Sanda-Maria Ardeleanu (n. 10 august 1954, Fălticeni, Suceava, România) este un deputat român, ales în 2012 din partea Partidului Democrat Liberal.

În timpului mandatului a trecut la grupul parlamentar al Partidului Național Liberal.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2012-2016 (Camera Deputaților)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Deputați români 2012-2016
Deputați români 2008-2012
Politicieni români în viață
Membri ai Partidului Național Liberal

Sanda-Maria Ardeleanu


Tergu (sasarski: Zèlgu) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 284 metra i ima 595 stanovnika. Prostire se na 36,88 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 16 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Castelsardo, Nulvi, Osilo, Sedini, Sennori i Sorso.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Tergu


Leslie François Saint Roc Manigat (; August 16, 1930 – June 27, 2014) was a Haitian politician who was elected as President of Haiti in a tightly controlled military held election in January 1988. He served as President for only a few months, from February 1988 to June 1988, before being ousted by the military in a coup d'état.

In education
Leslie Manigat was a professor at the prestigious l'Université de Paris-VIII Vincennes, where he gave courses on World History. He also published articles on education in various Haitian newspapers: Le Nouvelliste, La Phalange, and Le Matin.

1988 Haitian presidential elections
According to the Provisional Electoral Council (Conseil Electoral Provisoire, or CEP) he won the presidential election of January 17, 1988 with 50.29% of the votes, defeating ten other candidates. However, voter turnout was well under 10%. Few historians and vote monitors consider this election to have been democratic. He was inaugurated on February 7, 1988, and named Martial Célestin as his Prime Minister in March. He was overthrown by general Henri Namphy on June 20, 1988, in the June 1988 Haitian coup d'état. He ran for president again in the February 2006 election but was defeated, receiving 12.40% of the vote and placing a distant second behind René Préval.

Death
He died on June 27, 2014, at the age of 83.

Family

Manigat was born in Port-au-Prince. His second wife, Mirlande Manigat, whom he married in 1970, was a candidate in the 2010 presidential election.

Award
Leslie Manigat won The Haiti Grand Prize of literature 2004, given at the Miami Book Fair International of 2004. Nominees for the Prize were: Edwidge Danticat, René Depestre, Jean-Claude Fignolé, Odette Roy Fombrun, Frankétienne, Gary Klang, Dany Laferrière and Josaphat-Robert Large.

Selected works
Une date littéraire, un événement pédagogique - Essay, Port-au-Prince, 1962
L'Amérique latine au XXe Siècle - History, Université de Paris I Sorbonne, 1973

Sources

Further reading
Bibliographie des Etudes littéraires haïtiennes 1804-1984 (Bibliography of Haitian literary Studies) by Léon-François Hoffmann, EDICEF/AUPELF, Vanves, 1992

Editions Richelieu, Univers Contemporain, Paris, 1973
Jacques Nicolas Léger, Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors, 1907

External links
 Important Dates in Haïti's History

Presidents of Haiti
1930 births
2014 deaths
Rally of Progressive National Democrats politicians
1980s in Haiti
20th-century Haitian politicians

Leslie Manigat


Alfred Klemmt (* 10. März 1895 in Jatznick; † 8. August 1979 in West-Berlin) war ein deutscher nationalsozialistischer Philosoph.

Leben

Alfred Klemmt wurde 1895 in Jatznick geboren. Er ging in Stralsund zur Schule. Bei Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges meldete er sich freiwillig und wurde 1915 schwer verwundet. Von 1919 an studierte Klemmt Philosophie, Philologie und Kunstgeschichte an der Universität in Berlin, u. a. bei Alois Riehl und Ernst Troeltsch. 1922 promovierte er bei Ernst Troeltsch über den Kulturphilosophen Georg Simmel.

Klemmt strebte eine universitäre Laufbahn an. Er versuchte mehrfach sich zu habilitieren, was ihm jedoch nicht gelang. 1928 wurde seine Habilitationsschrift abgelehnt, 1933 wies seine Probevorlesung zu große Mängel auf. Über seinen dritten Versuch 1944 an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen liegen keine genaueren Informationen vor.

Nach der Machtübernahme der Nationalsozialisten 1933 wurde Klemmt an der Deutschen Hochschule für Politik angestellt, wo er in dezidiert nationalsozialistischem Sinne unterrichtete.

Philosophie
Ursprünglich war Klemmt geprägt von Alois Riehl im Sinne des Neukantianismus. Nach eigenen Aussagen brachte er der Phänomenologie und Lebensphilosophie große Wertschätzung entgegen. Klemmt sagte, er orientiere sich an Platons späteren Dialogen. Insgesamt bleibt jedoch festzustellen, dass Klemmt seine Philosophie an nationalsozialistischen Postulaten ausrichtete.

Publikationen

Autor
Georg Simmel. Eine kritische Charakterstudie und Erläuterung der Grundprobleme der gegenwärtigen Philosophie, Dissertation, Berlin 1922, laut dem schwedischen Philosophen Magnus Selling "durch ihren glänzenden Stil und ihre zuverlässige Darstellung, Analyse und Kritik auch heute noch ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Simmel-Literatur"
 Volk und Staat, Junker und Dünnhaupt, Berlin 1936
 Wissenschaft und Philosophie im Dritten Reich, Junker und Dünnhaupt, Berlin 1936
 John Locke, Westkulturverlag, Meisenheim 1952
 Karl Leonhard Reinholds Elementarphilosophie, Meiner, Hamburg 1958
 Descartes und die Moral, Hain, Meisenheim, 1971

Herausgeber

 Eine Abhandlung über die Prinzipien der menschlichen Erkenntnis von George Berkeley. Meiner, Hamburg 1957
 Von der Erforschung der Wahrheit, von Nicolas Malebranche. Meiner, Hamburg 1968

Literatur
 Christian Tilitzki: Die deutsche Universitätsphilosophie in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich. Teil 1, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-05-003647-8, S. 651f (Google books).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Person (Nationalsozialismus)
Deutscher
Geboren 1895
Gestorben 1979
Mann

Alfred Klemmt


Kadıköy, Karabük ilinin Yenice ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Kozlukadı olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 40 km, Yenice ilçe merkezine 14 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yenice (Karabük) belde ve köyleri

Kadıköy, Yenice


Charles Hard Townes (Greenville, 28. srpnja 1915. – Oakland, 27. siječnja 2015.), američki fizičar. Već kao student radio je u Laboratorijima Bell Telephone (od 1933. do 1947.). Na Kalifornijskom tehnološkom institutu Caltech u Pasadeni doktorirao (1939.) tezom o odvajanju izotopa i nuklearnim vrtnjama na Kalifornijskom tehnološkom institutu (Caltech) u Pasadeni. Za Drugog svjetskog rata bavio se razvojem mikrovalnih radara. Od 1948. radio kao profesor fizike na Sveučilištu Columbia u New Yorku, od 1961. u Massachusettskom tehnološkom institutu u Cambridgeu, a od 1967. na Kalifornijskom sveučilištu u Berkeleyu. Zamislio je i konstruirao (od 1951. do 1954.) prvi maser. S A. L. Schawlowom teorijski je dokazao (1958.) mogućnost rada masera u vidljivom i infracrvenom području spektra elektromagnetskih valova (poslije nazvanim laser). Za temeljne radove na području kvantne elektronike koji su doveli do konstrukcije oscilatora i pojačala na temelju načela masera i lasera dobio je Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku 1964., s N. G. Basovom i A. M. Prohorovom.

Maser

Maser (akronim od engl. Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation: pojačanje mikrovalova stimuliranom emisijom zračenja) je uređaj za stvaranje i pojačavanje mikrovalova, a u suvremenoj inačici i za stvaranje i pojačavanje radiovalova i infracrvenoga zračenja. Rad masera temelji se na stimuliranoj emisiji zračenja koja nastaje zbog obrata (inverzije) napučenosti energijskih razina atoma aktivne tvari, kao i kod lasera. Kod plinskih masera (aktivna tvar: amonijak, vodikovi atomi, rubidijeve pare) inverzija napučenosti postiže se reflektiranjem zračenja u rezonantnoj šupljini, a kod čvrstih masera (aktivna tvar ima paramagnetska svojstva) to se postiže rezonantnim zračenjem izvana. Zračenje masera je monokromatsko i odgovara razlici energijskih razina. Titranje se podržava rezonatorom. Energijske razine plina ne ovise o vanjskim silama, pa se zato plinski maser, kao i laser, upotrebljava za točno mjerenje vremena (na primjer atomski sat). Energijske razine čvrstog (paramagnetskog) masera ovise o magnetskom polju, pa se mogu po volji mijenjati; zato se takav maser upotrebljava kao pretpojačalo koje se može regulirati. Takav se uređaj na primjer primjenjuje u astronautici i radioastronomiji kod vrlo osjetljivih detektora elektromagnetskoga zračenja koji još mogu detektirati snagu reda veličine 10–21 W, i manju. Prvu demonstraciju rada masera izveo je 1953. C. H. Townes sa suradnicima.

Izvori

Američki fizičari
Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku

Charles Hard Townes


Boffin is a British slang term for a scientist, engineer, or other person engaged in technical or scientific research and development.  A "boffin" was viewed by some in the regular military or government services as odd, quirky or peculiar, though quite bright and essential to helping in the war effort through having and developing the key ideas leading to transformative military capabilities.

Origins

Civil

The origins and etymology of boffin are obscure. A link to the mathematician and evolutionary theorist Buffon has been proposed. Alternatively, linguist Eric Partridge proposed the term derived from Nicodemus Boffin, the good-hearted 'golden dustman' character who appears in the novel Our Mutual Friend (1864/5) by Charles Dickens, described there as a "very odd-looking old fellow indeed". In the novel, Mr Boffin pursues a late-life education, employing Silas Wegg to teach him to read.

William Morris also has a man called Boffin, based on Charles Dickens and said to be a variant of 'Biffin', meet the newly arrived time traveller in his novel News from Nowhere (1890). Dickens had referred to a 'Miss Biffins', an artist with only vestigial arms and legs, in Martin Chuzzlewit (1843). Thus at this time a 'Boffin' is a good-hearted person who has suffered from 'hard times', been ill-regarded, taken an opportunity to better themselves and done well, demonstrating remarkable social mobility. Possibly ill-favoured in appearance, possibly artistic.

In 1894 Augustine Birrell invented a fictional character Rev. Boffin B.A. to epitomize those who bothered fellow Liberal politician Sir Frank Lockwood with seeming trifles. Sir Frank turned the joke on Birrell by writing letters to the papers and critical of him as if from Boffin, later published a popular book of cartoons on the affair and was only then identified as the author, as described in Birrell's humorous biography of Sir Frank.

J. R. R. Tolkien also had a police sergeant called Boffin in his children's tale Mr. Bliss (written around 1932, published 1982), but he is said to have derived the name from an Oxford family of bakers and confectioners rather than Dickens (as confirmed by his daughter Priscilla Tolkien). He later used Boffin as a surname for a family in The Hobbit (1937). This family provides the main heroes, who meet Dicken's mould and are also small, like Sarah Biffen.

Military
The Oxford English Dictionary quotes use in The Times in September 1945 based on a Ministry of Aircraft Production press release:

Malvern was home to both the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) and the Radar Research and Development Establishment (RRDE), who were later merged into the Radar Research Establishment (RRE). It developed RADAR in support of all the services. The then superintendent of TRE, A.P. Rowe used the term 'boffin' to refer to earlier R.A.F. usage and by 1942 an RAF training film (School for Secrets) cited 'boffin' as armed-forces slang for an RAF technician or research scientist.
Post war, Sir Robert Watson-Watt, the British radar pioneer, cited Robert Hanbury Brown, who had been at RAF Bawdsey (later part of TRE), as the prototypical boffin, noting: "It is quite wrong to use the word 'boffin' simply to describe a scientist or technician; a boffin is essentially a middleman, a bridge between two worlds ...".

Sir Robert cites Air Vice-Marshal G. P. Chamberlain, who played a vital part in the use of radar to defeat night-bombers, as the source of the word. Chamberlain himself claimed that 'A Puffin, a bird with a mournful cry, got crossed with a Baffin, a mercifully obsolete Fleet Air Arm aircraft. Their offspring was a Boffin, a bird of astonishingly queer appearance, bursting with weird and sometimes inopportune ideas, but possessed of staggering inventiveness, analytical powers and persistence. Its ideas, like its eggs, were conical and unbreakable. You push the unwanted ones away, and they just roll back.'". A naval origin is supported by reports of an anti-submarine trial by HM Signal School April 1, 1941 based on equipment from TRE. Eric Partridge, in his dictionary of slang, noted that the word had been used in the Royal Navy as "an unkind term for any officer over forty", but this usage seems to have been overshadowed by that referred to by the OED, above.

Of its etymology Sir Robert himself wrote: "I am not quite sure about the true origins of this name of Boffin. ... I am sure it has nothing at all to do with that first literary "Back Room Boy," the claustrophiliac Colonel Boffin, who as you remember never overtly emerged from his back room, although his voice was clearly audible from it. It is the very essence of the Boffin that he should emerge frequently and almost aggressively from the Back Room to which, however, he must return on his missions of interpretation and inspiration."

The origin of the term appears to be Naval, rather than Air, but its main usage seems to have originated with Naval officers working with civilian radar 'boffins' and quickly adapted by other servicemen and boffins themselves.

