The diving reflex, also known as the diving response and mammalian diving reflex, is a set of physiological responses to immersion that overrides the basic homeostatic reflexes, and is found in all air-breathing vertebrates studied to date. It optimizes respiration by preferentially distributing oxygen stores to the heart and brain, enabling submersion for an extended time.

The diving reflex is exhibited strongly in aquatic mammals, such as seals, otters, dolphins, and muskrats, and exists as a lesser response in other animals, including human babies up to 6 months old (see infant swimming), and diving birds, such as ducks and penguins. Adult humans generally exhibit a mild response, the dive-hunting Sama-Bajau people being a notable outlier.

The diving reflex is triggered specifically by chilling and wetting the nostrils and face while breath-holding, and is sustained via neural processing originating in the carotid chemoreceptors. The most noticeable effects are on the cardiovascular system, which displays peripheral vasoconstriction, slowed heart rate, redirection of blood to the vital organs to conserve oxygen, release of red blood cells stored in the spleen, and, in humans, heart rhythm irregularities. Although aquatic animals have evolved profound physiological adaptations to conserve oxygen during submersion, the apnea and its duration, bradycardia, vasoconstriction, and redistribution of cardiac output occur also in terrestrial animals as a neural response, but the effects are more profound in natural divers.

Physiological response

When the face is submerged and water fills the nostrils, sensory receptors sensitive to wetness within the nasal cavity and other areas of the face supplied by the fifth (V) cranial nerve (the trigeminal nerve) relay the information to the brain. The tenth (X) cranial nerve, (the vagus nerve) – part of the autonomic nervous system – then produces bradycardia and other neural pathways elicit peripheral vasoconstriction, restricting blood from limbs and all organs to preserve blood and oxygen for the heart and the brain (and lungs), concentrating flow in a heart–brain circuit and allowing the animal to conserve oxygen.

In humans, the diving reflex is not induced when limbs are introduced to cold water. Mild bradycardia is caused by subjects holding their breath without submerging the face in water. When breathing with the face submerged, the diving response increases proportionally to decreasing water temperature.  However, the greatest bradycardia effect is induced when the subject is holding their breath with their face wetted. Apnea with nostril and facial cooling are triggers of this reflex.

The diving response in animals, such as the dolphin, varies considerably depending on level of exertion during foraging. Children tend to survive longer than adults when deprived of oxygen underwater. The exact mechanism for this effect has been debated and may be a result of brain cooling similar to the protective effects seen in people treated with deep hypothermia.

Carotid body chemoreceptors
During sustained breath-holding while submerged, blood oxygen levels decline while carbon dioxide and acidity levels rise,  stimuli that collectively act upon chemoreceptors located in the bilateral carotid bodies. As sensory organs, the carotid bodies convey the chemical status of the circulating blood to brain centers regulating neural outputs to the heart and circulation. Preliminary evidence in ducks and humans indicates that the carotid bodies are essential for these integrated cardiovascular responses of the diving response, establishing a "chemoreflex" characterized by parasympathetic (slowing) effects on the heart and sympathetic (vasoconstrictor) effects on the vascular system.

Circulatory responses
Plasma fluid losses due to immersion diuresis occur within a short period of immersion.
Head-out immersion causes a blood shift from the limbs and into the thorax. The fluid shift is largely from the extravascular tissues and the increased atrial volume results in a compensatory diuresis. Plasma volume, stroke volume, and cardiac output remain higher than normal during immersion. The increased respiratory and cardiac workload causes increased blood flow to the cardiac and respiratory muscles. Stroke volume is not greatly affected by immersion or variation in ambient pressure, but bradycardia reduces the overall cardiac output, particularly due to the diving reflex in breath-hold diving.

Bradycardia and cardiac output
Bradycardia is the response to facial contact with cold water: the human heart rate slows down ten to twenty-five percent. Seals experience changes that are even more dramatic, going from about 125 beats per minute to as low as 10 on an extended dive. During breath-holding, humans also display reduced left ventricular contractility and diminished cardiac output, effects that may be more severe during submersion due to hydrostatic pressure.

Slowing the heart rate reduces the cardiac oxygen consumption, and compensates for the hypertension due to vasoconstriction. However, breath-hold time is reduced when the whole body is exposed to cold water as the metabolic rate increases to compensate for accelerated heat loss even when the heart rate is significantly slowed.

Splenic contraction
The spleen contracts in response to lowered levels of oxygen and increased levels of carbon dioxide, releasing red blood cells and increasing the oxygen capacity of the blood. This may start before the bradycardia.

Blood shift

Blood shift is a term used when blood flow to the extremities is redistributed to the head and torso during a breath-hold dive. Peripheral vasoconstriction occurs during submersion by resistance vessels limiting blood flow to muscles, skin, and viscera, regions which are "hypoxia-tolerant", thereby preserving oxygenated blood for the heart, lungs, and brain. The increased resistance to peripheral blood flow raises the blood pressure, which is compensated by bradycardia, conditions which are accentuated by cold water. Aquatic mammals have blood volume that is some three times larger per mass than in humans, a difference augmented by considerably more oxygen bound to hemoglobin and myoglobin of diving mammals, enabling prolongation of submersion after capillary blood flow in peripheral organs is minimized.

Arrhythmias
Cardiac arrhythmias are a common characteristic of the human diving response. As part of the diving reflex, increased activity of the cardiac parasympathetic nervous system not only regulates the bradycardia, but also is associated with ectopic beats which are characteristic of human heart function during breath-hold dives. Arrhythmias may be accentuated by neural responses to face immersion in cold water, distension of the heart due to central blood shift, and the increasing resistance to left ventricular ejection (afterload) by rising blood pressure. Other changes commonly measured in the electrocardiogram during human breath-hold dives include ST depression, heightened T wave, and a positive U wave following the QRS complex, measurements associated with reduced left ventricular contractility and overall depressed cardiac function during a dive.

Renal and water balance responses
In hydrated subjects immersion will cause diuresis and excretion of sodium and potassium. Diuresis is reduced in dehydrated subjects, and in trained athletes in comparison with sedentary subjects.

Respiratory responses
Snorkel breathing is limited to shallow depths just below the surface due to the effort required during inhalation to overcome the hydrostatic pressure on the chest. Hydrostatic pressure on the surface of the body due to head-out immersion in water causes negative pressure breathing which shifts blood into the intrathoracic circulation.

Lung volume decreases in the upright position due to cranial displacement of the abdomen due to hydrostatic pressure, and resistance to air flow in the airways increases significantly because of the decrease in lung volume.

Hydrostatic pressure differences between the interior of the lung and the breathing gas delivery, increased breathing gas density due to ambient pressure, and increased flow resistance due to higher breathing rates may all cause increased work of breathing and fatigue of the respiratory muscles.

There appears to be a connection between pulmonary edema and increased pulmonary blood flow and pressure which results in capillary engorgement. This may occur during higher intensity exercise while immersed or submersed.

Facial immersion at the time of initiating breath-hold is a necessary factor for maximising the mammalian diving reflex in humans.

Adaptations of aquatic mammals

Diving mammals have an elastic aortic bulb thought to help maintain arterial pressure during the extended intervals between heartbeats during dives, and have high blood volume, combined with large storage capacity in veins and retes of the thorax and head in seals and dolphins. Chronic physiological adaptations of blood include elevated hematocrit, hemoglobin, and myoglobin levels which enable greater oxygen storage and delivery to essential organs during a dive. Oxygen use is minimised during the diving reflex by energy-efficient swimming or gliding behaviour, and regulation of metabolism, heart rate, and peripheral vasoconstriction.

Aerobic diving capacity is limited by available oxygen and the rate at which it is consumed. Diving mammals and birds have a considerably greater blood volume than terrestrial animals of similar size, and in addition have a far greater concentration of haemoglobin and myoglobin, and this haemoglobin and myoglobin is also capable of carrying a higher oxygen load. During diving, the hematocrit and hemoglobin are temporarily increased by reflex splenic contraction, which discharges a large additional amount of red blood cells. The brain tissue of diving mammals also contains higher levels of neuroglobin and cytoglobin than terrestrial animals.

Aquatic mammals seldom dive beyond their aerobic diving limit, which is related to the myoglobin oxygen stored. The muscle mass of aquatic mammals is relatively large, so the high myoglobin content of their skeletal muscles provides a large reserve. Myoglobin-bound oxygen is only released in relatively hypoxic muscle tissue, so the peripheral vasoconstriction due to the diving reflex makes the muscles ischaemic and promotes early use of myoglobin bound oxygen.

