Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for . The Mississippi River begins its journey from its headwaters at Lake Itasca and crosses the Iowa border  downstream. It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling, by the St. Croix River near Hastings, by the Chippewa River at Wabasha, and by many smaller streams.  The Red River, in the bed of glacial Lake Agassiz, drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada's Hudson Bay.

By drainage basin (watershed)
This list is arranged by drainage basin with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name.  The rivers and streams that flow through other states or Minnesota and other states are indicated, as well as the length of major rivers.

Great Lakes drainage basin

Lake Superior drainage basin

Lake Superior
Pigeon River (Minnesota, Ontario),
Swamp River
Stump River,
Lower Stump River,
Royal River
Crocodile River
Reservation River,
Flute Reed River,
Brule River,
Greenwood River,
South Brule River
Kadunce River,
Kimball Creek,
Durfee Creek
Devil Track River,
Little Devil Track River,
Fall River,
Cascade River,
North Branch Cascade River
Poplar River,
Tait River,
Onion River,
West Branch Onion River
Temperance River,
Sawbill Creek,
Kelso River,
Vern River,
Cross River,
Two Island River,
Caribou River,
Little Manitou River,
Manitou River,
South Branch Manitou River
Little Marais River, -
Baptism River,
East Branch Baptism River
West Branch Baptism River
Beaver River,
East Branch Beaver River
West Branch Beaver River (Lake Superior)
Split Rock River,
East Split Rock River
West Split Rock River
Gooseberry River,
Skunk Creek,
Little Gooseberry River,
Encampment River
Stewart River
Little Stewart River
Knife River,
Little Knife River,
West Branch Knife River
Little Knife River, located in Lake County
Little Sucker River,
Big Sucker Creek,
French River,
Talmadge River,
Lester River,
St. Louis River (Minnesota, Wisconsin),
Pokegama River,
Red River,
Little River,
Midway River,
Pine River,
Cloquet River,
Us-kab-wan-ka River,
Beaver River,
Otter River,
Little Cloquet River,
West Branch Cloquet River
Langley River,
Little Langley River,
Artichoke River,
Ahmik River,
McCarty River,
East Savanna River,
Floodwood River,
West Branch Floodwood River
Whiteface River,
Little Whiteface River (South),
Little Whiteface River (North),
Paleface River,
North Branch Whiteface River
South Branch Whiteface River
East Swan River,
West Swan River,
West Two River,
East Two River,
Embarrass River,
Partridge River,
South Branch Partridge River
East River,
North River,
Nemadji River,
South Fork Nemadji River
Net River,
Little Net River,
North Fork Nemadji River
Blackhoof River,

Mississippi River drainage basin

The Mississippi River is the longest river flowing through Minnesota.  It originates in Lake Itasca and flows through Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Upper Mississippi River (below St. Anthony Falls) drainage basin

Mississippi River, ;  within Minnesota
Missouri River (Missouri, Iowa, South Dakota),
Little Sioux River (Minnesota, Iowa),
Ocheyedan River (Minnesota, Iowa),
West Fork Little Sioux River
Big Sioux River (Iowa, South Dakota),
Rock River (Iowa, Minnesota),
Little Rock River (Iowa, Minnesota)
East Branch Rock River
Split Rock Creek (Minnesota, South Dakota),
Pipestone Creek,
Flandreau Creek (Minnesota, South Dakota),
Beaver Creek (Big Sioux River tributary)
Des Moines River (Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri),
East Fork Des Moines River (Minnesota, Iowa)
Heron Lake Outlet
Jack Creek,
Diversion Creek
Okabena Creek
Lime Creek (Minnesota, Iowa),
Beaver Creek (Des Moines River tributary)
Iowa River (Iowa),
Cedar River (Minnesota, Iowa),
Shell Rock River (Minnesota, Iowa),
Winnebago River (Iowa),
Lime Creek (Minnesota, Iowa),
Little Cedar River (Iowa and Minnesota) (Iowa, Minnesota),
Little Cedar River (Dodge County, Minnesota),
Wapsipinicon River (Minnesota, Iowa),
Upper Iowa River (Iowa),
Pine Creek (Minnesota, Iowa)
Little Iowa River
North Branch Upper Iowa River
Winnebago Creek,
Crooked Creek,
North Fork Crooked Creek
South Fork Crooked Creek
Root River,
North Branch Root River
Middle Branch Root River
Trout Run
South Branch Root River
Camp Creek (Root River tributary)
Etna Creek
South Branch Etna Creek
Canfield Creek
Forestville Creek
Willow Creek
Rush Creek
Ferguson Creek
Ahrensfeld Creek
Borson Spring
Pine Creek (Rush Creek tributary)
Coolridge Creek
Hemingway Creek
South Fork Root River
Badger Creek
Beaver Creek
Pine Creek,
Whitewater River,
North Fork Whitewater River
Middle Fork Whitewater River
South Fork Whitewater River
Zumbro River,
North Fork Zumbro River
Middle Fork Zumbro River
North Branch Middle Fork Zumbro River
South Branch Middle Fork Zumbro River
South Fork Zumbro River
Wells Creek,
Hay Creek,
Cannon River,
North Cannon River, a distributary
Little Cannon River (Cannon River tributary),
Straight River,
Little Cannon River (Sabre Lake),
Belle Creek (Cannon River tributary)
Trout Brook,

Vermillion River,
South Branch Vermillion River

St. Croix River drainage basin

Mississippi River
St. Croix River (Minnesota, Wisconsin),
Sunrise River,
North Branch Sunrise River
West Branch Sunrise River
South Branch Sunrise River
Snake River,
Groundhouse River,
South Fork Groundhouse River
West Fork Groundhouse River
Ann River,
Little Ann River,
Knife River,
Kettle River,
Grindstone River,
North Branch Grindstone River
South Branch Grindstone River
Pine River,
Willow River,
Little Willow River,
Moose Horn River,
Portage River,
West Fork Moose Horn River
Split Rock River,
Dead Moose River,
West Branch Kettle River
Sand Creek,
Lower Tamarack River,
Upper Tamarack River,
Brown's Creek (St. Croix River tributary),

Minnesota River drainage basin

The Minnesota River is the longest river that is entirely within Minnesota.

Mississippi River
Minnesota River,
Credit River,
Sand Creek,
High Island Creek,
Rush River,
South Branch Rush River
Middle Branch Rush River
North Branch Rush River
Blue Earth River,
Le Sueur River,
Maple River,
Cobb River,
Little Cobb River,
Little Le Sueur River,
Watonwan River,
Perch Creek,
South Fork Watonwan River
North Fork Watonwan River
Elm Creek,
East Branch Blue Earth River
Middle Branch Blue Earth River
West Branch Blue Earth River
Little Cottonwood River,
Cottonwood River,
Sleepy Eye Creek,
Plum Creek,
Redwood River,
Hawk Creek,
Yellow Medicine River,
Spring Creek,
North Branch Yellow Medicine River
South Branch Yellow Medicine River
Chippewa River,
Shakopee Creek,
East Branch Chippewa River
Little Chippewa River,
Lac qui Parle River,
West Branch Lac qui Parle River
Pomme de Terre River,
Yellow Bank River,
North Fork Yellow Bank River
South Fork Yellow Bank River
Whetstone River,
Little Minnesota River,

Upper Mississippi River, Headwaters region (above St. Anthony Falls) drainage basin

Mississippi River
Rice Creek,
Rum River,
West Branch Rum River
Crow River,
North Fork Crow River,
Middle Fork Crow River,
Skunk River
South Fork Crow River,
Buffalo Creek,
Elk River,
St. Francis River,
West Branch St. Francis River
Snake River
Clearwater River,
Sauk River,
Ashley Creek,
Watab River,
North Fork Watab River
South Fork Watab River
Platte River,
Skunk River,
Two River,
North Two River,
South Two River,
Little Two River,
Swan River,
Little Swan River,
Spring Branch Swan River
Little Elk River,
South Branch Little Elk River
Nokasippi River,
Little Nokasippi River,
Crow Wing River,
Gull River,
Long Prairie River,
Partridge River,
Little Partridge River,
Leaf River,
Redeye River,
Wing River,
Cat River,
Shell River,
Fish Hook River,
Straight River
Portage River
Potato River
Blueberry River,
Kettle River, <
Rabbit River,
Pine River,
Little Pine River,
South Fork Pine River
Little Willow River,
Ripple River,
Rice River,
Willow River,
Hill River
Little Hill River
Moose River
North Fork Willow River
South Fork Willow River
Sandy River
Prairie River
Tamarack River
Little Tamarack River
West Savanna River
Swan River,
Prairie River
West Fork Prairie River
Vermilion River,
Deer River
Ball Club River
Leech Lake River
Bear River
Leech Lake
Boy River
Swift River
Shingobee River
Kabekona River
Necktie River
Steamboat River
First River
Pigeon River
Third River
Turtle River
North Turtle River
Gull River
Schoolcraft River,
Little Mississippi River

Hudson Bay drainage basin

The Red River of the North is the second longest river flowing through Minnesota.  It forms the border with North Dakota and flows north to Manitoba, Canada.

Nelson River (Manitoba, Canada),
Lake Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada)
Winnipeg River (Manitoba, Canada),
Lake of the Woods
Red River of the North (Manitoba, Minnesota, North Dakota),

Red River of the North drainage basin

Red River of the North (Manitoba, Minnesota, North Dakota) (length: ,  in Minnesota
Roseau River (Manitoba, Minnesota),
Lost River
South Fork Roseau River
Joe River (Manitoba, Minnesota),
Two Rivers,
North Branch Two Rivers
Little Joe River
South Branch Two Rivers
Middle Branch Two Rivers
Tamarac River,
Snake River,
Middle River
South Branch Snake River
Grand Marais Creek,
Red Lake River,
Gentilly River
Black River
Little Black River
Clearwater River,
Lost River
Poplar River
Hill River
Thief River,
Lost River
Mud River
Moose River
Red Lake
Sandy River
Mud River
Blackduck River
North Cormorant River
South Cormorant River
Battle River
North Branch Battle River
South Branch Battle River
Tamarac River
Little Tamarac River
Lost River
Sand Hill River,
Marsh River,
Wild Rice River,
South Branch Wild Rice River
White Earth River
Buffalo River,
South Branch Buffalo River
Otter Tail River,
Pelican River
Dead River
Toad River
Egg River
Bois de Sioux River,
Rabbit River
South Fork Rabbit River
Mustinka River,
Twelvemile Creek
West Branch Twelvemile Creek
West Fork Twelvemile Creek
East Fork Twelvemile Creek

Lake of the Woods drainage basin

Lake of the Woods
Warroad River
East Branch Warroad River
West Branch Warroad River
Rainy River,
Winter Road River
Baudette River
West Fork Baudette River
Rapid River
East Fork Rapid River
 Barton Brook
Wing River
North Branch Rapid River
Black River
West Fork Black River
South Fork Black River
Big Fork River,
Bear River
Sturgeon River
Rice River
Popple River
Dunbar River
Bowstring River
Turtle River
Little Fork River,
 Beaver Brook
Cross River
 Deer River
 Ester Brook
Nett Lake River
Lost River
Rapid River
Valley River
Willow River
Sturgeon River
Bear River
Bearskin River
Dark River
East Branch Sturgeon River
Shannon River
Rice River
Rainy Lake/Kabetogama Lake/Namakan Lake/Crane Lake
Rat Root River
East Branch Rat Root River
Ash River,
Black Duck River
Moose River
Johnson River
Vermilion River
Pelican River
Elbow River
Vermilion Lake
Armstrong River
East Two River
West Two River
Pike River
Sand River
Echo River
Hunting Shack River
Loon River
Little Indian Sioux River
Little Pony River
Korb River
Namakan River (Ontario)
Lac la Croix/Crooked Lake
Hustler River
Boulder River
Dahlgren River
Stuart River
Nina Moose River
Oyster River
Moose River
Portage River
Bottle River
Beartrap River
Basswood River
Horse River
Basswood Lake/Fall Lake
Range River
Shagawa River
Burntside River
Dead River
Bear Island River
Beaver River
Kawishiwi River
South Kawishiwi River
Birch Lake
Keeley Creek
Birch River
Isabella River
Little Isabella River
Island River
Dumbbell River
Perent River
Snake River
Stony River
Sand River
Greenwood River
Dunka River
Little Saganaga Lake/Gillis Lake
Frost River
Chub River
Louse River
Phoebe River
Knife River
Knife Lake
Maligne River (Alberta)
Saganaga Lake
Sea Gull River
Granite River
Pine River
Cross River
Tucker River
Long Island River

