Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl (* 31. Mai 1874 in Wien; † 13. August 1950 in Starnberg) war ein österreichisch-deutscher Unternehmer, Publizist und Schriftsteller. Für seine literarischen Arbeiten nahm er den Namen der Mutter an und veröffentlichte auch unter dem Pseudonym Pankratius Pfauenblau.

Leben
Robert Friedlaender wurde als der älteste von zwei Söhnen des Ingenieurs Josef Friedlaender (1836–1905) und der Beatrix Prechtl (1853–1919) in Wien geboren. Die jüdische Linie der väterlichen Vorfahren kam aus Schlesien und hatte um 1814 das preußische Bürgerrecht erhalten. Ein Vorfahre der christlichen Mutter, der Physiker und Chemiker Johann Joseph Ritter von Prechtl, war 1814 der Gründer des Wiener Polytechnikums (heute Technische Universität Wien). Zur Eheschließung trat der Vater in die evangelische Kirche ein und seine Kinder wurden evangelisch getauft.
1884–1892 besuchte Friedlaender-Prechtl das Humanistische Gymnasium in Wien, wo er Hugo von Hofmannsthal begegnete. 1895 verließ er die dortige Technische Handelshochschule mit dem Abgangszeugnis zum Kaufmann. Anfang 1900 lernte er seine spätere Frau, die Mezzosopranistin Magda von Dulong kennen; sie hatte ihre Karriere unter dem Namen Magda Lossen begonnen. Aus der ersten Ehe mit dem Sänger Henry von Dulong stammten die Zwillinge Ingeburg (1897–1935) und Irmela von Dulong (1897–1985). Am 15. November 1909 fand die standesamtliche Heirat von Friedlaender-Prechtl mit Meta Cleophea in Berlin-Schöneberg statt.
1906 erkrankte Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl und war seitdem an "beiden Beinen gelähmt" und auf einen Rollstuhl angewiesen.
1912/1913 ließ er sich von dem Architekten Otto Bartning eine Villa auf einem Doppelgrundstück in der neu erschlossenen Miquelstraße 88/90 in Berlin-Dahlem errichten.
Mitte der zwanziger Jahre schied Friedlaender-Prechtl aus dem aktiven Geschäftsleben aus. Er zog an den Würm- heute Starnberger See, wo er sich bei Kempfenhausen von dem Münchner Architekten Carl Sattler das Haus Ruland erbauen ließ und auf dem hinzu gepachteten Sattlerhof Landwirtschaft betrieb. 1932 verkaufte er die Villa an den Aachener Waggon-Hersteller Gustav Talbot, errichtete auf dem nun geteilten Grundstück ein kleineres Landhaus in Holzbauweise, siedelte aber 1937 wegen der nahen NS-Prominenz nach Starnberg und bezog 1938 ein Haus in der Wilhelmshöhenstraße. Er verkehrte mit Schriftstellerkollegen aus der Region: Friedrich Alfred Schmid Noerr (1877–1969); Hans Ludwig Held; Mor von Weber, Charlo, urspr. Charlotte Weber (1898–1984); Albert Talhoff (1888–1956); Hermann Uhde-Bernays; langjährige Brief- und Gesprächspartner waren der Kulturphilosoph Leopold Ziegler, der Münchner Bibliothekar Hans Ludwig Held und der Lübecker Unternehmer Heinrich Dräger. Nach Kriegsbeginn und dem entzogenen Automobil lebte er "interniert" wie "Hieronymus im Gehäus; aber da das Gehäus erhalten geblieben ist besteht kein Anlass zu murren".

Jüdischen Verfolgten aus seinem Bekannten- und Verwandtenkreis versuchte er zu helfen, u. a. der Malerin Hilde Gräfin Vitzthum, geb. Goldschmidt (Selbstmord Mai 1942), Anna Lehmann, geb. Friedlaender (1864–1942 Theresienstadt) und ihren emigrierten Töchtern Hanne Angel Dora Höllering; dabei halfen ihm seine Verbindungen zu Gegnern des Nationalsozialismus wie den Diplomaten Albrecht Graf von Bernstorff und Friedrich von Prittwitz und Gaffron oder dem Juristen Dr. Walther Schreiber, der 1938 bis 1945 als Verwalter des "feindlichen" Friedlaender-Fuld-Vermögens der emigrierten Ehefrau und Mutter Milly Friedlaender-Fuld und Tochter Marie-Anne von  Goldschmidt-Rothschild (1892–1973) im Auftrag staatlicher Behörden eingesetzt war sowie der langjährige Geschäftspartner und vertraute Freund, der Schwede Dr. Ing. Richert von Koch.

1946 reagierte er auf Unterstellungen, er sei wegen seiner Wirtschaftstheorien Anhänger der Nationalsozialisten gewesen, mit einer Selbstanklage für ein Spruchkammerverfahren in Starnberg; am 28. Juli 1947 beschloss die Kammer die Einstellung mit der Begründung, es habe sich "teilweise um Mißverständnisse, im übrigen aber um den üblichen Dorfklatsch gehandelt".

Er starb auf den Tag vier Monate nach dem Tod seiner Frau am 13. Mai 1950. Die Grabstelle auf dem Friedhof Hanfelder Straße ist heute aufgelassen.

Unternehmer
Nach seiner Ausbildung als Kaufmann trat er in die väterliche Fabrik für landwirtschaftliche Maschinen ein. 1905 holte ihn sein Vetter, der oberschlesische Kohlengroßhändler und Montanindustrielle und 1906 geadelte Fritz von Friedlaender-Fuld in die Zentralverwaltung Berlin. Dort arbeitete er als Generalbevollmächtigter in zahlreichen Firmenbeteiligungen des Konzerns. Nach dem Tod des Cousins 1917 war er für die Erben als Testamentsvollstrecker eingesetzt, neben dem Oberfinanzrat Dr. Ernst Springer (1860–1944 Theresienstadt) und dem Juristen Dr. Franz Oppenheimer (1871–1950 New York), jetzt einer der beiden Gesellschafter der Firma Emanuel Friedlaender & Comp. 1918 machte er sich in der Berliner Behrenstraße 7 selbständig mit der Übernahme der Industrieverwaltung AG; er und Dr. Richert von Koch bildeten den Vorstand. Nach seinem Konzept – Ich hatte stets besonderes Interesse an Erfindungen, die Deutschland vom Import lebenswichtiger Produkte frei machen sollten – gründete er entsprechende Firmen, für die er bis 1937 auch im Aufsichtsrat saß (Braunkohlen-Produkte AG in Berlin, Natronzellstoff und Papierfabriken AG, Berlin). In einem Konsortium für Kohlechemie unterstützte er den Chemiker Friedrich Bergius. 1924 trat er aus der Industrieverwaltung AG aus und widmete sich neuen Aufgaben.

Bereits 1919 hatte er in Berlin den Spiegel-Verlag gegründet, in dem er jetzt neben den eigenen Werken auch die Zeitschrift Der Spiegel. Beiträge zur sittlichen und künstlerischen Kultur herausgab und im ersten Heft verkündete: Der SPIEGEL soll eine Tribüne sein für diejenigen geistigen Menschen, die an das Wiedererstehen der deutschen Kultur in einer neuen, reineren Atmosphäre mit aller Inbrunst glauben und an deren Aufbau mit allen Kräften mitzuwirken keine Zeit für zu schwer und zu wirr halten. In ihr ließ er bürgerlich-konservative Autoren kontrovers zu Zeitthemen schreiben. Nach 26 Heften endete das verlegerische Unternehmen im April 1921.

1920 pachtete Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl in Berlin-Steglitz das Schlosspark-Restaurant (Schlossstr. 48) für 30 Jahre und finanzierte den Umbau zum Schlosspark-Theater, das im Mai 1921 mit der Tragödie Timon von Shakespeare, von Friedlaender-Prechtl neu übersetzt, eröffnet wurde.
Zur Verbreitung seiner wirtschaftstheoretischen Anliegen gab er wieder ein Periodikums heraus: Die Wirtschafts-Wende. Zeitschrift für deutsche Wirtschaftserneuerung. Den Beweggrund für die Herausgabe nannte er in einem Brief an Leopold Ziegler: Es ist höchste Zeit […] dass die heillose Spaltung: hie geistige, hie wirtschaftliche Probleme, endlich aufhört und die Erkenntnis lebendig wird, dass alle Seiten der menschlichen Betätigung, also auch die wirtschaftlichen, letzten Endes im Geist gründen. Das letzte Heft erschien im Februar 1933.

Publizist
Nicht nur mit Hilfe der eigenen Verlags- und Zeitschriftengründungen hat sich Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl zu den politischen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Themen der Zeit geäußert, sondern auch in vielen Kunst- und Kulturzeitschriften veröffentlichte er Kritiken zum Theater, zu Literatur und Musik. Regelmäßig schrieb er in der Vossischen Zeitung, dort auch zu politischen Themen, so am 27. Juni 1922 einen emphatischen Nachruf auf den ermordeten Walther Rathenau. Mit der zunehmenden Wirtschaftskrise brachte er in streitfreudigen Aufsätzen und dem Buch Wirtschafts-Wende (1931) seine unternehmerischen Erfahrungen in Konzepte zu ihrer Bewältigung ein. Er gehörte zum engen Kreis der bürgerlichen Reformer in der Studiengesellschaft für Geld- und Kreditwirtschaft (Wilhelm Grotkopp, Heinrich Dräger u.a) und forderte als einer der ersten Höchstsummen für Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen zur Beseitigung der steigenden Arbeitslosigkeit. Wieweit die Nationalsozialisten 1933 auf sein Programm zurückgriffen, ist in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur umstritten.
Anfang 1933 erschienen seine letzten Beiträge. Nach den ersten Boykottmaßnahmen der Nationalsozialisten schrieb er in einem bitteren Brief vom April 1933 an den Mitstreiter Dr. Hans Lambrecht, Mitglied im Reichskuratorium für Wirtschaftlichkeit:

Ich habe mich von Anfang meines Lebens an als Deutscher und nur als Deutscher gefühlt. Ich habe mich in meinen öffentlichen Arbeiten stets als ein leidenschaftlicher Bekenner des Gedankens 'Deutschland' betätigt. […] Nun aber bin ich heimatlos gemacht und volklos geworden. Darüber komme ich nicht weg. Ich kann nicht mehr und will nicht mehr mitarbeiten an dem Ergehen dieses Landes, das ich bisher als meine Mutter angesehen habe – das sich aber jetzt als eine hasserfüllte Stiefmutter entpuppt.

Publizistisch ist er bis 1946 nicht mehr hervorgetreten, zumal auch eine 1934 beantragte Mitgliedschaft in der NS-Reichskulturkammer abgelehnt wurde.

Beeindruckt von den selbst erlebten Hungerjahren nach dem Krieg widmete er das erste und einzige Heft einer neuen Reihe Wirtschafts-Wende dem britischen Ökonom Thomas Malthus und formulierte darin Gedanken, die heute wieder aktuell sind:

Die Überbewertung der Industrie mit ihrer grundsätzlich expansiven und zu Konflikten führenden Tendenz hat die Menschen der Mutter Erde entfremdet. […] Die Verbindung mit einem auch nur geringen Stück Eigenland, dem die Menschen durch freiwillige Arbeit in Intensivkultur Nahrung abgewinnen, macht sie materiell und moralisch widerstandsfähig, gibt ihnen Heimatgefühl: eine Tatsache von nicht hoch genug einzuschätzender politischer und sozialer Bedeutung.

