Blackpink (hangul: 블랙핑크) ženska je četveročlana južnokorejska k-pop grupa diskografske kuće YG Entertainment. Sastoji se od članica Jennie, Jisoo, Rosé i Lise. Grupa je debitirala u kolovozu 2016. godine sa svojim single albumom Square One, na kojem su se pojavili "Whistle" i "Boombayah", njihovi prvi broj jedan na južnokorejskoj Gaon Digital Chart i Billboard World Digital Song Sales ljestvici. Njihovi se obožavatelji jednim imenom zovu "blink". Najpoznatija su ženska k-pop grupa na svijetu. Tijekom 2018. i 2019. postale su globalno poznate (zbog njihove pjesme ddu-ddu-ddu-ddu), te su imale svoju prvu svjetsku turneju.

Članovi

 Jisoo (지수) – Glavni vokal, vizualni predstavnik grupe
 Jennie (제니) – Glavni reper, vodeći vokal, vodeći plesač
 Rosé (로제) – Glavni vokal
 Lisa (리사) – vodeći reper, glavni plesač

Izvori
https://www.bu.edu/lernet/artemis/years/2017/projects/StudentWebsites/Michelle/pages/BlackPink.html

https://kprofiles.com/black-pink-members-profile/

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice (korejski, engleski)

WorldCat
MusicBrainz

Južnokorejski pop glazbeni sastavi

Blackpink


Asarcık, Çorum ilinin İskilip ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 59 km, İskilip ilçe merkezine 27 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

İskilip belde ve köyleri

Asarcık, İskilip


127545 Crisman este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
127545 Crisman este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitt Peak National Observatory de Robert L. Millis. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,26 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 4,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 127001-128000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

127545 Crisman


Stephen Simpson, né le  à Poole en Angleterre, est un pilote automobile Sud Africain qui participe à des épreuves d'endurance au volant de Sport-prototype dans différents championnats comme le WeatherTech SportsCar Championship et l'American Le Mans Series.

Carrière

En 2017, comme lors des saisons précédentes, Stephen Simpson s'était engagé avec l'écurie américaine JDC-Miller Motorsports afin de participer au championnat WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. L'écurie américaine, après de avoir concouru dans la catégorie PC lors de la saison 2016, avait décidé de s'engager dans la catégorie reine du championnat, c'est-à-dire la catégorie prototype, et c'est ainsi que Stephen Simpson avait pu conduire une Oreca 07 avec comme coéquipers les pilotes Chris Miller et Mikhail Goikhberg ainsi que Mathias Beche qui les avaient aidé pour les 24 Heures de Daytona. Lors de cette première manche du championnat Stephen Simpson réalisa le  temps des qualifications et la voiture avait fini en  position de la catégorie prototype à 13 tours de l'équipage vainqueur. Lors des 12 Heures de Sebring, la seconde manche du championnat américain, Stephen Simpson s'était montré particulièrement véloce lors des essais libres en réalisant le meilleur temps de la première séance. Malheureusement, lors de la course, la voiture avait fini au pied du podium en  position. Il avait ensuite fallu attendre les 6 Heures de Watkins Glen pour revoir Stephen Simpson en haut de la feuille de chronométrage lors de la première séance d'essai libre.

Après avoir mené cette manche, l'Oreca 07 n°85 de l'écurie JDC Miller Motorsports avait perdu cette manche sur le fil et avait fini à 1 s 183 de la Cadillac DPi-V.R victorieuse. Lors de la manche suivante, le Grand Prix automobile de Mosport, à la suite d'un restart et de l'apparition de la pluie, l'Oreca 07 n°85 de l'écurie JDC Miller Motorsports était de nouveau monté sur la  marche du podium et Stephen Simpson avait réalisé le meilleur temps en course. À la suite de cela, Stephen Simpson a de nouveau briller lors du Road Race Showcase en réalisant le meilleur temps de la seconde séance d'essai libre. A l'issue de la saison, Stephen Simpson avait marqué 277 points et avait fini en  position du championnat pilote.

En 2018, Stephen Simpson avait poursuivi son engagement avec l'écurie américaine JDC-Miller Motorsports afin de participer au championnat WeatherTech SportsCar Championship aux mains d'une Oreca 07 avec comme coéquipier Mikhail Goikhberg. Il avait été accompagné par Chris Miller pour les courses longues. Gustavo Menezes avait rejoint l'équipage pour les 24 Heures de Daytona et la voiture avait été soutenu par un nouveau partenaire commercial de l'écurie, la société GAINSCO Auto Insurance. Bien que ralliant la ligne d'arrivée lors des manches du championnat, l'Oreca 07 n°99 n'avait pas réussi à monter sur le podium lors des cinq première manche du championnat. C'est aux 6 Heures de Watkins qu'elle réalisa sa première performance notoire en remportant la course devant l'Oreca 07 de l'écurie CORE Autosport avec 1 s 954 d'avance. Lors du Road Race Showcase, l'Oreca 07 était ensuite monté sur la  marche du podium. A l'issue de la saison, Stephen Simpson avait marqué 252 points et avait fini de nouveau en  position du championnat pilote.

En 2019, Stephen Simpson avait poursuivi son engagement avec l'écurie américaine JDC-Miller Motorsports afin de participer au championnat WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. Par rapport aux saison précédente, cela ne s'était pas passé aux mains d'une Oreca 07 mais d'une Cadillac DPi-V.R dans la catégorie DPi avec le numéro 84. Son coéquipier avait également changé et c'est avec le pilote suisse Simon Trummer qu'il avait participé a l'intégralité de la saison. Pour les courses longues, comme les saisons précédentes, Chris Miller l'avait accompagné. Le pilote colombien  les avait accompagnés lors des 24 Heures de Daytona. Le passage de l'Oreca 07 à la Cadillac DPi-V.R s'était révélé plus difficile que prévu et les performances de Stephen Simpson avaient été en retrait par rapport aux saisons précédentes et le meilleur classement lors de ce championnat fut une  place les Sports Car Classic. A l'issue de la saison, Stephen Simpson avait marqué 237 points et avait fini de nouveau en  position du championnat pilote.

En 2020, Stephen Simpson avait annoncé qu'il ne piloterait plus pour l'écurie américaine JDC-Miller Motorsports dans le championnat WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. Malgré cette annonce, il avait participé avec cette même écurie a certaine manche au championnat WeatherTech SportsCar Championship aux mains d'une Cadillac DPi-V.R. Sa meilleure performance avait été une 4e place lors des 12 Heures de Sebring. A cela s'était rajouté un programme en Michelin Pilot Challenge avec le JDC-Miller Motorsports aux mains d'une Audi RS 3 LMS TCR.

En 2021, Stephen Simpson s'était engagé avec l'écurie autrichienne GRT Grasser Racing Team afin de participer au 12 Heured se Sebring aux mains d'une Lamborghini Huracán GT3 Evo dans la catégorie GTD.

Palmarès

Résultats en A1 Grand Prix

Résultats en American Le Mans Series

Résultats en WeatherTech SportsCar Championship

Notes et références

Liens externes

 ;

  Stephen Simpson sur driverdb.com
  Stephen Simpson sur motorsportmagazine.com
  Stephen Simpson sur racingsportscars.com

Naissance en janvier 1984
Pilote automobile sud-africain
Pilote des 24 Heures de Daytona
Pilote du Championnat unifié des voitures de sport
Pilote des American Le Mans Series

Stephen Simpson (pilote automobile)


Gionata Mingozzi (Rávena, Italia, 29 de diciembre de 1984 - Campagna Lupia, Italia, 15 de julio de 2008), fue un futbolista italiano, se desempeñaba como centrocampista y su último club fue el FC Treviso.

Biografía

Comenzó su carrera en el club de su ciudad natal, el Ravenna Calcio, allí demostró su buen hacer, siendo fichado por el Perugia en verano de 2004.

En verano de 2005 se marchó a la UC Sampdoria haciendo su debut en febrero de 2006 contra el AC Siena, pero su participación en el club de Génova fue escasa, de modo que se marchó cedido al US Lecce para la temporada 2006-07.

En verano de 2007 fichó por el FC Treviso de la Serie B italiana.

Fallecimiento

El 15 de julio de 2008, Mingozzi falleció en un accidente de tráfico mientras conducía su Porsche en Campagna Lupia, una localidad de la provincia del Véneto.

Clubes

Futbolistas de Italia
Futbolistas del Ravenna Football Club 1913
Futbolistas de la Associazione Calcistica Perugia Calcio
Futbolistas de la Unione Calcio Sampdoria
Futbolistas de la Unione Sportiva Lecce
Futbolistas del Treviso Foot Ball Club 1993
Futbolistas fallecidos en competición
Fallecidos por accidentes de tráfico en Italia
Nacidos en Rávena
Fallecidos en Campagna Lupia

Gionata Mingozzi


محمد مصطفى شردي برلماني مصري من حزب الوفد الجديد من محافظة بورسعيد، ونجل مصطفى شردي أول رئيس تحرير لجريدة الوفد، ومقدم برنامج القاهرة اليوم مع الإعلامي المصري عمرو أديب. يعمل أيضا ككاتب صحفي ويشغل رئيس مجلسى الإدارة والتحرير لجريدة الوفد، وفي 15 يناير عام 2014 م بدأ بتقديم الموسم العشرين من برنامج على الهوا مع الاعلامية مريم زكي وهو اقدم برنامج توك شو في الوطن العربي ويقدم حاليا برنامج يوم بيوم على شاشة قناة النهار اليوم وهو من اقوى برامج التوك شو في مصر.

الخبرات الاعلامية
	بدأ حياته كصحفي بجريدة الوفد بمجرد اطلاقها في عام 1986.
	تدرج في المناصب الصحفية حتى حصل علي منصب رئيس مجلس إدارة ورئيس تحرير جريدة الوفد.
	شارك مقالاته اليومية والأسبوعية في العديد من الصحف المصرية والعربية منها العالم اليوم، الشرق الاوسط، الوفد، الصباحية والرياض.
	دخل مجال تقديم البرامج في عام 2008 من خلال برنامج القاهرة اليوم مع الاعلامي عمرو أديب.

التراجم
	ترجم أكثر من 85 كتاباً في مجالات الاقتصاد والسياسة والجاسوسية والظواهر غير الطبيعية وتم نشرها في صحف : الوفد، الصباحية، الشرق الأوسط والعالم اليوم.

الخبرات السياسية
	يشغل حاليا منصب مساعد رئيس حزب الوفد.
	شارك في الاشراف علي الحملة الرئاسية لرئيس حزب الوفد في انتخابات عام 2005 .
	عمل كمتحدث رسمي لحزب الوفد وترأس عدة لجان متخصصة داخل الحزب.

الخبرات البرلمانية
 عضو مجلس الشيوخ 2020 بالتعيين.
 عضوية البرلمان عن دائرة المناخ بمحافظة بورسعيد (2005 – 2010).
 تولي منصب نائب رئيس الكتلة البرلمانية لحزب الوفد بمجلس الشعب.
 عضو بارز بلجنة العلاقات الخارجية ومثل مصر في العديد من المؤتمرات الدولية.
 عضو البرلمان الدولي – لجنة الحريات (2006-2010).
 عضو البرلمان الأفريقي – لجنة الموارد المائية (2008-2010).
 مستشار جمعية برلمانيون من أجل التحرك العالمي بنيويورك.

