්ටන් විසින් පෙන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙසේ පුද්ගලයින්ට ඔවුන්ගේ පුද්ගල යෝග්‍යතාවයට වඩා සර්වග්‍රාහී යෝග්‍යතාව උපරිමයට පත්කර ගැනීම සදහා ගැලපෙන ක්‍රමයකට හැසිරිම සදහා මෙහෙයවනු ලබයි.

සර්වග්‍රාහී යෝග්‍යතා මුලධර්ම පිලිබද ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ මුලනය උදාහරණයක් ලේඩින්ගේ බිම් ලේනා විසින් සැපයේ. මෙහිදී තමන් ගොදුරු කර ගැනිමට බලාසිටින කෙනෙක් සිටි බව ඔවුන්ගේ කාණ්ඩායටමට අනතුරු ඇගවිම සදහා එක් එක් ලේනා විසින් අනතුරු ඇගවිමේ සංඥා නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ. අනතුරු ඇගවිමේ සංඥා නිකුත් කිරිමෙන් බෙල්ඩින්ගේ බිම් ලේනා තමන් සිටින ස්ථානය දැන ගැන්නට සැලැස්විම මගින් තමන් වැඩි අනතුරකට ලක්වේ. කෙසේ වුවද මෙම ක්‍රියාවලියේදි ලේනා ජනගහණය තුළ ජීත්වන සිය ඥාතින් ආරක්ෂා කර ගනී. වැඩි දුරටත් කළ අධ්‍යනයන්හිදි ලේනා තම අවදානමට පත්විම ඇති කැමැත්ත ඌ ජනගහණයේ සාමාජිකයන්ට කෙතරම් ආසන්න වශයෙන් ඥාතිත්වය දරන්නේ ද යන්නට සෘජුවම සමානුපාතිකය වන බව පෙනි ගොස් ඇත. එහෙවින් තමාගේම ජාන ප්‍රජානය කිරිමෙන් ඉතිරි කර යා හැකි ජනගහණය ප්‍රමාණයට වඩා ආසන්න තම ප්‍රදේශයේ සිටින අනෙකුත් ලේනුන් ආරක්ෂා කිරිම මගින් ජාන වැඩි වශයෙන් ඉදිරියට ඉතිරි කිරිමට තුඩු දෙයි නම් ලේනා තමාගේ ජීවිතය බිලිදිමට කැමති වේ. එය වැඩි සර්වග්‍රාහි යෝග්‍යතාවකට තුඩු දෙයි. තවත් හොද නිදසුනක් වනුයේ කිරළ පක්ෂයා තමාගේ පැටවුන් උකුස්සන්ගේ අවධානයෙන් මගහැරවීම සඳහා තමාට තුවාල වු බවට ව්‍යාජ පෙන්විමක් කිරිමයි.

සටහන්

{|

සර්වග්‍රාහි යෝග්‍යතාවය


This is a list of notable artists who work primarily in the medium of the pin-up.

A
 Arnold Armitage
 Rolf Armstrong
 Aslan

B
 Joyce Ballantyne
 McClelland Barclay
 Vaughan Alden Bass
 Ben-Hur Baz
 Julie Bell
 Earle K. Bergey
 Roy Best
 Charles Binger
 Enoch Bolles
 Mark Boyle
 Harry C. Bradley
 Al Buell

C
 J. Scott Campbell
 Joe Chiodo
 Chris Cooper
 Howard Chandler Christy

D
 Olivia De Berardinis
 Ruth Deckard
 Joseph F. DeMartini
 Archie Dickens
 Jessica Dougherty
 Peter Driben

