A bengala, do inglês flare, comumente chamado flair (estilo, abreviatura de "Thomas flair"), é um movimento acrobático criado por Kurt Thomas,  no qual o dançarino alterna o equilíbrio do torso entre os braços enquanto balança as pernas abaixo em círculos contínuos. É um power move fundamental break dance e na ginástica artística, pode ser realizado em um cavalo com alças ou no solo.

Características
A perna esquerda começa cerca de 10 polegadas atrás da direita (não alinhada). Se o executante já tiver impulso, ele rapidamente abaixa a mão esquerda perto da perna esquerda, de frente para os dedos em direção à esquerda, afastados do corpo. Em seguida, a perna esquerda é girada o mais forte possível durante o ato. O executante deve estar preparado para abaixar a mão direita, quando todo o peso é transferido para o braço direito e ele chuta a perna esquerda o mais alto possível. A perna direita balança sob a esquerda e então a mão esquerda desce na frente, de modo que ambas as mãos estejam agora na frente. Arqueando as costas e sem tocar o chão, o executante chuta a perna direita para cima novamente e balança a perna esquerda para baixo para outra rotação.

Uma progressão/combinação para este movimento seria círculos de perna dupla em um cogumelo (semelhante a um cavalo com alças, mas arredondado e mais baixo). Isso consiste em suas pernas girando em torno do cogumelo 360 graus elevados aproximadamente 40 cm do chão com nada além de suas mãos tocando o cogumelo.

Variações
Existem várias variantes de flare:

 Alargadores de cotovelo: os antebraços (e os cotovelos) são usados para apoiar o corpo e não as mãos. Devido à baixa folga das pernas, esta é uma variação difícil.
 Lotus flares - Um flare com as pernas em posição de lótus .
 Half-Flares - Semelhante aos flares Lotus, exceto que o movimento de balanço contínuo é realizado em uma posição de figura quatro em vez de uma posição "V".
 New Yorker Flares/Atomic Flares/Power Flares - começa com a mão oposta do que um flare padrão normalmente seria iniciado. Por exemplo, se as pernas estiverem indo para a direita, os sinalizadores começarão com a mão direita colocada primeiro no chão.
 Cadeira Flares - um alargamento feito exageradamente para que o movimento de balanço para a frente pareça um congelamento de cadeira de ar.
 Double Chair Flares - um flare de cadeira feito com dois congelamentos de cadeira de ar (dois braços dobrados) e sem saltos entre o interruptor de braço.
 Círculos/Flares Virgens - As pernas ficam juntas e retas. Na ginástica, é referido como um círculo e é considerado o pré-requisito para um flare.
 Hopping Flares/King Flares - Pulando na mão disponível (suporte de carga) enquanto as pernas balançam da frente para trás. C-zeching é necessário para este movimento. O disjuntor deve fazer o c-zech junto com o hop para se posicionar adequadamente para continuar fazendo o flare. O termo c-zech significa o movimento que faz a pessoa girar na direção oposta à que está indo durante o flare. Por exemplo, se alguém está queimando CW, ele faz c-zech no flare para que seu corpo fique um pouco mais para a esquerda após cada rodada de flare. Na ginástica, um c-zech é chamado de fuso.
 Alargadores roscados - Um movimento de alargamento único em que se usa o braço de apoio (antes de apoiar o movimento de balanço) para unir as duas pernas. As pernas ficam livres à medida que balançam no movimento frontal (Bboy Lilou, o primeiro que fez esse movimento).
 V-flares - Um estilo avançado de flare em que as pernas ficam retas em forma de V perto do corpo e todo o impulso é exercido a partir dos quadris, pois as pernas permanecem imóveis e não fornecem base de apoio. Estes também são conhecidos como 'flares piked'. Muito esforço é necessário para dominar V-flares.
 British flares - Um sinalizador que vem de uma posição de parada de mão (colocando uma mão no chão você chuta o pé oposto no ar deixando-o pegar impulso e então você chuta, o outro pé você chuta quando você está descendo para deixá-lo passar debaixo. É usado quando vem de pistas de ar para flares.
 Solar flares - Um flare com os quadris muito altos no ar e as pernas juntas sobre o torso frontal (como se as pernas estivessem queimando sobre a cabeça e o corpo do bboy/bgirls). Depois de mudar do braço inicial para o braço oposto e quando o torso está voltado para o chão, o quadril sai de baixo, dando a sensação da explosão solar explosiva do sol. Parece muito semelhante a um airflare e um flare de cadeira combinados, mas sem o salto entre o interruptor de braço.

Airflare
O Airflare, às vezes também chamado de Airtrack, é um movimento avançado que é semelhante em conceito a um Halo, também conhecido como Headtracks ou apenas faixas. Isso ocorre porque eles compartilham a sensação quando se trata de levantar as pernas e balançar entre o interruptor de mão. Ao realizar um Air Flare, o disjuntor é invertido com o torso em um ângulo de 45 graus em relação ao chão. (o ângulo pode diferir. quanto menor o ângulo, maior a dificuldade). as pernas em forma de V e os braços retos. As mãos são a única parte do corpo que toca o chão enquanto o movimento está sendo executado. O bboy/bgirl chicoteia suas pernas, então os braços ao redor para que ele viaje em um caminho circular. Air Flares também pode ser referido como Air Tracks: no entanto, Air Tracks era originalmente um único giro de 360 graus no ar que seria um movimento de transição ligando a outro. Mais tarde, as pessoas começariam a fazer flares aéreos na forma de uma faixa contínua de ar, tornando os dois nomes basicamente o mesmo movimento, já que a diferença na execução é mínima. (As chamas de ar atingem o peito e as trilhas de ar atingem a cabeça - a inclinação do corpo é irrelevante neste caso. )

Variações
Existem muitas variações do flare aéreo. Alguns exemplos notáveis incluem:

 Elbow Air Flares / Elbow Tracks - Usando seus cotovelos em vez de suas mãos
 Flares de ar de perna dobrada - Uma perna é constantemente dobrada durante todo o movimento. Bboy Blond e Bboy The End são conhecidos por usar essa técnica.
 Hopping Air Flares - Ambas as mãos nunca tocam o chão ao mesmo tempo. Um movimento de salto é usado para pular continuamente de uma mão para a outra. As pernas às vezes são dobradas nessa variação para gerar o efeito de salto.
 Tombstone Air Flares - As pernas estão fechadas e retas durante a fase aérea do movimento
 Lotus Air Flares - Igual a um air flare normal, mas com as pernas na posição de lótus
 Toe Toe Air Flares - Quando uma mão está no chão, a outra é usada para tocar os dedos de cada pé.
 Clapping Air Flares - bater palmas com as duas mãos em uma parada de mão entre os airflares
 Munching Air Flares - O efeito "munch" pode ser alcançado posicionando as pernas na posição munch-mill no meio do vôo. Em uma variação mais avançada o bboy/bgirl mantém as pernas nesta posição mesmo quando as mãos estão tocando o chão.
 Threaded Air Flares - trazendo uma perna através de um laço criado pela outra perna e a mão que não a apoia
 Walking Air Flare - Pelo menos uma mão está sempre em contato com o chão, mesmo durante a fase aérea de um Air Flare regular. Esta variação requer grande flexibilidade nos ombros.
 Air Flares de uma mão - Uma variação muito difícil de airflare. A mesma mão balançando gira um swing completo com apenas uma mão em 180 graus. Famoso feito por Bboy Punisher, Bboy Clil e assim por diante. . .
 Airflare 1.5 (também conhecido como Bombas Airflare, suicídios Airflare) - O corpo gira 540 graus e o bboy/bgirl cai de costas e não nas mãos.

Referências

Ligações externas

 BBC Blast-Dance Assista Lil' Tim demonstrar flares neste videoclipe para download da BBC Blast .
 Seis chamas
 Três miniflares
Hip hop

Flare (acrobacia)


Waldir Peres de Arruda (), cunoscut ca Waldir Peres, a fost un fotbalist brazilian. Acesta a jucat și la naționala Braziliei. Fiul său Diogo Pires este tot fotbalist.

Note

Fotbaliști brazilieni
Fotbaliști internaționali brazilieni

Waldir Peres


Obeliscul este un film românesc din 2014 regizat de Ion Truică.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2014 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2014

Obeliscul


Brás est un district situé dans la région centrale de la ville brésilienne de São Paulo, à l'est du soi - disant centre historique de la capitale de São Paulo. Malgré sa position géographique, elle appartient à la région administrative du sud-est, puisque le quartier fait partie de la sous-préfecture de Mooca.

Actuellement, c'est une région bien connue au Brésil pour le commerce de vêtements, en particulier dans les environs du Largo da Concórdia et de la Rua Oriente. Dans sa zone, il compte également un grand nombre de hangars et d'installations industrielles désactivés. Brás a été immortalisé par Adoniran Barbosa dans sa chanson "Samba do Arnesto" ("Arnesto nous a invités, pour une samba il vit à Brás...")

Le district est desservi par la ligne 3-Rouge du métro de São Paulo et les lignes 7, 10, 11 et 12 de la CPTM.

Brás abrite le siège des plus grands temples protestants du monde, tels que : la Congrégation chrétienne du Brésil, la « Cité mondiale » de l'Église mondiale de la Puissance de Dieu, le « Temple de Salomon » de l'Église universelle du Royaume de Dieu et l'Assemblée de Dieu Ministère Madureira.

Formation

Le nom Brás vient du propriétaire du terrain où s'est formé le quartier, qui s'appelait José Brás, devenu bienfaiteur.

Dans la seconde moitié du , l'église Senhor Bom Jesus de Matosinhos a été construite sur les terres de José Brás, autour desquelles le village s'est formé. En 1769, le conseil municipal cite officiellement le nom de José Brás lors de la détermination de la construction de "ponts entre le chemin de José Brás et la ferme Nicolau". Le sort de la construction initiale n'est pas connu, puisque le , la Chambre ecclésiastique de São Paulo reçoit une demande du lieutenant-colonel José Correia de Morais pour construire une chapelle au Senhor Bom Jesus de Matosinhos. La dédicace à laquelle la chapelle originale a été reconstruite. Le , la chapelle fut élevée au rang de paroisse par décret de D. . Ses limites étaient : au nord la rivière Tietê, au sud São Bernardo, à l'est la paroisse de Penha de França et à l'ouest la Sé. L'impératrice Teresa Cristina a séjourné en 1846 dans une maison de ville située à Largo do Brás et à l'époque, il y avait des suggestions pour l'installation de 6 lanternes lumineuses dans la paroisse de Brás. Il y avait quelques fermes qui produisaient des vins, des liqueurs et des bières, ainsi qu'une fabrique d'étriers et de seaux et des ateliers de selliers. Le , le Correio Paulistano annonça que l'établissement Hortículo de São Paulo, J. Joly, mettait en vente des plants de Eucalyptus globules.

Cependant, d'autres auteurs attribuent une origine différente au nom Brás. Paulo Cursino de Moura (1897-1943) déclare que le nom de la région est dû à Brazílio de Aguiar Castro, propriétaire de la Chácara do Ferrão héritée de sa mère, Domitila de Castro Canto e Melo (1797-1867), la marquise de Santos qui, à son tour, l'a reçu en succession à la mort de son mari, le brigadier Tobias (1795-1857).

Brás s'est développé autour de l'église de Bom Jesus do Brás, et était, jusqu'au début du , divisé en deux quartiers distincts : Brás (plus proche de l'actuel centre-ville de São Paulo), et Marco (abréviation de Marco de Meia Légua), qui était situé dans la région où se trouve aujourd'hui la station de métro Bresser-Mooca.

Au début du , il devient une référence de quartier pour la communauté italienne (commémoration des fêtes de Notre-Dame de Casaluce et de Saint Vite), et pour la communauté grecque (avec l'Église grecque orthodoxe), communauté arménienne, avec une forte présence d'industries (en particulier à proximité des chemins de fer) et d'entreprises de bois (zone de la rue do Gasómetro).