خبرات العلاقات العامة
يعد واحد من الخبراء المتخصصين في مجال العلاقات العامة وإدارة الأزمات وتنظيم الاحتفالات والمؤتمرات والاستشارات الاعلامية.
مؤسس ومدير عام شركة إديتور للعلاقات العامة والإعلام منذ 15 عاماً.
	محاضر ومدرب إعلامى متخصص.
	قام بتدريب 135 قنصل وملحق دبلوماسي مصري علي التعامل مع وسائل الاعلام المحلية والعربية والاجنبية.

الشهادات العلمية
التعليم الأساسى – دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة.
التعليم الجامعى والدراسات العليا:
	جامعة تنسى – أمريكا – لغة إنجليزية.
	جامعة إنديانا – بلومنجتون – أمريكا – لغة إنجليزية متقدمة.
	جامعة إنديانا ستيت – تراهوت – أمريكا – إدارة أعمال وصحافة.
	جامعة القاهرة – ليسانس آداب لغة إنجليزية.
	جامعة جاكسون – ولاية ميسيسيبى – أمريكا – دراسات صحفية.
	جامعة بوسطن – ماسيشيوستس – أمريكا – دراسات صحفية وعلاقات إعلامية.

وصلات خارجية
 لقاء ساخن جدا مع عضو مجلس الشعب محمد شردي
 فوازير محمد شردي الرمضانية  فعلا محتاجينك تشترك في الحروب..وقلولي رايكم ايه في الفيديو ده؟
 محمد شردي: حياته رحلة عطاء كبيرة مليئة بالطموح والأمل

مراجع

أشخاص من بورسعيد
أعضاء مجلس الشعب المصري 2005
رؤساء تحرير مصريون
سياسيو حزب الوفد
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
ليبراليون مصريون
مواليد القرن 20

محمد مصطفى شردي


Edward Chaytor, né le 21 juin 1868 à Motueka (Nouvelle-Zélande), mort le 15 juin 1939 à Londres, est un militaire néo-zélandais qui s'est distingué dans la seconde guerre des Boers puis pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.

Biographie
Edward Walter Clervaux Chaytor, né en 1868, est le fils de John Clervaux Chaytor et l'arrière-petit-fils du baronnet  (1771-1847), industriel britannique et député whig à la Chambre des communes. De 1880 à 1884, il étudie au collège de Nelson avant de devenir éleveur de moutons à Spring Creek près de Blenheim dans l'île du Sud.

Pendant la guerre des Boers (1899-1902), il sert comme capitaine dans le  contingent néo-zélandais puis comme lieutenant-colonel dans le  contingent. Il reste dans l'armée néo-zélandaise après la guerre.

Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, il fait partie du contingent néo-zélandais de la Force expéditionnaire égyptienne dans la bataille des Dardanelles puis dans la campagne du Sinaï et de la Palestine. À la fin de 1915, il est nommé chef de la brigade montée néo-zélandaise. En 1916, à la veille de la bataille de Romani, il va personnellement reconnaître les lignes ottomanes en aéroplane. En 1917, il est nommé major général et chef de la division montée de l'ANZAC. Pendant la bataille de Rafa (janvier 1917), il désobéit à l'ordre de retraite donné par le général Philip Chetwode et s'empare de la principale position ennemie. En février 1918, il prend part à la bataille de Jéricho.

En septembre 1918, il commande une unité  de l'Empire britannique désignée comme « Chaytor Force » destinée à faire diversion dans la vallée du Jourdain tandis que l'offensive principale disloque les armées ottomanes à Megiddo. Il a sous ses ordres la division montée de l'ANZAC, deux bataillons d'infanterie de l'armée de l'Inde, les  et  bataillons de la Légion juive complétés par des recrues des Indes occidentales britanniques, plus quatre batteries d'artillerie. La prise d'Amman permet à cette force de faire plusieurs milliers de prisonniers. La  armée ottomane de Mehmed Djemal Pacha doit battre en retraite vers le nord.

En 1919, Chaytor est nommé commandant en chef de la Force de défense néo-zélandaise. L'année suivante, il reçoit du prince de Galles, futur Édouard VIII, la médaille de chevalier commandeur de l'ordre royal de Victoria. Il prend sa retraite en 1924. Il est remplacé par le major-général  qui meurt subitement quelques mois plus tard.

Vie privée
Edward Chaytor avait épousé le 17 juin 1898 Louisa Jane Collins ; ils ont trois enfants dont Edward John Clervaux Chaytor (1903–1976), plus tard brigadier d'artillerie, et Katherine qui épouse Robert Gooch (1903-1978), colonel dans l'armée territoriale britannique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Après avoir quitté le service, Edward Chaytor se retire à Londres où il meurt le .

L'historien militaire britannique  décrit le général Chaytor comme .

Références
 dans sa version du .

Liens externes

 Teara-Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, "Story: Chaytor, Edward Walter Clervaux"

Naissance en juin 1868
Décès en juin 1939
Militaire néo-zélandais de la Première Guerre mondiale
Chevalier commandeur de l'ordre royal de Victoria
Chevalier commandeur de l'ordre de Saint-Michel et Saint-Georges
Chevalier commandeur de l'ordre du Bain
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de l'Aigle blanc (Serbie)
Décès à 63 ans

Edward Chaytor


An Agrostis boormanii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joyce Winifred Vickery. An Agrostis boormanii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha New South Wales. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis boormanii


Melaku ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Elfenesh Melaku (* 1985), äthiopische Marathonläuferin
 Fershgenet Melaku (* 1986),  US-amerikanische Rapperin, Model und Schauspielerin, bekannt als LoLa Monroe

Melaku


Salvaterra de Magos  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Alentejo bölgesine bağlı Lezíria do Tejo altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 6 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Foros de Salvaterra
 Glória do Ribatejo
 Granho
 Marinhais
 Muge
 Salvaterra de Magos

Dış bağlantılar
 Salvaterra de Magos fotoğrafları

Lezíria do Tejo'nun belediyeleri

Salvaterra de Magos


Nacionalni park Bikin (ruski: Национальный парк «Бикин») je ruski nacionalni park stvoren 3. studenoga 2015. kako bi se zaštitila najveća mješovita šuma sjeverne zemljine polutke, kao i 10% svih amurskih tigrova u divljini. Park također štiti i šumsku kulturu 600 autohtonih stanovnika doline rijeke Bikin, Udegejci i Nanajci. Njihov tradicionalni način života podrazumjeva lov, ribolov i skupljanje češera i oraha, te njima pripada 68% parka, dok je ostatak namijenjen konzervaciji, znanstvenim istraživanjima i eko-turizmu.

Njegovih 11.600 km² se proteže sjeverom oblasti Primorski kraj i Habarovski kraj, od zapadnih obronaka planina Sihote-Alinj, te povezuje rijeku Amur na zapadu do primorske regije na istoku. Tok rijeke Bikin prolazi kroz izolirani planinski kraj koji je prekriven miješanim četinjačama i listopadnom šumom i ulijeva se u rijeku Usuri, pritoku Amura koji se ulijeva u Ohotsko more.

Bioraznolikost
Ovo područje je zbog veličine nedirnute kišne šume umjerene vlažne klime, što je vrlo važno za bioraznolikost životinja i biljaka. Tu je zabilježeno 51 vrsta sisavaca kao što su: sob (Rangifer tarandus), vuk i mrki medvjed (Ursus arctos lasiotus), te azijski crni medvjed (Ursus thibetanus) i 194 vrste ptica kao što su: kineska patka (Mergus squamatus) i Blakinstonova sova ribarica (Bubo blakistoni).

Park prirode Sihote-Alinj je 2001. godine upisan na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Aziji i Oceaniji zbog svoje važnosti "u očuvanju ugroženih životinja tropskog pojasa koje žive zajedno s onima iz tajgi", a 2018. godine je ovom području dodan Nacionalni park Bikin.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Središnji Sihote-Alinj na stranicama Fundacije za zaštitu prirodne baštine

Primorski kraj
Nacionalni parkovi u Rusiji
Svjetska baština u Rusiji

Nacionalni park Bikin


EM i fodbold for kvinder 1993 var det femte EM i fodbold for kvinder, afholdt af UEFA. Turneringen blev afholdt i Italien. Kvalifikationen kørte fra 1991 til 1992. Finalen blev spillet mellem hjemmeholdet  og . Norge vandt finalen 1-0.

Resultater

Semifinaler

Kamp om tredjeplads

Finale

Målscorere
2 mål
  Susan Mackensie

1 mål

  Hanne Nissen
  Maren Meinert
  Heidi Mohr

  Carolina Morace
  Birthe Hegstad
  Anne Nymark Andersen

Referencer

1993
Fodbold i 1993
Fodbold i Italien

EM i fodbold for kvinder 1993


(22 de enero de 1983) es un luchador profesional japonés, más conocido por su trabajo en Dramatic Dream Team y Pro Wrestling El Dorado.

Carrera

Toryumon (2002)
Takanashi entrenó en el Último Dragón Gym, pero no fue capaz de superar los estándares del dojo y fue trasladado al DDT Dojo en Dramatic Dream Team, sin poder hacer su debut en Toryumon. A pesar de ello, Takanashi no rompió contactos con el sistema del Gym.

Dramatic Dream Team (2002-presente)
Ya en Dramatic Dream Team, Takanashi fue capaz por fin de debutar, bajo el nombre de Masa Takanashi.

Ice Ribbon (2006-presente)
El 15 de octubre de 2006 Takanashi debutó en la recientemente fundada promoción femenina Ice Ribbon, bajo el nombre de Ribbon Takanashi. A partir de entonces, Masahiro se convirtió en el único luchador masculino en actuar regularmente en la empresa, ayudando a Emi Sakura a entrenar luchadoras en el dojo de Ice Ribbon. En julio de 2008, Takanashi ganó su primer título en la empresa cuando, adoptando como gimmick una versión femenina de sí mismo llamada Masako Takanashi, hizo equipo con Chon-ko (la versión femenina de Chon Shiryu) para derrotar a Etsuko Mita & Makoto y así ganar el International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. Esto les haría los primeros hombres en poseer el título, aunque lo perderían de nuevo ante dos luchadores, esta vez Yuki Sato & Riho. Volviendo a su antiguo nombre, Takanashi hizo equipo con Emi Sakura para intentar recapturar el campeonato, pero no lo consiguieron.

Durante su reinado como poseedor del DDT Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship, Takanashi lo perdió en Ice Ribbon contra Emi Sakura a causa de su lesión, pero volvió a recuperarlo la misma noche. En septiembre, Masahiro ganó otro título cuando venció a Neko Nitta y Makoto Oishi en un combate triple por el Triangle Ribbon Championship. Sin embargo, lo perdería ante Neko Nitta meses después.