History
The diving bradycardia was first described by Edmund Goodwyn in 1786 and later by Paul Bert in 1870.

See also

References

Diving medicine
Reflexes
Cardiovascular physiology

Diving reflex


الطاعون  هي رواية بقلم الكاتب ألبير كامو، نُشرت عام 1947، وتروي قصة طاعون يكتسح مدينة وهران الجزائرية. تطرح الرواية عددًا من الأسئلة المتعلقة بطبيعة القدر والحالة البشرية. تساعد كافة شخصيات الكتاب، المشتملة على أطباء ومصطافين ولاجئين، في إظهار تأثيرات الطاعون على العامة.

يُعتقد أن الرواية مبنية على جائحة الكوليرا التي قتلت نسبة ضخمة من تعداد سكان وهران في عام 1849 عقب الاستعمار الفرنسي، لكن الرواية تجري في أربعينيات القرن العشرين. أصيبت وهران والمناطق المحيطة بها بالأوبئة عدة مرات قبل أن ينشر كامو هذه الرواية. وفقًا لتقرير بحثي قامت به مراكز مكافحة الأمراض واتقائها، فتك الطاعون بوهران في عامي 1556 و1678، لكن كل التفشيات اللاحقة، في عام 1921 (185 إصابة)، و1931 (76 إصابة)، و1944 (95 إصابة)، كانت بعيدة جدًا عن درجة الجائحة الموصوفة في الرواية.

تُعتبر الطاعون رواية كلاسيكية وجودية بصرف النظر عن اعتراض كامو على التصنيف. وتيرة السرد شبيهة بوتيرة كافكا، لا سيما في رواية المحاكمة التي من الممكن أن تحمل جملها الفردية عدة معان، غالبًا ما يكون للمادة صدى واضحًا باعتبارها تمثيلًا صارخًا للوعي الهائل والحالة البشرية.

ضمّن كامو شخصية غبية تسيء قراءة رواية المحاكمة باعتبارها رواية لغز كإجلال غير مباشر. قُرئت الرواية كمعالجة تمثيلية للمقاومة الفرنسية ضد الاحتلال النازي إبان الحرب العالمية الثانية. إضافة إلى ذلك، يصور أيضًا رد الفعل البشري تجاه «العبث». تمثل الطاعون كيفية تعامل العالم مع المدلول الفلسفي للعبث، وهي نظرية ساهم كامو بنفسه في تعريفها.

رواية الطاعون هي أول نجاح كبير للكاتب من حيث المبيعات (161000 نسخة في السنتين التي تلت النشر، وملايين النسخ منذ ذلك التاريخ). مع جائحة فيروس كورونا في إيطاليا في عام 2020، تصدرت الرواية قائمة المبيعات في إيطاليا.

شخصيات رئيسية

 الطبيب بيرنار ريو: يوصَف الطبيب بيرنار ريو على أنه رجل في الخامسة والثلاثين من عمره، معتدل الطول، أسمر البشرة، ذو شعر أسود قصير جدًا. في بداية الرواية، تسافر زوجة ريو، المريضة منذ عام، قاصدة مستشفى. يكون ريو من عالج أول ضحية للطاعون وأول من استخدم كلمة طاعون لوصف الوباء. يحث السلطات على اتخاذ الإجراءات اللازمة لإيقاف انتشار الجائحة. مع ذلك، يبدو في البداية -مثل البقية- الخطر الذي تواجهه المدينة غير حقيقي بالنسبة له. يشعر بعدم الارتياح لكنه لا يدرك هول الوضع. خلال برهة وجيزة، يدرك ما هو على المحك ويحذر السلطات من أنها إن لم تتصرف مباشرة، من الممكن أن تفتك الجائحة بنصف تعداد سكان المدينة أو بمئتي ألف منهم خلال شهرين. في أثناء الجائحة، يترأس ريو مستشفى احتياطيًا ويعمل ساعات طوال في علاج الضحايا. يحقن المصل ويبضع الدمامل، لكن ليس باستطاعته أن يفعل أكثر من ذلك، وتلقي واجباته بثقلها على كاهله. لا يثوي إلى منزله إلا متأخرًا، ويترتب عليه الابتعاد عن الشفقة الطبيعية التي يشعر بها تجاه الضحايا، وإلا فلن يتمكن من الاستمرار. يشق عليه خصيصًا أن يزور ضحية في منزله لأنه يعرف أنه سيضطر عندها إلى طلب سيارة إسعاف ونقل الضحية من المنزل. غالبًا ما يتوسل إليه أقارب الضحية ألا يفعل ذلك نظرًا لعلمهم أنهم قد لا يرون الشخص مجددًا. يعمل ريو على مكافحة الطاعون لأنه طبيب ببساطة ووظيفته التخفيف من المعاناة البشرية. لا يفعل ذلك من أجل أي غاية دينية عظمى، مثل بانيلو (ريو لا يؤمن بالله)، أو كجزء من نظام أخلاقي سامٍ، مثل تارو. هو رجل عملي، يفعل ما يجب فعله دون أي اعتراض، لكنه يعرف أن مقارعة الموت أمر لا يمكنه الفوز فيه أبدًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

ألبير كامو
الصحة في الجزائر
العبثية في الأدب
الموت في الأعمال الخيالية
روايات ألبير كامو
روايات تجري أحداثها في الجزائر
روايات تقع أحداثها في عقد 1940
روايات عن مرض
روايات فرنسية أنتجت سينمائيا
روايات فرنسية حولت إلى مسرحيات
روايات فرنسية في 1947
روايات وجودية
طاعون
وهران

الطاعون (رواية)


Melik, Samsun ilinin Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 30 km, Çarşamba ilçesine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 melikoyucom

Çarşamba'nın mahalleleri

Melik, Çarşamba


An Festuca paphlagonica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni St.-yves, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Markgr.-dann.. An Festuca paphlagonica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca paphlagonica


Ritzerau er en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Sandesneben-Nusse i den nordvestlige del af Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg. Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg ligger i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Ritzerau ligger omkring 35 km nordøst for Hamborg, 22 km syd for Lübeck, 8 kilometer nordvest for Mölln og cirka 13 km sydvest for Ratzeburg. I kommunen ligger dele af naturfredningerne (Naturschutzgebiete) Ritzerauer See und Wohldbek, Ritzerauer Hofsee und Duvenseebachniederung og Hevenbruch.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg

Ritzerau


Bernat Marcús  fue un burgués barcelonés del siglo XII que construyó la Capilla de Marcús y un cementerio para pobres en unos terrenos cedidos por él 1166. Desde allí montó un servicio de correos por Europa para la gente de fuera de las cortes reales (básicamente la incipiente burguesía comercial), estandarizado precios y rutas, siendo la primera red de estas características.

Marcús financió el hospital de Marcús, ubicado en la actual plaza de Marcús, junto a la capilla del mismo nombre y que desde su creación en siglo XII hasta su fusión dentro del Hospital de la Santa Cruz de Barcelona el 1401, se mantuvo con donativos caritativos de los barceloneses.

Sus orígenes familiares son inciertos, puede estar emparentado con unos comerciantes del siglo X mencionados en las capturas árabes o bien con una familia burguesa griega.

Véase también
 Camino de los españoles
 Francisco I de Tassis
 Posta
 Mont Cenis
 Paso de San Gotardo

Referencias

Historia de Barcelona
Historia postal
Nacidos en Barcelona
Funcionarios postales

Bernat Marcús


Topaktaş, Karaisalı - Adana ili Karaisalı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Topaktaş, Afşin - Kahramanmaraş ili Afşin ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Topaktaş, Zara - Sivas ili Zara ilçesine bağlı köy
 Topaktaş, Tuşba - Van ili Tuşba ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Topaktaş, Sarıkaya - Yozgat ili Sarıkaya ilçesine bağlı köy

Topaktaş


Stema Siriei a fost adoptată în 1980. Stema reprenzentă șoimul lui Quraish, simbolul național. La înălțimea corpului șoimului este situat  steagul Ba'thist pe un scut. Mai jos se găsește un pergament verde pe care este scris în limba arabă  الجمهورية العربية السورية (tradus "Republica Arabă Siriană").

Steme istorice

Note

Siria
Siria
Păsări heraldice

Stema Siriei


Şing Mun Nehri (Çince: 城門河; Kantonca , Jyutping: sing4 mun4 ho4; Mandarin Pinyin: Chéng Mén Hé) Çin Hong Kong Şa Tin'de bir nehirdir.

