برهان بمعنى دليل:
 برهان (اسم)
 برهان (حقيقة)
 برهان (فيلم)
 برهان (أدم)
 برهان (طائر)
 برهان رياضي
 برهان (منطق)
 برهان (طب)
 برهان فلسفي
 برهان العناية، أحد براهين علم الكلام.
 برهان اللطف، أحد براهين الإمامة في العقيدة الشيعية.
 برهان بالتناقض
 برهان الخلف

اسم علم
برهان اسم علم مذكر:
 برهان غليون، مفكر سوري.
 برهان بخاري، (1941 - ) مفكر سوري
 برهان الخطيب، (1944 - ) روائي عراقي.
 برهان الدين:
 برهان الدين كركوتلي، (1932 – 2003) فنان تشكيلي سوري.
 برهان الدين رباني، رئيس أفغانستان (1992 – 1996)

برهان (توضيح)


Jonathan Sayeed (born 20 March 1948) is an Anglo-Indian British politician who was a Conservative Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom from 1983 to 1992 and from 1997 to 2005.

He was the only member of the Conservative front bench who consistently, openly and publicly opposed the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Though he was reselected by the Mid Bedfordshire Conservative Association to contest his seat in the House of Commons shortly before the 2005 general election, he was forced to retire owing to ill health.

He was criticised by the Committee on Standards and Privileges for being "at the least negligent, at the worst careless" in respect of a company in which he had an interest, but no evidence was found that he had directly received any improper payments. In the investigation by Sir Thomas Legg into MPs' expenses, he was one of the minority of MPs who were completely cleared of any misuse of their second home allowances.

Early life
Jonathan Sayeed is the son of the late M M Sayeed, a chartered electrical engineer from India, and L S Sayeed.

Sayeed was educated at Woolverstone Hall School in Suffolk.

He joined the Royal Navy in 1965, when he was 17. He spent two years at Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and then studied at the Royal Naval Engineering College, Manadon, for a BSc in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. He left the Navy in 1973, at the age of 24.

Career in business
After leaving the Royal Navy, Sayeed joined Marks and Spencer PLC as a management trainee. Since 1974 "he worked as a shipping and insurance consultant", and held directorships in various international companies:
 Founder director, Wade Emerson & Co Ltd 1974–82.
 Chairman and chief executive, Calmady Insurance Services Ltd 1982–83.
 Chairman, Ranelagh Ltd 1992–96.
 Non-executive director, Love Lane Investments Ltd (Holding Company) 1992–96.
 Chairman, Training Division Corporate Services Group PLC 1996–97.
 Chairman Ranelagh International Ltd 2005-
 Chairman Patient Pak Holdings Ltd 2008- Patient Pak Ltd 2008-

Private life
Whilst he was MP for Mid Bedfordshire, Sayeed lived in Westminster, and also had a house in Houghton Conquest.

He was a member of the Reform Club and is a member of the Carlton Club. His interests include golf (Secretary, Lords and Commons Golfing Society 2004 and winner, 1998 and 1999, of the Parliamentary Handicap), sailing (Royal Naval Sailing Association and Royal Temple YC), tennis, skiing, classical music (Chairman of the Parliament Choir 2002–2003), books and architecture.

MP for Bristol East, 1983-1992
Sayeed was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the Greater London Council before entering Parliament at his first attempt. He was elected MP for Bristol East at the 1983 general election, where he defeated Tony Benn. The constituency was created for that general election, partly from the Bristol South East constituency, where Benn had been MP for much of the previous 32 years. For the Conservatives, this was one of "the three great prizes" of the election, as Benn was said to be "the man they most love to hate". At the 1987 general election, Sayeed more than doubled his majority.

Due to his election in 1983 he became the first MP of Indian or Asian descent elected since the 1920s, due to his father being Indian and was one of the first ethnic minority MPs elected in the 20th century.

Sayeed served on the select committees for Defence and the Environment; was chairman of the Shipping and Shipbuilding Committee; and deputy chairman of the All-Party Maritime Group. In 1988, he secured an Urban Development Corporation for Bristol despite the opposition of the then Environment Secretary, Nicholas Ridley. Sayeed started to climb the ministerial ladder in 1991, when he was appointed parliamentary private secretary to Lord Belstead as Paymaster General. However, in 1992 his career took a step backward when he lost his seat to Labour at the general election.

Out of Parliament, 1992-97
In 1996, Sayeed sold his public affairs company, and was appointed chairman of the training division of Corporate Services Group plc. In May 1997, he stood down as chairman after being elected Member of Parliament for Mid Bedfordshire.

MP for Mid Bedfordshire 1997-2005
He returned to Parliament as MP for Mid Bedfordshire at the 1997 general election, having defeated the incumbent MP, Sir Nicholas Lyell, the Attorney General, for the nomination, and held the seat until 2005.

Hague election campaign
Sayeed's offices at 28 Stafford Place were the headquarters for William Hague's successful bid to become Conservative leader in 1997.

Career progress
Sayeed served on the Broadcasting Select Committee, and was appointed by the Speaker of the House of Commons to the Chairman's Panel. This small group of senior MPs comprises chairmen of the Committees that debate legislation.

In the 1999-2000 session of Parliament, Lord Weatherill and Sayeed introduced a private member's bill which was passed into law. This was the Census (Amendment) Bill.

Sayeed was chairman of European Standing Committee C,<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Publications, Daily List no.125, Daily List no. 215, for Titles published on Monday 6th November 2000 |url=http://www.tso.co.uk/daily_list/issues/2000/dl215.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=Tso.co.uk |access-date=23 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051116013345/http://www.tso.co.uk/daily_list/issues/2000/dl215.htm |archive-date=16 November 2005}}</ref> was joint-chairmen (together with Labour MP Bill O'Brien) of the Standing Committee on Regional Affairs.

Sayeed achieved his first frontbench post in 2001, when he was appointed shadow minister for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,List of frontbenchers who have resigned over Iraq  at www.dodonline.co.uk working under the Shadow Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Secretary, Peter Ainsworth. "Among his first roles has been to lead for the Conservatives on the Home Energy Conservation Bill, for which he declared his party's support strongly at Second Reading. In Committee he made plain that this support was entirely conditional upon the continued inclusion of firm targets in the final text." The Association for the Conservation of Energy (ACE) praised his efforts saying: "In a few months in post Mr Sayeed has proved himself to be a doughty fighter for strong policies backing energy conservation." Sayeed continued as shadow minister after a reshuffle by the Conservative leader The Rt Hon Iain Duncan Smith in July 2002.

War on terrorism and the Iraq war
Following the 11 September terrorist attacks against the United States, the UK Parliament was recalled, and a solemn five-hour emergency sitting of the House of Commons debated the crisis. Jonathan Sayeed said that military might alone would not be enough to deal with the problem. "There has to be some understanding why there is such hatred for so many institutions within the United States. Unless we deal with some of the deep-seated causes, then more terrorists will come to the fore." However, the Prime Minister was adamant that there should be no "moral ambiguity" about the events in the US, that the entitlement to dislike the US could never justify the actions carried out.

In early 2003, the British Prime Minister Tony Blair supported American plans for the invasion of Iraq. British armed forces were deployed to participate in the invasion. The British Conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith supported British government policy on this.Every Conservative MP has been instructed by pager message not to voice doubts about a possible war to journalists, but to share them privately with Mr Duncan Smith or the chief whip, David Maclean. Despite this warning, several Tories, including one on the front bench, have openly dissented from the party line. Jonathan Sayeed, a shadow Environment minister, told the Commons last week that he had heard no convincing case for war. "Every television company will broadcast to the world, including the Arab world, harrowing pictures of the human catastrophe that warfare leaves in its wake, and the closer war comes to Baghdad the greater will be the innocent casualties."An article by Sayeed was published in The Guardian on 24 January 2003: entitled An undemocratic war. He wrote: "I believe that although a war against Iraq may become necessary, I am not convinced that it is necessary now, and that more should be done to avert war."

Three members of the Conservative front bench and one Conservative whip resigned their posts so that they could vote against the war:
 John Baron - shadow minister for Health
 Humfrey Malins - shadow minister for Home Affairs
 Jonathan Sayeed - shadow minister for Environment
 John Randall - WhipTempest M "Parliament gives Blair go-ahead for war". The Guardian, 18 March 2003

Views
Whilst he was MP for Bristol East, Sayeed called for the establishment of charity-run hostels for the homeless on derelict council land.

Economically, Sayeed was on the right of the Conservative party, opposing British entry into the single European currency. He had strong views on defence. On social matters, he was on the more liberal wing of the party, with the exception of gay rights in the Armed Forces, on which he opposed the lifting of the ban on homosexuals serving. As an MP, he was considered a well informed and thoughtful contributor to debates on foreign policy in the Middle East and on economic, defence and social matters.

Sayeed urged for new roads to regenerate towns and inner-cities. He campaigned against a proposed 17-tonne lorry ban, against illegal sites for travellers, and against 'unnecessary' development of the Bedfordshire countryside. He successfully persuaded the UK government to propose amendments to the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty and, despite opposition from the then Secretary of State for the Environment Nicholas Ridley, persuaded the Conservative government to permit an Urban Development Corporation in Bristol. In 2004 he proposed the end of male primogeniture for the British Monarchy though such a principle would not have been applied to the Prince of Wales or Prince William.

Return to business

For much of the time when Sayeed was MP for Mid-Bedfordshire, the chairman of the local constituency party was Alexandra Messervy. Messervy also became one of Sayeed's part-time paid assistants in the House of Commons. In June 2001 Messervy set up a travel company called The English Manner Ltd. The business of this company was to provide luxury travel holidays to the UK for Americans; the holidays included lessons in English etiquette from members of the English upper classes and access to exclusive events and institutions. Mrs Messervy had a 60% shareholding, Sayeed had 30%, and 10% was owned by Mrs Genie Ford (who ran operations in the US). "Sayeed survives de-selection". The Independent, 18 February 2005

In May–June 2003 or 2004, Ashley Green succeeded Alexandra Messervy as the local constituency party chairman.There is a reference to Ashley Green being chairman in October 2004 in a story in the 17 October 2004 edition of Bedfordshire on Sunday, quoted in October 2004 - Hunting 16-31.10.04.

In summer 2004, The Sunday Times claimed "The English Manner Ltd charges clients up to £500 per day for access to the Palace of Westminster through Jonathan Sayeed". This was completely denied by the company, a denial that was supported by evidence. On a number of occasions Sayeed provided entertainment in the House of Commons for individuals (some of whom were long-standing friends of Mr Sayeed) on holidays arranged by The English Manner. However, there is no evidence that Sayeed received any direct financial benefit for this.

There was a meeting of the local constituency party's executive council on 13 September 2004 to discuss the allegations in the Sunday Times article. It is claimed that at the meeting, Messervy announced that a local donor, Martin Randall, had agreed to give the party some £10,000, so long as "Jonathan is still the candidate at the general election." (Martin Randall was chairman of a double-glazing company called Crystal Clear, to which Sayeed was a consultant.)

