Cronologie a informaticii românești (1957-1990)

1957-1970
1957 - este construit primul calculator electronic românesc cu tuburi electronice CIFA1, la Institutul de Fizică Atomică, sub îndrumarea cercetătorului român Victor Toma. A fost produs și în două variante tranzistorizate: CIFA-10X și CET 500. România a fost cea de a 8-a țară din lume care a reușit proiectarea și realizarea unui calculator electronic.

1959 - este construit CIFA-2 cu 800 de tuburi electronice
 calculatorul experimental MARICA (Mașina Aritmetică a Institutului de Calcul al Academiei) la Institutul de Calcul Numeric din Cluj
 se dezvoltă seria de calculatoare electronice DACICC (Dispozitiv Automat de Calcul al Institutului de Calcul din Cluj), de către echipa condusă de academicianul Tiberiu Popoviciu. Seria a cuprins două calculatoare: DACICC-1 și DACICC-200

1961 - MECIPT-1 (Mașina Electronică de Calcul a Institutului Politehnic din Timișoara) este primul calculator electronic construit într-o universitate din România și al doilea din țară după CIFA-1. Proiectarea acestuia a început încă din 1956 de către un colectiv condus de Iosif Kaufmann, Wilhelm Löwenfeld și Vasile Baltac.
 CIFA-3, pentru Centrul de calcul al Universității din București

1962 - este creat CIFA-4
 CENA, un calculator militar românesc folosit de MApN, după modelul calculatorului MECIPT-1
1963 - MECIPT-2, calculator de a doua generație, tranzistorizat și cu inele de ferită

1964 - CET 500,  calculator românesc cu tranzistori, realizat la Institutul de Fizică Atomică din București
1965 - MECIPT-3, din generația a treia, complet tranzistorizat
1966 - CET 501
 este înființat Institutul de Cercetare Științifică și Inginerie Tehnologică pentru Electronică, care va acoperi nevoile de dezvoltare ale IEMI (Întreprinderea de Elemente de Măsură Industriale) și IEI (Întreprinderea de Electronică Industrială)

1967 - calculatorul IBM 360/40 din generația a 3-a este utilizat la Centrul de calcul al Institutului Geologic și Centrul de management CEPECA
 este înființat Institutul de Cercetare Științifică și Inginerie Tehnologică pentru Tehnica de Calcul București, care va deservi în principal FCE (Fabrica de Calculatoare Electronice București), FEPER (Fabrica de Echipamente Periferice), dar și numeroase întreprinderi și centre de calcul din toată țara
 la 1 aprilie 1967 ia ființă CEPECA (Centrul de Perfecționare a Cadrelor de Conducere din Întreprinderi), prima școală modernă de management din România
 s-a înființat ITC (Institutul pentru Tehnică de Calcul), derivat din ICPUEC (Institutul de Cercetări Pentru Utilaj Electronic de Calcul)

1968 - este realizat DACICC-200, cel mai performant calculator românesc din acea perioadă
 este înființat IIRUC București (Întreprinderea pentru Întreținerea și Repararea Utilajelor de Calcul)
 este cumpărată de la compania franceză Compagnie internationale pour l'informatique (CII) licența pentru producția de calculatoare Iris 50, adaptate în România sub numele de Felix C-256, pentru IPRS Băneasa (Întreprinderea de Piese Radio și Semiconductori) și FCE
 începe fabricația de elemente de calcul la FEA (Fabrica de Elemente de Automatizări), transferată în decembrie 1969 la FCE

1970 - este înființat Institutul Central de Informatică (ICI)
 ia naștere IEMI București, care era Fabrica de Transmisiuni Civile și Militare și avea în componență trei profiluri: secția de radiocomunicații speciale pentru MApN și MAI, radiotelefoane civile și militare și AMC-uri (aparate de măsură și control)
 este creat CESAR, un calculator militar românesc realizat la ITCI Cluj, pentru artileria regimentală din Armata Română
 CND1 (Calculator numeric didactic) a fost un calculator didactic digital realizat în cadrul Institutului Politehnic București
 s-a trecut la calculatoarele medii C-32

1971-1984
1971 - este înființată Fabrica de Memorii Timișoara. Din toamna lui 1979 memoria cu ferite este înlocuită cu memorii semiconductoare Ampex
 este produs MC1, la Institutul Politehnic din București, realizat în mare parte folosind tehnologia Felix C-256
 1 ian. 1971-martie 1972 – prima delegație FCE de 15 ingineri români, sub licență IRIS 50 în Franța

1972 - este creat CETA, un calculator românesc din generația a II-a, cu tranzistori, la Institutul Politehnic din Timișoara
 la 1 ianuarie 1972 este pusă în funcțiune Fabrica de Calculatoare Electronice București

1973 - apare primul calculator românesc sub licență franceză IRIS 50, Felix C-256

1974 - se înființează Rom Control Data, societate mixtă româno-americană
 este conceput Felix MC la Institutul Politehnic București, produs în serie sub denumirea FELIX MC-8
 este elaborat la ITC București calculatorul de capacitate medie Felix C 512, dezvoltare a licenței IRIS 50

1975 - se înființează FEPER (Fabrica de Echipamente Periferice) București
 sunt proiectate și realizate sistemele din familia Felix, până în 1981
 este fabricată familia de minicalculatoare industriale românești ECAROM, la Întreprinderea de Elemente pentru Automatizare. ECAROM 800, primul model, este bazat pe experiența acumulată în lucrul cu Felix C32-P, o variantă specializată în procese a calculatorului Felix C32. Au urmat modelele perfecționate ECAROM 880, ECAROM 881 și ECAROM 881 F.

1977 - este realizat primul minicalculator românesc, Independent-100, de către ITC, compatibil cu PDP 11/34. Seria a continuat cu: I-102F, în 1979 și I-106, în 1983
 1977-1979 – cel mai mare export de tehnică de calcul românească în China, Felix 1024. Delegația de instalare românească era formată din 350 de ingineri

1978 - este înființat Centrul de Cercetări pentru Componente Electronice (CCCE)

1979 - Fabrica de Calculatoare omologhează primul minicalculator CORAL. În următorii ani, INDEPENDENT și CORAL au fost produse în paralel.

1980 - este dezvoltat L/B881 de radioamatorii din grupul Lixco, un microcalculator românesc bazat pe procesorul Intel 8080
 este produs Prae, un microcalculator personal românesc, la ITC Cluj-Napoca
 CUB și CUB-Z (Calculator Universal de Birou) au fost două mărci de calculatoare produse la I.C.E. Felix București. Unul dintre cele mai reușite modele, CUB-Z, a fost accesibil pentru utilizare largă în perioada 1987-1989, după care a fost înlocuit de modelul HC-88

1982 - aMIC, un microcalculator personal românesc, produs ca model de laborator la Catedra de Calculatoare din Institutul Politehnic București

1983-1986 - este produs la Timișoara TIM-S,  de Institutul pentru Tehnică de Calcul și Informatică (ITCI) și Fabrica de Memorii electronice și Componente pentru Tehnică de Calcul și Informatică (FMECTC)

1984 - este elaborat HC 85 la ICE Felix București. Era bazat pe microprocesorul Z80 sau pe clona românească a acestuia, MMN80CPU și inspirat din calculatorul personal Sinclair ZX Spectrum. Au existat în principal 5 variante ale acestei serii, cu subvariante: HC 85+, HC 88, HC 90, HC 91, HC 2000
 între 1984-1987 sunt fabricate la FCE, Felix C-1024 după un proiect ITC, și Felix C-5000, proiectat în FCE

1985-1990
1985-1986 - Felix-PC a reprezentat un nou tip de microcalculator personal. A fost proiectat de către Institutul Politehnic București între anii 1983-1984, fiind compatibil IBM-PC. Modelul a fost apoi preluat de către Întreprinderea de Calculatoare Felix S.A., fiind produs în serie între anii 1985-1990. Au existat mai multe modele Felix-PC: Felix M18, M118, M216, CUB, CUB-Z și Junior-XT

1986 - este finalizat CoBra, singurul calculator românesc produs la Brașov

1988–1989 - este finalizat la FCE, Coral-VAX

1989-1990 - este proiectat și produs la Întreprinderea "Electronica" din București, CIP (Calculator de Instruire Programabil).

Vezi și

 Istoria informaticii în România

Referințe

Informatica românească
Cronologii
Informatică
Istoria informaticii

Cronologie a informaticii românești


Die Warren Township ist eine von 23 Townships im Jo Daviess County im Nordwesten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Illinois.

Geografie
Die Warren Township liegt im Nordwesten von Illinois an der Grenze zu Wisconsin. Die Grenze zu Iowa, die vom Mississippi gebildet wird, befindet sich rund 40 km westlich.

Die Warren Township liegt auf 42°28′57″ nördlicher Breite und 90°01′15″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über 51,05 km².

Die Warren Township liegt im Norden des Jo Daviess County, grenzt im Osten an die Nora Township, im Süden an die Rush Township und im Westen an die Apple River Township. Im Norden grenzt die Warren Township an das Grant County in Wisconsin.

Verkehr
Von Wisconsin kommend führt die Illinois State Route 78 in Nord-Süd-Richtung durch die Township. Alle weiteren Straßen sind County Roads und zum Teil unbefestigte weiter untergeordnete Straßen.

Im Norden durchquert eine Bahnlinie der Canadian National Railway die Warren Township.

Die nächstgelegenen Flugplätze sind der rund 75 km westlich in Iowa gelegene Dubuque Regional Airport, der rund 60 km nordwestlich gelegene Platteville Municipal Airport und der Albertus Airport im rund 55 km südöstlich gelegenen Freeport im Stephenson County.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 1601 Einwohner. Innerhalb der Warren Township gibt es neben gemeindefreier Streubesiedlung mit Warren nur eine selbstständige Gemeinde (mit dem Status "Village").

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 www.city-data.com - Warren Township
 Township Officials of Illinois

Warren Township (Jo Daviess County, Illinois)


Erode District is one of the 38 districts in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. It was the largest district by area in the state before the formation of Tirupur District in 2009. The headquarters of the district is Erode. It is divided into two revenue divisions, Erode and Gobichettipalayam, and is further subdivided into 10 taluks. Erode District was a part of Coimbatore District before its division into two on 17 September 1979. It covers an area of , and as of 2011, had a population of 2,251,744.

History
The region belonging to present-day Erode District was ruled successively by several South Indian dynasties, including the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas. During the first millennium, it was under the rule of the Chera Dynasty and various other rulers. Between the 10th to 12th centuries, the region was part of the larger Chola Empire. The region became part of Vijayanagara empire in the 14th century, then under the Nayaks of Madurai until the 17th century. Under the Madurai Nayaks, the Polygar system of administration was established. The Polygar system continued after the region became part of the Kingdom of Mysore in the mid-17th century.

The Polygar chieftain Dheeran Chinnamalai, a governor of the region, played a major role in the early struggle for Indian Independence in the late 18th-century Polygar Wars against the British East India Company. After the Polygar and Mysore Wars in the late 18th century, the area came under the control of the British until the achievement of Indian independence in 1947. It was a part of the erstwhile Coimbatore district until its split in 1979.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census, Erode District had a population of 2,251,744 with a sex-ratio of 993 females for every 1,000 males, above the national average of 929. A total of 195,213 were under the age of six, constituting 99,943 males and 95,270 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 16.41% and 0.97% of the population, respectively. The literacy rate of the district was 66.29%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The district had a total of 658,071 households. There were 1,195,773 workers: 173,376 cultivators, 331,414 main agricultural labourers, 48,960 in household industries, 557,301 other workers, 84,722 marginal workers, 38,798 marginal agricultural labourers, 5,362 marginal workers in household industries, 4,794 marginal cultivators and 35,768 other marginal workers.

At the time of the 2011 census, 81.76% of the population spoke Tamil, 10.32% Telugu, 5.40% Kannada and 1.14% Urdu as their first language.

Geography

To the north of Erode District lies Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka State. To the east, across the Kaveri River, lies Salem and Namakkal districts. To the southeast lies Karur district. Tirupur District lies immediately to the south. Coimbatore and Nilgiris districts lie to the west.

