The Preparedness Movement was a campaign led by former Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, Leonard Wood, and former President Theodore Roosevelt to strengthen the U.S. military after the outbreak of World War I. Wood advocated a summer training school for reserve officers to be held in Plattsburgh, New York.

The movement was at first opposed by President Woodrow Wilson, who believed the United States should be in a position of neutrality in order to broker a compromise peace in Europe. Several organizations were formed around the Preparedness Movement and held parades and organized opposition to Wilson's policies. After the Lusitania was sunk by German U-boats on May 7, 1915, and Pancho Villa launched his raid against Columbus, New Mexico, Wilson's attitude changed. The United States Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916 in June 1916 to authorize an increase in the size of the U.S. Army from 100,000 men in 1916 to 200,000 on active duty and 400,000 in the U.S. National Guard, by 1921. It also padded a large long-term increase in the U.S. Navy.

The movement

In 1915, a strong "preparedness" movement emerged. It argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes; an unspoken assumption was that the United States would fight sooner or later. General Leonard Wood (still on active duty after serving a term as Chief of Staff of the Army), ex-president Theodore Roosevelt, and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson were the driving forces behind the preparedness movement, along with many of the nation's most prominent bankers, industrialists, lawyers and scions of prominent families. There emerged an "Atlanticist" foreign policy establishment, a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper-class lawyers, bankers, academics, and politicians of the Northeastern US, committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism.

A representative leader was Paul D. Cravath, one of New York's foremost corporation lawyers. For Cravath, in his mid-fifties when the war began, the conflict served as an epiphany, sparking an interest in international affairs that dominated his remaining career. Fiercely Anglophile, he strongly supported US intervention in the war and hoped that close Anglo-American cooperation would be the guiding principle of post-war international organization.

The preparedness movement had a "realistic" philosophy of world affairs—it believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self-determination. Emphasizing the weak state of national defenses, the movement showed that America's 100,000-man army, even augmented by the 112,000 National Guardsmen, was outnumbered 20 to one by the German Army, which was drawn from a smaller population. Reform to them meant UMT or "universal military training", i.e. conscription.  Preparedness backers proposed a national service program under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training, and afterwards be assigned to reserve units. The small regular army would primarily serve as a training agency.

This proposal ultimately failed, but it fostered the Plattsburg Movement, a series of summer training camps that in 1915 and 1916 hosted some 40,000 men largely of elite social classes, and the later Citizens' Military Training Camps that trained some 400,000 men from 1921 to 1940.

Opposition

The Socialist Party was a bulwark of opposition to the preparedness movement. Antimilitarists and pacifists—strong in Protestant churches and women's groups—protested the plan would make the United States resemble Germany, which required two years' compulsory military service from every male citizen.

Another source of criticism of the Preparedness Movement and particularly it's demands for "100% Americanism" came, quite understandably, from those increasingly dubbed Hyphenated Americans; America's enormous number of White ethnic immigrants and their descendants. Criticism from White ethnic circles occasionally argued that "100% Americanism" really meant Anglophilia, as particularly demonstrated by escalating demands for both the "Special Relationship" and for tolerating only the English language in the United States. In a letter published on 16 July 1916 in the Minneapolis Journal, Edward Goldbeck, a member of Minnesota's traditionally very large German-American community, announced that his people would, "abandon the hyphen", as soon as English-Americans did so. Meanwhile, Goldbeck argued, "Let the exodus of Anglo-Americans start at once! Let all those people go who think that America is a new England!"

Furthermore, in June 1917, anti-war essayist Randolph Bourne also raised the possibility that the Preparedness Movement may have been one of the multiple covert operations used by both French and British Intelligence propagandists in order to bring America into the war against the Central Powers, "The nerve of the war feeling centered ... In the richer and older classes of the Atlantic seaboard, and was keenest where there were French or English business and particularly social connections. The sentiment then spread out across the country as a class-phenonemon, touching everywhere those upper-class elements in each section who identified themselves with this Eastern ruling group... In every community, it was the least liberal and least democratic elements among whom the Preparedness and later the war sentiment was found."

While defenders of the Movement retorted that military "service" was an essential duty of citizenship, and that without the commonality provided by such service the nation would splinter into antagonistic ethnic groups. One spokesman promised that UMT would become "a real melting pot, under which the fire is hot enough to fuse the elements into one common mass of Americanism." Furthermore, they promised, the discipline and training would make for a better paid work force. The hostility to military service was so strong at the time it is difficult to imagine such a program winning approval; indeed, even in World War II, when Stimson as Secretary of War proposed a similar program of universal peacetime service, he was defeated. Underscoring its commitment, the preparedness movement set up and funded its own summer training camps (at Plattsburgh, New York, and other sites) where 40,000 college alumni became physically fit, learned to march and shoot, and ultimately provided the cadre of a wartime officer corps.

Suggestions by labor unions that talented working class youth be invited to Plattsburgh were ignored. The preparedness movement was distant not only from the working classes but also from the middle class leadership of most of small town America. It had had little use for the National Guard, which it saw as politicized, localistic, poorly armed, ill trained, too inclined to idealistic crusading (as against Spain in 1898), and too lacking in understanding of world affairs. The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics, with representation from a very broad cross section of American society. The National Guard was one of the nation's few institutions that (at least in some northern states) accepted African-Americans on an equal footing with whites.

Democrats

The Democratic Party saw the preparedness movement as a threat. Roosevelt, Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates. More subtly, the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard, and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place. Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress, Wilson was able to sidetrack the preparedness forces. Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation's military was in excellent shape. Wilson had to resist the demands for preparedness because there was a powerful anti-preparedness element of the party, led by William Jennings Bryan, women, Protestant churches, the American Federation of Labor, and Southern Democrats such as Claude Kitchin, chairman of the powerful House Ways and Means Committee. John Morton Blum, a biographer of Wilson, wrote: "Wilson's long silence about preparedness had permitted such a spread and such a hardening of antipreparedness attitudes within his party and across the nation that when he came in at late last to his task, neither Congress nor the country was amenable to much persuasion."

In July 1915, Wilson instructed the Army and Navy to formulate plans for expansion. In November, he asked for far less than the experts said was needed, seeking an army of 400,000 volunteers at a time when European armies were 10 times as large. Congress ignored the proposal and the Army remained at 100,000 soldiers. Wilson was severely handicapped by the weaknesses of his cabinet. According to Blum, his Secretaries of the Navy and War displayed a "confusion, inattention to industrial preparation, and excessive deference to peacetime mores [that] dangerously retarded the development of the armed services." Even more, Wilson was constrained by the traditional American non-interventionism. Wilson believed that a massive military mobilization could only take place after a declaration of war, even though that meant a long delay in sending troops to Europe. Many Democrats felt that no American soldiers would be needed, only American money and munitions. Wilson had more success in his request for a dramatic expansion of the Navy. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1916, which encapsulated the planning by the Navy's professional officers to build a fleet of top-rank status, but it would take several years to become operational.

Wilson's program
Wilson, less fearful of the navy, embraced a long-term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the Royal Navy by the mid-1920s. "Realism" was at work here; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none—that is, equal to Britain. The facts of submarine warfare (which necessitated destroyers, not battleships) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany (or with Britain, for that matter), were simply ignored.  The Administration's proposals touched off a firestorm of antiwar protest.  Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the preparedness leaders, especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard. Garrison's proposals not only outraged the localistic politicians of both parties, they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the progressive movement. They felt that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation. Specifically, they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers (like J. P. Morgan) with millions at risk, profiteering munition makers (like Bethlehem Steel, which made armor, and DuPont, which made powder) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control.  Antiwar critics such as Wisconsin's Republican Senator La Follette blasted them, saying there was an unnamed "world-wide organization" that was "stimulating and fomenting discord in order that it may make profit out of the furnishing of munitions of war." The only road to peace was disarmament, reiterated Bryan, speaking for the antiwar Democrats.

Garrison's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals. In peacetime, War Department arsenals and navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses, including warships, artillery, naval guns, and shells. Items available on the civilian market, such as food, horses, saddles, wagons, and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors.

Peace leaders
Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan, president of Stanford University, redoubled their efforts, and now turned their voices against Wilson because he was "sowing the seeds of militarism, raising up a military and naval caste." Many ministers, professors, farm spokesmen and labor union leaders joined in, with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee.

Wilson appeals to the people
Wilson, in deep trouble, took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916, a warm-up for his reelection campaign that fall. Wilson seems to have won over the middle classes, but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers. Congress still refused to budge, so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker, the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness. (Garrison kept quiet, but felt Wilson was "a man of high ideals but no principles.")

Compromise reached
Congress reached a compromise in May 1916. The army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men, with no reserves, and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men. Summer camps on the Plattsburgh model were authorized for new officers, and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own. Preparedness supporters were downcast, the antiwar people were jubilant. The United States would now be too weak to go to war. Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained: "Both sides [Britain and Germany] treat us with scorn and contempt; our fool, smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly." The House gutted the naval plans as well, defeating a "big navy" plan by 189 to 183, and scuttling the battleships. The Battle of Jutland (May 31/June 1, 1916) saw the German fleet nearly sunk by the stronger British fleet. Only brilliant seamanship and luck allowed it to escape. Arguing this battle proved the validity of Mahanian doctrine, the navalists took control in the Senate, broke the House coalition, and authorized a rapid three-year buildup of all classes of warships. A new weapons system, naval aviation, received $3.5 million, and the government was authorized to build its own armor-plate factory. The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head: refusal to arm in 1916 led Berlin to make war on the U.S. in 1917. The very weakness of U.S. military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917. It knew this meant war with the United States, but it could discount the immediate risk because the U.S. Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over, with Germany victorious.

See also
 American entry into World War I
 Citizens' Military Training Camp
 Presidency of Woodrow Wilson

Notes

 Portions of this article were ported from Citizendium

References

Further reading
  Chambers, John Whiteclay. To raise an army: The draft comes to modern America (1987).

Franz, Manuel. "Preparedness Revisited: Civilian Societies and the Campaign for American Defense, 1914–1920," in Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17:4 (2018): 663–676.

 Kennedy, Ross A., "Preparedness," in Ross A. Kennedy, ed., A Companion to Woodrow Wilson (2013) pp 270–86.

 Zeiger, Susan. "The schoolhouse vs. the armory: US teachers and the campaign against militarism in the schools, 1914–1918." Journal of Women's History 15.2 (2003): 150–179.

Anti-German sentiment in the United States
British-American history
Military history of the United States during World War I
Political history of the United States
Theodore Roosevelt
Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
1915 in the United States
1915 in American politics
United Kingdom–United States relations
United States home front during World War I
World War I propaganda
Plattsburgh, New York

Preparedness Movement


කැරිබියන් මුහුද (;  ) යනු බටහිර අර්ධ ගෝලයේ නිවර්තන ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටි අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයට අයත් මුහුදකි. එය බටහිරින් හා නිරිතින් මෙක්සිකෝවට හා මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාවටත්, උතුරින් හිස්පැනියෝලාවට හා කියුබාවටත්, නැගෙනහිරින් කැරිබීස් දූපත් වලටත්, දකුණින් දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළින් ද සීමා වේ.

කැරිබියන් මුහුදු ප්‍රදේශය, බටහිර ඉන්දීය දූපත් රාශිය හා සමීප වෙරළ කලාප සමස්ථයම කැරිබියන් ලෙසින් හැඳින්වේ. කැරිබියානු මුහුද 2,754,000 km2 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,063,000) පමණ විශාල විශාලතම මුහුදු වලින් එකකි. මුහුදේ ගැඹුරුම ස්ථානය කේමන් ආගාධය වේ, එය කේමන් දූපත් හා ජැමෙයිකාව අතර පිහිටා ඇති මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට 7,686 m (25,220 ft) ගැඹුරු ආගාධයකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි
  පුවටෝරිකෝ හා කැරිබියානු උසස් අධ්‍යන මධ්‍යස්ථානය

මුහුදු
ජැමෙයිකාව
කියුබාව
බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙවු

කැරිබියන් මුහුද


Lettneska úrvalsdeildin eða Virslīga er efsta deildin í Lettlands. Deildin var stofnuð árið 2019. Sigurvegari deildarinnar eru letneskir meistarar.

Meistarar síðan árið 1991

Keppnin
9 lið keppa í deildinni.  Hvert lið spilar við hvort annað tvisvar, einu sinni með heimaleik og einu sinni með útileik.

Félög 2020
Tímabilið 2020 spila þessi lið í Lettnesku Úrvalsdeildinni.