The Conservative whip was temporarily suspended from Sayeed from 3 February to 7 March 2005 after the House of Commons Committee on Standards and Privileges recommended that he be suspended from the service of the House for 10 working days. The Committee found that a company in which he had an interest had appeared to derive financial benefit from its offering tours of Parliament and ran the risk of damaging the reputation of Parliament.

Sayeed said that the suspension was "unjust and wrong" but he made an "unreserved" apology to MPs in the Commons chamber: "I accept that a complaint was brought because of ineffectual internal controls in a company in which I had an interest and that as an MP I was negligent in not checking the actions of that company. For that I unreservedly apologise to the House." He told colleagues he had disposed of his shares in The English Manner'' and resigned as a consultant to it. He said: "I can assure the House that I have never used my access to the House or its facilities for direct or indirect commercial benefit and I have never solicited or received any payment for any tour or entertainment within the Palace of Westminster."

On 17 February 2005, the Mid-Bedfordshire Conservative Association held a meeting at the Rufus Centre in Flitwick to consider Jonathan Sayeed's future. The meeting decided by a majority of 173 to 126, that Sayeed should remain the Conservative candidate in the forthcoming general election. After the vote, Constituency association president Sir Stanley Odell resigned in protest. One constituency party member, Geoffrey Beckwith, said: "I think the membership was strongly against the motion. Mr Sayeed has behaved impeccably. This is just a storm in a teacup. I think the chairman of the party [Ashley Green] might now have to look to his own position."

On 21 February 2005, the constituency party chairman's wife, Mrs Valmai A Green, and another member, wrote to the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, enclosing a letter Sayeed had sent to members of the Mid-Bedfordshire Conservative Association, and asking if Sayeed should have used House of Commons stationery and facilities for this. "The Committee issued a second report on 17 March 2005 criticising Sayeed for failing to apologise for his conduct as the first report had ordered, for sending out a circular on House of Commons stationery to members of the Mid Bedfordshire Conservative Association asking for their support in his reselection, and misuse of allowances to pay for work on his home. Following this report, the Conservative Party removed the whip from Sayeed permanently." Under Conservative Party rules, a sitting MP can only be an approved party candidate in a parliamentary election if he/she is in receipt of the party whip. This enables the Conservative Party leader to overrule local constituency Conservative Party branches who want to retain their sitting MP as candidate.

In March 2005, Sayeed was criticised by the House of Commons Committee on Standards and Privileges for his use of allowances and Parliament's stationery. He was ordered to pay back £12,500 which was spent on his Bedfordshire home – the money is allocated for London expenses only. This money was subsequently repaid to Sayeed following his producing the receipts for the correct property. Similarly treated was a further £9,500 in expenses investigated by the Standards and Privileges Committee. In the investigation by Sir Thomas Legg of the validity of payments of the Additional Costs (or 'Second Homes') Allowance (ACA) made to Members of Parliament during 2004–05 to 2008-09 Jonathan Sayeed was one of the minority of MPs who were completely cleared of any impropriety or misuse of their allowances.

"On 14 March 2005, it was announced that Jonathan Sayeed would not be contesting the May 2005 general election, on grounds of ill health."

Jonathan Sayeed was one of two Conservative MPs who had the party whip withdrawn at the time of the election. The other was Howard Flight, who was deselected over comments he made on Conservative spending plans.

Since 2005
He retired from Parliament at the general election of 2005, and is currently a chairman of various companies. In 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority upheld ten complaints against his company PatientPak, accusing the company's marketing campaign of "scaremongering" when advertising its patient hygiene kit as "essential to protect against hospital superbugs".

On 19 July 2005, the House of Commons Committee on Standards and Privileges concluded that, in making ACA claims in respect of an ineligible property, Mr Sayeed did not properly observe the administrative rules relating to the allowance, and therefore breached the Code of Conduct in this respect. The committee explained this conclusion writing, "We agree with the Commissioner and deplore Mr Sayeed's failure to take the steps necessary to satisfy himself that such important matters were being dealt with properly. Had he still been a Member, we would have given serious consideration to a further period of suspension."

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
English people of Indian descent
Royal Navy officers
English electrical engineers
People from Houghton Conquest
Royal Naval Reserve personnel
Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College
20th-century Royal Navy personnel

Jonathan Sayeed


Monroe Curtis Beardsley ( ; December 10, 1915 – September 18, 1985) was an American philosopher of art.

Biography
Beardsley was born and raised in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and educated at Yale University (B.A. 1936, Ph.D. 1939), where he received the John Addison Porter Prize. He taught at a number of colleges and universities, including Mount Holyoke College and Yale University, but most of his career was spent at Swarthmore College (22 years) and Temple University (16 years). His wife and occasional coauthor, Elizabeth Lane Beardsley, was also a philosopher at Temple.

His work in aesthetics is best known for its championing of the instrumentalist theory of art and the concept of aesthetic experience. Beardsley was elected president of the American Society for Aesthetics in 1956. Among literary critics, Beardsley is known for two essays written with W.K. Wimsatt, "The Intentional Fallacy" and "The Affective Fallacy," both key texts of New Criticism.  His books include: Practical Logic (1950), Aesthetics (1958) (an introductory text), and Aesthetics: A Short History (1966). He also edited a well-regarded survey anthology of philosophy, The European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche.  He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1976.

He and his wife were over-all series editors for Prentice-Hall's "Foundations of Philosophy," a series of textbooks on different fields within philosophy, written in most cases by leading scholars in those fields.

See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers

References

External links

 Monroe C. Beardsley, "Postscript 1980-: Some Old Problems in New Perspectives," in Aesthetics: Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism, 1st ed., 1958; 2d ed., 1981.
 American National Biography Online: Beardsley, Monroe C.

1915 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American literary critics
Mount Holyoke College faculty
New Criticism
Writers from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Philosophers of art
Swarthmore College faculty
Temple University faculty
Yale University alumni
Yale University faculty
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Philosophers from Connecticut
Philosophers from New Jersey
Philosophers from Massachusetts

Monroe Beardsley


The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, Sanskrit, Tamil, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and  other Austronesian languages.

Indonesian differs from the form of Malay used in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore in a number of aspects, primarily due to the different influences both languages experienced and also due to the fact that the majority of Indonesians speak another language as their mother tongue. Indonesian functions as the lingua franca for speakers of 700 various languages across the archipelago.

Conversely, many words of Malay-Indonesian origin have also been borrowed into English. Words borrowed into English (e.g., bamboo, orangutan, dugong, amok, and even "cooties") generally entered through Malay language by way of British colonial presence in Malaysia and Singapore, similar to the way the Dutch have been borrowing words from the various native Indonesian languages. One exception is "bantam", derived from the name of the Indonesian province Banten in Western Java (see Oxford American Dictionary, 2005 edition). Another is "lahar" which is Javanese for a volcanic mudflow. Still other words taken into modern English from Malay/Indonesian probably have other origins (e.g., "satay" from Tamil, or "ketchup" from Chinese).

During development, various native terms (mostly Javanese) from all over the archipelago made their way into the language. The Dutch adaptation of the Malay language during the colonial period resulted in the incorporation of a significant number of Dutch loanwords and vocabulary. This event significantly affected the original Malay language, which gradually developed into modern Indonesian. Most terms are documented in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.

Chronology
The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reflects its historical and social context. Examples include the early Sanskrit borrowings, probably during the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian, especially during the time of the establishment of Islam, and words borrowed from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.

 Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Indonesian (and especially adopted through Javanese influence). Indian traders may have contributed words as well, in Tamil and Sanskrit-related languages.
 Indonesian has evolved through trade with China since ancient times, including through significant numbers of Chinese immigrants migrating to Indonesia. As a result, some of the Chinese language, especially the Hokkien dialect, has been incorporated into Indonesian.
 Muslim influence, originally through Arabic and Persian traders over a number of centuries, resulted in an extensive influence from the Arabic and Persian.
 Portuguese contact, trade and colonization in the 16th century was the first contact between Indonesia and European culture, and had an influence that remains today, in spite of the relatively short time period of that influence.
 Dutch colonization and administration, lasting from the 17th century to the 20th, extensively affected the vocabulary. As Dutch-trained linguists determined the rules for the official Indonesian language, Dutch thus affected the structure of the language as well. For example, suffixes such as "-asi" (e.g., administrasi = administrative) and "-if" (e.g., fiktif = fictief) were applied with consistency. Some loan words are still intensively used today, although Indonesian equivalents exist.
 Modern Indonesian regularly adopts new words from other languages, particularly English. In contrast to the large number of mechanical terms borrowed from Dutch (e.g., automotive parts), hi-tech words are typically taken from English (e.g., internet) and some informal greetings such as hai, he (probably from Javanesse), yo, etc.

But the processes may also be 'out of period'; for example, Indonesian words are still being concocted from Sanskrit, and the influence of the Dutch language certainly continued after the Dutch themselves left.

Indonesian has also generalized brand names into common (lower-case) nouns as generic name. For example, "sanyo" refers to any electrical well pump, regardless of manufacturer, "odol" as all of toothpastes, or "aqua" for mineral water. This is similar to the type of generalization that occurs in English words like "xerox" or "tampax" or "polaroid".

List of loanwords

From Austronesian languages

From Minangkabau
Most of Indonesian's vocabulary is natively derived from Malay, but some might ultimately be loanwords from the Minang language. Yet it is unclear, since Malay and Minang are closely related, and some might consider Minang to have been an ancestral dialect of Malay.

From Javanese
Compared to the Malay language spoken as the native regional language in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula or the standardized version of Malaysian, Indonesian differs profoundly by the large amount of Javanese loanwords incorporated into their already rich vocabulary. This is mostly contributed by Java's position as the center of Indonesian politics, education, and culture, since the capital is located in Jakarta on Java island, albeit in the area where the Javanese are not the majority. The disproportionate number of Javanese that dominate Indonesian politics is reflected by the fact that six out of seven Indonesian presidents have been ethnic Javanese. The result is that the Javanese began to pour their own vocabulary into Indonesian to describes terms and words that do not have exact counterparts in the Malay language. It is also important to note that most of Indonesian's Sanskrit loanwords have been transmitted through Old Javanese, a language whose Sanskrit borrowings number almost 50% of the total vocabulary. Javanese loanwords, unlike those from other native languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.

From Sundanese
Besides Javanese, Sundanese is another local language that has influenced Indonesian's vocabulary, albeit to a lesser extent. This can be attributed to the fact that the capital, Jakarta, was formerly a part of West Java, a province which, together with Banten, before it too was divided, constituted the Pasundan (Sundanese world), the most significant non-Javanese region in an otherwise Javanese-dominated Java island. Some of the most populous cities in Indonesia are also located in the Pasundan, including West Java's capital, Bandung, and Jakarta's four satellite cities (Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, and Tangerang).

