Der Tiger ist die größte aller lebenden Katzen, in Einzelfällen erreichen männliche Tiger eine Kopfrumpflänge von über drei Metern. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst Teile Asiens südlich 52° nördlicher Breite.

Die Grundfarbe des Tigerfelles ist gelbrötlich mit schwarzen Streifen in unregelmäßigen Abständen. Der Ton der Grundfarbe und die Dichte der Streifen variiert im Verbreitungsgebiet. Felle aus südlichen Vorkommen sind stärker pigmentiert als die aus dem Norden. Im Winterpelz wirken die Streifen bei manchen Tigern sogar nur bräunlich. Die hinter dem Ohr befindlichen Flecken sind hell bis weißlich, ebenso Bezirke um die Augen, Körper- und Schwanzunterseite. Selten treten sehr helle Exemplare ("weiße Tiger") und fast schwarze Tiger auf. Die Haarlänge nimmt nach Süden im Verbreitungsgebiet ab. Im Nacken sind die Haare verlängert, bis hin zu einer leichten Mähnenbildung. Der Pelz ist grob und wenig dicht. Der Haarwechsel erfolgt zweimal im Jahr, bei den tropischen Formen ist er nur wenig ausgeprägt.

Nur kurze Zeit wurden Tigerfelle in der westlichen Mode auch für Bekleidungszwecke genutzt, meist wurden sie als Trophäen zu Teppichen und Wandbehängen verarbeitet.

Die noch verbliebenen Vorkommen sind stark dezimiert, die Art wird von der IUCN als stark gefährdet ("Endangered") eingestuft. Nach dem Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen vom 3. März 1973 zählt der Tiger zu den von der völligen Vernichtung bedrohten Tieren, er wird in Anhang I des Abkommens geführt (absoluter Schutz). Tigerfelle und andere Teile des Tieres dürfen nicht mehr gehandelt werden.

Unterscheidung nach Herkommen
 Sibirischer Tiger
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Sibirischen Tiger oder Amurtigers reichte früher vom Baikalsee bis nach Korea und Sachalin. Heute ist es auf einen schmalen Küstenstreifen am Japanischen Meer im Grenzgebiet zwischen Nordkorea, China und Russland beschränkt, das Hauptverbreitungsgebiet ist der ferne Osten Russlands. Dort erstreckt sich sein Vorkommen durch die Region Primorje (Primorski krai) bis in die südlichen Teile der Region Chabarowsk. Der Fluss Amur bildet heute die maximale Westgrenze seines Verbreitungsgebietes.

 Der Sibirische Tiger ist der allergrößte Vertreter seiner Gattung mit einer Kopfrumpflänge von 1,40 bis 2,80 Meter, hinzu kommt der Schwanz mit 60 bis 95 Zentimeter. Das dichte Fell ist langhaarig, hellgelblich, das Winterfell fast ohne rote Tönung. Die Wamme ist weiß bis hoch in die Flanken. Der Sibirische Tiger ist meist deutlich heller als die südlichen Unterarten, wobei die Farbtönungen erheblich variieren können, so kommen auch Tiere mit dunkel-rötlichem Winterfell vor. Das Weiß am Bauch und an den Ansätzen der Flanken ist ausgedehnter als bei anderen Unterarten, die Streifen sind oft nicht überall schwarz, sondern oft eher schwarzgrau oder graubraun.

 Die Haarlänge beträgt am Rücken im Sommer 15 bis 17 mm, am Bauch zwischen 25 und 45 Millimeter. Das Nackenhaar ist meist verlängert und hat eine Länge zwischen 30 und 55 Millimeter. Die Backenbarthaare messen zwischen 70 und 85 Millimeter und sind im Vergleich zum Sumatra-Tiger, der kleinsten Tiger-Unterart, deutlich kürzer. Das Winterhaar ist mit 40 bis 60 Millimeter erheblich länger, die Bauchhaare haben eine Länge von 70 bis 105 Millimeter und die Backenbarthaare erreichen 90 bis 120 Millimeter. Auch die Haare an Brust und Kehle sind verlängert, so dass das Fell aufgrund der recht langen Behaarung ein "zottiges" Aussehen hat. Beim Sibirischen Tiger stehen auf einem Quadratzentimeter am Rücken 2500 Haare, am Bauch nur 700 Haare. Auf ein Deckhaar kommen 1,4 Wollhaare. Der Haarwechsel erfolgt von März bis April und von September bis Oktober.

 Chinesischer Tiger
 Der Chinesische Tiger ist von allen Tigerunterarten am stärksten vom Aussterben bedroht. Ursprünglich war er im größten Teil Chinas verbreitet, noch zu Beginn 20. Jahrhundert lebte er in großen Teilen Südchinas. Die Nordgrenze, an der er vom Amurtiger abgelöst wurde, lag etwa beim 40. Breitengrad. Im Süden stieß er im nördlichen Guangxi, Yunnan und Guangdong an das Gebiet des Indochina-Tigers, im Westen kam er entlang der Gebirgstäler bis weit in den Westen Mittelchinas vor. Er lebt heute nur noch in den Bergen der chinesischen Provinzen Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi und Zhejiang.

 Das Fell des Chinesischen Tigers ist kleiner, die Gesamtlänge (einschließlich Schwanz) großer Männchen beträgt im Schnitt 2,50 bis 2,65 Meter, die der Weibchen liegt bei 2,30 bis 2,40 Meter, die Kopfrumpflänge der Männchen beträgt etwa 1,60 bis 1,75 Meter.

 Die Färbung des Chinesischen Tigers ist rötlich ocker, fast rostbraun, rötlicher als beim Königstiger. Auch ist das Weiß an Gesicht und Unterseite weniger ausgedehnt und geht bei einigen Tieren in cremefarben über. Die recht breiten, tiefschwarzen Streifen liegen relativ weit auseinander. An den Flanken sind sie meist doppelt und zerfallen am unteren Ende oft in Flecken. Auch die Schwanzringe sind breit und oft doppelt.

 Das Haar ist ähnlich lang wie beim Bengaltiger, allenfalls das Winterfell der nördlichen Populationen kann etwas länger sein. Nur wenige Felle haben ein verlängertes Nackenhaar.

 Indochinesischer Tiger
 Das Zentrum des Verbreitungsgebietes des Indochinesischen Tigers ist Thailand. Weitere Länder, in denen der Indochinesische Tiger zu finden ist, sind Kambodscha, Laos, der westliche Teil Myanmars und Vietnam. Im Süden Chinas dürfte die Unterart in den letzten Jahren ausgestorben sein. Die sehr geringen heutigen Populationen befinden sich auf Laos, Myanmar (West), Kambodscha, Thailand und Vietnam.:

 Männchen können eine Gesamtlänge (mit Schwanz) von 2,55 bis 2,75 Meter erreichen, Weibchen 2,30 bis 2,55 Meter. Das Fell des Indonesischen Tigers ist heller als das des Chinesischen Tigers, aber dunkler als der Indische und hat zahlreiche, eng stehende Streifen. Die Grundfärbung ist rötlich bis ockerbraun. Die weiß gefärbten Bereiche in den unteren Körperabschnitten und um die Augen entsprechen denen des Königstigers. Die Streifen sind zahlreich, ziemlich kurz und schmal und im Allgemeinen rein schwarz.

 Java-Tiger
 Der ehemals auf der indonesischen Insel Java beheimatete Java-Tiger gilt als in den 1980er Jahren ausgestorben. Ursache waren vor allem unruhige politische Verhältnisse und eine extrem vergrößerte Landnutzung sowie die damit verbundenen Konflikte mit der dort lebenden Bevölkerung.

 Java-Tiger waren im Vergleich zu den Verwandten des Festlands sehr klein, aber größer als eine andere Inselform, dem Bali-Tiger (wahrscheinlich Anfang der 1940er Jahre ausgerottet). Felle männlicher Tiere hatten eine Kopfrumpflänge von 2,00 bis 2,45 Meter, weibliche Tiere waren kleiner. Die Musterung bestand aus langen dünnen Streifen, die etwas zahlreicher waren als beim benachbarten Sumatra-Tiger, der einzigen noch lebenden Inselform des Tigers.

 Indischer Tiger, oft auch Bengal- oder Königstiger
 Vom Indischen Tiger gibt es wesentliche Vorkommen nur noch in Indien, kleine Populationen in Bangladesch, Nepal und Bhutan, in Pakistan ist er ausgestorben.

 Der Indische Tiger ist zwar kleiner als der Sibirische aber besonders eindrucksvoll gezeichnet. Der männliche Königstiger wird, von der Schnauzen- bis zur Schwanzspitze gemessen, zwischen 2,70 und 3,10 Meter lang, in Ausnahmefällen über 3,60 Meter, die Weibchen erreichen 2,40 bis 2,70 Meter.

 Die Grundfarbe des Fells ist leuchtend rot-gold. Die Bauchseite sowie die Beininnenseiten sind weiß. Die relativ breiten, schwarzen Querstreifen ziehen sich vom Kopf über den ganzen Körper hin bis zur Schwanzspitze, sie liegen enger beieinander als beim Chinesischen Tiger. Auch die Hinterbeine sind in gleicher Weise gestreift. Häufig sind die Streifen verdoppelt und auf den Seiten und Schenkeln besonders lang. Der Schwanz weist 8 oder 9 Ringe auf, sie sind recht breit und ebenfalls oft verdoppelt.

 Nur beim Königstiger kommen in der Natur vereinzelt die sogenannten "Weißen Tiger" vor. Alle in Gefangenschaft lebenden Weißen Tiger gehen auf den Tiger "Mohan" zurück, der 1951 als Jungtier während einer Jagd von Martand Singh, dem Maharaja von Rewa, im Dschungel von Bandhavgarh entdeckt wurde, alle gezüchteten Weißen Tiger sind seine Nachkommen. Die gezüchteten Abarten "Schneetiger" (ganz weiß), "Goldener Tiger" (gelb mit blassen Streifen) usw. gehen ebenfalls auf ihn zurück.

 Eine weitere, ebenso extrem seltene Farbvariante ist der "Schwarze Tiger", von dem ebenso wie vom Weißen Tiger in Legenden und in der chinesischen Mythologie berichtet wird. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Überpigmentierung beziehungsweise eine extreme Ausprägung der schwarzen Streifen im Vergleich zur Grundfarbe, die das Fell fast schwarz erscheinen lassen. Eine ähnliche Überpigmentierung findet sich beispielsweise beim Gepardfell.

 Die Haarlänge des Königstigers beträgt beim Sommerfell 8 bis 15 Millimeter, am Bauch zwischen 20 und 30 Millimeter. Im Nacken weist das Haar keine größeren Unterschiede auf, hier wurden 20 bis 66 Millimeter gemessen. Der Backenbart hat eine Länge von 50 bis 90 Millimeter. Im Winter hat das Haar im Rücken eine Länge zwischen 17 und 25 Millimeter. Auch die Nacken- und Backenbarthaare sind im Winter zwischen 5 und 10 Millimeter länger.

 Sumatra-Tiger
 Der Sumatra-Tiger lebt nur auf der indonesischen Insel Sumatra und ist damit die am südlichsten vorkommende, noch lebende Unterart des Tigers. Einst war der Sumatra-Tiger auf der gesamten Insel verbreitet. Heute lebt er geschützt im Nationalpark Barisan Selatan, einige Exemplare befinden sich im Nationalpark Bukit Tigapuluh, über die Vorkommen im Gunung-Leuser-Nationalpark im Norden Sumatras liegen keine aktuellen Informationen vor.

 Das Sumatra-Tiger ist die kleinste noch lebende Unterart des Tigers. Felle männlicher Tiere haben eine Gesamtlänge (mit Schwanz) von 240 bis 250 Zentimeter. Die Gesamtlänge der Felle weiblicher Tiere liegt zwischen 215 und 230 Zentimeter.

 Das Fell hat wie die anderen insularen, südlichen Unterarten eine sehr kräftige Fellgrundfarbe. Diese variiert von einem sehr dunklen Orange bis hin zu rötlich-dunkelockerfarben. Die helle Färbung des Sumatra-Tigers an Bauch oder den Beininnenseiten ist nie rein weiß wie beispielsweise beim Königstiger oder beim Sibirischen Tiger, sondern eher cremefarben. Meist ist das Fell dichter gestreift als beim Indischen Tiger. Der sehr dunkle Gesamteindruck wird durch die Streifen noch verstärkt, die tiefschwarz, sehr breit und zum Teil verdoppelt oder sogar verdreifacht sind. Die Streifenzeichnung geht wie bei allen südlichen Arten zum Ende teilweise in Flecke über. Die Musterung ist auch an den Vorderbeinen stark ausgeprägt. Im Vergleich hierzu haben die Festlandunterarten an den Vorderbeinen eher selten ein oder zwei Querstreifen, während diese beim Sumatra-Tiger regelmäßig vorhanden sind. Im Vergleich zu anderen Unterarten des Tigers weist der Sumatra-Tiger an der Innen- und Hinterseite der Vorderbeine ausdrucksvollere und dichtere Streifen auf. Die Anzahl der Schwanzringe beträgt acht bis zehn, wobei diese meist verdoppelt sind. Die Schwanzwurzel hat eine verlängerte Zeichnung und besteht aus zwei bis drei unregelmäßigen Streifen oder Ringen.