Alphabetically
Below is a list of 495 of the 6,564 rivers in Minnesota in alphabetical order.  Sections of rivers marked with an * have been designated trout streams by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

A–C

Ahmik River
Ann River
Armstrong River
Artichoke River
Ash River*
Ashley Creek
Badger Creek*
Ball Club River
Baptism River*
Barton Brook
Basswood River
Battle Creek
Battle River
Baudette River
Bear Creek
Bear Island River
Bear River (Big Fork River tributary)
Bear River (Leech Lake River tributary)
Bear River (Sturgeon River tributary)
Bearskin River
Beartrap River
Beaver Brook, tributary of Little Fork River
Beaver Creek (Big Sioux River tributary)
Beaver Creek (Des Moines River tributary)
Beaver River (Bear Island River tributary)
Beaver River (Cloquet River tributary)
Beaver River (Lake Superior)*
Belle Creek (Cannon River tributary)*
Big Fork River
Big Sucker Creek
Big Trout Creek (Winona County)
Birch River
Black Duck River
Black River (Rainy River tributary)
Black River (Red Lake River tributary)
Blackduck River
Blackhoof River*
Blue Earth River
Blueberry River
Bois de Sioux River
Bottle River
Boulder River
Bowstring River
Boy River
Brown's Creek (St. Croix River tributary)*
Brule River*
Buffalo Creek
Buffalo River
Bullard Creek*
Burntside River
Camp Creek (Root River tributary)*
Canfield Creek*
Cannon River
Caribou River*
Cascade River*
Cat River
Cedar River
Chippewa River
Chub River
Clearwater River (Mississippi River tributary)
Clearwater River (Red Lake River tributary)
Cloquet River*
Cobb River
Cottonwood River
Credit River
Crocodile River
Crooked Creek (Mississippi River tributary)
Crooked Creek (Houston County, Minnesota)*
Cross River (Gunflint Lake)
Cross River (Lake Superior)*
Cross River (Little Fork River tributary)
Crow River
Crow Wing River

D–H

Dahlgren River
Dark River
Dead Moose River
Dead River (Burntside River tributary)
Dead River (Otter Tail River tributary)
Deer River (Cross River tributary)
Deer River (Mississippi River tributary)
Des Moines River
Devil Track River*
Diversion Creek
Dumbbell River
Dunbar River
Dunka River
East River
East Branch Baptism River
East Branch Beaver River*
East Branch Blue Earth River
East Branch Chippewa River
East Branch Rat Root River
East Branch Rock River
East Branch Sturgeon River
East Branch Warroad River
East Fork Des Moines River
East Fork Rapid River
East Fork Twelvemile Creek
East Savanna River
East Split Rock River
East Swan River*
East Two River (St. Louis River tributary)
East Two River (Vermilion Lake)
Echo River
Egg River
Elbow River
Elk River
Elm Creek
Embarrass River
Encampment River*
Ester Brook
Fall River*
First River
Fish Hook River
Flandreau Creek
Floodwood River
Flute Reed River*
French River
Frost River
Gentilly River
Gooseberry River*
Grand Marais Creek
Granite River
Greenwood River (Brule River tributary)*
Greenwood River (Stony River tributary)
Grindstone River
Groundhouse River
Gull River (Crow Wing River tributary)
Gull River (Turtle River tributary)
Hawk Creek
Hay Creek*
Heron Lake Outlet
High Island Creek
Hill River (Lost River tributary)
Hill River (Willow River tributary)
Horse River
Hunting Shack River
Hustler River

I–L

Isabella River
Island River
Jack Creek
Joe River
Johnson River
Kabekona River
Kadunce River
Kawishiwi River
Keeley Creek
Kelso River
Kettle River (Blueberry River tributary)
Kettle River (Minnesota), tributary of St. Croix River
Kimball Creek
Knife River (Lake Superior)*
Knife River, tributary of Birch Lake
Knife River (Snake River tributary)
Korb River
Lac qui Parle River
Langley River
Le Sueur River
Leaf River
Leech Lake River
Lester River*
Lime Creek (Des Moines River tributary)
Lime Creek (Winnebago River tributary)
Little Ann River
Little Black River
Little Cannon River (Cannon River tributary)*
Little Cannon River (Sabre Lake)
Little Cedar River (Dodge County, Minnesota), a tributary of the Cedar River entirely in Dodge County
Little Cedar River (Iowa and Minnesota), a tributary of the Cedar River rising in Mower County, Minnesota
Little Chippewa River
Little Cloquet River
Little Cobb River
Little Cottonwood River
Little Devil Track River
Little Elk River
Little Fork River
Little Gooseberry River
Little Hill River
Little Indian Sioux River
Little Iowa River
Little Isabella River*
Little Joe River
Little Knife River (Lake County, Minnesota)
Little Knife River (St. Louis County, Minnesota)
Little Langley River
Little Le Sueur River
Little Manitou River*
Little Marais River
Little Minnesota River
Little Mississippi River
Little Net River*
Little Nokasippi River
Little Partridge River
Little Pine River
Little Pony River
Little River
Little Rock River
Little Sioux River
Little Stewart River*
Little Sucker River
Little Swan River
Little Tamarac River
Little Tamarack River
Little Trout Valley (Winona County)*
Little Two River
Little Whiteface River (North), located east of Meadowlands
Little Whiteface River (South), located south of Meadowlands
Little Willow River (Mississippi River tributary)
Little Willow River (Willow River tributary)
Long Island River
Long Prairie River
Loon River
Lost River (Clearwater River tributary)
Lost River (Nett Lake)
Lost River (Roseau River tributary)
Lost River (Tamarac River tributary)
Lost River (Thief River tributary)
Louse River
Lower Stump River
Lower Tamarack River

M–O

Manitou River*
Maple River
Marsh River
McCarty River
Middle River
Middle Branch Blue Earth River
Middle Branch Root River*
Middle Branch Rush River
Middle Branch Two Rivers
Middle Fork Crow River
Middle Fork Whitewater River*
Middle Fork Zumbro River
Midway River*
Minnesota River
Mississippi River
Money Creek (Root River tributary)*
Moose Horn River
Moose River (Namakan Lake)
Moose River (Nina Moose River tributary)
Moose River (Thief Lake)
Moose River (Willow River tributary)
Mud River (Red Lake)
Mud River (Thief River tributary)
Mustinka River
Necktie River
Nemadji River*
Net River*
Nett Lake River
Nina Moose River
Nokasippi River
North River
North Branch Battle River
North Branch Cascade River
North Branch Grindstone River
North Branch Middle Fork Zumbro River
North Branch Rapid River
North Branch Root River*
North Branch Rush River
North Branch Sunrise River
North Branch Two Rivers
North Branch Upper Iowa River
North Branch Whiteface River
North Branch Yellow Medicine River
North Cannon River
North Cormorant River
North Fork Crooked Creek
North Fork Crow River
North Fork Watab River
North Fork Watonwan River
North Fork Whitewater River*
North Fork Willow River
North Fork Yellow Bank River
North Fork Zumbro River
North Turtle River
North Two River
Ocheyedan River
Okabena Creek
Onion River*
Otter River
Otter Tail River
Oyster River

P–R

Paleface River
Partridge River (Crow Wing River tributary)
Partridge River (St. Louis River tributary)
Pelican River (Otter Tail River tributary)
Pelican River (Vermilion River tributary)
Perch Creek
Perent River
Phoebe River
Pigeon River (Minnesota–Ontario), tributary of Lake Superior
Pigeon River (Mississippi River tributary)
Pike River
Pine Creek (Mississippi River tributary)
Pine Creek (Upper Iowa River tributary)
Pine Creek (Rush Creek tributary)*
Pine River (Kettle River tributary)
Pine River (Minnesota–Ontario), tributary of Granite River
Pine River (Mississippi River tributary)
Pine River (Saint Louis River tributary)*
Pipestone Creek
Platte River
Plum Creek
Pokegama River
Pomme de Terre River
Poplar River (Lake Superior)*
Poplar River (Lost River tributary)
Popple River
Portage River (Fish Hook River tributary)
Portage River (Moose Horn River tributary)
Portage River (Nina Moose River tributary)
Potato River
Prairie River (Big Sandy Lake)
Prairie River (Mississippi River tributary)
Rabbit River (Bois de Sioux)
Rabbit River (Mississippi River tributary)
Rainy River
Range River
Rapid River (Little Fork River tributary)
Rapid River (Rainy River tributary)
Rat Root River
Red Lake River
Red River
Red River of the North
Redeye River
Redwood River
Reservation River
Rice Creek
Rice River (Big Fork River tributary)
Rice River (Little Fork River tributary)
Rice River (Mississippi River tributary)
Riceford Creek*
Ripple River
Rock River
Rollingstone Creek*
Root River
Roseau River
Royal River
Rum River
Rush Creek (Root River tributary)*
Rush River

S

St. Croix River
St. Francis River
St. Louis River
Sand Creek (Minnesota River tributary)
Sand Creek (St. Croix River tributary)
Sand Hill River
Sand River (Pike River tributary)
Sand River (Stony River tributary)
Sandy River (Mississippi River tributary)
Sandy River (Red Lake)
Sauk River
Sawbill Creek
Schoolcraft River
Sea Gull River
Shagawa River
Shakopee Creek
Shannon River
Shell River
Shell Rock River
Shingobee River
Skunk Creek
Skunk River (Crow River tributary)
Skunk River (Platte River tributary)
Sleepy Eye Creek
Snake River (Elk River tributary)
Snake River (Isabella River tributary)
Snake River (Red River of the North tributary)
Snake River (St. Croix River tributary)
South Branch Battle River
South Branch Buffalo River
South Branch Grindstone River
South Branch Little Elk River
South Branch Manitou River*
South Branch Middle Fork Zumbro River
South Branch Partridge River
South Branch Root River*
South Branch Rush River
South Branch Snake River
South Branch Sunrise River
South Branch Two Rivers
South Branch Vermillion River
South Branch Whiteface River
South Branch Wild Rice River
South Branch Yellow Medicine River
South Brule River
South Cormorant River
South Kawishiwi River
South Fork Black River
South Fork Crooked Creek
South Fork Crow River
South Fork Groundhouse River
South Fork Nemadji River
South Fork Pine River
South Fork Rabbit River
South Fork Root River*
South Fork Roseau River
South Fork Watab River
South Fork Watonwan River
South Fork Whitewater River*
South Fork Willow River
South Fork Yellow Bank River
South Fork Zumbro River
South Two River
Split Rock River (tributary of Lake Superior)*
Split Rock River (Kettle River tributary)
Spring Creek
Spring Branch Swan River
Spring Valley Creek (Fillmore and Mower Counties)*
Stanchfield Creek
Steamboat River
Stewart River*
Stony River
Straight River (central Minnesota) (tributary of Fish Hook River)
Straight River (southern Minnesota) (tributary of Cannon River)*
Stuart River
Stump River
Sturgeon River (Big Fork River tributary)
Sturgeon River (Little Fork River tributary)
Sunrise River
Swamp River
Swan River (central Minnesota)
Swan River (northern Minnesota)
Swift River

