Prietenia (The Bonding) este cel de-al cincilea episod al celui de-al treilea sezon al serialului științifico-fantastic "Star Trek: Generația următoare", cel de-al 53-lea episod, difuzat pentru prima dată pe 23 octombrie 1989.

Povestea

În timp ce investighează o planetă ocupată odată de Koinonians, șeful securității Worf și membri ai echipei Enterprise declanșează o mină antică. Sunt transportați la infirmerie, dar locotenentul Marla Aster este declarată moartă. În timp ce căpitanul Picard transmite vestea despre moartea Marlei fiului ei, Jeremy, Wesley Crusher discută cu comandantul Riker despre cum Picard i-a anunțat despre moartea tatălui său mamei sale și lui însuși. Worf își exprimă dorința de a face R'uustai, un ritual klingonian împreună cu Jeremy, deoarece sunt ambii orfani și crede că îl poate ajuta pe băiat să se recupereze din punct de vedere emoțional, dar Jeremy îl învinovățește pe Worf pentru moartea mamei sale.

Echipajul investighează planeta, descoperind minele care au fost recent descoperite și expuse. Observă un fascicul de particule încărcate provenind de la suprafața îndreptată spre Enterprise, în timp ce consilierul Troi simte o nouă prezență de pe planetă. În camera lui Jeremy, apare o manifestare fizică a Marlei, explicând că echipajul a considerat-o în mod eronat moartă și că dorește ca Jeremy să trăiască pe planetă. Troi și echipa de securitate îi urmărește pe cei doi împiedicând-o pe "Marla" să utilizeze transportatorul pentru a reveni pe planetă. Se întorc în camera lui Jeremy, care are aspectul casei lui Asters de pe Pământ. Inginerul șef La Forge aranjează scuturile pentru a opri fasciculul de particule, cauzând dispariția lui "Marlei", iar camera revine la normal.

Un filament se ridică de pe planetă, lovind Enterprise și întrerupând scuturile; "Marla" apare și îl ia pe Jeremy, intenționând să meargă în camera transportatoare. Picard o închide pe "Marla" cu ajutorul unor câmpuri de forță și vorbește cu ea. "Marla" explică faptul că este una dintre cele două rase care o dată locuiau pe planetă; specia ei, făcută din energie, a supravegheat celelalte specii fizice care s-au eliminat în timpul războaielor, iar poporul ei dorește să împiedice mai multă suferință provocată de rămășițele războiului, oferindu-i astfel lui Jeremy iluzia că mama lui este încă în viață. Picard și Troi subliniază că modul de a face față morții face parte din condiția umană. Wesley îi explică lui Jeremy cum a făcut el atunci când a aflat că tatăl său a murit. Jeremy își exprimă ura față de Worf, dar Troi îi explică faptul că ambii sunt orfani, în timp ce Worf constată că a fost ajutat de oameni după ce și-a pierdut părinții. Jeremy decide să meargă cu Worf. Realizând că Jeremy va fi în regulă, iluzia "Marla" dispare și prezența străină nu mai există.

Mai târziu, Worf și Jeremy îndeplinesc ritualul R'uustai.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1989 în științifico-fantastic

Episoade din Star Trek: Generația următoare
Episoade de televiziune din 1989
1989 în științifico-fantastic

Prietenia (Star Trek: Generația următoare)


Kisumu ( ) is the third-largest city in Kenya after the capital, Nairobi, and Mombasa. It is the second-largest city after Kampala in the Lake Victoria Basin. The city has a population of slightly over 600,000. The metro region, including Maseno and Ahero has a population of  1,155,574 people (560,942 males, 594,609 females and 23 intersex) according to the 2019 Kenya Population and Housing census which was conducted by the Kenya national Bureau of Statistics.

Apart from being an important political city, it is one of the premier industrial and commercial centres in Kenya. It is also an intellectual city with many PhDs per capita. The city is currently undergoing an urban rejuvenation of the downtown and lower town which includes modernizing the lake front, decongesting main streets, and making the streets pedestrian-friendly.

Culturally, Kisumu serves as the centre of the Luo people of East Africa. It was the most prominent urban centre in the pre-colonial, post-colonial, and modern eras for natives of the Kavirondo region. It was briefly renamed Port Florence, before its name was reverted back.

The city serves as the capital of Kisumu County and was the immediate former capital of now-defunct Nyanza Province.
It is an important link in the trade route between Lake Victoria and Mombasa because of its water and rail connections. It is also the chief terminus for the agricultural produce of Nyanza and Western regions. Kisumu International Airport has regular flights to Nairobi and other neighbouring cities such as Mombasa.  According to the United Nations, Kisumu is now recognized as a key city and a "Millennium City" – the first of its kind in the world and also in East Africa.

Its elevation is  above sea level. Kisumu is about  northwest of Nairobi and is located on the shores of Lake Victoria. It lies at the northeastern edge of the Winam Gulf, a long, shallow arm that protrudes from the main body of Lake Victoria. Kisumu is  south of the equator and has, due to its elevation, moderate temperatures.

The metropolitan region comprises the city and its suburbs and satellite towns of Maseno, Kondele, and Ahero.

Etymology
When Europeans first settled in the area in the late 19th century, Kisumu became a trading post – attracting Luo people from as far as Migori and Siaya County. The Kisumu region was then occupied by the Luo community. A person going to Kisumu at that time would say, "Adhi Kisuma" to mean I'm going to trade. Derived from the word "Kisuma", the word for a trading post in Luo is "Kisumo", and in Nandi, "Kesumett". The current name Kisumu is an English corruption of the word "Kisumo" or "Kesumett".

An opposing theory states that Kisumu acquired its name from 'Kusuma', the Maragoli word for 'trading'. Because, before Luo arrived in the area, the Maragoli were already trading with other people in the area like the Nandi and the Maasai. Some Luo words were acquired from the Maragoli.

History

Kisumu city is believed to be one of the oldest settlements in Kenya. Historical records indicate that Kisumu was dominated by diverse communities at different times long before Europeans
arrived. The people from the Nandi, Kalenjin, Kisii, Maasai, Luo and Luhya communities converged at the tip of Lake Victoria and called the place "sumo" which literally means a place of barter trade. Each community called it different names, for instance:
 The Luo called it "Kisumo" meaning "a place to look for food" such that the Luo would say "I am going Kisuma" to mean "I am going to look for food".
 The Abaluhya called it "Abhasuma" which means "a place to borrow food", such that the Luhya would say "I am going Khusuma" to mean "I am going to borrow food".
 The Abagusii called it "egesumu" meaning "a structure for keeping/rearing chicken". It is believed the Abagusii were in Kisumu but found Kisumu was not good for crop husbandry and agriculture.
 The Nandi called it "Kisumett" which means a place where food was found during times of scarcity and exchange, which cannot be attacked by Nandi and Terik irrespective of any issue.
Industries are centred on processing agricultural products, brewing, and textile manufacturing. Asians once constituted more than one-fourth of the population, but declined after independence in 1963.

Kisumu was identified by the British explorers in early 1898 as an alternative railway terminus and port for the Uganda Railway, then under construction. It was to replace Port Victoria, then an important centre on the caravan trade route, near the delta of the Nzoia River. Kisumu was ideally located on the shores of Lake Victoria at the cusp of the Winam Gulf, at the end of the caravan trail from Pemba, Mombasa, Malindi and had the potential for connection to the whole of the Lake region by steamers. In July 1899, the first skeleton plan for Kisumu was prepared. This included landing places and wharves along the northern lakeshore, near the present-day Airport Road. Demarcations for government buildings and retail shops were also included in the plan.

