Julia Constance Fletcher, connue sous le pseudonyme de « George Fleming » (1853 - juin 1938) est une romancière, nouvelliste et dramaturge américaine.

Biographie
Son père, James Cooley Fletcher (1823-1901) est un pasteur d'Indianapolis dans l'Indiana, diplômé de l'Université Brown, à Providence dans l'état du Rhode Island, et fils du banquier Calvin Fletcher. Sa mère Henriette Malan descend de théologiens suisses. Ils ont trois enfants : James (né vers 1849), Edmund (1851) et Julia Constance, née en 1853 à Rio de Janeiro, où les Fletcher sont en voyage pour un travail missionnaire de James. Au Brésil, il devient diplomate et écrit des récits de voyage, publiant un guide Brazil and the Brazilians en 1857.

En 1860, les Fletcher déménagent à Newburyport, dans le Massachusetts. Julia Fletcher étudie à la Abbot Academy de Andover, dans la promotion de l'année 1867. Henriette tombe amoureuse du précepteur de son fils Edmund, le peintre et critique d'art Eugene Benson. Henriette et James divorcent, et Henriette se remarie avec Eugene Benson. En 1870, selon le recensement américain, Henriette, Benson, Edmund, Julia et un domestique vivent à Hamden, dans le Connecticut. En 1873, Benson et Henriette déménagent en Italie avec Julia Fletcher, à Venise.

Julia Fletcher est très influencée par son beau-père, un orientaliste fasciné par l'Egypte ancienne et auteur de critiques d'art dans des magazines tels que l'Atlantique, Putnam's et The Galaxie, particulièrement intéressé par le mouvement esthétique.

L'un des commanditaires de ses premiers romans est Alfred Sassoon, un jeune membre de la riche famille Sassoon et le père de Siegfried Sassoon. Alfred, épris de Julia Fletcher, quitte son épouse Theresa Thronycroft. Elle a une liaison brève mais tumultueuse avec le petit-fils de Byron, Ralph Gordon King Noel Milbanke,  comte de Lovelace, de mars 1879 à janvier 1880. Les fiançailles sont rompues lorsque Ralph apprend que la mère de Julia Fletcher a divorcé. Il tente désespérement et vainement de récupérer des lettres et des souvenirs ayant appartenu à son grand-père.

Elle ne se marie jamais et passe la seconde moitié de sa vie à s'occuper de sa mère malade. Elle se rapproche d'intellectuelles lesbiennes, notamment Gertrude Stein qui écrit son portrait en prose (A Portrait of Constance Fletcher) et une pièce dans laquelle elle est un personnage, et Mabel Dodge, fondatrice de la colonie d'art de Taos. Elle vit avec sa compagne Margaret Rhodes, à qui elle dédie en 1935 une deuxième édition richement reliée de A Nile Roman : à « [s]a Marguerite ».

Lorsque la guerre éclate en 1914, elle travaille comme infirmière volontaire dans les hôpitaux militaires de Venise. Elle reçoit la Croix de guerre, le ruban de campagne à deux étoiles, la médaille d'honneur des Epidémies, la médaille du duc d'Aoste de la Tirza Armata et la médaille d'argent de la valeur militaire.

Son avis de décès publié dans le Times le 11 juillet 1938 rappelle « sa brillante personnalité et son discours si plein d'esprit ».

Carrière de romancière et de dramaturge
En 1876, Julia Fletcher, âgée de dix-huit ans, écrit A Nile Novel, or Kismet sous le pseudonyme George Fleming. Ce roman raconte les aventures de voyageurs américains et anglais qui flânent sur le Nil dans des dahabieh et partent en excursion sur les pas des pharaons. L'héroïne Bell Hamlyn est une fille occidentale impulsive et directe. Le héros est un homme de trente-cinq ans paresseux, cynique et intelligent. Ses premiers romans, A Nile Novel, or Kismet et Mirage, sont publiés anonymement par la maison d'édition Roberts Brothers à Boston. Cette série de livres « sans nom » publiés entre 1876 et 1887 a pour but de faire reposer le mérite des ouvrages sur leur contenu plutôt que sur la réputation de leurs auteurs. Les deux livres (à la fois récit de voyage, ethnographie, romance et livre comique) traitent respectivement de voyages le long du Nil et en Syrie.

Dans Vestigia, un révolutionnaire italien sensible et efféminé doit choisir entre ses convictions politiques et la femme qu'il croit aimer lorsqu'il est recruté pour une mission suicide. Dans Andromeda: A Novel, l'héroine croit à tort que la femme est comme le personnage mythologique d'Andromède c'est-à-dire forcément disposée à épouser n'importe quel homme qui la sauverait d'un mariage forcé, d'un enlèvement ou d'un viol.

En parallèle, elle écrit des articles et des nouvelles sérialisées pour divers journaux. Elle traduit quelques sonnets de Gaspara Stampa pour une annexe de la brève biographie de son beau-père Benson sur cette poètesse en 1881. Ses œuvres sont admirées par l'ami de son grand-père, Henry James, ainsi que par Rudyard Kipling, Robert Browning, Walter Pater et John Addington Symonds.

Son œuvre la plus ouvertement féministe (dans la lignée du mouvement New Woman) est l'article « On a Certain Deficiency in Women », publié dans le premier numéro de The Universal Review en 1888. Dans cet essai, elle regrette, après avoir observé « un vaste nombre de femmes » de sa connaissance, « la complaisance avec laquelle la moitié de la race humaine accepte l'état des choses ». Elle déclare que l'œuvre culturelle des femmes est extraordinaire compte tenu des obstacles systématiques auxquels elles sont confrontées : « votre fille juponnée et corsetée vous jouera un match de tennis dans un costume qui paralyserait les muscles d'un athlète ».

À partir des années 1890, elle passe du roman au théâtre. Sa première pièce Mrs. Lessingham est jouée en 1894 au Garrick Theatre. En 1900, elle écrit une traduction-adaptation de la pièce Les Romanesques d'Edmond Rostand, qu'elle intitule The Fantasticks. Elle traduit notamment le mot « enlèvement » de l'œuvre originale en « viol », afin de montrer avec plus de force à quel point les femmes sont vulnérables face aux tentatives des hommes pour les épouser contre leur volonté. Le librettiste Tom Jones, qui fait une étude de scène de la pièce à l'Université of Texas d'Austin, collabore avec le compositeur Harvey Schmidt pour créer une comédie musicale adaptée de la traduction de Julia Fletcher, et mise en scène sous le même titre, The Fantasticks, au Sullivan Street Théâtre, Off-Broadway, en 1960. La comédie musicale est jouée à Sullivan Street pendant 40 ans, et dans 11 000 productions à travers le monde. La chanson « It Depends on What You » reprend le soliloque sur le viol de Julia Fletcher.