From Betawi
Betawi is a Malay-based creole that arose from influences by foreign traders who stopped at the capital, Jakarta, including those from China and Arabia. Most of its speakers are inhabitants of Jakarta, and its influence upon Indonesian is attributed to its frequent usage in Indonesian mass media, including radio and television. Its status as a "hip" language by other portions of Indonesian society is another contributing factor as well.

From Nias

From Batak

From Balinese
Balinese, or simply Bali, is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people (as of 2000) on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as northern Nusa Penida, western Lombok and eastern Java.

From Indian languages

From Sanskrit

Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit, the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem, and its status is comparable with that of Latin in English and other Western Indo-European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms; these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of Jayapura city (former Hollandia) and Jayawijaya Mountains (former Orange Range) in the Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s; both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards, such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names.

The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence on Indonesia came from contacts with India long ago before the 1st century. The words are either directly borrowed from India or through the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by Prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.

From Pali
Pali (Pāli) is a Prakrit language and belongs to the Indo-European language family together with Sanskrit. As Sanskrit is the language vehicle of Hinduism, Pali is the language vehicle for Buddhism, especially the Theravada tradition which is mainly adhered to by Buddhists within Indosphere Southeast Asia. Virtually every word in Pāḷi has cognates in the other Middle Indo-Aryan languages, the Prakrits. The relationship to Vedic Sanskrit is less direct and more complicated; the Prakrits were descended from Old Indo-Aryan vernaculars.

From Hindi
Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is an Indo-European, and specifically an Indo-Aryan language. It is descended from Sanskrit and is considered part of the Central Indo-Aryan subgroup.

From Tamil
Loanwords from Tamil, while also an Indian language (though not Indo-European like Sanskrit), mainly exist in cuisine, like Chinese and unlike Sanskrit. It is a Dravidian language and not an Indo-Aryan language. However, Hinduism had great impact in Tamil, there are several Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil and they are possibility to list them in Indo-Aryan loanwords, such as Sanskrit.

Interaction between Tamil speakers and Malay speakers has been established from ancient time. Tamil influence has been around such as Palava usage as ancient script in Indonesia (Palava dynasty was existed on 275 CE–897 CE) and Chola invasion of Srivijaya in 1025. It mainly entered the lexicon of Malay (and by extension, Indonesian) with the immigration of South Indian traders who settled around the Strait of Malacca.

From Middle Eastern languages

From Arabic
The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam. Allah is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations.  Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations, this practice has been discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus.

From Persian

Persian is an Indo-European language under the Indo-Iranian branch, wherein Sanskrit and Hindi belongs.

From Hebrew

From East Asian languages

From Chinese

Chinese loanwords into Indonesian often involve cuisine, trade, or Chinese culture. According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia (termed the peranakan) is almost 1% (totaling to about 3 million people, although this may likely be an underestimate due to an anti-Chinese sentiment that exists in some circles of the population), yet the peranakan are the most successful when it comes to business, trade, and cuisine. Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau (匕首 bǐshǒu  – knife), mie (T:麵, S:面, Hokkien mī – noodles), lumpia (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) – springroll), teko (T:茶壺, S:茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli = 苦 khu (bitter) and 力 li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 你 – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). Almost all loanwords in Indonesian of Chinese origin come from Hokkien (福建) or Hakka (客家).

From Japanese

Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 126 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the official language and national language. The influx of Japanese loanword can be classified into two periods, Japanese colonial administration period (1942–1945) and globalisation of Japanese popular culture (1980-now). As Indonesian is written using Latin script, Japanese romanisation systems influence the spelling in Indonesian.

From Korean
In contrast with Chinese and Japanese, Korean loanwords are mostly related to Korean culture. These loanword is attributed to increasing popularity of South Korean culture. Since the turn of the 21st century, South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism, aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy. This phenomenon is called Korean Wave.

From European languages
The European influence on Indonesian is largely related to European intervention and colonialism. The most significant consequence is the continued use of the Latin alphabet instead of various local scripts.

The Portuguese arrived first in the archipelago and influenced the original Malay language after their conquest of Malacca. Portuguese dominance over trade in the region and control of the spice islands of Moluccas significantly increased Portuguese influence, as did the introduction of Christianity in the region.

However, Dutch has had the most influence on the language, as a result of the Dutch having controlled Indonesia for 300 years after eliminating Portuguese influence in the archipelago. The Dutch language itself was not introduced into the archipelago before 1799, when the Dutch government took over the colony from the already bankrupt VOC (Dutch East India company). Previously, the Malay language had adopted by the VOC due to its trade and diplomatic benefit, which led to large numbers of loanwords being introduced into the language.

English has also exerted a certain influence on the archipelago's language, being the third most favored foreign language by the educated in colonial days. More recently, English has played an increasingly large role in the nation's official language as a result of globalization.

From Portuguese
Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "Spice Islands". Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia.

From Dutch

The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left an extensive imprint on Indonesian vocabulary. These Dutch loanwords, as well as other non Italo-Iberian European language loanwords which were introduced via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords possessing clusters of multiple consonants pose difficulties for speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by the insertion of the schwa. For example, Dutch schroef  → sekrup . The months from January (Januari) to December (Desember) used in Indonesian are also derived from Dutch. Although Dutch loanwords are normally no longer newly-developed, there is some sort of derivation using Dutch-loaned suffixes, like -si "-tion" ← Dutch -tie, -ase "-age" ← -age, and -is "-ic, -ish" ← -isch.

It is estimated that 10,000 words in the Indonesian language can be traced back to the Dutch language.

From English
Many English words are adopted in Indonesian through globalization, due to this however many Indonesians mistake words that were originally adopted from Dutch with English due to the Germanic traces that exist in the two languages (both are Indo-European Germanic languages from the same branch, the West Germanic).
However, many English words in Indonesian too are borrowed via Malay (such as: sains (science), enjin (engine), botol (bottle), gaun (gown), etc.).

From Greek

From Latin
It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins: Malaysian utilizes words that reflect the English usage (as used by its former colonial power, the British), while Indonesian uses a Latinate form reflected in the Dutch usage (e.g. aktiviti (Malaysian) vs. aktivitas (Indonesian), universiti (Malaysian) vs. universitas (Indonesian)).

From French

From North Germanic
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. The language group is sometimes referred to as the "Nordic languages", a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish, Swedish, Icelandic and Norwegian scholars and laypeople.

See also
 List of English words of Indonesian origin
 List of loanwords in Malay
 Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil
 Indonesian history
 Differences between Malay and Indonesian

References

Bibliography

 de Vries, Jan W., Grijns, C.D. and Santa Maria, L. 1983 Indonesian : a check-list of words of European origin in Bahasa Indonesia and traditional Malay Leiden : Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. .
 Badudu, J.S; Kamus Kata-kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia; Kompas, Jakarta, 2003
 Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka: 1999, halaman 1185 s.d. 1188 berisikan Pendahuluan buku Senarai Kata Serapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1996 (dengan sedikit penyaduran tanpa mengubah maksud dan tujuan seseungguhnya dari buku ini).

External links
 Indonesian Etymology Database
 SEAlang Library – Orthography search engine on Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay

Loanwords
Indonesian
Indonesian

Indonesian

List of loanwords in Indonesian


An Eria sutepensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe ngan Dorothy Downie. An Eria sutepensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eria

Eria sutepensis


Mönkhagen er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Nordstormarn under Kreis Stormarn. Kreis Stormarn ligger i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Mönkhagen ligger ca. otte kilometer nordvest for Lübeck og vest for Stockelsdorf. Bundesstraße 206 og motorvejen A20 fra Lübeck til Bad Segeberg går gennem kommunen. Vandløbene Niendorferbek, Kornbek, Heilsau, Reinsbek, Martelsbek og Eckhorster Lauf løber gennem kommunen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Stormarn

Mönkhagen


Gram, bir kütle ölçüm birimi.
 Gram boyama, bakterileri Gram-pozitif ve Gram-negatif olarak ayırt etme yöntemi.
 Hans Christian Gram, Gram boyama tekniğini geliştirmiş Danimarkalı mikrobiyolog.
 Gram, Tolkien'in kurgusal evreni Orta Dünya'da bir dağ.

Gram (anlam ayrımı)


Clubul Micilor Castane este un serial de desene animate difuzat de postul TV Minimax.

Introducere
În Clubul Micilor Castane, copiii pot merge în aventuri cotidiene, împreună cu Lisa și prietenii ei, Căstănel, Balonaș, Forfecuță și Raza Soarelui. Personajele principale vor conduce pe cei mici în diferitele situații ale vieții, le ajută să tragă învățămintele poveștilor actuale, încununate cu melodiile ușor de reținut ale lui Ákos Dobrády. Caracterul lui Castanel, Balonaș, Forfecuța și Raza Soarelui sunt inspirate de cele patru elemente primordiale, pământul, aerul, apa și focul: personajele drăguțe, în costume, prin dialoguri spirituale și cu multă muzică, melodii ușor de reținut, se străduiesc să transmită copiilor cunoștințele, valorile legate de viața cotidiană.

Personaje
 Lisa - Lisa este o fetiță vorbăreață, veselă. Singura deosebire de celelalte fetițe este înțelepciunea sa care depășește vârsta sa. Aceasta se manifestă și în raportul ei de prietenie cu ceilalți. Liza cântă foarte bine. La o fetiță de vârsta ei nu este ușor să faci totdeauna ceea ce este bine, dar cu ajutorul prietenilor săi și ascultând vocea inimii Lisa reușește și aceasta.
 Castanel - Castanel este reprezentantul Pământului. El este cel mai deștept și cel mai educat dintre membrii clubului. Pasiunea sa preferată este citirea, îi place liniștea și pacea. Uneori exagerează din cauza interesului său științific, face pe deșteptul însă este bun, drăguț, răbdător și prietenii săi sunt cei mai importanți pentru el.
 Balonaș - Balonaș este reprezentantul aerului și din mai multe puncte de vedere este ca și aerul. El este cel mai curat și inocent în Club. Nu se poate spune că Balonaș ar fi cel mai deștept, nici că ar fi foarte priceput, este mai bine naiv, credul, dar nu se supără ușor și entuziasmul lui sincer este aproape imposibil de oprit. În felul lui el este motorul companiei, fiind condus fără întrerupere de curiozitatea sa fără limite pentru cunoașterea lumii, chiar dacă nu înțelege tot din cele învățate.
 Forfecuță - Forfecuță reprezintă apa și este un crab cu cap fierbinte. Este o fire impulsivă, uneori chiar arțăgos. Îi plac jocurile gălăgioase, cu tunuri de apă, pistoale cu apă și baloane umplute cu apă. Cu toate că-l necăjește mult pe Balonaș, cu el se înțelege cel mai bine, și cu toate că încercă să ascunde acesta, și el are suflet bun și peste toate, este curios.
 Raza Soarelui - Raza Soarelui reprezintă focul, este o prințesă adevărată. Nu-i plac împrejurările nepotrivite, este predispusă la accese de furie. Acordă mare importanță apariției, îi place mult să strălucească ca Soarea însăși. Totodată prietenii săi știu bine că în realitate nu este proastă, din comentariile iscusite și puțin răutăcioase se poate afla că este un prieten bun.
 Mysterio - El este un spirit înțelept de mii de ani, care apare din când în când, când se ivesc probleme, care cunoaște totdeauna răspunsul! Prezența sa și sfaturile înțelepte scot totdeauna personajele noastre din încurcătură, le arată drumul potrivit, îmbibând evenimentele cu magie și farmec.

