العدّة أو الشبواني هي رقصة شعبية ذات طابع حربيّ تتميز محافظة حضرموت شرقيّ اليمن، وهي شائعة في المناسبات المختلفة بين اهالي حضرموت. تعتبر رقصة الشبواني من أبرز الألعاب الشعبية في حضرموت وتنطوي تحت لوائها بقية الألعاب الأخرى من شرح وزف وغيره.
ان لعبة العدة أو الشبواني لعبة قديمة جدا ولا يعرف لها تاريخا محددا من الناحية العلمية ولا المصدر الذي جاءت منه إلا أن هناك احاديث تتناقلها الأجيال تقول إن اللعبة ذات جانب وطابع عسكري بحت وقد استحدثت بُعيد الغزو البرتغالي للساحل الحضرمي ولمدينة الشحر التاريخية، وقد كانت لعبة العدّة أو الشبواني نتاجاً لمقاومة الغزاة البرتغاليون وطردهم ومنعهم من دخول المدينة الباسلة وانتصارهم عليهم، وتعتمد على فكرة الكر والفر والتحام الصفوف حيث يترأس العدة شخص يسمى المقدم وله مساعدين يسمون حاليا ـ لجنة العدة -

ان المقدم له سلطه غير عاديه على الجميع فكلمته دائما نافذه والجميع طوع امره ولا مجال للنقاش الزائد خاصه بعد أن تبدأ العدة بالأنطلاق ـ هذا ممايؤكد طابعها العسكري ـ اما هيئة لاعبي الشبواني فهو مميز فالجميع يلبس عمامه خاصه نسميها ـ الرمّال ـ ويحمل كل واحد منهم عصا في يده يستعملها في الرقص، هذه العصا تؤدي وظيفه مهمه جدا فساعة الأنطلاق وساعة التوقف كلها تعتمد على تقابل كل صفين ويقوم كل فرد منهم برفع عصاه لتتقابل مع عصا الفرد المقابل له من الصف وبحركه واحده وقويه تتقارع العصيان بصوت قوي معلنه ساعة الأنطلاق أو ساعة التوقف ولا يفرط أحد اللاعبين في عصاه فأذا طلبت منه العصا يرد عليك قائلا لا لن اعطيك سلاحي وفيما يلي وصف لكيف تمارس لعبة الشبواني:

التحضير للعبة الشبواني

قد تسأل معي ماهي الطريقة التي يجتمع بها اللاعبون لممارسة هوايتهم فالوسائل المتاحه آنذاك بدائيه ولاتوجد سبل للأعلان عن فعالية الشبواني فجائت فكرة التحضير حيث يقوم أحد أعضاء الفرقة في صباح اليوم الذي سيقام فيه الشبواني عصرا مثلا بالضرب على الطاسه ـ من أنواع الطبول ـ وعندما يسمع الأفراد صوت الطاسه يعرفون ان هذه الليلة شبواني وهنا يتسائلون ويتعرفون على التفاصيل من قبل المقدم والذي بوظيفته يعرفهم بالمناسبة والوقت والمكان والزمان، وظل هذا مستمرا رغم وجود البدائل من هاتف وغيره الا انه لم يستغنَ عن هذه العادة حتى يتم المحافظة على هذا التراث الأصيل

بدء اللعبة
تبدأ اللعبة بما نسميه الخابه حيث يتم التمهيد ويجتمع اللاعبون في صفين طويلين يسميا ـ الشنف ـ ويطلقون هذا الصوت (غناء شعبي) ــ وولا كب وولا كب (وَلَّك هوب.. وَلَّك هوب) ــ وهو مصطلح قديم، بعد ذلك يدخل أو أحد هواة الشعر ويعطي صوت خفيف نطلق عليه صوت الخابه السريعة لاتتداخل فيه الألحان كثيرا فتنطلق اصوات الهاجر والمراويس والدف والطويس ـ جمع طاسه ـ ويبدأ الغنا الجماعي لبيت واحد من الشعر حيث تغني الصفوف الثلاثة الأولى شطر البيت وبقية الصفوف عجز البيت وتنطلق العدة بأيقاعات خفيفه وسريعه ويستمر هذا إلى ان تصل إلى ساحه أو مكان واسع ـ في هذه اللحظات يكون جميع اللاعبين قد اكتملوا وحضر الشاعر أو المغني المتخصص في الألحان ليعطي الصوت الجديد فيصطف اللاعبون مره أخرى في صفين طويلين لترسيخ الصوت، وبعد ترسيخ الصوت يبدأ اللعب المتروي والمتأني ويعتبر كل لاعب انه قد آن الأوان لأظهار مهارته في الرقص

وتنطلق العدة من جديد بأيقاعات غير سريعه وغناء متروي ويصطف اللاعبونفي صفوف منظمة لا اعوجاج فيها على ان يكون الصف الأول والثاني يحمل خيرة اللاعبين ومن الجدير بالذكر انه يوجد قائد للعده أثناء اللعب يسمى صاحب الطلعة موقعه يكون في وسط الصف الأول فهو بمثابة الدينمو المحرك الرئيسي للعده فالأعين جميعها تشرئب اليه ومنه يستمد اللاعبون حركات الكر والفر واللتحام، وجدير بالذكر ان هذه الطلعة والتي تضفي على اللعبة جمالا فوق جمالها ليست قديمه جدا وانما اضيفت حديثا قبل حوالي 50 عاما بالتحديد على يد أحد الشباميين وهو ما زال حيا يرزق امده الله بالصحة والعافية وهو علي عوض باحجر حيث انه يعتبر من أشهر من حمل لواء الطلعة في الشبواني في مدينة شبام وهو بحق يعتبر المبتكر الأول للطلعه المعروفة اليوم في جميع عدد الشبواني في وادي حضرموت ومما يجدر ذكره ان هناك محاولات لتجديد هذه اللعبة بأضافة بعض ـ الكسرات ـ الأخرى منها ما يطبق حاليا ومنها ماسوف يراه المتذوقون لهذا الفن الجميل

عدد صفوف العدة في الغالب لايقل عن سته في كل صف من 8 ـ 12 فرد ومما يميز هذه الرقصة ان الجميع يؤدون حركه واحده وفي وقت واحد معتمدين في ذلك على الأشاره التي يصدرها صاحب الطلعة والذي تقترن إشاراته دائما بصوت الأيقاع الصادر من الهاجر فصاحب الهاجر له دور كبير في تطبيق الكسرات واتقانها ويكون بمثابة القائد لبقية الأيقاعيين وغالبا مايحرص ان بقية الأيقاعيين عن يمينه ويساره، وبين الفينة والأخرى يدخل الشاعر لأعطاء ابيات على نفس اللحن الذي انطلقت به العدة

هذه الفعاليات التي ذكرت ان كانت عصرا تسمى الترويحة وان كانت ليلا تسمى السرية

كسر الصوت
في غالب الأحيان يعقب السرية سمر تلقى فيه القصائد الشعرية وتعقبه المساجلات الشعرية وقبل الحديث عن هذا السمر يجب القاء بعض الضوء على رقص يمارس قبل القاء الشعر وهو كسر الصوت حيث تكون هذه الرقصة بمثابة الأستعداد النفسي للشعراء والجمهور، حيث يقوم بهذه الرقصة عدد قليل من افراد العدة لايتجاوز 24 فردولايصطحبون معهم العصي يصطفون في صفين متقابلين في حلبه قطرها حوالي 5 امتار يقف بكل صف 12 فرد وهنا يبرز دور المغني الذي سيغني اصوات ادان الخاص بالشبواني

تبدأ الرقصة بعد أن يصدؤ المغني ترنيماته العذبه ببيت من الشعر سيردده الراقصون ولابد له من أن يختار أحد الأبيات اجميله التي تدغدغ عواطف اللاعبين الذين ستمايلون بالغناء الجماعي فعلى سبيل المثال يغني المغني هذا البيت

وسلام من عند المغني عا شبام العالية

ام الرواشين العجيبه والقصور العاليات

هنا يبدأ اللاعبون بترديد هذا البيت بحيث يغني أحد الصفين شطر البيت ويغنني الصف الآخر العجز لتنطلق الأيقاعات التي يقودها صاحب الهاجر فيتمايل الراقصون يمينا وشمالا بحركات رشيقه وخفيفه وجميله ويستعملون ايديهم في التصفيف ـ الرقص ـ على حركة الأيقاعات ولهم كسرات خاصه يتقابلون فيهاويلتحم الصفان أكثر من مره ويعود كل واحد إلى مكانه بطريقه ممتعه وشيقه وهكذا حتى تنتهي الرقصة لتبدأ ليلة سمر جميله وساحره لها جمال وسحر مدن حضرموت

شعر الشبواني والسمر
وهذا يعتبر مدرسه يتعلم فيها الشعراء الناشئون ارتجال الشعر وهو من أكبر العوامل لسرعة البديهة وشحذ الذاكرة وتقوية ملكة الشعر وفيه تظهر موهبة الشعراء وعبقريتهم، والقارئ للموروث الشعري في حضرموت يجد ان نسبه كبيره من الشعر الذي قرأه أو سمعه قيل في الشبواني فقد يصل عدد الشعراء الذي يشاركون في السمر سبعة شعراء

طريقة السمر
يبدأ المغني بغناء لحن متعارف عليه بين الراقصين أوالمؤدين للرقصة، ثم يدخل إلى الحلبة شاعر العدة ويلقي قصيدته التقليدية فغالبا تبدأ بالبسملة والصلاة على النبي ثم الترحيب بالشعراء المشاركين ثم الأشاده بعدته ثم يعرج على المناسبة التي اقيم من اجلها السمر < مطلع سنوي، زواج، عيد وطني، وغيره > وبد ذلك يتطرق الشاعر للأوضاع السياسية والأجتماعيه ويتناولها بالنقد ويقول رايه فيها بكل صراحه مستخدم الرمز أحيانا والتصريح أحيانا أخرى ومن طرائف القول اقص هذه الطرفة فقد ابتليت إحدى المدن بقاض مرتش لم تستطع الفكاك منه الا على يد أحد هؤلاء الشعراء في قوله

وسعادة القاضي بغا الا إنسان يعرف رطنته

رطن وباتلحق اوراقك جاهزه ومطنطنات

وان ماعرفته رطنته تلقاه يكرش لحيته

ويقول لك بكره دخل الأوراق ماهن صالحات

وان جيتله بكره إذا شافك يقفل خلفته

وان باتدق اللهي بايكتب عليك مخالفات

وهكذا سمع الجمهور هذه الأبيات الساخره واللاذعه والصريحه واخذ يرددها عن ظهر قلب في الأيام اللاحقه مما أدى ان يطلب القاضي تحويله إلى منطقه أخرى فرارا من سماع هذه الأبيات السابقة للشاعر الشعبي المعروف صالح ربيع بلسود ــ الذي خصصنا صفحه كامله في هذا الموقع للتعريف به وبشعره ــ

الشاعر الجيد في السمر هو الذي يستطيع جذب الجمهور اليه لترديد أواخر أبياته بمعنى آخر هو الذي يطرب إليه الجمهور ويتجاوب مع أشعاره

وفي الأخير يختم الشاعر أبياته بدعوة غيره من الشعراء بالاسم وهذا يتكرر مع كل شاعر حسب اتفاقهم المسبق بينهم إلى ان يدخل آخر شاعر والذي بدوره يستدعي جميع الشعراء لتبدأ المساجلات الشعرية الشيقه والمرحه والممتعه

المساجلات الشعرية
حيث يتقابل فيها جميع الشعراء المشاركين في السمر وقد تستمع فيها إلى بعض المهاترات فيما بينهم واحذر عزيزي ان تعتقد بأن هناك عداوه فيما بينهم أو ان هذه المهاترات حقيقيه بل ان لها أغراض أخرى نذكر بعضها فيما يلي

ــ كل شاعر يريد اظهار حسن الرد المباشر وابراز قدرته في الأتيان بأبيات جديده وبأقصى سرعه

ــ امتاع صاحب السمر والجمهور الذي يستمتع بهذه المهاترات فغالبا ما تكون مضحكه لتخفف قليلا من احزانه وهمومه

ــ في بعض الأحيان يريد الشاعر ان يهجو بعض المسؤولين المقصرين وبدلا من أن يذكر اسم المسؤول المقصر يذكر بدلا عنه اسم زميله الشاعر الذي يقارعه في الحلبة فيسلم الشاعر من الاحراج والمساءلة في اليوم التالي

ــ يستعمل الشعراء في المساجلات الشعرية الرمز لنقد وضع سياسي معين فيتعرف الشاعر الآخر على رمز زميله فيتحدثان بأبيات مبهمه عن هذا الوضع في شعر لاذع وساخر يذهب الجمهور إلى تفسيره كل مذهب وهذا عزيزي أحد النماذج

قال الشاعر ـ

لي ذبحوا الضانه جملتهم ثلاث تعشر نفر

الصبح ذبحوها وبعد العصر شفها عا تصيح

فيرد عليه زميله ـ

ذا ايش من ضانه مائة ذباح فيها يعتكر

هذا كلامك صدق ولا مزح من ضمن المزيح

فيرد الشاعر الأول ـ

ضانه ركيكه حال غشوها وقبصها الذبر

لا بوي راعيها ولا لها حد في الدنيا نصيح

وهكذا تستمر وتتوالى تلك الأبيات على تلك الضانه المسكينه وما اضنها ضانه حقيقيه وانما هي رمز استخدمه الشاعران للتعبير عن نقد وضع سياسي معين وكما يقولون ــ المعنى في بطن الشاعر ــ وقد تستمر تلك السمرات إلى قرب اذان الفجر

شعر الخابه وأغراضه
يعتمد هذا الشعر على مايطلق عليه الناس التخميس <الصوت بالمصطلحات الشبوانيه> والتخميس معروف في الشعر الحميني والعامي والشعر الغنائي

وبرغم أن الأيقاع واحد لا يتغير في جميع الأصوات إلا أن الألحان تختلف من صوت إلى آخر