Tengil
https://optibetvirsliga.lv/

Úrvalsdeildir knattspyrnu í Evrópu
Lettneskar knattspyrnudeildir

Lettneska úrvalsdeildin


Sessions@AOL es el primer extended play de la cantante británica Amy Winehouse lanzado 1 de junio de 2004.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

EP de 2004
EP de Amy Winehouse
Álbumes en inglés

Sessions@AOL (EP de Amy Winehouse)


Kitnjasta presličica (balučka, lužanjica, lat. Leopoldia comosa, sin. Muscari comosum) lukovičasta je biljka iz porodice šparogovki, rod Leopoldia, nekada uključivana u rod Muscari. Lukovica ove biljke se u nekim mediteranskim zemljama (Italija, Grčka) te u Portugalu koristi za jelo te se smatra delikatesom. Od davnine se koristi i u hortikulturi.

Opis
Višegodišnja biljka visine od 15 do 70 cm, a ponekad i do 100 cm. Lukovica promjera oko 3,5 cm. Korijeni su kratki, jednogodišnji. Listovi su linearni, u količini od 3 do 6, duljine oko 40 mm i širine oko 10 mm.

Plodni donji cvjetovi dugi su od 5 do 10 mm; smeđe su boje, sterilni gornji cvjetovi ljubičasti. Cvatnja traje u srednjoj Europi od svibnja do lipnja.

Plod je trokutasta čahura dugačka od 10 do 15 mm. Sadrži jedno ili dva okrugla sjemena crnog promjera 2 mm. Plodovi sazrijevaju od lipnja do kolovoza.

Vrsta je uobičajena u sjevernoj Africi (Alžir, Egipat, Libija, Maroko, Tunis), zapadnoj Aziji (Cipar, Iran, Irak, Izrael, Jordan, Libanon, Sirija, Turska), Europi (Ukrajina, Austrija, Češka, Slovačka, Njemačka, Mađarska, Poljska, Švicarska, Albanija, Bugarska, Hrvatska, Grčka, Italija, Rumunjska, Francuska, Portugal, Gibraltar, Španjolska). Preferira vlažna tla, livade i pašnjake. Koristi se u vrtlarstvu zbog svoje jednostavnosti sadnje i otpornosti na smrzavanje. Lukovice su jestive, gorkog okusa, jedu se na Kreti i u talijanskoj regiji Apuliji. Kod nas njihova uporaba za jelo nije poznata.

Dodatna literatura
 Antonis Alibertis: Healing, aromatic and edible plants of Crete. Mystis, Heraklion 2007,

Vanjske poveznice

 Muscari comosum

Hyacintheae
Samoniklo jestivo bilje

Kitnjasta presličica


Crkva sv. Katarine bila je rimokatolička crkvica u Jajcu.

Crkvica je sagrađena na Katini, sjeverno od jajačke Varoši i sjeveroistočno od Harmana. Predio Katina dobio je ime po ovoj dvorskoj crkvici.

Dala ju je sagraditi kraljica Katarina, koja je i drugdje je od svog miraza gradila crkve po Bosni, poput Presvetog Trojstva u Vrilima kod Kupresa, franjevačkog samostana i crkve Svete Kate u Kreševu i kod Fojnice u Kozogradu kapelu.

Crkvica je bila dvorska. Veličinom je crkvica bila mala, poput crkve u Podmilačju.

Rušena nekoliko puta tijekom osmanske vlasti. Preživjela je do početka 20. stoljeća. Tada je srušena zbog "urbanih razloga". Vidljiva na starim razglednicama Jajca.

Crkvu se pogrešno naziva "starom pravoslavnom crkvom". Pravoslavaca u Jajcu nije bilo do početka 20. stoljeća. Budući da je u Jajcu već bilo sagrađeno nekoliko katoličkih crkava, posebno ona u Varošu, crkva Blažene Djevice Marije, crkva sv. Katarine na Katini predana je na korištenje pridošlim jajačkim pravoslavnim stanovnicima. Na lokaciji crkve sv. Katarine na Katini danas se nalazi pravoslavno groblje.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Franjevački samostan Jajce  Pravoslavno groblje na lokaciji crkve sv. Katarine na Katini. Jajačka tvrđava u pozadini.

Jajce
Katoličke crkve u Jajcu

Crkva sv. Katarine na Katini


An Habenaria tysonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Harry Bolus. An Habenaria tysonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria tysonii


Modificările post-transcripție reprezintă un proces în biologia celulară prin care, în celulele eucariote, ARN-ul primar este schimbat în ARN matur. Un exemplu important reprezintă conversia ARN-ului mesager precursor în ARN mesager matur, care include splicingul ARN și are loc înainte de sinteza proteinelor. Acest proces este esențial în procesul de translație al eucariotelor, deoarece ARN-ul primar conține atât exoni, care sunt secvențele care codează proteine, dar și introni, care sunt secvențe care nu codează proteine.

Vezi și
 Modificare post-translațională

Referințe

ARN

Modificare post-transcripțională


Le Boulevard Pierre-Brossolette est une voie de communication d'Antony dans les Hauts-de-Seine.

Situation et accès

Le parcours de ce boulevard se déroule en deux parties : Une première, orientée d'ouest en est, se termine au carrefour de l'avenue de Sceaux. Il continue ensuite vers le sud, le long de la voie de la ligne de Sceaux, et se termine place Auguste-Mounié, où se rencontrent la rue Maurice-Labrousse, la rue de l'Abbaye, l'avenue Gabriel-Péri et la rue Velpeau.

La longueur de la voie est de .

Origine du nom
Le , le conseil municipal renomme cette voie en hommage à Pierre Brossolette, journaliste et homme politique français.

Historique
Cette voie, chemin vicinal , a changé plusieurs fois de nom. Elle est ouverte lors de la construction du chemin de fer (ligne de Sceaux devenue ligne B du RER d'Île-de-France) et porte alors le nom de « rue du Chemin-de-Fer ». Les premières constructions, de beaux hôtels particuliers, furent construits sur les plans de l'architecte Isidore Muret. C'est à sa mort, en 1886, que la voie fut renommée boulevard Muret, nom qu'elle porta jusqu'en 1945.

L'architecte Isidore Muret était par ailleurs le propriétaire du terrain de la villa Saint-Georges.

Cette voie est classée dans la voirie urbaine le .

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire

Ce boulevard est longé du côté pair par la voie du RER. Le seul bâtiment est celui de la gare d'Antony, reconstruit en totalité au début des années 2000 et inauguré le . Il dispose d'un accès voyageurs, d'une dépose-minute.

Du côté impair, le boulevard est bordé par de nombreux pavillons en meulière datant de la fin du  et du début du . Plusieurs d'entre-eux ont été achetés par la commune, d'autres sont menacés de destruction :
 au , le pavillon a été démoli et a laissé la place à un bâtiment moderne, baptisé « le 11 » qui est l'espace jeunes d'Antony ;
 au , le pavillon est occupé par des activités (halte-jeux Pomme d'Api) du service « Enfance » de la mairie ;
 au , le pavillon est occupé par le service « Logement » de la mairie ;
 au , les « villas Brossolette » ont été construites en 1990.

Articles connexes
 Dictionnaire des rues d'Antony

Notes et références

Voie à Antony

Boulevard Pierre-Brossolette (Antony)


Die Bauhaus-Leuchte ist eine Tischlampe, deren Typ von Wilhelm Wagenfeld und Carl Jakob Jucker als Schüler am Weimarer Bauhaus entworfen wurde. Sie folgt dem Gestaltungsleitsatz "Form folgt Funktion" und gilt als Ikone des modernen Industriedesigns.

Beschreibung

Die Bauhaus-Leuchte besteht aus vernickeltem Metall und Glas und wurde in verschiedenen Modellen realisiert. Der Schirm in Form einer 5/8 Kugel wurde aus Opalglas gefertigt, wodurch das Licht des Leuchtkörpers zerstreut wird. Da mit Opalglas versehene Leuchten bis dahin nur im industriellen Bereich zum Einsatz kamen, handelt es sich bei ihr um die erste elektrische Leuchte, die zerstreutes Licht im Wohnraum ermöglichte. Die Fassung des Leuchtkörpers wird von einem zylindrischen Schaft getragen, der entweder aus Metall oder aus Klarglas besteht, wobei sich in den Modellen mit Glas ein metallenes Rohr befindet, das das Stromkabel aufnimmt. Im Vorentwurf führte Carl Jacob Jucker das Stromkabel noch direkt durch den Glasschaft; Wagenfeld fügte 1924 das vernickelte Metallrohr hinzu. Das äußere Stromkabel ist mit Textil verkleidet. Am Schaft befindet sich eine charakteristische Tülle, aus der die Schnur des Zugschalters führt, das Ende der Schnur ist mit einem vernickelten Metallkügelchen versehen. Der runde Fuß der Leuchte besteht ebenfalls entweder aus Metall oder aus grün schimmerndem Klarglas.

Mit dem Einsatz einfacher geometrischer Formen wie dem runden Fuß und dem zylindrischen Schaft erreichten Wagenfeld und Jucker im Sinne des Gestaltungsleitsatzes "Form folgt Funktion" sowohl "höchste Einfachheit als auch im Rahmen der Zeit und der zur Verfügung stehenden Materialien höchste ökonomische Effizienz".

Geschichte
Die Leuchte wurde ab 1923 in der Metallwerkstatt am Bauhaus entworfen, nachdem László Moholy-Nagy als neuer  "Formmeister" diese reorganisiert hatte. Walter Gropius hatte die Neuorientierung des Bauhauses gegen die künstlerischen Absichten von Johannes Itten durchgesetzt und als Ziel die Herstellung massenproduzierbarer Produkte ausgegeben, die unter Einsatz neuer Materialien kollaborativ entwickelt werden sollten. Jucker griff auf Bauteile von Gyula Pap zurück und zeigte bereits im Herbst bei der Bauhausausstellung von 1923 im Musterhaus Am Horn die noch unfertige Lampe mit Glasfuß und -säule, Wagenfeld stellte 1924 eine Metalllampe daneben. Bereits 1924 wurde versucht, die Leuchte kommerziell zu vermarkten, was daran scheiterte, dass die meisten ihrer Bauteile in der Bauhaus-Werkstatt handgefertigt werden mussten. Aber auch als die Lampe erstmals 1928 von Schwintzer & Gräff aus industrieller Fertigung angeboten wurde, war die Bauhauslampe mit 55 Reichsmark für weite Bevölkerungskreise unerschwinglich.

Seit 1980 wird sie von der Bremer Firma Tecnolumen in größerer Stückzahl produziert und als Wilhelm Wagenfeld Tischleuchte vermarktet.

Es gibt vier verschiedene Versionen der Bauhaus-Leuchte. Diese tragen die Bezeichnungen WA 23 SW, WA 24, WG 24 sowie WG 25 GL. Die Zahl steht dabei immer für das Jahr der Erscheinung, und die Buchstaben WA bzw. WG für Wagenfeld.

Als herausragendes Exemplar des Produktdesigns der Moderne wurde sie in die Sammlung des Museum of Modern Art aufgenommen.

Literatur
 Dieter Büchner: Von Weimar nach Geislingen. Wilhelm Wagenfeld, das Bauhaus und die WMF. In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 2/2019, S. 92–98.
 Magdalena Droste: Die Bauhaus-Leuchte Von Carl Jacob Jucker Und Wilhelm Wagenfeld. Gabler, Wiesbaden 2002, ISBN 3-7643-6831-4.
 Thomas Heyden: Die Bauhauslampe. Zur Karriere eines Klassikers. Berlin : Reimer 1992, ISBN 3-496-01087-8
 Beate Manske: Zwei Lampen sind nie gleich. Wilhelm Wagenfeld in der Metallwerkstatt des Staatlichen Bauhauses Weimar, in: Klaus Weber, Staatliches Bauhaus Weimar (Hrsg.): Die Metallwerkstatt am Bauhaus : Ausstellung im Bauhaus-Archiv, Museum für Gestaltung, Berlin, 9. Februar – 20. April 1992. Berlin : Kupfergraben-Verl.-Ges., 2005³, S. 79–91
 TL1: Ausführliche Beschreibung der Leuchte und der ersten Vermarktungsversuche im Magazin TL1 der Firma Technolumen, Bremen 2018
 Täglich in der Hand, Industrieformen von Wilhelm Wagenfeld aus sechs Jahrzehnten. Worpsweder Verlag, Bremen 2005, ISBN 3-88808-550-0. (mit Werkverzeichnis)

Weblinks
 Leuchten von Wilhelm Wagenfeld
 Bauhaus-Leuchte bei bauhauskooperation.de
 Bauhaus-Leuchte beim Museum of Modern Art (englisch)

Anmerkungen

Elektrische Leuchte
Industriedesign
Museum of Modern Art
Bauhaus-Produkt
Wilhelm Wagenfeld

Bauhaus-Leuchte


Čabalovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Medzilaborce din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 349 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Čabalovce este atestată documentar din 1494.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Čabalovce


Sadettin Teksoy, (d. 20 Mart 1952, İstanbul), Türk sunucu, gazeteci ve program yapımcısı.

