බර්ලින් තාප්පය යනු බටහිර බර්ලිනය නැ‍ඟෙනහිර බර්ලිනය හා බටහිර ජර්මනියේ ඉතිරි කොටසින් වෙන් කරන බාධකයකි. දිගු අභ්යබන්තර ජර්මන් සීමාව ජනපද දෙක අතර නැඟෙනහිර බටහිර ජර්මානු සීමාවේ ඉතිරිය සලකුණු කරයි. සීමා දෙකම අයන් කර්ටන්හි කොටසකි.

මෙම තාප්පය එහි ගොඩනැංවීම ආරම්භ වූ 1961 අගෝස්තු 13 වනදා සිට එය 1989 දී බිඳ දමන තෙක් වසර 28 ක් පුරාවට නැඟෙනහිර බර්ලිනය හා බටහිර බර්ලිනය එකිනෙකින් වෙන්කරන ලදී. මෙම කාලය තුළ දී නිල වාර්තාවලට අනුව බටහිර බර්ලිනය තුළට තාප්පය මාරු වීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමේ දී මිනිසුන් 133 දෙනෙක් මිය ගොස් ඇත. කෙසේ නමුත් ප්රසධාන ගොදුරුවූවන් පවසා සිටින්නේ 200කට වැඩි මිනිසුන් සංඛ්යාමවක් බටහිර සිට නැ‍ඟෙනහිර බර්ලිනයට පලා යෑමට තැත් කිරීමේ දී මිය ගොස් ඇති බවයි. GDR/බටහිර ජර්මානු ආණ්ඩුව සීමාවෙහි වූ ආරක්ෂකයන්ට වෙඩි තැබීම් නියෝග නිකුත් කළ අතර එවැනි නියෝග GDR නිලධාරීන් විසින් ප්ර්තික්ෂේප කළ මරණයට පත් කිරීමට වෙඩි තැබීමේ නියෝගවලට වඩා වෙනස්ය.

1989 නොවැම්බර් 9 වනදා නැ‍ඟෙනහිර ජර්මානු රජය විසින් බටහිර ජර්මනිය හා බටහිර බර්ලිනය කරා ගමන් කිරීමට ඉඩ ඇති බව පැවසීමත් සමඟ නැ‍ඟෙනහිර ජර්මානුවන් තාප්පයට නැඟ තාප්පය තරණය කර උත්සවය සැමරීම සඳහා බටහිර ජර්මානුවන් සමඟ එක්විය.

ඊළඟ සති කීපය පුරාවට තාප්පයෙහි කොටස් මහජනයා හා සමරු ලබා ගන්නා අය විසින් කඩා ගන්නා ලද අතර පසුව එහි ඉතිරිය ඉවත් කිරීම සඳහා කර්මාන්තමය උපකරණ යොදා ගන්නා ලදී.

බර්ලින් තාප්පය බිඳ වැටීම ජර්මානු නැවත එක්වීමට මඟ පෑදූ අතර නිල වශයෙන් එය 1990 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වනදා අවසන් විය.

ජර්මනිය තුල 1961 දී සංස්ථාපිතයන්
හමුදාමය ඉතිහාසය තුල 1961 වසර
දේශපාලනය තුල 1961 වසර

බර්ලින් තාප්පය


Glazunov (; feminine: Glazunova) is a Russian surname that may refer to:
Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936), Russian composer
Glazunov Glacier in Antarctica named after Alexander
Andrei Glazunov, 19th-century Russian trade expedition leader
Anton Glazunov (born 1986), Russian basketball player
Ilya Glazunov (1930–2017), Russian painter
Vasili Glazunov (1896–1967), Soviet general, Hero of the Soviet Union

Russian-language surnames

Glazunov


Sintagma nomen nudum (množina: nomina nuda) je latinski termin, u značenju "golo ime", u taksonomiji (posebno u zoološkoj i botaničkoj nomenklaturi). Ono se obično, ali ne uvijek piše kurzivom, ovisno o stilu publikacije.

Termin se koristi da se skrene pozornost na označavanje koje izgleda kao znanstveno ime organizma, a možda je prvotvno trebalo niti znanstveno ime, ali ne i jedino, jer nije (ili ga još nema) objavljen odgovarajući opis (ili referenca za takav opis) pa je tako ostala "gola" oznaka ili "golo" ime, ono koji se ne može prihvatiti kako sada stvari stoje.

Zato se nomen nudum ne kvalificira kao formalno znanstveno ime, a kasnije autor može objaviti pravi znanstveni naziv koji je isti kao u pravopisu. Ako jedan te isti autor preda ime u tisak, prvo kao nomen nudum, a kasnije objavi ime s opisom koji ispunjava formalne uvjete, do dana objavljivanja ovog drugog, formalno je ispravno ime dano na dan prve objave.

Izvori

Botanika
Zoologija
Latinske riječi i izrazi

Nomen nudum


Das völkerrechtlich zu Somalia gehörende Puntland gab sich 2009 ein eigenes Wappen.

Beschreibung
Der Wappenschild zeigt die fünfzackig golden bekronte, um 90° gedrehte Flagge Puntlands mit nach oben gerichteter Sternspitze. Schildhalter sind zwei aufgerichtete naturfarbene Pferde, den Kopf zum Schild gewandt, fußend auf zwei gekreuzten Speeren, durchflochten von einem Band, über beidem zwei gekreuzte grüne Palmwedel.

Das Wappen lehnt sich erkennbar an das Wappen Somalias an. Das Puntland sieht sich als autonomer Teilstaat Somalias und gab sich 2009 ein eigenes Wappen.

Weblinks
 Flaggen-Lexikon (Beschreibung von Flagge und Wappen)

Einzelnachweise

Puntland
Wappen
en:Coat of arms of Puntland

Wappen Puntlands


L'attaque de Deliatyne est une attaque par missiles hypersoniques russes d'un entrepôt ukrainien souterrain d'armes et munitions, survenue le . L'entrepôt qui contenait des missiles et munitions d'aviation des troupes ukrainiennes se situait à Deliatyne, dans l'oblast d'Ivano-Frankivsk, à l'ouest de Ukraine. Il s'agit probablement de la première utilisation opérationnelle d'un missile hypersonique, en l'occurrence un ou plusieurs Kh-47M2 Kinjal, une arme hypersonique, contre l'Ukraine.

Déroulement
Le , le ministère russe de la Défense déclare que l'armée russe a utilisé des missiles hypersoniques du complexe Kinjal pour détruire la base souterraine de Deliatyne, dans l'oblast d'Ivano-Frankivsk. Le porte-parole du commandement de l'armée de l'air des forces armées d'Ukraine, Yurii Ihnat, confirme une frappe de missiles à Deliatyne. Le ministère de la Défense de l'Ukraine confirme l'attaque contre les entrepôts, mais n'a pu établir le type exact d'armes avec lesquelles elle a été infligée. En outre, selon le ministère : « Malheureusement, l'Ukraine est devenue un terrain d'essai pour tout l'arsenal d'armes de missiles russes. Ils utilisent des complexes opérationnels et tactiques Iskander, des missiles de croisière Kalibr et d'autres : Kh-101, Kh-55, X-555. »

Des responsables américains ont confirmé à CNN que la Russie avait lancé de puissants missiles hypersoniques contre l'Ukraine, la première utilisation connue de tels missiles au combat. La Russie a affirmé avoir déployé des missiles hypersoniques pour détruire un entrepôt de munitions à Deliatyne. Les lancements étaient probablement destinés à tester les armes et à envoyer un message à l'Occident sur les capacités russes.

Vidéo russe
La Russie a publié une vidéo de ce qu'elle a dit être sa frappe de missiles sur le dépôt d'armes de Deliatyne, une petite ville du Sud-Ouest de l'Ukraine situé à seulement  de la frontière avec la Roumanie. Le  au soir,  a reçu des images satellites prises par la société américaine Planet Labs, qui confirment que la vidéo du ministère russe de la Défense montre une frappe non pas sur un grand entrepôt dans l'Ouest de l'Ukraine, mais sur une ferme ou un grand poulailler au sud-est de l'oblast de Kharkiv. Les photos ont été prises le , une semaine avant la publication de la vidéo et la diffusion d'informations sur l'utilisation du Kinjal. À ce moment-là, la ferme avait déjà été partiellement détruite.

Notes et références

Bataille de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022
2022 en Ukraine
Mars 2022

Attaque de Deliatyne


الأليزارين : هو مركب عضوي معروف منذ القدم كصباغ أحمر مهم. وهو مركب أنثراكينون مشتق من جذور نبات الفوة. وهو أول صباغ طبيعي أنتج صناعيا في عام 1869. والأليزارين هو اسم لعدد من الأصبغة المتنوعة، مثل "Alizarine Cyanine Green G" و "Alizarine Brilliant Blue R".
يجب الإشارة إلى أن اسم الأليزارين مشتق من الكلمة العربية "al-usara" العصارة.

تاريخ
زرعت الفوة من أجل استخدامها كصباغ منذ القدم في آسيا الوسطى، ومصر، حيث نمت منذ 1500 قبل الميلاد. ووجد النسيج المصبوغ بجذور الفوة في مقبرة للفرعون توت عنخ أمون وفي أنقاض حضارات بومبي وكورنث القديمة. وفي العصور الوسطى، شجع شارلمان زراعة الفوة. وقد نمت جيدًا في التربة الرملية لهولندا، وأصبحت جزءا هاما من الاقتصاد المحلي.

وفي عام 1804 أدخل صانع الأصبغة الأنكليزي جورج فيلد (George Field)  تحسينات على استخراج لون الفوة بمعالجتها بالشبة والقلي، حيث حول خلاصة الفوة الذوابة في الماء إلى خضاب صلب غير ذواب في الماء. هذا الملون الناتج (madder lake) أعطى لونا دائما، ويمكن استخدامه بفعالية، على سبيل المثال عن طريق مزجه بالطلاء. وعلى مدى السنوات التالية، وجد أن أملاحا معدنية أخرى، بما في ذلك الأملاح الحاوية على الحديد، والقصدير، والكروم، يمكن استخدامها بدلا من الشبة لتعطي خضبا من ألوان مختلفة مشتقة من لون الفوة. وقد عرفت هذه الطريقة العامة في تحضير (lakes) لقرون عديدة.

وفي عام 1826، وجد الكيميائي الفرنسي جان بيير روبيكيه (Pierre-Jean Robiquet) أن جذور الفوة تحتوي على ملونين، الأليزارين الأحمر والبوربورين (purpurin) وهو سريع النصول (fading). وقد أصبح مركب الأليزارين أول الأصبغة الطبيعية المركبة صناعيا في عام 1868 عندما أوجد الكيميائيان الألمانيان كارل غراب (Carl Graebe) وكارل ليبرمان (Carl Liebermann)، والعاملين في شركة باسف BASF، طريقة لإنتاج الأليزارين من أنثراسين. وفي نفس الوقت تقريبا، اكتشف كيميائي الأصبغة الإنجليزي ويليم هنري بيركن (William Henry Perkin) نفس طريقة التصنيع، مع أن مجموعة باسف قد سجلوا براءة الاختراع قبل بيركن بيوم واحد فقط.

وقد أنتج الأليزارين التركيبي بكلفة بسيطة مقارنة بالصباغ الطبيعي، فانهارت سوق الفوة تقريبا بين عشية وضحاها. الاصطناع الرئيسي يوجب أكسدة أنثراكينون-2-حمض السلفونيك باستخدام نترات الصوديوم في هيدروكسيد الصوديوم المركز. وقد استبدل الأليزارين بدوره في أيامنا هذه بخضب كيناكريدون المقاومة للضوء (quinacridone) التي طورتها دو بونت في عام 1958.

