Fanny Rainville est une actrice, auteure et scénariste canadienne, née le  à Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, au Québec.

Biographie
Fanny Rainville entreprend ses études à l'École nationale de théâtre et obtient son diplôme en 2006.

Carrière
Fanny s'est illustrée dans plusieurs pièces de théâtre dont Le grand voyage de Petit Rocher, une pièce de 2011, mise en scène par Robert Bellefeuille.
En 2013, elle incarne le rôle de la Fée Clochette dans Mommy, une pièce de Olivier Choinière & Mélanie Demers.
En 2017, Fanny fait partie de la distribution du court-métrage Sous la neige de la Floride de Sylvio Jacques.

De 2017 à 2021, elle incarne le personnage de Krystelle Gaumond dans la série télévisée L'Heure bleue (série télévisée) sur les ondes de TVA (réseau de télévision).

En 2018, elle reçoit une bourse dans le cadre de l'initiative Netflix-Banff/Diversity of Voices afin d'aller présenter une série télé au World Media Festival en juin 2019.

On a aussi pu la voir dans la web série Georges est mort, série pour laquelle Fanny a reçu deux nominations à titre de meilleure actrice de soutien ; une aux Prix Gémeaux en 2019, ainsi qu'au Melbourne WebFest en 2019.

Au cinéma, son court-métrage À travers les murs, a été présenté dans une vingtaine de festivals en 2020-2021.

En 2021, elle joue le rôle de Marjorie Tardif dans le film Lorsque le cœur dérange de Philippe Cormier. Elle remporte le prix de meilleure actrice de soutien au Red Movie Awards et au Oniros Film Awards en septembre 2021.

Télévision

Séries télévisées
 2006 : Rumeurs (série télévisée québécoise) : Nathalie
 2009 : Les rescapés de la justice : Brenda Dalton
 2010 : Trauma (série télévisée, 2010) : Nathalie Rioux
 2010 : Vies parallèles : France Custeau
 2011 : L'Auberge du chien noir : Artiste peintre
 2015 : Les pays d'en haut : Rosette
 2017 : Trop. : Madame cheap
 2020 : Survivre à ses enfants : Mère de Zoé
 2017 - 2021 : L'Heure bleue (série télévisée) : Kristelle Gaumond
 2022 : L'homme qui aimait trop : Dre Lebel
 2022 : C'est comme ça que je t'aime (série télévisée) : Femme de Puff

Web-série
 2017 : Baby Boom : Roxanne
 2018 : Les pissenlits : Infirmière
 2019 : Georges est mort : Valérie

Cinéma

Longs métrages
 2016 : Sashinka de Kristina Wagenbauer : Julie
 2021 : Lorsque le cœur dérange de Philippe Cormier : Marjorie Tardif

Courts métrages
 2016 : Sous la neige de la Floride de Sylvio Jacques : Nathalie
 2018 : À mort de Sarra El-Abed : Sonia

En tant que scénariste
 2016 : Saveur artificielle (court métrage) / Eugénie Beaudry
 2017 : Hollywood, mes amours (court-métrage) / Imagifilms
 2018 : Les pissenlits (série web)
 2020 : À travers les murs (court-métrage) / La Créative Films inc.

Doublage

Dessins animés
 2011 - 2013 : Franklin et ses amis (Benjamin et ses amis) : Lili, le castor
 2014 : Camp Marécage saison 1 à 3 : Rosabelle
 2014 :  La Retenue  : Brandy
 2014 :  Défis extrêmes : L'Île de Pahkitew : Éléonore
 2014 :  Défis extrêmes : L'Absurdicourse : ?
 2015 : Mon grand grand ami : Professeur de ballet
 2015 : Shutterbugs : Marva
 2016 : Camp Marécage saison 3 : Rosebud
 2017 : Mysticons : Queen
 2017 : Coco (film, 2017) : Tía Rosita
 2019 : 16 Hudson : Luc

Longs métrages
 2018 : BlacKkKlansman : Connie Kendrickson
 2018 : Mohawk Girls : Caitlin - Heather White

Carrière théâtrale
 2002 : Le Temps d'une vie (pièce de théâtre) : Rosana / mise en scène: Yves Dagenais
 2003 : Médée : Médée / mise en scène: Elise Guilbault
 2003 : Le Songe d'une nuit d'été : Hermia / mise en scène: Julie Vincent
 2003 : Motel de passage : Denise et Lorette / mise en scène Marie-Eve Gagnon
 2003 : Les Enfants du sabbat : Sœur Lucie des anges et Malvina Beaumont / mise en scène: Éric Jean
 2004 : La mort est un proverbe... : Rita / mise en scène: Frédéric Dubois & Patrice Dubois
 2004 : E la vita va : Ildebranda Cuffari / mise en scène: Véronica Mélis
 2005 : Britannicus (Racine) : Agrippine / mise en scène: Christiane Pasquier
 2005 : Au bout du conte : La nonne Jeanne / mise en scène: Gervais Gaudreault
 2005-2007 : La Croisée des chemins : La princesse / mise en scène: Louis-Dominique Lavigne
 2005 : L'Asile de la pureté : Donatien Marcassilar / mise en scène:Martin Faucher
 2006 : Voiture américaine : Madame Grignon / mise en scène: Robert Bellefeuille
 2006 : Confrérie de paroles : Déesse / mise en scène: Gil Champagne
 2007 : Trop tard... : Mimi / mise en scène: Reynald Robinson
 2007 : La Croisée des chemins : La princesse / mise en scène: Louis-Dominique Lavigne
 2007 : Vedette shop (lecture publique) : Axelle / mise en scène: Robert Bellefeuille
 2008 : Nous étions une fois... : La nonne Jeanne / mise en scène: Gervais Gaudreault
 2008 : La Fausse Malade : Colombina / mise en scène: Frédéric Bélanger
 2008 : Le petit rocher (lecture publique) : Rôles variés / mise en scène: Robert Bellefeuille
 2008 : Princesses (lecture publique) : BM / mise en scène: Diane Pavlovic
 2008 : Puberté (lecture publique) : Rôles variés / mise en scène: Claude Poissant
 2008 : Bouge plus! (lecture publique) : La table / mise en scène: Louis-Dominique Lavigne
 2009 : Le doux parfum du vide : La reporter / mise en scène: Robert Bellefeuille
 2010 : Sur les rails (lecture publique) : Lili / mise en scène: Louis-Dominique Lavigne
 2011 : Le grand voyage de petit rocher : Rôles variés / mise en scène: Robert Bellefeuille
 2011 : La genêse de la rage : La furie / mise en scène: Sébastien Dodge
 2011 : Princesses : BM / mise en scène: Diane Pavlovic
 2013 : Mommy : Fée Clochette / mise en scène: Olivier Choinière & Mélanie Demers

Romans
 2022 : Les insoumises, Éditions Libre Expression (

Distinctions

Récompenses
 2008 : Prix du public Denise Pelletier pour son rôle de Colombina dans La fausse malade de Goldoni
 2012 : Prix du jury du public Cour à Jardin au Festival d'Angers
 2019 : Prix Créateurs en série TV5 pour sa co-écriture du court-métrage Les Pissenlits
 2019 : Boursière Festival international des médias de Banff, programme Netflix Diversity of Voices Initiative
 2021 : Meilleure actrice dans un rôle de soutien au Red Movie Awards et au Oniros Film Awards pour le film Lorsque le cœur dérange

Nominations
 2019 : Prix Gémeaux de la meilleure interprétation féminine pour une émission ou série produite pour les médias numériques: comédie pour Georges est mort
 2019 : Gala Québec Cinéma, meilleure distribution des rôles pour Sashinka
 2019 : Melbourne Webfest, catégorie meilleure actrice de soutien pour Georges est mort

Notes et références

Actrice québécoise de cinéma
Actrice québécoise de télévision
Actrice québécoise de théâtre
Naissance en mai 1981
Naissance à Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu

Fanny Rainville


An Chusquea pinifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck. An Chusquea pinifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chusquea, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chusquea

Chusquea pinifolia


Cornelis Wilhelmus "Cees" van Hasselt (Roterdão, 5 de outubro de 1872 – Roterdão, 16 de janeiro de 1951) foi um futebolista e treinador de futebol neerlandês. Foi o primeiro técnico da história da seleção nacional, entre 1905 e 1908.

Carreira como jogador
Quando jogava, Van Hasselt era defensor e atuou pelo Sparta Rotterdam entre 1893 e 1905, chegando a participar de amistosos contra vários times europeus no final do século XIX.

Carreira como treinador

Antes de sua aposentadoria como jogador, Van Hasselt já organizava partidas amistosas contra a Bélgica em 1901, porém elas não eram reconhecidas pela Real Associação Neerlandesa de Futebol (KNVB), e apenas jogadores da segunda divisão nacional estavam disponíveis. Os belgas venceram os 4 primeiros jogos por 8–0, 1–0, 2–1 e 6–4.

Em 1904, os Países Baixos tornaram-se membros fundadores da FIFA e, em abril do ano seguinte, a seleção disputaria seu primeiro jogo oficial, derrotando a Bélgica por 4 a 1. Depois de 11 partidas (6 vitórias e 5 derrotas), Van Hasselt deixou a seleção (e a carreira de técnico) em 1908, sendo substituído pelo inglês Edgar Chadwick.

Morte
Van Hasselt morreu em 16 de janeiro de 1951, vitimado por uma hemorragia estomacal. Em 1999, uma rua de sua cidade foi nomeada Kees van Hasseltstraat, na área residencial de Nieuw Terbregge.

Futebolistas dos Países Baixos
Futebolistas do Sparta Rotterdam
Treinadores de futebol dos Países Baixos

Cees van Hasselt


Katolička Crkva u Albaniji je kršćanska vjerska zajednica u Albaniji u punom zajedništvu s papom, trenutno Franjom (stanje 17. listopada 2016.).

Povijest
Kršćanstvo u Albaniji datira gotovo od apostolskih vremena ranog kršćanstva. Počeci katoličanstva u Albaniji sežu još od prije velike podjele. Već do vremena velike podjele, pokazalo se da je katoličanstvu je bio izložen sjeverni i dio zapadnog, priobalnog dijela zemlje. Pravoslavlju je bio izložen južni i istočni dio.
Albanija je nekad bila većinski katolička zemlja.

Odnose su promijenila makedonska, bugarska, zatim srpska i bizantska osvajanja u korist pravoslavlja. Mletačka osvajanja išla su na ruku katoličanstvu. Osmanska osvajanja za posljedicu su imala islamizaciju kršćana, a osobite su gubitke imali katolički kršćani, za razliku od pravoslavnih kojih je sustav milleta zaštitio i omogućio im status države u državi.

Pod komunizmom vjera je bila metom progona, a katolici su bili pod iznimnim pritiskom. Sve džamije i crkve zatvorene su 1967., a sloboda ispovijedanja vjere omogućena je tek studenoga 1990. godine. Rezultat komunističkih progona je da je katolicizam u komunističkom progonu doživio pravo satrvenje.

Danas je Albanija većinski muslimanska zemlja. Radi širenja islama u Albaniju dolaze Arapi sa svojim donacijama, džamijama i medresama. Za pomoći oporavku katoličanstva, sa Zapada su brojne katoličke zajednice sa Zapada otvorile svoje misije. Napuštanje komunističkog mračnog doba još uvijek nije omogućilo potpuni oporavak katolicizma. U dobu liberalizma stanovništvo odlazi na Zapad, osobito katolici, kao što zapadnjaci sele još zapadnije.

Kroz povijest nerijetko su biskupi i apostolski administratori u Albaniji bili Hrvati.

Broj vjernika
Podatci koje navodi CIA za 2011. godinu govore o 10% rimokatolika u Albaniji.

Crkvena upravna organizacija
Albanijom se prostire nekoliko biskupija, od kojih je nekoliko naslovnih.

Vanjske poveznice
 (eng.) GCatholic.org Catholic Church in Albania

Izvori

Katolička Crkva u Albaniji


An Eriocaulon nematophyllum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gregory John Leach. An Eriocaulon nematophyllum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon nematophyllum


Alan John Julian (Ashford, Inglaterra, 11 de marzo de 1983), futbolista inglés nacionalizado norirlandés. Juega de portero y su actual equipo es el Stevenage FC de Inglaterra.

Selección nacional

Ha sido internacional con la Selección de fútbol de Irlanda del Norte Sub-21.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Guardametas de fútbol
Futbolistas de Inglaterra
Futbolistas nacionalizados en Irlanda del Norte
Futbolistas de Irlanda del Norte
Futbolistas del Brentford Football Club
Futbolistas del Stevenage  Football Club
Futbolistas del Gillingham Football Club
Futbolistas del Newport County Association Football Club
Futbolistas del Dartford Football Club
Futbolistas del Sutton United Football Club
Futbolistas del Bromley Football Club
Futbolistas del Billericay Town Football Club
Futbolistas del Hampton & Richmond Borough Football Club

Alan Julian


Heliamphora folliculata, es una especie de planta carnívora perteneciente a la familia Sarraceniaceae. Es un endemismo de los Tepuys del grupo Aparaman en Venezuela donde crece en las cuatro montañas: Aparaman Tepui, Murosipan Tepui, Tereke Tepui y Kamakeiwaran Tepui.

Descripción
Las hojas en forma de cuchara de contienen el néctar de esta especie, con gigantescos nectarios extraflorales en su cámara interna, puede haber evolucionado para evitar que la lluvia lave el energéticamente costoso néctar producido por la planta.