Another plan was later prepared in May 1900, when plots were allocated to a few European firms as well as to Indian traders who had travelled to Kisumu on contracts to build the Uganda Railway and had decided to settle at the expanding terminus. A later plan included a flying boat jetty (now used by the Fisheries Department). In October 1900, the 62-ton ship SS William Mackinnon was reassembled and registered in Kisumu, and made its maiden voyage to Entebbe, marking the beginning of the Lake Marine Services. The SS Winifred (1901) and the SS Sybil (1901) were later added to the fleet in 1902 and 1904, respectively. On Friday, 20 December 1901, the railway line reached the Kisumu pier, adopting a new name, Port Florence.

By February 1903, the railway line had been opened for goods and passenger transportation. Kisumu was also privileged to host the first flight in Kenya; the current police workshop was the first hangar in Kenya. Before the jet airline era, the city was a landing point on the British flying boat passenger and mail route from Southampton to Cape Town. Kisumu also linked Port Bell to Nairobi.
In the meantime, it was realised that the site originally chosen for the township north of the Nyanza Gulf was unsuitable for the town's expansion, due to its flat topography and poor soils. An alternative site was therefore identified and the town's location moved to the ridge on the southern shore of the Gulf, where the town is today. Consequently, another plan was prepared in 1902, which provided the basic layout of the new town on the southern ridge. This was followed by the construction of a number of government buildings, notably the former Provincial Commissioner's Office (now State Lodge) and the Old Prison (now earmarked for the construction of an Anglican cathedral).

In 1903, the township boundaries were gazetted and some , including water, set aside for its development. The new township reverted to its original name, Kisumu, in substitution for Port Florence. At this time, there was an 'Old Kisumu' that consisted of two rows of stalls (Dukas) on Mumias Road, north of the Gulf. It was demolished in the twenties when new plots became available on Odera and Ogada Streets in the present-day Kisumu, hence the new area acquired the name 'New Bazaar'. Winston Churchill visited Kisumu in 1907.

By the 1930s and 40s, the city had become a leading centre for commerce, administrative and military installations. In the 1960s the population of Asians in relation to locals was significantly higher. The town was elevated to the status of a municipal board in 1940 and later to a municipal council in 1960. In the early sixties, very little development took place in Kisumu, with an acute shortage in housing, shops and offices. The situation was made worse by the influx of locals into the town following the declaration of independence in 1963.

The city's growth and prosperity slowed down temporarily in 1977, as a result of the collapse of the East African Community. However, the city spurred with the reformation of the community in 1996 and with its designation as a "city". The port has been stimulated by the transformation of international business and trade, as well as the shipments of goods destined for Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Currently, Kisumu is one of the fastest-growing cities in Kenya. It is thriving with the sugar and rice irrigation industries, whose contribution to the national economy is immense due to its natural resources and as the epicentre for business in Kenya.

Culture and languages

English is one of two official languages of Kenya, the other being Kiswahili. Most people in Kisumu are trilingual and are also fluent in Dholuo, the local language of the Luo, Kenya's fourth-largest ethnic group, to which 90% of Kisumu residents belong. Due to its growth since the advent of devolution, there has been a recent increase in other local ethnic groups within the city.

Climate
Kisumu features a tropical rainforest climate with no true dry season and significant rainfall year-round. January is the driest month while the month of April receives the most rainfall. The average temperature is 22.9 °Celsius.

Agriculture
Kisumu has highly fertile land and variations in temperature and rainfall with two rainy seasons per year across the region provide a suitable environment for a broad range of agricultural crops. The Kisumu region has approximately 1.6 million hectares of agricultural land. However, it is estimated that only 58 percent of the land is currently used. The majority of farming in the lake basin region is subsistence agriculture, leading to relatively low production volumes. Current crop yields are considered to be significantly lower than the potential afforded by soil and climate conditions. Current low land utilisation and yields are driven by the lack of guaranteed markets and associated support services. Like agriculture, livestock farming is currently performed primarily on a subsistence basis. Cattle are predominantly indigenous breeds with lower milk output than grade cattle.

Aquaculture
The Kenyan part of Lake Victoria covers approximately 400000 hectares (4,100 square kilometres), with  of lake shoreline; most of this shoreline is under-used.

Points of interest

Attractions in the city include Kibuye Market, Oile Market, the Kisumu Museum, an impala sanctuary, a bird sanctuary, Hippo Point, shopping malls and the nearby Kit Mikaye and Ndere Island National Park. Although Kisumu has modernized over the years, it still maintains an old town feel, especially on the outskirts, and the culture is still very ingrained.

Town Clock
On the main street of Kisumu city, Oginga Odinga Road, a tall town clock stands in the middle of the road. It was unveiled on 19 August 1938 by the then Governor of Kenya Sir Robert Brooke-Popham. The town clock was built in memory of Kassim Lakha, who arrived in East Africa in 1871 and died in Kampala in 1910. It was erected by his sons Mohamed, Alibhai, Hassan and Rahimtulla Kassim, as the inscription on the Town Clock reads.

Kisumu Museum
Kisumu Museum, established in 1980, has a series of outdoor pavilions laid out in a formation similar to that of a Luo homestead. Some of the pavilions contain live animals. For example, one pavilion contains numerous aquaria with a wide variety of fish from Lake Victoria, along with explanatory posters. Another pavilion contains a terrarium containing mambas, spitting cobras, puff adders and other venomous Kenyan snakes. Outside, the museum has a few additional exhibits, including a snake pit and a crocodile container.

Other pavilions show weaponry, jewellery, farm tools and other artefacts of the various peoples of Nyanza Province. Additionally, there are exhibits of stuffed animals, birds and fish. One pavilion houses the prehistoric TARA rock art, which was removed for its own protection to the museum after it was defaced by graffiti in its original location.

The museum's most important and largest exhibition is the UNESCO-sponsored Ber-gi-dala. This is a full-scale recreation of a traditional Luo homestead. Ber-gi-dala consists of the home, granaries and livestock corrals of an imaginary Luo man as well as the homes of each of his three wives and his eldest son. Through signs and taped programs in both Luo and English, the exhibition also explains the origins of the Luo people, their migration to western Kenya, traditional healing plants, and the process of establishing a new home.

Dunga Beach and Wetland
Dunga Beach and Wetland is known for its biodiversity and its cultural rich and diverse papyrus wetland ecosystem and local community respectively. Ecofinder Kenya has established Dunga Wetland Pedagogical Centre at Dunga Beach, a grass-roots led intervention whose cardinal goal is the empowerment of the Dunga Wetland community and improvement of the livelihood security of its people. Therefore, some of the main focuses in the centre are promoting eco-cultural tourism and facilitating the conservation of the Dunga Papyrus Wetland Ecosystem.

Kisumu Impala Sanctuary
Kisumu is the location of the Kisumu Impala Sanctuary. During British rule, the Impala Park sanctuary was called Connaught Parade. Measuring just , the sanctuary is one of Kenya's smallest wildlife preserves. As its name suggests, it is home to a herd of impala, some hippos, and many reptiles and birds. Additionally, several baboons (monkeys) and leopards who faced difficulties in the wild are housed in cages. Over 115 different species of birds live there.

Hippo Point
Hippo Point is a  viewing area on Lake Victoria. Despite its name, it is better known as a viewing point for its unobstructed sunsets over the lake than for its occasional hippos. Hippo Point is located near the village of Dunga, a few kilometres southwest of the city. The village also has a fishing port and a camping site.

Kit Mikayi
Kit Mikayi, a large rock with three rocks on top, is located off Kisumu Bondo Road towards Bondo. Kit-mikayi means "Stones of the first wife" or "First Wife Rocks" in Dholuo, the Luo language. It is a weeping rock; it is believed that Mikayi (literally, "the first wife") went up the hill to the stones when her husband took a second wife and has been weeping ever since. It has become a local pilgrimage site for adherents of the Legio Maria sect who, come to the rock to pray and fast for several weeks at a time.