Tarihi
Asıl Şing Mun Nehri İğne Tepesi'nden başlar, ve sığ bir koy olan eski Şa Tin Hoi'ye doğru akar. Şa Tin Hoi geri istendiğinde ve yeni bir kasabaya dönüştürüldüğünde, Şing Mun Nehri 7 km uzunluğunda ve 200 m genişliğinde yapay bir kanal ile Tolo Limanı'na akması için uzatılmıştır. Şa Tin Hoi'ye akan diğer nehirler artık Şing Mun Nehri'nin ayaklarıdır veya nullahlarından birine akmaktadır.

Şing Mun Nehri Tai Wai bölgesinden başlar ve Şa Tin kasabasın merkezinden geçerek Tolo Limanı'na akar. Üç ana ayağı vardır, isimleri: Tai Wai Nullah, Fo Tan Nullah ve Siu Lek Yuen Nullah. Şing Mun Nehri boyunca yüksek katlı özel konutlar, ticari ve endüstriyel binalar bulunur ve bunların çevresine dağılmış farklı yapılarda kasabalar bulunur. Şing Mun Nehri'nin iki yakasını birleştirmek için üzerine çeşitli köprüler yapılmıştır.

Kirlilik sorunu
Şing Mun Nehri geçmişte bir defa çiftlik hayvanlarının, endüstriyel, ticari ve ev ile ilgili atıkların gelişigüzel boşaltılması nedeniyle yüksek oranda kirlenmiştir. Bu atıklardan gelen toplam organik kirlenme, 1980'lerde yaklaşık 160.000 kadar bir nüfusun yapacağı bir kirliliği eşittir. Bu tarihte nehirde canlı bir yaratık görmek neredeyse imkânsızdı.

Şing Mun Nehri'nin su kalitesi 1993'ten beri Su Kalite İndeksi açısından kötüden iyiye gelişme göstermiştir. Balık ve omurgasızlar dahil çeşitli canlılar nehirde tekrar görünmeye başlamıştır.

Bugünkü kullanımı
Şing Mun Nehri asıl amaç olarak Şa Tin'den gelecek yağmur sularını 37 km²'lik bir havzaya boşaltmak için tasarlanmıştır, fakat kürekçilik, olta balıkçılığı, nehir kenarı yürüyüşleri ve bisiklet sürmek gibi çeşitli etkinlikler açısından da popüler bir yerdir.

Şing Mun Nehri kürek çekme, kanoculuk, eskimo kayıkçılığı, ejder botu yarışı gibi su sporları için popüler bir yerdir. Şing Mun Nehri'nde iki tane kayıkhane vardır. Yuen Wo Rd ve Şek Mun'da bulunurlar. Şing Mun Nehri tekne yarışları için 2.000 metrelik bir standart alana sahiptir.

Kaynakça

Hong Kong'daki nehirler
Şa Tin Bölgesi
Şing Mun

Şing Mun Nehri


The Ben Stiller Show is an American sketch comedy series that aired on MTV from 1990 to 1991, and then 12 episodes on Fox from September 27, 1992, to January 17, 1993, with a 13th episode of the Fox version airing on 1995 on Comedy Central. The Fox program starred Ben Stiller, Andy Dick, Janeane Garofalo and Bob Odenkirk. Character actor John F. O'Donohue also appeared in every episode.

The program featured numerous filmed comedy segments, many of which parodied middle of the 1980s to beginning of the 1990s pop culture. Despite mostly positive reviews, Fox canceled the series after only 13 episodes, due to low ratings.

Unlike most sketch comedy programs, The Ben Stiller Show did not use a studio audience, and was the first ever Fox sketch comedy program not to use a laugh track. The semi spinoff, The Andy Dick Show, used the same format. After cancelation, the series won the 1993 Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program.

MTV series
The original MTV version of The Ben Stiller Show aired in 1990 to 1991, and ran for 13 episodes. It is not available on DVD, although excerpts from the program are featured as a bonus on the release of the Fox series. Produced by Jim Jones, who would go on to produce the Fox series and starring Ben Stiller and co writer Jeff Kahn, it was a self effacing show within a show format.

Part of MTV's pre-Real World and experimental Vid-Com season of 1989 to 1990, it was interspersed with music videos that Ben and company would introduce in their short comedy sketches. Regulars included Harry O'Reilly and Ben's sister Amy Stiller.  Guest stars included Ben's parents Anne Meara and Jerry Stiller, as well as John F. O'Donohue, Melina Kanakaredes, Al Lewis and MTV regular Martha Quinn.

Episodes

Home media
Warner Home Video released all 13 episodes of the Fox version of The Ben Stiller Show on DVD in Region 1 on December 2, 2003.

Reunion
In November 2012, there was a reunion at the New York Comedy Festival with the original cast members. Apatow hosted the reunion which featured Stiller, Janeane Garofalo, Andy Dick and staff writers Robert Cohen and Jeff Kahn. Bob Odenkirk also appeared via Skype video chat.

References

External links
 The Ben Stiller Show IFC page

1990s American sketch comedy television series
1992 American television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
MTV original programming
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
English-language television shows
Television series by HBO Independent Productions
Television series created by Judd Apatow
Television shows set in Los Angeles

The Ben Stiller Show


Julio Cavestany de Anduaga (* 1883 in Madrid; † 1965 ebenda) war ein spanischer Kunsthistoriker.

Julio Cavestany de Anduaga studierte spanische Geschichte und Kunstgeschichte. Er arbeitete für den spanischen Tourismusverband und übernahm in dieser Funktion die Reorganisation des Museo Arqueológico de Burgos in Burgos. Für die Exposición Ibero-Americana in Sevilla 1929 gestaltete er den Tourismus-Pavillon. 1935 fand unter der Betreuung durch Julio Cavestany de Anduaga der Wiederaufbau des Hauses statt, in dem Lope de Vega seine letzten Lebensjahre verbracht hatte. Im selben Jahr organisierte er die Ausstellung Floreros y bodegones en la pintura española. Es war die erste große und bedeutende Ausstellung zum spanischen Stillleben. Die anlässlich dieser Ausstellung herausgegebene und infolge des Spanischen Bürgerkrieges erst 1940 veröffentlichte Publikation war bis in die 1960er-Jahre für das spanische Stillleben und für Künstler wie Juan van der Hamen y León maßgeblich. 1941 wurde Julio Cavestany Mitglied der Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid. Seit 1951 war er Mitglied im Verwaltungsrat des Museo del Prado. 1952 wurde er dann Direktor des Museo Nacional del Siglo XIX, in dessen Verwaltungsrat er später aufrückte und das später im Museo del Prado aufging. Zwei Jahre später wurde er Vorsitzender der Sociedad Española de Amigos del Arte.

Publikationen (Auswahl)
 1930: El retrato de fray Alonso de San Vitores pintado por fray Juan Andres Ricci y otras obras burgalesas del Fraile artista y tratadista.
 1935, gemeinsam mit Pedro Muguruza und Francisco Javier Sánchez Cantón: La Casa de Lope de Vega.
 1940, gemeinsam mit Enrique Lafuente Ferrari: Floreros y bodegones en la pintura española.
 1951: La Infanta Isabel y la Sociedad Española de Amigos del Arte.
 1955: El pintor Manuel García Hispaleto.

Weblinks
 Informationen zu Julio Cavestany de Anduaga auf museodelprado.es

Nachweise

Kunsthistoriker
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter eines Museums in Spanien
Spanier
Geboren 1883
Gestorben 1965
Mann

Julio Cavestany de Anduaga


An Chondrosum barbatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Mariano Lagasca y Segura, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Clayton. An Chondrosum barbatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chondrosum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chondrosum

Chondrosum barbatum


An Trichotosia jejuna in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jeffrey James Wood. An Trichotosia jejuna in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichotosia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trichotosia

Trichotosia jejuna


Ripalta Cremasca ist eine norditalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Cremona in der Lombardei. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 34 Kilometer nordnordwestlich von Cremona und etwa 2,5 Kilometer südlich von Crema. Ein Teil des Gemeindegebiets von Ripalta Cremasca ist Teil des Parco del Serio. Der Serio bildet die östliche Gemeindegrenze. Der Verwaltungssitz der Gemeinde befindet sich im Ortsteil Ripalta Nuova.

Persönlichkeiten
 Alfio Quarteroni (* 1952), Mathematiker

Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führt die frühere Strada Statale 591 Cremasca von Bergamo nach Codogno.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in der Lombardei

Ripalta Cremasca


Guildford er en by i Guildford-distriktet, Surrey, England, med et indbyggertal (pr. 2015) på 83.765. Distriktet har et befolkningstal på 148.020 (pr. 2015). Byen ligger 46 km fra London. Den nævnes i Domesday Book fra 1086, hvor den kaldes Geldeford/Gildeford.