A key innovation at TRE was Rowe's 'Sunday Soviets'. These reflected the lessons identified from the Great War as reflected in the Haldane principle, but adapted to suit the operational challenges. They allowed the boffins both to contribute more, and to be more recognized.

Usage

World War II
World War II was regarded by many as a 'Wizard War'.

War-time and immediate post-war reference to scientists was particularly associated with radar, either Malvern or Farnborough.
Alternatively, Lindemann noted that Mervyn O'Gorman had inaugurated the use of scientific methods in aeronautical development at the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough, developing a cadre of 'leaders and explorers' who have retrospectively been termed 'boffins'. Some "have been careful to differentiate between the true boffin and the 'nark', who was a member of the scientific staff of the Experimental Flying Section at Farnborough.' Similarly, the Secretary of State for War cites the contribution of an operational analyst to the U-boat war in 1943."

The radar pioneer Robert Watson-Watt provided the following definition: "The Boffin is a researcher, of high scientific competence, who has learned that a device of great technical elegance, capable of a remarkable performance in the hands of a picked crew, is not necessarily a good weapon of war. He (sic) is the instrument for building into the design provisions which depend on close analysis of the vehicle in which the device is to operate, the field conditions in which it is to operate and above all things, the competence of those who are to operate, maintain, and repair it. He alone can save us from the danger of engendering electronic dinosaurs; he alone can provide on the one hand the knowledge on which the machine can be measured to the man and on the other, the knowledge on which can be based the selection, training, and (this is important) the inspiration of the normal human beings on whom its successful use, in the end, must rest. He must have an understanding and an appreciation of these normal human beings. He can reach these only through having their confidence. He is a middleman, but he is a middleman who can effect enormous economies and enormous increases in efficiencies. He is a rare bird, but he should be free to flit over the whole field of defense science, its origins, and its applications." He also noted that "It is a term of respect, and admiration, but particularly a term of affection—an affection which is expressed, as is the English way, in a slightly outside-in, jocular way so that the affection and admiration may not be regarded as too demonstrative."

Thus a Boffin seems the type of person described by Isaac Newton (1642–1726/7), who, in his advice to the Admiralty, made an important distinction when he said that 'if, instead of sending observations of seamen to able mathematicians on land, the land would be able to send able mathematicians to sea, it would signify much more to the improvement of navigation and the safety of men's lives and estates on that element.'

Watson-Watt stated that 'the bill of the boffin has two separate functions. One is to poke into other people's business and the other is to puncture 'the more highly coloured and ornate eggs of the
"Lesser Back Room Bird", which are quite inappropriate to the military scene.' Henry Tizard has also been regarded as the prototypical boffin.

According to the Daily Herald, "backroom boys known throughout the services of the United Nations [were known] as `Boffins`. [It] should be considered a badge of honour."

On VJ Day the Daily Herald reported: "This is `Boffins Day` because for the first time it is permissible to tell something of the war saga of the backroom boys known throughout the services of the United Nations as `Boffins`. It is a dramatic and romantic story of a battle of wits, brains and inventive genius between the scientists of the United Nations and those of the enemy and the United Nations Team won hands down. … Theirs was the best kept secret of the war they were conducting what had been aptly described as the very heart of the United Nations war effort."

Cold War
In 1952 the Secretary of State for War noted the need to develop 'Colonel Boffins' at Shrivenham (1952).

Notably, Richard Vincent acquired the nickname 'the boffin' after working at Malvern (1960–62) as a Gunnery Staff Captain and, via RMCS Shrivenham, rose to become Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom).

In the 12 January 1953 issue of Life magazine, a short article on Malcolm Compston depicted him testing "the Admiralty's new plastic survival suit" in the Arctic Ocean; the article, entitled "Cold Bath for a Boffin", defines the term for its American audience as "civilian scientist working with the British Navy" and notes that his potentially life-saving work demonstrates "why the term 'boffin', which first began as a sailor's expression of joking contempt, has become instead one of affectionate admiration". By 1956 the US Navy apparently regarded boffins as too influential.

By 1962 Boffins were characterised as 'the man (sic) who could understand the viewpoint of the Services, who worked with them, and who frequently shared their dangers' and R V Jones, wartime head of scientific intelligence, was referred to as a boffin.
By the late 60s the term was sometimes being used to include all scientists who had worked at Malvern, irrespective of how closely they worked with the services, even 'backroom' staff.

Post Cold War
Boffin continued, in the immediate postwar period, to carry some of its wartime connotation, as a modern-day wizard who labours in secret to create incomprehensible devices of great power. For example, the comics of the period depicted them as developing imaginative machines.
However, their more nuanced wartime role was not reflected in popular culture, such as the 1951 Festival of Britain
 and the term was used in the UK parliament (1953) to refer to boffins as either narrow academics or the catalyst for growth.

The image of the technical hero was popularised by Nevil Shute's novel No Highway (1948), Paul Brickhill's non-fiction book The Dambusters (1951) and Shute's autobiography Slide Rule (1954). The Dambusters film (1954) also featured boffins as heroes, as did stand-alone films such as The Man in the White Suit (1951) and The Sound Barrier (1952).

John Wyndham's novel The Kraken Wakes (1953) includes a song called "The Boffin's Lament" or "The Lay of the Baffled Boffin", with Naval Boffins. By 1958 sound engineers such as Shute and Frank Cordell were being referred to as 'Pop Boffins'.
 More recently, the term 'boffin' has been used to cover all of Churchill's war-winning Wizards, including atomic scientists, aeronautical engineers and the scientists of the Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development (including Shute). By the late 60s the term boffins was being used for any research scientists who were making a difference. Alan Turing has been described as a 'boffin' both for his cryptanalytic wizardry and his backroom work on computers, as have some 'Pop' architects.

However, while the main characters in the semi-autobiographical films The Small Back Room (1948) and No Highway in the Sky (1948) came good in the end, many scientists were presented as figures of fun, including those working with computers, in bomb disposal and on aircraft. Moreover the films (unlike the books) used the term 'Boffin' to apply to any Back-Room Boy, with unfortunate connotations. By 1959 a biography refers to 'muzzle-headed boffins in cob-webby small backrooms'.

Moreover between 1968 and 1972 a series of English language primers portraying a 'mad professor', reinforced by a British TV children's comedy Bright's Boffins (1970–72), became the stereotype for children's literature.
 By the 1980s boffins were relegated, in UK popular culture, to semi-comic supporting characters such as Q, the fussy armourer-inventor in the James Bond films, and the term itself gradually took on a negative connotation within society at large.

Thus, by the late 1990s, while the need for 'high-calibre' research staff with 'intimate knowledge' of users and their potential needs was well recognized by potential employers, the term 'boffin' was no longer used in its original sense, lest it conjure up images of 'mad scientists'.

Popular Culture
The term 'boffin' has become widely used in the UK popular media to refer to any scientist or scientific expert, especially those engaged in research. The Institute of Physics is running a campaign to limit this usage, due to the negative image.

References

Further reading
 Christopher Frayling, Mad, Bad And Dangerous?: The Scientist and the Cinema (2005)
 George Drower, Boats, Boffins and Bowlines: The Stories of Sailing Inventors and Innovations, The History Press (2011)
 Alfred Price, Instruments of Darkness: The Struggle for Radar Supremacy, Kimber, London (1967)
 R. V. Jones, The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939-1945, Coward McCann Geoghegan (1978)
 Eds. Robert Bud and Philip Gummett, Cold War Hot Science, Harwood (1999)
 Col. Stuart Macrae, Winston Churchill's Toyshop: The Inside Story of Military Intelligence (Research), Roundwood Press (1971)

External links

 Boffin: World Wide Words entry by Michael Quinion
 "Memoirs of a Boffin" by J. Rennie Whitehead

British slang
Anti-intellectualism

Boffin


Magneton može značiti:
 magneton  (oznaka μ) je fizikalna veličina s pomoću koje se opisuju atomski, molekularni ili nuklearni magnetski momenti i magnetski momenti subatomskih čestica. Mjerna jedinica magnetona je amper puta kvadratni metar (A m²). Magneton je ustvari elementarni kvant magnetskoga momenta.
 Bohrov magneton (nazvan prema N. Bohru) teorijski je izračunata vrijednost magnetskoga momenta elektrona u atomu i iznosi:

gdje je: e - električni naboj elektrona, ħ - reducirana Planckova konstanta, me - masa elektrona. Mjerena vrijednost magnetskoga momenta elektrona u atomu iznosi:

 nuklearni magneton jednak je magnetskomu momentu protona u atomu i iznosi:

Zbog takozvane hiperfine strukture vrijednost nuklearnog magnetona znatno je manja i ovisi o broju protona i neutrona u atomskoj jezgri.

Izvori

Magneton


الملك جيمس الثاني (16 أكتوبر 1430 – 3 أغسطس 1460)، ملك اسكتلندا. هو الابن الوحيد الباقي لأبيه جيمس الأول، وأمه هي جين ابنة جون بوفور أو بيوفورت إيرل سومرست و لقد ولد في 16 أكتوبر 1430 وتوج في مارس 1437 في هوليرود عن ست سنوات بعد مقتل أبيه، حيث كان الأول تحت وصاية أمه بينما أصبح أرتشيبالد الإيرل الخامس لدوغلاس الوصي على المملكة. امتلك السير ألكساندر ليفينغستون والسير وليام كرايتون (مات 1454) سلطة كبيرة.

حوالي العام 1439 تزوجت أمه من السير جيمس ستيوارت فارس لورن، فحاز لبيفينغستون على وصاية الملك الصغير الذي تميزت سنزاته الأولى بالصراع بين آل دوغلاس وآل كرايتون مع آل ليفينغستون متضامنين مع جهة ولاحقا مع أخرى. وفي حوالي العام 1443 أصر القضية لمكية وليام الإيرل الثامن لدوغلاس الذي هاجم آل كرايتون باسم الملك وبقي الحرب الأهلية حتى عام 1446، وفي يوليو 1449 تزوج جيمس من ماري (ماتت 1463) ابنة أرنولد دوق غيلدرلاند، وأمسك زمام الأمور بنفسه بعدما بلغ الثامنة عشرة. وكاد أن يُعتقل السير ليفينغستون، لكن دوغلايس احتفظ التفضيل الملكي لعدة أشهر أخرى.

في عام 1452 تمت دعوة الإيرل دولاس إلى ستيرلينغ من قبل الملك ولكنه اتهم بالخيانة فطعنه جيمس وقتله الحاضرون، فابتدأت الحرب بورا بين جيمس وآل دوغلاس الذين تم اجتياح وتخريب أراضيهم، ولكن بعد أن قام البرلمان الإسكتلندي بتبرئة الملك أعلن جيمس الإيرل الجديد لدوغلاس استسلامه. وفي بدايات العام 1455 رجع الصراع مرة أخرى، وذهب جيمس ليقابل الثوار وأحرز عدة انتصارات مهمة وبلغوا دوغلاس وأخذوا منه أرضه.

جيمس الذي كان حاكما مطلقا والذي قوى نفسه بهذا الانتصار وضمن ولاء البرلمان والنبلاء شاهد حرب الوردتين وهي تندلع في إنكلترا دون سابق إنذار، وبعد حملتين عبر الحدود قام بوضع هدنة في يوليو 1457 واستغلها الملك في تقوية حكمه في المرتفعات، وخلال حرب الوردتين أظهر تعاطفا مع آل لانكاستر بعد هزيمة هنري السادس في نورثامبتون بالهجوم على الأراضي جنوب اسكتلندا.

مات جيمس في 3 أغسطس 1460 إثر انفجار مدفع في حصار قلعة ركسبورو، وترك ثلاثة أبناء هم خليفته جيمس الثالث ملك اسكتلندا وألكساندر ستيوارت دوق ألباني وجون ستيوارت إيرل مار (مات 1479) وابنتين. وكان يلقب بذي الوجه المتقد وكان أميرا نشيطا ومحبوبا ولكنه لم يكن مثقفا مثل أبيه لكن أظهر اهتماما بالتعليم. وكن عهده مهما في التاريخ التشريعي لاسكتلندا حيث تم إصدار قوانين تهتم بحقوق ملكية الأراضي وتم تحديث نظم السك وكذلك حماية الفقراء بينما تطور تنظيم الإدارة والقانون بشكل كبير.

مراجع

آل ستيوارت
أشخاص من إدنبرة
توائم من إسكتلندا
حكام أطفال في العصور الوسطى
خريجو جامعة سانت أندروز
قتلة في القرن 15
ملكيون إسكتلنديون في القرن 15
مواليد 1430
نبلاء من إدنبرة
وفيات 1460
وفيات بإطلاق النار في إسكتلندا
وفيات عرضية في إسكتلندا

جيمس الثاني ملك إسكتلندا


A Neue Künstlervereinigung München (abreviada NKVM; traduzida do alemão como "Associação de Artistas de Nova Munique") foi um grupo de artistas que se formou em 1909 em torno de Wassily Kandinsky e prefigurava Der Blaue Reiter, a primeira secessão modernista considerada precursora e pioneira da arte moderna na Alemanha do século XX.

História
Seus membros fundadores foram Wassily Kandinsky (que inicialmente propôs a criação do grupo),  Alexej von Jawlensky, Marianne von Werefkin, Gabriele Münter, Adolf Erbslöh, Charles Johann Palmié e Alexander Kanoldt.