Taxonomía
Heliamphora folliculata fue descrita por Wistuba, Harbarth & Carow y publicado en Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 30(4): 120, en el año 2001.Heliamphora folliculata en PlantList
Etimología
Deriva del latín folliculatus'' = que tiene folículos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Plantas carnívoras de Sudamérica
folliculata
Plantas carnívoras
Flora endémica de Venezuela
Flora de América del Sur continental
Plantas descritas en 2001
Plantas descritas por Wistuba
Plantas descritas por Harbarth
Plantas descritas por Carow

Heliamphora folliculata


Malhação: Os Desatinados é uma minissérie de televisão brasileira produzida e exibida pelo serviço de streaming Globoplay entre 3 de outubro a 7 de novembro de 2015, em 6 episódios, sendo um spin-off – uma obra derivada – da vigésima terceira temporada do seriado Malhação. Foi escrita por Emanuel Jacobina, Filipe Lisboa e Giovana Moraes.

Teve Nicolas Prattes, Julia Konrad, João Oliveira e Marcos Frota nos papéis principais.

Enredo

A minissérie mostra como João (João Vithor Oliveira) conheceu Ciça (Julia Konrad), a evolução do relacionamento dos dois e a criação da banda Os Desatinados do colégio fictício Leal Brazil.

Elenco

Contexto
Após a morte do personagem João Alcântara em Malhação: Seu Lugar no Mundo, os fãs da série fizeram um movimento nas redes sociais pedindo que a história do personagem continuasse. Outro ponto solicitado foi o de exibir Malhação aos sábados. A partir daí, a emissora original iniciou o processo de produção da minissérie para exibição no Globoplay.

Malhação
Séries da TV Globo
Programas de televisão derivados
Histórias derivadas
Programas do Globoplay
Programas de televisão em língua portuguesa

Malhação: Os Desatinados


Rezanje limova je ručna obrada ili strojna obrada metala kojom se razdvajaju limovi primjenom dviju oštrica, postavljenih tako da se jedna može pokretati u odnosu na drugu.

Podjela
Za rezanje tanjih limova koriste se škare za lim koje su nalik ostalim ručnim škarama, dok se za deblje limove koriste stolne polužne škare, a za limove deblje od 3 milimetara i strojne škare, pokretane elektromotorom. Takve su vrste škara različitih izmjera (dimenzija) i snaga, a najviše se primjenjuju u brodogradnji i kotlogradnji. Kombinirane strojne škare opremljene su i specijalnim oštricama za rezanje čeličnih profila, okrugloga željeza i drugih poluproizvoda. Postoji posebna vrsta strojnih škara za kružno isijecanje limova, za rasijecanje limenih ploča u vrpce i slično. Njezine su oštrice u obliku kotačića s oštrim bridom među koje se utiskuje materijal koji se želi rasjeći. Električne škare kao ručni alat različitih su izvedbi.

Ručne škare za lim
Ručne škare za lim služe za rezanje lima debljine do 2 milimetra. Izrađuju se od ugljičnog ili legiranog čelika koji se zakali. Ravno rezanje izvodi se škarama s ravnom oštricom, pod kutom od 90˚ u odnosu na ravninu rezanja. Kružno rezanje izvodi se sa škarama s poluokruglom oštricom, tako da se pokreti kombiniraju s okretanjem lima. Izrezivanje provrta izvodi se sa škarama sa savijenom oštricom. Rezanje ručnim škarama može se izvesti i tako da se jedan krak škara stegne u škripac ili se zabije u drveni panj. Kut otvora škara ne smije biti suviše velik (do 14˚), da se predmet obrade ne bi izvlačio iz noževa škara. Rezanje je lakše ako su duži krakovi drške. Po škarama se ne smije udarati čekićem.

Stolne polužne škare
Stolne polužne škare ili stolne škare s ručicom mogu rezati limove do 5 milimetara. Na postolju, koji se vijcima steže u stalak (noge), nalaze se dvije oštrice, koje se mogu mijenjati. Polugom pokreće se pokretna oštrica preko ozubljenog dijela i kojima je dodan potiskivač za čvrsto držanje lima pri rezanju. Neke vrste ovih škara mogu odrezivati i okrugle te kvadratne šipke, uz dodatak posebnog uređaja.

Škare s protuutegom
Škare s protuutegom mogu rezati limove debljine do 6 milimetara. Duljina oštrice iznosi do 1 metar. Pokreti pri rezanju su ujednačeni protuutegom, koji se nalazi iza okretne točke i vraća nož u početni položaj. Izbacivanje limova ne dopušta pritiskivač, koji ujedno i štiti radnika od ozljede.

Strojne škare
Strojne škare ili paralelne škare mogu rezati limove duljine do 6 metara i debljine do 25 milimetara. Sastoje se od postolja, stola s nepokretnom oštricom i pokretnog nosača oštrice (s gornje strane). Pokretni nosač oštrice pokreće se pomoću poluga i dva ekscentra, čvrsto vezanih na zajedničkom vratilu kojega pokreće elektromotor. Gibanje pokretnog nosača oštrice omogućavaju vodilice. Lim se gura po ploči za oslanjanje sve do graničnika, koji regulira širinu rezanja, a nalazi se na zadnjem dijelu stroja. Pritiskivač se spušta i blokira lim uzduž ravnine rezanja. Nož se spušta i vrši rezanje uključivanjem papučice.

Izvori

Obrada metala
Alati

Rezanje limova


Klein Kottorz,  Kotórz Mały (1936–1945: Klein Kochen) ist eine Ortschaft in Oberschlesien. Klein Kottorz liegt in der Gemeinde Turawa im Powiat Opolski (Landkreis Oppeln) in der polnischen Woiwodschaft Oppeln. Seit 2012 ist Groß Kottorz offiziell zweisprachig (Polnisch und Deutsch).

Geographie

Geographische Lage

Klein Kottorz liegt in der historischen Region Oberschlesien im Oppelner Land. Der Ort liegt drei Kilometer südwestlich vom Gemeindesitz Turawa und zwölf Kilometer nordöstlich von der Kreisstadt und Woiwodschaftshauptstadt Opole (Oppeln).

Klein Kottorz liegt in der Nizina Śląska (Schlesischen Tiefebene) innerhalb der Równina Opolska (Oppelner Ebene). Nördlich des Dorfes fließt die Mała Panew (Malapane). Klein Kottorz liegt an der Bahnstrecke Opole–Kluczbork.

Nachbarorte

Nachbarorte von Klein Kottorz sind im Nordwesten Wengern (Węgry), im Nordosten Turawa, im Osten Groß Kottorz (Kotórz Wielki) und im Südwesten der Weiler Borek und Sowade (Zawada).

Geschichte

Der Ort wurde 1295 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Im Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis von 1295 wird der Ort als "Chotors" erwähnt. 1399 wird der Ort als Parua Kotocz erwähnt.

Nach dem Ersten Schlesischen Krieg 1742 fiel Klein Kottorz mit dem größten Teil Schlesiens an Preußen.

Nach der Neuorganisation der Provinz Schlesien gehörte die Landgemeinde Klein Kottorz ab 1816 zum Landkreis Oppeln im Regierungsbezirk Oppeln. 1845 bestanden im Dorf 80 Häuser. Im gleichen Jahr lebten in Klein Kottorz 570 Menschen, davon zehn evangelisch. 1865 hatte der Ort 19 Bauern, 13 Gärtner und 28 Häusler. 1874 wurde der Amtsbezirk Turawa gegründet, welcher aus den Landgemeinden Friedrichsfelde, Groß Kottorz, Klein Kottorcz, Kobyllno und Turawa und den Gutsbezirken Kobyllno und Turawa bestand. Mit Eröffnung der Bahnstrecke Opole–Kluczbork im Jahr 1899 erhielt Klein Kottorz einen Anschluss an das Schienennetz der Oberschlesischen Eisenbahn. 1891 wurde die Freiwillige Feuerwehr in Klein Kottorz gegründet.

1903 kam es zu einem verheerenden Brand im Dorf, bei welchem 63 Häuser zerstört und beschädigt wurden. 1913 wurde im Dorf eine Schule eröffnet. Bei der Volksabstimmung in Oberschlesien am 20. März 1921 stimmten 267 Wahlberechtigte für einen Verbleib bei Deutschland und 305 für Polen. Klein Kottorz verblieb beim Deutschen Reich. Bei einem Eisenbahnunglück am Bahnhof Klein Kottorz kam im Jahr 1924 eine Person ums Leben, fünf Personen wurden verletzt. 1933 lebten im Ort 970 Einwohner. Am 19. Mai 1936 wurde der Ort in Klein Kochen umbenannt. 1939 hatte der Ort 1.059 Einwohner. Bis 1945 befand sich der Ort im Landkreis Oppeln.

Am 22. Januar 1945 erreichte die Rote Armee Klein Kottorz und setzte einige Häuser im Dorf in Brand, darunter die beiden Restaurants des Dorfes. 1945 kam der bisher deutsche Ort unter polnische Verwaltung und wurde in Kotórz Mały umbenannt und der Woiwodschaft Schlesien angeschlossen. 1950 kam der Ort zur Woiwodschaft Oppeln. 1999 kam der Ort zum wiedergegründeten Powiat Opolski. Am 8. März 2012 erhielt der Ort zusätzlich den amtlichen deutschen Ortsnamen Klein Kottorz. 2016 eröffnete die Miro Deutsche Fussballschule, welche vom Deutscher Freundschaftskreis gefördert wird.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Dreistöckige Glockenkapelle
 Empfangsgebäude des Bahnhofs Kotórz Mały

Vereine
 Deutschen Freundschaftskreis
 Sportverein LKS Silesius

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Gemeinde Turawa
Ort in Schlesien
Ort der Woiwodschaft Opole
Ersterwähnung 1295

Klein Kottorz


Aurul alb este un film românesc din 1954 regizat de Virgil Calotescu.

Prezentare

Distribuție

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1954 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1954
Filme regizate de Virgil Calotescu

Aurul alb (film din 1954)


An Scaphyglottis sessiliflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bryan Roger Adams. An Scaphyglottis sessiliflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scaphyglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scaphyglottis

Scaphyglottis sessiliflora


Celal Atik (d. 1918, Boğazlıyan, Yozgat - ö. 27 Nisan 1979, Ankara), Dünya ve Olimpiyat Şampiyonu Türk güreşçidir. 1948 Olimpiyatları, 1951 Dünya ve 1946,1949 Avrupa şampiyonalarında altın madalya kazandı.

Kariyeri
1918 yılında Yozgat'ın Boğazlıyan ilçesinin Gürden (Yazıkışla) köyünde doğan Atik; soyadını Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ten almıştır. 1938 yılında düzenlenen Türkiye Şampiyonası'nda Atik'in çevik hareketlerinden dolayı onu seyretmekte olan Atatürk'ün "Sen çok atik bir pehlivansın, soyadın da Atik olsun" önerisinde bulunması sonucu, Celal "Doğan" olan soyadı "Atik" olarak değiştirilmiştir.

1946 yılında yine Stockholm'de düzenlenen Avrupa Şampiyonasına katıldı. Orada hafif siklet kategorisinde serbest stilde şampiyonluğu kazandı ve diğerlerinin yanı sıra İsveç'ten Gösta Jönsson-Frändfors'u da yendi. Greko-Romen stilde Prag'da düzenlenen 1947 Avrupa Şampiyonası'nda hafif sıklet kategorisinde bronz madalya kazandı. Sovyetler Birliği'nden Armenak Jaltyrjan'a karşı kaybetti.

Celal Atik kariyerindeki en büyük başarıyı Londra'da düzenlenen 1948 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda elde etti. Orada hafif sıklet kategorisinde serbest stilde altın madalya kazandı. Final güreşlerinde İtalya'dan Garibaldo Nizzola ve Gösta Jönsson-Frändfors'u yendi.

Celal Atik 1949 yılında İstanbul'da düzenlenen 1949 Avrupa Güreş Şampiyonası velter sıklet serbest stilde Avrupa şampiyonu oldu. Burada İsveç'ten Per Berlin ve İran'dan Ali Gaffari ile maçlarını kazandı.

1950'den itibaren Avrupa şampiyonaları yerine yeniden dünya şampiyonaları düzenlenmeye başlandı. 1950 Dünya Güreş Şampiyonası Stockholm'de grekoromen stilde düzenlendi. Celal Atik velter sıklette oldukça iyi güreşler çıkardı, ancak finalde Finlandiyalı Matti Siimanainen'e yenilerek gümüş madalya kazandı. Ekim 1950 tarihinde Alman milli güreş takımı üç uluslararası maç için Türkiye'yi ziyaret etti. Bu uluslararası maçlardan birinde Celal Atik, İstanbul'da 7.000 seyircinin önünde Heinrich Nettesheim'a karşı puanla kazandı.

1951 yılında serbest stilde dünya şampiyonası Helsinki'de gerçekleşti. Celal Atik ağır sıklet kategorisinde dünya şampiyonu oldu. Heinrich Nettesheim ve Finlandiya'dan Aleksanteri Keisala ile yaptığı güreşleri kazandı. 1952 Olimpiyat Oyunları yaklaşırken, Celal Atik bu şampiyonluğun ardından Türk güreş federasyonuyla yaşadığı anlaşmazlıklar nedeniyle aktif güreşçilik kariyerine son verdi. Güreşçilik kariyeri bittikten sonra da 1955 yılı ile 1979 yılları arasında Millî Takım Baş Antrenörlüğü yapmıştır. İsviçre'deki Uluslararası Güreş Federasyonu (FILA) tarafından baş antrenör olarak atanan sanatçı, dünyanın dört bir yanından gelen sporculara güreş teknikleri dersleri verdi.