Referencer

Byer i England
Surrey

Guildford


Øster Hurup Strand er en strand ud til Kattegat ved Øster Hurup i Himmerland.

Stranden strækker sig fra Als Odde ved udmundingen af Mariager Fjord mod syd til Dokkedal mod nord, en strækning på omkring 25 km. Som badestrand ligger det bedste område umiddelbart nord for havnen i Øster Hurup med et stort stræk med hvidt sand. Desuden er vandet ud for stranden ganske lavvandet. Et område af stranden er naturiststrand.

I Øster Hurup ligger tæt ved stranden rekreative områder som en campingplads og et ferieland med blandt andet indendørs badeland. Lille Vildmose ligger helt ud til vandkanten en del af det nordligste stykke af stranden.

Referencer

Strande i Danmark
Mariagerfjord Kommunes geografi
Øster Hurup

Øster Hurup Strand


Astana Arena (în limba kazahă Астана Арена) este un stadion de fotbal situat în Nur-Sultan, Kazahstan. Stadionul are o capacitate de 30.000 de locuri și are un acoperiș retractabil. Stadionul este folosit ca stadion național pentru echipa națională de fotbal a Kazahstanului. Astana Arena este al doilea cel mai mare stadion din țară și a fost construit din 2006 până în 2009, la un cost de 185 de milioane de dolari americani și a fost deschis oficial pe data de 3 iulie 2009. Este și terenul propriu pentru FC Astana din Superliga din Kazahstan și pentru FC Bayterek din Prima Divizie din Kazahstan . Stadionul a găzduit ceremonia de deschidere a celei de-a 7-a ediții a Jocurilor de iarnă asiatice pe 31 ianuarie 2011. Astana Arena a fost unul dintre locurile de oferta de a găzdui Euro 2020 meciuri.

Istoria
Construcția Astana Arena a început în 2006. Stadionul a fost proiectat de firma de arhitectură speciliaztă în construcții sportive Populous în asociere cu Tabanlioglu Arhitects. Antreprenorul general a fost Sembol Construction. Stadionul a fost inaugurat cu un meci între Lokomotiv Astana și echipa națională under-21 a Kazahstanului pe 3 iulie 2009. Meciul a fost arbitrat de celebrul arbitru Italian Pierluigi Collina, prima lovitură, simbolică, a meciului fiind dată de președintele Kazahstanului, Nursultan Nazarbaev. Ca parte a echipelor lor, în plus față de jucătorii aflați deja sub contract, au fost invitați câte două "vedete": în lotul național de tineret din Kazahstan – fundașul georgian Kaha Kaladze și atacantul ucrainean Andrei Șevcenko, iar la Lokomotiv Astana – jucătorii turci Hasan Șaș și Hakan Șükür.

Pe 31 ianuarie 2011, Astana Arena a găzduit ceremonia de deschidere a celei de-a 7-a ediții a Jocurilor de iarnă asiatice.

Caracteristici

Stadionul de 30.000 de locuri a fost conceput ca un vast amfiteatru cu o formă distinctivă și ușor de recunoscut atunci când este privit de la distanță și din apropiere. Este o structură pe două niveluri, partea de jos, cu o capacitate de 16.000 de locuri, înconjoară terenul de joc în timp ce partea superioară de pe laturile de est și de vest adaugă alte 14.000 de spectatori. Există o separare pentru VIP-uri, spectatori și jucători pentru a asigura un acces facil. Toți spectatorii sunt așezați și au o vedere clară, neobstrucționată a câmpului de joc. Suprafața de joc este acoperita de iarbă de calitate ridicată pentru a satisface criteriile FIFA și UEFA. Iarba poate fi acoperită dacă stadionul este folosit pentru alte evenimente.

Proiectarea
Stadionul, conceput într-o formă eliptică, este construit pe o suprafață dreptunghiulară de 232,485 m2 (330m x 704.5 m). Proiectarea a introdus soluții inovatoare adoptând principii de înaltă tehnologie gestionarea operațională, interacțiunea cu mediul și mai ales cu condiții climatice aspre de geografie.

Referințe

Kazahstan

Astana Arena


A ESL Pro League Season 1, oficialmente conhecida como ESL ESEA Pro League Season 1 e abreviada como EPL Season 1, foi um torneio de Counter-Strike: Global Offensive da Electronic Sports League (ESL). Essa foi a primeira temporada da ESL Pro League. As finais aconteceram em Colônia, Alemanha, de 2 de julho de 2015 a 5 de julho de 2015. Equipes de dois continentes, América do Norte e Europa, competiram em ligas de doze equipes e jogaram entre si duas vezes para determinar as quatro melhores equipes de cada continente para jogarem a final global.

A temporada regular para a Europa começou em 4 de maio de 2015, com o Team Dignitas vencendo a Titan e terminou em 24 de junho de 2015, com as mesmas duas equipes com o mesmo resultado. A temporada da América do Norte começou na mesma data e começou com Luminosity Gaming derrotando a Method e terminou com a Method derrotando a mouseSpaz. A temporada terminou oficialmente com a Fnatic derrotando a Cloud9 em uma final em melhor de cinco, por 3–1.

Formato
Em 28 de abril de 2015, a ESL anunciou uma joint venture com a ESEA para fornecer uma liga de Counter-Strike: Global Offensive com US$ 1.000.000 em prêmio em dinheiro no total em 2015. A ESL convidou doze equipes para cada liga para participar de sua liga profissional. Cada equipe enfrentaria todas as outras duas vezes para jogar em vinte e dois jogos ao longo da temporada de oito semanas. As quatro melhores equipes de cada continente passariam para a final na Alemanha e seriam automaticamente convidadas para a próxima temporada. As equipes que ficassem do quinto ao nono não se classificariam para as finais, mas ainda seriam convidadas para a Season 2. As equipes que ficassem em décimo e décimo primeiro lugar teriam que jogar uma fase de rebaixamento, na qual as equipes que ficarem em segundo e terceiro na ESEA Premier League Season 19, a liga abaixo da Pro League, se enfrentariam para se classificar para duas vagas na próxima temporada da Pro League. A equipe que ficasse em primeiro lugar na ESEA Premier League se qualificaria para a Season 2. A equipe que ficasse em décimo segundo lugar na Pro League seria automaticamente rebaixada para a ESEA Premier League.

As finais consistiram de oito equipes, quatro da Europa e quatro da América do Norte. As equipes seriam colocadas em dois grupos de quatro equipes e jogariam, com a fase de grupos no formato GSL de dupla eliminação. Em cada grupo, a equipe cabeça de chave jogava contra a equipe com o chaveamento mais baixo e, em seguida, os outros dois times jogavam um jogo em melhor de um. Em seguida, os vencedores jogariam uns contra os outros para determinar qual equipe ocupa o primeiro lugar. Os perdedores iriam lutar para determinar qual time iria para casa. A melhor equipe ganharia uma vaga automática para as semifinais. Os playoffs consistiram em seis equipes. O perdedor da partida dos vencedores e o vencedor da partida dos perdedores na fase de grupos se enfrentariam nas quartas de final em uma melhor de três. Os vencedores dessas partidas enfrentaram o vencedor da fase de grupos oposto, de modo que o primeiro colocado do Grupo A enfrentaria o segundo colocado do Grupo B e vice-versa. Os vencedores dessas partidas passariam para as finais em uma série melhor de cinco.

Equipes

América do Norte

Europa

Final

Fase de grupos

Grupo A

Grupo B

Eliminatórias

Quartas de final

Semifinais

Final

Competições de Counter-Strike: Global Offensive

ESL Pro League Season 1


دي - لينك شركة تأسست في عام 1986 في تايبيه عاصمة تايوان تحت اسم شركة (.Datex Systems Inc). كانت مؤسسة دي - لينك في الأصل أحد مقدمي محولات الشبكة، ومنذ ذلك الوقت تطورت وأصبحت متخصصة في تصميم وتطوير وتصنيع حلول للربط الشبكي للعموم أو للشركات. وفي عام 2007، أصبحت دي - لينك تحتل الرقم واحد عالميا في مجال توفير حلول الربط الشبكي للمؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم (المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم) بنسبة 21.9 ٪ من السوق في مارس 2008، أصبحت من الشركات العالمية الرائدة في السوق بالنسبة لمنتجات الواي فاي، ومثل 33 ٪ من السوق العالمية وفي نفس السنة، تقدمت الشركة بدخولها في «تكنولوجيا المعلومات 100»، وهو ترتيب لأحسن الشركات الإعلامية في العالم. وقيل أيضا أنها تحتل المرتبة التاسعة وتعتبر من أفضل الشركات العالمية من حيث العائد على الأسهم من قبل جريدة بيزنيس ويك ولدي - لينك 127 مكتب مبيعات عبر 64 بلد و10 مراكز توزيع تخدم 100 بلد في جميع أنحاء العالم. تقوم بإنشاء شبكة نموذج المبيعات غير مباشرة من خلال موزعيها وتجار التجزئة وموزعو القيمة المضافة من مقدمي خدمات الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية.