Schriftsteller
Literarisch trat Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl mit relativ wenigen Arbeiten hervor, diese jedoch waren immer als programmatische, gelegentlich theorielastige Aussagen gemeint. 1914 verlegte er die Gedichte der Zeit, die er in einem Brief an Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff als "Kriegsgedichte" bezeichnete. Zum immer wiederholten Lebensthema wurde das nach seiner todesnahen Erkrankung verfasste Drama Alkestis. Die Tragödie vom Leben, in dem die existentiellen Fragen nach Freiheit und Verantwortung in der Moderne gestellt werden. Geschrieben 1908, verlegte er es erstmals 1917 in einer Vorzugsausgabe, weitere, teils veränderte Auflagen erschienen 1918 bis 1924 in verschiedenen Verlagen. Das Theaterstück wurde am 18. April 1918 am Königlichen Schauspielhaus in Dresden mit Friedrich Lindner und Melitta Leithner in den Hauptrollen uraufgeführt.

1935/36 schrieb Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl einen Roman mit dem originalen Titel Titanensturz, der 1937 im Wiener Saturn-Verlag erschien, nach dem sog. Anschluss Österreichs eingestampft und dann 1938 in London (Martin Secker) und 1940 in New York (E.P. Dutton) und Stockholm (Skoglund) unter dem besser zu vermarktenden Titel Titanic veröffentlicht wurde. Auflagen in der Bundesrepublik erschienen in verschiedenen Verlagen bis in die 70er Jahre. Motiv des Romans war der Untergang des Ozeanriesen Titanic im Jahr 1912: der Autor schildert kulturkritisch den auch moralischen Untergang der Wirtschaftsbosse und Bankiers, wie er diese Gesellschaftsschicht selbst erlebt haben mag; aus der Sinnkrise, in die der Protagonist geraten ist, rettet ihn die Liebe und die Kunst.

1946 sandte er an Freunde eine Liste der nach 1933 entstandenen, unveröffentlichten Arbeiten. Geplant war die Erzählung einer umfassenden jüdisch-abendländischen Vergangenheit am Beispiel einzelner Religionen, Völker und Personen und sollte die Gegenwart als Absturz deutlich machen. Von diesen (nicht mehr vorhandenen) Manuskripten sind nur erschienen Giordano Bruno und Galilei. Prozesse um ein Weltbild (1947) und die später umgearbeitete Fassung des ehemals dreibändigen Manuskriptes Evangelien-Einklang, erschienen postum 1954 unter dem Titel Die Geschichte des Jesus von Nazareth.

Werke
 Robert Prechtl: Gedichte dieser Zeit. 1914 (Als Manuskript gedruckt für meine Freunde); Exemplar Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach
 Robert Prechtl: Alkestis. Die Tragödie vom Leben, geschrieben 1908, (Privatdruck Charlottenburg 1917, mehrere spätere Aufl. in verschiedenen Verlagen)
 Robert Friedlaender: Fritz von Friedlaender-Fuld und deutsche Wirtschaft. O. O., o. J., [Berlin 1918]
 Robert Prechtl: Die Nacht der Jenny Lind. Ein fröhlich-ernstes Spiel. Berlin 1919
 Robert Prechtl: Spiel und Zwischenspiel. Versuche zu menschlicher und künstlerischer Erziehung. Berlin 1920
 Der Weiber-Staat. Komödie in drei Akten / nach Aristophanes von Pankrazius Pfauenblau. Berlin 1920
 Robert Prechtl: Trilogie der Leidenschaft. Ysot. Marke. Tristan. München [1922]
 Robert Friedlaender: Chronische Arbeitskrise. Ihre Ursache, ihre Bekämpfung. Berlin 1926
 Robert Prechtl: Italienfahrt. Ein deutsches Schicksal. Leipzig 1930
 Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl: Wirtschafts-Wende. Die Ursachen der Arbeitslosenkrise und deren Bekämpfung. Leipzig 1931
 Robert Prechtl: Der Titanensturz. Roman eines Zeitalters. Wien 1937
 Robert Friedlaender: "OPPELN / aus einem Lebensrückblick", undatiert [1944]; Maschinenschr. vervielf., 7 Seiten, 1944, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Leipzig, Slg. Exil-Literatur: Exil 2004 B 5
 Robert Prechtl: Das Lied vom Leben. Requiem für alle Toten dieses Krieges. Als Ms. gedruckt, Starnberg, Selbstverlag; Ex. in Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz
 Robert Prechtl: Giordano Bruno und Galilei. Prozesse um ein Weltbild. München 1947 (Prozesse der Weltgeschichte, hrsg. von Kurt Pfister)
 Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl (Hg.): Malthus? Wirtschaftswende, 1. Band. Stuttgart 1948
 Die Geschichte des Jesus von Nazareth. Nach den 4 Evangelientexten zusammengest. Hrsg. Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl. München 1954 (postum)

Literatur
 Richard Vieweg: Robert Prechtls Alkestis und ihr griechisches Urbild. Berlin 1920.
 Grunelia Grunelius (Red.): Starnberger See-Stammbuch. München 1950.
 Wilhelm Grotkopp: Die große Krise. Lehren aus der Überwindung der Wirtschaftskrise 1929/32. Düsseldorf 1954.
 Gerhard Kroll: Von der Weltwirtschaftskrise zur Staatskonjunktur. Berlin 1958.
 G. Bombach, H.-J. Ramser, M. Timmermann, W. Wittmann (Hrsg.): Der Keynesianismus. 2 Bände, Berlin et al. 1976, ISBN 3-540-07910-6 und ISBN 3-540-07770-7.
 Avraham Barkai: Das Wirtschaftssystem des Nationalsozialismus. Ideologie, Theorie, Politik 1933–1945. (= Bibliothek Wissenschaft und Politik, Band 18.) Köln 1977, ISBN 3-8046-8535-8.
 Udo Kissenkoetter: Gregor Straßer und die NSDAP. (= Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Band 37.) DVA, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-421-01881-2.
 Werner Köster: Die "deutsche Kultur" und der "Untergang" als Modell. Drei Titanic-Romane der NS-Zeit. In: Rudolf Sieverts (Hrsg.): Handwörterbuch der Kriminologie, Band 5. de Gruyter, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-11-016171-0.
 Gerhard Schober: Frühe Villen und Landhäuser am Starnberger See. Zur Erinnerung an eine Kulturlandschaft. Oreos Verlag, Waakirchen-Schaftlach 1998, ISBN 3-923657-53-6, S. 326 f.
 Beatrice Vierneisel: Das Schlosspark-Ensemble in Steglitz 1880–1949. In: Kulturamt Steglitz-Zehlendorf (Hrsg.), Doris Fürstenberg (Red.): 1946. Davor. Danach. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus und der Nachkriegszeit in Steglitz und Zehlendorf. Berlin 2008, ohne ISBN, S. 11–33.
 Hauke Janssen: Nationalökonomie und Nationalsozialismus. Die deutsche Wirtschaftslehre in den dreißiger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts. (= Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschsprachigen Ökonomie, Band 10.) 3. überarbeitete Auflage, Metropolis-Verlag, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-89518-752-0.
 William M. Calder III, Alexander Košenina: Poesie, Philologie und Politik. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffs (1848–1931) Briefwechsel mit Robert Friedlaender (1874–1950). In: Antike und Abendland, 36. Jahrgang 1990, S. 163–186.
 Marie Meihsner: Alkestis. "Eine Tragödie vom Leben"? Zur Rezeption der Euripides-Tragödie um 1900. unveröffentlichte wissenschaftliche Hausarbeit, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 2009.
 Avraham Barkai: Erlebtes und Gedachtes. Erinnerungen eines unabhängigen Historikers. Wallstein, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-8353-0902-9, S. 78–104.

Weblinks

 http://www.beatricevierneisel.de/namen/robert-friedlaender-prechtl

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Publizist
Unternehmer (Berlin)
Unternehmer (20. Jahrhundert)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Geboren 1874
Gestorben 1950
Mann

Robert Friedlaender-Prechtl


Show Boat je američki mjuzikl u dva čina iz 1927. godine za koga je muziku napisao Jerome Kern, a libreto i tekst Oscar Hammerstein II. Temelji se na istoimenom romanu Edne Ferber iz 1926. godine. Radnja se odvijala na plovećem kazalištu na rijeci Mississippi od 1880-ih do 1920-ih. Mjuzikl je premijerno izveden na Broadwayu u produkciji Florenza Ziegfelda 19. prosinca 1927.

Smatra se jednim od najvažnijih mjuzikala u povijesti, prije svega zato što je imao "epsku" radnju, odnosno bavio se ozbiljnim društvenim temama poput siromaštva, rasizma na američkom Jugu nasuprot dotadašnjih "laganih" i neozbiljnih i eskapističkih opereta, unijevši u žanr mjuzikla dotada nevjerojatnu količinu socijalnog realizma. Izvorna postava je također bila važna po tome što je razbila dotadašnju rasnu segregaciju na Broadwayu, onosno bila prvi kazališni komad u kojem su crnci i bijelci istovremeno nastupali na pozornici.

Pjesme iz tog mjuzikla - kao Ol' Man River i Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man - poslije su postale velike uspješnice. Često su ih obradili ugledni glazbenici. Hollywood je triput ekranizirao ovaj mjuzikl - 1929. godine (temeljen na romanu, ali s dijelom pjesama iz mjuzikla); 1936. godine (crno-bijela inačica) i 1951. godine (inačica u boji).

Iako se smatra jednom od najvažnijih djela američke kulture 20. st., danas je često predmet kritičara koji mu zamjeraju da se prema crnačkim likovima odnosi na za današnje standarde neprimjeren i politički nekorektan način, a kao primjer se navodi korištenje izraza "nigger" u originalnom libretu.

Vanjske poveznice
 (eng.) Informacije o mjuziklu
 (eng.) PBS.org info about Show Boat
 (eng.) Scena.org - raščlamba predstave
 (eng.) Povijest predstave
 (eng.) Slike s Show Boata
 (eng.) Post-Gazette  Informacije i kronologija Show Boata
 (eng.) Detaljni popis velikih produkcija Ovrtur.com

Kazališne predstave

Show Boat


Huijia Rachel Lin () é uma matemática chinesa, professora da Universidade de Washington na Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering. Sua área de pesquisa é a criptografia.

Obteve um bacharelado em ciência da computação na Universidade de Zhejiang, China. Obteve um PhD em 2011 na Universidade Cornell, orientada por Rafael Pass, com a tese Concurrent Security. No pós-doutorado esteve no MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory e no Departamento de Ciência da Computação da Universidade de Boston, trabalhando com Shafrira Goldwasser e Ran Canetti. De 2014 a 2018 foi professora ssistente no Departamento de Ciência da Computação da Universidade da Califórnia em Santa Bárbara.

Para o Congresso Internacional de Matemáticos de 2022 em São Petersburgo está listada como palestrante convidada.

Ligações externas
Indistinguishability Obfuscation from Well-Founded Assumptions - Huijia (Rachel) Lin no YouTube

Professores da Universidade de Washington
Professores da Universidade da Califórnia em Santa Barbara
Alunos da Universidade Cornell

Huijia Lin


Olaylar
 Vietnam, "Đại Việt" adı altında, Çin'den bağımsızlık kazandı.
 İngiliz kralı I. Edmund tahta geçti.
 Araplar, Madrid'i León Krallığı'na teslim etti.