Hayatı
Vefa Lisesi'nden mezun oldu. Gazeteciliğe, 1972 yılında Haftasonu gazetesinde magazin muhabiri olarak başladı. 2 yıl sonra aynı grubun lokomotif yayın organı Hürriyete geçti. Irak-İran Savaşı'nı her iki cepheden izledi. Bağdat'ta İran savaş uçaklarının bombaladığı petrol rafinerisinde sırtından yaralandı. 1980 yılında Irak Devlet Başkanı Saddam Hüseyin ile görüşen ilk gazeteci oldu. Hürriyet gazetesinin haber merkezinde 16 yıl süreyle savaş, özel haber ve polis muhabiri olarak görev yaptı. Çok sayıda yazı dizisi hazırladı. 1990 yılında televizyon haberciliğine atıldı ve Uğur Dündar'ın yapımcılığındaki Hodri Meydan programında özel haber muhabiri olarak çalıştı. İngilizce ve Arapça bilen Teksoy, 1992 yılında Hürriyet Gazetesi'nden emekli oldu.

1992 yılında, Star TV Haber Merkezi'ne transfer oldu. Bu bölümde 2 yıl süreyle, özel haber muhabirliği yaptıktan sonra, 1994'te kendisini ülke çapında ünlü bir TV yapımcısına dönüştüren, "Teksoy Görevde" programını hazırlamaya başladı. Yurt içinden ve dışından ilginç, sıra dışı ve gizemli kişileri ya da mekânları, kendine özgü sunumuyla izleyicilere tanıttığı bu program, Star TV'de kesintisiz olarak 5 yıl boyunca yayınlandı. Yayınlanan her programı izlenme rekorları kırdı.

1999 ile 2002 yılları arasında medyada farklı görevler alan ve bu arada da Show TV Haber Merkezi'nde çalışan Teksoy, o yıldan itibaren kendisiyle özdeşleşen programı "Teksoy Görevde"yi bir kez daha hazırlamaya başladı. "Teksoy Görevde", 2002-2006 yılları arasında kısa süreli kesintilerle Star TV'de yayınlanmayı sürdürdü. "Sırlara Yolculuk" adlı programı da sunan Teksoy, daha sonra yapımcı ve sunuculuğunu üstlendiği "Sırların Efendisi" adlı büyük beğeni toplayan programı hazırladı.

Evli ve Efe adlı bir erkek çocuk babası olan Sadettin Teksoy, çeşitli basın meslek ödüllerinin sahibidir.

Ekip çalışması şeklinde gerçekleşen televizyon haber programcılığında, Türk medyasının oldukça deneyimli isimlerinden biri olan, Sadettin Teksoy bugüne kadar, Ali Murat Güven, Cem Sertesen, Tamer Türedi, Cengiz İzgi, Yasemin Yalçın Bozkurt ve Fatih Polat gibi genç kuşak gazetecilerle birlikte çalışmış ve bu isimler, sonraki meslek yaşamlarında, gerek yazılı basın, gerekse televizyonlarda sıra dışı projelere imza atmıştır. Teksoy Yapım şirketinin sahibi Sadettin Teksoy, halen iddialı dizi, program ve yarışma programları yapmaktadır.

Kaynakça

1952 doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
Türk televizyon sunucuları
Türk televizyoncular
Vefa Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Yaşayan insanlar
İstanbul doğumlular
Türk televizyon yapımcıları
Türk muhabirler
Türkiye Gazeteciler Cemiyeti Başarı Ödülü sahipleri

Sadettin Teksoy


Arnoul I. (umro 16. travnja 1106.) bio je belgijski plemić, grof Chinyja.

Biografija
Nije poznato kada je Arnoul rođen. Njegova je majka bila gospa Sofija, a otac grof Luj II., preko kojeg je bio unuk Luja od Verduna. Arnoulov je slavni predak bio francuski grof Herbert II. Nakon smrti grofa Luja II., Arnoul je zavladao kao grof jer je bio najstarije dijete svojih roditelja. Njegov je mlađi brat bio redovnik Manaše.

Zajedno s grofom Konradom I. od Luksemburga, Arnoul je osnovao opatiju Orval (Abbaye Notre-Dame d'Orval), ali je bio u sukobu s Henrikom od Verduna, koji je bio biskup Liègea, kao i s Henrikovim nasljednikom, Otbertom od Liègea. Arnoul je navodno bio prijatelj Gotfridova unuka, Godefroyja de Bouillona; moguće je da je to izmislio grof Luj V. od Chinyja, koji je dao napisati iznova povijest grofova Chinyja.

Arnoul je pokušao oteti groficu Richilde od Hainauta, ali mu je ona izmakla sakrivši se u opatiji Amdain.

Djeca
Arnoulove su supruge bile Adela de Ramerupt, Ermengarda i Agneza. Adela i Arnoul su imali djecu:
Oton II. od Chinyja, očev nasljednik (? — 1131.?)
Luj
Hawide, žena Dodona od Consa
Klemencija, žena Huga od Mirwarta te majka svećenika Lamberta
Beatrica
kći

Sin Arnoula i Agneze bio je biskup Verduna Adalbero (? — 1156.).

Izvori i bilješke

Grofovi Chinyja

Arnoul, grof Chinyja


Joseph Edward Root MBE (rođen 30. prosinca 1990.) engleski je međunarodni kriketaš koji je trenutni kapetan Engleske Test reprezentacije. On također predstavlja Yorkshire u domovini. Trenutno se nalazi na osmom mjestu kao udarač u Testovima i na osmom mjestu poretka ODI udarača prema ICC Player Rankings, a prethodno je rangiran kao najbolji testni udarač. Root je bio dio reprezentacije Engleske koja je osvojila Svjetsko prvenstvo u kriketu 2019.

Prvobitno je bio desnoruki početni udarač i povremeni off-spiner, sličnog stila igranja kao nekadašnji engleski kapetan Michael Vaughan. Ipak, većinu svog kriketa za Englesku je odigrao u srednjem redu. Debitirao je za Englesku u testnoj seriji 2012. u Indiji, a na istoj turneji debitirao je na ODI i Twenty20 International, prije nego što je sljedećeg proljeća protiv Novog Zelanda postigao svoje prvo stoljeće (eng. century- 100 bodova) na svom terenu Headingley. Nakon ostavke Alastaira Cooka, 13. veljače 2017. godine imenovan je njegovom zamjenom i redovnim kapetanom Testa kao 80. kapetan Engleske. U svom prvoj utakmici kao kapetan, 6. srpnja 2017., protiv Južne Afrike na Lord's-u, Root je postigao svoje 12. testno stoljeće sa 190 bodova. Bio je šesti (i najbolji igrač) Engleske koji je postigao test stoljeće na kapetanskom debiju. Imao je utjecaja i na opoziv suigrača Garyja Ballancea iz Engleske.

Povodom 1000. engleske test utakmice u kolovozu 2018. godine, ECB ga je uvrstio u najbolju momčad Engleske.

Root je imenovan članom Reda Britanskog Carstva (MBE) u Novogodišnjoj počasti 2020. za zasluge u kriketu.

Međunarodna stoljeća

Nagrade

ICC test tim godine: 2014, 2015, 2016
Wisden Cricketer of the Year: 2014
ICC ODI tim godine: 2015, 2018
 Engleski Test kriketaš godine: 2015
 Engleski Limited-Overs kriketaš godine: 2015
 Igrač godine po izboru navijača: 2015

Izvori

Engleski kriketaši

Joe Root


Pitchfork er den engelske betegnelse for en høtyv.

Pitchfork kan også henvise til:

 Pitchfork (golf) - et redskab i golf-sporten
 Pitchfork (website) - et online musikmagasin drevet af Pitchfork Media
 Pitchfork Music Festival - en musikfestival drevet af Pitchfork Media

Pitchfork


Sitoplazma ve çekirdek içerisinde herhangi bir değişiklik olmadan hücrenin doğrudan doğruya bölünmesine amitoz bölünme denir.
Bakteri, amip, öglena ve kanser hücrelerinde görülür. Amip ve kanser hücrelerinde çekirdek zarı erimeden bölünme gerçekleşir. Çekirdek boğumlanarak bölünür. Amaç, kısa sürede bölünmenin gerçekleşmesidir.

Bakteride mayoz ve mitoz hücre bölünmeleri olmaz. Sadece amitoz bölünme gerçekleşir.
Halkasal yapılı bakterilerde görülür.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Bir hücrelilerde üreme
 Çok hücrelilerde üreme
 Mitoz
 Mayoz

Hücre biyolojisi

Amitoz


سْمِيرْنَا  هي مدينة إغريقية قديمة تقع على الساحل الغربي للأناضول، على ساحل البحر الأبيض المتوسط. يعود تاريخ تأسيس المدينة إلى القرن الحادي عشر قبل الميلاد. وتقع أطلالها ضمن مدينة إزمير التركية.

سميت سميرنا بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى إحدى الأمازونيات، كما كان هذا الاسم كان يُطلق سابقا على أحد أحياء مدينة أفسس.

حُوِّرَ اسم المدينة لاحقا ليصبح زمورنا Ζμύρνα وزمورنايوس Ζμυρναῖος ومنه اشتق اسم المدينة الحديث إزمير.

أعلام
 هوميروس.
 آدم ريتشاردز.
 والتر إم. غيدز.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في الألفية الثالثة قبل الميلاد
أماكن مأهولة سابقا في تركيا
تاريخ محافظة إزمير
جغرافيا محافظة إزمير
دول مدن
مبان ومنشآت في محافظة إزمير
مدن العهد الجديد
مواقع إغريقية في تركيا

سميرنا


Entergalactic é um especial britânico-estadunidense musical de televisão em formato de telefilme animado adulto criado pelo músico e ator estadunidense Kid Cudi e lançada na Netflix, que serve como uma peça visual ao seu álbum homônimo. Inicialmente anunciada como uma série de televisão, em agosto de 2022, o projeto foi reconstruído como um especial de TV. O especial estreou em 30 de setembro de 2022, na Netflix, simultaneamente ao álbum.

Baseado no álbum que Cudi gravou antes de fazer o storyboard do especial de TV, foi dirigido por Fletcher Moules. Ao lado de ele, faz parte do elenco, as vozes de Jessica Williams, Timothée Chalamet, Ty Dolla Sign, Laura Harrier, Vanessa Hudgens, Christopher Abbott, 070 Shake, Teyana Taylor, Jaden Smith, Keith David, Arturo Castro e Macaulay Culkin.

O projeto é dedicado ao amigo falecido de Cudi, o estilista americano Virgil Abloh, que atuou como figurinista no projeto antes de sua morte, com a data de lançamento coincidindo com a data de nascimento de Abloh. Uma comédia romântica, Entergalactic usa um estilo de arte inspirado em I Lost My Body (2019) e Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018). Anunciado como um "evento de televisão", foi aclamado pela crítica por sua animação, estilo visual, música e história.

Sinopse
Jabari é um artista de rua à beira do verdadeiro sucesso. Após um encontro casual com sua nova vizinha fotógrafa, Meadow, ele precisa descobrir se pode abrir espaço para o amor em sua vida.

Elenco de Voz
 Scott Mescudi como Jabari
 Jessica Williams como Meadow Watson, Interesse amoroso de Jabari
 Laura Harrier como Carmen, ex-namorada do Jabari
 Ty Dolla Sign como Ky, amigo do Jabari
 Timothée Chalamet como Jimmy, Amigo e traficante de drogas de Jabari
 Vanessa Hudgens como Karina, A melhor amiga grávida de Meadow
 Christopher Abbott como Reed, um negociante de arte e amigo de Meadow
 Keith David como Mr. Rager
 Arturo Castro como Len, colega de trabalho de Jabari
 Jaden Smith como Jordan, um skatista local
 070 Shake como Nadia
 Macaulay Culkin como Downtown Pat, um skatista local
 Maisha Mescudi como Ellie, irmã mais velha do jabari
 Francesca Reale como Sydnie
 Teyana Taylor como instrutor de boxe

Produção

Desenvolvimento
Em 23 de julho de 2019, a Netflix anunciou que Kid Cudi e Ian Edelman escreveriam e produziriam o que originalmente seria uma adaptação a TV de música animada do álbum Entergalactic de Cudi. Ele já havia colaborado com Edelman em 2010, na série da HBO How to Make It in America. Cudi atua como produtor executivo ao lado de Kenya Barris, por meio de suas respectivas produtoras Mad Solar e Khalabo Ink Society.