Atik, 27 Nisan 1979'da Ankara'da bir hastanede vefat etti. Biri İzmir'de 1.200 kişi kapasiteli diğeri memleketi Yozgat'ta olmak üzere iki spor salonuna onun adı verilmiştir.

Başarıları

 1940 - İstanbul da Greko-Romen stil 72 Kg da Balkan 2.
 1946 - Stokholm İsveç de Serbest stil 67 Kg da Avrupa 1.
 1947 - Prag Çekoslovakya da Groko-Romen stil 67 Kg da Avrupa 3.
 1948 - Londra Olimpiyatlarında Serbest stil 67 Kg da 1.
 1949 - İstanbul Türkiye de Serbest stil 73 Kg da Avrupa 1.
 1950 - Stokholm İsveç de Greko-Romen stil 73 Kg da Dünya 2.
 1951 - Helsinki Finlandiya da Serbest stil 73 Kg da Dünya 1.

Kaynakça

1918 doğumlular
1979 yılında ölenler
Türk erkek güreşçiler
Çerkes asıllı Türkler
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı Türk sporcular
Légion d'honneur sahipleri
Yozgat doğumlular
Ankara'da ölenler
1948 Yaz Olimpiyatları güreşçileri
Cebeci Asri Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Türk Olimpiyat güreşçileri
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı güreşçiler
Avrupa Güreş Şampiyonası madalyalı güreşçiler
Avrupa şampiyonu güreşçiler
Dünya güreş şampiyonları

Celal Atik


Samogitija (litavski: Žemaitija, samogitski: Žemaitėjė) jedna je od etnografskih regija Litve. Nalazi se na sjeverozapadu države. Glavni grad je Telšiai, a najveći grad Šiauliai, odnosno Klaipėda, ako se taj grad smatra dijelom Samogitije.

Povijest
Samogitija je ušla u sastav Velike Kneževine Litve tijekom vladavine Mindaugasa koji je 1260. pobijedio Teutonce te onemogućio širenje njihove vlasti na Samogitiju. Borbe za političku i vojnu prevlast na ovom području između Litve i Teutonaca nastavile su se sve do 1382. godine, kada je Vladislav II. Jagelo poklonio Samogitiju Teutoncima. Pod vlašću tog reda ostala je samo do 1411. godine kada postaje dio Poljsko-Litavske Unije. Dijelom Poljsko-Litavske Unije ostala je sve do Treće diobe Poljske 1795. godine, kada je ušla u sastav Ruskog Carstva. Područje Samogitije bilo je glavno kulturno uporište Litavaca koji su tijekom izloženih pojačanoj rusifikaciji. U Prvom svjetskom ratu njemačka carska vojska zaposjela je područje u jesen 1915. područje Samogitije, koje je 1918. postala dijelom neovisne Litve.

Gradovi
 Šiauliai/Šiaulē (127.059 stanovnika)
 Mažeikiai/Mažeikē (40.572 stanovnika)
 Telšiai/Telšē (30.011 stanovnika)
 Tauragė/Tauragie (27.862 stanovnika)
 Plungė/Plongi, Plongė (23.187 stanovnika)
 Kretinga (21.452 stanovnika)
 Skuodas/Skouds (7358 stanovnika)

Izvori

Vidi još
 Samogiti
 Samogitski jezik

Zemljopis Litve
Povijest Litve
Povijesne regije

Samogitija


Virgilio "Virgil" Solozzo, "The Turk", er en fiktiv karakter og den vigtigste antagonist i Mario Puzos The Godfather. Virgil var spillet af skuespilleren Al Lettieri.

The Godfather karakterer

Virgil Sollozzo


Kobophenol A ist ein Stilben-Tetramer. Es kann aus Chinesischem Erbsenstrauch (Caragana sinica) isoliert werden.

Bei der Acetylcholinesterase wies es eine hemmende Wirkung auf.

Eine durch Säure katalysierte Epimerisierung von Kobophenol A zum Epimer Carasinol B kann in vitro durchgeführt werden.

Einzelnachweise

Resorcin
Phenol
Cumaran
Oxolan

Kobophenol A


Russian Roulette sedmi je studijski album njemačkog heavy metal sastava Accept. Diskografska kuća RCA Records objavila ga je 21. travnja 1986.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Izvori

Albumi sastava Accept
Albumi iz 1986.

Russian Roulette (album)


භෞතික විද්යාවෙහි, ක්ෂමතාව යනු කාර්යය කිරීමේ සීඝ්‍රතාවය වේ. එය ඒකක කාලයකදී පරිභෝජනය කරන ශක්තියට සමාන වේ. කිසිදු දිශාවක් රහිත, එය අදිශ රාශියක් වේ. , SI ක්‍රමයේදී, ක්ෂමතාවයේ ඒකක තත්පරයට ජූල්(J / s) වන අතර වොට් ලෙසද හදුන්වන්නේ දහඅට වන සියවසේ වාෂ්ප එන්ජිමේ සංවර්ධක ලෙස ජේම්ස් වොට් මහතාට ගෞරවයක් ලෙසයි. අශ්වබල (අශ්වයෙකුගේ බලයට සාපේක්ෂව) යනු  තවත් පොදු සහ සාම්ප්රදායික මිනුමක් වන අතර ක්ෂමතාවය සදහා සමීකරණය පහත පරිදි ලිවිය හැක:

ක්ෂමතාවය කාලය විෂයෙන් අනුකලනය කල විට කරන ලද කාර්යය ප්‍රමණය ලැබේ. මක් නිසාද යත් මෙම අනුකලනය, බලය යෙදෙන වස්තුවෙහි ලක්ෂයක ගමන් මග සහ ව්යාවර්තය මත රදා පවතී. එම නිසා මෙම කාර්යයෙහි ගණනය මාර්ගය මත රදා පවතී යැයි කියනු ලැබේ.

භෞතික සංකල්පයක් ලෙස, ක්ෂමතාව භෞතික විශ්වය සහ වෙනස සිදු වන විශේෂිත කාලය යන දෙකම තෘප්ත කල යුතුය. බලය භෞතික විශ්වය තුළ වෙනසක් හා වෙනස සිදුවන නියමිත කාලය යන දෙකම අවශ්ය වේ. මෙය මිනුම් කරන ලද භෞතික විශ්වයේ තත්වයේ සාමාන්ය වෙනස යන පදය හෙවත් කාර්යය යන සංකල්පය පැහැදිළි කල යුතුය. යම් බරක් ඉහලට පඩිපෙලක ඔසවාගෙන යන විට කෙරෙන කාර්යය ප්‍රමාණය එම පුද්ගලයා එම බර ඔසවාගෙන පයින් ඇවිදින විට සහ දුවන විට කරන කාර්යය ප්‍රමණය සැලකූ විට එකම අගයක් ගත හැකි නමුත් වඩා වැඩි ක්ෂමතාවයක් දුවමින් කරන ලද කාර්යය කරන විට අවශ්ය වේ. මක් නිසාද යත් එහිදී අඩු කාලයක් ගත වන බැවිනි.

විදුලි මෝටරයක ක්ෂමතාව යනු මෝටරය ජනනය කරන ව්යාවර්තය සහ ප්‍රතිදාන දණ්ඩේ කෝණික ප්‍රවේගයයි. රථයක චලිතය හා සම්බන්ද ක්ෂමතාව යනු රෝද වල ඇද ගෙන යාමේ බලය සහ රථයේ ප්‍රවේගය අතර ගුණිතයයි. ආලෝක බල්බයක් විදුලි ශක්තිය ආලෝක ශක්තිය සහ තාප ශක්තිය බවට පත් කරන සීඝ්‍රතාවය මනිනු ලබන්නේ වොට් වලිනි. වොට් ප්‍රමානයට වඩා වැඩියෙන් තවත් ක්ෂමතාව හෝ ඒ හා සමනව තවත් විදුලි ශක්තිය භාවිතා කරනු ලබන්නේ ඒකක කාලයකදීය.

ඒකක
ක්ෂමතාවයෙහි මාන, ශක්තියෙහි මාන කාලයේ මාන වලින් බෙදූ විට ලැබේ. ක්ෂමතාවයෙහි එස් අයි ඒකක වොට්(W) හෙවත් තත්පරයට ජූල් වේ. ක්ෂමතාවයේ වෙනත් ඒකක වන්නේ තත්පරයට අර්ග්(erg/s), අශ්ව බල (hp), මෙට්‍රික් අශ්ව බල(ජර්මනියේ අඩු අගයක් ඇති කාසියක්(PS) හෝ ප්‍රංශ අශ්ව ජවය(CV)), සහ මිනිත්තුවට අඩි-රාත්තල්. අශ්ව බල එකක්  මිනිත්තුවට අඩි-රාත්තල් 33,000කට සමාන වේ. රාත්තල් 550ක් එක අඩියකින් එසවීමට එක තත්පරයකදී අවශ්ය ක්ෂමතාව අශ්වබල ලෙස හැදින්වේ. එලෙසම අශ්ව බල එකක් වොට් 746 කට සමාන වේ. වෙනත් ඒකක ලෙස dBm, ලඝුගණක මිනුම් සම්බන්ධව මිලිවොට් එකක් සමුද්දේශ ලෙස; ආහාර පැයට කැලරි (බොහෝ විට පැයට කිලෝ කැලරි ලෙස සඳහන් වේ); පැයට BTU (BTU / h); හා ශීතකරණ ටොන් (12,000 BTU / h).

ක්ෂමතාව සඳහා වන සමීකරණ
බලය, කාලයේ ශ්‍රිතයක් ලෙස, වැඩ සිදු කරන සීඝ්රතාවය වේ, ඒ නිසා මෙම සමීකරණය මගින් පළ කළ හැක:

මක්නිසාද යත් කාර්යය යනු යම් දුරකදී යෙදෙන බලයයි, මෙය නැවත මෙසේ ලිවිය හැක:

ඒකක කාලයකදී යන දුර ප්‍රවේගය වීමත් සමග ක්ෂමතාව මෙලෙසද තේර්ම් ගත හැක:

නිව්ටන් ගේ 2 වන නීතියට අනුව බලය යනු ස්කන්ධය වරක් ත්වරණය වන බැවින් ක්ෂමතාවය සදහා සමීකරණය පහත පරිදි ලිවිය හැක:

ත්වරණය යනු කාලයත් සමග ප්‍රවේගය වෙනස් වීමෙ සීග්‍රතාව වන බැවින් කාලය වෙනස් වීමත් සමග ප්‍රවේගයද වෙනස් වන නිසා ක්ෂමතාවයද ඒ අනුව වෙනස් වේ, එසේ නම් එය මෙසේ ලිවිය හැක:

චාලක ශක්තිය සඳහා සමීකරණය සමග සසඳා:

මෙය පෙර සමීකරණයෙන්ද දැකිය හැකි අතර ක්ෂමතාව යනු ස්කන්ධ කාල ප්‍රවේග පදයක් තවත් ප්‍රවේග පදයක් කාලයෙන් බෙදීමයි. මෙය, ක්ෂමතාව යනු ඒකක කාලයකදී පරිභෝජනය කරන ශක්ති අගයක් බව පෙන්වා දෙයි.

සාමාන්‍ය බලය
සරල උදාහරණයක් ලෙස,  ගල් අගුරු කිලෝ ග්‍රැම් එකක් දහනය වීමෙන් පිටවන ශක්තියට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමණයක් TNT කිලෝ ග්රෑම් එකක් පුපුරුවා හැරීමෙන් ලැබේ. මක් නිසාද යත් TNT ප්‍රතික්‍රියාව ශක්තිය ඉතා ඉක්මනින් පිට කරයි. එමෙන්ම එය ගල් අගුරු වලට වඩා ඉතා විශාල ක්ෂමතාවක් බෙදා හරියි. ΔW යනු Δt නම් කාල පරාසයකදී ඉටු කරන ලද කාර්යය ප්‍රමාණය වුවහොත් සාමාන්ය ක්කාෂමතාව Pavg පහත සමීකරණය මගින් ලබා දෙයි

එය ඒකක කාලයකදී සිදු කරන කාර්යය ප්‍රමාණයක් හෝ ශක්ති පරිවර්තනයක් වේ. සාමාන්ය ක්ෂමතාව නිතරම සරලව "ක්ෂමතාව" ලෙස හදුන්වන නමුත් සන්දර්භය පැහැදිලි වේ.

ක්ෂණික ක්ෂමතාව යනු Δt කාල අන්තරයක් බිංදුවට ලගා වන විට සාමාන්ය ක්ෂමතාවයෙහි සීමාන්තික අගය වේ.

නියත ක්ෂමතාවය P වන අවස්ථාවේ දී, ලබා දෙන T කාලයකදී ඉටු කර ඇති කාර්යය ප්‍රමාණය:

බලශක්ති පරිවර්තනය පිළිබඳ සන්දර්භය තුළ, එය වෙනුවට    සිරිත් පරිදි W සංකේතයට වඩා E සංකේතය භාවිතා කිරීම උචිත වේ.

යාන්ත්‍රික ක්ෂමතාවය

යාන්ත්‍රික පද්ධතියක ක්ෂමතාවය යනු බලයන් සහ චලනයන් වල එකතුවකි. ක්ෂමතාවය යනු වස්තුව මත යෙදෙන බලය සහ එම වස්තුවේ ප්‍රවේගයේ ගුණිතයක් හෝ දණ්ඩේ ව්යාවර්තය සහ දණ්ඩේ කෝණික ප්‍රවේගයේ ගුණිතයයි.