Kit Mikayi is also the home to Barrack Gumba--a renowned Reproductive health expert and Youth advocate.

Ndere Island

Ndere Island is a small island  in the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria.  It was gazetted as the Ndere Island National Reserve in November 1986 and has since been uninhabited. It has sweeping views over the lake in a much more serene and tranquil environment than the mainland.

Sport
Moi Stadium plays home to various teams such as the Kisumu All Stars and Kisumu Telkom FC.
Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, the governor and father of Hollywood star Lupita Nyong'o, announced that the county will build a brand new stadium. At the same time, the country's current government has plans to build a national stadium. As of 2018, neither plan has materialized.

Kisumu is represented in the nationwide rugby league by Kisumu RFC. The city is also host to a leg of the national rugby sevens circuit, one of only six city hosts. The Kisumu leg is referred to as the Dala sevens and the annual tournament attracts thousands of fans from across the country.

Kisumu is represented in the Kenya Basketball Federation League by Kisumu Lakeside which plays its home games at Jomo Kenyatta Sports Grounds.

Transport

Air

Before the jet airline era, Kisumu was a landing point on the British flying boat passenger and mail route from Southampton to Cape Town. Kisumu linked Port Bell and Nairobi.

Kisumu is served by Kisumu International Airport which has international status, with regular daily flights to Nairobi and Mombasa. Expansion of the airport cargo facility after completion of the passenger terminals is currently going on in anticipation of increased trade brought about by the recreated East African Community of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

Water

Lake Victoria ferries have operated from the port linking the railway to Mwanza and Bukoba in Tanzania, and to Entebbe, Port Bell, and Jinja in Uganda. The first steamships built in Kisumu in 1905 were the SS Sybilla and the SS Nyanza.

Rail
The Uganda Railway from the port of Mombasa reached Kisumu in 1901.
Until 2013 passenger trains operate between Nairobi and Kisumu using the revamped meter gauge rail run by the defunct Rift Valley Railways.
A standard gauge railway from Nairobi to Naivasha was opened up to Suswa in 2019. A second section of  should have brought the standard gauge to Kisumu, a new station and a port on Lake Victoria being planned. The plans not materialising due to lack of funding, a project to rebuild the metre gauge line from the Ugandan capital Kampala to the frontier and onwards to the existing Kenyan metre gauge railway past Kisumu found funding from the African Development Bank in 2022.

Road
Former president Mwai Kibaki launched a Ksh. 6.8 billion road project for a major overhaul of Kisumu's road network on 24 July 2009.
The city is connected to the cities of Nakuru, Nairobi and Mombasa via the A104 highway and to the city of Eldoret via the B1 highway.
A  Lake Victoria ring road along the shores of the lake is currently under construction and will pass by the city.

Rail and air accidents
During World War II, three aircraft operated by the South African Air Force crashed into Lake Victoria soon after take-off from Kisumu Airport. The first, a Lockheed Lodestar aircraft number "K"-248 (ex ZS-ATK) carrying a senior South African military officer, Major General Dan Pienaar, crashed on 19 December 1942, killing all 12 persons on board. The other two crashes involved Douglas C-47 planes; the first on 11 May 1945 (one fatality) and the second exactly three months later, on 11 July 1945 (28 fatalities). The bodies from the two earlier accidents were repatriated to South Africa, those from the third accident are buried in the Kisumu war-graves cemetery. The cause of the accidents is currently thought to have been the katabatic wind condition which often affects Kisumu in the early morning.

Two serious railway accidents occurred near Kisumu in the 2000s.

The first took place outside Kisumu on 15 August 2000. The brakes on the train failed, causing it to roll. Thirteen people were killed and 37 received injuries. The second took place on the morning of 16 October 2005, when a matatu (taxi minibus) was struck by a passenger train. Six people died and 23 more were injured.

After that there have been accidents in its major towns with notable black spots: Ojola/Kisian, Kisat bridge, Ahero, Sondu, Awasi just to mention a few.

Education

Primary education
Kisumu has a variety of schools to choose from, both public and private, including:
 Aga Khan Primary School, a well-known private primary school within the city.
Obwolo Primary School is a public co-educational day primary school located in Kajulu ward, Winam Division.

Higher education
Kisumu is home to many universities and colleges:

Maseno University
 Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST)
Great Lakes University
University of Nairobi-Kisumu Campus
Catholic University of East Africa-Kisumu Campus
Mount Kenya University
Ramogi Institute of Advanced Technology (RIAT)
Tom Mboya Labour College
Kenya Institute of management,kisumu campus
DALC Education Kisumu Campus
Amani Counselling Centre and Training Institute Kisumu
Nairobi Aviation College, Kisumu Branch
Intraglobal Training Institute, Kisumu
International School of Medicine and Technology
Foundation Institute of Africa
African Institute of Research and Development Studies, Kisumu City Campus
KCA University-Kisumu campus
Kisumu Industrial Training Centre
Western College of Hospitality and Professional Studies
Kisumu Polytechnic
International School of Medicine and Applied Technology
Kenya College of Accountancy
Lake Institute of Tropical Medicine
X-elle School of Hair Design & Beauty
La-Von School of Hair and Beauty
Sigotop Career Development College
Ivory Tower Institute
Elros Investments Mamboleo

Places of worship

Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kisumu (Catholic Church),Jesus celebration centre(JCC international) Anglican Church of Kenya (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Church of East Africa (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Convention of Kenya (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God. There are also Muslim mosques and a Hindu temple.

In popular culture
 The book "Kisumu" by Okang'a Ooko tells the story of the musicians of Kisumu (2018).
 Some of the events in the 2017 story "Consummation in Mombasa" (by Andrei Gusev) take place in Kisumu. The plot describes the Catholic wedding of the main characters (Russian writer Andy and Jennifer) in Mombasa and their trip to Kisumu, where Jennifer was born.
 The song "Kisumu" (by Zack Okello) talks about how Kisumu is growing (2015).

Notable natives and residents
The term used to refer to a native of Kisumu is jakisumo (plural, jokisumo). Notable jokisumo include
 Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, politician, the first Vice-President of Kenya
 Raila Odinga, politician, son of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, Kenya's former prime minister
 Robert Ouko, politician and son of Kisumu Nyahera who was abducted from his Koru, Kenya home. His charred body was found later.
 Nicholas Otieno, Pan Africanist, businessman, politician, philanthropist, artist and son of Joseph Otieno Mundhe, credited for a major role in the economic and cultural revolution that has brought tremendous wealth and stability to East-Central Africa.
 Barack Obama Sr.; Kisumu is not far from Kogelo, a village known for being the hometown of, the father to the Barack Obama.

Sister cities

The city has "Friendship" status with Cheltenham, in the United Kingdom.

Kisumu's sister cities are Roanoke, Virginia and Boulder, Colorado, in the United States.

Gallery

References

External links

Boulder Kisumu Sister City Committee

Kisumu County
Populated places in Nyanza Province
County capitals in Kenya
Provincial capitals in Kenya
Populated places on Lake Victoria
Ports and harbours of Kenya

Kisumu


Lodalskåpa er et bjerg på grænsen mellem Stryn og Luster kommuner i Vestland fylke i Norge. Det er en nunatak på Jostedalsbræen, og har en højde på  meter over havet. Lodalskåpa er Breheimens næst højeste top efter Tverrådalskyrkja, og er det højeste punkt i Stryn. Lodalskåpa og Brenibba er de to eneste fjelde over  meter på Jostedalsbreen.

Den almindeligste  rute til bjerget er fra Bødalssetra i Bødalen på vestsiden af Jostedalsbreen. inderst i Bødalen ved sydenden af Lovatnet ved Loen.  I 1844 besteg Gabriel Rustøy Lodalskåpa, men første bestigning kan være sket allerede i 1820 af Gottfried Bohr (usikkert).