Au fil du temps, ces caractéristiques ont commencé à changer, avec l'augmentation du nombre de personnes du nord-est dans la région proche de Largo da Concórdia, où opérait la gare terminus de l'Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil.

C'est actuellement un quartier essentiellement axé sur l'industrie et le commerce de l'habillement, avec un fort accent sur le commerce de gros de jeans et aussi de mode enfantine, avec une grande concentration de magasins spécialisés dans la vente de layettes et de produits pour femmes enceintes et bébés. Il a une forte présence des communautés coréenne et bolivienne. La présence de magasins aux caractéristiques populaires est également importante, en particulier sur les avenues Rangel Pestana et Celso Garcia, car elles sont des passages traditionnels pour les habitants de la zone est qui travaillent dans le centre-ville.

Limites
 Nord : Rua João Teodoro et Rua Silva Teles.
 Est : Rue et viaduc Bresser.
 Sud : Ligne 3 du métro de São Paulo, Ligne 10 de la CPTM et Rua da Mooca.
 Ouest : Rua da Figueira, Avenue Mercúrio et Avenue do Estado.

Districts limitrophes
 Bom Retiro (nord-ouest).
 Pari (nord).
 Belém (est).
 Mooca (sud-est).
 Cambuci (sud).
 Sé (ouest).

Voir aussi
 Liste des quartiers de São Paulo
 Population des districts de São Paulo (recensement de 2010)
 Zone territoriale des districts de São Paulo (IBGE)
 Télécommunications à São Paulo
 Archidiocèse de São Paulo

Notes et références

Liens externes
 «Mairie Régionale de Mooca»
 «História dos Bairros Paulistanos: Brás»
 «O órgão de tubos da Igreja do Senhor Bom Jesus do Brás, São Paulo (SP)»

District à São Paulo

Brás (São Paulo)


Saša Zalepugin (Sarajevo, 18. srpnja 1931. – Zagreb, 26. studenoga 2022.) bio je jugoslavenski i hrvatski novinar, televizijski voditelj i urednik. Poznat je kao autor emisije Nedjeljom popodne Televizije Zagreb.

Životopis
Otac mu je bio ruski emigrant, inženjer i protivnik komunizma, a majka Srpkinja. Kada je Staljin 1947. godine od Tita zatražio da mu pošalje natrag sve emigrante, obitelj spašava utjecajni član partije kojega je otac spasio od Gestapoa, ali se hitno sele u Pulu. Gimnaziju je završio u Pazinu 1950. godine.  Slavenske jezike studirao je na Filozofskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Tijekom studija pisao je za Studentski list. Amaterski se bavio glumom i bio je predsjednikom Studentskog kazališta.

Nakon odsluženja vojnog roka 1958. godine postaje voditelj Centra za kulturu Moša Pijade Radničkog sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Godine 1962. preuzima dužnost ravnatelja Ansambla narodnih plesova i pjesama Hrvatske LADO.

Na RTV Zagreb počeo je raditi 1966. godine, najprije kao urednik emisije Kulturna panorama, a 1968. godine kao urednik kulturnog programa.

Bio je urednik zabavnog programa TV Zagreb od 1971. do 1973., kada počinje uređivati i voditi niz mozaičnih emisija Nedjeljno popodne (sport, moda, film, glazba, kazalište, kulturna baština, zanimljivosti iz SFRJ i inozemstva) u trajanju od četiri sata. Emisija se 1983. godine zvala Sastanak bez dnevnog reda. Obilježio je prodor modernog europskog novinarstva na zagrebački kanal nekadašnje Jugoslavenske radiotelevizije (JRT), koji je povremeno dosezao i do 70% gledanosti i predstavljao pravu revoluciju u zabavnom programu diljem Jugoslavije sredinom 1970-ih i početkom 1980-ih.

Godine 1978. smijenjen je s mjesta glavnog urednika RTV Zagreb zbog prozapadne orijentacije, a 1990. godine smijenjen je pod izlikom da je "Jugoslaven". Bio je urednik posebnih emisija uživo, kulturnih manifestacija i festivala (Dubrovačke ljetne igre, Pulski filmski festival). Od 1988. godine bio je urednik noćnog programa Program plus.

Četiri godine zaredom proglašavan je najpopularnijim TV licem u bivšoj Jugoslaviji. Godine 1978. uvršten je među deset najpopularnijih ljudi u zemlji u anketama tjednika NIN. Godine 1997. u anketi koju je objavio Nacional, a u kojoj su sudjelovali televizijski djelatnici svih generacija Hrvatske radiotelevizije i TV Zagreb, proglašen je jednom od deset najvažnijih osoba u povijesti televizije u Hrvatskoj.

Godina 2006. i 2007. uređivao je i vodio tjednu emisiju televizije OBN u Sarajevu.

Kao novinar intervjuirao je neke od najistaknutijih ličnosti iz politike, kulture i glazbe, uključujući Richarda Nixona, Humphreyja Bogarta, Franka Sinatru, Sophiu Loren i Mstislava Rostropoviča. Tijekom sedamdesetih godina uspješno je organizirao mnoga javna događanja poput Modafesta u Hvaru i Trogiru te stotine modnih revija od kojih je jedna održana u Hrvatskom narodnom kazalištu u Zagrebu, što je bio presedan.

Tri puta se ženio, a njegova posljednja supruga bila je Tihana Harapin. Njegov sin iz drugog braka, koji nosi isto ime, član je glazbenog sastava Plavoga orkestra.

Izvori

Voditelji na HTV-u
Životopisi, Sarajevo
Životopisi, Zagreb

Saša Zalepugin


Alexandru Ciucur ()  un fotbalist român, care evoluează pe postul de mijlocaș dreapta la clubul din , .

Carieră

Internațional Curtea de Argeș
Ciucur a fost un jucător important pentru Internațional Curtea de Argeș în sezonul 2008-2009, când clubul a promovat în Liga I. În cel de-al doilea său sezon nu a mai jucat la fel de mult.

Pandurii Târgu-Jiu și împrumuturile
Căutând mai mult fotbal, Ciucur semnează cu formația de Liga I, Pandurii Târgu Jiu. Nu a reușit însă să impresioneze, având o singură apariție în șase luni.

A fost împrumutat la începutul sezonului 2010-2011 la formația de Liga a II-a, CS Mioveni.

În vara lui 2011, Ciucur a ajuns la CSMS Iași. A terminat sezonul 2011-2012 într-un mod foarte plăcut, marcând goluri esențiale pentru promovarea ieșenilor în Liga I.

În 2013, Cristi Pustai, antrenorul Pandurilor, a sfârșit perioada împrumuturilor pentru Ciucur. Acesta a debutat în Europa League pentru panduri, care au fost vicecampionii Ligii I. Pe data de 29 august 2013, Ciucur a marcat golul decisiv împotriva celor de la SC Braga în ultimele minute ale prelungirilor partide, asigurându-le astfel celor de la Pandurii Târgu-Jiu progresul către grupele unei competiții europene pentru prima oară în istoria clubului.

Un sezon mai târziu, Ciucur a fost împrumutat din nou la CSMS Iași, unde a fost om de bază pentru restul sezonului, marcând 3 goluri în 31 de meciuri. La finalul împrumutului, Pandurii au decis să îl păstreze pentru sezonul următor la Târgu-Jiu.

Referințe

Legături externe

Profile at Footballdatabase.eu

Nașteri în 1990
Nașteri pe 1 martie
Fotbaliști români
Români în viață
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști ai CSM Politehnica Iași
Fotbaliști ai FC Internațional Curtea de Argeș
Oameni din Dorohoi
Mijlocași

Alexandru Ciucur


The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a United States environmental law that promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). The law was enacted on January 1, 1970. To date, more than 100 nations around the world have enacted national environmental policies modeled after NEPA.

Prior to NEPA, Federal agencies were mission oriented. An example of mission orientation was to select highway routes as the shortest route between two points. NEPA was necessary to require Federal agencies to evaluate the environmental effects of their actions. NEPA's most significant outcome was the requirement that all executive Federal agencies prepare environmental assessments (EAs) and environmental impact statements (EISs). These reports state the potential environmental effects of proposed Federal agency actions. Further, U.S. Congress recognizes that each person has a responsibility to preserve and enhance the environment as trustees for succeeding generations. NEPA's procedural requirements do not apply to the President, Congress, or the Federal courts since they are not a "Federal agency" by definition. However, a Federal agency taking action under authority ordered by the President may be a final agency action subject to NEPA's procedural requirements. A U.S. District Court describes the need for even the President to have the NEPA analysis information before making a decision as follows:

"No agency possesses discretion whether to comply with procedural requirements such as NEPA. The relevant information provided by a NEPA analysis needs to be available to the public and the people who play a role in the decision-making process. This process includes the President." "And Congress has not delegated to the President the decision as to the route of any pipeline."

History

NEPA grew out of the increased public appreciation and concern for the environment that developed during the 1960s, amid increased industrialization, urban and suburban growth, and pollution across the United States. During this time, environmental interest group efforts and the growing public awareness resulting from Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring led to support for the 1964 Wilderness Act and subsequent legislation (including the 1970 Clean Air Act and 1972 Clean Water Act). The public outrage in reaction to the Santa Barbara oil spill in early 1969 occurred just as the NEPA legislation was being drafted in Congress. A fire on the Cuyahoga River was publicized in a Time magazine article shortly after the unanimous vote in the Senate. Another major driver for enacting NEPA was the 1960s highway revolts, a series of protests in many American cities that occurred in response to the bulldozing of many communities and ecosystems during the construction of the Interstate Highway System. In addition, as the contribution of Indiana political scientist Lynton Caldwell shows, concern for the environmental recklessness of international development programs in the 1950s and 1960s also drove the thinking behind NEPA.

In 2015 a United States District Court provided a documented concise background of NEPA being created to protect the environment from actions involving the Federal government as follows:

Following nearly a century of rapid economic expansion, population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, it had become clear by the late 1960s that American progress had an environmental cost. A congressional investigation into the matter yielded myriad evidence indicating a gross mismanagement of the country's environment and resources, most notably at the hands of the federal government. As a result, lawmakers and the general public alike called for an urgent and sweeping policy of environmental protection.

Congress answered these calls by enacting NEPA, which has served as "our basic national charter for protection of the environment" since 1970. With NEPA, Congress mandated that federal agencies take a "hard look" at the environmental consequences of their actions and to engage all practicable measures to prevent environmental harm when engaging in agency action. Furthermore, to remedy the widespread mistrust of the federal agencies, Congress incorporated within NEPA "action-forcing" provisions which require agencies to follow specific procedures in order to accomplish any federal project.

Since its passage, NEPA has been applied to any major project, whether on a federal, state, or local level, that involves federal funding, work performed by the federal government, or permits issued by a federal agency. Court decisions have expanded the requirement for NEPA-related environmental studies to include actions where permits issued by a federal agency are required regardless of whether federal funds are spent to implement the action, to include actions that are entirely funded and managed by private-sector entities where a federal permit is required. This legal interpretation is based on the rationale that obtaining a permit from a federal agency requires one or more federal employees (or contractors in some instances) to process and approve a permit application, inherently resulting in federal funds being expended to support the proposed action, even if no federal funds are directly allocated to finance the particular action.

Contents
The preamble to NEPA reads:

To declare national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation; and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality.

NEPA contains three sections: the first section outlines national environmental policies and goals; the second establishes provisions for federal agencies to enforce such policies and goals; and the third establishes the CEQ in the Executive Office of the President.

The purpose of NEPA is to ensure that environmental factors are weighted equally when compared to other factors in the decision-making process undertaken by federal agencies and to establish a national environmental policy. The act also promotes the CEQ to advise the President in the preparation of an annual report on the progress of federal agencies in implementing NEPA. It also established the CEQ to advise the president on environmental policy and the state of the environment.