යාන්ත්‍රික ක්ෂමතාවය යනු කාර්යය සහ කාලයෙහි වියුත්පන්නයක් ලෙසද පැහැදිළි කල හැක. යාන්ත්‍ර විද්යාවේ දී, වස්තුවක් මත F බලයක් මගින් කර ඇති කාර්යය ප්‍රමාණය සහ එම වස්තුව ගමන් කර ඇති C නම් චක්‍රය රේඛීය අනුකලනය මගින් දී ඇත:

x මගින් මාර්ගය සහ C සහ v මගින් මාර්ගයෙහි ප්‍රවේග දැක්වේ.

බලය F අවකලනය කල හැකි වුවහොත් ඉතා සුදුසු (සංස්ථිතික), ඊළගට අනුක්‍රමික සිද්ධාන්තය යෙදීම(සහ එම බලය සුදුසු ශක්තියේ අනුක්‍රමිකයේ රිණ ලෙස ගැනේ) ඵලය වේ:

A සහ B යනු මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ කර ඇති කාර්යයේ ආරම්භය සහ අවසානයයි.

චක්‍රයේ ඕනැම ලක්ෂ්යයක ක්ෂමතාවය C යනු කාලයෙහි ව්යුත්පන්නයයි.

ඒක මානයේදී මෙලෙස සරල කළ හැක:

භ්‍රමණ පද්ධති වල, ක්ෂමතාවය යනු ව්යාවර්තයෙහි τ සහ කෝණික ප්‍රවේගයෙහි ω ගුණිතයයි.

එහිදී ω තත්පරයට රේඩියන් වලින් මනිනු ලබයි. මෙය අදිශ ගුණිතයකි.

ද්‍රවමය ක්ෂමතා පද්ධති වලදී උදාහරණයක් ලෙස හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඔදයන වලදී කෂමතාවය දෙනු ලබන්නේ

p පැස්කල් වලින් පීඩනය, හෝ වර්ග මීටරයට නිව්ටන් හා Q යනු පරිමාමිතික ගලා යාමේ සීඝ්‍රතාවයයි. SI ඒකක වලින් තත්පරයට ඝන මීටර වේ.

යාන්ත්‍රික වාසි
යාන්ත්‍රික පද්ධතියක දෝෂ නොමැති නම් ආදාන ක්ෂමතාව ප්‍රතිදාන ක්ෂමතාවට සමන විය යුතුය. මෙය පද්ධතියේ යාන්ත්‍රික වාසිය සදහා සරල සමීකරණයක් සපයයි.

උපකරණයකට සපයන ආදාන ක්ෂමතාව සලකා FA නම් බලයක් VA නම් ප්‍රවේගයකින් යොදන විට ප්‍රතිදානය ලෙස FB බලයක් VB නම් ප්‍රවේගයකින් ලැබේ නම් පද්ධතිය ශක්ති හානියකින් තොරයි නම්

සහ පද්ධතියේ යාන්ත්‍රික වාසිය(ආදාන බලයට ප්‍රතිදාන බලය දක්වන අනුපාතය)

ඒ හා සමාන සම්බන්ධයක් භ්‍රමණ පද්ධතිවලටද අදාළ කර ගත හැක, TA සහ ωA යනු ආදාන ව්යාවර්තය සහ කෝණික ප්‍රවේගය හා TB සහ ωB යනු ප්‍රතිදාන ව්යාවර්තය සහ කෝණික ප්‍රවේගය වන විට පද්ධතියේ ශක්ති හානියක් නැතැයි සැලකූ විට

මෙයින් යාන්ත්‍රික වාසිය පිලිබද ඵලයක් ලබා දේ

මෙම සම්බන්ධයන් වැදගත් වන්නේ උපකරණයේ උපරිම ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය ප්‍රවේග අනුපාත හරහා එහි භෞතික මනයන් ඔස්සේ නිර්වචනය කිරීමයි. උදාහරණ සදහා දැති රෝද අනුපාත බලන්න.

විද්‍යුත් බලය

උපකරණයකට දෙනු ලබන ක්ෂණික විද්යුත් ක්ෂමතාවය P දෙනු ලබන්නේ

එහිදී
 P (t) යනු ක්ෂණික ක්ෂමතාවය අම්නිනු ලබන්නේ වොට් (තත්පරයට ජූල්) වලිනි. V (t) වෝල්ට් වලින් මනින ලද සංරචක දෙකක් හරහා විභව වෙනස(වෝල්ටීයතා බිද වැටීම) වේ.I(t) යනු ඒ හරහා ගලන ධාරාව වන අතර මනිනු ලබන්නේ ඇම්පියර් වලිනි
උපාංගය ප්‍රතිරෝධකයක් වුවහොත් වෝල්ටීයතාවය සහ ධාරාව අතර අනුපාතය:

එහිදී

ඕම් වලින් මැනිය හැකි ප්‍රතිරෝධය වේ.

උච්ච ක්ෂමතාව සහ කාර්යය චක්‍රය

ආවර්ත සංඥාවක්දී s (t) ආවර්තයේ T, හදුනා ගත හැකි ස්පන්ධ ලෙස, ක්ෂණික ක්ෂමතාව p(t) = |s(t)|^2 ද T කාලයකදී ආවර්ත ශ්‍රිතයකි. උච්ච ක්ෂමතාව සරලව අර්ථ දක්වනු ලබන්නේ:
 .
උච්ච ක්ෂමතාව නිතරම පහසුවෙන් මැනිය නොහැක, කෙසේ නමුත් සාමාන්ය ක්ෂමතවෙහි මිනුම් පොදුවේ උපකරණය මගින් ඉටු කරයි. ස්පන්ධයකට ශක්තිය නිර්වචනය කලහොත්:

සාමාන්ය ක්ෂමතාව සදහා:
 .
ස්පන්ධ දිග τ නම්
P0 T= E pulse

මෙම අනුපාත ස්පන්ධ ධාරාවේ කාර්යය චක්‍ර ලෙස හැදින්වේ

විකිරණ ක්ෂමතාවය
ක්ෂමතාවය දුර r හිදී තීව්රතාවයට සම්බන්ධ වන අතර, මූලාශ්රයකින් ව්මෝචනය කරන ක්ෂමතාවය පහත පරිදි ලිවිය හැක:

තවදුරටත්
 සරල යන්ත්‍ර
 යාන්ත්‍රික වාසි
 චාලක ශක්තිය
 විශාලත්වය සම්බන්ධ නීති (ක්ෂමතාවය)
 ස්පන්ද ශක්තිය
 ත්‍රීව්‍රතාවය —වර්ගඵලයකට ක්ෂමතාවය
 අත් කර ගන්නා ක්ෂමතාවය — රේඛීය ජාල දෙකක් අතර
 ශක්ති ඝනත්වය
 සංඥා ශක්තිය
 ශබ්ද ශක්තිය

References

ක්ෂමතාව (භෞතික විද්‍යාව)


Druga hrvatska košarkaška liga u sezoni 2018./19. je bila liga trećeg stupnja košarkaškog prvenstva Hrvatske. Sudjelovalo je ukupno 47 klubova u pet skupina, čiji su prvaci igrali potom kvalifikacijsku ligu za ulazak u 1. košarkašku ligu.

Ljestvice

Centar

 Izvori:
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, A-2 (Druga) Liga Centar (M)
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, 18. kolo i konačna ljestvica
 ksz-zagreb.hr, Druga liga Centar 2018/19

Istok

 Izvori:
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, A-2 (Druga) Liga Istok (M)
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, 14. kolo i konačna ljestvica
  ksobz.hr, Druga liga (2018/19)
  ksobz.hr, Druga liga 2018/19 – u konkurenciji

Jug

 Izvori:
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, A-2 (Druga) Liga Jug (M)
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, 14. kolo i konačna ljestvica
 basketball.hr

Sjever

 Izvori:
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, A-2 (Druga) Liga Sjever (M)
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, 18. kolo i konačna ljestvica
 ks-kckz.hr, 2. liga Sjever 2018./19.

Zapad

 Izvori:
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, A-2 (Druga) Liga Zapad (M)
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, 22. kolo i ljestvica
 KS Primorsko-goranske županije
 KS Primorsko-goranske županije, 2. muška liga - regija "Zapad" 2018./19.'' - priopćenje br. 25

Kvalifikacije za Prvu ligu
Igrano u Omišu od 1. do 5. svibnja 2019.

 Izvori:
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, završni dan kvalifikacijskog turnira
 KS Koprivničko-križevačke županije, Kvalifikacije za "1. mušku ligu"

Unutarnje poveznice
 Premijer liga 2018./19.
 Prva muška liga 2018./19.
 Treća liga 2018./19.
 Kup Krešimira Ćosića 2018./19.

Vanjske poveznice
 Hrvatski košarkaški savez
 Hrvatski košarkaški savez, arhiva
 crosarka.com
 basketball.hr
 eurobasket.com, Druga liga

Izvori

 eurobasket.com, Druga Liga Standings 2018/19, preuzeto 25. listopada 2019.

2018-19
m-3-druga

Druga hrvatska muška košarkaška liga 2018./19.


Sir Michael Scudamore Redgrave, CBE (født 20. marts 1908, død 21. marts 1985) var en engelsk teater- og filmskuespiller, instruktør, manager og forfatter.

Opvækst
Han var søn af skuespilleren i stumfilm, Roy Redgrave og skuespiller Margaret Scudamore. Redgrave gjorde sin første professionelle sceneopførelse på Playhouse i Liverpool den 30. august 1934, som Roy Darwin i Counsellor-at-Law (af Elmer Rice). Han tilbragte to år i teaterfirmaet Liverpool Repertory Company, hvor han mødte sin fremtidige kone Rachel Kempson.

Redgrave graduerede fra Magdalene College ved Cambridge University. Han arbejdede først som journalist og skolelærer før scenedebuten i 1934. Filmdebut i 1938 i Alfred Hitchcocks  En kvinde forsvinder.

Karriere
Redgrave blev derefter en af Storbritanniens mest fremtrædende og alsidige skuespillere. Han specialiserede sig i "intelligente"-karakterer, men var også en god komedieskuespiller. Han havde sin storhedstid fra slutningen af 1940'erne og et årti frem. I 1947 blev han nomineret til en Oscar for bedste mandlige hovedrolle for sin præstation i filmen Sorg klæder Elektra.

I 1950 spillede han Hamlet på Kronborg Slot, med Yvonne Mitchell i rollen som Ofelia.

Privatliv
Redgrave giftede sig med skuespilleren Rachel Kempson den 20. juli 1935, og er far til skuespillere Vanessa Redgrave, Corin Redgrave og Lynn Redgrave. Han blev adlet i 1959.

Filmografi (udvalg)
 1938 – En kvinde forsvinder
 1940 – Et vindue i London
 1941 – Kipps
 1945 – Flyverkammerater
 1945 – Nattens mysterier
 1947 – Spor i sandet
 1947 – Sorg klæder Elektra
 1952 – Bunbury
 1954 – Mørkets eskadrille
 1955 – Mr. Arkadin

 1956 – 1984
 1958 – Den stilfærdige amerikaner
 1959 – Kampen uden nåde
 1962 – Sejr eller nederlag?
 1965 – Telemarkens helte
 1969 – Åh, sikken herlig krig!
 1969 – David Copperfield (TV-film)
 1971 – Sendebudet
 1972 – Nicolai og Alexandra

Bibliografi
 1929 - Water Music for a Botanist, digtsamling
 1953 - The Actor's Ways and Means
 1958 - Mask or Face: Reflections in an Actor's Mirror
 1959 - The Mountebank's Tale Heinemann
 1983 - In My Mind's I: An Actor's Autobiography

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra England
Filminstruktører fra Storbritannien
Forfattere fra Estland
Personer fra Bristol
Briter i 1900-tallet
Personer tildelt Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Michael Redgrave


Jean-Philippe Loys de Chéseaux, cunoscut și sub numele de Jean-Philippe de Chéseaux (), a fost un astronom de reputație europeană.

Biografie
Jean-Philippe Loys de Chéseaux s-a născut într-o familie nobilă care poseda domeniul de la Cheseaux, aproape de Lausanne, în Vaud (Elveția).

După ce a studiat sub îndrumarea bunicului său, din partea mamei, matematicianul și filosoful din Lausanne, Jean-Pierre de Crousaz, Jean-Philippe de Loys și-a instalat un observator la castelul său de la Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne în 1736. Acolo a realizat măsurători astronomice și trigonometrice, care i-au permis nu doar redesenarea hărții cantonului Vaud, ci și descoperirea unor comete și anticiparea traiectoriei acestora. În urma observațiilor, și-a publicat în 1744, la Marc-Michel Bousquet, Traité de la comète care a făcut senzație și l-a consacrat la vârsta de 26 de ani. În tratat descrie fenomene astronomice observate între decembrie 1743 și martie 1744. Această cometă, denumită Cometa de Chéseaux (C/1743 X1), se caracteriza prin cozi multiple și, fără îndoială, a fost cea mai frumoasă din secolul al XVIII-lea. Apoi a descoperit și alte comete, printre care C/1746 P1.

De atunci Jean Philippe Loys de Chéseau a fost considerat de semenii săi drept unul dintre cei mai mari oameni de știință ai timpului său: a devenit membru al academiilor din Paris, din Sankt Petersburg, din Stockholm, din Göttingen și din Londra. În 1746 a prezentat o listă de nebuloase, care cuprindea opt din descoperirile sale, la Academia Franceză de Științe.

Foarte solicitat de prietenii săi parizieni care doreau să beneficieze de descoperirile sale, Loys de Cheseaux s-a dus în capitala franceză unde a murit puțin timp după aceea, la 30 noiembrie 1751. Decesul său a suscitat o mare emoție nu doar la Lausanne, ci și în rândul comunității științifice. La câteva luni după moartea sa, Journal helvétique i-a consacrat un elogiu de aproape treizeci de pagini.

