Thurø Kirke eller Trefoldighedskirken er en kirke på øen Thurø. Koret er tegnet af arkitekt og kongelig bygningsinspektør Kristoffer Varming

Præster
Den mest kendte præst fra Thurø Kirke er salmedigteren Johannes Johansen. Han blev siden domprovst og biskop i Helsingør Stift.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger
 Thurø Kirke hos KortTilKirken.dk
 Thurø Kirke hos danmarkskirker.natmus.dk (Danmarks Kirker, Nationalmuseet)

Kirker i Svendborg Kommune
Kirker i Fyens Stift
Kirker i Svendborg Amt

Thurø Kirke


Jeżów é uma cidade localizada no centro da Polônia. Pertence à voivodia de Łódź, condado de Brzeziny. É a sede da comuna urbana-rural de Jeżów.

Jeżów está localizada na histórica Mazóvia, na antiga Terra de Rawa. Anteriormente, a igreja da cidade, fundada em 1334, estava localizada na Terra de Rawa, na voivodia de Rawa. Degradada à categoria de vila em 31 de maio de 1870 e incorporada à comuna de Popień como sua nova sede. Em 21 de setembro de 1953, tornou-se sede da comuna de Jeżów, e nos anos 1954–1972 da gromada de Jeżów. A partir de 1973, novamente na comuna reativada de Jeżów. Nos anos 1975–1998, a cidade pertencia administrativamente à voivodia de Skierniewice. Recuperou o estatuto de cidade em 1 de janeiro de 2023.

Estende-se por uma área de 12,56 km², com 1 278 habitantes, segundo o censo de 31 de dezembro de 2021, com uma densidade populacional de 101,8 hab./km².

História

A história mais antiga de Jeżów está relacionada ao reitor do mosteiro beneditino em Lubiń, na Grande Polônia. Presumivelmente, a reitoria de Jeżów foi fundada durante o reinado de Boleslau III, ou seja, nos anos 1107–1138. De acordo com Jan Długosz, a igreja de Santo André foi construída por iniciativa de Piotr Włostowic, desde 1117, o conde palatino do duque Boleslau. Os beneditinos administraram uma grande paróquia, incluindo as aldeias de Góra, Mikulin, Jasienin e Krosnowa.

Durante os tempos do Bispo de Cracóvia, Gedka (ou seja, nos anos 1166–1185), um sínodo da Arquidiocese de Gniezno foi realizado no mosteiro de Jeżów com a participação do legado papal, Reginaldo. No final do século XIII, Jeżów tornou-se um dos assentamentos mais importantes da região. Um documento de Conrado I da Mazóvia, de 1239, indica haver um mercado e uma alfândega no assentamento de Jeżów (localizado na rota comercial da Pomerânia para Sandomierz). Em 1257, o duque Siemowit I libertou parcialmente a população de Jeżów de suas obrigações para com o governante e, em 1298, Boleslau II o fez completamente.

Direitos de cidade
Em 1334, com o consentimento do príncipe Siemowit II, Jeżów obteve os direitos de cidade. Uma escola paroquial local foi fundada sob os cuidados do reitor de Jeżów. Muitos alunos da Academia de Cracóvia vieram desta escola. Já em 1406, um certo Spytko, filho de Estanislau, de Jeżów (Spitko Stanislai de Jeszow) foi registrado nos anais desta universidade. Nos anos de 1462–1500, mais três estudantes de Jeżów, e nos anos de 1500–1600 outros treze. Em 1462, após a morte de Władysław II, o Duque de Płock, a Terra de Rawa com Jeżów foi anexada à Coroa. A cidade cresceu e enviou colonos. Maciej, filho de Maciej, de Jeżów tornou-se em 1459 o fundador da cidade de Skierniewice. Havia uma casa de banhos na cidade, que os monges e alunos da escola paroquial podiam usar gratuitamente uma vez por semana. Guildas de ferreiros, fundidores e sapateiros foram criadas. Durante o reinado de Sigismundo I, o Velho, Jeżów adquiriu o direito de organizar 9 feiras por ano. Os seus habitantes estavam isentos da obrigação de abastecimento militar (decretos de 1519 e 1546).

Em 1494 a cidade foi destruída por um incêndio. A igreja de Santo André também foi destruída. A reconstrução desta igreja foi liderada pelo abade Piotr nos anos 1494–1505. Após a reconstrução, Jeżów era uma das cidades mais bonitas da Polônia. O rei Sigismundo I, o Velho (4 de junho de 1513) e seu filho Sigismundo II Augusto (10 de maio de 1552) estiveram aqui.

Declínio

Durante o "dilúvio sueco" (1655–1657), a cidade foi saqueada e destruída duas vezes (a primeira vez em abril de 1655 e a segunda em junho de 1657). A cidade sofreu pela terceira vez durante a rebelião de Lubomirski em 1665, quando os habitantes da cidade de Jeżów foram estuprados. Dois anos depois (1667) Jeżów (além dos monges) tinha apenas 33 habitantes. Para comemorar os assassinados e os que morreram durante a peste na segunda metade do século XVII, uma igreja cemitério foi dedicada a São Leonardo. Apesar dos esforços extenuantes dos reitores de Jeżów, a cidade foi reconstruída lentamente. Em 1777, Jeżów tinha 91 casas residenciais e 546 habitantes e tinha direito a 4 feiras. No ano seguinte, o rei Estanislau II Augusto adicionou quatro novas feiras às existentes.

Como resultado da Segunda Partição da Polônia (1793), Jeżów ficou sob o domínio da Prússia. Os prussianos estabeleceram uma guarnição militar na cidade e elaboraram uma descrição detalhada da cidade (88 casas de madeira, 393 habitantes, incluindo 93 pessoas principais). Havia 27 artesãos na cidade, o restante dos habitantes vivia da agricultura (tendo 44 cavalos e 180 bois de tração) e da criação (o censo alemão registra um total de 97 vacas, 61 ovelhas, 96 porcos). Havia um hospital-asilo na cidade, onde ficavam 8 idosos ou aleijados. O poder na cidade era exercido pelo prefeito (Józef Szwaciński) com a ajuda de 6 vereadores. A secularização da propriedade da igreja em 1796 resultou na liquidação do reitorado beneditino. A propriedade da igreja ficou sob a administração do rei prussiano e Jeżów tornou-se uma cidade real. Assim, a cidade perdeu seu rico patrono na forma da ordem beneditina. Em 1798, tinha 98 casas e 526 habitantes. Um aumento bastante significativo na população foi associado ao estabelecimento de comerciantes e artesãos judeus em Jeżów, que anteriormente não podiam viver nas propriedades da igreja.

Nos anos de 1807–1815, Jeżów fazia parte do Ducado de Varsóvia. No entanto, o período das guerras napoleônicas não foi favorável para o desenvolvimento da cidade. Em 6 de julho de 1807, ocorreu um grande incêndio, que destruiu a maior parte das casas. Em 1809, uma epidemia de cólera estourou, dizimando a população. Os mercados deixaram de funcionar na cidade e a escola primária foi fechada. Apenas o hospital-asilo ainda funcionava.

Com a criação da Polônia do Congresso, surgiram os sintomas do desenvolvimento da cidade. Em 1815, a praça da cidade foi pavimentada e, em 1837, duas ruas principais − Piotrkowska e Tylna. Em 1826, foi demarcado um hospital para judeus, cujo número crescia significativamente. Em 1830, a cidade tinha 102 casas e 798 habitantes, incluindo 67 judeus.

Segundo o censo de 1860, Jeżów tinha 2 igrejas (uma de tijolos, a outra de madeira no cemitério) e 125 casas (2 de tijolos). Tinha 1 217 habitantes, incluindo 335 judeus e 16 alemães. Havia 2 hotéis e 9 pousadas na cidade. Sessenta pessoas se dedicavam ao comércio, 97 ao artesanato, o restante dos habitantes da cidade cuidava da criação e da agricultura.

Perda dos direitos de cidade

Em 1869, por decreto do czar, Jeżów perdeu seus direitos municipais e, no ano seguinte, por decisão do governador de Piotrków, foi incorporada à comuna de Popień (com sede em Popień). Apesar da degradação, Jeżów permaneceu o principal centro da comuna. Aqui funcionava a única escola primária de toda a comuna, frequentada por quase duzentos alunos (a segunda escola existente em Katarzynów, criada por colonos alemães, ensinava apenas em alemão e russo). A educação profissional desenvolveu-se bem em Jeżów.

Segunda Guerra Mundial
Durante a ocupação nazista, em 1940, os alemães estabeleceram um gueto para residentes judeus. Cerca de 1 600 judeus ficaram lá. Em março de 1941, eles foram deportados para o gueto de Varsóvia e de lá para o campo de extermínio Treblinka II e lá assassinados.

Recuperação do estatuto de cidade
Em 29 de dezembro de 2021, o conselho da comuna de Jeżów aprovou uma resolução sobre a recuperação dos direitos da cidade por Jeżów. Segundo o prefeito Mariusz Guzicki, tratava-se de justiça histórica. A maioria dos residentes entrevistados pela Rádio Łódź viu os esforços das autoridades locais para restaurar os direitos da cidade. O prazo para consultas públicas foi de 2 a 23 de fevereiro de 2022. Das 2 711 pessoas com direito a voto, 801 compareceram às consultas (29,55% de comparecimento). Setecentos e trinta e uma pessoas (91,26%) votaram pela concessão do estatuto de cidade, 40 pessoas votaram contra (4,99%), 27 pessoas se abstiveram de votar (3,37%) e 3 votos foram inválidos. Em 25 de março de 2022, o Conselho da Comuna de Jeżów, por unanimidade, com os votos de 13 conselheiros, adotou a resolução XXXVI/258/2022 sobre a solicitação do estatuto de cidade de Jeżów. Em 1 de janeiro de 2023, o estatuto de cidade foi restaurado.

Monumentos históricos

Segundo o registro de monumentos do Instituto do Patrimônio Nacional, estão inscritos na lista de monumentos os seguintes objetos:
 Complexo do mosteiro beneditino, século XVI-XX:
 Igreja, atualmente igreja paroquial de São José (acrescentada à nave da igreja de Santo André);
 Igreja de Santo André, século XVI;
 Cemitério da igreja;
 Campanário, 1914;
 Cemitério católico, século XIX;
 Igreja cemitério de São Leonardo, de madeira, segunda metade do século XIX;
 Portão do cemitério;
 Cemitério de guerra (de soldados poloneses), rua Wojska Polskiego, 1939–1945;
 Capela (mausoléu), 1884;
 Cemitério de guerra da Primeira Guerra Mundial (soldados alemães);
 Casa, avenida 1 Maja 7/9, madeira, início do século XIX;
 Casa, avenida 1 Maja 17, meados do século XIX;
 Casa, rua Rawska 7, primeira metade do século XIX;
 Casa, rua Rawska 43, primeira metade do século XIX;
 Casa, rua Szkolna 6, madeira, 1820.

Bibliografia
 Jan Józefecki, Maria Piekut: Zarys dziejów Jeżowa. Łowicz, 1985.
 Marek Koter, Stanisław Liszewski, Andrzej Suliborski: Łódź i region Polski Środkowej. Łódź: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 2000, p. 338-339.