 Das Haar des Sumatra-Tigers ist kurzhaarig, es hat eine Länge von 8 bis 11 Millimeter, wobei bei den männlichen Tieren im Nacken oft eine Mähne angedeutet ist. Die Länge der Nackenhaare liegt zwischen 110 und 130 Millimeter, und auch das Brusthaar ist vergleichsweise länger als am übrigen Körper. Der Backenbart, dessen Haarlänge 80 bis 120 Millimeter betragen kann, ist bei dieser Unterart besonders ausgeprägt und unterstreicht damit den mähnenartigen Gesamteindruck des Felles.

 Kaspischer Tiger
 Auch der Kaspische Tiger ist etwa in den 1990er Jahren, beginnend im späten 19. Jahrhundert, endgültig ausgestorben, wie inzwischen als gesichert angenommen wird. Im 19. Jahrhundert lebte er im Talysch-Gebirge und in den Lenkoraner Niederungen, in den Niederungen von Prischib, den östlichen Ebenen von Transkaukasien und in der Zangezur-Gebirgskette im Nordwesten Irans, in Mittelasien im Südwesten Turkmeniens entlang des Flusses Atrak und seinen Nebenflüssen Sumbar und Tschandyr, im Westen und Südwesten der Kopet-Dag-Gebirgskette, in der Umgebung von Aşgabat in den nördlichen Vorbergen, in Afghanistan entlang des Flusses Hari Rud bei Herat, in der Region um Tejen und Murgab entlang der Flüsse Kuschka und Kaschan, im Delta des Amudarja bis zum Aralsee, entlang des Syrdarja, im Ferganatal bis nach Taschkent und in die westlichen Ausläufer des Talas-Alatau, entlang der gesamten Küste des Aralsees, entlang der Flüsse Tschüi und Ili, entlang der Südküste des Balchaschsees und im Norden bis in die südlichen Ausläufer der Altai-Berge.

 Er war weniger massiv im Körperbau als der Sibirische Tiger, die Gesamtlänge betrug etwa 2,70 Meter, bei einer Kopfrumpflänge von 1,78 bis 1,97 Meter, bei weiblichen Tieren 2,60 bis 2,80 Meter bei einer Kopfrumpflänge von 1,50 bis 1,65 Meter.

 Das Fell des Kaspischen Tigers glich in der Färbung dem Königstiger. Im Vergleich zum Indischen Tiger hatte er schmalere, längere und noch enger verteilte dunkle Streifen, an den Seiten bräunlich. Die Streifen waren heller als bei allen anderen Unterarten. Das Haar war lang und dicht, besonders die Bauchmähne war sehr lang. Auch in der Zoohaltung hat kein Kaspischer Tiger überlebt, so dass nur wenige Fotografien, wenige präparierte Exemplare und einige Felle als Zeugnisse verblieben sind.

Geschichte, Handel
Die anfallenden Tigerfelle dienten die meiste Zeit hauptsächlich als Trophäen, sie wurden als solche zu Teppichen und Wandbehängen verarbeitet. In früheren Jahrhunderten wurden auch Felle der gefleckten Großkatzen (Leopard oder Panther, Jaguar) häufig als Tigerfelle bezeichnet.

Weitere Verwendungen für Tigerfelle waren um 1800: Pferdedecken in Persien, Überzüge über Polster in China, auch als Unterlage der Richterstühle der Mandarine, in Polen Kleiderfutter, im übrigen Europa fanden Tigerfelle, neben Leopardenfellen, für Pferdedecken der Kavallerie häufiger Verwendung. Teils wurden sie zum Überziehen von Wagen und Sänften gebraucht. Chinesische Tigerfelle gelangten jedoch nur selten in den internationalen Handel, sie wurden im Land selbst verbraucht. 1785 nennt die Einfuhrliste des an der chinesischen Grenze gelegenen russischen Handelsortes Kiachta allerdings als einzige Einfuhr an Pelzwerk Panther und Tiger, während in umgekehrter Richtung große Mengen Felle gehandelt wurden. Die "Yenbans" der herrschenden Klasse Koreas hatten häufig ein Tigerfell über ihren Ehrensitz gebreitet. Insbesondere im indischen Benares machte man aus den Tigerpfoten sehr schöne Broschen und Ohrringe. Der Rauchwarenhändler Emil Brass berichtete, dass die Tigerkrallen in China als Amulette sehr beliebt waren. Wenn man ein Tigerfell gekauft hatte, musste man sehr aufpassen, dass einem die Pfoten nicht unter den Händen weg gestohlen wurden.

Zu Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges (1939–1945) gab es im damaligen Weltzentrum des Pelzhandels, dem Leipziger Brühl, nur einige Firmen, die sich der Naturalisation von Fellen der Großkatzen, Bären usw. widmeten. Die Geschäftsmöglichkeiten für den Handel und die Verarbeitung dieser Felle war gering. Für militärische Zwecke fanden Leoparden und Tigerfelle jedoch Verwendung. In Österreich-Ungarn gebrauchte man für hochrangige Militärs Schabracken aus Tiger- und Leopardenfell, in Ungarn für die Husarenuniform sowie für Angehörige der Königlichen Leibgarde. In einigen Ländern trugen im 18. Jahrhundert die Offiziere als Auszeichnung an besonderen Tagen und zur Gala ein den Rücken bedeckendes Tigerfell oder Leopardenfell, so auch die Offiziere Ziethen-Husaren der Preußischen Armee. An der Brust wurde das Fell durch einen Metallverschluss zusammengehalten.

Verbesserte Pelzzurichtungsmethoden machten es seit etwa 1950 möglich das Leder dünner und leichter zu gerben, so dass Tigerfelle auch zu Jacken und Mänteln verarbeitet werden konnten. Zwar sollen um 1950 einige tausend Felle in den Handel gekommen sein, der geringere Teil wurde zu der Zeit wahrscheinlich davon zu Bekleidung verarbeitet. Die Nachfrage nach dem Fell mit seiner prägnanten und auffallenden Streifung hielt sich zwar auch weiterhin in engeren Grenzen, doch sehr bald mahnte ein Fachbuch der Pelzbranche unmissverständlich, dass die Verarbeitung dieser bereits vom Aussterben bedrohten Art unverantwortlich sei. 1971 gab dann die International Fur Trade Federation eine als "völliges Verbot" ausgesprochene Empfehlung, Tigerfelle nicht mehr zu verkaufen. Seit dem 3. März 1973 ist der Handel in den dem Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen angeschlossenen Staaten kraft Gesetz verboten.

Ein Artikel des Spiegels aus dem Jahr 2005 berichtet, dass zu der Zeit neben anderen Raubkatzenfellen auch Tigerfelle, zumeist aus Indien, nach Tibet geschmuggelt und dort offen angeboten wurden. Diese Pelze sind in Tibet fester Bestandteil alter Rituale: Die Felle werden dort in traditionelle Kostüme, den sogenannten Chubas, eingearbeitet, früher nur ein Schmuck von Königen und reichen Kriegsherren. Auch kennzeichnen um die Hüften geschwungene Tigerfelle in Tibet traditionell die furchterregend scheinenden buddhistischen Schutzgottheiten. Das Tigerfell gilt dort auch als Attribut des Dhamartala, "der als Laienanhänger der buddhistischen Lehre die sechzehn Arhats begleitete, die als Heilige verehrt" werden.

Eines der wesentlichen Attribute des hinduistischen Gottes Shiva ist ein Lendenschurz aus Tigerfell.

Zahlen, Fakten
 1864 gibt der Leipziger Rauchwarenhändler Heinrich Lomer den Großhandel mit Tiger- und Löwenfellen mit 500 Stück an.
 1900 geben Larisch und Schmidt für Asien 500 Felle, für Afrika 250 Felle an. Allerdings gibt es nur in Asien Tiger, so dass sich die für Afrika angegebene Zahl nur auf Felle von Leoparden oder Geparden (Jagdleoparden) beziehen kann. Andererseits betont OKEN, Säugethiere Band 2 (1838), dass der Panther in Afrika Tiger heißt. Möglicherweise sind Pantherfelle bzw. Leopardenfelle damals als Tigerfelle gehandelt worden.
 Für 1907 nennt Emil Brass einen durchschnittlichen Jahresanfall von 500 Tigerfellen;
 für 1923 bis 1924 jährlich 300 Felle.
 Abweichend von dieser Zahl (300 Felle) gibt Brass für die wichtigeren Gegenden (Provenienzen) jedoch folgende Mengen an, die dem europäischen Großhandel zugeführt wurden:
 Sibirischer Tiger; 50 bis 100 Felle
 Nördlicher Tiger, Mandschu-Tiger; 200 Felle; Preis je Fell 600 bis 1500 Mark
 Hankow-Tiger; Preis je Fell 200 bis 500 Mark
 Südlicher Tiger, Amoy-Tiger; 300 Felle; je 150 bis 200 Mark
 Korea-Tiger; 30 bis 40 Felle; je 250 bis 500 Mark
 Bengal-Tiger. In den Handel sind nur wenig Felle gekommen. Europäische Jäger behielten die Beute als Trophäe. Von einheimischen Jägern erbeutete Felle wurden in Basaren (Kalkutta, Delhi usw.) meist an Touristen verkauft.
 Kaspischer – Persischer Tiger; mehrere 100 Felle
 1913: Die angesehene Leipziger Rauchwarenhandelsfirma Heinrich Lomer bot in ihrem Preis-Verzeichnis Winter 1913/1914 an:

Belege

Siehe auch

 Weitere Pelzarten
 Pelz
 Kürschner

Pelzart
Tiger in der Kultur

Tigerfell


Hrvatski otoci:
 Golić (Bisaga) (Bisaga Mala), u Kornatima, između otoka Kornat i Mana
 Bisaga Mala (Pašman), otok u Pašmanskom kanalu
 Bisaga Mala (Žut), kod Žuta

Bisaga Mala


La Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Magallanes  fue creada el 9 de enero de 1990, se encuentra localizada en el Campus Central de la Universidad de Magallanes, conectada a la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Magallanes, su decano es el señor Víctor Díaz.

Su principal misión es desarrollar el ámbito de las Ciencias Físicas, Matemática, Estadística, Biología, Química y Ciencias Ambientales, para contribuir al progreso científico tecnológico de la región austral.

Departamentos y Carreras

Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales

 Biología Marina

Departamento de Matemática y Física

Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas

 Agronomía

Véase también

Universidad de Magallanes
Campus Central de la Universidad de Magallanes

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de la Universidad de Magallanes
 Página de la Carrera de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Magallanes

Facultades de Ciencias de Chile
Facultades de la Universidad de Magallanes


Ernst Kovacic (* 12. April 1943 in Kapfenberg, Steiermark) ist ein österreichischer Geiger und Dirigent.

Leben und Wirken
Ernst Kovacic studierte an der Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst in Wien Violine, Klavier und Orgel und nahm dort Kompositionsunterricht. Seit 1975 lehrt er an dieser Universität. Er ist Gewinner zahlreicher wichtiger Preise bei internationalen Wettbewerben. Kovacic spielt eine Geige von Giovanni Battista Guadagnini aus dem Jahre 1753. Unter anderem ist er durch sein intensives Engagement für die Neue Musik bekannt geworden, viele Komponisten der Gegenwart wie Ernst Krenek, Friedrich Cerha, Georg Friedrich Haas, Johannes Maria Staud, Beat Furrer, Robin Holloway, Nigel Osborne, Helmut Eder, Iván Eröd, Kurt Schwertsik, Karlheinz Essl junior,  u. a. komponierten  Werke für den Künstler. Von 1996 bis 1998 war Kovacic künstlerischer Leiter des Wiener Kammerorchesters und spielte außerdem mit zahlreichen bekannten Ensembles wie dem Northern Sinfonia, Britten Sinfonia, Stuttgarter Kammerorchester, St Paul's Chamber Orchestra, Norwegian Chamber Orchestra, Klangforum Wien, Ensemble Modern, der Camerata Salzburg, Camerata Bern oder der Deutschen Kammerphilharmonie Bremen.  Seit 2007 ist er künstlerischer Leiter des Kammerorchesters Leopoldinum in Breslau (Wrocław). Seit 2008 ist er Geiger des "Zebra Trio" mit Steven Dann und Anssi Karttunen. Zusammen mit Beat Furrer leitet er die "Impuls" Seminare für Neue Musik in Graz.
Er ist Programmkurator verschiedener Festivals, u. a. brückenmürz in der Steiermark und Leo - Festival in Breslau Polen.