Erode District is landlocked, and is situated at between latitude 10 36" and 11 58" north and between longitude 76 49" and 77 58" east. The district forms the meeting point of the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats mountain ranges, separated by the Moyar River.

The district comprises a long undulating plain, sloping gently towards the Kaveri River in the south-east. The three major tributaries of the Kaveri, the Bhavani, Noyyal and Amaravati, run across the long stretch of mountains in the north. In combination with these rivers, numerous canals, the Bhavanisagar Dam and the Kodiveri Dam provide irrigation and drainage for Erode.

Bhavani River

The Bhavani River rises in the Western Ghats of the Silent Valley National Park in the Palakkad District of Kerala. It is joined by the Siruvani River, a perennial stream of Coimbatore District, and is joined by the Kundha River before entering Erode District in Sathyamangalam. The Bhavani is perennial river, mostly fed by the southwest monsoon but also supplemented by the northeast monsoon. It runs for over one hundred miles through Erode District, crossing Bhavani and Gobichettipalayam taluks. Near Gobichettipalayam lies the Kodiveri Dam, a mini-dam constructed for agricultural purposes.

The river eventually feeds the Bhavanisagar reservoir, and then takes an easterly course after crossing Sathyamangalam taluk. Along with another tributary, the Amutha Nathi River, the Bhavani River ultimately joins the Kaveri River in Bhavani, Tamil Nadu. A confluence of three rivers, such as this one, is known as a Triveni Sangam in Hindu belief. The place where the Bhavani River joins with the Kaveri River is famous for the Sri Sangameshwara Temple of Lord Shiva, where, in accordance to Hindu customs, people perform the last rites for deceased friends and family.

Kaveri River

The Kaveri River rises in the Western Ghats of Kodagu (Coorg) District in Karnataka, and is joined by many small tributaries. It runs eastward through Karnataka, and is joined by its main tributary, the Kabini River, before taking a sharp southbound turn at Hogenakkal Falls. From here, it runs towards the southeast, forming the boundary between Bhavani taluk of Erode District and Tiruchengode taluk of the neighbouring Namakkal District. The Bhavani River joins the Kaveri River at the town of Bhavani.

Climate

Unlike nearby Coimbatore District, Erode District's climate is characterized by dry weather throughout the year, except during the break-in monsoon period, when it receives high rainfall. The cool, moist wind that passes through the Palghat Gap in the Western Ghats has a moderating effect on the climate of neighbouring Coimbatore district, but the air loses its coolness and becomes dry by the time it reaches Erode. Gunderipallam, Varattupallam are the highest rainfall (1200 MM) in this district.

Generally, the first two months of the year are pleasant, but in March the temperature begins to rise, which persists until the end of May, when the highest temperatures are normally recorded. The few rain showers during this period do not provide much relief from the heat. However, the temperature reverses its rising trend during the pre-monsoon period, between June and August. By September, the monsoon rains begin to fall. The northeast monsoon sets in vigorously during October–November. By December, the rains end, returning the climate to its dry and cold state.

But Erode distrtict receives water source form two rivers named Bhavani river and Kaveri river. These two rivers mingle at a point called Kooduthurai.

Politics

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Administration

For administrative purposes, Erode District is divided into ten taluks under two revenue divisions.

Revenue Divisions and Taluks

Erode Revenue Division:Erode taluk, Kodumudi taluk, Modakurichi taluk, Perundurai taluk

Gobichettipalayam Revenue Division: Anthiyur taluk, Bhavani taluk, Gobichettipalayam taluk, Sathyamangalam taluk, Nambiyur taluk, Thalavadi taluk

Municipal Corporation
 Erode Municipal Corporation

Municipalities
 Gobichettipalayam Selection Grade Municipality
 Sathyamangalam Grade-I municipality
 Bhavani Grade-II municipality
 Punjai Puliampatti Grade-II municipality

Town Panchayats
 Ammapettai
 Anthiyur
 Appakudal
 Arachalur
 Ariyappampalayam
 Athani
 Avalpoondurai
 Bhavanisagar
 Chennasamudram
 Chennimalai
 Chithode
 Elathur
 Jambai
 Kanjikoil
 Karumandi Chellipalayam
 Kasipalayam-Gobi
 Kembainaickenpalayam
 Kilampadi
 Kodumudi
 Kolappalur
 Kollankoil
 Kuhalur
 Lakkampatti
 Modakurichi
 Nallampatti
 Nambiyur
 Nasiyanur
 Nerunjipettai
 Olagadam
 P. Mettupalayam
 Pallapalayam
 Pasur
 Periyakodiveri
 Perundurai
 Pethampalayam
 Salangapalayam
 Sivagiri
 Suriyampalayam
 Unjalur
 Vadugapatti
 Vaniputhur
 Vellottamparappu
 Vengampudur

Proposed Municipalities
 Perundurai

Proposed Town Panchayats
 Thoockanaickenpalaiyam

Panchayat Unions / Blocks
 Erode
 Modakurichi
 Kodumudi
 Perundurai
 Chennimalai
 Ammapettai
 Anthiyur
 Bhavani
 Bhavanisagar
 Gobichettipalayam
 Nambiyur
 Sathyamangalam
 Thalavadi
 Thoockanaickenpalaiyam

Politics
Erode District is divided into three Parliamentary Constituencies of the Lok Sabha: Erode, Nilgiris and Tirupur. The district consists of eight Assembly Constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly: Anthiyur, Bhavani, Bhavani Sagar, Erode East, Erode West, Gobichettipalayam, Modakurichi and Perundurai.

Economy

Agriculture is the most important source of income in Erode District. Paddy, plantain, silk, cotton, turmeric, coconut and sugarcane are some of the major products from agriculture and its associated industries.

Erode is the top turmeric producer in Tamil Nadu, making up 43% of statewide production. Erode is an important market centre for turmeric, being known as "Turmeric City." March 2019, turmeric from Erode received a Geographical Indication tag from the Geographical Indication Registry, making Erode Manjal Vanigarkal Matrum Kidangu Urimaiyalargal Sangam the registered proprietors of the Geographical Indication Erode Manjal (Erode Turmeric).

Erode is also the leading producer of plantain, coconuts and white silk in Tamil Nadu.

Gobichettipalayam is well known for its white silk, cotton, plantain and coconut production. Erode is one of the major producers of food products in the state. The country's first automated silk reeling unit is located near Gobichettipalayam.

Erode (city), Bhavani and Chennimalai are well known for handloom and powerloom textile products and ready-made garments. In 2005, Bhavani Jamakkalam (Bhavani Bedsheets) was registered as a Geographical Indication.

Anthiyur and Modachur (Gobichettipalayam) towns are famous for cattle.

Transport

The transportation system in Erode is well-developed. Erode, being a prominent trading center in Tamil Nadu, is well-connected with all modern means of transport, except air transport. The district is accessible by both road and rail from the state capital Chennai and other major cities. The district is divided into four Regional Transport Office (RTO) sub-divisions, namely Erode East (TN 33), Gobichettipalayam (TN 36), Perundurai (TN 56) and Erode West (TN 86). Gobichettipalayam RTO has two sub-offices, namely Bhavani (TN 36W) and Sathyamangalam (TN 36Z).

Railways
The district has one major railway station, Erode Junction. It was built by the British to connect the western and eastern coasts of India. There are ISO-certified diesel and electric locomotive sheds at Erode Junction. Erode Junction, which has the distinction of being the third cleanest railway junction in India, serves as the hub for water filling facilities and food provisions.

Roadways
The district is well-connected by road. The following is a list of major arterial roads:

National Highways
 NH-544 connecting Salem – Coimbatore – Cochin – Kanyakumari passes via Bhavani, Chithode and Perundurai
 NH-948 connecting Bangalore – Coimbatore passes via Sathyamangalam
NH-544H connecting Erode – Bhavani – Mettur Dam – Thoppur
 NH 381A connects Vellakoil on NH-81 with Erode and further to Sankagiri on NH-544.

Proposed Highways
 NH 67-A, connecting Karur – Erode
 NH 209-A, connecting Sathyamangalam – Gobichettipalayam – Erode

State Highways
 SH-15 connecting Erode – Gobichettipalayam – Sathyamangalam – Mettupalayam - Ooty
 SH-15A connecting Gobichettipalayam – Nambiyur – Avinashi

 SH-83A connecting Mettur – Erode – Arachalur  – Kangeyam – Dharapuram
 SH-79 connecting Erode – Tiruchengode – Rasipuram – Attur
 SH-81 connecting Gobichettipalayam – Uthukuli – Kangeyam – Dharapuram
 SH-82 connecting Sathyamangalam – Athani – Bhavani
 SH-84 connecting Erode – Kodumudi – Karur
 SH-96 connecting Erode – Perundurai – Chennimalai – Kangeyam

The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, headquartered at Erode (originally called as Jeeva Transport Corporation), serves inter- and intra-city routes. The State Express Bus Corporation (SETC) operates express bus services from Erode and Gobichettipalayam to major cities across the state. Erode Central Bus Terminus, which serves as a major hub, is one of the largest in the state. Due to its proximity to the states Karnataka and Kerala, Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation and Kerala State Road Transport Corporation buses also operate in the district.

Airways
The nearest airport is the Coimbatore International Airport located in the nearby Coimbatore district.

Waterways
Navigable waterways are available in the district at Nerinjipettai and Nattatreeswarar Temple.

Communication
The district is served by extensive postal, telegraph and telephone networks. The district is divided into two postal divisions, namely Erode and Gobichettipalayam. There are three head post offices at Erode, Bhavani and Gobichettipalayam, in addition to 319 other post offices. The district is serviced by almost all leading mobile phone operators in India.

Education
Erode district has several facilities for higher education. The district is divided into two educational districts, Gobichettipalayam and Erode. Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.Ramachandran started IRT Perundurai Medical College which is now renamed as Erode Medical College at Perundurai and an Engineering College "Institute of Road and Transport Technology" as the Automobile Research oriented Institute for the welfare of workers of Tamil Nadu State Transport Coorporation in 1984 which is now renamed as Government Engineering college, Erode. IRTT is one of the top 10 Government Engineering Colleges in Tamil Nadu. Other institutions include Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Vellalar Institutions, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Kongu Engineering College, and Nandha college of technology.

Places of interest
Erode has many places of interest, attracting tourists from all over the state and other neighboring states. Notable ones include:

 Bargur hills, Anthiyur
 Bannari Amman Temple, Bannari
 Bhavanisagar Dam, Bhavanisagar
 Sangameswarar Temple, Bhavani
 Chennimalai Murugan temple, Chennimalai
 Kodiveri Dam, Gobichettipalayam
 Pachaimalai Subramanya Swamy Temple, Gobichettipalayam
 Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman Temple, Gobichettipalayam
 Gobi boat house, Gobichettipalayam
 Kunderipallam Dam, Gobichettipalayam
 Sathyamangalam Tiger reserve
 Perumpallam dam, Sathyamangalam
 Government Museum, Erode
 Thindal Murugan Temple, Erode
 Vellode Birds Sanctuary, Erode
 Magudeshwarar Temple, Kodumudi
 Sadayappasamy Temple, kandasamypalayam
 Vijayamangalam Jain temple

Notable people

P. A. Venkatachalam (born 1934), professor, academician, researcher
Dr. Rajkumar (born 1929), Kannada Actor born in Gajanur ,Talavadi Taluk.

Villages

K.G. Valasu
Kaliyur
RN Pudur

See also
List of districts of Tamil Nadu

References

External links

 Erode District

1979 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Districts of Tamil Nadu

Erode district


الإمبراطور سيمو  هو الإمبراطور الثالث عشر في اليابان حسب قائمة أباطرة اليابان.  لا يوجد أي تواريخ محددة عن فترة حياته أو حكمه.

اقرأ أيضا
 إمبراطور اليابان
 قائمة أباطرة اليابان

مراجع

أباطرة اليابان الأسطوريون
ملكيون في آسيا في القرن 2
ملكيون يابانيون في القرن 2

الإمبراطور سيمو


Capitão sênior é um posto de oficial usado nas forças armadas, marinhas de guerra, marinhas mercantes, aviação civil e na indústria aérea de alguns países.

