Charles Kingsley (12 Haziran 1819 - 23 Ocak 1875), İngiliz yazar.

Bir Protestan rahibin oğlu olan Kingsley, öğrenimini King's College'ta (Londra) ve Cambridge'te yaptı. Sonra rahiplik mesleğine girerek kraliçe Victori'nın papazı oldu (1859). Edebiyat alanındaki çalışmalarına daha o tarihte başlamıştı. 1848'de uzun bir manzum piyes yazdı: The Saint's Tragedy (Azizenin Trajedisi). Romantik, idealist, liberal fikirlere açık biri olan bu genç Protestan rahip şiir yazmakla yetinmeyecek, Frederick Denison Mauriceve Ludlow ile birlikte Hristiyan Sosyalistler Topluluğu'nu (Christian Socialists) kurdu. Takındığı "ilerici" tavır, Newman ile olan tartışmasını asıl sebebidir. 1860'tan 1869'a kadar Cambridge Üniversitesi çağdaş tarih profesörü, Westminster'de başpiskopos yardımcısı olan Kingsley, çeşitli konularda çok sayıda eser verdi (bunlar 1884'te 28 cilt olarak basıldı). Bu eserlerde vaizlerden sosyalist propaganda yazılarına, romana varıncaya kadar her şey vardır. İçlerinde Yeast (Maya) (1849) gibi tezli romanlara, Hypatia (1853). Westward Ho! (Batıya Doğru) (1855) gibi tarihi romanlara rastllanır. Kingsley'in bundan başka çocuk hikâyeleri de vardır: The Heroes (Kahramanlar) (1860), Water-Babies (Su Bebekleri) (1863).

Eserleri
 Saint's Tragedy, drama (1848)
 Alton Locke, roman (1849)
 Yeast, roman (1849)
 Twenty-five Village Sermons (1849)
 Phaeton, or Loose Thoughts for Loose Thinkers (1852)
 Sermons on National Subjects (1. seri, 1852)
 Hypatia, roman (1853)
 Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore (1855)
 Sermons on National Subjects (2. seri, 1854)
 Alexandria and her Schools (I854)
 Westward Ho!, roman (1855)
 Sermons for the Times (1855)
 The Heroes, Greek fairy tales (1856)
 Two Years Ago, roman (1857)
 Andromeda and other Poems (1858)
 The Good News of God, sermons (1859)
 Miscellanies (1859)
 Limits of Exact Science applied to History (1860)
 Town and Country Sermons (1861)
 Sermons on the Pentateuch (1863)
 The Water-Babies (1863)
 The Roman and the Teuton (1864)
 David and other Sermons (1866)
 Hereward the Wake, roman (1866)
 The Ancient Régime (Royal Institution'daki yazıları, 1867)
 Water of Life and other Sermons (1867)
 The Hermits (1869)
 Madam How and Lady Why (1869)
 At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies (1871)
 Town Geology (1872)
 Discipline and other Sermons (1872)
 Prose Idylls (1873)
 Plays and Puritans (1873)
 Health and Education (1874)
 Westminster Sermons (1874)
 Lectures delivered in America (1875)

1819 doğumlular
1875 yılında ölenler
İngiliz yazarlar
King's College London'da öğrenim görenler
Hampshire'da defnedilenler

Charles Kingsley


Fergus Stewart McArthur,  (born 27 October 1937) is a former Australian politician who served as a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Australian House of Representatives from February 1984, representing the Division of Corangamite, Victoria until his defeat in the 2007 election by Labor's Darren Cheeseman. He was born in Melbourne, Victoria, and was educated at The Geelong College and then at Cambridge University, where he gained a master's degree. He was a farmer and company director before entering politics. Stewart McArthur and his wife Bev McArthur have a daughter, Sarah, and twin sons, Andrew (killed after being struck by a vehicle when cycling in 2018) and James.

He was an advocate for federal funding towards a $26 million redevelopment of the Kardinia Park stadium, despite it being located outside his electorate.

References
Parliament House information page

1937 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Corangamite
People educated at Geelong College
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
Politicians from Melbourne
Alumni of the University of Cambridge

Stewart McArthur


Smith River may refer to:

Rivers

Canada
 Smith River (Liard River tributary), British Columbia
 Smith River (Montmorency River tributary), Québec
 Petite rivière Smith, a tributary

Jamaica
 Smith River (Jamaica)

United States
 Smith River (California)
North Fork Smith River (California), that begins in Oregon
 Smith River (Montana)
 Smith River (Pemigewasset River tributary), New Hampshire
 Smith River (Umpqua River tributary), Oregon
 Smith River (McKenzie River tributary), Oregon
 Smith River (Virginia), in Virginia and North Carolina

Places
 Smith River, British Columbia, Canada
 Smith River, California, United States

See also

Smith River


James Andrew Michael (26 de septiembre de 1968) es un productor, compositor, ingeniero, mezclador, vocalista y músico estadounidense. Actualmente es el vocalista de la banda de hard rock Sixx:A.M..

Primeros años
El nombre real de Michael era James Michel, pero cambió la ortografía de su apellido por el de Michael para que la gente no lo pronunciara mal. Tomó clases de piano durante su infancia y cantó en el coro de la escuela Holland High School. En su adolescencia tocó en diferentes bandas de rock locales, incluyendo The Way We Dress y Night Shift. A finales de los años 80, se mudó a Los Ángeles.

Carrera
James Michael ha trabajado como productor musical, compositor y/o ingeniero/mezclador con muchos artistas incluyendo: Alanis Morissette, Meat Loaf, Mötley Crüe, Scorpions, Hilary Duff, The Rasmus, Papa Roach, Trapt, American Bang, Saliva, The Exies, Deana Carter, Sammy Hagar, Lillix, Sarah Kelly, Taylor Momsen, Halestorm, Jack's Mannequin, Brides of Destruction y Marion Raven.

Es un miembro de la banda Sixx:A.M. junto con sus compañeros Nikki Sixx (bajista de Mötley Crüe) y DJ Ashba (guitarrista de Guns N' Roses). Michael es el vocalista principal, compositor, coescritor, coproductor, mezclador y multinstrumentista en el álbum The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack. Llevó a cabo su primer álbum en solitario en 2000 titulado Inhale. Michael escribió y mezcló el álbum y, a menudo toca todos los instrumentos, con la excepción de unos pocos artistas invitados. Lanzó la canción «Los Angeloser» el 7 de mayo de 2009 en MySpace.

Michael dio la canción «Los Angeloser» a Meat Loaf, que fue lanzada en el álbum de Meat Loaf Hang Cool Teddy Bear. Michael cantó los coros en la canción.

En 2011, James Michael está a todo vapor con nuevos proyectos: trabajó en la producción y mezcla del nuevo álbum de Sixx:A.M. que ya está terminado y será lanzado el 3 de mayo de 2011, trabajo como coproductor y mezclador en el nuevo álbum de Hammerfall que ya está terminado y será lanzado el 20 de mayo de 2011 en Europa. No hay fecha de lanzamiento en los EE. UU., sin embargo, también ha escrito canciones para el álbum debut de Madam Adam titulado Roadrunner, está escribiendo con Halestorm para su nuevo álbum, está trabajando con Papa Roach en una nueva canción y mucho más. (www.jamesmichael.net)

Discografía parcial
Solista - Inhale (2000)
Mötley Crüe - New Tattoo (2000)
Meat Loaf - Couldn't Have Said It Better (2003)
Alanis Morissette - The Collection (2005)
Lillix - Inside The Hollow (2005)
Meat Loaf - Bat out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose (2006)
The Exies - A Modern Way of Living with the Truth (2007)
Marion Raven - Set Me Free (2007)
Sixx:A.M. - The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack (2007)
Scorpions - Humanity: Hour I (2007)
Sixx:A.M. - Live Is Beautiful (2008)
Mötley Crüe - Saints of Los Angeles (2008)
Papa Roach - 'Metamorphosis (2009)
Meat Loaf - Hang Cool Teddy Bear (2010)
Sixx:A.M. - This Is Gonna Hurt (2011)
HammerFall - Infected'' (2011)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio Oficial

Facebook de James Michael
Facebook Oficial de James Michael
Sitio Oficial de Sixx:A.M.

Cantantes masculinos de Estados Unidos
Productores discográficos de Estados Unidos

James Michael


|- bgcolor="#eeeeee" align=center
! colspan="4" | Natjecatelj za  Hrvatsku

Emir Mujčinović (Zagreb, 14. travnja 1979.), hrvatski kanuist.

Natjecao se na Olimpijskim igrama 2008. u kategoriji C–1 slalom, a osvojio je 13. mjesto.

Na europskom prvenstvu 2001. osvojio je srebrnu medalju u kategoriji 3 x C–2 spust.

Bio je član zagrebačkog Končara i Zagreba.

Izvori

Hrvatski kajakaši i kanuisti

Emir Mujčinović


Paisprezece Cuvinte, 14 sau 14/88, reprezintă un slogan din 14 cuvinte utilizat de către membrii organizațiilor de extremă dreapta și popularizat prin intermediul editurii 14 Word Press: "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children" (în română Trebuie să protejăm existența poporului nostru și viitorul copiilor albi). Există încă un slogan, însă mai puțin cunoscut: "Because the beauty of the White Aryan woman must not perish from the Earth" (în română Pentru că frumusețea femeii albe ariene nu trebuie să piară de pe pământ). Ambele au fost formulate de către supremacistul american David Lane - unul dintre cei nouă membri ai grupului terorist The Order - și utilizate de către adepții naționalismului alb la nivel mondial. Numărul 8 din "14/88" denotă cea de-a opta literă a alfabetului (H); astfel, prin HH se face trimitere la "Heil Hitler".

Cele două variante au fost formulate de Lane în timp ce ispășea o condamnare de 190 de ani pentru încălcarea drepturilor civile ale prezentatorului de radio , asasinat de către The Order în iunie 1984. Sloganurile au fost popularizate cu ajutorul lucrărilor publicate de editura 14 Word Press, înființată în 1995 de soția lui Lane pentru a răspândi scrierile soțului ei.

Lane a folosit expresia și în alte scrieri, adăugând "cele 14 puncte" în manifestul său despre "genocidul alb" și în eseul 88 de Precepte. Acesta era cunoscut ca susținător al  și al , și milita împotriva și a societăților multirasiale. Conform , sloganurile "sunt derivate dintr-un paragraf din autobiografia lui Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf". Sloganul este utilizat de către neonaziști, , naționaliștii albi și adepții alt-right.

Ideologia lui Lane era antiamericană, acesta considerând că loialitatea față de Statele Unite reprezintă "trădarea de rasă". De asemenea a susținut că  "Rasa noastră este națiunea noastră" ("ORION")  și că SUA participă activ la eliminarea sistematică a populației albe.

Existența Statelor Unite ca entitate politică era inacceptabilă pentru Lane deoarece o asocia cu "eliminarea rasei albe". Acesta - alături de alți membri din The Order - considera că actele de terorism vor contribui la formarea unei "patrii a albilor" în . Prin intermediul editurii sale, Lane publică o declarație intitulată "Autoritate morală" și o trimite diferitelor grupuri separatiste (i.e. Aryan Nations, World Church of The Creator etc.); acolo, Lane descrie Statele Unite drept "o mașină de ucis în masă" și menționează că "adevărata autoritate morală stă în mâinile celor care se împotrivesc genocidului".

Formă
Sloganurile au fost adoptate ulterior de supremaciști, neonaziști, naționaliștii albi și susținătorii identitarianismului, membri ai extremei drepte și ai alt-right, cea mai întâlnită formă fiind "Trebuie să protejăm existența poporului nostru și viitorul copiilor albi". Uneori este combinat cu 88 - de exemplu "14/88" sau "1488" - unde 88 denotă "Heil Hitler" conform neonaziștilor care utilizează codul. Pentru Lane, prin 88 se denotă și eseul său intitulat 88 de Precepte. Acest eseu alături de cele 14 cuvinte formează fundamentul religiei neopăgâne înființate de Lane, wotanism.