Kilder og henvisninger

 Beskrivelse af Lodalskåpa på peakbook.org

Luster
Stryn

Bjerge i Vestland

Lodalskåpa


معروف قرية تونسية تقع في الوسلاتية بولاية القيروان، جنوب شرقي مدينة برقو.

قرى ولاية القيروان

معروف (قرية)


Manfred Hagen (* 2. April 1934 in Dresden) ist ein deutscher Historiker.

Leben
Hagen absolvierte ein Studium der Geschichtswissenschaft in Halle und Göttingen, das er 1959 mit dem 1. Staatsexamen abschloss. Danach trat er als Referendar in den Schuldienst ein. 1961 folgte das zweite Staatsexamen, und im darauf folgenden Jahr wurde Hagen in Göttingen mit einer Studie über "Das Nationalitätenproblem Russlands in der 3. Duma von 1907 bis 1911" zum Dr. phil. promoviert. Fast zehn Jahre lang blieb Hagen im Schuldienst, ehe er 1968 als Hochschullehrer an die Georg-August-Universität Göttingen wechselte. 1980 habilitierte sich Hagen mit einer Studie zur "Entfaltung der politischen Öffentlichkeit in Russland". Bis zu seinem Ruhestand lehrte er in Göttingen als Professor für Neuere und Russische Geschichte.

Zu Hagens Forschungsschwerpunkten zählt die Russische Geschichte, vor allem in der Zeit vor der Herrschaft der Bolschewiki und Deutschland nach 1945, daneben beteiligte er sich an verschiedenen Versuchen zur Schul- und Hochschulreform und arbeitete an der Edition von Filmquelleneditionen in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film in Göttingen.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Das Nationalitätenproblem Rußlands in den Verhandlungen der 3. Duma 1907 bis 1911. Dissertation. Göttingen 1964
 Die Entfaltung politischer Öffentlichkeit in Russland. 1906–1914. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1982, ISBN 3-515-03600-8
 DDR: Juni '53. Die erste Volkserhebung im Stalinismus. Steiner, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-515-06007-3
 mit Joachim Wendorf: Film-, Foto- und Tonquellen zum 17. Juni 1953 in Berlin. IWF, Göttingen 1992, ISBN 3-88222-047-3
 "Wir sind doch nicht geschlagen?!" Erste Reaktionen der SED-Führung auf die Volkserhebung 1953. Hannah-Arendt-Institut, Dresden 1993, ISBN 3-929048-61-2 (28 S., Reihe: Vorträge aus dem HAIT)
 mit Sergej Drobaschenko: Sowjetische Filmpropaganda zur Westexpansion der UdSSR 1939–1940. Ausgewählte Berichte der Staatswochenschau "Sojuskinoschurnal". Begleitpublikation zur gleichnamigen Filmedition G 258–G 260. Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film, Göttingen 1999, ISBN 3-88222-077-5
 mit Susanna Vida: Mit der Amateurkamera hinter der Front. Privataufnahmen des Rittmeisters Harald von Vietinghoff-Riesch 1938–1942. Begleitpublikation zur gleichnamigen Filmedition G 242. Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film, Göttingen 1999, ISBN 3-88222-076-7
 Die russische Freiheit. Wege in ein paradoxes Thema. Steiner, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-515-07902-5

Weblinks

Neuzeithistoriker
Osteuropahistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen)
Mitglied der Baltischen Historischen Kommission
Deutscher
Geboren 1934
Mann

Manfred Hagen


Tornimparte ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz L'Aquila in den Abruzzen. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 10 Kilometer südwestlich von L'Aquila und ist Teil der Comunità montana Amiternina. Tornimparte grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Rieti. Der Verwaltungssitz befindet sich im Ortsteil Villagrande.

Geschichte
Der Name der Gemeinde, die vermutlich bereits in der vorchristlichen Zeit durch Sabiner bewohnt war, soll vom lateinischen Turres in Partibus stammen.

Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führt die Autostrada A24 von L'Aquila nach Rom.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in den Abruzzen

Tornimparte


The San Gabriel Valley (), often referred to by its initials as SGV, is one of the principal valleys of Southern California, lying immediately to the east of the eastern limits of the city of Los Angeles and occupying the vast majority of the southeastern part of Los Angeles County. Surrounding landforms and other features include the following:

 the San Gabriel Mountains to the north;
 the San Rafael Hills to the west, with the Los Angeles Basin beyond;
 the Crescenta Valley to the northwest;
 the Puente Hills to the south, with the coastal plain of Orange County beyond;
 the Chino Hills and San Jose Hills to the east, with the Pomona Valley and Inland Empire beyond; and
 the city limits of Los Angeles, bordering its western edge.

The San Gabriel Valley derives its name from the San Gabriel River that flows southward through the center of the valley, which itself was named for the Spanish Mission San Gabriel Arcángel originally built in the Whittier Narrows in 1771.

Once predominantly agricultural, the San Gabriel Valley today is almost entirely urbanized and is an integral part of the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. It is one of the most ethnically diverse regions in the country. Covering about  in area, the valley includes 31 cities and five unincorporated communities. It is located entirely within Los Angeles County.

Pasadena is the largest city in the San Gabriel Valley. Pasadena was incorporated in 1886, making it the fourth city incorporated in Los Angeles County, California, following Los Angeles, Santa Ana, and Anaheim (Santa Ana and Anaheim are both now located in Orange County, which broke off in 1889). More recently, statewide droughts in California have further strained the San Gabriel Valley's and Los Angeles County's water security.

Cities and communities

The incorporated cities and unincorporated neighborhoods of the San Gabriel Valley include:

 Altadena
 Alhambra
 Arcadia
 Avocado Heights
 Azusa
 Baldwin Park
 Bassett
 Bradbury
 Charter Oak
 Citrus
 City of Industry
 Covina
 Diamond Bar
 Duarte
 East Pasadena
 El Monte
 Glendora
 Hacienda Heights
 Hillgrove
 Irwindale
 La Puente
 Los Angeles (El Sereno)
 Mayflower Village
 Monrovia
 Monterey Park
 North El Monte
 Pasadena
 Pomona
 Ramona
 Rosemead
 Rowland Heights
 Rose Hills
 San Dimas
 San Gabriel
 San Marino
 San Pasqual
 Sierra Madre
 South El Monte
 South Pasadena
 South San Gabriel
 South San Jose Hills
 Temple City
 Valinda
 Vincent
 Walnut
 West Covina
 West Puente Valley

Whittier, like Montebello, is considered a part of the Gateway Cities region. An unincorporated portion of Whittier, Rose Hills, sits below the Puente Hills. While Montebello is considered to be part of the Gateway Cities region, the northern portion of Montebello is part of the San Gabriel Valley.

Claremont, Diamond Bar, La Verne, Pomona, San Dimas and Walnut are adjacent to the San Gabriel Valley, and though they are properly considered part of the Pomona Valley, they are also commonly considered part of the San Gabriel Valley. The 57 Freeway (Orange Freeway) is generally considered the dividing line between the Pomona and San Gabriel valleys. However, for statistical and economic development purposes, the County of Los Angeles generally includes these six cities as part of the San Gabriel Valley.  The community of El Sereno, in the city of Los Angeles, is situated at the westernmost edge of the Valley. Unofficial estimates place the combined population of the San Gabriel Valley at around 2 million—roughly a fifth of the population of Los Angeles County.