Episoade
 Flacăra luminării: Liza are își are ziua de naștere de 10 ani, prietenii mici se pregătesc la marele eveniment cu o turtă mare. Personajele noastre în acest episod, în legătură cu aprinderea luminării și cu ajutorul unui pompier amabil atrag atenția copiilor asupra importanței și pericolele focului. Veți afla îndată cum au reușit și cum au sărbătorit Castanele ziua de naștere a lui Liza. Uitați-vă la programul nostru!
 Baloane de săpun: Prietenii noștri au început ziua cu gimnastică de dimineață, când, în urma unui accident, Balonas și-a pierdut memoria. Ceilalți au încercat în diferite feluri ca acesta să-și regăsească memoria, când au gândit că dacă ar vedea aerul e sigur că și-ar aduce aminte de tot. Dar cum să arăți la cineva aerul dacă acesta este invizibil? Vreți să știți? Atunci uitați-vă la  noi să cunoașteți prin aventuri importanța exercițiilor fizice și că ce însemnă capacitatea pulmonară! Distracție plăcută!
 Semințele magice: Eroii noștri au devenit absorbiți de iarnă și au uitat să planteze florile. L-au chemat ajutor pe Mysterio, spiritul în vârstă de mii de ani, care le dă semințe magice, adăugând că plantele vor germina repede dacă le vor descoperi secretul. Trebuie să le stropiți des? Li se va asigura aer proaspăt și lumina soarelui? Oare care va fi soluția finală? În acest episod vom afla ce trebuie la plantarea florilor și faptul că în afară de apă și lumină plantele au nevoie și de iubire și de îngrijire.
 Dansul ploilor: Castanel dorește puțină liniște și singurătate, de aceea se culcă pe pajiște și se uită la nori. Prietenii săi se alătură cu curiozitate și încep să discute despre vreme, ploaie și cum se naște ploaia. Castanel este trist pentru că simte ca Pământul, pe care-l reprezintă, nu participă la acest procedeu emoționant. Cum vor oare Liza și ceilalți dovedi lui Castanel că fără Pământ nu există viață și se oprește cursul lumii. În această parte vom găsi răspuns la toate acestea, personajele noastre discută aceste teme, cu multe învățăminte.
 Praf de stele: Liza dorește să-și facă temele dar nu-și găsește caietul. Tema este foarte emoționantă, trebuie elaborat ce înseamnă expresia "Toți suntem din praf de stele". Ce frază interesantă nu-i așa? Bineînțeles Mysterio le poate ajuta în aceasta, prietenii îl și cheamă. Între timp se găsește și caietul dar Forfecuță reușește din nou să facă o încurcătură, complicând astfel povestea noastră. În acest episod veți afla ce rol are sinceritatea, cum se rezolvă în fine problemele, ce se întâmplă cu datoria Lizei. În acest episod vom învăța despre începutul lumii, formarea Sistemului Solar și cele 8 planete.
 Urme ciudate: În noul episod Forfecuță descoperă urme ciudate și începe să și analizeze acestea. Castanel este foarte bucuros că este liniște în sfârșit și poate să citească puțin. Pacea însă nu durează mult deoarece și ceilalți încep să investigheze cu mari emoții, la urmă găsesc o văcuță mică. Ce credeți, o vor duce la sfârșit acasă văcuța rătăcită? Sau vor căuta proprietarul acesteia? În ce loc plin de aventuri vor ajunge prietenii noștri? În acest episod vă vom povesti despre efectele fiziologice pozitive ale produselor lactate și că dragii noștri pot avea obiceiuri enervante, putem învăța cum să conviețuim cu acestea.
 Momentele zilei: Vine seara, locuitorii Clubului, Balonaș, Forfecuță și Castanel tocmai se pregătesc la culcare când apare Liza cu mare zel, deoarece dorește să doarme împreună cu ei!  Bucuria este mare, deoarece planifică că vor petrece toate noaptea împreună. Deși Mama lui Liza i-a rugat să se ducă la pat la ora 8, cele 4 personaje neastâmpărate s-au uitat la filme, au dansat și s-au bătut cu pernele. Da numai 4! Deoarece numai Raza Soarelui a fost care a atras atenția celorlalți la diferența între noapte și zi și la importanța somnului.  În acest episod distractiv veți afla tot despre consecințele petrecerii, respectiv în ce și de ce a avut dreptate Raza Soarelui!
Dentistul: Povestea noastră se începe în Casa Clubului, unde personajele noastre tocmai mănâncă dulciuri. Turtă, prăjituri, ciocolată… nimic nu lipsea. Deodată Liza se ridică și fuge afară! Ceilalți încep să se sfătuiască, ce s-a putut întâmpla, ce are Liza? Nu au înțeles unde a dispărut și au început să se îngrijoreze. Când după un scurt timp Liza s-a întors, își avea obrazul umflat și vorbea sâsâit cumva. Poate că a mâncat prea multe dulciuri și-i dureau dinții! – au crezut ceilalți. Probabil Liza ar trebuie să meargă la dentist! Acesta este doar începutul problemelor, deoarece lui Liza îi e frică de dentist! Rămâneți cu noi și fiți atenți la noua aventură a Personajelor noștri, din care și voi veți afla că Dentistul vrea să ajute și nu vrea să vă facă rău, și cu aceasta nu doare deloc! Cum a reușit Liza să scape de durerea?
Tărăboi: Locuitorii Clubului Micilor Castane s-au trezit la o zi minunată, deoarece unchiul Lizei își are ziua de naștere - Liza dorește să-i facă surpriză cu un cadou super. Unchiul Lizei este dirijor, astfel Liza s-a gândit să-i facă cadou un cântec minunat, interpretat de toți, deoarece dirijorului îi plac foarte multe corurile. Din păcate nu a sunat bine cântecul. Liza cânta tot timpul fals, apreciat de ceilalți cu un râs nebunatic. Doar Liza este puțin tristă, îi e teamă că nu poate să facă surpriză la rudele său drag. Ceilalți au idea să-l cheme ajutor pe Mysterio. Ce credeți, oare Magicianul va fi capabil să rezolve și această problemă? Vor putea face surpriză la Domnul.

Note

Legături externe
 Clubul Micilor Castane pe Facebook

Seriale de animație

Clubul Micilor Castane


Muḥammad Fu'ād ʿAbd al-Baqī (Mit Helfa, Qalyub, 1882 - Le Caire, 1968) est un érudit égyptien prolifique de l'islam, un poète et un traducteur du français et de l'anglais. Il rédige et compile de nombreux livres liés au Coran et à la sunna, y compris des indices qui donnent au lecteur accès au hadith du prophète Mahomet.

En tant que rédacteur en chef, sa publication du Caire de 1955, fourni la classification thématique standard du texte arabe des hadiths dans Sahih Muslim. L'ouvrage est réimprimé plusieurs fois. De même sa publication 1952-53 en 2 volumes fournit la norme pour Sunan ibn Majah.

Livres
Ses œuvres comprennent :
 Al-Muʿjam al-Mufahras li-Alfāẓ al-Qur'ān al-Karīm, une concordance complète du Coran.
 Jamīʿa Masaned Sahih Al-Bukhari, Hadith classifié de Bukhārī.
 Miftāḥ Kunūz al-Sunnah, 1934, traduction arabe de l'anglais du "Handbook of Early Muhammadan Tradition" d'ARENT JAN WENSINCK (Leiden, 1927).
 Al-Lu'lu wa-al-Marjān, une collection de hadiths de Sahih Al-Bukhari et Sahih Muslim.
 Une traduction d' Al-Muʿjam al-Mufahras dans le vocabulaire du Hadith.

Références

Liens externes

Érudit musulman sunnite
Commentateur du hadith
Naissance en mars 1882
Décès en février 1968
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Décès à 85 ans
Ouléma du XXe siècle

Muhammad Fuad Abdul Baqi


Stephen Francis Lynch (born March 31, 1955) is an American businessman, attorney and politician who has served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts since 2001. A Democrat, he represents Massachusetts's 8th congressional district, which includes the southern fourth of Boston and many of its southern suburbs. Lynch was previously an ironworker and lawyer, and served in both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court.

Born and raised in South Boston, Lynch is the son of an ironworker. He went into the trade after high school, working in an apprenticeship and later joining his father's union. He became the union's youngest president, at age 30, while attending the Wentworth Institute of Technology. He received his J.D. from Boston College Law School in 1991. For several years, he worked as a lawyer, primarily representing housing project residents and labor unions. In 1994, Lynch was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. During his tenure, his progressive views and advocacy for South Boston helped propel him to the Massachusetts Senate in 1995, when he won a special election to succeed state senator William Bulger.

Lynch won a special election to represent the state's 9th district in the United States House of Representatives in 2001, and has been reelected ever since. His district was redrawn into the 8th district in 2013. He sits on the Financial Services and Oversight and Government Reform Committees. Lynch ran for the Democratic nomination in the 2013 special election for the U.S. Senate, losing to Ed Markey.

Early life, education, and business career
The fourth of six children, Lynch was born on March 31, 1955, in the neighborhood of South Boston. He was raised with his five sisters in the Old Colony Housing Project. His father, Francis Lynch, was an ironworker who dropped out of school in eighth grade. His mother, Anne (née Havlin), was a night-shift post office worker. Both parents came from fourth-generation South Boston families. He attended St. Augustine Elementary School and South Boston High School. During high school vacations he began working in construction alongside his father. After graduating from high school in 1973, Lynch became an apprentice ironworker. For the next six years he worked on high-altitude structural ironwork throughout the country for various companies, including General Motors and U.S. Steel.

In 1977 Lynch was arrested for smoking marijuana at a Willie Nelson concert at the Illinois State Fair, leading to a $50 misdemeanor fine. In 1979 he was arrested for assault and battery of six Iranian students attending an anti-American protest in Boston, a charge that was later dropped. Around this time, he developed "a problem with alcohol", leading him to join Alcoholics Anonymous. (He reportedly left AA after meeting his future wife several years later, but continued to attend occasional meetings through the 2000s.)

Having personal experience with worker safety concerns, Lynch developed aspirations beyond his trade. When a 1979 blizzard forced his project in Wisconsin to shut down, he spent the extra time taking courses at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Shortly thereafter, his father was diagnosed with cancer, and so Lynch returned to Boston. In the early 1980s, he was elected to the executive board of the Iron Workers Local 7 union. At age 30, he was elected president of the board, the youngest in the local's history. During this time he spent his nights and weekends attending the Wentworth Institute of Technology, from which he graduated cum laude with a bachelor's degree in construction management in 1988.