معرض صور

المراجع

أصبغة أنثراكينون
خضاب عضوي
درجات الأحمر
ديهيدروكسيانثراكوينون
كاتيكولات
متمخلبات

أليزارين


ورود في تربة مالحة مسلسل دراما اجتماعي سوري عُرض عام (2002)، يعرض لنا قصص فتيات صديقات وما يواجهنه من مشاكل في مجتمعنا. من تأليف: تماضر الموح، وإخراج: رياض ديار بكرلي، ومن بطولة عدد من ممثلي الدراما السورية.

قصة المسلسل
يرصد المسلسل حياة ومعاناة سبع فتيات صديقات في مجتمعنا الحديث، إذ لكل منهن مطالبها وهواجسها وآمالها.. بدءاً من البحث عن عمل، إلى تحقيق الذات والكرامة الإنسانية والعيش المتوازن نفسياً واجتماعياً وأسرياً. ويعرض العمل المشاكل والعقبات التي تقف في وجوههن والأخطاء التي تنتج عن احتكاكهن بالمحيط الاجتماعي المثقل بالتناقضات والقيم والمفاهيم المختلفة.. كل ذلك يتم عبر رصد مسار كل شخصية من شخصيات العمل ومن خلال محاور درامية متعددة ومتشابكة، لتصل في النهاية إلى المصير المقرر لكل نموذج من نماذج الشخصيات المشاركة في هذه الدراما الاجتماعية المعاصرة، والمستمدة أحداثها من الواقع الحياتي الذي يعيشه المجتمع.

طاقم العمل

 تأليف: تماضر الموح.

 إخراج: رياض ديار بكرلي.

ممثلون

 منى واصف: (محاسن).
 سلاف فواخرجي: (نغم).
 سلافة معمار: (مجد).
 رندة مرعشلي: (هديل).
 وائل رمضان: (عهد).
 عبد المنعم عمايري: (إبراهيم).
 جيهان عبد العظيم: (وئام).
 لورا أبو أسعد: (ديمة).
 سامر المصري: (قصي).
 سليم صبري: (عز الدين).
 روعة ياسين: (نيرمين).
 لينا كرم. (مها)
 علي كريم.
 عبد الحكيم قطيفان.
 ضحى الدبس: (أم هديل).
 جهاد الزغبي: (صبري).
 زهير رمضان: (محمود).
 هالة شوكت.
 حسام عيد: (نصر).
 سحر فوزي: (حميده).
 هاني شاهين.
 محمد خير الجراح.
 رضوان سالم.
 لينا مراد.

فنيون
 موسيقى: رضوان نصري.

المصادر والمراجع

مسلسلات تلفزيونية سورية بدأ عرضها في 2002

ورود في تربة مالحة (مسلسل)


هذه المقال يشرح أهم طرق مقارنة أفضل لاعبي الشطرنج عبر التاريخ حسب الطرق الإحصائية أو بعدد البطولات العالمية.

الطرق الإحصائية

أفضل لاعبي التاريخ حسب نظام (Elo)
يعتبر معيار أو مقياس(Arpad Elo) أشهر نموذج إحصائي للاعبي الشطرنج. وفي كتابه الذي نشره عام 1978، أعطى أرباد إيلو تصنيف للاعبين بناء على أداءهم في اللعبة في خلال أفضل خمس سنوات من احترافهم. وحسب هذا التصنيف، فإن الاعبين التاليين هم الأفضل على الإطلاق:
 2725 – خوزيه كابابلانكا
 2720 – ميخائيل بوتفنيك، إيمانويل لاسكر
 2700 – ميخائيل تال
 2690 – ألكسندر أليخين، بول شارل مورفي، فاسيلي سميسلوف.
و في عام 1970، تبنى الاتحاد الدولي للشطرنج هذا القياس للاعبين الحاليين. ونتيجة لذلك، فإن هذا القياس هو الوسيلة المناسبة لقياس مهارات اللاعبين بين العصور المختلفة. والجدول التالي يبين أفضل 20 لاعباً في التاريخ.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:97%;"
|+جدول لإفضل عشرين لاعباً مصنفاً، مع تاريخ حصولهم على أفضل تصنيف لأول مرة
!الترتيب
!التقييم
!اللاعب
!الشهر - العام
!الدولة
|-
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 2882
|ماغنوس كارلسن
|2014-05
|
|-
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" |2851
|غاري كاسباروف
|1999-07
|
|-
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" | 2813
|فيسيلين توبالوف
|2006-07
|
|-
| align="center" | 4
| align="center" | 2809
|فلاديمير كرامنيك
|2001-10
|
|-
| align="center" | 5
| align="center" | 2803
|فسواناثان اناند
|2006-04
|
|-
| align="center" | 6
| align="center" | 2788
|ألكسندر موروزيفيتش
| 2008-07
|
|-
| align="center" | 7
| align="center" | 2787
|فاسيلي إيفانتشوك
|2007-10
|
|-
| align=center | 8
| align=center | 2785
|بوبي فيشر
|1972-04
|
|-
| align=center | 9
| align=center | 2780
|أناطولي كاربوف
|1994-07
|
|-
| align=center | 10
| align=center | 2765
|بيتر سفيدلر
|2006-01
|
|-
| align=center | 11
| align=center | 2763
|بيتر ليكو
|2005-04
|
|-
| align=center | 12
| align=center | 2763
|ليفون أرونيان
| 2006-07
|
|-
| align=center | 13
| align=center | 2761
|تيموررجبوف
|2009-01
|
|-
| align=center | 14
| align=center | 2760
|شخريار ماميدياروف
|2008-01
|
|-
| align=center | 15
| align=center | 2760
|Dmitry Jakovenko
|2009-01
|
|-
| align=center | 16
| align=center | 2755
|مايكل أدامز (لاعب شطرنج)
|2000-07
|
|-
| align=center | 17
| align=center | 2755
|أليكسي شيروف
|2008-01
|
|-
| align=center | 18
| align=center | 2751
|Sergei Movsesian
|2009-01
|
|-
| align=center | 19
| align=center | 2745
|جاطا كامسكي
|1996-07
|
|-
| align=center | 20
| align=center | 2743
|رسلان بونوماريوف
|2002-04
|
|}

عدد البطولات العالمية

ترتيب أبطال العالم حسب مجموع سنوات الفوز
و ممن الممكن أيضا قياس مهارة الأعبين المحترفين بطريقة أخرى وذلك عن حساب مجموع البطولات العالمية أو عدد سنوات الاحتفاظ باللقب. والجدول التالي يحسب أبطال العالم حسب عدد البطولات.

مراجع

أنظمة تصنيف الشطرنج
تاريخ الشطرنج
قوائم لاعبي شطرنج
لاعبو الشطرنج


Baron Raglan, of Raglan in the County of Monmouth, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 20 October 1852 for the military commander Lord FitzRoy Somerset, chiefly remembered as commander of the British troops during the Crimean War.

History
The title was created for Lord FitzRoy Somerset, the youngest son of Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort (see Duke of Beaufort for earlier history of the family). His second but eldest surviving son, the second Baron, served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) from 1866 to 1868 in the Conservative administrations of the Earl of Derby and Benjamin Disraeli. He was succeeded by his son, the third Baron. He held office as Under-Secretary of State for War between 1900 and 1902 in the Conservative government of Lord Salisbury. His eldest son, the fourth Baron, was a soldier and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire. The fifth Baron was active in the House of Lords but lost his seat in the upper chamber of parliament after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999.  the title is held by the fourth Baron's third but second surviving son, the sixth Baron, who succeeded in 2010.

Like their Beaufort relatives, the Barons of Raglan can boast an unbroken line of male (but illegitimate) descent from Henry II and the earliest Plantagenets.

The family seat was Cefntilla Court, Llandenny in Monmouthshire. An inscription over the porch dated 1858 reads: "This house with 238 acres of land was purchased by 1623 of the friends, admirers and comrades in arms of the late Field Marshal Lord Raglan GCB and presented by them to his son and his heirs for ever in a lasting memorial of affectionate regard and respect". Memorials to a number of members of the Raglan branch of the Somerset family can be seen in St John's Church, the parish church of Llandenny.

The fifth baron willed Cefntilla to a nephew, the son of his sister, and not to the heirs of the barony, a decision which was contested. During the legal dispute, the Honourable Arthur Somerset, son and heir of the new Baron, died suddenly on 25 July 2012. The dispute was subsequently settled and Cefntilla sold.

Barons Raglan (1852)
FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan (1788–1855)
Richard Henry FitzRoy Somerset, 2nd Baron Raglan (1817–1884)
George FitzRoy Henry Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan (1857–1921)
FitzRoy Richard Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan (1885–1964)
FitzRoy John Somerset, 5th Baron Raglan (1927–2010)
Geoffrey Somerset, 6th Baron Raglan (born 1932)
Hon. Arthur Geoffrey Somerset (1960–2012)

The heir apparent is the present holder's grandson Iñigo Arthur Fitzroy Somerset (born 2004).

Family Tree

See also
Duke of Beaufort
Viscount Somerset

References

External links
A Tribute to the Honourable Arthur Somerset: The King of the Events Industry
Battle to save Wellington legacy: A unique and important collection of military memorabilia with a fascinating history is in danger of being broken up
Family of military hero locked in battle over sale of treasures
Duke of Wellington's treasures in jeopardy

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

Noble titles created in 1852
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Raglan


Pierre-Étienne Alerme (Rouen,  - Batignolles, ) est un danseur français, auteur du livre De la danse considérée sous le rapport de l'éducation physique, Paris, 1830.

Il a dansé au Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin et au Théâtre-Italien de Paris.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Danseur français du XIXe siècle
Naissance en décembre 1784
Naissance à Rouen
Décès en novembre 1846
Décès à Paris
Décès à 61 ans

Pierre-Étienne Alerme


Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (December 4, 1912 – January 11, 1988) was an American combat pilot who was a United States Marine Corps fighter ace during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross. A Marine aviator with the Pacific fleet in 1941, Boyington joined the "Flying Tigers" (1st American Volunteer Group) of the Republic of China Air Force and saw combat in Burma in late 1941 and 1942 during the military conflict between China and Japan.

In September 1942, Boyington rejoined the Marine Corps. In early 1943, he deployed to the South Pacific and began flying combat missions in the F4U Corsair fighter. On August 14, 1943, he took command of Marine fighter squadron VMF-214 ("Black Sheep").

In January 1944, Boyington, outnumbered by Japanese "Zero" planes, was shot down into the Pacific Ocean after downing one of the enemy planes. He was captured by a Japanese submarine crew and was held as a prisoner of war for more than a year and a half. He was released shortly after the surrender of Japan.

The television series Baa Baa Black Sheep was inspired by Boyington and his men in the "Black Sheep" squadron. It ran for two seasons in the late 1970s.

Early life
Born on December 4, 1912, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, he moved with his family to the logging town of St. Maries at age three and lived there until age 12. He is of part Brulé Sioux descent. He then lived in Tacoma, Washington, where he was a wrestler at Lincoln High School. He took his first flight at St. Maries when he was six years old, with Clyde Pangborn, who later became the first pilot to fly over the Pacific Ocean non-stop.

After graduation from high school in 1930, Boyington attended the University of Washington in Seattle, where he was a member of the Army ROTC and joined the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He was on the Husky wrestling and swimming teams, and for a time he held the Pacific Northwest Intercollegiate middleweight wrestling title. He spent his summers working in Washington in a mining camp and at a logging camp and with the Coeur d'Alene Fire Protective Association in road construction. He graduated in 1934 with a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering. Boyington married shortly after graduation and worked as a draftsman and engineer for Boeing in Seattle.

Military career
Boyington began his military training in college as a member of Army ROTC and became a cadet captain. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Reserve in June 1934, and then served two months of active duty with the 630th Coast Artillery at Fort Worden, Washington. In the spring of 1935, he applied for flight training under the Aviation Cadet Act, but he discovered that it excluded married men. Boyington had grown up as Gregory Hallenbeck, and assumed his stepfather, Ellsworth J. Hallenbeck, was his father. When he obtained a copy of his birth certificate, he learned that his father was actually Charles Boyington, a dentist, and that his parents had divorced when he was an infant. As there was no record of any Gregory Boyington ever being married, he enrolled as a U.S. Marine Corps aviation cadet using that name.