As principais figuras se reuniram em 1909 para estudar em Munique. Entre os mesmos 1909 e 1911, o NKVM organizou três ciclos de exposições. O primeiro apresentou o grupo original e artistas convidados, o segundo expandiu-se para incluir artistas internacionais de vanguarda como Pablo Picasso e Georges Braque, e o terceiro e último dispensou a maioria dos artistas anteriores, especialmente os secessionistas do Der Blaue Reiter. eles organizaram sua própria exposição paralela na mesma galeria, como resultado de tensões dentro da NKVM.

Artes da Alemanha
Palavras, frases e expressões em alemão

Neue Künstlervereinigung München


En bedre verden er en dansk udviklingsbistandsfilm fra 1976 instrueret af Kristian Paludan.

Handling
En film om U-lande, der lever i en usikker balance med naturen, hvor det daglige brød ikke er en selvfølgelighed. Men også en film om den hjælp vesten yder og den nye verdensorden, der er på vej.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1976

En bedre verden (dokumentarfilm)


An Chimonobambusa montigena in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Tong Pei Yi, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dieter Ohrnberger. An Chimonobambusa montigena in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chimonobambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chimonobambusa

Chimonobambusa montigena


Der Sender Völklingen ist eine Sendeanlage zur Ausstrahlung von Hörfunksignalen. Er befindet sich auf dem Hoheberg südwestlich des Stadtteils Wehrden der Stadt Völklingen und versorgt die umliegenden Gebiete. Als Antennenträger kommt ein Sendeturm in der Bauart eines freistehenden Betonturms zum Einsatz.

Ursprünglich wurde er von der Deutschen Bundespost erbaut und gehört heute zur Deutschen Funkturm GmbH, einer Tochtergesellschaft der Deutschen Telekom AG.

In zirka 2,5 km Entfernung befindet sich der Sender Wehrden des Saarländischen Rundfunks.

Frequenzen und Programme

Analoger Hörfunk (UKW)
Zurzeit gibt es auf dem Turm folgende analoge Hörfunksender:

Analoges Fernsehen (PAL)
Vor der Umstellung auf DVB-T liefen hier die folgenden analogen TV-Sender:

Einzelnachweise

Volklingen Sender
Bauwerk in Völklingen
Volklingen

Sender Völklingen


La Cabanagem fue una revuelta sucedida entre 1835 y 1840 de parte de los negros, mestizos (llamados también caboclos o taputos) e indios contra la élite política local de la provincia del Gran Pará (en portugués: Grão-Pará). Entre las causas de la rebelión estaba la extrema pobreza de las comunidades costeras producto que desde la Independencia de Brasil se había relegado a dicha provincia a un territorio de poca importancia. A la masa popular también se les unieron sectores de clase media y alta, destacando el períodista Vicente Ferreira Lavor (alias "Papagaio").

Etimología
La palabra cabanagem se refiere a las cabañas donde vivían los indios, mestizos y negros que protagonizaron la rebelión.

Antecedentes
Tras la guerra de independencia las fuerzas brasileñas tuvieron que actuar en Gran Pará para derrotar a los últimos focos de resistencia lusitana que pretendía que dicha provincia permaneciera como colonia de Portugal. La lucha duró varios años y destacaron el periodista y sacerdote João Batista Gonçalves Campos, los hermanos Vinagre (Manuel, Francisco Pedro y Antônio) y el hacendado Félix Antônio Clemente Malcher. En esos años muchos esclavos escaparon y formaron quilombos y las rebeliones militares eran frecuentes. Tras la lucha se instaló un gobierno leal al central que marginó a los líderes locales. La élite local, aunque no tan afectada por el conflicto, se sintió desplazada por el centralismo imperial que centraba los recursos estatales en las provincias costeras del sudeste y nordeste.

En julio de 1831 hubo una rebelión militar en Belém y Gonçalves Campos fue arrestado como uno de los responsables. La indignación de la gente creció y en 1833 ya se hablaba de crear una federación. El presidente de la provincia, Bernardo Lobo de Sousa, desató una política de represión para contener el malestar. El punto culminante se alcanzó el 1834 cuando Gonçalves Campos envió una carta al obispo de Pará, Romualdo de Souza Coelho, al no haber sido autorizado el periodista fue perseguido y tuvo que refugiarse en tierras de su amigo Clemente Malcher. Posteriormente los hermanos Vinagre y el periodista Eduardo Angelim reunieron un contingente de rebeldes en la granja de Malcher.

Antes de producirse el ataque de las tropas gubernamentales los rebeldes dejaron la granja. Sin embargo, el 3 de noviembre los rebeldes fueron alcanzados y murió Manuel Vinagre y Malcher fue apresado. El 31 de diciembre falleció Gonçalves Campos por la infección de una herida hecha cuando se afeitaba.

El movimiento
El 6 de enero de 1835 Antônio Vinagre con un contingente de insurrectos (llamados cabanos) tomó el palacio de gobierno de Belém y nombraron a Félix Antônio Clemente Malcher presidente de Gran Pará. La ciudad fue tomada en menos de un día muriendo el Comandante de Armas provincial y el presidente Lobo de Sousa e incautaron gran cantidad de material bélico. Al día siguiente Malcher fue liberado y Francisco Pedro Vinagre fue nombrado el nuevo Comandante de Armas de Gran Pará.

Pero dicho gobierno duro poco pues el presidente Malcher se sentía más identificado con los intereses de la clase dominante y prefería el mantener a la provincia como parte del Brasil, por lo que él 19 de febrero depuso del gobierno a sus aliados con apoyo de la élite local.

Francisco Vinagre, Angelim y otros se sublevaron, Malcher ordenó arrestar a Angelim y las fuerzas de ambos se enfrentaron. Malcher fue derrotado y muerto, su cuerpo fue arrastrado por las calles de Belém. Vinagre entonces asumió el cargo de Presidente de la Provincia.

Cuando la capital provincia fue asediada por el mariscal Manuel Jorge Rodrigues la actuación de Antônio impidió la captura de su hermano y la rendición inmediata de la ciudad. Pero la flota del almirante inglés John Taylor bombardeo las defensas de esta y los rebeldes tuvieron que retroceder al interior (julio de 1835). Los insurrectos se sublevaron y atacaron Belém el 14 de agosto, que fue tomada tras nueve días de batalla en la que murió Antônio Vinagre.

Angelim asumió la presidencia, durante diez meses aterrorizó a la élite local para que lo apoyara pero ante la falta de medidas concretas para consolidar el gobierno rebelde este acabó por debilitarse. Ante esto en marzo de 1836 el gobierno imperial envió al brigadier Francisco José de Sousa Soares de Andréa como presidente de la provincia y con la autorización de hacer la guerra total a los rebeldes mientras que desde febrero había cuatro buques de guerra cercando Belém amenazando con bombardearla. El ejército imperial se componía de soldados, mercenarios y criminales reclutados de las prisiones del sur y nordeste. La ciudad en ese momento estaba afectada por el desorden, hambre y la viruela. El 13 de mayo el brigadier Andréa bombardeó la ciudad y la mayoría de los rebeldes escaparon en canoas.

Andréa persiguió a Angelim, considerándolo una amenaza, hasta que en octubre fue capturado en una choza en la selva con su esposa y enviado a Río de Janeiro. Los insurrectos continuaron combatiendo como guerrillas en la selva hasta su exterminio completo en 1840. Los pueblos indígenas que los apoyaron, en particular los murá y mauê, prácticamente desaparecieron.

Consecuencias
Se estima que hasta un 10 o 40 % de la población de la provincia fue muerta durante el conflicto. La población de los indios del río Tapajós cayó de 40 000 a 3000 por la revuelta y de los 60 000 muras en 1826 catorce años después cayeron a unos pocos miles, perdiendo además la mayoría de sus tierras. La represión fue brutal y afecto principalmente a los indígenas, una simple denuncia terminaba casi siempre en una ejecución sumaria. En 1833 la población había sido censada en 119 877 almas: 32 751 indios, 29 977 esclavos negros, cerca de 42 000 mestiços y una minoría dominante de 15 000 blancos, en su mayoría lusitanos, concentrados en Belém, ciudad de 12 000 residentes. La economía de la región se vio muy afectada por la escasez de mano de obra. Unas 12 500 personas fueron arrestadas durante la guerra. Los únicos progresos los vivió la ciudad de Manaus, que creció enormemente debido a que se convirtió en una base de operaciones militares. En 1840 el gobierno imperial declaró una amnistía a los cabanos pero estos ya no existían, en cambio el exterminio y reducción de la población indígena sobreviviente continuó. La insurrección buscaba la expulsión de los blancos y el fin de la esclavitud en la Amazonia pero terminó con la llegada de un número mayor de europeos y con la población local aún más reprimida.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Chiavenato, Júlio José. Cabanagem, o povo no poder. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1984.
 Chiavenato, Júlio José. As lutas do povo brasileiro. São Paulo: Moderna, 1988.
 Chiavenato, Júlio José. As lutas do povoado contra os elites. São Paulo: Moderna, 1989.

Enlaces externos

Guerras de Brasil del siglo XIX
Historia de Pará
Conflictos en 1835
Conflictos en 1836
Conflictos en 1837
Conflictos en 1838
Conflictos en 1839
Conflictos en 1840
Brasil en 1835
Brasil en 1836
Brasil en 1837
Brasil en 1838
Brasil en 1839
Brasil en 1840
Imperio del Brasil (1822-1889)

Cabanagem


Chuck Norris versus Communism ("Chuck Norris împotriva comunismului") este un film românesc din 2015 regizat de Ilinca Călugăreanu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii: Irina Margareta Nistor, Ana Maria Moldovan, Dan Chiorean.

Prezentare

Documentarul este despre importul ilegal de filme americane de acțiune și cu temă religioasă pe casete VHS în România, în perioada de la sfârșitul anilor 1970 până la 1989. Această inițiativă a contribuit, potrivit părerii turnătorilor de film, la prăbușirea comunismului din țară și la sfârșitul domniei lui Nicolae Ceaușescu. Documentarul reconstituie întâmplări și prezintă interviuri cu cetățeni români, între care Irina-Margareta Nistor, cea care a dublat filmele străine în română.

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Vezi și
 2015 în film

Legături externe

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2015
Filme documentare românești

Chuck Norris versus comunism


Characeae, porodica parožina u redu Charales. Postoji 740 priznatih vrsta. Ime je dobila po rodu Chara. Rod Acinaria obuhvaća nekoliko slatkovodnih vrsta algi, ali njegovo ime je nepoznate ili upitne primjene (nomina dubia) i vodi se kao nom. illeg., a nazivi vrsta su priznati.

Rodovi i broj vrsta

 tribus Chareae Ganterer 185
 Acinaria Rafinesque  3 nom. illeg., nomen dubium
 Aclistochara R.E.Peck   54
 Acutochara L.Ya Sajdakovskij 1
 Amphorochara L.K.Krasavina   1
 Chara Linnaeus   185
 Charites H.Horn af Rantzien 14
 Clavatoraxis  C.Martin-Closas & C.Diéguez  2
 Croftiella H.Horn af Rantzien   3
 Dughiella Feist-Castel 1
 Flabellochara L.Grambast    1
 Grambastichara Horn 6
 Grovesichara H.Horn af Rantzien   3
 Gyrogona Lamarck ex Lamarck   1
 Gyrogonites Lamarck 28
 Harrisichara L.Grambast   15
 Hornichara V.P.Maslov  6
 Kosmogyra Stache 2
 Lamprothamnium J.Groves   15
 Latochara K.Mädler   11
 Leonardosia F.W.Sommer     2
 Lychnothamnus (Ruprecht) A.Braun   3
 Maedleriella L.Grambast     3
 Maedlerisphaera H.Horn af Rantzien   6
 Mesochara L.Grambast  6
 Microchara L.Grambast    5
 Multispirochara Y.C.Hao   1
 Nemegtichara J.Karczewska & M.Ziembinska-Tworzydlo   9
 Neochara Z.Wang     3
 Nitella C.Agardh     236
 Nitellites H.Horn af Rantzien   1
 Nodosochara K.Mädler    4
 Obtusochara K.Mädler     11
 Peckichara L.Grambast     18
 Peckisphaera L.Grambast    4
 Piriformachara Junying Liu & Xinying Wu    1
 Platychara L.Grambast   2
 Pseudoharrisichara Musacchio 1
 Raskyaechara H.Horn af Rantzien   6
 Sphaerochara K.Mädler     17
 Stephanochara L.Grambast    4
 Tectochara L.Grambast & N.Grambast   9
 Tolypella (A.Braun) A.Braun    21
 Triclypella L.Grambast    1
 Wangichara Junying Liu & Xinying Wu  2

Izvori

Charophyceae

Characeae


Kesme işareti ya da apostrof, bir noktalama işareti. Türkçede başlıca özel isimlerden sonra gelen ekleri ayırmada kullanılır.

Yazım
Noktalama işaretlerinin neredeyse tamamından sonra bir harf boşluğu kadar ara verilir. Kesme işareti ise ait olduğu kelimenin sağına bitişik olarak yazılır ve işaret ile sonra gelen ek arasında boşluk bırakılmaz:
 Nesrinde, Adananın vb.

Kullanımı
1. Özel adlara getirilen iyelik, durum ve bildirme ekleri kesme işaretiyle ayrılır.

a. Kişi adları, soyadları ve takma adlar:
 Atatürk'ün, Fatih Sultan Mehmet'e, Gül Baba'ya, Sultan Ana'nın, Yurdakul'dan, Kâzım Karabekir'i, Yunus Emre'yi, Refik Halit Karay'mış, Ahmet Cevat Emre'dir, Namık Kemal'se.