NEPA establishes this national environmental policy by requiring federal agencies to prepare an environmental impact statement to accompany reports and recommendations for Congressional funding. This impact statement is known as an EIS. NEPA is an action-forcing piece of legislation, meaning the act itself does not carry any criminal or civil sanctions, and therefore, all enforcement of NEPA must occur through the court system. In practice, a project is required to meet NEPA guidelines when a federal agency provides any portion of financing for the project. However, review of a project by a federal employee can be viewed as a federal action, and in such a case, it requires NEPA-compliant analysis performance.

NEPA covers a vast array of federal agency actions, but the act does not apply to state action where there is a complete absence of federal influence or funding. Exemptions and exclusions are also present within NEPA's guidelines, including specific federal projects detailed in legislation and EPA exemptions. Exemptions also apply when compliance with other environmental laws require an impact analysis similar to that mandated by NEPA. Such laws can include but are not limited to the Clean Air Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.

Process

The NEPA process is the evaluation of the relevant environmental effects of a federal project or action mandated by NEPA. This process begins when an agency develops a proposal addressing a need to take action. If it is determined that the proposed action is covered under NEPA, there are three levels of analysis that a federal agency must undertake to comply with the law. These three levels include the preparation of a Categorical Exclusion (CatEx); an environmental assessment (EA); and either a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI), or, alternatively, the preparation and drafting of an environmental impact statement (EIS).

Executive Order No. 11514 as amended by Executive Order No. 11991  directs the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) to issue "regulations to Federal agencies for the implementation of the procedural provisions of" NEPA  and for Federal agencies to "comply with the regulations issued by the Council". Importantly the Supreme Court of the United States finds "that CEQ regulations are entitled to substantial deference."
The Council on Environmental Quality's NEPA regulation 40 C.F.R. § 1501.4 specifies the process to determine whether to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as follows:
In determining whether to prepare an environmental impact statement the Federal agency shall:

(a) Determine under its procedures supplementing these regulations (described in § 1507.3) whether the proposal is one which:

(1) Normally requires an environmental impact statement, or
(2) Normally does not require either an environmental impact statement or an environmental assessment (categorical exclusion).
(b) If the proposed action is not covered by paragraph (a) of this section, prepare an environmental assessment (§ 1508.9). The agency shall involve environmental agencies, applicants, and the public, to the extent practicable, in preparing assessments required by § 1508.9(a)(1).

(c) Based on the environmental assessment make its determination whether to prepare an environmental impact statement.

(d) Commence the scoping process (§ 1501.7), if the agency will prepare an environmental impact statement.

(e) Prepare a finding of no significant impact (§ 1508.13), if the agency determines on the basis of the environmental assessment not to prepare a statement.
(1) The agency shall make the finding of no significant impact available to the affected public as specified in § 1506.6.
(2) In certain limited circumstances, which the agency may cover in its procedures under § 1507.3, the agency shall make the finding of no significant impact available for public review (including State and areawide clearinghouses) for 30 days before the agency makes its final determination whether to prepare an environmental impact statement and before the action may begin. The circumstances are:
(i) The proposed action is, or is closely similar to, one which normally requires the preparation of an environmental impact statement under the procedures adopted by the agency pursuant to § 1507.3, or
(ii) The nature of the proposed action is one without precedent.
In addition to complying with the Council on Environmental Quality's NEPA regulations in 40 C.F.R. § 1500 through § 1508, each Federal agency is required by 40 C.F.R. § 1507.3(a) to adopt supplemental procedures for their agency's implementation of NEPA. For example, the Federal Highway Administration's supplemental NEPA procedures are in 23 C.F.R. §771.101 through § 771.131. According to 23 C.F.R. § 771.115(a) Class I actions such as a new controlled access freeway or a highway project of four or more lanes on a new location significantly affect the environment and therefore require an Environmental Impact Statement. According to 23 C.F.R. § 771.115(b) and § 771.117(c) Class II actions such as construction of bicycle and pedestrian lanes, planning, noise barriers, and landscaping normally do not individually or cumulatively have a significant environmental effect and therefore may be categorically exempt unless there are unusual circumstances as provided in 23 C.F.R. § 771.117(b). According to 23 C.F.R. § 771.117(c) all other actions are Class III actions requiring the preparation of an Environmental Assessment to determine the appropriate environmental document required.

Preparation of a Categorical Exclusion

A Categorical Exclusion (CatEx) is a list of actions an agency has determined do not individually or cumulatively significantly affect the quality of the human environment (40 C.F.R. §1508.4). If a proposed action is included in an agency's CatEx, the agency must make sure that no extraordinary circumstances might cause the proposed action to affect the environment. Extraordinary circumstances include effects on endangered species, protected cultural sites, and wetlands. If the proposed action is not included in the description provided in the CatEx, an EA must be prepared. Actions similar to the proposed one may have been found to be environmentally neutral in previous EAs and their implementation, and so an agency may amend their implementing regulations to include the action as a CatEx. In this case, the drafted agency procedures are published in the Federal Register and a public comment period is required. An agency cannot rely on a CatEx prepared by a different agency to support a decision not to prepare an EA or EIS for a planned action; however, it may draw from another agency's experience with a comparable CatEx in seeking to substantiate a CatEx of its own.

The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) created Categorical Exclusions to reduce paperwork (40 CFR § 1500.4(p)) and reduce delay (40 CFR § 1500.5(k)) so agencies can better concentrate on actions that do have significant effects on the human environment. In 2003 the National Environmental Policy Task Force found agencies "indicated some confusion about the level of analysis and documentation required to use an approved categorical exclusion". In 2010 CEQ issued guidance on the existing regulations for Categorical Exclusions consistent with NEPA and past CEQ guidance. This CEQ 2010 guidance acknowledges, "Since Federal agencies began using categorical exclusions in the late 1970s, the number and scope of categorically excluded activities have expanded significantly. Today, categorical exclusions are the most frequently employed method of complying with NEPA, underscoring the need for this guidance on the promulgation and use of categorical exclusions." This CEQ 2010 guidance goes on to caution, "If used inappropriately, categorical exclusions can thwart NEPA's environmental stewardship goals, by compromising the quality and transparency of agency environmental review and decisionmaking, as well as compromising the opportunity for meaningful public participation and review." Indeed, the expanded use of Categorical Exclusions undermines NEPA by reducing environmental analysis and public comment, thereby increasing NEPA litigation. The CEQ 2010 guidance emphasizes that Categorical Exclusions must capture the entire proposed action and not be used for a segment or an interdependent part of a larger proposed action. Examples of Exceptional Circumstances that prevent use of Categorical Exclusions include where there are "potential effects on protected species or habitat, or on historic properties listed or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places." The CEQ specifically cites the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill as an example why agencies need to periodically review their Categorical Exclusions "in light of evolving or changing conditions that might present new or different environmental impacts or risks."

Streamlining the NEPA process with categorical exclusions have been criticized, for example allowing BP's exploration plan that resulted in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to use a categorical exclusion instead of requiring an Environmental Impact Statement.

Preparation of an Environmental Assessment and a Finding of No Significant Impact

EAs are concise public documents that include the need for a proposal, a list of alternatives, and a list of agencies and persons consulted in the proposal's drafting. The purpose of an EA is to determine the significance of the proposal's environmental outcomes and to look at alternatives of achieving the agency's objectives. An EA is supposed to provide sufficient evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an EIS, aid an agency's compliance with NEPA when no EIS is necessary, and it facilitates preparing an EIS when one is necessary.

Most agency procedures do not require public involvement prior to finalizing an EA document; however, agencies advise that a public comment period is considered at the draft EA stage. EAs need to be of sufficient length to ensure that the underlying decision to prepare an EIS is legitimate, but they should not attempt to substitute an EIS.

However, the Council on Environmental Quality regulation 40 C.F.R. § 1500.1(b) states:  "NEPA procedures must insure that environmental information is available to public officials and citizens before decisions are made and before actions are taken."  Likewise, 40 C.F.R. § 1500.2 states:  "Federal agencies shall to the fullest extent possible: ... (d) Encourage and facilitate public involvement in decisions which affect the quality of the human environment."  A U.S. District Court describes the essential requirement for public input on a draft EA as follows:
The Ninth Circuit has read these regulations to mean that "the public must be given an opportunity to comment on draft EAs and EISs." Anderson v. Evans, 371 F.3d 475, 487 (9th Cir.2004). Because the regulations "must mean something," the Circuit has held that an agency's failure to obtain any public input on a draft EA "violates these regulations." Citizens for Better Forestry v. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 341 F.3d 961, 970 (9th Cir.2003).

If no substantial effects on the environment are found after investigation and the drafting of an EA, the agency must produce a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). This document explains why an action will not have a significant effect on the human environment and includes the EA or a summary of the EA that supports the FONSI determination.

Preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement
If it is determined that a proposed federal action does not fall within a designated CatEx or does not qualify for a FONSI, then the responsible agency must prepare an EIS. The purpose of an EIS is to help public officials make informed decisions based on the relevant environmental consequences and the alternatives available. The drafting of an EIS includes public party, outside party, and other federal agency input concerning its preparation. These groups subsequently comment on the draft EIS.

An EIS is required to describe the environmental impacts of the proposed action, any adverse environmental impacts that cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented, the reasonable alternatives to the proposed action, the relationship between local short-term uses of man's environment along with the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity, and any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources that would be involved in the proposed action.

An agency may undertake the drafting of an EIS without the initial drafting of the EA. This may happen if the agency believes that the action will have a significant impact on the human or natural environment or if the action is considered an environmentally controversial issue.

The responsible decision-maker is required to review the final EIS before reaching a final decision regarding the course of action to be taken. The decision-maker must weigh the potential environmental impacts along with other pertinent considerations in reaching the final decision. A record of decision (ROD) is issued which records the agency's final decision.

Mootness doctrine used to evade NEPA requirements
The Administrative Procedure Act at 5 U.S.C. § 702 provides the right for a person injured by a NEPA issue to carry out a NEPA case in court as:
A person suffering legal wrong because of agency action, or adversely affected or aggrieved by agency action within the meaning of a relevant statute, is entitled to judicial review thereof.
By 5 U.S.C. § 706 the U.S. Congress provides for courts to make equitable remedies such as an injunction to compel agency action withheld or to set aside agency actions that are arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law. However, a court case becomes moot when no practical ("live") issues remain as stated in Powell v. McCormack, 395 U. S. 486 (1969) pages 496 – 497:
Simply stated, a case is moot when the issues presented are no longer "live" or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome. See E. Borchard, Declaratory 497*497 Judgments 35-37 (2d ed. 1941). Where one of the several issues presented becomes moot, the remaining live issues supply the constitutional requirement of a case or controversy. See United Public Workers v. Mitchell, 330 U. S. 75, 86-94 (1947); 6A J. Moore, Federal Practice ¶ 57.13 (2d ed. 1966).
In early NEPA cases (for example Arlington Coalition on Transportation v. Volpe, 458 F.2d 1323 (4th Cir. 1972) page 1331) courts considered projects were beyond the reach of the courts (moot) if that project had progressed to where the costs of altering the project would outweigh benefits. Nevertheless, by 1981 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals recognized some projects might proceed with construction in an attempt to evade the requirements of NEPA. Therefore, the court cautioned that even completed projects could be ordered to be removed as stated in Columbia Basin Land Protection Assoc. v. Schlesinger, 643 F.2d 585 (9th Cir.1981) page 591 note 1:
The building of the towers has not made the case hypothetical or abstract — the towers still cross the fields of the Landowners, continually obstructing their irrigation systems — and this Court has the power to decide if they may stay or if they may have to be removed. * * *
If the fact that the towers are built and operating were enough to make the case nonjusticiable, as the dissent states, then the BPA (and all similar entities) could merely ignore the requirements of NEPA, build its structures before a case gets to court, and then hide behind the mootness doctrine. Such a result is not acceptable.
Thus, courts have the equitable power to prevent those who use bad faith construction to evade U.S. Congress policies such as NEPA. Despite a court recognizing the use of this mootness tactic, a court still might not order removal of construction and remediation of the environment unless the NEPA complaint seeks removal and remediation in the request for relief as a "live" issue, see dissenting opinion in West v. Secretary of Dept. of Transp., 206 F.3d 920 (9th Cir. 2000) page 931:
He did not seek remediation; he wanted the interchange stopped. It was built. Therefore, there is no justiciable controversy pertaining to Phase I.
If stopping construction is the only request for relief in a NEPA complaint then logically construction cannot be stopped after completion.