Aufnahmen (Auswahl)
 Weltreise mit Fritz Kreisler (Camerata Salzburg), 2001 bei Preiser Records
 Schönberg und Beethoven (Wrocław Kammerorchester Leopoldinum), 2010 bei CD Accord
 Ernst Krenek:Symphonic Elegy (Kammerorchester Leopoldinum), 2009 bei Capriccio
 Holloway:Ancora (Scottish Chamber Orchestra), 2003 bei NMC
 Jean Sibelius: Early Chamber Music Vol. 1, 1994 bei Ondine
  Friedrich Cerha: Violinkonzert, ORF-Symphonieorchester, Dirigent: Bertrand de Billy  col legno 2006
 Bernhard Stevens: Concerto for Violin and Orchestra & Symphony No. 2 (BBC Philharmonic Orchestra), 2009 bei Meridian Records
 José Manuel López López: Concerto para piano y orquesta, Concierto para violín y orquesta & Movimentos para dos pianos y orchesta (Deutsches Symphonieorchester Berlin), 2009 bei KAIROS Music Production
 Witold Ludoslawski: Opera Omnia 03, 2011 bei CD Accord
 The Art of Fugue, 2012 bei CD Accord
 Hanna Kulenty Music 4, (Kammerorchester Leopoldinum) 2011 bei Dux
 Ernst Krenek Werke für Kammerorchester, Kammerorchester Leopoldinum, 2012 Toccata Classics

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Klassischer Geiger
Musiker (Österreich)
Dirigent
Person (Kapfenberg)
Österreicher
Geboren 1943
Mann

Ernst Kovacic


විද්‍යුත් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව (සමහරක් විට විදුලි හා ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික විද්‍යාව ලෙස හඳුන්වන) යනු විද්‍යුතයේ, ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික් හා විද්‍යුත් චුම්භකත්වයේ යෙදීම් ගැන අධ්‍යයනය කරන ඉංජිනේරු ක්ෂේත්‍රයයි. 19 වැනි සියවසේ පසු භාගයේ දී විද්‍යුත් ටෙලිග්‍රාෆ් හා විද්‍යුත් ජව සැපයුම් වානිජකරණය වීමෙන් පසුව මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රය මුල්වරට වැදගත් රැකියාවක් බවට පත් විය. වර්තමානයේ දී මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රය ජවය, ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික්, පාලන පද්ධති, සංඥා සැකසීම හා සන්නිවේදනය යන ඒවා ඇතුළත් උප අංශ ගණනක් ආවරණය කරයි.

විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවට ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව ඇතුළත් වීම හෝ නොවීම සිදු විය හැකිය. එක්සත් ජනපදයෙන් පිට දී මේ සඳහා වෙනස්කම් යොදා ඇත. එහිදී විද්‍යුත් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව යනු ජව සම්ප්‍රේෂණ හා මෝටර පාලන පද්ධති වැනි මහා පරිමාණයේ විද්‍යුත් පද්ධතිවල ගැටලු සමඟ වැඩ කටයුතු කරන අංශයක් වන අතර ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව යනු පරිගණක හා සංගෘහිත පරිපථ ඇතුළත් කුඩා පරිමාණ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික පද්ධති සමඟ කටයුතු කරන විෂය ක්ෂේත්‍රය වේ. මෙම වෙනස්කම පිළිබඳව බලන තවත් අන්තයක් නම් විදුලි ඉංජිනේරුවරුන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ශක්තිය සම්ප්‍රේෂණය සඳහා විදුලිය යොදා ගැනීම සමඟ සළකනු ලබන අතර ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික ඉංජිනේරුවරුන් තොරතුරු සම්ප්‍රේෂණය සඳහා විදුලිය යොදා ගැනීම සමඟ සළකනු ලැබේ.

විද්‍යුත් ඉංජිනේරුවරුන් ජව පද්ධති සැලසුම් කරයි. තවද සංකීර්ණ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික පරිපථ සැලසුම් කරයි.

ව්‍යුහාත්මක ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව

විද්‍යුත් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව


An Angel at My Table es una película de 1990 dirigida por Jane Campion. La película está basada en las tres autobiografías de Janet Frame.

Elenco
Kerry Fox como Janet Frame.
Alexia Keogh como Janet Frame (adolescente).
Karen Fergusson como Janet Frame (niña).
Iris Churn como Madre.
Jessie Mune como Baby Janet.
Kevin J. Wilson como Padre.
Francesca Collins
Melina Bernecker
Mark Morrison
Karla Smith
Sarah Llewellyn
Natasha Gray como Leslie.

Referencias

Películas ambientadas en Nueva Zelanda

An Angel at My Table


OZ7IGY er et dansk amatørradio radiofyr og verdens ældste VHF og UHF amatørradiofyr og har været aktiv siden det internationale geofysiske år i 1957.
Radiofyret OZ7IGY er placeret nær Jystrup, i Maidenhead locator JO55WM54 og sender på frekvenserne vist i tabel 1. IGY i OZ7IGY er forkortelsen af International Geophysical Year.

Siden 30. oktober 2012, da Next Generation Beacons platform blev taget i brug, har 2 m og 6 m radiofyrene været frekvensmæssigt og tidsmæssigt låst til GPS.

Fra 30. marts 2013 anvender alle radiofyrene Next Generation Beacons platform transmit PI4 (en specialiseret digital modulationssystem), CW og umoduleret bærebølge i en én-minuts cyklus. Next Generation Beacons frekvenspræcisionen er typisk bedre end 5 mHz (milliHertz).

OZ7IGY har mellem ca. 1981-2016 anvendt Big Wheels til 144 MHz (2 meter), 432 MHz (70 cm) og 1296 MHz (23 cm).

Kilder/referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 OZ7IGY
 PI4 specification page
 Sådan lød OZ7IGY på 70MHz i 2013: OZ7IGY - Next Generation Beacon. SP1WSR in JO73HI

Digital amatørradio
Tidsbestemmelse

OZ7IGY


Der Wilhelmspark ist eine Parkanlage in der Innenstadt von Bad Soden am Taunus.

Geschichte

Der Wilhelmspark wurde 1911 im Auftrag der Stadt Bad Soden errichtet. Den Auftrag dafür hatten die Gartenarchitekten Gebrüder Siesmayer aus Frankfurt am Main. Der Park wurde an der ehemaligen Hauptstraße (heute: Zum Quellenpark) angelegt. Er hieß zunächst "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Park". Um diesen zu errichten, mussten zunächst einige alte Bauernhöfe weichen, darunter auch der Philosophengarten. Am 23. Mai 1911 wurde der Park fertiggestellt und erhielt einen Zaun mit Maschendraht, da die Anlage nur für Kurgäste vorgesehen war.

Bei der Gemeindevertretung vom 26. August 1924 wurde die Umbenennung der Parkanlage vorgenommen. Der Park wurde dem einige Meter entfernten Quellenpark zugesprochen und hieß ab diesem Zeitpunkt ebenfalls "Quellenpark".

1987/88 wurde die Parkanlage wieder in Stand gesetzt, nachdem sie mehrere Jahre lang kaum gepflegt wurde. Dabei wurden auch die Brunnenanlagen der Quellen vom Champagnerbrunnen, Glockenbrunnen und Winklerbrunnen renoviert. Seitdem trägt der Park auch wieder den Namen "Wilhelmspark".

Lage

Der Wilhelmspark befindet sich an der heutigen Straße Zum Quellenpark (bis 1977 Hauptstraße). Im Norden grenzt der Park an das 1991 erbaute Hundertwasserhaus und den Sulzbach. Im Westen grenzt der Park an die Talstraße und den Lehrpark Rohrwiese.

Weblinks

 Website der Stadt Bad Soden

Literatur
 Joachim Kromer: Bad Soden am Taunus Leben aus den Quellen. Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1990.

Parkanlage in Bad Soden am Taunus

Wilhelmspark (Bad Soden)


Agrilus rockefelleri é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Cazier, 1951.

Referências

rockefelleri

Agrilus rockefelleri


Le Nouveau Forum (, abrégé en NF) est l'un des mouvements citoyens qui voient le jour à l'époque de la révolution pacifique (Die Wende) en République démocratique allemande et qui a largement contribué à marquer le mouvement. Une partie du Nouveau Forum a ensuite été absorbée par l'Alliance 90 (Bündnis 90) et finalement par le parti Alliance 90/Les Verts (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen). Une autre partie est restée une organisation indépendante, aujourd'hui active sur le territoire de l'ancienne RDA en tant que petit parti.

Historique

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Die Wende
 Alliance 90 - Alliance 90/Les Verts

Liens externes

Fondation en 1989

Nouveau Forum


Modoc Point is a cliff on the east shore of Upper Klamath Lake, in Klamath County, Oregon, United States, approximately 15 miles north of Klamath Falls on U.S. Route 97. It is part of the larger cliff known as Modoc Rim or Modoc Ridge.

The point is named for the Modoc tribe of Native Americans because it was assigned to them when they moved on to the Klamath Reservation, following a treaty in 1864. This area was then part of the reservation. Captain Jack and his band lived in this area from December 31, 1869, to April 26, 1870. Due to continued harassment by the Klamath, the Modoc left the reservation to return to their traditional territory to the south on the Lost River in present-day California.  This was before the Modoc War (1872-1873).

Klamath folklore frequently features this location; they called it Kiuti or Muyant.  It was also called Nilakla, meaning "dawn" or "sunrise". William G. Steel stated that the point was known as Nilakla, the Klamath word for "dawn" or "sunrise".

Modoc Point was the namesake for a railroad station and post office just north of the point.

References

Modoc
Klamath
Landforms of Klamath County, Oregon
Cliffs of the United States

Modoc Point


Isla de Rab (en croata: Otok Rab, en italiano Isola d'Arbe) es una de las islas de la costa dálmata, en la moderna Croacia, situada en el golfo de Kvarner, al norte del mar Adriático.

Entre sus localidades se encuentran Rab, Lopar, Bajol, Barbat y Kampor. Según la tradición, en esta isla nació San Marino, fundador de la República de San Marino.

La isla tiene 22 km de largo, una superficie de 93,6 kilómetros cuadrados y 9480 habitantes (2001). El pico más alto es Kamenjak, de 408 metros. La parte noreste de la isla es, en su mayoría, árida, mientras que el lado suroeste está cubierto por uno de los últimos bosques de robles del Mediterráneo.

Véase también
 Geografía de Croacia
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Croacia

Rab (isla)


Danza realizada por seis niños que se baila actualmente en el Real Colegio Seminario de Corpus Christi de Valencia durante la procesión de la Octava del Corpus con música escrita por Juan Bautista Comes (ca. 1552-1643).

Historia

Estas danzas tiene su origen en un concurso de danzas que se convocó en 1604, para el traslado procesional  del Santísimo Sacramento desde la Catedral de Valencia hasta la Iglesia del Patriarca. La música de las danzas originales se perdió con el tiempo y hasta 1609 no se tendrá una nueva música, la cual fue encargada por Juan de Ribera  a su maestro de capilla Juan Bautista Comes con la intención de que pudiera ser bailada en la procesión de la Octava del Corpus.

Los danzantes era  infantillos que formaban parte de la capilla de música del Patriarca y recibían formación tanto musical como de baile por los respectivos maestros de canto y baile de la institución.

Estas danzas se dejaron de realizar en 1816 y no se recuperaron hasta el año 2010, como parte de los preparativos de la celebración en el año 2011 de los 500 años de la muerte del Patriarca.

Protocolo ceremonial

La procesión del Santísimo Sacramento dentro de la iglesia del Patriarca está organizada con un protocolo ceremonial escrupulosamente dictado por S. Juan de Ribera que se repite hasta nuestros días. Un grupo de seis niños realizan la primera danza en el Altar Mayor de la iglesia (Danzas para el Altar) que dará paso al comienzo de la procesión propiamente dicha con la cruz patriarcal en primer lugar y a la que siguen los capellanes de las distintas órdenes religiosas. Dos seminaristas ataviados con dalmática de color blanco derraman puñados de pétalos de rosas delante de la Custodia mientras otros dos la inciensan acompañados por los infantillos. A su llegada al claustro los infantes danzantes bailan las denominadas Estaciones  (Primera, Segunda, Tercera y Cuarta Estación) en cada una de las esquinas del recinto sagrado (Danzas para el Claustro). Terminado el recorrido claustral la procesión vuelve al Altar Mayor donde se bailan las últimas danzas (Danzas para la vuelta al Altar).

Recreación moderna

En el año 2006 y después de casi dos siglos de silencio absoluto, un grupo de investigadores, coreógrafos, indumentaristas, intérpretes y musicólogos recuperaron las danzas del Corpus. La investigación realizada contó con el apoyo y colaboración de la Sociedad Española de Musicología, el Conservatorio Profesional de Danza de Valencia, el Real Colegio Seminario de Corpus Christi, la Universidad de Valencia, el Instituto Valenciano de la Música y la Capella Saetabis dirigida por el Dr. `Rodrigo Madrid Gómez.

