Der Haltepunkt München-Berg am Laim ist eine Betriebsstelle der Bahnstrecke München–Simbach im Stadtbezirk Berg am Laim der bayerischen Landeshauptstadt München. Den ersten Haltepunkt in Berg am Laim richteten die Königlich Bayerischen Staatseisenbahnen 1897 an der Bahnstrecke München–Rosenheim ein. Der heutige Haltepunkt besteht seit 1916 und grenzt südlich an den Rangierbahnhof München Ost. Seit 1972 ist er eine Station der S-Bahn München.

Geschichte
Bei der Eröffnung der Bahnstrecke München–Rosenheim 1871 war in der Gemeinde Berg am Laim noch keine Station vorhanden. Auf Initiative der Anliegergemeinden richteten die Königlich Bayerischen Staatseisenbahnen 1897 einen Vorortverkehr mit mehreren neuen Haltepunkten ein. Am 1. Mai 1897 nahmen sie am Schrankenposten 3 der Strecke den Haltepunkt Berg am Laim in Betrieb. Er befand sich im Zentrum von Baumkirchen, 50 Meter nördlich der Kirche St. Stephan, und erschloss die Ortschaften Echarding, Ramersdorf, Josephsburg und Berg am Laim.

Während der Errichtung des Rangierbahnhofs München Ost verlegten die Bayerischen Staatseisenbahnen die Bahnstrecke München–Rosenheim im Bereich des Haltepunkts um etwa 200 Meter nach Norden direkt an das Rangierbahnhofsgelände und die Bahnstrecke München–Simbach. Im Zuge der Verlegung wurde der Haltepunkt Berg am Laim am 1. Mai 1915 aufgelassen. Erst ein Jahr später, am 1. Mai 1916, nahmen die Bayerischen Staatseisenbahnen an den Gleisen der Bahnstrecke München–Simbach wieder einen Haltepunkt Berg am Laim in Betrieb. Der neue Haltepunkt war mit einem Mittelbahnsteig ausgestattet und war über einen Treppenaufgang von der Unterführung der Truderinger Straße unter dem Rangierbahnhof aus zu erreichen. Am 1. Oktober 1938 erhielt die Station Berg am Laim den Namen München-Berg am Laim.

Als Vorbereitung für die S-Bahn München richtete die Deutsche Bundesbahn am 1. April 1970 östlich des Haltepunkts an der Bahnstrecke München–Simbach die neue Abzweigstelle Baumkirchen (später München-Berg am Laim Abzw) ein und nahm eine Verbindungsstrecke von der Abzweigstelle zum Bahnhof München-Trudering in Betrieb. Dadurch konnte der Haltepunkt Berg am Laim nun auch wieder von Zügen der Bahnstrecke München–Rosenheim bedient werden. Zudem erhielt der Haltepunkt für den S-Bahn-Betrieb einen neuen Mittelbahnsteig mit einer Höhe von 76 cm. Am 28. Mai 1972 nahm die S-Bahn München den Betrieb auf und der Haltepunkt wurde fortan nur noch von S-Bahn-Zügen bedient. Bis zur Verlegung der Bahnstrecke München–Simbach auf das Gelände des Rangierbahnhofs im Dezember 2003 durchfuhren noch die Regionalzüge in und aus Richtung Mühldorf den Haltepunkt ohne Halt.

2008 baute die Deutsche Bahn den Haltepunkt barrierefrei aus. Dabei wurde der Bahnsteig auf 96 cm erhöht und mit einer Aufzugsanlage ausgestattet. Mit dem Ausbau entstand als Zugang zur S-Bahn eine eigene Fußgängerunterführung. Der direkte Zugang zum Bahnsteig vom Straßentunnel der Truderinger Straße aus wurde aufgelöst und zugemauert.

Infrastruktur
Der Haltepunkt hat zwei Bahnsteiggleise an einem Mittelbahnsteig, der seit dem Jahr 2008 barrierefrei ausgebaut ist. Der Bahnsteig ist über eine Fußgängerunterführung erreichbar, ist überdacht und verfügt über digitale Zugzielanzeiger.

Verkehr
Der Haltepunkt befindet sich im Verbundbereich des Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbunds (MVV) und wird im 20-Minuten-Takt von den Linien S 2, S 4 und S 6 der S-Bahn München bedient. Ein Halt der derzeit auf nördlicheren Gleisen vorbeifahrenden Linie S 8 am Haltepunkt Berg am Laim wird von Lokalpolitikern gefordert.

Südlich des Haltepunkts befindet sich die Bushaltestelle Berg am Laim Bf. (Süd). Im Norden befindet sich die Straßenbahn- und Bushaltestelle Berg am Laim Bf. An beiden Haltestellen halten seit Dezember 2016 die Buslinien 185, 187, 190 und 191 der Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft (MVG). Die Linienführungen stehen jedoch in der Bevölkerung, im Bezirksausschuss und in der Presse unter massiver Kritik. Zwischen Februar und Dezember 2016 entstand eine neue Straßenbahnstrecke zum Haltepunkt Berg am Laim. Ab dem Fahrplanwechsel am 11. Dezember 2016 endete auf einer Wendeschleife nördlich der Bahngleise die Straßenbahnlinie 25. Infolge der Proteste verkehrt seit dem 7. Mai 2018 anstelle der Linie 25 die Linie 19 nach Berg am Laim, wodurch zusätzlich zu den S-Bahnen eine weitere Verbindung zum Stadtzentrum besteht. Östlich der Tramwendeschleife wurde darüber hinaus eine Wendeschleife für Linienbusse eingerichtet.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Stationen der S-Bahn München
 Liste der Bahnhöfe und Haltepunkte in München

Literatur

Weblinks

 Georg Sattler: München-Berg am Laim. Fotodokumentation. In: doku-des-alltags.de.
 Bahnhofsinformation: Berg am Laim. In: mvv-muenchen.de. Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund.

Einzelnachweise

Berg am Laim
Munchen Berg am Laim
Berg am Laim
Bauwerk in Berg am Laim
Munchen Berg am Laim
MunchenBerg am Laim

Haltepunkt München-Berg am Laim


Die Canterbury International 2004 im Badminton fanden vom 15. bis zum 18. Juli 2004 in Christchurch statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=11B0AF8F-AB30-4A50-976C-CC4B1E3658AF

2004
Badminton 2004
Badmintonwettbewerb in Christchurch

Canterbury International 2004


Förderschule steht für:
 Förderschule (Deutschland), nach Bundesländern unterschiedliche sonderpädagogische Schulformen mit unterschiedlichen (Förder)schwerpunkten
 Sonderschule (Österreich), dort Pflichtschulart der Sonderpädagogik

Siehe auch:
 Hilfsschule
 Spezialschule

Förderschule


Un système alimentaire est un ensemble de processus concernant la nutrition, l'alimentation, la santé, le développement communautaire et l'agriculture. Il comprend tous les processus et infrastructures urbaines impliqués dans l'alimentation d'une population : culture, récolte, transformation, emballage, transport, commercialisation, consommation, distribution alimentaire et élimination des aliments et des articles liés à l'alimentation. Il comprend également les entrées nécessaires et les sorties générées à chacune de ces étapes. Un système alimentaire fonctionne dans des contextes sociaux, politiques, économiques et environnementaux. Il nécessite également des ressources humaines pour fournir la main-d'œuvre, et assurer la recherche et l'éducation. Les systèmes alimentaires sont conventionnels ou alternatifs selon leur modèle de durée de conservation des aliments de la source à l'assiette.

Système alimentaire conventionnel
Différentes publications scientifiques définissent le système alimentaire conventionnel (SAC) comme .

Système alimentaire durable
Le risque de crises systémiques liées au système alimentaire conventionnel a conduit des acteurs locaux à construire des « réseaux agro-alimentaires alternatifs » ou « systèmes alimentaires alternatifs » qui font l'objet d'un champ de recherche depuis les années 1990, concluant à l'urgence de transformer le SAC. La FAO définit le  (SAD) comme un système .

Cette transformation du SAC en SAD s'inscrit dans les projets de transition du système alimentaire.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Agriculture durable
 Sécurité alimentaire
 Sécurité sanitaire des aliments

Économie agricole

Système alimentaire


Die Fitzroy Developmental Road ist eine Fernverkehrsstraße in Queensland, Australien und wird als Staatsstraße 67 geführt. Sie hat eine Länge von 502 km und verläuft in Süd-Nord-Richtung von Taroom am Leichhardt Highway bis zum  Peak Downs Highway östlich von Coppabella.

Verlauf

Taroom – Bauhinia
Die unbefestigte Straße zweigt 17 km nördlich von Taroom vom Leichhardt Highway (A5) nach Nord-Nordwesten ab und führt östlich am Palmgrove-Nationalpark vorbei. Nach 111 km trifft sie auf den Dawson Highway (S60) zwischen Moura und Bauhinia. Mit dem Dawson Highway verläuft sie die nächsten 19 km bis Bauhinia nach West-Nordwesten.

Bauhinia – Dingo
Von Bauhinia führt die asphaltierte Fitzroy Developmental Road nach Nord-Nordosten. Von der Station Barranga bis zum Abzweig nach Woorabinda (ca. 30 km) ist sie wieder eine unbefestigte Piste. Zwischen Duaringa und Tryphinia erreicht sie – nun wieder als Asphaltstraße – den Capricorn Highway (A4) nach 107 km (von Bauhinia aus). Zusammen mit dem Capricorn Highway führt sie dann 35 km nach West-Nordwesten bis zur Kleinstadt Dingo.

Dingo – Peak Downs Highway
In Dingo zweigt die Fitzroy Developmental Road vom Capricorn Highway nach Nordwesten ab und verläuft – vorbei am Taunton-Nationalpark – parallel zur Ostküste Australiens, bis sie 21 km östlich von Coppabella nach 230 km auf den Peak Downs Highway (S70) trifft. Auf diesem Weg überquert sie den Mackenzie River und den Isaac River.

Literatur
Steve Parish: Australian Touring Atlas. Steve Parish Publishing. Archerfield QLD 2007. ISBN 978-1-74193-232-4. S. 8, 10, 11

Straße in Queensland
Straße in Australien und Ozeanien

Fitzroy Developmental Road


Paymogo, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden en çok nüfusa sahip olan, ülkenin güneybatı köşesindeki Endülüs otonom bölgesinin 8 eyaletinden Portekiz ve Atlas Okyanusu'na kıyısı bulunan Huelva eyaletine bağlı belediyesi. Paymogo belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 1.290 kişidir.

Paymogo


Viborg Baneby er et byudviklingsprojekt ved Viborg Banegård på dele af skinneterrænet og i et tidligere industriområde syd for banegården. Projektet blev igangsat af Viborg Kommune i 2012 og vil gennem investeringer for ca. fem mia. kr. skabe en ny bydel med uddannelser, arbejdspladser og boliger til 3.500 beboere. Baggrunden for projektet er, at flere spor på baneterrænet er blevet overflødige siden sidebanernes nedlæggelse i 1960'erne og 1970'erne og godstrafikkens ophør i 1999. Samtidig er flere industriarbejdspladser blevet udflyttet til byens vestlige industriområder, og som et resultat er store områder blevet tilgængelige for byudvikling.

Blandt den nye bydels markante projekter er opførelsen af Midtbyens Gymnasium, der skal rumme HH og HTX-uddannelserne til 1.200 elever, samt opførelsen af en Hærvejsplads og en 270 meter lang Banebro, der skal være en korridor for fodgængere og cyklister mellem Viborgs midtby og Banebyens sydlige områder. Dertil kommer anlæggelsen af en knap en kilometer lang Banevej, der skal lede trafikken til og fra Regionshospitalet Viborg. På selve skinnearealet vil der ske en omlægning, så antallet af spor på Viborg Banegård bliver udvidet fra to til tre.

Noter

Baneby

Viborg Baneby


Patronyme

 Carlos Domingos Massoni (1939-), joueur brésilien de basket-ball.
 Olivier Massoni, musicien français.
 Philippe Massoni (1936-2015), haut fonctionnaire et policier français.

Bâtiment
 Le Palais Massoni, situé dans le centre de la ville de Lucques (Italie).

Massoni


النقد الأدبي دراسة ونقاش وتقييم وتفسير الأدب. يعتمد النقد الأدبي الحديث غالبا على النظرية الأدبية وهي النقاش الفلسفي لطرق النقد الأدبي وأهدافه، ورغم العلاقة بينهما فإن النقاد الأدبيين ليسوا دوما منظرين.