Early history
Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the land along the Rio Hondo River, a branch of the San Gabriel River, was populated by the Tongva people. The Tongva occupied much of the Los Angeles basin and the islands of Santa Catalina, San Nicolas, San Clemente and Santa Barbara. In the northern part of the valley were the Hahanog-na Indian tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation (part of the Shoshone language group) who lived in villages scattered along the Arroyo Seco and the canyons from the mountains down to the South Pasadena area. In 1542, when the explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo arrived off the shores of San Pedro and Santa Catalina. The Tongva were the people who rowed the remarkable Ti'ats (plank canoes) out to meet Cabrilho. The language of the Tongva was different from the neighboring Indian tribes and it was called Gabrielino by the Spanish. The Tongva also provide the origin of many current names; Piwongna – Pomona, Cucomog-na – Cucamonga. The Gabrielinos lived in dome-like structures with thatched exteriors. Both sexes wore long hair styles and tattooed their bodies.  During warm weather the men wore little clothing, but the women would wear minimal skirts made of animal hides. During the cold weather they would wear animal skin capes. European diseases killed many of the Tongva and by 1870 the area had few remaining native inhabitants. Today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area.

The first Europeans to see inland areas of California were the members of the 1769 Portolà expedition, which traveled north by land after establishing the first Spanish settlement in today's state of California at San Diego. On July 30, the expedition crossed the San Gabriel River and continued north toward what is now the city of Los Angeles. To cross the river, the expedition built a rough bridge, which gave the name La Puente to today's San Gabriel Valley city, and hills to the south are called the Puente Hills. A few years later, a mission was established near the river crossing.

Mission San Gabriel Arcangel was founded by Franciscan Father Junipero Serra, first head of the Spanish missions in California, on September 8, 1771. Its original location, called Mission Vieja, was near where San Gabriel Boulevard now crosses the Rio Hondo, which is also near the present day Juan Matias Sanchez Adobe. Angel Somera and Pedro Cambon were the first missionary priests at the new mission, which marked the beginning of the Los Angeles region's settlement by Spaniards. The San Gabriel mission was the third of twenty-one missions that would ultimately be established along California's El Camino Real.

The San Gabriel mission did well in establishing cattle ranching and farming, but six years after its founding a destructive flood led the mission fathers to relocate the establishment to its current location farther north in present-day city of San Gabriel. The original mission site is now marked by a California Historical Landmark.

During the early years of the mission, the region operated under a Rancho system. The lands which now compose the city of Montebello were originally parts of Rancho San Antonio, Rancho La Merced, and Rancho Paso de Bartolo. The Juan Matias Sanchez Adobe, built in 1844, remains standing at the center of old Rancho La Merced in Eastern Montebello in the La Merced area. Recently restored, it is the city's oldest structure.

Mission San Gabriel Arcángel  served a central role in Spanish colonial society, with many of the area's first Mexican settlers being baptized at the mission, including Pio Pico, who was born and baptized at the mission in 1801. He became governor of California twice, in 1832 and in 1845 and the city of Pico Rivera was named honoring him as the last Mexican governor of California.

The Battle of Rio San Gabriel took place in Montebello on January 8, 1847, on the banks of the Rio Hondo. This battle gave the control of Los Angeles and Alta California to the United States, and was a decisive battle in the Mexican-American war. Two days later, after several battle losses and defeats, Mexico was forced to cede Alta California to the United States. By 1852, after American occupation, San Gabriel became one of the first townships in the County of Los Angeles. Today the battle site is California State Historical Landmark #385, and there are two old cannons and a plaque commemorating the battle overlooking the river on Bluff Rd. and Washington Blvd.

In 1853, with a contingent of Army Engineers passing through searching for the best route to build a railroad, Geologist William P. Blake observed that the once-extensive vineyards were falling to decay, with fences broken down and animals roaming freely through it. But the bells were ringing, and the church was in use. Prophetically, he wrote, "I believe that when the adaptation of that portion of California to the culture of the grape and the manufacture of wine becomes known and appreciated, the state will become celebrated not only for its gold and grain, but for it fruits and wines.

Following the American Civil War, some 5,000 acres (20 km2) of the East Los Angeles region were owned by an Italian settler from Genoa, Alessandro Repetto. After Repetto's death in 1885, his brother sold his rancho to a consortium of five Los Angeles businessmen including banker Isaias Hellman and wholesale grocer/historian Harris Newmark for $60,000, about $12 an acre.

Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, and South Asian pioneers and settlers first came to the San Gabriel Valley in the mid-19th century. These pioneers worked the fields, picked the grapes and citrus fruit, and built part the infrastructure of today's San Gabriel Valley. In the 1920s Japanese immigrants arrived in Monterey Park to work as farmhands.

The discovery of oil by Standard Oil Company in the Montebello hills, in 1917, brought about a revolutionary change to the locality. The agricultural hills soon became a major contributor to oil production. By 1920, its oil fields were producing one-eighth of California's crude oil. For several decades, the hills were dotted with active oil wells.

The cities of Whittier, Covina and Pasadena were formerly the sites of the citrus industry. In addition, the oil, dairy and cattle industries used to flourish in the southern region of the SGV. Many equestrian trails in the San Gabriel Valley—specifically, in Covina and Walnut—have disappeared or fallen into disuse. The remaining rural countryside-like areas include the area between eastern West Covina and Cal Poly Pomona and in Walnut and Diamond Bar and La Puente.

Timeline

 1769: First Europeans pass through in the Spanish Portola Expedition.
 1771: Mission San Gabriel established. The entire valley eventually becomes mission-controlled ranch and agricultural land. Native tribes are absorbed into the mission system.
 1774: First Europeans reach the valley from the east, an expedition led by Juan Bautista de Anza.
 1834: With the secularization of the missions, former mission lands are divided into large land grants called ranchos.
 1886: Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad opens.
 1890: The first Tournament of Roses Parade is presented in Pasadena.
 1914: Erection of the first two tents which were the first building blocks of today's City of Hope National Medical Center
 1920: The California Institute of Technology or Caltech opens in Pasadena (previously Throop College of Technology, est. 1891).
 1941: The first freeway in the United States, Arroyo Seco Parkway (now part of California 110, north of downtown Los Angeles), opens.
 1942–1944 Japanese American citizens were sent to a Japanese internment camp at Santa Anita Park during World War II, with up to 17,000 people living in horse stables.
 1940s–1950s: San Gabriel Valley changes from acres of farmland to suburban bedroom community.
 1957: San Bernardino Freeway (Interstate 10) opens.
 1970s–1980s: Taiwanese immigrants began settling in Monterey Park and its neighborhoods.
 1980s–present Chinese and Hong Kong immigrants began to settle in Alhambra, Arcadia, El Monte, Monterey Park, Rosemead, San Gabriel, and San Marino.

Demographics and ethnic diversity

The total population of the San Gabriel Valley in the 2000 Census was 1,510,378 people, of which 1,425,596 were living in the 30 incorporated cities. The average size of a household in the San Gabriel Valley according to the 2000 Census was 3.28 persons compared with 2.98 persons for Los Angeles County as a whole. Eight cities in the Valley have average household sizes of over four persons, while an unincorporated area, the South San Jose Hills, was at a significant 5.07 persons per household. (Most addresses do not use South San Jose Hills as the city but use La Puente, West Covina, or Valinda.) At the other end of this scale is Sierra Madre, at 2.20 persons per household.

The age distribution in the San Gabriel Valley was a little unusual when compared with the county. A larger share of the population was aged 10–19, 15.5% versus 14.8% for the county. Also, the Valley had a higher share of people over 45 years of age. The income ranges in the San Gabriel Valley area are also quite wide. The highest median household income was found in San Marino ($117,267), followed by Bradbury ($100,454). At the other end of the scale was El Monte with a median household income of $32,439. Four other cities in the Valley had household incomes of less than $40,000.

Significant percentages of all major ethnic groups reside in San Gabriel Valley communities, and the area is in general one of the most ethnically diverse regions in the country. The majority of people residing in the San Gabriel Valley are Hispanics and Asian Americans. The communities of Glendora, La Verne, Claremont, Monrovia, Sierra Madre, Pasadena, South Pasadena, and San Dimas have significant Caucasian populations.