T–Z

Tait River
Talmadge River*
Tamarac River (Red Lake)
Tamarac River (Red River of the North tributary)
Tamarack River
Temperance River*
Thief River
Third River
Thompson Creek (Root River tributary)*
Toad River
Trout Brook (Anoka and Wright Counties)
Trout Brook (Dakota and Goodhue Counties)*
Trout Brook (Pine County)
Trout Brook (Ramsey County, Minnesota)
Trout Brook (Wabasha County, Minnesota)*
Trout Brook, Mazeppa Creek (Wabasha and Goodhue Counties)*
Trout Brook (Washington County, Minnesota)*
Trout Creek (Todd County)
Trout Creek (Itasca County)
Trout Creek (Winona County)
Trout Ponds Creek (Winona)*
Trout Run (Winona County, Whitewater Watershed)*
Trout Run (Filmore and Winona Counties)*
Tucker River
Turtle River (Bowstring River tributary)
Turtle River (Mississippi River tributary)
Twelvemile Creek
Two Island River*
Two River (Mississippi River tributary)
Two Rivers (Red River of the North tributary)
Upper Iowa River
Upper Tamarack River
Us-kab-wan-ka River*
Valley Creek
Valley River
Vermilion River (Itasca County)
Vermillion River (Dakota County)*
Vern River
Wapsipinicon River
Warroad River
Watab River
Watonwan River
Watson Creek (Minnesota)*
Wells Creek
West Branch Baptism River
West Branch Beaver River
West Branch Blue Earth River
West Branch Cloquet River
West Branch Floodwood River
West Branch Kettle River
West Branch Knife River
West Branch Lac qui Parle River
West Branch Onion River
West Branch Rum River
West Branch St. Francis River
West Branch Sunrise River
West Branch Twelvemile Creek
West Branch Warroad River
West Fork Baudette River
West Fork Black River
West Fork Groundhouse River
West Fork Little Sioux River
West Fork Moose Horn River
West Fork Prairie River
West Fork Twelvemile Creek
West Savanna River
West Split Rock River
West Swan River
West Two River (St. Louis River tributary)
West Two River (Vermilion Lake)
Whetstone River
White Earth River
Whiteface River
Whitewater River*
Wild Rice River
Wildcat Creek (Minnesota)*
Whitney Brook
Willow River (Kettle River tributary)
Willow River (Little Fork River tributary)
Willow River (Mississippi River tributary)
Wing River (Leaf River tributary)
Wing River (Rapid River tributary)
Winnebago Creek*
Winter Road River
Wisel Creek*
Yellow Bank River
Yellow Medicine River
Zumbro River

See also

:Category:Rivers of Minnesota by county
List of lakes in Minnesota
List of longest streams of Minnesota

References

USGS Hydrologic Unit Map – State of Minnesota (DOI: 1974), published: 1976

External links
Minnesota Streamflow Data from the USGS

Minnesota
Rivers

List of rivers of Minnesota


Als Codex Laurentianus werden jeweils die einzelnen rund 3000 Handschriften der Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florenz bezeichnet, die bei der Eröffnung der Bibliothek im Jahre 1571 zum historischen Grundbestand gehörten.

Provenienzen
Die meisten Bände stammen aus der Bibliothek, die verschiedene Mitglieder der Familie Medici zusammengetragen hatten. Unter Leo X. kamen die Bücher in den Palazzo Madama in Rom, unter Clemens VII., der auch den Auftrag zum Bibliotheksbau erteilte, kehrte die Sammlung nach Florenz zurück. Zum Grundbestand gehören auch die Bibliotheken der Humanisten Francesco Sassetti (1421–1490) und Francesco Filelfo, außerdem die Codices, die Papst Leo X. geschenkt oder von ihm in Rom zur Ergänzung der Familienbibliothek erworben worden waren. Vor der Eröffnung der Bibliothek wurden von Cosimo I. auch Handschriften aus dem Dominikanerkonvent von San Marco zugunsten der Laurenziana konfisziert.

Bewahrungen
Die Handschriften wurden in den Plutei, den Lesepulten, öffentlich zugänglich aufgestellt, aber zuvor einheitlich gebunden. In diesen Einbänden mit dem Medici-Wappen befinden sich die Manuskripte heute noch. Auf jedem Band wurde die Signatur vermerkt, die sich aus dem Pluteus, z. B. P.69., und der laufenden Nummer, z. B. 18., zusammensetzt. Das ergibt die Signatur Plut.69.18, eine Handschrift des 15. Jahrhunderts mit Schriften Xenophons.

Andere umfangreichere Bestandsgruppen sind die Medicei Palatini, die Conventi soppressi aus der Aufhebung der Orden durch Napoleon 1808, der auch die Bibliothek des Konvents von San Marco zum Opfer fiel, die jedoch einen eigenen Bestand San Marco bilden. Hier finden sich die Bibliotheken der Humanisten Niccolò Niccoli,  Poggio Bracciolini, Lorenzo und Vespasiano da Bisticci sowie Giorgio Antonio Vespucci (1434–1514). 1884 wurden rund 2000 Handschriften der Sammlung Ashburnham für die Laurenziana erworben.

Zu den Plutei gehören

 Codex Laurentianus 32.16: Dionysiaka, ein Werk von Nonnos von Panopolis
 Codex Laurentianus 35.30: De rerum natura, ein poetisches Werk von Lucretius in einer Abschrift von Niccolò Niccoli
 Codex Laurentianus 55: Asklepiodotou philosophou taktika kephalaia von Asklepiodotos (Militärschriftsteller)
 Codex Laurentianus 55.4: Ein Werk über militärische Taktik von Aelianus Tacticus
 Codex Laurentianus plut. 60.3: Kritik an der Komödie von Aelius Aristides
 Codex Laurentianus plut. 60.6: Panathenaikos, Rede zum Lobpreis Athens von Aelius Aristides
 Codex Laurentianus 68.1: Enthält ein Werk von Horaz und die Ignatiusbriefe. Die Abschrift der Urhandschrift der Annales des Cornelius Tacitus (Bücher 1–6)
 Codex Laurentianus 68.2: Tacitus Annales Bücher 11–16; die Historiae des Tacitus.
 Codex Laurentianus 69.22: Eine Abschrift von Contra Apionem, "Gegen Apion", auf Deutsch Über die Ursprünglichkeit des Judentums von Flavius Josephus
 Codex Laurentianus 70.37: Kallisthenes von Olynth beschreibt in einem Alexanderroman die Taten Alexanders
 Codex Laurentianus 71.33: Eine Abschrift des Corpus Hermeticum
 Codex Laurentianus 73.20: Abschriften von Apicius, Tacitus Germania (f. 45 – 61) und Francesco Aretinos lateinische Übersetzung der Briefe des Pseudo-Diogenes mit einer im Vorwort poetisch verfassten Huldigung von Papst Pius II.
 Codex Laurentianus plut. 74.10: Enthält die Werke "Über das Fieber" und "Therapeutika", zurückgehend auf den Arzt Alexander von Tralleis
 Codex Laurentianus 87.3: Enthält eine Abhandlung Plotins

Andere Bestandsgruppen
 Codex Laurentianus: Minuskel 183, eine Handschrift des Neuen Testaments
 Codex Laurentianus Sancti Marci 304: Eine Handschrift des Etymologicum Genuinum

Die Plutei sind in einer Onlinedatenbank erfasst, weitere Onlineverzeichnisse stehen für San Marco und für die Papyri zur Verfügung.

Anmerkungen

Weblinks
 Geschichte der Handschriftenbestände auf der Seite der Bibliothek
 Startseite des Onlinekatalogs der Plutei. Zugang zur kodikologischen Beschreibung, zu Digitalisaten und zu Literatur zu den einzelnen Handschriften. (Eingabemuster Plut.60.03, sonst wird kein Ergebnis dargestellt)

!

Codex Laurentianus


Die Scottish Open 1995 im Badminton fanden vom 22. bis zum 26. November 1995 im Kelvin Hall in Glasgow statt. Mit einem Preisgeld von 15.000 US-Dollar wurde das Turnier als 1-Sterne-Turnier in der Grand-Prix-Wertung eingestuft.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=DA593B92-2E31-4345-A387-97630E4FDBE3
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100102084547/http://worldbadminton.com/results/951126_glasgow.txt

1995
World Badminton Grand Prix 1995
Badmintonwettbewerb in Glasgow

Scottish Open 1995


Mekong dev yayın balığı (Pangasius gigas), Pangasiidae familyasından Mekong ırmağının alt kısmında yaşayan bir yayın balığı türü.

Üç metre boyu ve 300 kilo ağırlığı ile en büyük yayın balığı türüdür.Mersin Morinası'ndan Sonra dünyanın en büyük tatlı su balıklarındandır.

Geniş yassı bir kafası, geniş bir ağzı, üst dudaklarından sarkan iki uzun anteni, kuyruğuna kadar uzanan bir kıç-yüzgeci ve kafasının yakınında bulunan küçük bir sırt yüzgeci vardır. Büyüklüğüne rağmen, Mekong dev yayın balığının dişleri yoktur ve sadece bitkisel gıdalarla beslenir.

Mekong ırmağı'nın alt kısmında bulunan ülkelerde Laos, Tayland ve Kamboçya'da yenilen bir balık olarak tutulur. Çok fazla avlanıldığından soyu tükenme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıyadır. Bu yüzden Laos'ta bu balığa avlanma yasağı konulmuştur. Tayland ve Kamboçya'da henüz yasaklanmamıştır ama yasak tartışılmaya başlanmıştır.

2005 yılında Tayland'da 290 kilo'dan ağır ve üç metre uzunluğunda bir Mekong dev yayın'ı tutulmuştur. 10 ila 90 kilo arası Mekong yayın balıkları, Bangkok'daki Bung-Sam-Lan-gölünde olta ile sürekli tutulmaktadır.

Batı biliminde ancak 1930 yılından sonra ilk kez bu balıktan sözü edilmeye başlandı. O yılda bir batılı turist bu balığı, Kamboçya'nın Phnom-Penh kentinde bir yemek pazarında "keşfetmişti".

Ayrıca bakınız
 Bayağı yayın balığı
 Mezopotamya yayın balığı
 Amur-yayın balığı
 Cüce yayın balığı

Pangasiidae

Mekong dev yayın balığı


Sangiorgio peut faire référence à :

Patronyme

 Abbondio Sangiorgio (1798-1879), sculpteur italien ;
  (1921-1993), poète italien ;
  (1884-1930), peintre et sculpteur italien ;
 Giovanni Antonio Sangiorgio (1439/1442-1509), cardinal italien ;
  (1947-), femme politique italienne.

Entreprises
 , entreprise d'électroménagers italienne.

Voir aussi

Sangiorgio


An Carex mendocinensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephen Thayer Olney ngan Francis M.B. Boott. An Carex mendocinensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex mendocinensis


El otdel de Kavkázskaya () fue una división administrativa territorial del óblast de Kubán del Imperio ruso y del óblast de Kubán-Mar Negro de la República Socialista Federativa Soviética de Rusia dentro de la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas, que existió entre 1876 y 1924. Tenía una superficie de 11 298.9 verstás cuadradas (7 453.9 km²). Su centro administrativo era la stanitsa Kavkázskaya.

Ocupaba una parte en la sección oriental del óblast, fronterizo con la gubernia de Stávropol y el óblast del Voysko del Don. Sería parte de los actuales raiones de Kavkázskaya, Tijoretsk, Novopokróvskaya, Tbilískaya y Výselki, Korenovsk, Briujovétskaya y Timashovsk del krai de Krasnodar. En 1897 tenía 249 182 habitantes.