E
 Edward M. Eggleston
 Gil Elvgren
 Harry Ekman

F
 Art Frahm
 Pearl Frush

G
 Jacob Gestman Geradts
 Charles Dana Gibson
 Shane Glines

H
 Greg Hildebrandt
 Josh Howard
 Adam Hughes
 Jon Hul

I
 Idda van Munster

K
 Irving Klaw

M

 Milo Manara
 Nathaniel Milljour
 Earl Moran
 Zoë Mozert
 Morgana Festugato

N
 Patrick Nagel

O
Jackie Ormes

P
 George Petty
 Coles Phillips
 Jay Scott Pike

R
 Mel Ramos
 Virgil Reilly
 Al Rio
 Luis Royo
 Donald L. Rust

S
 Arthur Sarnoff
 Hajime Sorayama
 Annie Sprinkle
 Dave Stevens
 Marjorie Strider
 Haddon Sundblom

T
 Bruce Timm

V
 Boris Vallejo
 Alberto Vargas
 Baron Von Lind

W
 Bill Ward
 Dee Whitcomb
 Ted Withers
 David Wright

Y
 Dean Yeagle

Pin-up artists

List of pin-up artists


Himmelhunden er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 2003, der er instrueret af Claus Schrøder Nielsen, Sebastian David Tingkær og Per Götz efter deres eget manuskript.

Himmelhunden er også den danske titel på filmen Reach for the Sky (1956).

Handling
Per Götz, Claus Schrøder Nielsen og Sebastian David Tingkær - tre mænd bliver af forskellige årsager draget mod det ukendte i fjerne bjergegne. Den lille hund Plet forsvinder på mystisk vis, samtidig med at andre modtager signaler fra himmelrummet og sender filmens tre mænd afsted på en rejse mod nord.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2003

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Himmelhunden (film)


Il più bel regalo di Natale este un album de colinde lansat de Al Bano în anul 2010. Conține piese de pe albumele Buon Natale - An italian Christmas with Al Bano Carrisi și Buon Natale 2008 plus două melodii noi: Stabat mater și La speranza.

Track list

 Bianco Natale  (Irving Berlin, Filibello)
 Adeste fideles  (tradițional)
 Caro Gesù  (Albano Carrisi, Romina Power)  Ave Maria  (Camille Saint-Saëns)
 Salve Regina (Gregoriano)  (tradițional, Albano Carrisi, Fabrizio Berlincioni)  Il piccolo tamburino (The little drumemr boy)  (Katherine Kennicott Davis, Henry Onorati, Harry Simeone]]
 Io ti cerco  (Albano Carrisi, Romina Power)  Tra cielo e terra  (Giuseppe Giacovazzo, Albano Carrisi, Alterisio Paoletti)
 Stabat mater  (Zoltán Kodály)  Ti ringrazio  (Cesáreo Gabaráin)
 Alleluia (Dal Messiah)  (Georg Friedrich Händel, Andris Solims)  Ave Maria  (Johann Sebastian Bach, Charles Gounod)
 Panis angelicus  (César Franck)  Padre nostro  (tradițional)
 Felice Natale (Happy X-Mas)  (John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Albano Carrisi, Romina Power)  La speranza  (Giuseppe Giacovazzo, Albano Carrisi, Alterisio Paoletti)

Albume pop
Albume de Al Bano
Albume din 2010

Il più bel regalo di Natale


Znanstveno-tehnologijski park, u Republici Hrvatskoj trgovačko društvo koje se osniva radi komercijalizacije znanstvenih rezultata, poticanja suradnje znanstvenika i gospodarstvenika i jačanja na znanosti temeljenog gospodarstva. Suglasnost za korištenje naziva znanstveno–tehnologijskog parka daje ministar na prijedlog Nacionalnog vijeća za znanost, visoko obrazovanje i tehnološki razvitak. Znanstveno-tehnologijski park uživa porezne olakšice i druge pogodnosti kojima se potiče ostvarivanje njegovih ciljeva, u skladu sa zakonom.

Izvori

 Znanost i tehnologija u Hrvatskoj

Znanstveno-tehnologijski park


Gram (sembolü g), metrik sistemde bir kütle birimidir. Uluslararası Birimler Sistemi'nde temel kütle birimi olarak kabul edilen kilogramın binde biri veya 1×10−3 kg olarak tanımlanır.