Sloganul a intrat în atenția mass-mediei ca urmare a diferite acte de terorism domestic și violență. În cazul tentativei de asasinare a lui Barack Obama în 2008, era planificată uciderea a 88 de afro-americani, inclusiv a lui Obama (la momentul respectiv nominalizat de către Partidul Democrat pentru funcția de președinte al SUA), respectiv decapitarea a 14 dintre aceștia. Un cunoscut skinhead pe nume Curtis Allgier și-a tatuat cuvintele imediat după uciderea gardianului Stephen Anderson, iar  comis de Dylann Roof în Charleston a fost influențat de sloganul lui Lane.

Origine

Ambele sloganuri au fost inventate de către David Lane, membru al organizației The Order, și mediatizate prin intermediul edituri Fourteen Word Press, acum defuncte. Aceasta a contribuit la popularizarea sa și a altor lucrări redactate de către Lane. Despre primul slogan se afirmă că ar fi fost inspirat – deși nu de Lane sau Fourteen Word Press – de o frază formată din 88 de cuvinte din primul volum al lucrării Mein Kampf:

Potrivit istoricului , David Lane a inventat noțiunea de "Pyramid Prophecy 666", bazată pe ideea că în Biblie a fost inserat un mesaj secret de către "adepții arieni".

Susținători

Marea Britanie

 Nick Griffin, politician britanic, fostul lider al  și, a declarat că ideologia sa politică poate fi rezumată prin cele 14 Cuvinte. Acesta menționează că toată munca sa se concentrează pe construirea unei mișcări naționaliste prin care "aceste 14 cuvinte să fie aplicate".
 Colin Jordan (1923-2009), o figură importantă a neonazismului postbelic în Marea Britanie și vechi susținător al ideii lui Lane; a contribuit la lucrarea "Deceived, Damned & Defiant" a celui din urmă.
 Millennial Woes, un scoțian asociat mișcării alt-right și activist neoreacționar, este un susținător al sloganului. Acesta declara în 2017 că cele 14 cuvinte erau "mult mai controversate în trecut decât sunt astăzi". Faith Goldy a declarat că a fost încurajată de către acesta să recite sloganul într-un interviu.
  (1934-2005) a fost un activist britanic de extremă-dreapta și președinte al  între 1972 și 1974 este un susținător al celor 14 Cuvinte.

Statele Unite

 , un supremacist american și fondatorul al site-ului The Daily Stormer, a utilizate și citat deseori sloganul. Acesta declara următoarele: "Nu ne pasă de egourile sau viețile noastre. Ne interesează doar agenda: Trebuie să protejăm existența poporului nostru și viitorul copiilor albi".
 , un american asociat mișcării alt-right, susține ideea din spatele celor 14 Cuvinte.
 Craig Cobb, un naționalist și separatist american, deține un site intitulat Podblanc și o afacere numită după sloganul "14 Cuvinte".
 Harold Covington (14 septembrie 1953 - iulie 2018) a fost un lider separatist american și fondator al organizației Northwest Front fundamentată pe ideile lui Lane.
 Nathan Damingo, lider al organizației Identity Evropa și fost soldat în infanteria marină a Statelor Unite, susține și promovează sloganul prin intermediul organizației sale.
 , o naționalistă și neonazistă americană, ale cărei fiice (Prussian Blue) au interpretat pentru , a depozitat cenușa lui David Lane în "14 piramide" pentru a semnifica cele 14 Cuvinte.
 , un supremacist american și membru al Traditionalist Worker Party, a menționat sloganul în diferite discursuri printre care și cel susținut în fața Council of Conservative Citizens.
 William Daniel Johnson, un naționalist american, avocat și președinte al, este un susținător al sloganului 14 Cuvinte. Acesta declara că organizația sa "susține principiului prin care protejăm existența poporului nostru și viitorul copiilor albi". Conform declarațiilor lui Johnson, Ron Paul i-a retras sprijinul după ce mass-media l-a descris ca fiind un susținător al celor 14 Cuvinte.
 David Lane (1938-2007) a fost un lider supremacist american și membru principal al organizației teroriste The Order. Lane este considerat inventatorul sloganului. Organizația ADL au descris ideea lui Lane ca reprezentând weltanschauung-ul mișcării supremaciste de la finalul secolului XX și începutul secolului XXI.
 Stephen McNallen, un lider neopăgân și fondatorul al , a reprodus verbatim cele 14 Cuvinte în . Din punctul său de vedere, "mass-media comercială, stânga politică și toate persoanele asociate acesteia au declarat că afirmația în cauză este rasistă. Nu este rasistă, nu este supremacistă, nu este habotnică, nu promovează ură față de alte grupuri rasiale". Mai mult, acesta a construit o versiune mai scurtă și persoanlă a sloganului: "Existența poporului meu nu este negociabilă".
 Tom Metzger, liderul separatist al , consideră guvernul Statelor Unite responsabil pentru moartea lui Lane în 2007. Acesta deține lucrarea lui Lane în care a fost redactat sloganul.
 Jack Posobiec, un membru al mișcării alt-right și fost ofițer naval, a publicat articole despre "1488" și este un susținător al ideilor lui Lane.
 Billy Roper, un supremacist american care a corespondat cu David Lane, a înființat un grup fundamentat pe cele 14 Cuvinte.
 Richard Spencer, un supremacist american și președinte al , susține cele 14 Cuvinte.
 Vox Day, un scriitor american și activist alt-right, promovează sloganul în lucrarea sa - Șaisprezece Idei ale Mișcării Alt-Right - la punctul 14.
 Weev, un hacker american și troll, este un susținător al sloganului.

În terorism și acte de violență
Sloganele și numerele "14" și "88" au fost utilizate de către numeroși adepți ai ideologiilor de extremă-dreapta, atât înainte, cât și după (în manifeste) comiterea unor acte violente. Printre exemple îi regăsim pe David Lane, membrul The Order, conspiratorii Paul Schlesselman și Daniel Cowart, respectiv criminalii Dylann Roof și Curis Allgier. Allgier are numerele tatuate pe frunte.

Uciderea lui Alan Berg
, gazda unui show radio, în 1984 este cea mai cunoscută faptă a organizației The Order. Membrul Bruce Pierce este cel care l-a ucis, iar Lane a fost cel care a condus. Acesta din urmă a redactat cele 14 Cuvinte în închisoare. Numărul 14 continuă să simbolizeze visul unui teritoriul care să aparțină strict albilor.

Atacul din Charleston
După  din iunie 2015, ideologia și aparentul manifest al lui Dylann Roof au fost menționate în mass-media ca având numeroase trimiteri la "1488". Printre acestea s-au regăsit câteva imagini cu Roof și numerele respective. Acesta avea asupra sa exact 88 de gloanțe, un număr simbolic, când a inițiat atacul de la biserica Emanuel în care și-au pierdut viața nouă afro-americani.

Atacul din Pittsburgh
Robert Bowers, suspectat de , avea numărul "1488" pe contul său social de pe platforma . Bowers este și un susținător al ideilor Identității Creștine, evreii fiind caracterizați de acesta drept "copiii lui Satan".

Atacul din Christchurch
Brenton Harrison Tarrant, responsabilul pentru atacul din Christchurch a postat imagini pe Twitter cu arme de foc și a publicat un manifest "The Great Replacement" (în ro Marea Înlocuire) în care apare simbolul Soare negru și sloganul 14 Cuvinte. Concomitent, acestea au fost gravate și pe armele utilizate în atentat.

Referințe și Note

Vezi și

 Teoria genocidului alb
 Northwest Territorial Imperative

Neofascism
Neonazism
Alt-right
Sloganuri
Simboluri ale naționalismului alb

Paisprezece Cuvinte


Die Familie Michel von Schwertschwendi war eine ursprünglich aus Burgdorf stammende Berner Patrizierfamilie, die seit 1446 das Burgerrecht der Stadt Bern besass, der Gesellschaft zu Mittellöwen sowie der Zunftgesellschaft zu Schmieden angehörte und 1742 ausstarb.

1422 erstmals erwähnt, stellten sie im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert drei Burgermeister in Burgdorf. Ein Berchtold erwarb 1446 das Berner Burgerrecht und gelangte 1455 in den Grossen Rat. Die Familie stellte mehrere Berner Landvögte und mit Wolfgang und Beat Ludwig (1580–1630) zwei Kleinräte. Der letztere, Herr zu Kehrsatz und Erbauer des dortigen Schlosses, wurde Venner zu Schmieden.

Personen
 Franz Ludwig Michel, Offizier und Entdecker (Reisen nach Pennsylvania)

Literatur

 Johann Heinrich Graf: Franz Michel von Bern und seine ersten Reisen nach Amerika 1701–1704: ein Beitrag zur Vorgeschichte der Gründung von New-Berne. In: Berner Taschenbuch 1898. Wyss, Bern 1897, S. 59–144. online

Weblinks

Burgerliches Geschlecht (Bern)
Bernisches Patriziergeschlecht

Michel (Patrizierfamilie)


Ceza hukuku, suç ve ceza kavramlarını inceleyen kamu hukuku bölümüdür. Genel veld Bailey,  özel ceza hukuku olarak ikiye ayrılır (ceza genel ve ceza özel olarak da ifade edilmektedir).

Genel ceza hukukunun konusu suç kavramının maddi ve manevi unsurlarıyla tanımı, ceza hukukuna hakim olan genel ilkeler, ceza kavramının tanımı, suçu ortadan kaldıran nedenler, cezayı azaltan ve ortadan kaldıran nedenler gibi bütün suçlar için geçerli olan ilke ve teorilerdir.

Özel ceza hukukunun konusu ise ülkenin kanunlarına göre suç sayılan eylemlerin neler olduğu, bunların kapsam ve sınırları, birbirlerinden ayrılan yönleri ile bu suçlara öngörülen cezalardır.

Ceza hukuku geniş anlamda ceza yargılaması usulunü de içerirken dar anlamda ceza yargılaması ceza hukukunun dışında kalır.

Tarihi
İlk yazılı kanunlar Sümerler tarafından tasarlanmıştır. Kanun, M.Ö 2100-2050 yıllarına ait ve Ur-Nammu adında olup, Sümerce yazılmıştır. Urukagina ve Lagaş kanunları da daha eski olmasına rağmen var olduğu bilinmektedir. Bir başka eski ceza hukuku kaynağı ise Babil hukukunun çekirdeğini oluşturan Hammurabi Kanunları'dır. Antik Yunan tarihinde ise Solon ve Drakon bilinen eski kanunlardır.

Ceza hukukunun temel ilkeleri

Ceza hukukun en önemli iki temel ilkesi suçta ve cezada kanunilik ilkesi ve suçta ve cezada kusur ilkesidir.

1. Suçta ve cezada kanunilik ilkesi (nulla poena sine lege)

Suç ve bunun karşılığı olan cezanın ancak kanun ile belirlenmesidir. Bu temel ilke, 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun 2. maddesinin 1. fıkrasında yer almaktadır: "Kanunun açıkça suç saymadığı bir fiil için kimseye ceza verilemez ve güvenlik tedbiri uygulanamaz." Bu da suç tanımının belirgin ve açık biçimde kanunla düzenlenmesini gerektirir. Belirsiz ve muğlak ifadelerle suç tanımlanamaz (nulla poena sine lege certa).

Kanunilik ilkesinin gerektirdiği bir başka şart da, aleyhe olan kanunun geçmişe yürüyemeyeceğidir. Yani, işlendiği sırada suç olmayan bir fiilden dolayı, sonradan fiilin suç olarak düzenlenmesi nedeniyle kimse cezalandırılamaz (nulla poena sine lege praevia).