Ligações externas

Cidades da Polónia
Cidades de Łódź (voivodia)

Jeżów


An Dendrobium decumbens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Dendrobium decumbens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 D. d. decumbens
 D. d. stenophyllum

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium decumbens


La Unión Deportiva Moravia fue un club de fútbol de la ciudad de San Vicente de Moravia, San José, Costa Rica. Fue fundado el 23 de noviembre de 1922. Ganó 2 títulos de Tercera División y 2 de la Segunda División de Costa Rica.

Historia
En 1921 el C.S Moravia de San Vicente participa del campeonato por la Segunda División de Costa Rica ante La Libertad, Herediano y juvenil moraviano, siendo monarca en aquella categoría. Ésta hazaña deportiva y futbolística motiva a dirigentes y entusiastas a formar con jóvenes de la zona, el Club Sport Unión Deportiva Moravia.

El primer contacto con la Primera División de Costa Rica se dio en 1926 cuando se inscribió para el certamen, no duró mucho ya que solo jugó ese año y luego no se inscribió más; para 1944 ganó el cetro de la Segunda División de Costa Rica; no obstante no ascendió. Logró su cometido en 1950 cuando de nuevo se dejó el cetro y disputó la serie de promoción ante el CS Cartaginés, liquidando en tres choques al cuadro de la Vieja Metrópoli logrando el ascenso.

Estuvo hasta 1955, temporada en la cual solo logró ocho puntos de 36 posibles y así dijo adiós para siempre del fútbol de la división de honor; jugando un total de 76 partidos en la máxima categoría, aunque con saldo negativo.

Estuvo varios años más luchando en segunda y tercera división, desapareciendo a finales de los 80.

Para el año 1989 se corona campeón nacional juvenil en ANAFA.

Aunque fue de vida efímera en el balompié mayor, el club josefino destacó en varios torneos intercantonales cuando usualmente debía actuar ante otros clubes de cantones vecinos que tendrían también representación en torneos de segunda y primera división, como el Club Sport Uruguay de Coronado o el Club Sport Guadalupe.

Cabe destacar que su mejor temporada en la Primera División fue en 1953, cuando alcanzó un histórico tercer lugar.

Desaparición
Corrían los años 90's cuando el Club Unión Deportiva Moravia dejó de existir.

En el año 1974 Moravia irrumpe en la Segunda División y luego desciende. Posteriormente en 1980 los moravianos son campeones cantonales de la liga aficionada; dejando en el camino a la A.D Durpanel San Blas.

No obstante en 1991 Moravia se vuelve a coronar campeón por San José junto con Atlético Cariari de Plaza Víquez, La Unión de Pérez Zeledón y la Esc. de Fútbol de Escazú.

Jugadores importantes de la época
Víctor Rodríguez, Eliseo Rojas, Valentín Cordero, "Cerilla" Bolaños, Miguel "Chino" Castro, Clarke Sánchez, José Luis "Saningo" Soto, Ignacio y José Manuel "Macho" Castro Valverde, Geofroy "Froy" Castro

Datos del club

 Temporadas en Primera División: 5
 Temporadas en Segunda División de Costa Rica: ¿?
 Temporadas en Tercera División: ¿?

 Mayor goleada conseguida:
 11-1 frente al Deportivo Saprissa

 Mayor posición:
  5 lugar.

Palmarés

Torneos nacionales
 Campeón Tercera División de Ascenso ANAFA San José Region 5 (1): 1991
 Ascenso Reglamentario de FCF y Liga de Tercera División (2.ª División de Ascenso): 1974-75
 Primera División de Costa Rica (0): -
 Segunda División de Costa Rica (2): 1944 y 1950

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Unión Deportiva Moravia

 Historia

 Imágenes

Equipos de fútbol desaparecidos de Costa Rica
Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1922
Equipos de fútbol desaparecidos en 1989
Equipos de fútbol de la provincia de San José

Unión Deportiva Moravia


Reichertshausen ist ein Gemeindeteil des Marktes Au in der Hallertau in Oberbayern.

Geografie
Das Pfarrdorf im Landkreis Freising liegt auf dem Weg zwischen Freising und Au in der Hallertau. Durch die Ortsmitte führt die Bundesstraße 301.

Geschichte
Als Richartshusun geht der Ort bis ins Jahr 779 in die Zeit des Agilofingerherzogs Tassilo III. zurück. Die Landgemeinde Reichertshausen wurde 1818 mit den bayerischen Gemeindeedikt begründet. Sie umfasste die Ortschaften Sindorf, Willertshausen, Hettenkirchen, Dobl und Mösbuch sowie die Einöde Holzmair. 1900 kam Kleingründling hinzu.

Mit der Gebietsreform in Bayern wurde am 1. Juli 1972 der größere Teil der Gemeinde Reichertshausen nach Au in der Hallertau eingegliedert. Nur Hettenkirchen kam zur Gemeinde Attenkirchen und Kleingründling zum Markt Nandlstadt.

Baudenkmäler
In Reichertshausen sind als Baudenkmäler ausgewiesen:
 die katholische Pfarrkirche St. Stephan; ihr Chor ist spätgotisch und stammt aus der 2. Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts; das Langhaus wurde 1852/54 errichtet und 1911 erweitert und gewölbt; das Turmobergeschoss stammt aus dem Jahr 1901
 der ehemalige Pfarrhof, ein barocker Walmdachbau aus dem Jahr 1726 (Hauptstraße 5)
 ein Gasthaus, ein Walmdachbau vom Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts (Hauptstraße 7)
 eine Mariensäule mit der Jahreszahl 1874 (an der Hauptstraße neben der katholischen Pfarrkirche)

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz der Gemeinde Au in der Hallertau

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Au in der Hallertau)
Ort im Landkreis Freising
Ort in der Hallertau
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Freising)
Ersterwähnung 779
Gemeindeauflösung 1972
Kirchdorf (Siedlungstyp)

Reichertshausen (Au in der Hallertau)


En jukebox er en musikafspiller, der startes ved at indkaste en mønt

Jukebox kan også hentyde til flere artikler:

Musik
 Jukebox (JLS album)
 Jukebox (Bachman Cummings album) fra 2007
 Jukebox (Bent Fabric album) album af Bent Fabric fra 2004
 "Jukebox" sang af Bent Fabric fra albummet af samme navn
 Jukebox (Cat Power album) fra 2008
 Jukebox (Jamaaladeen Tacuma album) fra 1988 med den jamaikanske jazzmusiker Jamaaladeen Tacuma
 Jukebox (Priscilla Renea album) fra 2009 af Priscilla Renea
 Jukebox (Drifters album) fra 2003 af det svenske band the Drifters
 Jukebox (Human Nature album) fra 2014.
 Jukeboxer kunstnernavnet for musikeren Noah Wall fra Brooklyn.
 Juke Box Records, et pladeselskab
 "Jukebox (Don't Put Another Dime)", en sang af The Flirts

Steder
 San Francisco Marriott Marquis er kendt for sit særprægede "jukebox"-udseende

Jukebox (flertydig)


Parcul Național Natural Nistrul de Jos (în ) este o arie protejată cu statut de parc național în sud-vestul Ucrainei (regiunea Odesa). Parcul este amplasat în cursul inferior al Nistrului de la frontiera cu Republica Moldova și pînă la vărsarea fluviului în limanul omonim. El este situat pe teritoriul a trei raioane din regiunea Odesa: Bileaiivka, Cetatea Albă și Ovidiopol.

Galerie de imagini

Parcuri naționale din Ucraina
Arii protejate din Ucraina
Fondări în 2008
Nistru

Parcul Național Nistrul de Jos (Ucraina)


Sir William Samuel Stephenson  (23 January 1897 – 31 January 1989), born William Samuel Clouston Stanger, was a Canadian soldier, fighter pilot, businessman and spymaster who served as the senior representative of the British Security Coordination (BSC) for the western allies during World War II. He is best known by his wartime intelligence code name, Intrepid. Many people consider him to be one of the real-life inspirations for James Bond. Ian Fleming himself once wrote, "James Bond is a highly romanticised version of a true spy. The real thing is... William Stephenson."

As head of the BSC, Stephenson handed British scientific secrets over to Franklin D. Roosevelt and relayed American secrets back to Winston Churchill. In addition, Stephenson has been credited with changing American public opinion from an isolationist stance to a supportive tendency regarding the United States' entry into World War II.

Early life

Stephenson was born William Samuel Clouston Stanger on 23 January 1897, in Point Douglas, Winnipeg, Manitoba. His mother was Icelandic, and his father was Scottish from the Orkney Islands. He was adopted early by an Icelandic family after his parents could no longer care for him, and given his foster parents' name, Stephenson.  Water street in Winnipeg was renamed in his honour to William Stephenson Way.

He left school at a young age and worked as a telegrapher. In January 1916, during World War I, he volunteered for service in the 101st Overseas Battalion (Winnipeg Light Infantry), Canadian Expeditionary Force. He left for England on RMS Olympic on 29 June 1916, arriving on 6 July 1916. The 101st Battalion was broken up in England, and he was transferred to the 17th Reserve Battalion in East Sandling, Kent. On 17 July, he was transferred to the Canadian Engineer Training Depot. He was attached to the Sub Staff, Canadian Training Depot Headquarters, in Shorncliffe, and was promoted to Sergeant (with pay of Clerk) in May 1917. In June 1917 he was "on command" to the Cadet Wing of the Royal Flying Corps at Denham Barracks, Buckinghamshire.

On 15 August 1917, Stephenson was officially struck off the strength of the Canadian Expeditionary Force and granted a commission in the Royal Flying Corps. Posted to 73 Squadron on 9 February 1918, he flew the Sopwith Camel biplane fighter and scored 12 victories to become a flying ace before he was shot down and crashed his plane behind enemy lines on 28 July 1918.  During the incident Stephenson was injured by fire from a German ace pilot, Justus Grassmann, by friendly fire (according to a French observer), or by both. In any event, he was subsequently captured by the Germans and held as a prisoner of war until allegedly escaping in October 1918. In fact His RAF Service file indicates that he was repatriated from the Holzminden prisoner-of-war camp on 9 December 1918.

By the end of World War I, Stephenson had achieved the rank of Captain and earned the Military Cross and the Distinguished Flying Cross. His medal citations perhaps foreshadow his later achievements, and read:

Interwar period

After World War I, Stephenson returned to Manitoba and with a friend, Wilf Russell, started a hardware business, inspired largely by a can opener that Stephenson had taken from his POW camp. The business was unsuccessful, and he left Canada for England. In England, Stephenson soon became wealthy, with business contacts in many countries. In 1924, he married American tobacco heiress Mary French Simmons, of Springfield, Tennessee. That same year, Stephenson and George W. Walton patented a system for transmitting photographic images via wireless that produced £100,000 a year in royalties for the 18-year run of the patent (about $12 million per annum adjusted for inflation in 2010). In addition to his patent royalties, Stephenson swiftly diversified into several lucrative industries: radio manufacturing (General Radio Company Limited); aircraft manufacturing (General Aircraft Limited); Pressed Steel Company that manufactured car bodies for the British motor industry; construction and cement, as well as Shepperton Studios and Earls Court. Stephenson had a broad base of industrial contacts in Europe, Britain and North America, as well as a large group of contacts in the international film industry. Shepperton Studios were the largest film studios in the world outside of Hollywood.