En lucha
 Movimientos finales
 Taka Tonic (Leg trap sunset flip powerbomb, a veces desde una posición elevada)
 Bacchus (Cutthroat somersault cradle pin)
 Golden Arm Bomber (Ura-nage)

 Movimientos de firma
 Mamushi Vice (Cobra clutch) - 2006; adoptado de Poison Sawada JULIE
 Dropkick, a veces desde una posición elevada
 Enzuigiri
 Figure four leglock
 Running hip attack
 Shining wizard
 Slingshot leg trap sunset flip powerbomb
 Senton bomb
 Straight jacket DDT
 Superkick

 Mánagers
 Bear Fukuda

Campeonatos y logros
 Dramatic Dream Team
 DDT Extreme Championship (1 vez)
 DDT Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (9 veces)
 GAY World Anal Championship (1 vez)
 JET World Jet Championship (1 vez)
 KO-D Tag Team Championship (2 veces) - con Seiya Morohashi (1) y Daisuke Sekimoto (1)
 UWA World Trios Championship (1 vez) - con Hikaru Sato & Danshoku Dino

 Ice Ribbon
 Triangle Ribbon Championship (1 vez)
 International Ribbon Tag Team Championship (1 vez) - con Chon Shiryu
 Go! Go! Golden Mixed Tag Tournament (2012) – con Kurumi

Referencias

Luchadores profesionales de Japón
Presentadores de lucha libre profesional
Deportistas de la prefectura de Chiba

Masahiro Takanashi


Cremona er en by og kommune i Norditalien med  indbyggere. Byen er hovedstad i provinsen Cremona og beliggende i regionen Lombardiet, hvor bifloden Adda løber ud i Po.

Stradivarius-violinerne blev bygget i byen.

Venskabsbyer
Cremona er venskabsby med:

  Alaquàs, Spanien
  Krasnojarsk, Rusland

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Cremona Kommune

Byer i Lombardiet
Cremona (provins)

Cremona


Olaylar
 415 - 404 yılında çıkan isyanda yakılan Ayasofya kilisesi, Bizans İmparatoru II. Theodosius tarafından yeniden yaptırılarak açıldı.
 680 - Kerbelâ Olayı: Muhammed'in torunu İmam Hüseyin, Kerbela'da başı kesilerek öldürüldü.
 1780 - Karayipler'de meydana gelen "Büyük Kasırga"da yaklaşık 20000 kişi öldü.
 1813 - Dresden Kuşatması başladı.
 1847 - İstanbul'da güneş tutulması izlendi.
 1858 - Küba'da İspanyol İmparatorluğu'na karşı bağımsızlık hareketi başladı.
 1896 - The Times gazetesinin kitap eki The Times Literary Supplement'''ın ilk sayısı çıktı.
 1903 - Emmeline Pankhurst, İngiltere'de kadınların kurtuluşu mücadelesini yürütmek üzere "Kadının Sosyal ve Politik Birliği"ni kurdu.
 1911 - Sun Yat-sen liderliğindeki devrimciler Çin'de Mançu Hanedanını devirdi.
 1920 - Kuveyt şehrinin batısındaki El Cehre'de Cehre Muharebesi gerçekleşti.
 1930 - Türkiye, Barzani Aşireti'nin yaklaşık dört ay süren Oramar Ayaklanması'nı bastırdı.
 1933 - United Airlines Havayolu Şirketi'ne ait bir uçağa sabotaj yapıldı. Düşürülen ilk sivil uçak oldu.
 1938 - Çekoslovakya Hükûmeti, Münih Antlaşması gereğince Südetler bölgesini Almanya'ya devretti.
 1944 - Nazi katliamı: 800 Çingene çocuk sistematik bir şekilde Auschwitz kampında öldürüldü.
 1945 - Kim İl-sung önderliğinde Kore İşçi Partisi kuruldu.
 1964 - 18. Yaz Olimpiyatları Tokyo'da başladı.
 1965 - Genel Seçim sonuçları: AP 240 Milletvekili ile çoğunluğu elde etti. CHP 134, MP 31, YTP 19, TİP 15, CKMP 11 Milletvekili çıkardı. TBMM tarihinde ilk kez bir sosyalist parti (TİP-Türkiye İşçi Partisi) 15 Milletvekili ile grup kurmaya hak kazandı.
 1969 - Fikir Kulüpleri Federasyonu (FKF), Devrimci Gençlik Dernekleri Federasyonu (Dev-Genç) adını aldı.
 1970 - İngiliz sömürgesi Fiji bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1975 - Bandırma'da Etibank Boraks ve Asit Fabrikaları'nda direniş başladı.
 1975 - Papua Yeni Gine, Birleşmiş Milletler'e üye oldu.
 1976 - Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemeleri kaldırıldı (1982-2004 arası tekrar kuruldu).
 1980 - Devlet Başkanı Orgeneral Kenan Evren, "Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin Dikkate Alacağı ve Uyacağı Hususlar" başlıklı emrini yayımladı: "Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri mensuplarının sahip olduğu ideoloji ATATÜRKçülüktür."
 1980 - El Salvador'da Farabundo Martí Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi kuruldu.
 1982 - Auschwitz toplama kampında tanımadığı bir siyasi tutuklu yerine ceza almaya gönüllü olarak hayatını yitiren rahip Maximilian Kolbe, aziz ilan edildi.
 1985 - Amerikan F-14 savaş uçakları, Achille Lauro yolcu gemisini kaçıran korsanları taşıyan bir Mısır uçağını, Sicilya'daki bir NATO üssüne inmeye zorladı. Korsanlar tutuklandı.
 1986 - San Salvador'daki 7,5 şiddetinde depremde yaklaşık 1500 kişi öldü.
 1991 - Klasik Türk müziği sanatçısı Alâeddin Yavaşça'ya Devlet Sanatçısı unvanı verildi.
 1991 - Pink Floyd, The Wall albümleri ile yaptıkları katkı nedeniyle, İngiliz Millî Tuğla Dağıtıcıları Birliği tarafından şeref listesine alındı.
 1993 - Andreas Papandreou liderliğindeki PASOK, Yunanistan'daki seçimleri kazandı.
 1997 - Meksika'da 5 gün süren ve 200 kişinin ölmesine neden olan Pauline kasırgası dindi.
 1997 - Posadas-Buenos Aires seferini yapmakta olan Arjantin Havayolları'na ait DC-9 tipi bir uçak, Uruguay'da düştü; 74 kişi öldü.
 2002 - Macar yazar Imre Kertész, Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'nü kazandı.
 2007 - İnternet üzerinden indirilebilen ilk albüm In Rainbows, Radiohead grubunun internet sitesinde piyasaya sürüldü.
 2009 - İsviçre'nin Zürih kentinde Türkiye ile Ermenistan arasında Akyaka Sınır Kapısı'nın açılması için protokol imzalandı.
 2010 - Hollanda Krallığı'na bağlı özerk Hollanda Antilleri dağıldı ve Hollanda Krallığı'na bağlı 3 yeni özerk ülke (Aruba, Curaçao ve Sint Maarten) oluştu.
 2015 - Ankara saldırısı: Ankara'da düzenlenen "Emek, Barış, Demokrasi Mitingi"nde, Ankara Garı önündeki 2 ayrı patlamada, 109 kişi öldü, 500'den fazla kişi yaralandı.

 Doğumlar
 1470 - Yavuz Sultan Selim, Osmanlı'nın 9. Padişahı (ö. 1520)
 1486 - III. Charles, 1504 ile 1553 yılları arasında Savoie Dükü olan Fransız soylu (ö. 1553)
 1684 - Antoine Watteau, Fransız ressam (ö. 1721)
 1731 - Henry Cavendish, İngiliz fizikçi ve kimyacı (ö. 1810)
 1813 - Giuseppe Verdi, İtalyan besteci (ö. 1901)
 1825 - Paul Kruger, Transvaal Cumhuriyeti Devlet Başkanı ve Boer direniş lideri (ö. 1904)
 1830 - II. Isabel, İspanya Kraliçesi (ö. 1904)
 1834 - Aleksis Kivi, Fin yazar (ö. 1872)
 1857 - Yusuf İzzeddin Efendi, Türk asker ve Osmanlı Hanedanı mensubu şehzade (ö. 1916)
 1859 - Ogata Gekkō, Japon ukiyo-e ustası ve Nihonga ressamı (ö. 1920)
 1861 - Fridtjof Nansen, Norveçli gezgin, bilim insanı, diplomat ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1930)
 1872 - Dionisios Kasdaglis, Mısırlı-Yunan tenisçi (d. 1931)

 1883 - Adolf Joffe, Rus komünist devrimci, Bolşevik siyasetçi ve Karaylar diplomatı (ö. 1927)
 1895 - Alfred Neuland, Eston halterci (ö. 1966)
 1895 - Wolfram von Richthofen, Alman savaş pilotu (Nazi Almanyası'nda Luftwaffe'nin Generalfeldmarschalli ve "Kızıl Baron"un kuzeni (ö. 1945)
 1900 - Helen Hayes, Amerikalı aktris ve En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1993)
 1901 - Alberto Giacometti, İsviçreli heykeltıraş ve ressam (ö. 1966)
 1908 - Mercè Rodoreda, Katalan romancı (ö. 1983)
 1913 - Claude Simon, Fransız yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2005)
 1923 - Nicholas Parsons, İngiliz oyuncu, radyo ve televizyon sunucusu (ö. 2020)
 1923 - Murray Walker, Formula 1 motor sporları yorumcusu (ö. 2021)
 1924 - James Clavell, Amerikalı romancı, senarist ve film yönetmeni (ö. 1994)
 1924 - Ed Wood, Amerikalı senarist, yönetmen, yapımcı ve oyuncu (ö. 1978)
 1928 - Leyla Gencer, Türk opera sanatçısı (ö. 2008)
 1929 - Ayten Alpman, Türk ses sanatçısı (ö. 2012)
 1930 - Harold Pinter, İngiliz oyun yazarı ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2008)
 1930 - Yves Chauvin, Fransız kimyacı (ö. 2015)
 1932 - Tomris Oğuzalp, Türk oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (ö. 2013)
 1932 - Üner Teoman, Türk atlet
 1932 - Pierre Bézard, Fransız hukukçu.
 1936 - Gerhard Ertl, Alman fizikçi
 1938 - Daidō Moriyama, Japon fotoğrafçı
 1941 - Peter Coyote, Amerikalı oyuncu, yönetmen ve yazar
 1941 - Ken Saro-Wiwa, Nijeryalı yazar, televizyon yapımcısı ve çevreci (ö. 1995)
 1942 - Radu Vasile, Rumen politikacı, tarihçi ve şair (ö. 2013)
 1945 - Sacit Onan, Türk yönetmen, şair ve seslendirme sanatçısı (ö. 2010)
 1946 - Taha Akyol, Türk gazeteci ve yazar
 1946 - Charles Dance, İngiliz oyuncu, senarist ve yönetmen
 1946 - Naoto Kan, Japon siyasetçi
 1946 - John Prine, Amerikalı country folk şarkıcısı, gitarist, söz yazarı ve besteci (ö. 2020)
 1948 - Séverine, Fransız şarkıcı
 1950 - Nora Roberts, Amerikalı aşk ve macera romanları yazarı
 1951 - Lam Po-chuen, Hong Konglu aktör (ö. 2015)
 1953 - Midge Ure, İskoçyalı rock'n roll gitaristi, şarkıcısı ve şarkı sözü yazarı
 1954 - Fernando Santos, Portekizli teknik direktör
 1956 - Taur Matan Ruak, Doğu Timorlu siyasetçi
 1959 - Arif Peçenek, Türk futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 2013)
 1961 - Henrik Jørgensen, Danimarkalı atlet (ö. 2019)
 1963 - Hülya Avşar, Türk sinema oyuncusu ve şarkıcı
 1963 - Anita Mui, Şarkıcı ve oyuncu (ö. 2003)
 1963 - Daniel Pearl, Amerikalı gazeteci (ö. 2002)
 1964 - Sarah Lancashire, İngiliz oyuncu
 1964 - Crystal Waters, Amerikalı dans-pop şarkıcısı ve söz yazarı
 1965 - Chris Penn, Amerikalı aktör (ö. 2006)
 1966 - Tony Adams, İngiliz teknik direktör ve eski defans oyuncusu
 1966 - İbrahim Erkal, Türk ses sanatçısı, besteci, söz yazarı ve oyuncu (ö. 2017)
 1966 - Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Amerikalı kimyager ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi
 1966 - Bai Ling, Çin asıllı Amerikalı film sanatçısı