Sa pièce de théâtre qui rencontre le plus de succès est son adaptation de The Light That Failed de Kipling en 1903.

Oscar Wilde
Quelques mois après la publication de son première roman en 1876, Julie rencontre Oscar Wilde, 22 ans, en voyage à Rome, avec qui elle sympathise. Quelques semaines plus tard, elle écrit le roman Mirage, un conte sentimental qui suit les aventures de Constance Varley, une jeune Américaine perspicace et raffinée qui rencontre Claude Davenant, alors qu'elle voyage à travers la Syrie et la Palestine. Oscar Wilde inspire à Julia Fletcher le personnage de Claude Davenant, un esthète bavard, sensible et badin. Varley compare Davenant à un portrait de Holbein : « pâle, au visage massif », avec des cheveux longs peu conventionnels. Elle le décrit : « Il parlait comme un homme qui a étudié l'éloquence. Il écoutait comme quelqu'un qui a l'habitude de parler ». Bien que Constance rejette Claude pour un prétendant plus conventionnel, elle le fait à regret. Julia Fletcher dédie Mirage à Walter Pater, héros du mouvement esthétique et membre du Brasenose College, admiré à la fois par Oscar et par elle. Selon le spécialiste d'Oscar Wilde S. I. Salamesky, Mirage est un roman-à-clef dans lequel Claude Davenant est « une figure dangereusement attrayante, bien que légèrement bisexuelle ou asexuée ». Dans une lettre à un ami deux ans plus tard, Oscar la présente comme : « [s]on amie Miss Fletcher (l'auteur de The Nile Novel) ».

A son retour d'Italie, Oscar supplie son ami William Ward, qui était avec lui à Rome, de lui envoyer l'adresse de Julia Fletcher « immédiatement », car il lui a promis de lui envoyer certains des articles de Pater. Sa réponse le ravit et il dit à William Ward qu'elle « écrit aussi intelligemment qu'elle parle », ajoutant : « je suis très attiré par elle en tous points ». La lettre de Julia Fletcher datée du 12 juin confirme son arrivée à Oxford plus tard dans la semaine et le félicite pour son prix Newdigate pour son poème « Ravenna ». Elle signe affectueusement « Dudu ». Il dédie la version publiée de « Ravenna » :  « A mon ami George Fleming, auteur de The Nile Novel et Mirage ».

Une décennie plus tard, en tant que rédacteur en chef de The Woman's World, Oscar Wilde sérialise le roman de Julia Fletcher The Truth about Clement Ker. En 1894, il assiste à la première soirée de Mrs. Lessingham, une pièce sur la solidarité féminine que Julia Fletcher met en scène en collaboration avec l'actrice Elizabeth Robins, qui est aussi une amie d'Oscar.

Œuvre partielle

Romans
 A Nile Novel, or Kismet, 2 volumes (London, Macmillan, 1877)
 Mirage, 3 volumes (London, Macmillan, 1877)
 The Head of Medusa, 3 volumes (London, Macmillan, 1880)
 Vestigia, 2 volumes (London, Macmillan, 1884)
 Andromeda: A Novel, 2 volumes (London, Bentley, 1885)
 The Truth about Clement Ker (Bristol, Arrowsmith, 1889)
 For Plain Women Only (London, John Lane, 1895)

Nouvelles
 Little Stories about Women (London, Grant Richards, 1897)
 « The Prince of Morocco », Macmillan's Magazine, juillet 1891
 « A Woman with No Nonsense about Her », The National Observer, 8 juillet 1893
 « For Better, For Worse », The National Observer, 29 juillet 1893
 « At Venice », The National Observer, 26 août 1893
 « Mees », Pall Mall Gazette, 5 décembre 1893
 « By Accident », The National Observer, 23 décembre 1893
 « A Freethinker of Castel Gondolfo », The Sketch, 7 février 1894
 « Three Wives », The National Observer, 17 février 1894
 « The Astonishment of Captain Brownrigg », The Speaker, 24 février 1894
 « The Next House », The New Review, janvier 1895
 « For Ten Francs », The New Review, octobre 1895
 « A Contemporary », The New Review, mai 1896

Pièces de théâtre
 Mrs. Lessingham, en collaboration avec Elizabeth Robbins (1894)
 The Fantasticks, traduction et adaptation des Romanesques d'Edmond Rostand (1900)
 The Light That Failed, adaptation de Kipling (1903)

Essai
 « On a Certain Deficiency in Women », The Universal Review (1888)

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1853
Naissance à Rio de Janeiro
Romancière américaine du XIXe siècle
Dramaturge américain du XIXe siècle
Nouvelliste américaine
Nouvelliste du XIXe siècle
Femmes pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Oscar Wilde
Décès en juin 1938
Décès à 85 ans
Décès à Venise

Julia Constance Fletcher


Umm-Salma may refer to:

 Táhirih, a title of Fatimah Baraghani (1814 or 1817 – 1852), an influential poet and theologian of the Bábí faith in Iran
 Umm Salama or Hind bint Abi Umayya (c. 596 – c. 680), one of Muhammad's wives

Umm-Salma


Eucrosia dodsonii es una especie de planta bulbosa geófita perteneciente a la familia de las amarilidáceas. Es originaria de Ecuador.  Su hábitat natural son las húmedas montañas subtropicales o tropicales. Está amenazado por la pérdida de hábitat.

Descripción
Crece a partir de bulbos de 2,5 a 5 cm de diámetro. Las hojas son pecioladas y tienen láminas de 20 cm de largo por 12 cm de ancho. Las flores son zigomorfas  de color amarillo, producidas en una umbela en un escapo de 60 cm de altura, los estambres destacan por sus largos filamentos. A diferencia de la mayoría de las especies del género, E. dodsonii no tiene nectarios.

Hábitat
Es una planta bulbosa endémica de Ecuador. Es la única especie del género que prefiere los ambientes húmedos. Subpoblaciones se producen en la provincia de Cotopaxi en Tenefuerte, en la provincia de Azuay en la Loma de la Plata, y en Pichincha a 70 km de la carretera Chiriboga. No se copnece que se produzcan dentro de la red de áreas protegidas de Ecuador, pero puede encontrarse en la Reserva Ecológica Los Ilinizas, a una altitud de entre 1.200 y 1.500 m de altura. Clasificada como rara en 1997. Amenazas específicas son desconocidas. La destrucción del hábitat es la única amenaza conocida para la especie.