As early as April 1936, Stephenson was voluntarily providing confidential information to British MP Winston Churchill about how Adolf Hitler's Nazi government was building up its armed forces and hiding military expenditures of £800,000,000. This was a clear violation of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and showed the growing Nazi threat to European and international security. Churchill used Stephenson's information in Parliament to warn against the appeasement policies of the government of Neville Chamberlain.

World War II

After World War II began (and over the objections of Sir Stewart Menzies, wartime head of British intelligence) now-Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent Stephenson to the United States on 21 June 1940, to covertly establish and run British Security Coordination (BSC) in New York City, over a year before U.S. entry into the war.

His deputy at BSC was the Australian-born MI6 intelligence officer Dick Ellis, who has been credited with writing the blueprint for William Donovan's Coordinator of Information and the Office of Strategic Services. Ellis wrote the foreword for William Stevenson's 1976 biography of Stephenson, A Man Called Intrepid.

BSC was registered by the State Department as a foreign entity. It operated out of Room 3603 at Rockefeller Center and was officially known as the British Passport Control Office from which it had expanded. BSC acted as the administrative headquarters more than the operational one for the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and was a channel for communications and liaison between US and British security and intelligence organisations.

Stephenson's initial directives for BSC were to
investigate enemy activities;
institute security measures against sabotage to British property; and
organize American public opinion in favour of aid to Britain.

Later this was expanded to include "the assurance of American participation in secret activities throughout the world in the closest possible collaboration with the British". Stephenson's official title was British Passport Control Officer. His unofficial mission was to create a secret British intelligence network throughout the western hemisphere, and to operate covertly and broadly on behalf of the British government and the Allies in aid of winning the war.

Stephenson was soon a close adviser to Roosevelt, and suggested that he put Stephenson's good friend William J. "Wild Bill" Donovan in charge of all U.S. intelligence services. Donovan founded the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which in 1947 would become the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). As senior representative of British intelligence in the western hemisphere, Stephenson was one of the few persons in the hemisphere who were authorized to view raw Ultra transcripts of German Enigma ciphers that had been decrypted at Britain's Bletchley Park facility. He was trusted by Churchill to decide what Ultra information to pass along to various branches of the U.S. and Canadian governments.

While it was still neutral, agreement was made for all trans-Atlantic mails from the U.S. to be routed through the British colony of Bermuda, 640 miles off the North Carolina coast. Airmails carried by both British and American aircraft were landed at RAF Darrell's Island and delivered to 1,200 censors of British Imperial Censorship, part of BSC, working in the Princess Hotel. All mail, radio and telegraphic traffic bound for Europe, the U.S. and the Far East were intercepted and analyzed by 1,200 censors, of British Imperial Censorship, part of British Security Coordination (BSC), before being routed to their destination with no indication that they had been read.
With BSC working closely with the FBI, the censors were responsible for the discovery and arrest of a number of Axis spies operating in the US, including the Joe K ring.

After the war, Stephenson lived at the Princess Hotel for a time before buying his own home in Bermuda.

Under Stephenson, BSC directly influenced U.S. media (including newspaper columns by Walter Winchell and Drew Pearson), and media in other hemisphere countries, toward pro-British and anti-Axis views. Once the U.S. had entered the war in Dec. 1941, BSC went on to train U.S. propagandists from the United States Office of War Information in Canada. BSC covert intelligence and propaganda efforts directly affected wartime developments in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Mexico, the Central American countries, Bermuda, Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Stephenson worked without salary.

He hired hundreds of people, mostly Canadian women, to staff his organization and covered much of the expense out of his own pocket. His employees included secretive communications genius Benjamin deForest "Pat" Bayly and future advertising wizard David Ogilvy. Stephenson employed Amy Elizabeth Thorpe, codenamed CYNTHIA, to seduce Vichy French officials into giving up Enigma ciphers and secrets from their Washington embassy. At the height of the war Bayly, a University of Toronto professor from Moose Jaw, created the Rockex, the fast secure communications system that would eventually be relied on by all the Allies.

Not least of Stephenson's contributions to the war effort was the setting up by BSC of Camp X, the unofficial name of the secret Special Training School No. 103, a Second World War paramilitary installation for training covert agents in the methods required for success in clandestine operations. Located in Whitby, Ontario, this was the first such training school in North America. Estimates vary, but between 500 and 2,000 British, Canadian and American covert operators were trained there from 1941 to 1945.

Reports indicate that Camp X graduates worked as "secret agents, security personnel, intelligence officers, or psychological warfare experts, serving in clandestine operations. Many were captured, tortured, and executed; survivors received no individual recognition for their efforts." Camp X graduates operated in Europe (Spain, Portugal, Italy and the Balkans) as well as in Africa, Australia, India and the Pacific. They may have included Ian Fleming (though there is evidence to the contrary), future author of the James Bond books. It has been said that the fictional Goldfinger's raid on Fort Knox was inspired by a Stephenson plan (never carried out) to steal $2,883,000,000 in Vichy French gold reserves from the French Caribbean colony of Martinique.

BSC purchased a ten-kilowatt transmitter from Philadelphia radio station WCAU and installed it at Camp X. By mid-1944, Hydra (as the Camp X transmitter was known) was transmitting 30,000 and receiving 9,000 message groups daily – much of the secret Allied intelligence traffic across the Atlantic.

Honours

For his extraordinary service to the war effort, he was made a Knight Bachelor by King George VI in the 1945 New Year Honours. In recommending Stephenson for the knighthood, Winston Churchill wrote: "This one is dear to my heart."

In November 1946 Stephenson received the Medal for Merit from President Harry S. Truman, at that time the highest U.S. civilian award. He was the first non-American to be so honoured. General "Wild Bill" Donovan presented the medal. The citation paid tribute to Stephenson's "valuable assistance to America in the fields of intelligence and special operations".

The "Quiet Canadian" was recognized by his native land late: he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada on 17 December 1979, and invested in the Order on 5 February 1980.

On 2 May 2000, CIA Executive Director David W. Carey, representing Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet and Deputy Director John A. Gordon, accepted from the Intrepid Society of Winnipeg, Manitoba, a bronze statuette of Stephenson. In his remarks, Carey said:

Sir William Stephenson played a key role in the creation of the CIA. He realized early on that America needed a strong intelligence organization and lobbied contacts close to President Roosevelt to appoint a U.S. "coordinator" to oversee FBI and military intelligence. He urged that the job be given to William J. "Wild Bill" Donovan, who had recently toured British defences and gained the confidence of Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Although Roosevelt didn't establish exactly what Sir William had in mind, the organization created represented a revolutionary step in the history of American intelligence. Donovan's Office of Strategic Services was the first "central" U.S. intelligence service. OSS worked closely with and learned from Sir William and other Canadian and British officials during the war. A little later, these OSS officers formed the core of the CIA. Intrepid may not have technically been the father of CIA, but he's certainly in our lineage someplace.

On 8 August 2008, Stephenson was recognized for his work by Major General John M. Custer, Commandant of the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps. Custer inducted him as an honorary member of the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps, an honour shared by only two other non-Americans.

Legacy

In 1997, a new public library built in Winnipeg was named for him, after a vote was held to choose the name of the new library.  Leo Mol donated a miniature of his statue of Stephenson to the library.

On 24 July 1999, The Princess Royal unveiled, in Stephenson's hometown of Winnipeg, Manitoba, near the Provincial Legislature on York Street, Leo Mol's life-sized bronze statue of Stephenson in military aviator uniform.  The monument is dedicated to Stephenson's memory and achievements.

On 15 November 2009, Water Avenue in downtown Winnipeg was renamed William Stephenson Way.

Whitby, Ontario has a street named for Stephenson. It connects with streets named Intrepid and Overlord. The town is also home to Sir William Stephenson Public School, which opened in 2004.

In Oshawa, Ontario, Branch 637 of the Royal Canadian Legion is named for Stephenson. Intrepid Park, named after Stephenson's wartime code name, is located in southern Oshawa near the original Camp X site. A historic plaque erected at the park reads as follows:

Disputes

In 1976 British-born Canadian author William Stevenson published a biography of Stephenson, A Man Called Intrepid. Some of the book's statements have been called into question; in a review the same year, Hugh Trevor-Roper wrote that "This book ... is, from start to finish, utterly worthless," while other former intelligence personnel and historians criticized the book for inaccuracies. Nigel West's 1998 book Counterfeit Spies asserts that "Intrepid" was probably not Stephenson's codename, but BSC's telegraphic address in New York. Stevenson was a frequent visitor to Bermuda, where Stephenson had taken up residence during after the war. He was an ex-naval officer, having served in the Fleet Air Arm during the war with prominent Bermudian lawyer William Kempe (a founding partner of Appleby, Spurling & Kempe), a prominent Bermudian law firm (another author and frequent visitor to Bermuda was ex-naval officer Ian Fleming).

Intelligence historian David A. T. Stafford asserts that a more reliable source on Stephenson's career is H. Montgomery Hyde's The Quiet Canadian, published in 1962, before Stevenson's book.
But generally acknowledged as the most accurate account of Stephenson's life is Bill Macdonald's The True Intrepid (1998), with a foreword by the late CIA staff historian Thomas Troy. The book clears up the spymaster's fictitious background in Winnipeg and contains oral histories from his ex-agents. Macdonald's book includes a chapter on the secretive communications genius Benjamin deForest "Pat" Bayly, who according to Stafford's book Camp X – refused to speak with Stafford. Bayly is not mentioned in The Quiet Canadian or A Man Called Intrepid.

 In Counterfeit Spies, Bermuda resident Rupert Allason (Nigel West) reports that no record exists of Stephenson having received the French Croix de guerre avec Palmes or the Légion d'honneur. Stephenson was of course awarded Britain's Military Cross and Distinguished Flying Cross for his heroics in France. In September 2009 his medals and other effects were displayed in Manitoba's legislative building, in Winnipeg.

 William Stevenson describes a dinner held at Lord Beaverbrook's house in May or June 1940 which Stephenson purportedly attended. Churchill's private secretary Jock Colville casts doubt on Stevenson's account, pointing out that the invitation that Churchill supposedly sent Stephenson was clearly a forgery. The highly punctilious Churchill would never have called Beaverbrook "the beaver", and he would never have signed himself "W.C." (the abbreviation for "water closet)."  Moreover, Stevenson reports that Lord Trenchard chatted with Stephenson about his own fighter plane; however, in 1940 Trenchard was over 65 years old and was retired from the military. In author William Stevenson's papers at the University of Regina there is a reference to the Beaverbrook dinner, noting that in later years Stephenson had cabled the author that he did not recall the exact date of the gathering. There is no mention of Stephenson having received an invitation from Churchill.   In his foreword to Richard Dunlop's Donovan, Stephenson writes that he received a telephoned invitation to the dinner.
 In his 1981 book The Churchillians, Jock Colville took issue with Stevenson's description of Stephenson's wartime relations with Churchill. Colville pointed out that Stephenson was not Churchill's personal liaison with Roosevelt, that in fact (as is well known) the two leaders corresponded directly. Indeed, Colville contends that he never heard Churchill speak of Stephenson (which may say as much about Churchill's relations with Colville, an Assistant Private Secretary, as it does about his relations with the spy Stephenson). Based on this and other questions, Colville expressed the hope that Stevenson's book would not be "used for the purpose of historical reference."  Meanwhile, numerous other references to a Stephenson-Churchill connection can be found; for example, in Maclean's magazine, 17 December 1952, and The Times, 21 October 1962. The relationship is also referenced in Hyde's biography of Stephenson, The Quiet Canadian (1962). In addition, British–Soviet double agent Kim Philby, in his book My Silent War, refers to Stephenson as a friend of Churchill's. Stephenson's personal secretary and personal cipher clerks mention Stephenson-Churchill communications in The True Intrepid and in the documentary film Secret Secretaries. In CIA historian Thomas Troy's book Wild Bill and Intrepid, there is a chapter on the relationship based on several direct interviews conducted by the author with Stephenson on Bermuda which discounts much of the criticism of West and Hugh Trevor-Roper.