Gene kanunilik ilkesinin getirdiği bir başka koşul da failin aleyhine kıyas yasağıdır. Hukuk biliminde kıyas, kanunda boşluk bulunması halinde bu boşluğun en benzer hukuk kuralı bulunarak doldurulmasını ifade eder. Ceza hukukunda kıyas, 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun 2. maddesinin 3. fıkrasında "Kanunların suç ve ceza içeren hükümlerinin uygulanmasında kıyas yapılamaz." şeklinde belirtildiği üzere uygulanamaz (nulla poena sine lege stricta).

2. Suçta ve cezada kusur ilkesi

Ceza hukuku anlamında kusur, bir fiilin isnat yeteneği mevcut bir kimse tarafından bilerek ve istenerek işlenmesidir. Yani, failin cezalandırılabilmesi için fiili bilerek ve isteyerek yapmış olması gerekir. Bu ilkeden de ancak fiili bizzat işlemiş failin cezalandırılabileceği ilkesi türetilmiştir. Bu ilke de 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun 20. maddesinin 1. fıkrasında yer almaktadır: "Ceza sorumluluğu şahsîdir. Kimse başkasının fiilinden dolayı sorumlu tutulamaz."

Suçun unsurları

Bir fiilin cezalandırılacak bir suç teşkil etmesi için belli unsurların mevcut olması gerekir. Suçu oluşturan temel unsurlar,
kanuni unsur, maddi unsur, hukuka aykırılık unsuru ve manevi unsurdur.

1. Kanuni unsur (tipiklik)

Kanuni unsur, işlenmiş bulunan bir fiilin ceza kanununda düzenlenen suç tanımına birebir uygun olmasıdır. Bu unsura tipiklik adı da verilmektedir. Örneğin, hırsızlık suçunun gerçekleşmesi için failin "zilyedinin rızası olmadan başkasına ait taşınır bir malı, kendisine veya başkasına bir yarar sağlamak maksadıyla bulunduğu yerden alması" gerekir. Kanunda tanımlanan bu unsurlardan biri yoksa, mesela alınan malın zilyedinin rızası varsa, hırsızlık suçunun kanuni unsuru oluşmaz.

2. Maddi unsur (hareket/fiil)

Suçun meydana gelebilmesi için failin bir fiil işlemesi gerekir. Fiilden kasıt, insanın kendi iradesiyle dış dünyayı değiştiren bir iş ortaya çıkarmasıdır. Mesela refleks hareketleri veya epilepsi hastasının bilincini kaybettiğinde gerçekleştirdiği hareketler fiil unsuru taşımaz.

3. Hukuka aykırılık unsuru

İşlenen fiil hukuk düzeniyle uyuşmazlık içindeyse hukuka aykırılık unsuru tamamlanır. İlke olarak kanuni unsuru gerçekleştiren bir hareket hukuka aykırıdır. Ancak, ceza hukuku hukuka aykırılığa bir takım istisnalar getirerek, kanuni unsuru tamamlayan bazı fiillerin hukuka uygun olacağını belirlemiştir, bunların başlıcaları şunlardır:

Kanunun hükmü ve amirin emri (TCK m. 24/1)
Meşru savunma (TCK m. 25)
Hakkın kullanılması ve ilgilinin rızası (TCK m. 26)
Cebir, şiddet, korkutma ve tehdit altında işlenen suçlar (TCK m. 28)
Zorunluluk (ıztırar) hali 2005 yılında TCK'da hukuka uygunluk nedeni olmaktan çıkarıldı.

4. Manevi unsur

Suçu gerçekleştiren son unsur kanuni tipikliği mevcut hukuka aykırı fiilin isnat yeteneği var olan bir kimse tarafından bilerek ve isteyerek yapılmasıdır. Bu unsur aynı zamanda, ceza hukukunun evrensel ilkelerinden biri olan kusursuz suç ve ceza olmaz ilkesinin suçu oluşturan unsurlara yansımasıdır. Bir eylem yukarıda belirtilen tüm unsurları taşısa bile, kişinin kastı yoksa manevi unsur yokluğu nedeniyle kişinin eylemi cezayı gerektirmeyebilir. Taksir sonucu işlenmiş fiillerden dolayı öngörülen cezalar bunun dışındadır.

Ceza Yargılamasında Bulunanlar
Ceza yargılaması soruşturma evresi ve kovuşturma evresi olmak üzere iki önemli evreden oluşmaktadır. Bu evrelerde dosyalarda bulunan şahıslara farklı sıfatlar yüklenmiştir. Dosya içerisinde ilk etapta isimle belirtildikten sonraki aşamalarda, şahısların sıfatları ile adlandırma devam ettiğinden ceza yargılamasında bulunan sıfatlar önem arz etmektedir.

Müşteki
Halk dilinde şikâyetçi, şikayet eden olarak adlandırılan müşteki, ceza yargılamasında özellikle soruşturma aşamasında, sanıktan şikayeti bulunan ve şikayeti devam eden kişi olarak adlandırılır. Müştekinin, müştekilikten başka soruşturma evresinde herhangi bir sıfatı yoksa ceza almayacaktır.

Sanık
Ceza yargılamasının ana unsuru sanıktır. Sanık yoksa aslında bir ceza yargılamasından bahsetmek pek mümkün olmayacaktır. Sanık, soruşturma evresinde şüpheli olarak adlandırılır. Yani suçu işlemiş olacağı düşünülen muhtemel kişiler şüphelidir. Şüpheli hakkında düzenlenen iddianamenin, mahkeme tarafından kabulü ile kovuşturma aşamasına geçilmesiyle şüpheli sıfatı, sanık sıfatına dönüşecektir. Masumiyet karinesi doğrultusunda sanık veya şüpheli olarak şahsı adlandırmak kesinlikle suçlu olduğunu gösterir bir durum değildir.

Katılan Ne Demek?
Soruşturma evresinde şikayetçi veya müşteki olarak adlandırılan, suçtan zarar gören veya zarar gördüğü düşünülen kişinin; Soruşturma evresinden sonra duruşmaya katılması durumunda, davaya müdahil olmuş olur ve müdahil sıfatıyla anılır. Yürütülen davayı takip etmek istediğini mahkemeye belirtmesi ve mahkemenin olurundan sonra "katılan" sıfatını alacaktır. Katılan artık o davanın bir tarafı haline gelecektir.

Mağdur Nedir?
Ceza yargılamasında, işlenen suçtan veya fiilden zarar gören kişiye mağdur denir. Türk Ceza sistemimizde mağdur kavramı yalnızca gerçek kişiler için kullanılmaktadır. Suçtan zarar gören kamu veya tüzel kişi de olabilecektir. Ancak ceza yargılamasında gerçek kişi haricinde suçtan zarar görenlere mağdur denmemektedir. Mağdurun, ceza yargılamasında duruşmalara katılmama veya dosyayı takip etmeme durumlarında herhangi  bir  cezai sorumluluğu yoktur.

Soruşturma Nedir?
Ceza yargılamasında soruşturma evresi, suç işlendiği haberinin alındığı anda başlar. Soruşturma evresinin başlaması için "basit şüphe"nin oluşması gerekir. İhbar veya şikayet sonucunda ya da suç haberini alan Cumhuriyet savcısı kendiliğinden, kolluk güçleri vasıtasıyla işin gerçeğini araştırmaya başladığı aşamaya verilen addır. Soruşturmanın gizliliği esastır. Yani soruşturma ile ilgisi olmayan kişiler veya avukatlar dışındakiler soruşturma evresindeki bilgilere ulaşamaması gerekmektedir.

Adli Soruşturma
Cumhuriyet savcısının yürütmekte olduğu, basit şüphenin varlığı sonrası vakanın araştırılarak, gerek duyulması halinde iddianamenin hazırlandığı sürece adli soruşturma denmektedir. Savcının araştırmaları neticesinde iddianame hazırlanmasını gerektirecek bir durum olmaması halinde kovuşturmaya yer olmadığına dair karar verilebilecektir. Verilen karara mağdurlar, suçtan zarar görenler veya diğer ilgililer itiraz edebileceklerdir. Adli soruşturma, idari soruşturmadan tamamen bağımsızdır. Bir kişiye idari soruşturma sonucu ağır yaptırımlar uygulanabilecekken, adli soruşturmada suç unsuruna rastlanmayabilir veya tam tersi olması da mümkündür. Bu yüzden adli soruşturma ve idari soruşturmanın birbiri ile karıştırılmaması gerekmektedir.

İdari Soruşturma
Bir suçun işlenmiş olması şüphesi ile savcının yürütmüş olduğu sürece adli soruşturma denmektedir. Yine aynı fiil ve suçla alakalı şahsın bulunduğu görevi neticesinde herhangi bir yaptırım gerektirmesi durumunda müfettişler veya denetçiler aracılığı ile idari soruşturma yürütülmektedir. İdari soruşturma sonucunda herhangi bir yaptırım uygulanması veya uygulanmaması adli soruşturmayı etkilemeyecektir. İdari soruşturma neticesinde işten çıkarma, para cezası, aylık kesimi, kınama vs. gibi yalnızca idari yaptırımlara hükmedilebilecektir.

Kaynakça

  Kramer, Samuel Noah. (1971) The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, s.4, Chicago Üniversitesi. ISBN 0-226-45238-7

Dış bağlantılar
 cezahukuku.org  Ceza Hukuku sitesi ve forumu
 Ceza Hukuku Kaynakları
Kocaeli Ceza Avukatı

Hukuk terimleri

Ceza hukuku


Süleyman Efendi, (? Osmanlı İmparatorluğu - 25 Mart 1914, Süleymanlı, Kahramanmaraş) Türk nâib ve asker.

Askeri kariyeri
Maraş Jandarma Bölük Komutanlığı görevi esnasında, Zeytun İsyanı nedeniyle  bölgeye sevk edilen Maraş Jandarma Bölük Komutanı Süleyman Efendi komutasındaki askeri birlik ile Zeytun Fedai Alayı adlı Ermeni çetecilerin kurduğu örgüt arasında, 25 Mart 1915 günü sabahtan akşama kadar süren çarpışma sonucunda 8 kişiyle beraber öldü. Daha sonra hatırasına saygı amacıyla Süleyman Efendi'nin anısına Zeytun'a Süleymanlı adı verilmiştir.

Olaylar
1895 yılının Temmuz ayında, iki asker Nâib Süleyman Efendi tarafından istenen bir suçluyu Zeytun Hükûmet Konağı'na getirirken Zeytun'daki isyancı Ermeniler bu askerlere saldırdılar. Saldırı sonucunda 2 asker öldü.

Kaynakça

Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
1915 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
Osmanlı askerî personeli
Çatışmada ölen Osmanlılar

Süleyman Efendi (Maraş)


José María Figueres Olsen (born 24 December 1954 in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican businessman and politician, who served as President of Costa Rica from 1994 to 1998. He also ran for president in the 2022 presidential election but was defeated by Rodrigo Chaves.

Figueres started his career as an engineer working in agribusiness. After a decade, he entered public service as Minister of Foreign Trade and then Minister of Agriculture. In 1994, he was elected President of Costa Rica, as the nation's youngest elected president of the 20th century (Alfredo Gonzalez Flores became president in 1914 at the age of 36, however he was not elected directly, as he was appointed by the National Assembly). He left the presidency of Costa Rica in 1998, since then he has been involved in global issues such as climate change, sustainable development, and technology.

In 2000, Figueres joined the World Economic Forum in Switzerland. In 2004, he resigned over the undeclared receipt of more than 900,000 US dollars in consultancy fees from the French telecommunications firm Alcatel. Later, he worked with Concordia 21 in Madrid. Since 2010, he has been Chairman of the Carbon War Room, an independent non-profit organization focused on the global transition to a low-carbon economy. On 27 March 2012, Sir Richard Branson announced that he was appointed as the new President of the Carbon War Room.