هو فن تفسير الأعمال الأدبية، وهو محاولة منضبطة يشترك فيها ذوق الناقد وفكره، للكشف عن مواطن الجمال أو القبح في الأعمال الأدبية. والأدب سابق للنقد في الظهور، ولولا وجود الأدب لما كان هناك نقد أدبي لأن قواعده مستقاة ومستنتجة من دراسة الأدب. إن الناقد ينظر في النصوص الأدبية شعرية كانت أو نثرية ثم يأخذ الكشف عن مواطن الجمال والقبح فيها معللاً ما يقوله ومحاولاً أن يثير في نفوسنا شعور بأن ما يقوله صحيح وأقصى ما يطمح إليه النقد الأدبي، لأنه لن يستطيع أبداً أن يقدم لنا برهاناً علميا يقيناً. ولذا لا يوجد عندنا نقد أدبي صائب وآخر خاطئ وإنما يوجد نقد أدبي أكثر قدرة على تأويل العمل الفني وتفسيره من غيره واختلاف مناهج النقد معناه اختلاف في وجهات النظر. والذوق هو المرجع الأول في الحكم على الأدب والفنون لأنه أقرب الموازين والمقاييس إلى طبيعتها، ولكن الذوق الجدير بالاعتبار هو الذوق المصقول لذوق الناقد الذي يستطيع أن يكبح جماح هواه الخاص الذي قد يجافي في الصواب، الخبير بالأدب الذي راضه ومارسه، وتخصص في فهمه ودرس أساليب الأدباء ومنح القدرة على فهم أسرارهم والنفوذ إلى دخائلهم وإدراك مشاعرهم وسبر عواطفهم، بفهمه العميق وحسه المرهف وكثرة تجاربه الأدبية لذلك لابد أن يتمتع الناقد بعدة صفات منها: قدر وافر من المعرفة والثقافة والبصر الثاقب الذي يكون خير معين له على إصدار الحكم الصائب.

فالأدب ونقده ذوق وفن، قبل أن يكون معرفة وعلما وإن كانت المعرفة تعين صاحب الحس المرهف والذوق السليم والطبع الموهوب.

النقد عند العرب

نستطيع أن نقسم حركة النقد الأدبي عند العرب إلى فترتين: الفترة الأولى وتمتد من العصر الجاهلي إلى بداية عصر النهضة في القرن التاسع عشر، الفترة الثانية وهي فترة النقد الحديث والذي يمتد إلى اليوم.
ولهذا التقسيم سبب واضح، ففي المرحلة الأولى (من العصر الجاهلي إلى مطلع العصر العباسي) لم يكن التدوين قد انتشر وكان الاعتماد على الرواية الشفوية أما المرحلة الثانية مرحلة التدوين (من العصر العباسي إلى العصر الحديث) فقد عرف التدوين الذي أسهم في تطوير كثير من العلوم والفنون.

النقد في العصر الجاهلي

يمكن أن يطلق على النقد في العصر الجاهلي بأنه نقد بسيط إذ لم يتعدَ (النقد الانطباعي)، فهو لم يتجاوز التفسير والأخذ بمعايير المجتمع وهذا ما يتجلى في النقود التي وصلتنا من العصر الجاهلي وهذا ما دفع الناقد (محمد مندور) بأن يقصيه عن دائرة النقد المنهجي في كتابه النقد المنهجي عند العرب، إلا أن نقادا آخرين وجدوا أنه يمثل اللبنة الأولى لنشأة النقد العربي. وقد وُجدت بيئات مناسبة لنمو هذا النوع من النقود منها سوق عكاظ وذي المجازحيث يجتمع الشعراء لينشدوا أشعارهم ويتنافسوا فيما بينهم كما وردت من تحاكم حسان بن ثابت والخنساء عند النابغة الذبياني وما قام به أمرؤ القيس وعلقمة الفحل من احتكام عند أم جندب، وهذه الرواية وإن كانت ضعيفة فإنها تبيّن طبيعة النقد والمرتكزات الأساسية التي يستند إليها.
ويجد الدكتور محمد مندور أن النقد المنهجي عند العرب بدأ في القرن الثاني مع ابن سلام الجمحي في كتابه طبقات فحول الشعراء.

النقد في صدر الإسلام

أما في صدر الإسلام فقد أخذ النقد وجهة أخرى وذلك لطبيعة النصوص الشعرية إذ انشغل المسلمون بالحروب المصيرية لبناء دعائم الإسلام وقد وردت روايات متعارضة في النهي عن قول الشعر، ومدحه لكنها ضعّفت لكونها كما يرى بعض المتخصصين (لا تنسجم وما ورد عن النبي من الدعاء للشعراء)، وبعد نزول الآية  (والشعراء يتبعهم الغاوون) نشأ جدل حول المفهوم الإسلامي للشعر ولابد من التمييز بين الآيات التي نفت الشعر عن الرسول لا تعني الحط من قيمة الشعر وتبقى سورة الشعراء هي مدار الجدل، ومادام النقد قائم على الشعر فلا بد وأن أثر الشعر بمفهومه الإسلامي على طبيعة النقد، وهذا ما ألقى بظلاله على التلقي وخير مثال ما ورد من قصيدة الحطيئة وهجائه لـالزبرقان بن بدرواحتكام الأخير للخليفة (عمر بن الخطاب) ومحاولته غض الطرف عن ما فيها من هجاء.

النقد في العصر الاموي
استجدت على الدولة الإسلامية في هذا العهد متغيرات كثيرة منها :- اتساع رقعة الدولة وكثرة الحواضر مثل دمشق والبصرة ومكة والمدينة، لقد أصبحت هذه الحواضر مراكز حضارية وثقافية تجمع الأدباء، وتستقطبهم في قصور القادة والأمراء والقادة ممن تذوقوا الشعر والأدب فاستقبلوا الشعراء في قصورهم وأغدقوا عليهم.
كان العصر السابق ((الأموي)) عصر الجد في جمع التراث العربي أما العصر الذي نحن في صدد الحديث عنه فهو عصر تسجيل التراث وتدوينه في الكتب والمؤلفات لا سيما القرن الرابع .

وفي هذا العصر بلغت الحضارة العربية الإسلامية مجدها الذهبي إذ امتزجت الثقافة العربية بالثقافات الأخرى المنقولة عن أمم عريقة في العلم. وأساليب التفكير عند اليونان والهنود والفرس وكان لهذه الثقافات أثر في صقل ملكات العرب وإرهافها وتوجيهها نحو تعميق البحث وسرت هذه الروح إلى الأدب ونقده، فانفسح مجال النقد وتشعبت مباحثه وتنوعت اتجاهات النقاد واتسعت دائرة النقد في أوساط العلماء باتساع دائرة الثقافة وتدوين العلوم المختلفة وترجمة بعض الآثار الأجنبية وتنوعت مذاهب النقد وشمل كل ألوان الفن الأدبي ونفذ إلى كل جهاته ويمكن القول أن النقد في هذه المرحلة لم يعد خطرات وعبارات مقتضبة وأحكاما سطحية وتعرضا لقضايا جزئية، ولكنه أصبح نقدا منهجيا له أصوله ومبادئه دونت فيه المؤلفات وأصبح يهتم بالتحليل والتعليل.
والخلاصة أن القرن الثالث الهجري شهد جمع العلوم العربية والإسلامية وتدوينها كما رافق ذلك التأليف في النقد وتدوينه وشهد مشاركة النحاة واللغويين والعروضيين في النقد بسبب كثرة العلماء والمتخصصين في كل فئة وتوارى النقد الذاتي لهذا القرن وحل محله النقد المنهجي وذلك بسبب أبواب المعرفة والثقافة وكذلك سار النقد في القرن الرابع الهجري وما بعده على هذه الأصول التي وضعت في القرن الثالث الهجري.
والعمل الأدبي هو نتاج أديب سواء كان شاعرا أم كاتبا أم خطيبا أم قاصا وهذا النتاج الأدبي لا يكون إلا بعد معاناة الأديب وإحساسه بشيء حوله فيتأثر به ويتخذ موقفا اتجاه سلبا وإيجابيا.

الأسلوب
الأسلوب هو طريقة التفكير ومذاهب التعبير أو الصورة الكلامية التي يتمثل فيها تفكير الأديب، وتفسيره، ولكن الأسلوب ليس مقصورا على الأديب، إذ للعالم أسلوبه. ويختلف الأسلوب بين الأديب والعالم وبين الأديب وأديب آخر، كما يختلف أسلوب الأديب الواحد بين وقت لآخر باختلاف الموضوع الذي يتناوله.
 وقبل أن يكتمل الأسلوب في صورته المكتوبة أو المنطوقة يكون في صورة ذهنية تمتلئ بها النفس وتطبع الذوق وأسلوب كل كاتب هو نتيجة لاعداد خاص، أسهمت في تكوينة الدراسة وقراءة الأدب الجميل والتأمل فيه والتدريب على الكتابة.

عناصر الأسلوب

الأفكار: وهي مقاييس نقدية للحكم على عمل الكاتب والأديب.

العاطفة: هي الدافع المباشر إلى القول وروحه وهي عنصر يحدد موقف الكاتب تجاه ما يعرض.

الخيال: لغة العاطفة ووسيلة تصويرها من ناحية الأديب وبعثها في نفس القارئ.

الإيقاع: الصورة الطبيعية لانفعالات النفس وعواطفها.

اللغة:الصورة اللفظية وبيان ما تنقله الصورة من حقائق ومشاعر.

والعمل الأدبي هو صياغة هذه العناصر في وحدة متكاملة، للتعبير عما يريد الأديب أن يقوله والأسلوب ينقسم إلى:

الأسلوب الأدبي (الأسلوب التعبيري-الأسلوب التقريري)، الأسلوب العلمي.

والفرق بين الأسلوب العلمي والأدبي أن العاطفة تشكل في الأسلوب الأدبي الدعامة الأساسية له وتكون أهم من الحقائق والأفكار بينما تشكل المعرفة العقلية الأساس الأول في بناء الأسلوب العلمي.
أما الهدف الرئيسي من الأسلوب الأدبي إثارة الانفعال في نفوس القراء والسامعين بعرض الحقائق رائعة جميلة أما الأسلوب العلمي فيكون الهدف الرئيسي منه تقديم الحقائق قصد التعلم وخدمة المعرفة وإنارة العقول.
في الأسلوب الأدبي تمتاز العبارة بالانتقاء والتفخيم والوقوف على مواطن الجمال وفي الأسلوب العلمي تمتاز عبارته بالدقة والتحديد والاستقاء.
في الأسلوب الأدبي تكون الصور الخيالية والصنعة البديعية والكلمات الموسيقية مظهر الانفعال العميق وفي الأسلوب العلمي تكون المصطلحات العلمية والأرقام الحسابية والصفات الهندسية مظهر العقل المدقق.
في الأسلوب الادبي تكون العبارة جزلة قوية إذا عبرت عن عاطفة قوية حية، وفي الأسلوب العلمي تكون العبارة سهلة واضحة إذا عبرت عن عقل رزين واع.

كتب نقدية مشهورة

 الثابت والمتحول (بحث في الإبداع والاتباع عند العرب)، أدونيس
 6 نزهات في غابة السرد، أمبرتو إيكو
 تطور الرواية الحديثة، جيسي ماتز ترجمة لطفية الدليمي
 الرواية المعاصرة، روبرت إيغلستون ترجمة لطفية الدليمي
 لذَّة النص، رولان بارت
 في الأدب والكتابة والنقد، رولان بارت
 الأديب وصناعته، روي كاودن
 الأدب الإنجليزي، الحديث سلامة موسى
 فصول في الأدب والنقد طه حسين
 دراسات المستشرقين حول صحة الشعر الجاهلي، عبد الرحمن بدوي
 رحلة ضوء، عبد الرحمن منيف
 العين والإبرة (دراسة في ألف ليلة وليلة)، عبد الفتاح كيليطو
 الأدب والغرابة، عبد الفتاح كيليطو
 أتكلم جميع اللغات لكن بالعربية، عبد الفتاح كيليطو
 الأدب والارتياب،  عبد الفتاح كيليطو
 السردية العربية الحديثة، عبد الله إبراهيم
 فن الرواية، ميلان كونديرا
في معرفة النَّص، 1983، يمنى العيد
في تاريخ النقد وسؤال الثقافة العربية، 2017، يمنى العيد
النقد الأدبي الواضح، محمد علي حمد الله، ط1/ 1971م، ط2/ 2009م.