United States Marine Corps
On June 13, 1935, he transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. He returned to inactive duty on July 16. On February 18, 1936, Boyington accepted an appointment as an aviation cadet in the Marine Corps Reserve. He was assigned to Naval Air Station Pensacola for flight training. Boyington was designated a Naval Aviator on March 11, 1937, then transferred to Marine Corps Base Quantico for duty with Aircraft One, Fleet Marine Force. He was discharged from the Marine Corps Reserve on July 1, 1937, in order to accept a second lieutenant's commission in the Marine Corps the following day. Boyington attended The Basic School in Philadelphia from July 1938 to January 1939. On completion of the course, he was assigned to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Group at the San Diego Naval Air Station. He took part in fleet problems off the aircraft carriers  and . Promoted to first lieutenant on November 4, 1940, Boyington returned to Pensacola as an instructor in December.

Flying Tigers
While serving as an instructor at Pensacola, Boyington punched another officer during a disagreement and was informed by his superiors that he likely faced a court-martial.  At this time, representatives looking for volunteer fighter pilots to fight in China visited Pensacola.  Boyington quickly resigned his commission in the Marine Corps on August 26, 1941, to accept a position with the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company, which was a civilian firm that contracted to staff a Special Air Unit to defend China and the Burma Road. This later became known as the American Volunteer Group, the famed Flying Tigers in Burma. During his time with the Tigers, Boyington became a flight leader. He was frequently in trouble with the commander of the outfit, Claire Chennault and reportedly was disliked and distrusted by the other pilots in the organization, who considered Boyington a "liar and a drunk." Boyington was officially credited with two Japanese aircraft destroyed in the air and one and a half on the ground. Boyington always claimed that he shot down six in the air, a claim accepted by the Marine Corps.  In April 1942, he broke his contract with the American Volunteer Group and returned on his own to the United States.

Return to the Marine Corps
On September 29, 1942, he rejoined the Marine Corps and took a major's commission. The Marine Corps needed experienced combat pilots, and in early 1943 he was assigned to Marine Aircraft Group 11 of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing and deployed to the South Pacific as executive officer of Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 122 (VMFA-122) operating from Guadalcanal until April 1943. While assigned to VMFA-122, Boyington shot down no enemy aircraft. From July to August 1943, he commanded Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 112. In September 1943, he became commanding officer of Marine Fighter Squadron 214 (VMF-214), better known by its nickname, the "Black Sheep Squadron".

Boyington received the nickname "Gramps", because at age 31, he was a decade older than most of the Marines serving under him. The name "Gramps" was changed to "Pappy" in a variation on "The Whiffenpoof Song" whose new lyrics had been written by Paul "Moon" Mullen, one of his pilots, and this version was picked up by war correspondents. Boyington is best known for his exploits in the Vought F4U Corsair in VMF-214. During periods of intense activity in the Russell Islands-New Georgia and Bougainville-New Britain-New Ireland areas, he shot down 14 enemy fighter planes in 32 days. By December 27, 1943, his record had climbed to 25.

A typical feat was his attack on Kahili airdrome at the southern tip of Bougainville on October 17, 1943. Boyington and 24 fighters circled the field, where 60 hostile aircraft were based, goading the enemy into sending up a large force. In the fierce battle that followed, 20 enemy aircraft were shot down, while the Black Sheep returned to their base without loss. Boyington's squadron, flying from the island of Vella Lavella, offered to down a Japanese Zero for every baseball cap sent to them by major league players in the World Series. They received 20 caps and shot down more than that number of enemy aircraft.

On January 3, 1944, he beat World War I ace Eddie Rickenbacker's record of 26 enemy planes destroyed, before Boyington was shot down, though his last two kills for a total of 28 were confirmed after his return. On that mission, 48 American fighters, including four planes from the Black Sheep Squadron [plus planes from VF-33 and VMF-211], were sent on a sweep over Rabaul. Boyington was tactical commander of the flight and arrived over the target at 8:00 am. He was seen to shoot down his 26th plane, but he then became mixed in the general melee of dogfighting planes and was not seen or heard from during the battle, nor did he return with his squadron. Boyington's wingman, Captain George Ashmun, was killed in action. In later
years, Masajiro "Mike" Kawato claimed to have been the pilot who shot down Boyington. He described the combat in two books and numerous public appearances (often with Boyington), but this claim was eventually "disproven", though Kawato repeated his story until his death. Kawato was present during the action in which Boyington was shot down, as one of 70 Japanese fighters which engaged about 30 American fighters.
The IJN Forces were the 204th Kōkūtai and 253d Kōkūtai {Naval Aviation Group Formations). The 204th Kōkūtai loses are unknown; however the 253d Kōkūtai reported 1 Zero shot down and Pilot slightly injured

Prisoner of war
Following a determined but futile search, Boyington was declared missing in action (MIA). He had been picked up on 3 January 1944 by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine  and taken to Rabaul, becoming a prisoner of war. (I-181 was sunk 13 days after picking him up.) According to Boyington's autobiography, he was never accorded official POW status by the Japanese, and his captivity was not reported to the Red Cross.

He spent the rest of the war, some 20 months, in Japanese prison camps. After being held temporarily at Rabaul and then Truk, where he survived the massive U.S. Navy raid known as "Operation Hailstone", he was transported first to Ōfuna and finally to Ōmori Prison Camp near Tokyo. During that time, he was selected for temporary promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel. A fellow American prisoner of war was Medal of Honor recipient submarine Captain Richard O'Kane. At Ōfuna, Boyington was interned with the former Olympic distance runner and downed aviator Lieutenant Louis Zamperini.

On August 29, 1945, after the atomic bombs and the Japanese capitulation, Boyington was liberated from Japanese custody at Omori Prison Camp. Boyington returned to the United States at Naval Air Station Alameda on September 12, 1945, where he was met by 21 former squadron members from VMF-214. That night, a party for him was held at the St. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco that was covered by Life in its issue October 1, 1945. The coverage of the party marked the first time that the magazine had ever shown people consuming alcohol. Prior to his arrival, on September 6, he accepted his temporary lieutenant colonel's commission in the Marine Corps.

Postwar

Shortly after his return to the U.S., as a lieutenant colonel, Boyington was ordered to Washington, DC, to receive the nation's highest military honor—the Medal of Honor—from the president. The medal had been awarded by the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1944 and held in the capital until such time as he could receive it. On October 4, 1945, Boyington received the Navy Cross from the Commandant of the Marine Corps for the Rabaul raid. On October 5, "Nimitz Day", some other sailors, marines, and he who were also awarded the Medal of Honor were presented their medals at the White House by President Harry S. Truman.

Following the receipt of his Medal of Honor and Navy Cross, Boyington made a Victory Bond tour. Originally ordered to the Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, he was later directed to report to the commanding general, Marine Air West Coast, Marine Corps Air Station, Miramar, San Diego, California. He retired from the Marine Corps on August 1, 1947, and because he was specially commended for the performance of duty in actual combat, he was promoted to colonel.

Later life
Boyington was a tough, hard-living character known for being unorthodox. He was also a heavy drinker, which plagued him in the years after the war and possibly contributed to his multiple divorces. He freely admitted that during the two years he spent as a POW his health improved because of the enforced sobriety. He worked various civilian jobs, including refereeing and participating in professional wrestling matches.

Author
Boyington wrote his autobiography, Baa Baa, Black Sheep, published in 1958. He wrote a novel about the American Volunteer Group, Tonya, a spy story with characters based on real individuals. Some of the character names were derived by transposing the syllables of the names of the people who inspired them ("Ross Dicky" for Dick Rossi, for example).

TV series
Many people know of him from the mid-1970s television show Baa Baa Black Sheep, a drama about the Black Sheep squadron based very loosely on Boyington's memoir, with Boyington portrayed by Robert Conrad. Boyington had a short walk-on role as a visiting general for two episodes in the first season ("The Deadliest Enemy of All: Part 2" and "The Fastest Gun") and one episode in the second season ("Ten'll Get You Five") of the show.

Many of Boyington's men were irate over the show, charging it was mostly fiction and presented a glamorized portrayal of Boyington. On the television show, Boyington was depicted as owning a Bull Terrier dog, named "Meatball", although Boyington did not own a dog while deployed in the South Pacific Theater. Boyington frequently told interviewers and audiences that the television series was fiction and only slightly related to fact, calling it "hogwash and Hollywood hokum".

Publicity

While paintings and publicity photographs often show Boyington with aircraft number 86 LuluBelle covered in victory flags, he had not flown this in combat. In fact, he rarely flew the same aircraft more than a few times. Reportedly, he would choose the F4U in the worst shape, so that none of his pilots would be afraid to fly their own aircraft. A publicity photo taken of Boyington in F4U-1A Corsair number 86 was taken at Espiritu Santo (code named BUTTON), in the New Hebrides on 26 November 1943. It was taken while VMA-214 was on leave between their first and second combat tours with Boyington as the commanding officer. Though Boyington claimed after the war that the name of the plane was LuluBelle, according to Bruce Gamble's analysis, it was most likely called LucyBelle.

Boyington was part of the 1981 Black Sheep reunion in Washington, DC, hosted by the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum. Reunion planning was initiated by Boyington's namesake Gregory Tucker, son of Black Sheep pilot Burney Tucker. The reunion was scheduled to coincide with the dedication of a restored F4U-1 Corsair exhibit. The dedication program was attended by 18 Black Sheep veterans, museum dignitaries, and astronaut Michael Collins representing the Ling-Temco-Vought Company (successor to Corsair manufacturer Vought). The program included a banquet recognizing all of the Black Sheep veterans. At the request of museum personnel, Boyington climbed into the cockpit for pictures, confirmed the accuracy of the cockpit restoration, and answered a question from a young fan: "Yeah, I could fly it today, if it was airworthy." He autographed the Corsair with a marker pen in one of the landing gear wells, saying, in effect, that it was a Corsair in the best condition he had ever seen. The Corsair hangs from the ceiling at the museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Dulles Airport in Chantilly, Virginia.

In 1957, he appeared as a guest contestant on the television panel show To Tell the Truth. In 1976, Boyington appeared on NBC's The Today Show with actor Robert Conrad and was interviewed about the drama Baa Baa Black Sheep.

Family
Boyington had three children with his first wife Helen Clark. They married after his graduation from the University of Washington in 1934. She was 17 years old. One daughter (Janet Boyington) took her own life; one son (Gregory Boyington, Jr.) graduated from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1960 and retired from the U.S. Air Force as a lieutenant colonel. His youngest child was Gloria Boyington.

During World War II, his three children were placed in the charge of their aunt and grandmother after Boyington divorced Helen when he returned to America in 1941 after serving with the Flying Tigers. He charged his ex-wife with neglecting the children. Boyington married Frances Baker, 32, of Los Angeles on January 8, 1946.

His third marriage was to Delores Tatum, 33, on October 28, 1959. It was the second marriage for Tatum, and the third for the 46-year-old Boyington. Boyington and Delores had one adopted child. He married Josephine Wilson Moseman of Fresno in 1978. This marriage was his fourth.

Death
A heavy smoker throughout his adult life, Boyington died of lung cancer on January 11, 1988, at age 75, in Fresno, California. Boyington is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. His January 15 interment included full military honors accorded to a Medal of Honor recipient, including a missing man fly-by conducted by the F-4 Phantom IIs of VMFA-321 "Hells Angels" of the Marine Air Reserve Training Detachment based at the Naval Air Facility located on Andrews Air Force Base. Before his flight from Fresno, VMA-214 (the current incarnation of the Black Sheep Squadron) did a flyby. They intended to perform a missing man formation, but one of the four aircraft suffered a mechanical problem. After the burial service for Boyington, one of his friends, Fred Losch, looked down at the headstone next to which he was standing, that of boxing legend Joe Louis, and remarked that "Ol' Pappy wouldn't have to go far to find a good fight."