Cultivo
En cultivo, las plantas deben mantenerse calientes y secas cuando las hojas se marchitan, y regar sólo cuando las flores o las hojas comienzan a crecer de nuevo, entonces necesitan un lugar soleado  para casi la mitad del día.

Taxonomía

Eucrosia dodsonii fue descrita por (Baker) Traub y publicado en Brittonia 37(1): 47, f. 1, en el año 1985.
Etimología
Eucrosia: nombre genérico que deriva del griego: eu = "hermosa" y krossos = "franja", en referencia a los largos estambres.

dodsonii: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico Calaway H. Dodson.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 : E. dodsonii.
 Image of E. dodsonii at ARKive

dodsonii
Plantas bulbosas

Eucrosia dodsonii


Kayıp Çocuklar Şehri (orijinal adı: "La Cité des Enfants Perdus") 1995 yapımı, Marc Caro ve Jean-Pierre Jeunet'nin yönetmenlğini üstlendiği fantastik filmdir.
Göz alıcı dekorları, usta işi özel efektleri, Jean-Paul Gaultier kostümleri ve ucube karakterleriyle, çılgın bir hayal alemi. Bir liman kentinin açıklarındaki platformda yaşayan korkunç bilim insanı Krank, rüya görme yetisi olmadığı için erken yaşlanmaktadır. Tek gözlü yardımcılarının kentten kaçırdıkları çocuklar Krank'ın laboratuvarında makinelere bağlanmakta, böylece Krank da çocukların rüyalarını çalabilmektedir. Ne var ki cesur bir kız ve nazik bir devin planları Krank'ı bozguna uğratacaktır.

Oyuncu kadrosu
 Ron Perlman -One
 Judith Vittet -Miette
 Daniel Emilfork -Krank
 Dominique Pinon -klonlar ve dalgıç
 Genevieve Brunet -yapışık ikizler
 Odile Mallet -yapışık ikizler
 Jean-Claude Dreyfus -Marcello
 Mireille Mosse -Matmazel Bismuth
 François Hadji  -Lazaro
 Joseph Lucien -Denree

Dış bağlantılar

Ayrıca bakınız

 Distopik filmler listesi

1995 çıkışlı filmler
Fransa fantastik filmleri
Almanya fantastik filmleri
Jean-Pierre Jeunet'nin yönettiği filmler
Marc Caro'nun yönettiği filmler
Angelo Badalamenti'nin müziğini yaptığı filmler
Ortak yapım filmler
İspanya fantastik filmleri
Steampunk filmleri
Almanya bilimkurgu filmleri
Büyülü gerçekçi filmler
1990'larda Fransızca filmler

Kayıp Çocuklar Şehri


Die Tritton Mine ist ein Kupfer-Gold-Silber-Bergwerk im zentralen New South Wales bei Girilambone, 50 Kilometer nordöstlich von Nyngan. Das Unternehmen Tritton Resources Limited, eine 100-prozentige Tochter der Straits Resources Limited, hält Land und Abbaulizenzen und betreibt neben der Tritton Mine mehrere Bergwerke in diesem historischen Kupferbergbaugebiet.

Tritton Mine

Der Tritton-Erzkörper wurde 1995 von Straits/Nord Joint Venture entdeckt. Mit dem Bau der Tritton Mine wurde 2002 begonnen, 2003 wurde Tritton Mine an der Börse gelistet und nahm im Dezember 2004 seinen Betrieb auf. Straits erwarb 27 Prozent der Aktien und erhöhte 2005 seinen Anteil auf 58 Prozent und im Mai 2006 seinen Anteil auf 100 Prozent.

Die Trittin Mine betreibt eine Zerkleinerungsanlage sowie eine Mühlen- und Auslaugungsanlage. Das Bergwerk ist dafür ausgelegt 100.000 Tonnen Kupferkonzentrat jährlich mit einem Anteil 25 Prozent Kupfer, 2 Gramm je Tonne Gold und 30 Gramm Silber je Tonne zu produzieren.

Geologie

Der Tritton-Erzkörper liegt in einem Gesteinsvorkommen, das im Ordovizium entstand und in aus Quarzit und Metapeliten der Girilambone Group besteht.

Die Mineralisation dieses Gebiets schuf dort zwei Gesteinsschichten, wovon eine aus nicht verwitterten Quarzit und geringen Teilen von Schiefer besteht. Diese Schicht variiert aus massiven Pyrit und Chalkopyrit, in denen die hochwertigen Gold- und Silbervorkommen mit wenig Bornit und Tennantit und Linsen von Hämatit, Magnetit und Siliciumdioxid bestehen. Die andere Schicht besteht aus massiven und gebänderten Linsen aus Pyrit und Chalkopyrit und chloritischen, semipelitischen Schiefern, die von dunklem Schiefer, der aus Karbonat, Epidot und Magnetit besteht, überlagert ist.

Girilambone-Bergbaugebiet

Im Gebiet von Girilambone wird in der Murrawombie Mine Bergbau betrieben, dort befindet sich die Hauptverwaltung mit Büros, Instandhaltungs- und Lagergebäuden. Es gibt dort ferner die historische Murrawombie Mine. Das Bergbaugebiet Girilambone North umfasst den historischen North East-, Hartmans- und Larsens-Tagebau
Neuerdings wird die North East Mine im Untertagebau von der Hartmans Mine aus betrieben, die Larsens Mine wird von der North-East-Vorkommen aus erschlossen. Avoca Tank ist ein Entwicklungsprojekt.

Murrawombie Mine

Die Murrawombie Mine liegt 2 Kilometer westlich von Girilambone, in der bis 1997 Oxide abgebaut wurden. Die Gesteinsvorkommen und Mineralisation ist mit dem Tritton-Vorkommen vergleichbar. Das Vorkommen liegt auf 600 Metern Tiefe.

North East und Larsens Mine

Die North East und Larsens Mines liegen etwa 5 Kilometer nördlich der Murrawombie Mine.

Die Kupfermineralisation der North East Mine liegt in schwach chloritisierten und silifizierten Schiefer in einer massiven gebänderten Pyritschicht und Linsen auch Chalkopyrit liegen im Osten.

Die Kupfersulfid-Mineralisation im Gebiet der Larsons Mine, vor allem Chalcocite, fand in einem schwach chloritisierten Schiefer in drei gebänderten Pyritschichten statt.

Weitere Minenprojekte

Die Budgery Mine liegt 5 km nördlich von Hermidale, die wie der Bergbau Avoca Tank kurzzeitig bis 1905 im Abbau stand. Dort fand einen Mineralisation von Malachit und Azurit statt, ferner gibt es dort chalcocite und Pyrit.