Exército
Em alguns exércitos do mundo, o capitão sênior é um posto entre um capitão regular e um major. O posto geralmente é encontrado apenas em exércitos e forças aéreas. Uma posição semelhante à do capitão sênior da marinha é a patente de coronel sênior.

Exércitos asiáticos
O posto de  () foi usado pelo Exército Popular de Libertação entre 1955 e 1965, e muitas vezes foi traduzido como capitão sênior. No entanto, as patentes e insígnias derivam da prática do Exército Soviético, que tem, como o Exército Vermelho antes dele e o Exército Russo hoje, quatro postos de oficiais de companhia, uma patente de capitão e três patentes de tenente. A tradução literal dessas quatro patentes em chinês é "oficial júnior", "oficial médio", "oficial superior" e "oficial sênior". Como o ELP hoje usa apenas 3 patentes de oficiais de companhia, tornou-se convencional traduzir  () que originalmente correspondia ao posto soviético de tenente sênior, como capitão e, portanto, "", que correspondia ao posto de capitão soviético, como capitão sênior. O correspondente vietnamita do quarto posto de oficial júnior, "", geralmente é traduzido como capitão.

No Exército Nacional Afegão e na Polícia Nacional Afegã, entre as patentes de turan (capitão) e Jagran (major) está a patente de jag turan. No caso da Polícia Nacional Afegã, o posto de jag turan é mais comumente traduzido como "capitão do estado-maior".

Exércitos europeus
A patente de capitão sênior é rara nas forças armadas ocidentais, mas pode ser encontrada nas forças armadas alemãs, onde a patente de  ( na Marinha) foi criado em 1993 para oficiais do  (ex-sargentos em cargos de especialistas) que não puderam ser promovidos ao oficiais superiores. As Forças Armadas belgas usam o posto de  (capitão-comandante) como uma patente padrão. A Itália usa um título de "" (primeiro capitão) para capitães (exército, aeronáutica e Carabinieri) que tenham exercido o posto de capitão por muito tempo, atualmente nove anos ou mais.

No Exército da Checoslováquia (e no Exército do Povo da Checoslováquia) até 1954, o posto de štábní kapitán (capitão do estado-maior) era o posto equivalente.

Historicamente, o Exército Britânico usou o título de First Capitain (Primeiro Capitão) para identificar o comandante de companhia mais sênior em relação aos outros comandantes da companhia.

As Forças Armadas da Sérvia estão usando o posto de capitão sênior (  ) desde 1860. A patente foi usada pelo Exército Real da Sérvia e pelo Exército Real Iugoslavo até 1945. O novo governo comunista reintroduziu o posto de capitão sênior em 1952 para o Exército do Povo Iugoslavo. Foi usado nas Forças Armadas da Sérvia e Montenegro até 2006. Em dezembro de 2019, o Ministério da Defesa decidiu reintroduzir o posto de capitão sênior nas Forças Armadas da Sérvia.

Insígnias de capitão sênior

Marinhas
Em alguns países do mundo, existe a noção de capitão sênior, abreviatura "Sr. CAPT" ou "Snr CAPT". Às vezes, isso também é chamado ou indicado como comodoro ou capitão da flotilha. Quando um posto semelhante existia na Marinha Imperial Russa, ele não era chamado de comodoro, mas sim de capitão-comandante. Um capitão naval sênior é semelhante ao posto de coronel sênior do exército ou, em alguns casos, ao general de brigada do exército.

Marinhas mercantes
Em algumas marinhas mercantes do mundo, alguns comandantes de navios, com especial e reconhecida antiguidade em termos de verdadeiro e efetivo comando de navios oceânicos, são indicados com o título de capitão sênior; além disso, de acordo com antigas tradições marítimas, são referidos como comodoro, abreviado em Cmde ou também CMDE. O capitão mais antigo, entre outros capitães seniores, será nomeado primeiro capitão sênior ou, de acordo com as tradições marítimas referido como comodoro de 1ª classe abreviado em Codre ou também CDRE. capitão sênior, a abreviatura será "Sr. CAPT" ou "Snr CAPT".

Aviação civil e indústria aérea
Na aviação civil, o cargo de "comandante sênior" é um cargo contratual, correspondente ao nível máximo alcançável, para o "capitão" de aeronaves da aviação civil, tanto de asa fixa quanto de asa rotativa, dependente de requisitos específicos de antiguidade. É seguido em ordem decrescente pelo "primeiro capitão". O "comandante sênior", no setor aéreo, realiza, em solo, trabalhos de coordenação na organização dos turnos e atendimento do pessoal de navegação aérea. O título, a patente de capitão superior, encontra-se deontologicamente, hierarquicamente e contratualmente protegido, pelo que não é permitido o uso deste título honorífico e patente sem possuir título legítimo. "Capitão sênior", abreviação será "Sr. CAPT" ou "Snr CAPT".

Serviço de corte de receita dos Estados Unidos
O posto de capitão sênior foi usado pelo Revenue Cutter Service para denotar um posto equivalente a um comandante da Marinha dos EUA e foi criado em 1908 durante uma revisão das estruturas de posto de serviço pelo Congresso. O posto e o título de capitão-comandante denotavam o chefe do Revenue Cutter Service e eram superiores ao posto de capitão sênior. O capitão-comandante era equivalente a um capitão da marinha. Um capitão do Revenue Cutter Service era equivalente a um tenente-comandante da marinha na época.

Notas e referências

Citações

Bibliografia

Patentes militares

Capitão sênior


Acest articol descrie fazele eliminatorii ale Cupei EHF Feminin 2017-2018.

Echipele calificate
În această fază s-au calificat echipele care au terminat pe primele două locuri în fiecare din cele patru grupe preliminare:

Format
În sferturile de finală, fiecare echipă clasată pe primul loc într-o grupă preliminară a jucat împotriva unei echipe clasate pe locul al doilea în altă grupă preliminară. Partidele s-au desfășurat în sistem tur-retur. Tragerea la sorți pentru stabilirea meciurilor din sferturile de finală a avut loc pe 13 februarie 2018, la sediul EHF din Viena, și a fost efectuată de Markus Glaser, Ofițerul Sportiv al EHF, și Bjørn Bjune, managerul general al clubului Larvik HK. În final a rezultat că echipa de pe locul 1 din grupa A va întâlni echipa de pe locul 2 din grupa B, iar echipa de pe locul 1 în grupa B va întâlni echipa de pe locul 2 din grupa A. De asemenea, echipa de pe locul 1 din grupa C va întâlni echipa de pe locul 2 din grupa D, iar echipa de pe locul 1 în grupa D va întâlni echipa de pe locul 2 din grupa C.

Câștigătoarele sferturilor de finală au avansat în semifinalele competiției.

Sferturile de finală
Meciurile s-au jucat pe 3 martie (turul) și 10–11 martie 2018 (returul). Turul s-a desfășurat pe terenul echipelor clasate pe locul 2 în grupele preliminare, iar returul pe terenul echipelor clasate pe locul 1.

În meciul retur dintre Kastamonu Bld și HC Zalău echipa românească nu a fost condusă de pe bancă de antrenorul Gheorghe Tadici, care a fost suspendat de către EHF timp de două etape pentru "comportament nesportiv" la adresa arbitrilor din meciul tur.

Semifinalele

Finala

Echipele calificate în finală

Ordinea desfășurării celor două partide a fost stabilită prin tragere la sorți pe 17 aprilie 2018, la sediul EHF din Viena.

Note

Legături externe
EHF: Sferturile de finală
EHF: Semifinalele

Cupa EHF Feminin 2017-2018

Cupa EHF Feminin 2017-2018 - fazele eliminatorii


Events
January 1 – Première of William Boyce's "When rival nations great in arms", at St James's Palace, London.
January 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, while visiting Mannheim, meets local composer Georg Joseph Vogler.
January 27 – Niccolò Piccinni's first French opera, Roland, is premièred at the Paris Opera.
February 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes to his father, Leopold Mozart, telling him how much he hates composing for the flute.
February 17 – Ignaz Umlauf's Die Bergknappen becomes the first singspiel by a local composer to be performed in Vienna.
March 1 – Christoph Willibald Gluck returns to Vienna after a residence of ten years in Paris.
March 2 – The Nationaltheater of Vienna's opera buffa company gives its final performance.
March 15 – Thomas Arne is buried at St Paul's, Covent Garden, London.
March 20 – Jiří Antonín Benda leaves his post as Kapellmeister at the court of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
March 26 – Seven-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven gives his first concert performance, at Cologne.
April 8 – Antonio Salieri leaves Vienna after a twelve-year absence from his native Italy.
May 1 – Anna Maria Mozart complains of various ailments in a letter from Paris, where she is accompanying her son Wolfgang. She dies here on July 3.
June 4 – King George III of the United Kingdom celebrates his 40th birthday; "Arm'd with her native force", an ode composed by William Boyce for the occasion, is performed for the first time.
July 9 – Mozart writes to his father complaining about the French language and the poor standard of singing.
July 13 – Leopold Mozart learns of his wife's death from a family friend, Abbé Joseph Bullinger.
July 24 – The première of Giovanni Paisiello's Lo sposo burlato takes place at the Russian court.
August 1 – First publication (in London) of the song "To Anacreon in Heaven" with words by Ralph Tomlinson (d. March 17). Date of writing and first publication of the music by John Stafford Smith which becomes "The Star-Spangled Banner" is uncertain but probably about this time.
August 3 – Teatro alla Scala, Milan, opens with a performance of Antonio Salieri's latest opera, Europa riconosciuta.
August 27 – Mozart meets Johann Christian Bach in Paris.
October 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart arrives in Strasbourg, where he will give three concerts.

Classical music
Carl Philip Emanuel Bach
Harpsichord Concerto in G major, H.477
Harpsichord Concerto in D major, H.478
Sechs Clavier-Sonaten für Kenner und Liebhaber
Johann Christian Bach – 4 Sonatas and 2 Duetts, Op. 15
Jean-Frédéric Edelmann – 3 Sonates, Op. 6, for harpsichord
Felice Giardini
6 String Trios, Op. 20
6 Quartets, Op. 21
François Joseph Gossec – Symphonie concertante in F major No. 2, "à plusieurs instruments"
Joseph Haydn
Little Organ Mass
Symphony No.54 in G major, Hob.I:54
Il maestro e lo scolare, Hob.XVIIa:1
František Kocžwara – The Battle of Prague, Op. 23
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Oboe Concerto in F major, K.293/416f
Duet Sonata for violin and piano K.296
Concerto for flute and harp in C major, K. 299
Violin Sonatas No. 18-23, K. 301-306
Ah se in ciel, K.538
Symphony No. 31 in D "Paris"
Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges – 2 Symphonies concertantes, Op. 13
Antonio Salieri – Sinfonia Veneziana
Johann Abraham Peter Schulz – Keyboard Sonata in E-flat major, Op. 2
Hans Hinrich Zielche – 6 Flute Sonatas

Opera
Carl Christian Agthe – Martin Velten
Johann Christian Bach – La Clemenza di Scipione
Anton Bachschmidt – Antigono
Pierre Joseph Candeille – Les Deux comtesses
Christian Cannabich – Azakia
Domenico Cimarosa
Il ritorno di Don Calandrino
Le stravaganze d'amore
Charles Dibdin – The Shepherdess of the Alps
André Grétry – Le jugement de Midas
Niccola Piccinni – Roland
Antonio Sacchini – Erifile
Antonio Salieri
Europa riconosciuta
La scuola de' gelosi

Published popular music
The Singing Master's Assistant – William Billings, including "Africa"

Methods and theory writings

 William Billings – The Singing Master's Assistant
 Johann Nikolaus Forkel – Musikalisch-kritische Bibliothek
 Mussard – Nouveaux principes pour apprendre a jouer de la Flutte Traversiere
 Ignacio Ramoneda – Arte de canto-llano

Births
January 5 – Fortunato Santini, composer
January 9 – Dede Efendi, composer
January 13 – Anton Fischer, composer
February 12 – Franz Joseph Volkert, composer
February 14 – Fernando Sor, guitarist and composer
February 17 – Vincenzo Pucitta, Italian composer (d. 1861)
March 8 – Friedrich August Kanne, composer and music critic(d. 1833)
April 6 – Joseph Funk, composer and music teacher (d. 1862)
May 8 – Johann Gansbacher, composer (d. 1844)
May 28 – Friedrich Westenholz, composer
July 10 – Sigismund Ritter von Neukomm, Austrian composer and royal kapellmeister (d. 1858)
July 29 – Carl Borromaus Neuner
September 3 – Jean Nicolas Auguste Kreutzer, composer
November 14 – Johann Nepomuk Hummel, composer