Military awards
Boyington's military decorations and awards include:

Medal of Honor citation
Boyington's Medal of Honor citation reads:

"The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to

for service as set forth in the following

CITATION:

For extraordinary heroism above and beyond the call of duty as Commanding Officer of Marine Fighting Squadron TWO FOURTEEN in action against enemy Japanese forces in Central Solomons Area from September 12, 1943, to January 3, 1944. Consistently outnumbered throughout successive hazardous flights over heavily defended hostile territory, Major Boyington struck at the enemy with daring and courageous persistence, leading his squadron into combat with devastating results to Japanese shipping, shore installations and aerial forces. Resolute in his efforts to inflict crippling damage on the enemy, Major BOYINGTON led a formation of twenty-four fighters over Kahili on October 17, and persistently circling the airdrome where sixty hostile aircraft were grounded, boldly challenged the Japanese to send up planes. Under his brilliant command, our fighters shot down twenty enemy craft in the ensuing action without the loss of a single ship. A superb airman and determined fighter against overwhelming odds, Major BOYINGTON personally destroyed 26 of the many Japanese planes shot down by his squadron and by his forceful leadership developed the combat readiness in his command which was a distinctive factor in the Allied aerial achievements in this vitally strategic area.

Source:

Navy Cross citation
Citation:
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Major Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (MCSN: 0-5254), United States Marine Corps Reserve, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer and a Pilot of Marine Fighting Squadron TWO HUNDRED FOURTEEN (VMF-214), Marine Air Group ELEVEN (MAG-11), FIRST Marine Aircraft Wing, during action against enemy aerial forces in the New Britain Island Area on 3 January 1944. Climaxing a period of duty conspicuous for exceptional combat achievement, Major Boyington led a formation of Allied planes on a fighter sweep over Rabaul against a vastly superior number of hostile fighters. Diving in a steep run into the climbing Zeros, he made a daring attack, sending one Japanese fighter to destruction in flames. A tenacious and fearless airman under extremely hazardous conditions, Major Boyington succeeded in communicating to those who served with him, the brilliant and effective tactics developed through a careful study of enemy techniques, and led his men into combat with inspiring and courageous determination. His intrepid leadership and gallant fighting spirit reflect the highest credit upon the United States Naval Service.

Honors
Boyington's honors include:

Airport renaming

In August 2007, the Coeur d'Alene airport was renamed the "Coeur d'Alene Airport–Pappy Boyington Field" in his honor and dedicated the following month. An independent documentary film called Pappy Boyington Field was produced by filmmaker Kevin Gonzalez in 2008, chronicling the grassroots campaign to add the commemorative name. The film showcases many of the local veterans who were involved with the campaign, as well as the personal insights into Boyington's life provided by his son, Gregory Boyington, Jr., and the actor Robert Conrad, who portrayed him in the television series.

University of Washington Medal of Honor Memorial

In February 2006, a resolution recommending a memorial be erected to honor Boyington for his service during World War II was raised and defeated at the University of Washington (Boyington's alma mater). Some people did not believe the resolution's sponsor had fully addressed the financial and logistical problems of installing a memorial and questioned the widely held assumption that all warriors and acts of war are automatically worthy of memorialization. The story was picked up by some blogs and conservative news outlets, focusing on two statements made by student senators during the meeting.<ref>Flickinger, Christopher. "Marines Not Welcome at University of Washington" , Human Events", February 20, 2006.</ref> One student senator, Ashley Miller, said that the university already had many monuments to "rich, white men" (Boyington claimed partial Sioux ancestry and was not rich); another questioned whether the university should memorialize a person who killed others, summarized in the minutes as saying "she didn't believe a member of the Marine Corps was an example of the sort of person UW wanted to produce." After its defeat, a new version of the original resolution was submitted that called for a memorial to all eight UW alumni who received the Medal of Honor."A Resolution Calling a Memorial for UW Alumni awarded the Medal of Honor" , Resolution R-12-16, Associated Students of the University of Washington Student Senate, submitted 02/17/2006. On April 4, 2006, the resolution passed. Privately funded, it was completed in time for a Veterans Day dedication in November 2009. In addition to Boyington, it honors Deming Bronson, Bruce Crandall, Robert Galer, John Hawk, Robert Leisy, William Nakamura, and Archie Van Winkle.

Naval Aviation Hall of Honor
Boyington was inducted into the Naval Aviation Hall of Honor in 1994, located at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida.

NROL-82 Mission Patch
Boyington was the inspiration for the NROL-82 mission patch that launched in April 2021. ("GPB" on the shoulder patch and an F4U Corsair in the background)

National Aviation Hall of Fame
In 2019, Boyington was inducted into The National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.

See also
 List of historic United States Marines
 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of military figures by nickname
 List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea

References

Specific

Bibliography

 ,
 ,

Web
 Pappy Boyington at acesofww2.com

 Heaton, Colin. Boyington's final interview, originally published in Aviation History, May 2001.

Further reading

 Colonel R. Bruce Porter and Eric M. Hammel ACE!: A Marine Night-Fighter Pilot in World War II Pacifica Press,

External links

 United States Navy Memorial – Gregory 'Pappy' Boyington
 History Link – Gregory 'Pappy' Boyington

 AirNav.com – airport information – Pappy Boyington Field – Coeur d'Alene, Idaho

 Boyington's appearance on the July 2, 1957 episode of To Tell the Truth''.

1912 births
1988 deaths
1940s missing person cases
American autobiographers
American prisoners of war in World War II
American World War II flying aces
Aviators from Idaho
Aviators from Washington (state)
Brulé people
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from lung cancer in California
Flying Tigers pilots
Formerly missing people
Military personnel from Idaho
Military personnel from Tacoma, Washington
Military personnel from Washington (state)
Missing in action of World War II
Native American United States military personnel
People from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
People from St. Maries, Idaho
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Shot-down aviators
United States Marine Corps colonels
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps pilots of World War II
United States Naval Aviators
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Lincoln High School (Tacoma, Washington) alumni

Pappy Boyington


Havetoft Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 14,53 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 871 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Peter Hermann Petersen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

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La France insoumise, forkortet FI (dansk: Det ukuelige Frankrig, Det rebelske Frankrig eller Det oprørske Frankrig) er et fransk venstreorienteret parti, der blev stiftet af Jean-Luc Mélenchon den 10. februar 2016.

Ved det franske præsidentvalgs første runde den 23. april 2017 fik Jean-Luc Mélenchon 19,58 procent af stemmerne. Han blev dermed nummer fire i første valgrunde, og gik ikke videre til valgets anden runde den 7. maj 2017.

Politiske partier i Frankrig
Socialistiske partier
Etableret i 2016

La France insoumise


Margareta Zirra () este o balerină română, critic de artă și publicist.

Biografie
Margareta Zirra a absolvit Academia de Balet Floria Capsali din București ca elevă a lui Anton Romanovski, Oleg Danovski, Elena Penescu-Liciu și Trixi Chekais. A plecat din țară în anul 1976 și a studiat la Sorbona psihologia și medicina mișcării.

S-a relocat în Canada, unde a înființat un studio care îi poartă numele, în Edmonton, și unde s-a ocupat de ameliorarea tehnicii baletului și de tratamentul deteriorărilor profesionale.

A contribuit la realizarea filmului documentar Praful și aurul scenei din anul (2002).

S-a căsătorit cu Guy Pariseau.

Distincții
 Tribute to women awards, Alberta, 1991
 Ordinul Meritul Cultural în grad de comandor, 2004
 Titlul onorific de societar pentru îndelungata și valoroasa activitate pe scena Teatrului Național de Operetă "Ion Dacian", 2006

Note

Bibliografie

Nașteri în 1930
Balerine române
Critici de artă români
Publiciști români
Oameni în viață

Margareta Zirra


Thomas Hislop ( - ) est un officier supérieur de l'armée britannique de la fin du  et du début du . Servant exclusivement dans les campagnes coloniales, Hislop combat aux Antilles entre 1796 et 1810 et par la suite en Inde, où il est un commandant supérieur pendant la troisième guerre anglo-maratha. Bien que sa capacité en tant que général ait été louée, Hislop est critiqué au Parlement pour ses lourdes représailles contre les forces de l'Empire marathe, en particulier à Talnar, où il ordonne l'exécution de plus de 300 hommes. Il est également connu pour sa mauvaise gestion financière, perdant de grosses sommes d'argent en investissant sans succès dans les Amériques. Malgré ces problèmes, Hislop est nommé baronnet et chevalier grand-croix de l'ordre du Bain, servant à sa retraite comme écuyer d'Adolphe de Cambridge.

Biographie
Hislop est né en 1764, le troisième fils du lieutenant-colonel William Hislop de l'Artillerie royale de l'armée britannique. Comme ses deux frères aînés, Hislop suit son père dans l'armée britannique, étudiant à la Royal Military Academy de Woolwich avant de rejoindre le  régiment d'infanterie comme enseigne en 1778. Ses deux frères sont tués au combat en Inde, James à la bataille de Pollilur en 1781 et William à Cundapore en 1783. Le premier combat de Thomas Hislop a lieu pendant la guerre d'indépendance américaine, lorsque son régiment sert dans la garnison pendant le grand siège de Gibraltar. En 1783, à la fin de la guerre, Hislop est promu lieutenant et achète le grade de capitaine en 1785, servant pendant un mois avec le  régiment d'infanterie avant de revenir au . En 1792, il quitte son régiment pour devenir l'assistant du général David Dundas, avec qui il participe à l'invasion de la Corse au début des guerres de la Révolution française. Lors de la prise de San Fiorenzo, il est envoyé en Grande-Bretagne avec les dépêches, promu major et nommé assistant de Lord Amherst .

En 1795, Hislop entreprend une mission diplomatique secrète en Allemagne à la demande du prince de Galles et est par la suite promu lieutenant-colonel dans le  régiment d'infanterie, retournant au  six mois plus tard. En 1796, son régiment est envoyé aux Antilles et Hislop participe à la prise des colonies hollandaises de Démérara, Berbice et Essequibo. Après leur capture, Hislop reste sur le territoire en tant que commandant militaire, levant un certain nombre de bataillons du West India Regiment. Il part à Trinidad en tant que lieutenant-gouverneur en 1802 après la paix d'Amiens. En 1806, alors que l'Espagne est en guerre avec la Grande-Bretagne, Hyslop accepte avec l'amiral Alexander Cochrane de fournir un soutien au général Francisco de Miranda pour une deuxième tentative d'envahir le Venezuela sous la domination espagnole. Au lendemain de l'échec de l'expédition, Miranda passe l'année suivante à Port of Spain en tant qu'hôte d'Hyslop en attendant des renforts qui ne sont jamais venus et retournent à Londres. En 1809, alors que les forces britanniques se rassemblent pour des opérations contre les îles françaises sous le vent, Hislop les rejoint en tant que subordonné du lieutenant-général George Beckwith et participe à l'invasion de la Martinique en février 1809 et à l'invasion de la Guadeloupe en janvier 1810, commandant une division pendant cette dernière opération. Il est promu major-général et retourne en Grande-Bretagne en raison de problèmes de santé en 1811 .