وسنتحدث هنا عن أغراض الأصوات فالصوت مهم جدا ويعتمد على الكلام القوي والمعبر فجميع اللاعبين لايتقبلون أي شيء يقال لهم انهم يرفضون المقوله التي تقول < قل اي شيء وغنه > فهم لايطربون ولا يتمايلون مع الأيقاع ومع الألحان الا إذا كان الكلام الذي يرددونه بعد كل مقطع من مقاطع الشعراء يحمل في طياته حكمه بالغه أو عبره أو مقوله إنسانيه أو وطنيه

شعر الحكمة والعبر
وهذه بعض النماذج من هذه التخاميس

لاتبت ربك يقبل التواب

باب الكرم واسع

لاتبت ربك يقبل التواب

واليك هذا التخميس أيضا الذي يتحدث عن نفسه

عبره واللي بار في اهله من صدق باتلتقيه الناس

أيضا هذا التخميس الذي يدعو إلى الشورى والديمقراطية

عطنا شوي في الشور

لاتشل الشور كله رد نفسك

عطنا شوي في الشور

ليس هذا فحسب بل هناك تخميس يدعو إلى نبذ العنف والحرب

للسلم ناديت ماهو سبيلي الحرب والعدوان

وهذا تخميس يدعو إلى التواضع وترك الغرور

ياطير في جو السماء طاير

ماعذر ماتبرح وتهوي لإمكان

الشعر القومي والوطني
حب الوطن غريزة وفطرة فطر عليها كل إنسان وفي كل زمان ومكان ولهذا نجد أن التخاميس قد طرقت هذا الموضوع بكلام جميل معبر فهذه دعوه إلى لم الشمل العربي في طول الوطن العربي وعرضه

لا التقى الفرات هو والنيل اشرقت عا العروبة

لا التقى الفرات والنيل

ويبلغ أحد التخاميس القمه في دعوته إلى حب الوطن قائلا

سعيد من له وطن

يحن دايم إلى أوطانه ولو جارت عليه

ويقول تخميس آخر

يمن يامهد راسي

نفديك يايمن بالوح والدال والميم <دم >

ولا ينسى هذا التخميس دور الشهيد فيقول

ماتوا ولقوا للوطن تاريخ

ناس حاموا عا الوطن

ماتوا ولقوا للوطن تاريخ

شعر الأعتزاز بالنفس

والتخاميس هنا واضحه وجليه واليك بعض منها

لاداخل الوديان

زفيت بك يا اللي تكابر من فوق راس الجبل

لاداخل الوديان

وهذا آخر

شربي الا بغيه من جبوح النوب

عادنا ماشربتك يالكدر

شربي الا بغيه من جبوح النوب

وهذا آخر

إلى الصفراء شبام

والدوسوي بايحمل لي حمولي

إلى الصفراء شبام

الشعر الذي يدعو إلى إصلاح المجتمع وإلى النقد الذاتي

واليك بعض النماذج منه

ياساري الليل قدامك حويره

الله يعينك عا رعضها والطول

وهذا آخر

النوخذه ماحسب للبحر حاسبه هادي

كذها فضيله على الجزوه وعا الربان

وهذا آخر

لي يروم العز والناموس

يحتكم ويقيد لسانه

لي يروم العز والناموس

واليك آخر

ماقال هذا حق من ياناس

من شاف شي في الطريق شله

ما قال هذا حق من ياناس

وهذا آخر

لأهل الملامة ما با يوطي الراس

كل من تربى عا العز دايم

وهذا كله غيض من فيض كما يقولون ولو استمريت حتى اتقصى جميع التخاميس لطال بنا الحديث ولكني أحببت ان أضع بين يدي القارئ الكريم بعضا من الجوانب الأيمانيه والأنسانيه والوطنية وما زال المجال واسع ومتروك للمتخصصين ليغوصوا في أعماق هذا الفن الجميل والرائع ويكتشفوا الدرر الثمينه والتي ولا شك ستثري الواقع الثقافي لليمن.

واختتم هذا البحث عن الشبوني هذا الفن الجميل من تراثنا العريق بهذا التخميس

عاد حد غواص ماهر

الصدف واللول في البحر الملان

مراجع

رقصات شعبية

الشبواني


An Phalaenopsis modesta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Phalaenopsis modesta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phalaenopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis modesta


ගඩොලින් ඉදි කොට ඇති මෙම දුර්ලභගණයේ ස්මාරකය සත්මහල් ප්‍රාසාදය නම් වේ. මෙය ක්‍රමයෙන් ඉහලට යනවිට කුඩාවනසේ නිමවා ඇත. ඉහලට යනවිට කුඩාවන සේ නිමවා ඇත. ඉහලට නැගීම සදහා කළ පිය ගැට පෙළකි. සතර දිසාවෙහි ආරුක්කු සහිත වූ දොරටු සතරකි.දැනට මෙම දොරටු අසුරා ඇත. උතුරු තායිලන්තයේ මේ හා සමාන ගොඩනැගිලි පැවති හෙයින් විදේශීය සබදතා තහවුරු කෙරෙන ස්මාරකයක් ලෙසද මේ ගැන සිතිය හැක. මෙහි එක් පැත්තක දිග අඩි 35ක් පමණවේ.

සත්මහල් ප්‍රසාදය


Shusuke Shimada (født 10. juli 1976) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yokohama Marinos og Albirex Niigata.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shusuke Shimada


Castelul lordului Valentin (engleză: Lord Valentine's Castle) este un roman științifico-fantastic de Robert Silverberg, prima oară publicat în 1980. Romanul face parte din Seria Majipoor, o serie de romane și povestiri  a căror acțiune are loc pe planeta Majipoor. A câștigăt premiul Locus pentru  cel mai bun roman în genul fantezie în 1981 și a fost nominalizat la Premiul Hugo din 1981.

Este un roman asemănător ca temă cu Dune de Frank Herbert.

Prezentare

Valentin se trezește fără nicio amintire pe uriașa planetă Majipoor și fără niciun țel, la marginea atotputernicei cetăți Pidruid. Acolo, Lord Valentin, Coronalul, stăpânul  Majipoor-ului a venit cu tot alaiul curții sale. Dar amnezicul și cerșetorul Valentin este urmărit de vise ciudate: că el ar fi de fapt adevăratul Lord Valentin, adevăratul Coronal, al cărui spirit ar fi fost transferat prin știință ori magie în trupul unui necunoscut.

Note

Legături externe

Romane științifico-fantastice
Romane de Robert Silverberg
Cărți din 1980
Romane fantastice

Castelul lordului Valentin


Autumn es una banda neerlandesa de metal gótico, formada en 1995.

Historia
Fue creada en el otoño de 1995 por tres exmiembros de la banda  Internal Putrefaction, Bert Ferwerda, Meindert Sterk y Hilbrand van der Woude. Ingresaron más miembros y en la primavera de 1996, el grupo se completó con la cantante Welmoed Veersma.

En el otoño (abril) de 1997 sacan por su propia cuenta un demo: Samhain. Luego, en 1999 y en 2001 lanzaron más demos, y poco después, el 24 de junio de 2002 vio a la luz el primer álbum "When Lust Evokes the Curse" (Cuando la lujuria evoca la maldición).

El 24 de septiembre de 2004 lanzaron su segundo álbum, llamado Summer's End (El fin del verano).

Koenders dejó la banda a finales de 2004, pero fue rápidamente sustituido por Mats van der Valk.

En febrero de 2007 firmaron con Metal Blade Records, y así el 27 de abril de 2007 apareció el álbum My New Time (Mi tiempo nuevo). En enero de 2008, Nienke de Jong anunció su salida de la banda, y sería reemplazada por la cantante Marjan Welman.

A través de la misma compañía discográfica publicarían luego Altitude (Altitud) en el 2009, y Cold Comfort (Mal Consuelo), en el 2011.

Miembros

Miembros actuales

Antiguos miembros

Discografía

Álbumes de estudio

Otros lanzamientos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial

Grupos de metal gótico de los Países Bajos
Grupos de música formados en 1995
Grupos musicales femeninos
Sextetos de música de los Países Bajos

Autumn (banda)


أبناء الصمت هو فيلم مصري درامي حربي، تم إنتاجه عام 1974.

قصة الفيلم
في 22 أكتوبر 1967، أغرق المصريون المدمرة إيلات الإسرائيلية، وفي نفس الوقت جن جنون العدو فضرب مدينة الزيتية بالسويس، وتبلغ حرب الاستنزاف ذروتها مع العدو الصهيوني، والجنود على حافة القناة، يهبطون خلف خطوط العدو في سيناء، وتكون ملحمة من ملاحم النضال في تاريخ الشعوب المكافحة، تستمر هذه العميات مع هؤلاء الجنود الفدائيين إلى يوم العبور في 6 أكتور 1973 وتحطيم خط بارليف. مجموعة من الجنود في تحركات مع قائدهم، يعطي القائد بعضهم إجازات مؤقتة، منهم مجدي الجندى، الذي يعود إلى القاهرة للقاء خطيبته نبيلة الصحفية صاحبة المبادئ، والتي تواجه رئيس التحرير النفعي، الذي لا يحس بمعاناة الشعب، تنتهي إجازة مجدي، كما يعود صابر الصعيدي من إجازته، ويعرف ماهر أن زوجته حامل، تهاجر الزوجة إلى القناة، تبدو مدينة القاهرة منفصلة عما يحدث في الجبهة، تقوم نبيلة بعمل تحقيق صحفي عن حياة الليل التي يعيشها رئيس التحرير، وتعرف أنه كان شابًا مناضلاً، لكنه قرر التخلي عن ذلك بعد أن صدم في حياته الخاصة، عندما تقوم الحرب، يدفع مجدى حياته، وتكتب نبيلة موضوعًا عن الشهداء، بعد أن تحقق النصر ويستشهد عوض ومحمود وسمير.

البطولة

فريق العمل

روابط خارجية

المصادر

أفلام حروب
أفلام محمد صبحي
أفلام مصرية عن الصراع العربي الإسرائيلي
أفلام ميرفت أمين
أفلام نور الشريف
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1974
أفلام محمود مرسي

أبناء الصمت (فيلم)


A prova dos 50 metros peito masculino da natação no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022 ocorreu nos dias 20 e 21 de junho, em Budapeste, na Hungria.

Recordes
Antes desta competição, os recordes mundiais e do campeonato nesta prova eram os seguintes:

Medalhistas

Cronograma
Todos os horários são locais (UTC+2).

Resultados

Eliminatórias
Esses foram os resultados das eliminatórias. A prova foi realizada no dia 20 de junho com início às 09:00.

Semifinal
Esses foram os resultados das semifinais. A prova foi realizada no dia 20 de junho com início às 18:34.

Final
A final foi realizada em 21 de junho às 19:11.

Ligações externas

 Site da Federação Internacional de Natação

Eventos do Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022

Natação no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022 - 50 m peito masculino


Samuel Sam Allardyce (n. Dudley, Marea Britanie pe 19 octombrie 1954) este un fost jucător de fotbal și antrenor englez. In prezent, este un antrenor liber de contract.

Ca jucător, Allardyce a jucat peste 400 de meciuri pentru Bolton Wanderers, Sunderland, Millwall, Tampa Bay Rowdies, Coventry City, Huddersfield Town, Preston North End, West Bromwich Albion și Limerick. Ca antrenor a condus la Limerick, Blackpool și Notts County, înainte de instrui Bolton Wanderers între 1999 și 2007. Cunoscut sub numele de Big Sam,so pe Bolton in finala din Cupa Ligii, în plus de a clasifica clubul la Cupa UEFA , pentru prima dată în istoria sa.

Dupa a antrena Newcastle United , din 2007 până în 2008, Allardyce a luat Blackburn Rovers , din 2008 până în 13 decembrie 2010. ultimul Său club a fost West Ham United, fiind, în aceasta etapa, cel de-al treilea antrenor, care mai mulți ani a fost cu clubul său în Premier League, în spatele numai lui Arsene Wenger și Alan Pardew.

Statistici ca antrenor

Referințe

Antrenori englezi de fotbal
Fotbaliști ai Bolton Wanderers FC
Fotbaliști ai Preston North End FC
Fotbaliști ai Sunderland AFC
Fotbaliști ai West Bromwich Albion FC
Nașteri în 1954

Sam Allardyce


Le Département des Politiques européennes (en italien: Dipartimento per le politiche europee) est une structure érigée en département dépendant de la présidence du Conseil des ministres, qui opère dans le domaine fonctionnel des relations du Gouvernement avec les institutions de l'Union européenne et que le président utilise pour coordonner la préparation de la législation européenne et les activités relatives à la mise en œuvre des obligations contractées au sein de l'Union.

Il est situé à Rome, au largo Chigi 19, à l'intérieur de la Galleria Alberto Sordi.

Histoire
Le département a été créé par la loi n° 183 du 16 avril 1987, sous le nom de département de la coordination des politiques communautaires. Dans le gouvernement Fanfani VI, ses fonctions ont été déléguées au ministre des Affaires étrangères Giulio Andreotti; elles ont ensuite été confiées à un ministre spécial sans portefeuille qui, selon les appellations adoptées par les différents gouvernements, a occupé la fonction de ministre de la Coordination des politiques communautaires (1987-94), de la Coordination des politiques de l'Union européenne (1994-95), des Politiques communautaires (1998-2006), des Politiques européennes (2006-11) ou, enfin, des Affaires européennes (depuis 2011).

Le premier titulaire de la fonction a été nommé sous le gouvernement Goria, en la personne d'Antonio La Pergola; la législation concernant la transposition de la législation européenne en droit italien (dite loi La Pergola) date de cette période.

La prévision d'une structure spécifique consacrée à la "mise en œuvre des engagements pris au sein de l'Union européenne" a été confirmée par le règlement sur l'organisation de la présidence du Conseil des ministres (décret législatif n° 303, art. 3 du 30 juillet 1999).

Le département a été renforcé par la loi n° 11 du 4 février 2005 (dite loi Buttiglione), relative aux règles générales sur la participation de l'Italie au processus réglementaire de l'Union européenne et aux procédures de mise en œuvre des obligations de l'UE. La structure a ensuite été réorganisée (décret du Premier ministre du 9 octobre 2006, décret présidentiel n° 91 du 14 mai 2007).