 1967 - Gavin Newsom, Amerikalı politikacı ve iş insanı
 1967 - Michael Giacchino, Amerikalı besteci ve En İyi Özgün Müzik Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1967 - Jacek Zieliński, Polonyalı millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1968 - Feridun Düzağaç, Türk müzisyen
 1969 - Manu Bennett, Yeni Zelandalı oyuncu
 1969 - Dilşa Demirbağ-Sten, Türk-İsveçli gazeteci, yazar ve senarist
 1970 - Dean Kiely, İrlandalı millî futbolcu
 1971 - Chad Willett, Kanadalı oyuncu
 1971 - Graham Alexander, İskoç millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1971 - Elvir Bolić, Boşnak futbolcu
 1974 - Julio Cruz, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1975 - Ramón Morales, Meksikalı millî futbolcu
 1978 - Jodi Lyn O'Keefe, Amerikalı oyuncu ve model
 1979 - Mýa, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1982 - Yasir el-Kahtani, Suudi millî futbolcu
 1982 - Dan Stevens, İngiliz oyuncu ve film yapımcısı
 1983 - Lzzy Hale, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve müzisyen
 1983 - Nikos Spiropulos, Yunan millî futbolcu
 1983 - Tolga Zengin, Türk futbolcu
 1984 - Chiaki Kuriyama, Japon oyuncu, şarkıcı ve model
 1985 - Marina and the Diamonds, Yunan asıllı Galli şarkıcı
 1986 - Ezequiel Garay, Arjantinli millî futbolcu
 1986 - Nathan Jawai, Aborjin kökenli Avustralyalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1988 - Brown Ideye, Nijeryalı futbolcu
 1991 - Michael Carter-Williams, NBA takımlarından Orlando Magic'de forma giyen Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1991 - Gabriella Cilmi, Avustralyalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1991 - Lali Espósito, Arjantinli şarkıcı, söz yazarı, aktris, dansçı, model ve yönetmen
 1991 - Xherdan Shaqiri, Kosova asıllı İsviçreli millî futbolcu

 Ölümler
 19 - Germanicus, Romalı general (d. MÖ 15)
 680 - Abbas bin Ali, Ali'nin beşinci ve Ümmü'l-Benîn'in ilk oğlu (d. 647)
 680 - Ali el-Ekber, Hüseyin'in Kerbela'da öldürülen büyük oğlu (d. 662)
 680 - Hüseyin, Muhammed Peygamber'in torunu (d. 626)
 680 - Habib bin Mezahir, Kerbelâ Olayı'nda Hüseyin'in yârenlerinden
 1659 - Abel Tasman, Hollandalı denizci, kaşif ve tüccar (d. 1603)
 1800 - Gabriel Prosser, Afrikalı-Amerikalı köle (d. 1776)
 1837 - Charles Fourier, Fransız ütopik sosyalist ve filozof (d. 1772)
 1872 - William H. Seward, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 24. Dışişleri Bakanı (d. 1801)
 1875 - Aleksey Konstantinoviç Tolstoy, Rus yazar (d. 1817)
 1901 - Lorenzo Snow, İsa Mesih'in Son Zaman Azizler Kilisesi'nin 1898 yılından ölümüne kadar başkanlık yapmış 5. başkanı (d. 1814)
 1913 - Katsura Tarō, Japon asker ve Japonya Başbakanı (d. 1848)
 1914 - I. Carol, Romanya prensi (1866-1881), daha sonra Romanya'nın ilk kralı (1881-1914) (d. 1839)
 1914 - Gijsbert van Tienhoven, Hollandalı politikacı (d. 1841)
 1937 - Ahmet Refik Altınay, Türk tarihçi (d. 1881)
 1945 - Joseph Darnand, Fransız asker (d. 1897)
 1963 - Édith Piaf, Fransız ses sanatçısı (d. 1915)
 1964 - Cemil Sait Barlas, Türk siyasetçi, gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1905)
 1964 - Eddie Cantor, Amerikalı şarkıcı, komedyen, dansçı ve oyuncu (d. 1892)
 1967 - Muhammed Osman Akfırat, İslâm âlimi ve mutasavvıf
 1969 - Kurt Blome, Alman bilim insanı (Nazi Almanyası'nda) (d. 1894)
 1970 - Édouard Daladier, Fransız siyasetçi (d. 1884)
 1973 - Ludwig von Mises, Avusturyalı eski ekonomist, tarihçi, filozof ve yazar (d. 1881)
 1973 - Hermann Reinecke, Alman Asker (Nazi Almanyası generali) (d. 1888)
 1974 - Lyudmila Pavliçenko, Sovyet keskin nişancı (d. 1916)
 1977 - İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Türk tarihçi (d. 1888)
 1981 - Ali İzzet Özkan, Türk âşık (d. 1902)
 1982 - Yıldırım Önal, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı (d. 1931)
 1985 - Orson Welles, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu, film yönetmeni ve En İyi Özgün Senaryo Akademi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1915)
 1985 - Yul Brynner, Rus asıllı Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sabibi (d. 1920)
 1986 - Gleb Wataghin, Ukrayna asıllı İtalyalı ve Brezilyalı fizikçi (d. 1899)
 1987 - Behice Boran, Türk akademisyen, sosyolog ve siyasetçi (d. 1910)
 1995 - Kadir Savun, Türk sinema oyuncusu (d. 1926)
 1997 - Niyazi Lodos, Türk akademisyen ve entomolog (d. 1921)
 2000 - Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lankalı politikacı ve Dünyanın ilk kadın başbakanı (d. 1916)
 2004 - Christopher Reeve, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu (Süpermen'') (d. 1952)
 2004 - Müşerref Hekimoğlu, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1923)
 2005 - Attilâ İlhan, Türk şair, romancı, gazeteci, senarist ve eleştirmen (d. 1925)
 2005 - Milton Obote, Ugandalı siyasetçi (d. 1925)
 2008 - Nail Çakırhan, Türk gazeteci, şair ve mimar (d. 1910)
 2010 - Solomon Burke, Amerikalı blues ve soul müzik şarkıcısı (d. 1940)
 2010 - Joan Sutherland, 1950'lerin sonundan 1980'lere kadar bel kanto repertuvarıyla tanınan Avustralyalı koloratur soprano (d. 1926)
 2011 - Birsen Ayda, Türk sinema oyuncusu (d. 1946)
 2011 - Selma Soysal, Türk matematikçi ve akademisyen (d. 1924)
 2012 - Sam Gibbons, Floridalı Amerikalı politikacı (d. 1920)
 2013 - Scott Carpenter, Amerikalı eski savaş pilotu ve astronot (d. 1925)
 2013 - Nevzat Kösoğlu, Türk siyasetçi ve yazar (d. 1940)
 2014 - Finn Lied, Norveçli liberal görüşlü politikacı (d. 1916)
 2015 - Richard Heck, Amerikalı kimyacı (d. 1931)
 2015 - Steve Mackay, Amerikalı saksafoncu (d. 1949)
 2017 - Pentti Holappa, Fin şair ve yazar (d. 1927)
 2018 - Raymond Danon, Fransız film yapımcısı (d. 1930)
 2018 - Tex Winter, Amerikalı basketbol antrenörü ve eski basketbol oyuncusu (d. 1922)
 2019 - Ugo Colombo, Eski İtalyan erkek bisiklet yarışçısı (d. 1940)
 2019 - Juliette Kaplan, İngiliz emektar kadın oyuncu (d. 1939)
 2019 - Marie-José Nat, Fransız sinema ve televizyon oyuncusu (d. 1940)
 2020 - Amnon Freidberg, İsrailli böcek bilimci (d. 1945)
 2020 - Vasili Kulkov, Rus futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1966)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Ağaç Dikme Günü
 Finlandiya'da sancak günleri
 Dünya Ruh Sağlığı Günü

1010
10

10 Ekim


Squatinactis é um gênero de peixe cartilaginoso que viveu durante o período Carbonífero, conhecido apenas por dois fósseis mal preservados.

Descrição
O segundo fóssil de Squatinactis apresenta um neurocrânio esmagado, a mandíbula e brânquias mal preservadas e a coluna vertebral do peixe. Uma estimativa conta que o segundo fóssil é aproximadamente 50% menor que o primeiro fóssil.

Referências

Animais do Carbonífero
Peixes do Carbonífero
Espécies fósseis descritas em 1974

Squatinactis


Alþjóða samfrímúrarareglan, LE DROIT HUMAIN hefur starfað á Íslandi frá 1921. Í henni starfa saman að mannrækt til heilla mannkyni, fólk, óháð kyni, þjóðerni, litarhætti og trúarskoðunum. Hún kallar eftir frelsi, jafnrétti og bræðralagi en það eru jafnframt hin þreföldu einkunnarorð hennar. Hún  starfar um allt land og er með stúkur í Reykjavík, Akureyri, Egilstöðum og á Selfossi.

Le Droit Humain er alþjóðleg regla með höfuðstöðvar sínar í París og er Íslandssambandið hluti hennar. Reglan veitir viðtöku öllum sem eru 18 ára og eldri. Siðakerfi reglunnar er Hið Forna og Viðurkennda Skoska Siðakerfi og telur það 33 stig. Fólk skuldbindur sig til að vera í reglunni sem virkir meðlimir í þrjú ár. Eftir það getur fólk sagt sig úr henni en þagnarskylda um starf innan hennar gildir hins vegar ævilangt. Ekki til þess að leyna einhverju sem ekki þolir dagsljós heldur til þess að varðveita þá upplifun og þau áhrif sem hver og einn verður fyrir í starfi hennar.

Auk Alþjóða Samfrímúrarareglunnar starfar á Íslandi  Frímúrarareglan á Íslandi. Hún er íslensk regla er skiptist á viðurkenningu við reglur í öðrum löndum. Hún veitir einungis viðtöku kristnum karlmönnum, 25 ára og eldri. Siðakerfið er hið svokallaða sænska siðakerfi er telur 11 stig.