En 1812, Hislop est nommé commandant en chef à Bombay en tant que lieutenant général et s'embarque pour prendre ses fonctions dans la frégate . Le 29 décembre 1812, Java engage le combat contre l' et est capturé, Hislop est fait prisonnier. Pendant l'engagement naval, Hislop est resté sur le pont et a participé aux combats, et a été félicité pour son service. Il est libéré à Salvador au Brésil et retourne en Grande-Bretagne. À la fin de 1814, Hislop prend finalement un poste en Inde en tant que commandant en chef de l'armée de Madras. Il est récompensé pour ses services la même année par le titre de baronnet et l'investiture en tant que Chevalier Commandeur de l'Ordre du Bain. En 1817, la troisième guerre anglo-marathe éclate et Hislop reçoit le commandement de la principale force britannique, comptant  hommes. Avançant le 10 novembre, Hislop bat l'armée de  hommes de Malhar Rao Holkar à la bataille de Mahidpur le 21 décembre, puis assure la reddition des forteresses frontalières de Maratha. Un fort de Talnar refuse de se rendre, et Hislop s'en empare et massacre les 300 défenseurs. Une fois la campagne terminée, l'armée d'Hislop est dissoute en mars 1818. Il est promu Chevalier Grand-Croix de l'Ordre du Bain .

Les actions d'Hislop à Talnar font l'objet d'une enquête à la demande du gouverneur général de l'Inde, Lord Moira, et en conséquence, il est spécifiquement exclu du vote de remerciement proposé à la Chambre des communes. Il est également impliqué dans une controverse entourant la distribution des objets de valeur confisqués aux Marathes, connue sous le nom de "Prix Deccan". Bien qu'Hislop ait réclamé les récompenses pour les distribuer à ses troupes, une revendication alternative pour une armée dirigée par Lord Moira est considérée comme également valable même s'ils n'ont pris aucune part aux combats. Malgré une défense politique par le duc de Wellington, Hislop est démis de ses fonctions en 1820. Il reste cependant en Inde et en 1822, il épouse Emma Elliott de Madras.

Il sert brièvement en 1822 comme colonel en chef des Sutherland Highlanders après la mort de William Wemyss puis comme colonel honoraire du  régiment d'infanterie (1822-1829) et du  régiment d'infanterie (1829-1843) et passe un certain nombre d'années après son retour en Grande-Bretagne en tant qu'écuyer d'Adolphe de Cambridge. Il meurt chez lui à Charlton, Kent en 1843 .

Sa fille, Emma Eleanor Elizabeth, épouse William Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (3e comte de Minto), en 1844.

Références

Liens externes

Chevalier grand-croix de l'ordre du Bain
Général de l'armée de terre britannique
Baronnet
Décès en mai 1843
Naissance en juillet 1764
Militaire britannique des guerres de la Révolution française
Militaire britannique des guerres napoléoniennes
Décès à 78 ans

Thomas Hislop (1er baronnet)


Città di Castello (); "Castle Town") is a city and comune in the province of Perugia, in the northern part of Umbria. It is situated on a slope of the Apennines, on the flood plain along the upper part of the river Tiber. The city is  north of Perugia and  south of Cesena on the motorway SS 3 bis. It is connected by the SS 73 with Arezzo and the A1 highway, situated 38 km (23 mi) west. The comune of Città di Castello has an exclave named Monte Ruperto within Marche.

History

The town was founded by the ancient Umbri, an Italic tribe, on the left bank of the Tiber River. The town may have come into conflict with the nearby Etruscans. Beginning in the third century BC it became a civitates federata of Rome and was subsequently inserted into the Sexta Regio of Roman Italy. The Romans knew it as Tifernum Tiberinum ("Tifernum on the Tiber").

Nearby Pliny the Younger built his villa in Tuscis, which is identified with walls, mosaic floors and marble fragments surviving at a place now called Colle Plinio, the "Hill of Pliny".

In 550 A.D. Tifernum was largely destroyed during the Ostrogothic campaign by Fantalogus at the orders of Totila. The town was subsequently rebuilt by its bishop Floridus around a castle and renamed first Castrum Felicitatis by Lombards and later Civitas Castelli. By the Donation of Pepin of the Frankish king Pepin the Short in 752, it went to the Holy See.

It became an independent commune in the first half of the 12th century. Among its various rulers was Pier Saccone Tarlati di Pietramala, brother of Guido, Bishop of Arezzo. Pier Saccone sold it in 1322 to Guido Alberto de' Guidi di Modigliana. In the Middle Ages, the Diocese of Città di Castello included also many territories that are today in the provinces of Arezzo, Forlì-Cesena, Pesaro and Rimini. In the later Middle Ages, it was governed successively by the Guelphs and Ghibellines. In 1375 Città di Castello joined the insurrection of other cities of the States of the Church. Cardinal Robert of Geneva, later Antipope Clement VII, tried to capture it using Breton mercenaries, but was repulsed. Under Pope Martin V in 1420 it was taken by the condottiero Braccio da Montone. Later Niccolò Vitelli, aided by Florence and Milan, became absolute ruler or tiranno. Antonio da Sangallo the Younger built an extensive palace for the Vitelli family.

In 1474 Sixtus IV sent his nephew Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, later Pope Julius II, to rule the town. After fruitless negotiations, he laid siege to the city, but Vitelli did not surrender until he knew that the command of the army had been given to Duke Federico III da Montefeltro. The following year Vitelli tried unsuccessfully to recapture the city. Cesare Borgia through a conspiracy in Senigallia ordered Vitellozzo Vitelli, who had inherited the city to be strangled on the evening of 31 December 1502 and Città di Castello were added to the Papal possessions.

On 11 September 1860, Città di Castello was occupied by Piedmontese troops. On 17 March 1861, it became part of the Kingdom of Italy.

Towards the end of the twentieth century, the city has seen a considerable expansion northwards toward San Giustino, with industrial parks tracking the river, railroad and main highway. In the area, several kinds of mechanical goods, textiles, ceramics and furnishings are produced. Agriculture is at a very advanced level. Today it's the main economic centre in the region.

Geography

Overview
The town is located in northern Umbria, near the borders with Tuscany and Marche, and the Tiber river flows along its western side. The municipality borders with Apecchio (PU), Arezzo (AR), Citerna, Cortona (AR), Mercatello sul Metauro (PU), Monte Santa Maria Tiberina, Monterchi (AR), Montone, Pietralunga, San Giustino, Sansepolcro (AR), Sant'Angelo in Vado (PU) and Umbertide.

Frazioni
Antirata, Astucci, Badia Petroia, Badiali, Barzotti, Baucca, Belvedere, Bisacchi, Bivio Canoscio, Bivio Lugnano, Bonsciano, Caifirenze, Candeggio, Canoscio, Capitana, Celle, Cerbara, Cinquemiglia, Colcello, Coldipozzo, Cornetto, Croce di Castiglione, Fabbrecce, Fiume, Fraccano, Grumale, Lerchi, Lugnano, Madonna di Canoscio, Marchigliano, Montemaggiore, Monte Ruperto, Morra, Muccignano, Nuvole, Palazzone, Petrelle, Pettinari, Piosina, Promano, Riosecco, Roccagnano, Ronti, Rovigliano, San Biagio del Cornetto, San Leo Bastia, San Lorenzo Bibbiana, San Maiano, San Martin Pereto, San Martino di Castelvecchio, San Martino d'Upò, San Pietro a Monte, San Secondo, Santa Lucia, Scalocchio, Seripole, Terme di Fontecchio, Titta, Trestina, Uppiano, Userna, Userna Bassa, Valdipetrina, Vallurbana, Vingone, Volterrano.

Culture
The dialect is particular and derives in turn from the Romagnolo Gaelic and the eastern Tuscan dialects. The comune territory is one of the largest in Italy, for this reason, dialect changes a lot according to the considered zone. Culture is linked to Marche, Romagna and Tuscany ones.

The art historian Vittorio Sgarbi has referred to the town as the place of the origin of the Renaissance or its capital.

Main sights

The city is mostly built of brick, since the local sandstone deriving from the Apennines erodes very rapidly. Its principal monuments include the medieval Palazzo Comunale, the tall civic tower or Torre Comunale, and the Pinacoteca Comunale, an art museum with mostly Renaissance works by Raphael, Luca Signorelli, Andrea della Robbia, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Domenico Ghirlandaio, and others, notable for its external decorations by Giorgio Vasari.

The much-reworked cathedral, from the 18th century with an unfinished 17th-century façade, has an altar front (Paliotto) of chased silver dating to the 12th century, and a crosier from the 15th. It also houses works by Niccolò Circignani, Rosso Fiorentino and Raffaellino del Colle. The bell tower is in Romanesque style of the 11th century. The cathedral's museum is home to the Canoscio hoard, a set of Late Antique silver spoons and plates with Christian motifs, as well as a silvered altarpiece donated by Pope Celestine II in the 12th century, a Madonna by Pinturicchio (1486) and Angels by Giulio Romano. It also houses a letter by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

Other religious structures of interest include:
Sanctuary of the Madonna di Belvedere

The city has memorialized the abstract painter and sculptor Alberto Burri, who was born in Città di Castello, with the "Fondazione Palazzo Albizzini Collezione Burri" housing a large permanent museum of his works in the former Palazzo Albizzini.

The Palazzo Terranova in Ronti and the nearby Castello di Santa Eurasia near Monte Tezio in the countryside of Città di Castello are owned by Alexander Lebedev.

Famous inhabitants
For persons from the city, see People from Città di Castello. In addition, the following are believed to have had a local connection, usually through long residence there:
Pliny the Younger
Pope Celestine II
Monica Bellucci, film actress; was born here
Vitellozzo Vitelli
Alberto Burri
Salvatore Sciarrino
Margaret of Castello
Frankie Hi-NRG MC

Twin towns
Majano, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy, is the only official twin comune.

References

Notes

Sources
 Newadvent.org
Touring Club Italiano, 1966. Guida d'Italia: Umbria. pp. 136–42
Official homepage (in Italian) (in English)
Bill Thayer's site
YouTube.com

External links

  Città di Castello official website
  Città di Castello on luoghimisteriosi.it

Roman sites of Umbria
Cities and towns in Umbria

Città di Castello


Rick și Morty este un sitcom animat științifico-fantastic creat de Justin Roiland și Dan Harmon pentru Adult Swim. Serialul urmărește aventurile pline de eșec ale omului de știință cinic Rick Sanchez și ale nepotului său, Morty Smith, care și-a împărțit timpul între viața internă și aventurile interdimensionale. Serialul a avut premiera pe 2 decembrie 2013 și al treilea sezon s-a încheiat la 1 octombrie 2017. În mai 2018, seria a fost preluată pentru încă 70 de episoade pe o perioadă nespecificată de sezoane. În România serialul a fost difuzat pe Comedy Central România.

Note

Legături externe

Seriale de animație
Seriale de televiziune americane științifico-fantastice
Seriale de comedie
Seriale de animație pentru adulți
Desene animate
Seriale de televiziune din 2013
Seriale de televiziune americane
Adult Swim
HBO Max

Rick și Morty


Metrolink  is a commuter rail system in Southern California, serving Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura counties, as well as to Oceanside in San Diego County. The system consists of eight lines and 69 stations operating on  of track. Arrow is operated under a contract with the San Bernardino County Transportation Authority (SBCTA).

In , the system had a ridership of , or about  per weekday as of .

Metrolink connects with Los Angeles County's Metro Rail and Metro Busway systems, San Diego County's Coaster commuter rail and Sprinter hybrid rail services, and with Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner, Coast Starlight, Southwest Chief, Sunset Limited, and Texas Eagle intercity rail services. Metrolink owns several hundred miles of track; however, it also shares track with freight railroads.

The system, founded in 1991 as the Southern California Regional Rail Authority (SCRRA) and adopting "Metrolink" as its moniker, started operation in 1992. Average weekday ridership was 42,928 as of 2017. It is operated by Amtrak under contract with the SCRRA.

Routes
In addition to suburban communities and cities, Metrolink also serves several points of interest such as Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Bernardino, Burbank, Hollywood Burbank Airport, Cal State LA, Angel Stadium of Anaheim, and the San Clemente Pier. Special service has also been extended to the Pomona Fairplex, the Ventura County Fairgrounds, and the Auto Club Speedway for certain events.

The system currently consists of eight lines:

Fares

Metrolink's fare structure is based on a flat fee for boarding the train and an additional cost for distance with fares being calculated in 25-cent increments between stations.