En 2006, sous le gouvernement Prodi II, les fonctions de ce département ont été confiées à Emma Bonino qui, en plus d'occuper le ministère du commerce international, est également devenue ministre des politiques européennes. La dénomination différente de la fonction a été maintenue avec le gouvernement Berlusconi IV, par la délégation de ces fonctions au ministre Andrea Ronchi (bien que le décret de nomination initial ait fait référence aux "politiques communautaires" et non aux "politiques européennes").

En 2011, à la suite de la réorganisation des structures générales de la présidence du Conseil des ministres, la structure a été rebaptisée Département des politiques européennes (décret du Premier ministre du 1er mars 2011); le changement de nom a également été sanctionné au niveau de la source primaire par la loi n° 234 du 24 décembre 2012 (art. 18), qui a également procédé à la redéfinition des compétences et de la structure du département. Dans le gouvernement Monti, les fonctions correspondantes ont été déléguées à Enzo Moavero Milanesi, qui est devenu ministre des affaires européennes.

Compétences
En particulier, le département
 effectue des activités de coordination en vue de définir la position italienne à soutenir, en accord avec le ministère des Affaires étrangères et de la Coopération internationale, au sein de l'Union européenne
 suit le processus décisionnel européen
 fournit au Parlement, aux régions et aux autorités locales des informations sur les activités de l'Union
 assure, en accord avec le ministère de l'économie et des finances, la coordination de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie "UE 2020" en Italie.
 en accord avec le ministère des Affaires étrangères et de la Coopération internationale, il entretient des relations avec les institutions, organes et agences de l'Union
 assure le suivi des politiques du marché intérieur et de la concurrence
 prépare, approuve et met en œuvre les lois et autres mesures visant à mettre le système juridique italien en conformité avec les normes européennes
 surveille les précontentieux et les litiges de l'Union européenne et s'efforce de les prévenir
 promeut l'information sur les activités de l'Union et coordonner et promouvoir les initiatives de formation et d'assistance technique dans ce domaine

Organisation
Le ministère est divisé en bureaux de collaboration directe avec le ministre et en bureaux propres au ministère. Les bureaux de collaboration directe sont:
 chef de cabinet
 secrétaire spécial
 chef des affaires législatives
 chef adjoint du bureau législatif
 conseiller diplomatique
 conseillers (qui assistent le ministre dans le traitement des questions, notamment, de nature économique, juridique et de comptabilité publique)

La structure du département est coordonnée par le chef de département.

Le département est divisé en deux Offices, dirigés par des coordinateurs ayant des fonctions de coordination à un niveau de gestion générale, et huit Services, dirigés par des coordinateurs à un niveau de gestion :
 Bureau de la citoyenneté européenne, du marché intérieur et des affaires générales
 Service I - Information et communication
 Service II - Marché intérieur I
 Service III - Marché intérieur II
 Service IV - Affaires générales

 Bureau de coordination des politiques de l'Union européenne
 Service I - Secrétariat du Comité Interministériel I
 Service II - Secrétariat du Comité interministériel II
 Service III - Affaires parlementaires et Cour de justice de l'Union Européenne
 Service IV - Aide d'État

Unité de la Guardia di Finanza pour la répression des fraudes communautaires
L'unité opérationnelle de la Guardia di Finanza pour la répression des fraudes communautaires dépend fonctionnellement du chef du département et hiérarchiquement du commandement militaire responsable. Il réalise des activités d'assistance au Comité homologue, institué aux termes de l'art. 76 de la loi n° 142 du 19 février 1992.

Structure de mission pour les procédures d'infraction au droit communautaire
Il s'agit d'une structure de mission dont les tâches consistent à prévenir la survenance des litiges de l'Union Européenne et à renforcer la coordination des activités visant à résoudre les procédures d'infraction aux règlements de l'Union Européenne.

Liste des ministres
Dans la liste, les ministres de 1987, à partir du gouvernement Goria, sous les noms successifs et différents du ministère.

 Ministres des Affaires européennes

Notes et références

Source

Références juridiques
 Art. 1 de la loi n° 183 du 16 avril 1987 - Coordination des politiques relatives à l'adhésion de l'Italie aux Communautés européennes et adaptation de l'ordre interne à l'adaptation communautaire.

Liens externes
  Site officiel sur le site politicheeuropee.it.

Départements de la présidence du Conseil des ministres
Affaires Européennes

Département des Politiques européennes


Bernard Pauchon (1950-2016), ingénieur polytechnicien français ;
 Hervé Pauchon (1962-), comédien et animateur de radio français ;
 Sébastien Pauchon (1971-), auteur et éditeur de jeux de société suisse.

Voir aussi

 Un temps de Pauchon, émission de radio française, produite et animée par Hervé Pauchon.

Pauchon


Friedrich Tamms (Schwerin, 4 de noviembre de 1904 - Düsseldorf, 14 de julio de 1980) fue un arquitecto alemán.

Biografía
Estudió en la escuela superior técnica de Múnich. Junto a Albert Speer y Rudolf Wolters pasó a la Universidad Técnica de Berlín.

Empezó su carrera profesional en el servicio público para la construcción de puentes en Berlín.

De 1935 a 1939 fue consejero de la Dirección para la construcción de las autopistas del Reich.

Como colaborador de la Organización Todt diseñó ocho Torres Flak.

También participó en la reconstrucción de las ciudades bombardeadas de Aquisgrán y Lübeck.

En agosto de 1944 Hitler le inscribió en la Gottbegnadeten-Liste (literalmente:Lista de los bendecidos por Dios), la lista de los artistas más importantes del nazismo, exentos del servicio militar.

Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial trabajó en el servicio de urbanismo de la ciudad de Düsseldorf.

Enlaces externos

Arquitectos de Alemania del siglo XX
Alemanes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Nacidos en Schwerin

Friedrich Tamms


The Polish Golden Age (Polish: Złoty Wiek Polski) was the Renaissance period in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, roughly corresponding to the period of rule of the King Sigismund I the Old (1506–1548) and his son, Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellonian Dynasty monarchs, until his death in 1572. Some historians argue that the Polish Golden Age continued into the mid-17th century, when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was ravaged by the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–57) and by the Swedish and Russian invasion. During its Golden Age, the Commonwealth became one of the largest kingdoms of Europe, stretching from modern Estonia in the north to Moldavia in the east and Bohemia in the west.

In the 16th century the Commonwealth grew to almost 1 million km2, with a population of 11 million. It prospered from its enormous grain, wood, salt, and cloth exports to Western Europe via the Baltic Sea ports of Gdańsk, Elbląg, Riga, Memel, and Königsberg. The Commonwealth's major cities included Poznań, Kraków, Warsaw, Lviv, Vilnius, Toruń, and, for a time in the 17th century, Kyiv and Smolensk. The Commonwealth army was able to defend the realm from foreign invasion, and also participated in aggressive campaigns against Poland's neighbors. As Polonization followed in conquered territories, at least among the politically influential classes, the Polish language became the lingua franca of Central and Eastern Europe.

During its Golden Age, the Commonwealth was regarded as one of the most powerful states in Europe. It had a unique system of government, known as Golden Liberty, in which all the nobility (szlachta), regardless of economic status, were considered equal and enjoyed extensive legal rights and privileges. One of the system's features was the liberum veto, used for the first time in 1653. The nobility, comprising szlachta and magnates, made up 8-10% of the Commonwealth's population.

Culture of Polish Renaissance

Literacy, education and patronage of intellectual endeavors

The Polish printing industry began in Kraków in 1473, and by the early 17th century there were about 20 printing houses within the Commonwealth: eight in Kraków, the rest mostly in Gdańsk, Toruń and Zamość. The Academy of Kraków possessed well-stocked libraries; smaller collections were increasingly common at noble courts, schools, and in townspeople's households. Illiteracy levels were falling, as by the end of the 16th century almost every parish ran a school.

The Lubrański Academy, an institution of higher learning, was established in Poznań in 1519. The Reformation resulted in the establishment of a number of gymnasiums, academically oriented secondary schools, some of international renown, as the Protestant denominations wanted to attract supporters by offering high quality education. The Catholic reaction was the creation of Jesuit colleges of comparable quality. The Kraków University in turn responded with humanist program gymnasiums of its own.

The university itself experienced a period of prominence at the turn of the 15th/16th century, when especially the mathematics, astronomy and geography faculties attracted numerous students from abroad. Latin, Greek, Hebrew and their literatures were likewise popular. By the mid 16th century the institution entered a crisis stage, and by the early 17th century regressed into Counter-reformational conformism. The Jesuits took advantage of the infighting and established in 1579 a university college in Vilnius, but their efforts aimed at taking over the Academy of Kraków were unsuccessful. Under the circumstances many elected to pursue their studies abroad.

Sigismund I the Old, who built the presently existing Wawel Renaissance castle, and his son Sigismund II Augustus, supported intellectual and artistic activities and surrounded themselves with the creative elite. Their patronage example was followed by ecclesiastic and lay feudal lords, and by patricians in major towns.

Science

Polish science reached its culmination in the first half of the 16th century as the medieval point of view was criticized and more rational explanations were sought. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, published by Copernicus in Nuremberg in 1543, shook up the traditional value system extended into understanding of the physical universe, dispensing with the Christianity-adopted Ptolemaic anthropocentric model and setting free the expansion of scientific inquiry. Generally the prominent scientists of the period resided in many different regions of the country, and increasingly, the majority were of urban, rather than noble origin.

Copernicus, a son of a Toruń trader from Kraków, made many contributions to science and the arts. His scientific creativity was inspired at the University of Kraków, he later studied at Italian universities. Copernicus wrote Latin poetry, developed an economic theory, functioned as a cleric-administrator, a political activist in Prussian sejmiks, and he led the defense of Olsztyn against the forces of Albrecht Hohenzollern. As an astronomer, he worked on his scientific theory for many years at Frombork, where he died.

Josephus Struthius became famous as a physician and medical researcher. Bernard Wapowski was a pioneer of Polish cartography. Maciej Miechowita, a rector at the Kraków  Academy, published in 1517 Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis, a treatise on the geography of the East, an area in which Polish investigators provided first-hand expertise for the rest of Europe.

Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski was one of the greatest theorists of political thought in Renaissance Europe. His most famous work, On the Improvement of the Commonwealth, was published in Kraków in 1551. Modrzewski criticized the feudal societal relations and proposed broad realistic reforms. He postulated that all social classes should be subjected to the law to the same degree, and wanted to moderate the existing inequities. Modrzewski, an influential and often translated author, was a passionate proponent of peaceful resolution of international conflicts. Bishop Wawrzyniec Goślicki (Goslicius), who wrote and published in 1568 a study entitled De optimo senatore (The Counsellor in the 1598 English translation), was another popular and influential in the West political thinker.

Historian Marcin Kromer wrote De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum (On the origin and deeds of Poles) in 1555 and in 1577 Polonia, a treatise highly regarded in Europe. Marcin Bielski's Chronicle of the Whole World, a universal history, was written ca. 1550. The chronicle of Maciej Stryjkowski (1582) covered the history of Eastern Europe.

Literature

Modern Polish literature begins in the 16th century. At that time the Polish language, common to all educated groups, matured and penetrated all areas of public life, including municipal institutions, the legal code, the Church and other official uses, coexisting for a while with Latin. Klemens Janicki, one of the Renaissance Latin language poets, a laureate of a papal distinction, was of peasant origin. Another plebeian author, Biernat of Lublin, wrote his own version of Aesop's fables in Polish, permeated with his socially radical views.

A Literary Polish language breakthrough came under the influence of the Reformation with the writings of Mikołaj Rej. In his Brief Discourse, a satire published in 1543, he defends a serf from a priest and a noble, but in his later works he often celebrates the joys of the peaceful but privileged life of a country gentleman. Rej, whose legacy is his unbashful promotion of the Polish language, left a great variety of literary pieces. Łukasz Górnicki, an author and translator, perfected the Polish prose of the period. His contemporary and friend Jan Kochanowski became one of the greatest Polish poets of all time.

Kochanowski was born in 1530 into a prosperous noble family. In his youth he studied at the universities of Kraków, Königsberg and Padua and traveled extensively in Europe. He worked for a time as a royal secretary, and then settled in the village of Czarnolas, a part of his family inheritance. Kochanowski's multifaceted creative output is remarkable for both the depth of thoughts and feelings that he shares with the reader, and for its beauty and classic perfection of form. Among Kochanowski's best known works are bucolic Frascas (trifles), epic poetry, religious lyrics, drama-tragedy The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys, and the most highly regarded Threnodies or laments, written after the death of his young daughter. The poet Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński, an intellectually refined master of small forms, bridges the late Renaissance and early Baroque artistic periods.

Music

Following the European and Italian in particular musical trends, the Renaissance music was developing in Poland, centered around the royal court patronage and branching from there. Sigismund I kept from 1543 a permanent choir at Wawel Castle, while the Reformation brought large scale group Polish language church singing during the services. Jan of Lublin wrote a comprehensive tablature for the organ and other keyboard instruments. Among the composers, who often permeated their music with national and folk elements, were Wacław of Szamotuły, Mikołaj Gomółka, who wrote music to Kochanowski translated psalms, and Mikołaj Zieleński, who enriched the Polish music by adopting the Venetian School polyphonic style.

Architecture, sculpture and painting

Architecture, sculpture and painting developed also under Italian influence from the beginning of the 16th century. A number of professionals from Tuscany arrived and worked as royal artists in Kraków. Francesco Fiorentino had started work on the tomb of John I Albert in 1502, and then together with Bartolommeo Berrecci and Benedykt from Sandomierz rebuilt the royal castle between 1507 and 1536. Berrecci also built Sigismund's Chapel at Wawel Cathedral. Polish magnates, Silesian Piast princes in Brzeg, and even Kraków merchants (by the mid 16th century their class had gained economic strength nationwide) built or rebuilt their residences to make them resemble the Wawel Castle. Kraków's Sukiennice and Poznań City Hall are among numerous buildings rebuilt in the Renaissance manner, but Gothic construction continued alongside for a number of decades.