Biography
José María Figueres is the son of José Figueres Ferrer (known as Don Pepe), who was a three-time President of Costa Rica. His mother, Karen Olsen Beck, an American social worker born to Danish immigrant parents, later adopted Costa Rican nationality. After serving as First Lady, she was appointed Ambassador to Israel in 1982. In 1990, she was elected Member of Congress for the 1990–1994 legislature.

Figueres grew up in La Lucha, a farm community his father Don Pepe founded in 1928. There José María attended the public school Cecilia Orlich Figueres, before going on to study at the Colegio Humboldt and later at the Lincoln High School, both in San José.

Figueres has three younger siblings, Christiana Figueres, Mariano and Kirsten. Christiana Figueres was Executive Director of the UNFCCC, responsible for international climate change negotiations. From the first marriage of his father, Figueres has an older brother, Marti, and a sister, Muni. Muni Figueres has held various public positions, and since 2010 she has served as the Costa Rican Ambassador to the United States.

José María has two children from his first marriage to former First Lady Josette Altmann Borbón, José María and Eugenia. The marriage between Figueres and Altmann ended in divorce. He is currently married to Cinthya Berrocal Quirós.

Education
Figueres completed his undergraduate studies at the United States Military Academy (West Point), where he graduated in the Class of 1979 with a major in Engineering. While attending West Point, he attended and completed the U.S. Army's Ranger Training Course in 1975.  He was awarded the Army Ranger tab and was the class Distinguished Honor Graduate.

Later, he continued his academic studies at the John F. Kennedy School of Government  at Harvard University, graduating in 1991 with a master's degree in Public Administration. During his studies at Harvard, Figueres also attended courses at Harvard Business School and Harvard Law School.

Business career
Upon returning to Costa Rica after concluding his studies at West Point, he joined and later led the restructuring process of the deeply indebted family business, Sociedad Agroindustrial San Cristobal (SAISC) . Figueres helped return the business to profitability by disposing of non-productive assets, reducing leverage, improving the efficiency of many industrial processes, and focusing on expanding exports.

Years later, in 1990, Figueres co-founded Energía Global Inc. a renewable energy company with operations in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Chile. The business was later sold and today it continues to operate as a subsidiary of ENEL.

In 1999, Figueres joined the Board of Directors of Terremark Worldwide Inc, on which he served for five years. He then continued to be closely associated with the company in its international expansion projects. Terremark is involved in transforming and securing enterprise-class IT on a global scale, providing industry managed services, cloud computing, colocation and web hosting solutions for enterprise IT infrastructures from their data centers. In 2011, Terremark was acquired by Verizon.

In 2005, Figueres undertook a one-year assignment as Managing Director of Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Organization, responsible for refocusing global consulting within the group. This group is the largest Arab group of professional services firms, headquartered in Amman, Jordan, with over 73 offices in 23 countries. From 2006 to 2009, Figueres served on the International Advisory Board of Abraaj Capital, the largest Middle East Private Equity firm with over $6 billion of assets under management. In 2009, he joined the Advisory Board of Grupo Arcano, an independent financial services firm based in Madrid, Spain.

In 2010, Figueres joined IJ Partners in Geneva, Switzerland, as a Managing Partner. IJ Partners was founded in 2009 during the global economic crisis, to provide financial services to private individuals and family offices investing exclusively in tangible assets.

Figueres served on the board of the Rocky Mountain Institute, including as chairman until 2017.

Political career
In 1986 Nobel Peace Prize Laurate and President Óscar Arias (1986–1990), appointed Figueres to overhaul the ailing National Railway System, INCOFER. He was then appointed Minister in the Arias government, first of Foreign Trade and later of Agriculture.  Upon the completion of the governmental period Figueres continued his academic studies at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, graduating in 1991 with a master's degree in Public Administration.

Following his graduate studies at Harvard, Figueres returned to Costa Rica and declared his intention to seek the nomination of the political party he belonged to, the National Liberation Party. After a heated and much-disputed primary election process involving five candidates, Figueres won the party's nomination in 1993 and went on to the national election that he won in February 1994. José María Figueres Olsen was elected President of Costa Rica for four years at the age of 39, the nation's youngest elected president in the 20th century (Alfredo González Flores took office in 1914 at the age of 36. However he was not elected by popular vote but rather appointed by Congress.

Presidency (1994-1998)
According to Leonardo Garnier, minister of Planning and Economic Policy during the Figueres' administration, the latter promoted Sustainable Development as the integrating architecture of governmental action. This program was anchored on three pillars: Firstly, to transform the Costa Rican economy towards one of higher productivity, with special emphasis on technology. Secondly, for the Costa Rican society to express greater solidarity by opening opportunities of wellbeing for all. Thirdly, for society to develop itself in harmony with nature  (from the book "Gobernando en Tiempos de Cambio: Administración Figueres Olsen", by Leonardo Garnier). The administration is credited with having worked to advance and promote further integration of Costa Rica into the globalised economy.

Figueres reformed and reorganized many public institutions including the closing of some of them, such as Banco Anglo Costarricense (which was plagued with corruption charges) and the National Railway System (INCOFER) which after being re-organized several times was again insolvent. The latter decision was reversed by the following administrations, which actually invested in modernizing the railway, with apparent success. The Figueres Administration contributed to the establishment of Intel Corporation in Costa Rica.

His administration also launched several initiatives to improve national education, including a constitutional reform approved by Congress to dedicate 6% of GDP towards public education; introduced English as a second language in public schools from the first grade up; consolidated the installation of computer labs in high schools.

During his term, government created the EBAIS (Primary Teams of Basic Health Care) as a provider of preventive medicine in the communities, primarily by giving easy access to medical services.

He was also an early leader on climate change, putting in place the first price on carbon in the world in Costa Rica in 1995. In 1994, he proposed to the U.S. Government via the U.S. Department of Energy negotiation of a U.S. - Costa Rica bilateral agreement on climate change. This was the first such agreement in the world, was negotiated in 1994 and signed by President Figueres and U.S. Vice President Al Gore in the Indian Treaty Room of the White House on September 30, 1994. From then on, Costa Rica continued to lead on climate change, engaging other nations across the Americas and under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, helping to ensure the success of the Kyoto Protocol and since. Jose Maria's sister, Christiana Figures, played a leading role, advising President Figueres, negotiating the agreement with the U.S., and engaging other nations, eventually becoming Costa Rica's representative in the global climate treaty negotiations, and then the Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Controversies

Chemise case
In 1991, when Figueres was seen as a possible contender for the presidency, brothers David and José Romero published a book accusing Figueres of having participated in the extrajudicial execution of a drug dealer named Jose Joaquin Orozco, known as "Chemise". The basis for this allegation dated back to March 7, 1973. Figueres accused the Romero brothers of libel and in 1993 a court acquitted them while condemning their main source, former drug-enforcement officer Walter Campos. In 1998 another court sentenced the Romero brothers to seven years' imprisonment for making a false accusation, but that sentence was appealed and revoked due to procedural issues. In 2000, two years after Figueres left office, the legal proceeding ended with a settlement between the Romero brothers and Figueres's lawyers.

Religion
In the middle of Figueres' presidential campaign, anonymous allegations arguing Figueres was not Roman Catholic were widely spread and picked up by the media. Costa Rica's political constitution establishes the Catholic faith as the official State religion. To dispel the strong rumors Monsenor Román Arrieta, Archbishop of San José and President of the Episcopal Conference was obliged to pronounce himself acknowledging that Figueres had been baptized a Roman Catholic.

Alcatel
In 2004, Costa Rica's Attorney General opened official investigations against two other former presidents, for alleged financial misconduct. Both were placed under arrest. Shortly afterwards local media reports claimed Figueres had also received payments from Alcatel.  It was reported that Figueres had earned nearly US$900,000 for three years of consultancy work on telecommunications with Alcatel, initiated two years after his presidency, and while already working in Europe. Figueres disclosed all his financial affairs and requested the Costa Rican Internal Revenue Service to review his tax returns. Following this review, Figueres amended his tax filings to include income earned outside of Costa Rica, which is not subject to Costa Rican tax, and paid 67.2 million Costa Rican colones in taxes. On 5 December 2005 the Internal Revenue Service of Costa Rica notified Figueres of no financial misconduct with resolution number 5452000009594 dated 27 October 2005.

A Congressional Commission took it upon themselves to investigate the allegations. The Commission of Control of Public Revenue and Expenditure (Comisión de Control del Ingreso y el Gasto Público) summoned Figueres. On 6 September 2005, Judge Maria Morales of the First Circuit Court of Costa Rica pronounced a ruling in Figueres' favour, and against the Congressional Commission's procedures. The Commission also failed to register a report on the findings before the Congress, as stipulated in Congressional Procedural Regulations.

In the context of the allegations, Figueres resigned from his role as CEO and executive director of the World Economic Forum in October 2004. Transparency International had highlighted this incident in their Global Corruption Report in 2006. Figueres was never summoned nor charged by the Costa Rican Attorney General's office. On 19 September 2007, the Attorney General formally announced that there were no grounds on which to press any charges against Figueres.

Paradise Papers
In November 2017 an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism cited his name in the list of politicians named in the "Paradise Papers" allegations.

International awards
President Figueres has received international awards for his work and adherence to the tenets of Sustainable Development.
 Kew Gardens Annual Award, 1995
 Botanic Research Institute Texas, 1996
 State Botanical Garden in Missouri, 1996
 First recipient of the Global Prize from the World Bank's Global Environmental Fund for leadership and efforts for the environment, 1998
 Liberty Prize from the Max Schmidheiny Foundation and St. Gallen University in Switzerland, 1998
 Award of the Climate Institute, Washington D.C., 1998
 Order of José Matías Delgado Grand Silver Cross from the Republic of El Salvador, 1999
 Sustainability Award in Switzerland, 2003

International work
Upon leaving government in 1998 President Figueres founded Entebbe (Costa Rican Foundation for Sustainable Development). The foundation started and developed pioneering programs, such as LINCOS (Little Intelligent Communities), APVE (Clean Transport Alternatives) and CENTAIRE (Center for monitoring and evaluation of Air Quality in Central America). A large number of academic, social and communal organizations, as well as private sector partners contributed to the development of these programs. In the same field of deploying technologies to boost development, together with Nicholas Negroponte and Jeffrey Sachs, Figueres founded the "Digital Nations Consortium", a program overseen by the Media Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 1999 he was called upon by Secretary-General Kofi Annan of the United Nations to chair a working group on Information, Communication, Technology (ICT). He was later elected Chairman of the United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force (ICT).

While leading the ICT Task Force, in mid-2000 Figueres was appointed Managing Director of the World Economic Forum (WEF), and independent international organization dedicated to improving the state of the world by bringing together world leaders to establish alliances that can influence industry, regional and global agendas. Three years later he was appointed the first CEO of the WEF. His responsibilities included coordinating the annual meeting of the forum in Davos, Switzerland, which brought together prominent corporate leaders, heads of State and government, as well as respected personalities from the academic, cultural and religious world.

Figueres resigned from the WEF towards the end of 2004, when consulting work with Alcatel appeared in the international media. Andre Schneider, the WEF's spokesman said that Figueres acknowledged violating the rules of the forum by not declaring that he was being retained as a consultant when he took the post and while he was working at the forum. In his letter of resignation, Figueres apologized to forum founder Klaus Schwab for failing to inform the organization that he had entered the consultancy "many months before joining the Forum."

Since having left government in Costa Rica, Figueres has served on numerous boards. He has served as a director of the World Wildlife Fund, the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, the World Resources Institute (WRI), and the Stockholm Environment Institute. In 2008, Figueres has served as Chairman of the Global Fairness Initiative, taking on the role from its founding chairman, Bill Clinton. He is a board member of FRIDE, the Earth Council Geneva, Population Action International, and is Chairman of the Board of Trustees of DARA. From 2009 until 2011, he served on UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon's Advisory Group on Climate Change and Energy. In 2010, He joined the Carbon War Room as its first chairman. In the academic field, He also served on the Dean's Alumni Leadership Council at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and he is a member of Thunderbird School of Global Management, where he often participates in global business events. Figueres is a founding member of the Club de Madrid, an independent non-profit organization with the objective to promote "Democracy that Delivers", composed of more than 100 former Presidents and Prime Ministers from all over the world.