Bibliografía
 Climent, Jose y Piedra, Joaquín, Juan Bautista Comes y su tiempo. Estudio biográfico, Madrid, 1977 ISBN 84-369-0229-7

Referencias

Corpus Christi en Valencia

Danzas del Real Colegio Seminario del Corpus Christi de Valencia


ටී.බී.ජයා හෙවත් තුවාන් බුර්හානුදීන් ජයා (1 ජනවාරි 1890 – 31 මැයි 1960) ලාංකික අධ්‍යාපනඥයෙක්, දේශපාලනඥයෙක්, රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රිකයෙක් සහ මුස්ලිම් ප්‍රජා නායකයෙක් විය. සිය වෘත්තිමය දිවිය පාසැල් ගුරුවරයෙක් ලෙසින් ඇරඹි කොළඹ සහිරා විද්‍යාලයෙහි විදුහල්පති ලෙසින්  වසර 27 ක සේවයෙන් අනතුරුව ඔහු  විශ්‍රාම ලැබුවේය. ඔහුගේ භාරකාරත්වය යටතේ, සහිරා විද්‍යාලය, රටෙහි ප්‍රමුඛ පාසැල් අතුරින් එකක් බවට පත් විය.

මැලේ ජාතික ටී.බී. ජයා රටෙහි සින්හල හා මුස්ලිම් ප්‍රජාවෙහි නායකයෙක් ලෙසන් ජයා ඉස්මතු විය. දේශපාලනයට අවතීර්ණවූ හෙතෙම, ලංකාවේ පූර්ව-නිදහස දේශපාලනයෙහි කැපී පෙනෙන චරිතයක් බවට පත් විය. ලංකාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවට, රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවට සහ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට ඔහු තේරී පත් විය. ඔහු  එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයෙහි ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙක් විය. ලකාවේ පළමු නිදහස් රජයෙහි, ඔහු කම්කරු සහ සමාජ සේවා අමාත්‍යවරයා විය. දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය පසු, ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් පකිස්තානයෙහි පළමුවන මහා මසාරිස් ලෙසින් ජයා මහතා පත් කෙරිණි. මක්කම වෙත වන්දනා ගමනෙහි යෙදෙමින් සිටියදී අසනීපවූ ඔහු,   1960 වසරෙහිදී මිය ගියේය.

මුල් දිවිය
මැලේ ජාතික කසීම් ජයා සහ එම මහත්මිය බයා සෞජා යන දෙමව්පියන්ගේ දෙවන පුතු ලෙසින්, 1890 ජනවාරි 1 දිනදී, ගලගෙදර නගරයෙහිදී,  ටී.බී. ජයා උපන්නේය. ජයා පවුල අයත් වූයේ, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මැලේ වාර්ගික සුළුතර කණ්ඩායමටය. කසිම් ජයා, පොලිස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවෙහි සාජන්ට්වරයෙක් ලෙසින් රැකියාව කලේය.

මුල් අධ්‍යාපනය
ජයා මහතා කුඩා දරුවෙකුව සිටි අවදියෙහි, ඔහුගේ පවුල කුරුණෑගල වෙත පදිංචිය වෙනස් කලේ පියාගේ ස්ථානමරුව නිසාය. ඔහු ප්‍රථම අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ, කුරුණෑගල  ඉංග්‍රීසි-ස්වභාෂා පාසැල වෙතිනි. මෙම කාලසීමාව තුලදී, ඔහු විසින් ශුද්ධ කුරානය පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යාපනයද ලැබුවේ  නූර්දීන් අලීම් සහ ඔමාර්ලෙබ්බේ ගේ භාරකාරිත්වය යටතේය. කසීම් යළිත් ස්ථාන මාරුවක් ලද අතර, එවර එය කොළඹට විය. ලාබාල ජයා, මහනුවර ශාන්ත පාවුළු විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළුවූ අතර, එහිදී ඔහු ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය සමස්තයෙන්ම පාහේ ලැබීය. වයස අවුරුදු දහයේදී පළමුවන ශ්‍රේණියට ඇතුළුවීමට ඔහුට සිදුවූ බව සටහන් කර ගත යුතු සිත් දනවන කරුණකි. කෙසේවෙතත්, ලාබාල ශිෂ්‍යයා ඉතා දක්ෂ බව පැහැදිලිවූ අතර,  ඔහු වෙත පළමු ශ්‍රේණියෙහි සිට සතරවන ශ්‍රේණිය දක්වා ත්‍රිත්ව උසස්කිරීම්ද,  ඊළඟ වසරෙහිදී යළිත් සයවන ශ්‍රේණිය දක්වා ද්විත්ව උසස්කිරීම්ද ප්‍රදානය කෙරිණි. 1904 වසරෙහිදී, ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා මෝදර ශාන්ත තෝමස් විද්‍යාලය වෙත ඔහු ශිෂ්‍යත්වයක් ලැබුවේය. උසස් ප්‍රතිඵල සහිතව ඔහු කේම්බ්‍රිජ් ජූනියර් සහ කේම්බ්‍රිජ් සීනියර් විභාග සමත්විය.

පාසැල් ගුරුවරයා
ජයා විසින් ලන්ඩන් මැට්‍රිකියුලේෂන් සහ ඉන්ටර් ආර්ට්ස් විභාග සමත් වීම නිසා පාසැල් ගුරුවරයෙකු වීමට එය උපකාරී විය. 1910 වසරෙහි ජනවාරි මාසයේදී ඔහු වෙත ලැබුනු පළමු පත්වීම, මහනුවර ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය වෙත විය. ඔහුගේ පළමු මාසික වේතනය රුපියල් 40 ක් විය. ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලයෙහි කෙටි කලක් සේවය කිරීමෙන් පසුව, 1910 වසරෙහි මැයි මාසයේදී ඔහු මොරටුවේ වේල්ස් කුමාර විද්‍යාලය වෙත පත්වීම ලැබීය.
එකල එහි විදුහල්පතිව සිටි පී.ඩී.එස්. කුලරත්න මහතා වෙතින් ලැබුනු ආරාධනාවක් පිළිගැනීමෙන් පසුව,  වසර 1917දී, ඔහු ආනන්ද විද්‍යාලයට වෙත පත්වීම් ලදි. විදුහලෙහිදී, ජයා විසින් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් උගැන්වුනේ ඉහිහාසය සහ සම්භාව්‍ය අධ්‍යයනයයි. වසර කිහිපයකට පසුව රටෙහි ප්‍රමුඛ මාක්ස්වාදී දේශපාලනඥයන්වූ සමහරක් ශිෂ්‍යයන්ට ආනන්ද විද්‍යාලයේදී ඔහු උගැන්වීය: පිලිප් ගුණවර්ධන, රොබට් ගුණවර්ධන, ආචාර්ය එස්. ඒ. වික්‍රමසිංහ සහ ආචාර්ය ඇන්.ඇම්.පෙරේරා  ඔවුන් වූහ.

ගුරුවරයෙක් ලෙසින් සේවය කරමින් සිටියදී, ඔහුගේ ශාස්ත්‍රීය පරිශීලනය දිගටම පවත්වා ගෙන ගිය ඔහු,ලන්ඩන් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන් සම්භාව්‍ය අධ්‍යයනය පිළිබඳ උපාධියක් ලබා ගත්තේය. ඉක්බිතිව ඔහු  නීති විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළු වූයේ නීතිඥයෙක් බවට සුදුසුකම් ලැබීම සඳහාය.

සහිරා විද්‍යාලය
නීති විද්‍යාලයේ අවසන් වසරෙහි අධ්‍යාපනය ලබමින් සිටියදී, 1921 වසරෙහිදී, දේශීය මුස්ලිම් ප්‍රජාවගේ ආරාධනාව පිළිගත් ජයා, කොළඹ සහිරා විද්‍යාලයේ විදුහල්පති ලෙසින් වැඩ භාර ගත්තේය. මරදාන මුස්ලිම් දේවස්ථාන කමිටුව වෙනුවෙන් සෑබෑ ආරාධනාව සිදු කරන ලද්දේ  එන් එච් එම් අබ්දුල් කාදර් විසිනි. නීතිඥයෙක් ලෙසින් ඔහුගේ අනාගත අභිවෘත්තිය අත්හල ජයා, දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ රැඳී සිටීමට තීරණය කලේ, එම ක්ෂේත්‍රය තුලදී ඔහුගේ ප්‍රජාවට වටනා දායකත්වයක් ලබා දිය හැකි වනු ඇති බවට ඔහු විශ්වාස කල නිසා විය හැකිය.

ජයා වැඩ භාර ගන්නා යිට, ස්වල්ප ශිෂ්‍ය සංඛ්‍යාවක් සහ ගුරුවරු සංඛ්‍යාවක් පැවතීම, පංති කාමර පැවැත්වීමට ගොඩනැගිලි හිඟ බව, පුටු මේස ආදි ගෘහභාණ්ඩ හිඟ බව සහ, විද්‍යාලයට නුසුදුසු පරිසරයක් සහිත වීම ආදිය නිසා,  සහිරා විද්‍යාලය නිසරු තත්ත්වයක පැවතියේය. විදුහල්පති වශයෙන් ඔහුගේ සේවා කාලය තුලදී,  ජයා විසින් සැලකිය යුතු මස්තකප්‍රාප්තීන් අත්කරගති. ඔහු විසින්, මැට්‍රිකියුලේෂන් මට්ටම දක්වා පංති ආරම්භ කරන ලදි; ගුරුවරුන් සංඛ්‍යාව, 6 සිට 30 දක්වා ඉහළ දමන ලදි; ක්‍රීඩා පහසුකම් දියුණු කරන ලදි; විද්‍යා පුස්තකාලයක්, භෝජනාගාරයක්, නේවාසිකාගාරයක්, දන්ත සෞඛ්‍ය චිකිත්සාගාරයක් සහ නිදහස් රාත්‍රි පාසැලක් ඇරඹීය. (ඔහු විසින් ඇරඹි රාත්‍රි පාසැල, රටෙහි එවන් පළමුවැන්න ලෙසින් සැලකෙයි.) ගොඩනැගිලි වැනි යටිතලපහසුකම් සංවර්ධනය කිරීමට, "විද්‍යාල ව්‍යාප්ති අරමුදල" වැනි අරමුදල්ද ඔහු ඇරඹීය. වසර සතරක් තුලදී, ශිෂ්‍යයන් සංඛ්‍යාව, 59 සිට 1000 පසුකරමින් ඉහළ නැංවිනි.

1948 වසරෙහිදී ඔහු විශ්‍රාම යන තුරු සහිරා විද්‍යාලයේ විදුහල්පති ලෙසින් වසර 27 ක් ජයා සේවය කලේය. විදුහල්පති වශයෙන් ජයාගේ සේවා කාලය, සහිරා විද්‍යාලයේ ස්වර්ණමය යුගය ලෙසින් සැලකෙයි. මෙම යුගය තුලදී, විද්‍යාලය විසින් ජාතික මට්ටමෙහි කැපී පෙනෙන චරිත නිපැයීය.

ශාඛා
සහිරා විද්‍යාලයේ ශාඛා කිහිපයක් ඇරඹීම විෂයයෙහි ජයා හේතුභූත විය.  1942 වසරෙහිදී, පළමුවන ශාඛාව අළුත්ගමදී ඇරඹුනු අතර, එයින් පසුව 1944 වසරෙහිදී ගම්පොල ශාඛාව ඇරඹිනි. 1945 වසරෙහිදී තවත් ශාඛා තුනක් ඇරඹුනේ මාතලේ, පුත්තලමෙහි කොඣ්ඣ වීදියෙහිය.

මුස්ලිම් නායකත්වය
රටෙහි මුස්ලිම් ප්‍රජාවෙහි නායකයෙක් ලෙසින් ජයා ක්‍රමයෙන් නැගී ආයේය. එන් එච් එම් අබ්දුල් කාදර් මහතාගේ අභාවයෙන් පසුව, සමස්ත ලංකා මුස්ලිම් ලීගයෙහි සභාපති ලෙසින් ජයා පත් කෙරිණි. 1950 වසර දක්වා සභාපති ලෙසින් ඔහු කටයුතු කලේය.

දේශපාලන අභිවෘත්තිය

ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව
1924 වසරෙහිදී, ඉතිහාසයේ පළමු වතාවට, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව සඳහා මහමදීය (මුස්ලිම්) ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාශය වෙතින් සාමාජිකයන් කෝරා පත් කර ගැනීමට මැතිවරණයක් පැවැත්විණි . මහමදීය ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාශය යනු, සම්පූර්ණ රටෙහි මුස්ලිම් ප්‍රජාව නිරූපණය කෙරුණු දීප-ව්‍යාප්ත වර්ගවාදී ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාශයක් විය. කෙසේවෙතත්, මෙම කාලසීමාව තුලදී සීමිත පුරවැසියන් සංඛ්‍යාවක් පමණක් ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමේ අයිතිය ලදහ. ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව සඳහා ජයා මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශයෙන් තේරී පත් වූයේ තවත් දෙදෙනෙක් හා සමගිනි.

රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව
 ඩොනමෝර් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවෙන් පසුව, 1931 වසරෙහිදී, රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව සඳහා මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත් කර ගැනුමට, රටෙහි සියළු පුරවැසියන්හට ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමේ අයිතිය ප්‍රදානය කෙරිණි. මැද කොළඹ කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා ජයා තරග කල අතර, කැපී පෙනුණු දේශපාලනඥයෙක් වූ, ලංකා කම්කරු පක්ෂයේ නායක, ඒ.ඊ. ගුණසිංහ වෙතින් පරාජයට පත්විය. 1936 වසරෙහි මැතිවරණයෙහිදී එම ප්‍රතිවාදියා විසින්ම ඔහු නැවතත් පරාජයට පත් කෙරිණි. කෙසේවෙතත්, ඔහුගේ පරාජය මධ්‍යයේ වුවද, 1936 වසරෙහිදී, ඔහු රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවට නම් කරන ලද අතර, 1947 වසර දක්වා මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙක් ලෙසින් සේවය කලේය.

රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවෙහිදී, අධ්‍යාපන පිළිබඳ විධායක කමිටුව සඳහා ජයා තෝරා ගන්නා ලදි. රටෙහි මුස්ලිම් අධ්‍යාපනය දියුණු කිරීම සඳහා මෙය විසින් ඔහු වෙත පුළුල් අවකාශයක් සැපයීය. ඔහුගේ සහෘද මුස්ලිම් රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභා මන්ත්‍රී ශ්‍රීමත් රසීක් ෆරීඩ් හා සමගින්, ඔහු විසින් දිවයින පුරා බොහෝ මුස්ලිම් පාසැල් පිහිටුවන ලදි. පාසැල් ගුරුවරුන්ගේ අයිතිවාසිකම් උදෙසාද ජයා සටන් කලේය.  පාසැල් ගුරුවරුන් සඳහා විශ්‍රාම වැටුප් ක්‍රමයක් සඳහා ඔහු විශාල දායකත්වයක් සැපයීය.

රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවෙහිදී, සිංහල නොවන වාර්ගිත කන්ඩායම් වලට අයත්වූ ජයා ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභා මන්ත්‍රීවරු විසින්,  "සුළුතර කණ්ඩායමක්" තනන ලදි.  රටෙහි දෙමළ සහ මුස්ලිම් ජනතාවගේ අයිතිවාසිකම් පිළිබඳව ඔවුහූ  විශේෂ අවධානයක් යොමු කලහ. කෙසේවෙතත්, එක් දෙමළ රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභා මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකු ජී. ජී. පොන්නම්බලම් විසින් ගෙන ගිය "පනහට-පනහ" ව්‍යාපාරයට, සුළුතර කණ්ඩායමෙහි සියළු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්ගේ සහයෝගය නොලැබිණි.

එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය
එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය බිහිකිරීමෙහිලා ජයා ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කලේය. 1946 සැප්තැම්බර් 6 දිනදී, කොළඹ,  ඇල්බට් චන්ද්‍රවංකයෙහි, පාම්කෝට්හී පැවැති සමාරම්භක රැස්වීමෙහිදී, දේශපාලන පෙරමුණු කිහිපයක්, තනි පක්ෂයක් ලෙසින් එක්සත් කල යුතු බවට  එස්. නඩේසන් විසින් සිදුකෙරුණු යෝජනාව ජයා විසින් ස්ථීර කරන ලදි. පක්ෂය තැනුනේ,  ජාතික කොංග්‍රසය, සිංහල මහා සභාව, ජයාගේ නායකත්වය යටතේ පැවැති සමස්ත ලංකා මුස්ලිම් ලීගය, ශ්‍රීමත් රසීක් ෆරීඩ්ගේ නායකත්වය යටතේ පැවති මරක්කල සම්මේලනය සහ, දෙමළ සහ බර්ගර් ප්‍රජාවන්ගේ සමහරක් පුද්ගලික සාමාජිකයන් එක්සත් කිරීමෙනි. මෙම සමාරම්භක රැස්වීමේදී, පක්ෂයේ උප-සභාපතිවරුන් පස්දෙනා අතුරින් එක් අයෙකු ලෙසින් ඔහු තෝරා පත් කර ගැනුණි.

පාර්ලිමේන්තුව සහ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය

1947 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහිදී, මැද කොළඹ කොට්ඨාශය, බහු-මන්ත්‍රී කොට්ඨාශයක් බවට පත් කෙරුණේ එම කොට්ඨාශයෙහි ජීවත්වූ ප්‍රජාවන් කිහිපයක් සඳහා සමබර නියෝජනයක් ලබා දීමේ අරමුන ඇතිවය. ඡන්ද 23,470 ක් ලබා ගත් ඒ ඊ ගුණසිංහ,  පළමු මන්ත්‍රීවරයා ලෙසින් තෙරී පත් විය. ඡන්ද 18,439 ක් ලබා ගත් ජයා, දෙවන මන්ත්‍රීවරයා ලෙසින් තේරී පත් විය.

සාමාජිකයන් 14 දෙනෙකුගෙන් පමණක් සමන්විතවූ  නිදහස් ලංකාවේ ප්‍රථම කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට ජයා තෝරාගන්නා ලදි. ඔහු පත් කෙරුණේ කම්කරු සහ සමාජ සේවා අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙසිනි.

1950 වසරෙහිදී, නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයෙන් සහ කැබිනට් අමාත්‍යවරයෙකු ලෙසින් ඔහුගේ තනතුරෙන්, ජයා ඉල්ලා අස්වූයේ, පකිස්තානය වෙත පත්කෙරුණු ප්‍රථම මහා කොමසාරිස් ලෙසින් වැඩ භාර ගැනීමටය. මෙම තනතුරෙහි ඔහු වසර සතක් සේවය කලේය.
එහිදී ඔහු කළ සේවය අගය කරනු වස් 1952 දී පන්ජාබි විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය මඟින් ඔහුට සාහිත්‍ය ශූරී ගෞරව උපාධිය පිරිනැමිණි.

මරණය
මක්කම වෙත වන්දනා ගමනෙහි යෙදෙන අතරතුර , මදීනා නගරයේදී රෝගාතුර වූ ආචාර්ය ටී.බී. ජයා මහතා 1960 මැයි 31 වන දින මෙලොවින් සමුගත්තේය.

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි
ද ෆර්ස්ට් කැබිනට් ඔෆ් මිනිස්ටර්ස්
ඩොක්ටර් ටී.බී ජයා බයි ඒ.එච්.එම් අස්වර්
ඩොක්ටර් ටී.බී ජයා බයි එෆ්.ෆයිසාල් ෆලීල්
ෆ්‍රීඩම් ෆයිටර් ඇන්ඩ් නැෂනල් හීරෝ
  ඩොක්ටර් ටී.බී ජයා-ග්‍රේට් හියුමනිස්ට්

1890 උපත්
1960 මරණ
ලංකා නීති විද්‍යාලයේ ආදි ශිෂ්‍යයෝ
ගල්කිස්ස ශාන්ත තෝමස් විද්‍යාලයේ ආදි ශිෂ්‍යයෝ
ලන්ඩන් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ ආදි ශිෂ්‍යයෝ
පකිස්තානය වෙනුවෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මහා කොමසාරිස්වරු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කම්කරු අමාත්‍යවරු
ලංකාවේ පළමුවන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු
ලංකාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයෝ
ලංකාවේ රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවේ සාමාජිකයෝ
මහනුවර ජනයා
බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාවේ ජනයා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික මැලේ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික මැලේ අධ්‍යාපනඥයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික මැලේ නීතිඥයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික මැලේ දේශපාලනඥයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික මුස්ලිම්වරු
එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂ දේශපාලනඥයෝ

ටී.බී. ජයා


عبد الرزاق الساحلي ولد بالحمامات في ديسمبر 1941، وتوفي في 24 فيفري 2009 رسام ونحات وخزاف تونسي. وأستاذ بمدرسة الفنون الجميلة.

تكوينه
تلقى تكوينه بمدرسة الفنون الجميلة بتونس وتخرج منها عام 1969، ثم استكمل دراسته فيما بين 1974 و1982 بالمدرسة العليا للفنون الجميلة بباريس، وأحرز على الإجازة في الفنون التشكيلية من جامعة باريس الثامنة – فإنسان عام 1975. واستقر بمسقط رأسه منذ عام 1987.

أعماله
بدأ يعرض رسومه منذ سنة 1970 وكان معرضه الأول بفاعة الأخبار بالعاصمة. وشارك منذئذ في العديد من المعارض التشكيلية بتونس والخارج، حيث عرض بباريس ولندن وأشبيلية ونيويورك وساوباولو ودبي... ومن أهم المعارض التي أقامها:
 1975: معرض للرسوم الخطية برواق ارتسام- تونس
 1975: معرض برواق مطار أورلي- باريس.
 - 1980معرض برواق "كرياتيس"- باريس
 1982 معرض برواق التصوير- تونس

فنه
تقع أعمال عبد الرزاق الساحلي الفنية بين التراث والحداثة. وقد استطاع أن يقيم جسورا بين الرسم والفن الرابع. وقد أحرز عام 2008 على الجائزة الوطنية للفنون التشكيلية.

وصلة خارجية
 عبد الرزاق الساحلي صانع الألوان
 المرحوم عبد الرزاق الساحلي: مسيرة فنان (بالفرنسية)

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
رسامون تونسيون
مواليد 1941

عبد الرزاق الساحلي


Le théâtre Médicis était l'un des plus anciens théâtres de Florence, construit par Bernardo Buontalenti pour les Médicis au sein du complexe de la Galerie des Offices. Le théâtre a été démantelé à l'époque du grand-duc  et aujourd'hui l'espace qu'il occupait contient les salles des « Primitifs » du musée des Offices et le Cabinet des dessins et des estampes. Il demeure difficile de reconstituer la conformation volumétrique à double hauteur, qui impliquait à la fois l'étage noble et le deuxième étage.

Histoire
Le théâtre est commandé par  à Bernardo Buontalenti, probablement dès 1576 et est complété en 1586 par une scène, organisée avec des perspectives illusionnistes. L'inauguration en février 1586 a lieu avec la représentation de lAmico Fido de Giovanni Bardi.

Jusque-là, les représentations théâtrales destinées à la cour avaient lieu dans la salle des Cinq-Cents du Palazzo Vecchio, où des spectacles étaient conçus par Vasari qui réalisait également une sorte de scène.

En 1589, Buontalenti lui-même modifie complètement l'appareil décoratif, sur la recommandation du nouveau grand-duc Ferdinand Ier de Médicis, renonçant au caractère maniériste et expérimental du premier décor au profit d'un langage allégorique plus représentatif de l'autorité grand-ducale.

Une deuxième somptueuse inauguration a lieu en 1589, à l'occasion des célébrations du mariage prochain du Grand-Duc avec Christine de Lorraine. Entre autres, est donnée La Pellegrina, œuvre de transition vers le mélodrame, qui représente une étape importante dans l'expérimentation de nouvelles formes de divertissement théâtral, où les parties chantées dépassent désormais celles récitées. Dans la représentation mémorable qui étonne la royauté venant de toute l'Europe, Buontalenti renonce à la scène fixe et introduit une série de scènes changeantes avec des ailes coulissantes, des trappes, des mécanismes et des astuces scéniques, exécutant des dessins pour la mise en place et les costumes. Suivent ensuite la mise en scène d'autres œuvres à l'occasion de fêtes grand-ducales.

Le théâtre est resté en activité pour les représentations à la cour tout au long du . Au , avec l'invention, précisément à Florence, des théâtres de scène plus confortables, et avec le transfert définitif de la cour grand-ducale au Palais Pitti, le théâtre Médicis est déserté puis démantelé. L'espace du théâtre accueille le sénat du royaume d'Italie pendant la période de Florence capitale. Enfin, deux étages sont obtenus où se trouvent ensuite le Cabinet des dessins et des estampes et des salles de la galerie des Offices (au deuxième étage), dont le dernier aménagement remonte aux années 1950 par notamment Giovanni Michelucci.

Description

C'était un théâtre de cour, composé d'une grande salle d'environ , en double hauteur (deux étages). Une partie de la grande salle était occupée par une cavea, semblable à celle du Teatro Olimpico de Vicence, donc inspirée des théâtres de l'antiquité classique, composée de six marches en forme de fer à cheval. La loge grand-ducale  se trouvait au centre des marches. La partie opposée était occupée par une scène richement décorée, tandis que les stalles restaient exemptes de mobilier fixe, avec un sol innovant, légèrement incliné pour améliorer la visibilité. Au-dessus du niveau des marches, une balustrade représentait de manière illusoire une galerie qui longeait également les longs côtés.