Doğumlar
 20 Kasım - İmparator Taizong, Çin'in Song Hanedanı'nın ikinci imparatoru (ö. 997)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 II. Romanos, Bizans imparatoru (ö. 963)
 Hugh Capet, Capet Hanedanı mensubu ilk Fransa Kralı (ö. 996)

Ölümler
 13 Temmuz - Papa VII. Leo
 27 Ekim - Athelstan, İngiliz kralı
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 II. Pietro Candiano, Venedik Cumhuriyeti'ne "Doçe" unvanı ile devlet başkanlığı yapan 13'uncu dük (d. 872)

939


Åke Gustav "Plutten" Andersson (* 8. Juni 1918 in Stockholm; † 11. Mai 1982 ebenda) war ein schwedischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Auf Vereinsebene spielte Åke Andersson ausschließlich für seinen Heimatverein Hammarby IF. Von 1936 bis 1956 trat er mit seiner Mannschaft in der Division 1, der damals höchsten schwedischen Spielklasse, an. In den Jahren 1937, 1942, 1943, 1945 und 1951 gewann er mit seiner Mannschaft jeweils den schwedischen Meistertitel.

International
Für Schweden nahm Andersson an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1948 in St. Moritz und 1952 in Oslo teil. Bei den Winterspielen 1952 gewann er mit seiner Mannschaft die Bronzemedaille. Als bestes europäisches Team wurde Schweden zudem Europameister. Zudem stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei den Weltmeisterschaften 1953 und 1954. Bei der WM 1953 gewann er mit Schweden die Goldmedaille und wurde ebenfalls mit seinem Land Europameister. Bei der WM 1954 gewann er mit seiner Mannschaft die Bronzemedaille.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1937 Schwedischer Meister mit Hammarby IF
 1942 Schwedischer Meister mit Hammarby IF
 1943 Schwedischer Meister mit Hammarby IF
 1945 Schwedischer Meister mit Hammarby IF
 1951 Schwedischer Meister mit Hammarby IF

International
 1952 Bronzemedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen
 1953 Goldmedaille bei der Weltmeisterschaft
 1954 Bronzemedaille bei der Weltmeisterschaft

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Schweden)
Eishockeyspieler (Hammarby IF)
Olympiateilnehmer (Schweden)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1948
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1952
Weltmeister (Eishockey)
Europameister (Eishockey)
Schwedischer Meister (Eishockey)
Mitglied der Schwedischen Eishockey-Ruhmeshalle
Geboren 1918
Gestorben 1982
Mann
Schwede

Åke Andersson (Eishockeyspieler, 1918)


Events
March 23 – English premiere of Handel's Messiah before royalty at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London.
Johann Sebastian Bach examines the organ at the Johanniskirche, Leipzig.
1743–1746 Bach revises his St Matthew Passion (two organs used again, but viola da gamba still retained; recitatives revised so that now only the vox Christi recitatives have sustained continuo parts). No evidence of version being performed (version we know today).

Classical music
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – Keyboard Sonata in B minor, H.32.5
William Boyce – Solomon (serenata)
Maurice Greene – "Thou visitest the earth" (Song)
George Frideric Handel
Samson (oratorio, composed 1741–42, premiered 18 February 1732 at Covent Garden in London)
Semele, HWV 58 (oratorio, composed 3 June to 4 July, not performed until 1744)
Joseph and His Brethren, HWV 59
Te Deum in D major, HWV 283
Organ Concerto in A major, HWV 307
 Niccolò Jommelli – La Betulia liberata (sacred oratorio)
 Johann Ludwig Krebs – 6 Trios, Krebs-WV 317–322
 James Oswald – Colin's Kisses, a set of 12 songs.
 Giuseppe Tartini – 12 Violin Sonatas, published in Rome in 1745 as Op. 2 and in Paris, ca. 1747 as Op. 3 (at least two other publications are known as Op. 2, including the 6 Violin Sonatas published in Amsterdam in this year, but there are no other collections published as Op. 3)
 Valentin Rathgeber – Pastorellen für die Weihnachtszeit, R 322

Opera
Joseph Bodin de Boismortier – Don Quichotte chez la duchesse, Op.97
Bernard de Bury – Les Caractères de la folie
Baldassare Galuppi – Enrico
Christoph Willibald Gluck – Demofoonte, Wq.3
Carl Heinrich Graun – Artaserse
Johann Adolph Hasse – Antigono
Niccolò Jommelli – Demofoonte
Domingo Terradellas – Merope

Publications
Francesco Geminiani – Pièces de clavecin tirées des differens ouvrages de Mr F. Geminiani adaptées par luy même (arrangements, mostly from Opp. 1 and 4)
Maurice Greene – 40 Select Anthems in Score
Louis-Gabriel Guillemain – 6 Sonates en quatuors, ou conversations galantes, for flute, violin, viola da gamba, and basso continuo, Op. 12 (Paris)
Jean-Marie Leclair – Quatrième livre de sonates, for violin (two alternatively for flute) and basso continuo, Op. 9 (Paris)
 Giovanni Benedetto Platti – 6 Flute Sonatas, Op. 3 (Nuremberg)
 Giuseppe Sammartini – 12 Trio Sonatas, Op. 3 (Paris)
 Giuseppe Tartini – VI Sonate, for violin and basso continuo, Op. 2 (Amsterdam) (two other collections were published as Op. 2, VI concerti a 8 in Amsterdam, 1734, and 12 Sonatas for violin and basso continuo in Rome, 1745, but also in Paris, ca. 1747 as Op. 3)

Births
February 19 – Luigi Boccherini, composer (died 1805)
May 17 – Christoph Bernhard Verspoell, composer and priest (died 1818)
May 21 – François Duval, dancer
July 6 – Valentin Adamberger, operatic tenor (died 1804)
July 14 – Gavrila Derzhavin, poet (died 1816)
September 30 – Christian Ehregott Weinlig, cantor and composer (died 1813)
October 5 – Giuseppe Gazzaniga, composer (died 1818)
October 10 – Marie-Madeleine Guimard, ballerina (died 1816)
November 18 – Johannes Ewald, librettist and dramatist (died 1781)
December 7 – Johann Joachim Eschenburg, translator (died 1820)
Date unknown
Charles-Georges Boyer, music publisher (died c. 1806)
George Saville Carey, librettist and entertainer (died 1807)

Deaths
 February 1 – Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni (born 1657)
 February 6 – Toussaint Bertin de la Doué, composer (born 1680)
 February 7 – Lodovico Giustini, composer (born 1685)
March 9 – Jean-Baptiste de Lully, son of Jean-Baptiste Lully (born 1665)
March 16 – Jean-Baptiste Matho, composer (born 1663)
April 20 – Alexandre-François Desportes, copyist and painter (born 1661)
July 12 – Johann Bernhard Bach (the younger), organist and composer (born 1700)
August 13 – Johann Elias Schlegel, librettist and poet (born 1719)
September 14 – Georg von Bertouch, composer (born 1668)
October 5 – Henry Carey, poet, dramatist, songwriter and theatrical composer, suicide (born 1687)

18th century in music
Music by year

1743 in music


Metz (Almanca: Metz []), Fransa'nın Lorraine bölgesinin ve Moselle département'ının merkezi, Moselle ve Seille'in kıyısında.

Tarih

Birçok Orta çağ anıtı içeren kentin surları ve yanında 15.-16. yüzyıllara ait kuleler bulunan Almanlar Kapısı hala ayaktadır. Bunun dışında, iki kilisenin birleşiminden oluşan birçok değerli eşyanın (söz gelimi Şarlman'ın paltosu adı verilen işlemeli giysi) saklandığı Saint-Étienne Katedrali, yapımına 13. yüzyılda başlanmış, ama daha sonraki yüzyıllarda (20. yüzyılda) tamamlanmış. Saint-Martin kilisesi, 13. yüzyıldan kalma, Saint-Vincent ve Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains manastır kiliseleri başlıca yapılar arasında sayılabilir. Buna karşılık Assomption ve Carmine kiliseleri barok üslubunda yapıtlardır. Sivil yapılar arasındaysa Saint-Livier konağı (12. yüzyıl), Rönesans döneminden çeşitli evler, belediye konağı (18. yüzyıl), yeni klasik üsluptaki adalet sarayı sayılabilir. Arkeoloji müzesi de bir pinakotek içermektedir.

Metz (eski Divodurum), Mediomatriciler'in başkenti ve önemli bir karayolu kavşağıydı. Daha geç dönemlerde Mettis adıyla anılmaya başlanan kente daha sonra bugünkü adı verildi. 511'de Austrasia'nın başkenti oldu, 843 yılında imzalanan Verdun Antlaşmasıyla Orta Francia'nın başkenti oldu, sonra Saksonya derebeylerinin egemenliğine girdi; bu arada yerel psikoposların gücü ticaretle uğraşan burjuvalar karşısında geriledi ve Metz imparatorluk içinde serbest kent haline geldi (18. yüzyıl). Reform hareketini destekleyen, 16. yüzyılda bağımsızlığını korumak için Fransa'dan yardım isteyen Metz, 1648'de bağımsızlığını elde etti. 1871-1919 arasında Alman yönetiminde yaşadı.

Ekonomi
Hayvancılık ürünleri pazarı ve etkin bir ırmak limanı olan Metz'de demir-çelik, makine, elektrikli gereçler, besin, tekstil, kâğıt, ayakkabı, silah ve tütün sanayileri de vardır.

Kültür ve sanat

 Centre Pompidou Metz: Metz müzesi (Modern sanat, çağdaş sanat, heykel, resim) (açılış 2010);
 La Cour d'Or : Metz müzesi (Tarih müzesi);
 Opéra-théâtre de Metz;
 Arsenal (gösteri salonu);
 Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains Kilisesi: Galya-Roma döneminden kalma (4. yüzyıl);
 Saint-Louis Meydanı: Orta Çağ'dan kalma;
 Saint-Étienne Katedrali;
 Le Temple Neuf (Yeni Tapınak): Protestan tapınağı;
 Metz Tren Garı;

Coğrafya

İklim

 Ortalama veriler: Metz-Frescaty meteoroloji istasyonu (rakım 190 m)

Öğrenim
 CentraleSupélec
 École Supérieure d'Électricité

Kardeş şehirler

Metz şehrinin, aşağıdaki şehirlerle kardeş şehir bağları vardır:'''

  1952
  1957
  1960
 ;
   1983
  1986
  1987
  1991
   2001
   2003:

Ayrıca bakınız

 Fransa'daki şehirler listesi
 FC Metz

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmi Turizm Sitesi
 Etkinlikler Sitesi
 Üniversitesinin Sitesi
   Yapı.com.tr: Centre Pompidou Metz
   Cassini-Ldh-EHESS Metz: Genel bilgiler
   INSEE, 1999 nüfus sayım anketi: Metz kent
   INSEE,2005 nüfus sayım anketi: Metz merkez

Özgür imparatorluk şehirleri
Fransa'nın prefektörlükleri

Metz


Kup Zagrebačkog nogometnog saveza za sezonu 2005./06. je igran od rujna 2005. do svibnja 2006. godine.  U kupu nastupaju klubovi s područja Grada Zagreba, a pobjednik i finalist natjecanja natjecanja su stekli pravo nastupa u pretkolu Hrvatskog kupa u sezoni 2006./07.
Kup je osvojila Croatia iz Sesveta, pobijedivši u završnici Lučko.

Sudionici
U natjecanju je sudjelovalo 46 klubova, prikazani prema pripadnosti ligama u sezoni 2005./06.

Rezultati

1. kolo
Igrano 14. rujna 2005.

2. kolo
Igrano 28. rujna 2005.

3. kolo
Igrano 5. listopada 2005.

4. kolo
Igrano 19. listopada 2005.

Četvrtzavršnica
Igrano 26. travnja 2006.

Poluzavršnica
Igrano 17. svibnja 2006.

Završnica
Igrano 24. svibnja 2006.

Poveznice
 Zagrebački nogometni savez
 Kup Zagrebačkog nogometnog saveza

Izvori

 nk-maksimir.hr, Kup ZNS-a 2005./06. , pristupljeno 10. rujna 2017.

2005-06
Zagreb-kup

Kup Zagrebačkog nogometnog saveza 2005./06.