References

External links

 Carbon War Room
 Website - Jose Maria Figueres Olsen
 Dean's Alumni Leadership Council, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
 United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force
 Biography of José María Figueres by CIDOB (in Spanish)

1954 births
Living people
Politicians from San José, Costa Rica
Businesspeople from San José, Costa Rica
Costa Rican Roman Catholics
National Liberation Party (Costa Rica) politicians
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Presidents of Costa Rica
United States Military Academy alumni
Sustainability advocates
Grand Crosses of the Order of José Matías Delgado
Children of presidents
Costa Rican people of American descent
Costa Rican people of Catalan descent
Costa Rican people of Danish descent
Costa Rican people of Spanish descent
People named in the Paradise Papers
20th-century Costa Rican politicians

José María Figueres


حركة الشباب الإسلامية أو حزب الشباب أو حركة الشباب المجاهدين أو الشباب الجهادي أو الشباب الإسلامي  هي حركة إسلام سياسي قتالية صومالية تنشط في الصومال، تتبع فكرياً لتنظيم القاعدة وتهدف حسب زعمها لتطبيق الشريعة الإسلامية. وتتهم من عدة أطراف بالإرهاب بينها الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، النرويج والسويد.

الحركة التي تأسست في أوائل 2004 كانت الذراع العسكري لاتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية التي انهزمت أمام القوات التابعة للحكومة الصومالية المؤقتة غير أنها انشقت عن المحاكم بعد انضمامه إلى ما يُعرف بـ«تحالف المعارضة الصومالية».

لا يعرف تحديدًا العدد الدقيق لأفراد هذه الحركة إلا أنه عند انهيار اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية التي خلفتها حركات إسلامية من قبيل حركة الشباب قدر عدد الأولى بين 3000 إلى 7000 عضو تقريبًا. ويعتقد أن المنتمين إلى الحركة يتلقون تدريبات في إريتريا حيث يقيمون لستة أسابيع في دورة يكتسبون خلالها مهارات حرب العصابات واستخدام القنابل والمتفجرات.

كما أن هناك من يقول بأن تلك الحركة تمول نشاطاتها من خلال القرصنة قبالة سواحل الصومال. كما يتواجد مقاتلون أجانب مسلمون داخل الحركة كانوا قد دعوا للمشاركة في (جهاد) ضد الحكومة الصومالية وحلفائها الصليبيين الإثيوبيين. كذلك تقوم عناصر تابعة للحركة بالقيام بالتفجيرات الانتحارية، من بينها اغتيال وزير الداخلية الصومالي السابق العقيد عمر حاشي آدم في 18 يونيو 2009 الذي قضى في التفجير داخل فندق ببلدة بلدوين وسط الصومال وقتل معه 30 شخصا على الأقل حيث أعلن متحدث باسم الحركة في مؤتمر صحفي لاحق تبني الحركة للهجوم ووصفها للوزير «بالمرتد الكافر».

زعامة الحركة

الزعيم الحالي لتلك المنظمة هو أحمد ديري أبو عبيدة والذي خلف أحمد عبدي غودني (تزعم الحركة من 2008 إلى 2014) المشهور ب (الشيخ مختار عبد الرحمن أبو الزبير) والذي قُتل بغارة جوية أمريكية في سبتمبر 2014م جنوب الصومال، والذي تولى زعامة التنظيم خلفاً لآدم حاشي فرح عيرو الذي لقى حتفه 1 مايو 2008 في غارة جوية أمريكية على منزله في مدينة غوريعيل وسط الصومال.

وفي عهد غودني وصلت الحركة إلى ذروة قوتها حيث سيطرت على ثلاثة أرباع العاصمة مقديشو وكادت تقضي على الحكومة الصومالية برئاسة شيخ شريف أحمد والمدعومة غربيا وإفريقيا لولا انسحابها المفاجئ من العاصمة إثر ظهور خلافات بينه وبين المتحدث السابق باسم الحركة الشيخ مختار علي روبو أبو منصور الذي انسحب بمعظم قواته من العاصمة وانعزل عن الحركة إلى الآن ويعمل بشكل مستقل وهو أكثر اعتدالا من القادة الآخرين.

ممارسات

تقوم الحركة بالتضييق على المواطنين حيث قامت بمنع الرقص والموسيقى في حفلات الزفاف وإغلاق المقاهي ودور السينما ومنع مشاهدة الأفلام السينمائية والنغمات الموسيقية في الهواتف المحمولة ولعب مباريات كرة القدم أو مشاهدتها. كما قامت المحاكم التابعة للحركة بتنفيذ عمليات جلد وإعدام وبتر أطراف في عدة مناطق أغلبها في منطقة كيسمايو الجنوبية والأحياء الخاضعة لسيطرتها في مقديشو، وذلك عبر «جيش الحسبة الآمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر» الذي استحدثته لهذا الغرض.

وأعدم تنظيم الشباب مئات من المسيحيين الصوماليين (الذين لا يزيد عددهم عن الألف) منذ عام 2005، وكذلك قامت الميليشيا التابعة لهم بإعدام أشخاص اشتبه في تعاونهم مع الاستخبارات الإثيوبية. كما قامت الميليشيا بهدم أضرحة تابعة لمسلمين صوفيين في المناطق التي تسيطر عليها  إضافة إلى إغلاق مساجدهم وجامعتهم بدعوى «أن ممارسات الصوفيين تتعارض مع مفهوم هذه الجماعة للشريعة الإسلامية».

كذلك تقوم الحركة من خلال ما تسميه «محكمة إسلامية» بالحكم على نساء ورجال بالجلد كعقوبة لمرتكبي «الزنا». فيما يتهمهم الرئيس الصومالي شريف شيخ أحمد «بتشويه الإسلام ومضايقة النساء».

عمليات عسكرية
شنت مجموعة من مقاتلي حركة الشباب من كتيبة الاستشهاديين هجوما في فجر يوم الأحد 5 يناير 2020 على قاعدة بحرية أمريكية تعرف باسم معسكر سيمبا في مقاطعة لامو بكينيا يستخدمها الجيشان الأمريكي والكيني، ووقع هذا الهجوم بعد عام تقريبا من هجوم انتحاري دامِِ شنته الحركة على مجمع 14 ريفرسايد الراقي في العاصمة الكينية نيروبي مما أسفر عن مقتل 21 شخصا.

انظر أيضًا
 الصومال
 مدينة ليغو
 معركة ليغو (2015)

مراجع

الإسلام ومعاداة السامية
الإسلاموية في اليمن
الصومال في القرن 21
إرهاب منسوب للمسلمين في الصومال
تأسيسات سنة 2007 في الصومال
جماعات إسلاموية
ش
جماعات سلفية
فروع تنظيم القاعدة
فصائل الحرب الأهلية الصومالية
مجموعات متمردة في الصومال
مجموعات متمردة في إثيوبيا
معاداة السامية في إفريقيا
معاداة الصهيونية في إفريقيا
منظمات أسست في 2007
ش
منظمات عصابية مسلحة
منظمات مصنفة على أنها إرهابية حسب الاتحاد الأوروبي
منظمات مصنفة على أنها إرهابية حسب الإمارات العربية المتحدة
منظمات مصنفة على أنها إرهابية حسب المملكة المتحدة
ش
منظمات مصنفة على أنها إرهابية حسب حكومة كندا
منظمات مصنفة على أنها إرهابية حسب دولة أستراليا
منظمات مصنفة على أنها إرهابية في آسيا
منظمات مصنفة على أنها إرهابية في إفريقيا
منظمات معادية للصهيونية
منظمات مناهضة للشيوعية
نزاعات مرتبطة بالإسلام

الشباب (تنظيم صومالي)


El cobre (II) es el estado de oxidación más común del cobre en los compuestos. Se encuentra como catión Cu2+ en soluciones ácidas.

Color
El color azul tanto del catión Cu2+ en solución como el de sus sales hidratadas se produce debido a que su configuración electrónica ([Ar]3d9) posee el orbital d incompleto; esto posibilita la hibridación de los orbitales en las que son posibles las transciciones electrónicas d-d, las cuales ocurren por absorción de fotones con longitudes de onda correspondientes al color anaranjado del espectro visible.

Comportamiento ácido-base

El Cu2+ se encuentra como catión libre en medio ácido. Al aumentar la alcalinidad del medio se forma el monohidroxocuprato(II), CuOH+, y a pH 5 precipita hidróxido de cobre(II), Cu(OH)2.

Cu2+ + OH-  CuOH+
CuOH+ + OH-  Cu(OH)2↓

En medios altamente alcalinos se producen las especies solubles bicuprito, HCuO2-, y cuprito ,CuO22-.

Cu(OH)2 (s) + OH-  HCuO2- + H2O
HCuO2- + OH-  CuO22- + H2O

Referencias

 2
Cationes

Cobre (II)


Admeto, re di Tessaglia (título original en italiano; en español, Admeto, rey de Tesalia) es una ópera italiana en tres actos con música de Georg Friedrich Händel (HWV 22) y libreto en italiano de Nicola Francesco Haym y, quizás, de Pietro Antonio Rolli, versión modificada de uno anterior de Aurelio Aureli, L'Antigona delusa da Alceste, basado, a su vez en la Alcestis de Eurípides.

Acabada su composición el 10 de noviembre de 1726, fue estrenada en el King's Theater de Haymarket, en Londres, el 31 de enero de 1727, con las famosas sopranos Faustina Bordoni y Francesca Cuzzoni y el castrato Francesco Bernardi (Senesino). La rivalidad entre las dos sopranos estalló durante la última representación de la temporada, en la que se enfrentaron en público y delante del rey.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa. En las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo seis representaciones en el período 2005-2010.

Reparto del estreno

Discografía

Notas

Óperas de Georg Friedrich Händel
Óperas de 1727
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Londres
Admeto

Admeto, re di Tessaglia


Die Österreichischen Bundesgärten, auch Bundesgärten Wien Innsbruck genannt, ist die Behörde, die die Gartendenkmale im Eigentum der Republik Österreich betreut. Sie ist eine Dienststelle des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Regionen und Wasserwirtschaft.

Geschichte
Die Republik Österreich besitzt durch die Übernahme der habsburgischen Eigenresidenzen und Anlagen eine Fülle von historischen Gartenanlagen und Schlossgärten, wie auch von den Habsburgern zum Gemeinwohl errichtete Stadtparks (k.k. Hofgärten). Dazu gehören die bedeutendsten Gärten Wiens und die der Residenz der Tiroler Habsburger in Ambras zu Innsbruck. Diese wurden ab 1921 von den Bundesgärten verwaltet und dem Land- und Forstwirtschaftsministerium unterstellt.

Mit der Novelle des Denkmalschutzgesetzes 1999 wurden die Bundesgärten unter Denkmalschutz gestellt, ob dessen Bedeutung in Verfassungsrang.
Noch 1965 hatte der Verfassungsgerichtshof festgestellt,

Als aber 1996 Schönbrunn – Schloss mitsamt seinen Gärten – von der UNESCO zum Weltkulturerbe erklärt wurde, setzte auch beim Gesetzgeber ein Umdenken ein.
Neben der Gartenarchitektur umfassen die Gärten auch kunsthistorisch, gartengeschichtlich und technisch relevante Objekte, wie das Palmenhaus und die Orangerie in Schönbrunn, Gartenbaudenkmale und anderes Garteninventar, oder die Wassertechnik der Brunnenanlagen (Wasserspiele).

Heute gehören die Bundesgärten mit gemeinsam ca. 25 Millionen Besuchern jährlich zu den wirtschaftlich bedeutendsten Denkmalen Österreichs.