Sus principales localidades (población de 1897): Arjángelskaya (4 546), Batúrinskaya, Berezánskaya (3 118), Briujovétskaya (4 575), Dmítriyevskaya, Diadkóvskaya, Ilínskaya, Irklíyevskaya, Kavkázskaya (8 293), Kazánskaya (6 546), Korenóvskaya (7 348), Lósevo, Medvédovskaya (8 888), Novodonétskaya (4 318), Novokórsunskaya (3 426), Novomalorósiskaya (6 298), Novopokróvskaya (9 136), Pereyáslovskaya (3 608), Platnírovskaya (7 275), Románovski (10 222), Serguíyevskaya, Staromyshastovskaya, Ternóvskaya (4 000), Timashóvskaya, Tiflískaya, Tijorétskaya (5 000) y Uspénskaya.

Historia

Fue fundado en 1876, con centro en Armavir, en territorios de los otdel de Batalpashinsk (actual Cherkesk), Ekaterinodar y Maikop como uyedz de Kavkázskaya. En 1888 su nombre cambió a otdel, la parte de Armavir pasó al otdel de Labinsk y Tijorétskaya fue designado nuevo centra. En 1902 el centro pasa a Kavkázskaya. Fue disuelto en 1924, con la formación del krai del Sudeste.

División administrativa

El 26 de enero de 1923 el otdel estaba compuesto por 21 vólosts:

Arjánguelskaya
Berezánskaya
Vannóvskaya
Gulkévichskaya
Ilínskaya
Kavkázskaya
Kazánskaya
Lovlinskaya
Novomalorósiskaya
Novopokróvskaya
Novorozhdéstvenskaya
Petropávloskaya
Rasshevátskaya
Semiónovskaya
Temizhbékskaya
Temirgóyevskaya
Tenguínskaya
Tbilískaya
Uspénskaya.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Екатеринодарский отдел.
 Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793—1985 гг.) / Autores: A. S. Azarenova, I. Y. Bondar, N. S. Vertysheva — Krasnodar: Краснодарское кн. изд-во, 1986. — 394 p.
 Mapa del otdel de Ekaterinodar

Kavkazskaya
Óblast de Kubán-Mar Negro

Otdel de Kavkázskaya


Sweden maintained its policy of neutrality during World War II. When the war began on 1 September 1939, the fate of Sweden was unclear. But by a combination of its geopolitical location in the Scandinavian Peninsula, realpolitik maneuvering during an unpredictable course of events, and a dedicated military build-up after 1942, Sweden kept its official neutrality status throughout the war.
At the outbreak of hostilities, Sweden had held a neutral stance in international relations for more than a century, since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814 and the invasion of Norway.

At the outbreak of war in September 1939, twenty European nations were neutral. Sweden was one of only nine of these nations to maintain this stance for the remainder of the war, along with Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the microstates of Andorra, Liechtenstein, Vatican City, and San Marino. The Swedish Government made a few concessions, and sometimes breached the nation's neutrality in favor of both Germany and, later, the Western Allies.

During the German invasion of the Soviet Union (June–July 1941), Sweden allowed the Wehrmacht to use Swedish railways to transport the German 163rd Infantry Division along with heavy weapons from Norway to Finland. Until 1943, German soldiers traveling on leave between Norway and Germany were allowed passage through Sweden—the so-called permittenttrafik. Iron ore was sold to Germany throughout the war and Germany owned several mines in Sweden that had been bought by German companies before the outbreak of the war. These mines were called Tyskgruvorna ("German mines"). For the Allies, Sweden shared military intelligence and helped to train soldier refugees from Denmark and Norway, to be used in the liberation of their home countries. It also allowed the Allies to use Swedish airbases between 1944 and 1945.

Swedish neutrality remains a subject of debate. Proponents argue that during the war, Sweden softened its policy against accepting refugees, admitting thousands of Jews and political dissenters from Norway and Denmark. Opponents, however, highlight, as Winston Churchill did, that Sweden "ignored the greater moral issues of the war and played both sides for profit".

Background

Political

Between 1523 and Sweden's final war with Russia in 1809, a state of war had existed between these two countries for 67 out of those 286 years. Russia was seen as the historical hereditary enemy of Sweden. In the peace that followed the Finnish War in 1809, all of Finland had been ceded to Russia and Sweden was reduced to two thirds of its former size.

As the end of the 19th century approached, and the beginning of the 20th began, Sweden, like many other nations, became beset by strikes and public disorder. Appalling working conditions were no longer tolerated and the working class was rising against the state. In 1908 alone, there were about 300 strikes in Sweden. By 1917, Sweden's need for a new political system was apparent from these riots. Sweden had remained neutral during World War One but with a tendency to side with the Central Powers. Since the 1880s, the socialist movement in Sweden had been divided into two opposing groups: the revolutionary socialists, a communist movement; and the reformists, a social democratic movement – the latter of which being the larger of the two. In 1917, the rules of democracy were changed in Sweden, the electorate's size grew and in 1921, women were also allowed to vote.

But even these reforms were seen as far too radical by some conservatives. Some wanted strong leadership and did not believe in democracy. In the 1920s and 1930s, confrontations between employers and employees in Sweden continued. In 1931, this culminated with the Ådalen shootings, an incident where the military opened fire on a protest march. In the same year, a secret right-wing militia, the Munckska kåren, was exposed. It had recruited about 2000 men and had access to heavy weaponry. It was disbanded the next year.

At the other end of the political spectrum, following the Russian Civil War the Russian Empire had become the Soviet Union and many Swedish communists were cooperating with this new Soviet regime, seeking to realize a world revolution. Compromise and a parliamentary system were thought to stand in the way of a more equal and just society.

A new cabinet led by the social democrats with Per Albin Hansson as Prime Minister, took control in 1932. A policy of cooperation and consensus was pursued, which led to a furthering of the divide between the two socialist factions: the communists and the reformist left. The distance between these two, at least at the ideological level, became so great that the communists often referred to the social democrats as "the social fascists". Apart from a period termed "the vacation government" (Sw: semesterregeringen) between 19 June and 28 September 1936, Per Albin Hansson was to be the Prime Minister of Sweden until his death in 1946.

Military
Sweden had very few tanks in the inter-war era. For a time, the entire armoured corps consisted of ten Stridsvagn mf/21s. This was a design based upon a German First World War tank and had been secretly purchased by Sweden in the form of tractor assembly kits.

In the Defence Act of 1936, it was decided to form two tank battalions. Captain Fale Burman, chief of "Army Procurement" (Arméns utrustningsdetalj) in 1937, commented:

{{Blockquote|... Härför krävdes total nyanskaffning av deras viktigaste innehåll, stridsvagnarna. Redan på ett tidigt stadium fick vi dock klart för oss att om vi enbart valde kanonutrustade vagnar skulle de högst komma upp till ett antal av 15–20.(This required the purchase of their main piece of military hardware, tanks. Already at an early stage, it was clear to us that if we simply chose the cannon-equipped tanks, we could have at most 15–20 of them.)|Försvarsbeslut}}

To make sure training at the battalion level would be possible, machine gun–equipped tanks were purchased as well. By 1939, Sweden had 48 Czechoslovakian-built tanks with machine gun armament and about 20 Stridsvagn L-60 tanks armed with a 20 mm main gun.

The Swedish Army had been organized into four divisions since the 1890s, with the regiments of northern Norrland and Gotland standing as separate units. This was outdated, and in 1942, a new military organization was adopted.

Pre-war trade

During World War II, Swedish industry had to supply an increased share of its own domestic goods owing to the British naval blockade of the North Sea, whilst satisfying the vastly increased demand for armaments. Before the war, the annual production of armaments was typically measured in tens of millions of Swedish kronor, but during the war, output exceeded SEK 1 billion (US$240 million).

Military balance
Sweden's long-standing policy of neutrality was tested on many occasions during the 1930s. The challenges came from a strongly rejuvenated, nationalistic Germany. From 1919 until 1935, Sweden had been an active supporter of the League of Nations and most of Sweden's political energy in the international arena had been directed towards the League's preservation.

The Swedish non-aligned policy during this period was founded on the assumption that there were two opposing powers in the Baltic Sea region, Germany and the Soviet Union; because these two powers needed to guard against each other, the hope was that they would only ever be able to deploy minor forces against Sweden or other non-aligned countries. It was this expectation which made the defence of a small country feasible. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, signed at the end of August 1939 between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, upset this balance.

Pre-war preparations
In 1936, the Swedish government started to heighten its military preparedness as the international situation worsened. Military spending in Sweden went from US$37 million in 1936, to $50 million in 1937, to $58.6 million in 1938, and then increased over fivefold to $322.3 million in 1939. During World War II itself, military spending peaked at $527.6 million in 1942.

Not only was the Swedish government buying material to strengthen its defenses, it began drafting conscripts. On 6 May 1938, the government called up all those aged 15 for short periods of training. In addition to this, the Swedish Cabinet ordered that one quarter of those conscripted in 1938 should be retained for further training.

In 1940, the Home Guard was created. Its units were small groups of former soldiers who were equipped with rifles, machine guns, ammunition, medicine and uniforms. They had the option to buy additional materials such as skis, sweaters and marching boots. The Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization had already been in existence since 1924.

While arming itself, Sweden felt that it was necessary to articulate and enforce its policy of neutrality. Per Albin Hansson's statement shortly before World War II began:

Georg Homin, a captain on the General Staff, stated:

War

When, in September 1939, Germany attacked Poland and both France and Britain declared war on Nazi Germany, Sweden declared itself a neutral country in regard to this escalating situation. An example illustrating this situation may be the failed Allied attempt to release Polish submarines (ORP Ryś, ORP Żbik, ORP Sęp) which were interned after they reached Swedish ports (requiring repairs of battle damage, unable to break the German blockade and sail to Britain).

On the outbreak of the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union in November 1939, Sweden declared itself to be "non-belligerent" in regard to this particular conflict, actively siding with Finland. This allowed Sweden to aid Finland economically, and with armaments. Sweden and Finland also jointly laid minefields in the Sea of Åland to deter Soviet submarines from entering the Gulf of Bothnia.Åselius 2005, p. 166.

Foreign trade

Sweden was not directly attacked during World War II. It was, however, subject to British and German naval blockades and accidental bombings from the Soviets on some cities (e.g. Strängnäs), which led to problems with the supply of food and fuels. When Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940, coupled with a German blockade of the North Sea, every shipment had to be negotiated with both British and German authorities, which drastically reduced the volume of trade. Between 1938 and 1944, the Swedish import of petroleum products and coal decreased by 88% and 53% respectively, which led to severe shortages. Other critical items were natural rubber, alloy metals and food. This situation led to extensive rationing of fuels and food in Sweden and substitutes were developed and produced. Wood gas was used as a fuel for motor vehicles and shale oil as a substitute for bunker oil.

At the beginning of the war, agreements had been signed between Sweden and the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany in order to sustain vital trade; but in spite of this, and the fact that Sweden had declared itself a neutral country, Swedish shipping came under attack. Sweden's trade with Britain was cut by a total of 70%. Within the North Sea blockade, trade with Germany increased, until 37% of Sweden's exports were shipped to Germany. For very important goods such as ball bearings from SKF for the British aircraft industry, delivery was made by blockade runners, using rebuilt Motor Gun Boats, which could use winter darkness and high speed to penetrate the German blockade of the Skagerrak straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark.

Before the outbreak of the war, the Swedish Ministry of Defense (Royal Swedish Air Force Materiel Administration) had ordered some 300 combat aircraft from the United States, primarily Seversky P-35s and P-66 Vanguards. In 1940, however, the US administration halted these exports. Only about 60 aircraft had been delivered. Sweden succeeded subsequently in buying 200 aircraft from Italy, a fascist ally of Germany at the time; these aircraft were primarily Fiat CR.42 Falcos, Reggiane Re.2000s, and Caproni Ca.313s.