La Universidad Nacional de José Clemente Paz (UNPAZ) es una universidad argentina, pública, gratuita y de acceso irrestricto, ubicada en la ciudad de José C. Paz. Fue creada en el año 2009 por ley N.º 26.577.

Ubicación
El Campus de la Universidad originalmente era un predio del Ferrocarril General San Martín, ramal Retiro a Estación Dr. Domingo Cabred, que el estado argentino, a través del mismo ferrocarril junto con la Municipalidad de José C. Paz, donaron para la creación de la Universidad.

 Sede Central: Es el campus principal de la Universidad. Está ubicado en el centro de la Ciudad de José C. Paz, sobre la Avenida Leandro N. Alem entre Pueyrredón y las vías del ferrocarril San Martín. El mismo se encuentra en cercanías de la estación de trenes de dicha ciudad y de la R.N. 197.
 Sede Pueyrredón: el mismo se encuentra al lado de la sede central.
 Sede Medicina: Se encuentra sobre la avenida Héctor Arregui a la altura de la calle Marcelo T. De Alvear, a 6 cuadras de la estación de trenes y a 12 de la sede central.

Departamentos
 Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
 Ciencias de la Salud y el Deporte.
 Economía, Producción e Innovación Tecnológica.

Oferta académica
Carreras de Grado:

Abogacía.
Licenciatura en Administración.
Licenciatura en Enfermería.
Licenciatura en Gestión de Tecnologías de la Información
Licenciatura en Instrumentación Quirúrgica.
Licenciatura en Producción de Bioimágenes.
Licenciatura en Trabajo Social.
Licenciatura en Producción y Desarrollo de Videojuegos.
Licenciatura en Producción y Gestión Audiovisual
Profesorado Universitario en Educación Física.
Profesorado Universitario de Inglés.
Profesorado Universitario de Educación Especial con Orientación en Sordos/as e Hipoacúsicos/as.
Profesorado Universitario de Educación Especial con Orientación en ciegas/os y Disminuidos Visuales.
Medicina.

Carreras de Pregrado:
Analista Programador Universitario.
Tecnicatura Universitaria en Producción y Diseño de Videojuegos.
Tecnicatura Universitaria en Producción de Medios Audiovisuales
Tecnicatura Universitaria en Comercio Electrónico
Tecnicatura Universitaria de Gobierno Electrónico
Tecnicatura Universitaria en Informática Aplicada a la Salud
Tecnicatura Universitaria en Puericultura y Crianza ¡NUEVA!
Tecnicatura Universitaria en Informática y Tecnología Industrial
Tecnicatura en Administración y Gestión Universitaria (solo para el personal de planta permanente o transitoria del sector no docente de Universidades Nacionales públicas o privadas)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Listado de Universidades Nacionales
 Página web de la universidad

Universidades nacionales de Argentina fundadas en el siglo XXI
José C. Paz
Partido de José C. Paz
Paz, Jose Clemente
Instituciones educativas establecidas en 2009
Argentina en 2009


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 17. svibnja  Amos Eaton, američki botaničar († )

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Biologija u 1776.


Fredrik Jensen ist der Name folgender Personen:
* Fredrik Jensen (SS-Mitglied) (1921–2011), norwegischer Kollaborateur, SS-Obersturmführer
 Fredrik Jensen (Fußballspieler, 1985) (* 1985), schwedischer Fußballspieler
 Fredrik Jensen (Fußballspieler, 1997) (* 1997), finnischer Fußballspieler

Siehe auch:
 Frederik Jensen

Fredrik Jensen


Olaylar
 27 Temmuz - Polonya ilk kez bölündü.

Doğumlar
 2 Mayıs - Novalis, Alman yazar (ö. 25 Mart 1801)
 ? - Athanasios Kristopulos, Yunan şair (ö. 1847)
 ? - Satō Issai (), Neokonfüçyüsçü filozof (ö. 1859)

Ölümler

1772


În matematică, și mai precis în algebra liniară și , nucleul (de asemenea, cunoscut sub numele de kernel sau ker, după notația practicată) al unei aplicații liniare  între două spații vectoriale V și W, este mulțimea tuturor elementelor v din V pentru care , unde 0 indică vectorul zero din W. Adică, în ,

Proprietăți ale nucleului

Nucleul lui L este un  al domeniului V.
În aplicația liniară , două elemente din V au aceeași imagine în W dacă și numai dacă diferența lor aparține nucleului lui L:

Rezultă că imaginea L este izomorfă cu  lui V în raport cu nucleul:

Acest lucru implică :

Dimensiunea imaginii lui L se numește "rang", iar cea a nucleului se numește "defect".

Când V este un spațiu cu produs scalar, factorul  poate fi identificat cu complementul ortogonal în V al  lui ker(L). Aceasta este o generalizare a aplicațiilor liniare a spațiului rândurilor unei matrice.

Aplicații în domeniul modulelor
Noțiunea de nucleu se aplică omomorfismelor de module, acestea din urmă fiind o generalizare a spațiilor vectoriale (care sunt definite peste un corp) peste un inel.
Domeniul aplicațiilor este un modul, și nucleul constituie un "". Aici, nu se mai aplică neapărat noțiunile de rang și defect.

Nucleul în analiza funcțională
Dacă V și W sunt  (și W este finit-dimensional), atunci aplicația liniară L: V → W este  dacă și numai dacă nucleul lui L este un subspațiu închis al lui V.

Reprezentarea ca înmulțire de matrice
Fie o aplicație liniară reprezentată ca o matrice m × n A cu coeficienți într-un corp K (de obicei, corpul numerelor reale sau al numerelor complexe) și care funcționează ca vectori coloană x cu n componente peste K.
Nucleul acestei aplicații liniare este mulțimea soluțiilor ecuației Ax = 0, unde 0 se înțelege ca vector zero. Dimensiunea nucleului lui A se numește defectul lui A. În ,

Ecuația matriceală este echivalentă cu un sistem de ecuații liniare omogen:

Astfel, nucleul lui A este același ca și mulțimea soluțiilor ecuațiilor omogene de mai sus.

Proprietățile subspațiului
Nucleul unei matrice  A peste un corp K este un  al lui Kn. Cu alte cuvinte, nucleul lui A, mulțimea ker(A), are următoarele trei proprietăți:
 Ker(A) conține întotdeauna vectorul zero, deoarece .
 Dacă  și , atunci . Acest lucru rezultă din distributivitatea înmulțirii matricilor în raport cu adunarea.
 Dacă  și c este un scalar , atunci , deoarece .

Spațiul rândurilor unei matrice
Produsul Ax poate fi scris în termeni de produs scalar al vectorilor după cum urmează:

Aici, cu a1, ... , am se notează transpusele rândurilor matricei A. Rezultă că x este în nucleul lui A dacă și numai dacă x este ortogonal pe fiecare vector-rând al lui A (pentru că atunci când produsul scalar a doi vectori este egal cu zero, ei sunt, prin definiție, ortogonali).

 unei matrice A este  de vectoriu rând din A. Prin raționamentul de mai sus, nucleul lui A este complement ortogonal al spațiului rândurilor. Cu alte cuvinte, un vector x se află în nucleul lui A dacă și numai dacă este ortogonal pe orice vector din spațiul rândurilor lui A.

Dimensiunea spațiului rândurilor lui A se numește rang al lui A, și dimensiunea nucleului lui A se numește defectul lui A. Aceste cantități sunt legate de

Nucleul la stânga, sau conucleul unei matrice A este format din toți vectorii x , astfel încât xTA = 0T, unde cu T la exponent se notează transpusa unui vector coloană. Nucleul la stânga al lui A este nucleul lui AT. Nucleul la stânga al lui A este complementul ortogonal al  lui A, și este dual cu  asociată aplicației liniare. Nucleul, spațiul rândurilor, spațiul coloanelor, și nucleul la stânga ale lui A sunt cele  asociate matricei A.

Sisteme de ecuatii liniare neomogene
Nucleul joacă un rol și în soluțiile unui sistem de ecuații liniare  neomogene:

Dacă u și v sunt două posibile soluții pentru ecuația de mai sus, atunci

Astfel, diferența dintre oricare două soluții pentru ecuația Ax = b se află în nucleul lui A.

Rezultă că orice soluție a ecuației Ax = b poate fi exprimată ca sumă între o soluție fixă v și un element arbitrar din nucleu. Cu alte cuvinte, mulțimea soluțiilor ecuației Ax = b este

Din punct de vedere geometric, aceasta spune că soluția pentru Ax = b este o translație a nucleului lui A prin vectorul v.

Ilustrare
Vom da aici un exemplu simplu de calcul al nucleului unei matrice (a se vedea secțiunea Baze de mai jos pentru metode mai potrivite pentru calcule mai complexe). Exemplul atinge și noțiunea de spațiu al rândurilor și relația acesteia cu nucleul.

Fie matricea

Nucleul acestei matrice este format din toți vectorii (x, y, z) ∈ R3 pentru care

ceea ce se poate exprima ca un sistem de ecuații liniare omogen în x, y, și z:

Aceleași ecuații liniare pot fi scrise în formă de matrice ca:

Prin eliminare Gauss–Jordan, se reduce la:

Rescriind matricea sub formă de ecuații, rezultă:

Elementele nucleului pot fi mai departe exprimate sub formă parametrică după cum urmează:

pentru un c scalar.

Deoarece c este o , acest lucru poate fi exprimat la fel de bine ca:

Nucleul lui A este soluția acestor ecuații (în acest caz, o dreaptă prin originea lui R3); vectorul (-1,-26,16)T constituie o bază a nucleului lui A.
Astfel, defectul lui A este 1.

Se observă  și că următoarele produse scalare sunt zero:

ceea ce ilustrează faptul că vectorii din nucleul lui A sunt ortogonali pe fiecare vector-rând al lui A.

Acești doi vectori-rând (liniar independenți) generează spațiul rândurilor lui A, un plan ortogonal pe vectorul (-1,-26,16)T.

Cum rangul lui A este 2, defectul lui A este 1, și dimensiunea lui A 3, avem o ilustrare a teoremei rangului.

Exemple
 Dacă L: Rm → Rn, atunci nucleul lui L este mulțimea soluțiilor unui sistem de ecuații liniare omogen. La fel ca în ilustrația de mai sus, dacă L este aplicația:

 atunci nucleul lui L este mulțimea soluțiilor ecuațiilor

 Fie C[0,1] spațiul vectorial al tuturor funcțiilor continue cu valori reale definite pe intervalul [0,1], fie L: C[0,1] → R definit prin regula:

 Atunci nucleul lui L constă din toate funcțiile f ∈ C[0,1] pentru care f(0.3) = 0.
 Fie C∞(R) spațiul vectorial al tuturor funcțiilor indefinit derivabile: R → R, și fie D: C∞(R) → C∞(R) :

 Atunci, nucleul lui D este format din toate funcțiile din C∞(R), care au derivata zero, adică mulțimea tuturor funcțiilor constante.
 Fie R∞  al unui număr infinit de copii ale lui R, și fie s: R∞ → R∞

 Atunci nucleul lui s este subspațiu unidimensional format din toți vectorii (x1, 0, 0, ...).
 Dacă V este un produs scalar și W este un subspațiu, nucleul  V → W este complementul ortogonal al lui W în V.

Calcul prin eliminare Gauss
O bază a nucleului unei matrice poate fi calculată prin .

În acest scop, dată fiind o matrice m × n A, se construiește mai întâi matricea  unde I este matricea unitate n × n.

Calculând  prin eliminare Gauss (sau orice altă metodă adecvată), se obține o matrice  O bază a nucleului lui A constă în coloanele nenule ale lui C astfel încât coloana corespunzătoare din B este o coloană nulă.