That year Lynch led a three-week labor strike, refusing to sign a contract with the Associated General Contractors  despite pressure from within his union. The union international ultimately signed the contract without Lynch's approval, causing him to file suit against them. He later remarked, "Nothing I ever do will be as volatile as being union president during those times." This debacle forced him to miss the first three weeks of classes at Boston College Law School, where he had enrolled. Nevertheless, he graduated with a J.D. in 1991. After graduating he joined the law office of Gabriel O. Dumont, Jr., representing labor unions and unemployed workers.

Throughout law school and the following years, he often worked pro bono, representing housing project residents at Boston Housing Authority (BHA) hearings. In one high-profile 1994 case, Lynch provided free legal services to 14 teenagers, all white, who were accused of physically attacking a Hispanic teenager and harassing the family of his white girlfriend over a period of six months. Lynch claimed the youths had been "overcharged" and helped some of them avoid criminal charges and eviction by the BHA.

Lynch was a onetime tax delinquent. In the mid-1980s the city of Boston placed liens on four properties he owned due to several thousand dollars of unpaid property taxes. He owed Massachusetts $2,000 in overdue taxes from 1985 to 1988, and for several years owed the IRS $4,000.

Massachusetts House of Representatives

With numerous cases under his belt, Lynch developed a reputation in his community, and friends encouraged him to run for office. In early 1994 he phoned Paul J. Gannon, the Democratic state representative from the 4th Suffolk district, to announce a run against him. While both candidates were labor advocates with similar backgrounds, Lynch called himself "the conservative candidate". He criticized Gannon for not supporting the Veterans Council, which had prevented a gay rights group from marching in the local St. Patrick's Day Parade. Lynch's base of supporters in the projects allowed him to win the Democratic primary by 600 votes, and he continued to victory in the general election.

As a state representative, Lynch was a vocal advocate for his neighborhood. He opposed  a plan by Governor Bill Weld and New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft to construct a $200 million football stadium by the publicly owned South Boston waterfront. He led the opposition to a proposed asphalt plant in South Bay, and sponsored an amendment to a state bond bill that banned its construction.

Massachusetts Senate
When President of the Massachusetts Senate William Bulger announced his resignation from his 1st Suffolk seat in late 1995, Lynch filed nomination papers for the special election to replace him. Bulger's son, attorney William M. Bulger, Jr., also ran for the seat, as did another lawyer, Patrick Loftus. The race grew from the grassroots of South Boston, with neighborhood issues such as development, crime, and education ruling the debate. The candidates declared their mutual respect. Lynch won the March 1996 primary, defeating Bulger Jr. and Loftus 56%–35%–9%. In April, he defeated Republican Richard William Czubinski 96%–4%, and he was inaugurated on May 1, 1996. He was reelected unopposed in 1996, 1998, and 2000.

As a state senator, Lynch continued to lead opposition to the proposed football stadium and vocally opposed a proposal to sell the publicly owned Marine Industrial Park. He opposed a hate-crimes bill that would have made racially charged language a felony, and hearkened back to the 1994 racial violence case as an example, arguing that the bill "attacks merely words" and "prosecutes young people who, in my opinion, haven't developed the responsibility and wisdom to measure their words." On the Senate Transportation Committee, Lynch cosponsored a bill in June 1996 to allow certain Boston residents unlimited access to the Ted Williams Tunnel. In 1997 he was named Senate Chairman of the Joint Committee on Commerce and Labor. In response to a budget crisis in the state's nursing homes, due primarily to Medicaid shortfalls, Lynch filed an unsuccessful bill in April 2001 to increase Medicaid funding by $200 million. While in the Senate, he enrolled at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, from which he graduated with a master's degree in 1999. Massachusetts law prohibits any elected official from holding more than one office, so Lynch resigned on October 16, 2001, and was sworn in as a member of Congress on the same day.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2001

Lynch announced his candidacy for the 9th district seat in 2001, when longtime incumbent U.S. Representative Joe Moakley, stricken with leukemia, decided not to seek a 17th term. This was a departure from Lynch's previous plan to run for lieutenant governor of Massachusetts. Moakley died in May 2001, before his term ended, and Lynch announced a run for the special election to succeed him. The early front-runner in the race was lawyer Max Kennedy, son of U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy. Political missteps dragged Kennedy down in the polls, and his abrupt departure in June 2001 put Lynch in the lead. The remaining candidates included eight Democrats and two Republicans, all with similar political positions; according to The Boston Globe, the candidates "struggled to find areas of conflict" when debating.

In the September Democratic primary, Lynch's main opponents were State Senators Cheryl Jacques, Brian A. Joyce and Marc R. Pacheco. During the campaign, Lynch faced criticism as his past improprieties were uncovered, including two arrests, defaulting on student loans, and a history of tax delinquency. Gay rights advocates attacked him for "a history of supporting anti-gay legislation." Still, Lynch maintained strong local support going into the primary. As he pulled ahead in polls and fundraising, Jacques and Joyce attacked his 1994 racial violence case and subsequent positions on hate crime as evidence that he was not supportive of civil rights.

On September 11, 2001, Lynch won the Democratic primary with 39% of the vote to Jacques's 29%. The same day, the September 11 attacks took place, which dampened the ensuing general election race between Lynch and the Republican nominee, state Senator Jo Ann Sprague. On October 16, he defeated Sprague, 65%-33%.

Tenure
Lynch was sworn into the 107th Congress on October 23, 2001. The ceremony had been delayed for a weekend, as the 2001 anthrax attacks had led to a shutdown of Congressional office buildings. In a press conference after his swearing-in, Lynch remarked on the unlikelihood of his career path, comparing himself to Jed Clampett of The Beverly Hillbillies. He is a moderate Democrat by Massachusetts standards, but a fairly liberal one by national standards. He generally votes more moderate on social issues and liberal on economic and environmental issues. "Calling me the least liberal member from Massachusetts is like calling me the slowest Kenyan in the Boston Marathon", he said in 2010. "It's all relative." He is strongly pro-labor and has focused on bringing manufacturing jobs to his district. He is a co-founder and co-chair of the Congressional Labor and Working Families Caucus.

Committee assignments
 Committee on Financial Services
Subcommittee on Diversity and Inclusion
Subcommittee on National Security, International Development and Monetary Policy
 Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
Subcommittee on National Security (Chair)
Subcommittee on Government Operations
 Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure
Subcommittee on Aviation
Subcommittee on Highways and Transit
 Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines and Hazardous Materials

Caucus memberships
 Congressional Arts Caucus
Afterschool Caucuses
Climate Solutions Caucus
Blue Collar Caucus

Political positions

Economy and finance
Lynch has been a member of the House Financial Services Committee since his first term. According to CQ, Lynch supported President George W. Bush's agenda one-third of the time, which was average for Democratic House members. For instance, he supported the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, which addressed the subprime mortgage crisis, but opposed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which created the Troubled Asset Relief Program. He supported President Barack Obama's economic agenda, including the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010.

Lynch has focused on trade policy as a congressman. In 2002 he voted against fast track bills that gave the president the authority to negotiate trade deals without amendments by Congress. In 2007 he voted in favor of the Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement despite some Democratic opposition.

Domestic policy
Lynch has sat on the Oversight and Government Reform Committee, formerly called the Government Reform Committee, throughout his House career. He chaired the Subcommittee on Federal Workforce, Post Office, and the District of Columbia from 2009 to 2010. On this subcommittee he has dealt with federal employee recruitment, salary, and benefits.

Lynch advocates health care reform but split with his party on Obama's health care reform efforts. He voted in November 2009 to pass the Affordable Health Care for America Act (AHCAA), the House's health care reform bill. This bill was scrapped by Congressional leaders in favor of the Senate's bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Despite pressure from Obama and Democratic leaders, Lynch said he would oppose the PPACA until "they put reform back in the health reform bill." He described the Senate bill as a "surrender" to insurance companies, putting too little pressure on them to reduce costs. He explained, "There's a difference between compromise and surrender, right? And this is a complete surrender of all the things that people thought were important to health care reform." When the PPACA came to a House vote in March 2010, he was the only U.S. representative from New England to vote against it.

On social issues, Lynch was considered a conservative to moderate Democrat in the 2000s. He was anti-abortion, once condemned by the pro-choice group NARAL. He sided with conservatives in the 2005 Terri Schiavo case, voting for federal court intervention. In more recent years, he has advocated and defended funding for Planned Parenthood. In 2021, Lynch voted for the Women's Health Protection Act, signifying a significant shift in his position on the issue.

Lynch has mostly sided with Democratic leaders on gay rights issues, opposing a Federal Marriage Amendment and supporting granting medical benefits to domestic partners of federal employees. He supports same-sex marriage. Lynch's 2022 reelection campaign touted his support for the Equality Act; he is also a member of the Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus.

In September 2016, Lynch announced on WBUR that he would vote for the November 2016 ballot question that sought to expand the number of charter schools in the state.

On January 3, 2021, the beginning of the 117th Congress, Lynch became the last remaining incumbent House Democrat to have voted against the Affordable Care Act.

2020 coronavirus response efforts
During an April 2020 House Oversight Committee Hearing that included testimony from Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Lynch grew angry over federal miscommunications about the availability of coronavirus testing, and said that cases of COVID-19 had doubled in his district just the day before. Earlier that month, he co-signed a letter with the Massachusetts congressional delegation asking FEMA to release enough ventilators from the Strategic National Stockpile to Massachusetts hospitals, as the state was bracing for a surge of COVID-19 cases at that time.

Lynch has also been interested in improving the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). On April 23, 2020, he introduced the Strategic National Stockpile Enhancement and Transparency Act (HR 6607). The bill would create a new initiative, the National Emergency Biodefense Network, that would work to ensure, at a state level and with state partners, that each state had enough supplies for emergencies such as pandemics.

Foreign policy and veterans
In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the Oversight and Government Reform Committee had oversight of airport security and some elements of the War in Afghanistan. Lynch sat on the Veterans' Affairs Committee for his first term. He has several Veterans's Affairs (VA) hospitals in his district, and sponsored legislation to increase nurse staffing and allow private physician prescriptions to be filled at VA hospitals.

A supporter of American intervention in the Middle East, Lynch has made 12 trips to Iraq and ten to Afghanistan and Pakistan. Part of these visits' purpose was to ensure accountability in reconstruction projects. He voted for the Iraq War authorization in 2002, against the Democratic House leadership, and later voted to continue funding the war. He supported Obama's drawdown of troops in Iraq throughout 2010 and 2011 and Obama's renewal of the War in Afghanistan, the only Massachusetts representative to vote for funding for Obama's Afghanistan initiative. Lynch voted for increased foreign aid to Pakistan in 2009, but, along with Oversight Chairman John F. Tierney, pushed for strict oversight of the aid's distribution.

Lynch supports lifting the United States' economic sanctions on Cuba. Moakley, his predecessor, was heavily involved in Latin American affairs, and Lynch has made an effort to continue this work. He joined five other congressmen on a 2002 visit to Cuba, where they met with President Fidel Castro.