Deaths
February 15 – Johann Gottlieb Görner, organist and composer (b. 1697)
March 5 – Thomas Arne, composer, best known for "Rule Britannia" (b. 1710)
May 8 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, physician and music writer (b. 1711)
July 2 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, philosopher, writer and composer (b. 1712)
July 3 – Anna Maria Mozart, mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1720; typhoid)
August 5 – Thomas Linley the younger, composer, aged 22
August 14 – Augustus Montague Toplady, hymn-writer (b. 1740)
August 24 – Johannes Ringk, organist, composer and copyist of Bach (b. 1717)
September 20 – Quirino Gasparini, composer (b. 1721)
October 30 – Davide Perez, opera composer (b. 1711)
November 11 – Anne Steele, hymn-writer (b. 1717)
December – Samuel Linley, oboist and singer (b. 1760)
December 12 – Hermann Raupach, composer (b. 1728)
date unknown
Americus Backers, piano maker
Giovanni Battista Costanzi, Italian composer (born 1704)
Célestin Harst, organist and harpsichordist (b. 1698)

References

18th century in music
Music by year

1778 in music


.np ist die länderspezifische Top-Level-Domain (ccTLD) des Staates  Nepal. Sie wurde am 25. Januar 1995 eingeführt, für den technischen Betrieb ist Mercantile Communications Pvt. Ltd. mit Hauptsitz in Katmandu verantwortlich.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website der Vergabestelle

Einzelnachweis

Np
Nepal

.np


An Polystachya expansa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley. An Polystachya expansa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Polystachya, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha S�o Tom�. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Polystachya

Polystachya expansa


Planinski ružmarin (lat. Andromeda), monotipski biljni rod u porodici vrjesovki. Jedina priznata vrsta je A. polifolia, hrvatski nazivana divlji ružmarin, andromeda, ružmarinka i vazdazelen. To je manji grmić koji naraste do 20 centimatara visine, a rasprostranjen je po Europi, Aziji i Sjevernoj Americi. Ime roda dolazi po djevojci iz grčkog mita.

Ima golu uspravnu stabljku, slabo razgranatu. Cvjetovi su zvonoliki, bijeli ili rozi, listovi lancetasti, naizmjenični i kožasti. Cvate od svibnja do kolovoza. I cvjetovi i listovi su otrovni (andromedotoksin). Stanište su joj cretovi i močvare.

Podvrste
 Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla (Link) DC.
 Andromeda polifolia var. jamesiana (Lepage) B.Boivin

Sinonimi
 Andromeda americana hort. ex DC.
 Andromeda glaucifolia Wender.
 Andromeda grandiflora Steud.
 Andromeda myrifica A.Pabrez ex Hryn.
 Andromeda polifolia f. acerosa C.Hartm.
 Andromeda polifolia var. angustifolia Aiton
 Andromeda polifolia var. grandiflora G.Lodd.
 Andromeda polifolia f. humilisgracilis Kurz
 Andromeda polifolia var. latifolia Pall.
 Andromeda polifolia var. media Aiton
 Andromeda polifolia var. minima G.Don
 Andromeda polifolia subsp. pumila V.M. Vinogradova
 Andromeda polifolia var. pusilla Pall. ex E.A.Busch
 Andromeda polifolia var. subulata G.Don
 Andromeda rosmarinifolia Pursh
 Andromeda secunda Moench
 Leucothoe secunda (Moench) DC.
 Polifolia montana var. latifolia (Aiton) Nakai
 Rhododendron polifolium (L.) Scop.

Galerija

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Vaccinioideae

Planinski ružmarin


Wohlenhausen ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Bockenem in Niedersachsen. Das Dorf hatte am 1. Oktober 2011 87 Einwohner. Es liegt 5,5 km entfernt südwestlich von Bockenem, 3,5 km nordwestlich von Rhüden und drei Kilometer entfernt von der östlich verlaufenden A 7.

Geschichte
Am 1. März 1974 wurde Wohlenhausen in die Stadt Bockenem eingegliedert.

Politik
Aufgrund seiner geringen Einwohnerzahl wird Wohlenhausen nicht von einem Ortsrat, sondern von einer Ortsvorsteherin vertreten. Aktuell ist Ingrid Weeske in dieser Funktion.

Weblinks
 Wohlenhausen beim Hildesheimer Kulturportal Kulturium

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Bockenem)
Ort im Landkreis Hildesheim
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Hildesheim)
Gemeindeauflösung 1974

Wohlenhausen (Bockenem)


An Tetrapogon bidentatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pilg.. An Tetrapogon bidentatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tetrapogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tetrapogon

Tetrapogon bidentatus


Adansonia is a genus made up of eight species of medium-to-large deciduous trees known as baobabs ( or ). They are placed in the Malvaceae family, subfamily Bombacoideae. They are native to Madagascar, mainland Africa, and Australia. The trees have also been introduced to other regions such as Asia. The generic name honours Michel Adanson, the French naturalist and explorer who described Adansonia digitata. The baobab is also known as the "upside down tree", a name that originates from several myths. They are among the most long-lived of vascular plants and have large flowers that are reproductive for a maximum of 15 hours. The flowers open around dusk, opening so quickly that movement can be detected by the naked eye, and are faded by the next morning. The fruits are large, oval to round and berry-like and hold kidney-shaped seeds in a dry, pulpy matrix.

In the early 21st century, baobabs in southern Africa began to die off rapidly from a cause yet to be determined. It is unlikely that disease or pests would be able to kill many trees so rapidly, and some have speculated that the die-off is a result of dehydration.

Description

Baobabs are long-lived deciduous, small to large trees from  tall with broad trunks and compact crowns. Young trees usually have slender, tapering trunks, often with a swollen base. Mature trees have massive trunks that are bottle-shaped or cylindrical and tapered from bottom to top. The trunk is made of fibrous wood arranged in concentric rings, although rings are not always formed annually and so cannot be used to determine the age of individual trees. Tree diameter fluctuates with rainfall so it is thought that water may be stored in the trunk. Baobab trees have two types of shoots—long, green vegetative ones, and stout, woody reproductive ones. Branches can be massive and spread out horizontal from the trunk or are ascending.

Adansonia gregorii is generally the smallest of the baobabs, rarely getting to over  tall and often with multiple trunks. Both A. rubrostipa and A. madagascariensis are small to large trees, from  tall. The other baobabs grow from  tall, with  diameter trunks. A. digitata, however, often has massive single or multiple trunks of up to  diameter.

Leaves
Leaves are palmately compound in mature trees, but seedlings and regenerating shoots may have simple leaves. The transition to compound leaves comes with age and may be gradual. Leaves have 5–11 leaflets, with the largest ones in the middle and may be stalkless or with short petioles. Leaflets may have toothed or smooth edges, and may be hairless or have simple-to-clumped hairs. Baobabs have stipules at the base of the leaves, but the stipules are soon shed in most species. Baobabs are deciduous, shedding leaves during the dry season.

Flowers

In most Adansonia species, the flowers are born on short erect or spreading stalks in the axils of the leaves near the tips of reproductive shoots. Only A. digitata has flowers and fruits set on long, hanging stalks. There is usually only a single flower in an axil, but sometimes flowers occur in pairs. They are large, showy and strongly scented. They only open near dusk. Opening is rapid and movement of the flower parts is fast enough to be visible. Most Adansonia species are pollinated by bats.

Flowers may remain attached to the trees for several days, but the reproductive phase is very short, with pollen shed during the first night and stigmas shriveled by the morning. The flower is made up of an outer 5-lobed calyx, and an inner ring of petals set around a fused tube of stamens. The outer lobes of the calyx are usually green (brown in A. grandidieri) and in bud are joined almost to the tip. As the flower opens, the calyx lobes split apart and become coiled or bent back (reflexed) at the base of the flower. The inner surface of the lobes are silky-hairy and cream, pink, or red. Sometimes the lobes do not separate cleanly, distorting the shape of the flower as they bend back. The calyx lobes remain fused at the base, leaving a feature (calyx tube) that has nectar-producing tissue and that is cup-shaped, flat or tubular; the form of the calyx tube varies with species. The flowers have a central tube (staminal tube) made up of fused stalks of stamens (filaments), with unfused filaments above. A densely hairy ovary is enclosed in the staminal tube, and a long style tipped with a stigma emerges from the filaments. Petals are set near the base of the staminal tube and are variable in shape and colour. The flowers, when fresh, may be white, cream, bright yellow or dark red, but fade quickly, often turning reddish when dried.

Fruit
The fruit of the baobabs is one of their distinguishing features. It is large, oval-to-round, and berry-like in most species (usually less than  long in A. madagascariensis.). It has a dry, hard outer shell of variable thickness. In most species, the shell is indehiscent (does not break open easily). A. gibbosa is the only species with fruits that crack while still on the tree, which then tend to break open upon landing on the ground. Inside the outer shell, kidney-shaped seeds 10-15(-20) mm long are set in a dry pulp.

Taxonomy
The earliest written reports of baobab are from a 14th-century travelogue by the Arab traveler Ibn Battuta. The first botanical description was in the De medicina Aegyptiorum by Prospero Alpino (1592), looking at fruits that he observed in Egypt from an unknown source. They were called Bahobab, possibly from the Arabic  abū ḥibāb meaning "many-seeded fruit". The French explorer and botanist Michel Adanson (1727–1806) observed a baobab tree in 1749 on the island of Sor in Senegal, and wrote the first detailed botanical description of the full tree, accompanied with illustrations. Recognizing the connection to the fruit described by Alpino he called the genus Baobab. Linnaeus later renamed the genus Adansonia, to honour Adanson, but use of baobab as one of the common names has persisted.

The genus Adansonia is in the subfamily Bombacoideae, within the family Malvaceae in the order Malvales. The subfamily Bombacoideae was previously treated as the Bombacaceae family but it is no longer recognized at the rank of family by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group I 1998, II 2003 or the Kubitzki system 2003. There are eight accepted species of Adansonia. A new species (Adansonia kilima Pettigrew, et al.), was described in 2012, found in high-elevation sites in eastern and southern Africa. This, however, is no longer recognized as a distinct species  but considered a synonym of A. digitata. Some high-elevation trees in Tanzania show different genetics and morphology, but further study is needed to determine if recognition of them as a separate species is warranted. The genus Adansonia is further divided into three sections. Section Adansonia includes only A. digitata. This species has hanging flowers and fruit, set on long flowering stalks. This is the type species for the genus Adansonia.  All species of Adansonia except A. digitata are diploid; A. digitata is tetraploid. Section Brevitubae includes A. grandidieri and A. suarexensis. These are species with flower buds that set on short pedicles and that are approximately twice as long as wide. The other species are all classified within the section Longitubae. They also have flowers/fruits set on short pedicels, but the flower buds are five or more times as long as wide.

Species

, there are eight recognized species of Adansonia, with six endemic to Madagascar, one native to mainland Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, and one native to Australia. The mainland African species (Adansonia digitata) also occurs on Madagascar, but it is not a native of that island. Baobabs were introduced in ancient times to south Asia and during the colonial era to the Caribbean. They are also present in the island nation of Cape Verde. A ninth species was described in 2012 (Adansonia kilima Pettigrew, et al.) but is no longer recognized as a distinct species. The African and Australian baobabs are similar in appearance, and the oldest splits within Adansonia are likely no older than 15 million years; thus, the Australian species represents a long-distance trans-oceanic dispersal event from Africa. The lineage leading to Adansonia was found to have diverged from its closest relatives in Bombacoideae like Ceiba /Chorisia at the end of the Eocene, during a time of abrupt global climate cooling and drying, while a divergence of this Adansonia+Ceiba /Chorisia clade from Pachira was found to be more ancient, dating to the middle Eocene.