Kütle birimleri
SI'dan türetilen birimler
CGS birim sistemi

Gram


Weygoldtia hainanensis est une espèce d'amblypyges de la famille des Charinidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de Hainan en Chine. Elle se rencontre vers Dongfang.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure  et la femelle paratype .

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce, composé de hainan et du suffixe latin , « qui vit dans, qui habite », lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, Hainan.

Publication originale
 Zhu, Wu, Liu, Reardon, Román-Palacios, Li & He, 2021 : « A new species of whip spider, Weygoldtia hainanensis sp. nov., from Hainan, China (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae). » Zootaxa, , .

Notes et références

Charinidae
Espèce d'amblypyges (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Hainan

Weygoldtia hainanensis


Robert Jay Lifton (born May 16, 1926) is an American psychiatrist and author, chiefly known for his studies of the psychological causes and effects of wars and political violence, and for his theory of thought reform. He was an early proponent of the techniques of psychohistory.

Biography

Lifton was born in 1926, in Brooklyn, New York, the son of businessman Harold A. Lifton, and Ciel Lifton née Roth. In 1942, he enrolled at Cornell University at the age of 16. He was admitted to New York Medical College in 1944, graduating in 1948. He interned at the Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn in 1948–49. He did his psychiatric residence training at the Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York in 1949–51.

From 1951 to 1953, Lifton served as an Air Force psychiatrist in Japan and Korea, to which he later attributed his interest in war and politics. He has since worked as a teacher and researcher at the Washington School of Psychiatry, Harvard University, and the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, where he helped to found the Center for the Study of Human Violence.

He married the children's writer Betty Jean Kirschner in 1952, and they had two children. She died in Boston on November 19, 2010, from complications of pneumonia. Lifton has said that cartooning is his avocation; he has published two books of humorous cartoons about birds.

He is a member of Collegium International, an organization of leaders with political, scientific, and ethical expertise whose goal is to provide new approaches in overcoming the obstacles in the way of a peaceful, socially just and an economically sustainable world. In 2012, Lifton was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from The New School.

Wellfleet Psychohistory Group

During the 1960s, Lifton, together with his mentor Erik Erikson and historian Bruce Mazlish of MIT, formed a group to apply psychology and psychoanalysis to the study of history. Meetings were held at Lifton's home in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. The Wellfleet Psychohistory Group, as it became known, focused mainly on psychological motivations for war, terrorism, and genocide in recent history. In 1965, they received sponsorship from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences to establish psychohistory as a separate field of study. A collection of research papers by the group was published in 1975: Explorations in Psychohistory: The Wellfleet Papers (see Bibliography; Lifton as editor). Lifton's work in this field was deeply influenced by Erikson's studies of Hitler and other political figures, as well as by Sigmund Freud's concern with the mass social effects of deep-seated drives, particularly attitudes toward death.  The attendees  include Erikson, Lifton, and Kenneth Keniston at the 'continuous core' of annual meetings, along with Bruce Mazlish, Norman Birnbaum, Alexander and Margaret Mitscherlich, Margaret Brennen, Peter Brooks, Robert Coles, Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph, Charles Strozier, Philip Rieff, Kai Erikson, Betty Jean Lifton, Norman Mailer,  Howard Zinn, Frederick Wyatt, Noam Chomsky, Richard Sennett, Peter Gay, Ashis Nandy, Richard Goodwin, Harvey Cox, Frank Manuel, Leo Marx, Jonathan Schell, Raoul Hilberg, Sudhir Kakar, David Dellinger, Dan Berrigan, Wendy Doniger, Cathy Caruth, David Riesman, Steve Marcus, Richard Barnet, Daniel Ellsberg, Richard Falk, Hillel Levine, Aaron Roland and many others until it closed shop in 2015.

Studies of thought reform
Beginning in 1953, Lifton interviewed American servicemen who had been prisoners of war (POWs) during the Korean War, in addition to priests and students, or teachers who had been held in prison in China after 1951. In addition to interviews with 25 Americans and Europeans, Lifton interviewed 15 Chinese who had fled after having been subjected to indoctrination in Chinese universities.