Leiter der Bundesgärten

Zu den ehemaligen Leitern der Bundesgärten gehören Friedrich Leo von Rottenberger (1921–1934),  und Peter Fischer-Colbrie (1989–2003).

Von März 2004 bis Mitte 2016 war Brigitte Mang Direktorin. Ihr folgte mit Juli 2016 der bisherige Gartenbauschul-Direktor Gottfried Kellner als interimistischer Leiter des neu entstandenen Zentrums für Gartenkultur nach.

Der Leiter der Bundesgärten in Tirol ist Herbert Bacher.

Aufgaben
Die wichtigsten Aufgaben der Bundesgärten sind Gartenmanagement für die betreuten Anlagen, sowie die Pflege der bedeutenden Pflanzensammlungen.

Gärten der Bundesgartenverwaltung
 Augarten Wien
 Belvederegarten Wien
 Burggarten Wien
 Volksgarten Wien
 Schlosspark Schönbrunn Wien
 Hofgarten Innsbruck
 Schlosspark Ambras Innsbruck
In diesen Gärten wird die Gartenarchitektur – lebende wie bauliche – in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Bundesdenkmalamt gepflegt, und die Gartenordnung aufrechterhalten. Sie umfassen gesamt knapp 280 Hektar, und gehören damit auch zu den flächengrößten Denkmälern Österreichs.

Wissenschaftliche Sammlungen
  die Orchideensammlung Schönbrunn, die auf die Zeit Kaiserin Maria Theresias zurückgeht, und von Joseph von Jacquin angelegt wurde. Im 19. Jahrhundert galt sie als eine der besten Sammlungen Europas. Nach schweren Verlusten in der Kriegszeit beschäftigt man sich heute besonders mit gefährdeten Wildarten, und kultiviert derzeit etwa 10.000 Einzelpflanzen aus über 3.500 Arten, und rund 500 Hybriden.
die Pflanzensammlungen historischer Sorten in den Glashäusern im Schlosspark Schönbrunn und im Belvederegarten, die auf wissenschaftlichem Interesse der Habsburger beruhen und schon 1569 von Kaiser Maximilian II. begonnen wurde. Ab 1660 kultivierte man in beheizbaren Gewächshäusern, um 1800 zog man in 14 Gewächshäusern über 4000 Arten, um 1920, unter Rottenberger, war sie die zweitgrößte Sammlung Europas. Aufgrund ihres Wertes für die Biodiversität sind sie aus Sicherheitsgründen nicht öffentlich zugänglich.

Die Fockea crispa von Schönbrunn gilt als älteste Topfpflanze der Welt.

Weitere Tätigkeiten
Wichtige Tätigkeit der Dekorationsabteilung der Bundesgärten ist Dekoration für die öffentlichen Institutionen. Ursprünglich eben zu diesem Zweck gegründet, statten die Bundesgärten wie in der k.u.k-Zeit Staatsbankette, Empfänge und Veranstaltungen der Präsidentschaftskanzlei, von Bundesministerien und anderen öffentlichen Institutionen aus. Daneben ist auch Pflanzenverleih zu einem Standbein geworden.

Außerdem sind die Bundesgärten in der Ausbildung tätig (Gartenfacharbeiter, Lehrberuf).

Literatur
 Peter Fischer-Colbrie: Die Bundesgärten – gelebte Tradition. In: Ländlicher Raum – Online-Fachzeitung des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, 2003 (Archiv 2003; doc, laendlicher-raum.at)
 Otto Rinnerbauer: Die österreichischen Bundesgärten als Aufgabe; Fragen der Erhaltung und Nutzung. In: R. Gälzer (Hrsg.): Historische Gärten im Donauraum in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Seminarbericht, Wien 1981 (= Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Landschaftsplanung und Gartenkunst der Technischen Universität Wien, Bd. 1), S. 96 ff.
 Friedrich Rottenberger: Entwicklung der österreichischen Bundesgärten in der Kriegs und Nachkriegszeit. In: Gartenkunst, 38. Jahrgang, 1925, S. 150 ff.
 Friedrich  Rottenberger: Die österreichischen Bundesgärten. In: Österreichische Kunst. 3. Jahrgang 1938, 9. Heft, S. 25 ff.
Über die Gärten:
 Eva Berger: Historische Gärten Österreichs: Wien. Band 3 von Historische Gärten Österreichs: Garten- und Parkanlagen von der Renaissance bis um 1930. Böhlau Verlag Wien, 2004, ISBN 978-3-205-99353-7.

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz der Bundesgärten

Einzelnachweise

Organisation (Wien)
Gegründet 1921
Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Regionen und Wasserwirtschaft
Landwirtschaftsbehörde (Österreich)
Forstbehörde
Denkmalbehörde
Bundesgarten
Bundesgarten
Gartenbauorganisation
Bundesgarten
Botanisches Institut
Pflanzenvermehrung
Bundesgarten

Österreichische Bundesgärten


Franciel Rodrigo Hengemühle (* 17. Februar 1982) ist ein brasilianischer Fußballspieler, der im Lauf seiner Karriere im deutschsprachigen Raum bei Eintracht Frankfurt, dem 1. FC Eschborn und dem FC Schaffhausen spielte.

Karriere
Hengemühle kam im Sommer 2002 zusammen mit seinem Landsmann Matheus Coradini Vivian zu Eintracht Frankfurt, wurde dort aber vornehmlich in der zweiten Mannschaft in der Regionalliga Süd eingesetzt. Nach einem Abstecher zum 1. FC Eschborn wechselte er zur Saison 2004/05 in die Schweizer Super League zum FC Schaffhausen. Bereits nach einer Saison zog es ihn weiter zu Debreceni Vasutas SC nach Ungarn und im Anschluss zurück in seine Heimat, wo er für São José EC aktiv war. 2007 kehrte er abermals nach Europa zurück und unterschrieb einen Vertrag beim italienischen Viertligisten Gela Calcio, mit dem er den Aufstieg in die Serie C1 schaffte. Weitere seiner Stationen in Italien waren die dritt- und viertklassigen Mannschaften von Valle del Giovenco und L'Aquila Calcio.

Weblinks

 Franciel Hengemühle bei football.it
 Franciel Hengemühle bei eintracht-archiv.de

Fußballspieler (1. FC Eschborn)
Fußballspieler (AS Pescina Valle del Giovenco)
Fußballspieler (Debreceni VSC)
Fußballspieler (Grêmio Porto Alegre)
Fußballspieler (Eintracht Frankfurt)
Fußballspieler (FC Schaffhausen)
Fußballspieler (Gela Calcio)
Fußballspieler (L'Aquila Calcio)
Fußballspieler (São José EC)
Brasilianer
Geboren 1982
Mann

Franciel Hengemühle


Sputnjik (ruski: Спутник) je bio mjesečni sovjetski dajdžest časopis koji je izlazio od 1967. do 1991. godine. Bio je prvi sovjetski dajdžest. Izdavala ga je izdavačka kuća "Novosti" (ruski: Агентство печати «Новости»). U inozemstvu distrubirala ga je Medžunarodna knjiga (ruski: Международная книга). Izlazio je na češkome, engleskome, francuskome, mađarskome, njemačkome, ruskome i španjolskome. Prvobitno je bio dizajniran za distribuciju u inozemstvu, no od 1987. godine neki su brojevi distribuirani u samom SSSR-u.

Sputnjik je trebao biti sovjetska verzija američkog Reader's Digesta. U Sputnjiku su izlazile vijesti iz sovjetskih novina na manjem papiru i veličini. Radi lakše čitljivosti materijali unutar Sputnjika su podijeljeni u tematske rubrike. Neko vrijeme su se na kraju broja nalazile lekcije ruskoga jezika, bajke i kulinarski recepti naroda SSSR-a.

Iako je Sputnjika sovjetska vlada već cenzurilala, ponekad su ga cenzurilale i druge zemlje koje nisu bile u najboljim odnosima s Kremljom, pogotvo zbog neovisnijeg tona tijekom glasnosti, a najzapaženiji primjeri su bili Istočna Njemačka u studenom 1988. i Kuba 1989. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Nekoliko brojeva Sputnjika od 1968. – 1974.
 Izdanje za prosinac 1982. godine  (60. godišnjica SSSR-a)

SSSR
Časopisi

Sputnjik (časopis)


سبايرو: موسم الجليد  لعبة فيديو من سلسلة سبايرو أصدرت اللعبة لجهاز جيم بوي أدفانس في 2001 في أمريكا الشمالية وفي 2002 في اليابان تعتبر اللعبة أول لعبات سباريو حصرية لجيم بوي أدفانس وأول لعبة في السلسلة طورت في شركة غير شركة أنسومانيك.

انظر أيضاً
 سبايرو (سلسلة)

روابط خارجية

مراجع

ألعاب ديجيتال إكلابس
ألعاب غيم بوي أدفانس
ألعاب حصرية على غيم بوي أدفانس
ألعاب سبايرو
ألعاب سييرا إنترتينمنت
ألعاب فيديو 2001
ألعاب فيديو فردية
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في الولايات المتحدة
ألعاب فيفندي جيمز
ألعاب كونامي
ألعاب منصات

سبايرو: موسم الجليد


Karl Assmann ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Karl Assmann (Bibliothekar) (1890–1970), deutscher Bibliothekar
 Karl Assmann (Fußballspieler) (1890–1958), österreichischer Jurist, Fußballspieler und -funktionär

Karl Assmann


El Estado Libre de Icaria fue un estado libre griego formado el 18 de julio de 1912 tras la expulsión de una guarnición otomana de las islas de Icaria y Fourni Korseon, siendo esta revolución iniciada por el insurgente Georgios Spanos el día anterior tras matar a un turco, hecho que lo convirtió en un héroe. Dada la imposibilidad de su adhesión a Grecia, las islas fueron independientes durante poco más de cinco meses. Finalmente, se consiguió la adhesión: en noviembre de ese mismo año, las islas se unieron al Reino de Grecia.

Ioannis Malachías fue el único presidente del efímero estado de Icaria. Las islas contaban con su propio himno, sus sellos y su ejército. Durante la independencia, hubo una gran escasez de alimentos y muchas hambrunas, así como deficiencias en el transporte público y en el correo. Además, corría el riesgo de convertirse en una posesión italiana como muchas otras islas del Egeo.

Himno

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sello de Icaria de 25 leptones, emitido el 8 de octubre (según el calendario juliano) o el 12 de octubre (según el calendario gregoriano): imagen en la Wikipedia en alemán.

Estados y territorios fundados en 1912
Estados y territorios desaparecidos en 1912
Icaria
Icaria
Icaria
Icaria, Estado Libre de
Historia de Grecia moderna
Icaria

Estado Libre de Icaria


Antonino Marino (* 1935 in Messina) ist ein italienischer Schriftsteller, Drehbuchautor und Filmregisseur.