Em setembro de 2021, Cudi foi ao Twitter para agradecer à equipe que ajudou a concretizar o projeto e garantiu aos fãs que eles não ficariam desapontados: "Espere até ouvir e ver Entergalactic. [Você] não tem ideia. Eu realmente quero agradecer a Kenya Barris, Mike Moon, Elizabeth Porter e toda a equipe por acreditar na minha visão e ajudar a trazê-la à vida. Tudo sobre esse show é o próximo nível. Vocês vão ver."

Em uma entrevista a Esquire em agosto de 2022, Cudi revelou que gravou a música primeiro - "um conjunto de canções sobre a beleza de ser libertado pelo amor" - e trabalhou de trás para frente para fazer o storyboard da narrativa antes de contratar uma equipe de roteiristas para fazer o roteiro.

Em 25 de agosto de 2022, foi anunciado em um comunicado à imprensa que Entergalactic seria lançado como um especial de televisão. Em 1º de outubro, Cudi esclareceu no Twitter: "É uma série, mas feita de uma maneira muito única, dividida em capítulos, não episódios projetados para compulsão! Então, parece um filme [porque] tem uma hora e meia e pode ser visto em uma sessão, mas esta é uma série. Espero que faça sentido. O objetivo é por mais temporadas".

Escolha de Elenco
Em julho de 2019, Cudi foi escalado para a série. Em junho de 2022, Jessica Williams, Timothée Chalamet, Ty Dolla Sign, Laura Harrier, Vanessa Hudgens, Christopher Abbott, 070 Shake, Teyana Taylor, Jaden Smith, Keith David, Arturo Castro e Macaulay Culkin foram revelados como o resto do elenco. Em 8 de junho, Cudi revelou que sua irmã mais velha na vida real, Maisha, daria voz à sua irmã mais velha na tela, Ellie, entre outras vozes.

Animação, design e influências
A animação ficou a cargo da DNEG Animation de Londres, que também coproduziu o especial. Um mapa 3D de Nova York foi baixado e reconstruído no pipeline. As influências para o design do filme foram I Lost My Body (2019) e When Harry Met Sally... (1989).

Lançamento
Em 15 de setembro de 2021, Cudi revelou que a série, e o álbum, tem estreia marcada para 2022. Em setembro de 2021, ele lançou um pequeno trailer em promoção da série Netflix, revelando que a música seria produzida por seus colaboradores de longa data. Dot da Genius e Plain Pat.

Em 24 de abril de 2022, Cudi escreveu no Twitter: "Entergalactic vai ser algo realmente especial. As mentes vão decepcionar. Este elenco?? A MÚSICA?? Ouça. [Você] ouviu aqui primeiro. Lembre-se deste tweet. Fique atento para mais novidades em junho!" Em 8 de junho, a Netflix revelou o "primeiro olhar" de Entergalactic, em um trailer onde também revelou o elenco.

Em 10 de junho, a primeira música original criada para a série, intitulada "Do What I Want", foi lançada nas plataformas de streaming como o primeiro single oficial do álbum. No dia 12 de julho, Cudi revelou no Twitter, o trailer oficial do show que estrearia em agosto, trazendo duas novas músicas, sendo que uma delas seria lançada como segundo single. Em 12 de setembro, a Netflix revelou um novo trailer de Entergalactic, incluindo o single mencionado anteriormente, "Willing to Trust".

Recepção

Resposta da Crítica
No site agregador de resenhas Rotten Tomatoes, 96% das 28 resenhas dos críticos são positivas, com nota média de 8,20/10. No Metacritic, que usa uma média ponderada, Entergalactic recebeu uma pontuação de 77 em 100 com base em 10 análises críticas, indicando "avaliações geralmente favoráveis".

Rendy Jones, da Paste, escreveu "Entergalactic é uma comédia romântica tão doce quanto uma odisseia animada etérea. É uma carta de amor elegante e colorida para a animação e a simplicidade do amor negro na era moderna. Parece o filho amoroso entre When Harry Met Sally e Spider-Verse a um grupo demográfico negro, que merece histórias como esta, independentemente do meio em que são apresentadas." Chase Hutchinson, do Collider, escreveu "Uma joia rara de uma obra de animação, Kid Cudi nos guia em uma jornada sublime que explora o vínculo entre duas pessoas unidas pelo amor."

Justin Charity, do The Ringer, escreveu "É atrevido e fofo, ou seja, é um ajuste de atitude agudo para um rapper tão sombrio e refrescantemente eficaz como tal. Entergalactic da Netflix é um complemento promocional de longa-metragem para seu último álbum, mas também é um avanço criativo por si só." Rachel Ho, da Exclaim! deu-lhe uma classificação de 8/10, afirmando que "a história de Jabari e Meadow pode ser uma que todos conhecemos muito bem, mas é o mundo da Entergalactic que captura a imaginação, sonora e visualmente."

Joshua Alston, da Variety, concluiu com "o que está disponível em Entergalactic é frequentemente inebriante. O diretor Fletcher Moules não perde uma única oportunidade de adicionar floreios lindamente animados ao roteiro escrito por Mescudi, Ian Edelman e Maurice Williams. Existem números musicais sublimes, por falta de um termo melhor, isso deixa a música de Mescudi respirar e aumenta o visual para 11. Mas as mudanças entre os elementos espaciais de Entergalactic e seus momentos fundamentados nem sempre são suaves, outra consequência da evolução da série para o especial. amor sobre a história de amor de Mescudi, exceto o fato de que não há mais para amar."

Prêmios e Indicações

Futuro
Em 1º de outubro de 2022, Kid Cudi revelou via Twitter que embora Entergalactic fosse "como um filme", seu propósito era mais próximo ao de um piloto de televisão, revelando que pretendia produzir "mais temporadas" (filmes longos de uma "hora e meia") compondo uma série Entergalactic, de acordo com o anúncio original do projeto como sendo uma série de televisão. Em dezembro de 2022, Cudi revelou que embora Entergalactic seja um especial autônomo, ele está trabalhando em um novo projeto de animação.

Ligações Externas

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2022
Filmes do Reino Unido de 2022
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de romance musical dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de romance musical do Reino Unido

Entergalactic


Das Fürstentum Germania war eine Mikronation, die im Jahre 2009 drei Monate lang in einem baufälligen, als "Schloss" bezeichneten ehemaligen Gutshaus im brandenburgischen Krampfer, Gemeinde Plattenburg, residierte. Über dieses Projekt wurde regional und bei Spiegel TV berichtet. Das öffentliche Interesse richtete sich vor allem auf vermutete Beziehungen zum Rechtsextremismus.

Geschichte

Ende 2008 erwarb Michael Freiherr von Pallandt das Gutshaus Moellendorff und das zugehörige Gelände mit dem Ziel, ein souveränes und autarkes "Fürstentum" zu gründen. Das sogenannte Schloss, eigentlich nur ein Gutshaus der preußischen Adelsfamilie Moellendorff aus der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, war zu diesem Zeitpunkt praktisch unbewohnbar. Es war zum Teil einsturzgefährdet und verfügte weder über fließendes Wasser noch über einen Anschluss an die Kanalisation.

Am 15. Februar 2009 startete das "Fürstentum" mit einer offiziellen Proklamation als "basisdemokratischer Kirchenstaat". Zur Anzahl der "Bürger" dieses "Staates" liegen keine verlässlichen Daten vor. Die Berliner Morgenpost berichtete, dass sich während Wochenendveranstaltungen mitunter mehr als 150 Personen auf dem Grundstück aufgehalten haben sollen, aber die Zahl der Bewohner des Anwesens wesentlich geringer war. Nach eigenen Angaben hatte das Fürstentum zeitweilig 300 "Bürger". Wegen der anhaltenden Weigerung, baurechtliche Auflagen zu erfüllen, ließ die Verwaltung des Landkreises am 19. Mai 2009 das Gutshaus räumen und versiegeln. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt befanden sich neben dem "Fürsten" nur zwei weitere Personen in dem Gebäude.

Vertreter
Repräsentanten des Fürstentums waren neben von Pallandt, der als Fürst fungierte und das Unternehmen finanzierte, aber nach dem Gründungsakt weitgehend im Hintergrund blieb, vor allem die Verschwörungstheoretiker Jessie Marsson und Jo Conrad. Die Vertretung der Mikronation nach außen übernahm hauptsächlich Conrad. Marsson fiel vor allem durch provokative antisemitische Äußerungen in der Öffentlichkeit auf, die dem Ansehen des Projekts erheblich schadeten. Keine der drei genannten Personen bewohnte das Gebäude dauerhaft.

Anhängerschaft
Die Anhängerschaft des Fürstentums war sehr heterogen und entstammte diversen alternativen Milieus. Die grundlegende Gemeinsamkeit bestand in einer Unzufriedenheit mit den gesellschaftlichen Verhältnissen und in der Suche nach Alternativen. Von Bedeutung waren dabei vor allem esoterische Konzepte, Verschwörungstheorien und die Vorstellung eines Fortbestehens des Deutschen Reiches im Sinne der Reichsbürgerbewegung. Diese Vorstellung, verbunden mit der Ablehnung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Behauptung, es mangele dieser an einer völkerrechtlichen und verfassungsrechtlichen Grundlage, floss auch in die "Verfassung" des Fürstentums ein. Die geschichtsrevisionistischen Ansichten der "Reichsbürger" führten neben den antisemitischen Provokationen Marssons dazu, dass das Fürstentum den Ruf eines rechtsextremistischen Projekts erlangte.

Aktivitäten
Das Fürstentum war als autarkes Gemeinwesen mit basisdemokratischer Organisation konzipiert. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden zahlreiche Projekte und Initiativen diskutiert, von denen jedoch nur wenige anfänglich in die Praxis umgesetzt wurden. Dabei handelte es sich vor allem um eine provisorische Instandsetzung von Teilen des baufälligen Gebäudes und um eine ökologisch ausgerichtete Bewirtschaftung des umliegenden Geländes. Versuche einer Verständigung mit anderen Bewohnern des Dorfes blieben in ersten Ansätzen stecken. Wesentlich mehr Resonanz erfuhren zwei vom Fürstentum betriebene Websites und Live-Übertragungen durch den Online-Fernsehsender Jeet-TV.

Rezeption
Presse, Radio und Fernsehen berichteten vor allem regional und auf Landesebene über das Projekt. So brachte etwa der Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg am 3. März 2009 einen TV-Beitrag mit dem Titel Sekte will eigenes 'Reich' gründen. Darin werden die Bewohner als eine "Melange aus Antisemiten, Esoterik-Faschisten und Spinnern" bezeichnet. Auch die weiteren Medienberichte waren zumeist kritisch, wobei neben Zweifeln an den Zielen besonders der Verdacht im Vordergrund stand, dass das "Fürstentum" für rassistisches und antisemitisches Gedankengut offen sei. Diesem Verdacht gab insbesondere Marsson Vorschub, indem er sich vor laufender Kamera zu zynischen antisemitischen Äußerungen hinreißen ließ, aber auch Conrad gelang es nicht, die Befürchtungen zu zerstreuen, zumal er selbst bereits aufgrund früherer Publikationen als Antisemit galt.

Im Internet, wo das Fürstentum wesentlich aktiver war als auf "Schloss Krampfer", fanden lebhafte Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Anhängern, Sympathisanten und Kritikern statt, insbesondere im Rahmen des Nu Era Netzwerks. Zunächst überwogen Diskussionen innerhalb der Anhängerschaft, doch dann kamen auch kritische Fragen gegenüber Positionen auf, die in der Anhängerschaft vertreten wurden, etwa die Germanische Neue Medizin oder die Konzepte der Eigenstaatlichkeit und der Autarkie. Die überwiegend esoterisch oder verschwörungstheoretisch ausgerichteten Anhänger hatten fundierter Kritik wenig entgegenzusetzen. In der Folge wurde das bislang offene Forum bei Nu Era auf einen internen Kreis begrenzt und schließlich aufgegeben.