The 1st Circuit Court of Appeals in stopping construction of a seaport on Sears Island, Maine pointed out that harm in NEPA cases is harm to the environment as stated in Sierra Club v. Marsh, 872 F.2d 497 (1st Cir. 1989) at page 500:
Thus, when a decision to which NEPA obligations attach is made without the informed environmental consideration that NEPA requires, the harm that NEPA intends to prevent has been suffered. * * * the harm at stake is a harm to the environment, but the harm consists of the added risk to the environment that takes place when governmental decisionmakers make up their minds without having before them an analysis (with prior public comment) of the likely effects of their decision upon the environment.
This court in Sierra Club v. Marsh on page 504 also found since there is an instinct not to tear down projects, it is appropriate to issue preliminary injunctions early in NEPA cases:
The way that harm arises may well have to do with the psychology of decisionmakers, and perhaps a more deeply rooted human psychological instinct not to tear down projects once they are built. But the risk implied by a violation of NEPA is that real environmental harm will occur through inadequate foresight and deliberation. The difficulty of stopping a bureaucratic steam roller, once started, still seems to us, after reading Village of Gambell, a perfectly proper factor for a district court to take into account in assessing that risk, on a motion for a preliminary injunction.
To have Article III standing to maintain a federal court case at least one individual plaintiff must have an injury caused by the defendant and that injury is likely to be remedied by a favorable decision as stated in Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 112 S. Ct. 2130, 119 L. Ed. 2d 351 (1992) on pages 560-561:
Over the years, our cases have established that the irreducible constitutional minimum of standing contains three elements. First, the plaintiff must have suffered an "injury in fact"—an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized, see id., at 756; Warth v. Seldin, 422 U. S. 490, 508 (1975); Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U. S. 727, 740-741, n. 16 (1972);[1] and (b) "actual or imminent, not `conjectural' or `hypothetical,' " Whitmore, supra, at 155 (quoting Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U. S. 95, 102 (1983)). Second, there must be a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of—the injury has to be "fairly ... trace[able] to the challenged action of the defendant, and not ... th[e] result [of] the independent action of some third party not before the court." Simon v. Eastern Ky. Welfare 561*561 Rights Organization, 426 U. S. 26, 41-42 (1976). Third, it must be "likely," as opposed to merely "speculative," that the injury will be "redressed by a favorable decision." Id., at 38, 43.
To have a "live" issue after completion of construction of a project, at least one person would need to show they will personally suffer harm from existence of the completed project and that the harm can be remedied by removal of the project as in Columbia Basin Land Protection Assoc. v. Schlesinger. Individual injuries in NEPA cases may likely involve growth-inducing impacts such as air, noise, and water pollution, safety considerations, secondary impacts, and cumulative impacts; for example see Coalition for Canyon Preservation v. Bowers, 632 F.2d 774 (9th Cir. 1980). Proving individual injury prevents disqualification by an objection of "generalized grievance" as stated in Juliana v. US, 217 F. Supp. 3d 1224 (D. Or. 2016):
Standing alone, "the fact that a harm is widely shared does not necessarily render it a generalized grievance." Jewel, 673 F.3d at 909; see also Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497, 517 (2007) ("[I]t does not matter how many persons have been injured by the challenged action" so long as "the party bringing suit shows that the action injures him in a concrete and personal way." (quotation marks omitted and alterations normalized)); Akins, 524 U.S. at 24 ("[A]n injury . ... widely shared ... does not, by itself, automatically disqualify an interest for Article III purposes.
In determining whether a Federal court has the authority to decide a case (jurisdiction), Federal courts only consider the parts of a complaint supporting the federal issue cited. This is referred to as the "well-pleaded" complaint rule. Parts of a complaint requesting removal of anticipated construction can be ignored by Federal courts since construction was not an actual controversy at the time the complaint was filed. Therefore, if project construction starts after a NEPA complaint is filed, the NEPA complaint will need to be amended or a new complaint filed to include the actual construction. Otherwise after construction is completed, a Federal court may find it no longer has authority (jurisdiction) to decide the case. The case would therefore be moot.

Courts balance the harm an injunction might cause to the defendant against the likelihood of environmental harms occurring and the degree of injury if the environmental harms occur. The U.S. Supreme Court pointed out the irreparable nature of environmental injuries in Amoco Production Co. v. Gambell, 480 U.S. 531, 107 S. Ct. 1396, 94 L. Ed. 2d 542 (1987) on page 545:
Environmental injury, by its nature, can seldom be adequately remedied by money damages and is often permanent or at least of long duration, i. e., irreparable. If such injury is sufficiently likely, therefore, the balance of harms will usually favor the issuance of an injunction to protect the environment.
Courts may discount the defendant's self-inflicted harm if construction was started before resolution of the environmental issues as in Davis v. Mineta, 302 F.3d 1104 (10th Cir. 2002) on page 1116:
We must next balance the irreparable harms we have identified against the harm to defendants if the preliminary injunction is granted. Defendants allege that significant financial penalties will be incurred by UDOT if the Project is delayed. * * * However, it appears that many of these costs may be self-inflicted. As we have previously concluded, the state entities involved in this case have "jumped the gun" on the environmental issues by entering into contractual obligations that anticipated a pro forma result. In this sense, the state defendants are largely responsible for their own harm.
Columbia Basin Land Protection Assoc. v. Schlesinger identified that allowing construction to moot NEPA cases frustrates the U.S. Congress intent. Therefore, In order to prevent NEPA cases from automatically becoming moot due to construction, NEPA complaints would need to request removal of bad faith constructions.

Council on Environmental Quality

The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) was modeled on the Council of Economic Advisers, an executive branch group created by the Employment Act of 1946 to advise the President on economic matters. Shortly after the CEQ was created by NEPA, President Richard Nixon expanded its mandate in executive order 11514. He directed the CEQ to issue guidelines for the proper preparation of an EIS and to assemble and coordinate federal programs related to environmental quality. The council was placed within the Executive Office of the President of the United States. It is composed of three members appointed by the President and subsequently confirmed by the Senate.

The CEQ has played a key part in the development of the EIS process. Its initial guidelines issued in 1971 required each federal department and agency to adopt its own guidelines consistent with those established by CEQ. These guidelines did not carry the status of formal agency regulations, but were often treated with similar deference in the court of law. In 1977 President Jimmy Carter by executive order 11991 authorized the CEQ to adopt regulations rather than simple guidelines on EIS preparation. However, the CEQ still had no authority to enforce these regulations.

The CEQ has prepared advisory documentation in the last several years explaining the general structure of NEPA and the nature of cumulative impacts, among other advisories. The CEQ also maintains a Citizen's Guide to NEPA website as part of its ongoing duties. CEQ regulations call for agencies and other federal actors to integrate NEPA requirements with other planning obligations as early as possible in the process. This is to ensure that all decisions are influenced by and reflective of environmental values. It also avoids potential delays and conflicts that could arise from imposing these requirements later in the rule-making process.Section 102(2)(C), which is NEPA's action-forcing provision, stipulates that with "every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment", all federal agencies shall include "a detailed statement by the responsible official ... on the environmental impact of the proposed action". This statement must specify all the details required for the EIS.

Consequences for Violating the National Environmental Policy Act
Agencies that violate NEPA may suffer harms to their reputations that can jeopardize future funding opportunities. Because the CEQ does not have enforcement authority for their guidelines, alleged violations must generally go through the judicial system. These lawsuits can further harm the agencies by demanding money and resources from the federal government, and delay projects for years. Several large projects have been shut down or cancelled as a result of such delays, like the planned Keystone XL Pipeline. The expansion was abandoned by TC Energy in 2021 after delays including the rejection of its review under NEPA, in the case Indigenous Environmental Network v. U.S. Department of State. The most common consequence imposed by courts for violations of NEPA is a mandated repeat of whichever environmental review or report was found to have been insufficient.

In the period from 2017 to 2021 lawsuits alleging violations of NEPA proliferated, mainly directed at reviews of departmental rules and permits issued by appointees of President Donald Trump. Some notable cases include Dine Citizens Against Ruining Our Environment v. David Bernhardt and Wildearth Guardians v. Ryan Zinke, in which courts revoked oil and gas permits in several Western states; State of California v. U.S. Department of the Interior, which led to the reinstatement of a moratorium on DOI coal leases; and Citizens for a Health Community v. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, which halted the Master Development Plan in Colorado.

National Environmental Policy Act and environmental justice
The National Environmental Policy Act promotes environmental justice by requiring federal agencies to include minority and low-income populations in their NEPA-mandated environmental analyses. Executive Order #12898 requires federal agencies that are complying with NEPA to consider environmental effects on human health, and economic and social effects, specifically within minority and low-income populations, which are disproportionately impacted by environmental detriment. Proposed federal actions must address "significant and adverse environmental effects" on minority and low-income populations.

The Environmental Justice Interagency Working Group published the Promising Practice Report, which documents common methodologies used presented in NEPA to include environmental justice.

Recent developments

On August 15, 2017, President Donald Trump issued Executive Order (E.O.) 13807, "Establishing Discipline and Accountability in the Environmental Review and Permitting Process for Infrastructure Projects." This executive order directs CEQ to use its "authority to interpret NEPA to simplify and accelerate the NEPA review process", requires agencies to "establish procedures for a regular review and update of categorical exclusions", and revokes President Obama's Executive Order 13690 addressing Flood Risk Management by including science on climate change.

In July 2020, Trump moved to significantly weaken the law. CEQ published a final rule which limits the duration of EAs to 1 year and EISs to 2 years. The rule also exempts a number of projects from review entirely and prevents the consideration of cumulative environmental impacts, including those caused by climate change.

See also
 Climate justice
 Environmental impact assessment
 Environmental impact report
 Environmental policy of the United States

References

Works cited

External links

 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (PDF/details) as amended in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
 Council on Environmental Quality - NEPAnet resource page
 U.S. Department of Energy - Office of NEPA Policy and Compliance
 U.S. Federal Highway Administration - NEPA Documentation
 Article on NEPA at HistoryLink
 National Preservation Institute
 National Environmental Policy Act - Full text

1970 in American law
United States federal environmental legislation
Environmental impact assessment
91st United States Congress
1970 in the environment
Environmental impact in the United States

National Environmental Policy Act


Rolf Pettersson ist ein ehemaliger schwedischer Orientierungsläufer.

Pettersson wurde während seiner Karriere dreimal Weltmeister mit der schwedischen Staffel. Er lief dabei in Staffeln mit Gunnar Öhlund, Bernt Frilén, Arne Johansson, Erik Johansson, Gert Pettersson, Kjell Lauri, Lars Lönnkvist und Björn Rosendahl. Bei den Weltmeisterschaften 1976 in Schottland erreichte er sein bestes Einzelresultat mit einem zweiten Platz hinter Egil Johansen aus Norwegen. 1977 wurde er Zweiter bei den Nordischen Meisterschaften hinter dem Norweger Sigurd Dæhli.