Between 1580 and 1600 Jan Zamoyski commissioned the Venetian architect Bernardo Morando to build the city of Zamość. The town and its fortifications were designed to consistently implement the Renaissance and Mannerism aesthetic paradigms. Tombstone sculpture, often inside churches, is richly represented on graves of clergy and lay dignitaries and other wealthy individuals. Jan Maria Padovano and Jan Michałowicz of Urzędów count among the prominent artists.

The painted illuminations in the Balthasar Behem Codex are of exceptional quality, and draw their inspiration largely from Gothic art. Stanisław Samostrzelnik, a monk in the Cistercian monastery in Mogiła near Kraków, painted miniatures and polychromed wall frescos.

Jagiellonian dynasty
At the end of the 15th century, the Jagiellonians reigned over vast territories stretching from the Baltic to the Black to the Adriatic Sea. The dynasty reigned in several Central European countries between the 14th and 16th centuries. Members of the dynasty were Kings of Poland (1386–1572), Grand Dukes of Lithuania (1377–1392 and 1440–1572), Kings of Hungary (1440–1444 and 1490–1526), and Kings of Bohemia (1471–1526).

In 1515, during a congress in Vienna, a dynastic succession arrangement was agreed to between Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and the Jagiellon brothers, Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary and Sigismund I of Poland and Lithuania. It was supposed to end the Emperor's support for Poland's enemies, the Teutonic and Russian states, but after the election of Charles V, Maximilian's successor in 1519, the relations with Sigismund had worsened.

The Jagiellon rivalry with the House of Habsburg in central Europe was ultimately resolved to the Habsburgs' advantage. The decisive factor that damaged or weakened the monarchies of the last Jagiellons was the Ottoman Empire's Turkish expansion. Hungary's vulnerability greatly increased after Suleiman the Magnificent took the Belgrade fortress in 1521. To prevent Poland from extending military aid to Hungary, Suleiman had a Tatar-Turkish force raid southeastern Poland–Lithuania in 1524. The Hungarian army was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács, where the young Louis II Jagiellon, son of Vladislas II, was killed. Subsequently, after a period of internal strife and external intervention, Hungary was partitioned between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

With the Union of Lublin, a unified Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was created in 1569, stretching from the Baltic Sea and the Carpathian mountains to present-day Belarus and western and central Ukraine (which earlier had been Kievan Rus' principalities). Within the new federation some degree of formal separation of Poland and Lithuania was retained (distinct state offices, armies, treasuries and judicial systems), but the union became a multinational entity with a common monarch, parliament, monetary system and foreign-military policy, in which only the nobility enjoyed full citizenship rights. Moreover, the nobility's uppermost stratum was about to assume the dominant role in the Commonwealth, as magnate factions were acquiring the ability to manipulate and control the rest of szlachta to their clique's private advantage. This trend, facilitated further by the liberal settlement and land acquisition consequences of the union, became apparent around the time of the 1572 death of Sigismund Augustus, the last monarch of the Jagiellonian dynasty.

One of the most salient characteristics of the newly established Commonwealth was its multiethnicity, and accordingly diversity of religious faiths and denominations. Among the peoples represented were Poles (about 50% or less of the total population), Lithuanians, Latvians, Rus' people (corresponding to today's Belarusians, Ukrainians, Russians or their East Slavic ancestors), Germans, Estonians, Jews, Armenians, Tatars and Czechs, among others, for example smaller West European groups. As for the main social segments in the early 17th century, nearly 70% of the Commonwealth's population were peasants, over 20% residents of towns, and less than 10% nobles and clergy combined. The total population, estimated at 8–10 million, kept growing dynamically until the middle of the century. The Slavic populations of the eastern lands, Rus' or Ruthenia, were solidly, except for the Polish colonizing nobility (and Polonized elements of local nobility), Eastern Orthodox, which portended future trouble for the Commonwealth.

The political doctrine of the Commonwealth was: our state is a republic under the presidency of the King. Chancellor Jan Zamoyski summed up this doctrine when he said that Rex regnat et non-gubernat ("The King reigns but [lit. 'and'] does not govern"). The Commonwealth had a parliament, the Sejm, as well as a Senat and an elected king (Pic. 1). The king was obliged to respect citizens' rights specified in King Henry's Articles as well as in Pacta conventa, negotiated at the time of his election.

The monarch's power was limited in favor of a sizable noble class. Each new king had to pledge to uphold the Henrician Articles, which were the basis of Poland's political system (and included near-unprecedented guarantees of religious tolerance). Over time, the Henrician Articles were merged with the Pacta Conventa, specific pledges agreed to by the king-elect. From that point onwards, the king was effectively a partner with the noble class and was constantly supervised by a group of senators. The Sejm could veto the king on important matters, including legislation (the adoption of new laws), foreign affairs, declaration of war, and taxation (changes of existing taxes or the levying of new ones).

The foundation of the Commonwealth's political system, the "Golden Liberty" (Polish: Złota Wolność, a term used from 1573 on), included:
 election of the king by all nobles wishing to participate, known as wolna elekcja (free election);
 Sejm, the Commonwealth parliament which the king was required to hold every two years;
 Pacta conventa (Latin), "agreed-to agreements" negotiated with the king-elect, including a bill of rights, binding on the king, derived from the earlier Henrician Articles.
 religious freedom guaranteed by Warsaw Confederation Act 1573
 rokosz (insurrection), the right of szlachta to form a legal rebellion against a king who violated their guaranteed freedoms;
 liberum veto (Latin), the right of an individual Sejm deputy to oppose a decision by the majority in a Sejm session; the voicing of such a "free veto" nullified all the legislation that had been passed at that session; during the crisis of the second half of the 17th century, Polish nobles could also use the liberum veto in provincial sejmiks;
 konfederacja (from the Latin confederatio), the right to form an organization to force through a common political aim.

Livonian War; struggle for Baltic area domination

In the 16th century the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became increasingly interested in extending its territorial rule to Livonia, especially to gain control of Baltic seaports, such as Riga, and for other economic benefits. Livonia was by the 1550s largely Lutheran, traditionally ruled by the Brothers of the Sword knightly order. This put Poland and Lithuania on a collision course with Moscow and other regional powers, which had also attempted expansion in that area.

Other powers aspiring to the Livonian Baltic access responded by partitioning the Livonian state, which triggered the lengthy Livonian War, fought between 1558 and 1583. Ivan IV of Russia took Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva in 1558, and soon the Danes and Swedes had occupied other parts of the country. To protect the integrity of their country, the Livonians sought a union with the Polish–Lithuanian state. Gotthard Kettler, the new Grand Master, met in Vilnius (Vilna, Wilno) with Sigismund Augustus in 1561 and declared Livonia a vassal state under the Polish King. The agreement of November 28 called for secularization of the Brothers of the Sword Order and incorporation of the newly established Duchy of Livonia into the Rzeczpospolita ("Republic") as an autonomous entity. The Union of Vilnius also created the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia as a separate fief, to be ruled by Kettler. Sigismund II obliged himself to recover the parts of Livonia lost to Moscow and the Baltic powers. These conflicts led to grueling wars with Russia (1558–1570 and 1577–1582) and other struggles over control of Baltic trade and freedom of navigation.

The Baltic region policies of the last Jagiellon king and his advisors were the most mature of the 16th century Poland's strategic programs. The outcome of the efforts in that area was to a considerable extent successful for the Commonwealth. The Livonian wars came to a conclusion under the reign of King Stephen Báthory.

In 1576, Stephen Báthory became King of Poland as well as Grand Duke of Lithuania. He turned the tide of the war with his successes between 1578 and 1581, including the joint Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian offensive at the Battle of Wenden. This was followed by an extended campaign through Russia culminating in the long and difficult siege of Pskov. Under the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski, which ended the war between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, Russia lost all its former holdings in Livonia and Polotsk to Poland–Lithuania. The following year, Sweden and Russia signed the Truce of Plussa with Sweden gaining most of Ingria and northern Livonia while retaining the Duchy of Estonia.

House of Vasa
John III of Sweden married Catherine Jagellonka, the sister of Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. When Sigismund II of Poland died without issue, the son of John III of Sweden and Catherine Jagellonka was elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania as Sigismund III in 1587. On John's death, Sigismund also gained the Swedish throne.

Polish-Swedish union

After the death of John III of Sweden, his son Sigismund became heir to the throne of Sweden. Sigismund at that time was already King of Poland (since 1587). Sigismund certainly valued the Swedish throne and upon learning about the death of his father, and the pretensions to the throne of his uncle, Duke Charles of Södermanland, he asked the Sejm (Polish parliament) for permission to leave the Commonwealth and go to Sweden, where he could temporarily secure the Swedish crown. The Sejm gave him permission, and on 3 August 1593, Sigismund, accompanied by his wife, Anna of Habsburg, and other followers, departed for Sweden.

The agreement of 19 February seemed to have calmed the situation; Sigismund was crowned in the Cathedral of Uppsala and became the king of Sweden. The Kingdom of Sweden was now in a personal union with Poland-Lithuania. In July, Sigismund left Sweden in the hands of the regency council and returned to Poland. Sweden was to be ruled jointly by the Privy Council of Sweden and Sigismund's uncle Duke Charles.

Sigismund, however, reneged on his earlier promises, opening Catholic schools, and giving Catholics prominent posts. Charles in turn did not give up on acquiring the Swedish throne and pursued his own political agenda. The new Riksdag he summoned at Arboga in 1597 – again despite the King's orders – saw few participants, and only one from the Privy Council. Even so, Duke Charles did not achieve support for his military action, but initiated it nonetheless. Parts of southern Sweden were successfully taken. Several of the Privy Council members fled to Poland to convince Sigismund to take counteractions. Sigismund sent a diplomatic mission, in an attempt to solve the conflict by negotiations. Charles at first looked ready to negotiate but in fact he was playing for time, trying to confirm his power at another Riksdag (in Arboga), recruiting peasants for his army, and isolating Sigismund's followers.

In 1598, the Sejm gave Sigismund the go-ahead to wage a military campaign against his opponents in Sweden; however, it refused to give him significant support. Sigismund's army was composed mostly of mercenaries (Germans and Hungarians), supported by a relatively small Polish force (although with some artillery).

Sigismund's campaign was poorly planned. He was unable to coordinate his troop movements with his supporters, particularly Fleming who was supposed to attack Charles from Finland. After initial successes (the taking of Kalmar and defeating Charles' troops at Stegeborg), Sigismund's forces were defeated on September 25, 1598, at the Battle of Stångebro, (also known as the battle of Linköping). Sigismund was captured and forced to hand over some of his followers such as the Chancellor of Sweden, Erik Larsson Sparre, (1550–1600). In May 1599, Charles' forces captured the last fortress held by Sigismund, Kalmar. On July 24, 1599, the Riksdag in Stockholm officially dethroned Sigismund. The new King of Sweden was Charles IX of Sweden, and the Polish–Swedish union was dissolved after barely seven years of existence. In March 1600, some of Sigismund's supporters were executed, including five senators in an event known as the Linköping Bloodbath.

Polish invasion of Russia

Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618)

The Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618), in Poland known as the Dimitriads, was a sequence of military conflicts and eastward invasions carried out by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and private armies and mercenaries led by the Commonwealth aristocracy, when the Russian Tsardom was torn by a series of civil wars, a period referred to as the "Time of Troubles". The sides and their goals changed several times during this conflict: the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was not formally at war with Russia until 1609, and various Russian factions fought amongst themselves, allied with the Commonwealth and other countries or fighting against them. Sweden also participated in the conflict during the course of the Ingrian War (1610–1617), sometimes allying itself with Russia, and other times fighting against it. The aims of the various factions changed frequently as well as the scale of their goals, which ranged from minor border adjustments to imposing the Polish Kings or the Polish-backed impostors' claims to the Russian throne and even the creation of a new state by forming a union between the commonwealth and Russia.

The war can be divided into four stages. In the first stage, certain commonwealth szlachta (nobility), encouraged by some Russian boyars (Russian aristocracy), but without the official consent of the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa, attempted to exploit Russia's weakness and intervene in its civil war by supporting the impostors for the tsardom, False Dmitriy I and later False Dmitriy II, against the crowned tsars, Boris Godunov and Vasili Shuiski. The first wave of the Polish intervention began in 1605 and ended in 1606 with the death of False Dmitri I. The second wave started in 1607 and lasted until 1609, when Tsar Vasili made a military alliance with Sweden. In response to this alliance, the Polish king Sigismund III decided to intervene officially and to declare war upon Russia, aiming to weaken Sweden's ally and to gain territorial concessions.

Hetman of the Crown Stanisław Żółkiewski held a triumphal entry by the Kraków suburb of the Royal Palace, leading with him the prisoners: the Russian tsar Wasyl IV Szujski, his brothers: Dimitri Szujski with his wife - Grand Duchess Ekaterina Grigoryevna, daughter Grigory Malyuta Skuratov and Ivan Shuysky Mikhail Shein, and Filaret, the non-canonical Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.

After early commonwealth victories (Battle of Klushino), which culminated in Polish forces entering Moscow in 1610, Sigismund's son, Prince Władysław of Poland, was briefly elected tsar. However, soon afterwards, Sigismund decided to seize the Russian throne for himself. This alienated the pro-Polish supporters among the boyars, who could accept the moderate Władysław, but not the pro-Catholic and anti-Eastern Orthodox Sigismund. Subsequently, the pro-Polish Russian faction disappeared, and the war resumed in 1611, with the Poles being ousted from Moscow in 1612 but capturing the important city of Smolensk (see Siege of Smolensk (1609–1611)). However, due to internal troubles in both the Commonwealth and Russia, little military action occurred between 1612 and 1617, when Sigismund made one final and failed attempt to conquer Russia. The war finally ended in 1618 with the Truce of Deulino, which granted the Commonwealth certain territorial concessions, but not control over Russia, which thus emerged from the war with its independence unscathed.