The Gabrieleno/Tongva of San Gabriel are headquartered in San Gabriel. A small Native American population is also located in Arcadia, Rowland Heights, Walnut, and Diamond Bar. Despite the European influx they remained an integral part of the Southern California community, and continue to in the present day.

The African American population in the San Gabriel Valley is relatively low. However, there are sizable, long-established  African American communities in the western Altadena area and in northwest Pasadena, as well as in Monrovia.

Montebello is home to the oldest Armenian community in Los Angeles County and home to Holy Cross Armenian Apostolic Cathedral, which was the only Armenian cathedral in California until Saint Leon Cathedral was built in Burbank in 2012.  The Armenian Martyrs Monument at Bicknell Park commemorating the victims of the Armenian Genocide by the Ottoman Turks is the largest monument of the genocide found on public property in the world. The Armenian community of Pasadena has its roots in the 1890s. The Pashgian Bros. Oriental Rugs and Fine Carpets was established in 1889.

Hispanics, predominately Mexican Americans, are concentrated in Alhambra, Baldwin Park, City of Industry, El Monte, Hacienda Heights, La Puente, Montebello, Rosemead, San Gabriel, South El Monte, West Covina, Covina, Pomona, and Whittier, with significant populations in Pasadena and South Pasadena.

Asian American influx

The San Gabriel Valley has the largest concentration of Asian American communities in the United States. Eight of the ten cities in the United States with the largest proportion of Chinese Americans are located in the San Gabriel Valley. The cities and communities of Monterey Park, Walnut, Alhambra, San Gabriel, San Marino, Rowland Heights, Hacienda Heights, Diamond Bar, and Arcadia form a large Asian American community.

There are many Filipino Americans, residing in West Covina and Walnut. Vietnamese Americans tend to be concentrated in San Gabriel, Rosemead, and El Monte. Many Korean Americans live in Hacienda Heights, Rowland Heights, and Diamond Bar. A longstanding Japanese American community exists in Monterey Park.

Early Chinese pioneers settled into the Valley mostly as laborers. They packed oranges, picked walnuts, did construction, owned or worked in laundries, and worked as cooks and servants in the homes of the wealthy. Mostly a bachelor society, the early Chinese did not leave many descendants. By the late 1880s, there was a growing Japanese pioneer population. Filipinos and Asian Indians also served as laborers in the valley.

Almost a century later, in the wake of the San Gabriel Valley's burgeoning population of Asian Americans, they have become a dominant cultural force. Several business districts developed to serve their needs creating a collection of Southern California Chinatowns loosely connected along the Valley Boulevard Corridor. This trend began in the city of Monterey Park during the late 1970s when many well-to-do Taiwanese professionals began settling in the area.  Initially, many Chinese restaurateurs and business owners used primarily Traditional Chinese script and not English names on their business signs. This changed in 1986, when the city council of Monterey Park enacted an ordinance requiring all businesses to translate their business signs and describe the nature of their businesses in English, deemed a matter of public safety.

Monterey Park is a microcosm of changing demographics, highlighting Asian American history and evolution in the San Gabriel Valley. Rosemead has a smaller group of Vietnamese and Chinese business districts. There are also small pockets of Chinese American businesses that are scattered throughout San Gabriel Valley cities. In Rowland Heights, a handful of Korean American strip malls co-exist with Chinese American businesses. Another ethnic enclave is the Filipino American business district of Little Manila, in West Covina along with an Asian indoor and outdoor shopping center. Small Chinatowns have sprung up in many cities throughout the valley.

By the 2010 census there were more than half a million Asian Americans living in San Gabriel Valley. While smaller than the Latino population in the valley, it outnumbered the White population, and had a faster growth rate.  More than a quarter of the population in the region are Asian American. The largest populations of Asian Americans in San Gabriel Valley were Chinese, Filipinos, Vietnamese, Korean, Taiwanese, and Japanese.

Arts and culture
The San Gabriel Valley is home to the annual Tournament of Roses Parade, which is broadcast live on television on New Year's Day from Pasadena. After the parade, the Rose Bowl game between two rival college football teams is also televised live.

As the oldest incorporated community in the valley, the City of Pasadena serves as  a cultural center for the San Gabriel Valley. Several art-house film and play theatres are located in Pasadena, including the Pasadena Playhouse. In addition, the local news/talk National Public Radio station KPCC 89.3 FM broadcasts from Pasadena City College, although it is operated by Minnesota Public Radio.

Old Pasadena, which has been restored and rejuvenated, remains highly popular. Old Pasadena has an active nightlife, a shopping mall, boutiques, outdoor cafés, nightclubs, comedy clubs, and varied restaurants. Other communities hope to emulate its successes through commercial redevelopment and reviving their own downtown areas or "Main Streets".

The city of Azusa has attempted to encourage redevelopment of its once-dilapidated downtown section by using a Route 66 theme. Covina has had moderate success with its nostalgic Downtown Covina, with emphasis placed on a small-town America atmosphere and mom-and-pop merchants rather than big-box retail chains; Monrovia has also embraced this theme for their "Old Town." Alhambra has also worked to renovate its downtown along Main St. San Gabriel Mission is the center of Historical Culture in SGV.

The California Institute of Technology is located in Pasadena. The university is ranked in the top 10 universities worldwide by metrics such as citation index, Nobel Prizes, and general university rankings. Caltech is also responsible for the well-known Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which designs and engineers many of NASA's spacecraft.

The city of Baldwin Park is the birthplace of the popular hamburger fast food chain In-N-Out Burger. Its first location opened in the city in 1948.

Huy Fong's Sriracha sauce, the ubiquitous Sriracha sauce found at Vietnamese restaurants across the western world, manufactures and is headquartered in Irwindale.

Naked Juice, now a division of PepsiCo, is headquartered in Monrovia.

Panda Express was launched as a fast food version of the Panda Inn restaurant in Pasadena in 1983. The company's headquarters are in Rosemead.

Trader Joe's opened its first location in Pasadena in 1967. The company's headquarters are now in Monrovia.

Politics and government
Most cities have their own local mayor, city council, police and fire departments. Unincorporated areas such as Hacienda Heights and Rowland Heights are governed by the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, and the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department has jurisdiction in these areas.

In many unincorporated areas, advisory town councils guide the decisions, made by a supervisor or city manager. Often these groups began as collaborations of local homeowner associations. The Hacienda Heights Improvement Association, Rowland Heights Coordinating Council, and Altadena Town Council are examples of advisory bodies that are officially sanctioned by the county supervisor representing that community.

In 2003, voters in the unincorporated community of Hacienda Heights defeated a proposal to incorporate as a city. It remains an unincorporated district governed by the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors rather than by a locally elected mayor and city council.

Transportation

Foothill Transit and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority provide bus transit services throughout the valley. El Monte Station, a large regional bus station, provides transportation to Union Station in downtown Los Angeles via the El Monte Busway, an  shared-use bus corridor (transitway). The Metrolink San Bernardino Line commuter train runs westward to Downtown Los Angeles and eastward to San Bernardino through the valley.

On March 5, 2016, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority opened the Metro Gold Line foothill extension, expanding the current light rail service that previously traveled from East LA to Pasadena through Downtown LA to a new Northern terminus in Azusa.