Habitat
The Malagasy species are important components of the Madagascar dry deciduous forests. Within that biome, Adansonia madagascariensis and A. rubrostipa occur specifically in the Anjajavy Forest, sometimes growing out of the tsingy limestone itself. A. digitata has been called "a defining icon of African bushland". The tree also grows wild in Sudan in the regions of Darfur and the state of Kordofan. The locals call it "Gongolaze" and use its fruits as food and medicine and use the tree trunks as reservoirs to save water.

Ecology
Baobabs store water in the trunk (up to ) to endure harsh drought conditions. All occur in seasonally arid areas, and are deciduous, shedding their leaves during the dry season. Across Africa, the oldest and largest baobabs began to die in the early 21st century, likely from a combination of drought and rising temperatures. The trees appear to become parched, then become dehydrated and unable to support their massive trunks.

Baobabs are important as nest sites for birds, in particular the mottled spinetail and four species of weaver.

Notable trees

Radiocarbon dating has provided data on a few individuals of A. digitata. The Panke baobab in Zimbabwe was some 2,450 years old when it died in 2011, making it the oldest angiosperm ever documented, and two other trees—Dorslandboom in Namibia and Glencoe in South Africa—were estimated to be approximately 2,000 years old. Another specimen known as Grootboom was dated and found to be at least 1,275 years old. The Glencoe baobab, a specimen of A. digitata in Limpopo Province, South Africa, was considered to be the largest living individual, with a maximum circumference of  and a diameter of about . The tree has since split into two parts, so the widest individual trunk may now be that of the Sunland baobab, or Platland tree, also in South Africa. The diameter of this tree at ground level is  and its circumference at breast height is .

Two large baobabs growing in Tsimanampetsotse National Park were also studied using radiocarbon dating. One called Grandmother is made up of three fused trunks of different ages, with the oldest part of the tree an estimated 1,600 years old. The second, "polygamous baobab", has six fused stems, and is an estimated 1,000 years old.

Culinary uses

Leaves
The tree's leaves may be eaten as a leaf vegetable.

Fruit

The white pith in the fruit of the Australian baobab (A. gregorii) tastes like sherbet. It has an acidic, tart, citrus flavor. It is a good source of vitamin C, potassium, carbohydrates, and phosphorus. The dried fruit powder of A. digitata, baobab powder, contains about 11% water, 80% carbohydrates (50% fiber), and modest levels of various nutrients, including riboflavin, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, and phytosterols, with low levels of protein and fats. Vitamin C content, described as variable in different samples, was in a range of  per  of dried powder. In 2008, baobab dried fruit pulp was authorized in the EU as a safe food ingredient, and later in the year was granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status in the United States.

In Angola, the dry fruit of A. digitata is usually boiled, and the broth is used for juices or as the base for a type of ice cream known as gelado de múcua. In Zimbabwe, the fruit of A. digitata is eaten fresh or the crushed crumbly pulp is stirred into porridge and drinks. In Tanzania, the dry pulp of A. digitata is added to sugarcane to aid fermentation in brewing (beermaking).

Seed
The seeds of some species are a source of vegetable oil. The fruit pulp and seeds of A. grandidieri and A. za are eaten fresh.

Other uses
Some baobab species are sources of fiber, dye, and fuel. Indigenous Australians used the native species A. gregorii for several products, making string from the root fibers and decorative crafts from the fruits. Baobab oil from the seed is also used in cosmetics, particularly in moisturizers.

In culture
Baobab trees hold cultural and spiritual significance in many African societies. They are often the sites of communal gatherings, storytelling, and rituals.

Gallery

References

External links

Malvaceae genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Fruits originating in Africa
Fruits originating in Australia

Adansonia


Sulfura de sodiu este un compus chimic cu formula Na2S, întâlnită adesea în forma hidratată Na2S·9H2O. Este o sare incoloră, solubilă în apă, iar în soluție dă un pH puternic alcalin. Expusă la aerul umed, emană hidrogen sulfurat, un compus gazos cu miros neplăcut, de ouă stricate.

Obținere
La nivel industrial, Na2S este obținută prin încălzirea termică a sulfatului de sodiu cu carbon (sub formă de cărbune) ca și agent reducător:
Na2SO4  +  2 C  →  Na2S  +  2 CO2

În laborator, sarea poate fi preparată prin reducerea sulfului elementar cu sodiu în amoniac anhidru, sau cu sodiu în THF, catalizată de naftalină:
2 Na  +  S  →  Na2S

Proprietăți chimice
Prin oxidarea sulfurii de sodiu cu peroxid de hidrogen se obține sulfat de sodiu:
Na2S  +  4 H2O2   →   4 H2O  +  Na2SO4

Prin tratarea cu sulf elementar, se obțin polisulfuri:
2 Na2S  +  S8   →  2 Na2S5

Referințe

Sodiu
Compuși ai sodiului
Substanțe higroscopice și delicvescente

Sulfură de sodiu


عين الزيتون  كانت قرية فلسطينية تبعد عن مدينة صفد ميلاً واحداً وميلاً عن مستعمرة زيتيم المجاورة. وتعد ضاحية لصفد لقربها منها. نشأت في أحد الأودية المنحدرة من جبال الجليل الأعلى.

مساحة القرية
مساحتها 35 دونماً تضم 137 بيتاً. وقد امتدت عمرانياً قبل تدمير اليهود لها متجهة نحو صفد، وزاد حجمها لأهمية موقعها، ولجودة أراضيها الزراعية. تبلغ مساحة الأراضي التابعة لها نحو 1.100 دونم، منها 46 دونماً للطرق والأودية. وتستغل معظم هذه الأراضي في زراعة الأشجار المثمرة كالزيتون والعنب. وتعتمد الزراعة على الأمطار التي تهطل بكميات كافية. أما مصادر المياه الأخرى فهي قليلة.

عدد السكان
نما عدد سكان هذه القرية من 386 نسمة عام 1922 إلى 567 نسمة عام 1931، وإلى 820 نسمة عام 1945.

احتلال القرية
كان من بين السكان 50 إلى 60 شاباً مسلحاً، وكان مجموع أسلحتهم لا يتعدى رشاشاً أو اثنين وحوالي 40-50 بندقية لكل منها 25 إلى 35 طلقة. قامت عصابات الهاغاناه الإرهابية الصهيونية في 1 مايو 1948 في إطار عملية يفتاح (الخطة د) وبعد أن تسلمت من البريطانيين معسكري روشبينا وفيلون، باحتلال قريتي عين الزيتون وبيريا المجاورة لها، وبذلك أمنت لها طريقاً يصلها بالحي اليهودي في صفد عن طريق الجبال حيث بدأ الجنود والأسلحة بالتدفق على صفد بينما عزلت صفد العربية عن القرى الواقعة شمالها وشمالها الغربي. وقد أبقت الهاغانا منفذاً واحداً لصفد هو طريق وادي الطواحين لتهجير سكانها عبره وهو ما يمثل عنصراً ثابتاً في عمليات الخطة د في كافة المناطق.

وفي يوم الثاني من مايو، قصفت هاونات البلماح، وهي الجناح العسكري لمنظمة الهاغانا، دون تمييز قرى كفر برعم ومغر الخيط وقباعة شمال روشبينا (الجاعونة) لإرغام أهلها على الرحيل، والتمهيد لاحتلال صفد وتهجير سكانها. وأدى ذلك إلى إخلاء قرية عكبرة من الشيوخ والنساء والأطفال وتهجيرهم إلى قريتي الفراضية والسموعي ونشوء موجة نزوح فلسطينية، وقد تم هذا النزوح على إيقاع مذبحة عين الزيتون في 2 و3 و4 آيار، إذ أسرت الهاغانا 70 شاباً فلسطينياً وأمر موشيه كلمان قائد كتيبة البلماح اثنين من جنوده بربط أيديهم خلف ظهورهم وقتلهم في الوادي بين عين الزيتون وصفد على مرأى من سكان صفد الذين كانوا يراقبون تنفيذ المجزرة من رؤوس التلال القريبة، ثم تم مباشرة نسف بيوت القرية ومسحها عن وجه الأرض. فأضحت عين الزيتون الآن أثرا بعد عين وبنيت قريبا منها مستخربة صهيونية.

وتذكر الوثائق أن المجزرة شملت قريتي عين الزيتون وبيريا وأنها تمت في شكل حشد للشباب الأسرى في مسجد عين الزيتون ونسفه بمن فيه.

القرية اليوم
لم يتبقى من القرية اليوم سوى أنقاضٍ حجرية للمنازل، وبئر وعين ماء، كما تكسوا أشجار الزيتون ونبات الصبار تلك المنطقة .

انظر أيضا
 مجزرة عين الزيتون

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 عين الزيتون ترحب بكم
 عين الزيتون من مركز خليل السكاكيني الثقافي

قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها في الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قضاء صفد
مجتمعات يهودية تاريخية

عين الزيتون (فلسطين)


Roy Ewans (* 21. Dezember 1917 in Torquay, Devon, England; † 22. Januar 2012 in Virginia Water, Surrey) war ein britischer Flugzeugbauingenieur, der unter anderem den Avro Vulcan-Bomber entwarf und einer der wichtigsten Flugzeugentwickler der Nachkriegszeit in Großbritannien war.

Leben
Nachdem Ewans mit finanzieller Unterstützung durch ein Stipendium die St Paul's School in London besucht hatte, absolvierte er ein Studium im Fach Maschinenbau am Imperial College London und schloss dieses Studium mit Auszeichnung ab. Im Anschluss schloss er ein postgraduales Studium im Fach Flugzeugbau ab und war während des Zweiten Weltkrieges Ingenieur beim Luftfahrtunternehmen Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) in Farnborough beschäftigt.

Nach dem D-Day, dem Beginn der Alliierten Landung in der Normandie am 6. Juni 1944, wurde er nach Frankreich entsandt, um das Flugzeugprogramm der deutschen Luftwaffe im bis dahin besetzten Frankreich zu bewerten. Nach der darauf folgenden Befreiung Belgiens und der bedingungslosen Kapitulation der Wehrmacht am 8. Mai 1945 fand er in Deutschland Verwendung, wo er der 6. Heeresgruppe der US Army zu-gewiesen wurde.

Nach Beendigung dieser Tätigkeit begann er 1946 bei der Blackburn Aircraft Company als Leiter der Aerodynamik-Abteilung, er wechselte dann im Oktober 1949 als Chef-Aerodynamiker zum Flugzeughersteller AV Roe and Company und war dort bis 1961 tätig. 1955 wurde er als Nachfolger von Stuart Davies neuer Chefentwickler des Unternehmens. Bekannt wurde er vor allem durch den Entwurf des Avro Vulcan-Bombers, der für nukleare Abschreckungseinsätze entwickelt wurde, und ein radikales Design hatte sowie zu der Zeit das größte bis dahin gebaute Flugzeug mit Deltaflügeln war. Für die RAF wurde 136 Avro Vulcan Bomber gebaut, die sich von 1956 bis 1984 in Dienst befanden. Der Bomber kam während seiner Dienstzeit allerdings nur einmal zum Kriegseinsatz, und zwar als er während des Falklandkrieges 1982 für den Abwurf konventioneller Waffen verwendet wurde.

1958 entwarf er die Avro 748, ein Kurzstrecken-Turboprop-Verkehrsflugzeug, das 1960 seine Inbetriebnahme hatte.

Nachdem Ewans zwischen 1961 und 1967 Ingenieur bei dem Flugzeughersteller British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) in Weybridge war, verließ er wie einige weitere Ingenieure und Wissenschaftler Großbritannien und wurde Ingenieur bei dem US-amerikanischen Flugzeughersteller Fairchild Hiller in San Antonio.

Nach seinem Eintritt in den Ruhestand kehrte er 1982 nach Großbritannien zurück und ließ sich mit seiner Ehefrau, der Mathematikerin Enid Ewans, in St Mawes in Cornwall nieder. Nachdem er 1999 einen Schlaganfall erlitten hatte, lebte er mit seiner Ehefrau, die an der Alzheimer-Krankheit litt und 2005 verstarb, in einem Pflegeheim in Virginia Water in Surrey.