Rolf Pettersson gewann 1973, 1976 und 1977 die schwedische Meisterschaft auf der Langdistanz, 1976 die Meisterschaft im Nacht-Orientierungslauf. Mit seinem Verein Hagaby GoIF gewann er 1975 und 1976 die Tiomila.

Platzierungen

Weblinks
 Ergebnisse der Weltmeisterschaften International Orienteering Federation

Orientierungsläufer (Schweden)
Weltmeister (Orientierungslauf)
Schwedischer Meister (Orientierungslauf)
Schwede
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Rolf Pettersson (Orientierungsläufer)


Majör gam, bir parçanın yapılış şeklidir. Minör gama göre daha baskın tonlar hakimdir ve daha coşkuludur.

Yapılış şekli:

                  2tam 1 yarım 3 tam 1 yarım
dır.
Örnek:
  Do    Re    Mi   Fa    Sol    La    Si   Do
    tam   tam  yarım  tam   tam   tam  yarım
Do(C)Major dizisi hiç arıza (# ya da bemol) almayan tek dizedir.

Majör gam


Dr. Prof. A.B. Bhatt ( n. 1956)) es un botánico, ecólogo, y profesor indio, que desarrolla actividades académicas en el Departamento de Botánica y Forestales, de la Universidad de Saugar.

Algunas publicaciones
 b.p. Nautiyal, n. Pandey, a.b. Bhatt. 1997. Analysis of vegetation pattern in an alpine zone in north west Himalaya . Tropical ecology: volúmenes 43-44

Libros
 a.b. Bhatt. 1994. An Introduction To Aerial Photography And Remote Sensing. Editor Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh, 166 pp. ISBN 812110002X

 ---------------. 1982. Population differentiation in the genus Datura L. Editor Saurashtra University, 243 pp.

Honores
Miembro
 1981: Indian National Science Academy

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de India del siglo XX
Profesores de India
Ecólogos de India
Escritores en inglés
Botánicos de India del siglo XXI

A.B. Bhatt


Der Stumpfblättrige Liguster (Ligustrum obtusifolium) ist ein Strauch aus der Familie der Ölbaumgewächse. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Japan, Korea und China. Er wird häufig als Ziergehölz verwendet.

Beschreibung
Der Stumpfblättrige Liguster ist ein sommergrüner, 0,5 bis 3 Meter hoher, breitwüchsiger Strauch mit fein behaarten Trieben und bogig abstehenden Zweigen. Die Blätter haben einen 1 bis 2 Millimeter langen, kahlen oder behaarten Blattstiel. Die Blattspreite ist einfach, papierartig, 0,8 bis 6 Zentimeter lang und 0,4 bis 2,5 Zentimeter breit, elliptisch bis länglich oder länglich-verkehrt-eiförmig, spitz oder stumpf mit breit keilförmiger Basis. Die Blattoberseite ist tiefgrün und kahl, die Unterseite ist am Mittelnerv oder als ganzes behaart. Es werden drei bis fünf, selten bis sieben Nervenpaare gebildet.

Die Blüten stehen zu 25 bis 50 in mehr oder weniger nickenden, 1,5 bis 4 Zentimeter langen und 1,5 bis 3 Zentimeter breiten Rispen, die in größerer Zahl an kurzen Seitenzweigen sitzen. Die weißen Einzelblüten sind sitzend oder stehen an 2 Millimeter langen Stielen. Sie haben einen etwa 1 bis 2 Millimeter breiten Kelch, eine 5 bis 10 Millimeter breite Blütenkrone und eine Kronröhre, welche die 1,5 bis 2,5-fache Länge der Kronzipfel erreicht. Die Staubblätter reichen bis zur Mitte der Kronzipfeln, die Staubbeutel sind lanzettlich und 2 bis 3 Millimeter lang. Die Früchte sind rundliche bis breit elliptische, 5 bis 8 Millimeter lange und 4 bis 6 Millimeter breite, schwarze und etwas "bereifte", beerenartige Steinfrüchte. Die Art blüht von Mai bis Juni, die Früchte reifen von August bis Oktober.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt .

Verbreitung und Ökologie
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in der gemäßigten Zone von Asien auf den japanischen Inseln Hokkaidō, Honshū, Kyushu und Shikoku, in den chinesischen Provinzen Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong und Zhejiang und in Korea. Die Art wächst in Dickichten und Hecken in Höhen von 100 bis 600 Metern auf trockenen bis frischen, schwach sauren bis stark alkalischen, sandig- oder lehmig-humosen, mäßig nährstoffreichen Böden an sonnigen bis halbschattigen Standorten. Sie ist frosthart.

Systematik und Forschungsgeschichte
Der Stumpfblättrige Liguster (Ligustrum obtusifolium) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Liguster (Ligustrum) in der Familie der Ölbaumgewächse (Oleaceae), Tribus Oleeae. Die Art wurde von Philipp Franz von Siebold und Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini im Jahr 1846 erstbeschrieben.

Es werden zwei oder drei Unterarten unterschieden:
 Ligustrum obtusifolium subsp. microphyllum : Die Unterart bildet 0,5 bis 1,5 Meter hohe Sträucher mit fein oder schwach flaumig behaarten Zweigen und 0,8 bis 3 Zentimeter langen und 0,4 bis 1,3 Zentimeter breiten Blattspreiten. Der Blütenkelch ist 1 bis 2 Millimeter breit, die Blütenkrone 7 bis 8 Millimeter. Die Kronröhre erreicht etwa die 2,5-fache Länge der Kronzipfel. Das Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Japan, Korea und in den chinesischen Provinzen Jiangsu und Zhejiang.
 Ligustrum obtusifolium subsp. obtusifolium
 Ligustrum obtusifolium subsp. suave : Die Unterart bildet 2 bis 3 Meter hohe Sträucher mit schwach flaumhaarigen bis flaumhaarigen Zweigen und 1,5 bis 6 Zentimeter langen und 0,5 bis 2,5 Zentimeter breiten Blattspreiten. Der Blütenkelch ist 1,5 bis 2 Millimeter breit, die Blütenkrone 5 bis 10 Millimeter. Die Kronröhre erreicht etwa die 1,5- bis 2-fache Länge der Kronzipfel. Das Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in den chinesischen Provinzen Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong und Zhejiang.

Verwendung
Der Stumpfblättrige Liguster wird häufig wegen seiner dekorativen Blüten und auffälligen Früchten als Ziergehölz verwendet, wobei auch mehrere Sorten unterschieden werden.

Nachweise

Literatur
 Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 371.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ölbaumgewächse

Stumpfblättriger Liguster


A República Popular de Tuva, conhecida como República Popular de Tannu Tuva até 1926, foi uma república socialista parcialmente reconhecida que existiu entre 1921 e 1944. O país estava localizado no mesmo território do antigo protetorado Tuvan da Rússia Imperial, conhecido como o Krai De Uriankhai, a noroeste da Mongólia, parte da Mongólia Exterior Chinesa, e agora corresponde à República de Tuva dentro da Federação Russa.

A União Soviética e a Mongólia foram os únicos países a reconhecê-lo formalmente durante sua existência respectivamente. Em outubro de 1944, a política foi absorvida pela SFSR russa (a maior república constituinte da União Soviética) a pedido do parlamento Tuvano, encerrando 23 Anos de independência.

População

1944 por país
1921
Estados e territórios extintos em 1944
Estados e territórios fundados em 1921
Estados extintos não reconhecidos
Repúblicas socialistas extintas
Comunismo na Rússia
Relações entre China e União Soviética
!CS1 russo-fontes em língua (ru)
!CS1 usa script na língua russo (ru)
!Artigos com coordenadas no Wikidata

República Popular de Tuva


Murilo de Almeida (født 21. januar 1989) er en østtimorisk fodboldspiller.

Østtimors fodboldlandshold

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|2012||3||3
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|2013||0||0
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|2014||4||3
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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Østtimor

Murilo de Almeida


سبلين هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء الشوف في محافظة جبل لبنان.
يقع فيها معمل لإنتاج الترابة المخصصة للبناء,
تقع سبلين في قضاء الشوف أحد أقضية محافظة جبل لبنان هذه المحافظة هي واحدة من ثمان محافظات يتشكل منها لبنان الإداري. عدد محافظات لبنان ارتفع من 6 إلى 8 في شهر تموز 2003 بعد تأسيس محافظتين جديدتين. الأولى هي محافظة بعلبك الهرمل (بموجب المرسوم 522 تاريخ 16 تموز 2003) والثانية هي محافظة عكار. قبل تموز 2003 ان قضاء عكار يتبع محافظة لبنان الشمالي وقضاءي بعلبك الهرمل جزءا من محافظة البقاع.
تبعد سبلين 39 كلم (24.2346 مي) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. ترتفع 150 م (492.15 قدم - 164.04 يارد) عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة 573  هكتاراً (5.73 كلم²- 2.21178 مي²).

السكّان، الناخبون، السلطات المحلّية
يبلغ عدد السكّان المسجّلين في سبلين 5984 نسمة.  في الانتخابات الأخيرة عام ألفين وأربعة،  كان في سبلين 1289 منتخب مسجل ومنهم 741 منتخب فعليّ. يوجد في البلدة مجلس بلدي انتخب عام 2010 برئاسة محمد خالد قوبر.

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة جبل لبنان

سبلين


شارع 18 فيلم مصري إنتاج عام 2007، من تأليف عمر شامة وإخراج حسام الجوهري.

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم حول جريمة قتل تحدث في شقة التي تقطن في العمارة المقابلة في شارع 18 تشاهد أية الجريمة كاملة وتصبح مهددة بأن تكون الضحية التالية.

بطولة

روابط خارجية

مصادر

 شارع 18 لغز سينمائي لا يخلو من أخطاء التجربة الأولى

أفلام جريمة مصرية
أفلام غموض مصرية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2007
أفلام دنيا سمير غانم
أفلام عمر حسن يوسف
أفلام سامي العدل

شارع 18 (فيلم)


Mon colt fait la loi () est un western spaghetti ouest-germano-hispano-italien de Mario Caiano sorti en 1964.

Synopsis
Le mariage du shérif Pat Garrett bat son plein. Les frères Clayton, Billy et George, dévalisent une banque et abattent deux employés qui les ont reconnus. Ils s'enfuient au Mexique ; le shérif Garrett abandonne la cérémonie de mariage et se lance à leur poursuite.

En chemin, les Clayton passent la nuit dans une taverne locale et Garrett peut les arrêter sans trop de difficultés. Le retour s'avère difficile, car le bandit mexicain Santero apprend que les deux hommes ont emporté  comme butin de l'attaque. Ce n'est qu'avec difficulté que Garrett et ses prisonniers parviennent à éviter la bande de Santero, mais ils doivent pour cela traverser le désert. Ils découvrent un ranch et y font une halte.