Hochgradige Oxid- und Sulfid-Linsen befinden sich bei Avoca Tank.

Siehe auch
Kupferbergbau in Australien

Einzelnachweise

Kupferbergwerk in Australien
Goldmine in Australien
Geologie Australiens
Geographie (New South Wales)
Bergwerk in Australien und Ozeanien

Tritton Mine


Yuan Shao (, ; died 28 June 202), courtesy name Benchu (), was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He occupied the northern territories of China during the civil wars that occurred towards the end of the Han dynasty. He was also an elder half-brother of Yuan Shu, a warlord who controlled the Huai River region, though the two were not on good terms with each other.

One of the most powerful warlords of his time, Yuan Shao spearheaded a coalition of warlords against Dong Zhuo, who held Emperor Xian hostage in the imperial capital, Luoyang, but failed due to internal disunity. In 200, he launched a campaign against his rival Cao Cao but was defeated at the Battle of Guandu. He died of illness two years later in Ye. His eventual failure despite his illustrious family background and geographical advantages was commonly blamed on his indecisiveness and inability to heed the advice of his advisors.

Family background
Yuan Shao was born in Ruyang County (), Runan Commandery, which is in present-day Shangshui County, Henan. His family had for over four generations been a prominent force in the Han civil service, having produced numerous members in high positions since the first century CE. Descended from Yuan An, who served during the reign of Emperor Zhang, Yuan Shao's exact parentage was the source of some controversy, being one of the primary points of contention between himself and his half-brother, or cousin, Yuan Shu. Yuan Shao was a son of Yuan Feng () and the eldest sibling, supposedly to the ire of Yuan Shu. Both Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu are recognised as great-grandsons of Yuan An, as recorded in Wang Shen's Book of Wei ().

Yuan Shao's mother was originally a servant of Yuan Feng. Since Yuan Feng lacked male heirs, the birth of Yuan Shao elevated his mother to the status of a concubine. The Records of the Three Kingdoms contend that Yuan Shao was in fact an older cousin of Yuan Shu, and was adopted by the elder brother of Yuan Feng, Yuan Cheng (袁成), who also lacked male heirs. The act of adopting Yuan Shao would have infuriated Yuan Shu, because his own mother, a concubine of Yuan Feng, held a higher status than that of Yuan Shao's mother; however, by Yuan Cheng's adoption of Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu was no longer the highest ranked male of his generation of the Yuan family. Yuan Shao enjoyed more privileges than Yuan Shu, despite the latter being a blood-related member of the clan.

When Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu became involved in disputes later, Yuan Shu used Yuan Shao's mother as an excuse to claim that he was not a "true son" of the Yuan family. When compared to Yuan Shu, Yuan Shao had a more serious appearance and respected men of talent regardless of their background; as such, he was welcomed by many since his childhood, including Cao Cao and Zhang Miao.

Service under the Han dynasty (169 –189)

When Yuan Shao was young, he participated in saving some of the "partisans" from death or other terrible fates during the second of the Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions. One such "partisan" was He Yong, whom
Yuan Shao befriended after He escaped to Runan and became close with. When the second of the Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions began, He Yong often secretly entered Luoyang, where he discussed plans with Yuan Shao on how to help the "partisans". For the "partisans" who were destitute, the plans were to provide material help. For the "partisans" who were imprisoned, the plans were to work within the bureaucracy so that the partisans may escape. After he entered the civil service, Yuan Shao initially served as an aide to General-in-Chief He Jin, who deeply trusted him.

After the death of Emperor Ling in May 189, He Jin and Yuan Shao plotted to eliminate the eunuch faction, but Empress Dowager He was against their idea. He Jin then summoned Dong Zhuo to lead troops into the imperial capital, Luoyang, to pressure the empress dowager. The eunuchs became fearful and they forged an edict in the empress dowager's name, summoning He Jin into the inner palace. Yuan Shao cautioned He Jin, reminding him that he should order an attack on the eunuchs instead of entering the palace. After He Jin refused to accept his advice thrice, Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu led 200 elite troops to wait outside. On 22 September 189, inside the palace, He Jin was ambushed and assassinated by the eunuchs, who tossed his severed head over the wall. He Jin's angered followers set fire to the palace and charged in, slaughtering every person (except females) without facial hair; to the extreme that many young men without facial hair had to show their genitals to avoid being mistaken for eunuchs and killed. Over 2,000 people were killed in the massacre, while the young Emperor Shao and Prince of Chenliu (future Emperor Xian) escaped during the chaos. The resulting power vacuum provided Dong Zhuo, who found and rescued the emperor and prince, with an opportunity to seize control of the imperial capital when he arrived.

Dong Zhuo then discussed with Yuan Shao about his plan to depose Emperor Shao and replace him with the Prince of Chenliu, but Yuan Shao disagreed. Relations between the two deteriorated and Yuan Shao fled from Luoyang to Ji Province (present day southern Hebei). At the time, Yuan Shao just got out through the city gates of Luoyang, Dong Zhuo thought about sending men after him, but Zhou Bi, Wu Qiong and He Yong secretly helped Yuan Shao by convincing Dong Zhuo to let him go. As suggested by the three men, Dong Zhuo appointed Yuan Shao as the Administrator of Bohai Commandery in a bid to appease him.

Coalition against Dong Zhuo (190–191)

Sun Jian's advancement
By early 190, however, Yuan became openly hostile. A coalition of regional officials and commanders from the eastern provinces, including Cao Cao, Yuan Shu, Han Fu, Zhang Miao and Bao Xin, formed up behind him in a campaign to oust Dong Zhuo. Yuan Shao declared himself General of Chariots and Cavalry () and camped at Henei (), near a fort on the Yellow River just north of Luoyang. On 10 May 190, Dong Zhuo ordered the execution of all members of the Yuan clan in Luoyang; he then sent out emissaries with imperial edicts ordering the regional officials to disband. However, members of the coalition listened to Yuan Shao, and had all the emissaries executed instead (except Han Rong). Dong Zhuo then sent Hu Zhen, Lü Bu and Hua Xiong to deter the coalition vanguard led by Sun Jian. Despite initial success, Sun was able to capitalise on the internal conflict between Hu Zhen and Lü Bu and defeated them at Yangren. After that loss, Dong Zhuo decided to move the imperial capital to Chang'an, where his home base of Liang Province was nearby. A year later, Dong Zhuo burnt Luoyang to the ground and withdrew to the west with the mass of refugees. Although lacking a logistical base, Sun Jian and Cao Cao requested to pursue Dong Zhuo's retreating force, but Yuan Shao and other members largely disagreed with their opinion. Sun Jian was ordered to rendezvous with Yuan Shu, so Cao Cao led his own men to go on the pursuit alone, and was soundly defeated by Dong Zhuo's subordinate, Xu Rong.