Popular culture

In 1979 Stephenson was portrayed by David Niven in the miniseries A Man Called Intrepid, based on William Stevenson's bestseller, A Man Called Intrepid.

Notes

References

 Richard Woytak, prefatory note (pp. 75–76) to Marian Rejewski, "Remarks on Appendix 1 to British Intelligence in the Second World War by F.H. Hinsley", Cryptologia, vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1982), pp. 76–83.

External links
 The Maple Leaf
 "The Intrepid Society" website, based in Winnipeg, Canada, Sir William Stephenson's home city.
 Article "This One is Dear to My Heart", by Ron Cynewulf Robbins, Finest Hour Issue No. 67, Second Quarter 1990, published by The Churchill Centre
 Website of Camp X Historical Society
 True Intrepid, website devoted to information about William Stephenson
 The Royal Canadian Legion – Branch 637, website of The Royal Canadian Legion's Sir William Stephenson Branch (#637)
 "arcade-history" web site, summarizing the video game Intrepid
 , "L'impact de la roue à miroirs. 1920–1929", Site "Histoire de la télévision".

1897 births
1989 deaths
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Companions of the Order of Canada
Recipients of the Medal of Freedom
Medal for Merit recipients
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Spymasters
Royal Air Force officers
Canadian recipients of the Military Cross
Businesspeople from Winnipeg
Canadian people of Icelandic descent
Canadian Knights Bachelor
Canadian World War I flying aces
Canadian prisoners of war in World War I
British intelligence operatives
Royal Flying Corps officers
British Army personnel of World War I
Canadian military personnel from Manitoba
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
World War I prisoners of war held by Germany
Canadian people of Scottish descent
People of the United States Office of War Information

William Stephenson


Franz Eckert (* 14. November 1931; † 16. November 2017) war ein österreichischer Wirtschaftsjurist. Er war zudem Diakon der römisch-katholischen Kirche und sehr aktiv als Funktionär im Österreichischen Roten Kreuz Landesverband Niederösterreich tätig.

Beruflicher Werdegang

Franz Eckert studierte Rechtswissenschaften und war ab 1961 als Wirtschaftsanwalt in Baden bei Wien (Eckert & Fries Rechtsanwälte GmbH) tätig. Er hatte zahlreiche Aufsichtsratsmandate inne, darunter bei Adolf Darbo AG, OMV Tankstellen, Elektra Bregenz, Grass, Mediaprint, Graz-Köflacher Bahn und Busbetrieb, Herz Armaturen und Rath. 1998 wurde er Mitglied des Aufsichtsrats bei Magna Steyr. Er war langjähriger Anwalt der Bank Austria und wurde 1997 vom Großaktionär Bank Austria für fünf Jahre zum Aufsichtsrat in der Creditanstalt bestellt. Er war Sprecher der Kleinaktionäre.

Engagement und Mitgliedschaften
Beim Österreichischen Roten Kreuz, Landesverband Niederösterreich war Eckert von 1991 bis 2011 Bezirksstellenleiter der Rotkreuz-Bezirksstelle Baden und von 1996 bis 2016 Landesfachreferent für Rechtsangelegenheiten sowie Vorsitzender des Schiedsgerichts (1996–2011). Außerdem war er von 2000 bis 2015 Vorsitzender des Wahlkomitees des Landesverbandes, 2001–2016 Mitglied des Arbeitsausschusses sowie 2008–2017 Landeskurat und prägte so das Rote Kreuz in Niederösterreich maßgeblich mit.

Eckert engagierte sich für den IGNM-Sektion Österreich, die nationale Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Neue Musik (International Society for Contemporary Music ISCM); er ist ISCM-Vorstandsmitglied und Ehrenmitglied der ISCM und der IGNM.

Eckert war Mitglied des Ritterordens vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem und Kustos des Österreichischen Hospizes in Jerusalem. Von 1990 bis 1992 war er Kanzler der Österreichischen Statthalterei und wurde 2003 für sein Engagement im Heiligen Land mit der Goldenen Palme von Jerusalem ausgezeichnet. Außerdem war er Mitglied der KAV Capitolina Rom im CV.

Eckert war ehrenamtlicher Diakon für Klein-Mariazell. Er engagierte sich für die Restaurierung und Revitalisierung der ehemaligen Benediktinerabtei im Wallfahrtsort Klein-Mariazell. Er war Initiator des spirituellen Zentrum an der Via Sacra, dem alten Pilgerweg nach Mariazell.

Als Europa-Beauftragter im Generalsekretariat der Österreichischen Bischofskonferenz war er Berater der österreichischen Bischöfe in Brüssel und setzte sich für das Christentum in der Europäischen Union ein; er war Mitglied der Rechtskommission der Kommission der Bischofskonferenzen des EU-Raumes (ComECE).

Privates
Eckert war der Vater des Alternativmediziners Achim Eckert.

Anerkennungen
Für sein Wirken wurde Eckert 2004 mit der Goldenen Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich ausgezeichnet. Gewürdigt wurde er von der Justizministerin Karin Miklautsch für sein Wirken um das österreichische Rechtswesen, aber auch für sein vielfältiges gesellschaftliches und soziales Engagement. Eckert engagierte sich langjährig für den Ritterorden vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem – insbesondere für das Österreichische Hospiz zur Heiligen Familie in der Via Dolorosa in der Jerusalemer Altstadt, für ein Obdachlosenprojekt des Österreichischen Roten Kreuzes in Wiener Neustadt oder die unentgeltliche Rechtsberatung für sozial Schwache in seiner Heimatgemeinde Alland in Niederösterreich. Am 5. Juni 2013 wurde er von Landeshauptmann Franz Voves mit dem Großen Goldenen Ehrenzeichen des Landes Steiermark ausgezeichnet. Im Rahmen seiner Tätigkeit im Österreichischen Roten Kreuz, Landesverband Niederösterreich, wurde er unter anderem mit der Verdienstmedaille in Gold (1991) und dem Verdienstkreuz (2003) ausgezeichnet.

Einzelnachweise

Ständiger Diakon
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (21. Jahrhundert)
Wirtschaftsjurist
Korporierter im CV
Komtur mit Stern (Ritterorden vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem)
Träger des Goldenen Ehrenzeichens für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich (1952)
Träger des Großen Goldenen Ehrenzeichens des Landes Steiermark
Person (OMV)
Person (Wien)
Österreicher
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 2017
Mann

Franz Eckert (Jurist)


The Penobscot River (Abenaki: Pαnawάhpskewtəkʷ) is a  river in the U.S. state of Maine.  Including the river's West Branch and South Branch increases the Penobscot's length to , making it the second-longest river system in Maine and the longest entirely in the state.  Its drainage basin contains .

It arises from four branches in several lakes in north-central Maine, which flow generally east. After the uniting of the West Branch with the East Branch at Medway (), the Penobscot flows  south, past the city of Bangor, where it becomes navigable. Also at Bangor is the tributary Kenduskeag Stream. It empties into the Atlantic Ocean in Penobscot Bay. It is home to the Penobscot people that live on Indian Island, and considered to be The People's lifeblood.

History

Norumbega
Most historians have accepted the Penobscot region as Jean Allefonsce's source for Norumbega, though the matter was hotly contested by some nineteenth century antiquarians, who argued that the name should be identified with their own river or region.

Navigation
The Penobscot River was an early trade corridor to interior Maine from the Atlantic coast.  Ocean ships could navigate upstream to Bangor.  The cities of Rockland, Belfast, Brewer and Bangor, and the towns of Rockport, Camden, Northport, Searsport, Stockton Springs, Castine, Bucksport, Frankfort, Winterport, Orrington, and Hampden developed adjacent to the Penobscot River estuary.  The river upstream of Bangor became an important transportation corridor for log driving to bring wooden logs and pulpwood from interior forests to sawmills and paper mills built to use water power where the city of Howland and the towns of Veazie, Orono, Old Town, Milford, Passadumkeag, West Enfield, Lincoln, Winn, Mattawamkeag, Medway, and Millinocket developed.

European colony
The first European known to have explored the river in 1524 was Estêvão Gomes, a Portuguese navigator who sailed in the service of Spain in the 1520s. The Spaniards, led by Gomez, were the first Europeans to make landfall in what is now Maine, followed by the Frenchman Samuel de Champlain in 1605. A few years later French Jesuit priests came among the Penobscot people as missionaries and converted them to Catholicism. The French settlement of Pentagouet, now Castine, was founded at the point where the river becomes Penobscot Bay, and the Penobscot people made a permanent settlement at Indian Old Town, Maine on an island above the head of navigation, around the Catholic mission. Throughout the first  half of the 17th centuries, these were likely the only permanent settlements on the river, although the Penobscots considered the entire river and bay their hunting ground and maintained other seasonal villages along its banks.

In 1669, the Mohawk made several raids from the west that were very destructive to the Penobscot people. During Father Rale's War, New England settlers from Massachusetts also sent periodic raiding parties to the Penobscot, destroying the primary native village in 1723. In a treaty of 1752, however, Massachusetts laid claim to the entire Penobscot watershed, and in 1759 the Pownall Expedition, led by Governor Thomas Pownall, established Fort Pownall on Cape Jellison in what is now Stockton Springs. This signaled the end of French influence over the Penobscot, and the incorporation of the Penobscot River valley into New England.

British colony
The first permanent settler from British North America on the river was Joshua Treat (1726–1802), who was initially the armorer and translator at Fort Pownall. His oldest son, Joshua Treat, Jr., built a log house and sawmill at Marsh Bay in what is now Frankfort, and other members of their extended family, joined by additional settlers from Massachusetts and New Hampshire, pushed ever further up-river, eventually restricting the Penobscot people to Indian Island (Old Town, Maine), the present Penobscot Indian Reservation.

American Revolution and modern history

During the American Revolutionary War, the river and bay were the site of the disastrous 1779 Penobscot Expedition, where an entire American fleet was destroyed in a botched attempt to retake Maine from the British. During the War of 1812, the British again invaded Maine and defeated an American force at the Battle of Hampden, sacking the town of Bangor in the process. To prevent this from happening a third time, and because the nearby boundary between the United States and British Canada was still contested into the 1840s, the Federal government in 1844 began constructing a huge granite fort, Fort Knox, opposite the town of Bucksport, near the mouth of the river. The fort never fired a shot in anger, but remains one of the Penobscot's major man-made landmarks.

In the 19th century the river was a conduit for the transport of logs from Maine's Great North Woods, to be sawed into lumber at mills around Old Town and Orono, and transported on ships from Bangor, at the head of tide. (The average high tide at Bangor is  as of 2009.) A secondary economic use made of the river late in the century was as a source of sawed ice for urban markets.