În fapt, calculul poate fi oprit de îndată ce partea superioară este matricea în forma eșalon pe coloană: restul calculului constă în schimbarea bazei spațiului vectorial generat de coloanele a căror parte superioară este zero.

De exemplu, să presupunem că

Atunci

Aducând partea de sus în forma eșalon pe coloane prin operațiuni cu coloanele pe întreaga matrice rezultă

Ultimele trei coloane din B sunt coloane nule. Prin urmare, în ultimii trei vectori de C,

sunt o bază a nucleului lui A.

Întrucât operațiile pe coloane corespund unei înmulțiri prealabile cu matrici inversabile, faptul că  se reduce la  ne spune că . Cu alte cuvinte, acțiunea lui  via (coloanele lui)  corespunde cu acțiunea lui . Întrucât  este în formă eșalon pe coloane, ea acționează trivial doar asupra elementelor bazei elementare ce corespund coloanelor nule din . Întrucât acțiunea lui  corespunde acțiunii lui  prin coloanele lui , coloanele corespunzătoare din  trebuie să fie coloane nule pentru , și trebuie să formeze baza nucleului lui  conform teoremei rangului.

Calcul numeric
Problema de calcul pe calculator al nucleului depinde de natura coeficienților.

Coeficienții exacți
Dacă coeficienții matricei sunt numere date,  a matricei poate fi calculată prin  mai eficient decât prin eliminare gaussiană. Este chiar mai eficient să se utilizeze , care reduce problema la una similară peste un corp finit.

Pentru coeficienți într-un corp finit, eliminarea gaussiană funcționează bine, dar pentru matrice mari ca cele care apar in criptografie se cunosc algoritmi mai buni, care au aproximativ aceeași , dar sunt mai rapide și se comportă mai bine pe hardware modern.

Calculul în virgulă mobilă
Pentru matrice ale căror elemente sunt numere în virgulă mobilă, problema calculării nucleului are sens numai pentru matrice al căror număr de rânduri este egal cu rangul: din cauza , o matrice cu elemente în virgulă mobilă are aproape întotdeauna rang complet, chiar și atunci când este o aproximare a unei matrice cu rang mult mai mic. Chiar și pentru o matrice cu rang complet, se poate calcula nucleul numai dacă este , adică are un număr de condiționare mic.

Chiar și pentru o matrice cu rang complet bine condiționată, eliminarea gaussiană nu se comportă corect: introduce erori de rotunjire care sunt prea mari pentru a obține un rezultat semnificativ. Întrucât calculul nucleului unei matrice este un caz particular de rezolvare a unui sistem omogen de ecuații liniare, nucleul poate fi calculat de către oricare dintre diverșii algoritmi concepuți pentru a rezolva sisteme omogene. Un software de ultimă generație pentru acest scop este biblioteca .

Note

Referințe

Legături externe

  Gilbert Strang, Cursul de algebră liniară de la MIT despre cele patru subspații fundamentale la Google Video, de la MIT OpenCourseWare
  Academia Khan, Introducere în Spațiul Nul al unei Matrice

Analiză funcțională
Algebră liniară
Matrice
Algebră liniară numerică

Nucleu (algebră liniară)


Leopold Infeld (n. 20 august 1898 – d.15 ianuarie 1968) a fost un fizician polonez de origine evreiască. A activat în Polonia și Canada (1938–1950). A fost bursier Rockefeller la Universitatea Cambridge (1933–1934) și membru al Academiei de Științe a Poloniei.

Biografie
Leopold Infeld s-a născut într-o famile de evrei din Cracovia, la acea vreme parte a   monarhiei austro-ungare. A studiat fizica în cadrul Universității Jagellone din orașul natal iar după 1920 la Berlin unde a fost ajutat de către Albert Einstein pentru a fi primit la Universitate. A oținut titlul de doctor în fizică în anul 1921. În 1933 se stabilea în Anglia, mai târziu în SUA iar după decesul primei sale soții, Halina, se stabilește definitiv în Canada

Opere

  (originally published in 1965)

Referințe

Leopold Infeld


Închisoarea Vác [a se pronunța "Vaț"] (în ) este un penitenciar din orașul Vác din județul Pest, cu o bogată istorie.

Istoric

Personalități române deținute la Vác
Mai multe personalități ale istoriei și culture române au trecut prin închisoarea de la Vác. Publicistul Alexandru Roman a fost condamnat la un an de închisoare pentru publicarea Pronunciamentului de la Blaj (1868) și a fost închis la Vác până în 1870.

Scriitorul și jurnalistul Ioan Slavici a fost condamnat în 1888 la un an de închisoare și amendă pentru trădare și agitație împotriva statului, din cauza articolelor prin care apăra drepturile românilor. A fost deținut timp de un an (1888-1889) în regim semideschis la temnița de la Vác. Slavici a relatat în volumul de memorii "Închisorile mele" că peste drum de închisoare era și o capelă ortodoxă, care se ținea de episcopia sârbească de Buda. Slujba o făcea un preot sârbesc, care știa și românește, și într-o strană se cânta românește, iar în cealaltă sârbește. Duminicile și zilele de sărbători mergea cu soția și cu copilul său la liturghie "mai ales să ascultăm corurile, care erau foarte bine organizate." Slavici s-a aflat în raporturi cordiale cu directorul închisorii.

O parte din semnatarii Memorandumului Transilvaniei, condamnați în 1894 la încarcerarea pe diferite termene, au trecut prin închisoarea de la Vác. Valeriu Braniște a fost încarcerat acolo în martie 1895, intrând în conflict cu noul director al închisorii, după ce a redactat proteste în limba română împotriva brutalității acestuia. El a fost eliberat în iunie 1896, după aproape 15 luni de detenție, în urma unei amnistii. Badea Cârțan a călătorit de mai multe ori la Seghedin și la Vác pentru a-i vedea pe memorandiștii deținuți acolo, plângându-se: "La grădina-n Seghedin / Plâng florile de iasomin / De răsună ulița / Și tremură temnița. / De la Seghedin la Vaț / Numai drumuri de la frați / Numai lacrimi, jale, dor / Pe fețele tuturor". Directorul închisorii din Vác, István Balkay, l-a bănuit că ar fi spion și i-a interzis să mai intre în incinta închisorii, iar badea Cârțan s-a așezat la poarta de intrare și a început să cânte din fluier o doină de jale, spre surprinderea trecătorilor.

Avocatul și publicistul român Cassiu Maniu, care a publicat în 1903 în ziarul Tribuna din Sibiu un articol intitulat "O ideie injustă, nelegitimă și nejuridică: Ideia de stat unitar național maghiar", a fost arestat, judecat sumar și condamnat la un an de închisoare, ispășindu-și pedeapsa în perioada 1 aprilie 1903 - 1 mai 1904 într-o celulă a închisorii din Vác. Ulterior, după ce i-a trimis în 1907 șase scrisori lui Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, în care expunea drepturile românilor asupra întregului teritoriu cuprins între Tisa și Nistru, a fost arestat, judecat sumar și condamnat la un termen de an închisoare, pe care l-a ispășit tot la Vác în perioada 1 decembrie 1909–1 ianuarie 1911.

Deținuți politici maghiari
Între deținuții politici maghiari ai închisorii s-au numărat scriitorul Árpád Göncz, devenit ulterior primul președinte al Ungariei de după căderea comunismului, psihologul Ferenc Mérei ș.a.

Conducătorii instituției

 Margets Károly (1855-1867)
 Czóbel Pál (1867-1870)
 Galsay Kovách Ernő (1870-1874)
 Varga János (1874-1885)
 Galsai Kovách Ernő (1885-1890)
 Andrássy Sándor (1890-1890)
 Balkay István (1890-1906)
 Gedeon Emil (1906-1922)
 Dr. Rusztek Lajos (1922-1935)
 Dr. Schüszler Rezső (1935-1939)
 Dr. Verőczey Béla (1939-1947)
 Lt.-col. dr. Debreczeni Jenő (1947-1949, 1956)
 Lt.-col. Lehota István (1950-1953)
 Lt.-col. Kormányos József (1954-1955)
 Cpt. Gáspár Márton (1955-1960)
 Cpt. Végvári Sándor (1960-1962)
 Lt.-col. Béres István (1962-1965)
 Col. Horváth Sándor (1965-1978)
 Lt.-col. Szucsik István (1978-1983)
 Col. Demjén János  (1983-1989)
 Col. Vörös Ferenc (1990-1991)
 Col. dr. Klenyán Mihály (1991-1994)
 Col. dr. Rissai Nándor (1994-2002)
 Col. Vatai Gyula (2002-2011)
 Gen. de brigadă Kopcsik Károly (2011-)
|}

Note

Legături externe

 http://invitelweb.hu/bvvac/int_mult/epulet.html
 http://www.utazzitthon.hu/vac_fegyhaz.html
 Növényt csinált ellenségeiből az ÁVH – Origo, 15 septembrie 2012.
 http://invitelweb.hu/bvvac/int_mult/doberdo.html

Ungaria
Vaác

Închisoarea Vác


John Dix is the name of:

John Adams Dix (1798–1879), Governor of New York from 1873 to 1874
John Alden Dix (1860–1928), Governor of New York from 1911 to 1912
John Ross Dix (1811–after 1863), a British writer and poet in Great Britain and America

See also
John Dix Fisher, U.S. physician
John Dicks (disambiguation)

John Dix


Bady Bassitt es un municipio brasilero del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 20º55'05" Sur y a una longitud 49º26'43" Oeste, estando a una altitud de 510 metros. La ciudad tiene una población de 14.603 habitantes (IBGE/2010) y área de 108,5 km².

Bady Bassitt se localiza en el norte del estado, a 7 km de São José do Río Preto.

Historia
El poblado fue fundado el 13 de febrero de 1914, por Silva y el Distrito de Paz fue creado en 1926, por la ley 2.171, del 27 de diciembre de 1926. La Villa de Borboleta fue elevada a patrimonio del distrito de São José do Río Preto por la ley 2171, del 12 de diciembre de 1926.
La creación del municipio de Borboleta se dio en 1959, por la ley 5285, del 18 de febrero de 1959. Y, el primer prefecto fue Juán Matheus Teles de Menezes. Por la ley 8050, de 1963, el alteró el nombre de Borboleta a Bady Bassitt, en homenaje al diputado estatal de São José del Río Preto. La ley municipal del 25 de abril de 1974, reconoció oficialmente Antonio Manuel da Silva como fundador del municipio.

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2010

Población Total: 14.603
 Urbana: 13.659

Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 134,54

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 11,83

Expectativa de vida (años): 73,53

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 1,92

Tasa de Alfabetización: 93,66%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,812
 IDH-M Salario: 0,732
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,809
 IDH-M Educación: 0,895
(Fuente: IPEADATA)

Población Total: 14.605

Hidrografía
Varios ríos cortan la ciudad, Río Borá, Río de los Macacos y el principal es el Río Borboleta.

Carreteras
 BR-153 (Transbrasiliana)
 SP-310 en São José do Río Preto, a 7 km
 SP-355 (Maurício Goulart)

Administración
 Prefecto: Edmur Pradela (2008/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Luiz Antonio Tobardini

Iglesia Católica
La parroquia de São Sebastião pertenece a la Diócesis de São José do Río Preto.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Bady Bassitt


ආන්ත්‍රික ව්‍යූහය සඳහා, වාසා රෙක්ටා (අන්ත්‍රය) බලන්න
වෘක්කයේ රුධිර සැපයුම තුළ, වෘක්කයේ ඍජු ධමනිකා (හෙවත් වාසා රෙක්ටා රෙනිස්) යනු මජ්ජාවේ ඇති ඍජු රැධිර කේශනාළිකා ශ්‍රේණියකි (ලතින්: වාසා, "වාහිනී"; රෙක්ටා, "ඍජු"). මේවා හෙන්ලේ පුඩුවට සමාන්තරව දිවෙයි.