التاريخ
المؤسسة التي كانت تلقب بـ (.Datex Systems Inc)، اتخذت من دي - لينك اسما لها منذ سنة 1995 عندما عادت للبورصة وأصبحت المؤسسة رقم واحد لتوفير حلول الربط الشبكي على سوق بورصة تايوان، لهذه الشركة حضور في كل من سوقي (TSEC) و(NSE)، سبعة أشخاص هم الذين يقفون وراء إنشائها، بمن فيها كين كاو، الرئيس السابق للشركة، ويعتبر توني تساو بي دي جي (PDG) منذ 21 يونيو 2008.

نطاق المنتوجات
ترتكز منتجات دي - لينك على السوق من خلال اهتمامها بالشبكة والاتصالات. نطاق الشركة له حضور في الشركات في اختصاص الاتصالات ويشمل الأمن والربط دون كوابل. أما في نطاق العامة فإنه يشمل الحلول اللاسلكية، والتدفق العالي والمنتجات الرقمية بما فيها (قارؤوا الملتميديا، ومنتجات التخزين والمراقبة).
يعتبر تقدم منتجات الربط الشبكي لتسويق إيثرنت أخضر (Green Ethernet) المرة الأولى في الشركة. دي - لينك أول من طبق تكنولوجيا توفير الطاقة الذكية والمفاتيح غير مدارة قبل توسيع نطاق الموجهات اللاسلكية.

معرض صور

المراجع

الاكتتابات العامة الأولية 1994
باعة معدات الاتصالات
جهاز التوجيه
شبكات أجهزة تشبيك
شركات إلكترونيات في تايوان
شركات تايوانية
شركات تايوانية أسست في 1986
شركات شبكة الإنترنت
شركات متعددة الجنسيات مقرها الرئيسي في تايوان
شركات مدرجة في بورصة تايوان
شركات مقرها في تايبيه
عتاد الشبكة
علامات تجارية تايوانية
مصنعو هواتف محمولة

دي - لينك


Cindy & The Saffrons was a UK vocal group, comprising Joanne Whalley as "Cindy" and Lindsay Neil and Sally Stairs as The Saffrons.

In 1982 at Abbey Road Studios, they recorded a cover of the Shangri-Las' song "Past, Present and Future".  It peaked at #56 in the UK Singles Chart in January 1983.  The same year their version of "Terry", originally by Twinkle, was released. The group split up soon thereafter, and Whalley concentrated on her career as an actress.

References

External links
Cindy & The Saffrons at Discogs

English vocal groups
English girl groups
Musical groups with year of establishment missing

Cindy & The Saffrons


The University of Amsterdam (abbreviated as UvA, ) is a public research university located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Established in 1632 by municipal authorities, it is the fourth-oldest academic institution in the Netherlands still in operation.

The UvA is one of two large, publicly funded research universities in the city, the other being the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU). It is also part of the largest research universities in Europe with 31,186 students, 4,794 staff, 1,340 PhD students and an annual budget of €600 million. It is the largest university in the Netherlands by enrollment. The main campus is located in central Amsterdam, with a few faculties located in adjacent boroughs. The university is organised into seven faculties: Humanities, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Economics and Business, Science, Law, Medicine, Dentistry.

Close ties are harbored with other institutions internationally through its membership in the League of European Research Universities (LERU), the Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe (UNICA), European University Association (EUA) and Universitas 21. The University of Amsterdam has produced six Nobel Laureates and five prime ministers of the Netherlands.

History

Athenaeum Illustre (1632–1877)
In January 1632, the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam (Latin: Illustrious School of Amsterdam) was founded by the municipal authorities in Amsterdam. It was mainly devoted to medical teaching. The first two professors were Gerardus Vossius and Caspar Barlaeus. The Athenaeum Illustre
provided education comparable to other higher education institutions, although it could not confer doctoral degrees. After training at the Athenaeum, students could complete their education at a university in another town.

At the time, Amsterdam also housed several other institutions of higher education, including the Collegium Chirugicum, which trained surgeons, and other institutions that provided theological courses for the Remonstrant and the Mennonite communities. Amsterdam's large degree of religious freedom allowed for the establishment of these institutions. Students of the Colegium Chirugicum and the theological institutions regularly attended classes at the Athenaeum Illustre.

In 1815 it was given the statutory obligation "to disseminate taste, civilisation and learning" and "to replace, at least in part, the institutes of higher education and an academic education for those young men whose circumstances unable them to fully spend the time necessary for an academic career at an institute of higher education." The Athenaeum began offering classes for students attending non-academic professional training in pharmacy and surgery in 1800. The Athenaeum Illustre largely worked together with Amsterdam's theological institutions such as the Evangelisch-Luthers Seminarium (evangelical-Lutheran) and the Klinische School (medical school), the successor to the Collegium Chirurgicum.

The Athenaeum remained a small institution until the 19th century, with no more than 250 students and eight professors. Alumni of the Athenaeum include Cornelis Petrus Tiele.

Municipal university (1877–1961)
In 1877, the Athenuem Illustre became the Municipal University of Amsterdam and received the right to confer doctoral degrees. This gave the university the same privileges as national universities while being funded by the city of Amsterdam. The professors and lecturers were appointed by the municipal council. This resulted in a staff that was in many ways more colorful than the staffs of national universities. During its time as a municipal university, the university flourished, in particular in the science department, which counted many Nobel prize winners: Tobias Asser, Christiaan Eijkman, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Pieter Zeeman, and Frits Zernike.

The University of Amsterdam's municipal status brought about the relatively early addition of the faculties of Economics and Social Sciences. After the World War II the dramatic rise in the cost of university education put a constraint on the university's growth.

National university (1961–present)
In 1961, the national government made the university a national university, giving it its current name, the University of Amsterdam. Funding was now given by the national government instead of the city and the appointment of professors was transferred to the board of governors. The city of Amsterdam retained a limited influence until 1971, when the appointment was handed over to the executive board.

During May 1969, the university became the focus of nationwide news when UvA's administrative centre at the Maagdenhuis was occupied by hundreds of students who wanted more democratic influence in educational and administrative matters. The protest lasted for days and was eventually broken up by the police. During the 1970s and 1980s, the university was often the target of nationwide student actions.

The university saw considerable expansion since becoming a national university, from 7,500 students in 1960 to over 32,000 in 2010. In 2007, UvA undertook the construction of the Science Park Amsterdam, a  campus to house the Faculty of Science along with the new University Sports Center. Much of the park has now been completed. The University of Amsterdam began working in close collaboration with the Hogeschool van Amsterdam. In 2008, the University of Amsterdam and VU University jointly founded the Amsterdam University College (AUC), an interuniversity institute that offers a three-year Bachelor (Honors) program in the Liberal Arts and Sciences.

2015 student and staff protests

In February 2015, the university experienced occupations of two of their buildings in protest over proposed budget cuts. These budget cuts occurred in the wake of the university's attempt to deal with its speculative misjudgments and financial difficulties: in 2011, the university's total outstanding debt had increased to €136 million.
The Bungehuis occupation ended with the arrest of the 46 protesters on 24 February 2015. The following day a group of protesters forced the door of the Maagdenhuis, the main administrative building of the UvA, and began occupying it, once again raising their demands. The occupation lasted 45 days; the occupiers were evicted on 11 April.

University logo
The current logo of the University of Amsterdam consists of a black square with three white Saint Andrew's Crosses and a white "U." This an adaptation of the coat of arms of Amsterdam which also uses a black background and three white or silver Saint Andrew's Crosses. The three Saint Andrew's Crosses have been said to represent the three plagues of Amsterdam: fire, floods, and the Black Death. Another rumor is that they represent three fords in the River Amstel. These two explanations have no historical basis, however. It is believed by historians that the coat of arms of Amsterdam is derived from the coat of arms of Jan Persijn, the lord of Amsterdam between 1280 and 1282. The "U" represents the word "university" while the colours and three crosses represent the city of Amsterdam.