Several cities provide their own in-city transportation shuttles. Cities known to provide such service are:

 Alhambra
 Arcadia
 Baldwin Park
 Duarte
 Glendora
 La Puente
 Monrovia
 Montebello
 Monterey Park
 Pasadena
 Temple City
 West Covina

The San Gabriel Valley is served by several major freeways:

 the Foothill Freeway (Interstate 210 (California) and State Route 210)
 the Ventura Freeway (State Route 134)
 the San Bernardino Freeway (Interstate 10)
 the Pomona Freeway (State Route 60)
 the Pasadena Freeway (State Route 110)
 the Long Beach Freeway (Interstate 710)
 the San Gabriel River Freeway (Interstate 605)
 the Orange Freeway (State Route 57)

I-710 ends abruptly at the western border of Alhambra, near California State University, Los Angeles, with an unsigned spur of I-710 starting again in Pasadena at California Boulevard and ending at the junction of I-210 and SR 134. Efforts to complete the freeway were met with fierce opposition, including the possibility of using advanced tunneling technologies to overcome objections by South Pasadena. The gap will no longer be constructed, and both Pasadena and Alhambra are exploring options on the future of their respective spurs.

At the eastern end of the San Gabriel Valley, the eastern freeway segment of SR 210 (formerly designated SR 30 and still signed as such in some places in San Bernardino County) between SR 57 and I-15 had been a source of similar contention in the bordering community of La Verne, but was finally constructed and added to the Foothill Freeway in 2002.

State Route 39 leads north into the San Gabriel Mountains to the Crystal Lake Recreation Area. The portion connecting the recreation area to the Angeles Crest Highway (State Route 2) has been closed to the public since the early 1970s due to massive damage and rockslides.

General aviation is served by San Gabriel Valley Airport (EMT) in El Monte, and Brackett Field (POC) in Pomona. Commercial aviation is served by the five major Southern California airports: Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Hollywood Burbank Airport (BUR), Ontario International Airport (ONT), Long Beach Airport (LGB), and John Wayne Airport (SNA).

Media

The local daily English-language newspapers are the Los Angeles Times, which includes a real estate and automotive advertising section for the San Gabriel Valley/Inland Empire, the San Gabriel Valley Tribune, and the Pasadena Star-News, which operates from its Monrovia office. The Pasadena Star-News covers the Pasadena/Arcadia area and the Tribune covers the central and eastern San Gabriel Valley communities. Business news is covered by the San Gabriel Valley Business Journal.

Other San Gabriel Valley-wide publications include the weekly Mountain Views News, San Gabriel Valley NOW, and the San Gabriel Valley Examiner  that serve the foothill communities, the Mid Valley News which serves the central San Gabriel Valley, and the Beacon Media weekly newspaper chain, whose weekly newspapers cover several San Gabriel Valley cities. The South Pasadena Review serves South Pasadena and the San Marino Tribune serves San Marino. Additionally, the cities of Alhambra, Glendora, Azusa, San Dimas and La Verne have monthly community newspapers that are published on the first Friday of every month. These papers include Around Alhambra,   Glendora Community News,  Azusa Community News,  San Dimas Community News and the   La Verne Community News, all distributed directly to each mailing address. The Alhambra Source is a USC Annenberg-backed community news site founded in 2010. The site is based on research into local information need, and includes a multilingual cadre of volunteer and young adult contributors. It is published online every weekday and includes select content in Spanish and Chinese as well as English. In the eastern part of the valley, Claremont has its own community newspaper called the Claremont Courier.

Several large newspaper publishing companies serve the large Chinese-speaking readership in the Greater Los Angeles Area; a number of them are based in the San Gabriel Valley. The national daily Chinese-language newspapers Chinese Daily News (Los Angeles edition of the World Journal newspaper) and International Daily News are both printed in Monterey Park. The Los Angeles edition of the Hong Kong-based Sing Tao is printed in Alhambra and the newspaper is specifically tailored to the Cantonese-speaking readership. The Epoch Times (大纪元) is based in New York City and has its Los Angeles office in San Gabriel. These newspapers are circulated and distributed throughout Chinese American communities in the San Gabriel Valley, Chinatown, San Diego, and in Las Vegas, Nevada (where the latter two cities generally receive the Los Angeles editions due to a relatively lower population density of Chinese-speaking Americans).

In popular culture
Many films have been filmed on location in the San Gabriel Valley. Chantry Flats above Arcadia is featured as the landing site of aliens in the original film "War of the Worlds". South Pasadena and Alhambra served as the gloomy backgrounds of a fictional Illinois town of Haddonfield in John Carpenter's 1978 horror film Halloween. Some areas of Pasadena and South Pasadena have a distinctly Midwestern look. Pasadena's distinctive domed City Hall has doubled as a courthouse or capitol building in countless television commercials and movies, and its South Lake shopping district filled in for Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills Ninja.

The city of San Marino has acted as a backdrop for a number of films and television shows. Major studio motion pictures filmed in San Marino include Mr. & Mrs, Smith, Disturbia, Enough, Monster-in-Law, Memoirs of a Geisha, Frailty, Men in Black II, The Hot Chick, One Hour Photo, Anger Management, The Wedding Planner, Starsky & Hutch, Intolerable Cruelty, Mystery Men, Legally Blonde 2, The Nutty Professor, Beverly Hills Ninja, The Sweetest Thing, S1m0ne, Charlie's Angels, Indecent Proposal, and American Wedding. Prime time television programs filmed within city borders include Felicity, The Office, The West Wing, and Alias. In addition, San Marino High School students in the graduating classes of 2004 and 2005 were documented in two separate reality television programs by MTV, which aired on the cable television network in 2005.

The cities of Temple City and Rosemead served as the backdrop for the Emmy Award-winning television series The Wonder Years (1988 to 1993). While Temple City's Las Tunas Drive served as the downtown for the Arnold Family's fictitious hometown, Rosemead High School stood in for the town's high school. Downtown Covina was used in the show "Roswell."

The city of Whittier also hosts film crews for various motion picture, television and feature films. In Robert Zemeckis' Back to the Future trilogy of time travel adventure movies (1985, 1989, 1990), Whittier High School was used as Hill Valley High School. Michael J. Fox's character travels back in time on the huge parking lot of the Puente Hills Mall in the City of Industry that served as the location of the fictitious Twin Pines Mall/Lone Pine Mall. The Gamble House in Pasadena provided the exterior of Christopher Lloyd's character's 1950s mansion. The city of El Monte served as a dilapidated future neighborhood. Another movie starring Fox, Teen Wolf. was largely filmed in Arcadia. The Pasadena Chapter building of the Red Cross served as JAG Headquarters for the TV series JAG, and the Caltech campus is regularly seen as the "Cal Sci" campus in the TV series Numb3rs. The actual house used as the residence of the main characters is also located in the southern end of Pasadena. Uptown Whittier was a principal location for the 1987 release Masters of the Universe, and many scenes of the film show the buildings of the neighborhood as they appeared before most of them were damaged or destroyed by the Whittier Narrows earthquake of that year. Forrest Gump (1994), starring Tom Hanks, was partially filmed at East Los Angeles College in Monterey Park. The downtown portion of Myrtle Avenue in Monrovia has been used in many movies and television commercials. Multiple locations throughout Monrovia also played the role of the fictitious Rome, WI in the TV series Picket Fences.Pinky's Record Store in Friday; The 90s television show Roswell filmed in Covina, most noticeably the downtown area. Most recently, the former location of a now closed IKEA in the City of Industry was used to film scenes in the movie Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005), starring Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt. Across the street from the defunct IKEA is Speed Zone, an amusement center with 4 race tracks, it has been featured in the films Guess Who and Clerks 2 and on TV in Melrose Place (2009 TV series), CSI: Miami, Hell's Kitchen, Attack of the Show!, Freaks And Geeks, and more.

Climate
Like much of the Los Angeles region, the San Gabriel Valley enjoys a warm, sunny year-round Mediterranean climate. Rain is sporadic. Due to the Eastern San Gabriel Valley, (East of State Route 57) being more inland, the area is subject to hotter summers and colder winters. Light snow is extremely rare in the Valley but can often be viewed on the nearby San Gabriel Mountains.