Sonunda p, ç, t, k ünsüzlerinden biri bulunan Ahmet, Çelik, Çiçek, Halit, Mehmet, Mesut, Murat, Özbek, Recep, Yiğit, Bosna-Hersek, Gaziantep, Kerkük, Sinop, Tokat, Zonguldak gibi özel adlara ünlüyle başlayan ek getirildiğinde kesme işareti yazımda "kullanılır" ancak Ahmedi, Çeliği, Çiçeği, Halidi, Mehmedi, Mesudu, Muradı, Özbeği, Recebi, Yiğidi, Bosna-Herseği, Gaziantebi, Kerküğü, Sinobu, Tokadı, Zonguldağı biçiminde son ses yumuşatılarak söylenir.

Özel adlar için yay ayraç (parantez) içinde bir açıklama yapıldığında, kesme işareti yay ayraçtan "önce" kullanılır:
 Yunus Emre'nin (1240?-1320)
 Yakup Kadri'ye (Karaosmanoğlu)

b. Millet, boy, oymak adları:
 Türk'üm, Alman'sınız, İngiliz'den, Rus'muş, Oğuz'un, Kazak'a, Kırgız'ım, Özbek'e, Karakeçili'nin, Hacımusalı'ya.

c. Devlet adları:
 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ni, Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti'nden.

ç. Din ve mitoloji ile ilgili özel adlar:
 Allah'ın, Cebrail'den, Zeus'u.

Tanrı, melek gibi mitolojik varlıklardan bahsederken eğer belirli bir varlıktan bahsedilmiyorsa (cins isim olarak kullanılıyorsa) ilk harf küçük yazılır ve sonra gelen ekler kesme işareti ile ayrılmaz:
 Çandra, Hinduizmde bir ay tanrısıdır.

d. Kıta, deniz, nehir, göl, dağ, boğaz, geçit, yayla; ülke, bölge, il, ilçe, köy, semt, bulvar, cadde, sokak vb. coğrafyayla ilgili yer adları:
Asya'nın, Marmara Denizi'nden, Akdeniz'i, Meriç Nehri'ne, Van Gölü'ne, Ağrı Dağı'nın, Çanakkale Boğazı'nın, Zigana Geçidi'nden, Uzunyayla'ya, Türkiye'dir, İç Anadolu'da, Doğu Anadolu'ya, Ankara'ymış, Sungurlu'ya, Ziya Gökalp Bulvarı'ndan, Yıldız Mahallesi'ne, Taksim Meydanı'ndan, Reşat Nuri Sokağı'na.

Yer bildiren özel isimlerde kısaltmalı söyleyiş söz konusu olduğu zaman ekten önce kesme işareti kullanılır:
 Hisar'dan, Boğaz'dan.

e. Gök bilimiyle ilgili adlar:
 Jüpiter'den, Venüs'ü, Halley'in, Merih'e, Büyükayı'da, Yedikardeş'ten, Samanyolu'nda.

f. Saray, köşk, han, kale, köprü, anıt vb. adları:
 Dolmabahçe Sarayı'nın, Çankaya Köşkü'ne, Sait Halim Paşa Yalısı'ndan, Ankara Kalesi'nden, Horozlu Han'ın, Galata Köprüsü'nün, Bilge Kağan Abidesi'nde, Çanakkale Şehitleri Anıtı'na.

g. Kitap, dergi, gazete ve sanat eseri (tablo, heykel, müzik vb.) adları:
 Nutuk'ta, Safahat'tan, Kiralık Konak'ta, Sinekli Bakkal'ı, Hürriyet'te, Resmî Gazete'de, Onuncu Yıl Marşı'nı, Yunus Emre Oratoryosu'nu, Atatürk Uluslararası Barış Ödülü'nü.

ğ. Kanun, tüzük, yönetmelik, yönerge ve genelge adları:
Millî Eğitim Temel Kanunu'na, Medeni Kanun'un, Atatürk Uluslararası Barış Ödülü Tüzüğü'nde, Telif Hakkı Yayın ve Satış Yönetmeliği'nin.

Belli bir kanun, tüzük, yönetmelik kastedildiğinde büyük harfle yazılan kanun, tüzük, yönetmelik sözlerinin ek alması durumunda kesme işareti kullanılır:
 Bu Kanun'un 17. maddesinin c bendi...
 Yukarıda adı geçen Yönetmelik'in 2'nci maddesine göre...

h. Hayvanlara verilen özel adlar:
 Sarıkız'ın, Karabaş'a, Pamuk'u, Minnoş'tan.

2. Kişi adlarından sonra gelen saygı sözlerine getirilen ekleri ayırmak için konur:
 Nihat Bey'e, Ayşe Hanım'dan, Mahmut Efendi'ye, Enver Paşa'ya.

3. Kısaltmalara getirilen ekleri ayırmak için konur:
 TBMM'nin, TDK'nin, BM'de, ABD'de, TV'ye.

4. Sayılara getirilen ekleri ayırmak için konur:
 1985'te, 8'inci madde, 2'nci kat; 7,65'lik, 9,65'lik.
 1919 senesi Mayısının 19'uncu günü Samsun'a çıktım. (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk)
5. Şiirde seslerin ölçü dolayısıyla düştüğünü göstermek için kesme işareti kullanılır:

Bir ok attım karlı dağın ardına
Düştü m'ola sevdiğimin yurduna
İl yanmazken ben yanarım derdine
Engel aramızı açtı n'eyleyim  (Karacaoğlan)

6. Bir ek veya harften sonra gelen ekleri ayırmak için konur:
 a'dan z'ye kadar, b'nin m'ye dönüşmesi, Türkçede -lık'la yapılmış sözler.

İstisnalar
Kurum, kuruluş, kurul ve işyeri adlarına gelen ekler kesmeyle ayrılmaz:

Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisine, Türk Dil Kurumundan, Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığına, Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dekanlığına, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Rektörlüğüne, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Başkanlığının; Bakanlar Kurulunun, Danışma Kurulundan, Yürütme Kuruluna; Mavi Köşe Bakkaliyesinden''

Özel adlara getirilen yapım ekleri, çokluk eki ve bunlardan sonra gelen diğer ekler kesmeyle ayrılmaz:

Türklük, Türkleşmek, Türkçü, Türkçülük, Türkçe, Müslümanlık, Hristiyanlık, Avrupalı, Avrupalılaşmak, Aydınlı, Konyalı, Bursalı, Ahmetler, Mehmetler, Yakup Kadriler, Türklerin, Türklüğün, Türkleşmekte, Türkçenin, Müslümanlıkta, Hollandalıdan, Hristiyanlıktan, Atatürkçülüğün.

Özel adlar yerine kullanılan "o" zamiri cümle içinde büyük harfle yazılmaz ve kendisinden sonra gelen ekler kesme işaretiyle ayrılmaz:

 Kahramanlıklarından dolayı halkı ona "Hızır" lakabını takmıştı.

Sonunda nokta bulunan kısaltmalar ile üslü kısaltma ve rakamlar kesmeyle ayrılmaz. Bu tür kısaltmalardaki ekler, noktadan ve üs işaretinden sonra kelimenin ve üs işaretinin okunuşuna uygun olarak yazılır:
 vb.leri, Alm.dan, İng.yi; cm³e (santimetre küpe), m²ye (metre kareye), 64ten (altı üssü dörtten).

Kaynakça
 Noktalama İşaretleri (Açıklamalar) Türk Dil Kurumu

Ayrıca bakınız
 Aksan işareti
 Vurgu işareti

Noktalama işaretleri

Kesme işareti


Domenico Pompili (Roma, Itália, 21 de maio de 1963) é um clérigo italiano e bispo católico romano de Verona.

Biografia
Ele nasceu em Roma em .

Formação e ministério sacerdotal
Em  foi ordenado sacerdote para a diocese de Anagni-Alatri por Dom Luigi Belloli.

Obteve a licenciatura em 1990 e o doutorado em teologia moral em 2001 pela Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana de Roma.

De 1988 a 1999 desempenhou o ministério na diocese de Anagni-Alatri como secretário particular de Dom Luigi Belloli e diretor do escritório diocesano de comunicação social. Ao mesmo tempo foi pároco de Vallepietra. De 2000 a 2006 desempenhou o ministério de vigário episcopal para a pastoral e diretor do escritório diocesano para o patrimônio cultural de sua diocese, continuando como diretor do escritório diocesano de comunicação social e assistente unitário da Ação Católica diocesana. Durante o mesmo período foi também pároco da co-catedral de San Paolo di Alatri.

Foi professor encarregado de teologia moral no Instituto Teológico Leoniano de Anagni, onde é professor desde 1990.

Em outubro de 2005 foi nomeado assistente de estudos da secretaria geral do CEI com cargos no SAT 2000 e na Rádio InBlu. Foi também secretário da fundação de comunicação e cultura e membro do comitê italiano para o apoio à pastoral juvenil (CISIP) e membro da diretoria do jornal Avvenire.

Desde 2007 é diretor do escritório nacional de comunicação social da Conferência Episcopal Italiana. Em 28 de janeiro de 2009 foi nomeado subsecretário da CEI pelo Conselho Episcopal Permanente, tendo sido prorrogado em 29 de janeiro de 2014.

Ministério Episcopal
Em 15 de maio de 2015, o Papa Francisco o nomeou bispo de Rieti; sucedeu Delio Lucarelli, que se aposentou ao atingir o limite de idade. No dia 5 de setembro recebeu a ordenação episcopal, na catedral de Rieti, O arcebispo de Gênova, Angelo Bagnasco, o consagrou bispo em 5 de setembro do mesmo ano. Os co-consagradores foram seu antecessor Delio Lucarelli, o bispo de Anagni-Alatri, Lorenzo Loppa, o secretário geral da Conferência Episcopal Italiana, Nunzio Galantino, e o ex-bispo de Viterbo, Lorenzo Chiarinelli. Na mesma celebração tomou posse da diocese.

Em maio de 2018 foi eleito presidente da Comissão Episcopal de Cultura e Comunicação Social da CEI; em maio de 2021, ele foi reconfirmado nesta função.

Em 29 de outubro de 2020, foi nomeado pelo próprio papa como administrador apostólico de Ascoli Piceno após a renúncia do bispo Giovanni D'Ercole; manteve seu cargo até a entrada do novo arcebispo-bispo Gianpiero Palmieri, que ocorreu em 29 de outubro de 2020. 28 de novembro de 2021.

Em 2 de julho de 2022, o Papa Francisco o nomeou bispo de Verona; sucedeu Giuseppe Zenti, que renunciou depois de atingir o limite de idade.

Ver também

Naturais de Roma
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana
Bispos católicos da Itália

Domenico Pompili


Wallerstein descrie sistemul international ca un circuit economic bazat pe cercuri centrale, cu state care dispun de capital si tehnologie, periferice - statele cu materii prime si semiperiferice.

Teorii ale relațiilor internaționale

Teoria sistemului mondial


11774 Jerne este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11774 Jerne este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Cornelis Johannes van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld și Tom Gehrels. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,15 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 13,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1977
Centura de asteroizi

11774 Jerne


ŽNK Travnik je bosanskohercegovački ženski nogometni klub iz grada Travnika u središnjoj Bosni.

Vanjske poveznice
Facebook

ž Travnik
Šport u Travniku
Rosa Bandits

ŽNK Rosa Brandis Travnik


Campeonato Americano de Hóquei em Patins, esta edição realizou-se  na cidade Sertãozinho Brasil. Esta competição foi organizada pela CSP, a Federação Sul-Americana de Patinagem.

Paises participantes
Seniores Masc.

 15ª Participação

 15ª Participação

 16ª Participação

Fase Grupo

Ligações externas
 worldskateamerica
 CSP
 CBHP
 patinesychuecas.com
 FEDERACIÓN CHILENA DE HOCKEY Y PATINAJE
 FEDERACIÓN COLOMBIANA DE PATINAJE

Competições de hóquei sobre patins

Campeonato Sul Americano de Hóquei em Patins de 1987


أبدالي أو دُرّاني هو اسم أكبر اتحاد قبائل في دولتي أفغانستان وباكستان.

مراجع

الدولة الدرانية
شعوب إيرانية
قبائل بشتونية
مجموعات اجتماعية في باكستان
مجموعات عرقية في أفغانستان

دراني


TCM Autor fue un canal de televisión por suscripción español propiedad de Turner, bajo la marca internacional Turner Classic Movies (TCM). El canal estaba dedicado al cine independiente europeo, asiático, americano, etc.

El 31 de agosto de 2013, TCM Autor desapareció como canal para fusionarse con  TCM y crear así TCM HD, un canal en alta definición con los contenidos de ambos TCM.

Historia

Como TCM Clásico
TCM Clásico nació el 1 de febrero de 2007 a partir de su canal hermano TCM, para separar los contenidos cinematográficos de TCM en dos. TCM Clásico emitiría el cine clásico desde los inicios del cine, hasta los años 70, dejando el cine más moderno, desde los 70 hasta la actualidad, para TCM.

Como TCM Autor
TCM Autor nace el 1 de febrero de 2012 sustituyendo a TCM Clásico, el cual integró su programación dentro del canal principal TCM.