George Clayton tombe amoureux d'Agnès, qui gère le ranch avec son frère ; elle lui fait la morale sur ses crimes passés, ce qui le fait réfléchir. Il décide alors d'aider Garrett à se défendre lorsque Santero et ses hommes lancent une attaque contre le ranch. Billy, cependant, meurt en essayant de se joindre aux bandits. Lorsque le ranch part en fumée, George sauve la vie du frère d'Agnès. Pat Garrett promet à George de témoigner en sa faveur s'il est traduit en justice.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Mon colt fait la loi ou Colt et dollars
 Titre original italien :
 Titre allemand :
 Titre espagnol :
 Réalisation : Mario Caiano
 Scénario : Castellano et Pipolo
 Photographie : Julio Ortaz Plaza
 Montage :
 Musique : Ennio Morricone (sous le nom de « Mike Perkins »)
 Décors et costumes : Carlo Simi
 Production : Arrigo Colombo, Giorgio Papi, Franco Palaggi, Waldfried Barthel, Manfred Barthel
 Sociétés de production : Jolly Film S.r.l. (Rome), Trio Films (Madrid), Constantin Film Verleih GmbH (Munich)
 Pays de production :  •  •
 Langues originales : italien
 Format : Couleur par Eastmancolor • 1,66:1 • Son mono • 35 mm
 Durée : 93 minutes ()
 Genre : Western spaghetti
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :
 Allemagne de l'Ouest :
 France :

Distribution
 Rod Cameron : Pat Garrett
 Ángel Aranda : George Clanton
 Horst Frank : Billy Clanton
 Mimmo Palmara (sous le nom de « Dick Palmer ») : Santero
 Hans Nielsen : Révérend Alvarez
 Andrea Aureli (sous le nom d'« Andrew Ray ») : Manuel
 Vivi Bach : Agnes Goddard
 Kai Fischer : Helen
  (sous le nom de « Paul Smith ») : Miguel
 Eulalia Tenorio (sous le nom de « Lady Tenory ») : Mammy
 Luis Duran (sous le nom de « Louis Duran ») : Mike Goddard
 Giulia Rubini (sous le nom de « Judy Robbins ») : Martha Coogan
  (sous le nom de « Joe Kamel ») : Capitaine MacKay
  (sous le nom de « Joseph Martin ») : Ramon
 Manuel Arbó : Le banquier

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1964
Film espagnol sorti en 1964
Film allemand sorti en 1964
Western italien
Western espagnol
Western allemand
Western spaghetti
Film réalisé par Mario Caiano
Film scénarisé par Castellano et Pipolo
Film tourné à Almería
Film se déroulant aux États-Unis
Film en italien
Film espagnol tourné en italien
Film allemand tourné en italien
Film avec une musique composée par Ennio Morricone

Mon colt fait la loi


Bătălia de la Ongal a avut în anul 680 în regiunea Ongal, în sud-vestul Ucrainei de astăzi, la nord de gurile Dunării. Lupta dintre protobulgari și bizantini deschide protobulgarilor drumul spre cucerirea Balcanilor și controlul triburilor slave care deja se instalaseră în această regiune, ceea ce va duce la apariția Primului Imperiu (Țarat) Bulgar.

Preludiul
În 632, hanul Kubrat unifică protobulgarii în cadrul Bulgariei Mari, între Marea Neagră și Marea Caspică. După moartea sa, în anii 660, statul condus de fiii săi, dezbinați, este în mod constant amenințat de atacurile khazarilor venind dinspre est. Fiul cel mare al lui Kubrat moștenește tronul înainte de a fi învins de către khazari și supus dominației lor. Al doilea fiu, Kotrag, o ia spre nord și fondează puternica Bulgarie de pe Volga. Cel de-al treilea fiu, Asparuh, merge spre vest și se stabilește cu poporul său în regiunea Ongal, la nord de Dunăre. De acolo, el lansează atacuri împotriva fortărețelor bizantine din Paristria. În acel moment, Imperiul Bizantin este, concomitent, în război împotriva arabilor care asediază Constantinopolul. Cu toate acestea, în 680, bizantinii îi înfrâng pe arabi cu care semnează un tratat de pace. După acest succes, împăratul Constantin al IV-lea decide să se întoarcă împotriva protobulgarilor pentru a le opri atacurile și conduce o armată de 50 000 de oameni și o flotă puternică de dromoane și mahone împotriva lui Asparuh. În același timp, șeful protobulgar formează o alianță cu confederația celor Șapte Triburi slave, formând o confederație împotriva ofensivei bizantine.

Bătălia

Protobulgarii au construit ziduri de lemn în zona numită Ongal, zonă mlăștinoasă din nordul gurilor Dunării. Mlaștinile forțează bizantinii să-și împartă forțele, pentru a se îmbarca pe mahone, ceea ce reduce puterea atacurilor lor. În față, apărarea bine organizată a protobulgarilor îi forțează pe bizantini să se retragă, retragere care se transformă în derută. Cavaleria protobulgară intervine și atacă inamicul aflat în retragere haotică. Pier mulți legionari bizantini. Potrivit folclorului, împăratul, rănit la picior, a mers la Mesembria pentru vindecare. Soldații, crezându-se părăsiți, abandonează câmpul de luptă și se retrag în  sud. Când protobulgarii înțeleg ce se întâmplă, îi atacă și îi înving fără dificultate.

Consecințele
După victorie, protobulgarii avansează la sud de Dunăre și iau în stăpânire Moesia, în nordul Balcanilor. În 681 invadează Tracia și îi înving pe bizantini din nou. Împăratul Constantin al IV-lea se află el însuși într-o poziție proastă și trebuie să ceară pace. În Tratatul din 681, bizantinii recunosc crearea unui nou Stat Bulgar și se angajează să-i plătească un tribut anual. Aceasta este o mare umilință pentru un imperiu care a învins pe perși și, mai recent, pe arabi.

În urma acestei bătălii de importanță europeană, Primul Imperiu (Țarat) Bulgar devine centrul cultural și spiritual al Europei slave pe aproape toată perioada Evului Mediu.

Pentru Imperiul Bizantin, această înfrângere este parte din procesul deja început de pierdere a controlului asupra teritoriilor din Balcani, început cu mai bine de o sută de ani în urmă, odată cu invaziile slavilor și avarilor. Faptul că Imperiul bizantin a fost obligat să plătească un tribut acestui stat, în timp ce triburile slave recunoșteau suveranitatea formală a Imperiului Bizantin în Balcani, va accelera procesul de trecere a populațiilor slave una după alta sub suveranitatea bulgară.

Note

Vezi și

 Bătălia de la Anchialos (708)
 Primul Țarat Bulgar

Războaiele Bizantino-Bulgare
680

Bătălia de la Ongal


A. Vlaicu Nr. II a fost un aparat de zbor monoplan inventat de Aurel Vlaicu în anul 1911. Construcția a început în anul 1910 la Școala de Arte și Meserii din București. A fost o variantă a avionului Vlaicu I, dar cu o serie de modificări și îmbunătățiri. Tubul de aluminiu care susținea componenentele avionului a fost scurtat, cabina era îmbrăcată cu pânză, volanul avea un diametru redus, au fost atașate mai multe aparate de bord, roata din spate avea atașată o frână. Elicele erau din lemn, ca și la Vlaicu I, dar de concepție proprie nouă. Avionul era pus în mișcare de un motor rotativ Gnôme, cu o greutate de 30 kg, capabil să dezvolte 50 CP și o viteză maximă de 110 km/h. Spre deosebire de avioanele vremii, Vlaicu II avea o greutate redusă, fapt ce îi conferea o mai bună manevrabilitate și capacitatea de a lua viraje mai strânse.

Avioane cu aripi fixe

A Vlaicu II


Ahlar, Saruhanlı - Manisa ili Saruhanlı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Ahlar, Köklüce - Bulgaristan'ın Şumnu ili Köklüce ilçesine bağlı köy

Ahlar


Arco (Arco - Kammerorkestret af 1992) er et mindre amatørsymfoniorkester eller strygeorkester bestående af (i 2017) op til 33 strygere og efter behov 12 blæsere, 2 fløjter, 2 klarinetter, 2 oboer, 2 horn, 2 fagotter, 2 trompeter - men ingen basuner. Det blev grundlagt i 1992 og har fra starten været dirigeret af Gunnar Tagmose.

Kammerorkestret Arco har modtaget støtte fra blandt andre: Augustinus-fonden, Nykredits Fond, Johannes Fogs fond, Lyngby-Taarbæk kommunes kulturfond, Bikubenfonden, Unibank/Unidanmarks fond, Franz Hoffmanns mindelegat, Knud Højgaards fond, Sonning-Fonden, Det unge danske kammerorkesters fond og ANT.

Kilde
orkestrets netsted

Amatørsymfoniorkestre fra Danmark
Musik i København
Etableret i 1992

Arco


هارولد فالترماير  (5 أكتوبر 1952 في ميونخ) هو ملحن ألماني.

حياته

بعد دراسته في المدرسة العليا للموسيقى والمسرح بميونخ عمل لمدة طويلة كملحن في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
اكتسب شهرة عالمية كملحن من خلال المقطع الموسيقي «أكسل ف» الذي لحنه لفيلم بيفرلي هيلز كوب مع إيدي ميرفي ألياس أكسل فولي في الدور الرئيسي. بعد حصوله عام 1985 على جائزة غرامي عن لحنه أكسل ف وصُنفت «أحسن أداء بوب موسيقي». تحصل في العام التالي على نفس الجائزة عن لحنه في فيلم توب غان.

فالترماير ألف وأنتج أيضا العديد من موسيقى الأفلام. مثل «النار والجليد»، أستريكس في أمريكا، إدارة رجل.
هارولد فالترماير ألف وأنتج كذلك مع راينهارد فيندريش معزوفة يستيقظ.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ميونخ
حائزون على جائزة غرامي
ريمكسرز
عازفو لوحة مفاتيح ألمان
ملحنو ألعاب فيديو
ملحنون ألمان
منتجو تسجيلات ألمان
مواليد 1958
مواليد في ميونخ
موسيقيو إلكترونية ألمان
موسيقيو جلسات ألمان
موسيقيون من ميونخ
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام ألمان

هارولد فالترماير


Álvaro Odriozola Arzallus (født 14. december 1995 i San Sebastián, Spanien) er en spansk fodboldspiller (højre back).

Odriozola spiller for La Liga-klubben Real Madrid. Han skiftede fra Real Sociedad som er hans fødeby, som han har været tilknyttet hele sin seniorkarriere samt en stor del af sine ungdomsår.

Han spiller for Fiorentina i den bedste italienske række

Landshold
6. oktober 2017 debuterede Odriozola for Spaniens landshold i en VM-kvalifikationskamp på hjemmebane mod Albanien. Han blev året efter udtaget til sin første store slutrunde, da han var med i truppen til VM 2018 i Rusland.

Odriozola spillede i 2017 også en enkelt kamp for det spanske U/21-landshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Spanien
Fodboldspillere fra Real Sociedad

Álvaro Odriozola


Compendium Greatest Hits er et opsamlingsalbum af den danske gruppe Gangway, udgivet i januar 1998. Det indeholder seksten numre fra gruppens syv studiealbums, der udkom mellem 1984 og 1996 samt to nye numre. Compendium Greatest Hits har solgt 40.000 eksemplarer.

Spor
Alt tekst og musik er skrevet af Henrik Balling, undtagen hvor noteret.

 "Mountain Song" – 3:16 (fra Happy Ever After, 1992)
 "My Girl and Me" – 3:44 (fra Sitting in the Park (Again!), 1988)
 "Going Away" – 3:38 (fra The Quiet Boy Ate the Whole Cake, 1991)
 "Don't Trust Me" –3:54 (tidligere uudgivet)
 "Come Back as a Dog" – 3:54 (fra That's Life, 1996)
 "Didn't I Make You Laugh" – 5:46 (1997 remix; fra Happy Ever After, 1992)
 "Everything Seems to Go My Way" – 4:30 (fra Optimism©, 1994)
 "Sitting in the Park" – 3:28 (fra Sitting in the Park (Again!), 1988)
 "Biology" – 3:32 (fra The Quiet Boy Ate the Whole Cake, 1991)
 "The Party's Over" – 3:02 (fra Sitting in the Park, 1986)
 "Believe in Me" – 3:40 (fra The Quiet Boy Ate the Whole Cake, 1991)
 "Never Say Goodbye" – 4:06 (Torben Johansen; 1993 remix; fra Happy Ever After, 1992)
 "Thermometer Song" – 6:18 (fra The Quiet Boy Ate the Whole Cake, 1991)
 "Steady Income" – 5:07 (1997 remix; fra Optimism©, 1994)
 "Endings" – 4:45 (1997 remix; fra Optimism©, 1994)
 "Yellow" – 3:45 (Balling, Allan Jensen; fra The Twist, 1984)
 "Why Do I Miss You" – 3:58 (fra That's Life, 1996)
 "Goodbye" – 3:12 (tidligere uudgivet)

Personel Compendium Greatest Hits
Gangway
 Allan Jensen – vokal
 Henrik Balling – guitar
 Torben Johansen – keyboards, album koordination
Yderligere medvirkende
 Jeppe Juul Moesgaard – programmering (spor 4)
 Jørgen Knub – lydtekniker, mixer (spor 4, 18)
 Christian Skriver – lydtekniker assistent (spor 4, 18)
 Stephen Marcussen – mastering
 Ron Boustead – digital editing
 Lehnert Kjeldsen – kompilering
 Courage/BDDP – cover design
 Klaus Thymann – foto
 "Don't Trust Me" og "Goodbye" er indspillet og mixet hos SDC DanDisc, København 1997
 "Didn't I Make You Laugh", "Steady Income" og "Endings" er remixet af Jørgen Knub hos SDC DanDisc, København 1997.
 "Never Say Goodbye" er remixet af Niels-Erik Lund og Gangway i Easy Sound, København 1993.