اقرأ أيضا
 مراجعة كبسولية
 تيار أدبي
نقد أدبي (أديان)

مراجع

نقد أدبي (أديان)

النقد الجديد
فلسفة الجمال
نظرية الأدب
نقاد الأدب

نقد أدبي


An Cyperus tetraphyllus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Cyperus tetraphyllus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cyperus

Cyperus tetraphyllus


ගීතයන්
ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - ධර්මසිරි ගමගේ
ගීත ගායනය - සමිතා මුදුන්කොටුව
ගීතය - පුංචි පුංචි මල් වාගේ

රංගනය
ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා
ශ්‍යාමා ආනන්ද
සොමී රත්නායක
බන්දු සමරසිංහ
මන්දිරා ආනන්දි පෙරේරා
රිචී රසංග පෙරේරා
කැළුම් විජේසූරිය
ලක්මාල් ෆොන්සේකා
වී. ජී. ඊ. ජයසූරිය
හරින්ද්‍ර ගොඩකන්ද
සචින්ද්‍ර ගොඩකන්ද
එඩී විජේකෝන්
එස්. පුන්සලා
එස්. කෙනන්
කපිල එම්. සූරිය
කේ. ඩී. සිරිපාල
ලාල් සේනාධීර
රොඩ්නි ප්‍රෙෂර්
ඩෙන්සිල් ප්‍රනාන්දු
ඩබ්. පී. ආරියරත්න
එඩී අමරසිංහ
ඊශා ප්‍රනාන්දු
එස්. කුමාරි
ශ්‍රීනාත් මල්දෙනිය
කුමාරදාස මඩපාත
සේන දළුවත්ත
දයා හේමචන්ද්‍ර

නිෂ්පාදනය
සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - ඒ. ජී. ගුණශාන්ත, එස්. සූරියකුමාර්
නිෂ්පාදන අංශයේ සහාය - ඩබ්. ජී. කපිල
කැමරා සහාය - මාටින් පෙරේරා
ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය, දෙබස් පටිගත කිරීම - ලයනල් ගුණරත්න, උපාලි අරම්පොල
ශබ්ද සහාය - ඩී. එම්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, සුනිල් උපාලි, පී. ජයවීර, රංජිත් පෙරේරා, කේ. වී. නන්ද කුමාර
රසායනාගාර කටයුතු - ඩිල් ප්‍රොසෙස් ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල්
රසායනාගාර සහාය - සංජීව බණ්ඩාර, මහින්ද සෙනෙවිරත්න, ඩබ්ලිව්. ඒ. එන්. තිලකරත්න, බන්දුල අතුකෝරාල, කීර්ති පුෂ්ප කුමාර, එච්. ඒ. ඇල්බට්
නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - කපිල එම්. සූරිය සංගීතය
පටිගත කිරීම - මර්වින් බෙන්ස් - නෙකෝ ශබ්දාගාරය
කැමරා උපකරණ - ෆිල්ම් ලොකේෂන් සර්විසස්

මම බය නෑ ශ්‍යාමා


''simo sedraty"'، من مواليد 8 يوليو 1934، وتوفي في 14 يناير 1997، لاعب كرة قدم دنم

لعب مع منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية دنماركيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو آرهوس جمناستيك فورينينغ
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1964
لاعبو كرة قدم دنماركيون
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم
مواليد 1934
وفيات 1997

يون أمديسن


Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a family of wireless broadband communication standards based on the IEEE 802.16 set of standards, which provide physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) options.

The WiMAX Forum was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability, including the definition of system profiles for commercial vendors. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL". IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced was a candidate for 4G, in competition with the LTE Advanced standard.

WiMAX was initially designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations.

WiMAX release 2.1, popularly branded as WiMAX 2+, is a backwards-compatible transition from previous WiMAX generations. It is compatible and interoperable with TD-LTE. Newer versions, still backward compatible, include WiMAX release 2.2 (2014) and WiMAX release 3 (2021, adds interoperation with 5G NR).

Terminology
WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the WiMAX Forum.  (Similarly, Wi-Fi refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standards certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance.) WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile products as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile.

The original IEEE 802.16 standard (now called "Fixed WiMAX") was published in 2001.
WiMAX adopted some of its technology from WiBro, a service marketed in Korea.

Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802.16e-2005) is the revision that was deployed in many countries and is the basis for future revisions such as 802.16m-2011.

WiMAX was sometimes referred to as "Wi-Fi on steroids" and can be used for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It is similar to Long-range Wi-Fi, but it can enable usage at much greater distances.

Uses of WiMAX
The scalable physical layer architecture that allows for data rate to scale easily with available channel bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:

 Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through various devices.
 Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access.
 Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play).
 Providing Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
 Smart grids and metering.

Internet access
WiMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries. In many cases, this has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator.

Additionally, given the relatively low costs associated with the deployment of a WiMAX network (in comparison with 3G, HSDPA, xDSL, HFC or FTTx), it is now economically viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote locations.

Middle-mile backhaul to fiber networks
Mobile WiMAX was a replacement candidate for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or can be used as an overlay to increase capacity.  Fixed WiMAX is also considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both developed and developing nations.

In North America, backhaul for urban operations is typically provided via one or more copper wire line connections, whereas remote cellular operations are sometimes backhauled via satellite. In other regions, urban and rural backhaul is usually provided by microwave links. (The exception to this is where the network is operated by an incumbent with ready access to the copper network.) WiMAX has more substantial backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular applications. Consequently, the use of wireless microwave backhaul is on the rise in North America and existing microwave backhaul links in all regions are being upgraded. Capacities of between 34 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s are routinely being deployed with latencies in the order of 1 ms.

In many cases, operators are aggregating sites using wireless technology and then presenting traffic on to fiber networks where convenient.  WiMAX in this application competes with microwave radio, E-line and simple extension of the fiber network itself.

Triple-play
WiMAX directly supports the technologies that make triple-play service offerings possible (such as quality of service and multicast).  These are inherent to the WiMAX standard rather than being added on as carrier Ethernet is to Ethernet.

On May 7, 2008, in the United States, Sprint Nextel, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum and merged with Clearwire to market the service.   The new company hoped to benefit from combined services offerings and network resources as a springboard past its competitors.  The cable companies were expected to provide media services to other partners while gaining access to the wireless network as a Mobile virtual network operator to provide triple-play services.

Some wireless industry analysts, such as Ken Dulaney and Todd Kort at Gartner, were skeptical how the deal would work out: Although fixed-mobile convergence had been a recognized factor in the industry, prior attempts to form partnerships among wireless and cable companies had generally failed to lead to significant benefits for the participants.  Other analysts at IDC favored the deal, pointing out that as wireless progresses to higher bandwidth, it inevitably competes more directly with cable, DSL and fiber, inspiring competitors into collaboration.  Also, as wireless broadband networks grow denser and usage habits shift, the need for increased backhaul and media services accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage high bandwidth assets was expected to increase.

Aviation
The Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communication System (AeroMACS) is a wireless broadband network for the airport surface intended to link the control tower, aircraft, and fixed assets.  In 2007, AeroMACS obtained a worldwide frequency allocation in the 5 GHz aviation band.  As of 2018, there were 25 AeroMACS deployments in 8 countries, with at least another 25 deployments planned.

Support for TDD and FDD
IEEE 802.16REVd and IEEE 802.16e standards support both time-division duplexing and frequency-division duplexing as well as a half duplex FDD, that allows for a low cost implementation.

Connecting

Devices that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network are known as subscriber stations (SS).

Portable units include handsets (similar to cellular smartphones); PC peripherals (PC Cards or USB dongles); and embedded devices in laptops, which are now available for Wi-Fi services. In addition, there is much emphasis by operators on consumer electronics devices such as Gaming consoles, MP3 players and similar devices. WiMAX is more similar to Wi-Fi than to other 3G cellular technologies.

The WiMAX Forum website provides a list of certified devices. However, this is not a complete list of devices available as certified modules are embedded into laptops, MIDs (Mobile Internet devices), and other private labeled devices.

Gateways
WiMAX gateway devices are available as both indoor and outdoor versions from manufacturers including Vecima Networks, Alvarion, Airspan, ZyXEL, Huawei, and Motorola.  The list of WiMAX networks and WiMAX Forum provide more links to specific vendors, products and installations.
Many of the WiMAX gateways that are offered by manufactures such as these are stand-alone self-install indoor units. Such devices typically sit near the customer's window with the best signal, and provide:

 An integrated Wi-Fi access point to provide the WiMAX Internet connectivity to multiple devices throughout the home or business.
 Ethernet ports  to connect directly to a computer, router, printer or DVR on a local wired network.
 One or two analog telephone jacks to connect a land-line phone and take advantage of VoIP.

Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses mean that the subscriber may need to be significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with professionally installed external units.

Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their installation is comparable to the installation of a residential satellite dish. A higher-gain directional outdoor unit will generally result in greatly increased range and throughput but with the obvious loss of practical mobility of the unit.

External modems

USB can provide connectivity to a WiMAX network through a dongle. Generally these devices are connected to a notebook or net book computer. Dongles typically have omnidirectional antennas which are of lower gain compared to other devices. As such these devices are best used in areas of good coverage.

Mobile phones
HTC announced the first WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G, on November 12, 2008.  The device was only available to certain markets in Russia on the Yota network until 2010.

HTC and Sprint Nextel released the second WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the HTC Evo 4G, March 23, 2010 at the CTIA conference in Las Vegas. The device, made available on June 4, 2010, is capable of both EV-DO(3G) and WiMAX(pre-4G) as well as simultaneous data & voice sessions. Sprint Nextel announced at CES 2012 that it will no longer be offering devices using the WiMAX technology due to financial circumstances, instead, along with its network partner Clearwire, Sprint Nextel rolled out a 4G network having decided to shift and utilize LTE 4G technology instead.

Technical information

The IEEE 802.16 standard
WiMAX is based upon IEEE 802.16e-2005, approved in December 2005.  It is a supplement to the IEEE Std 802.16-2004, and so the actual standard is 802.16-2004 as amended by 802.16e-2005. Thus, these specifications need to be considered together.

IEEE 802.16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 802.16-2004 by:
 Adding support for mobility (soft and hard handover between base stations). This is seen as one of the most important aspects of 802.16e-2005, and is the basis of mobile WiMAX.
 Scaling of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier spacing constant across different channel bandwidths (typically 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz or 20 MHz). Constant carrier spacing results in a higher spectrum efficiency in wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels. Also known as scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA). Other bands not multiples of 1.25 MHz are defined in the standard, but because the allowed FFT subcarrier numbers are only 128, 512, 1024 and 2048, other frequency bands will not have exactly the same carrier spacing, which might not be optimal for implementations. Carrier spacing is 10.94 kHz.
 Advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)
 Adaptive antenna systems (AAS) and MIMO technology
 Denser sub-channelization, thereby improving indoor penetration
 Intro and low-density parity check (LDPC)
 Introducing downlink sub-channelization, allowing administrators to trade coverage for capacity or vice versa
 Adding an extra quality of service (QoS) class for VoIP applications

SOFDMA (used in 802.16e-2005) and OFDM256 (802.16d) are not compatible thus equipment will have to be replaced if an operator is to move to the later standard (e.g., Fixed WiMAX to Mobile WiMAX).

Physical layer
The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is based (IEEE 802.16) specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to 66 GHz range. 802.16a, updated in 2004 to 802.16-2004, added specifications for the 2 to 11 GHz range. 802.16-2004 was updated by 802.16e-2005 in 2005 and uses scalable orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (SOFDMA), as opposed to the fixed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) version with 256 sub-carriers (of which 200 are used) in 802.16d.  More advanced versions, including 802.16e, also bring multiple antenna support through MIMO. (See WiMAX MIMO) This brings potential benefits in terms of coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency re-use and bandwidth efficiency. WiMax is the most energy-efficient pre-4G technique among LTE and HSPA+.

Media access control layer
The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network. After network entry is allowed, the subscriber station is allocated an access slot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it.  In addition to being stable under overload and over-subscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control QoS parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber station.