Lifton's 1961 book, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China, based on this research, was a study of coercive techniques used in the People's Republic of China. He described this process as "thought reform" or "brainwashing", though he preferred the former term. The term "thought-terminating cliché" was popularized in this book. Lifton found that after the POWs returned to the United States, their thinking soon returned to normal, contrary to the popular image of "brainwashing" as resulting in permanent changes. A 1989 reprint edition was published by University of North Carolina Press.

Studies of war and atrocity survivors

Several of his books featured mental adaptations that people made in extreme wartime environments: Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima (1967), Home from the War: Vietnam Veterans—Neither Victims nor Executioners (1973), and The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (1986). Regarding Hiroshima and Vietnam survivors or Nazi perpetrators, Lifton believed that the psychic fragmentation suffered by his subjects was an extreme form of the pathologies that arise in peacetime life due to the pressures and fears of modern society.

His studies of the behavior of people who had committed war crimes, both individually and in groups, concluded that while human nature is not innately cruel and only rare sociopaths can participate in atrocities without suffering lasting emotional harm, such crimes do not require any unusual degree of personal evil or mental illness. He says that they are nearly sure to happen given certain conditions (either accidental or deliberately arranged), which Lifton called "atrocity-producing situations". The Nazi Doctors was the first in-depth study of how medical professionals rationalized their participation in the Holocaust, from the early stages of the T-4 Euthanasia Program to the extermination camps.

In the Hiroshima and Vietnam studies, Lifton also concluded that the sense of personal disintegration that many people experienced after witnessing death and destruction on a mass scale could ultimately lead to a new emotional resilience—but that without the proper support and counseling, most survivors would remain trapped in feelings of unreality and guilt. In her 2005 autobiography My Life So Far, Jane Fonda described Lifton's work with Vietnam veterans, along with that of fellow psychiatrists Leonard Neff, Chaim Shatan, and Sarah Haley, as "tireless and empathetic".

In 1975, the BBC adapted Lifton's book Death in Life as Episode 31 in Season 11 of their program Horizon.  The documentary, To Die, To Live, The Survivors of Hiroshima, was written and directed by Robert Vas, and edited by Peter Goodchild. The program aired on August 6, 1975.  In a New York Times review, John Leonard wrote, "I didn't want to watch a whole hour of it. I got the point. I was suspicious of the cultivated European voices translating the words of the survivors. I resented the ominous music, the pregnant pauses, the mechanical alternations of scenes of modern Hiroshima in livid, living color with the black‐and-white disaster footage of 1945 newsreels. Where was the center of this irony and at whose expense? I disliked the manipulation of my emotions by crude juxtaposings of disfigured women and department store mannequins with American wigs, of missing ears and honky‐tonk acts, of a river of corpses and night baseball. I thought the subtleties of Dr. Lifton's book were obscured by a piling‐on of images intended, and guaranteed, to shock. Mutilated bodies look the same, don't they, at death camps and at Dresden and at train wrecks? What, in this wretched century, is so special about Hiroshima?"

Lifton was one of the first organizers of therapeutic discussion groups on this subject in which mental health practitioners met with veterans face-to-face. He and Dr. Neff successfully lobbied for the inclusion of post-traumatic stress disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). His book on Hiroshima survivors won the 1969 National Book Award in Science.

Theories of totalism and the protean self

Totalism, a word which he first used in Thought Reform, is Lifton's term for the characteristics of ideological movements and organizations that desire total control over human behavior and thought. Lifton's usage differs from theories of totalitarianism, as it can be applied to the ideology of groups that do not wield governmental power.

In Lifton's opinion, though such attempts always fail, they follow a common pattern and cause predictable types of psychological damage in individuals and societies. He finds two common motives in totalistic movements: the fear and denial of death, channeled into violence against scapegoat groups that set up to represent a metaphorical threat to survival, and a reactionary fear of social change.