TCM Autor pretende dar cabida a un tipo de cine cada vez más demandado, con contenidos para un público más minoritario pero exigente. TCM Autor se dedicará a un tipo de cine más transgresor e independiente, emitiendo películas de cualquier época y series del mismo género.

El 5 de julio de 2013 Turner anunció la desaparición del canal para que se fusionase el 1 de septiembre de 2013 con TCM, creando así un nuevo canal: TCM HD, donde se emitiría el mejor cine de TCM y TCM Autor en Alta definición.

Programación
TCM Autor emite principalmente cine independiente de origen europeo, asiático, americano, etc... Todo lo relacionado con el cine independiente está en TCM Autor.

Véase también
 Turner Broadcasting System
 TCM

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial de TCM y TCM Autor
 Programación diaria de TCM Autor

Canales de televisión por suscripción de España
Canales de televisión de pago de España extintos
Canales y estaciones de televisión fundados en 2012
Canales y estaciones de televisión desaparecidos en 2013
Turner Broadcasting System Europe
Turner Classic Movies

TCM Autor


لينكون تاون كار وتنطق لينكن هي مركبة تنتجها شركة لينكون التابعة لشركتها الأم فورد في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، حيث تعد التاون كار هي أضخم وأفخم فئة من ضمن طرازات لينكون وطرازات شركة فورد عموماً، وهي واحدة من أضخم سيارات الصالون في العالم من حيث الحجم والأبعاد الداخلية والخارجية وكما أنها من أكثر السيارات استخداماً على نطاق سيارات الليموزين أو الاستخدام الشخصي سواءً بالمقاس الاعتيادي أو المقاسات الطويلة، وهي تعد واحدة من السيارات الأمريكية الأكثر مبيعاً على مستوى السيارات الفارهة وذلك لاحتفاظها بتقاليدها مثل المحرك ذي 8 أسطوانات وناقل الحركة بأربع سرعات الخالي من التعقيدات ونظام الدفع الخلفي الصلب. ولا توجد أي فروقات من ناحية المحرك أو ناقل الحركة أو الدفرنس الخلفي مع شقيقاتها الأقل فخامة منها وهما ميركوري غراند ماركيز وكراون فيكتوريا.

سبب الإيقاف
كان سبب إيقافها هو توجهات شركة فورد إلى إنتاج سيارات اصغر حجما من ناحية المحرك وذلك لتوفير الوقود بحسب أنظمة الطرق الأمريكية. ذلك ينطبق أيضا على شقيقاتها الأخريات كراون فيكتوريا وميركوري غراند ماركيز وفورد بصدد طرح سيارة جديدة تحت مسمى لنكولن كونتننتال وتأتي الكونتننتال بمحرك 6 أسطوانات و6 أسطوانات إكوبوست بشاحنين توربينين يولد قوة أكبر من تلك التي ينتجها محرك 8 أسطوانات.

الأسعار
تعد سيارة تاون كار من السيارات ذات الأسعار المعقولة مقارنةً بأسعار السيارات الفارهة الأوروبية ولكنها تعد السيارة الفارهة الأغلى على مستوى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية حيث تبدأ أسعارها من 46.000 وحتى 54.000 دولار، وكما أنها تتوفر بطراز مصفح يبتدأ سعره من 145.000 دولار.

معرض صور

مراجع

سيارات اخترعت في 1980
سيارات توقفت في 2011
سيارات خلفية الدفع
سيارات رئاسية
سيارات صالون
سيارات صنعت في الولايات المتحدة
سيارات عائلية كبيرة
سيارات عقد 1980
سيارات عقد 1990
سيارات عقد 2000
سيارات عقد 2010
ليموزين
مركبات لينكولن

لينكون تاون كار


William Drummond or Bill Drummond is the name of:

William Drummond of Hawthornden (1585–1649), Scottish poet, influenced by Spenser; best known for illustrated essay, Cypresse Grove
William Drummond (colonial governor) (c. 1617–1677), Scottish administrator in the Province of Carolina; participant in Bacon's Rebellion
William Drummond, 1st Viscount Strathallan (1617–1688), Scottish soldier and politician
William Drummond, 2nd Viscount Strathallan (1670–1702)
William Drummond, 3rd Viscount Strathallan (1694–1711)
William Drummond, 4th Viscount Strathallan (1690–1746), Scottish-English supporter of the Jacobite cause; died in the Battle of Culloden
William Drummond of Logiealmond (c. 1770–1828), Scottish classical scholar, philosopher, diplomat, and MP in Scotland and England
William Hamilton Drummond (1778–1865), poet
William Drummond, 7th Viscount Strathallan (1810–1886), Scottish Conservative politician

William Henry Drummond (1854–1907), Canadian poet, born in Ireland, elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1898
William Drummond, 15th Earl of Perth (1871–1937), succeeded as 15th Earl of Perth in 1902
William Eugene Drummond (1876–1946), American architect
William Drummond, a pseudonym for Arthur Calder-Marshall (1908–1992), British novelist
William J. Drummond (born 1944), American journalism professor at the University of California (Berkeley)
Bill Drummond (born 1953), Scottish musician, author, conceptual artist, music-industry entrepreneur and co-founder of The KLF
Billy Drummond (born 1959), American jazz drummer
William Abernethy Drummond (c. 1719–1809), Bishop of Edinburgh
William Drummond (footballer) (fl. 1910s), Australian rules footballer

William Drummond


Gul sennep (Sinapis alba) er en 50-80 cm høj urt, der i Danmark er en almindelig kulturplante.

Beskrivelse
Gul sennep er en enårig, urteagtig plante med en stiv, opret vækst. Stilken er grenet og har grove børstehår. Bladene er ligeledes behårede og er uregelmæssigt fjerfligede.

Blomsterne er samlet i klynger; hver blomst har fire gule kronblade, der er 7-10 mm lange. Frugterne er korte skulper med stive udstående hår. Artsnavnet 'alba' betyder hvid og refererer til frøene, der imidlertid nærmere er lysegule.

Roden er kraftig og har mange fine siderødder.

Voksested
Gul sennep har sin naturlige udbredelse i Middelhavsområdet, men er udbredt over det meste af verden. Den kom til I naturen vokser den især på marker, øde områder, vejbredder, jernbaneområder, affaldspladser og lignende.

Arten er desuden naturaliseret i mange steder i verden.

Anvendelse
De olieholdige frø kan anvendes til produktion af sennep. Derudover anvendes den i have- og landbrug til jorddækning og efterafgrøde samt grøngødning, hvilket den er velegnet til på grund af sin hurtige vækst.

Referencer

Biplanter
Ukrudtsplanter
Gule blomster
Sennep-slægten

Gul sennep


La microrregión de Auriflama es una de las microrregiones del estado brasilero de São Paulo perteneciente a la Mesorregión de São José do Río Preto. Tiene una población de 46.367 habitantes (IBGE/2010) y está dividida en nueve municipios. Posee un área total de 2.312,2 km².

Municipios

 Auriflama
 Floreal
 Gastão Vidigal
 General Salgado
 Guzolândia
 Magda
 Nova Castilho
 Nova Luzitânia
 São João de Iracema

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Auriflama

Microrregión de Auriflama


The Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) was one of a number of research councils in the United Kingdom. It directed, coordinated and funded research in particle physics and astronomy for the people of the UK. Its head office was at Polaris House in Swindon, Wiltshire, but it also operated three scientific sites: the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) in Edinburgh, the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes (ING) in La Palma and the Joint Astronomy Centre (JAC) in Hawaii. It published the Frontiers magazine three times a year, containing news and highlights of the research and outreach programmes it supports.

The PPARC was formed in April 1994 when the Science and Engineering Research Council was split into several organizations; other products of the split included the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). In April 2007, it merged with the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) and the nuclear physics portion of the EPSRC to form the new Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC).

Frontiers magazine

PPARC previously published a magazine called Frontiers,  .

See also
 List of astronomical societies

References

External links
 PPARC website archive (2007)
 Frontiers magazine website archive (2007)
Research Councils UK

British astronomy organisations
Research councils
Scientific organizations established in 1994
Scientific organizations disestablished in 2007
Science and Technology Facilities Council
1994 establishments in the United Kingdom


El 6 º Real Regimiento de Tanques (6 RTR del inglés 6th Royal Tank Regiment), fue un regimiento del Real Regimiento de Tanques, del Ejército Británico, activo hasta 1959. Inicialmente entró en acción bélica como el sexto Batallón del Cuerpo de Tanques en 1917.

Primera Guerra Mundial

Los tanques fueron utilizados por primera vez en acción bélica en 1916, fueron operados por la División Pesada del Cuerpo de ametralladoras (Machine Gun Corps). Estuvo constituido por seis compañías,nombradas  de la A a la F. Con el rápido crecimiento de las fuerzas de tanques, estas compañías se utilizaron como germen de nuevos batallones, los cuales fueron trasladados rápidamente al recién formado Cuerpo de Tanques, y luego cambiaron su nomenclatura de letras a números. La compañía F se convirtió así en el Batallón F de la División Pesada en noviembre de 1916, y el Batallón F del Cuerpo de Tanques, a continuación, se designó como 6th batallón del Cuerpo de Tanques en enero de 1918.

Durante este tiempo, la unidad entró en acción bélica; luchó en la Batalla de Messines, Passchendaele, Cambrai, Amiens (con tanques ligeros Mc Whippet A ), Baupame, Arras dos veces y Cambrai-St Quentin.

Durante este tiempo, una Cruz Victoria fue concedida al capitán Richard Annesley West de la North Irish Horse, en ese momento teniente coronel comandante del sexto Batallón del Cuerpo de Tanques. Esta fue una de las sólo cuatro Cruz Victoria otorgadas al Cuerpo durante la Gran Guerra.

Periodo de entreguerras

Después del armisticio, el Cuerpo de Tanques fue drásticamente reducido, desde veintiséis batallones en 1919 a cuatro en la década de 1920. El sexto batallón fue uno de los disueltos, con el resto de su personal fue transferido al  Batallón en noviembre de 1919.

En la década de 1930, se tomó la decisión de ampliar el Real Cuerpo de Tanques (se añadió "Royal" al título del regimiento en 1923). Dos compañías integradas por vehículos blindados en Egipto de los Reales Cuerpos de Tanques, la tercera y quinta, se unieron y reformaron como el 6º batallón del  Real Cuerpo de Tanques. Sin embargo, esta unidad fue casi simbólica- sólo estaba compuesta por dos compañías - y no fue rearmada a todo potencial con una tercera compañía hasta principios de 1939, momento en el que se cambió el nombre a sexto Regimiento Real de Tanques.

Segunda Guerra Mundial

Cuando la guerra estalló en 1939, el 6 RTR tuvo base en Egipto con la Brigada pesada acorazada (Egipto), formando parte de la División Acorazada (Egipto). Estaba equipado con una mezcla de tanques ligeros Mk VIb, tanques medianos Mark II y tanques Mk I Cruiser.

Posguerra

El 6 RTR entró de nuevo en acción durante la crisis de Suez en 1956, donde los escuadrones HQ, B y C fueron desembarcados para apoyar la Operación Mosquetero (Operation Musketeer (1956)).  En 1948, el regimiento se encuentra en el aeródromo Scofton de Notts. En 1959 se fusionó con el tercer Real Regimiento de Tanques.

Referencias

 Lineage of 6th battalion Tank Corps( 2009-10-22)
 regiments.org page on 6 RTR
 6th RTR war diaries

  Merseyside RTR (Brian Gills website)

Guerra acorazada
Carros de combate
Caballería

Sexto Real Regimiento de Tanques


Nacionalni ured za Karipsku Nizozemsku (nizozemski: Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland, eng.: Rijksdienst Dutch Caribbean , National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands; papiamento Servisio di Reino Karibe Hulandes ) je vladin ured Kraljevine Nizozemske za Karipsku Nizozemsku. Moć koju po pravilu imaju provincijska vijeća unutar općina u Nizozemskoj podijeljena su između otočkih vlada i središnje vlade putem ovog ureda.

Odgovoran je za oporezivanje, politike, useljavanje, prometnu infrastrukturu, zdravstvo, prosvjetu i socijalno osiguranje na ovim otočnim teritorijima te pruža te usluge u ime Vlade Nizozemske. Uspostavljen je kao Regijski servisni centar 2008. i postao je Nacionalni ured za Karipsku Nizozemsku 1. rujna 2010. godine. Trenutni ravnatelj je Jan Helmond. Zastupnik javnih tijela Bonairea, Svetog Eustahija i Sabe zastupa Vladu Nizozemske na otocima i također vrši zadaće slične kraljevu komesaru (Commissaris van de Koning). Trenutna zastupnica je Gilbert Isabella.

Vidi
Rijksoverheid (het Rijk)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice (nl, en, pap)

Politika Nizozemske
Karipska Nizozemska

Nacionalni ured za Karipsku Nizozemsku


Mauro Perković (Pula, 22. ožujka 2003.) hrvatski je nogometaš koji igra na poziciji stopera.

Klupska karijera

Istra 1961
Godine 2012. prešao je iz kluba Pula ICI u Istru 1961. Za Istru 1961 debitirao je 27. siječnja 2021. u utakmici 1. HNL u kojoj je Rijeka dobila rezultatom 1:2. Svoj prvi klupski pogodak postigao je 20. rujna u ligaškoj utakmici protiv Slaven Belupa koja je završila 1:1. U Hrvatskom nogometnom kupu debitirao je 27. listopada kada je Rudar Labin poražen 2:3.