Dissolution
During this time, Yuan Shao and Han Fu had intended to establish the legitimacy of the coalition by declaring Liu Yu, the governor of You Province (present day northern Hebei), the new emperor to replace Emperor Xian. However, believing that it would be faithless to Emperor Xian for him to accept, Liu Yu declined the offer. When the scene of the ruined capital coming into their eyes, the disunited leaders of the coalition realised that the Han dynasty was coming to an end, and started planning on strengthening their position, and soon returned to their respective home bases.

Unifying northern China (191–199)

Acquisition and consolidation of Ji Province (191)

As many volunteers from different provinces had flocked to join Yuan Shao, Bohai Commandery would be far from sufficient to supply his army. Thus, Pang Ji suggested to Yuan Shao to form a secret alliance with the warlord Gongsun Zan and incite the latter to attack Han Fu's Ji Province. Facing an imminent attack from Gongsun Zan, Han Fu was terrified so he listened to Yuan Shao's lobbyists, Gao Gan (Yuan Shao's nephew) and Xun Chen, to give up the governorship of Ji Province to Yuan Shao in order to drive back Gongsun Zan. Yuan Shao then began to build a warlord state from Ye, the capital of Ji Province. In order to curtail Yuan Shu's sphere of influence, Yuan Shao formed an alliance with Cao Cao and Zhang Miao, and named his follower, Zhou Yu () as the Inspector of Yu Province, a title to which Sun Jian had already been entitled, and sent him to attack Sun Jian's territories in Yu Province while the latter was on his way back from Luoyang. In response, Yuan Shu allied with Gongsun Zan and Tao Qian, and ordered Sun Jian to fight his half-brother.

Although Zhou Yu managed to defeat the forces of Sun Jian in the Battle of Yangcheng, he lost to Sun Jian in the following battles. The first battles between the brothers ended in Yuan Shu's favour: he had engaged and defeated Yuan Shao's forces in both Yangcheng and Jiujiang, restored the position in Yingchuan Commandery under Sun Jian, and eliminated Zhou Yu as a threat once and for all although Jiujiang was not yet conquered. For Yuan Shao, on the other hand, the situation was extremely difficult: besides the failure in the south, he was also under threat from Gongsun Zan, who held Yuan Shao responsible for the death of his cousin Gongsun Yue () in battle and formally declared war against him, rejecting all of Yuan Shao's protestations of goodwill. This led to the clash between Yuan Shao and Gongsun in the Battle of Jieqiao.

The Battle of Yangcheng, being the first move in the struggle between the two Yuans, marked the beginning of a new stage in the confusion of wars which brought about the end of the Han dynasty. This internecine struggle confirmed the undoing of the alliance against Dong Zhuo as the warlords of the North China Plain started to battle each other for the ultimate dominion of China.

In order to focus on the conflicts with Gongsun Zan, Yuan Shao entered into a general alliance with Liu Biao against Yuan Shu. In the winter of that year, Yuan Shao defeated Gongsun Zan's elite cavalry at the Battle of Jieqiao with the use of massed crossbowmen. The Han imperial court issued an edict ordering Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan to cease fire. Yuan Shao then returned to Ye and started targeting the Heishan bandits, who had been causing trouble in Ji Province. With temporary aid from Lü Bu, Yuan Shao managed to defeat the Heishan bandits despite suffering heavy casualties. In any case, Yuan Shao succeeded in drastically reducing the threat posed by the Heishan bandits to his western flank.

Conquest of Qing Province (192–196)
Despite warnings from Ju Shou that the move could sow seeds for future trouble, Yuan Shao insisted on sending his first-born son, Yuan Tan, away to "govern" Qing Province.

In subsequent years, Yuan Shao achieved considerable success in consolidating his domain. At the same time, Yuan Tan also achieved exceptional success on expanding his territories in Qing Province, driving out Gongsun Zan's general Tian Kai in 193 and defeating Beihai chancellor Kong Rong in 196.

Refusal to host the emperor (195–196)
In 195, Ju Shou suggested to Yuan Shao to welcome Emperor Xian to Ji Province so he could effectively control the Han central government and use the emperor as a figurehead to enhance his legitimacy. However, Guo Tu and Chunyu Qiong opposed this move under the faulty logic that if Yuan Shao were to do so, he would have to yield to Emperor Xian on key decisions. Yuan Shao, valuing his autonomy, listened to Guo Tu and Chunyu Qiong and let the opportunity pass by. In contrast, his would-be rival, Cao Cao used the opportunity to welcome Emperor Xian to his base in Xuchang, where the new imperial capital was established.

In 196, the Han imperial court, under Cao Cao's control, awarded Yuan Shao the appointment of Grand Commandant. However, Yuan Shao rejected the appointment because Grand Commandant ranked below General-in-Chief, the position held by Cao Cao. As a result, Cao Cao gave up his position and offered it to Yuan Shao, who readily accepted it. Yuan Shao was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Ye.

Annihilation of Gongsun Zan (198–199)
In 198, Yuan Shao advanced against Gongsun Zan and encircled his remaining force at Yijing (present-day Xiong County, Hebei). By early 199, Yuan Shao had completely defeated Gongsun Zan at the Battle of Yijing and held absolute power over the four provinces north of the Yellow River. Then, after establishing an alliance with the Wuhuan tribes on the northern frontier, Yuan Shao turned his attention to Cao Cao, who had consolidated his own power base to the south of the Yellow River.

Guandu Campaign (199–201)

Both sides made preparations for a decisive battle. Towards the end of 199, both sides had already engaged in skirmishes at Liyang (northwest of present-day Xun County, Henan), a major crossing point of the Yellow River. Cao Cao prepared his defences around Guandu (northeast of present-day Zhongmu County, Henan), slightly south of the river. When Liu Bei defected from Cao Cao in the first month of 200 and planted a foothold in Xu Province, Cao Cao left his northern front exposed to Yuan Shao and turned east to deal with Liu Bei. Tian Feng urged Yuan Shao to seize the opportunity to attack Cao Cao while he was away, but Yuan Shao refused to launch an all-out offensive. Instead, he sent small detachments to harass his enemy. Yu Jin, the general appointed by Cao Cao to defend Yan Ford, defeated Yuan Shao's detachments.