Specifications
As a standard intended to satisfy needs of next-generation data networks (4G), WiMAX is distinguished by its dynamic burst algorithm modulation adaptive to the physical environment the RF signal travels through. Modulation is chosen to be more spectrally efficient (more bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol). That is, when the bursts have a high signal strength and a high carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CINR), they can be more easily decoded using digital signal processing (DSP). In contrast, operating in less favorable environments for RF communication, the system automatically steps down to a more robust mode (burst profile) which means fewer bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol; with the advantage that power per bit is higher and therefore simpler accurate signal processing can be performed.

Burst profiles are used inverse (algorithmically dynamic) to low signal attenuation; meaning throughput between clients and the base station is determined largely by distance. Maximum distance is achieved by the use of the most robust burst setting; that is, the profile with the largest MAC frame allocation trade-off requiring more symbols (a larger portion of the MAC frame) to be allocated in transmitting a given amount of data than if the client were closer to the base station.

The client's MAC frame and their individual burst profiles are defined as well as the specific time allocation. However, even if this is done automatically then the practical deployment should avoid high interference and multipath environments. The reason for which is obviously that too much interference causes the network to function poorly and can also misrepresent the capability of the network.

The system is complex to deploy as it is necessary to track not only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like GSM) but also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamic changes to the available bandwidth.) This could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow response times or lost frames.

As a result, the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to accurately project frequency use, interference, and general product functionality.

The Asia-Pacific region has surpassed the North American region in terms of 4G broadband wireless subscribers. There were around 1.7 million pre-WiMAX and WiMAX customers in Asia – 29% of the overall market – compared to 1.4 million in the US and Canada.

Integration with an IP-based network

The WiMAX Forum has proposed an architecture that defines how a WiMAX network can be connected with an IP based core network, which is typically chosen by operators that serve as Internet Service Providers (ISP); Nevertheless, the WiMAX BS provide seamless integration capabilities with other types of architectures as with packet switched Mobile Networks.

The WiMAX forum proposal defines a number of components, plus some of the interconnections (or reference points) between these, labeled R1 to R5 and R8:
 SS/MS: the Subscriber Station/Mobile Station
 ASN: the Access Service Network
 BS: Base station, part of the ASN
 ASN-GW: the ASN Gateway, part of the ASN
 CSN: the Connectivity Service Network
 HA: Home Agent, part of the CSN
 AAA: Authentication, Authorization and Accounting Server, part of the CSN
 NAP: a Network Access Provider
 NSP: a Network Service Provider

It is important to note that the functional architecture can be designed into various hardware configurations rather than fixed configurations.  For example, the architecture is flexible enough to allow remote/mobile stations of varying scale and functionality and Base Stations of varying size – e.g. femto, pico, and mini BS as well as macros.

Integration with LTE and 5G NR
WiMAX 2.1 and above can be integrated with a LTE TDD network and perform handovers from/to LTE TDD. WiMAX 3 expands the integration to 5G NR.

Spectrum allocation
There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, however the WiMAX Forum published three licensed spectrum profiles: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz, in an effort to drive standardisation and decrease cost.

In the US, the biggest segment available was around 2.5 GHz, and is already assigned, primarily to Sprint Nextel and Clearwire. Elsewhere in the world, the most-likely bands used will be the Forum approved ones, with 2.3 GHz probably being most important in Asia. Some countries in Asia like India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz and other frequencies. Pakistan's Wateen Telecom uses 3.5 GHz.

Analog TV bands (700 MHz) may become available, but await the complete digital television transition, and other uses have been suggested for that spectrum.  In the USA the FCC auction for this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T. Both of these companies stated their intention of supporting LTE, a technology which competes directly with WiMAX.  EU commissioner Viviane Reding has suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.

WiMAX profiles define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order to have interoperating products.  The current fixed profiles are defined for both TDD and FDD profiles. At this point, all of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The fixed profiles have channel sizes of 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz and 10 MHz. The mobile profiles are 5 MHz, 8.75 MHz and 10 MHz. (Note: the 802.16 standard allows a far wider variety of channels, but only the above subsets are supported as WiMAX profiles.)

Since October 2007, the Radio communication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) has decided to include WiMAX technology in the IMT-2000 set of standards. This enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2.5–2.69 GHz band at this stage) to use WiMAX equipment in any country that recognizes the IMT-2000.

Inherent limitations
WiMAX cannot deliver 70 Mbit/s over .  Like all wireless technologies, WiMAX can operate at higher bitrates or over longer distances but not both. Operating at the maximum range of  increases bit error rate and thus results in a much lower bitrate. Conversely, reducing the range (to under 1 km) allows a device to operate at higher bitrates.

A citywide deployment of WiMAX in Perth, Australia demonstrated that customers at the cell-edge with an indoor Customer-premises equipment (CPE) typically obtain speeds of around 1–4 Mbit/s, with users closer to the cell site obtaining speeds of up to 30 Mbit/s.

Like all wireless systems, available bandwidth is shared between users in a given radio sector, so performance could deteriorate in the case of many active users in a single sector. However, with adequate capacity planning and the use of WiMAX's QoS, a minimum guaranteed throughput for each subscriber can be put in place. In practice, most users will have a range of 4–8 Mbit/s services and additional radio cards will be added to the base station to increase the number of users that may be served as required.

Silicon implementations

A number of specialized companies produced baseband ICs and integrated RFICs for WiMAX Subscriber Stations in the 2.3, 2.5 and 3.5 GHz bands (refer to 'Spectrum allocation' above).  These companies include, but are not limited to, Beceem, Sequans, and PicoChip.

Comparison
Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are frequent, because both are related to wireless connectivity and Internet access.

 WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometres, that uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network, in most cases the Internet.
 Wi-Fi uses the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio frequency bands to provide access to a local network.
 Wi-Fi is far more popular in end-user devices.
 Wi-Fi runs on the Media Access Control's CSMA/CA protocol, which is connectionless and contention based, whereas WiMAX runs a connection-oriented MAC.
 WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different QoS mechanisms:
 WiMAX uses a QoS mechanism based on connections between the base station and the user device.  Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms.
 Wi-Fi uses contention access — all subscriber stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis. This can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput.
 Both IEEE 802.11, which includes Wi-Fi, and IEEE 802.16, which includes WiMAX, define Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and wireless ad hoc networks, where an end user communicates to users or servers on another Local Area Network (LAN) using its access point or base station. However, 802.11 supports also direct ad hoc or peer to peer networking between end user devices without an access point while 802.16 end user devices must be in range of the base station.

Although Wi-Fi and WiMAX are designed for different situations, they are complementary. WiMAX network operators typically provide a WiMAX Subscriber Unit that connects to the metropolitan WiMAX network and provides Wi-Fi connectivity within the home or business for computers and smartphones. This enables the user to place the WiMAX Subscriber Unit in the best reception area, such as a window, and have date access throughout their property.

Conformance testing
TTCN-3 test specification language is used for the purposes of specifying conformance tests for WiMAX implementations. The WiMAX test suite is being developed by a Specialist Task Force at ETSI (STF 252).

Associations

WiMAX Forum
The WiMAX Forum is a non profit organization formed to promote the adoption of WiMAX compatible products and services.

A major role for the organization is to certify the interoperability of WiMAX products. Those that pass conformance and interoperability testing achieve the "WiMAX Forum Certified" designation, and can display this mark on their products and marketing materials. Some vendors claim that their equipment is "WiMAX-ready", "WiMAX-compliant", or "pre-WiMAX", if they are not officially WiMAX Forum Certified.

Another role of the WiMAX Forum is to promote the spread of knowledge about WiMAX.  In order to do so, it has a certified training program that is currently offered in English and French.  It also offers a series of member events and endorses some industry events.

WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance
WiSOA was the first global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum with plans to deploy WiMAX technology in those bands. WiSOA focused on the regulation, commercialisation, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in the 2.3–2.5 GHz and the 3.4–3.5 GHz ranges. WiSOA merged with the Wireless Broadband Alliance in April 2008.

Telecommunications Industry Association
In 2011, the Telecommunications Industry Association released three technical standards (TIA-1164, TIA-1143, and TIA-1140) that cover the air interface and core networking aspects of Wi-Max High-Rate Packet Data (HRPD) systems using a Mobile Station/Access Terminal (MS/AT) with a single transmitter.

Competing technologies
Within the marketplace, WiMAX's main competition came from existing, widely deployed wireless systems such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), CDMA2000, existing Wi-Fi, mesh networking and eventually 4G (LTE).

In the future, competition will be from the evolution of the major cellular standards to 4G, high-bandwidth, low-latency, all-IP networks with voice services built on top. The worldwide move to 4G for GSM/UMTS and AMPS/TIA (including CDMA2000) is the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) effort.

The LTE Standard was finalized in December 2008, with the first commercial deployment of LTE carried out by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm in December, 2009. Henceforth, LTE saw rapidly increasing adoption by mobile carriers around the world.

Although WiMax was much earlier to market than LTE, LTE was an upgrade and extension of previous 3G  (GSM and CDMA) standards, whereas WiMax was a relatively new and different technology without a large user base.  Ultimately, LTE won the war to become the 4G standard because mobile operators such as Verizon, AT&T, Vodafone, NTT, and Deutsche Telekom chose to extend their investments in know-how, equipment and spectrum from 3G to LTE, rather than adopt a new technology standard. It would never have been cost-effective for WiMax network operators to compete against fixed-line broadband networks based on 4G technologies.  By 2009, most mobile operators began to realize that mobile connectivity (not fixed 802.16e) was the future, and that LTE was going to become the new worldwide mobile connectivity standard, so they chose to wait for LTE to develop rather than switch from 3G to WiMax.

WiMax was a superior technology in terms of speed (roughly 25Mbit/s) for a few years (2005-2009), and it pioneered some new technologies such as MIMO. But the mobile version of WiMax (802.16m), intended to compete with GSM and CDMA technologies, was too little/too late in getting established, and by the time the LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, the fate of WiMax as a mobile solution was doomed and it was clear that LTE (not WiMax) would become the world's new 4G standard.  The largest wireless broadband partner using WiMax, Clearwire, announced in 2008 that they would begin overlaying their existing WiMax network with LTE technology, which was necessary for Clearwire to obtain investments they needed to stay in business.

In some areas of the world, the wide availability of UMTS and a general desire for standardization meant spectrum was not allocated for WiMAX: in July 2005, the EU-wide frequency allocation for WiMAX was blocked.

Harmonization
Early WirelessMAN standards, The European standard HiperMAN and Korean standard WiBro were harmonized as part of WiMAX and are no longer seen as competition but as complementary. All networks now being deployed in South Korea, the home of the WiBro standard, are now WiMAX.

Comparison with other mobile Internet standards

The following table only shows peak rates which are potentially very misleading. In addition, the comparisons listed are not normalized by physical channel size (i.e., spectrum used to achieve the listed peak rates); this obfuscates spectral efficiency and net through-put capabilities of the different wireless technologies listed below.

Development
The IEEE 802.16m-2011 standard was the core technology for WiMAX 2. The IEEE 802.16m standard was submitted to the ITU for IMT-Advanced standardization. IEEE 802.16m is one of the major candidates for IMT-Advanced technologies by ITU. Among many enhancements, IEEE 802.16m systems can provide four times faster data speed than the WiMAX Release 1.

WiMAX Release 2 provided backward compatibility with Release 1. WiMAX operators could migrate from release 1 to release 2 by upgrading channel cards or software. The WiMAX 2 Collaboration Initiative was formed to help this transition.

It was anticipated that using 4X2 MIMO in the urban microcell scenario with only a single 20 MHz TDD channel available system wide, the 802.16m system can support both 120 Mbit/s downlink and 60 Mbit/s uplink per site simultaneously.
It was expected that the WiMAX Release 2 would be available commercially in the 2011–2012 timeframe.

WiMAX Release 2.1 was released in early-2010s which have broken compatibility with earlier WiMAX networks. Significant number of operators have migrated to the new standard that is compatible with TD-LTE by the end of 2010s.

Interference
A field test conducted in 2007 by SUIRG (Satellite Users Interference Reduction Group) with support from the U.S. Navy, the Global VSAT Forum, and several member organizations yielded results showing interference at 12 km when using the same channels for both the WiMAX systems and satellites in C-band.

Deployments

As of October 2010, the WiMAX Forum claimed over 592 WiMAX (fixed and mobile) networks deployed in over 148 countries, covering over 621 million people. By February 2011, the WiMAX Forum cited coverage of over 823 million people, and estimated coverage to over 1 billion people  by the end of the year.  Note that coverage means the offer of availability of WiMAX service to populations within various geographies, not the number of WiMAX subscribers.