Weblinks
 Roy Ewans Obituary. In: The Guardian vom 13. Februar 2012
 Roy Ewans In: The Telegraph vom 13. März 2012

Einzelnachweise

Luftfahrtingenieur
Luftfahrtpionier
Person (Flugzeugbau)
Brite
Geboren 1917
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Roy Ewans


15. Asya Oyunları olarak da bilinir. 1 - 15 Aralık 2006 tarihleri arasında Katar'ın başkenti Doha'da düzenlenmiştir. Asya Oyunları tarihinde Ortadoğu bölgesinde organize edilmiş ikinci etkinliktir. 45 ülkeden katılan 10 binin üzerinde sporcu, 39 farklı spor dalında mücadele etti.

Madalya durumu

Doha'da düzenlenen spor etkinlikleri

2006 Asya Oyunları


Protaktinyum, aktinit grubundan, atom numarası 91, atom ağırlığı 231 olan radyoaktif bir element. Kısaltması Pa şeklindedir.

İlk olarak 1913 yılında Kasimir Fajans ve Oswald Helmut Göhring tarafından tanımlanmıştır. Protaktinyum-231 izotopu ise Otto Hahn ve Lise Meitner tarafından 1917-18 arasında keşfedilmiştir. Protaktinyum adı 1949 yılında IUPAC tarafından belirlendi. En uzun ömürlü protaktinyum izotopu olan protaktinyum-231:32.760 yarılanma ömrüne sahiptir.

Aktinitler
Elementler

Protaktinyum


Även om pappa inte ser dig er en film instrueret af Maria Bäck.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2006

Animationsfilm fra Danmark

Även om pappa inte ser dig


La toma de Almendralejo se produjo entre 7 y el 15 de agosto de 1936 y consistió en la toma de la localidad de Almendralejo (Badajoz), durante la Guerra Civil Española, por parte de las columnas nacionales del teniente coronel Carlos Asensio Cabanillas y del comandante Antonio Castejón Espinosa.

Desarrollo de las operaciones

Después de haber tomado Villafranca de los Barros, la columna de Asensio se dirigió a Almendralejo en su camino hacia Mérida. Llegó a las afueras de la localidad a mediodía del día 7 de agosto e inmediatamente comenzó el bombardeo por tierra y por aire, pero los milicianos republicanos consiguieron resistir y amenazaron con incendiar los dos edificios —la cárcel y un convento— donde tenían encerrados a los derechistas que habían detenido si los atacantes entraban en el pueblo. Cuando lo hicieron, cumplieron su promesa y murieron 28 personas.

Unos cincuenta milicianos se atrincheraron en la torre de la Iglesia de la Purificación mientras los legionarios y los regulares iban casa por casa aporreando las puertas con las culatas y llevando a los detenidos a la plaza de toros —otros fueron asesinados y sus cadáveres abandonados en las calles y en los caminos—. Para obligar a los milicianos a abandonar la torre el teniente coronel Asensio ordenó, según informó al general Franco, «el incendio de la iglesia con paja húmeda y azufre para lograr efectos tóxicos, lo que ha permitido llegar hasta el coro, pero continuando el enemigo en alguna cámara que le ha aislado de los efectos del fuego, ya que ha continuado tirando bombas y tiros de fusil». Franco a su vez telegrafió al general Mola que la columna de Asensio había encontrado «seria resistencia», añadiendo a continuación: «Almendralejo hicieron horrores con personas de orden. Columnas castigan con ejemplaridad desmanes».

El ocho de agosto el general Franco ordena a la columna del comandante Castejón que se una a la de Asensio para acabar con la resistencia en Almendralejo y continuar el avance hacia Mérida. En un informe enviado a Franco se dice: «por la gran población que tiene y por lo levantisco de los muchos elementos de izquierda que existen no se ha estimado conveniente seguir a Mérida dejando el pueblo en tales condiciones». En el informe también se decía que las columnas habían sido bombardeadas tres veces por la aviación republicana, que también había arrojado hojas de propaganda alentando a la resistencia.

El día 9 de agosto Asensio informa a Franco de que han quemado dos puertas de acceso a la torre y la escalera con la finalidad de causar de nuevo «efectos tóxicos» sobre sus ocupantes pero los milicianos continúan resistiendo. Entonces decidió quemar la iglesia, justificándolo porque ya había sido profanada por los «rojos». Así relató más tarde el propio Asensio lo que había sucedido:

El día 10 de agosto continuaba el asedio a la torre, de lo que informaba el teniente coronel Asensio:

Finalmente, con la estructura de la torre semiderruida por los cañonazos y con el interior de la iglesia arrasado por las llamas, los milicianos se rindieron el 15 de agosto, aunque algunos se arrojaron desde lo alto. En el lado de los asaltantes hubo 38 bajas, casi todos heridos.

Represión

Habiendo puesto fin a la resistencia se desató una terrible represión. Varios cientos de personas fueron fusiladas, entre ellas 100 mujeres que antes de ser ejecutadas fueron violadas y humilladas rapándoles la cabeza y obligándoles a tomar aceite de ricino. Los periodistas portugueses que seguían a las columnas se refirieron a Almendralejo como «esta localidad maldita». Estos mismos periodistas portugueses informaron de que en Almendralejo los insurgentes habían matado a 1000 personas.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Almendralejo
Batallas en la provincia de Badajoz
Guerra civil española en Extremadura
Almendralejo

Toma de Almendralejo


The Aggie Yell Leaders are a group of Texas A&M University students that lead Aggie fans in a series of "yells" during athletic events or other school events.  The Yell Leaders are composed of five students (three seniors and two juniors) who are elected annually by popular vote of the student body.

The Yell Leaders use a variety of hand signals, called "pass-backs," to direct and intensify the crowds. Notable former Aggie Yell Leaders include former Texas Governor and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, trauma surgeon Dr. Red Duke and Texas State Representative Trent Ashby.

History
The Yell Leader tradition dates to 1907.  According to A&M lore, the Aggies were being soundly defeated and a large number of women who had taken the train from Texas Woman's University in Denton were threatening to leave.  The upperclassmen ordered the freshmen to find a way to keep the women entertained.  Several freshmen sneaked into a maintenance closet and changed into white coveralls. They then began leading the crowd in yells and telling jokes from the track in front of the stands. It was an instant hit and was quickly incorporated into the gameday repertoire for the Aggies.  However, the freshmen became a little too popular with the ladies and "it was decided that only upperclassmen would be allowed to participate in this entertainment in the future."  While usually a position held by members of the Corps of Cadets, non-Corps students have been elected to the position.  Ricky Wood, class of 2001, became the first non-corps Head Yell Leader in 2000–2001.

In the early 1990s, the student body elected its first African American yell leader, Ronnie McDonald, Class of 1993. In 1999, McDonald became the youngest African American to become a county judge in the history of Texas. Arouna "Boo Boo" Davies Jr., Class of 2002, became the second African American yell leader. In another exception, neither was a member of the Corps of Cadets.

Current tradition

Personnel
The Aggie Yell Leaders are composed of three seniors and two juniors, with one senior designated as "Head Yell Leader."  They are elected annually, making A&M one of the few schools that still elects spirit leaders. Sometimes, more than twice as many students vote for yell leader candidates than vote in the Student Body President elections.  Traditionally, the Yell Leaders are members of the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets in keeping with A&M's military history, though "non-reg" students have occasionally earned election. The first "non-reg" elected as Yell Leader was John David Garner, class of 1961. Although women have campaigned for Yell Leader at the main Texas A&M campus in College Station, none have ever been elected. In 2005, however, a female was elected as Junior Yell Leader at Texas A&M University at Galveston, which is an extension school of the main campus in College Station.

NCAA rules prevent the Yell Leaders from participating in athletic practices, but the Head Yell Leader can usually be found during two-a-days, running and lifting alongside the football team.  The Yell Leaders, along with junior and senior cadets of the Fightin' Texas Aggie Band, and Seniors of the Fightin' Texas Aggie Singing Cadets are the only students on campus who receive a varsity letter without playing a sport.

The Yell Leaders attend all home and away football games, all home basketball games, some away basketball games, and selected home and away games for other sporting events. The 2019-2020 yell leaders are Head Yell Leader Karsten Lowe '20, Senior Yell Leaders Reid Williams '20 and Kenny Cantrell '20 and Junior Yell Leaders Keller Cox '21 and Jacob Huffman '21.

Football-specific traditions

Besides their game-day duties, the Aggie Yell leaders are the Masters of Ceremonies at the Aggie pep-rally-type event known as Midnight Yell Practice.  This event is held the night before a football game, at midnight, at Kyle Field for home games or at a designated location in the opposing team's city for away games.  During these events, the Aggie Yell Leaders tell stories about ways in which "Ol' Rock" the prototypical Aggie defeats the upcoming opponents' mascots and lead the crowds in yells, so that all attendees know what to do in the coming game. They lead an additional, smaller, Yell Practice on the Thursday night before all away games (even bowl games), called Arch Yell, which is held in front of the 12 arches at the entryway to the Corps of Cadets quad area.

At the various yell practices, the Aggie Yell Leaders wear either maroon (seniors) or white (juniors) T-shirts and denim overalls that they decorate with maroon paint, often featuring their graduation year and various depictions of the A&M traditions. During sporting events, they always wear a white button-down shirt and white pants.

During a game, the Yell Leaders signal the crowd to start a yell by flashing pass backs. Once the signal is passed throughout the crowd, the Yell Leaders give the signal for the crowd to "hump it," or lean forward with hands just above their knees, and the yell begins. The theory behind "humpin' it" is that it aligns the back, neck and throat in the proper position to maximize the noise. They also use pass backs to signal when to sing the various school songs, in much the same way as cheerleaders lead songs at other schools.

When the Aggie football team is defeated at home, the crowd remains in the stands at the end of the game while the Aggie Yell Leaders conduct a short yell practice, including the singing of the song 12th Man, in preparation for the next week's game.  If the Aggies win a home football game, the freshmen in the Corps of Cadets chase them around Kyle Field behind the 20 yard line, and, once they are captured, carry them across campus and toss them into Fish Pond, a fountain full of cold water.  Meanwhile, the Aggie fans follow the Aggie Band as they leave Kyle Field and congregate in front of the Sbisa Dining Center, the current location of Fish Pond, for another Yell Practice. After the last Yell Leader has been thrown into Fish Pond, the soaking-wet Yell Leaders lead the fans in a yell practice against the following week's opponent.

Pass-backs

References

External links
Texas Aggie Yell Leaders
A&M Traditions

Texas A&M University traditions
American college cheerleading squads
Performing groups established in the 1900s
University folklore

Aggie Yell Leaders


بيتار بيتروف جيكوف  ، من مواليد 10 أكتوبر 1944 ، لاعب كرة قدم بلغاري سابق.

فاز بجائزة الحذاء الذهبي الأوروبي في عام 1969.

لعب مع منتخب بلغاريا لكرة القدم.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بلغاريون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1968
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
فائزون بميداليات فضية أولمبية من بلغاريا
لاعبو الدوري البلغاري لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو كأس العالم 1966
لاعبو كأس العالم 1970
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون من بلغاريا
لاعبو كرة قدم بلغاريون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1968
لاعبو منتخب بلغاريا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي بيروي ستارا زاغورا
لاعبو نادي سسكا صوفيا
مدربو كرة قدم بلغاريون
مواليد 1944
أشخاص من ديميتروفغراد
رياضيون من مقاطعة خاسكوفو

بيتار جيكوف


Tredegar House (gallois : Tŷ Tredegar) est un manoir de l'époque Charles II au  situé à la limite sud-ouest de Newport, au Pays de Galles. Pendant plus de cinq cents ans, il abrite la famille Morgan, plus tard Lords Tredegar ; l'une des familles les plus puissantes et les plus influentes de la région. Décrite comme "la maison de campagne la plus grandiose et la plus exubérante"  du Monmouthshire et l'une des "maisons exceptionnelles de la période de restauration dans toute la Grande-Bretagne"  le manoir se dresse dans un jardin paysager réduit de  (0,14 mille carré) formant la partie non résidentielle du parc Tredegar. La propriété est un bâtiment classé Grade I le 3 mars 1952  et est sous la garde du National Trust depuis mars 2012.