Loys de Cheseaux este unul dintre primii care au formulat versiunea modernă a paradoxului lui Olbers.

S-a interesat de cronologia biblică, intenționând să calculeze data exactă a Răstignirii lui Hristos, analizând observațiile astronomice din Cartea lui Daniel. Această lucrare a fost publicată postum în Mémoires posthumes de M. de Chéseaux (1754).

Comete descoperite
De Cheseaux a descoperit câteva comete, între care:
 C/1743 X1 — cu Dirk Klinkenberg
 C/1746 P1

Roiuri și nebuloase descoperite

Opere
 Traité de la Comète qui a paru en décembre 1743 & en janvier, février & mars 1744, Bousquet et Compagny, Lausanne et Genève, 1744 ; avec observations de Jacques Cassini.
 Essais de physique, 1743.
 Mémoires posthumes de monsieur Jean Philippe Loys de Cheseaux, 1754.
 Discours philosophique sur la physique et l'histoire naturelle, 1762.
 Remarques astronomiques sur le livre de Daniel, 1777.

Note

Bibliografie
 Maurice Paschoud, «L'astronome vaudois Jean-Philippe Loys de Cheseaux : 1718-1751 : études sur sa vie et ses œuvres», Bulletin de la Société vaudoise des sciences naturelles (Lausanne), (1913) no 179, p. 141-164.
 Gustave Dumas, «Jean-Philippe Loys de Cheseaux de Lausanne : 1718-1751», in Grosse Schweizer Forscher, Zürich, Atlantis Verlag, 1941, pp. 146-147.
Philippe Barraud, L'homme qui aimait trop le ciel. La trajectoire fulgurante et tragique de Jean-Philippe Loys de Cheseaux, éd. Corcaroli 2015.
Béatrice Lovis, « De l'astronome à l'agronome : le château de Cheseaux et ses propriétaires au XVIIIe siècle », Trouvailles Lumières.Lausanne, n° 5, décembre 2015, url: http://lumieres.unil.ch/publications/trouvailles/5/.

Vezi și
 Listă de astronomi

Nașteri în  1718
Nașteri pe 4 mai
Decese în 1751
Decese pe 30 noiembrie
Astronomi elvețieni
Astronomi din secolul al XVIII-lea
Nobili elvețieni
Descoperitori de comete
Membri ai Academiei de Științe din Sankt Petersburg
Membri ai Academiei Franceze de Științe
Membri ai Academiei de Științe din Göttingen
Membri străini ai Royal Society
Membri ai Academiei Regale Suedeze
Oameni de știință elvețieni din secolul al XVIII-lea

Jean-Philippe Loys de Chéseaux


Antonio Meneghelli, né à Vérone le  mort à Padoue le , est un littérateur et juriste italien.

Biographie
Né à Vérone le , Antonio Meneghelli fit ses études à Venise, où sa famille vint se fixer en 1770. Il s'occupa tout particulièrement de l'étude de la science sacrée et des langues orientales. Il fut ordonné prêtre et il s'adonna d'abord à l'éloquence de la chaire. Reçu docteur en philosophie et en science légale, il fut chargé en 1797 de l'éducation d'Antonio Donà, fils du chevalier Pietro Donà, ancien ambassadeur auprès du Saint-Siège. Peu de temps après le gouvernement autrichien le nomma professeur d'éloquence et de droit romain à l'école des Jésuites, sorte d'université qui avait été constituée en 1762 par la République de Venise. Meneghelli conserva cette chaire jusqu'en 1807, époque à laquelle il alla professer le droit romain au lycée de Venise. En 1815, par suite du nouveau système scientifique introduit à Venise par le gouvernement autrichien, Meneghelli fut envoyé à Padoue, où il professa deux ans le droit féodal, la politique légale et le droit commercial. Antonio Meneghelli mourut le .

Œuvres
 Saggio sopra il sistema metrico, Venise, 1802, in-8° ;
 Della mutua gloria dei principi e delle lettere, ibid., 1806, in-8° ;
 Saggio storico critico sopra l'eloquenza e la filosofia della Grecia e del Lazio, ibid., 1806, in-8° ;
 Dell'influenza delle scienze nella sicurezza delle nazioni, ibid., 1807, in-8° ;
 Della nomosofia Veneziana, ibid., 1808, in-fol. ;
 Dei diritti degli Italiani alla stima delle nazioni, ibid., 1808, in-4° ;
 Dell'eccellenza degli istituti di pubblica educazione, ibid., 1809, in-8° ;
 Dell'influenza delle lettere nelle scienze, ibid., 1810, in-8° ;
 Dell'influenza delle scienze nelle lettere, ibid., 1811, in-8° ;
 Dell'influenza delle lettere nella morale, ibid., 1815, in-8° ;
 Elogi di alcuni illustri Italiani, ibid., 1815, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 Vita di Melchiorre Cesarotti, ibid., 1817, in-8° ;
 Introduzione allo studio politico-legale, ibid., 1817, in-8°.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Antonio Collalto

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1765
Naissance à Vérone
Décès en décembre 1844
Décès à Padoue
Juriste italien
Historien italien
Décès à 79 ans

Antonio Meneghelli


جيريمي بيرثود  (24 أبريل 1984 في رون ألب) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب في نادي الدرجة الأولى أوكسير الفرنسي في مركز الظهير الأيسر .

المسيرة الرياضية
يعتبر بيرثود أحد مخرجات أكاديمية نادي ليون للناشئين وشارك في أول مباراة رسمية في 13 سبتمبر 2003 في مواجهة نادي أوكسير وانتهت بالتعادل الإيجابي 1-1 . ساهم بشكل ما في تحقيق نادي ليون بطولات دوري الدرجة الأولى الأربع على التوالي كما كان أساسيا في صفوف منتخب فرنسا للشباب تحت 21 سنة .

في يوليو 2007 وافق نادي ليون على التخلي عن بيرثود لصالح نادي موناكو مقابل 2 مليون يورو . شارك في أول مباراة رسمية ضمن المرحلة الثانية من بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى أمام نادي لوريان وحصل على البطاقة الصفراء . في نهاية الموسم أصبح مجموع عدد المباريات 11 مباراة .

بسبب عدم تقديمه أداء مبهر وافق بيرثود على الانتقال إلى نادي أوكسير .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في النرويج
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في النرويج
لاعبو أوكسير
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري النرويجي الممتاز
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في النرويج
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو موناكو
لاعبو نادي ساربسبورغ 08
مدربو اين سود
مواليد 1984
لاعبو كرة قدم من أوفيرني-رون ألب

جيريمي بيرثود


Ivan Aleksejevič Čarota (bje. Іван Аляксеевіч Чарота; Liščiki, 16. rujna 1952. godine), bjeloruski je književni kritičar, slavist, kritičar, povjesničar kulture, prevoditelj. Doktor filoloških znanosti (1998.) i profesor (1999.). Dobitnik Nagrade Republike Bjelorusije "Za duhovno oživljavanje" (2003.). Strani član Srpske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti (2009.). Član je Društva književnika Bjelorusije, Društva književnika Rusije i Društva književnika Srbije (1985.).

Životopis

Rođen je 16. rujna 1952. godine u selu Liščiki, Kobrinske regije, Brestke oblasti, u Sovjetskoj Bjelorusiji.

Od 1969. do 1974. godine studirao je na Odsjeku za ruski jezik i književnost na Filološkom fakultetu Bjeloruskog državnog sveučilišta. Nakon studija, radio je tri godine kao nastavnik u Palackiškoj gimnaziji u Voronovskoj regiji, u oblasti Grodno. Godine 1977. zapošljava ga Bjelorusko državno sveučilište, kao višeg predavača, izvanrednog profesora, a nakon obrane doktorske disertacije (studij je trajao od 1991. do 1994., postao je šef novoosnovanog Odsjeka za slavistiku (slavenska književnost). Kandidatsku disertaciju "Творчество М.А.Шолохова и литературный процесс Югославии (1956-1986), obranio je na Institutu u Lenjingradu 1986. godine, a doktorsku disertaciju - «Беларуская літаратура ХХ стагоддзя і працэсы нацыянальнага самавызначэння» na Bjeloruskom državnom sveučilištu u Minsku, 1998. godine.

Znanstveni radovi i knjige

Znanstveni interes Ivan Aleksejevič Čarota usmjerio je prvenstveno na književnost i kulturu slavenskih naroda. Istražujući njihove genetske, tipološke i konkretne veze, postao je vodeći jugoslavist Bjelorusije, visoko kompetentni stručnjak u području komparativne književnosti i kulture, autor oko 600 znanstvenih radova, među kojima su i knjige: «Беларуская савецкая літаратура за мяжой» (Мінск, 1988. – у сааўтарстве), «Пошук спрадвечнай існасці: Беларуская літаратура ХХ стагоддзя ў працэсах нацыянальнага самавызначэння»  (Мінск, 1995.), «Сербская Праваслаўная Царква» (Мінск, 1998.), «Беларуская мова і Царква» (Мінск, 2000.), «Косовская битва продолжается» (Мінск, 2000.), «Antologija bjeloruske poezije», (Beograd: 1993.; 2-е выданне – 2012.), «Югаславянскія казкі» (Мінск, 1999.), «Antologija lirike istočnih Slovena" (Beograd, 2000.), «Насустрач Духу. Анталогія беларускай хрысціянскай паэзіі» (Мінск, 2001.), «Насустрач Духу. Анталогія беларускай хрысціянскай прозы» (Мінск, 2002.), «Слово и Дух. Антология русской духовной поезии ХХ –ХХ вв.» (Минск, 2003., 2005., 2010.), "Ні на небе, ні на зямлі. Казкі славянскіх народаў" (2013.),  «Srpska književnost. Antologija tekstova. Књ.І -V» (Мінск, 2002-2007. –  на сербскай мове), "Тэорыя і практыка мастацкага перакладу" (Мінск, 2012.), "Ispod krila rode. Antologija savremene beloruske poezije" (Podgorica, 2014.),  "Беларусы пра Сербію-Югаславію" (Мінск, 2015., «Belorusija i Srbija: Tragom uzajamnog upoznavanja i delovanja" (Šabac, 2016.).

Znanstveno-metodološka sfera

Profesor Ivan Čarota član je 11 redakcija časopisa (6 stranih), znanstveni savjetnik Bjeloruske Enciklopedije; Tajnik Biblijskog povjerenstva Bjeloruskog egzarhata Ruske pravoslavne Crkve i glavni i odgovorni urednik časopisa "Pravoslavje" (Праваслаўе).

Na znanstveno-metodološkom polju, profesor je sastavio sljedeće priručnike: «Советская литература в связях и взаимодействиях: Начала сравнительного и системного анализа» (Мінск, 1989.), «Мастацкі пераклад на беларускую мову : Асновы тэорыі і практычныя рэкамендацыі» (Мінск, 1997.), «Югаславянскія літаратуры і культуры» (Мінск, 1999. – у сааўтарстве), Праграма «Гісторыя славянскіх літаратур» (2000.), «Гісторыя сербскай літаратуры. Практыкум» (2007.).

Angažiranost na prijevodima

Član Društva pisaca SSSR-a (tj. Društva pisaca Bjelorusije), kao i Rusije i Srbije; aktivno se pojavljuje u tisku kao književni kritičar, kritičar, esejist, publicist. Više od dvadeset i pet godina predstojnik je Zavoda za prevođenje i književnost Društva književnika Bjelorusije, a prijevodi s hrvatskog, makedonskog, poljskog, slovenskog, srpskog i drugih jezika na bjeloruski i ruski, kao i s bjeloruskog i ruskog na spomenute jezike. Njegova dostignuća su: više od 1200 tiskanih prijevoda, više od 70 knjiga, uključujući djela poznatih pisaca, kao što su: Patrijarh srpski Pavle, Nikolaj Velimirović, Justin Popović, Marko Marković, Tadej Štrbulović, Ivo Andrić, Rade Drainac, Dobrica Ćosić, Nevena Vitosević Ćeklić, Zoran Gavrilović, Mira Radojević, Ljubodrag Dimić, Momir Lazić, Dragan Lakićević, Dragoslav Mihailović, Grozdana Olujić Goran Petrović, Ljiljana Habjanović-Đurović, Beno Zupančič, Prežihov Voranc, Josip Jurčič, Drago Jančar, i drugi. Osnivač, sastavljač i prevoditelj serije «Сербскае багаслоўе ХХ стагоддзя», u kojoj je već objavljeno više od četrdeset knjiga. Zbirka srpskih narodnih priča, koju je profesor Čarota prijeveo na bjeloruski: "Мовы ўсяго жывога: Сербскія народныя казкі" (Мінск: Мастацкая літаратурa, 2007.), proglašena je najljepšom knjigom u Bjelorusiji u prijevodu 2008. godine i nagrađena Nacionalnom nagradom.

Jedan je od osnivača "Odbora za potporu Srba i Crnogoraca" i javne organizacije "Bjelorusija - sestra Srbije", vd. potpredsjednika Društva "Bjelorusija - Jugoslavija", predsjednik Društva "Bjelorusija - Srbija i Crna Gora."