In 1931 the Waldo-Hancock Bridge was opened to carry US Route 1 across the river at the Penobscot Narrows between Prospect, in Waldo County, and Verona Island just below Bucksport.

During the 20th century, lumbering was largely supplanted by papermaking, in the form of large wood pulp and paper mills located all along the river from Millinocket and East Millinocket in the north, to South Brewer and Bucksport in the south. Wood pulp and paper mills create dioxins as a byproduct of the chlorine bleaching process in making paper. This substance was discharged from seven mills located close to the Tribal community of Penobscot people, along the Penobscot river. Dioxins, which are highly potent toxic chemicals that may cause cancer and other health problems, were being poured daily into this adjacent river, the Penobscot. Rebecca Sockbeson, a Penobscot, is quoted saying that her people have survived on fish from this river, but "now we are dying from it." She continued on to say that "neither dioxin nor cancer is indigenous to the Penobscot people, however they are both pervasive in my tribal community." As an Indigenous community trying to maintain traditional subsistence living and eating such as fishing or foraging, their way of life and their physical bodies are unequally burdened by issues of water quality and pollution. The health and survival of the Penobscot people is further threatened by the impact that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have on reproduction and the health of their children. The 2015 collaborative report, The Penobscot River and Environmental Contaminants: Assessment of Tribal Exposure Through Sustenance Lifeways, confirms through a four-year quantitative study that these unequal burdens and harmful level of toxins are very real threats and realities faced by the community's indigenous people. Sockbeson concludes that a treaty is required to ensure that "the breast and spoon we feed our babies with is not filled with cancer, diabetes, learning disabilities, and attention deficit [disorder]."

The development of cheap hydropower also attracted other types of light manufacturing, like textiles and shoes.

21st century
In the 21st century, with the continuing decline of the Maine paper industry, and the divestiture of its woodlands, the Penobscot watershed has become more and more associated with recreational use (fishing, hunting, boating, and tourism) and less with manufacturing.

In 2006 the Waldo-Hancock Bridge was closed and replaced by the Penobscot Narrows Bridge, a 2,120 foot long, $85,000,000 structure with 135 feet between the water and the bridge's deck, and the original bridge was subsequently demolished in 2013. A bridge observatory in the support tower on the Waldo County side 420 feet above the surface of the river is open to the public,  the only bridge observatory in the United States, and only one of four bridge observatories in the world. The two 447 foot tall granite towers of the bridge are patterned after the Washington Monument which had been largely built with granite quarried from nearby Mt. Waldo.

As part of the Penobscot River Restoration Project, several dams were modified or removed to improve river conditions. Demolition began on the Great Works Dam in 2012, and the Veazie Dam in 2013. A fish ladder was installed at Milford Dam. A fish bypass was installed at Howland Dam. This led to an increase in the number of Atlantic Salmon, Shad, and other fish species in the river.

In 2022, after more than a half century of mercury contamination, Maine's longest river is finally getting cleaned up.

River flow and gauges
The United States government maintains three river flow gages on the Penobscot river.  The first is on the East Branch in Grindstone (an unincorporated settlement approximately  south of Stacyville) () where the rivershed is . Flow here has ranged from 400 to .  The second is in West Enfield () where the rivershed is . Flow here has ranged from 4,410 to . The third is in Eddington (),  downstream from the Veazie Dam where the rivershed is .

Angling
Angling, including fly fishing, is common on the river.  The West Branch is known as a world class landlocked salmon river, while the East Branch is known for its smallmouth bass fishery.  In 2008, the Atlantic Salmon Commission opened the main stem of the river to catch and release fly fishing for Atlantic salmon.

The West Branch is home to landlocked salmon and Brook Trout. There are many deep pools within the river, due to the many slate ledges, making the river ideal for fishing from shore, though there are still areas that are good for canoe fishing. With the Ripogenus Dam by Chesuncook Lake, the West Branch is able to sustain the large landlocked salmon found there, with twelve miles of heavy rapids, deep runs, large pools, and slower moving water in some sections. Baxter State Park is located to the north.

Some of the river's rapids are class IV or even V, making this one of the roughest rivers in the area, and attracting whitewater rafters. Until 1971 the West Branch was a main thoroughfare for the Great Northern Paper Company to sluice its logs to its mill in Millinocket, Maine.  In 1971 Great Northern opened the Golden Road (Maine) for transporting the logs.  The road parallels the river.  The paper industry has been greatly diminished and the Millinocket mill was torn down in 2013. The Golden Road, still a private road, continues to be used by logging trucks and also people using the Penobscot.

May to June are usually when mayflies begin their first hatch. Caddisflies also start their massive hatch around this time, but it can extend into the fall at times. Stoneflies tend to hatch throughout the season. In the West Branch, fishermen are often required to use a variety of different techniques.

Popular culture
 Henry David Thoreau published an account of travelling up the Penobscot from Bangor in 1846, to climb Mount Katahdin in his work, Ktaadn.
 Author Stephen King placed his fictional town of Derry, Maine on the Penobscot.
 The Penobscot is also featured in the film adaptation of the Tom Clancy novel The Hunt for Red October as the location chosen in which to hide the Soviet Typhoon class submarine from spy satellites.
Part of the Annie Proulx novel Barkskins takes place in Penobscot bay.
In Margaret Atwood's, The Testaments, Baby Nicole and Aunt Victoria escape Gilead to Canada on the Penobscot River.

See also
 List of rivers of Maine
 Waldo–Hancock Bridge
 Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory
 Fort Knox (Maine)

References

External links

 Real-time river flow data at Eddington – height only.
 Godfrey, John E. *The Ancient Penobscot, or Panawanskek. as transcribed from The HISTORICAL MAGAZINE and Notes and Queries concerning The Antiquities, History, and Biography of America. (Third Series, Vol. I, No. II; Whole Number, Vol. XXI, No. II) February 1872. (Morrisania, N.Y., Henry B. Dawson) pp. 85–92 (illustrated & annotated)
 "Joshua Treat, The Pioneer Settler on Penobscot River." The Bangor Historical Magazine, Vol. IV, No. 9-10, pp. 169–176 April, 1889.
 USGS River Basin Info
 "The Penobscot River Restoration Project"
 National Weather Service forecast of river levels and flow.

Rivers of Maine
North Maine Woods
Penobscot Bay
Rivers of Hancock County, Maine
Rivers of Penobscot County, Maine
Rivers of Piscataquis County, Maine
Rivers of Somerset County, Maine
Geography of  Bangor, Maine

Penobscot River


6929 Misto este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6929 Misto este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Colleverde de Vincenzo Silvano Casulli. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,76 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 10,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

6929 Misto


Hundertwassers Regentag ist ein deutscher Dokumentarfilm von Peter Schamoni aus dem Jahr 1972.

Handlung
Der Film folgt dem Künstler Friedensreich Hundertwasser und stellt seine Arbeitsweise und seine künstlerischen und persönlichen Ansichten vor. Der Beginn zeigt Hundertwasser, der auf einer Eisscholle unweit seiner Mühle im Waldviertel bei Wien liegt. Das Schmelzwasser fließt unter der Eisscholle hindurch und Hundertwasser erklärt, dass ihn das Wasser anziehe. Er hat sich vor drei Jahren ein Schiff gekauft, das er Regentag getauft hat und mit dem er ins Wasser ziehen will.

Hundertwasser resümiert seinen Weg als Maler. Zu Beginn wollte niemand seine Bilder auch nur als Geschenk annehmen, später erhielt er für seine Werke ein wenig Geld. Die Nachfrage jedoch stieg und damit auch der Preis der Bilder, ohne dass er etwas dafür könne. Da mit der Zeit die Nachfrage seine Produktion – rund 700 Bilder empfindet er als ein eher schmales bisheriges Gesamtwerk – überstieg, ging er dazu über, Druckgrafiken zu fertigen, zunehmend auch in großer Stückzahl. Er spricht davon, dass die Malerei von sich selbst lebt, eine Skulptur lebt durch Licht.

Hundertwassers Verhältnis zur Architektur wird vorgestellt. Er erklärt, dass für ihn jeder Mensch drei Häute habe: Die eigene Haut, die Kleidung und die Architektur. In der Architektur wendet er sich strikt gegen die Gerade und den Winkel und zieht es vor, wenn Gebäude von organischen Dingen geformt werden, so von Moos oder Schimmel. Da er eigene architektonische Vorstellungen im die Kreativität erdrückenden Wien nicht umsetzen kann, lässt er sie in der Kunst auferstehen. Zentrale Motive seiner Werke sind die Spirale, die er als Beginn des Lebens ansieht, Zwiebeltürme, Zäune und Münder. Seine Bilder entstehen dabei wie in einem Traum. Häufig kann er, nach Fertigstellung eines Bildes erwacht, daher den Sinn des Gezeichneten nicht mehr in allen Einzelheiten nachvollziehen. Hundertwasser betont die Bedeutung von Farbe für sein Werk und bezeichnet einen trüben Regentag als seinen liebsten: An diesen Tagen kann er arbeiten und nur bei Regen erscheinen die Farben der Umgebung. Im Sonnenschein bemerke man nur die Kontraste der Umgebung, weswegen er auch die farbgesättigten Bilder der Maler aus dem Norden den kontrastreichen aber farbarmen Bildern der Maler des Südens vorziehe.

Auch seine schwierige Beziehung zu den Menschen wird deutlich. Er hat ein kompliziertes Verhältnis zu Frauen – im Film ist Doris Kunstmann an seiner Seite zu sehen –, bezeichnet sich selbst als schwachen Mann und zieht die Einsamkeit der Gesellschaft vor, die ihn für einen Exzentriker und Revolutionär hält. Seine Mutter, die während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus als einzige der Familie überlebte, malt auch. Er mag ihre "primitive" Malweise, da sie damit Dinge auszudrücken vermag, die er als "intellektueller" Maler nicht mehr umsetzen kann. Von seinem Vater Ernst (1894–1929) hat er einen Teller erhalten, den dieser mit vielen bunten Blumen ausgeschmückt hat und das ihm als Inspiration häufig diente. Seiner Mutter berichtet er vom aktuellen Stand seines Schiffs Regentag. Nach mehreren Umbauten kann das Schiff, das er nach seinen Vorstellungen bemalt hat, in See stechen. Auf See gibt es für Hundertwasser keine Grenzen, sondern nur den Horizont. Dieser ist für ihn das, an das man sich klammern kann – der Rest muss dazuerfunden werden, auch und vor allem in seinen Kunstwerken.

Produktion
Hundertwassers Regentag wurde von 1969 bis 1971 in Wien, in der Hahnsäge bei Roiten im Waldviertel, Niederösterreich, in Rovinj sowie in Venedig und Umgebung gedreht. Hundertwassers Kommentare werden zu den Dokumentarbildern eingespielt. Die Dokumentaraufnahmen wiederum werden stellenweise in Gemälde Hundertwassers montiert und zeigen so Bildmotive und ihre Realvorlage. Die Trickaufnahmen stammen von Peter Rosenwanger.

Im Film sind Arik Brauers Lieder Glaub nicht an das Winkelmaß und wohn in einem runden Haus und Wie a Hund zu hören.

Der Film wurde in einer Lang- und einer 22-minütigen Kurzfassung veröffentlicht. Der Verleih Constantin brachte Hundertwassers Regentag als Beiprogramm zu Niki de Saint Phalles und Peter Whiteheads Daddy heraus.