Shortly after Cao Cao returned to Guandu, Yuan Shao had Chen Lin draft a document condemning Cao Cao in what was essentially a declaration of war. He then marched his main army towards the forward base of Liyang north of the Yellow River. At the time, Yuan Shao's main veteran army boasted of numbers over 100,000, supplemented with hundreds of thousands of less skilled militia units. Heavily outnumbering Cao Cao and holding large cavalry force, Yuan Shao's initial attacks almost overwhelmed his enemy's positions. It is recorded in the Records of the Three Kingdoms that Cao Cao on several occasions considered relinquishing his position, and consulted his chief strategist, Xun Yu on that decision, which Xun strongly opposed and further encouraged Cao to hold on. Following an unexpected defection of one of Yuan Shao's strategists and personal friends, Xu You, Cao Cao received confidential information on the whereabouts of Yuan Shao's food storage. In late 200, Cao Cao and Yue Jin led a strike force to attack Yuan Shao's supply depot at Wuchao and burnt it down, inflicting severe damage on the morale of Yuan Shao's army. Two of Yuan Shao's officers, Zhang He and Gao Lan, immediately defected to Cao Cao's side once they got wind of what happened in Wuchao, and many others followed suit. Yuan Shao was unable to stop the trend and fled north across the Yellow River with only hundreds of loyalists.

Yuan Shao's first major defeat was also a decisive one. Thereafter, he lost the advantage over Cao Cao and never regained it. In 201, Cao Cao defeated him again at the Battle of Cangting and proceeded to capture several of Yuan Shao's territories in Ji Province.

Futile effort to turn the tide and death (201–202)
After the Battle of Cangting, Cao Cao's exhausted troops returned to the south for a rest. Meanwhile, Yuan Shao was able to reorganise his defeated armies to settle the rebellions in his own domain, soon reestablishing order and restored the status quo ante bellum. Yuan Shao had three sons, and he favoured his third son, Yuan Shang, due to his good looks, and both Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang were his choice for succession. However, Yuan was never able to finalise his decision regarding who should succeed him before he died on 28 June 202, leaving his domain to be contested by his sons and Cao Cao.

Immediately after Yuan Shao's death, Shen Pei and Pang Ji, two influential advisers, supported Yuan Shang and pushed for him to succeed Yuan Shao, despite opposition from Yuan Tan. Yuan Shao's wife, Lady Liu, supported Yuan Shang, and Yuan Tan could not do anything to change the outcome when he rushed back from Qing Province. Then, Lady Liu, being in control of the Yuan household after her husband's death, killed Yuan Shao's other five consorts out of jealousy and disfigured them. True to Ju Shou's previous warning, chaos ensued within Yuan Shao's forces. Cao Cao exploited the internal turmoil within the Yuan family to his advantage and completely eliminated Yuan Shao's heirs and remnants by 207.

Cao Cao paid his respects at Yuan Shao's tomb after conquering Ye city in 204. He wept bitterly for his old friend in front of his followers and gave Yuan Shao's family consolatory gifts and a government pension.

Family
 Ancestors:
 Yuan An, great-great-grandfather, served as Excellency over the Masses, and Excellency of Works
 Yuan Jing (), great-grandfather, served as Excellency of Works
 Yuan Tang (), grandfather, served as Excellency over the Masses, Excellency of Works, and Grand Commandant
 Father: Yuan Feng (), served as Excellency of Works
 Siblings:
 Yuan Ji (), elder half-brother, served as Minister Coachman
 Yuan Shu, younger half-brother, warlord, declared himself Emperor of Zhong later
 Spouses:
 Principal wife, bore Yuan Tan and Yuan Xi
 Lady Liu (), bore Yuan Shang
 Five other concubines, all killed by Lady Liu
 Children:
 Yuan Tan, eldest son, waged war on Yuan Shang after his father's death, killed by Cao Cao
 Yuan Xi, second son, moved to You Province after Yuan Shao's death, later fled to Liaodong with Yuan Shang, killed by Gongsun Kang
 Yuan Shang, third son, Yuan Shao's successor, waged war on Yuan Tan after his father's death, fled to Liaodong with Yuan Xi, killed by Gongsun Kang
 Relatives:
 Yuan Wei (), uncle, served as Excellency over the Masses, and Grand Tutor
 Yuan Cheng (), uncle
 Yuan Yi, elder cousin, served as Prefect of Chang'an, and Inspector of Yang Province
 Yuan Xu (), younger cousin
 Yuan Yin (), younger cousin, served as Administrator of Danyang
 Yuan Manlai (), cousin
 Yuan Yida (), cousin
 Yuan Renda (), cousin
 Gao Gan, nephew

In popular culture

Yuan Shao is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He also appears in all instalments of Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms strategy game series. He also has a minor role in Koei's Kessen II.  Yuan Shao also appears as a playable faction leader in the Creative Assembly title Total War: Three Kingdoms. He plays a major role in the Three Kingdoms (TV series) as a reappearing character.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 .

 Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
 Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.

154 births
202 deaths
Han dynasty generals
Han dynasty warlords
Politicians from Luoyang
Political office-holders in Hebei
Political office-holders in Henan

Yuan Shao


"Misty" (inglés: Brumoso) es la tercera canción del álbum 50 Words for Snow de la cantante, compositora y productora británica Kate Bush. Es la canción más larga del álbum, con una duración de 13 minutos y fracción.

Composición
Al igual que el resto del álbum, es una canción de tiempo lento con énfasis en la voz y el piano, siendo acompañados por una percusión de estilo jazz rock. Las letras hablan de una persona (una mujer específicamente) que al intentar dormir descubre que ha entrado un muñeco de nieve por la ventana y se queda a su lado. El clímax de la obra sucede cuando el muñeco se empieza a disolver y la persona se desespera al despertar a la mañana siguiente sin encontrarlo.

Vídeo musical
Como parte del proyecto animado de 50 Words for Snow, "Misty" posee un vídeo animado con una duración de 2:25 disponible en YouTube bajo el nombre de "Mistraldespair". En el vídeo se presenta la parte medular de la historia, desde que la joven encuentra al muñeco de nieve a su lado hasta que este se empieza a derretir y la mujer se queda solamente con su cabeza.

Recepción y crítica
Zach Schonfeld de Pop Matters escribió: "A los 13 minutos, 'Misty' podría beneficiarse más con una edición, pero su poderoso y llamativo clímax —en el que una relación fugaz con un muñeco de nieve se disuelve, literalmente, demasiado pronto— recompensa la espera".

Thom Jurek de Allmusic comentó: "A pesar de su premisa poco probable, el gran anhelo expresado en la voz de Bush —acompañada por el bajista Danny Thompson— es convincente. Su piano de jazz aborda a Vince Guaraldi en su empeine. El sujeto está tan poseído por el objeto de su deseo, las sábanas empapadas, pero vacías en la mañana la impulsa a la repisa de la ventana para buscar a su amante fundido en el paisaje de invierno".