Nagrade

 Nagrada Republike Bjelorusije "Za duhovno oživljavanje" (2003.)
 Međunarodna nagrada imena K. Ostroški (Poljska, 1999.)
 Međunarodna nagrada imena Fjodora Dostojevskog (Srbija, 2007.) (nagrađen 2012.)
 Nagrada Društva književnika Srbije (2000.)
 Nagrada časopisa "Zbilja/Reality" (SRJ, Beograd, (2000., 2006.);
 Međunarodna pravoslavna književna nagrada "Bogorodica Trojeručica" (Srpska zaklada Ivanke Milošević - (Chicago, SAD, 2011.)
 Međunarodna književna nagrada Radeta Drainca (Srbija, 2014.)
 Međunarodna nagrada Zaklade Karić (Srbija, 2014.)
 Orden Prepodobnog Sergeja Radonješkog 3. stupnja (Ruska pravoslavna Crkva, 2002.)
 Komemorativna medalja Društva slovačkih književnika (2003.)
 Orden Svetog Save 3. stupnja (Srpska pravoslavna crkva, 2004.)
 Zlatni znak Kulturno-prosvjetne zajednice Srbije (2008.)
 Orden svetitelja Kirila Turovskog 2. stupnja (Bjeloruska pravoslavna Crkva, 2012.)
 Srebrna medalja "Za zasluge" (Srbija, 2014.)
 Medalja Aleksandra Puškina (Ruska Federacija, 2015.).
 Nagrada Republike Bjelorusije "Za duhovno oživljavanje" (2019.)

Izvori

Literatura

 Гардзіцкі А.К. Чарота Іван Аляксеевіч // Беларускія пісьменнік:Даведнік. Мінск,1994.С.584.
 Гарэлік Л.М, Махнач Т.М. Чарота Іван //Беларускія пісьменнікі: Біябібліяграфічны слоўнік. Т. 6. Мінск, 1995. С. 275 – 277.
 Ляшук В.Я., Снітко Г.Н. Літаратура Берасцейшчыны. Брэст, 1999. С.326, 368.
 Трус М. В. Чарота Іван Аляксеевіч // Беларуская Энцыклапедыя. У 18 т.  Т. 17.  Мінск, 2003. С.245.
 Б.п. Чарота Иван Алексеевич // Регионы Белоруссии. Энциклопедия. Т.1. Кн. 2. Минск, 2009. С. 453.
 Б.п. // Філалагічны факультэт. Да 70-годдзя заснавання. Мінск : БДУ, 2009. С. 133-136.
 Сибиновић М.  Чарота Иван // Енциклопедија српског народа. – Београд, 2008. С.1249.
 Навойчык П. Чарота Іван Аляксеевіч  // Гісторыя славянскіх літаратур і праблемы іх параўнальнага вывучэння: тэорыя і практыка. – Мінск, 2015.С. 141-142.
 Штэйнер І. З любоўю да славянскага пісьменства // Полымя.2017, №9. С. 39-42.

Bjeloruski znanstvenici
Bjeloruski književni kritičari
Prevoditelji
Slavisti

Ivan Aleksejevič Čarota


Emily Clara Rios (* 27. April 1989 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) ist eine mexikanischstämmige US-amerikanische Schauspielerin und Model. Bekanntheit erlangte sie vor allem durch ihr Filmdebüt im 2006 veröffentlichten Film Der 15. Geburtstag, welcher unter anderem auch unter dem Namen Quinceañera bekannt ist. In diesem Spielfilm war die zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch minderjährige Rios in der Hauptrolle zu sehen und kam fortan zu einer Anzahl an Engagements an international ausgestrahlten Filmen und Fernsehserien.

Leben und Karriere
Ihre Film- und Fernsehkarriere begann die mexikanisch-US-amerikanische Emily Rios, die den Zeugen Jehovas angehört und in den kalifornischen Städten El Monte und West Covina aufwuchs, noch im Jugendalter, als sie beim Shoppen in einem Einkaufszentrum entdeckt wurde und bald darauf nicht nur als Model, sondern auch als Darstellerin im Film eingesetzt wurde. Ihren ersten nennenswerten Filmauftritt hatte sie sogleich noch im Jahre 2005, als sie im rund zwölfminütigen Kurzfilm For Them zum Einsatz kam und darin gleich in einer der Hauptrollen vertreten war. Dies tat sie schließlich auch im Jahre 2006 veröffentlichten und für mehrere Filmpreise nominierten bzw. mehrfach ausgezeichneten Film Der 15. Geburtstag gleich, wo man sie abermals in der Hauptrolle zu sehen bekam. Für die Rolle der Magdalena wurde Rios 2007 mehrfach nominiert, unter anderem für einen ALMA Award in der Kategorie "Outstanding Actress – Motion Picture", einen NAACP Image Award in der Kategorie "Best Actress – Film", sowie einen Young Artist Award in der Kategorie "Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress", wobei das junge Schauspieltalent jedoch keinen der Preise entgegennehmen durfte. Dies bedeutete gleichzeitig auch den Durchbruch für die Hobbysportlerin, die einst selbst von einer Karriere als Profibasketballspielerin träumte. Danach wurde Emily Rios Jahr für Jahr in zahlreiche international bekannte Produktionen eingesetzt und kam dabei zum Teil auch über Gast- und Kurzauftritte hinaus.

Nachdem sie im Jahre 2007 noch im Spielfilm The Blue Hour und im Kurzfilm The Stain on the Sidewalk zum Einsatz kam, hatte sie mit einem Gastauftritt in Emergency Room ihren ersten Auftritt in einer namhaften Fernsehserie. Weitere solcher Auftritte sollten bereits ab dem Folgejahr folgen (Auftritte in jeweils einer Episode von The Closer und Dr. House). 2008 war sie unter anderem mit dem Profiskateboarder Paul Rodriguez im Film Vicious Circle zu sehen. Ab 2009 steigerten sich Rios Beschäftigungen und Engagements allmählich, wobei sie neben einigen Filmauftritten, wie zum Beispiel in Down for Life und The Winning Season ab diesem Jahr auch in einer Nebenrolle in der Fernsehserie Men of a Certain Age zum Einsatz kam, wo sie es als Maria bis 2011 auf eine Bilanz von Auftritten in zwölf verschiedenen Episoden brachte. Parallel dazu sammelte sie im Jahre 2010 in Love Ranch und Pete Smalls Is Dead weitere Erfahrung im Filmgeschäft, wurde aber gleichzeitig auch in Fernsehserien wie Friday Night Lights (vier Episoden von 2010 bis 2011) oder Breaking Bad (zehn Episoden von 2010 bis 2013) eingesetzt. Ebenfalls 2010 bzw. 2011 wurde sie für ein Engagement im Kinofilm Big Mama's Haus – Die doppelte Portion, dem dritten Teil dieser Filmreihe mit Martin Lawrence, gebucht. Im Film sah man sie schließlich in der nicht unwesentlichen Rolle der Isabelle. Einen weiteren Auftritt hatte die junge Schauspielerin 2011 auch in einer Folge der nur kurzlebigen US-Polizeiserie Prime Suspect.

2013–2014 spielte Rios in der FX-Krimiserie The Bridge – America die Rolle der Adriana Mendez, die in der zweiten Staffel zu einer Hauptrolle ausgebaut wurde.

Seit 2017 spielt Rios in der FX-Serie Snowfall die Rolle der Lucia Villanueva.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
Filmauftritte (auch Kurzauftritte)
 2005: For Them (Kurzfilm)
 2006: Der 15. Geburtstag (Quinceañera)
 2007: The Blue Hour
 2007: The Stain on the Sidewalk (Kurzfilm)
 2008: Vicious Circle
 2009: Down for Life
 2009: The Winning Season
 2010: Love Ranch
 2010: Pete Smalls Is Dead
 2011: Big Mama's Haus – Die doppelte Portion (Big Mommas:Like Father Like Son)
 2018: If Beale Street Could Talk

Serienauftritte (auch Gast- und Kurzauftritte)
 2007: Emergency Room – Die Notaufnahme (ER, 1 Episode)
 2008: The Closer (1 Episode)
 2008: Dr. House (1 Episode)
 2009–2011: Men of a Certain Age (12 Episoden)
 2010–2011: Friday Night Lights (4 Episoden)
 2010–2013: Breaking Bad (9 Episoden)
 2011: Prime Suspect (1 Episode)
 2013: Almost Human (Episode 1x03)
 2013–2014: The Bridge – America (The Bridge)
 2014: Grimm (1 Episode)
 2015: True Detective (1 Episode)
 2015: Criminal Minds (1 Episode)
 2017–2018: Snowfall (18 Episoden)

Nominierungen
 2007: ALMA Award in der Kategorie "Outstanding Actress – Motion Picture" für ihr Engagement in Der 15. Geburtstag
 2007: NAACP Image Award in der Kategorie "Best Actress – Film" für ihr Engagement in Der 15. Geburtstag
 2007: Young Artist Award in der Kategorie "Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress" für ihr Engagement in Der 15. Geburtstag

Weblinks

 Interview mit Emily Rios auf zap2it.com (englisch)
 Interview mit Emily Rios auf movies.about.com (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Darstellender Künstler (Los Angeles)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1989
Frau

Emily Rios


Applause (Latin , to strike upon, clap) is primarily a form of ovation or praise expressed by the act of clapping, or striking the palms of the hands together, in order to create noise. Audiences usually applaud after a performance, such as a musical concert, speech, or play, as a sign of enjoyment and approval.

History

The age of the custom of applauding is uncertain, but it is widespread among human cultures. The variety of its forms is limited only by the capacity for devising means of making a noise (e.g., stomping of feet or rapping of fists or hands on a table). Within each culture, however, it is usually subject to conventions.

The ancient Romans had set rituals at public performances to express degrees of approval: snapping the finger and thumb, clapping with the flat or hollow palm, and waving the flap of the toga. Emperor Aurelian substituted the waving of napkins () that he had distributed to the Roman people for the toga flapping. In Roman theatre, at the close of the play, the chief actor called out "" (farewell and applaud), and the audience, guided by an unofficial choregos, chanted their approval antiphonally. This was often organized and paid for.

Similarly, a claque (French for "slapping") was an organized body of professional applauders in French theatres and opera houses who were paid by the performer(s) to create the illusion of an increased level of approval by the audience.

In Christianity, customs of the theatre were adopted by the churches. Eusebius says that Paul of Samosata encouraged the congregation to indicate approval of his preaching by waving linen cloths (), and in the 4th and 5th centuries applause of the rhetoric of popular preachers had become an established custom. Applause in church eventually fell out of fashion, however. Partly due to the influence of the quasi-religious atmosphere of the performances of Richard Wagner's operas at the , the reverential spirit that inspired this soon extended back to the theatre and the concert hall.

Protocol and variations
Well-recognized politicians, actors, and musicians often receive applause as soon as they first appear on stage, even before any performance activity has transpired. This accolade is given to indicate admiration for their past achievements, and is not a response to the performance the audience is attending.

Applause during church services is traditionally regarded as taboo, in light of the sanctity of the proceedings; stress is on the aspect of worship rather than the personality of the individual preaching or singing during the service. This rule may be relaxed to permit applause in honor of the newly married couple when they may turn to be greeted by the congregation following the exchange of vows. Applause may also be permitted at certain services in honor of a specific individual, such as a baptism or the ordination of a new priest or minister. In less traditional congregations, particularly in contemporary, evangelical megachurches, a more casual atmosphere exists and applause may be encountered as frequently as at any secular performance.

Indiscriminate applause is widely considered a violation of classical music concert etiquette: Applause is discouraged between movements, reserved instead for the end of the entire work. There have been a number of attempts to further restrict applause in various circumstances, e.g., court theaters in Berlin prohibit applause during the performance and before the curtain call (although elsewhere in Germany this is felt to be beyond public tastes).

By contrast, opera performances have traditionally been interrupted by applause at the end of an aria or certain other set pieces, and many opera scores reflect a break in the music at places where applause would typically occur. Regarding this practice as a distraction, Wagner headed it off by eliminating breaks in the score within each act; the arias in his operas do not end in a "full stop" but flow into the next section of the music, until the end of the act is reached. Even then, in light of the quasi-religious atmosphere of the first act of Parsifal, it is traditional for the audience not to applaud at all at the end of that act, but file out of their seats in silence.

In most performances, if spectators really enjoy a performance, mainly in classical performances, they may also accompany by throwing flowers onstage. The volume of applause after a performance has also been shown to change the evaluation of the performance by the audience.

On some occasions, applause occurs in the middle of an event. The president of the United States, in their State of the Union Address, is often interrupted by applause; tracking the number and duration of such interruptions has become a trend on various television news channels. It is often customary for jazz performers to receive applause in the middle of a tune, after completing an improvisational solo. It is also typical to applaud at the end of a musical number in a musical theatre piece.

Extended applause at the conclusion of an event, usually but not always resulting in a standing ovation, implies approval above and beyond ordinary measure, and compels the performer to return in acknowledgement and at times proceed to an encore.

A golf clap is a form of quiet clapping, so-named because it is the preferred form of applause for golfers; louder forms of applause are discouraged at golf tournaments so as not to disturb other golfers, who may be in the process of attempting a shot.  Golf claps are sometimes used at other events to heckle or to show sarcasm. Similarly, in the game of snooker, a good cue shot, a difficult pot, a 'snooker' which is difficult from which to escape, will be rewarded by the opponent tapping their cue several times on the table edge.

Likewise, string musicians of an orchestra use bobbing their bows in the air or gently tapping them on their instruments' strings as a substitute for applause. Wind section members will generally lightly stamp their feet or pat one hand on their leg to show approval to a conductor or soloist, while percussionists often rap drumsticks together.  An even more subtle form of approval may be exhibited by a member of an orchestra during a formal rehearsal or performance when a colleague performs particularly well, usually a slight shuffle of the foot on the floor or hand on the knee. These subtle forms of applause may not be recognized as such by the audience. Outright applause by performers for other performers, although increasingly common, is traditionally regarded as gauche, self-congratulatory, and usurping of the audience's prerogative (and sole task in this respect) to provide accolades when they feel that the performance merits it.