Institutions of higher learning
The San Gabriel Valley is home to a number of post-secondary educational institutions, including the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), the Claremont Colleges, and California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona)."

 Alliant International University, private (for-profit) – Alhambra
 Art Center College of Design, private, nonprofit – Pasadena
 Azusa Pacific University (APU), private university – Azusa
 California Institute of Advanced Management (CIAM), private, not-for-profit graduate school located in EL Monte
 California Institute of Technology (Caltech), private university – Pasadena
 California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona), public university – Pomona
 California State University, Los Angeles, public university – Los Angeles
 Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, private, not-for-profit graduate school located at the City of Hope in Duarte
 Claremont Graduate University, private graduate university – Claremont
 Claremont McKenna College, private college – Claremont
 Citrus College, community college – Glendora
 Digital Business & Design College (DBD), private (for-profit) college – El Monte
 East Los Angeles College (ELAC), community college – Monterey Park
 Fuller Theological Seminary, private college – Pasadena
 Harvey Mudd College, private college – Claremont
 ITT Technical Institute (ITT Tech), private (for-profit) college – San Dimas
 Keck Graduate Institute, private graduate university – Claremont
 Life Pacific College, private Bible college – San Dimas
 Mt. San Antonio College (Mt. SAC), community college – Walnut
 Occidental College, private college – Eagle Rock
 Pasadena City College (PCC), community college – Pasadena
 Pitzer College, private college – Claremont
 Pomona College, private college – Claremont
 Rio Hondo College, community college – Whittier
 Scripps College, private college – Claremont
 University of La Verne, private college – La Verne
 University of Phoenix, adult education (for-profit) – Diamond Bar and Pasadena
 University of the West (UWest), private university – Rosemead
 Western University of Health Sciences (WU), private university – Pomona
 Whittier College (WC), private college – Whittier
 William Carey International University, private (for-profit) university – Pasadena

Local sites of interest

 Descanso Gardens – La Cañada Flintridge
 Galster Wilderness Park – West Covina
 Devil's Gate Reservoir – Pasadena
 Downtown Covina – Covina
 Frank G. Bonelli Regional County Park, man-made park – San Dimas
 Pomona Fox Theater – Pomona
 Westfield Santa Anita – Arcadia (largest mall in San Gabriel Valley)
 Homestead Museum, site of Pío Pico's burial – City of Industry
 Hsi Lai Temple – Hacienda Heights
 Huntington Library and Botanical Gardens – San Marino
 Fairplex, annual Los Angeles County Fair – Pomona
 Auto Club Raceway at Pomona – Pomona
 Toyota Speedway at Irwindale – Irwindale
 Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden – Arcadia
 Mission San Gabriel Arcángel – San Gabriel
 Montclair Plaza (Mall that serves the Eastern San Gabriel Valley) – Montclair
 Norton Simon Museum – Pasadena
 Old Town Pasadena – Pasadena
 Pio Pico State Historic Park – Whittier
 Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden – Claremont
 Raging Waters – San Dimas
 Rose Bowl – Pasadena
 Rubel Castle – Glendora
 Santa Anita Park, horse racing – Arcadia
 Santa Fe Dam Recreation Area – Irwindale
 Vroman's Bookstore, oldest independent bookstore – Pasadena
 The Ice House, Pasadena comedy club
 Rose Hills Memorial Park, Whittier
 Pio Pico House, Whittier

Company headquarters
 Avery Dennison Corporation (packaging products) – Pasadena
 Community Bank – Pasadena
 East West Bank (large Chinese American bank) – Pasadena
 Edison International (large energy provider) – Rosemead
 Huy Fong Foods (leader in Asian hot sauce) – Irwindale
 OneWest Bank – Pasadena
 Viewsonic (computer monitors) – Walnut
 Panda Restaurant Group (Largest Chinese Restaurant chain) – Rosemead
 Trader Joe's (food market) – Monrovia
 Western Asset (investment firm) – Pasadena

Area codes
Most of the San Gabriel Valley lies within the 626 area code. Montebello, Whittier, and portions of its valley neighbors are in the 323 and 562 area codes. Some of northwestern Pasadena is also serviced by the 818 area code. Most of the communities in the Eastern San Gabriel Valley which lie east of State Route 57 are located in the 909 area code.

See also

 Category: San Gabriel Valley
 Greater Los Angeles Area
 Pomona Valley
 San Gabriel Mountains Regional Conservancy
 San Fernando Valley

References

External links

 San Gabriel Valley Conservation and Service Corps
 San Gabriel Valley Economic Partnership
 San Gabriel Valley Council of Governments

Los Angeles County, California regions
Valleys of California
Valleys of Los Angeles County, California

San Gabriel Valley


Kıbrıslı güzel Anaksareta'nın sevgilisi, Aphrodite onu kayaya çevirdi.
 Girit'li Ligdos ile Telethausa'nın kızı. Babası bir erkek evlet istediğinden, annesi herkese İphis'in bir erkek olduğunu söyleyerek kandırdı. Bir erkek gibi giydirilip erkek gibi yetiştirildi.Yaşı ilerleyipte evlenme çağına gelince kendisine aşık olan İanthe adında bir kızla nişanlandı. Annesi bu durum karşısında telaşa kapılıp bereket tanrıçası İsis'e yalvardı. Tanrıça ona acıyıp İphis'i güzel bir kızken yakışıklı bir delikanlıya dönüştürdü.

Yunan mitolojisinde kişiler

İfis


Nova prisutnost, hrvatski katolički teološki časopis. Časopis je za intelektualna i duhovna pitanja. Pokriva područja sociologije, filozofije i teologije.

Povijest
Izlazi kao časopis za obnovljenu liturgiju. Izlazio je polugodišnje a poslije triput godišnje. Uređivali su ga Ivan Supičić, Stipe Tadić, Josip Balabanić i Katica Knezović. Doi je 10.31192/np. Sjedište je u Zagrebu. Izdavač KRAK (Kršćanski akademski krug) želi biti "nov, vidljiv i znakovit izraz zajedništva, povezanosti i suradnje u nastojanju na oblikovanju i produbljivanju duhovnog, intelektualnog i društvenog života te izgradnje odnosa na samokritičkom preispitivanju savjesti, pročišćenju spomena, ponašanja i odnosa među samim kršćanima, kao i njihovih odnosa sa zajednicama i ljudima svjetonazora koji poštuju temeljne ljudske vrijednosti." Recenzija je pretežito tuzemna, dvostruka, samo znanstveni radovi, dvostruko slijepa. Recenzenti su većinom vanjski.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Kršćanska sadašnjost Nova prisutnost

Hrvatski katolički tisak
Zagrebački tisak
Teologija
Sociologija
Filozofija

Nova prisutnost


Europium(III)-sulfat (Eu2(SO4)3) ist ein Salz des Seltenerd-Metalls Europium mit Schwefelsäure. Es bildet als Octahydrat blass rosafarbene Kristalle, die unter Anregung mit kurzwelliger UV-Strahlung intensiv rot fluoreszieren.

Einzelnachweise

Europiumverbindung
Sulfat

Europium(III)-sulfat


Rødberg vokterbolig Station (Rødberg vokterbolig holdeplass) var en jernbanestation på Numedalsbanen, der lå i Nore og Uvdal kommune i Norge. Med sin placering 395 meter over havet var den banens højeste punkt.

Stationen åbnede som trinbræt 16. november 1929, to år efter at banen blev taget i brug. Trafikken på strækningen mellem Rollag og Rødberg, hvor stationen ligger, blev indstillet 1. januar 1989, hvorved stationen blev nedlagt.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Numedalsbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1929
Ophørt i 1989

Rødberg vokterbolig Station