South Korea launched a WiMAX network in the second quarter of 2006. Spain delivered full coverage in two cities Seville and Málaga in 2008 reaching 20,000 portable units. By the end of 2008 there were 350,000 WiMAX subscribers in Korea.

Worldwide, by early 2010 WiMAX seemed to be ramping quickly relative to other available technologies, though access in North America lagged.
Yota, the largest WiMAX network operator in the world in 4Q 2009, announced in May 2010 that it would move new network deployments to LTE and, subsequently, change its existing networks as well.

A study published in September 2010 by Blycroft Publishing estimated 800 management contracts from 364 WiMAX operations worldwide offering active services (launched or still trading as opposed to just licensed and still to launch).  The WiMAX Forum announced on Aug 16, 2011 that there were more than 20 million WiMAX subscribers worldwide, the high-water mark for this technology. http://wimaxforum.org/Page/News/PR/20110816_WiMAX_Subscriptions_Surpass_20_Million_Globally

See also

 Category 5 cable
 Cognitive radio
 Evolved HSPA
 High-Speed Packet Access
 List of WiMAX networks
 Mobile broadband
 Mobile VoIP
 Municipal broadband
 Packet Burst Broadband
 Super Wi-Fi
 Switched mesh
 WiBro (mobile WiMax in Korea)
 Wireless bridge
 Wireless local loop

Notes

References

 K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC-CDMA to LTE and WiMAX, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008,
 M. Ergen, Mobile Broadband – Including WiMAX and LTE, Springer, NY, 2009

 Ramon Ray(2009) WiMax – Your Fast and Longer Distance WiFi has arrived. Personal Technology.

External links

 Official page of the WiMAX Forum

IEEE 802
Metropolitan area networks
Network access
2001 introductions
2001 establishments

WiMAX


An Ophrys vamvakiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kohlmüller. An Ophrys vamvakiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ophrys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Kriti. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ophrys

Ophrys vamvakiae


Junk of the Heart —en español: Basura del corazón— es el tercer álbum de la banda indie británica The Kooks. Fue lanzado en Europa el 9 de septiembre de 2011, y en el Reino Unido el 12 de septiembre de 2011 por Virgin Records. El primer sencillo, «Is It Me» fue lanzado el 4 de septiembre de 2011 y el segundo sencillo «Junk of the Heart (Happy)», fue lanzado el 6 de noviembre de 2011. Este fue el último álbum con el baterista Paul Garred, ya que fue reemplazado en 2014 por Alexis Núñez.

Escritura y grabación
En abril de 2009, The Kooks reveló a Newsbeat de la BBC que estaban trabajando en su tercer álbum de estudio. El vocalista Luke Pritchard dijo a Newsbeat, «Es como que nosotros mismos barricada en el campo durante un par de semanas - alojado en unos amigos que tienen una casa de campo en Norfolk.» Pritchard reveló recientemente que más de dos semanas allí, la banda sólo se las arregló para hacer una nueva canción: «Eskimo Kiss» (Pista 11). El baterista Paul Garred dejó la banda a finales de 2009, debido a un problema del nervio en su brazo, y fue sustituido temporalmente por Chris Prendergast para shows en vivo. Sin embargo, Paul regresó a las sesiones de grabación a finales de 2010, sin dejar de no gira con la banda, como Pritchard declaró recientemente su lesión «se convirtió en una cosa psicológica». Después de la contratación y el despido de nuevo productor Jim Abyss (Arctic Monkeys, Kasabian, Adele) a pesar de tener algunos «muy buenas sesiones de» juntos, la banda regresó al viejo productor Tony Hoffer quien les dio una «nueva dirección», y grabó el disco de una manera más estilo contemporáneo con anterioridad. En enero de 2011, Pritchard anunció que habían registrado catorce nuevas canciones. La banda anunció a través de los medios de comunicación social que terminaron los toques finales a 30 de marzo. Por último, el nombre del álbum fue anunciado como Junk of the Heart (El título de la canción de apertura) y los detalles de lista de canciones en lanzamiento, con una fecha de lanzamiento del 12 de septiembre de 2011 para Reino Unido. El álbum fue producido por Tony Hoffer. El primer sencillo extraído del álbum se titula «Is It Me» en Europa y «Junk of the Heart (Happy)» en otros lugares.

Recepción de la crítica
El álbum recibido con críticas mixtas de los críticos en general y no fue tan exitoso como su álbum de debut. También recibió reacciones mixtas de los aficionados en su lanzamiento. Spin (revista)Spin le dio al álbum un 6/10, llamando a las pistas «tanto en su mejor y blandest todavía.» El revisor Barry Walters agregó que «la mitad de la carretera siempre fue su destino, al parecer, y llegan con cancioncillas descaradamente agradables pero en caracteres libres».

Dan Jenko de FMV Magazine comentó que la segunda mitad del álbum fue mucho más fuerte que el primero, diciendo que «Es frustrante que una vez más evidente potencial The Kooks ha aparentemente no se ha cumplido, pero a diferencia de su segundo trabajo, Konk, el registro hace tener algunas cualidades que lo redimen».

Lados B
«Is It Me»:
 "Winds of Change" (The Magic Shop, NYC)
 "Outstanding" (Demo)
 "Stormy Weather" (Live in Hartlepool)

«Junk of the Heart»:
 "Pumped Up Kicks" (BBC Live Version)
 "Eskimo Kiss" (Acoustic Live Version)
 "Runaway" (Acoustic Live Version)

Lista de canciones
Todas las canciones escritas por The Kooks. Producido por Tony Hoffer («Good Times» producido por Jim Abbis)

Bonus Tracks (iTunes)

Bonus Track (Amazon)

Bonus Track (Edición Limitada para Japón)

Posicionamiento en listas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de The Kooks (en inglés).
 Junk of the Heart en Allmusic.
 Junk of the Heart en iTunes.

Álbumes de 2011
Álbumes de The Kooks
Álbumes de Columbia Records
Álbumes en inglés

Junk of the Heart


හතරවන විජයබාහු රජතුමා (ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 1270 - 1272), දෙවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජතුමාගේ වැඩුමහල් පුත් කුමාරයාය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 1258 දී පමණ දෙවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජු ගිලන් විය. එවිට රාජ්‍යයේ වැඩ බලන තත්වයට පත් වූයේ දේවපතිරාජ අමාතයවරයා ය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 1262 දී පමණ මේ රජුගේ වැඩිමහල් පුත් වන විජයබාහු කුමාරයා රාජ්‍යයේ වැඩ කටයුතු කරන්න පටන් ගත් නමුත් නිල වශයෙන් රාජ්‍යත්වයේ සිටියේ ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 1270 වන තෙක් පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජතුමා ය. දෙවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගෙන් පසු විජයබාහු කුමාරයා හතරවන විජයබාහු රජ නමින් ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 1271 දී රාජ්‍යත්වයට පත් විය.

බෝසත් විජයබාහු නමින්ද ප්‍රකට වූ මෙම රජතුමාගේ ආගමික කටයුතු ගැන එතුමා ප්‍රකටය.

නිල වශයෙන් රජකමට පත්වී දෙවෙනි වසරේදී, "මිත්ත" නමැති ඇමතියෙකු විසින් හතරවන විජයබාහු රජු ඝාතනය කරන ලදී. රජුගේ මරණයෙන් පසු ඔහුගේ බාල සොයුරු, දෙවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ දෙවෙනි පුත් භුවනකබාහු, පලවෙනි භුවනකබාහු නමින් ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 1272 වසරේදී රජවිය.

විජයබාහු IV


Werner Walz (* 9. Dezember 1910 in Stuttgart; † 14. Juni 1994 ebenda) war ein deutscher Schriftsteller.

Leben

Werner Walz wurde als jüngstes von drei Kindern am 9. Dezember 1910 in Stuttgart geboren. Nach seinem Abitur am Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium Stuttgart  studierte er von 1929 bis 1933 Rechtswissenschaften in Tübingen und München. In Tübingen wurde er 1929 Mitglied der Studentenverbindung AV Virtembergia Tübingen. Er wurde 1937/38 in Tübingen zum Dr. jur. promoviert.  Er arbeitete kurze Zeit als Anwalt, wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg eingezogen und ging nach dem Krieg als Justiziar zur damaligen Deutschen Bundesbahn. Dort übernahm er ab 1957 bis zu seiner Pensionierung Anfang der 1970er Jahre die Werbeabteilung als Leiter des Werbe- und Auskunftsamtes für den Personen- und Güterverkehr. In diese Zeit fallen bekannte Werbeslogans der Bahn wie "Alle reden vom Wetter. Wir nicht." (1966).

Sein erster Roman, Die schwimmende Insel, der als Vorläufer des Existenzialismus angesehen werden kann, wurde von einem großen deutschen Verlag zunächst angenommen, dann aber wegen der pessimistischen Tendenz, die 1934 nicht mehr zeitgemäß war, nicht veröffentlicht. Erst sein dritter Roman, Das tolle Jahr, erreichte eine Auflage von 25.000 Exemplaren. In seinen späteren Romanen setzte sich Walz unter anderem mit dem Kriegserlebnis und der Besatzungs- und Nachkriegszeit auseinander. Sein Kriegsroman Die tödlichen Tage  (1955) wurde von Hermann Hesse in der Neuen Zürcher Zeitung rezensiert. Sein Theaterstück Menschen von Morgen (1954) wurde vom Inseltheater Karlsruhe uraufgeführt. Nach der Veröffentlichung von weiteren Romanen und Gedichtbänden widmete er sich ab den 1970er Jahren zunehmend dem Verfassen von Sachbüchern zu Bahn und Auto.

Im Jahre 1991 war Werner Walz als Ehrengast in der Villa Massimo in Rom eingeladen.

Werner Walz lebte und arbeitete unter anderem in Karlsruhe, Walldorf, Friedrichsdorf und von 1978 bis zu seinem Tod 1994 in Stuttgart. Er war zwei Mal verheiratet und hatte zwei Söhne sowie eine Tochter.

Werke
 Die Schwimmende Insel, Roman, 1933.
 Das tolle Jahr, Roman, Hohenstaufen-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1942
 Die Mantis, Roman, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1948
 Die Straße, Bilderbuch, zusammen mit Marigard Bantzer, Otto Maier Verlag, Ravensburg, 1950
 Menschen von Morgen, Schauspiel, 1954
 Die tödlichen Tage, Roman, Grote'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hamm, 1955
 Zeit zur Umkehr, Schauspiel, 1955
 Altamira, Roman, verfasst unter dem Pseudonym Lasko Vézère, Grote'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Rastatt, 1960
 Ein Flugblatt Gedichte, Gedichtband, 1960
 Geht im Baum der Abendwind, Bilderbuch, zusammen mit Marigard Bantzer, Otto Maier Verlag, Ravensburg, 1961
 hirsch, Gedichtband, Josef Keller Verlag, Starnberg. 1971
 Die schönen Plakate der Deutschen Bundesbahn, Boldt Verlag, Bonn, 1971
 Verkehrsmärkte der Bahn, herausgegeben von Werner Walz und Hans Hermann Waitz, Hestra-Verlag Darmstadt, 1972
 Werben – wie macht man das? Eisenbahn-Fachverlag, Heidelberg/Mainz, 1977
 Erlebnis Eisenbahn, Sachbuch, Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart, 1977
 Die Eisenbahn in Baden-Württemberg, Sachbuch, Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart, 1980
 Wo das Auto anfing, Sachbuch, Verlag Stadler, Konstanz, 1981 (ab 5. Auflage 1989: Daimler-Benz: Wo das Auto anfing)
 Im Zeichen des Kometen, Roman, Oberbaum Verlag, Berlin, 1984
 Deutschlands Eisenbahn 1835-1985, Sachbuch, Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart, 1985
 Galaxien, Gedichte, 1986, von Loeper Verlag, Karlsruhe, ISBN 3-88652-068-4
 Hohenzollern und seine Bahnen, Sachbuch, Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart, 1990

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Korporierter (Studentenverbindung)
Deutscher
Geboren 1910
Gestorben 1994
Mann

Werner Walz


Christopher II (; 29 September 1276 – 2 August 1332) was King of Denmark from 1320 to 1326 and again from 1329 until his death. He was a younger son of Eric V.  His name is connected with national disaster, as his rule ended in a near-total dissolution of the Danish state.