Jude Rogers de BBC criticó positivamente la canción, diciendo que "sus 13 minutos son fascinantes".

Producción
 Kate Bush - compositora, productora
 Doug Sax, James Guthrie - masterización

Personal
 Kate Bush - voz principal, coros, teclados
 John Giblin - bajo
 Del Palmer - campanas
 Steve Gadd - batería
 Andy Fairweather Low - coros

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 "Mistraldespair" en YouTube

Canciones de 2011
Canciones de Kate Bush
Canciones compuestas por Kate Bush

Misty (canción)


Der Innenminister Finnlands ist Teil der finnischen Regierung. Derzeitige Ministerin ist Maria Ohisalo von der Partei Grüner Bund.

Liste der Minister
Folgend eine Liste der Innenminister (finnisch: sisäasiainministeri; schwedisch: inrikesminister) der Republik Finnland:

Siehe auch
 Liste der Ministerpräsidenten Finnlands
 Liste der Land- und Forstwirtschaftsminister Finnlands
 Liste der Umweltminister Finnlands
 Liste der Verteidigungsminister Finnlands

Weblinks
 Liste der Innenminister Finnlands

Finnland
!

Liste der Innenminister Finnlands


The Arizona Biltmore Hotel is a resort located in Phoenix near 24th Street and Camelback Road. Designed by Albert Chase McArthur, it opened on February 23, 1929 as part of the Biltmore Hotel chain. Actors Clark Gable and Carole Lombard often stayed there and the Tequila sunrise cocktail was invented there. It later became part of Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts.

History
Warren McArthur, Jr., and brother Charles McArthur along with John McEntee Bowman, the entrepreneur behind the Biltmore Hotel chain, opened the Arizona Biltmore on February 23, 1929.

The Arizona Biltmore's architect of record is Albert Chase McArthur (brother of the hotel owners), yet the design is often mistakenly attributed to Frank Lloyd Wright. This is due to Wright's on-site consulting for four months in 1928 relating to the "Textile Block" construction used in the hotel. Albert McArthur had been a draftsman for Wright, and specifically asked Wright to assist with implementing the textile block system, which became a signature element of the hotel's appearance. The hotel has similarities to several Wright buildings, especially in the main lobby, owing to a strong imprint of the unit block design that Wright had utilized on four residential buildings in the Los Angeles area six years earlier. McArthur is indisputably the architect as original linen drawings of the hotel in the Arizona State University Library archives attest, as does a 1929 feature article in Architectural Record magazine. The two architects are a study in contrast with the famous and outspoken Wright being self-taught and never licensed as an architect in Arizona. The more soft-spoken McArthur was Harvard-trained in architecture, mathematics, engineering, and music. McArthur obtained an architect's license in Arizona, number 338, in 1925, the year he arrived in Phoenix to begin his practice.

Adding to the confusion, Frank Lloyd Wright influences have been added to the property over the years. This includes a stained glass window design entitled "Saguaro Forms and Cactus Flowers" that Wright designed as a magazine cover for Liberty Magazine in 1926. It was fabricated by Taliesin students and installed during the 1973 hotel renovations and restoration.  Reproductions of the geometric 'sprite' statues originally designed by Wright and sculpted by Alfonso Iannelli for the 1915 Midway Gardens project in Chicago are placed around the property. Also, the original hotel solarium was converted to a restaurant in 1973 and since the mid-1990s has been named 'Wright's'. Three onsite restaurants bear Wright's name: Wright's at the Biltmore, The Wright Bar, and Frank & Albert's.

Three construction crews worked 24 hours a day to complete the hotel. S. M. Benet & Company of Beverly Hills, California was contractor with L. D. Richardson serving as project superintendent.

Biltmore blocks
Authorship of the hotel's design is not a new dispute. Wright wanted square blocks as opposed to McArthur's mathematically proportioned rectangle block that was used. The pre-cast blocks which McArthur used became known as the "Biltmore Blocks". The blocks had a diverse geometric design and were made on site from desert sand.

Wright had condemned McArthur's use of the block system and publicly claimed credit for the building's design. Nonetheless, Wright issued a carefully worded letter in 1930 that was published in The Architectural Record (quoted in Brendan Gill's Many Masks ):

History Room
The Biltmore History Room is located on the third floor. In the room there are displays of not only historical artifacts related to the hotel's history, but also the early furnishes which were once used. Among the historical artifacts on display is a wooden key which Scenic Airways dropped on the roof of the ballroom on February 23, 1929, the opening day of the hotel. The key is on display above the room's fireplace.

Mystery Room

On the second floor of the hotel there was a room known as the Mystery Room. It was called the "Men's Smoking Room" where supposedly the men who were guests went to smoke cigars. This was during the days of Prohibition (1920 to 1933) and the name of the room was a disguise because its true function in the night was that of a speakeasy. Only the guests that knew the secret password were allowed in. In the room there was a bar behind a revolving bookcase where the illegal alcoholic drinks were served. The hotel placed a beacon light (spotlight) atop the hotel whose official purpose was to alert the speakeasy guests in the event that the police arrived to raid the place. A hotel employee would be stationed on the roof and if he saw any police cars he would flash the spotlight on the skylight of the Mystery Room. When the guests in the room saw the light, they would return to their rooms through secret passageways. What is now an entry door to the room used to be an exit door behind a wall sealed off from the rest of the hallway so that police wouldn't see guests leaving. Actors Clark Gable and Carole Lombard would often stay in room 1201 (now known as the Clark Gable room) which was right next door to the Mystery Room. Their room had a secret passageway to the Mystery Room. The room is now used for meetings and conferences.

Gold Room
Clark Gable and friends used to dine in the Gold Room. The 7,000 square foot ballroom could accommodate 480 guests. The Gold Room, with the gold leaf ceiling, was the original dining room of the Biltmore. It featured dancing and a live orchestra every night. The gold leaf ceiling and windows are from the original structure. There are two murals on the walls: "Legend of the Sun" and "Warrior Twins" by Maynard Dixon (a 20th-century American artist whose body of work focused on the American West) which were done on Belgian Linen.

Aztec Room
The Aztec Room was the original ballroom of the Biltmore. The 2,800 square feet room has a gold leaf ceiling and copper beams. Frank Lloyd Wright was instrumental in the room's design which had few or no adjustments.

William Wrigley Jr. becomes full owner
In 1930, the McArthurs (the owners) lost control of the property to one of their primary investors, William Wrigley Jr., who became full owner. The nearby Wrigley Mansion was built in 1931 and now operates as a private club.