ජක්ස්ටමජ්ජා වෘක්කාණුවල (මෙම වෘක්කාණු මජ්ජාවට සමීපව පිහිටා ඇත) අපවාහී ධමනිකාවලින් පැනනගින මෙම වාහිනී මජ්ජාවට ඇතුළු වී හෙන්ලේ පුඩුව වටකොට පිහිටයි. මෙම ඍජු ධමනිකා පරිනාලාකාර කේශනාලිකා විශේෂයක් වන අතර, විශේෂයෙන්ම ඒවා හෙන්ලේ පුඩුව වටකොට පිහිටයි.

පටක විද්‍යාව
පටකවිද්‍යාත්මක කදාවක, රුධිරය පැවතීම මගින් ඍජු ධමනිකා, හෙන්ලේ පුඩුවේ නාලිකාවලින් වෙන්කොට හඳුනාගත හැක.

කෘත්‍යය
සෑම ඍජු ධමනිකාවක්ම මජ්ජාවේදී වැලමිටි ආකාර හැරීමකට ලක්වන අතර, එමගින් රුධිර ඉතා අඩු ශීඝ්‍රතාවකින් ගලායයි. ඉහත වැදගත් හේතූන් දෙකෙහි බලපෑම මගින් පිළිධාරා හුවමාරුව පවත්වාගැනීමට උපකාර වන අතර, එමගින් වෘක්ක මජ්ජාවේ ස්ථාපිත සාන්ද්‍රණ අනුක්‍රමණය ද පවත්වා ගැනේ.

මෙම සාන්ද්‍රණ අනුක්‍රමණය පවත්වා ගැනීම වෘක්කයේ සාන්ද්‍ර මූත්‍ර නිපදවීමේ හැකියාව සඳහා දායක වන ප්‍රධාන යන්ත්‍රණයකි.

ඍජු ධමනිකාවල අවරෝහණ පෙදෙසේ දී, NaCl සහ යූරියා රුධිරයට ප්‍රතිශෝෂණය කර ගැනේ. එ‍සේම ජලය රුධිරය තුළට ස්‍රාවය වේ. එහි ආරෝහණ පෙදෙසේ දී, NaCl සහ යූරියා අන්තරාලය වෙත ස්‍රාවය වන අතර, ජලය ප්‍රතිශෝෂණය සිදු වේ.

නාමකරණය
ටර්මිනොලොජියා ඇනටමිකා අනුව "vasa recta renis" යන වදන "arteriolae rectae renis"යන්න සඳහා විකල්ප නාමයක් වන අතර, වෙනත් වදනක් වන venulae rectae renis යන්න එහි ශිරාමය කොටස හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා වේ.

කෙසේනමුත් සෙසු මූලාශ්‍රවල "vasa recta renis" යන්න එහි ධමනිකාමය මෙන්ම අනුශිරාමය පෙදෙස් සඳහා භාවිතකර ඇත.

මෙහි "රෙනිස්" යන වදන නිතරම භාවිතා කරනු නොලැබුවත්, එම නාමයම ඇති වෙනත් වයූහ ද පවතී:
  වාසා රෙක්ටා (ශේෂාන්ත්‍රකය සහ ශුන්‍යාන්ත්‍රකය තුළ)
 ශුක්‍රධර නාලිකාවේ ඍජු පෙදෙස ඇතැම්විට tubuli recti ලෙස හඳුන්වයි.

ව්‍යාධිවේදය
දෑකැති සෛල රෝගයේ දී රතුරුධිරාණු දෑකැති හැඩැති වීම නිසා ඍජු ධමනිකාවල සෙමෙන් සිදුවන රුධිර ගලනය හේතුවෙන්, අතිකැටිගැසීමේ තත්ත්වයක දී හෝ පටක හානියක දී ත්‍රොම්බෝසික තත්ත්වයන් ඇති විය හැක. එමගින් ඇති වන ඉස්කේමියාව නිසා වෘක්ක පිටිකා විපන්‍යය ඇතිවිය හැක.

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි
 UIUC ව්‍යාධිවිද්‍යා තේමාව 937
 UMLS

වෘක්කයේ ව්‍යූහවිද්‍යාව

වෘක්කයේ ඍජු ධමනිකා


An Schizochilus flexuosus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Henry Harvey ngan Robert Allen Rolfe. An Schizochilus flexuosus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schizochilus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schizochilus

Schizochilus flexuosus


Antonio Loredan (1420. – 1482.) bio je član mletačke plemićke obitelji Loredan, kapetan Skadra i guverner u Splitu, Mletačkoj Albaniji i Moreji.

Obitelj
Antonio Loredan rođen je u grani Santa Maria plemićke obitelji Loredan. Njegova supruga bila je Orsa (Orsola) Pisani, s kojom je imao tri sina: Giovannija, Marca i Jacopa.

Karijera
1466. Loredan je bio namjesnik u Moreji. U razdoblju 1467-69 bio je guverner Splita u Mletačkoj Dalmaciji.

Loredan je 12. srpnja 1473. imenovan kapetanom Skadra i guvernerom Albanije Venete.

Bio je jedan od mletačkih vojnih zapovjednika tijekom osmanske opsade Skadra 1474. Prema nekim izvorima, kad se skutarski garnizon požalio na nedostatak hrane i vode, Loredan im je rekao: "Ako ste gladni, evo mog tijela; ako ste žedni, dajem vam svoju krv.".

Zbog uspješne obrane grada smatran je ratnim herojem. Venecijanska vlada dodijelila je Loredanu titulu "Viteza svetog Marka". Kako bi proslavili ovu pobjedu, Venecijanci su 4. rujna 1474. odlučili izgraditi bolnicu.

Nakon uspješne obrane Skadra, mletačka vlada naredila je Loredanu da zauzme Cipar i zauzme njegove dvorce nakon što je prvo uništio osmanske utvrde na Bojani. Svrha ovog poteza bila je spriječiti Republiku Genovu da iskoristi nestabilnu situaciju na Cipru i prva ga zauzme.

1478. Loredan je izabran za prokuratora svetog Marka. Umro je od malarije 1482. godine, tijekom Rata u Ferrari.

U književnosti i umjetnosti
Loredan se spominje u mnogim književnim djelima, poput onih koje su napisali Stjepan Mitrov Ljubiša i Marin Barleti.

Izvori

Mletačko plemstvo

Antonio Loredan


Christopher Moltisanti, portrayed by Michael Imperioli, is a fictional character on the HBO TV series The Sopranos. He is Tony Soprano's protégé and a member of the DiMeo crime family, rising from associate to captain over the course of the series.

In the TV series, Tony Soprano has been a father figure to Christopher since the death of his father, Dickie Moltisanti. Tony affectionately refers to Christopher as his "nephew," but he is actually a cousin once removed of Tony's wife Carmela (Carmela's father Hugh and Chris's grandmother Lena were brother and sister). Tony and Christopher knew each other before Tony met Carmela because their fathers were both involved in the Mafia and because they are both cousins, through unrelated sides, to Tony Blundetto; Christopher's girlfriend Adriana La Cerva also believes that Tony and Christopher are distantly related through Christopher's mother.

The character, Christopher, is a volatile and impulsive young man, frustrated by his perceived lack of progress in the business. Christopher oversteps his authority when he hijacks trucks under the protection of captain Junior Soprano. To teach him a lesson, Junior orders his mock execution. In the second season, Chris is shot by his subordinates Matthew Bevilaqua and Sean Gismonte but survives. Tony trusts Christopher with sensitive tasks, such as disposing of the bodies of murdered captains Richie Aprile and Ralph Cifaretto, and arranging the assassination of New York boss Carmine Lupertazzi. In the third season, Chris finally becomes a made man. This leads to friction with Paulie Gualtieri, culminating in the Pine Barrens incident and although they make an uneasy truce, they clash again on several occasions. By the sixth season, he is promoted to captain, and Tony tells Christopher that he will lead the family into the 21st century.

Christopher has a tumultuous and abusive relationship with his long-term girlfriend Adriana. When enraged about rumors that his fiancée Adriana and Tony are having an affair, he pulls a gun on Tony, who is ready to kill him for doing so. He is spared only after Tony Blundetto intercedes for him. In the fifth season, Chris learns that Adriana has been working as an informant for the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation and that she wants him to go into the Witness Protection Program with her. Valuing loyalty over love, Christopher reports Adriana's actions to Tony, who has Silvio Dante kill her. Christopher then marries his new girlfriend, Kelli Lombardo and they have a daughter, Caitlyn. But his interest in his new wife soon wanes. He grows disillusioned with Tony and frustrated with his progress in the Soprano family, and distances himself from the business by making a film and trying to become a Hollywood screenwriter.  While the movie is a modest success, Chris grows irritated with his business Partner JT Dolan and eventually ends up murdering him when he (Dolan) refuses to accept that Chris is a mobster.

In addition to professional obstacles, the character also struggles throughout the series with major drug and alcohol addictions and repeatedly spends time at AA and rehabilitation centers. Despite wanting Christopher to succeed, Tony doubts his "nephew"'s loyalty and suitability to be his successor, and he fears that Christopher's immaturity and frequent drug problems make him a ripe target to turn state's evidence. Christopher's efforts to stay clean of drugs and alcohol cause him to spend less time at their regular haunts, further arousing Tony's suspicions. Christopher causes a car crash as he is driving Tony home while high. After seeing that Caitlyn's baby seat has been completely destroyed in the accident, Tony has finally had enough and suffocates the badly injured Chris, finally ridding himself of his troublesome "nephew".

Biography
Christopher Moltisanti was born in 1969 to Richard "Dickie" Moltisanti, a soldier in the DiMeo crime family, and Joanne Blundetto. In the episode "Cold Cuts" it is revealed that Chris grew up in the Rochelle Park, New Jersey section of Paramus, New Jersey next to the Westfield Garden State Plaza. When talking about his childhood with his cousin Tony Blundetto he describes himself as an urban youth, something Blundetto disagrees with.

When discussing making a biographical movie of Joe Gallo with Jon Favreau, Moltisanti mentions that he vaguely remembered Gallo being murdered in 1972, as he was only a kid (3 years old). Dickie is killed when Chris is very young. Tony Soprano affectionately considers Christopher a "nephew," and looks out for him over the years. He is a fan of the television show Cops. Moltisanti is a roommate of Brendan Filone before his murder and engaged to Adriana La Cerva before her murder. Chris is a cousin once removed of Tony's wife Carmela.

Season one
Christopher begins the series as Tony's driver and enforcer and is eager to rise through the ranks in the Mafia. He "makes his bones" by killing Emil Kolar in order to settle a dispute with the DiMeo crime family over the Triborough Towers garbage routes. He initially plans to place the body in a Kolar Bros. dumpster to send a warning, but Salvatore "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero convinces him to put it elsewhere as it would bring less heat to the crew. The murder haunts Chris' dreams, and he twice has to dig up and move Kolar's corpse.

Chris aids Brendan in hijacking Comely trucks, which are under Junior Soprano's protection. The two are ordered to pay $15,000 in restitution to Junior and leave the trucks alone. Chris and Brendan plan another heist while high on methamphetamine, but Chris backs down at the last minute out of loyalty to Tony. Brendan and two others go through with the heist, which ends in the accidental death of the driver.

Chris is reprimanded by Tony for not using his leadership to stop Brendan. Junior, angered that his authority was flouted, stages a mock execution for Chris in the New Jersey Meadowlands. Brendan is shot in the eye by Mikey Palmice. Christopher later avenges Brendan's death as part of Tony's revenge against Junior, when he and Paulie ambush and murder Mikey out in the woods.