Winter War
Impact on domestic politics
War broke out between Finland and the Soviet Union in November 1939. In Sweden, the Liberal, Conservative and Agrarian parties were concerned about a perceived threat from the Soviet Union. The Social Democrats were in the main equally concerned. Leading social democrats like Rickard Sandler and Torsten Nilsson played a prominent role in mustering support for Finland. The Communists were openly loyal to the Soviet Union and supported its Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Germany. However, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they swung around to a pro-Allied view.

Defense of Finland

When the Soviet Union attacked Finland in November 1939, many Swedes favored some sort of involvement in the conflict, both on a humanitarian and on a military basis. Sweden's interest in Finland lay in the fact that Finland had been an integrated part of Sweden for more than six hundred years, with Sweden losing control of its eastern provinces in 1809. Despite several pleas from the Finnish government, the Swedish government declined to engage militarily with the Red Army as it advanced during the Winter War. However, Sweden declared itself "non-belligerent" rather than neutral during the conflict and as many as 8,000 Swedes voluntarily went to Finland to fight. The Swedish government and public also sent food, clothing, medicine, weapons and ammunition to aid the Finns during this conflict. This military aid included:

 135,402 rifles, 347 machine guns, and 450 light machine guns with 50,013,300 rounds of small arms ammunition
 144 field guns, 100 anti-aircraft guns and 92 anti-tank guns with 301,846 shells
 300 naval mines and 500 depth charges
 17 fighter aircraft, five light bombers, one DC-2 transport aircraft turned into a bomber, and three reconnaissance aircraft

Twelve of Sweden's most modern fighter aircraft, British Gloster Gladiators, were flown by volunteer Swedish pilots under Finnish insignia. These aircraft constituted one third of Sweden's fighter force at the time. In addition, Sweden received some 70,000 Finnish children who were sent to Sweden to find safety during the 1940s.

On 21 February 1940, seven Soviet bombers accidentally dropped around 150 bombs over Pajala in Norrbotten County. Six buildings caught fire and two people were injured. The event sparked further debate on whether Sweden should send aid to the Finns.

Possible Allied invasion

German industry was heavily dependent on Swedish iron ore. The Allies had intended to use the Soviet attack on Finland in November 1939 as cover for seizing the important Swedish iron ore deposits in the north, in addition to the Norwegian harbours through which this ore was shipped to Germany. The plan was to get Norwegian and Swedish permission to send an expeditionary force to Finland across northern Norway and Sweden, ostensibly to help the Finns. But once in place, they were to proceed to take control of the harbours and the iron ore mines, occupying cities such as Gävle and Luleå and denying German access to the Swedish iron ore. In this way, an unsuspecting Norway and Sweden would be presented with a fait accompli. Realizing this danger, however, and the consequent possibility of Allied or German occupation and of the war being waged on their territory, both the Swedes and the Norwegians refused to allow this proposal.

Meanwhile, the Germans, having suspected an Allied threat, were making their own plans for an invasion of Norway in order to protect their strategic supply lines. The Altmark Incident of 16 February 1940 convinced Hitler that the Allies would not respect Norwegian neutrality, so he ordered plans for an invasion.

Scandinavian reluctance to allow Allied troops onto their territory had halted the original Allied plan for using aid to Finland as a pretext for moving in troops, but on 12 March 1940, the Allies decided to try a "semi-peaceful" invasion nonetheless. Troops were to be landed in Norway, and proceed into Sweden to capture the Swedish iron ore mines. However, if serious military resistance was encountered, they were not to press the issue. The plan was abandoned with the ending of the Winter War on 13 March. The Germans were partly aware of these Allied intentions, as they had intercepted radio traffic showing that Allied transport groups were being readied. A few days later, they also intercepted messages confirming that the Allies had abandoned their plan and were to redeploy their forces.

German plans for an invasion of Norway continued, since Hitler feared that the Allies were nonetheless intent upon launching their own invasion. 9 April was set as the date of Operation Weserübung, the German attack on Norway.

Hitler was correct about Allied intentions. The Allied plan had two parts, Operation Wilfred and Plan R 4. Operation Wilfred was to take place on 5 April (it was in fact delayed until 8 April) when Norwegian territorial waters were to be mined, violating Norwegian neutrality. This would force the ships carrying ore to Germany to travel outside the protection of Norwegian territorial waters and thus become legitimate targets for the Royal Navy. It was hoped that this would provoke a German military reaction. As soon as the Germans reacted, under "Plan R 4", 18,000 Allied troops were to land in Narvik, closing the rail link to Sweden. Other cities that the Allies hoped to capture were Trondheim and Bergen.

The first ship carrying Allied troops was to start its journey a few hours after the mine-laying. On 8 April, a Royal Naval detachment led by  mined Norwegian waters as a part of Operation Wilfred, but German troops were already on their way and "Plan R 4" was quickly made obsolete.

Occupation of Denmark and Norway

On 9 April 1940, Germany launched Operation Weserübung, an operation with the objective of simultaneously occupying Denmark and Norway, and to stage a coup d'état in Norway.
This move had several far-reaching consequences for Sweden. Sweden was in effect cut off from trade with the western world and therefore more dependent on German goodwill, ultimately leading to permittenttrafik. But it also lessened the immediate risk that Sweden would become a theater of war between the Axis and the Allies.

When Germany invaded both Denmark and Norway on 9 April 1940, the 100,000 Swedish soldiers who had been deployed along the Finnish border in northern Sweden were in the process of being demobilized, owing to the end of the Winter War there. Before the outbreak of hostilities, Sweden had had no plans for defending Norway or any defense strategy against a German invasion from the direction of Norway. Moreover, an agreement from the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 stated that no fortification was allowed along this border. One of Germany's demands on Sweden, as Germany's invasion progressed, was that Sweden was not to mobilize. However, Sweden re-organized its system of mobilization to allow for personal order by letter to be made possible as an alternative to official proclamation, so that 320,000 men were able to be raised in a few weeks. This was called "The Organization" and was barely different from a full mobilization when completed. Sweden also started to build fortifications at the Norwegian border and along the coast of Scania.

During its invasion of Norway, Germany demanded access to the Swedish telephone and telegraph lines between Germany and Norway. Sweden allowed this, but tapped the lines. In the early summer of 1940, the Swedish mathematician Arne Beurling succeeded in deciphering and discovering the source codes of the Geheimfernschreiber cypher machine that Germany used, which afforded the Swedes advance knowledge of Germany's military intentions. Although the British Plan R 4 had not been able to be carried out, Allied troops were swiftly sent to Norway and were able to fight alongside the Norwegians unsuccessfully against the German invaders. However, the success of the German campaign against France and the occupation of the Low Countries led to a British troop re-deployment and by 8 June 1940, British troops had been evacuated from Norway.

In his book Blodsporet ("The Blood Track"), Espen Eidum detailed how, at the request of Adolf Hitler, Nazi Germany sent three trains with 30 to 40 sealed carriages through Sweden to the battle of Narvik. These trains ostensibly transported medical personnel and food for the wounded German soldiers in Narvik. However, in reality there were 17 soldiers for every medical officer or orderly. Sweden knew that the trains were being used to transport troops because a Swedish representative in Berlin reported that he had watched them board. The trains also transported heavy artillery, anti-aircraft guns, ammunition, and communications and supply equipment.

Midsummer Crisis

At the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the early summer of 1941, codenamed Operation Barbarossa, the Germans asked Sweden to allow the transportation of armed German troops, the 163rd Infantry Division, commanded by General Erwin Engelbrecht, along with all its military equipment, through Swedish territory by train from Norway to the eastern front in Finland. The Swedish government granted this permission. In Sweden, the political deliberations surrounding this are known as the "Midsummer Crisis"; however, according to research by Carl-Gustaf Scott there never was a "crisis", he argues that "the crisis was created in historical hindsight in order to protect the political legacy of the Social Democratic Party and its leader Per Albin Hansson".

1943 onward
From late 1942 and into 1943, Germany began to meet with a series of military reverses after its losses at the Second Battle of El Alamein, the Battle of Stalingrad and elsewhere. Germany was forced into a more defensive position as the Allied forces achieved success on the battlefield. It was becoming increasingly apparent to Sweden that Germany was unlikely to win the war. Prior to 1943, Sweden's policy of neutrality had been largely under the close scrutiny of Germany. After August and September 1943, however, Sweden was increasingly able to resist German demands and to soften its stance to Allied pressure. However, despite Germany's new, defensive posture, Sweden's constant fear was that the unexpected would happen, an attitude that continued until the very end of the war. With Germany's weakening position came stronger demands from the Allies. They pushed for Sweden to abandon its trade with Germany and to stop all German troop movements over Swedish soil. Sweden accepted payments from the Allies to compensate for this loss of income through reduced trade with Germany, but continued to sell steel and machine parts to Nazi Germany at inflated smugglers' rates.

Training of Norwegian and Danish troops

During the war, more than 50,000 Norwegians fled to Sweden. These refugees were sent to camps at Öreryd in Småland and Kjesäter in Södermanland. From the summer of 1943 onward, the military training of Norwegian troops was carried out in Sweden, in cooperation with the Swedish government and the Norwegian government-in-exile in London. To prevent protests from Nazi Germany, this training was ostensibly for the Norwegian police. From the start, the recruits only had light infantry weapons, but later they were able to train with artillery. Military exercises were held in Dalarna in December 1944 and in Hälsingland in spring 1945. 8,000 men took part in this latter exercise.

In all, around 15,000 men were trained and organized into ten battalions and at the end of the war, eight of these battalions, about 13,500 men, were ready for action. They entered Norway on 8 May 1945. The number of Danish refugees had been much lower than the 50,000 Norwegians, but a brigade of about 3,600 Danish men was also trained and they were transferred to Denmark on 5 May 1945.

The Bäckebo rocket

On 13 June 1944, a V-2 rocket under test by the Germans (test rocket V-89, serial number 4089) from Peenemünde crashed in Sweden after the rocket had flown into cumulus clouds which had strayed into the controller's line of sight. It was supposed to crash in the sea outside Bornholm in occupied Denmark. V-89 contained a FuG 230 Straßburg radio control receiver unit, normally commanded by a remote FuG 203 Kehl joystick-equipped radio control transmitter set that had also been meant for use with the Wasserfall anti-aircraft missile (code named Burgund), as a development of the same FuG 203/230 equipment pairing used to guide both the Fritz X gravity-propulsion guided ordnance and the Henschel Hs 293 glide bomb. The ground controller appeared to have no trouble manoeuvring the rocket until it disappeared into the high cloud layer.

A captured German prisoner later explained to the British that the controller was an expert at steering glider bombs from aircraft, but that the spectacle of a rocket launch had caused him to incorrectly operate the control lever in his astonishment.Churchill 1953, p. 45 Peenemünde guidance and control expert Ernst Steinhoff explained that the excited operator applied a set of planned corrections (such as that for the Earth's rotation) in the opposite direction to the way he had been instructed. The rocket subsequently exploded in an air burst (a common V-2 malfunction) about 1500 metres above the county of Bäckebo, mainly over a farm with no injuries, and the valuable wreckage was exchanged with Britain by the Swedes for Supermarine Spitfires.

On 31 July 1944, experts at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough in Hampshire, England, began an attempt to reconstruct the missile. U.S. military scientists subsequently received some of the recovered parts from the British. The American rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard examined those components as part of his work aiding the U.S. military, and Goddard is reported to have inferred that his brainchild had been turned into a weapon.

Soviet bombings of Sweden
The Soviet Union dropped more than a hundred bombs on Swedish cities and villages during World War II, though no one was killed in these strikes. The first time on 14 January 1940, when Soviet aircraft attacked Swedish airspace and dropped about 10 bombs in northern Sweden, close to the port of Luleå. On their return flight, the three DB-3 aircraft ran out of fuel and were forced to land in Finland, where they were captured by Finnish troops. On 21 February, seven Soviet bomber planes appeared in the village Pajala, 10 kilometres from the border to Finland. Pajala was hit by more than 130 bombs, causing damage to local buildings. A bomb hit the local school gym, where the Norrland Dragoon Regiment were stationed at the time, but did not detonate. There were two injuries during the bombing of Pajala.