Biography

Being the brother of King Eric VI who reigned from 1286 until 1319, Christopher was a possible heir to the throne. As a young man with the title of Duke of Estonia, he supported the politics of his brother.  Among other things he arrested Archbishop Jens Grand in 1294.  But later on he joined the opposition and went into exile at the death of Eric in 1319.

The magnates wanted a weak royal power, and Christopher was elected as king in January 1320; in return he signed a contractual håndfæstning, the first time this kind of document was used as a coronation charter. He received a "bankrupt estate" in which entire regions of the kingdom were mortgaged to German and Danish magnates. The conditions of the charter were very hard, because they limited his ability to assess taxes, as well as demanded  payments on the mortgages. Christopher could make no decision regarding the realm without the consent of the nobility and the bishops.  The privileges of the nobility and the church were included in the charter and new ones were included.  No bishop could be imprisoned, exiled, or fined without the pope's approval, no secular court could try any churchman, no church land or property could be taxed, the nobles could raise fees or rents on peasants, no noble could be forced to fight abroad or forced to pay to outfit soldiers to fight abroad, the king was required to ransom captured noblemen within a year, all taxes imposed since the reign of Valdemar Sejr on nobles or church were to be lifted, but the kingdom's debts were to be paid.  This shift of power away from the king would last until 1660.

Despite signing the charter, King Christopher ruled as if it did not exist. Since he could not tax the church or Danish nobles he levied disastrous taxes on the German territories and peasants. During the following years Christopher tried to strengthen his position by reviving Erik's policy of warfare against the duchies, counties, and cities of northern Germany. This resulted in new mortgages and taxes, and very soon he was in conflict with both the church and the magnates.

During a rebellion in 1326 he was overthrown by an alliance between Danish magnates and  Gerhard III,  Count of Holstein-Rendsburg and John I, Count of Holstein-Kiel, son of Adolf IV of Holstein). Christopher was forced into abdication and exile, while the 12-year-old Duke Valdemar of Southern Jutland was made king of Denmark, with Count Gerhard as regent. They forced Valdemar in his coronation charter to separate southern Jutland from Denmark so that never again would the King of Denmark rule there. Danish nobleman Knud Porse took Halland for himself for his services to Count Gerhard and Count Johann. The squabbling over who got which pieces of Denmark broke down the alliances which had forced Christopher out of the country.

Until 1329 Christopher lived in exile, but a growing chaos in the "magnates' republic" of Denmark  gave him another chance. Frictions developed between Gerhard and his cousin  John the Mild, Count of Schauenburg and Holstein-Plön and Holstein-Kiel who was also Christopher's half-brother through  his widowed mother's marriage to Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Plön.

Suddenly, with the help of Henry of Mecklenburg, Christopher stood poised at Vordingborg with 2000 mounted German knights. Unfortunately for Christopher they allowed themselves to be surrounded and were forced to surrender. After a peasant uprising in Jutland which was crushed ruthlessly by Count Gerhard, the peasants in Skåne begged King Magnus IV of Sweden to rule them.  He readily accepted and Denmark ceased to exist as a united kingdom.

Christopher was restored as Danish king in 1329–1330 with the cooperation of Count Johan, but this time he was reduced to the position of a puppet from the start. Most of his country was mortgaged, and he had no chance of holding real royal power. Jutland for example was mortgaged for 100,000 silver marks which had to be "laid on the table all at once" or the mortgage was not redeemed.  It was an enormous mortgage and impossible to pay.  Count Gerhard took all of Jutland as his personal property.  Count Johan did the same on Funen and Zealand. In 1331 Christopher attempted to exploit a conflict between Counts Gerhard and Johan by joining the latter, but it ended in a clear military defeat at Dannevirke. Under the terms of the settlement between the counts, Christopher was allowed to retain the title of king, but in reality had no power whatsoever.  He was given a simple house at Sakskøbing on Lolland, but even that was burned by German mercenaries.  Christopher was imprisoned at Ålholm Castle on Lolland where he died a ruined and broken man the next year. He was buried at Sorø Abbey.

Upon his death Denmark ceased being a formal kingdom, and for the next eight years it was subdued by various mortgagees to German military rule.

Legacy
History's judgment of Christopher has been extremely hard, and he has often been regarded as a weak, unreliable and incapable tyrant— "the king who mortgaged Denmark to the Germans". He in many ways simply carried on the policy of his predecessor. The policy of mortgaging parts of Denmark was common practice by nobles and kings alike to raise money. It would be incorrect to call him a passive ruler; the power of the Danish and German high nobility and their co-operation with church establishment undermined his freedom of action.

Issue
With his wife, Euphemia of Pomerania, whom he wed before 1307:

Margaret (1305–1340); married Louis V, Duke of Bavaria
Eric (1307–1331); married Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg, sister of Count Gerhard III and widow of John II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
Otto, Duke of Lolland and Estonia (1310-aft. 1347)
Agnes (d. 1312); died young
Heilwig (born c. 1315)
Valdemar (1320–1375)

Illegitimate with a lady, who according to legend was of the noble family Lunge:
Regitze Christofferdatter Løvenbalk, married Peder Stigsen (Krognos) (-1352-1365-) of Krapperup. They can be seen in pedigrees and lexica, but Regitze was not a Løvenbalk.
Erik Christoffersen Løvenbalk, had issue in Danish nobility.

References

External links

House of Estridsen
Dukes of Estonia
1276 births
1332 deaths
Burials at Sorø Abbey
14th-century monarchs of Denmark

Christopher II of Denmark


The Trier University (), in the German city of Trier, was founded in 1473. Closed in 1798 by order of the then French administration in Trier, the university was re-established in 1970 after a hiatus of some 172 years. The new university campus is located on top of the Tarforst heights, an urban district on the outskirts of the city. The university has six faculties with around 470 faculty members. In 2006 around 14,000 students were matriculated, with 43.5% of the student body male and 56.5% female; the percentage of foreign students was approximately 15.5%.

History

Historical university
In 1455 Pope Nicholas V granted the Archbishop of Trier, , the right to establish a university. The University of Trier was founded 16 March 1473. Battling financial problems for decades, the university was acquired by the Jesuits in 1560. They emphasized the philosophical and theological faculties at the expense of medicine and law. In the 1580s Peter Binsfeld was president of the university. In the 1730s Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim was also a faculty member. After the French occupation of the Rhineland, the French administration ordered the universities of Cologne, Mainz, Bonn and Trier closed, the last closing on 6 April 1798.

Modern university
After a hiatus of some 172 years the University of Trier was re-established in 1970 by the state of Rhineland-Palatinate as a constituent member of the twin University of Trier-Kaiserslautern, with 360 students matriculating in Trier on 15 October 1970. In 1975 the twin university was split into two independent universities. In 1977 the current university campus in Tarforst was opened and during the 1990s a nearby former French military hospital complex (dating from the French military presence in Germany following the Second World War) was acquired by the university and now forms a second campus, dubbed Campus II.

University seal
The modern university still uses the seal of the historical university in its corporate design. It contains the Latin motto "" (God completes the favors of wisdom from the city of Trier). In 2000 an alternative logo incorporating that seal was introduced, but this met with resistance.

Faculties
The university is divided into six faculties ("Fachbereiche").

 FB I – Pedagogy, Philosophy, Psychology (c. 2300 students)
 FB II – Linguistics, Literature, Media (c. 2700 students)
 FB III – Egyptology, Papyrology, History, Archeology, Art history, Politics (c. 1700 students)
 FB IV – Economics, Business, Sociology, Mathematics, Computer Science (c. 3300 students)
 FB V – Law (c. 1800 students)
 FB VI – Geography, Geosciences (c. 1600 students)

There is also a Faculty of (Roman Catholic) Theology, affiliated to the university but administratively independent. It has about 300 students.

Student demographics

 WS 2001/02: 11,867 students
 WS 2002/03: 12,660 students
 WS 2003/04: 13,082 students
 WS 2004/05: 13,327 students
 WS 2005/06: 13,755 students
 WS 2006/07: 13,932 students
 WS 2007/08: 13,982 students
 WS 2008/09: 14,639 students
 WS 2009/10: 14,612 students
 WS 2010/11: 14,931 students
 WS 2011/12: 15,260 students
 WS 2012/13: 15,165 students

While there is a considerable number of foreign students in Trier, a large majority of students hail from Rhineland-Palatinate and the adjacent German states of Saarland and Northrhine-Westphalia. This situation has been exacerbated by the introduction of tuition fees in all German states except Rhineland-Palatine, with the University of Trier having experienced an increase in the number of students from other German states—especially the neighbouring states—matriculating or transferring there. The SPD, the governing party in Rhineland-Palatinate, does not plan to introduce tuition fees.

Notable alumni

 Mervat Seif el-Din – classical archaeologist and former director of the Graeco-Roman Museum.

Karl-Marx-University of Trier
The General Students Committee (German: Allgemeiner Studierendenausschuss, or AStA for short)  put forward a proposal to change the university's official name to the Karl Marx University of Trier (German: Karl-Marx-Universität Trier), in honour of perhaps the city's most famous son. Although the proposal was rejected by university authorities, the General Students Committee still referred to the university as "Karl-Marx-Universität Trier", until a new coalition was formed in the students parliament in 2015.

See also
 List of medieval universities

References

External links

 Places of interest near University of Trier and overnight accommodation

Educational institutions established in the 15th century
University of Trier
Educational institutions established in 1970
1970 establishments in West Germany
Universities and colleges in Rhineland-Palatinate

University of Trier


Alaior, (İspanyolca Alayor) Batı Akdeniz'de, İspanya'nın doğu sahiline yakın, İspanya'nın özerk bölgesi olan Balear Takımadaları'na ait bir belediye. Minorka Adası'nda olup nüfusu; 2005 yılı sayımına göre 8,671 kişidir. Alanı 109.77 km²'dir.

Ana geçim kaynakları turizm, ayakkabı imalatı, peynir ve inşaat malzemeleridir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi site

Minorka'daki belediyeler

Alaior


Vitějovice (deutsch Witjejitz, früher Witiegitz) ist eine Gemeinde in Tschechien. Sie liegt sieben Kilometer nordöstlich von Prachatice und gehört zum Okres Prachatice.

Geographie

Lage
Vitějovice befindet sich im Vorland des Böhmerwaldes. Das Dorf liegt am östlichen Fuße des Osule (Wittegize, 646 m) im Tal des Zlátý potok. Nördlich erhebt sich die Ostrá (527 m), im Osten der Vystroužek (598 m) und südlich der Nebahov (788 m).

Nachbarorte sind Svojnice und Protivec im Norden, Hracholusky im Nordosten, Obora und Žitná im Osten, Paseky, Kamýky, Hrbov, Třebanice und Vrbice im Südosten, Brdová, Kralovice und Nebahovy im Süden, Zdenice, Žernovice, Městská Lhotka, Dubovice und Bělečská Lhota im Südwesten, Na Osuli und Běleč im Westen sowie Budkov und Žíchovec im Nordwesten.

Gemeindegliederung
Für die Gemeinde Vitějovice sind keine Ortsteile ausgewiesen. Zu Vitějovice gehören die Ansiedlungen Na Osulí (Wosule), Paseky und Kamýky sowie die Einschicht Brdová. Grundsiedlungseinheiten sind Kamýky, Na Osulí und Vitějovice.

Nachbargemeinden

Geschichte
Im 8. Jahrhundert siedelten in der Gegend Slawen; im Wald südwestlich des Ortes haben sich Hügelgräber erhalten.

Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung von Vitějovice erfolgte in einer Schenkungsurkunde Wenzels II. vom 28. August 1283, in der der König die Herrschaft Johann von Michelsberg (Jan z Michalovic) überließ. Seine Nachfolger, die sich von Vitějovice nannten, ließen über dem Dorf eine Burg erbauen und beteiligten sich an der Kolonisation des Landes und dem Ausbau der Stadt Prachatitz. Im Jahre 1312 erhielt Werner von Vitějovice das Recht zum Schutz des Goldenen Steiges von Prachatitz nach Passau. Werner und Přibík von Vitějovice tauschten die Herrschaft 1317 mit Bawor III. von Strakonitz gegen Pořešín ein. Das zur selben Zeit ausgebrochene Goldfieber ließ entlang des Goldbaches zahlreiche Goldseifen entstehen und führte zu einer wirtschaftlichen Blüte des Ortes. Wilhelm von Strakonitz verkaufte die Herrschaften Vitějovice und Bavorov 1351 an die Brüder Peter, Jobst, Johann und Ulrich von Rosenberg, die 1355 als neuen Herrschaftssitz die Helfenburg erbauen ließen. Die dem Verfall preisgegebene Burg Vitějovice wurde 1380 als wüst bezeichnet. Wegen der weiten Wege zu den Gottesdiensten in Blanice entstand 1369 die Kapelle St. Margarethen. Wilhelm von Rosenberg schloss Vitějovice 1559 an die Herrschaft Libějovice an. Nach dem Tode von Peter Wok von Rosenberg erbte 1611 zunächst sein Neffe Johann Zrinski von Seryn die Herrschaften Libějovice und Rosenberg. Als dieser 1612 verstarb, fiel das Erbe an Johann Georg von Schwanberg. Nach der Schlacht am Weißen Berg wurden die Güter des Peter von Schwanberg durch Kaiser Ferdinand II. konfisziert, der sie 1620 seinem Feldmarschall Charles Bonaventure de Longueval überließ.

Zwischen 1743 und 1746 entstand anstelle der maroden Kapelle die zur Pfarre Chelčice gehörige Filialkirche St. Margarethen. Nach ihrer Fertigstellung wurde die Kirche 1747 zur Pfarrkirche für die Dörfer Wittiegitz, Wosule (Na Osulí), Hracholusk, Swonitz (Svojnice), Thiergarten (Obora) und Felbern (Vrbice) erhoben. Seit 1782 ist eine Schule nachweislich; der Friedhof wurde 1786 angelegt. 1801 verkaufte Johann Joseph von Buquoy die Allodialherrschaft Libějovice mit allem Zubehör an den Reichsfürsten Joseph II. zu Schwarzenberg. Dieser unterstellte das Gut dem Peterhof. Im Jahre 1835 bestand Witiegitz aus 86 Häusern mit 604 tschechischsprachigen Einwohnern. Das Dorf umfasste die Pfarrkirche, eine Schule, zwei Wirtshäuser, eine Mühle mit Brettsäge und Ölpresse sowie das einschichtliche Nebahauer Jägerhaus mit einer Chaluppe (Brdová). Bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts blieb Hracholusk zur Allodialherrschaft Libiegowitz untertänig.

Nach der Aufhebung der Patrimonialherrschaften bildete Vítějice/Witějitz ab 1850 mit den Ansiedlungen Kamýky und Vosule eine Gemeinde in der Bezirkshauptmannschaft Prachatice/Prachatitz. Die Freiwillige Feuerwehr gründete sich 1891. Im Jahre 1908 entstanden das Wasserwerk sowie ein Postamt. Der Anschluss an das Elektrizitätsnetz erfolgte 1919. Seit 1924 wird Vitějovice als amtlicher Ortsname verwendet. 1930 wurde eine Autobusverbindung nach Prachatice aufgenommen, die zweimal täglich befahren wurde. Nach dem Münchner Abkommen und der daraus resultierenden Abtrennung des Bezirks Prachatitz verblieb Vitějovice 1938 bei der "Resttschechei" und wurde dem Bezirk Písek zugeschlagen. Im Mai 1945 kam es bei Vitějovice zum Zusammentreffen von fünf Armeen. Nachdem die 5. US-Infanteriedivision unter Generalmajor A. E. Brown am 5. Mai an der Kreuzung Teile der Wehrmacht und der ungarischen Armee auf der Flucht nach Westen gefangen genommen hatte, übergab sie die etwa 1000 Gefangenen der Bewachung der Tschechoslowakischen Armee. Das Kriegsgefangenenlager wurde am 13. Mai mit der Übergabe der Gefangenen an die 100. Gardeschützendivision der Roten Armee unter Generalmajor A. I. Makarenko aufgelöst. Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde der Ort wieder Teil des Okres Prachatice. 1967 entstand eine neue Brücke über den Zlatý potok. Der Bach wurde 1977 reguliert. Das neue Kindergartengebäude wurde 1979 gebaut. Zwei Jahre später entstand die neue Straße nach Prachatice. Wegen der erhaltenen Gehöfte in Volksbauweise wurde Vitějovice 1995 zum ländlichen Denkmalschutzgebiet erklärt.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Reste der Burg Vitějovice, auch Osule bzw. Vítějice auf dem Osule; sie entstand zum Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts und gilt seit 1380 als wüst. Erhalten sind Wälle und Mauerreste von zwei Türmen und dem Palas.
 Barocke Pfarrkirche St. Margarethen; sie entstand zwischen 1743 und 1746 anstelle der baufälligen Margarethenkapelle aus dem Jahre 1369
 18 Slawische Hügelgräber im Wald südwestlich des Dorfes
 Denkmal an das Zusammentreffen von fünf Armeen am 13. Mai 1945, an der Kreuzung nördlich des Ortes. Der ursprüngliche schlichte Gedenkstein wurde im Zuge eines Straßenneubaus entfernt und an der Kreuzung das "Stopařka" genannte Monument zum Gedenken an den Kampf gegen den Faschismus errichtet. In den 1990er Jahren wurde auch der ursprüngliche Gedenkstein in der Nähe seines alten Standortes wieder aufgestellt.
 Barocke Wassermühle Bürgrův mlýn bzw. Panský mlýn aus dem 16. Jahrhundert; ihr heutiges Aussehen erhielt sie beim Umbau von 1877
 Alte Schule, Barockbau aus dem 18. Jahrhundert
 Ehemalige Brauerei an der Straße nach Žernovice
 Gehöfte in Volksbauweise

Söhne und Töchter der Gemeinde
 Vít Fučík (1733–1804), legendärer böhmischer Flugpionier

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Ortsgeschichte auf der Website der Gemeinde
 Geschichte von Vitějovice auf toulkypocechach.com
 Denkmal an das Fünf-Armeen-Treffen von 1945
 Beschreibung der Burg Vitějovice auf hrady.cz
 Präsentation von Vitějovice auf selskebaroko.unas.cz

Ersterwähnung 1283

Vitějovice


Juniperus comitana ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae). Sie ist in Süd-Mexiko sowie in Guatemala heimisch.

Beschreibung
Juniperus comitana wächst als immergrüner Baum oder großer Strauch, der Wuchshöhen von 10 bis 12 Meter erreichen kann. Die Art ist meist einstämmig und verzweigt sich erst mehrere Meter über dem Boden. Die Äste mit geraden oder aufsteigend abgehenden Zweigen bilden eine rundliche bis breit-pyramidenförmige Krone. Die bis zu 5 Millimeter dicke Borke ist hell aschbraun gefärbt und blättert in langen Streifen ab. Die schuppige Rinde der Äste ist rotbraun gefärbt.

Es gibt zwei verschiedene Blattformen. Die hellgrünen, schuppenartigen Blätter sind bei einer Länge von 1 bis 2 Millimeter eiförmig geformt. Die Blattränder sind fein gezähnt und die Spitze ist spitz zulaufend. Sowohl die Spitze als auch der Rand sind etwas blasser gefärbt. Die Blattoberfläche kann drüsig sein.
Die nadelförmigen Blätter sind bei einer Länge von 5 bis 11 Millimeter und einer Breite von 0,8 bis 1 Millimeter priemförmig bis linear-pfriemförmig. Alle Blätter verströmen einen sehr schwachen Duft.

Die bläulichen bis blaugrünen Beerenzapfen werden zwischen 9 und 10 Millimeter lang und 5 bis 8 Millimeter dick. Sie haben ein süßlich schmeckendes, harziges Fruchtfleisch und enthalten meist einen, selten zwei Samen.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 22.

Verbreitung und Standort
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Juniperus comitana liegt in Süd-Mexiko sowie in Guatemala. Es umfasst in Mexiko die Bundesstaaten Chiapas und Hidalgo. In Guatemala findet man die Art in den Departamentos Baja Verapaz, Huehuetenango und Zacapa.

Juniperus comitana gedeiht in Höhenlagen von 1200 bis 2300 Metern. Man findet die Art vor allem auf trocken, felsigen Hängen und Canyons sowie in spärlich bewachsenen Waldgebieten. Sie wächst dort vor allem auf Böden, die sich auf Kalk- oder Dolomitstein gebildet haben. Vor allem in den Waldgebieten kommt es zur Mischbestandsbildung mit Akazien (Acacia), Feigen (Ficus), Kiefern (Pinus) sowie mit Eichen (Quercus).

Systematik
Die Erstbeschreibung als Juniperus comitana erfolgte 1944 durch Maximino Martínez in Anales del Institutó de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Série Biologia, Band 15, Nr. 1, S. 12–15. Das Artepitheton comitana weist auf die Typlokalität etwa 12 Kilometer südlich von Comitán de Domínguez hin.

Gefährdung und Schutz
Juniperus comitana wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als "gefährdet" geführt. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen,  dass eine erneute Überprüfung der Gefährdung notwendig ist. Einer der Hauptgefährdungsgründe stellt der starke Holzeinschlag in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet dar.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

Comitana
Wacholder

Juniperus comitana


The MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip Hop was first given out at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards. The award, according to MTV, was originally intended for hip hop-inspired songs, not necessarily actual hip hop music videos (which were instead honored by Best Rap Video). This explains the recognition of non-hip hop songs such as "Thong Song" and "I'm Real (Remix)".

The award was not given out in 2007, as the VMAs were revamped and most original categories were eliminated, however, Best Hip Hop Video was reinstated in 2008. By then, though, the rules had relatively changed, as R&B and rap videos also became eligible for nominations in this category since the awards for Best Rap Video and Best R&B Video were not brought back.

Drake owns the most nominations, with a total of thirteen. Nicki Minaj has the most wins in this category, with a total of five moonmen.

Recipients

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Statistics

Artists with multiple wins
 5 wins
 Nicki Minaj

 3 wins
 Drake

 2 wins
 Eminem
 Outkast
 Missy Elliott

Artists with multiple nominations
 13 nominations
 Drake

 10 nominations
 Kanye West

 7 nominations
 Lil Wayne

See also
 MTV Europe Music Award for Best Hip-Hop

Notes

References

MTV Video Music Awards
Hip hop awards
Awards established in 1999

MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip Hop Video


2000-2001 කොකා කෝලා ශූරයන්ගේ කුසලානය යනු 2000 ඔක්තෝබර් 20 සිට 29 දක්වා එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යයේ සාජා හි පැවති තුන්කොන් එදිජා ක්‍රිකට් තරගාවලියකි.  එය ඉන්දියාව, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ සිම්බාබ්වේ ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම් ඇතුළත් විය. එහි නිල අනුග්‍රාහකයා වූයේ Coca-Cola ය. අවසන් මහා තරගයේදී ඉන්දියාව පරාජය කළ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තරගාවලියේ ශූරතාව දිනා ගත්තේය.

ලකුණු වගුව

කණ්ඩායම් අදියර

1 වන එදිජා තරගය

2 වන එදිජා තරගය

3 වැනි එදිජා තරගය

4 වැනි එදිජා තරගය

5 වැනි එදිජා තරගය

6 වැනි එදිජා තරගය

අවසාන තරගය

යොමු කිරීම්

ක්‍රිකට්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්

සාජා කුසලානය 2000


İbiller, Balıkesir ilinin Sındırgı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
1700'lü yıllarda deve katarlarıyla yiyecek taşıyan kervanlar İbiller Mahalleninde konaklarlar. Konaklama sırasında şu anda Acıpınar olarak anılan yerde su bulunması ile ilk yerleşim başlar. Bu suyun bir deve yavrusu tarafından bulunduğundan dolayı (Arapçada İbil kelimesi deve yavrusu anlamına gelmektedir) İbiller olarak anılmaktadır.

Coğrafya
Balıkesir il merkezine 67 km, Sındırgı ilçesine 5 km uzaklıktadır.

Sındırgı'nın mahalleleri

İbiller, Sındırgı


Gene o Gené puede referirse a:

Gen, concepto biológico.
Gené, comuna y población de Francia, en la región de Países del Loira.
Genos, palabra griega (γένος, en plural gene, γένη -"clan"-) que denomina una institución social de la antigua Grecia.
Gene Simmons, músico y actor israelo-estadounidense.
Jumpin' Gene Simmons, cantante y compositor rockabilly.
Juan Carlos Gené, actor y dramaturgo argentino.
Marc Gené, piloto probador español de Fórmula 1.