Sources

References

Further reading

 The Cambridge History of Poland (two vols., 1941–1950) online edition vol 1 to 1696
 Butterwick, Richard, ed. The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c. 1500-1795. Palgrave, 2001. 249 pp. online edition
 Davies, Norman. Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland. Oxford University Press, 1984.
 Davies, Norman. God's Playground: A History of Poland. 2 vol. Columbia U. Press, 1982.
 Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Poland: A Historical Atlas. Hippocrene, 1987. 321 pp.
 Sanford, George. Historical Dictionary of Poland. Scarecrow Press, 2003. 291 pp.
 Stone, Daniel. The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795. U. of Washington Press, 2001.
 Zamoyski, Adam. The Polish Way. Hippocrene Books, 1987. 397 pp.

External links
 The Polish Brethren: The First Reformed Peace Church & Poland's First Banned Religion

16th century in Poland
16th century in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Golden ages (metaphor)

Polish Golden Age


Katarina Frostenson (født 5. marts 1953 i Stockholm) er en svensk digter, forfatter, oversætter, dramatiker og tidligere akademimedlem. Hun tildeltes Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris for 2016.

Frostenson trak sig fra det Det Svenske Akademi i april 2018, da hun blandt andet blev mistænkt for at have misbrugt sin stilling og videregivet oplysninger til sin mand om kommende nobelpristagere.

Frostenson er gift med Jean-Claude Arnault, der vakte skandale i 2018, da han blev anklaget og senere dømt for voldtægt, hvilket fik Det Svenske Akademi til at aflyse uddelingen af Nobels litteraturpris i 2018.

Værker oversat til dansk

Noter

Digtere fra Sverige
Oversættere fra Sverige
Svensksprogede forfattere fra Sverige
Dramatikere fra Sverige
Modtagere af Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris
Medlemmer af Svenska Akademien

Katarina Frostenson


est une comédie américaine écrite, réalisée et produite par Lena Dunham et sortie en 2022.

Film indépendant, il est présenté en première au Festival du film de Sundance 2022.

Synopsis

Sarah Jo, 26 ans, quelque peu naïve, vit avec sa mère et sa sœur à la périphérie d'Hollywood.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Lena Dunham
 Scénario : Lena Dunham
 Photographie : Ashley Connor
 Montage : Catrin Hedström
 Musique :
 Pays d'origine : États-Unis
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : comédie
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 États-Unis :  (Festival du film de Sundance)

Distribution

 Kristine Frøseth : Sarah Jo
 Jon Bernthal : Josh
 Luka Sabbat : Arvin
 Scott Speedman : Vance Leroy
 Lena Dunham : Heather
 Ebon Moss-Bachrach : Yuli
 Taylour Paige : Treina
 Jennifer Jason Leigh : Marilyn
 Liam Michel Saux : Zach
 Janicza Bravo : Mercedes
 Ben Sidell : Jace
 Tommy Dorfman : barman (Tali)
 Steve Hart : Mark
 Margaux Rust : fille inconnue
 Patrick McLain : partenaire sexuel
 Lisa Costanza : officier de police (non créditée)
 Victoria De Mare : Amber (non créditée)
 Stephen Saux : ergothérapeute (non crédité)

Notes et références

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2022
Comédie  américaine
Film en anglais

Sharp Stick


මෞර්යන්ගේ පාලනය යටතේ නොතිබු එකම ප්‍රදේශය වුයේ වර්තමානයේ තමිල්නාඩුව හා කේරලය ලෙස හඳුන්වන ප්‍රදේශයයි. (එවකට එය දෙමළ රාජධානිය විය) ඉපැරණි දෙමළ සංගම් සාහිත්‍ය කෘති වලින් එකක් වන පුරනානුරු ග්‍රන්ථයේ සඳහන් වන්නේ මෞර්යන්ගේ හමුදාව ඉලන්චෙට් චෙන්නි නමින් හැඳින්වු චෝල රජවරයෙකුගේ නායකත්වය යටතේ වු දෙමළ හමුදාවක් විසින් පලවා හැරි බවයි. කලිඟු පාලකයෙකු වු කරවෙල රජතුමා විසින් මෙම දෙමළ හමුදාව විසුරුවා හැරි බවට ඔහුගේ සෙල් ලිපියක සඳහන් වෙයි.

ඔහුගේ පුත් වූ අශෝක අධිරාජ්‍යයා විසින් එම රාජධානිය උරුම කර ගත් අතර ඔහු මෙම ක්‍රමය ඔහුගේ රාජධානිය ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේ ය. කාලිංග රාජ්‍යය ආක්‍රමණයේ දී සිදු වු අති සුවිසල් විශාල වින‍ාශයෙන් පසු බුදුදහම වැළඳ ගැනීමෙන් ඔහු නැවත ලේ වැගිරවීම් නැවැත් වු අතර අවිහිංසාකාමී මාර්ගයකට යොමු විය. අශෝක අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ රාජාඥා දැනට ඉන්දියාවේ ඉතිරිව ඇති පැරණි තම ඓතිහාසික ලිපි ලේඛන වන අතර එමගින් අශො‍්ක අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ කාලයේ සිට ඉදිරියට පැවති රජ පෙළපත්වල දළ නියම කිරීමක් සිදු කිරීමට හැකි විය. අශෝක අධිරාජ්‍යයා යටතේ වු මයුරන් රජ පෙළපත මුළු නැගෙනහිර ආසියාව හා ගිනි කොණ දිග ආසියාව පුරා බුදු දහම පැතිර වීමට හේතු වු අතර එමගින් සමස්ථයක් ලෙස ආසියාවේ ඉතිහාසය හා දියුණු වීම වේගවත් කරන ලදී. අශෝක අධිරාජ්‍යයා ලෝකයේ දැනට පහල වු ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම පාලකයෙක් ලෙස සැලකෙයි.

මයුරන් කාලයේදි ගොඩනගන ලද සාංචියෙහි පිහිටි බෞද්ධ ස්ථුපයක්

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha#Nanda_dynasty
ඉන්දියාව

ඉන්දියාවේ මධ්‍යම රාජධානි--මගධා - නන්දා - පළමු රජ පෙළපත


Die Illawarra Main Road ist eine Umgehungsstraße im Norden des australischen Bundesstaates Tasmanien. Sie verbindet den Midland Highway  (N1) in Perth mit dem Bass Highway (N1) und dem Meander Valley Highway (B54) unter Umgehung der Stadt Launceston.

Verlauf
Die Straße zweigt in Perth, ca. 15 km südlich von Launceston, vom Midland Highway nach Westen ab. In Longford mündet die Cressy Road (B51) und die Illawarra Main Road überquert den South Esk River. Dann setzt sie ihren Weg am Westufer des Flusses nach Nordwesten fort und ist kurz vor der Mündung des Flusses in den Lake Trevallyn, ca. 13 km südwestlich von Launceston, an den Bass Highway und die Meander Valley Road angeschlossen.

Literatur
Steve Parish: Australian Touring Atlas. Steve Parish Publishing, Archerfield QLD 2007. ISBN 978-1-74193-232-4. S. 55

Straße in Tasmanien
Straße in Australien und Ozeanien

Illawarra Main Road


Arendașul român este un film de scurt metraj românesc din 1952 regizat de Jean Georgescu, care a ecranizat schița "Arendașul român" (1893) de Ion Luca Caragiale. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Aurel Ghițescu, Constantin Ramadan și Gheorghe Ionescu-Gion.

Rezumat

Distribuție

 Aurel Ghițescu — arendașul Arghir
 Constantin Ramadan — țăranul Ion, scos dator de arendaș cu 10 zile de prașilă
 Gheorghe Ionescu-Gion — subprefectul județului (menționat Gr. Ionescu Gion)
 Nick Niculescu — primarul comunei
 Ilariu Popescu — prefectul județului
 Viorica Verbițchi
 Arcadie Donos
 Ion Pella
 Matei Cassvan (menționat Matei Casvan)
 Neofita Pătrașcu (menționat Neofita Patrascu)

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme bazate pe lucrările lui Ion Luca Caragiale
 1952 în film

Filme din 1952
Filme regizate de Jean Georgescu
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme de comedie românești
Ecranizări de opere literare românești
Filme românești de scurt metraj

Arendașul român (film)


La Mission du Sault de la Chaudière est une ancienne mission habitée par plusieurs centaines d'Abénakis, ainsi que des Malécites, située sur la rive nord de la rivière Chaudière.

Toponymie
.
Après l'abandon par les Autochtones de la mission jésuite de Sillery, une nouvelle mission est créée par Jacques Bigot en 1683 à la confluence de la rivière Chaudière et du fleuve Saint-Laurent. Elle est nommée mission Saint-François-de-Sales ou mission du Sault de la Chaudière à cause de la proximité des chutes de la Chaudière. L'endroit est le point le plus au nord de la route Chaudière-Kennebec et occupe le lieu de l'ancien portage et de nos jours l'actuel parc des Chutes-de-la-Chaudière.

Missionnaire Sébastien Racle
Parti de La Rochelle le 23 juillet 1689, le nouveau missionnaire jésuite Sébastien Racle arrive à Québec après une difficile traversé. Il arrive à Québec le 13 octobre et sera affecté à la nouvelle mission qui compte environ 200 réfugiés Abénaquis vivant dans des Wigwam venant de Narrantsouac près de la rivière Kennebec. Certains réfugiés trouve la sécurité sur l'ancienne mission de Sillery qui avait été abandonnée mais dont les cabanes étaient encore habitables.

Déménagement
Vers 1700, les terres sont devenues trop appauvries pour cultiver le maïs. La mission abénakise, située sur la rivière Chaudière, se déplace sur la rive de la rivière Saint-François. Le village et la rivière prennent le nom de cette dernière, « Saint-François ». Le nom Odanak, qui signifie « au village », s'implante au début du . En 1916, le bureau de poste prend ce nom.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Historic Highways of America (Vol. 7) Portage Paths - The Keys of the Continent ; Archer Butler Hulbert (Author)
 Black Robe on the Kennebec , 1991 par Mary E. Calvert.

Articles connexes
 Autochtones du Québec
 Voie navigable historique

Liens externes

 / MAXIME  BOILY: Les terres amérindiennes  dans le régime  seigneurial :les modèles fonciers  des missions sédentaires de la Nouvelle-France

 / Carte des Environs de Quebec en La Nouvelle France en 1688 par le Sr de Villeneuve Ing.

Autochtone du Québec
Abénaquis
Village de Nouvelle-France

Mission du Sault de la Chaudière


Germain Randrianrisoa, mais conhecido como Rajery (Ambohimanga, 1964), é um professor, compositor, cantor e instrumentista malgaxe, especializado no tradicional instrumento de cordas valiha. É também terapeuta musical e através de sua música e outros projetos desenvolve um trabalho social e ambientalista.

Biografia
Filho de camponeses, nasceu em Ambohimanga, nos arredores de Antananarivo. Ainda bebê devido a uma doença teve amputados os dedos da mão direita, mas aos 15 anos decidiu aprender sozinho a tocar valiha, um instrumento de grande tradição em Madagáscar, considerado sagrado. Para sobreviver passou a trabalhar como contador. Conseguiu desenvolver uma técnica original de tocar e a partir de 1983, com o grupo Tsilavina, passou a revisitar o repertório tradicional da valiha, o que lhe foi útil para ampliar seus conhecimentos sobre as tradições musicais das diferentes regiões de Madagáscar e para fundí-las em um estilo de composição próprio. Alguns anos depois fundou a orquestra Akombaliha, o primeiro grande grupo exclusivamente dedicado à valiha, com 23 integrantes, cada um tocando uma das várias formas que o instrumento desenvolveu ao longo da história.

Em 1989 passou a dar aulas de valiha e abriu sua própria escola em 1994, junto com uma oficina de construção de instrumentos com o apoio da UNESCO e da Handicap International, como parte de uma campanha para erradicar o trabalho infantil e apoiar crianças de rua. Segundo Daniel Brown, "determinado a modernizar e renovar o repertório da valiha, Rajery lançou um festival anual, Fanamby, em 1994, que também sensibilizou o público para o poder curativo da música para pessoas com deficiência. A ligação entre música e terapia tem sido central em sua filosofia desde então. [...] Rajery sempre misturou a espiritualidade que herdou de sua criação com sua música". Disse Rajery que "a valiha me salvou, então não vejo razão para que ela não possa salvar os outros. Escrevi um manual sobre a terapia valiha e o usei para curar as pessoas". Ele complementa:

"O artista é um educador na sociedade. Escrevo textos que contam o cotidiano. Eu me comprometo e tento aplicar tudo o que escrevo nos meus textos. É por isso que criei uma escola de música, que investi na abolição do trabalho infantil. Também trabalhei para a conscientização de pessoas com deficiência. Tudo isso, acho que é complementar ao meu status de artista. Vivo e morro em sociedade".

Ganhou visibilidade internacional depois de sua participação do Festival Métis de Angoulême, na França. Em 1999 gravou seu primeiro disco, Dorotanety, que foi um sucesso musical mas também chamou a atenção pela temática ambientalista de suas letras, um interesse que se manteve ao longo de sua carreira. A boa repercussão do álbum lhe valeu o convite para se apresentar em vários festivais. No álbum Fanamby, de 2001, apresentou um mix de cantos polifônicos malgaxes a capella e peças nos gêneros tradicionais salega e tsapika, seguindo-se concertos na Cité de la Musique em Paris e uma turnê norte-americana. Em 2002 ganhou o Prêmio Découvertes da Rádio França Internacional na categoria World Music, pelo álbum Fanamby, consagrando-o definitivamente na cena internacional. Em 2003 fez turnês pelo sul da África, Madagáscar e Europa. Em 2004 lançou o disco Volontany, apresentando-o no festival Chorus des Hauts-de-Seine, na França.