Histoire
La partie la plus ancienne du bâtiment date de la fin du  . La maison est à l'origine construite en pierre et a un statut suffisant pour accueillir Charles . Entre 1664 et 1672, cependant, William Morgan décide de reconstruire la maison à plus grande échelle en brique rouge, à l'époque un matériau de construction rare au Pays de Galles. L'architecte de la maison agrandie n'est pas connu avec certitude, mais Newman suit la suggestion de Howard Colvin selon laquelle la conception est de Roger et William Hurlbutt, qui ont travaillé dans un style similaire à Ragley Hall et au château de Warwick . L'historien de l'architecture Peter Smith, écrivant dans son ouvrage Houses of the Welsh Countryside, appelle Tredegar, "la plus splendide maison en brique du  siècle au Pays de Galles".  Dans sa publication de 1882, l'historien local Octavius Morgan fournit un plan d'un labyrinthe de jardin complexe qui était en place avant les améliorations des années 1660 et qui datait probablement de l'époque de la reine Elizabeth Ire .

Les Tredegar Morgan 1402–1951
Le nom de Tredegar vient de Tredegar Fawr, le nom du manoir ou siège des anciens Morgans, qui descendent de Cadifor le Grand, fils de Collwyn et les propriétaires du terrain sur lequel se trouve Tredegar. Le premier enregistrement d'une personne portant le nom de Morgan vivant à Tredegar est de 1402: un Llewellyn Ap Morgan. Tredegar House, située sur 90 acres qui reste paysagée à des fins ornementales, avec moins d'agriculture qu'au cours des siècles précédents, est la plus belle maison de restauration du Pays de Galles et pendant plus de cinq cents ans, le domaine (notamment le château de Ruperra) abrite la famille Morgan, plus tard lords Tredegar, l'une des familles les plus puissantes et les plus influentes de la région.

John Morgan est créé chevalier du Saint-Sépulcre (peut-être vers 1448). Plus tard, quand Henry Tudor est couronné roi Henry VII, Sir John reçoit une récompense pour son premier soutien et, le 7 novembre 1485, il est nommé par le nouveau roi au poste de «shérif de Wentloog et Newport» et nommé «intendant» du Machen Commote. Son élévation au rang d'officier de la couronne Tudor renforce le pouvoir de Sir John Morgan. Vers 1490, il commande la construction d'une nouvelle maison à Tredegar. Une aile du manoir en pierre de Sir John existe toujours. C'est maintenant la partie la plus ancienne de l'actuelle Tredegar House.

Une branche cadette des « Tredegar Morgans », probablement des neveux de Sir Thomas Morgan, comprennent trois frères, Thomas, Robert et Edward. Thomas devient le major-général Sir Thomas Morgan, 1er baronnet (1604-1679), sert dans les forces du Commonwealth pendant la guerre civile anglaise 1642-9, est nommé gouverneur de Gloucester en 1645, combat en Flandre, est blessé et en 1661 et prend sa retraite dans son domaine à Kinnersley, Herefordshire. Rappelé en 1665 pour devenir gouverneur de Jersey, il est mort à Saint-Hélier en avril 1679. Marié le 10 septembre 1632, il a neuf fils, dont l'aîné, Sir John Morgan, suit la profession de son père. Robert Morgan, (né vers 1615) devient fermier à Llanrumney, (Cardiff), à ne pas confondre avec Rhymney à environ 3 miles, de Tredegar, et est le père de Henry Morgan (né à Llanrumney Hall, Cardiff, qui fait carrière dans les Caraïbes comme corsaire et pirate). Edward Morgan est le colonel Edward Morgan (né vers 1616 - colonel après 1665), un royaliste pendant la guerre civile anglaise 1642-1649 et le capitaine général des forces royalistes dans le sud du Pays de Galles. Après l'arrestation et l'exécution du roi, il s'enfuit sur le continent et épouse Anna Petronilla, la fille du baron von Pöllnitz de Westphalie (gouverneur de Lippstadt,  est de Dortmund en Allemagne). Ils ont six enfants, deux fils et quatre filles (dont Anna Petronilla et Johanna). Il est nommé lieutenant-gouverneur de la Jamaïque 1664-1665.

Pendant la guerre civile après la bataille de Naseby, le roi Charles  visite Tredegar House en 1645. En 1661, William Morgan (décédé en 1680) reconstruit la maison à très grande échelle, avec l'aide de l'énorme dot de sa femme, Blanche Morgan. Leur fortune continue à prospérer au fil des générations, considérablement renforcée par la prévoyance et les entreprises commerciales de Sir Charles Gould tout au long du . À la suite des succès financiers de son père, son fils développe plusieurs projets commerciaux et industriels et fait de Newport un important centre commercial. Tout en consolidant leur influence sur les questions politiques et économiques du pays, ils obtiennent un titre de baronnet en 1792 et une baronnie en 1859.

En 1854, Godfrey Morgan (1er vicomte Tredegar) participe et survit à la charge de la brigade légère à Balaclava. Godfrey a 22 ans et est capitaine du 17th Lancers. Son cheval, Sir Briggs, a également survécu et vit à Tredegar House jusqu'à sa mort à l'âge de 28 ans. Le cheval est enterré avec tous les honneurs militaires dans le Cedar Garden de Tredegar House. Le monument s'y dresse encore aujourd'hui. En 1905, Godfrey est créé le premier vicomte Tredegar. Il ne s'est jamais marié et à sa mort le domaine passe à son neveu Courtenay Morgan (1er vicomte Tredegar). En 1920, le Tredegar Park Polo Club est fondé à Tredegar House.

Plus tard, l'extravagance, les excentricités et les lourds droits de succession ont sérieusement épuisé les actifs financiers de la famille au cours des trois générations suivantes. John Morgan,  baron Tredegar est décédé sans enfant en 1962 à l'âge de 54 ans. Sa mort marque la fin des Morgans de Tredegar. En 1951, Tredegar House est vidé de son contenu qui est vendu aux enchères et le domaine est vendu.

Après 1951, la maison est achetée par l'Église catholique et sert d'école conventuelle avec pensionnaires, plus tard l'école catholique romaine Saint-Joseph. Elle est achetée par le Newport Corporation Council en 1974, ce qui lui vaut son statut de "la plus grande maison du conseil de Grande-Bretagne" .

En décembre 2011, le National Trust signe un accord avec le conseil municipal de Newport pour prendre en charge la gestion du bâtiment, ainsi que les 90 acres de jardins et de parcs, sur un bail de 50 ans à partir de 2012.

Tournage et événements
La Maison a servi de lieu de tournage à plusieurs reprises. En 2014, un épisode de l'Antiques Roadshow est filmé dans la propriété et l'extérieur en briques rouges de la maison figure désormais dans la séquence d'ouverture du programme.

Les séries télévisées Being Human, Da Vinci's Demons et The Hairy Bikers ont toutes utilisé la maison comme lieu. Depuis que le programme a été relancé en 2005, de nombreux épisodes de Doctor Who utilisent Tredegar House pour le tournage, notamment le spécial de Noël 2008 " The Next Doctor " et le spécial de Noël/Nouvel An 2009/2010 " The End of Time ".

Références

Liens externes

Newport (pays de Galles)

Tredegar House


Felix Kurt Rawitscher (Frankfurt, 4 de janeiro de 1890 — Freiburg, 18 de dezembro de 1957) foi um botânico, pesquisador e professor universitário alemão.

Membro associado da Academia Brasileira de Ciências e membro da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência, Rawitscher foi convidado para organizar o Departamento de Botânica da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, criado durante a fundação da universidade, em 1934. Ele foi o responsável por instituir as aulas teóricas em conjunto com as aulas práticas na formação de novos profissionais, método ainda hoje adotado.

Biografia
Rawitscher nasceu em 1890, em Frankfurt. Era filho do juiz Ludwig Rawitscher e de Anna Rawitscher. Entre 1899 e 1906, estuou no Ginásio Kaiser Friedrichs, onde concluiu o então ensino secundário. No mesmo ano, ingressou no curso de História Natural da Universidade de Bonn, fazendo especializações nas Universidades de Freiburgo e de Universidade de Genebra, onde pode estudar com eminentes cientistas da época, como os botânicos Eduard Strasburger, Friedrich Oltmanns, Robert Chodat, Hans Kniep e Martin Möbius, os zoólogos August Weismann e Alfred Kühn, o químico Ludwig Gattermann e o mineralogista Carl Alfred Osann.

Carreira
Em 1912, Rawitscher obteve o doutorado em ciências pela Universidade de Freiburgo, com uma tese pioneira sobre a sexualidade das ustilagináceas, onde descreveu, pela primeira vez, o fenômeno de pareamento dos núcleos em um [Basidiomycota|basidiomiceto]]. Após seu doutorado, Rawitscher estagiou com Wilhelm Pfeffer para estudar fisiologia vegetal, que entrava em uma nova fase naquele momento. Em março de 1914, tornou-se assistente de Friedrich Oltmanns, com quem trabalhou por vários anos, tornando-se especialista em algas.

Com a eclosão da Primeira Guerra Mundial, Rawitscher combateu na linha de frente em Flandres, depois na Rússia e em seguida em Somme e Verdun. Neste último combate, se feriu gravemente e acabou como prisioneiro dos franceses. Ainda que tenha se recuperado, os ferimentos lhe causaram consequências duradouras até o fim da vida. Em seu período de convalecência pode estudar filosofia e ler o livro A origem das espécies, de Charles Darwin.

De volta à vida acadêmica, com um novo trabalho sobre as ustilagináceas, uma família de fungos, Rawitscher obteve sua livre-docência. Publicou diversos trabalhos sobre os movimentos das plantas, falando também sobre plantas volúveis, nastismos e geotropismo. Em 1932, publicou o livro "Der Geotropismus der Pflanzen", que se tornaria leitura obrigatória para os profissionais da área.

Em 1927, foi nomeado professor extraordinário de Botânica Florestal da Faculdade de Silvicultura de Baden, parte da Universidade de Freiburgo. Foi neste cargo que ele se interessou pelos estudos de Ecologia Vegetal, que levaram à publicação do livro "Die Heimische Pflanzenwelt" naquele mesmo ano.

O advento do nazismo trouxe consequências para sua trajetória acadêmica. Rawitscher era de origem judaica e começou a sentir as pressões antisemitas em seu trabalho. Assim, quando Teodoro Augusto Ramos o convidou para organizar o Departamento de Botânica da Faculdade de Filosofia,  Ciências e Letras, da recém-inaugurada Universidade de São Paulo, ele prontamente aceitou.

Brasil

Rawitscher desembarcou no Brasil em 30 de junho de 1934 na companhia dos professores Ernst Bresslau e Heinrich Rheinboldt. Instalada de maneira provisória no prédio da Faculdade de Medicina, o novo Departamento de Botânica começou a ganhar os contornos atuais. Rawitscher contratou Maria Ignez da Rocha e Silva e Alessio Padula como auxiliares, além de Georg Seyfried, horticultor diplomado na Alemanha, para ser o jardineiro, que prontamente começou um jardim para auxiliar no ensino e pesquisa.

Para o cargo de primeiro assistente, Rawitscher convidou o professor Karl Arens, do Instituto de Botânica de Colônia, na Alemanha. Assim, Rawitscher começou a formar os primeiros botânicos da universidade, criando mão de obra qualificada para o futuro Instituto de Biociências. Preocupava-se, principalmente, em implantar um ensino baseado em pesquisa. As aulas teóricas de, no máximo, uma hora, eram seguidas de aulas práticas de três horas. No Brasil ainda não havia livros básicos de boa qualidade, então ele mesmo preparou um pequeno livro para auxiliar os alunos, chamado Introdução ao Estudo da Botânica, publicado em 1940.

Além de equipar o novo departamento com laboratórios, ele também preparou o Boletim de Botânica, que já em 1937 publicava seu primeiro número, o segundo impresso pela Faculdade de Filosofia. Nele continham três trabalhos, um de Rawitscher, "Experiências sôbre a simetria de folhas", dois de Arens, o primeiro sôbre a fotossíntese de plantas aquáticas e o segundo sobre o mecanismo de infecção por fungo.