In der Gemeinde Plattenburg stieß das Projekt auch deshalb auf erhebliche Vorbehalte, weil 2007 das Gerücht aufgekommen war, dass der bekannte Neonazi Jürgen Rieger in dem nur zwei Kilometer von Krampfer entfernten Dorf Kleinow ein Grundstück erwerben wolle und dies zu massiven Abwehrreaktionen in der Bevölkerung und bei den Behörden geführt hatte.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Mario Feist: Das "Fürstentum Germania" – "Nicht rechts, nicht links, sondern vorne"?, in: Dirk Wilking und Michael Kohlstruck (Hg.): Einblicke III – Ein Werkstattbuch (PDF; 3,1 MB), 2010, S. 109–124.
 Gabriele Schlamann: Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem "Fürstentum Germania" in der Gemeinde Plattenburg 2009, in: Dirk Wilking und Michael Kohlstruck (Hg.): Einblicke III – Ein Werkstattbuch (PDF; 3,1 MB), 2010, S. 125–139.

Mikronation
Reichsbürgerbewegung

Fürstentum Germania


Rudežove kuće je srednjovjekovno groblje u selu Donjin Vinjanin, Grad Imotski, predstavlja zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Srednjovjekovno groblje Rudežove kuće nalazi se na SI rubu zaseoka Rudeži u Vinjanima Donjim. Radi se o većem srednjovjekovnom groblju sa stećcima koje nastaje tijekom 15. stoljeća. Na lokalitet je skupina od 22 stećka, većinom sanduci i ploče te jedan sljemenjak odnosno tzv. visoki stećak. Stećci su većih dimenzija i finije obrade te je većina ukrašena. Na stećcima se izmjenjuju ukrasni motivi tipični s ovo područje: križevi, rozete, zvijezde, polumjesec, štit i mač, ljudski likovi, kolo, tordirano uže, lozice, cik-cak linije.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5934 zavedeno je pod vrstom "arheologija", pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "kopnena arheološka zona/nalazište".

Izvori

Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Groblja u Hrvatskoj
Imotski

Rudežove kuće u Donjim Vinjanima


مراد گُكهان برداقجي  (ولد في 1955 في إسطنبول) هو صحفي تركي مهتم بالتاريخ العثماني وتاريخ الموسيقى التركية، كما أنه صاحب عامود صحفي في صحيفة هابرتورك التركية حاليا.

من أشهر كتبه (آخر العثمانيين) و(سيرة حياة السطان العثماني محمد السادس).

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أتراك من أصل تتاري قرمي
أتراك من أصل شركسي
أتراك من أصل شيشاني
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
صحفيون أتراك
كتاب عمود أتراك
كتاب غير روائيين أتراك
كتاب من إسطنبول
مقدمو برامج تلفزيونية حوارية أتراك
مواليد 1375 هـ
مواليد 1955
مواليد في إسطنبول
مؤرخو الحرب العالمية الأولى
مؤرخون أتراك
مؤرخون أتراك في القرن 20
مؤرخون أتراك في القرن 21
نقاد ويكيبيديا

مراد برداقجي


LINS Karanj (pennant number : S23) est le troisième bâtiment du premier lot de six sous-marins de  de la marine indienne. Il s'agit d'un sous-marin d'attaque conventionnel diesel-électrique basé sur la classe Scorpène, conçu par le groupe naval de défense et d'énergie français DCNS et fabriqué par Mazagon Dock Limited, un chantier naval indien à Bombay. Le navire a été lancé le .

Le sous-marin a été livré à la marine indienne le . Il a été mis en service le  à Mumbai en présence du chef d'état-major de la marine, l'amiral Karambir Singh, et de l'amiral (à la retraite) V. S. Shekhawat.

Le sous-marin hérite de son nom de l'INS Karanj (S21) qui a servi dans la marine de 1969 à 2003, et a été nommé d'après l'île de Karanja, également connue sous le nom d'île d'Uran, située dans le district de Raigad au Maharashtra.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Liste des sous-marins de l'Inde

Sous-marin de la Marine indienne
Navire construit en Inde
Bateau lancé en 2018
Karanj

INS Karanj (S23)


Daron Vartan Malakian (18 Temmuz 1975, Kaliforniya, ABD), Ermeni asıllı Amerikalı gitarist ve vokalist. Scars on Broadway grubunun kurucusu, gitaristi ve vokali; System of a Down grubunun elektro gitaristi ve back vokali.

Babası Vartan Malakian bir ressam, dansçı ve koreograf; annesi Zepur Malakian ise bir heykeltıraştır.

2003 yılına kadar Ibanez sponsorluğunda özel tasarım olan "Ibanez Iceman Daron Malakian Model" (dmm1) ile sahne almıştır. Ardından Ibanez Gio serisini kullanmaya başlamıştır. Mezmerize albümünden itibaren ise Gibson SG kullanmaktadır.

Malakian, genç yaşta heavy metal müzik türü ile ilgilenmeye başladı. Van Halen, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Motörhead ve Ozzy Osbourne dinlemeye başladı. O her zaman davul çalmak istedi ancak ailesi, davulun sesinden ve boyutundan dolayı onu gitara yönlendirdi. Daha sonra The Beatles dinlemeye başlayan Malakian, John Lennon hayranıdır.

System Of A Down grubundaki arkadaşları Serj Tankian ve Shavo Odadjian ile aynı okulda eğitim görmüştür. Daron Malakian, 1993 yılında Serj Tankian bir araya geldi. Bu dönemde Tankian bir grupta klavye çalıyordu, Daron ise başka bir grup için gitar çalıyor ve şarkı söylüyordu. Bir araya gelmelerinden sonra basçı Dave Hakopyan ve davulcu Domingo Laraino ile Soil adlı bir grup kurdular. Daron Malakian, Soil grubunun dağılmasının ardından Serj Tankian, Shavo Odadjian ve Andy Khachaturian ile birlikte System Of A Down grubunu kurdu. Fakat 1997 yılında grupta bir değişiklik yaşandı. Grubun davulcusu Andy Khachaturian'ın ayrılması ile John Dolmayan gruba dahil oldu.

2006 yılında verdiği röportajlarda "Scars on Broadway" isimli solo albümü çalışmaları için System of a Down ile bir süreliğine yollarını ayırmıştır. Daron Malakian ve John Dolmayan'ın kurduğu Scars on Broadway'in aynı adı taşıyan ilk albümlerini 2008 yazında çıkarmıştır. 6 ay Scars on Broadway turnesine devam eden Daron kişisel sebeplerden dolayı SOB'un ABD turnesini iptal etmiştir.

Daron Malakian California Glendale'de oturmaktadır. Mum, Fas kilimleri,nargile, enstrüman ve kafatası koleksiyonu bulunmaktadır ve Los Angeles Angels bezbol takımı hayranıdır. 2009 halloween'ında Shavo Odadjian'ın düzenlediği Shavoween Partisi'nde konsere çıkmıştır. 2011'de System Of A Down tekrar birleşmiştir ve Nürburgring, Almanya'da 5 Haziran 2011'de Rock Am Ring'de konser vermişlerdir.

Özel hayatı
Daron Malakian alkol kullanmamaktadır. Bir röportajında bu konudaki görüşünü 'Yaşamım boyunca alkol yüzünden birçok pislik gördüm ve kötülükle karşılaştım. Eskiden kullanıyordum fakat 21 yaşımdan beri kullanmıyorum.' şeklinde dile getirmiştir. Malakian koyu bir Edmonton Oilers taraftarıdır. O kadar fanatiktir ki oturma odasında birçok oyuncunun imzalı forması, takımla ilgili figürler bulunmaktadır.

Scars On Broadway
Malakian, System of a Down'ın 2005 yılında dağılmasından sonra 2003 yılında oluşmaya başlayan; grubun basçısı Shavo Odadjian ile birlikte Scars on Broadway adlı bir projesi olduğunu açıklamış, daha sonra Odadjian grupta yer almamış; baterist John Dolmayan gruba dahil olmuştur. Scars, 29 Temmuz 2008'de grubun adını taşıyan bir albüm yayınlamıştır. System of a Down'ın 2011'de tekrar birleşmesiyle grubun dağıldığı düşünülmekteydi, ancak Scars on Broadway, 24 Şubat 2012'de resmi sitesinden yayınladığı 'Guns Are Loaded' isimli demosuyla grubun halen aktif olduğunun ve çıkacak olan muhtemel yeni bir albümün sinyallerini verdi.

B.Y.O.B Davası
System of a Down'ın Mezmerize albümünde yer alan B.Y.O.B isimli parçanın giriş bölümünü, Scars on Broadway'in 2003 yılındaki deneme kayıtlarından oluşan Ghetto Blaster Rehearsals kayıtlarında duyabilmek mümkündür. O dönemde Scars on Broadway'in vokalistliğini üstlenen Casey Chaos, Mezmerize albümünde yer alan bu parçanın bestelenmesinde kendisinin de payı olduğunu iddia ederek Malakian'a dava açmış ve kazanmıştır. Fakat mahkeme 2010 yılında bu kararı iptal ederek Chaos'un parça üstündeki haklarını geri almıştır.

Albümler
Malakian ayrıca bazı albümlerin de yapımcısıdır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Scars on Broadway
 System of a Down - Resmi Web Sitesi

1975 doğumlular
Amerikalı erkek gitaristler
Amerikalı erkek şarkıcılar
Ermeni asıllı Amerikalılar
Yaşayan insanlar
System of a Down üyeleri
Alternatif metal müzisyenleri
Solo gitaristler
İranlı rock müzisyenleri
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Amerikalı heavy metal şarkıcıları
Amerikalı heavy metal gitaristler
İran asıllı Amerikalılar
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı şarkıcılar

Daron Malakian


Birbiriyle yakın ilişkisi olan sahnelerin bir araya gelmesiyle oluşur. Süreklilik içermezler. Olaylar farklı zaman ve mekanda olmasına karşın birbiriyle ilişkilidir.

Film teknikleri
Sinema ve video terminolojisi
Film sahneleri

Sekans (sinema)


Dame Patricia Rose Bergquist  (née Smyth,  - ) est une zoologiste néo-zélandaise spécialisée en anatomie et taxonomie. Au moment de sa mort, elle était professeure émérite de zoologie et professeur honoraire d'anatomie avec radiologie à l'Université d'Auckland.

Enfance, famille et éducation
Née Patricia Rose Smyth dans la banlieue d'Auckland à Devonport le 10 mars 1933, Bergquist était la fille de William Smyth, un électricien, et de Bertha Ellen Smyth (née Penny), une femme au foyer. Elle a fait ses études à l'école primaire de Devonport, puis à la  où elle a été  en dernière année. Elle a ensuite commencé à étudier à l'Auckland University College en 1950, obtenant son diplôme de maîtrise avec mention très bien en botanique en 1956 ; le titre de son mémoire de maîtrise était  (Contributions à l'étude des loxsomaceae). Après avoir complété un deuxième équivalent MSc en zoologie, elle entreprend des études doctorales à Auckland, obtenant son doctorat, supervisé par  et , sur la taxonomie des Porifera en 1961, avec une thèse intitulée « The Demospongiae of New Zealand — systematics, distribution and relationships ». Bergquist a été la première personne à obtenir un doctorat de l'Université d'Auckland.

En 1958, elle a épousé Peter Bergquist, un biologiste moléculaire réputé, et le couple a eu une fille.

Carrière universitaire et de recherche
Après son doctorat, Patricia Bergquist a étudié à l'étranger, d'abord à l'Université Yale où elle a élargi son expertise systématique, avant de retourner en Nouvelle-Zélande et de devenir enseignante et chercheuse à l'Université d'Auckland sur des questions liées à l'anatomie, la taxonomie et la zoologie, avec un intérêt particulier pour l'éponge marine. Elle a estimé qu'un cadre stable de classification de niveau supérieur qui permettrait la reconnaissance des relations génériques et faciliterait les descriptions de nouvelles espèces manquait. Lorsque Bergquist a reçu une chaire personnelle à l'Université d'Auckland, elle a été la première femme de cette université à le faire.

Elle a co-écrit (avec Mary E. Sinclair) The Morphology and Behavior of Larvae of Some Intertidal Sponges pour le New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, qui a été publié le 20 octobre 1967.

En 1979, Bergquist a reçu le diplôme de docteur en sciences de l'Université d'Auckland, sur la base de 28 publications soumises.

Honneurs et récompenses
Bergquist a été élue membre de la Société royale de Nouvelle-Zélande en 1982  et en 1989, elle a reçu la médaille Hector de cette Société royale. À l'occasion des , elle a été nommée Dame Commandeur de l'Ordre de l'Empire britannique, pour services rendus à la science.

Son mari, Peter Bergquist, a été nommé Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite de Nouvelle-Zélande, pour services rendus à la science, lors de l'  en 2012.