Campus

As a metropolitan institution, the University of Amsterdam has always been housed in old and new buildings scattered throughout the capital. Because UvA is not a separate, secluded campus, students and city residents readily mix, allowing Amsterdam to maintain close cultural and academic ties to the school. The majority of UvA's buildings lie in the heart of Amsterdam, with only the faculties of Science, Medicine and Dentistry located outside the City Centre. The university lies within the largest megalopolis in the Netherlands, the Randstad, with a population 7.2 million inhabitants.

City Centre
The administration of the school and most of the faculties are located in the historic City Centre of Amsterdam, within the canal ring which is itself a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The facilities in this area date from as early as the 15th century to the 21st-century. Architectural styles represented include the Dutch Renaissance, Dutch Baroque, Art Deco, Amsterdam School, and International style. The Agnietenkapel, Maagdenhuis, Oost-Indisch Huis, Bushuis, and Oudemanhuispoort are designated as Rijksmonuments (national monuments). The 15th century Agnietenkapel, where the university was founded was first constructed as a monastery chapel around 1470, but was later converted for use by the Athenaeum Illustre in 1631. The Agnes Gate in front of the Agnietenkapel is a major symbol of the university and dates back to 1571. It was renovated and moved to its current location in 1631. Another area is a former hospital converted into university buildings, the Binnengasthuis, which is considered the heart of UvA. The Maagdenhuis is the current headquarters of UvA and HvA administration. The building was built between 1783 and 1787 and was formerly an orphanage. The Oost-Indisch Huis, the former headquarters of the Dutch East India Company was built in 1606 and now used by UvA. The Oudemanhuispoort was made a university building in 1880. It was constructed in 1602 as a retirement house and now houses some departments of the Humanities faculty. One of the buildings of the University Library complex, the Bushuis, was built as an armory in 1606.

Science Park
The Faculty of Science is located on the east side of the city at the newly constructed Science Park Amsterdam. This  campus contains UvA's science facilities, research institutes, student housing, the University Sports Centre, and businesses. In order to attract distinguished students and researchers, the campus was built by collaboration between the University of Amsterdam, the City of Amsterdam, and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. In 2012, the Amsterdam University College was housed at the Science Park UvA campus.

Academic Medical Centre

In the southeastern Bijlmermeer neighbourhood, the Faculty of Medicine is housed in the Academic Medical Center (AMC), the Faculty of Medicine's teaching and research hospital. It was formed in 1983 when the UvA Faculty of Medicine and two hospitals, Binnengasthuis and the Wilhelmina Gasthuis, combined. Shortly after in 1988, the Emma Children's Hospital also moved to the AMC. It is one of Amsterdam's level 1 trauma centers and strongly cooperates with the VU University Medical Center (VUmc).

Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam
The Faculty of Dentistry is located in the Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) in the southern Zuidas district on the campus of the VU University Medical Center. It was formed when the University of Amsterdam and the Vrije Universiteit combined their Dentistry schools in 1984.

Roeterseiland Campus
The Roeterseiland Campus is an open city campus designed to offer future-proof teaching and research facilities. The Faculties of Economics and Business and Social and Behavioural Sciences are located at the Roeterseiland campus. The Faculty of Law has settled in August 2017 on the campus.

Organisation and administration

Faculties
The university is divided into seven faculties, with each faculty headed by a dean. The faculties include the Faculties of Humanities, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Economics and Business, Science, Law, Medicine, and Dentistry. Students must be admitted to the faculty of their program before beginning their studies.

Faculty of Science
The Faculty of Science (Dutch: Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica) (FNWI) covers a wide area of research and education. Research at the Faculty of Science covers the full width of the beta sciences. Spread across eight institutes, the main topics are astronomy, physics, mathematics, information sciences, life sciences, chemistry and biology.

The Faculty of Science offers 28 degree programmes for students, 7 of which are a joint degree with the Vrije Universiteit. There are 51 different nationalities studying at the Faculty of Science.

The Faculty of Science has around 6,800 students, as well as 1,700 members of staff working in education, research or support services. Around 50% of the staff are internationals. The main faculty buildings are located on the Science Park Amsterdam campus.

Faculty of Humanities
The Faculty of Humanities () (FGw) comprises six departments: Dutch studies, History, European Studies and Religion, Archaeology and Classics, Language and Literature, Media studies, Philosophy, and Art and Cultural studies. With over 6,000 students and about 1000 employees, it is the largest humanities faculty in the Netherlands. It was established in 1997 after a merger of the Faculty of Language and Culture, the Faculty of Theology and the Faculty of Philosophy. In 2011, the faculty was ranked number one in the Netherlands for Philosophy and Linguistics with international ranking in these areas of 37th and 22nd respectively. In terms of research, the faculty produced 726 academic publications in 2009.

The Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation (CEDLA) is also part of the Faculty of Humanities, with the centre holding one of Europe's largest collections on Latin American information and publishing the European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies (ERLACS) academic journal.

Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences
The Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences () (FMG) is the largest educational and research institution in the social and behavioural sciences in the Netherlands. The faculty has approximately 10,000 students and 1,200 staff members. The Faculty is home to six departments: Political Science, Sociology and Anthropology, Communication Science, Psychology, Social Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, and Educational sciences. The faculty was ranked best in the world in 2023 for communication science and best in the EU for psychology (10th worldwide) and sociology (15th worldwide). In terms of research, the faculty produced 1,366 academic publications in 2009.

Faculty of Economics and Business

The Faculty of Economics and Business () (FEB) was established in 1922. The FEB, which includes the Amsterdam School of Economics (ASE) and the Amsterdam Business School (ABS), currently has around 4,000 students and nearly 600 staff. It was ranked 44th in Economics & Econometrics and 45 in Accountancy & Finance among world universities. In terms of research, the faculty produced 517 academic publications in 2009.

Faculty of Law

The Faculty of Law () (FdR) is based in the newly redesigned Roetersiland campus. It was earlier housed in the Oudemanhuispoort, a historic building dating from 1602 situated in the center of Amsterdam. It has approximately 3,700 students and 330 academic staff members. 58% of academic staff is female. The Faculty offers nine LLM programs, of which two are taught in English. In addition the Faculty offers three advanced LLM programs, which are all taught in English. Research at the Faculty is undertaken by five research institutes which specialize in the following areas: International law, Private law, Environmental law, Labor law, and Information law. In terms of research, the faculty produced 451 academic publications in 2018. In the 2018 academic year, there were 41 PhD candidates, 67% of whom were female.

In 2015, a bequest from Trudie Vervoort-Jaarsma to the university established the Julia Henriëtte Jaarsma-Adolfs scholarship fund for assisting students pursuing an LLM in the law faculty. The bequest of €4 million was the largest single donation left to a Dutch university by a private citizen and was made to honor her mother's legal career. A second scholarship in the name of Vervoort-Jaarsma's daughter, Madeleine Vervoort, provides travel funds to students.

Faculty of Medicine
The Faculty of Medicine () (FdG), each year, approximately 350 first-year students begin their study of medicine at Amsterdam UMC. The first, three-year phase consists mainly of thematic teaching. The second, also three-year phase consists of training internships in and outside of Amsterdam UMC. In terms of research, the faculty produced 3,206 academic publications in 2009.

Faculty of Dentistry
The Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam () (ACTA) was founded in 1984 through a merger of the two dentistry faculties of the Universiteit of Amsterdam and the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. ACTA conducts scientific research, teaches, and provides patient care in the field of dentistry. ACTA is one of the largest dentistry education and training programmes in the world, with 500 staff members, an annual new-student enrolment of 128 and a total student body of 1000. It consists of three departments. In terms of research, the faculty produced 228 academic publications in 2009.

Administration

The University of Amsterdam is headed by an executive board. The university is then divided into seven faculties, with each faculty headed by a dean. Teaching and research are carried out in various departments and institutes within the individual faculties. UvA has an annual budget of €600 million (approximately $850 million),.

In 1992, the board of governors of the University of Amsterdam set up the UvA Holding BV in order to bring its commercial activities into a form that is compatible with private law. The University of Amsterdam holds all the shares of the subsidiaries of the holding. The subsidiaries are clustered into four activity areas which are increasingly outsourced to commercial enterprises and other market participants.

International cooperation
The intellectual and cultural atmosphere at UvA is internationally oriented. Amsterdam attracts students from the Netherlands and beyond: with over 2,500 international students and researchers from over 100 countries.

UvA has an extensive network of foreign partner universities, facilitating student and staff exchanges. Within Europe, UvA has Socrates/Erasmus exchange agreements with over 200 institutions. Outside Europe, it has close ties with approximately 40 universities on all continents.