On 22 February, Stockholm was bombed by four Soviet bombers, a 100 kg bomb destroying a newly opened theater, injuring two Swedish soldiers. Sweden concluded that this instance was by mistake, but the Soviet Union refused to acknowledge the involvement of its bombers in the raid when requested to clarify. Though the event remains unclear, a theory developed that it was a deliberate attack in response to Sweden rejecting Soviet appeals for Vasily Sidorenko, who had been arrested for espionage, to be released.

 Humanitarian effort

Before the war, thousands of European Jews sought temporary refuge in Sweden, and were denied. Sweden allowed Germans to pass freely to other countries, and sold iron ore that became vital to the Nazi campaign of war. As the war began to shift in favor of the Allies, the Swedes changed their strategy with regard to aiding the precariously situated European Jews, who up to that point had been refused refuge in Sweden. The first shift in Sweden's stance towards Jews occurred in 1942. When the Germans began their campaign of persecution against the Jews of Norway, the Swedish government accepted 900 Jewish refugees, slightly more than half of Norway's Jewish population.

In 1943, Sweden received nearly all of Denmark's 8,000 Jews (along with 9,000 Danish Christians who were seeking refuge from conditions of war). With the dissolution of the Danish government in the summer of 1943, the German authorities had decided to deport Denmark's Jewish population to concentration camps. However, the Danes successfully ferried all but 450 of the Danish Jews across the straits between Copenhagen and the Swedish mainland, across waters that were patrolled by German Schnellboots, in an unprecedented rescue effort. Once in Sweden, the Danish Jews were granted asylum and taken in by Swedish families. Many stayed in Sweden after the war. Sweden also received refugees from Finland and Norway, including some of Norway's Jews. All this, as well as the protection of Sweden's own Jewish population, was made possible by Sweden's neutrality. A daily newspaper in Sweden, the Svenska Dagbladet said that Sweden did more to assist and save Jews than any other country.

Neutrality also allowed Sweden to have physical access to Germany, which was not only useful to Swedish intelligence but to Allied intelligence as well. Employees at Asea, LM Ericsson and the Swedish Match Factory (Svenska Tändsticksfabriken) acted as couriers for the Polish resistance. King Gustav V of Sweden attempted to use his diplomatic connections with German leaders to convince them to treat Jews more humanely, as evidenced through his correspondence, although to little effect. Count Folke Bernadotte, a relative of the Swedish royal family, was able to communicate with the German government and relay information back to Sweden, as did other diplomats. He also contributed in saving 15,000 prisoners from concentration camps, as did Valdemar Langlet and the famous diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, who may have saved up to 100,000 Hungarian Jews.

Press freedom

The Swedish public's sentiments were widely published in the Swedish press, causing many protests from the German government and prompting the Swedish government to censor some areas of the press on a limited basis. In Sweden during this time, the press fell under the control of several authorities, despite contemporary claims that the Swedish press was free. The Swedish Government Information Board determined what military information could be released and what information should remain secret. The Swedish Press Council served as a self-regulatory body, promoting "good relations between the press and the public authorities and to serve as an instrument of self-discipline for the press". The Swedish Press Council issued warnings, both public and confidential, to those whom it considered to be abusing the freedom of the press.

The Swedish government was concerned that its neutrality might be compromised should the press become too vocal in its opinions. Both the Swedish Press Council and the Information Board issued advice such as: "As far as the received material permits, attempts should be made not to give prominence to the reports of one side at the expense of the other", or: "Headlines, whether on the billboards or in the newspapers, should be worded in such a way as to avoid favoring one side or the other", and: "Editorials and surveys as well as articles discussing military events or the military situation, should be strictly objective."

During World War II, six newspapers were de facto banned from distribution: Ture Nerman's Trots Allt!, the Nazi publication Sverige Fritt and Ny Dag, Arbetar-Tidningen, Norrskensflamman and Sydsvenska Kuriren (the last four were organs of the Communist Party of Sweden). A ban on the transport of these newspapers was imposed, since the printing of newspapers was protected in the Swedish constitution. There were indications that the bans imposed on the communist newspapers had served their political purposes by impressing the Germans, whilst at the same time not really restricting the work of the media.

Concessions
To Nazi Germany
Perhaps the most important aspect of Sweden's concessions to Germany during the Second World War was the extensive export of iron ore for use in the German weapons industry, reaching ten million tons per year. As Germany's preparations for war became more apparent and the risk of another war became obvious, international interest in Swedish iron ore increased. At the time, British intelligence had estimated that German industry relied heavily on Swedish iron ore and a decrease or halt in Swedish ore exports could have a disastrous effect on Germany's military efforts. Sir Ralph Glyn, a British Member of Parliament, claimed that a cessation of Swedish iron ore exports would bring the war to an end within months.Ross 1989 Winston Churchill himself said the following about the Swedish ore exports in an internal memo to the cabinet discussing the Norwegian trade route with shipments of Swedish iron ore.

Given that Britain had been unable to prevent the successful invasion by Nazi Germany of both France and Norway, the Swedish government was not convinced that the British could protect them and opted to continue exports. The iron ore provided much needed gold bullion, food and coal from Germany. The iron ore was transported by sea from the Norwegian town of Narvik and from Luleå in northern Sweden. These shipments were subject to attacks from British aircraft and submarines in the Atlantic and North Sea and by Soviet submarines in the Baltic Sea. About 70 vessels were sunk and 200 sailors killed during the war.

Responding to German appeals for volunteers to fight the Soviet Union, approximately 180 Swedes enlisted in Germany's Waffen-SS, and saw combat against Soviet troops on the Eastern Front. This was a choice made by individual Swedish citizens, contrary to Swedish government policy. Their number was small compared to occupied countries, in which officials encouraged enlisting for the Eastern Front (Norway 6,000; Denmark 6,000; France 11,000; Netherlands 20,000).

With a blockade of the Skagerrak straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark, the Swedish merchant navy found itself physically divided. The vessels that were inside the Baltic Sea traded goods with Germany during the war, whilst the greater number of vessels was leased to the Allies for convoy shipping. Approximately 1,500 Swedish sailors perished during the war, mostly victims of mines and U-boat attacks. German merchant raiders, too, would stop and capture or destroy Swedish vessels carrying cargoes for allies. For example, this was the fate of MVs Trolleholm and Sir Ernest Cassel, both destroyed by the German auxiliary cruiser Thor; the same Thor also accidentally collided with HM Bothnia in the fog while carrying cargoes for Germany causing it to sink. In the meantime, other German merchant raiders would masquerade as Swedish merchant vessels.

To the Allies
Sweden made efforts to help the Allied Forces. From May 1940, a large part of the Swedish merchant navy that found itself outside the Baltic Sea region, totalling about 8,000 seamen, was leased to Britain. 300 Swedes traveled to Norway to fight the German invasion. German telegraph traffic to occupied Oslo went through Swedish-leased cables which the Swedes intercepted. The traffic was encrypted with Germany's Geheimschreiber device, but the cypher code was broken by Swedish mathematics professor Arne Beurling in early summer 1940 and the results from this espionage were sent to the Allies through the Polish resistance movement. When the German battleship Bismarck embarked on her voyage to attack the Atlantic convoys, Swedish intelligence informed the British of her departure from port. Swedish businessmen and diplomats were also actively spying for the Allies, in Berlin and in the occupied territories.

In 1945, as the Allies were planning to liberate Denmark and Norway, the United States wanted Sweden to co-operate in this action. Sweden began preparing for "Operation Rädda Danmark" (Operation Save Denmark), in which Sweden was to invade Zealand from Scania. After Denmark had been liberated, Sweden was to assist the Allies in the invasion of Norway. This proved to be unnecessary, but US planes were allowed to use Swedish military bases during the liberation of Norway, from spring 1944 to 1945, and the Allies were also collaborating with the Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service. Sweden allowed Allied spies to listen to German radio signals from a station on Öland. A radio beacon was also established in Malmö for the British military to guide bombing of Germany. Additionally, from 1943 onward, Norwegian and Danish soldiers (Den danske Brigade) were trained at Swedish military bases. Sweden had also set up a series of training camps along the Norwegian border for the Norwegian resistance movement. Toward the end of the war Swedish intelligence cooperated with US air transport in relief efforts directed toward areas liberated by the Red Army.

Aftermath
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II, Winston Churchill, accused Sweden of ignoring the greater moral issues and playing both sides for profit during the conflict, including its supply of steel and machine parts to Nazi Germany throughout the war. Such claims, however, use a different definition of the word "neutral" from that defined in the 1907 Hague convention, which set out the rights and duties of belligerents and neutral countries.

 Forced refoulement to the Soviet Union

In January 1946, Sweden forcibly transferred to the Soviet Union over 146 Baltic Waffen-SS and 2,364 German soldiers who had been interned in Swedish prison camps. At least seven of the internees committed suicide at their camp in the village of Rinkaby, rather than allow themselves to be handed over to the Soviet Union.

In 1970, film director Johan Bergenstråhle made a documentary,  (English title: A Baltic Tragedy), about the Latvian soldiers who were given to the Soviets to be sentenced to hard labor in prison camps.

See also
 Diplomatic history of World War II
 Military equipment of Sweden during World War II
 Neutral powers during World War II
 Nordische GesellschaftReferences
 Citations

 General and cited sources
 Carlgren, W. M. Swedish foreign policy during the Second World War (London: E. Benn, 1977)
 Fritz, Martin. The Adaptable Nation: essays in Swedish economy during the Second World War (Göteborg: Ekonomisk-historiska inst., Univ.: 1982)
 Gilmour, John. Sweden, the Swastika, and Stalin: The Swedish Experience in the Second World War (2011) online
 Levine Paul A. "Swedish neutrality during the Second World War: tactical success or moral compromise?" in Wylie, Neville, European neutrals and non-belligerents during the Second World War (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
 Levine, Paul A. From indifference to activism: Swedish diplomacy and the Holocaust, 1938–1944 (Uppsala: Univ.: 1996)
 Ludlow, Peter. "Britain and Northern Europe 1940–1945", Scandinavian Journal of History (1979) 4: 123–62

 Wahlbäck, Krister. "Sweden: Secrecy and Neutrality", Journal of Contemporary History'' (1967) 2#1

German rockets

In Swedish

Neutral states in World War II
Winter War

Sweden during World War II


Turhan Feyizoğlu (d. 9 Eylül 1958, İspir), yazar. 1980 yılında İspir Lisesi'nden mezun oldu. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksek Okulu'nda okudu (1980/1983). Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi'nde okudu (1983-1987). Çeşitli işlerde çalıştı. Basında ilk yazısı 28.1.1979 tarihinde Cumhuriyet gazetesinde yayınlandı.

Yazıları ve yazı dizilerin yayınlandığı bazı gazeteler: Cumhuriyet, Bizim Gazete, Çağdaş Marmara, Devrim, Alternatif Süreç...

Yazıları ve yazı dizilerinin yayınlandığı bazı dergiler: Yarın, Yazın, Berfin Bahar, Özgürlük, İks, Devrimci Gençlik, Sosyal Demokrat, Mustafa Kemal, 68'liler Birliği Vakfı Bülteni, Güney, İleri, Türk Solu, Eski, Dünyada Türk Haber.
Türkiye Yazarlar Sendikası (TYS), PEN Yazarlar Derneği, Edebiyatçılar Derneği, 68'liler Birliği Vakfı ve daha birçok demokratik kitle örgütünün yönetim kurullarında çalıştı, üyesi oldu.