Referencer

Kilder
 Iskov, Brian (2002): "That's Gangway - Danmarks uofficielle Gangway-fanside". Web.archive.org. 1998-2002. Hentet 24-10-2017.
 Straka, Rasmus (2017): "Dansk indiepops uheldige helte: »Det var lidt som et godstog, hvor bremserne ikke virkede«". Artikel, Politiken, 6. oktober 2017. Hentet 24-10-2017.

Album fra 1998
Gangway-album

Compendium Greatest Hits


Mykolajívfylki (Á úkraínsku: Микола́ївська о́бласть - með latnesku stafrófi: Mykoláyivsʹka óblastʹ) er fylki í Úkraínu.
Höfuðborgin er Mykolajív.

Tilvísanir

Fylki í Úkraínu

Mykolajívfylki


Relațiile româno-libiene sunt relațiile dintre statele România și Libia. Relațiile diplomatice dintre cele doua țări au fost stabilite la 14 februarie 1974.

Începuturi
În vara anului 1973, maiorul Abdessalam Jalloud, al doilea om de stat din Libia, face o escală în România, întorcându-se de la Moscova. Este primit de Nicolae Ceaușescu cu care va avea o convorbire de peste șase ore. Discuția lor a durat mult din cauza diferențelor de opinii dintre cei doi pe tema Israelului. În clipele întâlnirii, România era singura țară din blocul comunist care mai întreținea relații diplomatice cu statul evreu. Maiorul Jalloud venise cu directiva primită de la Gaddafi pentru a încerca să îl convingă pe Ceaușescu să rupă relațiile cu Israelul, reproșându-i totodată liderului român inițiativa de a înlesni unele tratative directe de pace arabo-israeliene. Neobținând nicio concesie din partea lui Nicolae Ceaușescu, Abdessalam Jalloud a omis a-i mai transmite acestuia invitația lui Gaddafi de a vizitat Libia.

Nicolae Ceaușescu va vizita în cele din urmă Libia între 12 și 14 februarie 1974. Primit neașteptat de călduros și reușind să treacă peste divergența numită Israel, între cei doi lideri se va lega o simpatie reciprocă, tradusă prin stabilirea relațiilor diplomatice între cele două țări la nivel de ambasadă și prin semnarea unei serii de acorduri de cooperare economică, științifică și tehnică.

Relații de bună prietenie
Prin acordul cu Libia, România a fost unul dintre puținele state care au reușit să se pună la adăpost de criza petrolului ce a început în 1973. Peste un milion de tone de petrol importate de România în 1974, proveneau din Libia. În perioada 1974-1980 schimburile economice între cele doua state au explodat, depășind la începutul anilor '80, suma de un miliard de dolari.

Relatarea lui Mihai Pacepa
În "Orizonturi roșii", Mihai Pacepa relatează un episod ce ar putea reprezenta adevăratul început al relatiei de prietenie Ceaușescu-Gaddafi: în a doua zi a vizitei din 12-14 februarie 1974, Ceaușescu a deschis în fața lui Gaddafi o cutie mare, de argint. Înăuntru era o carte foarte veche, scrisă de mână.

Ceausescu i-ar fi spus lui Gaddafi:
"Acesta este manuscrisul original al primei traduceri în limba română a Coranului, făcută în urmă cu sute de ani. Avem numai un singur exemplar, dar și eu am un singur frate adevărat. Păstrează-l, frate!"

Vizibil emoționat, Gaddafi i-ar fi răspuns: "Fratele meu! Ești fratele meu pentru tot restul vieții mele!", și l-a îmbrățișat cu putere. Conform lui Pacepa, scena fusese atent regizată.

Referințe

Libia
România

Relațiile dintre România și Libia


شبح هامس  مسلسل تلفزيوني أمريكي من نوعية الدراما، الخيال، الإثارة، والقدرات الخارقة. عرض على قناة هيئة الإذاعة الكولومبية من 23 سبتمبر، 2005 إلى 21 مايو، 2010 بواقع خمسة مواسم مكونة من 105.

المقدمة
ميليندا جوردن (جينيفر لوف هيويت) أمرأة يافعة من مدينة جراندفيو، نيويورك، لديها قدرة رؤية والتواصل مع الأموات. تعيش ميليندا مع زوجها، جيم كلانسي (ديفيد كونراد)، ولاحقًا ابنهم ايدين (كونور جيبس). هي تملك متجر يدعى «تماماً كما لو لم تكن تحف». تبحث الأشباح عن مساعدة ميليندا في ايصال رسالة أو انهاء مهمة والتي بدورها ستجعل أرواحهم في راحة، وتسمح لهم بالعبور إلى الضوء. الذين ماتوا ولديهم مسائل عالقة اصبحوا راسخين وغير قادرين على المرور، وميليندا، كأنها ممثلهم الأرضي، تساعدهم على إيجاد السلام. لا يقوم العرض بتمثيل الأشباح كأنهم أخطأوا؛ ولكنه شعور الأرواح نفسهم بالخطأ هو الذي يدينهم، وخوفهم من الحكم هو الذي يمنعهم من «العبور» إلى الحياة الأخرى.

جعل المسلسل (عايشة تايلور) تتألق كصديقة ميليندا المفضلة اندريا مارينو، والتي تدير متجر التحف معها. قُتلت اندريا في (نهاية الجزء الأول). تقابل ميليندا ديليا بانكس (كامرين مانهيم)، وكيلة عقارات تعاني والتي تُكون صداقة مع ميليندا وتوافق في النهاية على ان تدير المتجر معها. تُصدم ديليا عند اكتشافها قدرات ميليندا؛ في الواقع، تطالب في البداية بحصول ميليندا على مساعدة نفسية. تتقبل ديليا في النهاية هِبة ميليندا، ولكنها تكون متشككة في بعض الأحيان. لدى ديليا ابن اسمه نيد بانكس (تايلر باتريك جونس) الموسم 2-3، كريستوف ساندريس بعد ذلك) والذي يكتشف هِبة ميليندا قبل والدته بفترة طويلة.

تُكون ميليندا صداقة مع ريك باين (جاي موهر) ايضًا، أستاذ في جامعة روك لاند. يُساعد ميليندا في حل التعقيدات مع الأشباح على مدى الموسمين الثاني والثالث. يُغادر ريك في بداية الموسم الرابع بسبب بعثة إلى الهيمالايا.

الشخصيات

جوائز المسلسل

روابط خارجية

مراجع

امتيازات تلفاز
برامج تلفزيونية باللغة الإنجليزية
برامج سي بي إس
تلفزيون الخوارق
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في لوس أنجلوس
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
عروض تلفزيونية صورت في كاليفورنيا
عروض تلفزيونية صورت في لوس أنجلوس
مسلسلات أمريكية انتهت في 2010
مسلسلات تقع أحداثها في ولاية نيويورك
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 2005
مسلسلات تلفزيونية خيالية أمريكية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 2010
مسلسلات تلفزيونية عن شبح
مسلسلات تلفزيونية من إنتاج استوديوهات أي بي سي
مسلسلات تلفزيونية من إنتاج تلفزيون سي بي إس
مسلسلات غموض تلفزيونية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات غموض تلفزيونية أمريكية في عقد 2010
مسلسلات فنتازيا رومانسية

شبح هامس (مسلسل)


Rogneda de Poloțk () este numele slav pentru Ragnhild, prințesă, soție a cneazului Vladimir I al Kievului. Ea a fost fiica lui , primul prinț de Poloțk menționat, venit din Scandinavia și stabilit în Poloțk la mijlocul secolului al X-lea.

Viața

S-a speculat că Rogneda a aparținut familiei regale  din Norvegia. Către anul 980, Vladimir a aflat că Rogneda s-a logodit cu fratele său vitreg, , a cucerit Poloțk și forțat-o pe Rogneda să se căsătorească cu el. A violat-o pe Rogneda în prezența părinților ei, apoi a ordonat ca ei să fie uciși, împreună cu doi dintre frații Rognedei.

Rogneda i-a dat mai mulți copii. Cei patru fii ai săi au fost Iaroslav cel Înțelept, Vsevolod,  și . Ea a născut și două fiice, dintre care una este numită de  ca Predslava (luată concubină de Boleslav I al Poloniei, potrivit lui Gallus). Un an mai târziu, cronica spune o poveste, cel mai probabil luată dintr-o saga nordică, despre complotul Rognedei împotriva lui Vladimir și cum aceasta a cerut fiului ei mai mare, Iziaslav, să-l omoare. Cum a fost obiceiul regal nordic, a fost trimisă cu fiul ei mai mare să guverneze țara părinților ei, adică Poloțk. Urmașii lui Iziaslav au continuat să conducă Poloțk și sunt menționați în noul oraș  până la invazia mongolă.

Mai târziu Vladimir s-a convertit la creștinism și a luat-o ca soție pe . El a trebuit să divorțeze de toate soțiile sale anterioare, inclusiv de Rogneda. După divorț, ea a intrat în mănăstire și a luat numele de Anastasia.

Moștenire
În jurul anului 1825, Kondrati Rileev a scris un poem narativ intitulat Rogneda. Acest poem a devenit o sursă literară pentru rolul ei în opera naționalistă rusă Rogneda de Alexander Serov, a cărei premieră a fost în anul 1865.

Note

Referințe

Bibliografie
  Летопись Русская по Лаврентьевскому списку.
  Повесть временных лет.
  Полное собрание русских летописей, T. 15, Летописный сборник, именуемый Тверской летописью, Санкт-Петербург 1865.
  Толстой М. В., Рассказы из истории русской церкви, Ks. 1.

Studii
  Богуславский В. В., Славянская энциклопедия. Киевская Русь – Московия, Т. 2, Н–Я, Москва 2001. . .
  Dworzaczek W., Genealogia, Warszawa 1959, (tablica 21).
  Соловьёв С. М., История России с древнейших времён, T. 1, Москва 1988.
  Заяц Ю. А., Заславль в эпоху феодализма, Минск 1995. .
  Татищев В. Н., История Российская, T. 2, Москва 1994.
  Татищев В. Н., История Российская, T. 4, Москва 1994.

Vezi și

Nașteri în 962
Decese în 1002
Prințese ale Rusiei kievene
Europeni din secolul al X-lea

Rogneda de Poloțk


Herbert Jenter (* 26. Februar 1930; † 18. März 2012 in Leipzig) war ein deutscher Volleyball-Trainer.

Werdegang
Herbert Jenter war der erfolgreichste deutsche Volleyballtrainer. Er war von 1960 bis 1974 und von 1979 bis 1980 Verbandstrainer der DDR. Mit der DDR-Herrennationalmannschaft wurde er 1969 Weltpokalsieger und 1970 Weltmeister. Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1972 in München gewann er die Silbermedaille.