Em 2004 criou o festival Angaredona em Madagáscar, que rapidamente atraiu a participação de grupos de toda a ilha, contando com convidados do exterior. Em 2006 fundou o grupo 3MA junto com Driss El Maloumi ao oud e Toumani Diabaté, que toca corá. Diabatê pouco depois deu lugar a Ballaké Cissoko. Em 2007 lançou seu quarto álbum, Sofera, recebido muito favoravelmente pela crítica, e participou do festival Musiques Métisses na França e do festival Sakifo na Ilha Reunião. O ano de 2008 representou uma extraordinária expansão em suas atividades, principalmente através do grupo 3MA, lançando o primeiro álbum do grupo e apresentando-se em 25 países, seguindo-se uma intensa turnê europeia em 2009. Em 2012 lançou o álbum Tantasha, que retornou a letras com uma preocupação com o ambiente e a vida dos camponeses. Participou de vários outros festivais internacionais e em 2013 participou da segunda edição do projeto Wake Up Madagascar, destinado a conscientizar a opinião pública internacional sobre o desmatamento em Madagáscar. No mesmo ano lançou Bedia, um álbum instrumental solo dedicado à valiha. Em 2017 o grupo 3MA participou do projeto The Routes of Slavery (As rotas da escravidão) de Jordi Savall. Ainda em 2017 lançou com o 3MA o álbum Anarouz, e até 2020 o trio se apresentou na Grã-Bretanha, França, Bélgica, Turquia, Espanha, Finlândia, Japão, Itália e Estados Unidos.

Em 2020 a pandemia de covid-19 o deixou muito confinado em casa com sua família, dedicando-se a plantar arroz e ervas medicinais e cuidar de sua criação de peixes e seu apiário, que integra nas suas práticas terapêuticas, além de fazer planos para novos projetos musicais e compor em parceria com seus filhos, Jery, guitarrista, e Christian Zo, percussionista. Em entrevista disse que "esta pandemia permitiu-me confirmar os meus compromissos com a minha família, esta terra, os desafios da vida. [...] Nós experimentamos a devastação das mudanças climáticas em primeira mão aqui. Meu novo álbum será sobre a falta de água, o sofrimento dos agricultores ao meu redor sem água subterrânea para extrair, e um chamado para tornar Madagáscar verde novamente".

Suas composições incorporam influências da música tradicional, do reggae e do jazz. Já o grupo 3MA, composto por músicos de diferentes países, mescla elementos da tradição malgaxe, da cultura griot da África Ocidental e da tradição clássica árabe do norte africano.

Rajery é considerado uma lenda viva em Madagáscar. Segundo a Rádio França Internacional, "em poucos anos, Rajery, o 'príncipe da valiha', estabeleceu-se como um dos artistas mais ativos e brilhantes da Ilha Grande, desenvolvendo muitas atividades relacionadas além da música que refletem sua motivação para promover a cultura malgaxe. Um trabalho que ele não esquece de realizar primeiro em escala nacional enquanto segue uma carreira internacional".

Ligações externas
 Concerto de Rajery no Festival Les Toits de Louvel. Studio Vauban
 Live de Rajery no Festival 1001 Notes. Festival 1001 Notes
 Concerto de Rajery e banda no Festival Afrika. VPRO Vrije Geluiden
 Concerto do grupo 3MA no Festival Nowa Tradycja. Radiowe Centrum Kultury Ludowej

Ambientalistas
Artistas de Madagáscar
Musicoterapia
Professores
Nascidos em 1964
Naturais de Madagáscar

Rajery


Javier Martí (n, 11 de enero de 1992 en Madrid, España) es un exjugador profesional de tenis español. En su carrera conquistó torneos a nivel ATP y su mejor posición en el ranking fue n.º 182 en octubre de 2011. Su primer partido ATP fue en el torneo de Valencia de 2010 donde perdió contra Nikolái Davydenko por un doble 6-2. En el Roland Garros de 2011 superó la fase previa, en la primera ronda perdió por 6-3, 6-7(5), 4-6, 6-1, 6-3 contra Albert Ramos. Su primera victoria ATP la logró en el torneo de Torneo de 's-Hertogenbosch donde ganó en primera ronda a Daniel Gimeno Traver por 6-3, 7-6(4), en segunda ronda perdió contra Teimuraz Gabashvili por 6-7(6), 3-6.

En septiembre de 2020 dejó de ser tenista profesional para ponerse en la posición de entrenador de la tenista Paula Badosa, en ese momento top-40 del mundo del ranking WTA. Dejó de ser su entrenador en agosto de 2021.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Ficha oficial de Javier Martí en la Asociación de Tenistas Profesionales (ATP) (en inglés)

Tenistas masculinos de España
Deportistas de la Comunidad de Madrid
Nacidos en Madrid

Javier Martí


جرابا هي إحدى القرى المحتلة والمدمرة التابعة لمحافظة القنيطرة في هضبة الجولان بجنوب غرب سوريا.

تتبع قرى مركز مدينة القنيطرة وكان عدد سكانها 605 ن وترتفع 140 م، تقوم على ظهرة مرتفعة، تشرف على وادي حواء شرقاً، وعلى وادي الأردن غرباً، عند الحدود السورية-الفلسطينية، قبل دخول النهر بحيرة طبرية، وتبعد عن مدينة القنيطرة 20 كم باتجاه الجنوب الغربي، تحيط بها حراج (الطم والبلوط والسنديان والدفلة). وقد وجدت فيها بعض المدافن تعود إلى العهد الروماني، إلى جانب أحجار كثيرة النقوش، وبقايا أعمدة، وقواعد تيجان، وأجزاء من أبنية متنوعة، تسود فيها الزراعة البعلية كالحبوب والبقول. إلى جانب تربية الماشية، وتشرب هذه القرية من مياه وادي حواء تتبعها مزرعتا : صيرة الخرفان، وأم صدرة.

قرى الجولان المحتلة
قرى الجولان المدمرة
قرى محافظة القنيطرة

جرابا


මිලියනයක් යනු ලක්ෂ 10 කි. එවැනි මිලියන 1000 ක් බිලියනයකි. බිලියන 1000 ක් ට්‍රිලියන 1 කි.

ට්‍රිලියන 1 = බිලියන 1000

ට්‍රිලියන 1 = මිලියනයේ ඒවා මිලියනක් (1,000,000 * 1,000,000)

ට්‍රිලියන 1 = 1,000,000,000,000

1000000000000 (number)


I Am puede referirse a:

 I Am, canción de Hilary Duff;
 I Am... (álbum de Ayumi Hamasaki);
 I Am... (álbum de Nas);
 I Am... Tour, gira musical de Beyoncé;
 I AM., película surcoreana
 I Am (Recording) (discográfica), discográfica independiente creada por Ross Robinson.
 I Am (EP de (G)I-DLE).
I AM, movimiento teosófico conocido como ballardismo, por sus fundadores, el matrimonio Guy y Edna Ballard.

I Am


Daniel Muñoz Díaz (* 1925; † 18. Dezember 2010), auch bekannt unter dem Spitznamen Carnes (dt. Fleisch), war ein mexikanischer Fußballspieler auf der Position des Stürmers.

Leben
"Carnes" Muñoz war einer der erfolgreichsten Stürmer während der "goldenen Epoche" des Fußballs in Orizaba nach Einführung der mexikanischen Profiliga in den 1940er Jahren. Er spielte zunächst für die A.D.O. und anschließend für deren Stadtrivalen Moctezuma. Mit dem letztgenannten Verein gewann er 1947 zunächst den mexikanischen Pokalwettbewerb und anschließend den Supercup. Mit insgesamt 6 Derbytoren, die er in der Liga erzielte (2 für die A.D.O. und 4 für Moctezuma), war Muñoz zudem der erfolgreichste Torschütze im Clásico Orizabeño.

Seinen ersten Treffer in der mexikanischen Primera División erzielte er beim 2:1-Auswärtssieg der A.D.O. gegen die Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz am 7. Januar 1945. Am 24. November 1945 erzielte er beim 3:3 gegen Atlante seinen ersten "Doppelpack". Gleich eine Woche später gelang ihm am 2. Dezember 1945 beim 5:1-Sieg gegen den Club América sein zweiter Doppelpack. Beim 3:1-Sieg gegen den Real Club España am 30. Dezember 1945 erzielte er sogar alle drei Tore für seine Mannschaft.

Ein weiterer "Dreier" gelang ihm beim 6:4-Sieg Moctezumas gegen den Club San Sebastián am 11. Mai 1947. Obwohl er alle Treffer in einem Zeitraum von nur zehn Minuten (zwischen der 27. und 37. Minute) erzielte, blieb ihm einer lupenreiner Hattrick versagt, weil Juan José Novo von San Sebastián zwischendurch ebenfalls erfolgreich war.

Seit einem 1998 erlittenen Schlaganfall war Muñoz halbseitig gelähmt und konnte nicht mehr sprechen. Nach langer Leidenszeit verstarb er am 18. Dezember 2010 an den Folgen einer Lungenentzündung.

Weblinks
 El Mundo de Orizaba: Muere 'Carnes' Muñoz Díaz (spanisch; Artikel vom 20. Dezember 2010)
 Die mexikanische Liga bei RSSSF

Mexikaner
Person (Orizaba)
Fußballspieler (Asociación Deportiva Orizabeña)
Fußballspieler (UD Moctezuma de Orizaba)
Fußballspieler (CD Veracruz)
Geboren 1925
Gestorben 2010
Mann

Daniel Muñoz Díaz


عقد 1250 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 1250 و31 ديسمبر 1259 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 1240 ولحقه عقد 1260.

أحداث

 حملة الرعاة الصليبية (1251)

مواليد

 هوجو توكيمونه (1251)
 كونرادين (1252)
 إيزابيلا دي إبيلين (1252)
 أمير خسرو (1253)
 شمس الدين الأنصاري (1256)
 جان تريستان، كونت فالوا (1250)
 ابن المطهر الحلي (1250)
 بياتريس من بورغندي، ليدى بوربون (1257)
 إبراهيم الدسوقي (1255)
 بلانش من فرنسا، إنفانتا قشتالة (1253)
 عبد الحق بن إسماعيل البادسي (1252)

وفيات

 إيزبيلا ملكة أرمينيا (1252)
 بوهيموند الخامس (1252)
 فخر الدين يوسف بن شيخ الشيوخ (1250)
 إيل جيكداي نويان (1252)
 سبط ابن الجوزي (1256)
 توران شاه (1250)
 تيريزا البرتغالية (1250)
 سرقويتي بيجي (1252)
 مافالدا البرتغالية (1256)
 نجم الدين الرازي (1256)
 ابن سهل الأندلسي (1251)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 1250 ابتداءً من

عقد 1250


Dağcılar, Samsun ilinin Asarcık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Dağcılar; daha önceleri bir köy iken, 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Samsun il merkezine 93 km, Asarcık ilçe merkezine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Asarcık'ın mahalleleri

Dağcılar, Asarcık


Star Trek: Discovery este un  serial TV science fiction ce se desfășoară în universul Star Trek creat de Gene Roddenberry. Serialul este creat de  Bryan Fuller și Alex Kurtzman pentru CBS All Access. Este primul serial dezvoltat special pentru acest serviciu și primul serial Star Trek după Star Trek: Enterprise care a fost finalizat în 2005. Pe fundalul războiului rece dintre Federația Unită a Planetelor și klingonieni serialul prezintă echipajul navei spațiale USS Discovery și misiunile sale. Are loc cu un deceniu înainte de evenimentele din Star Trek: Seria originală, separat față de cronologia din noua serie de filme care este produsă începând cu 2009. La sfârșitul celui de-al doilea sezon, Discovery călătorește în secolul 32, care este decorul pentru sezoanele următoare.

Premiera sezonului a avut loc  24 septembrie 2017, când au fost difuzate pe CBS două episoade.

Distribuție

Personaje principale
 Sonequa Martin-Green în rolul lui Michael Burnham, secund pe ;
 Doug Jones în rolul lui Saru, ofițer științific, secund și locotenent pe Discovery;
 Shazad Latif în rolul lui Ash Tyler, locotenent și fost prizonier de război;
 Anthony Rapp în rolul lui Paul Stamets, ofițer științific specialist în astromicologie (studiul fungilor în spațiu);
 Mary Wiseman în rolul Sylviei Tilly, cadetă în ultimul an la Academia Flotei Stelare, la post pe Discovery;
 Jason Isaacs în rolul lui Gabriel Lorca, căpitanul navei Discovery.

Personaje secundare
 Michelle Yeoh ca  Philippa Georgiou, căpitanul navei Shenzhou
 Mary Chieffo ca  L'Rell: Battle Deck Commander of the Klingon ship
 James Frain ca Sarek astrofizician de pe planeta Vulcan
 Chris Obi ca  T'Kuvma,  leader of an ancient Klingon
 Terry Serpico ca Anderson: A Starfleet admiral.
 Sam Vartholomeos ca Danby Connor, junior officer in Starfleet Academy, assigned to the Shenzhou.
 Kenneth Mitchell - Kol, Commanding Officer of the Klingons
 Rainn Wilson ca  Harry Mudd, a charismatic con-man.
 Rekha Sharma Landry, Security Officer for the Discovery
 Wilson Cruz Hugh Culber, Medical Officer of the Discovery.

Episoade

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Star Trek: Discovery la SerialePrime

Discovery

2017 în științifico-fantastic

Star Trek: Discovery


الحاضرة هي عكس البادية وهي المدينة الكبيرة، ورد في لسان العرب:

وقد تُشير بدل ذلك التعريف إلى العاصمة أو المركز الإداري.

تعريف الحاضرة حسب البلد
وفي العصور الحديثة أصبحت كلمة حاضرة تشير إلى مدينة توسعت لتضم مدنًا أو قرى مجاورة. ويختلف تعريف الحاضرة حسب البلد، وتعتمد بلدان العالم عادة على الجهات الإحصائية لتعريف الحاضرة. وبينما لا يوجد تعريف إداري أو إحصائي واضح للحاضرة في الوطن العربي، تعتبر الدول الغربية الأكثر وضوحًا بهذا الخصوص. فيما يلي بعض التعاريف:

السودان
الحاضرة في السودان هي عاصمة المحلية.

الجزائر
الحاضرة في الجزائر و هي المدينة التي يزيد عدد سكانها عن 300.000 نسمة مثل الجزائر العاصمة . عنابة . وهران و قسنطينة لتضم مؤخرا كلا من مدينتي مستغانم و سطيف.

كندا
تعرف دائرة إحصاءات كندا الحاضرة على أنها «بلدية واحدة أو أكثر موجودة حول تجمع حضري يسكنه أكثر من 100,000 نسمة.» وبهذا تكون تورونتو أكبر حاضرة في كندا.