Leben
Marino arbeitete als Journalist und Komödienautor; so stammen die erfolgreichen Stücke Un angelo calibro 9, I soldi und das mit Nino Manfredi geschriebene Gente di facili costumi von ihm. Ab 1973 arbeitete er gelegentlich an Drehbüchern für insgesamt zehn Genrefilme. 1978 drehte er als Regisseur den kaum gezeigten Un uomo americano. Er schrieb auch mehrere Romane, arbeitete in den USA und inszenierte mit Andrea Barbato für das Fernsehen Va' pensiero.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1978: Un uomo americano (& Regie)
 1983: The Throne of Fire (Il trono di fuoco)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Drehbuchautor
Filmregisseur
Person (Sizilien)
Italiener
Geboren 1935
Mann

Nino Marino


Spotlight er et engelsk ord for søgelys eller projektørlys
Spotlight kan henvise til følgende artikler:

Film, tv og musik

Film
 The Spotlight (film), en amerikansk stumfilm fra 1927
 Spotlight (film), en amerikansk film fra 2015

Musik
 Spotlight (Antoine Clamaran album), 2009
 Spotlight (Djumbo album), 2007
 Spotlight (Tír na nÓg album), 2001
 "Spotlight" (Fayray sang), 2005
 "Spotlight" (Gucci Mane sang), 2009
 "Spotlight" (Jennifer Hudson sang), 2008
 "Spotlight" (Madonna sang), 1988
 "Spotlight" (Mutemath sang), 2009
 "Spotlight", en sang af Selena Gomez & the Scene from A Year Without Rain, 2011
 "Spotlight", en sang af Shakira fra Shakira, 2014

Teknologi
 Spotlight (software), søgeteknologi integreret i OS X styreprogrammellet
 SpotLight GPS Pet Locator, et produkt udviklet af Positioning Animals Worldwide

Andet
 Spotlight-festivalen - en festival i Vejle Kommune
 SPOTLIGHT project, en forskningsprojekt støttet af Kommissionen

Spotlight


La estatua de Viriato es una obra escultórica del zamorano Eduardo Barrón González ubicada en la plaza de Viriato en la ciudad de Zamora (España). Representa en bronce al caudillo-pastor Viriato que se enfrentó a los cónsules romanos. Se erigió a finales del año 1903, en la plaza que se denominaba de Cánovas del Castillo y que popularmente acabó denominándose de Viriato. Es un conjunto escultórico que posee una estatua erecta, un pedestal granítico y una verja. En el pedestal puede leerse la leyenda Terror romanorum atribuida a Orosio ('Terror de los romanos'). Desde su ejecución hasta la colocación en la plaza pasaron veinte años.

Historia
El conjunto escultórico ocupó durante muchos años el centro de la plaza, hasta que en unas obras realizadas en 1971 con objeto de remodelar la plaza acabó desplazada hacia el Oeste unos 6 metros. En la peana se puede ver la firma de "El Barrón" y otra inscripción adyacente "Roma 1883", debido a que la pieza fue fundida en los talleres de Alessandro Nelli en el Vaticano por iniciativa de Barrón. Se hizo de esta forma por ser más barata su fundición en Roma que en España, donde la técnica apenas era conocida en obras escultóricas, la idea inicial del escultor zamorano era presentarla en Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes de 1884, donde fue expuesta ganando una medalla de plata. Tras la exposición el Estado español adquirió la estatua y la expuso durante algún tiempo en el Museo de Arte Moderno en un modelo de yeso, mientras que el original se expuso (patinado en verde) en la Real Academia de Bellas Artes. Finalmente, tras veinte años de exposición se decide trasladar a la capital zamorana, permaneciendo en la actualidad en ella en condición de depósito al Ayuntamiento por parte del Museo del Prado, propietario de la misma (número de inventario E612) desde que en 1971 absorbió las colecciones de arte del  del M. A. M. Una reducción del año 1885, también en bronce, donada por sus descendientes, se expone en la Sala de la Ciudad del Museo de Zamora, mientras que otra (no expuesta) es propiedad del Museo del Romanticismo de Madrid.

En 1902 inicia Eduardo Barrón gestiones desde Madrid, para que la estatua sea concedida finalmente a la Diputación Provincial de Zamora y se convierta en un monumento público, en agradecimiento del pensionado que subvencionó la Diputación en Roma. Inicialmente la ciudad no mostró interés. Finalmente se eligió la plaza actual frente al Palacio de los Condes de Alba y Aliste. El pedestal de piedra granítica se trasladó desde las canteras de Arcillo empujada en dos piezas por un carro tirado por bueyes. El ariete que reposa en su parte inferior data de esta época en la que se instala en el medio de la plaza. Se colocó a finales del 1903, sin realizar apertura oficial, unos transeúntes que pasaban la descubrieron el 12 de enero de 1904. En 1971 se desplaza el monumento del centro de la plaza, y se coloca en una de sus esquinas. en su lugar se plantaron unos plátanos.

Características

La figura de Viriato aparece erecta, saludando con el brazo derecho. De dos metros de altura. En el brazo izquierdo aparece colgando una túnica y su mano empuña una espada envainada. La forma de la escultura es de claro clasicismo. Aparece alguna similitud con el Viriato de José Madrazo titulado "La Muerte de Viriato". La cabeza de Viriato está tocada con un berreto. En el pedestal puede leerse la leyenda: TERROR ROMANORUM atribuida al historiador Paulo Orosio. En el pedestal se puede distinguir una especie de ariete con cabeza de carnero. De la gruesa argolla aparecen dos inscripciones  "Ignacio Arias / Fundidor / Alburquerque 4, Madrid" y en la argolla de la derecha se lee el nombre de Eduardo Barrón en mayúsculas. La verja es de planta octogonal, representando en cada uno de sus lados a las ocho victorias que tuvo Viriato con los cónsules romanos.

Curiosidades
El mango de la espada de Viriato en la escultura ha dado lugar a diversas comparaciones fálicas, . Sobre todo cuando se sacan fotografías a la escultura desde ciertos ángulos desde el empedrado de la plaza. El pedestal de piedra incorporado en el conjunto escultórico fue muy criticado a comienzos del , llegando a ser comparado con una "castaña pilonga". A pesar de ser un símbolo de la Zamora actual, este monumento nunca fue inaugurado oficialmente.

Referencias

Véase también
 Historia de la provincia de Zamora

Viriato
Escultura del Museo del Prado
Esculturas de España del siglo XIX
Escultura urbana en Castilla y León
Estatuas de España
Esculturas de 1884
Esculturas urbanas de España de los años 1900
Esculturas de 1903
España en 1884
España en 1903
Esculturas al aire libre de España

Estatua de Viriato (Zamora)


La gare de Ramillies est une gare ferroviaire belge, fermée, à la croisée des lignes 142, de Namur à Tirlemont et 147, de Tamines à Landen située sur le territoire de la commune de Ramillies dans la province du Brabant wallon en Région wallonne.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare de Ramillies était établie au  (PK) 23,0 de la ligne 142, de Namur à Tirlemont, via Éghezée et Jodoigne, entre les gares de Noville-Taviers et de Hédenge et au PK 41,9 de la 147, de Tamines à Landen, via Fleurus et Gembloux entre les gares de Petit-Rosière et d'Autre-Église.

Histoire
Le chemin de fer dit de la croix de Hesbaye correspond à deux lignes ferroviaires désormais disparues destinées à relier les villes de Landen et Tirlemont à celles de Namur et Tamines, créant ainsi une double liaison entre le sillon Sambre-et-Meuse et les marches de la Flandre du nord-est. Les plans prévoient que la croix formée par ces deux lignes ferroviaires sera la gare de Ramillies. Après avoir été concédée à la Grande compagnie du Luxembourg, qui doit y renoncer avant même d'avoir entamé les travaux pour des raisons financières, elle échoit à une société créée dans ce but : la Compagnie du Chemin de Fer de Tamines à Landen et de ses extensions qui obtiendra également d'autres chemins de fer notamment la ligne de Landen à Hasselt ainsi que celle de Tournai à Jurbise.

La gare de Ramillies est mise en service le  lorsque la Compagnie du Chemin Tamines-Landen inaugure la section de Landen à Fleurus. La seconde branche de la croix connaît un début de réalisation le  avec la section Tirlemont - Ramillies suivie par celle de Ramillies à Namur le .

Les Chemins de fer de l'État belge rachètent la compagnie en 1871 et remplacent le bâtiment de la gare par une nouvelle construction plus imposante en 1895.

Les lignes 142 et 147 ne génèrent plus qu'un trafic secondaire et, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les trains de voyageurs sont supprimés au profit des autobus, d'abord entre Landen et Fleurus le  (sauf un seul parcours Gembloux - Ramillies jusqu'en ) puis de Ramillies à Tirlemont le . Il subsiste deux aller-retour entre Ramillies et Namur jusqu'au  ; cette section verra à nouveau circuler des trains de voyageurs au cours du difficile hiver de 1966.

En 1971, la desserte marchandises de la ligne 147 entre Gembloux et Orp est suspendue. La fermeture devient complète avec l'arrêt des circulations sur la ligne 142 entre Cognelée et Hoegaarden. Le démontage formel des deux lignes a lieu respectivement en 1973 (142) et 1989 (147).

Patrimoine ferroviaire
L'aspect du premier bâtiment des recettes de la gare de Ramillies n'est pas connu. En 1895, il est remplacé par une construction richement décorée à la façade de briques rouge et de pierre de taille jaune avec des ornements en pierre bleue. Une halle à marchandises, également reconvertie après la disparition des trains, complète cet ensemble. Émile Robert, ingénieur chef de service au groupe de Namur des Chemins de fer de l'État belge, en réalise les plans.

Comme la plupart des gares dites du groupe de Namur que cet architecte dessina, elle a été réalisée en deux exemplaires similaires, souvent en "miroir". Malgré leurs dimensions fort proches et leur localisation, les gares de Ramillies et Éghezée ne sont pas du même type. Le bâtiment de Ramillies, doté d'une aile de six travées à droite, est le jumeau de celui de la gare de Groenendael qui reprend les cheminées décoratives et grandes fenêtres aux pignons. Les bâtiments jumeaux d'Éghezée et la Hulpe s'en distinguant surtout par leurs pignons simplifiés.

Le bâtiment de la gare est en bon état ; il a connu diverses fonctions. Une enseigne Carrefour Express l'occupait de 2017 à 2018. La bijouterie Regarts y est depuis implantée.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ligne 142 (Infrabel)
 Ligne 147 (Infrabel)
 Liste de gares en Belgique

Liens externes
 .
 .

Transport à Ramillies
Ligne 142 (Infrabel)
Ligne 147 (Infrabel)
Gare fermée dans la province du Brabant wallon
Gare mise en service en 1865

Gare de Ramillies


An Kefersteinia medinae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Franco Pupulin ngan G.Merino. An Kefersteinia medinae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kefersteinia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kefersteinia (Orchidaceae)

Kefersteinia medinae


Boogie Nights is a 1997 American period comedy-drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. It is set in Los Angeles's San Fernando Valley and focuses on a young nightclub dishwasher who becomes a popular star of pornographic films, chronicling his rise in the Golden Age of Porn of the 1970s through his fall during the excesses of the 1980s. The film is an expansion of Anderson's mockumentary short film The Dirk Diggler Story (1988), and stars Mark Wahlberg, Julianne Moore, Burt Reynolds, Don Cheadle, John C. Reilly, William H. Macy, Philip Seymour Hoffman, and Heather Graham.

Boogie Nights premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 1997, and was theatrically released on October 10, 1997, garnering critical acclaim. It was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Original Screenplay for Anderson, Best Supporting Actress for Moore, and Best Supporting Actor for Reynolds. The film's soundtrack also received acclaim. It has since been considered one of Anderson's best works and one of the best films of all time.

Plot
In 1977, high-school dropout Eddie Adams is living with his father and emotionally abusive mother in Torrance, California. He works at a Reseda nightclub owned by Maurice Rodriguez, where he meets porn filmmaker Jack Horner. Interested in bringing Eddie into porn, Jack auditions him by watching him have sex with Rollergirl, a porn starlet who always wears skates.

After a fight with his mother, Adams moves in with Horner at his San Fernando Valley home. Adams gives himself the screen name "Dirk Diggler" and becomes a star because of his good looks, youthful charisma, and abnormally large penis. His success allows him to buy a new house, an extensive wardrobe, and a "competition orange" 1977 Chevrolet Corvette. With his friend and co-star Reed Rothchild, Dirk pitches a series of successful action-themed porn films. He works and socializes with others from the porn industry, and they live carefree lifestyles in the late 1970s disco era. While attending a New Year's Eve party at Horner's house on December 31, 1979, assistant director Little Bill Thompson discovers his adulterous wife having sex with another man. Bill, tired of being repeatedly cuckolded, shoots the pair dead and commits suicide.