Desde que chegara ao Brasil Rawitscher interessou-se pelos inúmeros problemas da flora nacional e, em pouco tempo, transformou-se em grande conhecedor da ecologia tropical. Para preparar futuros profissionais para o contato com a vegetação do país, organizou a bibliografia necessária no departamento, então de difícil acesso e bastante dispersa pelo país e redigiu "Problemas de fitoecologia com considerações especiais sôbre o Brasil meridional", dividido em duas partes publicadas em 1942 e 1944 nos boletins do departamento de números 3 e 4. A primeira parte se dedicava a falar sobre fatores como água e temperatura, enquanto a segunda lidava com o estudo da luz, oxigênio, gás carbônico, vento e solos.

Em seus estudos, concluiu que a água é frequentemente o fator limitante de uma vegetação e ressaltou a importância, em 1942, de pesquisas sobre a economia de água da vegetação brasileira em um trabalho publicado nos Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. Rawitscher também introduziu no Brasil esta linha de pesquisa de valor não apenas acadêmico, mas também econômico e ecológico.

Junto de Mercedes Rachid e Mário Guimarães Ferri, publicou o primeiro trabalho de fitoecologia realizado no Brasil, com base em dados experimentais obtidos no campo, chamado "Profundidade dos solos e vegetação em campos cerrados do Brasil Meridional, nos Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, em 1943. Os primeiros doutorados do Departamento de Botânica foram feitos sob sua supervisão. Além de Rachid e Ferri, ele orientou também Berta Lange de Morretes que estudou o ciclo evolutivo do fungo Pilacrella delectans Möller, em 1948; Erika Anna Luise Rawitscher, que estudou, criticamente, em 1949, a aplicabilidade da potometria em medidas de transpiração; e Aylthon Brandão Joly, dedicado ao conhecimento da flora e da fitogeografia da região de Butantă, em 1950.

Pela qualidade da pesquisa no Departamento de Botânica e seus pioneiros trabalhos sobre a ecologia da flora brasileira, Rawitscher foi escolhido para presidir o "International Committee for Tropical Ecology", da Unesco, o que possibilitou a visitar de vários cientistas de renome internacional no instituto.

Em 1952, Rawitscher sofreu um infarto em sua sala no Departamento de Botânica. Isso o forçou a diminuir o ritmo de trabalho e nos meses seguintes ele acabou retornando para a Alemanha, onde foi reintegrado à sua cátedra original antes de se estabelecer no Brasil. Porém, acabou não retornando ao trabalho ativo. Participou de alguns eventos científicos e publicou um último trabalho científico em 1955, precisando se afastar do trabalho devido a problemas de saúde.

Em cerimonia solene na Universidade de São Paulo, Rawitscher foi agraciado com o título de doutor honoris causa em 29 de novembro de 1955, em reconhecimento a seus serviços prestados para o ensino e pesquisa em botânica e biologia no Brasil.

Vida pessoal
Rawitscher era casado com Carlota Oberlaender, com quem teve um casal de filhos: a também botânica Erika Rawitscher e o físico Georg Heinrich Rawitscher (1928-2018), professor da Universidade de Connecticut.

Morte
Rawitscher morreu em 18 de dezembro de 1957, em Freiburg, aos 67 anos, devido à uma embolia pulmonar.

No Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, o prédio das salas de aulas leva seu nome em sua homenagem.

Rawitscher
Rawitscher
Rawitscher

Felix Rawitscher


Benigno Malo Valdivieso (10 de marzo de 1807 - 2 de abril de 1870) fue un abogado, político, diplomático y educador ecuatoriano que vivió durante las independencias, la creación de la Gran Colombia y el nacimiento de Ecuador.

Biografía

Nació en Chuquipata, sector ahora conocido como Javier Loyola, parroquia del cantón de Azogues. Fue bautizado, recibiendo óleo y crisma, en Cuenca, el 10 de marzo de 1807.

Fue el segundo de trece hermanos, hijo de Miguel Gil-Malo y de la Peña y de Teresa Valdivieso y Carrión. Su hermano menor, fue el destacado empresario Luis Malo Valdivieso.

Sus primeros estudios los recibió en el Colegio Seminario y realizó sus estudios de Filosofía y Derecho en el Colegio de San Luis de Quito, donde fue testigo de la Batalla del Pichincha y se licenció como abogado en 1829.

Benigno Malo fue un abogado importante que vivió épocas cruciales durante el inicio de Ecuador. El 3 de noviembre de 1820 firmó el Acta de la Independencia de Cuenca por la parroquia de Chuquipata. Tuvo destacadas participaciones como servidor público durante la Gran Colombia puesto que fue además Ministro de la Corte Superior de Justicia de Cuenca en 1822. Más tarde, Simón Bolívar le nombró Miembro de la Junta Provisional del Departamento del Sur en 1829. Esto tenía como fin el control de los Departamentos de Guayaquil y el Azuay, durante el último año de la Gran Colombia. Una vez creado el nuevo país Ecuador, sirvió como Gobernador del Azuay en 1832.

Fue diputado por la Provincia de Loja en la Convención Nacional de 1834.

Formaba parte del gobierno de Juan José Flores cuando en 1845 estalló la Revolución marcista, que fue la reacción de varias personas de Guayaquil que estaban en contra del presidente Flores y querían ponerle fin a su mandato. Para ello, el presidente le envío a Lima como ministro Plenipotenciario pero con el objetivo de armar unos barcos y sorprender a los revolucionarios por la costa, mientras ellos intentaban tomarse la capital. Sin embargo fue impedido por Francisco Eugenio Tamariz, quien sería el nuevo gobernador de Cuenca y además su futuro suegro. Al final la revolución de marzo se llevó a cabo y Malo tuvo que buscar un salvoconducto que le permita regresar a su ciudad donde tuvo que rendir cuentas al gobierno provisional.

Tres años más tarde, sin embargo, fue electo Senador por el Azuay. Más adelante bajo la presidencia de Manuel de Ascázubi y Metheu sería parte del ministerio del Interior y Relaciones Exteriores junto a José Félix Valdivieso.

Trabajó mucho por impulsar el desarrollo económico de su país. Suscribió un Tratado de Amistad y Comercio con Perú. Además se enfocó mucho en el desarrollo de la industria del tejido de sombreros, y promocionó la minería de Zaruma y la canela de Macas.

Años más tarde fue nuevamente Gobernador de la Provincia de Azuay entre 1863 y 1864 y dos veces ministro del Interior y Relaciones Exteriores.

También fue profesor y primer rector de la Universidad de Cuenca entre 1867 y 1868.

Fallecimiento
Pasó a la historia como un político serio que navegó circunstancias muy difíciles durante la naciente república. Formó parte del proceso de independencias, fue un político destacado durante la Gran Colombia y desde el nacimiento de Ecuador participó activamente en su larga carrera con varios gobiernos. Destacó por sus esfuerzos para fomentar el desarrollo económico e industria de su país. Además fue pionero en la educación universitaria de Cuenca, su ciudad natal a quien siempre representó políticamente.

Fue muy destacada su oratoria y en 1940, su nieto Alejandro Malo Torres editó un libro con sus "Escritos y Discursos" que se compilan en 518 páginas. También destacaría Julio Tobar Donoso su inteligencia y capacidad para la oratoria: "Jamás sacrificó la lógica, la claridad, la sencillez, presentando los argumentos en la forma más atractiva, con imágenes bellas; calificando a los hombres en una sola palabra pues sabía pintarlos con brío."

Murió el 2 de abril de 1870 al poco tiempo de contraer pulmonía.

Referencias

Asambleístas y diputados de Ecuador
Diplomáticos de Ecuador
Abogados de Ecuador
Políticos de Cuenca
Rectores de la Universidad de Cuenca
Gobernadores del Azuay
Ministros del Interior de Ecuador
Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de Ecuador
Fallecidos por neumonía en Ecuador
Azogueños

Benigno Malo


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Ardanovce enthält das eine nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützte Objekt in der Gemeinde Ardanovce im Okres Topoľčany.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Ardanovce


Lexplosion d'un camion-citerne à Cap-Haïtien est survenue le  lorsqu'un camion-citerne a explosé dans le quartier de Samari, à Cap-Haïtien, en Haïti, tuant au moins 90 personnes et en blessant plus de 100 autres. Trois jours de deuil national s'ensuivent.

Contexte
Haïti fait face à une pénurie de carburant en raison de la prise de contrôle de la distribution par des bandes criminelles. De nombreux gangs ont détourné des camions-citernes, enlevé leurs chauffeurs et bloqué les ports de distribution de carburant. La pénurie de carburant a provoqué la fermeture d'hôpitaux, d'écoles et d'entreprises, qui comptaient sur des générateurs à essence en raison du réseau électrique peu fiable d'Haïti. Les camions-citernes ont repris les livraisons seulement un mois avant l'incident lorsque le chef du gang G9, , a autorisé les camions à passer à Port-au-Prince.

Explosion
Un camion-citerne transportant  (environ ) de carburant s'est renversé en essayant d'éviter une moto, et la cargaison a commencé à se répandre. Les victimes de l'explosion tentaient de récupérer du carburant au moment de la déflagration. L'explosion a également mis le feu à 50 maisons, endommagé des entreprises et des véhicules. Les pompiers ont été dépêchés sur place, mais ont dû demander l'aide des services d'incendie de l'aéroport en raison de pénuries d'eau.

Après l'explosion, plusieurs victimes ont été blessées par piétinement.

Conséquences
L'explosion tue au moins 90 personnes et en blesse plus de 100 autres. Les victimes sont envoyées dans des hôpitaux plus petits et moins équipés, le plus grand hôpital de la ville ayant fermé ses portes en novembre en raison d'une attaque de bandits. Ces hôpitaux sont débordés et incapables de prendre en charge les victimes, faute de fournitures de base. Des hôpitaux de campagne sont également installés dans la ville. L'UNICEF envoie du matériel médical dans la ville pour les brûlés.

Des suites de l'accident, le Premier ministre Ariel Henry annonce trois jours de deuil dans le pays.

Notes et références

Cap-Haitien
Catastrophe en Haïti
Explosion en 2021
Décembre 2021
2021 en Haïti
Pétrole en Haïti
Transport de l'énergie
Accident de la route
Camion-citerne

Explosion d'un camion-citerne à Cap-Haïtien


An Puccinellia wrightii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Frank Lamson Scribner ngan Elmer Drew Merrill, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nikolai Nikolaievich Tzvelev. An Puccinellia wrightii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puccinellia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puccinellia

Puccinellia wrightii


ميشيل كلين ، من مواليد 10 أكتوبر 1959، وتوفي في 2 فبراير 1993، لاعب كرة قدم روماني سابق.

لعب مع منتخب رومانيا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية رومانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية رومانيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ألمانيا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص من سكسون ترانسيلفانيا
رومانيون من أصل ألماني
رياضيون رومانيون مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الروماني
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الثانية الروماني
لاعبو كأس العالم 1990
لاعبو كرة قدم رومانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رومانيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم لقوا حتفهم أثناء اللعب
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو منتخب رومانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أوردينغن 05
لاعبو نادي دينامو بوخارست
مواليد 1959
وفيات 1993
وفيات الرياضة في ألمانيا
وفيات بسبب نوبة قلبية
وفيات في كريفلد
رياضيون من مقاطعة سيبيو
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة سيبيو

ميشيل كلين


Matões es un municipio brasileño del estado de Maranhão. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 27.005 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Maranhão

Matões


بلدية باخاريس دي أداخا (بالإسبانية: Pajares de Adaja) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية باخاريس دي أداخا 207 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية باخاريس دي أداخا

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

باخاريس دي أداخا


Etnefjorden er en fjordarm af Ølsfjorden og Hardangerfjorden i Etne kommune i Sunnhordland i Vestland fylke i Norge. Fjorden har indløb mellem Dreganeset i den nordlige del af Vindafjord kommune (tidligere Ølen) i syd og Børkjenesklubben i nord, og strækker sig 8,5 km østover til Etnesjøen, kommunecentret i Etne. Et stykke inde deler fjorden sig i to grene. Den ene går sydøstover og kaldes Osvågen, mens den anden går mod nordøst og videre ind til Etne.

Omkring Osvågen er flere gårde, heriblandt Osnes, Eiriksvik, Gjerdsvik og Eikanes. Ved Etnesjøen, inderst i fjorden, munder Etneelva ud.

Referencer

Fjorde i Vestland
Fjorde i Rogaland

Etnefjorden