Dans le premier décor, qui avait un caractère provisoire, la salle était décorée comme un jardin suspendu, avec des oiseaux et des éléments végétaux vivants, des entrelacs floraux peints, des statues d'animaux, comme dans la Grotta degli Animali de la villa Medicea di Castello. La scène montrait une vue de Florence dans une perspective illusionniste, animée par de nombreux personnages, carrosses etc. De nombreuses astuces scéniques étaient disponibles, avec des machines, des trappes et des supports pour accrocher les cordes avec lesquelles faire « voler » les personnages.

Dans le second décor, créé aussi bien que le premier avec des matériaux pauvres, imitant de précieux marbres polychromes par l'habileté picturale, le thème de la comparaison illusionniste entre la nature et l'artifice fut abandonné : l'élévation était caractérisée par des arcs solennels sur des colonnes, des niches, de grandes statues dont une seule subsiste aujourd'hui, exposées dans l'escalier du musée. Le théâtre devait ressembler à une cour avec des arcades solennelles.

Du théâtre actuel, il ne reste que le vestibule, où à gauche se trouve ce qui était autrefois le portail d'entrée du théâtre, aujourd'hui l'entrée du Cabinet des dessins et des estampes, et devant, les trois portes du Ricetto ; sur celle centrale, avec le bois sculpté aux armoiries des Médicis, figure le buste de François  de Médicis.

Références

Articles connexes

 Galerie des Offices
 Cabinet des dessins et des estampes
 Musée des Offices

Monument à Florence
Offices
Galerie des Offices
Salle de théâtre en Italie

Théâtre Médicis


est un poliziottesco belgo-italien réalisé par  et sorti en 2020.

C'est la suite du film italien à succès Milan calibre 9 (Milano calibro 9) de Fernando Di Leo sorti en 1972.

Synopsis
À Milan, Fernando Piazza est un avocat criminel renommé. Fils du criminel assassiné Ugo Piazza, il a été élevé par sa mère Nelly qui tenait à faire de lui quelqu'un qui ne suive pas la voie de son père. Mais alors que 100 millions d'euros disparaissent dans la ville à la suite d'une escroquerie en ligne, le principal suspect est l'un des clients de Fernando. Le commissaire de police Valerio Di Leo commence à enquêter et il croit voir derrière cette affaire la main de la 'Ndrangheta.

Fiche technique
 Titre original italien :  ou
 Réalisateur :
 Scénario : , Marco Martani, Luca Poldelmengo
 Photographie : Rocco Marra
 Montage : Luigi Mearelli
 Musique : Emanuele Frusi, Toni D'Angelo, Vincenzo Adelini
 Décors : Stefano Giambanco
 Production : Santo Versace, Gianluca Curti
 Société de production : Minerva Pictures, Rai Cinema (Rome), Gapbusters (Bruxelles)
 Pays de production :  -
 Langue de tournage : Italien
 Format : Couleur
 Durée : 91 minutes ()
 Genre : Poliziottesco
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :  (Festival du film de Turin) ;  (internet)

Distribution
  : Fernando Piazza
 Barbara Bouchet : Nelly
 Alessio Boni : commissaire Valerio Di Leo
 Ksenia Rappoport : Alma
 Michele Placido : Rocco Musco
 Eric Gordon : Gianni

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 2020
Film belge sorti en 2020
Poliziottesco
Film d'action italien
Film d'action belge
Film policier italien
Film policier belge
Film en italien
Film belge tourné en italien
Film se déroulant à Milan
Film tourné à Milan
Suite de film italien
Film de Rai Cinema
Film sur la mafia italienne

Calibro 9


King Ranch is the largest ranch in the United States. At some  it is larger than the land area of Rhode Island and the European country Luxembourg. It is mainly a cattle ranch, but also produced the Triple Crown winning racehorse Assault.

The ranch is located in South Texas between Corpus Christi and Brownsville adjacent to Kingsville.  It was founded in 1853 by Captain Richard King and Gideon K. Lewis. It includes portions of six Texas counties; most of Kleberg and much of Kenedy, with portions extending into Brooks, Jim Wells, Nueces, and Willacy counties.

The ranch does not consist of one single contiguous plot of land, but rather four large sections called divisions. The divisions are the Santa Gertrudis, the Laureles, the Encino and the Norias. Only the first two of the four divisions border each other, and that border is relatively short. The ranch was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. The Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame inducted the ranch in 2019. King Ranch was one of the very first ranches to be added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966, because of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 which was signed that same day.

History

Richard King (1824–1885) was a river pilot, born in New York City to Irish immigrants. He was indentured to a jeweler at age 11, but later ran to sea, eventually attaining a pilot's rating. In 1843, King first met his future business partner in the King Ranch, Mifflin Kenedy (1818–1895), captain of the steamboat Champion. Both served under General Zachary Taylor (later the 12th US president) operating steamboats from Brazos Santiago Harbor in Texas, USA, to Matamoros in Mexico, and on up river to Camargo, Tamaulipas, in support of the U.S. invasion of Monterrey and Saltillo. After the Mexican–American War, King made a good living hauling merchandise on the Rio Grande, as far up river as Camargo, and Rio Grande City. In the meantime, Kenedy was able to make money by carrying goods overland into Mexico. By March 1, 1850, King, Kenedy, Charles Stillman, founder of Brownsville, and James O'Donnell entered into a business partnership (M. Kenedy & Co.) to transport Stillman's goods from Brazos Santiago Harbor on the Gulf of Mexico and up the Rio Grande. The enterprise required two types of steamers — the Grampus and Comanche. During the American Civil War, the steamboat fleet was reflagged under the name of the Matamoros, Mexico citizen Francisco Iturria and the Mexican flag. As Mexico was a neutral country, the steamboats could not be stopped by Union blockaders, and engaged in a lively commerce of transporting Texas cotton to many deep-water ships anchored offshore Matamoros, on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande. Stillman sold his share of the enterprise after the Civil War; the new firm operated as King, Kenedy & Co. until 1874.

King first saw the land that would become part of the King Ranch in April 1852 as he traveled north from Brownsville to attend the Lone Star Fair in Corpus Christi, a four-day trip by horseback. After a grueling ride, King caught sight of the Santa Gertrudis Creek,  from the Rio Grande. It was the first stream he had seen on the Wild Horse Desert. The land, which was shaded by large mesquite trees, so impressed him, when he arrived at the fair, he and a friend, Texas Ranger Captain Gideon K. "Legs" Lewis, agreed then and there to make it into a ranch.

The King Ranch LK brand, still in use today, stands for partners Lewis and King.

King and Lewis established a cow camp on Santa Gertrudis Creek. During this time, Richard King purchased the Rincón de Santa Gertrudis grant, a  holding that encompassed present-day Kingsville, Texas. It was purchased from the heirs of Juan Mendiola of Camargo on July 25, 1853, for $300. King sold Lewis an undivided half-interest in the land for $2,000. At the same time, Lewis sold King undivided half-interest in the ranchos of Manuel Barrera and of Juan Villareal for the same sum, on November 14, 1853. In 1854, King and Lewis purchased the de la Garza Santa Gertrudis grant from Praxides Uribe of Matamoros for $1,800, on the condition of a perfected title (complete documentation of the land grant) on May 20, 1854, to . As the years passed, more land was added, growing to 1.2 million acres (1,875 sq mi, 4,900 km²) at its largest extent, until reaching its current total.

In 1855, Lewis was killed by the husband of a woman with whom he had been having an affair. On July 1, 1856, a court sale of Lewis' property (including the undivided half-interest in the land of the Ranch) was held. King had arranged for Major W. W. Chapman (died 1859) to bid on the Rincón property, which Chapman acquired for $1,575. Chapman had been the quartermaster of Fort Brown in Brownsville, and regulated the steamboat contracts to supply Fort Ringgold, up river in Rio Grande City. Chapman's heirs published the letters home from his wife in the 1992 book The News From Brownsville.

King interested Captain James Walworth in acquiring the entire de la Garza grant, which Walworth completed on December 26, 1856, for $5,000 paid to Praxides Uribe. King thus retained operational control of the Ranch, with Walworth as a silent partner who held title to the land, and who paid taxes on it.

King and Walworth's livestock brand was registered June 27, 1859, along with his earlier brands. (see below)

When King and his partners began hiring people to staff the ranch, they hired a number of Mexican hands. In one notable case, King traveled to the village of Cruillas, Tamaulipas, Mexico in the early months of 1854 (the village having been decimated by a severe drought) and purchased the village's entire cattle population. But shortly after leaving the village, King realized that, by solving the village's short-term problem by providing needed income to survive the drought, he created a longer-term one, by removing its source of future income. King thus returned to Cruillas and offered the villagers the opportunity to work for him, in exchange for food, shelter, and income. Many of the villagers accepted King's offer and relocated to Texas. As the ranch grew, these workers came to be called kineños, or "King's men". Over time, some original grantees returned to their land. King once said he "could not have kept on and held on if Andrés Canales had not been adjoining."

Records show a Mexican range cow cost $6 in 1854, a mustang horse cost $6, and a stud horse cost $200–300. In sum, in 1854, King paid $12,275.79. Lea estimated the 1855 expenses were smaller. The first brand was the ere flecha (an R with arrow through it).

In 1859, the ranch recorded its first official brands (HK and LK). In 1869, the ranch registered its "Running W" brand, which remains the King Ranch's official mark today. At the time, the ranch grazed cattle, horses, sheep and goats. By the mid-1870s, though, the ranch's hallmark stock had become the hardy Texas Longhorn. The ranch also boasted several Brahman bulls, as well as Beef Shorthorns and Herefords.

The Brahmans, which were native to South Asia, were well adapted to thrive in South Texas' hot climate; they were crossed with the ranch's Beef Shorthorns to produce the ranch's own trademark stock — the Santa Gertrudis cattle, which were recognized as a breed in 1940.

Lea portrays King's purchase of the Ranch as motivated by his wooing of Henrietta Maria Morse Chamberlain (1832–1925), whom he married in the First Presbyterian Church, Brownsville, on Sunday, December 10, 1854. The King Ranch HK livestock brand stands for Henrietta King.

In the United States Civil War, initially, the disruption of the flow of cattle to market caused a drop in beef prices. In 1861, the price of cattle dropped to $2 a head, rising to $11 per head by August 1862.

The 1863–1864 winter pushed uncounted cattle south toward the Nueces River and Rio Grande. By the end of the Civil War, the Texas Rangers were disbanded by the following reconstruction of the United States. It became too tempting to simply herd cattle across the Nueces or Rio Grande.

Even in this time of loss, by 1869, King was able to round up 48,664 of an estimated 84,000 head of cattle. Allowing for 10,000 remaining, King claimed a loss of 33,827 head from 1869 to 1872.

To handle depredations (rustling), the ranchers formed the Stock Raisers Association of Western Texas in 1870; Mifflin Kenedy led the first meeting.

By 1874, the Texas Rangers were re-established, and were a factor in controlling the depredations.

By 1870, 300,000 head of cattle made their way from the West to the railroads of Kansas, and thence to the stockyards of Chicago. On a Texas ranch, a steer worth $11 would bring $20 from a buyer in Abilene. The buyer in turn could ask $31.50 at the Union Stock Yards. King could drive his cattle for a hundred days to the railheads of Kansas.

By 1871, though, 700,000 head of cattle caused a market glut, which King avoided by personal negotiation in Abilene.

King managed to avoid the September 19, 1873, 'Black Friday panic' by selling early. During the lean year that followed, King continued to fence his land, and manage  his cattle, horses and sheep.

One technique King used to manage costs was to make his trail bosses the owners of the herd. The bosses would sign a note for the cattle, which they would begin to drive to market in February of each year, for the 100-day drive. The bosses were also the employers of the outfit. Upon the sale of the herd to the northern buyers, the trail bosses could relieve their indebtedness, and earn a profit greater than their ordinary wages.

At the death of Henrietta King in 1925, the ranch totaled 1.2 million acres that were divided among her heirs. Henrietta King's sole surviving child, Alice Gertrudis Kleberg, and her husband Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. inherited over 800,000 acres that were incorporated as the King Ranch in 1934.  The appraiser's Statement of Gross Estate, Mrs. H. M. King listed a net total of $5.4 million, as the owner of 997,444.56 acres (4,036.5 km2), which did not include the Santa Gertrudis headquarters, nor did it include the Kleberg's Stillman and Lasater tracts, which were not of the estate. Her son-in-law, Bob Kleberg, said "A valuation of four to five dollars an acre ($1236/km²) on a million acres (4000 km²) of raw ranchland was about right, but it took a long time for the Government to admit it." By 1929, the taxes ($859,000) had been paid up, in installments, but the trustees had to borrow money, so by the market crash of 1929, Henrietta King's estate was in debt $3,000,000.

Robert Justus Kleberg Jr. and Alice Gertrudis King had five children, including a son named Robert J. Kleberg, III.  In 1933, Robert J. Kleberg, III leased the exploration and drilling rights on the ranch to Humble Oil of Houston, Texas, for $127,824, in exchange for the usual royalty of 1/8th of the sale price for all oil and gas produced from the property. Humble Oil loaned enough money to pay the debts of the H.M. King estate, secured by a first mortgage on the land. Humble struck oil and gas by 1939. During all of this, the Ranch was a going concern, with a net profit of $227,382, as early as 1926. Robert Kleberg III was married to Helen Campbell, and together they had a daughter they named Helen.