John Adams Memorial
Lynch supports the creation of a national memorial to John Adams in Washington, D.C., and in 2017 sponsored legislation to create an Adams Memorial Commission to develop and build such a memorial.

U.S. Senate campaigns
Upon the death of U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy, Massachusetts state law triggered a special election to be held in January 2010. On September 4, 2009, a representative for Lynch took out nomination papers to run in the special election. After speaking with his family and citing the short time frame in which to conduct a campaign, Lynch decided not to seek the Democratic nomination for the seat.

Lynch announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate on January 31, 2013, seeking to fill the seat then held by John Kerry, who had resigned to become U.S. Secretary of State. Lynch's candidacy in the 2013 special election had been portrayed as an uphill battle against Representative Ed Markey, who had a larger war chest and several major party endorsements. A Politico profile compared Lynch's "common-man touch" and moderate views to that of Republican Scott Brown, who won the 2010 special Senate election by connecting with independent voters. Lynch lost to Markey in the April 30 Democratic primary.

Personal life
Lynch dated Margaret Shaughnessy for 10 years before the two married in 1992. An aide to state Senator Marian Walsh, Shaughnessy was from another South Boston family, one of seven children, and majored in graphic design at the Massachusetts College of Art and Design. She went to high school with Lynch's sisters, and she and Lynch were members of the South Boston Residents Group. , the Lynches live in South Boston with their daughter and a niece. For most of his career, Lynch has been listed in the member's roll as "D-South Boston".

He is first cousins with Boston-based restaurateur Barbara Lynch.

References

External links

Congressman Stephen Lynch official U.S. House website
Stephen Lynch for Congress campaign website

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|-

1955 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
American builders
American Roman Catholics
Boston College Law School alumni
Catholic politicians from Massachusetts
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Ironworkers
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Massachusetts lawyers
Democratic Party Massachusetts state senators
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from South Boston
Politicians from Boston
American trade union leaders
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Wentworth Institute of Technology alumni
South Boston High School alumni

Stephen Lynch (politician)


هيتلا هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى الدريب الأوسط.
تبعد عن بيروت 120 كلم، وترتفع عن سطح البحر 230 مترًا.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عكار
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
الدريب
تجمعات أرثوذكسية شرقية في لبنان
قرى لبنان

هيتلا


Lisa Ekdahl (born 29 July 1971 in Hägersten, Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish popular music singer and songwriter. She has so far released 10 albums, most of them in Swedish but some entirely in English. Her voice has been described as "child-like" and "soft, supple and smooth".

Career
In 1994, at the age of 22, Ekdahl became famous overnight in Sweden with her self-titled debut album and the No. 1 hit single "Vem vet" ("Who Knows?"). The record sold almost 800,000 copies and she was awarded three Swedish music prizes, one of them as the nation's best artist of the year. She also enjoyed success in Denmark and Norway.

She signed with EMI Records, but later recorded two pop albums with RCA/BMG: "Med Kroppen Mot Jorden" and "Bortom Det Blå" in 1996 and 1997. In 1998, she recorded the English language album "When Did You Leave Heaven", which contained jazz standards. Ekdahl has been focusing on, with great success, Scandinavia and Europe (most noticeably France), leaving little mark in other countries such as the United States. Her following album, "Back To Earth" (1999), was again full of jazz standards and, like her jazz debut, recorded with the Peter Nordahl Trio. In France alone, it sold over 40,000 copies. She received positive reviews for her live appearances in Great Britain from The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian.

Ekdahl's sixth album, "Lisa Ekdahl sings Salvadore Poe" (2000), signaled a new direction and critical esteem. As the new album's title indicates, Ekdahl exclusively sings songs written by her husband, also known as Paul DiBartolo, guitarist in New York glam metal band Spread Eagle (band), primarily in the bossa nova style. Her fragile and childish voice seems to be made for this type of music. Their album was a great success in France and Scandinavia, where it sold over 120,000 copies by early 2001.

Her voice is variously compared to Blossom Dearie, Diana Krall, and perhaps most accurately, Astrud Gilberto. Her hit song "Vem Vet" is also in the soundtrack of the Korean drama Love Rain.

In 2016 she participated in the music show Så mycket bättre broadcast on TV4.

Personal life
She was born in Hägersten, Sweden to her parents who were a nuclear physicist and kindergarten teacher.  She was raised just outside Mariefred, Sweden.  She has two sisters and attended school at the Tälje Musikgymnasium. Her music is published by her company Lisa Ekdahl AB.

Ekdahl has lived in New York City. In 1999, she met American composer and guitarist Salvadore Poe, former guitarist of 1990s New York sleaze rockers Spread Eagle on a flight to India. They married in 2000, and they later collaborated on an album together. They are now divorced. She was previously married to Swedish singer Bill Öhrström, with whom she has a son Milton (born 23 December 1994). She also has a daughter born in 2012.

She currently lives in the Södermalm district of Stockholm.

Awards
 Rockbjörn-- "Best Female Artist" 1994
 Swedish Grammys—1994
Artist of the year, Female Pop
Rock artist of the Year
Album of the Year
The Ulla Billquist scholarship

Discography

Singles

Solo albums
1994: Lisa Ekdahl
1996: Med kroppen mot jorden
1997: Bortom det blå
2000: Sings Salvadore Poe
2004: Olyckssyster
2006: Pärlor av glas
2009: Give Me That Slow Knowing Smile
2014: Look to Your Own Heart
2016: Tolkningarna – Så mycket bättre Säsong 7
2017: När alla vägar leder hem
2018: More of the Good

Live albums
2011: At the Olympia Paris

Compilations
2002: Heaven Earth & Beyond
2003: En samling sånger

Collaborations
1995: When Did You Leave Heaven (with the Peter Nordahl trio)
1998: Back to Earth (with the Peter Nordahl trio)
2000: Duet with Henri Salvador in the song "All I Really Want Is Love" on his album Chambre Avec Vue
2001: Kiss & Hug: From a Happy Boy (duet with Danish singer Lars H.U.G. in the song "Backwards")
2003: Duet with Rod Stewart in the song "Where or When" on his album As Time Goes By: The Great American Songbook 2

See also
 List of Swedes in music

References

External links
Official artist's site
A Swedish fan page (English in progress)
Lisa Ekdahl tribute page (English)
Lyrics Explained: Swedish lyrics explanation
Lisa Ekdahl discography
Lisa Ekdahl biography, photos, CD and concert reviews by cosmopolis.ch

1971 births
Living people
Swedish pop singers
Swedish women songwriters
Swedish-language singers
21st-century Swedish singers
21st-century Swedish women singers
RCA Victor artists
Jive Records artists
Bertelsmann Music Group artists

Lisa Ekdahl


Fyrst Vilhelm Ludvig af Anhalt-Köthen () (3. august 1638 – 13. april 1665) var fyrste af det lille fyrstendømme Anhalt-Köthen i det centrale Tyskland fra 1650 til 1665.

Biografi
Vilhelm Ludvig blev født den 3. august 1638 i Köthen i Anhalt som den anden men ældste overlevende søn af Fyrst Ludvig 1. af Anhalt-Köthen i hans andet ægteskab med Grevinde Sophie af Lippe.

Vilhelm Ludvig efterfulgte sin far som fyrste ved dennes død i 1650. Han var da kun 12 år gammel, og hans onkel Fyrst August 1. af Anhalt-Plötzkau blev derfor indsat som regent. Efter Fyrst Augusts død i 1653 overtog hans sønner Lebrecht og Emanuel regentskabet, indtil Vilhelm Ludvig blev myndig i 1659.

Vilhelm Ludvig giftede sig den 25. august 1663 i Köthen med sin slægtning Elisabeth Charlotte af Anhalt-Harzgerode (1647 - 1723), datter af hans fætter, Fyrst Frederik af Anhalt-harzgerode og barnebarn af Fyrst Christian 1. af Anhalt-Bernburg. Der blev ikke født børn i ægteskabet.

Fyrst Vilhelm Ludvig døde den 13. april 1665 i Köthen. Da han ikke efterlod sig arvinger, uddøde linjen Anhalt-Köthen ved hans død, og fyrstendømmet blev overtaget af hans fætre og tidligere regenter, Lebrecht og Emanuel af Anhalt-Plötzkau, der herefter overtog titlen som fyrster af Anhalt-Köthen. Deres tidligere fyrstendømme Anhalt-Plötzkau blev overdraget til Fyrst Viktor 1. Amadeus af Anhalt-Bernburg, da det oprindeligt var blevet udskilt af Anhalt-Bernburg.

Se også
 Anhalt
 Huset Askanien

Eksterne links
 Slægten Askaniens officielle hjemmeside

Huset Askanien
Fyrster af Anhalt-Köthen
Personer fra Köthen
Tyskere i 1600-tallet

Vilhelm Ludvig af Anhalt-Köthen


LIV er en dansk kortfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Christian Winther Bergstrøm og efter manuskript af Mariann Sofiasdottir.

Handling
Siden morens død har den unge Liv boet alene med sin far. I skovens rolige omgivelser har hun skabt sig en tryg lille boble, der formilder hendes rastløse sind og holder de smertefulde tanker på afstand. Men alt ændrer sig på en nat. Faren bringer en ny kvinde ind i det isolerede hjem, og Liv bliver tvunget til at konfrontere angsten og sorgen på en ny måde.

Medvirkende

 Marta Holm
 Michael Brostrup
 Mette Maria Ahrenkiel

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

LIV


Joika est un film dramatique américain à venir écrit et réalisé par James Napier Robertson. Le film est en postproduction.

Le scénario du film s'inspire de l'histoire réelle de l'Américaine , une des rares occidentales à être acceptée et diplômée du Bolchoï.

Synopsis

La ballerine américaine  intègre l'Académie de ballet du Bolchoï de Moscou.

Fiche technique

 Titre original : Joika
 Réalisation : James Napier Robertson
 Scénario : James Napier Robertson
 Photographie : Tomasz Naumiuk
 Montage : Chris Plummer
 Musique : Dana Lund
 Costumes : Katarzyna Lewinska
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : drame
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie () :

Distribution

 Diane Kruger : Tatiyana Volkova
 Talia Ryder :
 Karolina Gruszka : Valeriya Lebedev
 Tomasz Kot : Vitaliy Ivanov
 Charlotte Ubben :
 Natasha Alderslade : Eleanor Womack
 Borys Szyc : Andrei Vadys
 Oleg Ivenko : Nikolaï Lebedev
 Ewa Rodart : serveuse
 Martin Hugh Henley : Clay Womack
 Natalia Ossipova : Natalia Ossipova

Notes et références

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Film américain dont la sortie est prévue en 2023
Film dramatique américain
Film en anglais
Film biographique sur un danseur

Joika


La Bahía de Paynes (en inglés: Paynes Bay), a veces llamada la "Costa de Platino", se encuentra en la costa oeste de la nación insular de Barbados. Muchos residentes locales creen que es una de las playas de la isla con mejores piscinas naturales, tanto por sus aguas tranquilas en el Caribe (en comparación con el fuerte oleaje al sur o al este de la costa) y el colorido del vecindario. En los últimos años, Paynes Bay ha experimentado un importante desarrollo, y más recientemente por varios inversores extranjeros que están en el proceso de construcción de condominios a lo largo de la bahía.