Kitapları
 Deniz/ Bir İsyancının İzleri, Ozan Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 21. Baskı, Ağustos 2004
 Türkiye'de Devrimci Gençlik Hareketleri Tarihi (1960-68), birinci cilt, Belge Yayınları, İstanbul, Nisan 1993
 Mahir/ On'ların Öyküsü, Ozan Yayıncılık, İstanbul, sekizinci baskı, Mart 2004
 İbo/ İbrahim Kaypakkaya, Ozan Yayıncılık, İstanbul, Nisan 2000
 Sinan/ Nurhak Dağlarından Sonsuzluğa, Ozan Yayıncılık, İstanbul,, üçüncü baskı Kasım 2004
 Fırtınalı Yıllarda Ülkücü Hareket, Ozan Yayıncılık, İstanbul, ikinci baskı, Ekim 2003
 Fikir Kulüpleri Federasyonu/ Demokrasi Mücadelesinde Sosyalist Bir Öğrenci Hareketi, Ozan Yayıncılık, İstanbul, ikinci baskı, Kasım 2004
 Fırtınalı Yılların Gençlik Liderleri Konuşuyor, Ozan Yayıncılık, İstanbul, ikinci baskı, Kasım 2004
 Yılmaz Güney/ Bir Çirkin Kral, Ozan Yayıncılık, İstanbul, ikinci baskı, Ekim 2003
 İki Adalı Hüseyin Cevahir / Ulaş Bardakçı Ozan Yayıncılık 2012

Yaşayan insanlar
1958 doğumlular
İspir doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Resim aranan yazarlar
Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler

Turhan Feyizoğlu


Walkmühle ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Wilburgstetten im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Der Weiler liegt am linken Ufer der Wörnitz. Im Osten schließt ein sumpfiges Gebiet mit einigen Weihern an. Ein Anliegerweg führt 200 Meter nördlich zur B 25, die nach Knittelsbach (0,6 km nordwestlich) bzw. nach Wilburgstetten (2,8 km südöstlich) verläuft.

Geschichte
Die Fraisch über Walkmühle (auch Aumühle genannt) war strittig zwischen dem oettingen-spielbergischen Oberamt Dürrwangen, dem ansbachischen Oberamt Wassertrüdingen und der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl. Die Grundherrschaft über die Mühle hatte die Prädikaturpflege der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl inne. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Wassertrüdingen.

Im Jahr 1809 wurde Walkmühle infolge des Gemeindeedikts dem Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Villersbronn zugeordnet. Mit dem Zweiten Gemeindeedikt (1818) wurde der Ort neu gebildeten Ruralgemeinde Knittelsbach zugewiesen. Am 1. April 1971 wurde Walkmühle im Zuge der Gebietsreform nach Dinkelsbühl eingegliedert.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist römisch-katholisch geprägt und war ursprünglich nach St. Peter und Paul (Halsbach) gepfarrt, heute ist die Pfarrei St. Margareta (Wilburgstetten) zuständig. Die Protestanten waren ursprünglich nach Heilig Geist (Dinkelsbühl) gepfarrt, seit der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ist die Pfarrei St. Peter (Sinbronn) zuständig.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Wilburgstetten
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Weiler in Mittelfranken
Ort an der Wörnitz

Walkmühle (Wilburgstetten)


The Marcels were an American doo-wop group known for turning popular music songs into rock and roll. The group formed in 1959 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and signed to Colpix Records with lead Cornelius Harp, bass Fred Johnson, Gene Bricker, Ron Mundy, and Richard Knauss. The group was named after a popular hair style of the day, the marcel wave, by Fred Johnson's younger sister Priscilla.

Career
In 1961, the Marcels released a doo-wop cover of the ballad "Blue Moon" that began with the bass singer singing, "bomp-baba-bomp-ba-bomp-ba-bomp-bomp...  vedanga-dang-dang-vadinga-dong-ding...". The record sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. It is featured in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.

The disc went to number one in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart. In the US, additional revivals in the same vein as "Blue Moon"—"Heartaches" and "My Melancholy Baby"—were less successful, although "Heartaches" peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and eventually sold over one million copies worldwide.

The introduction to "Blue Moon" was an excerpt of an original song that the group had in its act, a cover of "Zoom" by the Cadillacs. Colpix A&R director Stu Phillips transferred the introduction to "Blue Moon" to give the song additional flair. The Marcels recorded "Blue Moon" in two takes. A promotion man asked for and got a copy of the finished tape, which found its way to DJ Murray the K. He promoted it as an "exclusive" and reportedly played it 26 times on one show.

In August 1961, due to racial problems encountered while touring in the Deep South because of the group being multi-racial, Knauss and Bricker and Daniel Mercado left and were replaced by Allen Johnson (brother of Fred) and Walt Maddox and Mundy. In 1962, Harp and Allen Johnson left and were replaced by Richard Harris and William Herndon. There was a brief reunion of the original members in 1973. The group made several recordings in 1975 with Harp back on lead. Original member Gene Bricker died on December 10, 1983. Allen Johnson died of cancer on September 28, 1995, at age 55.
By the early 1990s, the group included Johnson, Maddox, Harris, Jules Hopson, and Richard Merritt. The group split around 1995. Fred Johnson formed his own group with new members, while the other four members recruited new bassist Ted Smith. Maddox won a lawsuit against Sunny James Cvetnic, the manager of Johnson's group, for trademark infringement in 1996. Johnson reunited with Harp, Mundy and Knauss in 1999 for the PBS special Doo Wop 50.

The Marcels were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2002.

Original lead singer Cornelius "Nini" Harp died on June 4, 2013, at the age of 73.

Ronald "Bingo" Mundy (born on April 20, 1940) died of pneumonia on January 20, 2017, at the age of 76.

Fred Johnson died March 31, 2022, aged 80.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Chart performance
"Blue Moon"
No.1 U.S.
No.1 U.K.
No.1 Australia
No.1 Ger/Fra
No.1 N.Z.
"Summertime"
No.78 U.S.
No.38 Australia
No.12 N.Z.
"Heartaches"
No.7 U.S.
No.3 U.K.
No.15 Australia
"My Melancholy Baby"
No.30 U.K.
No.7 Australia
"Flowerpot"
No.10 N.Z.
"Friendly Loans"
No.75 U.S.
No.31 Australia
"Teeter-Totter Love" (1963 version)
No.2 Australia (The song was well received in the city of Adelaide where it reached No.2 in August 1963)

Filmography
 Twist Around the Clock (1961)
The Marcels' popularity in 1961 was so great that they were included in the Oscar Rudolph film Twist Around the Clock.
Released on December 30, 1961, with the tagline "It's Twist-eriffic! The first full-length movie about the Twist!" the film also showcased fellow artists Chubby Checker, Dion DiMucci, Vicki Spencer and singer-songwriter and TV show host turned actor Clay Cole. Allen Johnson, Gene Bricker, Cornelius Harp, Fred Johnson, Richard Knauss and Ronald Mundy of The Marcels were all included—and had speaking parts in addition to performing musical numbers. They sing "Merry Twist-Mas", which was released over Christmas 1961, though no chart action ensued.

 Bikini Beach (1964)
This Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon movie, about a millionaire who sets out to prove his theory that his pet chimpanzee is as intelligent as the teenagers who hang out on the local beach where he is intending to build a retirement home but ends in hilarious results, also included two of The Marcels, Gene Bricker and Cornelius Harp. They provided backing vocals for two songs, Avalon's "Gimme Your Love Yeah Yeah Yeah" and Little Stevie Wonder's "(Happy Feelin') Dance And Shout".

References

External links
 Walt Maddox's Marcels
 Vocal Group Hall of Fame Foundation The Marcels (Inducted 2002)
 Marv Goldberg's article on The Marcels, R & B Notebooks: The Marcels

 Bsnpubs.com
 Globalproductions.info

Musical groups established in 1959
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Colpix Records artists
Doo-wop groups
Musical groups from Pittsburgh
1959 establishments in Pennsylvania
1972 disestablishments in Pennsylvania

The Marcels


In arithmetic and algebra, the cube of a number  is its third power, that is, the result of multiplying three instances of  together.
The cube of a number or any other mathematical expression is denoted by a superscript 3, for example  or .

The cube is also the number multiplied by its square:
.

The cube function is the function  (often denoted ) that maps a number to its cube. It is an odd function, as
.

The volume of a geometric cube is the cube of its side length, giving rise to the name. The inverse operation that consists of finding a number whose cube is  is called extracting the cube root of . It determines the side of the cube of a given volume. It is also  raised to the one-third power.

The graph of the cube function is known as the cubic parabola. Because the cube function is an odd function, this curve has a center of symmetry at the origin, but no axis of symmetry.

In integers

A cube number, or a perfect cube, or sometimes just a cube, is a number which is the cube of an integer.
The non-negative perfect cubes up to 603 are :

Geometrically speaking, a positive integer  is a perfect cube if and only if one can arrange  solid unit cubes into a larger, solid cube. For example, 27 small cubes can be arranged into one larger one with the appearance of a Rubik's Cube, since .

The difference between the cubes of consecutive integers can be expressed as follows:

.

or

.

There is no minimum perfect cube, since the cube of a negative integer is negative. For example, .

Base ten

Unlike perfect squares, perfect cubes do not have a small number of possibilities for the last two digits. Except for cubes divisible by 5, where only 25, 75 and 00 can be the last two digits, any pair of digits with the last digit odd can occur as the last digits of a perfect cube. With even cubes, there is considerable restriction, for only 00, 2, 4, 6 and 8 can be the last two digits of a perfect cube (where  stands for any odd digit and  for any even digit). Some cube numbers are also square numbers; for example, 64 is a square number  and a cube number . This happens if and only if the number is a perfect sixth power (in this case 2).

The last digits of each 3rd power are:

It is, however, easy to show that most numbers are not perfect cubes because all perfect cubes must have digital root 1, 8 or 9. That is their values modulo 9 may be only 0, 1, and 8. Moreover, the digital root of any number's cube can be determined by the remainder the number gives when divided by 3:
 If the number x is divisible by 3, its cube has digital root 9; that is,

 If it has a remainder of 1 when divided by 3, its cube has digital root 1; that is,

 If it has a remainder of 2 when divided by 3, its cube has digital root 8; that is,

Waring's problem for cubes

Every positive integer can be written as the sum of nine (or fewer) positive cubes. This upper limit of nine cubes cannot be reduced because, for example, 23 cannot be written as the sum of fewer than nine positive cubes:

23 = 23 + 23 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13.

Sums of three cubes

It is conjectured that every integer (positive or negative) not congruent to  modulo  can be written as a sum of three (positive or negative) cubes with infinitely many ways. For example, . Integers congruent to  modulo  are excluded because they cannot be written as the sum of three cubes.

The smallest such integer for which such a sum is not known is 114. In September 2019, the  previous smallest such integer with no known 3-cube sum, 42, was found to satisfy this equation:

One solution to  is given in the table below for , and  not congruent to  or  modulo . The selected solution is the one that is primitive (), is not of the form  or  (since they are infinite families of solutions), satisfies , and has minimal values for  and  (tested in this order).

Only primitive solutions are selected since the non-primitive ones can be trivially deduced from solutions for a smaller value of . For example, for , the solution  results from the solution  by multiplying everything by  Therefore, this is another solution that is selected. Similarly, for , the solution  is excluded, and this is the solution  that is selected.

Fermat's Last Theorem for cubes

The equation  has no non-trivial (i.e. ) solutions in integers. In fact, it has none in Eisenstein integers.

Both of these statements are also true for the equation .

Sum of first n cubes

The sum of the first  cubes is the th triangle number squared:

Proofs.
 gives a particularly simple derivation, by expanding each cube in the sum into a set of consecutive odd numbers. He begins by giving the identity

That identity is related to triangular numbers  in the following way:

and thus the summands forming  start off just after those forming all previous values  up to .
Applying this property, along with another well-known identity:

we obtain the following derivation:

In the more recent mathematical literature,  uses the rectangle-counting interpretation of these numbers to form a geometric proof of the identity (see also ); he observes that it may also be proved easily (but uninformatively) by induction, and states that  provides "an interesting old Arabic proof".  provides a purely visual proof,  provide two additional proofs, and  gives seven geometric proofs.