Dinamo Zagreb
Dana 15. veljače 2023. Istra 1961 posudila je Perkovića do kraja sezone Dinamu uz obvezu otkupa za dva milijuna eura. Taj transfer oborio je rekord za najveći izlazni transfer Istre 1961. Za Dinamo Zagreb debitirao je četiri dana kasnije kada je Varaždin poražen 1:3. Svoj prvi klupski pogodak postigao je 8. listopada kada je Istra 1961 izgubila 3:0.

Reprezentativna karijera
Mauro Perković igrao je za selekcije Hrvatske do 16, 19 i 21 godinu.

Priznanja

Klupska
Dinamo Zagreb
 HNL (1): 2022./23.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil, Transfermarkt

Hrvatski nogometaši
Nogometaši NK Istra 1961
Nogometaši Dinama
Životopisi, Pula
Aktivni nogometaši

Mauro Perković


La faculté de médecine de Nantes est une unité de formation et de recherche située sur le campus du CHU de Nantes. Elle appartient à l'université de Nantes.

Historique

L'université ducale de Bretagne est fondée par Bertrand Milon le , à l'initiative du duc François II de Bretagne, et ce par une bulle pontificale du pape Pie II, donnée à Sienne, que l'évêque de Nantes Guillaume de Malestroit promulgua le  suivant en qualité de protecteur de la nouvelle institution avec le titre de « chancelier » et la dota  saluts d'or.

Au , l'accroissement des besoins médicaux, avec l'expansion du port, conduit à la fondation de l'École de chirurgie en 1754, qui va conduire au déclin de la faculté de médecine, avec sa fermeture en 1793.

En 1808,  créé l'École secondaire de médecine de Nantes, permettant ainsi dispensation des cours théoriques et pratiques de médecine, chirurgie et pharmacie. En 1841, l'École préparatoire de médecine et de pharmacie est fondée, remplaçant la précédente École secondaire.

La Faculté mixte de médecine et de pharmacie est recrée en 1956.

Les travaux pour de nouveaux locaux pour la faculté de médecine ont commencé en 2000 quai de Tourville et se sont terminés en 2011. Ils accueillent aujourd'hui l'IRSUN (Institut de Recherche en Santé de l'Université de Nantes).

Formation et recherche

Vie étudiante

Personnalités liées

Doyens de la faculté et directeurs de l'école

Enseignants

Anciens étudiants

Bibliographie
 François Aubin, Histoire de la Faculté de médecine de Nantes au , Paris, 1947.
Gérard Emptoz, Guy Saupin, Anne-Claire Déré, Histoire de l'université de Nantes: 1460-1993, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2002 .
 Pascale Jolliet, La Faculté de Médecine de Nantes, Le Grand Métier, 2016, 92 pp.
Henri Barrière, « Le renouveau de la Faculté de médecine de Nantes », dans La Santé en Bretagne des origines à nos jours, Hervas, Paris, 1992, p. 426-427.
Joseph Corroller, Jean Cuny, « L'enseignement de la médecine à Nantes sous la Révolution », dans « La médecine, les médecins, les hôpitaux au temps de la jeunesse de Laënnec à Nantes », Histoire des sciences médicales, t. 27, n°2, 1993, p. 121-124.
Jean-Pierre Kernéïs, « L'enseignement médical nantais sous l'Ancien Régime », dans La Santé en Bretagne des origines à nos jours, Hervas, Paris, 1992, p. 207-219.
Jean-Pierre Kernéïs, « L'essor de l'École de médecine de Nantes au 19e siècle », dans La Santé en Bretagne des origines à nos jours, Hervas, Paris, 1992, p. 230-236.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Hôtel-Dieu de Nantes
 Histoire de l'anesthésie-réanimation universitaire nantaise

Liens externes

 Faculté de médecine, sur Nantes Patrimonia

N
Enseignement supérieur à Nantes
Université de Nantes
Histoire de la médecine

Faculté de médecine de Nantes


Le Qinghai est une race de chameau de Bactriane originaire de la province du Qinghai, en Chine.

Présentation
C'est un chameau brun clair de grande taille que l'on trouve près du plateau tibétain, dans la province du Qinghai. Le mâle peut atteindre les  et la femelle . La race est utilisée pour une triple production : laine, lait et viande. Bien que mauvais producteur de lait et ayant un faible rendement carcasse, il est surtout intéressant pour sa production lainière.

Depuis les années 1980, la population du Qinghai est en diminution.

Des études génétiques sur plusieurs races de chameaux chinois ont démontré un plus grand écart génétique entre le Qinghai et les autres races que l'on trouve plus au nord, en Mongolie-Intérieure, démontrant un échange de gènes bien moins fréquent.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

 Liste de races de chameaux et de dromadaires

Liens externes

Race animale originaire de Chine
Statut FAO non menacée
Race cameline originaire d'Asie

Qinghai (chameau)


Michael Argyle (Nottingham, 11 de agosto de 1925 - Oxford, 6 de setembro de 2002) foi um psicólogo social britânico conhecido por suas pesquisas sobre competências sociais, comunicação não verbal, psicologia da felicidade e psicologia da religião.

Bibliografia selecionada
The Scientific Study of Social Behaviour (Methuen, 1957)
Religious Behaviour (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958)
Training Managers (Acton Society Trust, 1962), com Trevor Smith
Psychology and Social Problems (Methuen, 1964)
The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour (Penguin, 1967)
Social Interaction (Tavistock Publications 1969)
The Social Psychology of Work (Allen Lane, 1972)
Skills With People: A Guide for Managers (Hutchinson, 1973), com Elizabeth Sidney e Margaret Brown
Bodily Communication (Methuen, 1975)
Gaze and Mutual Gaze (Cambridge University Press, 1976), com Mark Cook
Social Skills and Mental Health (Methuen, 1978), com Peter Trower e Bridget Bryant
Person to Person: Ways of Communicating (Harper & Row, 1979), com Peter Trower
Social Situations (Cambridge University Press, 1981), com Adrian Furnham e Jean Ann Graham
The Psychology of Happiness (Methuen, 1987)
Cooperation: The Basis of Sociability (Routledge, 1991)
The Social Psychology of Everyday Life (Routledge, 1992)
The Psychology of Social Class (Routledge, 1994)
The Social Psychology of Leisure (Penguin, 1996)
The Psychology of Religious Behaviour, Belief and Experience (Routledge, 1997), com Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi
The Psychology of Money (Routledge, 1998), com Adrian Furnham

Psicólogos sociais
Psicólogos da Inglaterra
Professores da Universidade de Oxford

Michael Argyle


La Société des Amis du Vieux Saint-Antonin est une société savante française qui œuvre à la connaissance, la protection, la valorisation du patrimoine historique et naturel de la région de Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val en Tarn-et-Garonne, aux confins du Quercy, du Rouergue et de l'Albigeois.

Présentation
La Société des amis du vieux Saint-Antonin et de sa région en Rouergue, Quercy, Albigeois est créée en 1943 et se réunit régulièrement en mairie de Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val, son siège social.

Son but principal est la protection des sites et monuments, mais aussi agit sur ce qui a trait à l'histoire et l'archéologie locales, la préhistoire, l'iconographie et l'historiographie de l'ancienne juridiction de Saint-Antonin et de sa région.

Elle édite un bulletin annuel depuis 1943.

Liste des présidents successifs

 Jean Donat, de 1943 à 1944, fondateur
 Vincent Galan (chanoine) 1944 à 1953
 Pierre Bayrou 1953 à 1963
 Paul Darasse  1963 à 1967
 René Combes 1967 à 1972
 Georges Julien 1972 à 1985
 André Vignoles 1985 à 1993 (nommé Président d'honneur)
 Gilles Muratet 1993 à 1996
 Michel Ferrer 1996 à 1999
 Jeanine Isabeth 1999 à 2003
 Isabeth / Cosnier 2003 à 2005
 Georges Cosnier 2005 à 2007 (nommé Président d'honneur)
 Pierre Prieur  2007 à 2015
 Thierry Le Roy depuis 2015

Principales activités
La Société des Amis du Vieux Saint-Antonin s'implique dans la recherche historique, la connaissance du patrimoine, sa protection.

Elle suit de près les dossiers tels que le musée (dont elle avait la gestion avant la fermeture en vue d'un réaménagement complet), l'aménagement de la place des Moines (au bord de l'Aveyron), l'aménagement des chaussées et des moulins sur les rivières du secteur (Aveyron, Bonnette), le système des canaux intérieurs  dans la ville.

Elle a proposé la création d'un Centre de conservation archéologique en 2021 ; un appel à projet a été lancé en avril 2022.

En outre, elle participe à l'animation culturelle par ces actions ou ateliers :
 Visites de la maison romane de Saint-Antonin
 Occitan : promotion et cours d'occitan
 Sentiers et randonnées : création, balisage, entretien de sentiers
 Salon d'art contemporain
 Journées Urban Sketchers
 Conférences
 Botanique : Cercle des jardiniers
 Atelier de reliure...

Publications

Le bulletin annuel (tirage, mode de diffusion? ) et les publications sont désormais numérisées et mises en ligne dans une bibliothèque numérique.

D'autres publications touchent à l'histoire de la région:
 Per çò Nòstre 2004  Evocation nostalgique par l'auteur (Pierre Bayrou) du passé de St-Antonin, écrit en occitan et traduit en français par André Vignoles
 Comptes Consulaires de Saint-Antonin (Tome I)  2003 Transcription en occitan de comptes consulaires de St-Antonin entre 1325 et 1363
 Guide illustré de Saint-Antonin 2004  La ville – Son histoire, ses monuments, sa région (géologie, spéléologie, préhistoire, flore, faune) Sites et excursions.
 Noms de lieux  (André Vignoles)  2004 Petit fascicule sur la toponymie de Saint-Antonin
 DVD ou CD  2005 Évocation audio de l'histoire de Saint-Antonin par Georges Julien (MP3) (Diffusée sur Radio Noble Val en 1983 et 1984
 « En parcourant les archives » Histoire de Saint-Antonin (Jean Donat)  2005 Histoire de Saint-Antonin & 2011 (Compilation des écrits de Jean Donat) Réédité en 2011
 Guide des sentiers de petite randonnée  2016 Divers circuits pédestres autour de Saint-Antonin (cartes IGN incluses)
 Comptes consulaires de Saint-Antonin (Traduction du Tome I) 2011 Traduction du tome I des comptes consulaires de Saint-Antonin
 Comptes consulaires de Saint-Antonin  2011 Traduction du tome II des comptes consulaires Saint-Antonin entre 1376 et 1453
 La maison romane « vue de près » (Photos Karin Mussfeldt Gerhard Bosinski) 2015 Photographies détaillées des sculptures de la maison romane
 Expositions d'art contemporain  Catalogues des différentes éditions
 Exposition des photos Eugène Trutat, Amélie Galup 2017
 Histoire des migrants dans notre région 2018 DVD réalisé avec l'AVQR (Association Vidéo Quercy-Rouergue)
 St-Antonin Guide book 2019  En anglais, guide de découverte de la cité de St-Antonin (Nick Coulson)
 St-Antonin redécouvert  2020 Guide de découverte de la cité de St-Antonin  traduction et adaptation du Guide anglais

Bibliothèque numérique
La Savsa propose une bibliothèque numérique où sont indexés et publiés les 59 bulletins parus depuis l'origine de la Société ainsi que d'autres documents ayant un rapport avec l'histoire de Saint-Antonin et des environs.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val
 Liste de sociétés savantes
 Gorges de l'Aveyron

Liens externes

  Bibliothèque numérique de la SAVSA
 Notice d'autorité BnF de la Société (consulter en ligne)

Société savante en région Occitanie
Culture en Tarn-et-Garonne
Tarn-et-Garonne
Organisme fondé en 1943

Société des Amis du Vieux Saint-Antonin


Vättern Gölü yüzölçümü bakımından Vänern Gölü'nden sonra İsveç'in en büyük ikinci gölüdür. İnce uzun bir biçimde uzanan gölün suyu tatlıdır. İsveç'in iç kesimlerinden başlayarak İskandinavya yarımadası'nın ucuna doğru iner.

Adının kaynağı

Vättern Gölü'nün adının kökenini ne ya da neresi olduğu konusunda birçok tartışma vardır. Bunlar içinde en çok kabul göreni gölün adının, İsveç dilinde su anlamına gelen vatten sözcüğünden türediği yönündede olanıdır. Bunun yanında vätter sözcüğünün eski dilde orman ya da göl ruhları gibi anlamlarda taşıdığı da öne sürülmektedir.

Coğrafyası

Gölün toplam yüzölçümü 1,912 kilometrekaredir. Bilinen en derin yeri, Visingsö Adası'nın hemen güneyindeki 128 metrelik kısımdır. Ortalama derinliği 40 metre dolaylarındadır.

Gölün çevresinin %62'si lâdin ve çam ormanları ile çevrilidir. Gölün çevresindeki diğer kısımlar tarım için kullanılır. Motala ström adındaki kanal ile sularını Baltık Denizi'ne boşaltır. Çevresindeki en önemli yerleşim birimleri Vadstena, Jönköping, Hjo, Askersund, Åmmeberg ve Karlsborg'dur. İl bazında Västergötland, Närke, Östergötland ve Småland'ın göle kıyısı vardır.