Að framan er getið um frímúrarareglur sem einungis veita karlmönnum viðtöku. Sú hefð komin frá miðöldum er karlar litu á konur sem sér óæðri. Hins vegar er vitað að karlar og konur störfuðu saman í launhelgum fornaldar.

Miðaldahefðin var ekki rofin fyrr en á ofan verðri 19 öld með tilkomu Alþjóða Sam-Frímúrarareglunnar Le Droit Humain. Stofnendur töldu nauðsynlegt að skila starfi frímúrara til nútímans í samræmi við breytt þjóðfélagsviðhorf og jafnréttishugsjón.

Uppruna þessarar reglu má rekja til frímúrarastúkunnar Les Libres Penseurs (Frjálsir hugsuðir) í Pecq í Frakklandi. Hún starfaði í umboði "La Grande Loge Symbolique Ecossaise" og var mynduð af bræðrum er áður tilheyrðu "Grand Orient de France". Meðlimir þessarar stúku höfðu kynnst Maríu Deraismes (1828-1894) sem var í forystu kvenréttindahreyfingarinnar frönsku og óþreytandi að hvetja konur til starfa á sem flestum sviðum. Hún var rithöfundur og blaðamaður og nýtur mikillar virðingar í franskri sögu. Þannig hefur verið reist stytta af henni í París og ein gata þeirrar borgar er heitin eftir henni. Bræður áður greindrar stúku töldu sig ekki geta fundið neitt sem mælti gegn því að kona yrði frímúrari nema vanhugsaða venju og þar af leiðandi vígðu þeir hana árið 1882. Marie Deraismes beitti sér svo fyrir því ásamt stjórnmálamanninum dr. Georges Martin (1844-1916) að stofnuð var Alþjóðleg frímúrararegla karla og kvenna Le Droit Humain, sem stórstúka í París 1893.

Stofnendur voru 18 og þar á meðal má nefna Clemence Royer (1830-1902), sem einnig var í forystu frönsku kvenréttindahreyfingarinnar. Hún vann að vísindastörfum, var fræðibókahöfundur og þýddi t.d. bók Darwins um uppruna tegundanna. Hún var fyrsta konan sem sæmd var heiðursmerki "Légion d'Honneur" 1900. 1899 var Hið Háa Ráð (Supreme Council) stofnsett sem yfirstjórn reglunnar

Alþjóða Samfrímúrarareglan


නළු නිළියන්
රන්ජන් රාමනායක (මහේෂ්)
අර්ජුන කමලනාත් (සිරිමල්)
බුද්ධික ජයරත්න (පොලිස් පරික්ෂක)
ආරියසේන ගමගේ (සමතපාල)
හිමාලි සිරිවර්ධන (ශානිකා)
ජීවාන් සප්තරංග (සඳුන්)
ශ්‍රියානි අමරසේන (මහේෂ්ගේ මව)
සඳුන් විජේසිරි (දුනුසිංහ)
හේමන්ත ඊරියගම (ගුණේ)
රොනි ලීච් (කාර්‍යාල කළමනාකරු)
ඩී. බී. ගංගොඩතැන්න (මැක්කා)
අර්ඩ්ලි වෙදමුනි (ප්‍රභා)
ප්‍රේදාස විතානගේ (මුදලාලි)
නිෂානි ගමගේ (සිබා)

සංගීතය
ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - සමන් චන්ද්‍රනාත් වීරසිංහ, නලින් ද සිල්වා
ගීත ගායනය - උරේෂා රවිහාරි, සංඛ දිනෙත්, බුද්ධික උෂාන්, රුක්මන් අසිත, උදයංග සුරේෂ්
අතිරේක ගායනය - දේව් ශ්‍යාමන් ප්‍රියංකර, අජිත් ප්‍රේමලාල්, ධනුෂ්ක පෙරේරා, නිර්මලා ගමගේ, පූර්ණිමා ධනංජනි, නිලුපුලි දිල්හාරා
ජීවිතේ යන ගමනේ...
චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා ගීත දෙකක් පටිගත කළ ද, පසුව එක් ගීතයක් ඉවත් කර ඇත

රජ හොරු


El término Dr. Feelgood puede hacer referencia a:

 Dr. Feelgood (banda) (1971-), grupo británico de pub rock.
 Dr. Feelgood (álbum) (1989-), quinto álbum de la banda de glam metal Mötley Crüe.
 Dr. Feelgood (canción) (1989-), canción del álbum del mismo nombre de Mötley Crüe.
 Dr. Feelgood (canción de Rania), canción del grupo musical coreano Rania.

Dr. Feelgood


Die Goldene Himbeere 2012 (engl.: 32nd Golden Raspberry Awards) wurde am 1. April 2012 in Santa Monica, Kalifornien verliehen. Abweichend der Tradition wurde die Himbeere erstmals seit 1984 nicht am Vorabend der Oscarverleihung verliehen, sondern am April Fools' Day. Lediglich die Nominierungen wurden am Vorabend der Oscarverleihung, am 25. Februar 2012, bekanntgegeben.

Der Film Jack und Jill erhielt im Vorfeld zwölf Nominierungen für den Negativpreis. Adam Sandler bzw. seine Filme im Filmjahr 2011 wurden mit insgesamt elf Nominierungen bedacht; nie zuvor war ein Schauspieler so häufig in einem Jahr nominiert. Außerdem stellte der Film bis dato einen weiteren Rekord auf: Bei der Verleihung wurde der Film in jeder Kategorie ausgezeichnet, was sonst noch keinem Film gelang.

Preisträger und Nominierte
Es folgt die komplette Liste der Preisträger und Nominierten.

Einzelnachweise

2012
Preisverleihung 2012
Filmjahr 2012
Hollywood
Preisverleihung in Los Angeles
Film (Los Angeles)

Goldene Himbeere 2012


The Dual Contracts, also known as the Dual Subway System, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were signed on March 19, 1913, by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company. As part of the Dual Contracts, the IRT and BRT would build or upgrade several subway lines in New York City, then operate them for 49 years.

Most of the lines of the present-day New York City Subway were built or reconstructed under these contracts. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies. Both the IRT and BRT (later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) worked together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible.

Background
In the late 19th century and for most of the 20th century, New York was host to millions of immigrants each year. Many of the immigrants crowded into tenements and other apartment buildings in the inner city. This resulted in overpopulation of the buildings, and congestion of city streets. Manhattan's population had risen from 516,000 people in 1850 to 2.33 million people in 1910. The population of the entire city had grown from  1.17 million people in 1860 to 3.44 million in 1900 and 4.77 million in 1910. Living in Manhattan was becoming a hazard due to the higher probability of crime and overcrowding, and for the most part, the first subway line only served areas that were already developed. The first subway lines to the outer boroughs were planned during the early 20th century. Dispersion resulted in the expansion and development of the boroughs.

In 1906, Charles Evans Hughes was elected as the governor of New York, and the next year, he created the New York State Public Service Commission (PSC). The PSC was responsible for new rapid transit lines in New York City. Although the PSC had created ambitious plans for the expansion of the city's subway system, they only had $200 million on hand. In 1911, George McAneny was appointed leader of the Transit Committee of the New York City Board of Estimate, which oversaw the subway expansion plans.

Some opposed the Dual Contracts as they thought that the company owners and city officials were just looking for another way to produce personal revenue. Reformists like Hughes and McAneny would not have it any other way than to see the expansion of the city and the subway. They wanted to see the inner city become less populated and spread the people to the outer boroughs of the city. They planned to expand the city and disperse the people by building subway lines which would hopefully result in new homes being built near the subway lines and the areas surrounding. This would lower population densities in the city and also made as a good reason to help prove the subway expansion as necessary.

Crowding
Before the Contracts, there was crowding in many of the forms of transportation in the city. The following is a list of annual ridership for each mode of transportation between June 30, 1910, and June 30, 1911:

Interborough Rapid Transit Company–subways, elevated roads — 578,154,088
Hudson and Manhattan Railroad — 52,756,434
Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad System — 167,371,328
East River ferries — 23,460,000
Municipal ferry to Staten Island — 10,540,000
Hudson River ferries — 91,776,200

In total, 924,058,050 passengers were carried that year over these six modes of transport.

The New York Times noted that streetcar ridership had increased more than 25 times over between 1860, where there were 50.83 million annual riders, and 1910, where there were 1.531 billion annual riders.

Planned effects
It was expected that, within five years of completion:

When completed, the rapid transit facilities of the City will have been more than trebled. During the year ended June 30, 1911, shortly after which the construction of the new system was begun, the existing rapid transit lines carried 798,281,850 passengers. The new Dual System will have a capacity of upwards of [3 billion], although it is not expected that such capacity will be demanded immediately upon the completion of the system.

The combined trackage of the existing lines (including 7.1 miles of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad) amounts to 303 miles of single track. To this will be added by the new lines of the Dual System 334 miles of single track, making a new system with 637 miles of single track. What this will mean to the City may be appreciated by considering how the existing lines will be amplified by the new additions and extensions. The Hudson and Manhattan road, however, is not to be a part of the Dual System.

This system expansion was expected to be as big as, if not bigger, than the proposed Second System expansion put forth by the Independent Subway System in 1929 and 1939.

The contracts

Contracts 1 and 2

Built before the Dual Contracts, the first regularly operated subway in New York City was built by the city and leased to the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) for operation under city Contracts 1 and 2. Until 1918, when the new "H" system that is still operated – with separate East Side and West Side lines – was placed in service, it consisted of a single trunk line below 96th Street with several northern branches. The system had four tracks between Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall and 96th Street, allowing for local and express service on that portion.

Contract 1 was for the original 28 stations of the subway system that opened on October 27, 1904, from City Hall to 145th Street, as well as for stations opened before 1908 on several IRT extensions. The original system as included in Contract 1 was completed on January 14, 1907, when trains started running across the Harlem Ship Canal on the Broadway Bridge to 225th Street, and the Contract 2 portion was opened to Atlantic Avenue on May 1, 1908.

Contracts 3 and 4
The Dual Contracts were signed on March 19, 1913. The contracts bound Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; later BMT) to build and operate lines for 49 years. Contract 3 was signed between the City and the IRT. Contract 4 was signed between the City and the Municipal Railway Company, a subsidiary of the BRT, formed especially for the purpose of contracting with the city for construction of the lines.

Under the terms of Contracts 3 and 4, the city would build new subway and elevated lines, and rehabilitate and expand certain existing elevated lines, and lease them to the private companies for operation. The expansions would total  of new trackage across both systems; by comparison, the existing systems had  of tracks. The city's third major rapid transit company, the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (now PATH), was excluded from the contracts. The projected $337 million cost would be borne mostly by the City, which was to pay $226 million, and the companies would pay the difference. The City's contribution was in cash raised by bond offerings, while the companies' contributions were variously by supplying cash, facilities and equipment to run the lines.

Queensboro Plaza

The contract negotiations were long and sometimes acrimonious. For instance, when the IRT was reluctant to cede the BRT's proposed access to Midtown Manhattan via the Broadway Line, the city and state negotiators immediately offered the BRT all of the lines under proposal. This included lines that would have only been operable using IRT rolling stock dimensions, such as the upper Lexington Avenue Line and both lines in Queens. The IRT quickly gave in to the "invasion" of Midtown Manhattan by the BRT.