Kritik
Die Kritik lobte den Dokumentarfilm: "Peter Schamoni hat sozusagen das totale Hundertwasser-Portrait gedreht. Friedensreichs magische Puzzlewelt in einem Farbfilm – das sind 45 Minuten Hoffnung und Vergessen." Auch die Kameraarbeit wurde erwähnt, darunter eine Einstellung des segelnden Schiffs in Venetien: "Diese Totalen, das gleitende Schiff gesehen durch das Ufergehölz, haben einen wahrhaft fabelhaften Reiz. Sie sind schön, schön im verpönten Sinne; sie erzeugen Rührung und Lebensfreude zugleich, ein erfüllter Traum. Eine 'success story', die wirklich passiert ist", so Hilde Spiel und der FAZ.

Auszeichnungen
Beim Deutschen Filmpreis 1972 erhielt Hundertwassers Regentag als bester Kurzfilm das Filmband in Gold.

Der Film lief als offizieller Beitrag der Bundesrepublik auf den Internationalen Filmfestspielen von Cannes 1972 in der Sparte Kurzfilme.

Im Jahr 1973 wurde Hundertwassers Regentag für einen Oscar in der Kategorie Bester Dokumentar-Kurzfilm nominiert.

Literatur
 Hundertwassers Regentag. In: Hilmar Hoffmann (Hrsg.): Peter Schamoni. Filmstücke/Film Pieces. Arnoldsche Art Publishers, Stuttgart 2003, S. 42–47.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1972
Deutscher Film
Dokumentarfilm
Friedensreich Hundertwasser

Hundertwassers Regentag


An Carex exsalina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernest Lepage. An Carex exsalina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Qu�bec. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex exsalina


Le Ministère chrétien du combat spirituel est une dénomination chrétienne évangélique pentecôtiste fondé par le couple Olangi en République démocratique du Congo et est actuellement surtout présent en Afrique avec plus des représentations en Amérique, en Asie et en Europe.

Ce mouvement religieux considéré comme pionnier des chasses aux sorcières au Congo en raison de son système de délivrance de la sorcellerie fait l'objet à plusieurs reprises de critiques publiques dans les années 2000 tant au Congo-Kinshasa que dans le monde et selon plusieurs témoignages rapportés cette assemblée a divisé des familles.

Histoire
Le ministère chrétien du combat spirituel est né de la révélation de Dieu de maman Olangi en 1991 avec comme mission de résoudre des problèmes liés au divorce de beaucoup de couples, un message qui captive l'attention de plusieurs femmes qui la rejoignent, puis son mari papa Olangi l'année suivante, et en 1993 ils créent la « Fondation Olangi-Wosho (FOW) » qui va soutenir toutes leurs activités.

La FOW organise très souvent une série d'activités renommées qui accueillent plusieurs délégations des cinq continents du monde, étant elle-même considérée comme « l'une des églises de réveil les plus riches de Kinshasa » avec près de 50 000 adeptes, elle possède également beaucoup de biens immobiliers et services.

Papa Olangi décède en 2017, suivi de maman Olangi en 2018.

En 2019, le changement de direction du siège de Libreville au Gabon a été remis en question par le siège central de Kinshasa .

Fondation Olangi-Wosho
La Fondation créée par ce couple pastoral compté parmi les plus riches du continent et dont le siège se situe à la 17ème rue de la commune de Limete à Kinshasa est divisée en trois grandes communautés internationales, la « Communauté Internationale des Femmes Messagères en Christ (CIFMC) » formant un groupe pour les femmes, le « Centre Peniel Mondial » formant un groupe pour les hommes et la « Jeunesse Chrétienne Combattante (JCC) » pour l'organisation des jeunes.

Bibliographie

Notes et Références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

 La FOW face à l'épidémie Covid-19

Fondation en 1993
Sorcellerie
Dénomination pentecôtiste
Christianisme en république démocratique du Congo

Ministère du combat spirituel


La  est une grande unité soviétique qui combattit sur le front de l'Est de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, de 1942 à 1943.

En 1998, la  combinée du Drapeau rouge (en russe  ; en abrégé 41 ОА) a été recréée au sein de l'Armée de terre russe, affectée au sud de la Sibérie avec son état-major à Novossibirsk. Elle fait actuellement partie du district militaire central.

Seconde Guerre mondiale
La  est créée en mai 1942, à partir des groupes opérationnels de Nikolai Berzarin et German Tarasov. Sa structure comprenait également les , ,  et  de fusiliers, la  de fusiliers de la Garde, la  de chars, deux bataillons de mortiers de la Garde et plusieurs autres éléments.

La  soviétique est dissoute le .

Armée russe
Elle est réformée le  à partir de l'ancien quartier-général du district militaire sibérien à Novossibirsk.

Le , l'armée a été transférée au district militaire central après la dissolution du district militaire sibérien. Si la partie occidentale du district, les régions de la Volga et de l'Oural, sont protégées par la  de la Garde autour de Samara, la Sibérie occidentale l'est par la .

Composition
En 2018, la composition de la  était la suivante :
  de commandement Tallinnskaïa, à Kotcheniovo dans l'oblast de Novossibirsk ;
  de commandement, à Iekaterinbourg dans l'oblast de Sverdlovsk ;
  de chars de la Garde Vitebsko-Novgorodskaïa, à Tchebarkoul dans l'oblast de Tcheliabinsk :
  de chars des cosaques d'Orenbourg, à Tchebarkoul ;
  de chars Lvovski, à Tchebarkoul ;
  de chars de la Garde, à Tchebarkoul ;
  de fusiliers motorisés Leningradsko-Pavlovski, à Iekaterinbourg ;
  d'artillerie automotrice Transilvanski, à Tchebarkoul ;
  de transmissions Tallinnskaïa, à Kotcheniovo dans l'oblast de Novossibirsk ;
  de fusiliers motorisés (120 BMP-2, 41 T-72B, 11 BTR-80, 4 BRDM-2, 36 2S3 Akatsiya, 18 2B26 Grad-K, 12 2S12 Sani, 12 MT-12 Rapira, 12 9P149 Shturm-S, 1 9K37 Buk-M1, 6 9K34/35 Strela-10, 6 2S6M Toungouska et 27 9K38 Igla), à Aleïsk dans le kraï de l'Altaï ;
  de fusiliers motorisés de montagne (30 Ural Typhoon et 12 Tor-M2U), Kyzyl en république de Touva ;
  de fusiliers motorisés de la Garde (120 BMP-2, 41 T-72B, 36 BTR-80, 4 BRDM-2, 36 2S3 Akatsiya, 18 2B26 Grad-K, 12 2S12 Sani, 12 MT-12 Rapira, 12 9P149 Shturm-S, 12 9A33 Osa, 6 9K34/35 Strela-10, 6 2S6M Tunguska et 27 9K38 Igla), Iourga dans l'oblast de Kemerovo ;
  militaire de la Garde Gatchinskaïa, à Douchanbé au Tadjikistan :
  de fusiliers motorisés de la Garde (120 BMP-2, 9 T-72B1, 12 2S12 Sani, 18 2S3M Akatsiya, 4 9K34/35 Strela-10 et 4 ZU-23-2), à Kouliab ;
  de fusiliers motorisés Sestroretski (120 BMP-2, 9 T-72B1, 12 2S12 Sani, 18 2S3M Akatsiya, 4 9K34/35 Strela-10 et 4 ZU-23-2), à Douchanbé ;
  de fusiliers motorisés (120 BMP-2, 9 T-72B1, 12 2S12 Sani, 18 2S3M Akatsiya, 4 9K34/35 Strela-10 et 4 ZU-23-2), à Kourgan-Tioube ;
  de missiles (12 OTR-21 Totchka), à Elanskiy dans l'oblast de Sverdlovsk ;
  d'artillerie de la Garde (8 BM-27 Ouragan, 18 2S65 Msta-B, 12 MT-12 Rapira et 18 9K123 Khrizantema-S), à Iourga dans l'oblast de Kemerovo ;
  de missiles antiaériens (36 9K37-M1 Buk-M1), à Biïsk dans le krai de l'Altaï ;
  de défense NBC (3 TOS-1 Buratino, 18 BMO-T pour RPO-A Chmel, véhicules de reconnaissance chimique, véhicules de décontamination et générateurs de fumée), à  dans le krai de l'Altaï ;
  de défense NBC (9 TOS-1 Buratino, 18 BMO-T avec RPO-A Chmel, véhicules de reconnaissance chimique, véhicules de décontamination et générateurs de fumée), à Iekaterinbourg ;
  de soutien logistique, à Iourga dans l'oblast de Kemerovo.

Commandants
 Major-général Alexandre Viktorovitch Galkine, janvier 2006 - avril 2008 ;
 major-général Sergueï Iourievitch Istrakov, mai 2008 - juin 2009 ;
 lieutenant-général Vassili Petrovitch Tonkochkourov, juin 2009 - octobre 2013 ;
 major-général Hasan Bekovitch Kaloïev, octobre 2013 - janvier 2016 ;
 major-général Alexeï Vladimirovitch Zavizion, janvier 2016 - novembre 2018 ;
 major-général Iakov Vladimirovitch Rezantsev, novembre 2018 - août 2020 ;
 major-général Sergueï Borissovitch Ryjkov, d'août 2020 – présent.

Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022
L'unité est engagée lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie depuis 2022.

Dans le contexte de la crise russo-ukrainienne de 2021, des éléments majeurs de la  sont déployés à l'ouest pour renforcer des unités dans les districts militaires Ouest et Sud, frontaliers de l'Ukraine. Ces unités incluraient des éléments des ,  de montagne et  de fusiliers motorisés de la Garde, ainsi que des éléments de la  d'artillerie, de la  de missiles et du  de chars de la  de chars. Au total, quelque 700 MBT, IFV et SPH, ainsi que des lanceurs de missiles balistiques Iskander auraient été positionnés vers l'ouest.

Aux premières heures de l'invasion, le , des éléments de la  sont engagés dans l'attaque contre l'Ukraine, entrant depuis la zone de la frontière tripartite (Russie, Ukraine et Biélorussie) et se dirigeant vers Kyiv. Le major-général Andreï Soukhovetski, chef adjoint de la , aurait été tué lors de combats le .

Pendant les premières semaines de guerre, la  combinée, regroupant environ dix groupes tactiques de bataillon (BTG), assiège Tchernihiv, Mena et Chostka (par l'ouest de cette ville). À la mi-mars, les BTG des  et  sont toujours bloqués autour de ces trois villes, tandis que celles de la  sont positionnés au nord-est de Kyiv, à Kozelets et Bobrovytsia. À la fin mars, la  est encore à l'ouest de Tchernihiv, la  au nord-ouest et la  au nord de cette ville ; la  est plus au sud, face à Brovary. Le replis se fait entre le  et le , les trois brigades retournant en territoire biélorusse, tandis que la  va vers l'est, par Prylouky et Romny, passant en périphérie de Konotop.