الولايات المتحدة
تعرف الحاضرة في الولايات المتحدة كتجمع سكاني حضري واحد أو أكثر يقطنه أكثر من 50,000 نسمة.

حواضر عربية
 غزه
 الإسكندرية
 عمان
 الرباط
 بيروت
 جدة
 الجزائر العاصمة
 عنابة
 حلب
 الدار البيضاء
 صنعاء
 أبوظبي
 دبي
 دمشق
 القاهرة
 الرياض
بغداد

حواضر عالمية
 باريس
 تورونتو
 جوهانسبرغ
 طوكيو
 لندن
 لوس أنجلوس
 مكسيكو سيتي
 مونتريال
 نيويورك
 تونس

معرض صور

انظر أيضا
 أم البلاد

مراجع

تركيبة سكانية
تقسيمات إدارية
جغرافيا حضرية
جغرافيا عمران
قوائم المدن
مناطق حضرية

حاضرة


خطوط طيران إيه إم سي هي شركة طيران مصرية خاصة تعتمد على رحلات الطيران العارض (الشارتر)، انشأت الشركة سنة 1988، وبدأت عملياتها رسمياً سنة 1992، تتخذ الشركة من مطار القاهرة الدولي مركزاً لعملياتها، مع وجود فروع أخرى لها في بعض المدن المصرية مثل مطار شرم الشيخ الدولي، مطار برج العرب الدولي، ومطار الأقصر الدولي. تقوم بعمل رحلات جوية من أوروبا إلى المدن السياحية في مصر، بالإضافة إلى رحلات كبار الزوار والنقل العسكري وغير ذلك.

الوجهات
أغلب رحلات الشركة هي رحلات عارضة، تقلع من مدن أسوان، الغردقة، الأقصر وشرم الشيخ إلى نقاط ومدن عديدة في قارة أوروبا.
إلا أنهم أن هناك بعض الرحلات المنتظمة التي تقلع من مطار برج العرب الدولي بالإسكندرية إلى:
 المدينة المنورة (مطار الأمير محمد بن عبد العزيز الدولي).
 جدة (مطار الملك عبد العزيز الدولي).
 دبي (مطار دبي الدولي).

الأسطول
 10طائرات من طراز بوينغ 737-800
 طائرة واحدة من طراز إم دي 83

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1992 في مصر
شركات طيران أسست سنة 1992
إيه إم سي
شركات مقرها في القاهرة
شركات مصرية أسست في 1992

خطوط إيه إم سي الجوية


Rankine çevrimi, termodinamik bir çevrimdir. Diğer termodinamik çevrimler gibi, Rankine çevriminin maksimum verimi de, Carnot çevriminin maksimum verimli hesaplanması ile elde edilir. Rankine çevrimi adını William John Macquorn Rankine'den alır.

Rankine çevrimi buhar kullanılan enerji santralleri için ideal çevrimdir. Bu çevrimde yapılan suyun kızgın buhar haline getirilmesi ve tekrar kondenserde doymuş sıvı haline getirilmesi Carnot çevriminde uygulamada karşılaşılan pek çok zorluğu da ortadan kaldırır.

Rankine çevriminin adımları dört aşama ile gösterilir, her adımda çalışma akışkanının hal değişimleri ifade edilir.

Burada çevrimin ideal şartlarda olduğu varsayılır. Ama gerçek şartlarda çevrimin pompa ile sıkıştırma ve türbinde genişleme aşamaları izentropik değildir. Bu aşamalarda izentropide artış meydana gelir. Bundan dolayı gerçekte pompa için gereken güç ihtiyacı artar ve türbinden elde edilen iş azalır.

 4-1 Önce çalışma akışkanı, düşük basıçtan, yüksek basınca pompalanır. (İdeal şartlarda izentropik olarak ) Pompalama için güç girişine ihtiyaç vardır. (Örneğin mekanik veya elektrik gücü)
 1-2 Yüksek basınçlı sıvı bir ısıtıcıya girer, bir dış ısı kaynağı ile sabit basınçta kızdırılmış buhar halini alana dek ısıtılır.Genelde ısı kaynağı olarak , kömür, doğal gaz veya nükleer güç kullanılır.
 2-3 Kızgın buhar, türbin boyunca genişler ve güç çıkışı oluşturur.İdeal şartlarda, bu genişleme izentropiktir. Bu olay buharın basınç ve sıcaklık kaybetmesine sebep olur.
 3-4 Buhar daha sonra kondensere girer, doymuş sıvı halini alana kadar soğutulur. Bu sıvı daha sonra tekrar pompaya girer ve çevrim tekrar eder.

Termodinamik çevrimler

Rankine çevrimi


දේශපාලන දර්ශනවාදයට අනුව ප්‍රඡාතන්ත්‍රවාදී රජයක බලය හිමිවනුයේ එම බලයට යටත්වන්නන්ගේ කැමැත්තෙනි. එම කැමැත්ත රාජ්‍ය බලයට හරවනු ලබන ප්‍රධාන යාන්ත්‍රණය වන්නේ මැතිවරණයයි. මැතිවරණ නිදහස සාධාරණ වියයුතු බව සාමාන්‍ය සම්මතයයි.

කුමන ආකාරයේ මැතිවරණයක් නිදහස් හා සාධාරණ ලෙස සැලකිය හැකිද යන්න පිළිබඳව විවිධ මත පවතියි. එක්සත් ජනපදය වෙනුවෙන් එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ හිටපු නියෝජිත ජීන් කර්ක්පැටිරික් ට අනුව ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී මැතිවරණය සං‍කේතයක් පමණක් නොවේ. ඒවා රජය විවේචනය කිරීමට , විවේචන ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරීමට සහ විකල්ප ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට පුළුල් බල තල ඇති පුරවැසියන් විසින් ප්‍රධාන තීන්දු ගන්නන් තෝරා ගැනීම සඳහා යොදාගන්නා තරගකාරී, කාලාන්තර සහ නියත මැතිවරණ වේ.

ඩිමොක්‍රටික් වොච් වෙබ් අඩවිය ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී මැතිවරණ තව දුරටත් නිර්වචනය කරමින් පවසන්නේ අපේක්ෂකයා පිළිබද සියලු තොරතුරු දැනගෙන සිදුවන පක්ෂග්‍රාහිත්වය හැරුණු කොට අනෙක් සියලු සෘජු හෝ වක්‍ර පක්ෂග්‍රාහිත්වයන් වැළැක්වීමට දැඩි උනන්දුවක් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී මැතිවරණයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය බවයි. 2002 දී ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු මහ අධිකරණයේ අග්‍රවිනිශ්චයකාර මරේ ග්ලීසන් තවදුරටත් එය පිළිබදව පැවසුවේ වෙනසක් අවශ්‍ය නම් එය ලබාගැනීමේ ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සහ නෛතික ක්‍රමය වනුයේ ඡන්ද දායකයන්ගේ කැමැත්ත බවයි.

නිදහස් සහ සාධාරණ මැතිවරණයක් පහසුවෙන් නිරීක්ෂණය කල හැකි වුවත්, දැනුවත් ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාසයක් එසේ නිරීක්ෂණය කල නොහැක. කොට්ඨාසයේ සුළු කොටසක් පමණක් අ‍පේක්ෂකයාව පෞද්ගලිකව හඳුනනු ඇත. මේනිසා දැනුම අසම්පූර්ණය. ඉතුරු ඡන්ද දායකයන් අපේක්ෂකයාගේ තොරතුරු සහ වැඩ සටහන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් තෙවන පාර්ශවයක් මත රැදීමට සිදූවෙයි. මෙය විශ්වාසනීත්වයෙන් අඩුවේ. පක්ෂග්‍රාහිත්වය වැඩිපුරම ලැබෙනුයේ පවත්නා රජයටය.

තවත් සමහර විද්වතුන් පවසන්නේ ක්‍රියාකාරී ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදයට මැතිවරණ දෙවන වන බවයි. ඔවුන්ට අනුව නීතියේ ආදිපත්‍ය වඩා වැදගත්ය. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස හොංකොං දේශයේ එක්සත් කිරීමට පෙර එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් පාලනය කෙරුණද දැඩි නෛතික ආයතන නිසා එය නිදහස් හා විවෘත සමාජයක් ලෙස සැලකුණි.

සටහන්
මැතිවරණය
 මැතිවරණය

ප්‍රඡාතන්ත්‍රවාදී මැතිවරණයක නිර්වචන -Definition of democratic elections


Bereits bei den Olympischen Spielen 1904 und 1924 gehörten Basketballspiele mit Beteiligung US-amerikanischer Mannschaften zum Demonstrationsprogramm. Aber erst nach der Gründung des Internationalen Basketballverbandes FIBA 1932 konnte Basketball in das feste Programm der Olympischen Sommerspiele aufgenommen werden. So gehört Basketball seit den Sommerspielen 1936 und Basketball der Damen seit 1976 zum olympischen Programm. Seit 2020 ist die Streetball-Variante 3×3-Basketball Teil des olympischen Programms. Es wird sowohl ein Damen- als auch ein Herrenturnier ausgetragen.

Geschichte

Herren

Die Anfangsjahre
Das erste olympische Turnier 1936 wurde im Freien auf Tennisplätzen ausgerichtet. Seit den Spielen von 1948 wird das olympische Turnier in der Halle gespielt. Die ersten sieben Turniere endeten ausnahmslos mit Siegen der US-amerikanischen Mannschaft. Viermal in Folge lautete dabei das Finale USA – Sowjetunion.

Die 70er und 80er Jahre
Die US-amerikanische Dominanz wurde bei den Spielen 1972 zum ersten Mal gebrochen. In einem dramatischen Finale – wiederum USA gegen UdSSR – gelang der sowjetischen Mannschaft mit dem letzten, sehr umstrittenen Drei-Sekunden-Angriff der erste Sieg bei einem olympischen Turnier. Die 70er- und 80er-Jahre standen im Zeichen des Dreikampfes der Länder USA, Sowjetunion und Jugoslawien. Bei jedem olympischen Turnier dieser Zeit waren mindestens zwei dieser drei Mannschaften unter den ersten drei Teams, wobei den Vertretern der UdSSR und den US-Amerikanern je zwei und den Jugoslawen ein Sieg gelang.

Die Zeit der Profis
Seit den Olympischen Spielen in Barcelona 1992 dürfen auch Profi-Spieler aus der NBA an den Olympischen Spielen teilnehmen. Die erste US-amerikanische Profi-Mannschaft, das "Dream Team" mit Superstars wie Jordan, Bird, Malone, Johnson und Pippen gewann dieses Turnier souverän, mit einer durchschnittlichen Differenz von 44 Punkten und ohne ein einziges Mal eine Auszeit genommen zu haben. Je einer der Nachfolgestaaten von Jugoslawien und der UdSSR, Kroatien und Litauen, belegten die nachfolgenden Plätze. Die US-amerikanische Mannschaft gewann auch die nachfolgenden Turniere mit Ausnahme von 2004, als man in Athen im Halbfinale der Mannschaft aus Argentinien – dem späteren Turniersieger – unterlag.

Damen
Ebenso wie der olympische Basketball der Herren steht auch der Damenbasketball unter US-amerikanischer Dominanz. Von den bisherigen elf Turnieren gewannen die US-Amerikanerinnen acht, dabei die letzten sechs hintereinander. Die anderen drei olympischen Turniere wurden von den Spielerinnen aus der Sowjetunion gewonnen, zuletzt 1992 als Vereintes Team. Eine neue olympische Kraft stellt das Team aus Australien dar, das seit 2000 dreimal hintereinander das Finale erreichte und 1996 und 2012 jeweils den dritten Platz gewann.

Teilnahme der deutschen Mannschaften
Die deutschen Mannschaften haben bisher an fünf olympischen Turnieren teilgenommen. Als Gastgeber der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1936 scheiterte man in der zweiten Trostrunde und belegte mit vier anderen Mannschaften den 15. Platz. Die nächste Teilnahme erfolgte 1972. Wiederum als Gastgeber scheiterte die deutsche Mannschaft in der Zwischenrunde an Australien und wurde zwölfte. Nach der ersten sportlichen Qualifikation für die Spiele 1984 belegte die Mannschaft um Detlef Schrempf den 8. Platz. Die beste Platzierung errang die deutsche Mannschaft in Barcelona 1992 mit Platz 7. Detlef Schrempf gehörte bei diesem Turnier mit einem Schnitt von 23,1 Punkten zu den fünf Topscorern des Turniers. Diese Platzierung wurde auch beim Turnier 2008 nicht erreicht. Trotz der Teilnahme von Superstar Dirk Nowitzki, der bei diesen Spielen auch der Fahnenträger der deutschen olympischen Mannschaft war, gelang dem deutschen Team nur Platz zehn. Das deutsche Damen-Team konnte sich bisher für keines der zwölf olympischen Turniere qualifizieren.

Überblick der Wettbewerbe

Statistiken
Siehe auch: Liste der Olympiasieger im Basketball

Herren

Medaillengewinner

Medaillenspiegel

Teilnahme nach Ländern
Diese Übersicht zeigt die Platzierung der Länder bei dem jeweiligen Turnier

Fußnoten
1) NOC – kein Mitglied des IOC
2) 1936–56 als
3) bis 1988 Teil von
4) als Teil von
5) 1968–1988 als , siehe auch Olympische Geschichte Deutschlands
6) bis 1988 als , 1992 als
7) 2004 als , 2016 als
8) 1964 als Teil von
9) 2020 als

Damen

Medaillengewinner

Medaillenspiegel

Teilnahme nach Ländern
Diese Übersicht zeigt die Platzierung der Länder bei dem jeweiligen Turnier

Fußnoten
10) NOC – kein Mitglied des IOC
11) bis 1988 Teil von
12) 1992 als
13) bis 1992 Teil von
14) 1984–1996

Herren 3×3

Medaillengewinner

Medaillenspiegel

Teilnahme nach Ländern
Diese Übersicht zeigt die Platzierung der Länder bei dem jeweiligen Turnier

Damen 3×3

Medaillengewinner

Medaillenspiegel

Teilnahme nach Ländern
Diese Übersicht zeigt die Platzierung der Länder bei dem jeweiligen Turnier

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Turnier-Archiv der FIBA

Basketball bei den Olympischen Spielen


අම්පාරේ පිහිටා ඇති  සාම චෛත්‍යය, දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයෙන් අනතුරුව ලෝක ප්‍රජාව අතර අවිහිංසාවාදය ඇතිකිරීම සහ ලෝක සාමය සොයා යන ගමන තුල ඔවුන් එක්සත් කිරීම අරමුණු කර ගනිමින් ලොව පුරා ඉදිකරන ලද සාම චෛත්‍යය අතුරින් එකක් වෙයි. මෙම සාම චෛත්‍යය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නැගෙනහිර පළාතේ අම්පාර නගරයට ආසන්නව ඉදිකොට තිබෙයි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයකම සාම චෛත්‍ය ගොඩ නංවා තිබේ. ඉන් එකක් අම්පාර තුලත්, ඉතිරි චෛත්‍යයන් බණ්ඩාරවෙල, උණවටුන, ශ්‍රී පාද සහ වලපනේ හීද ඉදිකොට ඇත.