The assignment of the proposed lines in Queens proved to be an imposition on both companies. Instead of one company enjoying a monopoly in that borough, both proposed lines—a short line to Astoria, and a longer line reaching initially to Corona, and eventually to Flushing—were assigned to both companies, to be operated in what was called "joint service". The lines would start from a large interchange station, Queensboro Plaza. The IRT would access the station from both the 1907 Steinway Tunnel and an extension of the Second Avenue Elevated from Manhattan over the Queensboro Bridge. The BRT would feed the Queens lines from the 60th Street Tunnel in Manhattan. Technically the line was under IRT "ownership", but the BRT/BMT was granted trackage rights in perpetuity, essentially making it theirs also.

The BRT had a big disadvantage, as both Queens lines were built to IRT specifications. This meant that IRT passengers had a one-seat ride to Manhattan destinations, whereas BRT passengers had to make a change at Queensboro Plaza. This came to be important when service was extended for the 1939 World's Fair, as the IRT was able to offer direct express trains from Manhattan, and the BRT was not. This practice lasted well into the municipal ownership of the lines, and was not ended until 1949. Both companies shared in the revenues from this service. To facilitate this arrangement originally, extra long platforms were constructed along both Queens routes, so separate fare controls/boarding areas could be established. This quickly turned out to be operationally unworkable, so eventually a proportionate formula was worked out. The bonus legacy of this construction was that the IRT was able to operate 11-car trains on this line, and when the BMT took over the Astoria Line, minimal work had to be done to accommodate 10-car BMT units.

Conditions

Several provisions were imposed on the companies, which eventually led to their downfall and consolidation into city ownership in 1940:
The fare was limited to five cents; that led to financial troubles for the two companies after post-World War I inflation. The BMT could charge ten cents for fare to Coney Island Terminal, as well as to stations "where such ten cent fare is now allowed, until the time when trains may be operated for continuous trips over wholly connected portions of the railroad" between Coney Island and the Chambers Street station in Manhattan.
The City had the right to "recapture" any of the lines it built and run them as its own.
The City was to share in the profits.

There were other conditions in regards to specific operations of the lines, as part of a deal between the IRT, the BMT, and the Public Service Commission. Many of the conditions applied all across the dual system. For example:
 After the Commission finished constructing the line, the company was to operate it, providing its own rolling stock and furnishings.
 The companies, if they operated lines temporarily, had to operate them as if they were subway extensions. For subway extensions, if a company accepted the extension, it could operate it as part of its system; if not, the company had to pay a significant amount to the city every three months to operate it. This was implemented as part of the Queensboro Plaza trackage-sharing operation.
 The companies had operate these lines "according to the highest standards of railway operation and with due regard to the safety of the passengers and employees thereof, and of all other persons."
 Free transfers would be given at stations where needed, such as transfer stations between lines of the IRT and BMT, bus–subway transfer stations, elevated–subway transfer stations, or streetcar–subway transfer stations, according to the Commission's discretion.
 Freight, mail and express trains could use these companies' tracks if they did not disrupt passenger operations.
 Advertising was prohibited in stations, railroad tunnels, elevated structures, or other places. Bulletins telling of service changes were allowed.
 Selling things in the stations was prohibited, except if it needed for the operation of the subway, or if it was a newspaper, periodical, or magazine that the Commission had permitted.
 Each company was to post their intentions to operate newsstands in the form of proposals to the Commission.

Some conditions applied only to certain parts of the system:
The BMT agreed to hand out transfers at the 86th Street/Gravesend station in Brooklyn to the Third Avenue Line and the Fifth Avenue Line streetcar lines to 86th Street and Fort Hamilton Parkway. They were also to extend these streetcar lines to 86th Street and Fourth Avenue, where a transfer could be made at the 86th Street/Fourth Avenue station.
The BMT also agreed to make transfers with the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad from the 34th Street subway station to the 33rd Street H&M station. The transfers applied to passengers going to Grand Central Terminal, since the H&M had originally planned an extension there.
The IRT agreed to equip and operate the Steinway Tunnel until it was rebuilt and completed. Then, the Steinway Tunnel was still a trolley tunnel with no subway connection. Transfers were to be made to IRT rapid transit lines at the Grand Central–42nd Street station. The Commission approved single-car rolling stock for the line.

IRT lines
Under the original system, the original line and early extensions built for the IRT are:
Eastern Parkway Line from Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center to Borough Hall
Lexington Avenue Line from Borough Hall to Grand Central–42nd Street
42nd Street Shuttle from Grand Central–42nd Street to Times Square
Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from Times Square to Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street
Lenox Avenue Line from 96th Street to 145th Street
White Plains Road Line from 142nd Street Junction to 180th Street–Bronx Park (removed north of 179th Street)

The following lines were built under the Dual Contracts for the IRT:
Astoria Line and Flushing Line
Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line south of Times Square–42nd Street, including the Brooklyn Branch
Lexington Avenue Line north of Grand Central–42nd Street
Jerome Avenue Line
Ninth Avenue Line from 155th Street to the Jerome Avenue Line
Pelham Line
White Plains Road Line north of 177th Street (present-day Tremont Avenue)
Eastern Parkway Line beyond Atlantic Avenue
Nostrand Avenue Line
New Lots Line

The following lines were rebuilt with extra tracks:
Ninth Avenue Line from Rector Street to 155th Street (one new track)
Second Avenue and Third Avenue Lines from City Hall station to 129th Street and from 116th Street to 155th Street, respectively.
Some of the IRT lines proposed under the Contracts were not built. Most notably, there were plans to build an IRT line to Marine Park, Brooklyn (at what is now Kings Plaza) under either Utica Avenue, using a brand-new line, or Nostrand Avenue and Flatbush Avenue, using the then-new IRT Nostrand Avenue Line. There were also alternate plans for the Nostrand Avenue Line to continue down Nostrand Avenue to Sheepshead Bay.

BMT lines

All Manhattan and Queens BMT lines were built under the Dual Contracts, as were all subway and some elevated lines in Brooklyn.

Newly built lines and line segments
14th Street Eastern Line west of Broadway Junction; two-tracked underground structure
Astoria Line and Flushing Line east of Queensboro Plaza (trackage rights over IRT); both three-track elevated structures
Broadway Line; four-track underground structure
Brighton Beach Line between DeKalb Avenue and Prospect Park
Fourth Avenue Line; underground structure with four tracks north of 59th Street and two tracks south of 59th Street
Fulton Street Line east of Grant Avenue; three-track elevated structure
Jamaica Line east of Cypress Hills; two-track elevated structure
Manhattan Bridge tracks and approaches
Nassau Street Line between Chambers Street to a merge with the Montague Street Tunnel to Brooklyn

Grade-separated rights-of-way built to replace surface railroads
Brighton Beach Line between Neptune Avenue (south of Sheepshead Bay) and Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue. Four-track elevated structure.
Culver Line between Ninth Avenue and West Eighth Street (merge with Brighton Beach Line). Three-track elevated structure.
Myrtle Avenue Line east of Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues. Two-track elevated structure.
Sea Beach Line from Fourth Avenue Subway to 86th Street. Four-track open cut.
West End Line between Ninth Avenue and Bay 50th Street. Three-track elevated structure.

Existing rights-of-way rehabilitated and expanded
Brighton Beach Line from Prospect Park to Church Avenue. Existing open cut widened and expanded from two to four tracks.
Jamaica Line from merge with line from Marcy Avenue to Broadway Junction. Elevated line expanded from two to three tracks.
Myrtle Avenue Line from Broadway–Myrtle to Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues, including track connection to Jamaica Line. Elevated structure expanded from two to three tracks.
Fulton Street Line from Nostrand Avenue to east of split from Canarsie Line at Pitkin Avenue. Two track elevated expanded to three tracks and new flying junction complex with six tracks replaced two tracks between former Manhattan Junction in East New York and Pitkin Avenue. This portion gave the Canarsie Line two dedicated tracks.

Effects
As reformists predicted, the Dual Contracts resulted in city expansion. People moved to the newly built homes along the newly built subway lines. These homes were affordable, about the same cost as the houses in Brooklyn and Manhattan. The Dual Contracts were the key to dispersion of the city's congested areas. The Dual Contracts helped lower high population areas and probably helped save lives as people were no longer living in heavily diseased areas. According to the Federal Census of New York City for 1920 the population in Manhattan below 59th Street decreased from 1910 to 1920. The census resulted in the following:
1905 State census: 1,271,848
1910 United States census: 1,269,591
1915 State census: 1,085,308
1920 United States census: 1,059,589
People were allowed to move to better parts the same cost and could have a better and more comfortable life in the suburbs. They could still commute to work every day as most of the better off city workers who moved to the outer boroughs did. This also helped the business districts as people could still work.

References
Notes

Sources

External links
nycsubway.org — The Dual Contracts
Story including 50th anniversary of the contracts

History of the New York City Subway
Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
Interborough Rapid Transit Company

Dual Contracts


Carlton Ernest Fisk (born December 26, 1947), nicknamed "Pudge" and "the Commander", is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1969 to 1993 for the Boston Red Sox (1969, 1971–1980) and Chicago White Sox (1981–1993). In 1972, he was the first player to be unanimously voted American League (AL) Rookie of the Year. Fisk is best known for his game-winning home run in the 12th inning of Game 6 of the 1975 World Series, during which he memorably waved his arms hoping for the batted ball to remain fair.

At the time of his retirement, Fisk held the record for most home runs all-time by a catcher with 376 (since surpassed by Mike Piazza). He has held several age- or longevity-related records, including the record for most games played at the position of catcher with 2,226 (later surpassed by Iván Rodríguez). Fisk still holds the AL record for most years served at the position (24). Fisk was voted to the All-Star team 11 times and won three Silver Slugger Awards which is awarded annually to the best offensive player at each position. Fisk was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2000.

Early life
Fisk was born in Bellows Falls, Vermont, but according to Fisk, that was only because Vermont had the nearest hospital to his hometown, Charlestown, New Hampshire. He was raised by his parents, Leona and Cecil, along with older brother Calvin, younger brothers Conrad and Cedric and younger sisters Janet and June. He grew up in Charlestown, across the Connecticut River from Bellows Falls. Fisk attended Charlestown High School, where he played baseball (under Coach Ralph Silva), soccer, and basketball. Because his family is from New Hampshire, he insisted that the organization remove from his plaque in the Red Sox Hall of Fame its characterization of him as a Vermont native. Fisk earned his longtime nickname, "Pudge", because he was a chubby youngster.

He played on the Charlestown High baseball team, appearing at third base, catcher and pitcher for Coach Silva. Two of his teammates were his brothers Calvin and Conrad, who were drafted by the Baltimore Orioles and Montreal Expos, respectively, but never made it to the minors due to Calvin's being drafted and inducted into military service during the Vietnam War and Conrad hurting his arm. Since the high school baseball season was limited to 17 games annually due to the inclement New England weather, he also played in the American Legion baseball league in 1964, appearing with the team from Claremont, New Hampshire. In 1965, he played for the Legion Post 37 team in Bellows Falls that had won the 1964 Vermont State Championship.