Academics

The university is accredited by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, which grants accreditation to institutions who meet a national system of regulations and quality assurance controls. The Ministry has given it WO, or research university status. Dutch students must complete a six-year preparatory program to gain admission to national research universities. Only fifteen percent of students pass this preparatory program.

In terms of tuition in 2015–2016, EU full-time students are charged €1,951 per year for both Bachelor's and Master's programs, part-time students are charged €1,696 and non-EU students are charged between €9,000-€25,000 per year for Bachelor's programs and €10,500-€25,000 for Master's and Doctoral programs. Costs for non-EU students varies depending on the faculty of matriculation. In terms of scholarships, the university offers the UvA Amsterdam Excellence Scholarship (AES), Amsterdam Merit Scholarships, scholarships through the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, Dutch Study Grants, and various European scholarships.

Collectively the faculties offer 59 Bachelor's programmes, 133 Master's programmes, and 10 postgraduate programs. The university awarded 2,565 propaedeutic, 3,204 Bachelor's, 3,990 Master's, 438 Doctoral, 242 Post-Doctoral degrees in 2009–2010, and 10,438 total degrees in 2009–2010. The school's academic year lasts from early September until mid-July and is divided into two 20-week semesters. The first of these ends in late January and the second begins in early February. There are no mid-term breaks, only a short holiday around Christmas and New Year as well as Dutch National holidays.

Student body
In 2010, the university had an enrolment of 32,739 students: 20,185 undergraduate students, 9,361 master's students, 1,235 doctoral students, and 412 post-doctoral students. Of all students, 66% are Dutch citizens and 34% are international students. UvA has over 2,500 international students and researchers that come from over 100 countries. Full-time students comprised 91% of the student body. In 2010 students were enrolled in 7 faculties and the Amsterdam University College: 24% in Humanities, 13% in Law, 7% in Medicine, 1% in Dentistry, 11% in Science, 13% in Economics & Business, 30% in Social & Behavioral Sciences, and 0.5% in the Amsterdam University College.

Overall, 20% of students in bachelor's programs complete their degree within three years, 48% in four years, and 69% in five years; 71% of master's students completed their degree in two years. Students on average successfully complete 44 ECTS credits during the academic year. In 2007, 88% of master's and doctoral graduates went on to paying jobs, with an additional 5% going on to continue their education within 1.5 years of graduating.

University rankings

On a subject basis the QS World University Rankings ranked the university in the top 75 in four out of five of the domains: Social Sciences & Management (41), Arts & Humanities (43), Life Sciences & Medicine (69) and Natural Sciences (75).

The 2011-12 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the University of Amsterdam 30th in Arts & Humanities and 40th in Social Sciences, making it the highest ranking Dutch university in these fields and the highest ranking continental European university in the Social Sciences.

The 2017 CWTS Leiden Global university ranking ranked the University of Amsterdam in the Global Top 8 in the field of social sciences and humanities.

The CHE Excellence Ranking rated the school excellent in all seven categories for research, making it the only Dutch institution to accomplish this distinction.

Research

The University of Amsterdam is one of Europe's largest research universities, with over 7,900 scientific publications in 2010. The university spends about €100 million on research each year via direct funding. It receives an additional €23 million via indirect funding and about €49 million from commercial partners. Faculty members often receive research prizes and grants, such as those from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Research is organized into fifteen research priority areas and 28 research institutes within the faculties oversee this research.

The University of Amsterdam has an extensive central University Library (UB), with over four million volumes. In addition, a number of departments have their own libraries. The main university library is located in the city center. It contains over four million books, 70,000 manuscripts, 500,000 letters, and 125,000 maps, as well as special collections of the Department of Rare and Precious Works, the Manuscript and Writing Museum, the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana on Jewish history and culture, and the Department of Documentation on Social Movements. Three reading rooms are available for students to study in quiet. In addition to the main University Library, there are approximately 70 departmental libraries spread throughout the center of Amsterdam. The university's printing arm, the Amsterdam University Press, has a publishing list of over 1,400 titles in both Dutch and English.

In addition to its libraries, UvA has five museums. These include the Allard Pierson Museum, which houses antiquities from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, the Near East, and central Italy during the time between 4000 BCE and 500 CE; the University Museum, with collections showing the history of UvA from 1632 until present; the Museum Vrolik, which houses anatomical, zoological and teratological specimens; The J.A. Dortmond Museum of Script which has exhibits showing the history of writing in the West from 3000 BCE to today; the UvA Computer Museum which houses displays showing how computers of the past worked and how calculations were made before the presence of the electronic computer; the Zoological Museum Amsterdam at the Amsterdam Artis Zoo contains collection of millions of shells, insects, mammals, birds, fishes and other animals used in scientific research.

Student life

At UvA, students can choose from many student organizations, athletic activities, and student services. These include the ASVA Student Union, CREA Cultural Center, the newly constructed University Sports Center, and the Agora student restaurant. In addition, the university provides religious services, career counseling, the International Student Network (ISN), counseling, disability services, and student health services. The students are represented in the different faculty student councils and the central student council.

The University Sports Center (USC) offers over 50 sports activities at discount rates for UvA students and staff including Ice skating, tennis, rowing, aerobics, swimming, dancing, golf, and even skiing.

The CREA Cultural Center organizes courses, working groups and projects in drama, music, dance, photography, film, and visual arts. It also contains a bar and a theater.

The primary mode of transport for students is by bicycle. The city of Amsterdam also has various public transportation options available to students. These include the Metro, trams, buses, and ferries.

Student housing
The university tries to offer student housing to most international first-year students through non-profit housing corporations not owned by UvA. The housing corporations offer apartment-style housing in the City Center, Zuid, Oost, West, Zuid-Oost, and Noord boroughs of Amsterdam as well as in the suburb of Diemen. Single rooms with private facilities (kitchen, bathroom), single rooms with shared facilities, shared rooms with shared facilities, and couples rooms are available. Students of the opposite sex are permitted to be roommates in all types of rooms. Rooms are anywhere from a few minutes to 45 minutes bike ride to the City Center. The university urges students not to go to Amsterdam for their studies unless they have been able to secure proper housing, as the available housing opportunities are very limited.

Notable people and alumni

Professors and alumni of the University of Amsterdam have included six Nobel Prize winners and seven Spinoza Prize winners.

Notable current and former professors
Notable current and former professors include winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1911 Tobias Asser, mathematician Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1902 Pieter Zeeman, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1953 Frits Zernike, and scholar of religion, C. Jouco Bleeker.

Arts
In the area of the arts, notable alumni include cultural analyst Ien Ang, Leiden University's first female professor Sophia Antoniadis, writers Menno ter Braak, Willem Frederik Hermans, J. Slauerhoff, and Simon Vestdijk, Emmy award-winning producer Michael W. King, actor Jeff Wilbusch, and Roman law specialist Boudewijn Sirks.

Media
In the media area, alumni include Thomas von der Dunk, Dutch cultural historian, writer, and columnist.

Politics and government
Alumni in the area of politics and government include former Prime Ministers Pieter Cort van der Linden and Joop den Uyl, former Belgian prime minister and president of the European Council Charles Michel, former president of the European Central Bank, Minister of Finance, and president of the Central Bank of the Netherlands Wim Duisenberg, Member of the European Parliament Thijs Berman, former Secretary General of NATO Joseph Luns, member of the Dutch royal family and legal advisor Princess Viktória de Bourbon de Parme, Senate group leader of the Labour Party and former trade union leader Marleen Barth, president of OHIM Wubbo de Boer, former Minister of Defence and former European Commissioner for Internal Market & Services Frits Bolkestein, former Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport Els Borst, state secretary of Health, Welfare and Sport Jet Bussemaker, Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment Jacqueline Cramer, Minister of Foreign Trade within the Economic Affairs Frank Heemskerk, Minister of Justice Ernst Hirsch Ballin, Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations Guusje ter Horst, former Minister of Social Affairs and Employment and currently deputy director of UNDP Ad Melkert, Minister of Education, Culture and Science Ronald Plasterk and Prime Minister of Sint Maarten Leona Marlin-Romeo.

Science
Alumni in the science area include winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1929 Christiaan Eijkman, inventor of DNA fingerprinting Alec Jeffreys, physician and one of the founding fathers of gynecology in the Netherlands M.A. Mendes de Leon, astrophysicist and Dutch communist Anton Pannekoek, string theorist Erik Verlinde, Dutch psychiatrist and World War II resistance hero Tina Strobos, ESA astronaut André Kuipers, Dutch botanist Hendrik de Wit, nutrition education pioneer in Israel Sarah Bavly, Turkish-American high performance computing and supercomputing research scientist Ilkay Altintas, malariologist Arjen Dondorp and Menno Sluijter, anaesthetist who developed pulsed radiofrequency pain treatment.