Bergquist figurait parmi les projets «  » de la Royal Society Te Apārangi en 2017.

Décès
Patricia Bergquist est décédée d'un cancer du sein à Auckland le 9 septembre 2009, à l'âge de 76 ans.

Publications
The Morphology and Behaviour of Larvae of Some Intertidal Sponges 1967 (avec Mary E. Sinclair).
The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, 1968
Shallow water demospongiae from Heron Island, 1969
Sponges, University of California Press, 268 p. , , 1978.

Références

Liens externes

Femme scientifique du XXe siècle
Femme zoologiste
Zoologiste néo-zélandais du XXe siècle
Étudiant de l'université Yale
Professeur à l'université d'Auckland
Mort d'un cancer du sein
Mort d'un cancer en Nouvelle-Zélande
Décès en septembre 2009
Naissance en mars 1933
Anatomiste
Lauréat de la médaille Hector
Décès à 76 ans

Patricia Bergquist


Esrarengiz Yıldız (Fransızca: L'Étoile Mystérieuse), Tenten çizgi roman serisinde yayınlanan bir macera. Bu kitapta Tenten, Dünya'ya düşen bir göktaşını bulmak için Kuzey Buz Denizi'ne (Arktik Okyanusu) gider.

Esrarengiz Yıldız serinin onuncu bölümüdür. İlk kez 1942 yılında, II. Dünya Savaşı devam ederken yayımlanmıştır.

Hikâye
Tenten bir sıcak bir yaz akşamı Fındık ile dolaşırken daha önce gökyüzünde olmayan parlak bir yıldız dikkatini çeker. Yıldız hakkında bilgi almak için rasathaneye giden Tenten, tuhaf olaylarla karşılaştıktan sonra, yıldızın dünyaya çarpmak üzere olan bir kuyrukluyıldız olduğunu öğrenir. Dünyanın sonunun geldiğine inanan Tenten ümitsizlik içinde evine döner. Ancak ertesi gün bir deprem dışında felaket yaşanmaz. Astronomlar, kuyrukluyıldızın yörüngesini yanlış hesaplamıştır. Yıldız dünya ile çarpışmamıştır, ancak bir parçası Arktik Okyanusu'ne düşmüştür. Bu parça, daha önce bilinmeyen bir element içermektedir. Tenten, yıldızın düşen parçasını bulmak için Avrupa Bilimsel Araştırma Kurumu (kurgusal) tarafından düzenlenen keşif seferine katılır. Sefere Tenten'le birlikte Avrupa'nın çeşitli ülkelerinden bilimadamları ve Kaptan Haddok, Ufuk adlı geminin kaptanı olarak katılır. Ancak kuyrukluyıldızın peşindeki tek sefer onlarınki değildir: Saõ Rico ülkesinden (kurgusal) bir banker, yeni elementi ele geçirmek istemektedir. Bunun için kendi adamlarını göndermekle kalmaz, Ufuk gemisini durdurmak için çeşitli hileler dener. Hikâyenin sonunda kuyrukluyıldıza ilk ulaşan Tenten olur. Ancak Tenten kendini yeni elementin tuhaf özellikleri yüzünden hızla büyüyen bitki ve böceklerle çevrili bir dünyada bulur. Kuyrukluyıldızdan bir örnek almayı güçlükle başaran Tenten gemiye geri döner. Kuyrukluyıldız Arktik Okyanusu'ne gömülür.

Notlar

Kitap II. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında yazılmıştı ve o sırada Hergé'nin ülkesi Belçika, Almanya'nın kontrolündeydi. Bu nedenle, keşif seferindeki tüm bilimadamları mihver devletlerinden veya tarafsız kalan ülkelerdendir.
Yine aynı nedenle, Tenten'in rakibi olan banker ilk baskıda Amerikalı olarak tasvir edilmiştir. Ancak daha sonra Hergé bankerin adını değiştirerek Saõ Rico adlı hayali ülkenin tabiyetine sokar. Ayrıca 35. sayfadaki Amerikan bayrağını hayali bir Saõ Rico bayrağı ile değiştirir. Ancak bazı ayrıntılar, örneğin rakip şirketin gemilerinin adları (Peary ve Kentucky Star) Amerikan çağrışımları yapmaktadır. Bankanın adamları (Johnson, Douglas) da Amerikan isimleri taşırlar.

Keşif seferinde Tenten'in kullandığı uçak II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Almanya'nın kullandığı bir keşif uçağıdır.

Sayfa 20'de, Dupond kardeşlerin önünde Hergé'nin bir diğer çizgi roman serisinin kahramanları Quick ve Flupke görülmektedir.

Sayfa 21'de Kaptan Haddok'un manşetlerinde önce üç şerit görülürken sayfanın sonunda şeritler ikiye düşer.

Bu macerada Tenten, Kaptan Haddok'a istediğini yaptırmak için içki içirir (s. 37). Tenten bunu bir kez daha, Tenten Tibet'te macerasında yapacaktır.

1942 kitapları
Tenten kitapları
Hergé kitapları
Fransızca kitaplar
Kurgusal çarpma olayları

Esrarengiz Yıldız


Det Røde Parti kan henvise til:
 Parti rouge, canadisk parti
 Partido Rojo, dominikansk parti
 Rødt, norsk parti
 Coloradopartiet (Paraguay) (Partido Colorado)
 Red Party, britisk parti
 Coloradopartiet (Uruguay)

Røde parti


Nansindlela School is a public school in the Boekenhouthoek area, near the town of Kwaggafontein, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.

Founded in 1980, the school has 450 learners from Grade 10 to grade 12 (matric), with a teaching staff of eighteen. The school offers English-medium instruction to the multilingual local community, which is predominantly Ndebele speaking people.

The name Nansindlela means "This is the way" in isiZulu and can be interpreted to Nasindlela in IsiNdebele.

The school has won a number of awards for its consistent academic performance and involvement in sports and other extra curricular activities.

External links
Nansindlela School home page

Schools in KwaZulu-Natal
Educational institutions established in 1980
1980 establishments in South Africa

Nansindlela School


Janine Lachance (née le 22 février 1932 à Québec et morte le 16 décembre 2017 à Laval) est une pianiste, professeure, accompagnatrice et répétitrice canadienne.

Au long de sa carrière, elle remporte plusieurs prix dont le prestigieux Prix d'Europe en 1952 qui lui permet de débuter sa carrière musicale à un très jeune âge.

Elle enregistre plusieurs pièces et albums en tant qu'accompagnatrice d'artiste tels que Bruno Laplante et Léopold Simoneau.

Biographie
Janine Lachance commence dès son plus jeune âge, l'apprentissage du piano avec Omer Létourneau. En 1944, à l'âge de 12 ans, elle entre au Conservatoire de musique de Québec (CMQ) où elle approfondit ses connaissances en piano jusqu'en 1950.

Pendant ses années d'études, elle participe et gagne plusieurs concours dont celui de l'Orchestre symphonique de Québec, le Concours Rotary de musique pour la jeunesse ainsi que celui de piano et d'harmonie du CMQ. À la fin de ses études, elle participe au Prix d'Europe 1952 qu'elle remporte. Cela lui permet donc d'aller à Paris pour travailler le piano avec Yvonne et Monique de La Bruchollerie et d'étudier le chant avec Charles Panzéra. En 1954, elle part à Milan pour étudier le chant avec Mario Basiola.

À son retour au Canada un an plus tard, elle est approchée par le CMQ pour accompagner toutes les classes d'instruments. Elle quitte ce poste en 1958 pour le Conservatoire de musique de Montréal (CMM) où elle devient répétitrice de la classe d'opéra français de Raoul Jobin. Elle est la pianiste attitrée des classes et des concerts de Léopold Simoneau et Pierrette Alarie de 1963 à 1966.

À partir de cette période, Janine Lachance accompagne au piano plusieurs artistes, dont Claude Corbeil, Bruno Laplante et Léopold Simoneau, lors d'enregistrements de disques. Elle participe à plusieurs enregistrements studios de mélodies françaises dont trois remportent le Grand Prix du Disque de l'Académie Charles-Cros en France. En 1976, elle effectue plusieurs enregistrements pour la radio, puis fait des tournées en Europe et se produit sur les ondes de radios françaises et belges. Sa vaste connaissance du répertoire lyrique la conduit à devenir une pianiste et « coach » vocal recherchée.

De retour au Canada au CMQ et au CMM en 1977, elle obtient un poste de professeur de chant et de répétitrice. En 1989, après 32 ans comme pianiste-coach et professeur de chant, elle quitte son poste au conservatoire. Toutefois, elle enseigne encore le chant à Montréal et fait du coaching d'opéra dans les années suivantes. Le 20 février 2004, elle reçoit l'Ordre du Canada et est intronisée au Panthéon canadien de l'art lyrique en 2007. Elle continue ensuite à donner des cours et à jouer du piano.

Elle décède le  à Laval.

Sa fille, Christine Dessaints, est traductrice et rédactrice.

Honneurs

 1945 : Prix de l'Orchestre symphonique de Québec

 1948 : Prix du Rotary

 1950 : Piano et harmonie (Conservatoire de musique du Québec)

 1952 : Prix d'Europe

 2004 : Ordre du Canada

Discographie

1974 : Reynaldo Hahn :
Mélodies / Le Livre d'or de la mélodie française I  avec Bruno Laplante, baryton. Grand Prix du Disque de l'Académie Charles-Cros 1977 (de l'Académie du Disque français)

 1975 : Jules Massenet :
 Mélodies / Le Livre d'or de la mélodie française I avec Bruno Laplante, baryton. Grand Prix du Disque 1977 (de l'Académie du Disque français)

 1976 : Charles Gounod :
 Mélodies / Le Livre d'or de la mélodie française I avec Bruno Laplante, baryton. Grand Prix du Disque 1977 (de l'Académie du Disque français)

 1976 : Ensemble Cantabile de Montréal (Avec Gabrielle Lavigne [remplacée en 1976 par Paule Verschelden], Paul Trépanier et Bruno Laplante, le fondateur, Céline Dussault et Janine Lachance)
 1978 : César Franck & Guillaume Lekeu :
 Le livre d'or de la mélodie française

 2015 : Emmanuel Chabrier :
 Intégrale des mélodies

 2015 : Ernest Chausson :
 Mélodies, op. 2, 27, 36, Serres chaudes, op. 24 & Poème de l'amour et de la mer, op. 19

Références

Liens externes

 Poirier, Mimi. 2018. « Lachance, Janine ». Encyclopédie canadienne.

Naissance en février 1932
Naissance à Québec
Décès en décembre 2017
Décès à Laval (Québec)
Décès à 85 ans
Pianiste canadienne

Janine Lachance


Il existe plusieurs routes ayant comme numéro 545 dans le monde.

 Route régionale 545 en Finlande
 Route nationale 545 en France

Route 545


Colegiul Național "George Coșbuc" din Năsăud este o instituție școlară preuniversitară ce funcționează într-un edificiu educațional, monument istoric, aflat pe teritoriul orașului Năsăud.

Istoric
Este una dintre cele mai cunoscute școli superioare greco-catolice din Transilvania, cunoscută și sub numele Gimnaziul grăniceresc greco-catolic din Năsăud, a fost inaugurată în data de 4 octombrie 1863 sub titulatura de Gimnaziu grăniceresc "Francisc Iosefian". Primul director al instituției a fost vicarul foraneu greco-catolic al Rodnei, protopopul Năsăudului, Grigore Moisil.