Lauro Cavazos, who served as the first Hispanic United States Cabinet officer, was born on the King Ranch during his father's service as a ranch foreman in January, 1927.

On November 18, 1936, Luther Blanton and his son, John, trespassed on the ranch by crawling through the fence surrounding it. They had intended to hunt ducks and nearby residents reported hearing shots fired. Shortly thereafter, locals organized a group to force their way onto the ranch around the area where they were known to have gone hunting. However, neither Blanton nor his son were ever seen again. A subsequent police investigation resulted in no arrests. Although most residents suspected them being murdered by ranch guards for trespassing, it remains a long-standing unsolved mystery.

In February 1961, National Geographic reported that the ranch covered 980,000 acres.

In 1999, the Ford Motor Company began using the King Ranch brand on its vehicles.  Over the years there have been King Ranch versions of the Ford F-150, Super Duty, Explorer, and the Expedition.  The vehicles include dark brown leather seats, and the badges show the King Ranch 'Running W' brand.

In popular culture
Edna Ferber's novel Giant of the ranches of Texas was turned into a film of the same name. Many of the events of the King Ranch, such as the discovery of oil on the property, are also in the film. Working-class millionaires can still be found in the oil towns of Texas, as well.

Forever Texas, the 2022 historical western novel by bestselling authors William W. Johnstone and J.A. Johnstone, is based on the true story of the founding of King Ranch.

In the James Michener novel Centennial, the Venneford Ranch was said to be patterned after the King Ranch.

The historical fiction novel Lords of the Land by Matt Braun is based on the King Ranch and its founder, although names and some circumstance have been altered.

A cowboy's perspective on the King Ranch subsidiary in Australia, the cattle station Brunette Downs, is captured in the 2012 autobiography by Nick Campbell-Jones Don't Die Wondering. Campbell-Jones was a jackaroo (Australian cowboy) who started at Brunette Downs in 1963 and worked his way up to overseer and assistant manager before leaving in 1975.

See also

Anna Creek Station
List of ranches and stations
List of the largest stations in Australia

Footnotes
 Lea, p. 2: For King's biographical details, Lea cites Richard King's sworn deposition before F.J. Parker, U.S. Commissioner, Eastern District of Texas, April 11, 1870, filed with the U.S. and Mexican Claims Commission, Washington, D.C., August 30, 1870.—Records of Boundary and Claims Commission and Arbitrations, Claims vs. Mexico - 1868, Claim No. 579, RG 76 GSA, National Archives and Records Services, Washington, D.C.
 Lea, pp128–9. Notes from the King Ranch vault in Henrietta King's handwriting.
 ,: Reminiscences by Henrietta King to members of her family.

References

Further reading
 John Cypher, Bob Kleberg and the King Ranch: A Worldwide Sea of Grass,
 Don Graham, The Kings of Texas: The 150-Year Saga of an American Ranching Empire,
 Groves, Helen Kleberg (April 2017), Bob and Helen Kleberg of King Ranch. San Antonio, Texas: Trinity University Press.
 Tom Lea (1957), The King Ranch. Two volumes. 838 pages. Index. Maps and drawings by the author. Boston: Little, Brown. Library of Congress catalog card:57-7839

External links

Four generations of Kineños: 1854-1980
The Texas Experience - Waylon Jennings Presents the King Ranch, from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image

Ranches in Texas
American racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Kentucky Derby winners
Breeders of Kentucky Derby winners
Owners of Preakness Stakes winners
Breeders of Preakness Stakes winners
Owners of Belmont Stakes winners
Breeders of Belmont Stakes winners
Owners of U.S. Thoroughbred Triple Crown winners
Breeders of U.S. Thoroughbred Triple Crown winners
Companies based in Texas
National Historic Landmarks in Texas
1853 establishments in Texas
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Buildings and structures in Kenedy County, Texas
Buildings and structures in Kleberg County, Texas
Ranches on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Kleberg County, Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Kenedy County, Texas
Companies established in 1853

King Ranch


The Wizards Play Network (WPN) is the  official sanctioning body for competitive play in Magic: The Gathering (Magic) and various other games produced by Wizards of the Coast and its subsidiaries, such as Avalon Hill. Originally, it was known as the DCI (formerly Duelists' Convocation International) but was rebranded in 2008. The WPN provided game rules, tournament operating procedures, and other materials to private tournament organizers and players. It also operated a judge certification program to provide consistent rules enforcement and promote fair play. The DCI's name was still commonly used, however, to refer to the player registration number ("DCI number") until 2020.

History

The DCI was formed in late 1993, and developed Magic's first tournament sanctioning and deckbuilding rules. Over the next decades, it filled several roles in Magic's organized play. It maintained policy documents as changes were needed, addressed new questions and supported new product releases. It maintained the registration systems for both players and sanctioned tournaments. It also developed and operated a certification program for tournament officials, known as Judges.

Over time, the roles of the DCI were gradually absorbed by other organizations, such as Wizards of the Coast itself through its Wizards Play Network (WPN) program, or through the independent Judge Program. Part of the 2008 Wizards Play Network rebrand was "in response to feedback from organizers, particularly retailers". This also opened up Magic pre-release tournaments to participating WPN stores. Per the industry trade ICv2, the WPN was designed to include "a wider range of casual formats, including leagues, multi-player, and team play. Current sanctioned programs will remain; the new programs will be in addition to those that already exist"; previously, "the entire array of Magic organized play events was all one-on-one sanctioned tournament play". In May 2009, Wizards of the Coast announced that 138,500 active Magic players were registered in the new organized play program since launching the WPN.

Also in 2009, stores at the WPN Core level or higher were allowed to release Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) products before the official publication date. In 2010, Wizards of the Coast restricted organized play not associated with a participating store; many sanctioned Magic and D&D events were now required to be hosted at a participating store or sponsored by a participating store. Wizards of the Coast began to advertise the D&D Encounters program, a D&D equivalent of Friday Night Magic, under the WPN umbrella in 2010. From 2014 to 2016, the D&D Adventurers League could only be run at participating WPN locations. Scott Thorne, for ICv2 in 2014, wrote that the WPN organized play is highly structured withstores expected, or at least encouraged, to run OP events, either provided by WotC itself (Friday Night Magic, Magic Game Days, the late Kaijudo Draft program, D&D Encounters and so forth and so on), or set up by the store (Magic, casual Magic, casual Dungeons & Dragons). Stores can either schedule events weeks or months in advance, with promotional materials and support often provided (sometimes hundreds of dollars worth of support), or set something up on the fly, as a group of players come in and settles down for an evening of Magic or D&D. The company has made the DCI Reporter software integral to its OP program and updates the software on a regular basis.  The weekly sales tips sent out from Wizards' Customer Support usually (but not always) focus on how to enhance a store's OP program as integral to the success of Magic and, to a lesser extent, Dungeons & Dragons.In March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Wizards of the Coast suspended in-store events in North America, Europe, and Latin America. In response to the in-person suspension, Wizards of the Coast launched the Friday Night Magic at Home program utilizing the online game Magic: The Gathering Arena. Then in October 2020, Wizards of the Coast announced a new ongoing ticketed series for Dungeons & Dragons called D&D Virtual Play Weekends which are organized by Baldman Games. This monthly event includes the option of either Adventurers League legal games or non-AL games. In May 2021, the in-store suspension was lifted in the United States, Japan and Africa but not in Latin America or Europe.

WPN sanctioned events

In order to play in sanctioned events, players must register for membership. Previously, players would receive a DCI number. This number is up to 10 digits long, and uniquely identifies a competitor in a sanctioned tournament. In 2017, players were encouraged to create a Wizards Account which would include a player's DCI number. Starting in 2020, there was a transition to sanctioned events requiring a player to have a Wizards Account instead of a DCI number.

The WPN previously maintained a global player ratings database (formerly based on a variation of the Elo rating system; then based on "Planeswalker Points", earned for participating in events as well as for each win) and members had access to their entire tournament history online. However, in 2020, both the database and "Planeswalker Points" were retired. Newsweek reported that "your DCI number and the website that lets you track your tournament process back decades will be taken offline [...]. Players have been responding on reddit and Twitter to the removal of the archival with either disdain or acceptance". Epicstream commented that the "move to remove the old Planeswalker Points system is understandable. The Wizards Account and Companion app will simplify everything, and due to privacy laws, local game stores can no longer store local databases so each player will need to type the event into the app or give the organizer their Wizards Account email address".

If a member commits frequent or flagrant rules infractions, their membership can be suspended for variable amounts of time depending on the severity, from one month to lifetime.

Participating stores
The WPN outlines various rules participating stores must follow along with various metrics they must meet in order to stay in the WPN network. Since January 2018, Wizards of the Coast has required participating stores to pay for background checks (where legal) on employees or others involved in the administering of WPN events. Additionally, Wizards of the Coast made an explicit "requirement that WPN stores not employ staff or engage others whose names appear on a sex offender registry 'and/or have been convicted... for a violent sexual offense or a crime against children'." Milton Griepp, for the industry trade ICv2, commented that this change occurred after recent social media coverage on a Magic judge who "was discovered to be listed on a sex offenders registry. To make things worse, the situation had been reported to an email address maintained by Magic Judges, 'an independent community-run organization that operates and manages the judge community and the Judge Conduct Committee,' way back in July 2017".

Stores were previously divided into levels (Core, Advanced and Advanced Plus) and received different benefits based on their store level. Since 2019, stores are divided into WPN Stores and WPN Premium Stores ("about 5% of all WPN stores"). Metrics are measured by what WPN calls Tickets and Engaged Players. Tickets are "the total number of entries across all of a store's Magic: The Gathering events" and Engaged Players are "players who join six events, in either Standard, Draft, or Sealed, per year". To stay in the WPN Network, stores must reach a minimum of 5 Engaged players and 250 Tickets per year. Stores will also receive player incentives, such as promo packs, based on their exact metrics. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, these metrics were suspended. However, Wizards of the Coast began encouraging WPN stores to run events again by resuming metric counts in July 2021. Jeffrey Dohm-Sanchez, for ICv2, highlighted that this metric rollout was limited to the US region with other regions to follow in the future. He wrote that "retailers will have an entire year to build up their metrics for allocations as a grace period, and during this time, allocations will either be based on the Q1 2020 or live metrics. After the grace period ends, the live metrics will determine allocations. It is also to be noted that all formats will now count towards the Engaged Players portion of the metrics. Prior to the pandemic, only Standard, Booster Draft and Sealed events counted towards this metric. Now, any form of Magic played in a retailer's community can contribute to the number of Engaged Players". Also in 2021, Wizards of the Coast required participating stores to transition from the Wizards Event Reporter (WER) to the Wizards EventLink system in order to stay in the WPN network as the WER was being decommissioned.

Tournaments

Ranking
Until September 2011, the WPN maintained rules and assigned players ratings for three basic categories in Magic: Constructed, Eternal, and Limited. These categories recorded a player's ranking based on their records of wins and losses. A fourth rating category, Composite, was the average of a player's Constructed and Limited ratings. Starting in 2010, the WPN introduced a new rating category, called Total rating. This rating replaced most of the existing individual ratings. While the other ratings were still published, Total replaced the other categories for rating-based invitations and byes.

The rating system was discontinued in 2011 in favor of a points-based system, known as Planeswalker Points, administered by Wizards of the Coast. This system awarded points for participating in a tournament, as well as additional points for each win during the event. This system replaced the rating system for invitations and byes. In 2020, Planeswalker Points were retired.

Judge Program

The WPN was also the home of the Judge Program. Early in Magic's competitive history, the event's organizers needed a system for training and certifying qualified tournament officials. To have a measure of capability of the judges the WPN introduced judge levels. Over time the Judge Program grew and transformed, and is now an independent organization.

Friday Night Magic

"Thousands of games shops" participate in Friday Night Magic (FNM), an event sponsored by the WPN; it is advertised as "the event where new players can approach the game, and start building their community". FNM offers both sanctioned tournament formats and all casual formats. In 2018, The New Yorker reported that "even as it has grown in popularity and size, Magic flies low to the ground. It thrives on the people who gather at lunch tables, in apartments, or in one of the six thousand stores worldwide that Wizards has licensed to put on weekly tournaments dubbed Friday Night Magic". FNM tournaments can act as a stepping-stone to more competitive play.

Major tournaments

Other tournaments
Pre-release tournaments are held in hundreds of locations around the world several days before each new expansion, or set, is available for sale in stores. The pre-release provides a casual play atmosphere and a preview of new cards and sets. Before 2008, pre-release tournaments were limited to those with Premier Tournament Organizer status; it was then opened up to WPN stores.

Friday Night Magic (FNM) tournaments and Arena Leagues (currently defunct) are offered in many stores and clubs, allowing players to compete for special foil promo cards and other prizes (rarely involving a cash top prize). These tournaments are mostly for amateurs and first-time players seeking a start in professional play. The WPN will also run other regional tournaments such as the 2021 Store Challenger Series for participating WPN stores in the APAC region.