Metrolink tickets are valid fare for most connecting buses and trains; certain Metrolink tickets are valid on certain Amtrak routes.

Fare increases normally occur annually in July, to coincide with increased fuel and labor expenses, and have generally averaged between 3.5% and 5% per year (although restructuring caused a larger jump in rates). The oil price increases since 2003 are partly to blame for consistently increasing fares, as Metrolink trains are powered by diesel fuel.

In late 2018, Metrolink announced that San Bernardino Line ticket prices would be reduced by 25% at least through 2019 in an attempt to increase ridership. Similar discounts have been introduced to other lines since 2016.

In 2023, Metrolink made fares free for k-12 students.

History

Early history

Inter-city rail service around Los Angeles persisted through the formation of Amtrak in 1971. However, rail operations suitable for commuters remained elusive throughout the 1980s. On October 18, 1982, CalTrain, LA's first commuter rail service, began on the existing Ventura County Line, but only lasted a few months before termination, on March 1, 1983.

The Orange County Transportation Commission initiated the Amtrak-operated Orange County Commuter in early 1990, running between Los Angeles and San Juan Capistrano, but a more comprehensive approach was deemed necessary. Senate Bill 1402 was signed into law on May 25, 1990, which directed local transportation authorities to establish a regional plan for commuter rail by the year's end.

In October 1990, the member agencies of the SCRRA had announced the purchase of  of track, maintenance yards, and stations and other property from Southern Pacific for $450 million in 1990 ($ adjusted for inflation). The rights to use Los Angeles Union Station were purchased from Union Pacific, the station's owner at the time, for $17 million in the same year ($ adjusted for inflation) (Union Station has since been purchased by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority). Freight operations would continue on some corridors under coordination with passenger services. The joint powers authority was formally founded in 1991.

Contemporary history
Services commenced on October 26, 1992, under contracted operation by Amtrak with the Ventura, Santa Clarita (now the Antelope Valley), and San Bernardino Lines. In 1993, service was expanded to include the Riverside Line and the following year the Orange County Line was conveyed from Amtrak branding to Metrolink. The 1994 Northridge Earthquake saw the closure of Interstate 5 and other regional freeways, bringing widespread attention on Metrolink alternatives. Metrolink experimented with expanded service to Camarillo and Oxnard, and it extended the Antelope Valley line ten years ahead of schedule, rapidly adding six stations in six weeks.  The Inland Empire-Orange County Line opened in 1995, and more trains on the Orange County service were funded. The 91 Line (now the 91/Perris Valley Line) opened in 2002.

From July 2004, Metrolink fares were changed from zone based to one based on distance. In 2005, a five-year operational contract was awarded to Connex Railroad/Veolia Transport. That same year, the Orange County Transportation Authority approved a plan to increase frequencies to 76 trains daily on the Orange County and Inland Empire-Orange County Lines by 2009, and funding for increased Metrolink service was included in the renewal of the Measure M sales tax for transportation approved by voters in November 2006. A proposed station in Yorba Linda was canceled after the city rejected it due to local opposition on March 16, 2004.

In July 2008, it was announced that ridership had risen 16% over the previous year. Following the 2008 Chatsworth train collision in which 25 people died and 135 were injured a number of safety measures were taken; in the fall of 2009, inward-facing video cameras were installed in locomotives in order to ensure that staff were complying with regulations, in particular a ban on use of mobile phones.  In 2010, the first of 117 energy absorbing passenger carriages (which lessen the toll on passengers in the case of an accident) were received by the operator.  Amtrak regained the contract to operate Metrolink beginning in July 2010. Average weekday ridership for the fourth quarter of 2009 was 38,400.

In 2010, to save money in the face of funding cuts, the Metrolink board voted to reduce mid-day service on the Inland Empire–Orange County Line, as well as weekend service on both the Orange County and Inland Empire–Orange County lines.

Average weekday ridership was 41,000 during May 2011. A survey found that 90% of users during a typical weekday in 2009 would have previously driven alone or carpooled and that the system replaced an estimated 25,000 vehicle trips. During a weekend closure of Interstate 405 in July 2011, the system recorded its highest-ever weekend ridership of 20,000 boardings which was 50% higher than the same weekend in 2010 and 10% higher than the previous weekend ridership record which occurred during U2 360° Tour in June 2011. Ridership continued to rise in 2012 (up 2%), when average weekday ridership reached 42,265. Although 2013 annual boardings were almost 12.07 million, ridership dropped to 11.74 million by fall 2014 which was contrary to projections. Blaming the decrease on the worst recession since World War II, Metrolink said it found itself caught between cutting service and boosting fares, both of which would likely further decrease ridership.

Metrolink began offering mobile ticketing in early 2016.

The Riverside County Transportation Commission (RCTC) extended the 91 Line (which was renamed the 91/Perris Valley Line) southeast  to Perris, using the existing San Jacinto Branch Line, which it purchased in 1993. Initial plans were for construction/renovation of the line to begin in 2012, but these were delayed by a lawsuit filed by homeowners in the affected area, who challenged the RCTC's environmental report. The lawsuit was settled in late July 2013. Construction on the $248.3 million extension began in October 2013; service was originally planned to begin in December 2015, and then in February 2016. In mid-February 2016, the extension's opening was planned in March of that year. The extension officially opened in June 2016.

COVID-19 and Arrow
When COVID-19 impacted Los Angeles and its communities in March 2020, Metrolink ridership fell by 90%. Metrolink increased cleaning measures, added COVID safety protocols, and reduced service. On March 26, 2020, the agency ran on a temporarily reduced schedule, removing most trains.

On April 4, 2022, Metrolink restored its 24 trains and added 2 new trains to the schedule. Metrolink and Amtrak also entered into a code-sharing agreement on the Ventura County Line, with Pacific Surfliner trains A761, A770, A777, and A784 accepting valid Metrolink tickets between stations served by the Ventura County Line and Ventura station. Metrolink also announced that Metrolink service to Ventura station on the Ventura County Line is planned.

Arrow, formerly the Redlands Passenger Rail Project, opened on October 24, 2022. The  eastward rail extension from San Bernardino to Redlands was planned by the San Bernardino Associated Governments (SANBAG). The association considered whether to extend commuter rail along the corridor or to install either bus rapid transit or light rail lines, but in December 2015, SANBAG officials said they planned to extend Metrolink service only to the San Bernardino Transit Center and use diesel multiple units operated by Omnitrans in lieu of Metrolink locomotive-hauled coaches on the rest of the route. In late 2019, Metrolink assumed the operating rights and carried out construction after Omnitrans was dismissed due to restructuring of that organization. Groundbreaking for Arrow's construction took place on July 19, 2019. Arrow began operation on October 24, 2022.

Notable incidents

218 people were killed in Metrolink train incidents from 1993 to 2008, the majority of these being pedestrians killed on the tracks, whilst 39 were as a result of three train collisions.

Placentia, April 2002

Two people died and 22 were seriously injured on April 23, 2002, when a BNSF freight train collided head-on with a Metrolink train in Placentia, near the Atwood Junction, at the intersection of Orangethorpe Avenue and Richfield Road. Both trains were on the same east–west track moving toward one another. The Metrolink had the right-of-way; it was supposed to switch to a southbound track. The BNSF train was supposed to slow and stop just before the switch while the Metrolink passed, but the crew missed a signal one and a half miles back warning them to slow down. By the time the crew saw the red "stop" signal at the switch and the Metrolink train, they were going too fast to avoid a collision. Although there was speculation that the signals alerting the BNSF to slow and stop had malfunctioned, an investigation later concluded that it was human error by the crew that caused the accident. Over 260 passengers were injured and 3 people including a BNSF employee were killed.

Glendale, January 2005

Eleven people were killed (including an off-duty sheriff's deputy and a train conductor) and over 100 people were injured, about 40 seriously on January 26, 2005, when a Metrolink passenger train collided with a vehicle parked on the tracks, which then jackknifed and struck a stationary freight locomotive and a Metrolink train moving in the opposite direction. The man who parked the vehicle on the tracks, Juan Manuel Alvarez, was apprehended and charged with 11 counts of first-degree murder with special circumstances, including murder by train wrecking. On June 26, 2008, Alvarez was convicted on the 11 murder counts and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.

Chatsworth (Los Angeles), September 2008

Twenty-five people were killed and 135 injured when a Metrolink commuter train carrying 222 persons collided head on with a Union Pacific freight train, toppling one of the passenger cars and the locomotive onto its side in the Chatsworth district of Los Angeles. Along with the 135 people who were injured, 81 were transported to local hospitals in serious or critical condition. The velocity of the trains caused the Metrolink locomotive to telescope into the first passenger car.

Oxnard, February 2015

Thirty people were injured when southbound Metrolink Ventura County Line train 102 (East Ventura to LA Union Station) crashed into a truck that was stopped on the tracks at the Rice Avenue crossing near Oxnard at about 5:40 am on February 24, 2015. One person, the train's engineer, later died of his injuries. The driver, who had left the truck before the crash, was located by the police and taken into custody. The train consisted of a Hyundai-Rotem "guardian fleet" cab car in the lead, a Bombardier Bi-level "bike car" coach, two Hyundai-Rotem "guardian fleet" coach cars and an EMD F59PH locomotive. After this accident, Metrolink leased 40 diesel freight locomotives from BNSF, to be placed into service as temporary cab cars while they investigated problems with their Hyundai-Rotem cars. On July 8, 2016, the Metrolink board approved a $1.5 million plan to repair the plows on the Hyundai Rotem cab cars. Once the repairs were completed, the cars returned to service and the leased BNSF locomotives were returned.

Future
Metrolink has grown in popularity, and there are a number of planned extensions of the system and new stations. Station parking capacity has also been strained.

Train frequency increases and SCORE
On April 26, 2018, Metrolink was awarded $1.175 billion from the California State Transportation Agency in order to dramatically increase train service along its existing lines and for the expansion of the Metrolink station in time for the 2028 Summer Olympics. These funds will be used to heavily increase frequency on Metrolink's lines, with half-hourly frequencies planned on most routes.

High speed rail interface
During the initial years of operation of the California High-Speed Rail between Merced and Burbank, projected to commence in 2022 (but since repeatedly delayed to 2033), passengers would use Metrolink for travel between Burbank and Los Angeles. An alternative plan would have track-sharing to Union Station but this would require electrification for that portion of the line. Such an electrification would be similar to the Caltrain Modernization Program, which also involves electrifying a rail line for eventual use by commuter and high-speed trains. This alternate plan would provide a "one-seat ride" at the start of service between the Central Valley and downtown, or even Orange County (via Anaheim).

Placentia infill station
A new Metrolink station in Placentia, which will serve the 91/Perris Valley Line's north Orange County passengers, has completed its final design phase, save for issues related to the parking needed to accompany the station. Construction on the $24 million Placentia station began in 2018, and was scheduled to open in 2024, but now is on hold pending further negotiations with BNSF.

Burbank Junction speed improvement project
On November 9, 2022, Metrolink broke ground on the Burbank Junction speed improvement project. The project will realign and replace the mainline track and siding between Burbank Boulevard and Magnolia Boulevard. The project will shorten trip lengths on the Antelope Valley Line trains, Ventura County Line trains, Pacific Surfliner trains, and Coast Starlight trains by one and a half minutes and will permit trains to operate with 30-minute headways in both directions, massively improving service frequencies along the corridors. The location of the tracks will be slightly realigned in order to accommodate a new pedestrian overcrossing. The project was delayed by almost one year, with the project initially scheduled to break ground in the winter of 2021 and was expected to be completed in the winter of 2022. The current expected completion date is the Summer of 2023.