In skateboarding culture, when a fellow skater performs and lands a maneuver exceptionally well the observers will bang their own boards against the ground to express approval or encouragement.

In some countries, applause may be used to indicate respect for a recently deceased person in some instances, such as at a funeral procession. A recent phenomenon in Britain and Israel, is the use of a minute's applause, which has come to replace the traditional minute's silence. In the United Kingdom, it is especially at football matches, and in Israel also at basketball matches and other sports. However, in most countries, applause for a deceased person is still widely frowned upon and not recommended because it may be misinterpreted as rudeness or joy.

In Deaf culture, Deaf audiences will use a more visually expressive variant of clapping. Instead of clapping their palms together, they raise their hands straight up with outstretched fingers and twist their wrists. However, in a situation more specific to hearing culture, the traditional clap is used.

In German-speaking countries, it is customary for university students to rap their knuckles on the desks after each lecture. The same technique is used in German-speaking countries to express approval at meetings.

In Jamaica people may bang lids and pot covers together during celebratory events such as a victory at the Olympic Games or the Miss World competitions.

In legislative bodies
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, clapping is generally prohibited. Instead, members of parliament and lords generally will shout "hear, hear!". In the House of Commons of Canada, by contrast, clapping is customary and frequent.

In air travel
In various countries, airplane passengers often tend to applaud the landing upon completion of a flight and when they have felt the plane's wheels' touchdown and have run a short but satisfactory course down the runway. The purpose of this custom is unclear.

Slow handclaps in film

Another type of "slow handclap" is used as a dramatic device, often forming the conclusion of dramatic turning points in films. After some dramatic speech, one audience member claps slowly, then another, and then a few more, until the trickle of clapping gives way to roaring applause, often ending in a standing ovation. This is also referred to as a crescendo applause, named for the increasing level of volume it produces.

See also
Acclamation
Booing
Cheering
Clapping
Concert etiquette
Standing ovation
Ululation
Applause sign

References

External links

The dynamics of audience applause, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, May 29, 2013, Richard P. Mann, Jolyon Faria, David J. T. Sumpter, and Jens Krause

Hand gestures
Human communication
Gestures of respect

Applause


The Anglo-Irish Agreement was a 1985 treaty between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland which aimed to help bring an end to the Troubles in Northern Ireland. The treaty gave the Irish government an advisory role in Northern Ireland's government while confirming that there would be no change in the constitutional position of Northern Ireland unless a majority of its citizens agreed to join the Republic. It also set out conditions for the establishment of a devolved consensus government in the region.

The Agreement was signed on 15 November 1985, at Hillsborough Castle, by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach (prime minister) Garret FitzGerald.

Background

During her first term as Prime Minister, Thatcher had unsuccessful talks with both Jack Lynch and Charles Haughey on solving the conflict in Northern Ireland. In December 1980 Thatcher and Haughey met in Dublin, with the subsequent communiqué calling for joint studies of "possible new institutional links" between Britain, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland. Although this resulted in the founding of the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Council in 1981, Anglo-Irish relations had by this time deteriorated due to the Irish hunger strike and so this body was neglected. Haughey resumed power shortly afterwards and took Argentina's side during the Falklands War, leading to the meeting scheduled for July 1982 to be cancelled. However, the British Northern Irish Secretary, Jim Prior, proposed "rolling devolution": a step by step approach whereby local government was devolved to an assembly elected by proportional representation. This was boycotted by the nationalist community and the plan was dead by June 1983.

The IRA's campaign on the British mainland was ongoing, with the bombing of Chelsea Barracks in October 1981, the Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings in July 1982 and the Harrods bombings in December 1983. Thatcher herself was the target in the Brighton hotel bombing of October 1984. British military intelligence informed Thatcher that she could not take the IRA head on and the likelihood of never-ending violence persuaded her to seek a political solution to the Troubles. The Anglo-Irish Agreement's origins lay in the behind-the-scenes negotiations between the British and Irish foreign offices, co-ordinated by the Cabinet Secretary, Robert Armstrong, and the secretary to the Irish government, Dermot Nally.

The New Ireland Forum had been founded (with the backing of then-Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald) in May 1983 by John Hume in an attempt to undercut support for the IRA by bringing together constitutional nationalist parties from both sides of the border. In June 1983 Thatcher and Fitzgerald met again and revived the Anglo-Irish Council, which met sixteen times between November 1983 and March 1985. The report of the New Ireland Forum was published in May and suggested three possible solutions: a federal united Ireland, a confederal united Ireland or joint sovereignty. Fitzgerald hoped that Thatcher might be persuaded of the third option but at the press conference after their meeting Thatcher publicly proclaimed that all three options were "out". Thatcher's intransigence persuaded the American President, Ronald Reagan, to intervene.

The most powerful pressure for the Agreement came from the United States, where the Irish-American lobby was second only to the Israel lobby in influence. Led by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Tip O'Neill, and Senators Edward Kennedy and Daniel Moynihan, the Irish lobby regularly denounced what they considered British colonialism and human rights violations in Northern Ireland. Reagan, who was also Irish-American and visited Ireland in June 1984, increasingly encouraged Thatcher to make progress on Anglo-Irish talks. 45 Senators and Congressmen (including O'Neill, Kennedy and Moynihan) wrote to Reagan criticising Thatcher's rejection of the Forum's report. They also pushed him to pressure Thatcher into reconsidering her stance at the upcoming meeting at Camp David in December 1984. Reagan duly discussed Northern Ireland with Thatcher at their meeting, telling her that "making progress is important" and that "there is great Congressional interest in the matter", adding that O'Neill wanted her to be "reasonable and forthcoming". Afterwards, Reagan assured O'Neill that he had emphasised the need for progress.

Sean Donlon, the Secretary General of the Department of Foreign Affairs, later claimed that "the intervention by Reagan was vital, and it was made possible by Tip". Michael Lillis, the Deputy Secretary General of the Department of Foreign Affairs from 1983 to 1985, similarly claimed that "O'Neill was very active and effective in mobilizing the President. And there is no doubt whatsoever that Reagan's regular references to this in his interaction with Thatcher helped us in a major way".

By January 1985, Thatcher was persuaded that progress must be made on the issue. Her primary aim was security but realised that in order for help in this area she would need to concede in other areas, such as grievances over policing and the courts. She also hoped that this would help reconcile the Catholic population to the United Kingdom. She invited John Hume to Chequers on 16 January to discuss Northern Ireland. She now accepted that an "Irish dimension" was necessary in return for the Irish government's acceptance that Northern Ireland would remain a member of the United Kingdom so long as it had majority support. In April a four-member Cabinet committee had been informed of the negotiations; in October the entire Cabinet was informed. Thatcher and Fitzgerald met again in May at a European summit in which they discussed what became the Anglo-Irish Agreement.

Provisions

Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference

  The agreement established the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference, made up of officials from the British and Irish governments. This body was concerned with political, legal and security matters in Northern Ireland, as well as "the promotion of cross-border co-operation". It had a consultative role only – no powers to make decisions or change laws were given to it. The Conference would only have power to make proposals "insofar as those matters are not the responsibility of a devolved administration in Northern Ireland". This provision was intended to encourage the unionists (who opposed Irish government involvement in Northern Ireland through the Conference) into power-sharing devolved government.  The Maryfield Secretariat was the  conference's permanent secretariat, including officials from the Republic's Department of Foreign Affairs, based in the Belfast suburb of Maryfield. The presence of civil servants from the Republic particularly incensed unionists. The Maryfield  offices closed in December 1998 after the British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference superseded the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference.

Communiqué
In the communiqué accompanying the agreement, the UK agreed that all British Army patrols in Northern Ireland would have a civilian Royal Ulster Constabulary escort, save in the most exceptional circumstances. The Irish government made thousands of protests at violations of this undertaking by 1997.

Reaction to the Agreement

Support
The British House of Commons voted for a motion to approve the Agreement by a majority of 426 (473 for and 47 against, the biggest majority during Thatcher's premiership). Most of the Conservative members voted for it, although there were some unionists in the party who opposed it, as well as some members of the Labour Party and the Liberal-SDP Alliance. Of the main parties in Northern Ireland, only the nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and the cross community Alliance Party supported the agreement, although the Alliance Party did not have any seats at Westminster.

The Agreement was approved by Dáil Éireann, by 88 votes to 75, and by Seanad Éireann by 37 votes to 16. The Irish nationalist Fianna Fáil, at the time the main opposition party in Ireland, also rejected the Agreement. The Fianna Fáil leader, Charles Haughey, claimed the Agreement was in conflict with Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland because it officially recognised British jurisdiction in Northern Ireland. It was also opposed by the Independent Republican TDs Neil Blaney and Tony Gregory, with Blaney describing the agreement as "a con job". Despite this opposition, all the other main parties in the Republic supported the Agreement, and it was ratified by the Oireachtas.

An opinion poll taken shortly after it was signed found that in the Republic 59% approved of the Agreement, 29% opposed it and 12% had no opinion. FitzGerald's government's approval ratings went up 10% to 34%; 32% approved of Haughey's opposition to the Agreement, with 56% opposed.

Unionist and Loyalist opposition

The Agreement was widely rejected by unionists because it gave the Republic of Ireland government a role in the governance of Northern Ireland for the first time ever, and because they had been excluded from the agreement negotiations. The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) led the campaign against the agreement, including mass rallies, strikes, civil disobedience and the mass resignation from the British House of Commons of all the unionist MPs. The DUP and UUP collectively organised 400,000 signatures in a petition against the Agreement. Northern Ireland Secretary Tom King was attacked by Protestants in Belfast on 20 November. There was also a mass rally outside Belfast City Hall on 23 November 1985 against the Agreement, with Irish historian Jonathan Bardon saying of it: "Nothing like it had been seen since 1912". Estimates of the number of people there vary: The Irish Times claimed 35,000 people were present; the News of the World, The Sunday Times and the Sunday Express claimed 100,000; the lecturer in Politics at the University of Ulster, Arthur Aughey, claimed over 200,000 people were there; and the organisers of the meeting said 500,000 attended.

The DUP leader Ian Paisley addressed the crowd:

Where do the terrorists operate from? From the Irish Republic! That's where they come from! Where do the terrorists return to for sanctuary? To the Irish Republic! And yet Mrs Thatcher tells us that that Republic must have some say in our Province. We say never, never, never, never!

The day after the rally a MORI opinion poll in Northern Ireland found that 75% of Protestant Unionists would vote 'No' if a referendum was held on the Agreement, with 65% of Catholic Nationalists saying they would vote 'Yes'.

Following the resignation of the unionist members of parliament, who represented fifteen of the seventeen Westminster seats in the province, the 1986 Northern Ireland by-elections were all held on 23 January 1986, and all the retiring members except one were re-elected, standing on an anti-Agreement platform. The exception was Newry and Armagh, which in a close contest was gained by the pro-Agreement SDLP.

On 3 March 1986 there was a general strike, or 'Day of Action', in Northern Ireland, in opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement. There was widespread disruption as workplaces closed. Public transport including air travel was also affected. There was significant genuine Protestant support for the strike but there was also a high level of intimidation with masked Loyalists establishing barricades. In Portadown mobs attacked Catholic homes and a section of the motorway near Belfast way closed after nails and oil were strewn across the road. Vandalism and clashes with police broke out following a Unionist rally held at Belfast City Hall. There were riots in Loyalist areas during the evening and night and shots were fired at the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). Later RUC figures stated that there had been 237 reported cases of intimidation, 57 people arrested, and 47 RUC officers injured. The British government and the security forces were later criticised for not keeping arterial routes open and for not trying to end the intimidation. Alliance Party politician Seamus Close, whose family had been a victim of intimidation, criticised UUP leader Jim Molyneaux for downplaying reports of intimidation. DUP Chief Whip Jim Allister denied roadside pickets which surrounded motorists amounted to intimidation.

The willingness of the RUC to police anti-Agreement protests shocked many staunch unionists and loyalists, who were enraged that the RUC was upholding a political decision at odds with the wishes of Northern Ireland's unionist majority. Despite intensely violent loyalist protests in the year following the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement the RUC held the line, at the cost of a sharp deterioration in relations with the unionist community. In 1986 there were over 500 attacks on the homes of RUC officers as well as intimidation of their families and 120 families were forced to move. That the RUC upheld the law rather than the interests of unionists did "a great deal to enhance the RUC's reputation for professionalism". Attacks on RUC officers' homes had already started in the summer of 1985 with unionist resentment exacerbated by the RUC rerouting Orange Order and other Protestant fraternal societies away from Catholic areas in 1985 and 1986. The parades were perceived as triumphalist by Catholic residents and often led to vandalism and violence. Ian Paisley declared that it was time for the RUC to declare whether it was for Northern Ireland or against it. Hardline unionists saw the RUC's willingness to defend Catholics as another sign that Protestants' position was eroding.

The UUP MP Enoch Powell asked Thatcher in the Commons the day before she signed the Agreement: "Does the Right Hon. Lady understand—if she does not yet understand she soon will—that the penalty for treachery is to fall into public contempt?" The UUP leader James Molyneaux spoke of "the stench of hypocrisy, deceit and treachery" and later said of "universal cold fury" at the Agreement such as he had not experienced in forty years of public life. Ian Paisley, a few days later to his congregation, compared Thatcher to "Jezebel who sought to destroy Israel in a day". He wrote to Thatcher: "Having failed to defeat the IRA you now have capitulated and are prepared to set in motion machinery which will achieve the IRA goal... a united Ireland. We now know that you have prepared Ulster Unionists for sacrifice on the altar of political expediency. They are to be the sacrificial lambs to appease the Dublin wolves". In his letter to FitzGerald, Paisley said: "You claim in your constitution jurisdiction over our territory, our homes, our persons and our families. You allow your territory to be used as a launching pad for murder gangs and as a sanctuary for them when they return soaked in our people's blood. You are a fellow traveller with the IRA and hope to ride on the back of their terrorism to your goal of a United Ireland. We reject your claims and will never submit to your authority. We will never bow to Dublin rule".

The moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland, Robert Dickinson, wrote to Thatcher and said the Agreement was "the beginning of the process of edging Northern Ireland out of the United Kingdom – sovereignty has been impinged". Thatcher's close friend and former Parliamentary Private Secretary Ian Gow resigned from his Treasury post in protest at the Agreement.

UUP politicians Christopher and Michael McGimpsey even brought a suit against the Irish government in the High Court of Ireland, arguing that the Agreement was invalid because it contradicted Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland. (This argument was unusual coming from a unionist because of the traditional unionist opposition to these two articles.) The case failed in the High Court, and again on appeal to the Supreme Court.

Concerns of a Rhodesia-style unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) were raised repeatedly during several confidential Anglo-Irish meetings in 1986, according to Irish State papers declassified in 2016. Taoiseach Garret Fitzgerald believed that keeping the Northern Ireland Assembly running ran the risk of it being used to declare Northern Ireland independent from Britain. Some senior Unionist politicians were sympathetic to the idea and had grown closer to loyalist paramilitaries, including DUP deputy leader Peter Robinson and UUP MP Harold McCusker. Catholics feared they would targeted by a Protestant backlash to the Agreement. Kenneth Bloomfield, then head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service, warned that "unionists are now beginning to realise that the choice facing them is whether to preserve the union or preserve their ascendancy" and "people going for ascendancy may find themselves, logically, on the independence road — however untenable that may be economically and politically." In 1986 Irish Independent Northern Editor John Devine wrote that a younger, more hardline generation of DUP politicians including Peter Robinson, Jim Allister, and Sammy Wilson would likely prefer an independent Northern Ireland to a situation where unionists were not in control or had to share power with nationalists. British civil service head Sir Robert Armstrong said that Unionist politicians had not considered the financial implications of an independent Northern Ireland, or how the move would be perceived internationally, especially in the context of the European Economic Community (EEC).

The Orange Order in Scotland claimed that one thousand people left the Conservative Party in protest against the Agreement. In 1990 Thatcher said that "The Anglo-Irish Agreement had alienated some pro-Ulster supporters in crucial constituencies" in Scotland.

In August 1986 DUP Deputy Leader Peter Robinson led a loyalist 'invasion' of the village of Clontibret in the Republic of Ireland, near the border. The loyalists vandalised many buildings and beat up two police officers. Robinson was arrested, leading to rioting before and after his trial.

In November 1986 at an invitation-only ceremony at the Ulster Hall the DUP launched Ulster Resistance, a new paramilitary organisation intended to oppose the Anglo-Irish Agreement and fight Irish Republicanism. Ivan Foster claimed the group already had access to a significant arsenal of legally-owned firearms. In 1987 Ulster Resistance collaborated with the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Red Hand Commando (RHC) and the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) to smuggle in a substantial quantity of arms including assault rifles and rocket launchers. The weapons jointly imported by Ulster Resistance and the two main Loyalist paramilitary organisations were linked to over 70 murders, including the Greysteel massacre and the Loughinisland massacre.

Thatcher was taken aback by the ferocity of the Unionist response and in her memoirs she said their reaction was "worse than anyone had predicted to me". She furthermore claimed that the Agreement was in the tradition of British governments refraining "from security policies that might alienate the Irish Government and Irish nationalist opinion in Ulster, in the hope of winning their support against the IRA". However, Thatcher perceived the results of this to be disappointing because "our concessions alienated the Unionists without gaining the level of security co-operation we had a right to expect. In the light of this experience it is surely time to consider an alternative approach". In 1998 Thatcher said she regretted signing the Agreement and said of Enoch Powell's opposition to the Agreement: "I now believe that his assessment was right".

Prominent Irish Labour Party member Mary Robinson, who subsequently became President of Ireland, resigned from the Irish Labour Party because she believed that the Agreement "could not achieve its objective of securing peace and stability within Northern Ireland... because... it would be unacceptable to all sections of Unionist opinion".

Republican opposition
The agreement was rejected by republicans because it confirmed Northern Ireland's status as a part of the UK. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) continued their violent campaign and did not endorse the agreement. Sinn Féin's president, Gerry Adams, denounced the Agreement: "... the formal recognition of the partition of Ireland... [is] a disaster for the nationalist cause... [it] far outweighs the powerless consultative role given to Dublin". On the other hand, the IRA and Sinn Féin said that the concessions made by Great Britain were the result of its armed campaign, from which the SDLP gained political credit. Brian Feeney of the SDLP has suggested the agreement hastened Sinn Féin's 1986 decision to abandon abstentionism from the Republic's Oireachtas.

Speaking in the House of Commons Jeremy Corbyn, MP for Islington North and later Labour leader, spoke to oppose the treaty saying that it ran counter to the goal of a United Ireland:

Does the hon. Gentleman accept that some of us oppose the agreement for reasons other than those that he has given? We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason.

He then went on to express concerns that the agreement threatened Irish neutrality and risked forcing the Republic of Ireland to accept the British presence in Northern Ireland. The former cabinet minister Tony Benn and Ken Livingstone, then leader of the Greater London Council, also opposed the agreement because they believed Britain should withdraw from Northern Ireland.

Northern Ireland by-elections

The by-elections called after the Unionist MPs resigned did not quite offer the electorate a clear-cut choice on the agreement due to the reluctance of the other parties to contest them. No unionist candidate opposed another, whilst both the SDLP and Sinn Féin only contested the four seats where at the previous election there had been a majority of votes cast for nationalist candidates. The SDLP rejected a Sinn Féin offer to form a nationalist electoral pact to oppose the unionist electoral pact. In the process the SDLP gained the Newry and Armagh seat. The Alliance formally committed to fighting all the seats on a platform of support for the Agreement, but some local branches declined to select candidates. The Workers' Party stood in a few seats. In four constituencies where no party would oppose the Unionist MP a man called Wesley Robert Williamson changed his name by deed poll to "Peter Barry" (the name of the Irish Foreign Minister) and stood on the label "For the Anglo-Irish Agreement" but did not campaign. Despite this he garnered nearly 7,000 votes and saved three deposits. The unionist parties between them garnered over 400,000 votes and over 71% of the total poll, but as no by-elections took place in the staunch nationalist seats of West Belfast and Foyle this latter figure is skewed.

Long-term effects
The Agreement failed to bring an immediate end to political violence in Northern Ireland; neither did it reconcile the two communities. The devolved power-sharing government envisaged by the Agreement would not become a reality for many years, and then in quite a different form. However, it did improve co-operation between the British and Irish governments, which was key to the creation of the Good Friday Agreement thirteen years later. As such, it can be seen as a major stepping-stone in the peace process, of which the inter-governmental component was crucial.

At a strategic level, the agreement demonstrated that the British government recognised as legitimate the wishes of the Republic to have an interest in the affairs of Northern Ireland. It also demonstrated to unionists that they could not politically veto British policy regarding Northern Ireland via their presence in the House of Commons.

Irish Republicans were left in the position of rejecting the only piece of constitutional progress (in the eyes of many nationalists and republicans) since the failure of the first attempt at powersharing via the Sunningdale Agreement a little over a decade earlier. As such, the agreement boosted the political approach advocated by the SDLP and contributed to republican recognition, made explicit in the 1998 agreement, of the principle of consent as the basis of fundamental change of Northern Ireland's national status. Within ten years, however, the PIRA announced a (first) ceasefire, and both governments engaged in negotiation with the two sides to the Northern Ireland conflict, which led to the Good Friday Agreement.

The Anglo-Irish Agreement would also indirectly affect the outcome of the election of Charles Haughey as Taoiseach in the aftermath of the 1987 Irish General Election. Independent TD Tony Gregory abstained in the vote for Haughey seeing Haughey as the "lesser of two evils" due to Gregory's opposition to the Agreement along with his personal dislike for FitzGerald. Haughey was elected Taoiseach on the casting vote of the Ceann Comhairle.

See also
Other treaties involving Britain and Ireland:
Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921)
Sunningdale Agreement (1973)
Good Friday Agreement (1998)
St Andrews Agreement (2006)
 Ulster Says No – a protest campaign by unionists
 Unionism in Ireland -- "Opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement"

References

Sources

 Text of the agreement:
 Conflict Archive on the Internet
 Peacemaker United Nations
 Treaty Series 1985 No.2 Department of Foreign Affairs, Ireland
 Treaty Series No.62 1985 Cmnd.9690 Foreign Office, United Kingdom

Citations

Further reading
 Aughey, Arthur, and Cathy Gormley-Heenan. "The Anglo‐Irish Agreement: 25 Years On." Political Quarterly 82.3 (2011): 389–397.
 Aughey, Arthur, and Cathy Gormley-Heenan, eds. The Anglo-Irish Agreement: Rethinking Its Legacy (Manchester University Press, 2011).
 Cochrane, Feargal. Unionist politics and the politics of unionism since the Anglo-Irish agreement (Cork University Press, 1997).
 Coulter, Colin. "Peering in from the window ledge of the Union: the Anglo-Irish Agreement and the attempt to bring British Conservatism to Northern Ireland." Irish Studies Review 21.4 (2013): 406-424 online.
 Cox, W. Harvey. "Public Opinion and the Anglo-Irish Agreement." Government and Opposition 22.3 (1987): 336–351.
 Kelly, Stephen. "'The Anglo-Irish Agreement put us on side with the Americans': Margaret Thatcher, Anglo-American relations and the path to the Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1979–1985." Contemporary British History (2020): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2020.1769607
Kelly, Stephen. Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland conflict, 1975-1990 (Bloomsbury, London,2021).
 McLoughlin, Peter John. "'The First Major Step in the Peace Process'? Exploring the Impact of the Anglo-Irish Agreement on Irish Republican Thinking." Irish Political Studies 29.1 (2014): 116-133.
 O'Kane, Eamon. "Re-Evaluating the Anglo-Irish Agreement: Central or Incidental to the Northern Ireland Peace Process?." International Politics 44.6 (2007): 711-731 online.
 O'Leary, Brendan. "Northern Ireland and the Anglo-Irish Agreement." in Developments in British Politics (Palgrave, London, 1990) pp. 3:269-290.
 Owen, Arwel Ellis. The Anglo-Irish agreement: The first three years (Univ of Wales Press, 1994).
 Shannon, William V. "The Anglo-Irish Agreement." Foreign Affairs 64.4 (1986): 849–870. regarding 1985 agreement. online
 Todd, Jennifer. "Institutional change and conflict regulation: the Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) and the mechanisms of change in Northern Ireland." West European Politics 34.4 (2011): 838–858. online
 Trumbore, Peter F. "Public opinion as a domestic constraint in international negotiations: Two-level games in the Anglo-Irish peace process." International Studies Quarterly 42.3 (1998): 545-565 online.

External links

Anglo-Irish Agreement Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), Queen's University Belfast

1985 in Irish law
1985 in Northern Ireland
1985 in the United Kingdom
1980s in Irish politics
Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom
History of Northern Ireland
Ireland–United Kingdom relations
Northern Ireland peace process
Peace treaties of Ireland
Peace treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties concluded in 1985
Bilateral treaties of Ireland
Bilateral treaties of the United Kingdom

Anglo-Irish Agreement


Zgrada Biskupskog ordinarijata (Biskupije) u Mostaru je s početka 20. stoljeća. Godine 1902. moravski inženjer Maximilian David napravio je projekt u duhu neorenesansne arhitekture, povijesnog stila koji je prevladavao eklektičkom arhitekturom u Austro-Ugarskoj na prijelazu stoljeća. Zgrada je sagrađena 1906. godine. Smještena je na pola puta između franjevačke crkve i stare zgrade Biskupije.

Izvori

Kršćanski vjerski objekti u Mostaru
Rimokatolička Crkva u Bosni i Hercegovini
Arhitektura historicizma u Bosni i Hercegovini

Biskupski ordinarijat u Mostaru


La isla Cana () es una isla estadounidense que se encuentra en el lago Míchigan, y que administrativamente es parte del condado de Door, en el estado de Wisconsin. El faro de isla Cana se localiza en su territorio. La isla Cana está conectada al continente por una calzada. Se localiza en las coordenadas geográficas

Véase también
 Geografía de América del Norte
 Anexo:Islas de los Estados Unidos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización

Archipiélagos e islas de Wisconsin
Islas lacustres de Estados Unidos

Isla Cana


الأَصْبُعُ والأُصْبِعُ والأَصْبِعُ والإِصْبِعُ هو جزء من اليد أو القدم، والأصابع موجودة في الرئيسيات الأخرى، ويد الإنسان العادية تحتوي على خمس أصابع، وتستخدم الأصابع في كثير من الأنشطة مثل اللمس والإمساك بالأشياء والكتابة. ويُوجد في كلّ إصبعٍ من أصابع الإنسان (باستثناء الإبهام) ثلاث مفاصل، تسمّى عموماً البراجم.

انظر أيضا
 أصابع القدم
 أصابع اليد

المصدر

 كتاب حقيقة الدينار والدرهم والصاع والمد لأبي العباس أحمد العزفي السبتي.
 علي جمعة المكاييل والموازين الشرعية.

تشريح الأطراف
طرف علوي
وحدات طول شرعية

إصبع (تشريح)