Fisk excelled at basketball. When he was a sophomore, he was a starter and helped Charlestown to an undefeated season and the 1963 New Hampshire Class M championship. His play in a 1964 high school basketball tournament in the Boston Garden drew the attention of Boston Celtics owner Walter Brown, who told a local reporter, "You have got to tell me—who is that kid?" Fisk had 42 points and 38 rebounds in the 1965 state tournament semifinal loss to Hopkinton High School. He was awarded a basketball scholarship by the University of New Hampshire, where he started for the UNH Wildcats while also playing baseball. He met his wife Linda Foust while at UNH. The freshman team that Fisk played for was undefeated for the 1965–66 season. In 1966, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Orleans Cardinals. In his sophomore year, the Red Sox drafted him in the first round of the January 1967 amateur draft, and his athletic future was set. Fisk gave up his dreams of basketball glory.  "I could never be a six-foot-two power forward and play for the Celtics," he said.

Professional career

Minor leagues
In 1967, Fisk played briefly for the Red Sox team in the Florida Instructional League, hitting .195 with 0 HR and 0 RBI in 47 at bats.

In 1968, Fisk played for the Waterloo Hawks, the Red Sox' Class A affiliate in the Midwest League. In 62 games, Fisk hit .338 with 12 HR and 34 RBI.

Fisk played 28 games for the Red Sox in the Florida Instructional League in 1969, hitting .245 with 4 HR and 19 RBI. He then played for the Class AA Pittsfield Red Sox of the Eastern League, where he hit .243 with 10 HR and 41 RBI in 97 games and 309 at-bats. Finally, he made his major league debut, appearing in 2 games for the Boston Red Sox in 1969.

In 1970, Fisk played for the Class AA Pawtucket Red Sox, where he batted .229 with 12 HR and 44 RBI in 93 games.

Fisk played for the Class AAA Louisville Colonels of the International League in 1971, hitting .263 with 10 HR and 43 RBI in 93 games, before being called up to the Boston Red Sox.

Boston Red Sox (1969, 1971–1980)

Fisk joined the Army Reserve in 1967. After a short stint of active duty at Fort Dix, New Jersey, where Fisk finished his initial training, he served as a member of the 393rd Service and Supply Battalion in Chester, Vermont, completing monthly weekend drills and two-week annual training periods until 1971.

Fisk was once again called up from the minors at the end of 1971 and earned himself a place on Boston's 1972 spring training roster. As history would have it, Fisk broke into the major leagues (to stay) early in the 1972 season. Boston manager Darrell Johnson, whom Fisk credited for making him a major leaguer, taught Fisk how to be a leader, a field general for the team. Playing with abandon and all-out aggressiveness was one thing, channeling energy intelligently was another. "Johnson taught me to think about all the important facets of the catcher's role, the things that help pitchers in various ways and those that let your teammates know you want to win," he told an interviewer in 1973.

On September 12, 1971, Fisk hit his first career home run off of Detroit's Les Cain at Tiger Stadium. In , Fisk batted .293 with 22 home runs, and a .909 OPS. In addition, he led the American League with nine triples (tied with Oakland's Joe Rudi), and was the last catcher to lead the AL in this statistical category. His play earned him both the AL Gold Glove and AL Rookie of the Year awards. He was selected unanimously for the latter award, becoming the first unanimous AL Rookie of the Year. He also finished fourth in American League MVP voting.

In June 1974, Fisk suffered a devastating knee injury when Leron Lee of the Cleveland Indians collided with him at home plate, tearing several knee ligaments.  After undergoing reconstructive knee surgery, Fisk was told he would never play again, yet the backstop returned just twelve months later.

In , Fisk re-injured himself in spring training and did not play until June. In only 79 game appearances, Fisk hit .331 along with 52 RBI. Boston won the AL East Division with a record of 95–65.

1975 ALCS and World Series

Fisk batted .417 in the 1975 ALCS, as Boston swept the three-time defending champion Oakland Athletics.

In Game 3 of the World Series at Riverfront Stadium, Fisk led off the second inning with a solo home run off Cincinnati starter Gary Nolan. In the bottom of the 10th inning, Reds pinch-hitter Ed Armbrister collided with Fisk at home plate while starting to run out a sacrifice bunt, leading to a wild throw by Fisk to second base that allowed Cesar Geronimo to reach third base and eventually score the winning run. Fisk and Boston manager Darrell Johnson argued the controversial call, claiming that Armbrister should have been ruled out for interference, but home plate umpire Larry Barnett ruled otherwise. "To this day, I still think it was interference," said Fisk in an interview after his retirement.

Leading off the bottom of the 12th inning of Game 6 at Fenway Park, Fisk hit a pitch off of Cincinnati relief pitcher Pat Darcy that went down the left-field line and appeared to be heading into foul territory. The image of Fisk jumping and waving the ball fair as he made his way to first base is considered by many to be one of baseball's greatest moments. The ball struck the foul pole for a home run, giving the Red Sox a 7–6 win and forcing a seventh and deciding game of the Fall Classic. "The celebration of that moment has made me realize how popular baseball is and how it affects people's lives," Fisk told The Boston Globe. "It's still the greatest moment in my career."

The image of him waving the ball fair changed the way baseball was televised. During this time, cameramen covering baseball were instructed to follow the flight of the ball. In a 1999 interview, NBC cameraman Lou Gerard said that he had been distracted by a nearby rat. Unable to follow the ball, he kept the camera on Fisk instead. This play was perhaps the most important catalyst in getting camera operators to focus most of their attention on the players themselves.

Last years in Boston
Fisk was among the top offensive catchers in the American League in his eight full seasons with the Boston Red Sox. His best year in Boston was in 1977, when he hit .315 with 26 home runs and 102 runs batted in.

Facing the rival New York Yankees in the 1978 AL East Playoff, Fisk went 1-for-3 with a single in Boston's 5–4 loss to the Yankees. Some fans attributed Boston's 1978 loss to a rib injury sustained by Fisk. The same injury left Fisk on the sidelines for several games during the 1979 season, a year in which his primary position was designated hitter.

Fisk was reportedly among a group of several Red Sox players who lobbied Boston management for players to be paid what they deserved, which made him none too popular with Haywood Sullivan, the Boston general manager. When Fisk's contract expired at the end of the 1980 season, Sullivan in fact mailed him a new contract, but put it in the mail one day after the contractual deadline. As a result, Fisk became a free agent. In 11 years with the Boston Red Sox, Fisk was selected to seven All-Star games, and batted .284 with 161 home runs and 568 RBI. He nearly had more RBIs than strikeouts, striking out only 588 times in 4353 plate appearances with the Red Sox, with an OBP of .356.

Chicago White Sox (1981–1993)

Fisk signed a five-year contract for $3.5 million with the White Sox on March 18, 1981. Fisk had worn number 27 with the Red Sox but it was worn by White Sox pitcher Ken Kravec. Fisk chose to wear 72 with the White Sox explaining that he had won American League Rookie of the Year in 1972; his son Carson had been born in 1972; and 72 was the reverse of 27. Although Kravec was traded just ten days later, Fisk retained the number 72 throughout his career with the White Sox. As the season got underway, Fisk was interviewed by the media concerning his switching teams, and joked that "after a decade with the Red Sox, it was time to change my sox!" On opening day 1981, Fisk started the season with the White Sox against his former team in Fenway Park. In the eighth inning, Fisk knocked a three-run homer to put his new team on top, 5–3.

After joining the White Sox, he helped the team win its first American League Western Division title in . His .289 batting average, 26 home runs, and 86 RBI, as well as his leadership on the young team, helped him to finish third in the MVP voting (behind Baltimore teammates Cal Ripken Jr. and Eddie Murray).  Fisk also caught LaMarr Hoyt that season, the 1983 Cy Young Award winner. Fisk played poorly in Chicago's loss to the Baltimore Orioles in the 1983 ALCS, hitting .176 with zero runs batted in.

On May 16, 1984, Fisk accomplished the rare feat of hitting for the cycle in Comiskey Park against the Kansas City Royals. Fisk's triple in the bottom of the seventh inning off Dan Quisenberry was the only triple he hit in the season. Injuries once again befell Fisk in the 1984 season, limiting him to just 102 games and a .231 average.  The experience led him to begin a new training regimen which he used for the rest of his career. In his Hall of Fame induction speech, Fisk credited White Sox strength and conditioning coach Phil Claussen for his turnaround. Claussen introduced Fisk to a more scientific approach to physical conditioning which included long sessions of weight training. Fisk often credited the training program with extending his career.

In 1985, following the advent of his new training program, Fisk had the most productive offensive year of his career. He hit 37 home runs and drove in 107 runs, both career-high numbers; the home run numbers tied Dick Allen's 13-year White Sox single-season record. At the age of 37, Fisk tied his career high for stolen bases (17). He was voted to the All-Star team, won the Silver Slugger award and finished 13th in the A.L. MVP voting.

On August 4, 1985, Fisk caught all nine innings of Tom Seaver's complete game 300th career victory, which was played in Yankee Stadium. Fisk caught Bobby Thigpen as he set the then-record for most saves in a season (57) in 1990. In 2005, Jack McDowell credited Fisk as being instrumental in his development into a pitcher who won the Cy Young Award in 1993.

On August 17, 1990, in the second game of a twi-night doubleheader in Arlington, Texas Fisk broke Johnny Bench's career home run record for catchers by hitting his 328th longball as a catcher off Charlie Hough in the top of the second inning. He went on to end his career as the all-time leader in home runs by a catcher with 351. On May 5, 2004 Mike Piazza surpassed Fisk's record by belting his 352nd as a backstop. Fisk still holds the American League record for homers by a catcher.

A single in the 1991 All-Star Game made him the oldest player in MLB history to collect a hit in an All-Star game.

The 1993 season was Fisk's last. In February, Fisk and the Sox had a dispute over signing a one-year deal, where the former alleged it was only a minor league deal and the latter asserting it as a technicality to protect the 40-man roster. Owner Jerry Reinsdorf called him a "prima donna", but the two sides eventually reached a deal.

On June 22, 1993, Fisk broke Bob Boone's record for career games caught with his 2,226th game behind the plate. Fisk was passed on this list by Iván Rodríguez on June 17, 2009.

Six days after breaking Bob Boone's all-time games caught record, Fisk was abruptly released by the Chicago White Sox at age 45. Fisk was notified of his dismissal in his hotel room in Cleveland while on a road trip with the team. It is reported that he was ordered to turn in his equipment and immediately fly back to Chicago, alone. To add insult to injury, Fisk was thrown out of the White Sox clubhouse later that season when he stopped by to wish his teammates good luck in the playoffs. Fisk was one of two final active players in the 1990s who had played in the 1960s. The other was Nolan Ryan. He is one of only 29 players in baseball history to date to have appeared in MLB games in four decades.

In thirteen seasons with the White Sox, Fisk was selected to four All-Star games and batted .257 with 214 home runs and 762 RBI. Fisk had nearly as many RBIs as strikeouts with the White Sox, striking out 798 times in 5,500 plate appearances.