El resort Sandy Lane está situado en el extremo norte de Paynes Bay, y hay muchas villas de lujo ubicadas en esta parte de la costa oeste. Paynes Bay también tiene muchos restaurantes. Se localiza específicamente en las coordenadas geográficas .

Véase también
Geografía de Barbados
Geografía de América

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Video sobre el lugar

Playas de Barbados
Paynes

Bahía de Paynes


Inezia, biljni rod iz porodice glavočika, dio podtribusa Cotulinae. Rod je imenovan u čast južnoafričkog taksonomista Ineza Clare Verdoorna  (1896. – 1989.).

Postoje dvije vrste iz Esvatinija i južnoafričke provincije KwaZulu-Natal i Sjeverne provincije.

Vrste
 Inezia integrifolia (Klatt) E.Phillips; Mpumalanga
 Inezia speciosa Brusse; Limpopo, na planinama Wolkberg

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Cotulinae

Inezia (Plantae)


Das Amtsgericht Überlingen ist ein Gericht der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit und eines von sieben Amtsgerichten (AG) im Landgerichtsbezirk Konstanz. Direktor des Amtsgerichts ist seit 2015 Günther Völk.

Gerichtssitz und -bezirk
Das Gericht hat seinen Sitz in Überlingen und ist für die Gemeinden Bermatingen, Daisendorf, Deggenhausertal, Frickingen, Hagnau am Bodensee, Heiligenberg, Markdorf, Meersburg, Oberteuringen, Owingen, Salem, Sipplingen, Stetten, Überlingen, Uhldingen-Mühlhofen zuständig.

Grundsätzlich ist das Amtsgericht Überlingen für alle amtsgerichtlichen Angelegenheiten zuständig, zudem übernimmt das Amtsgericht Überlingen die Zwangsversteigerungs- und -verwaltungsverfahren für den Bezirk des Amtsgerichts Stockach.

In Sachen Mahngericht ist das Amtsgericht Stuttgart zentral für ganz Baden-Württemberg zuständig, für Insolvenzverfahren und das Schiffsregister ist das Amtsgericht Konstanz, für Landwirtschaftssachen ist das Amtsgericht Singen (Hohentwiel) und für Handels-, Genossenschafts- und das Partnerschaftsregister ist das Amtsgericht Freiburg im Breisgau zuständig.

Gebäude
Das Gerichtsgebäude an der Bahnhofstraße 8, wurde Anfang der 1890er Jahre errichtet und schließlich 1892 als Großherzogliches Amtsgericht eingeweiht. Das Gebäude im Stil des Historismus, besteht aus einem zweigeschossigen, mit Säulenportal geschmückten, Hauptbau aus Mauerziegel. Westlich vom Hauptbau ist in einem eingeschossigen Anbau ein Gerichtssaal untergebracht. Bevor dieses Gerichtsgebäude entstand, wechselte das Amtsgericht mehrmals die Gebäude in Überlingen: bis 1892 war es in einem ehemaligen Patrizierhaus der Reichlin von Meldegg an der Gradebergstraße untergebracht (später Gewerbeschule, heute städtische Musikschule), davor befand es sich als Bezirksstrafgericht samt Gefängnis im alten Überlinger Franziskanerkloster und Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts, nach der Gründung des Bezirksamtes Überlingen, im Rathaus der Stadt.

Übergeordnete Gerichte
Dem Amtsgericht Überlingen ist das Landgericht Konstanz, diesem das Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe übergeordnet.

Siehe auch
 Liste deutscher Gerichte
 Liste der Gerichte des Landes Baden-Württemberg

Literatur
 Alois Schneider, Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Stadt Überlingen (Hrsg.): Archäologischer Stadtkataster Baden-Württemberg Band 34 Überlingen. Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart Landesamt für Denkmalpflege 2008, ISBN 978-3-927714-92-2.
 Theodor Lachmann: Auszug aus der Chronik von Überlingen 1892. Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung 21. Jg., Stettner, Lindau 1892, ISSN 0342-2070.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Internetpräsenz des Gerichts
 Übersicht der Rechtsprechung des Amtsgerichts Überlingen

Uberlingen
Bauwerk in Überlingen
Gegründet 1857
Organisation (Überlingen)

Amtsgericht Überlingen


Piskavica (lat. Trigonella), rod jednogodišnjeg raslinja iz umjerenog i suptropskog Starog svijeta (Europa, Azija, Afrika) i Australije.

Postoji 116 priznatih vrsta, od čega nekoliko i u Hrvatskoj: modra piskavica (T. caerulea), kretska piskavica (T. cretica), roščićava piskavica (T. esculenta), grčka piskavica (T. foenum-graecum), sabljasta piskavica (T. gladiata), montpelješka piskavica (T. monspeliaca) i polegla piskavica (T. procumbens)

Vrste

 Trigonella adscendens (Nevski) Afan. & Gontsch.
 Trigonella afghanica Vassilcz.
 Trigonella anguina Delile
 Trigonella aphanoneura Rech.f.
 Trigonella arabica Delile
 Trigonella aristata Vassilcz.
 Trigonella bactriana Vassilcz.
 Trigonella badachschanica Afan.
 Trigonella bakhtiarica Ranjbar & Z.Hajmoradi
 Trigonella balachowskyi Leredde
 Trigonella balansae Boiss. & Reut.
 Trigonella berythea Boiss. & Balansa
 Trigonella bicolor (Boiss. & Balansa) Lassen
 Trigonella biflora Griseb.
 Trigonella binaloudensis Ranjbar & Karamian
 Trigonella brachycarpa (Fisch.) Moris
 Trigonella cachemiriana Cambess.
 Trigonella caelesyriaca Boiss.
 Trigonella caerulea (L.) Ser.
 Trigonella calliceras Fisch.
 Trigonella capitata Boiss.
 Trigonella cariensis Boiss.
 Trigonella cassia Boiss.
 Trigonella cedretorum Vassilcz.
 Trigonella cephalotes Boiss. & Balansa
 Trigonella cilicica Hub.-Mor.
 Trigonella coerulescens (M.Bieb.) Halácsy
 Trigonella corniculata (L.) L.
 Trigonella cretica (L.) Boiss.
 Trigonella cylindracea Desv.
 Trigonella disperma Bornm. ex Vassilcz.
 Trigonella edelbergii (Sirj. & Rech.f.) Rech.f.
 Trigonella elliptica Boiss.
 Trigonella emodi Benth.
 Trigonella falcata Balf.f.
 Trigonella filipes Boiss.
 Trigonella fimbriata Royle ex Benth.
 Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
 Trigonella freitagii Vassilcz.
 Trigonella gharuensis Rech.f.
 Trigonella glabra Thunb.
 Trigonella gladiata M.Bieb.
 Trigonella gontscharovii Vassilcz.
 Trigonella gracilis Benth.
 Trigonella grandiflora Bunge
 Trigonella griffithii Boiss.
 Trigonella heratensis Rech.f.
 Trigonella hierosolymitana Boiss.
 Trigonella ionantha Rech.f.
 Trigonella iskanderi Vassilcz.
 Trigonella kafirniganica Vassilcz.
 Trigonella khalkhalica Ranjbar & Z.Hajmoradi
 Trigonella koeiei Sirj. & Rech.f.
 Trigonella korovinii Vassilcz.
 Trigonella kotschyi Fenzl
 Trigonella laciniata L.
 Trigonella lasiocarpa Ranjbar & Z.Hajmoradi
 Trigonella latealata (Bornm.) Vassilcz.
 Trigonella laxiflora Aitch. & Baker
 Trigonella laxissima Vassilcz.
 Trigonella lilacina Boiss.
 Trigonella linczevskii Vassilcz.
 Trigonella lipskyi Sirj.
 Trigonella lunata Boiss.
 Trigonella lycica Hub.-Mor.
 Trigonella macrorrhyncha Boiss.
 Trigonella marcopoloi Vassilcz.
 Trigonella maritima Delile ex Poir.
 Trigonella media Urb.
 Trigonella mesopotamica Hub.-Mor.
 Trigonella occulta Delile ex Ser.
 Trigonella ovalis Boiss.
 Trigonella pamirica Boriss.
 Trigonella platyphylla Sam. ex Rech.f.
 Trigonella plicata (Boiss. & Balansa) Boiss.
 Trigonella podlechii Vassilcz.
 Trigonella podperae (Sirj.) Vassilcz.
 Trigonella popovii Korovin
 Trigonella procumbens (Besser) Rchb.
 Trigonella pseudocapitata Contandr. & Quézel
 Trigonella pycnotricha Rech.f.
 Trigonella raphanina Boiss.
 Trigonella rotundifolia (Sm.) Strid
 Trigonella salangensis Vassilcz.
 Trigonella schlumbergeri Boiss.
 Trigonella siunica Vassilcz.
 Trigonella smyrnaea Boiss.
 Trigonella spicata Sm.
 Trigonella spinosa L.
 Trigonella spruneriana Boiss.
 Trigonella squarrosa Vassilcz.
 Trigonella stellata Forssk.
 Trigonella stenocarpa Rech.f.
 Trigonella stipitata Ranjbar & Joharchi
 Trigonella strangulata Boiss.
 Trigonella suavissima Lindl.
 Trigonella subenervis Rech.f.
 Trigonella teheranica Bornm.
 Trigonella torbatejamensis Ranjbar
 Trigonella turkmena Popov
 Trigonella uncinata Banks & Sol.
 Trigonella velutina Boiss.
 Trigonella velutinoides Hub.-Mor.
 Trigonella verae Sirj.
 Trigonella xeromorpha Rech.f.
 Trigonella yasujensis Ranjbar, Z.Hajmoradi & Karamian
 Trigonella zaprjagaevii Afan. & Gontsch.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Trigonelleae

Piskavica (biljni rod)


Europska Formula 2 – sezona 1976. je bila 10. sezona Europske Formule 2. Naslov prvaka osvojio je Jean-Pierre Jabouille u bolidu Elf-Jabouille-Renault za momčad Équipe Elf Switzerland.

Poredak

Izvori

 1976

Europska Formula 2 – sezona 1976.


Hukuki pozitivizm, hukuk felsefesi ve hukuk biliminde bir düşünce okulu. Hukuki pozitivizmin başlıca iddiaları şunlardır:
 Kanunlar insanlar tarafından yaratılan kurallardır.
 Hukuk ve etik (ahlaklılık) arasında doğal ve kaçınılmaz bir bağlantı yoktur.