Sports
Alumni in the area of sport include Max Euwe, 1935–1937 World Chess Champion. Missionary vicar of the Westerkerk Cristina Pumplun taught at the UvA.

See also

 Education in the Netherlands
 List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)
 List of universities in the Netherlands
 CORPNET

References

External links

University of Amsterdam
Research institutes in the Netherlands
Educational institutions established in the 1630s
University of Amsterdam
Universities in the Netherlands

University of Amsterdam


An Potamogeton griffithii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni A. Benn. (pro. sp.. An Potamogeton griffithii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Potamogeton, ngan familia nga Potamogetonaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Potamogeton

Potamogeton griffithii


Rıfkı Burçak (1913, Erzurum - ö. 29 Ağustos 1998), Türk akademisyen, siyasetçi.

Hayatı
Erzurum'da doğdu. Mülkiye Mektebi'ni bitirdi ve aynı okuldan siyasal tarih kürsüsüne asistan, doçent ve profesör oldu. Daha sonra siyasi hayata atılarak Demokrat Parti'den Erzurum milletvekili seçildi. Partinin genel yönetim kurulunda görev aldı.

II. Menderes Hükûmeti'nde 9 Mart 1951 - 26 Ekim 1951 tarihleri arasında Gümrük ve Tekel bakanlığı, 8 Nisan 1953 - 17 Mayıs 1954 tarihleri arasında ise Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı görevlerinde bulundu. Demokratlar Kulübü derneğinin kurucuları arasında yer aldı.

27 Mayıs 1960'tan sonra Yassıada'da Yüksek adalet divanı tarafından yargılanarak mahkûm edildi. 1963 affından yararlandı. Gazi Terbiye Enstitüsü'nde devrim tarihi öğretim üyeliğine atandı. Ayrıca, İktisadi ve Ticari ilimler akademisinde ve Başkent Özel Gazetecilik Okulu'nda siyasal tarih dersleri de verdi. 1974'te emekliye ayrıldı.

Erzurum'a önemli hizmetler vermiş, Atatürk Üniversitesi'nin kuruluşunda büyük emekleri olmuştur. Ayrıca 1984-1987 yılları arasında YÖK Genel Kurul üyeliği görevinde bulunan Burçak, Mehmet Ali Birand, Can Dündar ve Bülent Çaplı'nın hazırladığı Demirkırat belgeseline, Altan Öymen ile birlikte danışmanlık yapmıştır.

1998 yılında öldü.

Eserlerinden bazıları
 Türk-Rus-İngiliz Münasebetleri (İstanbul, 1946)
 On Yılın Anıları, Prof. Dr. Rıfkı Salim Burçak 1998 Ankara, 789 s. Dağıtım dergâh Yayınları.
 Yassıada ve Öncesi
 Milli İradenin Zaferi
 Demokrat Parti'nin Politika Hayatına Yeniden Girişi (Demokratlar Kulübü yayınları No.:14) (Ankara, 1997) (Rıfkı Salim Burçak ve R. Güner Sarısözen)
 Türkiye'de Demokrasiye Geçiş: 1945 - 1950 (Ankara, 1970)
 Çok Partili Hayata Geçişimiz Üzerinde II. Dünya Savaşının Etkisi
 Moskova Görüşmeleri (26 Eylül 1939 - 16 Ekim 1939) ve Dış Politikamız Üzerindeki Tesirleri, Gazi Üniversitesi Yayınları (Ankara, 1983)
 Türkiye'de askerî Müdahalelerin Düşündürdükleri; Rıfkı Salim Burçak - Gazi Üniversitesi Yayınları; Askerlik Bilimi (Ankara, 1988)
 İdamların içyüzü; Rıfkı Salim Burçak - Demokratlar Kulübü Yayınları (Ankara, 1997)

Kaynakça

1913 doğumlular
1998 yılında ölenler
Erzurum doğumlular
Türk siyasal bilgiler akademisyenleri
TBMM 9. dönem Erzurum milletvekilleri
TBMM 10. dönem Erzurum milletvekilleri
TBMM 11. dönem Erzurum milletvekilleri
Yükseköğretim Kurulu Üniversitelerarası Kurul Başkanlığı kontenjanı üyeleri
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
TBMM Dışişleri Komisyonu
Demokrat Parti (1946) mensubu siyasetçiler
20. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri

Rıfkı Salim Burçak


بلدية أويوريدوندو (بالإسبانية: Hoyorredondo) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية أويوريدوندو 87 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية أويوريدوندو

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

أويوريدوندو


Seferi su naseljeno mjesto u općini Travnik, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Nalazi se zapadno od Travnika.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 527

 Muslimani - 484
 Srbi - 33
 Hrvati - 1
 Jugoslaveni - 2
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 7

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 417

 Bošnjaci - 408
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 9

Izvori

Naselja u županiji Središnja Bosna
Travnik

Seferi


Albagiara (sardisk: Ollàsta) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Oristano i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 215 meters højde og har 263 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 8,87 km² og grænser til kommunerne Ales, Assolo, Genoni, Gonnosnò, Mogorella, Usellus og Villa Sant'Antonio.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Oristano

Albagiara


Brunbladet star er en mere eller mindre stedsegrøn staude med en tuedannende vækst og brunlige blade. Arten er karakteristisk for steppevegetationerne, og vokser ikke vildt i Danmark, men bliver dyrket som prydplante på grund af den usædvanlige bladfarve.

Kendetegn
Brunbladet star (Carex buchananii) er en græsagtig og flerårig, urteagtig plante med en tæt, tuedannende vækst. De oprette stængler er glatte og svagt trekantede i tværsnit med bladskeder, der er purpurrøde til næsten sorte. Bladene danner oprette til overhængende tuer af meget tynde og næsten hårlignende, men furede blade, der krøller i spiral ved spidserne. Oversiden er glat og skinnende i rødlig eller bronzebrune farver, mens undersiden er mat og blegt flødefarvet. De blomstrende skud er normalt lavere (!) end bladtuen. Blomstringen foregår i juni-juli, hvor man finder blomsterne samlet i 5-6 endestillede aks, hvoraf de øverste består af hanlige blomster, mens de nederste rummer hunlige blomster. De enkelte blomster 3-tallige og stærkt reducerede (som det er almindeligt hos halvgræsserne). Frøene er ægformede, brune nødder.

Rodsystemet består af en lodret jordstængel og talrige, vidt udbredte trævlerødder.

Brunbladet star når i hjemlandet en højde på 75 cm og en bredde (i tuen) på ca. 75 cm. Under danske forhold kan man forvente en højde og tuebredde på ca. 50 cm.

Hjemsted
Brunbladet star hører hjemme i området syd for Manawatu på den newzealandske nordø og langs den østlige side af Sydøen. Her vokser den bredderne af søer og vandløb eller på fugtig bund i lysåbne skove og tussockheder. I det newzealandske forskningsområde, Eyrewell Reserve, som ligger nær østkysten midt på Sydøen og lidt sydvest for Christchurch har man hegnet alle græsædende husdyr ude. Der falder mindre end 25 mm regn i vækstperioden oktober til marts. Samtidig er der mere end 30 graders varme og lav relativ luftfugtighed (< 45 %). I vintertiden, dvs. marts til oktober, er der mere koldt med temperaturer under frysepunktet og frostvejr i mindst 120 dage. Jordbunden er flad eller svagt bakket, og den består af ler, sand og grus, som er aflejret under den seneste istid. Her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. Aciphylla subflabellata (en art af lanseskærm), Carex comans og Carex flagellifera (arter af star), Clematis marata (en art af skovranke), Coprosma areolata, Coprosma crassifolia, Coprosma intertexta, Coprosma lucida, Coprosma obconica, Coprosma pedicellata, Coprosma propinqua, Coprosma robusta, Coprosma rotundifolia, Coprosma rugosa og Coprosma virescens (arter af slægten Coprosma i krap-familien), Festuca novae-zelandiae (en art af svingel), Helichrysum lanceolatum (en art af evighedsblomst), Hypericum gramineum (en art af perikon), newzealandsk hør, newzealandsk klæbefrø, Olearia adenocarpa (en art af bellisbusk), Poa cita (en art af rapgræs), Podocarpus totara (en art af sydtaks, regnbuegræs, rosenmyrte, stammekordyline, Sophora microphylla og Sophora prostrata (arter af slægten sophora) og trædepude

Noter

Star-slægten
Haveplanter

Brunbladet star