ඉතිහාසය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාද්වීපයහි මෙන්ම සමස්ථ ලෝ තලයෙහිම සාමය හා සමගිය තහවුරු කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ජපානයේ නිප්පොන්සන් ම්යෝහෝජි මහ නිකායේ පූජ්‍ය නිචිදත්සු පූජි (Nichidatsu Fujii) නා හිමියන්ගේ (1885-1985) අනුශාසනා පරිදි උන්වහන්සේගේ එකුන් ශතක ජන්ම සංවත්සරය සැමරීම නිමිති කොට ගෙන ඉදිකරන ලද අම්පාර සාම චෙෙත්‍යය, වර්ෂ 1988 පෙබරවාරි 28 වන දින ඉරු දිනදී, එවක ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජනපති ජේ. ආර්. ජයවර්ධන විසින් විවෘත කරන ලදී.

විහාරය
අම්පාර ඔරලෝසු කණුවෙහි සිට ඉඟිනියාගල දෙසට වූ ඩී.ස් සේනානායක මාර්ගයෙහි කිලෝ මීටර 4 ක් පමණ දුරින් සාම චෛත්‍යය සහිත විහාරය පිහිටා තිබෙයි.  විහාරයෙහි වූ ප්‍රධාන අංගයන් අතර, මහායාන ආකෘතිය අනූව ගොඩ නැංවූ බුද්ධ මන්දිරයක් සහ කුඩා බෝධි ශාඛාවක් දැක ගත හැකි වෙයි. විහාර චෛත්‍යය කුඩා පරිවාර චෙෙත්‍යයන් 99 කින් වටවී තිබෙයි.

ගැලරිය

මේවාද බලන්න
බණ්ඩාරවෙල සාම චෛත්‍යය
උණවටුන සාම චෛත්‍යය
වලපනේ සාම චෛත්‍යය
ශ්‍රී පාදස්ථාන සාම චෛත්‍යය

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි

අම්පාර
සාම චෛත්‍යයන්
අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන

සාම චෛත්‍යය, අම්පාර


Chuck is a masculine given name or a nickname for Charles or Charlie. It may refer to:

People

Arts and entertainment
 Chuck Alaimo, American saxophonist, leader of the Chuck Alaimo Quartet
 Chuck Barris (1929–2017), American TV producer
 Chuck Berry (1926–2017), American rock and roll musician
 Chuck Brown (1936–2012), American guitarist and singer
 Chuck Close (1940–2021), American painter and photographer
 Chuck Comeau (born 1979), Canadian drummer
 Chuck D (born 1960), stage name of Carlton Douglas Ridenhour, American rapper
 Chuck Garric, rock bassist of Alice Cooper
 Charlton Heston, "Chuck", (1923–2008), American actor and political activist
 Chuck Holmes (entrepreneur) (1945–2000), American entrepreneur and philanthropist, founded Falcon Studios
 Chuck Jones (1912–2002), American animator, screenwriter, producer, and director of animated films
 Chuck Leavell (born 1952), American pianist and keyboardist
 Chuck Lorre (born 1952), American television writer, director, producer, composer, and production manager
 Chuck Mangione (born 1940), American flugelhorn player and composer
 Chuck Norris (born 1940), American martial artist, actor and media personality
 Chuck Palahniuk (born 1962), American novelist and freelance journalist
 Chuck Schuldiner (1967–2001), American singer, songwriter, and guitarist
 Chuck Traynor (1937–2002), American pornographer
 Charles F. Walker, American historian
 Chuck Willis (1928–58), American blues singer and songwriter
 Chuck Woolery (born 1941), American actor, singer and game show host

Sports
 Chuck Bennett (1907–1973), American football player and coach
 Chuck Carney (1900–1984), American football and basketball player
 Chuck Clark (born 1995), American football player
 Chuck Clements (born 1973), American football player
 Chuck Cooper (basketball), (1926–1984), American basketball player
 Chuck Detwiler (born 1947), American football player
 Chuck Dressen (1898–1966), an American third baseman, manager and coach in professional baseball
 Chuck Drulis (1918–1972), American football player and coach
 Chuck Ealey (born 1950), American Canadian football player
 Chuck Fusina (born 1957), American college and professional football player
 Chuck Gelatka (1914–2001), American football player
 Chuck Hulse (1927–2020), American racing driver
 Chuck Hutchison (born 1948), American football player
 Chuck Lanza (born 1964), American football player
 Chuck Liddell (born 1969), American mixed martial artist and former UFC champion
 Chuck Long (born 1963), American football coach
 Chuck McKinley (1941–1986), American men's amateur tennis player
 Chuck Noll (1932–2014), American football coach
 Chuck Osborne (American football) (1973–2012), American football player
 Chuck Taylor (American football), American football player and coach
 Chuck Taylor (salesman) (1901–1969), American basketball player and shoe salesman/evangelist
 Chuck Taylor (baseball) (1942–2018), American baseball pitcher and player
 Chuck Wepner (born 1939), American heavyweight boxer
 Chuck Weatherspoon (born 1968), American football player

Politics
 Chuck Fager (born 1942), American activist, author, editor, publisher, and prominent member of the Religious Society of Friends
 Chuck Grassley (born 1933), senior United States senator from Iowa, serving since 1981
 Chuck Hagel (born 1946), United States Secretary of Defense, February 27, 2013 to February 13, 2015
 Chuck Schumer (born 1950), politician, and senior United States senator from New York, serving since 1999

Other
 Chuck Hull (born 1939), inventor of 3D printing
 Chuck Testa (born 1956), American taxidermist
 Chuck Yeager (1923–2020), retired brigadier general in the United States Air Force and record-setting test pilot
Charles W. Mooney Jr., American, the Charles A. Heimbold, Jr. Professor of Law, and former interim Dean, at the University of Pennsylvania Law School

Fictional characters

 Chuck, a character in the 1985 American adventure comedy film Pee-wee's Big Adventure
 Chuck Armstrong, a dark blue anthropomorphic car in the Pixar animated film Cars
 Chuck Billy (Chuck Billy 'n' Folks), a character from Monica's Gang and Chuck Billy 'n' Folks
 Chuck E. Cheese, Anthropomorphic restaurant mascot
 Chuck Bartowski, main character of the American television show Chuck
 Chuck (Pokémon), a character in the Pokémon universe
 Chuck, a character from Kodomo no Jikan, a Japanese manga series
 Chuck, a character from Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt, a Japanese anime television series
 Chuck, an anthropomorphic dump truck in the preschool TV series The Adventures of Chuck and Friends
 Chuck Greene, protagonist of Dead Rising 2
 Chuck (Stargate), a character from the Stargate television series
 Charlotte "Chuck" Charles, a character from the television series Pushing Daisies
 Chuck Bass, a character from the television series Gossip Girl
 Chuck, a male, triangular-shaped yellow canary in the Angry Birds games
 Chuck Cunningham, a character from the sitcom Happy Days
 Chuck Chambers, a character from iCarly
 Chuck McCoy, a character from Austin & Ally
 Chuck McGill, a character from the American television series Better Call Saul
 Chuck Miller, a character in the American teen romantic comedy 1987 movie Can't Buy Me Love
 Chuck Pearson, a character in 1989 American independent coming of age comedy movie She's Out of Control
 Chuck Rhoades, a character from the American television series Billions
 Polly Chuck, a character in the anime television series Fables of the Green Forest
 Not Chuck, a character referred to as 'Chuck' by Lightning McQueen in Cars

See also
 Chucky (name)
 Chucky (disambiguation)
 Chuckles (disambiguation)
 Charlie (disambiguation)
 Charley (disambiguation)
 Charles (disambiguation)
 Chuckii Booker
 Chuckey Charles

English masculine given names
Masculine given names
English-language masculine given names
Hypocorisms

Chuck


Mato Andrić (Garevac, 18. veljače 1928. – Sarajevo, srpnja 2015.), hrvatski - bosanskohercegovački pravnik i društveno-politički radnik i visoki politički i športski dužnosnik.

Životopis
Rođen je 18. veljače 1928. godine u Garevcu. U Sarajevu je završio Višu upravnu školu. Obnašao je visoke dužnosti u lokalnoj samoupravi, republičkoj upravi BiH i saveznoj, za razinu cijele SFR Jugoslavije. Predsjedavao je Narodnim odborom općine Odžaka. Bio je članom Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista BiH, Izvršnog komiteta CK SK BiH, član Sekretarijata CK SK BiH i ostalo. Izabran za zastupnika u Saveznoj skupštini Jugoslavije te Skupštine SR BiH, drugog i trećeg saziva. Na 13. kongresu SKJ izabran je na mjesto člana Centralnog komiteta SKJ.
Ministar unutarnjih poslova Bosne i Hercegovine. Bio je čelnik stožera za akciju potrage za nestalim zrakoplovom Džemala Bijedića.

Obnašao je dužnost predsjednika Centralnog komiteta SK BiH od 28. svibnja 1984., naslijedivši Hamdiju Pozderca do lipnja 1986., kad ga je naslijedio Milan Uzelac, te predsjednika Predsjedništva SR Bosne i Hercegovine od travnja 1987., naslijedivši Munira Mesihovića do travnja 1988. godine, kad ga je naslijedio Nikola Filipović. Bio je predsjednik Predsjedništva SRBiH u vrijeme Afere Agrokomerc.

Obnašao je dužnost predsjednika Željezničara iz Sarajeva sredinom 1980-ih. Bivši nogometaš Željezničara Rade Bogdanović posvjedočio je u intervjuu za Telegraf.rs da je Andrić, dok je bio predsjednik Željezničara i predsjednik CK SK BiH, da bi pomogao gradskom rivalu Sarajevu u osvajanju naslova prvaka kad je bio u utrci sa splitskim Hajdukom, pritisnuo igrače Željezničara kad su gubili za Sarajevu vrlo bitnu utakmicu protiv Hajduka, zaprijetivši im u svlačionici da nijedan neće moći zaigrati u inozemstvu izgube li utakmicu.

Iz partijskog članstva izbačen je nakon 10. kongresa SK BiH (7. – 9. prosinca 1989., prolog 14. Kongresa SKJ), i zajedno s njime Milenko Renovica, Hrvoje Ištuk i Nikola Stojanović nakon "slučaja Neum".

Izvor

Životopisi, Odžak
Životopisi, Sarajevo
Bosanskohercegovački komunisti u drugoj Jugoslaviji
Hrvatski političari u Bosni i Hercegovini
FK Željezničar Sarajevo

Mato Andrić (političar)


Mira Radielović Ricardel (Pasadena, 5. srpnja 1960.), američka političarka, pravnica i diplomatkinja hrvatskoga podrijetla. Vrši dužnost zamjenice savjetnika za nacionalnu sigurnost Predsjednika SAD-a Donalda Trumpa te je time najviše rangirana Hrvatica u američkoj administraciji.

Životopis
Rođena je 1960. u Pasadeni kao kći Petra Radielovića, poduzetnika podrijetlom iz srednjobosanske općine Breze i majke Brigitte, podrijetlom Njemice iz Heidelberga. Otac Petar je sa 16 godina preživio Bleiburški pokolj, nakon čega je 1954. preko Austrije iselio u Njemačku, gdje je upoznao njezinu majku. Obitelj se nakon nekoliko godina preselila u SAD, gdje je prvo rođen njezin brat Marko, a zatim i ona. Odrasla je u Pasadeni, a u obiteljskoj kući govorio se hrvatski jezik. Obitelj je bila aktivna i u kulturnom životu američkih Hrvata u Kaliforniji.

Diplomirala je međunarodne odnose na Sveučilištu Georgetown i doktorirala pravo i diplomaciju na Sveučilištu Tufts. Prvi politički angažman bio je onaj savjetnički u uredu senatora Boba Dolea. S početkom rata u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini istaknula se kao jedna od glavnih lobistica za hrvatske interese u Washingtonu, usko surađujući s Gojkom Šuškom, Josipom Manolićem i drugim hrvatskim političarima.

Nakon napada 11. rujna imenovana je savjetnicom odjela za Euroaziju, Središnju Aziju i Jugoistočnu Europu pri Ministarstvu obrane, gdje je savjetovala u pitanjima oko NATO-a, nuklearnog oružja, raketnih sustava i kontrole oružja. Slijedeći proglašenje Rata u Iraku 2003. godine bila je i savjetnicom američkih pregovarača koji su nastojali uspostaviti demokratsku vlast u Iraku. Godine 2006. postaje savjetnica u Boeingu, gdje je kasnije imenovana poptredsjednicom u dvama odjelima. Kasnije je radila i kao savjetnica u poduzećima za javnu nabavu.

Otpočetka je bila članica kampanje za predsjedničku kandidaturu Donalda Trumpa. Tako je tijekom predsjedničke kampanje bila savjetnica za programe State Departmenta, Ministarstva obrane i Ministarstva trgovine.

U braku je sa suprugom Vincentom, po zanimanju fotografom.

Izvori

Hrvati u SAD-u
Američki političari
Američki pravnici
Diplomati

Mira Radielović Ricardel