Season two
Chris is put in charge of the family's pump and dump scam, with Matthew Bevilaqua and Sean Gismonte serving as his subordinates. Eventually, Bevilaqua and Gismonte decide to murder him to gain favor with Richie Aprile. The pair ambush Chris outside a diner and badly wound him, but he manages to kill Gismonte as Bevilaqua flees the scene. When Chris recovers from a coma, his spleen is removed and goes through a traumatic recovery process, having been clinically dead for about a minute.

Bevilaqua is eventually tracked down and shot to death by Tony and Big Pussy. Chris tells the crew that during his coma, he had seen himself in either hell or purgatory and warned them that Brendan and Mikey told him that three o'clock would be a significant time in their future.

Shortly before the shooting, Chris and Adriana had gotten into a fight causing Adriana to move in with her mother. Chris gets her back by proposing to her, against her mother's advice. Despite this, the two don't get married.

Following Aprile's death, Tony calls Chris and Furio Giunta to dispose of his body. They use Satriale's bandsaw and processing room to dismember the corpse. At Meadow Soprano's graduation, Tony proposes to let Chris be made.

Season three
During Chris' initiation ceremony, in "Fortunate Son", he notices a raven on the windowsill and takes this as a bad omen. As the family's newest member, he inherits a betting shop from his capo, Paulie Gualtieri and is charged with paying minimum weekly dues to him. There is friction when Chris has difficulty making payments to Paulie, who subsequently humiliates him. After the Pine Barrens incident, they agreed to bury the hatchet. Elsewhere, Chris opens the Crazy Horse Nightclub in Long Branch with Furio Giunta as a partner and Adriana as the front operator.

Chris is present when Jackie Aprile, Jr. and his friends try to rob a card game run by Eugene Pontecorvo. Chris and acting capo Albert Barese kill Aprile's friend Dino Zerilli as he tries to escape. Chris, jealous and resentful of Jackie as a rival for Tony's favor, expresses his intent to kill Jackie, saying if he finds him he'll kill him tonight, which Tony denies. This causes Chris to question Tony's leadership, calling him a hypocrite for not enforcing established rules of the mob protecting made men, which enrages Tony.

Eventually, Vito Spatafore carries out a contract killing on Jackie in the Boonton Projects, shooting Aprile in the back of the head, on the orders of Ralph Cifaretto and Tony Soprano. At Jackie's funeral, Chris is arrested on a gambling charge along with Patsy Parisi and Silvio Dante.

Season four
To protect himself from prosecution, Tony makes Chris the main contact in criminal dealings. He then bonds his nephew to him by having him murder the recently retired Lieutenant Detective Barry Haydu, after telling Chris that Haydu had murdered his father. Christopher confronts Haydu at his home and Haydu denies having heard of Dickie Moltisanti and claimed that someone was "obviously" setting him up. However, he inadvertently admitted knowing Dickie Moltisanti by stating "Look, whoever told you I had anything to do with his death is lying!", before Christopher ever mentioned Dickie's death, whom Haydu supposedly did not even know.

Haydu's last words before he is killed by Christopher are "I'm sorry!" indicating that he was likely responsible. In "No Show", Chris is made acting capo of Paulie's crew while Paulie is imprisoned on a gun charge, being awarded a no-show job at the Esplanade construction site. His promotion irks Patsy, who has seniority. The two come to blows over Patsy's continued theft from the construction site, despite orders from Tony. Silvio was actually the guiding force behind Patsy's actions, as he was also jealous of Chris' promotion.

Chris' drug use spirals out of control following his temporary promotion. When Tony calls upon him to dispose of Ralph Cifaretto's body, he realizes that Chris is high on heroin. Although they successfully hide the body, Tony decides his nephew needs help. Later, Chris is carjacked by a Puerto Rican gang while trying to buy heroin. When Chris physically abuses Adriana, Tony organizes an intervention. However, the meeting ends badly when it is revealed that Chris had accidentally killed Adriana's dog by sitting on it when high. Tony, whose beloved racehorse was killed in a fire set by Ralph, becomes very angry. He insists Chris go into rehab and assigns Patsy to guard him.

Following Chris' successful rehabilitation, Tony entrusts him with the planned hit on Carmine Lupertazzi; Chris contracts the job out to Credenzo Curtis and Stanley Johnson, Black gang members and drug dealers who he had known from his period of heroin abuse. When the job is called off and Tony urges him to make sure it can't be traced to them, Chris has Benny Fazio and Peter "Bissell" LaRosa shoot Curtis and Johnson to death while he waits in his car watching over the hit. Fazio and La Rosa steal back the money Chris had given Curtis and Johnson, which they believed was payment for the hit they were tasked with.

Season five
Chris and Paulie are put in charge of a cigarette smuggling operation. While Chris is traveling to North Carolina to pick up cigarettes, Tony and Adriana are involved in a car accident. Rumors begin to spread that the crash was caused by Adriana performing oral sex on Tony. Chris finds out, gets drunk, starts a fight with Vito, and pulls a gun on Tony in the Bada Bing. Tony is prepared to kill Chris, but their cousin Tony Blundetto steps in and saves his life. Tony B arranges a meeting with a doctor who treated Tony and Adriana, who explains that both passengers were upright and had their seat belts fastened when it occurred. Chris reconciles with Vito and Tony.

Chris later travels to his uncle Pat Blundetto's farm alongside Tony and Tony B. They help Pat move bodies hidden on the farm as Pat is planning to move away. While there, Chris recalls being bullied by the two Tonys, and they exhibit such behavior by ribbing him over his addiction problems.

Throughout this time, Chris maintains a turbulent and sometimes violent relationship with Adriana. He indulged her aspirations for a career in music by allowing her to produce a demo and later giving her a club to run. They became engaged before he is sent to rehab. However, after he learns that Adriana has reluctantly provided information to the FBI, he turns to Tony rather than accept her plea to join her in witness protection. Tony sends Silvio Dante to meet with Adriana, purportedly to drive to the hospital to visit Chris, but in reality, he executes her in the woods. Chris relapses into heroin use and weeps to Tony out of grief for Adriana.

Season six

Part one
Chris is promoted to capo, in keeping with Tony's long-term plan to raise his nephew through the ranks until he eventually is appointed boss. He uses Chris to organize a sensitive hit on Rusty Millio. Chris initially questions Tony's decision to contract the job out to their friends in Naples, but later decides it was a smart move. He uses his Italian-speaking associate Corky Caporale to communicate with hitmen and provide them with weapons and instructions while paying him off with heroin. Chris' readiness for the responsibility of leading his own crew is unclear as he is distracted by a potential career in Hollywood, relapses into drug use, and displays unresolved feelings over his murdered fiancee.

Chris' crew get involved in a credit card fraud scam; his AA sponsor James "Murmur" Zancone and Benny Fazio take numbers from local businesses and sell them on to associates Ahmed and Muhammad. He wonders about whether these men have links to terrorism. The use of numbers from Nuovo Vesuvio leads to a violent dispute between Benny and Tony's friend Artie Bucco. Tony blames Chris' trip to Los Angeles for the dispute not being settled quickly.

Chris marries Kelli Lombardo after learning that she is pregnant with his child. He has a belated bachelor party with the Soprano crime family at Nuovo Vesuvio, where "Larry Boy" Barese makes a toast to his future. However, when he later delivers Corky's final payment, including more heroin, he cannot resist when he watches his friend inject the drug. He spends the night at the Feast of St. Elzear festival with a stray dog.

Chris takes a road trip to Pennsylvania with Tony just before the feast. On their way home, they spot some bikers robbing a strip mall and take part of the haul for themselves. This leads to a firefight in which Chris shoots one of the bikers as Tony drives away. Later, the two get drunk on the wine they had stolen, and Chris recalls telling Tony of Adriana's treachery. The two express their love for and loyalty to each other, though when the two later try to recreate their camaraderie sober, it falls flat and ends in awkward silence. Months later, Chris is back in AA meetings.

Part two
Chris premieres his film Cleaver at a private screening with other Soprano associates, looking to have it distributed nationwide. He also tries to distance himself from the criminal lifestyle and stays away from the Bada Bing. When Tony begins grooming Bobby Bacala for the position Chris once held, it is clear that their relationship has cooled. Given Chris' resentment towards Tony about Adriana's death, and his continued desire to enter the film business, the two continue to drift apart.

When he relapses to drinking after yet another confrontation with Paulie, he becomes very angry with the crew and leaves. He later ends up at his "friend" J.T. Dolan's home, looking for someone to talk to. When J.T. makes explicit mention of Chris' membership in the Mafia and refuses to let Chris talk out his problems that night, Chris shoots him in the head and leaves.

As Tony and Chris drive back from a meeting with Phil Leotardo and the New York crew, Chris  clearly impaired by drugs and alcohol  crashes his Cadillac Escalade. Tony is able to climb out of the SUV, but Chris is badly injured and coughing up blood. He pleads for Tony's help, mumbling that he wouldn't pass a drug test and could lose his license. Tony sees a tree branch impaling a car seat where Christopher's daughter could have been sitting. He pinches Chris' nostrils shut, causing him to choke to death on his own blood.

Throughout the episode's remainder, Tony displays the proper decorum for the family in mourning yet can barely restrain his relief that he is finally free of the burden Chris has placed upon him for so long  his insubordination, his substance abuse, his reckless behavior, and his complaints. He describes Chris as a "drag" on his emotions, and "a weak, lying drug addict". In a dream, Tony admits to Dr. Melfi that he murdered Chris, as well as other friends and associates, naming specifically his cousin Tony Blundetto and best friend Big Pussy. In the series' final episodes, Chris' picture is hung in the pork store in his honor; Paulie is disturbed that the resident cat spends its days staring at the picture.

Clandestine knowledge
Because of his close relationship with Tony Soprano, Christopher is the only one (besides Tony) who knows which bodies were buried at "Uncle Pat" Blundetto's farm and what really happened to Ralph Cifaretto. Chris is also one of the few (along with Furio Giunta) to know Richie Aprile was murdered by Janice Soprano, and (along with Silvio Dante) to know about Tony Soprano's murder of Fabian Petrulio, about the aborted plan to hit New York boss Carmine Lupertazzi, Sr. and about Silvio's murder of Christopher's fiancee, Adriana La Cerva.

The Many Saints of Newark
Imperioli returns in the prequel film The Many Saints of Newark.  Though never seen on screen, he acts as the narrator of the film.  Christopher is seemingly narrating from the afterlife, bitterly referencing his death at the hands of Tony as well as Tony's lack of financial support to his family after his death.  During the film, an infant Christopher cries when he sees Tony at a welcoming back party for Tony's father, "Johnny Boy" Soprano.  When Tony expresses confusion at the infant Chris' behavior around him, a woman at the table tells him that "some babies, when they come into the world, know all kinds of things from the other side."  The final scene of the film ends with Christopher narrating that Tony is "the man [he] went to hell for".