For example, the sum of the first 5 cubes is the square of the 5th triangular number,

A similar result can be given for the sum of the first  odd cubes,

but ,  must satisfy the negative Pell equation . For example, for  and , then,

and so on.  Also, every even perfect number, except the lowest, is the sum of the first  odd cubes (p = 3, 5, 7, ...):

Sum of cubes of numbers in arithmetic progression

There are examples of cubes of numbers in arithmetic progression whose sum is a cube:

with the first one sometimes identified as the mysterious Plato's number.  The formula  for finding the sum of
cubes of numbers in arithmetic progression with common difference  and initial cube ,

is given by

A parametric solution to

is known for the special case of , or consecutive cubes, but only sporadic solutions are known for integer , such as  = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 37, 39, etc.

Cubes as sums of successive odd integers

In the sequence of odd integers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, ..., the first one is a cube (); the sum of the next two is the next cube (); the sum of the next three is the next cube (); and so forth.

In rational numbers

Every positive rational number is the sum of three positive rational cubes, and there are rationals that are not the sum of two rational cubes.

In real numbers, other fields, and rings

In real numbers, the cube function preserves the order: larger numbers have larger cubes. In other words, cubes (strictly) monotonically increase. Also, its codomain is the entire real line: the function  is a surjection (takes all possible values). Only three numbers are equal to their own cubes: , , and . If  or , then . If  or , then . All aforementioned properties pertain also to any higher odd power (, , ...) of real numbers. Equalities and inequalities are also true in any ordered ring.

Volumes of similar Euclidean solids are related as cubes of their linear sizes.

In complex numbers, the cube of a purely imaginary number is also purely imaginary. For example, .

The derivative of  equals .

Cubes occasionally have the surjective property in other fields, such as in  for such prime  that , but not necessarily: see the counterexample with rationals above. Also in  only three elements 0, ±1 are perfect cubes, of seven total. −1, 0, and 1 are perfect cubes anywhere and the only elements of a field equal to the own cubes: .

History

Determination of the cubes of large numbers was very common in many ancient civilizations. Mesopotamian mathematicians created cuneiform tablets with tables for calculating cubes and cube roots by the Old Babylonian period (20th to 16th centuries BC). Cubic equations were known to the ancient Greek mathematician Diophantus. Hero of Alexandria devised a method for calculating cube roots in the 1st century CE. Methods for solving cubic equations and extracting cube roots appear in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, a Chinese mathematical text compiled around the 2nd century BCE and commented on by Liu Hui in the 3rd century CE.

See also

 Cabtaxi number
 Cubic equation
 Doubling the cube
 Eighth power
 Euler's sum of powers conjecture
 Fifth power
 Fourth power
 Kepler's laws of planetary motion#Third law
 Monkey saddle
 Perfect power
 Seventh power
 Sixth power
 Square
 Taxicab number

References

Sources

Elementary arithmetic
Figurate numbers
Integer sequences
Integers
Number theory
Unary operations

Cube (algebra)


Esteban de Almeyda, (? - 1563) fue un eclesiástico portugués, sucesivamente obispo de Astorga
,
de León

y de Cartagena.

Referencias

Obispos de Astorga
Obispos de León
Obispos de Cartagena
Obispos de España del siglo XVI

Esteban de Almeyda


San Vicente Pacaya («San Vicente» en honor a su santo patrono San Vicente Mártir; «Pacaya»: del náhuatl, significa «palmito comestible») es un municipio del departamento de Escuintla de la región sur-central de la República de Guatemala. Celebra su fiesta titular el 22 de enero de cada año en honor a su patrón San Vicente Mártir.

Está localizado al pie del volcán de Pacaya, y fue el sitio de filmación de la película Ixcanul en 2015, la cual recibió numerosos galardones internacionales.

Toponimia

Muchos de los nombres de los municipios y poblados de Guatemala constan de dos partes: el nombre del santo católico que se venera el día en que fueron fundados y una descripción con raíz náhuatl; esto se debe a que las tropas que invadieron la región en la década de 1520 al mando de Pedro de Alvarado estaban compuestas por soldados españoles y por indígenas tlaxcaltecas y cholultecas.

El topónimo «San Vicente Pacaya» es en honor al santo patrono San Vicente Mártir, mientras que «pacaya» significa «palmito comestible» y corresponde a la especie chamaedorea costaricana, muy común en Centroamérica.

Geografía física

El municipio de San Vicente Pacaya tiene una gran cantidad de atractivos naturales, incluyendo accidentes geográficos como corrientes de agua y pozas de agua.

Hidrografía
Por su territorio circulan numerosos ríos, entre ellos: Michatoya, los Manantiales, el Ojo de Agua, el Ojo de Agua de la Joya, y Las Pilas, entre otros. También se puede acceder a la laguna Calderas desde este municipio. "La Laguna de Calderas, pertenece al municipio de Amatitlán"

Accidentes geográficos

El volcán Pacaya, uno de los volcanes más activos que tiene Guatemala, es el centro turístico natural más relevante y visitado del municipio.

Clima

La cabecera municipal de San Vicente Pacaya tiene clima templado (Clasificación de Köppen: Csb).

Ubicación geográfica
Se encuentra a una distancia de 25 km de la cabecera departamental Escuintla y a una distancia de 45 km de la Ciudad de Guatemala. Limita al sur con San José, al oeste con Palín y la cabecera departamental Escuintla, al este con Villa Canales municipio del departamento de Guatemala, Pueblo Nuevo Viñas y Taxisco municipios del departamento de Santa Rosa y al norte con Santa María de Jesús municipio del departamento de Sacatepéquez y Amatitlán del departamento de Guatemala.

Gobierno municipal

Los municipios se encuentran regulados en diversas leyes de la República, que establecen su forma de organización, lo relativo a la conformación de sus órganos administrativos y los tributos destinados para los mismos.  Aunque se trata de entidades autónomas, se encuentran sujetas a la legislación nacional. Las principales leyes que rigen a los municipios en Guatemala desde 1985 son:

El gobierno de los municipios de Guatemala está a cargo de un Concejo Municipal mientras que el código municipal —que tiene carácter de ley ordinaria y contiene disposiciones que se aplican a todos los municipios de Guatemala— establece que «el concejo municipal es el órgano colegiado superior de deliberación y de decisión de los asuntos municipales […] y tiene su sede en la circunscripción de la cabecera municipal». Por último, el artículo 33 del mencionado código establece que «[le] corresponde con exclusividad al concejo municipal el ejercicio del gobierno del municipio».

El concejo municipal se integra con el alcalde, los síndicos y concejales, electos directamente por sufragio universal y secreto para un período de cuatro años, pudiendo ser reelectos.

Existen también las Alcaldías Auxiliares, los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo (COCODE), el Comité Municipal del Desarrollo (COMUDE), las asociaciones culturales y las comisiones de trabajo. Los alcaldes auxiliares son elegidos por las comunidades de acuerdo a sus principios, valores, procedimientos y tradiciones, estos se reúnen con el alcalde municipal el primer domingo de cada mes. Los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo y el Consejo Municipal de Desarrollo tiene como función organizar y facilitar la participación de las comunidades priorizando necesidades y problemas.

Los alcaldes que ha habido en el municipio son:
 2012-2016: Álvaro Adilio González

Historia

Se encuentran entre sus fundadores los padres de Felipe Pacheco, Valentín Ramírez, Francisco Paz quienes procedían de Malena (hoy en día Barcenas) Florencio Ramírez, Ofelio González de Procedencia de Amatitlán y se instalaron en el llano por existir en el paraje llanales para pastoreo. La población se estableció formalmente siendo el General Godoy el que ordenó al intendente Víctor Ávila el trazo de la población, como sus cantones en ese entonces no formales, estando el barrio El Llano, La Fe, Las Flores, La Esperanza, La Caridad y porsteriormente el barrio Santa Cruz, anteriormente conocida como pequeña aldea que por su cercanía a la población urbana se conforma como barrio.

En sus primeros tiempos de existencia formó parte del departamento de Amatitlán y sus primeros pobladores eran procedentes del municipio de Palín. Fue creado el 22 de octubre de 1887. Cuando el departamento de Amatitlán fue desmembrado por el gobierno del general Jorge Ubico en 1935, San Vicente Pacaya pasó a formar parte del departamento de Escuintla.

Agricultura
En San Vicente Pacaya la agricultura es una fuente de comercio muy importante, debido a que muchos pobladores se sostienen económicamente gracias a la venta de sus cosechas.

A pesar de contar con una amplia variedad de cultivos, en el municipio destaca la producción de Maíz, fruta y café.

En la literatura y el cine

El municipio fue la locación para filmar la cinta guatemalteca Ixcanul, del director guatemalteco Jayro Bustamante y que ha ganado 17 premios internacionales, incluidos galardones en grandes circuitos europeos. Basada en una historia real, Ixcanul relata la historia de María, una chica que lleva una vida tranquila con un próximo matrimonio arreglado mientras lucha por sobrevivir junto a su familia en una finca de café ubicada en las faldas del volcán Ixcanul.  Pero su vida se ve trágicamente alterada luego de una noche de amor con su novio de la infancia, que la lleva a enfrentar la dura realidad del tráfico de niños y del fuerte machismo de su sociedad.

Véase también

 Elecciones municipales de Guatemala de 2023
 Ixcanul
 Historia Territorial de Guatemala
 Organización territorial de Guatemala
 Racismo en Guatemala

Notas y referencias

Referencias

Bibliografía

Departamento de Amatitlán
Municipios de Escuintla
Toponimia náhuatl de Guatemala

San Vicente Pacaya


O Estádio Chamartín, oficialmente Campo del Real Madrid Club de Fútbol, foi um estádio de futebol situado na cidade de Madrid, mais especificamente no distrito de Chamartín, na comunidade autônoma espanhola de Madrid. Localizava-se no mesmo local onde hoje situa-se o Estádio Santiago Bernabéu, no quarteirão formado pelas seguintes vias: Avenida de Concha Espina, Paseo de la Castellana, Calle de Rafael Salgado e Calle del Padre Damián. Pertencia ao Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. Possuiu capacidade entre 15 e 25 mil espectadores.

O estádio foi inaugurado no dia 17 de maio de 1924 com a realização de uma partida amistosa entre Real Madrid, proprietário do estádio, e Newcastle United, clube inglês, vencida pelo clube espanhol por 3 a 2. O último jogo disputado pelo Real Madrid Club de Fútbol no estádio, contra o Málaga Club de Fútbol, ocorreu no dia 16 de maio de 1946. No mesmo ano, o Estádio Chamartín foi demolido para a construção do Estádio Santiago Bernabéu no mesmo local.

Ver também
 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol
 Estádio Santiago Bernabéu
 Chamartín (distrito)
 Madrid
 Comunidade de Madrid

Ligações externas

Real Madrid Club de Fútbol
Chamartín
Chamartín
Fundações na Espanha em 1924
Chamartín
Extinções em 1946

Estádio Chamartín


ساحة برشلونة هي إحدى أكبر ساحات تونس العاصمة وتوجد بها محطة للحافلات المتجهة نحو الضواحي الجنوبية، وأخرى للمترو الخفيف حيث تلتقي فيها كل خطوط المترو، كما توجد بها محطة تونس للقطارات. ومن أهم الأنهج التي تصب في هذه الساحة نهج هولندا ونهج اليونان ونهج أنقلترا ونهج إسبانيا، ومن بين ما يفتح على هذه الساحة فرع لمركز التراث الفلسطيني ومكتبة المعرفة فضلا عن العديد من المقاهي والمطاعم...

ساحات تونس
شوارع في مدينة تونس
مبان ومنشآت في مدينة تونس

ساحة برشلونة