Expansion to Temecula and Hemet
In 2008, lobbyists pushed for a rail line to Temecula in southwestern Riverside County via the 91 Line's (now the 91/Perris Valley Line) Riverside–La Sierra station. While this proposed line could follow the route of an abandoned freight line, it would require significant funding, as freight service ceased almost 30 years ago. Despite this, the Riverside County Transportation Commission's 2008 Commuter Rail Feasibility Study still lists this route as one possibility being considered. Expansion to Hemet has also been discussed, with two stations planned.

Expansion to the Coachella Valley
The cities of the Coachella Valley (Palm Springs, Cathedral City, Palm Desert, Indio, and Coachella) have requested commuter rail service from Los Angeles and Orange County, but the Union Pacific Railroad opposes further passenger service on its tracks. Nonetheless, in 1999, the Coachella Valley Association of Governments was investigating the possibility of two daily round trips via the 91 Line (now the 91/Perris Valley Line) from Los Angeles's Union Station through Fullerton and Riverside to stations in Palm Springs and Indio (with a possible stop near Palm Desert), possibly through a partnership with Amtrak. This extension would likewise require significant money for infrastructure improvements: at least $500 million, according to the California State Rail Plan of 2005. Nonetheless, in 2013 Caltrans conducted a feasibility study of a Coachella Valley service and RCTC has resolved to pursue establishing one. By 2020, plans for the Coachella Valley–San Gorgonio Pass Rail Corridor Service had evolved to an Amtrak-operated service.

Extension to Kern County
Expansion to Kern County has been discussed in a 2012 Kern County Council of Governments report. The expansion proposed is to extend the Antelope Valley line from Lancaster to Rosamond, along the Rosamond Corridor to service Edwards Air Force Base.

Expansion to Northern Ventura County
The Santa Paula Branch Line was acquired by the Ventura County Transportation Commission in 1995. The railway, a former portion of the Southern Pacific Coast Line, connects the city of Ventura to Santa Clarita paralleling California State Route 126. Fillmore and Western Railway operates excursion service over a section of the line, though plans exist to rehabilitate tracks for Metrolink service. A study from 1991 estimated a cost between $70 million to $90 million to rebuild the line.

Orange County maintenance facility
As of December 1, 2022, the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) has laid a third track south of the Interstate 5 overpass in Irvine leading into the future site of the Orange County maintenance facility. The facility will serve as an additional site to service Metrolink and Amtrak trains on a parcel of land owned by the Orange County Transportation Authority just north of Irvine station. The project will receive funding from California's SCORE Transit Intercity Rail Capital Program. The project also includes an extension to Ridge Valley, a road north of the parcel where the project will occur.

Zero Emissions Multiple Unit
Beginning in 2024, Arrow will use at least one hydrail unit, called a Zero Emissions Multiple Unit (ZEMU). Furthermore, the San Bernardino County Transportation Authority (SBCTA) has expressed interest to expand usage of the ZEMU from Arrow to the San Bernardino Line, which would result in them operating all the way to Los Angeles Union Station.

Orange County Line realignment
OCTA officials are interested in moving the LOSSAN corridor (Los Angeles-San Diego), which carries the Orange County Line and the Pacific Surfliner, from its current alignment inland to avoid service disruptions due to coastal erosion along the route.

LA County+USC Medical Center and Pico Rivera infill stations
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro) has plans to add the current LA County+USC Medical Center station on the El Monte Busway as an infill station to the San Bernardino Line. This would involve building a second track and center platform. The cost of this project is estimated between $51 million and $110 million. Currently, westbound Metrolink passengers must exit at the Cal State LA station and take any of the westbound buses one stop to the Medical Center.

LA Metro also has plans for an infill station serving Pico Rivera, located on the 91/Perris Valley and Orange County lines between  and  stations.

Governance
The SCRRA is a joint powers authority governed by five county-level agencies that fund the Metrolink service: the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the Orange County Transportation Authority, the Riverside County Transportation Commission, the San Bernardino County Transportation Authority, and the Ventura County Transportation Commission.

Each agency appoints members to the Metrolink board of directors. Los Angeles gets four seats on the board, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties each get two seats, and Ventura County gets one seat. There are also three non-voting, ex-officio members from the Southern California Association of Governments, the San Diego Association of Governments, and the state of California.

Metrolink is headquartered at the Wilshire Grand Center alongside the Southern California Association of Governments. Metrolink had previously operated out of the Metro Headquarters Building from 2011 until 2018, when Metro needed more space in their building. Before 2011, Metrolink's headquarters were in the MCI Center, where they occupied around  of space.

Law enforcement service systemwide is handled by the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department's Transit Services Bureau.

Facilities
Metrolink operates several maintenance facilities across its service area. Its Keller Yard Central Maintenance Facility (CMF) is located on the east bank of the Los Angeles River near the intersection of the 5 and 110 Freeways, just south of the location of the former Southern Pacific Taylor Yard. The facility is operated by Metrolink's equipment maintenance contractor: Bombardier Transportation. The Eastern Maintenance Facility is located in San Bernardino. Metrolink trains are also serviced at Coaster's Stuart Mesa Facility, which is located between San Clemente Pier and Oceanside at the southwest end of Camp Pendleton. This yard is owned by the North County Transit District.

Metrolink's operations center is located in Pomona, near Pomona–North station.

Rolling stock

The core Metrolink fleet consists of 52 locomotives (EMD F125, EMD F59PH, and MPI MP36PH-3C), 137 active Bombardier Bi-level Coaches (Sentinel Fleet), and 137 Hyundai Rotem Bi-level cars (Guardian Fleet).

Since Arrow's opening in October 2022, its fleet consists of 3 Stadler FLIRT trains.

Livery
Until recently, most Metrolink-owned units were painted in a white livery with blue stripes that was introduced in the late 1990s as a replacement for a similar scheme that had been in use since the agency's launch. Beginning in 2007, the agency began the process of switching to a new blue and green "ribbons" design; the Guardian Fleet and EMD F125 locomotives already arrive from the factory in the new colors.

See also

 Transportation in the Inland Empire
 Transportation in San Diego County
 Transportation in Los Angeles
 Hal Bernson, former Metrolink chairman

References

External links

 Metrolink at the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority website
 Metrolink at the Orange County Transportation Authority website
 Metrolink at the Riverside County Transportation Commission website
 Metrolink at the San Bernardino County Transportation Authority website
 Metrolink at the Ventura County Transportation Commission website

Railway services introduced in 1992
1992 establishments in California
California railroads
Commuter rail in the United States
Passenger rail transportation in California
Public transportation in Los Angeles County, California
Public transportation in Orange County, California
Public transportation in Riverside County, California
Public transportation in San Bernardino County, California
Public transportation in San Diego County, California
Public transportation in Southern California
Public transportation in Ventura County, California
Standard gauge railways in the United States
Transit agencies in California

Metrolink (California)


Gotlar, Güney İskandinavya'nın Gotland bölgesinde oturan eski bir Cermen kavmi. Gotlar 2. yüzyıldan itibaren İskitya, Dacia ve Pannonia'da yaşamışlar 3. ve 4. yüzyıllarda Bizans'ı yağma etmişler ve Aryanizmi benimsemişlerdir. 5. ve 6. yüzyıllarda Vizigotlar ve Ostrogotlar şeklinde ikiye bölünmüşler ve İberya ile İtalya'yı istila etmişlerdir.

Tarihçe
Gotlar miladi 1. yüzyılda İskandinavya'yı bırakıp, Vistül'ün alt kısmında yerleşmişlerdi. İkinci yüzyılda Karadeniz'in kuzey kıyılarına gelmişler, 3. yüzyılda ise birçok kafileler halinde Yunanistan, Trakya ve Küçük Asya'nın sahil şehirlerine yerleşmişlerdir. Akrabaları olan birçok kavimleri çeşitli bölgelerde bıraktıktan sonra etnik bütünlüklerini kaybetmiş ve Ostrogotlar (Doğu Gotları) ile Vizigotlar (Batı Gotları) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmışlardır. Gotlar sağlam idarî ve askerî teşkilatlar kurup güçlenerek Roma İmparatorluğu elindeki Daçya'yı işgal etmişlerdir. İmparatorluk ile sıkı münasebetleri sonucu Ostrogotlar medenileşmeye başlamışlardır. Hatta bunlardan bir kısmı Roma ordusuna asker olarak katılmışlardır. Roma İmparatorluğu'nun sınırlarına yapılan baskılar, Germenlerin çoğalması ve İmparatorluğun zayıflaması sonucu kuvvetlenen Vizigotlar Daçya'yı bütünüyle ele geçirip Bizans'a, Balkanlara ve Kuzey İtalya'ya doğru yayılarak buraları istila etmişlerdir. Milattan sonra 269-270 yıllarında Roma İmparatorlarından II. Claudius ve Aurelianus batıya doğru olan Got akınını durdurmuşlardır. Gotlar, Konstantin ile ittifak anlaşması yapmışlar, Piskopos Ulfilas İncil'i Vizigot diline tercüme ederek Gotlar'ın Hristiyanlığı kabul etmelerini sağlamıştır.

Ostrogotlar krallıkla idare ediliyordu. Dördüncü yüzyıl ortalarında Kral Ermanarich'in iktidarı devrinde Karadeniz'den Baltık Denizine kadar yayılmışlardı. Fakat 375 tarihinde Hunlar tarafından ilhak edilmişlerdir. Vizigotlar da Hunların baskısına uğrayıp yerlerinden atılmışlarsa da İmparator Valens tarafından 376'da Tuna'nın güney kıyılarına yerleştirilmişlerdir.

378'de ayaklanıp Hadrianapolis Muharebesi'nde Romalıları yenmişlerdir. Fakat 382'de İmparator I. Theodosius tarafından tekrar müttefik olarak imparatorluğa kabul edilmiştir. Gotlar yerlerinde durmayarak 410 yılında Roma'ya, 415 yılında da İspanya'ya yerleşerek bir krallık kurmuşlardır. Uzun yıllar Romalılara asker veren Ostrogotlar, İmparatorluk içinde kendilerini muhafaza ettiklerinden, 476 yılında İtalya'yı istila etmişlerse de 553'te Mons Lactarius Savaşında I. Justinianus'a yenilerek İtalya'da kurdukları krallıkları yıkılmıştır. Gotlar bundan sonra Roma uygarlığı içinde eriyerek kaybolup gitmişlerdir. Kırım'da kalan Gotlar ise 1475'te Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun burayı fethetmesiyle bağımsızlıklarını kaybedip Ostrogotlar ve Vizigotlar gibi diğer milletlerin içinde eriyip varlıklarını kaybetmişlerdir.

Gotlar, Kuzey Avrupa kavimleri içinde akrabalık açısından İskandinavlarla diğer Cermenler arasındaki halka olarak görülebilir. Avrupa'nın her yanına dağıldıkları için gittikleri hiçbir yerde etnik çoğunluk oluşturamadılar ve bu yüzden tarihten silindiler.

Günümüzde Gotlar
İskandinavya'da bugün bile Got izlerini görmek mümkündür. İsveç'te  Gotland, Vestergöteland ve Östergöteland adında 3 eyalet bulunmaktadır. İsveç'in kraliyet armasında yer alan 3 krallıktan birinde 'Gotların Kralı' ifadesi yer almaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Gotların Ana Yurdu ve Kökeni, Mert Kozan -  Ankara Üniversitesi

Ayrıca bakınız
 Gotça
Wielbark kültürü
Çernyakhov kültürü

Kaynakça

Gotlar


Juraj Slafkovský (né le  à Košice en Slovaquie) est un joueur professionnel slovaque de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste d'ailier.

Biographie

Carrière en club
Formé au HC Košice, il a joué pour les équipes de jeunes de l'EC Red Bull Salzbourg en Autriche, du HC Hradec Králové en Tchéquie puis du TPS en Finlande à partir de 2019. En 2021, il débute en senior dans la Liiga avec le TPS.