Many other stores, school clubs, and community groups hold WPN-sanctioned events on a regular basis. Events are also held at almost all gaming conventions, such as Origins and Gen Con. In addition, some companies hold tournament series for Magic: The Gathering at locations across the US outside of WPN regulation.

Hecatomb
Hecatomb was supported by the DCI over its short lifetime. In August 2006, it was announced that the game would no longer be produced by Wizards of the Coast, and the DCI ceased to support it.

References

Magic: The Gathering
Year of establishment missing

Wizards Play Network


Alex Morenno, nome artístico de Alex da Silva Moreno (Atibaia, 20 de maio de 1978), é um ator, diretor, bailarino, coreógrafo e preparador corporal brasileiro.

Carreira
Assim que chegou à São Paulo em 2000, ficou em cartaz por 7 anos com o grupo de humor Os Cretinos com Oscar Filho e amigos.

Estreou na TV em 2009 na novela Cama de Gato, interpretando o personagem Luck.

De 2011 à 2016, dirigiu a Comissão de Frente da escola de samba Tom Maior.

Em 2013, foi coreógrafo e preparador corporal Carrossel - O Show produzido pelo SBT e Abrava Produções.

Em 2016, também assinou a coreografia e a preparação corporal do musical Cartola - O Mundo É Um Moinho, Direção Roberto Lage.

Em 2017, viveu o maquiavélico Francisco de Castro, irmão de Domitila, na novela Novo Mundo e em 2019 viveu o vilão Robson em Órfãos da Terra, ambas na Globo.

Rodou o Brasil fazendo Advocacia Segundo os Irmãos Marx com Heloisa Périssé e em 2019 interpretou Vincent Van Gogh na peça Van Gogh por Gauguin, texto de Thelma Guedes e direção de Roberto Lage.

Em 2021, lançou sua marca de roupas, a O Escafandro.

Em 2022, estreou na RecordTV na novela Reis para interpretar os personagens Obede e Eliabe em diferentes fases.

Filmografia

Televisão

Teatro

Naturais de Atibaia
Atores do estado de São Paulo
Atores de teatro do Brasil
Atores de televisão do Brasil

Alex Morenno


El Aeropuerto de Huehuetenango  es un aeropuerto en Huehuetenango la cabecera del departamento de Huehuetenango, Guatemala.

Tiene una pista de 836 metros de longitud y 30 metros de ancho.

Aerolíneas y destinos

Destinos nacionales

Estadísticas de Tráfico

Véase también
 Lista de aeropuertos de Guatemala

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Aeropuertos de Guatemala

Aeropuerto de Huehuetenango


An Pitcairnia puberula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez ngan John Donnell Smith. An Pitcairnia puberula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia puberula


142091 Omerblaes este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
142091 Omerblaes este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Sebastian F. Hönig. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,42 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 6,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 142001-143000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

142091 Omerblaes


José Miguel Acevedo Garrido (Rancagua, Chile, 11 de diciembre de 1985) es un futbolista chileno que juega de Arquero Actualmente en Malleco Unido de la Segunda División Profesional de Chile.

Trayectoria
Inició su carrera futbolística en los cadetes de la Universidad Católica O'Higgins de Rancagua. El año 2007 fue enviado a préstamo a Deportes Santa Cruz, donde fue uno de los elementos más rescatables del equipo que dirigía el exjugador loíno, Italo Díaz.

En el año 2008 llegó a Naval de Talcahuano en donde fue una de las principales figuras para el ascenso al fútbol profesional. En 2012 fue cedido en calidad de préstamo al equipo loíno.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en BDFA
 Ficha en Soccerway

Nacidos en Rancagua
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Cobreloa en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Naval de Talcahuano
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Santa Cruz
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo O'Higgins en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Copiapó en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Universidad Católica en los años 2000
Futbolistas de Deportes Iberia
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Valdivia en los años 2010
Futbolistas de las inferiores del Club Deportivo O'Higgins
Guardametas de fútbol de Chile

José Acevedo Garrido


Sultan Sir Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj Ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah  (Jawi: ; 13 May 1898 – 1 September 1960) was the second Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya from 14 April to 1 September 1960, and the sixth Sultan of Selangor between 1938–1942 and again from 1945–1960.

Early life and education

He was the third son of Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah ibni Raja Muda Musa (1863–1938) by Cik Puan Hasnah binti Pilong, a commoner wife. Named Tengku Alam Shah at birth, he was not expected to succeed as he had two elder half-brothers.

Educated at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar, he was instrumental in the establishment of the Malay College Old Boys Association (MCOBA) in 1929. In 1931, he was appointed Tengku Laksamana of Selangor, having previously served as Tengku Panglima Raja.

Selangor succession dispute

Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah had multiple children, his first three sons in chronological order being Tengku Musa Eddin, Tengku Badar Shah and Tengku Alam Shah. The first two sons were children by his royal consort, Tengku Ampuan Maharum binti Tengku Dhiauddin of the royal house of Kedah. In 1903, Tunku Musa Eddin had been made Tengku Mahkota and was promoted to Raja Muda or heir apparent in 1920.

However, at the instigation of the British Resident, Theodore Samuel Adams (1885–1961; in office 1935 – 1937), Tengku Musa Eddin was dismissed as Raja Muda in 1934 for alleged "misbehaviour". Adams had accused Tengku Musa Eddin as a spendthrift and wastrel with a penchant for gambling. However, many Malays in Selangor believed the real reason for Tengku Musa Eddin's dismissal was his refusal to follow Adam's orders.

Although Sultan Sulaiman pleaded for the case of Tengku Musa Eddin (even petitioning the Secretary of State for the Colonies and discussing the issue directly with him in London), Tengku Alam Shah was instead proclaimed Raja Muda or heir to the throne over the head of his other half-brother Tengku Badar. The appointment occurred on 20 July 1936.

First reign as Sultan of Selangor

Tengku Alam Shah was proclaimed Sultan on 4 April  1938, four days after the death of his father. On 26 January 1939, he was crowned at Istana Mahkota Puri in Klang. Tengku Musa Eddin, then Tengku Kelana Jaya Putera, presided over the ceremony.

Japanese occupation

On 15 January 1942, Col. Fujiyama, the Japanese Military Governor of Selangor, invited Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah to King's House in Kuala Lumpur.  In an interview with Major-General Minaki, the Sultan confessed that he had made speeches in support of the British war efforts but had been persuaded by the British resident to do so. After being told to surrender the regalia to his older brother, the Japanese removed Sultan Alam Shah and in November 1943, proclaimed Tengku Musa Eddin as the new Sultan Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah of Selangor.

Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah declined to work with the Japanese and from 1943, refused their allowance awarded to him and his children.

Second reign as Sultan of Selangor

The return of the British finally brought Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah back to the throne, while ex-Sultan Musa was exiled to the Cocos Keeling Islands. Although he had signed the Malayan Union treaty, like all other Malay rulers, he later repudiated it and gave open support to Malay nationalist effort to overthrow the plan.

On 1 March 1946, Sultan Alam Shah officiated the First Malay Unity Congress at the Sultan Sulaiman Club in Kuala Lumpur which was instrumental in creating UMNO. The Congress was organised by the Selangor Malay Society (PMS) which had as its president the scholar Zainal Abidin Ahmad (Za'ba), a critic of British colonial rule.

Election as Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong

On 31 August 1957, by eight votes to one, Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah was elected Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong of independent Malaya.

Election as Yang di-Pertuan Agong

Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah was elected second Yang di-Pertuan Agong or federal Paramount Ruler of independent Malaya (the present Malaysia before the accession of British North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore in 1963) on the death of Tuanku Abdul Rahman. His term of office began on 14 April 1960. On 30 July 1960 he proclaimed the end of the Emergency in Malaya.

Death and funeral

Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah died from an unidentified illness at Istana Tetamu, in Kuala Lumpur on 1 September 1960, aged 62, the day fixed for his installation. He was interred at the Royal Mausoleum near Sultan Sulaiman Mosque in Klang, Selangor on 3 September 1960. The Malayan throne passed to the next state.

Personal life and family

Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah was married at least twice:
 in 1920 to Raja Jemaah binti Raja Ahmad (1900–1973), a member of a junior branch of the Selangor royal family, who served as Tengku Ampuan of Selangor and Raja Permaisuri Agong
 in 1927 to Kalsom binti Mahmud (1905–1990), who was the mother to Tengku Ampuan Besar Bariah of Terengganu.
 in after 1927 to Raja Halija binti Al-Marhum Sultan Idris Murshidul al Azzam Shah and Cik Haji Ngah Uteh Mariah binti Haji Sulaiman, daughter of DatoHaji Sulaiman and Fatimah binti To' Bandar Lambin

He was succeeded by his son by Raja Jemaah, Tengku Abdul Aziz Shah, as Sultan of Selangor, taking the title of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah. Sultan Salahuddin later became the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong and also died while in office like his father.

Awards and recognitions

Honour of Malaya
 :
 Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (31 August 1958)

Foreign honours
 :
  Recipient of the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal (1935)
  Recipient of the King George VI Coronation Medal (1937)
  Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) – Sir (1938)
  Recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953)
 :
 Member First Class of the Family Order of Laila Utama (DK) – Dato Laila Utama (24 September 1958)

Places named after him
Several places were named after him, including:
 Kolej Islam Sultan Alam Shah (previously known as Kolej Islam Kelang), was named after him.
 Sekolah Alam Shah (now Sekolah Sultan Alam Shah), first in Cheras and then in Putrajaya, was named after him.
 SMS Alam Shah, carries the name of him after Sekolah Alam Shah moved to Putrajaya
 The City of Shah Alam and Istana Alam Shah in Klang was also named in his honour.
 Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin (formerly Victory Avenue), Kuala Lumpur was named after him
 Shah Alam Cemetery
 Shah Alam Circuit
 Shah Alam Expressway
 Shah Alam Komuter station
 Shah Alam Royal Mausoleum
 Shah Alam Royale Theatre
 Shah Alam Stadium
 Shah Alam Transfer Station
 Shah Alam–Puchong Highway
 Sultan Alam Shah Museum
 SK Shah Alam, a primary school in Shah Alam, Selangor
 SK Satu Sultan Alam Shah, a primary school in Petaling Jaya, Selangor
 SK (2) Sultan Alam Shah, a primary school in Petaling Jaya, Selangor
 SK Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, a primary school in Kuala Lumpur
 SMK Shah Alam, a secondary school in Shah Alam, Selangor
 SAM Sultan Hisamuddin Sungai Bertih, a secondary school in Klang, Selangor
 SAMT Sultan Hisamuddin, a secondary school in Klang, Selangor
 Kolej Komuniti Shah Alam, a community college in Shah Alam, Selangor
 Shah Alam Hospital in Shah Alam, Selangor
 Taman Tasik Shah Alam
 Shah Alam National Botanical Park
 Persiaran Hishamuddin
 Persiaran Hishamuddin LRT station

Trivia
 His reign was the shortest ever for any Yang di-Pertuan Agong, lasting only 139 days. His son's reign, from 21 September 1999 and 21 November 2001 was the second shortest at two years and sixty two days.
 He is the only Yang di-Pertuan Agong never to have been officially installed.
 He is the only Yang di-Pertuan Agong who never lived at Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur.
 He was the last Yang di-Pertuan Agong to read the Friday sermon himself.

References

Monarchs of Malaysia
Hisamuddin
1898 births
1960 deaths
Monarchs who abdicated
Hisamuddin
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Bugis descent
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
20th-century Malaysian politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm

Hisamuddin of Selangor


DBC Pierre (d. 1961), Tanrı Vernon Little (Vernon God Little) adlı romanıyla 2003 Man Booker Ödülü'nü kazanan Avustralyalı yazar.

Eserleri
 Tanrı Vernon Little (Vernon God Little, 2003)
 Ludmila's Broken English (2006)
 Suddenly Doctor Cox (2009)
 Lights Out in Wonderland (2010)

Dış bağlantılar

1961 doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Avustralyalı yazarları
21. yüzyıl Avustralyalı yazarları
Yaşayan insanlar

DBC Pierre


Newtownards Road je ulica u istočnom Belfastu u Sjevernoj Irkoj. Većinsko stanovništvo pripada protestantantskoj radničkoj klasi. Ulica se proteže od središta grada prema istoku do Harland and Wolff brodogradilišta, gdje dosta stanovnika ulice radi. U središtu grada ulica prolazi pored Stormonta. Ova četvrt graniči s katoličkom četvrti Short Strand i bila je mjesto važnih dešavanja koji su se desili tijekom tzv. The Troubles u Sjevernoj Irskoj. Zid mira u Belfastu razdvaja ove četvrti.

Belfast

Newtownards Road


An Arthrostylidium sarmentosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pilg.. An Arthrostylidium sarmentosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arthrostylidium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Arthrostylidium

Arthrostylidium sarmentosum