Gene (desambiguación)


Soraya Carioca (Rio de Janeiro, 17 de novembro de 1979) é uma atriz pornográfica e garota de programa brasileira.

É uma das atrizes mais famosas do Brasil, conhecida pelos seus 120 cm de bumbum. Tem mais de 1.000 filmes gravados.

Biografia

Carreira
Soraya foi bancária e professora de português no Rio de Janeiro.

Após o término do segundo casamento, se tornou cam girl em sites americanos. Depois passou a fazer programa e, em 2005, passou a fazer filmes pornográficos.

Em 2015, participou de uma temporada do game "Na Intimidade", programa que dá a chance para que fãs gravem uma cena com atrizes pornô nacionais.

Um dos seus filmes mais famosos é "Soraya Carioca e seu harém de 100 homens", onde transou com 115 homens, que se inscreveram pela internet, durante seis horas e meia de gravação. Outro é "La Casa de Raquel", paródia pornô inspirado em 'La Casa de Papel', onde interpreta a personagem principal.

Prêmios
Soraya venceu o Prêmio Sexy Hot 2016 na categoria Melhor Cena de Anal, além de 3 indicações.

Vida pessoal
Soraya teve dois casamentos heterossexuais, primeiro casamento durou quatro anos e o segundo três, e tem uma filha adotiva do penúltimo relacionamento gay.

Referências

Ligações externas

Atrizes pornográficas do Brasil
Nascidos em 1979
Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Prostitutas do Rio de Janeiro

Soraya Carioca


William Scott Gorham (born March 17, 1951) is an American guitarist and songwriter who is one of the "twin lead guitarists" for the Irish rock band Thin Lizzy. Although not a founding member of Thin Lizzy, he served a continuous membership after passing an audition in 1974, joining the band at a time when the band's future was in doubt after the departures of original guitarist Eric Bell and his brief replacement Gary Moore. Gorham remained with Thin Lizzy until the band's breakup in 1983. He and guitarist Brian Robertson, both hired at the same time, marked the beginning of the band's most critically successful period, and together developed Thin Lizzy's twin lead guitar style while contributing dual backing vocals as well. Gorham is the band member with the longest membership after founders Brian Downey (drummer) and frontman and bass guitarist, Phil Lynott.

Since 1996, Gorham has continued to perform with Thin Lizzy on guitar and backing vocals, having assembled various lineups after the death of band leader Lynott in 1986. In 2012, Gorham co-founded the Thin Lizzy spin-off band Black Star Riders to showcase new material. He left Black Star Riders in 2021 in order to concentrate on Thin Lizzy.

Career

Early years
Scott Gorham was born in Glendale, California and began his musical career at 13, learning to play the bass guitar, and joining several local teenage bands including The Jesters, Mudd and The Ilford Subway, the latter recording a single, "The 3rd Prophecy" in October 1967. He switched instruments when a close friend of his, a guitarist in his then-current band, 18-year-old Steve Schrage, died in a motorcycle crash in Glendale in 1968. Gorham's friend (and bandmate in a number of bands) Bob Siebenberg later recalled, "That incident devastated Scott. He decided the very day that he heard about the accident to take this kid's place, to try to get to where this kid would have eventually gotten to. Scott stunned everybody by dropping the bass, which he was very proficient at, and switching to guitar." Gorham subsequently joined Redeye in 1969 with Siebenberg, and the two joined Benbecula in 1970 before Siebenberg moved to England in 1971.

In 1973 Siebenberg, by then also Gorham's brother-in-law and drummer with Supertramp, convinced Gorham to join him in England, with hope of playing in the same outfit. Gorham was unable to find work with his friend, so he started playing with a number of bands in pubs around London, before starting his own band, Fast Buck. In 1974 a musician acquaintance, Ruan O'Lochlainn, suggested he attend auditions being held by Phil Lynott, Thin Lizzy's primary songwriter, and one of the founders of the band. Thin Lizzy were at the time in a state of flux and reorganization, and while the drummer and bassist remained, two new guitarists were wanted. Brian Robertson, at age seventeen, had already been chosen before Gorham auditioned and joined. The two guitarists shared lead guitar roles, and harmonized with one another, as well as alternately playing rhythm and lead, which led to Thin Lizzy having what was considered a unique sound.

Thin Lizzy

Upon joining Thin Lizzy, Gorham took on a songwriting role as well as that of a guitarist. "She Knows", the opening track of his first album with the band, Nightlife, began a long songwriting partnership with Lynott. They co-wrote two songs for Gorham's next album with the band, Fighting, and Gorham contributed one of his own, "Ballad of a Hard Man". This was to be the only Thin Lizzy song that was credited solely to Gorham. He also co-wrote "Warriors" and "Emerald" on Jailbreak, Lizzy's breakthrough album. Gorham's role in the band remained consistent until the recording of 1977's Bad Reputation album, for which Brian Robertson was largely absent. Gorham played all the lead guitar parts for the majority of the songs, including the hit single "Dancing in the Moonlight (It's Caught Me in Its Spotlight)", though he convinced Lynott to bring back Robertson and have him record the solos for the songs "Killer Without a Cause" and "Opium Trail".

When Gary Moore returned to the band, replacing Robertson in 1979 for the album Black Rose: A Rock Legend, Gorham took the new arrival as an impetus to improve his own playing, as he did with all his subsequent guitar partners in the band. At the same time however, drug use became more prevalent within the band, and Gorham and Lynott both became addicted to heroin. Gorham was unable to rid himself of the habit until 1985, after the band had split up. 1980 introduced another co-lead guitarist in Snowy White, culminating in the album Chinatown for which Gorham co-wrote two songs. His songwriting contributions increased on the band's next effort, as he was credited with co-writing almost half the songs on the 1981 album Renegade. Thin Lizzy split up in 1983 after finishing a tour in support of Thunder and Lightning.

Phenomena II and 21 Guns

After Thin Lizzy broke up, Gorham joined Phenomena II, where he met Leif Johansen (ex-A-ha and Far Corporation) with whom he formed 21 Guns, releasing three albums. He has also played with Asia, the Rollins Band, and Supertramp. Gorham's sister Vicki married Supertramp's drummer Bob Siebenberg.

In 1997, he played guest guitars on the track "I'm Alive" from Psycho Motel's album, Welcome to the World.

Reformation of Thin Lizzy
Gorham reformed Thin Lizzy in 1996 with former band members, playing various tours in tribute to founding singer, songwriter, and bassist Phil Lynott, who died in 1986. The tour was named the 20/20 tour – 20 dates for 20 years. After John Sykes' departure in 2009, Brian Downey, Darren Wharton, and Marco Mendoza rejoined the band. New to the lineup were Def Leppard guitarist Vivian Campbell and former The Almighty vocalist Ricky Warwick. After months of pre-production and two weeks of rehearsals in Los Angeles in November 2010, this version of Thin Lizzy started a world tour in January 2011. Touring continued throughout the year and into 2012, with Campbell eventually being replaced permanently by Damon Johnson.

To coincide with the fortieth anniversary of the release of the Thin Lizzy album Jailbreak, there was a selection of special Thin Lizzy shows in 2016–17. The band consisted of Gorham, Ricky Warwick, Damon Johnson, Darren Wharton, Scott Travis and Tom Hamilton.

Black Star Riders

After Johnson joined the band, Gorham stated that the band members were considering recording new material, which would be the first new Thin Lizzy studio recordings since 1983. In December 2012, he co-founded the Thin Lizzy spin-off band Black Star Riders as a vehicle for the new material, rather than release it under the Thin Lizzy name. Black Star Riders' first album All Hell Breaks Loose was released in May 2013.
In June 2013, he won the "Riff Lord Award" at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards for his work on the album.

A second Black Star Riders album, The Killer Instinct, was released in 2015, followed by touring throughout the UK and Europe during the remainder of the year. Gorham concentrated on a small number of Thin Lizzy festival appearances during 2016, and also began work on the third Black Star Riders album. Heavy Fire was released in February 2017, and Gorham confirmed his desire to create new music rather than simply continue to play material from his past, stating, "I think it's important if you are a musician, or at least a serious one, that you want to start breaking new ground and not doing the same thing over and over. It's important to keep dipping into that songwriting well."

In September 2021, Gorham announced his departure from Black Star Riders in order to focus on Thin Lizzy.

He rejoined the band in 2023 for the 10 year anniversary tour.

Guitar and equipment
When he joined Thin Lizzy, Gorham was playing a Japanese Les Paul copy, which was quickly deemed not up to standard. He is often associated with a Gibson Les Paul Deluxe guitar with mini humbuckers. This guitar was purchased at the same time as his bandmate Brian Robertson's Deluxe guitar. The two guitars could be distinguished by the fact that Gorham's guitar had a redder finish and lacked a pick-guard. In 1978 he began playing a Les Paul Standard, which became his main guitar until Thin Lizzy broke up in 1983. He can be seen using a Schecter with a Lynott style mirror scratchplate on later videos. Nowadays, Gorham uses only Gibson Axcess Guitars which are lighter and thinner in body width than regular Les Paul guitars, with 100-watt 1970's modded Marshall Amplifiers. Even before Thin Lizzy split up, Gorham started using Fender Stratocasters, but reverted to his Gibson Les Paul in 2006. For the Thin Lizzy 2011 tour of the UK, Gorham said that he would be returning to usage of a Gibson Les Paul, this time using a Les Paul Axcess as his main tour guitar. In an interview with Guitarist magazine he said that he had made contact with Gibson Custom Shop and had used it during rehearsals. The Axcess is different from normal Les Pauls in the fact that it makes use of a Floyd Rose tremolo and also has a thinner body among other features. Gorham's Axcess has a thinner neck than the normal models as well as a 500T pickup in the bridge position.

From 2007, Gorham was an endorsee of the German amp company, ENGL. His setup was either two or four E650 Ritchie Blackmore Signature heads, his modified Marshall, and four standard ENGL cabinets. In an interview for the August 2010 edition of Guitarist magazine, Gorham was quoted as saying that he would be using the ENGL Fireball head for the January 2011 tour of the UK with Thin Lizzy.

Early in 2016 Gorham returned to Marshall Amplification, playing through DSL100 heads and 1960BX cabs.

Personal life

Gorham is married and lives in London. His nephew Jesse Siebenberg is a professional guitarist currently performing with Lissie. His sister, Vickie, married close friend and Supertramp drummer Bob Siebenberg.

Discography

Thin Lizzy

Nightlife (1974)
Fighting (1975)
Jailbreak (1976)
Johnny the Fox (1976)
Bad Reputation (1977)
Live and Dangerous (1978)
Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979)
Chinatown (1980)
Renegade (1981)
Thunder and Lightning (1983)
Life (1983)
One Night Only (2000)

21 Guns
Salute (1992)
Nothing's Real (1997)
Demolition (2002)

Black Star Riders
All Hell Breaks Loose (2013)
The Killer Instinct (2015)
Heavy Fire (2017)
Another State of Grace (2019)

Other albums
Pat Travers – Putting It Straight (1977)
Phil Lynott – Solo in Soho (1980)
Phil Lynott – The Philip Lynott Album (1982)
Siebenberg – Giants in Our Own Room (1985)
Supertramp – Brother Where You Bound (1985)
Phenomena – Phenomena II: Dream Runner (1987)
Fisc – Handle with Care (1988)
Heads Up – The Long Shot (1989)
Air Pavilion – Kaizoku (1989)
Asia – Then & Now (1990)
Lea Hart – Trapped (1992)
True Brits – Ready to Rumble (1992)
Phenomena – Phenomena III: Innervision (1993)
Far Corporation – Solitude (1994)
Max Bacon – The Higher You Climb (1995)
Psycho Motel – Welcome to the World (1997)
Rollins Band – Get Some Go Again (2000)
Steevi Jaimz – Damned if I Do... Damned if I Don't (2001)
Max Bacon – From the Banks of the River Irwell (2002)
Ricky Warwick – Tattoos & Alibis (2003)

References

External links

 The Official Black Star Riders website
 The Scott Gorham Interview (2019) at vintagerock.com

1951 births
Living people
American heavy metal guitarists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Lead guitarists
Musicians from Glendale, California
Thin Lizzy members
American expatriates in England
Guitarists from California
20th-century American guitarists
Black Star Riders members
20th-century American male musicians

Scott Gorham