Auch als Vereinstrainer war Herbert Jenter erfolgreich. Mit den Herren des SC Leipzig holte er 1964 den Europapokal der Landesmeister und wurde von 1963 bis 1976 vierzehnmal in Folge DDR-Meister. 1970 wurde er mit dem Orden Banner der Arbeit und 1972 mit dem Vaterländischen Verdienstorden in Bronze ausgezeichnet.

Weblinks
Herbert Jenter verstorben

Einzelnachweise

Volleyballtrainer (Deutschland)
Träger des Vaterländischen Verdienstordens in Bronze
Träger des Banners der Arbeit
Deutscher
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 2012
Mann
Volleyballnationaltrainer (DDR)

Herbert Jenter


Tsingy de Namoroka ist ein Nationalpark mit besonderem Schutzstatus in der Region Boeny im Nordwesten Madagaskars.
Seine Landschaft besteht aus Kalkfelsen, die in niedrigen Tsingys besonders beeindruckend zerschnitten sind.

Geographie
Er befindet sich im Distrikt Soalala. In der Nähe befindet sich ebenfalls der Nationalpark Baie de Baly, mit welchem er eine Einheit bildet.

Flora und Fauna
218 Pflanzenarten wurden im Nationalpark festgestellt, wovon 106 Arten endemisch sind.

Im Park kommen 81 Vogelarten vor, von denen 31 nur auf Madagaskar vorkommen und 23 weitere auf den umliegenden Inseln endemisch sind.
Drei dieser Arten sind in der IUCN aufgeführt: der Madagaskarhabicht (Accipiter henstii), Schopfibis (Lophotibis cristata) und Gelbbauchjala (Philepitta schlegeli).
Die meisten Arten überwintern hier in der trockenen Saison.

Im Park finden sich auch acht Lemurenarten, unter anderem der Von-der-Decken-Sifaka und der Rote Maki, fünf Amphibienarten, wie der Maskarenenfrosch, der Frosch Mantidactylus biporus und 30 Reptilienarten.

Anreise
Um den Nationalpark per Straße zu erreichen ist die Trockenzeit von Mai bis Oktober die beste Zeit. Von Mahajanga bis Soalala sind es 185 km.
Mit Daus kann man ihn auch von Mahajanga aus per Schiff erreichen.

Besonderheiten
Aufgrund des Glaubens der einheimischen Bevölkerung ist Schweinefleisch im Nationalpark nicht erlaubt. Bei Anreise mit dem Schiff aus Mahajanga sind auch Erdnüsse tabu. Diese werden in Malagasy Pistache genannt, sind aber nicht zu verwechseln mit Pistazien, welche auf Madagaskar nur schwer zu bekommen sind.

Weblinks

Tsingy De Namoroka
Tsingy De Namoroka
Geographie (Boeny)

Nationalpark Tsingy de Namoroka


Fenland is a local government district in Cambridgeshire, England. It was historically part of the Isle of Ely. The district covers around  of mostly agricultural land in the extremely flat Fens. The council is based in March. Other towns include Chatteris, Whittlesey and Wisbech.

Since 2017 the district has been a constituent member of the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority, led by the directly-elected Mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough.

The neighbouring districts are East Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Peterborough, South Holland and King's Lynn and West Norfolk.

History
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The new district covered the area of six former districts, which were all abolished at the same time:
Chatteris Urban District
March Urban District
North Witchford Rural District
Wisbech Municipal Borough
Wisbech Rural District
Whittlesey Urban District
The new district was named Fenland, referencing its position within the Fens.

Governance
Fenland District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Cambridgeshire County Council. The whole district is also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Political control
The council has been under Conservative control since 1999.

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The leaders of the council since 2014 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election, the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2027.

Premises
The council is based at Fenland Hall in March. The original building had been built in 1909 as the county hall for the old Isle of Ely County Council.

Elections

Since the last boundary changes in 2023, the council has comprised 43 councillors representing 18 wards, with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

In the 2019 election, twelve councillors – all Conservative – were returned unopposed to Fenland District Council, which topped the Electoral Reform Society's list of 'rotten boroughs'.

Parishes

The whole district is divided into 16 civil parishes. The parish councils for Chatteris, March, Whittlesey and Wisbech take the style "town council".

Benwick
Chatteris (town)
Christchurch
Doddington
Elm
Gorefield
Leverington
Manea
March (town)
Newton-in-the-Isle
Parson Drove
Tydd St Giles
Whittlesey (town)
Wimblington
Wisbech (town)
Wisbech St Mary

Economy
The local economy has traditionally been built upon farming and food related industry. The food industry is now well established, and related processing, storage, packaging and distribution has become more sophisticated and diverse. The predominantly rural economy of the area also includes a strong industrial tradition, including brewing, brick making, can making, pet food production, printing and engineering, and many local residents commute outside the district to work or study.
The River Nene provides access to the sea via the Port of Wisbech. Other waterways provide opportunities for angling and other water based activities. Marinas are located in Wisbech and March.

The council run markets in three of the towns (the market in Wisbech is run by Wisbech Town Council) and a number of festivals and other events.

A proposal for a new Fenland rail link was agreed in June 2020.

Fenland council gave £370,400 to its chief executive Tim Pilsbury when he took early retirement in 2010–11.

Awareness and promotion
The term "Fen Tiger" is associated with the Fens. A flag with a tiger is now linked with this part of the county.

A number of organisations such as the Fenland Archaeological Society (FenArch) and publications such as the Fenland Citizen and The Fens magazine cover much or all of the district. The Wisbech & Fenland Museum for many years was the only museum covering the district. In recent years the Fenland Poet Laurate awards have been eligible for local poets.

Twin towns and sister cities
Fenland is twinned with:
Nettetal in Kreis Viersen in Germany
Cook County, New Zealand
Sunshine Coast, Australia

Further reading

See also
 Fenland Survey
 The Fens

References

External links
 Fenland District Council

Non-metropolitan districts of Cambridgeshire

Fenland District


Satyro de Mello Marques (Maceió, 1935 - 2019) foi um pintor autodidata que iniciou sua trajetória artística por volta de 1952, tendo passado a maior parte dela no Rio de Janeiro. Em 1972, serviu no Recife como dentista da Aeronáutica e, com o apoio de amigos, expôs individualmente na Galeria Firenze.

Sua temática foi gradualmente atraída pelo folclore, rituais afro-brasileiros, trabalho, guerreiros, passáros, aves e principalmente cavalos. Ao final de sua carreira dedicou-se a trabalhos místicos como O Apocalipse, exposto atualmente no templo da Legião da Boa Vontade, em Brasília. Satyro foi descrito por muitos como pintor da alma brasileira, pelo fato de ter retratado alguns dos valores culturais do país, quando retratou manifestações regionais, mostrando garimpeiros à procura do ouro, boiadeiros conduzindo sua boiada, pescadores conduzindo suas redes, entre outros com fim de representar a mística popular.

Técnica

Sendo autodidata, Satyro Marques não teve formação acadêmica em Belas-Artes. No entanto, sua técnica constituiu, de modo geral, ao eleger um tom genérico para cada quadro e promover seu desdobramento, recorrendo a matizes contrastantes para dar vitalidade à composição.

Principais Obras

 Descida Final, óleo sobre tela, 1984
 Jogo de Pólo, óleo sobre tela, 1986

Exposições
Expôs individualmente no Recife (1972, 1976, 1979, 1984, 1991, 1997), no Rio de Janeiro (1977, 1978, 1986), em São Paulo (1978, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1998), em Brasília (1989) e em São Luís (1993). Internacionalmente, suas exposições individuais ocorreram em Tampa (1976), Lisboa (1989), Hong Kong (1991) e Narita (1992). Suas obras foram incluídas em exposições coletivas desde 1969, no Rio de Janeiro, integrando salões em Valença (1973), Recife (1975), Hannover (1980), Lille (1980), Paris (1981), Montreal (1983), Quebec (1983), Lafayette (1984), São Paulo (desde 1985) e Coral Gables (1993, 1995).

Prêmios e Honrarias

Satyro Marques foi agraciado com a Grã-Cruz da Ordem do Mérito das Belas Artes, a Medalha Honoris Arts/SBBA, a Comenda da Ordem do Mérito Presidente Antônio Carlos, a Medalha do Mérito Santos-Dumont e o Troféu Prefeitura de Petrópolis.
Pintores do Brasil
Arte

Satyro Marques


Monstrous (ou Monstropolis sur le DVD) est un film américain réalisé par  et sorti en 2022.

Synopsis

Pour fuir son mari violent, Laura s'installe en Californie avec son fils Cody, âgé de 7 ans. Mais dans leur nouveau domicile, une maison isolée, ils sont toujours menacés par l'éventuel retour du père. De plus, un monstre semble rôder dans les parages.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Chris Sivertson
 Scénario : Carol Chrest
 Musique : Tim Rutili
 Direction artistique : Amanda Deprez
 Décors : Mars Feehery
 Costumes : Morgan DeGroff
 Photographie : Senda Bonnet
 Montage : Anjoum Agrama
 Production : Johnny Remo, B. I. Rosen, Sasha Yelaun et Robert Yocum
 Sociétés de production :  Burning Sky Films, Willow Pictures, Tip-Top Productions, Lucky 13 Productions, Red Coral Productions, Scarlett Pictures, Skipstone Pictures, Snakebyte Productions and Entertainment Group et Umbrelic Entertainment
 Sociétés de distribution : Screen Media Ventures (États-Unis)
 Budget : n/a
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur - 2.35:1
 Genre : thriller, horreur, fantastique
 Durée : 89 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 Écosse :  ()
 États-Unis :
 Classification :
 États-Unis : PG-13

Distribution
 Christina Ricci : Laura
 Santino Barnard : Cody
 Colleen Camp :  Langtree
 Lew Temple : M. Alonzo
 Nick Vallelonga : Legionnaire

Production

Le tournage débute en décembre 2020. Il a notamment lieu à Los Angeles, Simi Valley, Sherman Oaks et Altadena.

Sortie et accueil

Le film est présenté en avant-première dans le cadre de la FrightFest du  le .

En mars 2022, il est annoncé que Screen Media distribuera le film aux États-Unis. Il y sortira à la fois en salles et en vidéo à la demande. Une première bande-annonce est dévoilée en avril 2022.

Anna Smith du site Deadline.com apprécie le jeu des acteurs, la musique et la bande originale. Dans sa critique, elle écrit notamment :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2022
Film dramatique américain
Film fantastique américain
Film d'horreur américain
Thriller (film) américain
Film sur la famille
Film sur la violence conjugale
Film classé PG-13 aux États-Unis
Film tourné en Californie
Film tourné à Los Angeles
Film se déroulant en Californie

Monstrous


Podemos (Španjolski: [poˈðemos], u prijevodu "Možemo") je politička strankau Španjolskoj osnovana u siječnju 2014. godine kao posljedica 15-M pokreta i prosvjeda protiv korupcije. Podemos je stranka koja spada pod lijevi populizam s naglaskom na borbi protiv establišmenta i zahtijevanjima temeljitih reformi unutar sustava.

Povijest

Podemos je 2014. bio druga najveća stranka u Španjolskoj po broju članova, jedino iza Partido Popular (Pučke stranke).

Dne 9. svibnja 2016., Podemos formira Unidos Podemos (Ujedinjeni možemo) koaliciju s Ujedinjenom ljevicom, Equo i nekoliko manjih lijevo-naklonjenih stranaka.

Godine 2018. stranka se uključuje u međunarodnu organizaciju Now the People (Sada narod). Nakon parlamentarnih izbora u studenom 2019., gdje Podemos i saveznici osvajaju 12,8 % glasova i 35 mjesta u Kongresu zastupnika, Podemos prihvaća podržati Sánchezovu vladu PSOE-a, vladajuće stranke lijevog centra.

Izvori

Španjolske političke stranke
Euroskeptične stranke

Podemos