Genel özellikleri

Vättern Gölü, çok temiz ve berrak bir suya sahip olması ile tanınır. Gölün çevresindeki yerleşim birimlerinin içme suyu ihtiyacı doğrudan gölden sağlanır. Evlere pompalama işleminden önce sadece çok küçük bir arıtma işleminden geçen suyun, gölün herhangi bir noktasında doğrudan içilmesinde bir sakınca yoktur. Kanalizasyon %100 arıtılarak göle verilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Oluşumlarına göre Türkiye'nin gölleri listesi
 Türkiye'deki göller

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Lake Vattern

İsveç'teki göller
Götaland
Çatlaklar ve grabenler (Neoproterozoik)

Vättern Gölü


Green Desert (1983-2015) est un cheval de course pur-sang. Sprinter de talent, il est surtout devenu un étalon important.

Carrière de courses
Au crépuscule de la bulle spéculative qui enveloppa le marché du pur-sang au début des années 80 et fit s'envoler les prix, Green Desert est acquis par Maktoum Al Maktoum pour $  aux ventes de Keeneland en 1984. Envoyé en Angleterre chez Sir Michael Stoute, le poulain se révèle à l'été de ses 2 ans et compte parmi les meilleurs poulains de sa génération. Il accroche deux groupes à son palmarès, les July Stakes et les Flying Childers Stakes. De retour à 3 ans, il s'impose d'emblée dans une Listed relevée, le European Free Handicap avant de se présenter au départ des 2000 Guinées, sa première tentative sur le mile. Il y est certes nettement battu, mais seulement par le crack Dancing Brave, et prouve ainsi qu'il peut tenir les 1 600 mètres. Le terrain lourd en revanche le rebute, et il en fait les frais dans les 2000 Guinées irlandaises avant de se reprendre à Ascot dans les St. James's Palace Stakes où il termine deuxième.

C'est un printemps classique réussi mais son entraîneur Michael Stoute, une fois l'été venu, choisit de le raccourcir pour mieux exprimer son potentiel de sprinter. Avec succès, puisque Green Desert remporte deux des trois grands sprints estivaux, la July Cup et la Haydock Sprint Cup, terminant entretemps troisième de Last Tycoon dans les Nunthorpe Stakes. Moins fringant à l'automne, il ne peut faire mieux que quatrième à Longchamp dans le Prix de l'Abbaye de Longchamp puis s'aventure, en guise d'adieux à la compétition, dans la Breeders' Cup Sprint disputée sur le dirt de Santa Anita dont il ne s'accommode pas du tout. Mais qu'à cela ne tienne, le meilleur est à venir.

Résumé de carrière

Au haras
Devenu étalon, Green Desert devient le fer de lance de Shadwell, le haras de Hamdan Al Maktoum, le frère de Maktoum Al Maktoum, où son tarif a culminé à £ 85 000 au début des années 2000. Il est l'un des plus brillants représentants de la lignée mâle de Northern Dancer, particulièrement influent comme père d'étalons, notamment le trio de ses fils Cape Cross (père de Sea The Stars, Golden Horn ou Ouija Board), Invincible Spirit (Kingman, Moonlight Cloud) et Oasis Dream (Midday, Muhaarar). Green Desert a donné une dizaine de vainqueurs de groupe 1, surtout des chevaux de vitesse. Parmi ses meilleurs produits et parmi eux une dizaine de vainqueurs de groupe 1, on peut citer (avec le père de mère entre parenthèses) :

 Sheikh Albadou (Welsh Pageant) : Nunthorpe Stakes, Breeders' Cup Sprint, Haydock Sprint Cup. Sprinter de l'année en Europe (1991).
 Oasis Dream (Dancing Brave) : Middle Park Stakes, July Cup, Nunthorpe Stakes. Sprinter de l'année en Europe (2003).
 Tamarisk (Vaguely Noble) : Haydock Sprint Cup. Sprinter de l'année en Europe (1998).
 Bint Allayl (Mr. Prospector) : Queen Mary Stakes, Lowther Stakes. 2 ans européenne de l'année (1998)
 Desert Prince (Bustino) : Irish 2000 Guineas, Prix du Moulin de Longchamp, Queen Elizabeth II Stakes.
 Oriental Express (Troy) : Queen Elizabeth II Cup, Hong Kong Champions & Chater Cup.
 Heat Haze (Kahyasi) : Matriarch Stakes, Beverly D Stakes.
Green Desert s'est aussi illustré comme père de mères, ses filles donnant ainsi Makfi (Dubawi), Almutawakel (par Machiavellian), vainqueur de la Dubaï World Cup et du Prix Jean Prat ou encore Mother Earth (Zoffany), lauréate des 1000 Guinées et du Prix Rothschild.

Green Desert a mis fin à sa longue carrière d'étalon en 2011 et s'est éteint en 2015, à 32 ans.

Origines
Green Desert est, avec Danehill, le meilleur continuateur au haras de son père Danzig. Il se recommande de sa deuxième mère, la grande poulinière Courtly Dee, dont voici un condensé de la riche descendance :

 Ali Oop (1974, Al Hattab) : Sapling Stakes (Gr.1), étalon.
 Native Courier (1975, Exclusive Native) : Seneca Handicap (Gr.3), Brighton Beach Handicap (Gr.3), Bernard Baruch Handicap (Gr.3), 2 Man o'War Stakes, 3 Turf Classic.
 Princess Oola (1978, Al Hattab), mère de :
 Azzaam (Chief's Crown) : AJC Sydney Cup (Gr.1), NJC Newcastle Cup (Gr.2), STC NE Manion Cup (Gr.3).
 Foreign Courier (1979, Sir Ivor), mère de :
 Green Desert
 Yousefia (Danzig), mère de :
 Mythical Girl (Gone West) : Princess Margaret Stakes (Gr.3)
 Matikanehatusimada (Private Account), mère de :
 Dark Shadow (Dance in The Dark) : Mainichi Okan (Gr.2), 2 Tenno Sho (Automne).
 Blue Ocean (Danzig), étalon.
 Latarmiss (Sadler's Wells) : étalon en Australie.
 Embellished (1980), mère de :
 Seattle Dawn (Grey Dawn) : Delaware Handicap (Gr.2), Snow Goose Handicap (Gr.3).
 Althea (1981, Alydar) : Hollywood Starlet Stakes, Del Mar Debutante, Del Mar Futurity, Santa Susana Stakes, Arkansas Derby, Las Virgenes Stakes. 2 ans de l'année 1983 aux États-Unis. Mère de :
 Yamanin Paradise (Danzig). Hanshin Sansai Himba Stakes (Gr.1). 2 ans de l'année 1994 au Japon.
 Aurora (Danzig) : 2 Beaugay Handicap (Gr.3), 4 Test Stakes (Gr.1), mère de :
 Arch (Kris S) : Super Derby (Gr.1). Étalon, père du champion Blame (Breeders' Cup Classic)
 Acoma (Empire Maker) : Spinster Stakes (Gr.1), 3 Apple Blossom Handicap (Gr.1)
 Festival of Light (A.P. Indy) : Godolphin Mile (Gr.3), cheval de l'année 2001 aux Émirats Arabes Unis.
 Antics (Unbridled), mère de :
 Covfefe (Into Mischief) : Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint, 3 ans de l'année 2019 aux États-Unis
 Destiny Dance (Nijinsky) : Sheepshead Bay Handicap (Gr.3), mère de :
 Balletto (Timber Country) : Frizette Stakes (Gr.1), 2 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies, Matron Stakes (Gr.1), Go for Wand Handicap (Gr.1), Personal Ensign Stakes (Gr.1), Beldame (Gr.1), Breeders' Cup Distaff, Ogden Phipps Handicap (Gr.1).
 Ketoh (1983, Exclusive Native) : Cowdin Stakes (Gr.1).
 Maidee (1984, Roberto), mère de :
 Defacto (Diesis) : Young America Breeder's Cup Stakes (Gr.3).
 Namaqua (1985, Storm Bird), mère de :
 Namaqualand (Mr. Prospector) : Lamplighter Handicap (Gr.3), 2 Daryl's Joy Handicap (Gr.3), 3 Prix de Cabourg (Gr.3).
 Aishah (1987, Alydar) : Rare Perfume Stakes (Gr.2). Mère de :
 Aldiza (Storm Cat) : Go For Wand Handicap (Gr.1), 2 Test Stakes (Gr.1), 3 Frizette Stakes (Gr.1), Spinster Stakes (Gr.1).
 Elajjud (Dayjur) : 2 Philadelphia Park Breeders' Cup Handicap (Gr.3).
 Atelier (Deputy Minister) : Turnback the Alarm Handicap (Gr.3), Next Move Handicap (Gr.3), 4 Breeders' Cup Distaff.
 Aquilegia (1989, Alydar) : New York Handicap (Gr.2), Black Helen Handicap (Gr.3). Mère de :
 Bertolini (Danzig) : July Stakes (Gr.3). 2 Middle Park Stakes, Haydock Sprint Cup, Nunthorpe Stakes, Dubaï Golden Shaheen, Prix Robert Papin. 3 July Cup, Prix Maurice de Gheest.
 Press Card (1990, Fappiano) : 2 Pegasus Handicap (Gr.1), 3 Champagne Stakes.
 Twining (1991, Forty Niner) : Peter Pan Stakes (Gr.2), Withers Stakes (Gr.2).
 Amizette (1992, Forty Niner), mère de :
 King of Rome (Montjeu) : Royal Whip Stakes (Gr.2), Meld Stakes (Gr.3), 3 Preis Von Europa.
 Super Espresso (Medaglia d'Oro) : 2 Ruffian Invitational Handicap (Gr.1), 3 Ogden Phipps Handicap (Gr.1).

Pedigree

Références

Cheval de course
Cheval de course né en 1983
Animal né aux États-Unis
Animal né en 1983
Animal mort en 2015
Étalon pur-sang anglais

Green Desert


Zvučni tlak ili akustički tlak je poremećaj atmosferskog tlaka uzrokovan zvukom. Mjerna jedinica za izražavanje atmosferskog tlaka, pa tako i za zvučni tlak je paskal (Pa). Stara jedinica za tlak je bar. Paskal je 10 puta veći od mikrobara. Najmanji zvučni tlak kojega ljudsko uho može zamijetiti (čuti kao zvuk) iznosi oko 0,000 02 Pa, ili 2∙10-5 Pa. Tu je vrijednost Međunarodna organizacija za standardizaciju (ISO) odabrala (standardizirala) kao referentnu veličinu i naziva se referentni zvučni tlak ili prag čujnosti. Najveći zvučni tlak kojega ljudsko uho može podnijeti je milijun puta veći od referentnoga, odnosno 20 Pa (prema 106 x 2x10-5), a naziva se granica bola.

Razina jakost zvuka ili intenzitet zvuka može se izračunati pomoću poznate veličine zvučnog tlaka i poznatih svojstava medija (zraka) prema:

pri čemu je p - zvučni tlak, ρo - gustoća zraka,  a v - brzina zvuka.

S obzirom na to da za zrak umnožak ρo ∙ v iznosi oko 410, gornja se jednadžba može pojednostaviti kao:

Budući da je decibel određen preko odnosa jakosti (intenziteta), a  jakost zvuka ovisi o kvadratu zvučnog tlaka, u slučaju kad se u decibelima želi izraziti odnos dvaju zvučnih tlakova, jednadžba poprima oblik:

Zbog toga dvostruka jakost zvuka predstavlja povećanje jakost od približno 3 dB, a dvostruki zvučni tlak predstavlja povećanje zvučnog tlaka od 6 dB.

Jakost zvuka

Jakost zvuka (oznaka I) je fizikalna mjerna veličina koja opisuje energiju zvučnoga vala u vremenskom razdoblju (intervalu) kroz površinu okomitu na smjer širenja vala. Mjerna je jedinica vat po kvadratnom metru (W/m²).

Prag čujnosti je najmanja jakost zvuka koju ljudsko uho može čuti:

Razina jakosti zvuka (oznaka L) je mjerna veličina prilagođena osjetljivosti ljudskoga uha, deseterostruki logaritam omjera jakosti nekoga zvuka i praga čujnosti, odnosno:

gdje je:
I - razina jakosti zvuka;
I0 - prag čujnosti;
 Np - neper;
 B - bel;
 dB - decibel.

Valovi zvuka proizvode tlak na tijelo na koje udaraju. Jakost zvuka je količina energije koju isijava izvor zvuka u 1 sekundi kroz površinu od 1 m2 okomito na smjer njegovog širenja i mjeri se u W/m2. Iz izraza za gustoću energije vidimo da je jakost zvuka to veća što je veća gustoća sredstva ρ u kojem se zvuk širi i što je veća amplituda A vala. Međutim, kod prostornih valova gustoća energije opada s kvadratom udaljenosti, pa je u tom razmjeru i jakost zvuka:

gdje je: j0 - gustoća energije na duljini r = 1 metar od njegovog izvora.