Dirk and Reed begin using cocaine on a regular basis. Due to his drug use, Dirk finds it increasingly difficult to achieve an erection, falls into violent mood swings, and becomes irritated with Johnny Doe, a rival leading man Jack has recently recruited, and whom Dirk worries will replace him. In 1983, after arguing with Jack, Dirk is fired and takes off with Reed to start a music career along with Scotty, a boom operator who is in love with Dirk. Jack rejects business overtures from Floyd Gondolli, a theater magnate who insists on cutting costs by shooting on videotape rather than film stock, because Jack believes that video will diminish the quality of his films.

After his friend and financier, Colonel James, is incarcerated for causing an underage girl to overdose on cocaine, along with possession of child pornography, Jack cooperates with Gondolli but becomes disillusioned with the work he is expected to churn out. One of these projects involves Jack and Rollergirl riding in a limousine, searching for random men for her to have sex with while being taped by a crew. One man recognizes Rollergirl as a former high-school classmate, and after a failed attempt at intercourse, he insults her and Jack. Both Jack and Rollergirl attack the man, leaving him bloodied on the sidewalk.

Leading lady Amber Waves lands in a custody battle with her ex-husband. The court determines that she is an unfit mother due to her involvement in the porn industry, criminal record, and cocaine addiction. Buck Swope marries fellow porn star Jessie St. Vincent, who becomes pregnant. Because of his past as a pornographer, Buck is disqualified from a bank loan and cannot open his own stereo equipment store. That night, he finds himself in the middle of a holdup at a donut shop in which the clerk, the robber, and an armed customer are killed. Buck is the sole survivor and escapes with the money.

Having spent most of their money on drugs, Dirk and Reed are unable to pay a recording studio for demo tapes they believe will enable them to become music stars. Desperate for money, Dirk resorts to prostitution but is assaulted and robbed by three men. Dirk, Reed, and their friend Todd Parker attempt to scam local drug dealer Rahad Jackson at his estate by selling him a half-kilo of baking soda disguised as cocaine. Dirk and Reed intend to leave quickly before Rahad's bodyguard inspects it, but a drugged-up Todd attempts to steal more drugs and money from Rahad. In the ensuing gunfight, Todd kills Rahad's bodyguard and is killed by Rahad, while Dirk and Reed narrowly escape. Dirk returns to Jack's home and they reconcile.

In 1984, Amber shoots the television commercial for the opening of Buck's store, Rollergirl takes a GED class, Colonel James remains in prison, Maurice opens a nightclub with his brothers, Reed performs magic acts at a strip club, and Jessie gives birth to her and Buck's son. Dirk, Jack, and Amber prepare to start filming again.

Cast

Production

Development
Boogie Nights is based on a mockumentary short film that Anderson wrote and directed while he was still in high school called The Dirk Diggler Story. The short itself was based on the 1981 documentary Exhausted: John C. Holmes, The Real Story, a documentary about the life of legendary porn actor John Holmes, on whom Dirk Diggler is based.

Anderson originally wanted the role of Eddie to be played by Leonardo DiCaprio, after seeing him in The Basketball Diaries. DiCaprio enjoyed the screenplay, but had to turn it down because he had signed on to star in Titanic. He recommended Mark Wahlberg for the role. DiCaprio would later say that he wished he had done both. Joaquin Phoenix was also offered the role of Eddie, but turned it down due to concerns about playing a porn star. Phoenix later collaborated with Anderson on the films, The Master and Inherent Vice. Bill Murray, Harvey Keitel, Warren Beatty, Albert Brooks and Sydney Pollack declined or were passed up on the role of Jack Horner, which went to Burt Reynolds. After starring in Hard Eight, Samuel L. Jackson declined the role of Buck Swope, which went to Don Cheadle. Anderson initially did not consider Heather Graham for Rollergirl, because he had never seen her do nudity in a film. However, Graham's agent called Anderson asking if she could read for the part, which she won. Gwyneth Paltrow, Drew Barrymore and Tatum O'Neal were also up for the role.

After having a very difficult time getting his previous film, Hard Eight, released, Anderson laid down a hard law when making Boogie Nights. He initially wanted the film to be over three hours long and be rated NC-17. The film's producers, particularly Michael De Luca, said that the film had to be either under three hours or rated R. Anderson fought with them, saying that the film would not have a mainstream appeal no matter what. They did not change their minds, and Anderson chose the R rating as a challenge. Despite this, the film was still 20 minutes shorter than promised.

Reynolds did not get along with Anderson while filming. After seeing a rough cut of the film, Reynolds allegedly fired his agent for recommending it. Despite this, Reynolds won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance. Later, Anderson wanted Reynolds to star in his next film, Magnolia, but Reynolds declined. In 2012, Reynolds denied rumors that he disliked the film, calling it "extraordinary" and saying that his opinion of it has nothing to do with his relationship with Anderson.

Release
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and was shown at the New York Film Festival, before opening on two screens in the U.S. on October 10, 1997. It grossed $50,168 during its opening weekend. Three weeks later, it expanded to 907 theaters and grossed $4.7 million, ranking number four for the week. It eventually earned $26.4 million in the U.S. and $16.7 million in foreign markets for a worldwide box office total of $43.1 million.

Reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 94% based on 77 reviews, with an average score of 8.10/10. The site's critical consensus states, "Grounded in strong characters, bold themes, and subtle storytelling, Boogie Nights is a groundbreaking film both for director P.T. Anderson and star Mark Wahlberg." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 86 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.

Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, "Everything about Boogie Nights is interestingly unexpected," although "the film's extravagant 2-hour 32-minute length amounts to a slight tactical mistake ... [it] has no trouble holding interest ... but the length promises larger ideas than the film finally delivers." She praised Burt Reynolds for "his best and most suavely funny performance in many years," and added, "The movie's special gift happens to be Mark Wahlberg, who gives a terrifically appealing performance."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times observed:

Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle stated, "Boogie Nights is the first great film about the 1970s to come out since the '70s ... It gets all the details right, nailing down the styles and the music. More impressive, it captures the decade's distinct, decadent glamour ... [It] also succeeds at something very difficult: re-creating the ethos and mentality of an era ... Paul Thomas Anderson ... has pulled off a wonderful, sprawling, sophisticated film ... With Boogie Nights, we know we're not just watching episodes from disparate lives but a panorama of recent social history, rendered in bold, exuberant colors."

Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called it "a startling film, but not for the obvious reasons. Yes, its decision to focus on the pornography business in the San Fernando Valley in the 1970s and 1980s is nerviness itself, but more impressive is the film's sureness of touch, its ability to be empathetic, nonjudgmental and gently satirical, to understand what is going on beneath the surface of this raunchy Nashville-esque universe and to deftly relate it to our own ... Perhaps the most exciting thing about Boogie Nights is the ease with which writer-director Anderson ... spins out this complex web. A true storyteller, able to easily mix and match moods in a playful and audacious manner, he is a filmmaker definitely worth watching, both now and in the future." In Time Out New York, Andrew Johnston concluded, "The porn milieu may scare some folks off, but Boogie Nights offers laughs, tenderness, terror and redemption--everything you could ask for in a movie. It's an impressive and satisfying film, one the Academy really ought to have the balls to recognize."

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said, "[T]his chunk of movie dynamite is detonated by Mark Wahlberg ... who grabs a breakout role and runs with it ... Even when Boogie Nights flies off course as it tracks its bizarrely idealistic characters into the '80s ... you can sense the passionate commitment at the core of this hilarious and harrowing spectacle. For this, credit Paul Thomas Anderson ... who ... scores a personal triumph by finding glints of rude life in the ashes that remained after Watergate. For all the unbridled sex, what is significant, timely and, finally, hopeful about Boogie Nights is the way Anderson proves that a movie can be mercilessly honest and mercifully humane at the same time."

Gene Siskel of Chicago Tribune called it "beautifully made" and praised the performances, calling Reynolds "absolutely centered and in control of his emotions" and saying Wahlberg "couldn't be better". However, he moderated his praise by saying, "The early rave reviews accorded this film suggest a significance that I, however, did not encounter. Show-biz stories are all pretty much the same: ambition, stardom, drugs, disillusionment. Add the home video revolution to this mix and curiosity about the size of the boy wonder's equipment; throw in a few topical references like the soft drink Fresca, and you have the bare bones of the story." He gave the film three and a half stars out of a possible four. Wahlberg would later regret doing the film saying "i've made some poor choices in the past".

Accolades

Music

Two Boogie Nights soundtracks were released, the first at the time of the film's initial release and the second the following year. AllMusic rated the first soundtrack four and a half stars out of five and the second soundtrack four.

Personnel
 Paul Thomas Anderson – executive producer
 Karyn Rachtman – executive producer, music supervisor
 Liz Heller – executive producer
 Bobby Lavelle – music supervisor
 Carol Dunn – music coordinator

Songs that appear in the film but not on either soundtrack albums
 "Sunny" by Boney M.
 "Susan (The Sage)" by Chico Hamilton Quintet
 "Fly, Robin, Fly" by Silver Convention
 "Afternoon Delight" by Starland Vocal Band
 "Lonely Boy" by Andrew Gold
 "Fat Man" by Jethro Tull
 "Flying Objects" by Roger Webb
 "Queen of Hearts" by Juice Newton
 "It's Just a Matter of Time" by Brook Benton
 "Compared to What" by Roberta Flack
 "99 Luftballons" by Nena
 "Voices Carry" by 'Til Tuesday

See also
 The Pornographer
 Wonderland
 Lovelace
 List of films featuring fictional films
 American Eccentric Cinema

Notes

References

External links

 Paul Thomas Anderson radio interview
 "Livin' Thing: An Oral History of Boogie Nights", Grantland, December 2014

1997 films
1990s buddy comedy-drama films
1997 comedy-drama films
1997 independent films
American comedy-drama films
American independent films
1990s English-language films
Features based on short films
Films about actors
Films about adultery in the United States
Films about drugs
Films about filmmaking
Films about film directors and producers
Films about male prostitution in the United States
Films about pornography
Films about sexuality
Films directed by Paul Thomas Anderson
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films scored by Michael Penn
Films set in 1977
Films set in 1978
Films set in 1979
Films set in 1980
Films set in 1981
Films set in 1982
Films set in 1983
Films set in 1984
Films set in the San Fernando Valley
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films with screenplays by Paul Thomas Anderson
Murder–suicide in films
Uxoricide in fiction
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in the 1980s
New Line Cinema films
1990s American films
English-language independent films

Boogie Nights


197870 Erkman este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
197870 Erkman este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Vicques de Michel Ory. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,65 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 12,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 197001-198000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2004
Centura de asteroizi

197870 Erkman


Phronesis este o trupă de jazz formată din trei artisti din Londra. În 2005, trio-ul s-a format în jurul contrabasului danez Jasper Høiby, completat de pianistul britanic Ivo Neame și cu bateristul suedez Anton Eger.

Istoric
Trupa cântă la nivel internațional, incluzând Jazz Standard la New York, Festivalul de Jazz de la Montreal, Festivalul de Jazz din Marea Nordului și Festivalul de Jazz Brecon.

Al treilea album al trio-ului, Alive a fost înregistrat în 2010 pentru editia britanica Independent-Label împreună cu bateristul american Mark Guiliana, din moment ce Eger era indispensabil. Albumul a fost desemnat ca Jazz Album of the Year , de revistele Jazzwise și MOJO. În 2013, Phronesis a atras foarte multă atenție atunci când a avut spectacol la Queen Elizabeth Hall din Londra.

În anul 2019 trupa Phronesis au fost prezentă printre artișii festivalului Smida Jazz, din Munții Apuseni.

Stil
Phronesis este, potrivit revistei Jazzwise, "cel mai interesant și imaginativ trio de la e.s.t." ("the most exciting and imaginative piano trio since e.s.t. - Esbjörn Svensson Trio ").

Discografie

Albume

Note

Legături externe
 Site oficial
 Smida Jazz Festival
     în (engleză)

Formații muzicale fondate în 2005
Triouri muzicale
Muzicieni de jazz

Phronesis