In his later work, Lifton has focused on defining the type of change to which totalism is opposed, for which he coined the term the protean self. In the book of the same title, he states that the development of a "fluid and many-sided personality" is a positive trend in modern societies. He said that mental health now requires "continuous exploration and personal experiment", which requires the growth of a purely relativist society that is willing to discard and diminish previously established cultures and traditions.

Critiques of modern war and terrorism

Following his work with Hiroshima survivors, Lifton became a vocal opponent of nuclear weapons, arguing that nuclear strategy and warfighting doctrine made even mass genocide banal and conceivable. While not a strict pacifist, he has spoken against U.S. military actions in his lifetime, particularly the Vietnam War and Iraq War, believing that they arose from irrational and aggressive aspects of American politics motivated by fear.

In 1993, he said:
What's happening there [in Bosnia] merits the use of the word genocide. There is an effort to systematically destroy an entire group. It's even been conceptualized by Serbian nationalists as so-called "ethnic cleansing." That term signifies mass killing, mass relocation, and that does constitute genocide.Lifton regards terrorism as an increasingly serious threat due to the proliferation of nuclear and chemical weapons and totalist ideologies. He has, however, criticized the Bush administration's "War on Terrorism" as a misguided and dangerous attempt to "destroy all vulnerability". His 1999 book, Destroying the World to Save It, described the apocalyptic terrorist sect Aum Shinrikyo as a forerunner of "the new global terrorism".

Appearances
Lifton is featured in the 2003 documentary Flight From Death, a film that investigates the relationship of human violence to fear of death, as related to subconscious influences. In 2006, Lifton appeared in a documentary on cults on the History Channel, Decoding the Past, along with fellow psychiatrist Peter A. Olsson. On May 18, 2008, Lifton delivered the commencement address at Stonehill College and discussed the apparent "Superpower Syndrome" experienced by the United States in the modern era.
In 2018 he also appears in the documentary Metamorphosis, about climate change and positive changes towards a more sustainable future.

Bibliography

 ; Reprinted, with a new preface: University of North Carolina Press, 1989 (Online at Internet Archive).
 Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima, Random House (New York City), 1968.
 Revolutionary Immortality: Mao Tse-Tung and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, Random House, 1968.
 Birds, Words, and Birds (cartoons), Random House, 1969.
 History and Human Survival: Essays on the Young and the Old, Survivors and the Dead, Peace and War, and on Contemporary Psychohistory, Random House, 1970.
 Boundaries, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Toronto), 1969, published as Boundaries: Psychological Man in Revolution, Random House, 1970.
 Home from the War: Vietnam Veterans—Neither Victims nor Executioners, Simon & Schuster (New York City), 1973.
 (With Eric Olson) Living and Dying, Praeger, 1974.
 The Life of the Self: Toward a New Psychology, Simon & Schuster, 1976.
 Psychobirds, Countryman Press, 1978.
 (With Shuichi Kato and Michael Reich) Six Lives/Six Deaths: Portraits from Modern Japan (originally published in Japanese as Nihonjin no shiseikan, 1977), Yale University Press (New Haven, CT), 1979.
 The Broken Connection: On Death and the Continuity of Life, Simon & Schuster, 1979.
 (With Richard A. Falk) Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case against Nuclearism, Basic Books (New York City), 1982.
 The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, Basic Books, August 2000 (first edition 1986).
 The Future of Immortality and Other Essays for a Nuclear Age, Basic Books, 1987.
 (With Eric Markusen) The Genocidal Mentality: Nazi Holocaust and Nuclear Threat, Basic Books, 1990.
 The Protean Self: Human Resilience in an Age of Fragmentation, Basic Books, 1993.
 (With Greg Mitchell) Hiroshima in America: Fifty Years of Denial, Putnam's (New York City), 1995.
 Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism, Owl Books, 2000.
 (With Greg Mitchell) Who Owns Death? Capital Punishment, the American Conscience, and the End of Executions, Morrow, 2000.
 Superpower Syndrome: America's Apocalyptic Confrontation With the World, Nation Books, 2003.