Début avril, les forces russes sont retirées du Nord de l'Ukraine et de Biélorussie pour être redéployées plus à l'est. Au , l'état-major de la  est à Valouïki (en territoire russe, dans l'oblast de Belgorod), tandis que les autres unités, trop abimées pour rester opérationnelles, sont probablement envoyées se faire recompléter.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Histoire militaire de l'Union soviétique
 Armée de terre russe#Districts militaires et armées

Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1942
Armée soviétique de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1998
Unité militaire russe
Organisme récipiendaire de l'ordre du Drapeau rouge

41e armée (Russie)


Reşat Nuri Güntekin (25 Kasım 1889, İstanbul Vilayeti - 7 Aralık 1956, Londra), Milli Edebiyat Döneminde önemli bir yeri olan Çalıkuşu, Yeşil Gece, Yaprak Dökümü ve Anadolu Notları gibi eserlere imza atmış Türk roman, öykü ve oyun yazarıdır. Müfettişlik görevi ile Anadolu'da gezdiği için Anadolu insanını yakından tanımıştır. Eserlerinde Anadolu'daki yaşamı ve toplumsal sorunları ele almış; insanı insan-çevre ilişkisi içinde yansıtmıştır.

Hayatı
1889'da İstanbul'un Üsküdar ilçesinde dünyaya geldi. Babası,  askeri tabip Nuri Bey, annesi  Kars valisi Yaver Paşa'nın kızı Lütfiye Hanım'dır. Reşide adlı kız kardeşi çok genç yaşta öldü, tek çocuk olarak büyüdü.
Babası askeri doktor olduğu için öğrenim hayatı boyunca birçok il gezen Reşat Nuri, ilköğrenimine Çanakkale'de başladı. Çocukluk yıllarında okuduğu Fatma Aliye Hanım'ın Udi isimli romanı hayatına iz bırakıp, sanata heveslendiren eserleri arasına girdi.  Babasının Çanakkale'deki evlerinde zengin bir kütüphanesinin olması onu kitaplara iten ve yazı yazma kültürünün gelişmesini sağlayan bir araç oldu. İzmir'deki Saint Joseph Lisesi'nde bir süre öğrenim gördükten sonra İstanbul'da Saint Joseph Lisesi'nde öğrenim gördü. Yükseköğrenimini Darülfünun Edebiyat Şubesi'nde 1912'de tamamladı. Böylece öğrenim hayatını yirmi üç yaşında bitirmiş oldu.

1927'ye kadar Bursa ve İstanbul'da çeşitli okullarda Fransızca ve Türkçe öğretmeni ve müdür olarak görev yaptı. Görev aldığı okulların bazıları Bursa Sultanisi, İstanbul Beşiktaş İttihat Terakki Mektebi, Fatih Vakf-ı Kebir Mektebi, Akşemseddin Mektebi, Feneryolu Murad-ı Hâmis Mektebi, Osman Gazi Paşa Mektebi, Vefa Sultanisi, İstanbul Erkek Lisesi, Çamlıca Kız Lisesi, Kabataş Erkek Lisesi, Galatasaray Lisesi ve Erenköy Kız Lisesi'dir. 1927'de Erenköy Lisesi'nden yeni mezun olan öğrencisi Hadiye Hanım ile evlendi.

Öğretmenlik mesleğinin yanı sıra edebiyatla uğraşan Reşat Nuri, Halit Ziya'nın eserlerinden aldığı ilhamla hikâye yazma hevesi  duymaktaydı . Daha sonra tiyatro edebiyatını benimseyerek bir tiyatro yazarı olmak için uğraştı. Yazı hayatına I. Dünya Savaşı sonlarında başladı. Başlangıçta uzun bir öykü olan "Eski Ahbap" (1917) Diken dergisinde yayınlandı. 1918-19 yıllarında Zaman gazetesinde 'Temaşa Haftaları' adı altında tiyatro eleştirileri ve tanıtım yazıları yazdı. "Hançer"(1920) ve "Eski Rüya" (1922) gibi sahne eserleri,  "Gizli El" (1924) gibi romanlar yazan, tiyatro eleştiri ve araştırmaları yayınlayan sanatçı "Çalıkuşu" adlı romanının 1922'de Vakit Gazetesi'nde tefrika edilmesiyle şöhrete kavuştu. 1923-1924 yılları arasında Mahmud Yesâri, Münif Fehim Özarman ve İbn-ür Refik Ahmed Nuri ile beraber Kelebek adlı Osmanlıca haftalık mizah dergisini çıkardı.

Güntekin, 1927'de maarif müfettişi oldu ve bu arada Dil Heyeti'yle birlikte bazı çalışmalarda bulundu. Anadolu'yu baştan başa dolaşmasını sağlayan müfettişlik görevi sayesinde ülkenin gerçeklerini yakından görme ve tanıma imkânı buldu. 1939'da ise Çanakkale milletvekili olarak TBMM'de bulundu. Bu görevini 1946'ya kadar sürdürdü. İki dönem vekillikten sonra sonra tekrar müfettişliğe döndü, 1947'de başmüfettiş oldu. 1941'de tek çocuğu olan kızı Ela dünyaya geldi. Kızı Ela oyuncu Mehmet Keskinoğlu ile evlendi. Yine 1947'de, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi'nin Ankara'da yayımlanan Ulus gazetesinin İstanbul kolu olan Memleket gazetesini çıkardı. 1950'de Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Örgütü (UNESCO) Türkiye temsilciliği ve öğrenci müfettişliği görevleriyle Paris'e gitti. Paris kültür ataşeliği yaptı. 1954'te ise yaşından dolayı bu görevden ayrılmak zorunda kaldı. Emekliliğinden sonra bir süre İstanbul Şehir Tiyatrosu edebi heyeti üyeliği yaptı.

Levent'te oturduğu sokağa "Çalıkuşu" ismi, Kadıköy'de ve İzmir'de bir ilköğretim okuluna ve Fatih'te bir tiyatro sahnesine Reşat Nuri Güntekin ismi verilmiştir. Çalıkuşu ve Dudaktan Kalbe romanlarını yazdığı İzmir'deki evi Reşat Nuri Güntekin Evi adıyla kütüphaneye çevrilmiş ve evin bulunduğu mahalleye Çalıkuşu adı verilmiştir.

Çalışma yöntemi hakkında
Bütün romanlarının tiyatro halinde senaryoları olduğunu söyleyen Reşat Nuri, Hikmet Feridun'la yaptığı bir konuşmada çalışma yöntemlerini şöyle açıklar:

Etkileri
Millî Edebiyat akımıyla başlayan, halka ve halkın gerçeklerine edebi yönelişin Anadolu'ya erişen ilk başarılı temsilcisi sayılır. Gözlemci, gerçekçi kalemi ve sevecen yaklaşımı, eğildiği sorunları yansıtmada etkilidir. Bireyselle toplumsalı aynı potada eritebildiği yapıtları ile bu özellikleri öne çıkar. Ayrıca ("Sönmüş Yıldızlar" ve "Bir Yudum Su" adlı hikâyeleri ile Gökyüzü adlı romanında kendi muhitinin ve düşünce dünyasının aksine hüküm vermekten çekinmişse de) kendisinden sonra gelen post modern dönem sonrası yazarlara insan – din ilişkisini irdelemede rahat yazabilmelerinin kapısını açmasıyla öncü olmuştur.Arap alfabesiyle basılmış olan ilk üç hikâye kitabını sonradan Latin alfabesiyle tekrar yayımlanmıştır. Hikâyelerinde genelde aşk, aile, çocuk, ahlak ve buna bağlı olarak gelişen bireysel ve toplumsal konular işlenmiştir. Eserlerde geleneksel karşısında yeniyi sunma, Cumhuriyet ideolojisini yayma çabası görülür, Eğitimci karakterler ideal tipleri olarak belirip (yazarın bu çabasını yerine getirmek için fedakarca) çalışmışlardır.

Eserleri
Tristane Bernard'dan Hakiki Kahramanlık (1918) adıyla adapte ettiği ilk piyesi Hayreddin Rüşdü takma adıyla yayımlanmıştır, Émile Zola'nın 1903 yılında yayınlanan ve Dreyfus davasının anlattığı Gerçek (Vérité) romanını 1929 yılında "Hakikat" başlığıyla Türkçeye çevirdi. Türk Kıraati (İstanbul 1930), Fransızca - Türkçe Resimli Büyük Dil Kılavuzu (İstanbul 1935) yayınladığı eserler arasındadır.

Romanları
 1922: Gizli El
 1922: Çalıkuşu
 1924: Damga
 1925: Dudaktan Kalbe
 1926: Akşam Güneşi
 1927: Bir Kadın Düşmanı
 1928: Yeşil Gece
 1928: Acımak
 1930: Yaprak Dökümü
 1932: Kızılcık Dalları
 1935: Gökyüzü
 1938: Eski Hastalık
 1942: Ateş Gecesi
 1944: Değirmen
 1946: Miskinler Tekkesi
 1953: Harabelerin Çiçeği
 1961: Kavak Yelleri
 1961: Son Sığınak
 1961: Kan Davası

Hikâyeleri
 1919: Roçild Bey
 1919: Eski Ahbap
 1923: Sönmüş Yıldızlar
 1927: Tanrı Misafiri
 1928: Leyla ile Mecnun
 1930: Olağan İşler
 1932: Aşk Mektupları
 1932: Boyunduruk

Oyunları
 1920: Hançer
 1922: Eski Rüya
 1924: Ümidin Güneşi
 1925: Gazeteci Düşmanı, Şemsiye Hırsızı, İhtiyar Serseri (üç oyun)
 1927: Taş Parçası
 1928: Yeşil gece
 1933: Hülleci
 1933: İstiklâl
 1953: Balıkesir Muhasebecisi
 1954: Tanrıdağı Ziyafeti
 1971: Eski Şarkı
 1971: Yaprak Dökümü
 xxxx: Kavak Yelleri
 xxxx: Çalıkuşu 2
 xxxx: Bir Köy Öğretmeni

Gezi Yazısı
 Anadolu Notları (Cilt 1: 1936, Cilt II: 1966.)

Ölümü ve hatırası

Güntekin'e akciğer kanseri teşhisi konulduktan sonra tedavisi için Londra'ya gitti ve orada, 7 Aralık 1956'da hastalığına yenik düşerek öldü. 13 Aralık 1956 günü, Karacaahmet Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Ayrıca bakınız
 MEB 100 Türk edebiyatçısı listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1889 doğumlular
1956 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Türk roman yazarları
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Reşat Nuri Güntekin


A Liga Francesa de Basquetebol de 2022–23 foi a 101ª edição da máxima competição francesa de basquetebol masculino, sendo a 35ª edição organizada pela Ligue Nationale de Basket (LNB).

Atualmente a liga recebe patrocínio e namings rights da empresa francesa Betclic, passando a denominar-se Betclic Élite.

Equipes Participantes

 Equipes promovidas da LNB ProB na temporada 2021-22.

Formato de Competição
Disputa-se Temporada Regular com as equipes enfrentando-se em casa e fora de casa, apurando os oito melhores que disputam os playoffs e os dois piores classificados são rebaixados para a ProB.

Primeira Fase

Calendário Temporada Regular
Resultados extraídos de lnb.fr/elite/game-center>"Filtre par saison>2022/23.

Classificação Fase Regular
Classificação extraída de lnb.fr/elite/classement>"Filtre par saison>2022/23.

Playoffs

Quartas de final

Semifinal

Final

Premiação

Clubes franceses em competições europeias

Rebaixamento para a LNB Pro B

Pau-Lacq-Orthez, Fos-sur-Mer

Liga Francesa de Basquetebol
2023 no basquetebol

LNB Pro A de 2022–23


Mihai Chirica ()  un politician român, actualul primar al municipiului Iași.