Il est sélectionné au  rang par les Canadiens de Montréal lors du repêchage d'entrée dans la LNH 2022. Ainsi, avec Šimon Nemec, qui a été repêché  au total lors du même repêchage, ils deviennent les Slovaques ayant été repêché les plus hauts, dépassant Marián Gáborík, qui a été repêché  au total en 2000 par le Wild du Minnesota. Le , il signe son contrat d'entrée avec les Canadiens de Montréal.

Carrière internationale
Il représente la Slovaquie au niveau international. Il prend part aux sélections jeunes. Il participe à son premier championnat du monde senior en 2021.

Il est sélectionné pour les Jeux olympiques de 2022 et remporte la médaille de bronze avec la Slovaquie. Il inscrit sept buts en sept matchs. Il marque deux buts dont celui de la victoire 4-0 face à la Suède lors du match pour la troisième place.

Trophées et honneurs personnels

Jeux olympiques
2022 :
 termine meilleur buteur du tournoi
 termine meilleur pointeur du tournoi
 nommé meilleur joueur
 nommé dans l'équipe des étoiles du tournoi

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

En club

| 2021-2022 || TPS || Liiga || 31|| 5|| 5|| 10|| 33|| 18|| 2|| 5|| 7|| 8
|-
| 2022-2023 || Canadiens de Montréal || LNH || 39 || 4 || 6 || 10 || 33 || - || - || - || - || -

| 39 || 4 || 6 || 10 || 33 || - || - || - || - || -

Au niveau international

| 2021 || align="left"| Championnat du monde junior || 5|| 0|| 0|| 0|| 2|| -5|| align="left"| Huitième place
|-
| 2021 || align="left"| Championnat du monde || 6|| 0|| 0|| 0|| 2|| -3|| align="left"| Huitième place
|-
| 2022 || align="left"| Championnat du monde junior || 2|| 0|| 1|| 1|| 0|| 0|| align="left"| Compétition annulée
|-
| 2022 || align="left"| Qualification olympique || 3|| 0|| 1|| 1|| 0|| +1|| align="left"| Première place du groupe D
|-
| 2022 || align=left|Jeux olympiques || 7|| 7|| 0|| 7|| 0|| +5|| align=left|  Médaille de bronze
|-
| 2022 || align="left"| Championnat du monde || 8|| 3|| 6|| 9|| 2|| +1|| align="left"| Huitième place

Références

Naissance en mars 2004
Naissance à Košice
Attaquant de hockey sur glace
Joueur international slovaque de hockey sur glace
Joueur de hockey sur glace aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Médaillé de bronze olympique slovaque
Médaillé aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Joueur du TPS (hockey sur glace)
Premier choix au total au repêchage d'entrée dans la LNH
Choix de repêchage des Canadiens de Montréal

Juraj Slafkovský


Metaltella, es un género de arañas araneomorfas pertenecientes a la familia Amphinectidae. Se encuentra en Sudamérica.

Especies
Según The World Spider Catalog 12.0:
 Metaltella arcoiris (Mello-Leitão, 1943)
 Metaltella iheringi (Keyserling, 1891)
 Metaltella imitans (Mello-Leitão, 1940)
 Metaltella rorulenta (Nicolet, 1849)
 Metaltella simoni (Keyserling, 1878)
 Metaltella tigrina (Mello-Leitão, 1943)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Amphinectidae

Metaltella


Yuki Yamamura (født 1. august 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Mito HollyHock.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yuki Yamamura


16578 Essjayess este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
16578 Essjayess este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Siding Spring de Duncan I. Steel. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,26 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 24,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 16001-17000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

16578 Essjayess


Vatnaposa (fræðiheiti: Chironectes minimus), einnig kölluð hin stóra vatnapokarotta, er eina pokadýr heims sem lifir að einhverju leiti í vatni.

Tenglar

Pokadýr

Vatnaposa


Spirit Lake ist eine Stadt (mit dem Status "City") und Verwaltungssitz des Dickinson County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Iowa. Das U.S. Census Bureau hat bei der Volkszählung 2020 eine Einwohnerzahl von 5.439 ermittelt.

Geografie
Spirit Lake liegt am Westufer des East Okoboji Lake inmitten der Iowa Great Lakes genannten Region im Nordwesten Iowas. Die Staatsgrenze nach Minnesota befindet sich rund 10 km nördlich der Stadt, South Dakota beginnt 122 km westlich.

Spirit Lake liegt auf 43°25′23″ nördlicher Breite und 95°6′15″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über eine Fläche von 8,7 km². Das Stadtgebiet liegt größtenteils in der Center Grove Township, erstreckt sich zu kleineren Teilen aber auch in die Spirit Lake und die Lakeville Township.

Nachbarorte sind Orleans (4,2 km nordöstlich), Arnolds Park (7 km südlich), Okoboji (7,4 km südwestlich) und Triboji Beach (5,8 km westlich).

Die nächstgelegenen größeren Städte sind die Twin Cities in Minnesota (Minneapolis und Saint Paul) (290 km nordöstlich), Rochester in Minnesota (267 km ostnordöstlich), Waterloo (319 km ostsüdöstlich), Cedar Rapids (416 km in der gleichen Richtung), Iowas Hauptstadt Des Moines (324 km südöstlich), Nebraskas größte Stadt Omaha (343 km südsüdwestlich), Sioux City (178 km südwestlich) und South Dakotas größte Stadt Sioux Falls (136 km westnordwestlich).

Verkehr
Durch Spirit Lake verläuft von Nordosten nach Südwesten der U.S. Highway 71, der im Nordosten der Stadt auf den Iowa Highway 9 trifft. Alle weiteren Straßen sind untergeordnete Landstraßen, teils unbefestigte Fahrwege sowie innerörtliche Verbindungsstraßen.

Mit dem Spirit Lake Municipal Airport befindet sich 6,7 km südwestlich ein kleiner Flugplatz. Die nächsten Verkehrsflughäfen sind der Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (279 km nordöstlich), der Des Moines International Airport (317 km südöstlich), das Eppley Airfield in Omaha (286 km südsüdwestlich), der Sioux Gateway Airport in Sioux City (191 km südwestlich) und der Sioux Falls Regional Airport (145 km westlich).

Bevölkerung

Nach der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 lebten in Spirit Lake 4840 Menschen in 2157 Haushalten. Die Bevölkerungsdichte betrug 556,3 Einwohner pro Quadratkilometer. In den 2157 Haushalten lebten statistisch je 2,19 Personen.

Ethnisch betrachtet setzte sich die Bevölkerung zusammen aus 97,7 Prozent Weißen, 0,2 Prozent Afroamerikanern, 0,2 Prozent amerikanischen Ureinwohnern, 0,6 Prozent Asiaten, 0,1 Prozent Polynesiern sowie 0,1 Prozent aus anderen ethnischen Gruppen; 1,1 Prozent stammten von zwei oder mehr Ethnien ab. Unabhängig von der ethnischen Zugehörigkeit waren 1,3 Prozent der Bevölkerung spanischer oder lateinamerikanischer Abstammung.

23,1 Prozent der Bevölkerung waren unter 18 Jahre alt, 57,0 Prozent waren zwischen 18 und 64 und 19,9 Prozent waren 65 Jahre oder älter. 52,9 Prozent der Bevölkerung waren weiblich.

Das mittlere jährliche Einkommen eines Haushalts lag bei 56.198 USD. Das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen betrug 27.331 USD. 10,3 Prozent der Einwohner lebten unterhalb der Armutsgrenze.

Bekannte Bewohner
 Berkley Bedell (1921–2019) – demokratischer Abgeordneter des US-Repräsentantenhauses (1975–1987) – lebte seit seiner Geburt in Spirit Lake
 James I. Dolliver (1894–1978) – republikanischer Abgeordneter des US-Repräsentantenhauses (1945–1957) – verbrachte seinen Ruhestand in  Spirit Lake
 Harry E. Narey (1885–1962) – republikanischer Abgeordneter des US-Repräsentantenhauses (1942–1943) – lebte immer in Spirit Lake und ist hier beigesetzt

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website
 city-data.com - Spirit Lake, Iowa

County Seat in Iowa
Gemeindegründung 1878

Spirit Lake (Iowa)


Swatara Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Swatara Township (Dauphin County, Pennsylvania)
 Swatara Township (Lebanon County, Pennsylvania)

Swatara Township


Darton is a large village in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley (part of South Yorkshire), on the border with West Yorkshire, England. At the time of the 2001 UK census, it had a population of 14,927, increasing to 21,345 for both Darton Wards (East & West) at the 2011 Census.

Parliamentary representation
Formerly part of the now defunct Barnsley West and Penistone borough constituency, following the Boundary Commission for England's report on South Yorkshire's Parliamentary constituencies in 2004 and an inquiry in 2005, it is now part of the Barnsley Central borough constituency.

Geography
Darton lies on the River Dearne, directly to the east of Kexbrough, and is situated about  west of Mapplewell,  north of Barnsley,  south-west of Wakefield,  south-east of Huddersfield,  south of Leeds,  and  north of Sheffield. It is served by the A637 road and is bisected by the M1 motorway (junction 38 being a mile to the north). Its location is approximately , at an elevation of around  above mean sea level.

History
The name Darton is believed to be an amalgamation of "Dearne" and the Anglo-Saxon word "ton" (meaning 'town'). Hence, in ancient times it was known as the town on the Dearne. However, other sources dispute this explanation and claim that the name originates from a description given to a deer enclosure or something similar. In 1086 the hamlet of Dertone was in the wapentake of Staincross.

The hamlet grew to become a village so the Parish of Darton was founded in 1150, when the first church was built. As elsewhere in England, an official register of baptisms, deaths and marriages did not begin until later, in 1539. The parish was historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire and became a part of the former county of South Yorkshire upon its creation in 1974.

Present day
Darton has its own railway station on Northern's Hallam Line which links train journeys between Sheffield and Leeds. The railway station is in South Yorkshire but West Yorkshire Metro tickets are also valid to and from this station. The reason for this is because the West-South Yorkshire boundary ran between the village and its main source of employment, Woolley Colliery.

On 15 June 2007, Darton hit the national headlines after 48 hours of torrential rain caused the River Dearne to burst its banks leading to heavy flooding in the village. The main road through the village was rendered impassable and many homes and businesses were damaged, including the village post office, which re-opened in June 2008. Further flooding occurred in January 2008, although the damage and disruption caused this time was not as bad as the previous year's.

Education
Darton has its own primary school and a secondary school called Darton Academy actually in Kexborough which opened in 2011. The new building (and rebranded school) replaced Darton High School -previously Darton Hall Senior School - that had been on the site since 1957.

Sport
Darton cricket club plays in the Pontefract and District Cricket League.
North Gawber Colliery F.C. are based in the village and play in the Sheffield and Hallamshire County Senior League Premier Division.

Notable people
David Booth, manager of Laos national football team, was raised in Darton.
Thomas Brackin, English first-class cricketer, lived here until his death in 1924.
Ian Butler, English professional footballer was born here.
Michael Clapham, Labour Party politician, was born in Darton.
Jack Grainger, English professional footballer, was born here.
Ken Knighton, professional footballer and former manager of Sunderland and Orient.
Alan Ogley, professional goalkeeper was born here.
Jill Scott (racing driver) racing driver and aviator lived at Birthwaite Hall

Alban Turner, English first-class cricketer, was born here
Anna Cotton, nonconformist ironmaster family head, was buried here in 1721`
Margaret Souyave OBE, England and GB Women's Hockey Captain and World Cup Winner 1975, UK Player of the Year 1990 and more recently team manager was raised in Darton.
Pearl Fawcett, world renowned accordion player was born in Darton. http://www.accordions.com/news.aspx?d=20-Apr-2012&lang=en&s=5509
John Braine reputedly wrote his first novel Room at the Top while working as a librarian in Darton Library in the early 1950s.

See also
Listed buildings in Darton

References

External links

 Darton village
 Darton Primary School
 Darton College
 Darton Cricket Club

Villages in South Yorkshire
Unparished areas in South Yorkshire
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley

Darton