Original Tequila Sunrise

The Tequila sunrise is an alcoholic cocktail whose ingredients include tequila, Crème de Cassis, fresh squeezed lime juice and Club Soda. It was invented in the late 1930s by bartender Gene Sulit. Sulit was attending customers in the hotel's "Wright" bar when one particular customer asked Sulit if he could come up with a new drink to be enjoyed at poolside. Sulit mixed the ingredients mentioned above and the drink became known as the Biltmore Tequila Sunrise.

Catalina Pool
In 1940, the Catalina Pool aka Marilyn Monroe's Pool and the Cowboy Bunkhouse areas opened.  These would become favorite areas of Hollywood celebrities. The Catalina Pool was Marilyn Monroe's favorite and she was often seen around the pool area sunbathing. Catalina pool supposedly is where Irving Berlin penned the iconic  song "White Christmas". Martha Raye was photographed playing chess on a large chessboard around the Cowboy house.

In March, 1952, Ronald and Nancy Reagan spent their honeymoon at the resort. Their favorite cottage in the resort was Cottage I.

Hotel fire
In 1970, the Wrigley family sold the hotel to the Talley family. 1973 almost spelled doom for the hotel: a large fire erupted on June 21, destroying interiors of large parts of the 3rd and 4th floors and tremendous water damage on the 2nd and ground floors. Investigators discovered that an arc from a welder installing a sprinkler system had started the blaze. Thirty-five (35) firetrucks and a hundred and fifty (150) fire fighters responded to the 6-alarm fire which resulted in $2.5 million dollars of damage.

It was announced immediately by the new owners that this famed hotel would be rebuilt in 90 days and opened on schedule for its regular winter season the last week of September 1973. The prompt re-building included new custom designed carpets throughout the hotel, new furniture for guest rooms and public areas, new restaurant kitchen equipment, and renovated public interiors throughout the hotel. "Saguaros", a design by Wright for the cover of Liberty Magazine, was fabricated by Taliesin students during the remodeling of the hotel and was installed in the lobby. Three separate crews were employed around the clock. In the wee hours before opening day, the final carpets were laid and the deadline had been met by a partnership of the owner, Talley Industries, the general contractor, J.R. Porter Construction Co., and the architect, Taliesin Associated Architects.

Expansions
After the 1973 fire the hotel began planning for an expansion. The 89-room Paradise Wing completed in 1975 was the first major expansion of the hotel since it had opened. The new wing was designed by John Rattenbury of Taliesin Associated Architects. M. M. Sundt Construction Company was general contractor for the new Paradise Wing and used precast concrete planes which are 18 square feet. The forms for the concrete panels were crafted using the "Biltmore blocks" forms to achieve a uniform look with the original building. In 1979 the Taliesin-designed 120-room Valley Wing and a 39,000 square foot conference center opened. In 1982 the 109-room Terrace Court Wing was added, a Taliesin design similar to the existing architecture. General contractor for the Terrace Court was D. L. Construction.

Change of ownership

In 1979, the hotel was taken over by the Rostland Corporation. In 1983, it became a Leper DBL Biltmore Association property, and in 1992 it was re-sold, to the Grossman Properties. A spa was opened in 1998.

In July 1999, Florida Panther Holdings, Inc. acquired the property from Grossman Company Properties for $228.5M ($126M cash, $100M Florida Panther stock, and $62.5 debt assumption). Also, in 1999 Florida Panther Holdings, Inc. changed its name to Boca Resorts, Inc.  At the time, Florida Panthers Holdings, Inc. also owned the Boca Raton Resort & Club, the Registry Resort, the Edgewater Beach Hotel, the Hyatt Regency Pier 66 Resort and Marina, the Radisson Bahia Mar Resort and Yachting Center and Grande Oaks Golf Club. The company also owned the Florida Panthers Hockey Club and had interests in the operations of the National Car Rental Center located in Sunrise, Florida and the Miami Arena.

In December 2000, Boca Resorts, Inc. sold the hotel for $335 million to KSL Recreation, Inc. KSL retained the hotel until April 2004, when it was sold to the Orlando, Florida-based REIT, CNL Hotels & Resorts as part of the corporate acquisition of six of KSL's seven resort assets. CNL was sold to Morgan Stanley in 2007. In 2011, lenders including Paulson & Co.,  Winthrop Realty Trust and Capital Trust foreclosed on 8 of the former CNL hotels. in 2013, the owners reached a deal to sell the Biltmore and three other properties to the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation. Hilton operates it as a member of the Waldorf-Astoria Collection.

Other notable events
In 2004, while doing a campaign stop in Arizona, United States president George W. Bush slept there, under strict security measures. Over 200 policemen, Secret Service agents and bomb-sniffing dogs were at hand.

On November 4, 2008, the McCain/Palin campaign hosted its final party at the hotel. Sen. John McCain, the Republican candidate for president, conceded defeat when he spoke to reporters and disappointed supporters on the hotel's lawn. Some supporters watched McCain's speech via closed circuit TV from the ballroom.  Former Louisiana Gov. Buddy Roemer acted as master of ceremonies for the evening's entertainment earlier in the evening, in the ballroom.

In 2009, the Arizona Biltmore marked its 80th anniversary with two  additions that reinforced the history and architectural legacy of the resort. Ocatilla at Arizona Biltmore – a 120-room addition offering the resort's most enhanced guest services, many complimentary amenities, club accommodations and Wright-inspired décor – was named for a compound Wright built in Phoenix's South Mountains to serve as his secluded, inspirational workplace. A new restaurant, Frank & Albert's, was inspired by and named for Wright and McArthur. A menu was created – of comfort foods and American classics with an Arizona twist – reflecting the dual influences of the two architects.

The Arizona Biltmore was designated as a Phoenix Point of Pride and was listed in the Phoenix Historic Property Register in July 2009.

Gallery

See also

 List of historic properties in Phoenix, Arizona
 Phoenix Historic Property Register

References

 Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006,  (S.221)

External links

 Regarding Albert Chase McArthur's alterations to Frank Lloyd Wright's Arizona Biltmore Hotel (S.221) by Wright scholar William Allin Storrer

Hotels in Arizona
Bowman-Biltmore Hotels
Buildings and structures in Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix Points of Pride
Hotels established in 1929
Hotel buildings completed in 1929
Hilton Hotels & Resorts hotels
Historic American Buildings Survey in Arizona
Tourist attractions in Phoenix, Arizona
Art Deco architecture in Arizona
Brick Expressionism
Pueblo Deco architecture
1929 establishments in Arizona

Arizona Biltmore Hotel