Biografie
Mihai Chirica s-a născut la data de 1 septembrie 1971 în municipiul Iași. Urmează cursurile Colegiului Național din Iași, secția "Matematică – Fizică", apoi Universitatea "Al. I. Cuza" Iași, specializarea "Inginerie geologică și geofizică", obținând diploma de inginer.

După absolvirea Universității "Al. I. Cuza", se angajează în iulie 1995 la Stațiunea de Cercetări "Stejarul" din Piatra Neamț, iar în paralel urmează cursurile programului de Master în "Inginerie Geologică și Geofizică" în cadrul Universității "Al. I. Cuza", Iași.

În perioada 2005-2007 studiază în cadrul Universității Tehnice "Gh. Asachi" din Iași, Școala MBA cu specializarea Management Organizațional. Totodată, în cadrul aceleiași Universități, urmează cursurile de Master în "Inginerie Geotehnică".

În aprilie 2012, s-a înscris în Partidul Social Democrat, filiala Iași, și a fost ales pe listele acestuia în funcția de consilier local municipal PSD – Consiliul Local Municipal Iași. După constituirea Consiliului Local în care a fost ales, acest Consiliu l-a numit într-una din funcțiile de viceprimar al municipiului. Din anul 2013, a devenit președinte al Organizației Municipale a PSD Iași.

După ce primarul Gheorghe Nichita a fost suspendat, în data de 25 mai 2015, Chirica a fost ales să asigure interimatul funcției de primar. Din postura de primar interimar, a fost ales apoi primar la alegerile din 2016, fiind al 64-lea primar al municipiului Iași.

În data de 7 martie 2020 a fost acceptat în PNL Iași de către Biroul Politic Județean al partidului și a fost anunțat candidat al acestora pentru alegerile locale.

Evenimente notabile din cariera politică

Incidentul tăierii teilor

În februarie 2013, în calitate de viceprimar sub administrația lui Gheorghe Nichita, Mihai Chirica a susținut acțiunile de tăiere a aliniamentului de tei din centrul orașului Iași și înlocuirea acestuia cu arbuști japonezi pitici, determinând proteste în rândul societății civile și comunității universitare locale și naționale.  După arestarea lui Gheorghe Nichita sub acuzații de corupție, noul primar interimar Mihai Chirica a dispus, ca reacție la depunerea unui proiect de replantare a teilor din partea societății civile, organizarea unui referendum pe această temă. Proiectul a fost înaintat primăriei în august 2015, fiind editat de Grupul Academic din Iași în colaborare cu Asociația Dendro-Ornamentală "Anastasie Fătu" din Iași, Grupul de inițiativă civică "Iașul Iubește Teii" și Centrul de resurse pentru participare publică (CeRe) București. Inițiativa a primit sprijinul a 93,7% din totalul voturilor exprimate de cetățeni, iar în noiembrie 2015 primăria a dat curs proiectului, replantând peste 100 de tei argintii de-a lungul bulevardului central al orașului.

Solidarizarea cu protestele populare din februarie 2017

În februarie 2017, când era și vicepreședinte al PSD, Chirica a atras atenția conducerii propriului partid, exprimându-și solidaritatea față de protestele stradale împotriva acțiunilor Guvernului Grindeanu de modificare a Codului Penal prin ordonanță de urgență (OUG 13/2017). Chirica a solicitat demisia ministrului de justiție Florin Iordache, exprimându-și nemulțumirea și față de faptul că președintele PSD Liviu Dragnea "nu știe să pună oameni competenți în jurul dumnealui și nu știe să asculte de sfaturile oamenilor care contează" și cerându-i acestuia "să corecteze greșelile comise" deoarece "are puterea și are și responsabilitatea să o facă". Totodată, Chirica a criticat conducerea partidului pentru atitudinea nepotrivită față de actul de guvernare, sugerând că o schimbare pozitivă în acest sens a devenit o necesitate pentru recăpătarea capitalului de imagine pierdut. Ca reacție la aceste comentarii, conducerea PSD a retras toate funcțiile de conducere deținute de Chirica în cadrul partidului, aceasta deși în cele din urmă Florin Iordache a demisionat, iar deputații partidului au votat împotriva ordonanței de urgență nr. 13. Liviu Dragnea a declarat în acest context ca "eu am refuzat să supun la vot propunerea de excludere, care ar fi fost votată cu o majoritate zdrobitoare, așteptându-mă ... ca domnul Chirica să înțeleagă de ce a fost atât de nervos PSD în urma acelor ieșiri publice ale dumnealui".

Controverse
La data de 2 august 2017 Mihai Chirica a confirmat calitatea de inculpat în dosarul "Škoda" instrumentat de procurorii DNA. Acesta este suspectat că ar fi semnat caietul de sarcini la achiziționarea a patru autovehicule pentru Poliția Locală Iași, dar mașinile au fost folosite în scop personal de către apropiați ai lui Chirica. În 2018, Mihai Chirica a fost exclus din PSD.

În iunie 2019, Direcția Națională Anticorupție (DNA) s-a autosesizat după apariția în presă a unor articole privind cumpărarea unor imobile pe numele copiilor lui Mihai Chirica și a deschis un dosar penal în rem. În urma acestor sesizări Agenția Națională de Integritate (ANI) a început verificarea averii lui Mihai Chirica după ce ReporterIS a publicat o serie de anchete privind afacerile imobiliare ale familiei acestuia. Potrivit publicației Adevărul, Thea și Mălina Chirica, fiicele de clasa a VII-a, respectiv clasa a IV-a ale primarului din Iași, Mihai Chirica, dețin o casă de lux de 240 de metri pătrați, care a fost trecută pe numele lor după ce edilul a divorțat de fosta sa soție. Și publicația ReporterIS a scris că Mihai Chirica este beneficiarul unei tranzacții imobiliare de 250.000 de euro făcute pe numele copilului său de 11 luni, reprezentat de bunica pensionară. Familia primarului a cumpărat un teren de 836 mp în cartierul ieșean Sărărie, la 100 m de Bolta Rece. La rândul lui, Primarul Mihai Chirica a declarat că "sumele necesare pentru achiziția unui teren în valoare de 250.000 de euro provin, pe de o parte, din vânzarea unui teren deținut de 11 ani de părinții mei în zona Copou, teren care a fost vândut, urmând procedurile legale, pentru suma de 100.000 de euro. Diferența de bani a fost pusă de familia mea din sumele deținute conform Declarației de Avere din anul 2018 și anii anteriori, declarații care sunt publice și afișate pe site-ul Primăriei Municipiului Iași, în conformitate cu legislația în vigoare".

Note

Legături externe
 Mihai Chirica - Primăria Iași
 Mihai Chirica - Pagina de Facebook

Nașteri în 1971
Primari ai Iașului
Membri ai Partidului Social Democrat
Membri ai Partidului Național Liberal
Politicieni români în viață

Mihai Chirica


Stancu Ilin () este un istoric literar român, care s-a remarcat prin cercetarea intensivă și editarea operelor  literare ale lui Liviu Rebreanu, B.P. Hasdeu și I.L. Caragiale.

Biografie
S-a născut în familia agricultorilor Voicu Ilin și al Mariei (n. Voicu) din satul oltenesc Fărcașele. A urmat studii primare la școala din Fărcașele (1941-1945), Gimnaziul Unic Comercial din Caracal (1945-1948), Școala Medie Tehnică de Comerț "Gheorghe Chițu" din Craiova (1948-1952) și Facultatea de Filologie a Universității din București (1952-1957). A beneficiat de o bursă "Humboldt" la Universitatea din Tübingen (1969-1970; 1971) și apoi de o altă bursă la Universitatea din Bonn (1991). Cercetările sale dedicate operei literare a lui Liviu Rebreanu au fost finalizate cu o teză de doctorat în filologie intitulată Liviu Rebreanu în lumina manuscriselor și a corespondenței sale (1978).

După absolvirea facultății Stancu Ilin a lucrat pe post de cercetător științific principal la Institutul de Istorie și Teorie Literară "G. Călinescu" din București (din 1957). Activitatea sa profesională este consacrată, în exclusivitate, cercetării literaturii naționale sub diferite aspecte. A publicat, în colaborare, trei volume dedicate presei literare românești din secolul al XIX-lea și de la începutul secolului al XX-lea (Reviste literare românești din secolul al XIX-lea, 1970; Reviste literare românești din ultimele decenii ale secolului al XIX-lea, 1974; Reviste literare românești de la începutul secolului al XX-lea, 1976) și a colaborat la redactarea volumelor Istoria literaturii române (II, 1968), Metododologia istoriei și criticii literare (1969), Studii de literatură universală și comparată (1971), Reviste progresiste românești interbelice (1972), Literatura română contemporană. I. Poezia (1980), Mihai Eminescu. Centenar (1984), Atitudini și polemici în presa literară interbelică (1984).

A debutat publicistic în 1959 cu un articol publicat în Studii și cercetări de istorie literară și folclor. Studiile sale de istorie literară au apărut în revistele Contemporanul, Cronica, Luceafărul, Manuscriptum, Revista de istorie și teorie literară, Steaua, Transilvania, Viața Românească.

Cercetările sale individuale au fost consacrate biografiei și operei literare a lui Liviu Rebreanu, B.P. Hasdeu și I.L. Caragiale, aducând puncte de vedere noi și constituind materiale documentare de importanță fundamentală în analiza creației literare a autorilor sus-menționați, deoarece apelează pentru elucidarea unor aspecte la științe înrudite: folcloristica, filologia, istoria, istoria artelor. Studiile sale au contribuit, de asemenea, la îmbogățirea literaturii române cu identificări ale unor noi opere, articole, reviste și alte colaborări literare. Stancu Ilin a publicat două cărți despre viața și opera lui Liviu Rebreanu: Liviu Rebreanu în atelierul de creație (1985) și Liviu Rebreanu în agora (1988), precum și antologia de folclor Poezia obiceiurilor de iarnă (1985).

Contribuțiile sale cele mai valoroase sunt reprezentate de publicarea, în colaborare, a ediților critice din B.P. Hasdeu (Opere, I-XVI, 1986-2013, cu Ionel Oprișan) și I. L. Caragiale (Opere, I-V, 2000-2015, cu Nicolae Bârna și Constantin Hârlav). Stancu Ilin a obținut Premiul "B.P. Hasdeu" al Academiei Române (1985).

Opera
 Reviste literare românești din secolul al XIX-lea, în colab., București, 1970;
 Reviste literare românești din ultimele decenii ale secolului al XIX-lea, în colab., București, 1974;
 Reviste literare românești de la începutul secolului al XX-lea, în colab., București, 1976;
 Liviu Rebreanu în atelierul de creație, Ed. Minerva, București, 1985;
 Liviu Rebreanu în agora, Ed. Minerva, București, 1988;
 Bibliografia I.L. Caragiale în periodice, vol. I-II, în colab., București, 1997.

Note

Bibliografie
 Aurel Sasu, Dicționar biografic al literaturii române A-L, vol. I, Ed. Paralela 45, București, 2004, pp. 762-763. ISBN: 973-697-758-7

Nașteri în 1933
Istorici literari români
Bursieri Humboldt

Stancu Ilin