Hukuksal pozitivizmin temelinde, yalnızca meşru yasa koyucu tarafından usulüne uygun olarak çıkartılan normların hukuk olarak kabul edilmesi fikri yatmaktaydı. Böylece hukuk, dünyevî bir iktidarın iradesinin sonucu olarak karşılığını bulacaktır. Bu yaklaşıma göre hukuk, insan iradesinden önce tabii olarak var olan ya da Tanrı iradesine bağlanabilecek normlar anlamına gelmemektedir. Bugün hukuku var eden, yine insanlar tarafından öngörülmüş yasa koyma kurallarına uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiş olmasında yatmaktadır. Bu yönüyle hukuksal pozitivizm temel olarak, hukuk kavramının açıklanmasındaki metafizik unsurların dışlanmasını gerektirir.

Hukuki pozitivizm ve doğal hukuk
Hukuki pozitivizm, doğal hukuk geleneğinden gelen çeşitli fikirlere karşı taraf tutar. Doğal hukuk, hukuk ve adalet arasında esaslı bir bağ olduğunu savunur. Hukuki pozitivizm ayrılabilirlik tezini içerir ve bu düşünceye göre hukuki geçerlilik ve adalet arasında esaslı bir ilişki yoktur.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Hukuki Pozitivizm Yazar: C. Keyman (tr)
 İnternet Felsefe Ansiklopedisi maddesi Yazar: Kenneth Einar Himma (ing)
 Stanford Felsefe Ansiklopedisi maddesi Yazar: Leslie Green (ing)

Pozitivizm
Pozitivizm
Pozitivizm

Hukuki pozitivizm


Operacija Banner naziv je britanske vojne misije tijekom Sjevernoirskog sukoba između 1969. i 2007. Počinje poslije nemira u Sjevernoj Irskoj kada je vlada u Londonu uvidjela da policija nema kontrolu na ulicama. Tada se nije vjerovalo da će proći više od 30 godina prije nego što će se vojnici poslati kući. Broj vojnika ovisio je o tom koliko su nasilni nemiri bili, između 5 000 i 21 000 vojnika. Računa se da je poginulo 763 britanskih vojnika a 6 100 povrijeđeno u sukobima s paravojnim skupinama u Sjevernoj Irskoj.

Primjeri pod-operacija:
Operacija Flavius
Operacija Motorman
Operacija Demetrius

Katoličko stanovništvo Sjeverne Irske kritiziralo je prisustvo britanske vojske jer je ona ponekad greškom ubijala i civile. Najpoznatiji primjer bila je Krvava nedjelja 30. siječnja 1972., kada je vojska greškom ubila 14 prosvjednika jer su vjerovali da su to bili pripadnici Privremene IRA-e, a u biti bila je mladež koja je bacala kamenje na vojsku. Tijekom perioda od 38 godina vojnici su ubili 156 civila.

Sjevernoirski sukob

Operacija Banner


Christina Maria Kardooni (28 de agosto de 1989) es una luchadora profesional estadounidense, más conocida por su nombre en el ring "Christina Von Eerie". Actualmente compite en el circuito independiente y también es conocido por trabajar para Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) quién luchó como Toxxin, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla y Asistencia Asesoría y Administración, donde fue un antiguo Campeóna mixta en parejas de la AAA con Alex Koslov.

Carrera como luchador profesional

Inicios de su carrera (2006-2009)
Después de recibir su formación en la Suprema Pro Wrestling Capacitación de la Academia en su ciudad natal de Sacramento,Von Eerie hizo su debut en la lucha libre profesional en 2006 y comenzó a trabajar para varias promociones de lucha libre profesional como Pro Wrestling Revolution (PWR), Insane Wrestling League (IWL), Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) y Alternative Wrestling Show (AWS), donde consiguió el Campeonato Femenino de la promoción en dos ocasiones distintas.

Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2009-2010)
Von Eerie hizo su debut en la Southern California basado en Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (GTP) el 4 de septiembre de 2009, enSin FronterasGuerre, en un partido, donde fue derrotada por Candice LeRae. Ella regresó a la promoción el 30 de enero de 2010, en Kurt Russellreunion , donde ella compitió en un fósforo del equipo de ocho personas de etiquetas, donde, Ryan Taylor y los hermanos Cutler (Brandon y Dustin) derrotó a Candice LeRae, Robinson Jerónimo, Goodtime Johnny y Malaquías Jackson En el siguiente evento el 27 de febrero, Von misterioso y los hermanos Cutler se derrotado en un partido de equipo de seis personas por etiqueta Brandon Bonham, LeRae Candice y Joey Ryan. Después de haber trabajado sus primeros tres partidos en el PWG como heel Von Eerie resultó face por su cuarto partido el 10 de abril, cuando fue derrotado por Joey Ryan en un partido intergenéricas Von Eerie volvió a la promoción el 11 de junio, siendo derrotado por LeRae individuales en un partido por segunda vez en su carrera PWG

Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (2010)

El 5 de marzo de 2010, Eerie Von hizo su debut en mexicano promoción de lucha libre profesional Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), como miembro de la malvada Alianza. La Legión Extranjera(la Legión Extranjera)
En su primer partido en la promoción, Von Eerie y Sexy Star derrotaron a Faby Apache y Mari Apache, El 12 de marzo, en el Rey de Reyes , Von Eerie, Sexy Star y Lluvia fueron derrotados por las apaches y Cynthia Moreno en un partido de seis
Después de pasar tres meses fuera de AAA, Eerie regresó como titular el 20 de junio, en sustitución de la lluvia como la tercera mujer en La Legión Extranjera y entrar en una  enemistad con el Apache hermanas, durante la cual regularmente se asoció con su estrella compañeros Sexy estable y Jennifer Hoja
El 2 de julio Von misterioso y su Legión establo Alex Koslov derrotó a Faby Apache y Aero Star ganar el AAA Campeonato Mundial por equipos mixtos
Esto comenzó una historia donde Koslov se enamoró de Eerie sin embargo no comparte sus emociones El 29 de julio Von Eeria y Blade derrotaron a los apaches en una Strap Match leñador
El 14 de agosto en Verano de EscandaloEerie Von, Koslov y Sexy Star se enfrentan los apaches y Star Aero en un partido, donde ambos Von misterioso y el Campeonato Mundial Mixto Koslov de Tag Team y Star Sexy Reina de Reinas Campeonato fueron en la línea. El partido terminó con Mari Apache Estrella depositadas sexy, lo que significaba que ella perdió su título, mientras que Von misterioso y Koslov ellos mantienen. En el evento principal siguiente,Héroes Inmortales IVel 1 de octubre, Eerie Von Koslov y perdió el Mundial por equipos mixtos del Campeonato de Faby Apache y su nueva compañera equipo de la etiqueta Pimpinela Escarlata, en el aspecto final Koslov para AAA antes de partir hacia World Wrestling Entertainment .

Otras promociones (2010-presente)
El 27 de marzo de 2010, Von Eerie hizo una aparición de una sola vez para Dragon Gate EE.UU., acompañando a Jon Moxley al ring en las grabaciones de la Mercury Rising pay-per-view en Phoenix, Arizona. Durante Moxley de duro partido con Tommy Dreamer, Von Eerie entró en el ring y golpeó Dreamer, quien procedió a darle un Martillo.
El 25 de agosto de 2010, Eerie Von participó en la primeraNWA Championship Wrestling de Hollywood, grabaciones e hizo su debut en el cuarto episodio, que se emitió el 22 de octubre, derrotando a Lizzy Valentine.

El 2 de marzo de 2011,. Chicago, Illinois basado en la promoción de la todo-hembra Shimmer mujeres atletas anunció que Eerie Von haría su debut en la promoción en el 26 de marzo y 27 grabaciones.
En su partido de debut brillo el 26 de marzo en el volumen, 37, Von Eerie derrotó a Sara Del Rey a través de countout
Más tarde, ese mismo día en Volumen 38, Del Rey derrotó a Von Eerie en una revancha. Al día siguiente en el volumen, 39, Von Eerie fue derrotada por Mercedes Martínez.
Von Eerie volvió a brillar el 1 de octubre en el volumen, 41, la pérdida de Porristas Melissa
El siguiente día en el volumen, 44, Eerie Von asociado con Allison Peligro, Leva Bates y MsChif para derrotar a Serrucho, Melanie Cruise, Mena y Libra Ella Nay Nay en un partido de equipo de mujer con ocho etiqueta

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2010-2011)

A través de su trabajo en México de la AAA, Eerie Von recibió un partido de prueba con Orlando, Florida basado en Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), que tiene un acuerdo de trabajo con la promoción de México.
El 23 de agosto de 2010, en las grabaciones deTNA Impacto !, Eerie asociada con Shannon Moore en una dark match, donde derrotó a Cookie y Okada Poco después se informó de que había firmado un contrato con la promoción. Antes de su inicio con la promoción, Eerie Von sometió a un entrenamiento más bajo Brother Devon y Brother Ray. en el Team 3D Academia de Lucha Libre Profesional y Deportes Entretenimiento.
Kardooni hizo su debut el 22 de septiembre apareciendo como una artista del tatuaje en un salón, donde Jesse Neal y Shannon Moore, del equipo Ink Inc. atacó a los TNA Mundial Tag Team Champions Anarquía y Hernández del equipo Mexican América, de vuelta a codazos . Anarquía, después de ser agarrado por él
En el 13 de octubre edición de Lucha LibreImpact , Kardooni se alineó con Ink Inc., ayudándoles a limpiar el ring sacando a Mexican America, cuando Anarquía,Hernández, Rosita y Sarita intervinieron en otra pelea entre los dos equipos .
El 16 de octubre , durante Bound for Glory Preshow, Kardooni, que ahora trabaja como Toxxin, acompañó a Moore y Neal por primera ve cuando pelearon sin éxito contra Mexican América por el Campeonato de TNA World Tag Team. En el mes de noviembre, en Turning Point, fue derrotado por Mexican America en un combate por el Campeonato Mundial en Parejas de la TNA. Tras la salida de la empresa de Jesse Neal, el perfil de Toxxin fue borrado, saliendo así de TNA.

Campeonatos y logros
 Espectáculo de lucha libre alternativo
 Campeonato de AWS de la Mujer (2 veces)
  Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
 AAA Mundial Mixta Tag Team Campeonato ( 1 hora) - con Alex Koslov
Global Force Wrestling
GFW Women's Championship
  Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 PWI clasificado su #29de las 50 mejores luchadores individuales femeninos en el PWI Mujer 50 en 2011.

Referencias

Véase también

Enlaces externos

 Ficha en Big Time Wrestling
 Ficha en Lucha Libre
 Ficha en Cagematch

Luchadoras profesionales de Estados Unidos
Nacidos en Sacramento

Christina Von Eerie


An Eleocharis acutangula in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Roxburgh, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schult.. An Eleocharis acutangula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 E. a. acutangula
 E. a. breviseta
 E. a. neotropica

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eleocharis

Eleocharis acutangula


මුලතිව් ප්‍රදීපාගාරය...✍
මීටර 20ක් හෙවත් අඩි 66 වන මෙය 1896 ඉදිකරන ලදි.ක්‍රියාවිරහිතව පවතී.වත්තුලක්කාරු කලපුව අසල පිහිටා ඇත.

මුලතිව් ප්‍රදීපාගාරය