For his career, Fisk caught a then-record 2,226 games over 24 seasons. Playing in 2,499 total games, Fisk also played 41 games in left field, 27 games at 1B and four games at 3B and was a DH for 166 games in his career. Overall he hit .269 with 376 home runs and 1,330 RBI in his career.

Fisk made mention of the fireworks between himself and Reinsdorf in his Hall of Fame induction speech, and Fisk was inducted with a Red Sox cap, although both teams retired his number, with the White Sox doing it first with his number 72 on September 14, 1997, and the Red Sox with his number 27 in 2000. In 2005, he had a statue dedicated at  U.S. Cellular Field in 2005. In 2008, Fisk officially rejoined the White Sox organization by becoming a team ambassador and part of the White Sox speaker's bureau.

Almost a Yankee

After the 1985 season, the White Sox came close to trading Fisk to the New York Yankees for designated hitter Don Baylor. Baylor was unhappy with the Yankees since he did not play every day as he wanted (despite being the team's regular DH) and asked to be traded. The potential deal was complicated in that the White Sox would have to re-sign Fisk, a free agent, and that both players would have to agree to the trade. Negotiations between the two teams ended when they were unable to reach an agreement. The White Sox re-signed Fisk, who remained with the club until the end of his career. During spring training in 1986, the Yankees traded Baylor to the Boston Red Sox for designated hitter Mike Easler.

Notable feuds
Fisk was known for his longstanding feud with New York Yankees catcher Thurman Munson. One particular incident that typified their feud, and the Yankees – Red Sox rivalry in general, occurred on August 1, 1973, at Fenway Park. With the score 2–2 in the top of the ninth inning, Munson, attempting to score on Gene Michael's missed bunt attempt, barreled into Fisk, triggering a 10-minute bench-clearing brawl in which both catchers were ejected.
As John Curtis let his first pitch go, Munson broke for the plate. Michael tried to bunt, and missed. With Munson coming, the scrawny Yankees shortstop tried to step in Fisk's way, but Fisk elbowed him out of the way and braced for Munson, who crashed into him as hard as he could. Fisk held onto the ball, but Munson tried to lie on top of him to allow Felipe Alou to keep rounding the bases. Fisk kicked Munson off him and into the air, and swiped at him with his fist. Michael grabbed Fisk, and as Curtis grabbed Munson—his former Cape Cod League roommate—Fisk threw Michael down with his left arm and fell to the ground. "Fisk had his left arm right across Stick's throat and wouldn't let up", said Ralph Houk, the Yankees' manager at the time. "Michael couldn't breathe. I had to crawl underneath the pile to try to pry Fisk's arm off his throat to keep him from killing Stick. All the while he had Michael pinned down, he was punching Munson underneath the pile. I had no idea Fisk was that strong, but he was scary."

In another incident typifying the Yankees-Red Sox rivalry, Fisk was involved in an altercation with Lou Piniella during a May 20, 1976, game at Yankee Stadium. In the sixth inning of this game, Piniella barreled into Fisk trying to score on an Otto Vélez single. Fisk and Piniella shoved each other at home plate, triggering another bench-clearing brawl. After order appeared to be restored, Red Sox pitcher Bill Lee and Yankees third baseman Graig Nettles began exchanging words and punches, igniting the brawl anew.  Lee suffered a separated left shoulder in the altercation and missed much of the season and was never quite the same again.

In an incident on May 22, 1990, Deion Sanders approached the plate with one out and a runner on third base, drew a dollar sign in the dirt before the pitch, and didn't run to first base since the popup he hit looked like it would be easily caught. Fisk yelled at Sanders "run the fucking ball out" and called Sanders a "piece of shit." Later in the game, Sanders told Fisk "the days of slavery are over." Fisk was furious. "He comes up and wants to make it a racial issue — there's no racial issue involved." He told Sanders during Sanders' next at-bat, "There is a right way and a wrong way to play this game. You're playing it the wrong way. And the rest of us don't like it. Someday, you're going to get this game shoved right down your throat."

Legacy

Notable statistics
 Oldest catcher in MLB history to hit 20 home runs in a season.
 Holds the record for most home runs hit after the age of 40 (72).
 Holds the record for most years played as a catcher with 24 (1969, 1971–1993).
 At the time of his retirement in 1993, he held the records for most home runs all-time by a catcher with 351 (since passed by Mike Piazza) and most games played at the position of catcher with 2,226 (surpassed by Iván Rodríguez on June 17, 2009).
 Fisk caught 149 shutouts during his career, ranking him second all-time behind Yogi Berra among major league catchers.
 Fisk is one of only seven players in history who have caught more than 150 games in a season multiple times (Jim Sundberg, Randy Hundley, Ted Simmons, Frankie Hayes and Gary Carter).
 Fisk is one of only nineteen catchers elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Among those, Fisk has the most hits (2,356) and runs scored (1,276).
 Fisk holds the record for the longest game by a catcher.  On May 9, 1984, he caught all 25 innings of the White Sox's 7–6 win over the Milwaukee Brewers.  Fisk threw out four runners attempting to steal during the game.  The former record of 24 innings was shared by 5 players: Mike Powers (9-1-1906), Buddy Rosar and Bob Swift (both on 7-21-1945), Hal King and Jerry Grote (both on 4-15-1968).
 Fisk finished in the top ten in American League Most Valuable Player voting four times (1972, 1977–78, and 1983).
 Fisk's .481 slugging percentage while with the Red Sox is the tenth best in that club's long history.

Fisk was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in , choosing the Boston Red Sox cap for his plaque, although he played for more seasons with the Chicago White Sox.

The Chicago White Sox retired his uniform number 72 on September 14, 1997. The Boston Red Sox retired his uniform number 27 on September 4, 2000. He is one of ten people to have their uniform number retired by at least two teams.

In , he was selected as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team, and finished third in the balloting. In 2000, Fisk was elected to the Chicago White Sox All-Century Team. In 2004, he was named the greatest New Hampshire athlete of all time.

In May 2008, Fisk returned to the White Sox as a team ambassador, and a member of the team's speakers bureau.

The 2004 baseball-themed film Mickey features a character who, like Fisk, is a catcher, is known as Pudge, and hits a home run similar to Fisk's 1975 World Series home run. Footage of Fisk's home run appears in the 1997 film Good Will Hunting, during a scene in which the character Sean Maguire (Robin Williams) tells the story of how he met his wife on the same day the game occurred.

The Fisk Foul Pole
On June 13, 2005, the Red Sox honored Carlton Fisk and the 12th-inning home run that won Game 6 of the 1975 World Series by naming the left field foul pole, which the famous home run contacted, the Fisk Foul Pole. In a pregame ceremony from the Monster Seats, Fisk was cheered by the Fenway Park crowd while the shot was replayed to the strains of Handel's Hallelujah Chorus, the song longtime Fenway Park organist John Kiley originally played following the home run. The Red Sox scheduled the ceremony to coincide with an interleague series against the Cincinnati Reds, who were making their first trip back to Fenway Park since the '75 Series.

Thirty years later, the video of Fisk trying to wave the ball fair remains one of the game's enduring images. Game 6 is often considered one of the best games played in Major League history. The crowd remembered that magical moment at precisely 12:34 a.m. ET early on the morning of October 22, 1975, when Fisk drove a 1–0 fastball from Cincinnati right-hander Pat Darcy high into the air, heading down the left-field line. "The ball only took about two and half seconds", recalled Fisk. "It seemed like I was jumping and waving for more than two and a half seconds." Two and a half seconds later, the ball caromed off the bright yellow pole, ending one of the most dramatic World Series games ever played and giving the Red Sox a 7–6 win over the Reds in 12 hard-fought innings.

On the field, Fisk threw out the ceremonial first pitch to his former batterymate Luis Tiant. From now on, like the Pesky Pole down the right-field line, the left-field pole will officially be called the Fisk Foul Pole. The idea was the inspiration of the countless fans who contacted the Red Sox about recognizing the historic moment. Fenway's right field foul pole, which is just  from the plate, is named Pesky's Pole for former Red Sox shortstop Johnny Pesky. Mel Parnell named the pole after Pesky in  when he won a game with a home run just inside the right-field pole.

Rings
After the June 13 ceremony in Boston, Fisk received an honorary World Series ring from the Red Sox commemorating their 2004 World Series victory. On Saturday, August 12, 2006, the Chicago White Sox presented Fisk with another ring, this one in honor of the White Sox' 2005 championship.

Statue
The Chicago White Sox unveiled a life-sized bronze statue of Carlton Fisk on August 7, 2005. The statue is located inside Guaranteed Rate Field on the main concourse in center field. It joined similar statues depicting Charles Comiskey, Frank Thomas and Minnie Miñoso and eventually Luis Aparicio, Nellie Fox, Billy Pierce and Harold Baines.

Honors
 In 1997, the Chicago White Sox retired Fisk's number 72.
 Fisk was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 1997.
 Fisk was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2000.
 Fisk's number 27 was retired by the Boston Red Sox in 2000.
 Fisk was inducted into the University of New Hampshire Athletics Hall of Fame in 2000.
 in 2004, Fisk was named the greatest athlete of all time from New Hampshire.
 In 2005, Fisk was honored with a statue inside the White Sox's stadium.
 In 2005, the left-field foul pole at Fenway Park was named the Fisk Pole in honor of Fisk.

Personal life
Fisk is a supporter of the Cancer Support Center. He and his wife Linda serve on the Honorary Board.

Fisk and his wife Linda have three children, Carlyn, Courtney and Casey, and five grandchildren.

Fisk is the brother in law of former major league and minor league teammate Rick Miller, who married Fisk's sister Janet in 1973.

On October 22, 2012, Fisk was charged with a DUI in New Lenox, Illinois, after he was found in the middle of a corn field, unconscious behind the wheel of his vehicle. He pleaded guilty to the charge on December 27, 2012.

In 2012, Fisk's Florida home was burglarized, with thieves taking valuable coins.

Fisk appears briefly in the 1989 film Field of Dreams, playing for the White Sox on a television screen.

Fisk grows and collects orchids.

Fisk's daughter, Carlyn Fisk, a volleyball player, was inducted into the University of Illinois-Chicago Athletics Hall of Fame in 1997. Fisk's daughter, Courtney, helped lead Lockport Township High School to the Illinois State Volleyball Championship. Fisk's son Casey played college baseball at Illinois State University and is currently a college baseball coach and owns a sports performance training business.

Career statistics
Carlton Fisk's career statistics.

See also

 Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame
 List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a catcher leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of Major League Baseball players who played in four decades

References

Further reading
The Sporting News' Baseball's 25 Greatest Moments: Fisk Waves it Fair via Wayback Machine
Audio: Fisk's home run in Game 6 of the 1975 World Series via Wayback Machine

External links

1947 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from New Hampshire
Baseball players from Vermont
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago White Sox players
Gold Glove Award winners
Gulf Coast White Sox players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
New Hampshire Wildcats baseball players
Orleans Firebirds players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Bellows Falls, Vermont
Sportspeople from Belmont, Massachusetts
People from Charlestown, New Hampshire
Pittsfield Red Sox players
Silver Slugger Award winners
South Bend White Sox players
Baseball players from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Waterloo Hawks (baseball) players

Carlton Fisk