 Surviving Our Catastrophes: Resilience and Renewal from Hiroshima to the COVID-19 Pandemic, The New Press, 2023.

Lifton as editor

 (With Jacob D. Lindy)Beyond Invisible Walls: The Psychological Legacy of Soviet Trauma, East European Therapists and Their Patients, Edwards Brothers (Lillington, NC), 2001.
 The Woman in America, Houghton (Boston), 1965.
 America and the Asian Revolutions, Trans-Action Books, 1970, second edition, 1973.
 (With Richard A. Falk and Gabriel Kolko) Crimes of War: A Legal, Political-Documentary, and Psychological Inquiry into the Responsibilities of Leaders, Citizens, and Soldiers for Criminal Acts of War, Random House, 1971.
 (With Eric Olson) Explorations in Psychohistory: The Wellfleet Papers, Simon & Schuster, 1975.
 (With Eric Chivian, Susanna Chivian, and John E. Mack) Last Aid: The Medical Dimensions of Nuclear War, W. H. Freeman, 1982.
 (With Nicholas Humphrey) In a Dark Time: Images for Survival, Harvard University Press, 1984.

Awards

 1987: National Jewish Book Award in the Holocaust category for The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide

See also
Destructive cult
List of cult researchers

References

External links

Articles
 Evil, the Self, and Survival : interview by Harry Kreisler, 1999
 Doctors and Torture: Lifton discusses "atrocity-producing situations" in the case of the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, 2004
 Superpower Syndrome articles. Robert Jay Lifton on superpower syndrome, TomDispatch, 2006.
 The End of Life: Exploring Death in America "Doctors and Death" Transcript, All Things Considered, Jan. 4
 Hiroshima and the World: The Wisdom of Survivors  article in the Chugoku Shimbun.
Media
 Talk on Apocalyptic Violence
 Flight From Death. Robert Jay Lifton is interviewed in this documentary film.
 Bill Moyers Interviews Robert Jay Lifton: about the aftermath of September 11 terrorist attacks, 2002
 Religious and Ethnic Conflict Abroad Talk of the Nation, September 15, 1999
 Doomsday Cults/Apocalyptic Groups Morning Edition, April 7, 2000

 Interview with Steven Hassan Freedom of Mind, July 13, 2011
 Interview with Steven Hassan Freedom of Mind, August, 2012
with Robert Jay Lifton by Stephen McKiernan, Binghamton University Libraries Center for the Study of the 1960s, August 10, 2010
To Die, To Live, The Survivors of Hiroshima (1975), hosted on the Internet Archive

NPR Fresh Air interviews:
 October 19, 2001
 December 18, 2001
 September 11, 2002
 June 6, 2002
 February 5, 2003
 April 8, 2003

1926 births
Living people
Weill Cornell Medical College alumni
Harvard University staff
Military personnel from New York City
John Jay College of Criminal Justice faculty
American psychiatrists
Mind control theorists
Researchers of new religious movements and cults
National Book Award winners
21st-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American historians
Jewish American historians
Jewish American social scientists
American psychology writers
American anti-war activists
American anti–nuclear weapons activists
New York Medical College alumni
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Historians from New York (state)
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American Jews

Robert Jay Lifton


Otava Jo () er et russisk folk-rock band fra Sankt Petersborg.

Diskografi

Kildehenvisninger

Eksterne henvisninger

Musikgrupper fra Rusland
Musikgrupper fra 2003
Sankt Petersborg

Otava Jo


John Herbert "Jackie" Gleason (født 26. februar 1916, død 24. juni 1987) var en amerikansk komiker, skuespiller, forfatter, komponist og dirigent.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Komikere fra USA
Forfattere fra USA
Komponister fra USA
Dirigenter fra USA
Personer fra New York City
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Jackie Gleason