Elevi
Ion Pop-Reteganul (1853-1905), pedagog, prozator, publicist și folclorist
Gherasim Domide (1856-1909), protopop greco-catolic al Bistriței, memorandist
Iuliu Moisil (1859-1947), inginer, profesor și publicist, membru de onoare al Academiei Române
George Coșbuc (1866-1918), scriitor
Miron Cristea (1868-1939), patriarh al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române
Virgil Șotropa (1867-1954), profesor de limba și literatura română, membru de onoare al Academiei Române
Iuliu Prodan (1875-1959), botanist, profesor universitar, membru de onoare al Academiei de Științe din România și membru corespondent al Academiei Române
Constantin Moisil (1876-1958),  profesor de istorie, arheolog și numismat, directorul Cabinetului Numismatic al Academie Române, membru de onoare al Academiei Române
Nicolae Drăganu (1884-1939), filolog, academician
Liviu Rebreanu (1885-1944), scriitor
Emil Isac (1886-1954), poet și publicist, membru corespondent al Academiei Române
Leon Daniello (1898-1970), medic, academician
Sever Pop (1901-1961), lingvist, profesor univeristar
Ioan Cherteș (1911-1992), episcop greco-catolic, deținut politic
Alexandru Husar (1920-2009), filozof și istoric literar, profesor universitar
Teodor Tanco (1925-2019), scriitor, jurist, dramaturg și istoric literar

Profesori
Vasile Petri (1833-1905), filolog, pedagog
Paul Tanco (1843-1916), doctor în matematică, profesor de matematică-fizică, director al gimnaziului
Aurel Șorobetea
Vasile Scurtu
Vasile Bichigean
Ion Gheție
Virgil Șotropa
Emil Mărcușiu
Ștefan Scridon
Teodor Simon
Octavian Ruleanu
Emil Catarig
Grigore Găzdac
Silviu Sohorca
Felicia Popescu
Vioara Pălăgieșu
Grigore Marțian
Gheorghe Pleș
Traian Pavelea
Ana Vaida

Note

Galerie

Monumente istorice din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Școli din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Biserica Română Unită cu Roma, Greco-Catolică
C
Fondări în 1863

Colegiul Național „George Coșbuc” din Năsăud


Guru Tegh Bahadur (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰ (Gurmukhi); ; 1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675) was the ninth of ten gurus who founded the Sikh religion and was the leader of Sikhs from 1665 until his beheading in 1675. He was born in Amritsar, Punjab, India in 1621 and was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru. Considered a principled and fearless warrior, he was a learned spiritual scholar and a poet whose 115 hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, which is the main text of Sikhism.

Tegh Bahadur was executed on the orders of Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor, in Delhi, India. Sikh holy premises Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi mark the places of execution and cremation of Guru Tegh Bahadur. His day of martyrdom (Shaheedi Divas) is commemorated in India every year on 24 November.

Biography

Early life
Guru Tegh Bahadur was born Tyag Mal (Tīāg Mal) () in Amritsar on 1 April 1621. He was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru. His family belonged to the Sodhi clan of Khatris. Hargobind had one daughter, Bibi Viro, and five sons: Baba Gurditta, Suraj Mal, Ani Rai, Atal Rai, and Tyag Mal. He gave Tyag Mal the name Tegh Bahadur (Brave Sword) after Tyag Mal showed valor in the Battle of Kartarpur against the Mughals.

Tegh Bahadur was brought up in the Sikh culture and trained in archery and horsemanship. He was also taught the old classics such as the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Puranas. He was married on 3 February 1632 to Gujri.

Stay at Bakala
In the 1640s, nearing his death, Guru Hargobind and his wife Nanaki moved to his ancestral village of Bakala in Amritsar district, together with Tegh Bahadur and Gujri. Bakala, as described in Gurbilas Dasvin Patshahi, was then a prosperous town with many beautiful pools, wells, and baolis. After Hargobind's death, Tegh Bahadur continued to live in Bakala with his wife and mother.

Installation as Guru of Sikhs
In March 1664, Guru Har Krishan contracted smallpox. When his followers asked who would lead them after him, he said, "Baba Bakala", meaning his successor was to be found in Bakala. Taking advantage of the ambiguity in the words of the dying guru, many installed themselves in Bakala, claiming to be the new guru. Sikhs were puzzled to see so many claimants.

Sikh tradition has a myth about how Tegh Bahadur was selected as the ninth guru. A wealthy trader named Baba Makhan Shah Labana had once prayed for his life and promised to give 500 gold coins to the Sikh Guru if he survived. He came to Bakala in search of the ninth guru. He met each claimant he could find, making his obeisance and offering them two gold coins in the belief that the right guru would know of his silent promise to give them 500 coins. Every "guru" he met accepted the two gold coins and bid him farewell. Then he discovered that Tegh Bahadur also lived at Bakala. Makhan Shah gave Tegh Bahadur the usual offering of two gold coins. Tegh Bahadur blessed him and remarked that his offering was short of the promised five hundred. Makhan Shah made good the difference and ran upstairs. He began shouting from the rooftop, "Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re", meaning "I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru".

In August 1664, a Sikh congregation led by Diwan Dargha Mal, son of a well-known devotee of Har Krishan, arrived in Bakala and appointed Tegh Bahadur as the ninth guru of Sikhs.

As had been the custom among Sikhs after the execution of Guru Arjan by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Tegh Bahadur was surrounded by armed bodyguards, but he otherwise lived an austere life.

Works
Guru Tegh Bahadur composed 116 hymns in 15 ragas (musical measures), and these were included in the Guru Granth Sahib (pages 219–1427) by his son, Guru Gobind Singh. They cover a wide range of spiritual topics, including human attachments, the body, the mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death, and deliverance.

Journeys
Guru Tegh Bahadur traveled extensively in different parts of the country, including Dhaka and Assam, to preach the teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Sikh guru. The places he visited and stayed in became sites of Sikh temples. During his travels, he started a number of community water wells and langars (community kitchens for the poor).

Tegh Bahadur made three successive visits to Kiratpur. On 21 August 1664, Guru Tegh Bahadur went there to console Bibi Roop upon the death of her father, Guru Har Rai, the seventh Sikh guru, and of his brother, Guru Har Krishan. The second visit was on 15 October 1664, after Bassi, the mother of Har Rai, died on 29 September 1664. A third visit concluded a fairly extensive journey through the northwest Indian subcontinent.

Tegh Bahadur visited the towns of Mathura, Agra, Allahabad and Varanasi. His son, Guru Gobind Singh, who would be the tenth Sikh guru, was born in Patna in 1666 while he was away in Dhubri, Assam, where the Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib now stands. There he helped end the war between Raja Ram Singh of Bengal and Raja Chakardwaj of Ahom state (later Assam).

After his visit to Assam, Bengal, and Bihar, Guru Tegh Bahadur visited Rani Champa of Bilaspur, who offered to give the Guru a piece of land in her state. The Guru bought the site for 500 rupees. There, he founded the city of Anandpur Sahib in the foothills of the Himalayas. In 1672, Tegh Bahadur traveled in and around the Malwa region to meet the masses as the persecution of non-Muslims reached new heights.

Execution

Narrative
Many scholars identify the narrative as follows: A congregation of Hindu Pandits from Kashmir requested help against Aurangzeb's oppressive policies, and Guru Tegh Bahadur decided to protect their rights. According to Trilochan Singh in Guru Tegh Bahadur: Prophet and Martyr, the convoy of Kashmiri Pundits who tearfully pleaded with the Guru at Anandpur were 500 in number and were led by a certain Pundit Kirpa Ram, who recounted tales of religious oppression under the governorship of Iftikhar Khan. The Kashmiri Pandits decided to meet with the Guru after they first sought the assistance of Shiva at the Amarnath shrine, where one of them is said to have had a dream where Shiva instructed the Pandits to seek out the ninth Sikh guru for assistance in their plight and hence a group was formed for carrying out the task. Guru Tegh Bahadur left from his base at Makhowal to confront the persecution of Kashmiri Brahmins by Mughal officials but was arrested at Ropar and put to jail in Sirhind. Four months later, in November 1675, he was transferred to Delhi and asked to perform a miracle to prove his nearness to God or convert to Islam. The Guru declined, and three of his colleagues, who had been arrested with him, were tortured to death in front of him: Bhai Mati Das was sawn into pieces, Bhai Dayal Das was thrown into a cauldron of boiling water, and Bhai Sati Das was burned alive. Thereafter on 11 November, Tegh Bahadur was publicly beheaded in Chandni Chowk, a market square close to the Red Fort.

Historiography

The primary nucleus of Sikh narratives remains the Bachittar Natak, a memoir of Guru Gobind Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur's son, dated between late 1680s and late 1690s.
Guru Tegh Bahadur's son and successor recalled the Guru's execution:

More Sikh accounts of Guru Tegh Bahadur's execution, all claiming to be sourced from the "testimony of trustworthy Sikhs", only started emerging in around the late eighteenth century, and are thus, often conflicting.

Persian and non Sikh sources maintain that the Guru was a bandit whose plunder and rapine of Punjab along with his rebellious activities precipitated his execution. The earliest Persian source to chronicle his execution is Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin by Ghulam Husain Khan c. 1782, where Tegh Bahadur's (alleged) oppression of subjects is held to have incurred Aurangzeb's wrath:

Satish Chandra cautions against taking Ghulam Husain's argument at face value, as Ghulam Husain was a relative of Alivardi Khan — one of the closest confidantes of Aurangzeb — and might have been providing an "official justification". Also, the Guru's alleged association with Hafiz Adam is anachronistic. Hafiz Adam died in Medina in A.D. 1643, 21 years before Tegh Bahadur attained the status of Guru. Satish Chandra further writes that Ghulam Husain's account places Guru Tegh Bahadur's confinement and execution in Lahore, while Sikh tradition places it in Delhi.

The Sikh sakhis (traditional accounts) written during the eighteenth century indirectly support the narrative in the Persian sources, saying that "the Guru was in violent opposition to the Muslim rulers of the country" in response to the dogmatic policies implemented by Aurangzeb. Both Persian and Sikh sources agree that Guru Tegh Bahadur militarily opposed the Mughal state and was therefore targeted for execution in accordance with Aurangzeb's zeal for punishing enemies of the state.

Bhimsen, a contemporary chronicler of Guru Gobind Singh, wrote (c.1708) that the successors of Guru Nanak maintained extravagant lifestyles, and some of them, including Tegh Bahadur, rebelled against the state: Tegh Bahadur proclaimed himself Padshah and acquired a large following, as a result, Aurangzeb had him executed. Muhammad Qasim's Ibratnama, written in 1723, claimed Tegh Bahadur's religious inclinations along with his life of splendor and conferral of sovereignty by his followers had him condemned and executed.

Chronicler Sohan Lal Suri, the court historian of Ranjit Singh, in his magisterial Umdat ut Tawarikh (c. 1805) chose to reiterate Ghulam Husain Khan's argument at large: he states that the Guru gained thousands of followers of soldiers and horsemen during his travels between 1672 and 1673 in southern Punjab, essentially having a nomadic army, and provided shelter to rebels who were resistant to Mughal representatives. Aurangzeb was warned about such activity as a cause of concern that could possibly lead to insurrection or rebellion and to eliminate the threat of the Guru at the earliest opportunity.

In contrast to this dominating theme in Sikh literature, some pre-modern Sikh accounts had laid the blame on an acrimonious succession dispute: Ram Rai, elder brother of Guru Har Krishan, was held to have instigated Aurangzeb against Tegh Bahadur by suggesting that he prove his spiritual greatness by performing miracles at the Court.

Scholarly analysis
Satish Chandra expresses doubt about the authenticity of these meta-narratives, centered on miracles — Aurangzeb was not a believer in them, according to Chandra. He further expresses doubt pertaining to the narrative of the persecution of Hindus in Kashmir within Sikh accounts, remarking that no contemporary sources mentioned the persecution of Hindus there.

Louis E. Fenech refuses to pass any judgement, in light of the paucity of primary sources; however, he notes that these Sikh accounts had coded martyrdom into the events, with an aim to elicit pride rather than trauma in readers. He further argues that Tegh Bahadur sacrificed himself for the sake of his own faith, saying that the janju and tilak mentioned in a passage in the Bachittar Natak refer to Tegh Bahadur's own sacred thread and frontal mark.

Barbara Metcalf notes that Tegh Bahadur's familial ties to Dara Shikoh (Aurangzeb summoned both Guru Har Rai and later Guru Har Krishan to his court to account for their rumored support to Shikoh), along with his proselytization and being a military organizer, invoked both political and Islamic justifications for the execution.

Legacy and memorials

Guru Tegh Bahadur built the city of Anandpur Sahib and was responsible for saving a faction of Kashmiri Pandits, who were being persecuted by the Mughals.

After the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, a number of Sikh gurudwaras were built in his and his associates' memory. The Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, was built over where he was beheaded. Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, also in Delhi, is built where one of Guru Tegh Bahadur's disciples burned his house down to cremate the Guru's body.

Gurdwara Sisganj Sahib in Punjab marks the site where, in November 1675, the head of the martyred Guru Tegh Bahadur was cremated after being brought there by Bhai Jaita (renamed Bhai Jiwan Singh according to Sikh rites) in defiance of the Mughal authority of Aurangzeb. During his journey to Anandpur Sahib, Bhai Jaita Singh reached a village near Delhi in Sonipat, and the Mughal army also reached that village. Bhai Jaita demanded help from the villagers, and the villagers hid Bhai Jaita with Guru Tegh Bahadur's head. A villager named Kushal Singh Dahiya offered his own head to be given to the Mughal army in place of the Guru's head. After beheading Kushal Singh Dahiya, the villagers gave his head to the Mughal army, successfully passing it off as the Guru's head because the two men looked similar.

The execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur hardened the resolve of Sikhs against Muslim rule and persecution. Pashaura Singh states that "if the martyrdom of Guru Arjan had helped bring the Sikh Panth together, Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom helped to make the protection of human rights central to its Sikh identity". Wilfred Smith stated that "the attempt to forcibly convert the ninth Guru to an externalized, impersonal Islam clearly made an indelible impression on the martyr's nine-year-old son, Gobind, who reacted slowly but deliberately by eventually organizing the Sikh group into a distinct, formal, symbol-patterned community". It inaugurated the Khalsa identity.

In one of his poetic works, the classical Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah, referred to Guru Tegh Bahadur as "Ghazi", an honorific title for a warrior.

Commemoration
In India, 24 November is observed as Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day (Shaheedi Diwas). In certain parts of India, this day of the year is a public holiday. Guru Tegh Bahadur is remembered for giving up his life to protect the freedom of the oppressed to practice their own religion.

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

Peer reviewed publications on Guru Tegh Bahadur
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ranbir Singh (1975)
Non-Canonical Compositions Attributed to the Seventh and Ninth Sikh Gurus, Jeevan Singh Deol, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 121(2): 193–203, (Apr. – Jun., 2001)

1621 births
1675 deaths
Tegh
People executed for refusing to convert to Islam
Executed Indian people
17th-century executions by the Mughal Empire
Punjabi people
People executed by India by decapitation
Indian city founders
Sikh martyrs

Guru Tegh Bahadur


Woolverstone Hall est une grande maison de campagne, maintenant utilisée comme école et disponible parfois comme salle de réception, située au sud du centre d'Ipswich, Suffolk, Angleterre. Elle est située sur un parc de  sur les rives de la rivière Orwell. Construit en 1776 pour William Berners par l'architecte  de Leicestershire, c'est un exemple exceptionnel de l'architecture palladienne anglaise et est un bâtiment classé Grade I tandis que les bâtiments associés sont de Grade II. De 1951 à 1990, il abrite la Woolverstone Hall School, un internat géré par le London County Council (LCC).

Histoire
Le nom viendrait du fait qu'un chef viking nommé Wulf a sacrifié un villageois indigène sur une pierre monolithique glaciaire, donnant naissance au nom de pierre de Wulf . Le Domesday Book enregistre deux manoirs dans la région  qui sont fusionnés au  et occupés par plusieurs familles jusqu'en 1773, date à laquelle il est acheté pour 14 000 £ par William Berners (décédé en 1783) . William Berners possède Berners Street à Londres, connue plus tard pour le canular de Berners Street . Il construit Woolverstone Hall en 1776. Une obélisque est érigée en 1793 à la mémoire de William par son fils, Charles Berners (1767-1831), haut shérif de Suffolk, qui est endommagée et démolie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale . En 1823, des modifications et des ajouts sont effectués par Thomas Hoppe, notamment sur les ailes latérales .

Le domaine passe au frère de Charles et, dans les années 1880, à Henry Denny Berners, archidiacre de Suffolk, qui réside à Woolverstone Hall . Son fils John est le propriétaire suivant, et en 1886 son frère, Hugh Berners (décédé en 1891), un capitaine de la Royal Navy, hérite . Le domaine devient le siège de Charles Hugh Berners, grand intendant de Harwich, Essex  arrière-petit-fils de William Berners . Le manoir est vendu à l'Université d'Oxford en 1937 . Il est réquisitionné comme établissement de formation navale pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et, en 1950, le London County Council le reprend en tant qu'internat pour garçons - Woolverstone Hall School. En 1992, la propriété est vendue au Girls' Day School Trust, qui déménage le lycée d'Ipswich à Woolverstone Hall . En 2017, la propriété et l'école sont achetées par Ipswich Education Ltd, une filiale du banquier d'investissement orienté vers la Chine  London & Oxford Group .

Woolverstone Hall devient un bâtiment classé Grade I le 22 février 1955.

Architecture et aménagements

Woolverstone Hall comprend un bloc central avec des ailes flanquantes reliées par des colonnades . Le bloc central est de trois étages: un sous-sol, un premier étage et un grenier, et a en son centre avant, un fronton soutenu par quatre colonnes ioniques. La maison est construite en briques de Woolpit, avec des ornements en pierre de Coade. Les principaux espaces de vie se trouvaient à l'origine dans le bloc central tandis que les ailes contenaient des bureaux, la cuisine, les garde-manger, la buanderie et une brasserie . Une rénovation du  a ajouté des liaisons à une seule baie de deux étages aux ailes et au grenier .

À l'intérieur, le bâtiment contient encore les cheminées d'origine de style Adam et les plafonds décorés de feuilles d'or . Le modeste escalier a une balustrade en chèvrefeuille en fer forgé.

Les appartements contiennent une collection de peintures d'artistes anciens et modernes. La salle de musique a été transformée en bibliothèque.

Situé à l'origine dans un parc boisé de 400 acres s'étendant jusqu'à la rivière Orwell, il est en face d'Orwell Park  et contenait un troupeau de daims. La façade incurvée offre une vue sur le fleuve et la rive Nacton.

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade I dans le Suffolk

Woolverstone Hall


Os Wildings foram uma série de selos definitivos de postagem e receita com o retrato fotográfico Dorothy Wilding da Rainha Elizabeth II que foram usados entre 1952 e 1971. Os Wildings foram os primeiros e únicos selos britânicos a apresentar linhas de grafite na parte traseira, e os primeiros a apresentar bandas de fósforo no rosto – ambos auxiliam na automação. Os selos também foram os primeiros selos pictóricos britânicos de alto valor e os primeiros a incluir emblemas regionais.

História
Os selos reproduziram um retrato da Rainha Elizabeth II tirado durante uma sessão fotográfica em 26 de fevereiro de 1952 por Dorothy Wilding, que trabalhava na Corte Real desde 1937. Setenta e cinco desenhos foram considerados para enquadrar o retrato e cinco desenhos básicos de Edmund Dulac, Enid Marx, Mary Adshead, Michael Farrar-Bell e George Knipe foram selecionados.  Quatro flores simbólicas de cada país do Reino Unido também foram retratadas, imitando um dos desenhos definitivos do reinado do rei Jorge VI.

A fotografia de Dorothy Wilding mostra a Rainha vestindo o Diadema de Estado de Jorge IV na década de 1820, que foi projetado para ser usado fora de um Cap of Maintenance. Este diadema também foi usado pela Rainha Vitória em selos como o Penny Black. A fotografia original foi retocada para trazer o diadema mais adiante na cabeça da Rainha.

A substituição dos Wildings foi iniciada pelos designers de selos Michael Goaman e Faith Jacques. Em uma carta enviada aos Correios em abril de 1961, eles expressaram a dificuldade de incluir o grande retrato de Wilding em seus desenhos para selos comemorativos e o fato de que a Rainha estava meio voltada para o espectador também foi considerado insatisfatório. Eles propuseram uma imagem que representaria a monarquia mais do que a pessoa da rainha. Em 1963, comparando o retrato de Wilding com o desenho proposto por Jacques, o Comitê Consultivo de Selos reconheceu a necessidade de um substituto e em 1967 os selos foram substituídos pela cabeça de Machin, embora o projeto continuasse a ser usado para questões regionais até a decimalização em 1971.

Valores

Dezoito valores – em incrementos de 1⁄2d até 3d, incrementos 1d (mais 41⁄2+d) até 1s, 1s 3d e 1s 6d – foram emitidos a partir do 11⁄2+d e 21⁄2+d em 5 de dezembro de 1952. Todos foram impressos em fotogravura por Harrison e todos foram perfurados 15 (mais precisamente 143⁄4+), × 14. Foram utilizadas três marcas d'água separadas:

 Tudor crown + E2R (1952 a 1954)
 St Edward's Crown + E2R (1955 a 1958)
 St Edward's Crown (em 1958)

Por brevidade, são conhecidas como 'Tudor Crown', 'St. Edward's Crown' e 'Crowns' (ou 'Múltiplas coroas'), respectivamente. A marca d'água da coroa de Tudor foi substituída porque o rolo dandy foi usado, e a marca d'água da Coroa de St. Edward foi substituída por causa da introdução de questões regionais escocesas e sensibilidades percebidas como Elizabeth é a primeira Elizabeth a governar a Escócia não a segunda.

Assim como a marca d'água vertical normal – em valores de até e incluindo 4d – os selos também são encontrados com marcas d'água invertidas, laterais e laterais invertidas de folhetos e bobinas.

O papel creme original foi alterado para branco a partir de abril de 1962, resultando em duas variantes dos selos de marca d'água "coroas". O 6d também é às vezes encontrado em papel ligeiramente rosado.

Vários dos valores são encontrados em uma variedade de tons, sendo o mais óbvio um marrom vermelho e um marrom vermelho escuro para o 2d e dois azuis distintos para o 4d. Há também duas mortes distintas do 21⁄2+d vermelho, facilmente distinguido pelo delineamento da joia central na coroa da Rainha.

Inovação Técnica
O Automatic Letter Facing (ALF) foi introduzido experimentalmente em 1957, de modo a orientar automaticamente envelopes para postagem. O sistema original usava linhas de grafite na parte de trás do selo. Isso foi posteriormente substituído por um sistema baseado na detecção de bandas de fósforo na face do selo após um estágio intermediário de linhas de fósforo e grafite. As primeiras linhas de fósforo eram 'verdes'. Por razões técnicas, o fósforo 'verde' foi substituído por fosforo 'azul' (1961) e, finalmente, fosforo 'violeta' (1965). A característica distintiva significativa é o tempo de brilho posterior – 'azul' 20 seg., 'verde' 10 seg., 'violeta' 5 seg. – em vez da cor como tal.

Valores

Em 1955 foram introduzidos quatro grandes valores elevados – Castelos – projetados por L. Lamb. Estes foram os primeiros verdadeiros pictóricos britânicos – desenhos anteriores, por exemplo, a edição da Coroação de 1953, tinham todos os desenhos simbólicos – e mostravam a cabeça selvagem mais um castelo. Os quatro foram:

 2s 6d - Carrickfergus Castle
 5s — Caernarvon Castle
 10s — Edinburgh Castle
 £1 - Windsor Castle

Todos os selos foram impressos em um intervalo impresso em uma variedade de papéis. Três impressoras separadas, Waterlow (até 1957), De La Rue (em 1958) e Bradbury Wilkinson (em 1963), foram usadas. Duas marcas d'água - St. Edward's Crown e Crowns foram usadas. Todos os selos foram perfurados 11 × 12 (mais precisamente 113⁄4+).

Questões regionais

Questões regionais (também conhecidas como Country Definitives), para a Irlanda do Norte, Escócia, País de Gales, Guernsey, Jersey e a Ilha de Man, foram introduzidas pela primeira vez em 1958. Embora a cabeça Wilding fosse comum a todos os selos, os quadros diferem na medida em que incorporavam símbolos regionais, como o cardo escocês ou o dragão galês. Os selos permaneceram em uso por mais tempo do que os Wildings nacionais. Os selos Guernsey e Jersey foram retirados em 1969, quando essas ilhas se tornaram postalmente independentes; os outros na decimalização. Devido a essa vida prolongada, as questões posteriores não tinham marca d'água – espelhando os Machins. Caso contrário, detalhes técnicos são para as questões nacionais de Wilding.

Desmonetizar
Após a introdução, em 1971, da moeda decimal, todos os selos postais com valores de pré-dizimação foram desmonetizados a partir de 1 de março de 1972. Isso incluiu todas as questões que mostram o design Wilding, exceto que os selos de £1 da série de alto valor de 1952 permaneceram válidos.

Outros
Além de seu uso no Reino Unido, valores baixos e altos foram super impressos para uso no norte da África (Agências marrocos, tânger) e no Oriente Médio (Bahrein, Kuwait, Mascate, Catar).

Comemoração
Em 1998, um livreto comemorativo foi produzido pelos Correios britânicos contendo novos selos Wilding em moeda decimal, e em 2002 e 2003 folhas em miniatura foram emitidas cada uma contendo selos no estilo Wilding. A folha em miniatura comemorativa de definitivos emitida pelo Royal Mail para o Jubileu de Diamante de Isabel II de 2012 incluiu um selo com fotografia de Dorothy Wilding baseado no projeto de 1952 de Edmund Dulac.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Breve História de Dorothy Wilding

Isabel II do Reino Unido
Selos postais

Série Wilding