Primjeri zvučnog tlaka, razine jakosti zvuka i glasnoće u sonima

{| class="wikitable"
! Izvor zvuka  !! Zvučni tlak !! Razina jakosti zvuka !! Glasnoća
|-
!   !!  align="center" | paskal !!  align="center" |  dB (20 µPa) !! align="center" | son
|-
|granica bola || align="right" | 100 || align="right" | 134 ||align="right" | ~ 676
|-
| oštećenje sluha kod kratkotrajnog djelovanja || align="right" | 20 || align="right" |oko 120 || align="right" | ~ 256
|-
|mlazni motor, 100 metara udaljen || align="right" | 6 ... 200 || align="right" | 110 ... 140 || align="right" | ~ 128 ... 1024
|-
| pneumatski čekić, 1 metar udaljen / noćni klub || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | oko 100 || align="right" | ~ 64
|-
|oštećenje sluha kod dugotrajnog djelovanja || align="right" | 6×10−1 || align="right" | oko 90 || align="right" | ~ 32
|-
|prometna cesta, 10 metara udaljena || align="right" | 2×10−1 ... 6×10−1 || align="right" | 80 ... 90 || align="right" | ~ 16 ... 32
|-
|putničko vozilo, 10 metara udaljeno || align="right" | 2×10−2 ... 2×10−1 || align="right" | 60 ... 80 || align="right" | ~ 4 ... 16
|-
| televizija kod kuće, 1 metar udaljen || align="right" | 2×10−2 || align="right" | ca. 60 || align="right" | ~ 4
|-
|normalni govor, 1 metar udaljen || align="right" | 2×10−3 ... 2×10−2 || align="right" | 40 ... 60 || align="right" | ~ 1 ... 4
|-
|vrlo tiha soba || align="right" | 2×10−4 ... 6×10−4 || align="right" | 20 ... 30 || align="right" | ~ 0,15 ... 0,4
|-
|tiho disanje || align="right" | 6×10−5 || align="right" | 10 ||align="right" | ~ 0,02
|-
|prag čujnosti kod 1 kHz || align="right" | 2×10−5 || align="right" | 0 ||align="right" | 0
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! son
|   1  ||   2  ||   4  ||   8  ||  16  ||  32  ||  64  || 128 || 256 || 512 || 1024
|-
! fon
| 40 || 50 || 60 || 70 || 80 || 90 || 100 || 110 || 120 || 130 || 140
|}

Izvori

Akustika

Zvučni tlak


සාරි ගප්පියා (කුලය:Poelicidae සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය:Poecilia reticulata) දකුණු හා මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාවට ආවේණික කුඩා මිරිදිය මත්ස්‍යයෙකි. විසිතුරු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු වශයෙන් භාවිත වීම නිසා, ලොව පුරා පුළුල් ලෙස ව්‍යාප්ත වීමක් දැකිය හැකි ය.

3 cm ක(අඟල් 1.25 ක) පමණ දිගකින් යුක්ත ය. පිරිමි සතා (5cm) විචිත්‍ර වර්ණයන් ගෙන් යුක්ත දේහයක් දරයි; ගැහැණු සතාට සාපේක්‍ෂව දේහ ප්‍රමාණය කුඩා ය.

තවද බලන්න

සුරතල් මසුන්

මූලශ්‍ර

ගප්පි


Flemming Besenbacher (født 4. oktober 1952) er en dansk fysiker, der er professor i nanoteknologi ved Aarhus Universitet. Besenbachers primære forskningsområde er overfladefysik og med hjælp af scanning-tunnelmikroskopi har hans forskning bidraget til at øge forståelsen af hvorledes adsorberede stoffer vekselvirker med overflader, en viden som er blevet brugt til at udvikle nye katalysatorer. Besenbacher er en af de mest citerede forskere på Aarhus Universitet.

Flemming Besenbacher blev i 2005 bestyrelsesmedlem og fra 2012 bestyrelsesformand i Carlsbergfondet, Carlsberg A/S og Carlsberg Laboratorium. Flemming Besenbachers ti år som formand var begivenhedsrige. Selskabet gennemgik en massiv turnaround, blev skåret til, fokuseret ind, lagt om, fik ny ledelse og bevægede sig ind på nye forretningsområder. Særligt indtjeningen voksede under Besenbachers formandstid, gælden blev reduceret markant, og aktiekursen fordoblet siden ansættelsen af hollænderen Cees 't Hart og finansdirektør Heine Dalsgaard. "Den måske allervigtigste opgave som bestyrelsesformand er at sikre sig, at den øverste topleder er den rigtige," udtalte Flemming Besenbacher i et afskedsinterview i marts 2022.

Han var desuden formand for Regeringen Lars Løkke Rasmussen IIIs rådgivende udvalg for cirkulær økonomi og har deltaget i møder i Bilderberggruppen. Flemming Besenbacher var drivkraften i etableringen af projektet UNLEASH, der som et forsøg samlede 1.000 talentfulde unge fra hele verden og satte dem sammen med store virksomheder i Danmark.

Uddannelse og karriere

Besenbacher blev kandidat i fysik ved Aarhus Universitet i 1978, blev lektor ved Aarhus Universitet i 1982, blev dr. scient. i 1994 og professor fra 1996. Han var vicecenterleder for grundforskningscenteret Center for Atomic-scale Materials Physics (CAMP) 1993-2002 og direktør for Interdisciplinært Nanoscience Center (iNANO) ved Aarhus Universitet 2002-2012. Han var næstformand for Danmarks Innovationsfond 2017-2020.

Under Besenbachers ledelse udviklede iNANO et scanning-tunnelmikroskop (STM), der gør det muligt at afbilde de enkelte atomer og molekyler i overfladen af materialer. Ved hjælp af mikroskopet kan højtopløste STM-billeder optages rutinemæssigt og dynamiske processer kan følges ved at forblive på samme sted på overfladen
og optage STM-billeder i minutter, timer og sågar dage af gangen. Ved hjælp af sådanne "STM-film" kan man studere atomers eller molekylers diffusion på overfladen og afbilde kemiske overfladereaktioner.

Besenbacher har publiceret mere end 700 artikler i fagfællebedømte videnskabelige tidsskrifter, hans artikler er citeret mere end 50.000 gange og han har et h-index på over 100. Hans forskning har resulteret i mere end 10 patenter.

I december 2021 meddelte Carlsberg, at Flemming Besenbacher havde informeret bestyrelsen i Carlsberg om, at han ikke ville genopstille ved generalforsamlingen i marts 2022. I Carlsberg ville bestyrelsen forslå Henrik Poulsen, tidligere Ørsted-direktør, som ny bestyrelsesformand for Carlsberg. Poulsen blev dermed den første formand for Carlsberg, der ikke var kom fra fondet. I fondsbørsmeddelelsen fra Carlsberg udtrykkede både Henrik Poulsen og Carlsbergs topchef Cees 't Hart taknemmelighed for Flemming Besenbachers mangeårige indsats for bryggeriet, som under hans ledelse har vokset sig markant stærkere, hed det blandt andet. I fondsmeddelelsen fremgik det ligeledes, at Carlsbergfondets bestyrelse havde konstitueret sig med professor Majken Schultz som ny forkvinde fra den 1. januar 2022.

Hæder (udvalgte)
Priser
 2003: Villum Kann Rasmussens Årslegat
 2004: Danmarks Naturvidenskabelige Akademis Industripris
 2006: Grundfosprisen
 2007: Ridder af Dannebrog
 2008: Modtager af European Research Council (ERC) Advance Grant
 2013: Ridder af 1.grad af Dannebrogordenen
 2018: Kommandør af Dannebrog

Videnskabsakademier
 1997: Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber
 1998: Videnskabernes Selskab
 2013: Udenlandsk medlem af det Kinesiske Videnskabernes Selskab

Ændringer af fundatsen i Carlsbergfondet

Under Flemming Besenbachers formandstid er Carlsbergfondets fundats ændret to gange, hvilket er mere end nogen af hans forgængere.

I 2013 ændredes fundatsen, således at Carlsbergfondet nu kun er forpligtet til at eje en aktiepost, der giver ret til mindst 51% af stemmerne i Carlsberg A/S. Den seneste fundatsændring i 2021 betyder, at Carlsbergfondet fra 2023 kun fremsætter to medlemmer af Carlsbergfondets bestyrelse som kandidater til bestyrelsen i Carlsberg A/S. Den ene kandidat vil være Carlsbergfondets formand, der tidligere var født bestyrelsesformand for Carlsberg A/S, men nu tiltænkes rollen som næstformand, mens den anden kandidat vælges blandt og af fondets bestyrelse baseret på relevante kompetencer i relation til bestyrelsen i Carlsberg A/S. "Jeg er utrolig glad for, at det er sket i min formandstid. Jeg mener, at det er det helt rigtige for Carlsberg," sagde Flemming Besenbacher i forbindelse med generalforsamlingen i Carlsberg A/S den 10. marts 2022.

Forholdet til Videnskabernes Selskab

Med baggrund i sagen om Carlsbergsfondet og Aarhus Universitet fastslog Videnskabernes Selskabs præsidium i en intern udtalelse at Flemming Besenbacher havde udtalt sig både skadeligt og uværdigt, da han blandede sig i sagen og krævede at den fik konsekvenser for kritikerne, men at han fortsat havde Selskabets støtte som formand for Carlsbergfondet.

1. januar 2022 blev Besenbacher afløst af professor Majken Schultz, som blev den første kvinde, Videnskabernes Selskab valgte til at stå i spidsen for fondet.

Sager om inhabilitet

Uddannelses- og Forskningsstyrelsen fik i juni 2020 en henvendelse vedrørende uregelmæssigheder i Danmarks Innovationsfond under hastebehandling af Covid-19-relaterede ansøgninger. Der blev rejst tvivl om, hvorvidt der forelå inhabilitet for Besenbacher, som på det tidspunkt var fondens næstformand, samt om hvorvidt regler om peer review og interview med ansøgeren var fraveget som følge af hastebehandlingen, der var begrundet i den akutte Covid-19 pandemi. Yderligere beskrev Berlingske Tidende, hvorledes to embedsmænd i fonden, der havde talt imod at reglerne skulle fraviges, efterfølgende var blevet afskediget Bag et støttet projekt stod blandt andet et medlem af Videnskabernes Selskab, der står for at udpege bestyrelsen for Carlsbergfondet, hvor Besenbacher samtidig er formand. Der blev også rejst tvivl om, hvorvidt Besenbacher var inhabil i uddeling af midler til Aarhus Vand A/S, hvor han selv er bestyrelsesformand, samt til iNANO-centeret på Aarhus Universitet, hvor han selv er tilknyttet som professor.

Folketingets Uddannelses- og Forskningsudvalg bad i den anledning Uddannelses- og forskningsministeren om at redegøre for, om Flemming Besenbacher i sin egenskab af næstformand i Innovationsfonden og formand for Carlsbergfondet havde misbrugt sin position til at tilgodese projekter, der enten gavnede ham selv, projekter han var involveret i, eller projekter der gavnede andre. Uddannelses- og Forskningsstyrelsen vurderede i den anledning at der ikke var grundlag for at kritisere Innovationsfondens vurdering af, at der ikke forelå inhabilitet for Flemming Besenbachers ved behandlingen af ansøgningen. Styrelsen fandt det dog kritisabelt at Innovationsfonden ikke i tilstrækkelig grad havde begrundet, hvordan Flemming Besenbacher kunne fortsætte med at behandle en tillægsansøgning efter at Aarhus Vand A/S var blevet tilknyttet.

Sagen om Carlsbergfondet og Aarhus Universitet

Professor Flemming Besenbacher blev en central figur i sagen om et stort, dansk studie, der tilbage i 2016 skabte overskrifter med sin konklusion om, at mennesker var bedre end supercomputere til at løse visse kvantefysiske problemer. Carlsbergfondet tildelte studiet 15 millioner kroner i 2018 på trods af, at den belgiske forsker Dries Sels ved Harvard University i sommeren 2017 havde påpeget alvorlige uregelmæssigheder i arbejdet. Besenbacher udtalte sig i private mails bla. til rektor for Aarhus Universitet meget negativt overfor kritik af artiklen fra forskere på universitetet, hvor han kaldte de kritiske forskere for »redeskidere« og »bavianer«, som fortjente »et gok i nødden«,.

Kritikken viste sig at være korrekt, og artiklen blev i 2020 som følge heraf trukket tilbage fra tidsskriftet Nature. Som en konsekvens af sagen beklagede Flemming Besenbacher sine udtalelser, og meddelte at han ikke længere ville behandle ansøgninger om forskningsstøtte fra Aarhus Universitet.

Udvalgte publikationer

Referencer

Fysikere fra Danmark
Professorer fra Aarhus Universitet
Medlemmer af Videnskabernes Selskab
Carlsbergfondet
Personer med tilknytning til Carlsberg
Modtagere af Grundfosprisen
Modtagere af Villum Kann Rasmussens Årslegat til Teknisk og Naturvidenskabelig Forskning
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Flemming Besenbacher


13088 Filipportera este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
13088 Filipportera este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Caussols de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,15 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 8,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 13001-14000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

13088 Filipportera


Le château de Courlon est un château moderne situé à Courlon (Côte-d'Or) en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Localisation

Le château est situé à flanc de coteau, à l'entrée sud du village en bordure de la RD 112.

Historique

Château construit au  est signalé sur la carte de Cassini. Il était habité par la famille Le Bouleur.

Architecture

Le château de style médiéval construit au  est constitué d'un bâtiment rectangulaire encadré de deux tours rondes. Il est accosté d'une basse cour ouverte par un porche. A l'extrémité est de la commune, au lieu-dit La Tour, on peut voir une seconde maison seigneuriale avec tourelle d'escalier hors-d'œuvre.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or

Liens externes

Courlon

Château de Courlon


An Juncus subulitepalus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henrik Balslev. An Juncus subulitepalus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Juncus

Juncus subulitepalus