Killings or possible killings committed or assisted by Christopher
 Emil Kolar: Shot in the head by Chris due to a dispute between Barone Sanitation (Tony's company) and Kolar Bros. Sanitation over waste management contracts, in the backroom of Satriale's Pork Store. (1998)
 Michael "Mikey Grab Bag" Palmice: Shot in the chest by Chris and Paulie for conspiring to kill Tony with Junior and for killing Brendan Filone, Christopher's friend. (1999)
 Sean Gismonte: Shot and killed by Chris in self-defense after he and associate Matthew Bevilaqua attempted to kill him. (2000)
 Carlo Renzi: Shot in the head and killed by Chris in self-defense during poker game robbery. (2001)
 Dino Zerilli: Shot and killed by Chris and Albert Barese after Zerilli and Jackie, Jr. shot and killed Sunshine and wounded Furio Giunta during a poker-game robbery. (2001)
 Detective Lieutenant Barry Haydu: Executed in his home by Chris after Tony informed Chris that Haydu was the man who was contracted by Jilly Rufalo many years ago to kill Chris' father. (2002)
 J.T. Dolan: Shot in the head by an inebriated Chris after Dolan persistently refused to listen to Christopher's personal problems and exclaimed, "Chris, you're in the Mafia!" (2007)

Christopher has helped dispose of several people murdered by other people throughout the series, mainly Tony.
 James "Jimmy" Altieri: Lured by Christopher to his death, a bullet to the back of the head courtesy of Silvio Dante. Chrissy helped Silvio get rid of (or at least transport) the corpse, as he followed Silvio's orders to "get the piano dolly" to transport Jimmy's body. (1999)
 Richie Aprile: Bagged up, carried off, and cut up in the basement of Satriale's as requested by Tony after he was shot by Janice Soprano for hitting her. (2000)
 Tracee: Ralph Cifaretto beat the stripper to death; Silvio told Christopher to "get a sheet" from inside the strip club to cover up her corpse. (2000)
 Valery: Possibly alive, he was shot in the head by Paulie in the woods when Chris and Paulie were chasing him. (2001)
 Ralph Cifaretto: Decapitation and removal of hands with a cleaver. Head and hands placed in a bowling bag by Christopher, who subsequently helped Tony dispose of the bag and Ralph's body. Ralph had been beaten and choked to death by Tony. (2003)
 Credenzo Curtis and Stanley Johnson: After being released from the Eleuthera drug recovery program, Tony gave Christopher the responsibility of hiring a couple of assassins to take out New York boss Carmine Lupertazzi, Sr. at the request of Johnny Sack. He chooses Curtis and Johnson, two African Americans from Irvington who he believes would be good at making it look like a carjacking. When Tony comes to an agreement with Carmine and calls off the hit, Christopher is given the new task of eliminating the two hired hands. He meets with the hitmen in a parking lot and gives them the money for the hit that never happened. Benny Fazio and Petey LaRosa surprise the two hitmen when they suddenly appear and shoot and kill them in their car. (2003)
 Raoul: Christopher threw a brick at him and then Paulie shot him. (2004)
 "Black" Jack Massarone: Christopher volunteered to do the hit on Massarone after Tony suspected "Black Jack" of wearing a wire under his hat; it is unclear who murdered Massarone later in the episode, but there is strong evidence that Moltisanti was directly responsible for it. (2004)
 Adriana La Cerva: Once she confessed to Christopher that she had been an FBI informant, divulging important information about the DiMeo crime family Christopher's loyalty to Tony proved to be greater than his love for Adriana. While he did not directly participate in the hit (it was carried out by Silvio Dante - see article on Adriana La Cerva), Christopher did park Adriana's car (after disposing of a suitcase that he had stuffed with her belongings and clothes) at an airport's "Long Term Parking" lot in an attempt to make it look like she had fled. (2004)
 Teddy Spirodakis: Chris asked Eugene Pontecorvo to do him the favor of going to kill Spirodakis in exchange for Chris' putting in a good word to Tony for Eugene's retirement from the Family. (2006)
 Rusty Millio: Organized the discreet hit on orders from Tony via Neapolitan Camorra hitmen as a favor to Johnny Sack. (2006)

References to Imperioli's career
 In the episode "46 Long", Christopher and Brendan Filone encounter Martin Scorsese (portrayed by a lookalike) outside of a club. Christopher yells "Marty! Kundun! I liked it!". Imperioli acted in Scorsese's gangster film Goodfellas in a minor role, "Spider".
 In Season 1 Moltisanti shoots a bakery clerk in the foot in retaliation for a perceived lack of respect and service — a nod to Imperioli's Goodfellas character Spider, shot in the foot for the same reason. When the bakery clerk was yelling in pain about his foot being shot, Christopher replies "It happens!"
 In reference to his Goodfellas character, Spider, being shot and killed by Joe Pesci's character, Tommy DeVito. In the season 2 episode, "Big Girls Don't Cry", when Christopher gets his confidence up as a student actor, Adriana tells him "I like you as an actor." and Christopher replies "Joe Pesci or so.", he then does a Joe Pesci impression of him saying a line in Jimmy Hollywood.
 In the episode "Live Free or Die", after it is confirmed that Vito Spatafore is gay, Christopher states "I wanna kill the fat faggot myself, it'd be a fucking honor. Cut off his pisciatil' and feed it to him." This is a reference to Imperioli's character D'Ambrosio in the film Dead Presidents having exactly the same thing done to him by the North Vietnamese. Pisciatil' is slang connotation for penis.
 When Imperioli auditioned for the role of Christopher, he thought that series creator David Chase was unimpressed with his audition and was surprised when he was offered the part.

Reception
Both Christopher's character development and Michael Imperioli's performance have received universal acclaim. He received several accolades, including a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2004. He was nominated four other times for the award and he also received two Golden Globe nominations in 2002 and 2004. TV Guide rated him #13 on their list of "TV's Top 100 Characters".

Notes

References

External links
 HBO Profile: Christopher Moltisanti
 IMDB: Christopher Moltisanti

The Sopranos characters
American male characters in television
Fictional characters from New Jersey
Fictional Italian American people
Fictional characters who awoke from a coma
Fictional gamblers
Fictional writers
Fictional domestic abusers
Fictional alcohol abusers
Fictional drug addicts
Fictional cocaine users
Fictional heroin users
Fictional methamphetamine users
Fictional gangsters
Fictional assassins
Fictional murderers
Fictional murdered people
Male villains
Television characters introduced in 1999

sv:Lista över rollfigurer i Sopranos#Christopher Moltisanti

Christopher Moltisanti


An Thelymitra exigua in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jeffrey A. Jeanes. An Thelymitra exigua in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thelymitra, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thelymitra

Thelymitra exigua


13174 Timossi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
13174 Timossi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Cima Ekar de Maura Tombelli și Ulisse Munari. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,65 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 15,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 13001-14000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

13174 Timossi


Stephen James Merchant (Bristol, 24 de noviembre de 1974) es un escritor, director, presentador de radio, comediante y actor británico. Es más conocido por sus colaboraciones junto a Ricky Gervais, el coguionista y codirector de la popular comedia británica The Office, como el coguionista, codirector y coestrella de Extras, y coanfitrión de la serie de The Ricky Gervais Show en su radio, podcast, audiolibros y los formularios programa de televisión. El show de Ricky Gervais como programa radial ha ganado un Premio de Bronce Sony. Aparece en la serie de televisión BBC Life's Too Short, que coescribió y codirigió. Fue protagonista de An Idiot Abroad, codesarrollado por Sky TV.

También fue la voz de Wheatley en el popular videojuego Portal 2. Apareció en la película Movie 43. En 2017 es parte del reparto de la película Logan interpretando a Caliban.

Filmografía

Cine

Televisión

Videojuegos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

The Office
Guionistas de televisión del Reino Unido
Actores de televisión de Inglaterra
Ateos de Inglaterra
Nacidos en Bristol

Stephen Merchant


Patru pași în nori (titlul original: în  / ) este un film coproducție franco-italiană, realizat în 1956 de regizorul Mario Soldati, protagoniști fiind actorii Fernandel, Giulia Rubini și Fosco Giachetti. Este un remake al filmului Quattro passi fra le nuvole (Patru pași în nori) realizat în 1942 de Alessandro Blasetti și interpretat de Gino Cervi.

Conținut

Distribuție
 Fernandel – Paul Verier
 Giulia Rubini – Maria
 Fosco Giachetti – Antonio, tatăl Mariei
 Leda Gloria – Lucia, mama Mariei
 Renato Salvatori – Gino, fratele Mariei
 Jean Brochard – negustorul din autobuz
 Andrex – Frederic
 Tina Pica – mătușa Camilla
 Alberto Sordi – Mario, șoferul de autobuz
 Suzet Maïs – soția lui Paul
 Charles Dechamps – pensionarul
 Geroge Cusin – controlorul din tren
 Henri Arius – șeful de stație
 Raymone – instructorul

Referințe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

Filme din 1956
Filme dramatice
Filme în limba franceză
Filme regizate de Mario Soldati
Filme de comedie

Patru pași în nori (film din 1956)


Atatürk'ü Anma, Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı, her yıl 19 Mayıs tarihinde kutlanan, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'nin resmî bayramıdır. 19 Mayıs 1919'da Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Bandırma Vapuru ile Samsun'a çıkmıştır ve bu gün, İtilaf Devletleri'nin işgaline karşı Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın başladığı gün kabul edilir. Atatürk bu bayramı Türk gençliğine armağan etmiştir. Uzun yıllar "Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı" adıyla kutlanan bayram, Atatürk Yılı kabul ve ilan edilen 1981'de dönemin Devlet Başkanı Kenan Evren tarafından yapılan değişiklikle "Atatürk'ü Anma, Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı" adını almıştır.

Tarihçe
Atatürk'ü Anma, Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı ilk defa 1926 yılında Gazi Günü adı altında Samsun'da kutlanmış, 24 Mayıs 1935'te Atatürk Günü adı altında resmiyet kazanmıştır. Beşiktaş'ın girişimleriyle Fenerbahçe Stadı'nda kutlanan bu ilk 19 Mayıs, Galatasaray ve Fenerbahçeli yüzlerce sporcunun da katılımıyla bir spor günü hâline gelmiştir. Bu organizasyondan bir süre sonra gerçekleşen Spor Kongresi'nde söz alan Beşiktaş Kurucu Üyesi Ahmet Fetgeri Aşeni, kutlanan Atatürk Günü'nün tüm gençliğe mal edilebilmesi için "19 Mayıs Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı" adı altında her yıl yapılmasını teklif etmiştir. Kongrede oylanan bu öneri kabul edilmiş ve Atatürk'ün de onayıyla yasalaşmıştır. 19 Mayıs, 20 Haziran 1938 tarihli kanunla "Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı" adını almıştır.

12 Eylül Darbesi ile yönetime gelen Kenan Evren başkanlığındaki Millî Güvenlik Konseyi, Atatürk'ün doğumunun yüzüncü yılı olan 1981 yılını kanun çıkararak Atatürk Yılı kabul ve ilan etti. Kutlamalar kapsamında "Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı"nın adı da "Atatürk'ü Anma, Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı" olarak değiştirildi.

19 Mayıs 2012'de TRT'nin bünyesinde yayın yapan kanalı TRT 1'in logosu bu bayrama ithafen değişmiştir.

Kutlamalar

Her yıl 19 Mayıs günü Atatürk'ü Anma, Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı Türkiye'nin dört bir yanında spor gösterileri ve törenlerle kutlanır. Üzerinde "Gençlikten Atatürk Sevgisiyle Cumhurbaşkanına" yazan ve "Sevgi Bayrağı" olarak adlandırılan dev bir bayrak Kurtuluş Yolu'ndaki Tütün İskelesi'nden karaya çıkarılarak Samsun valisine verilir. Daha sonra bayrak, cumhurbaşkanına sunulmak üzere genç atletlere teslim edilir. Samsun'dan yola çıkarılarak Amasya, Tokat, Sivas, Erzincan, Erzurum, Kayseri, Nevşehir, Kırşehir ve Kırıkkale'den sonra 19 Mayıs törenlerinde Ankara'da cumhurbaşkanına sunulur.

Cumhuriyet'le yaşıt olan bu kutlamalar sadece cumhurbaşkanının katılımıyla Ankara'da gerçekleşmekle sınırlı kalmaz, ülke genelinde stadyumlarda kutlanırdı. Ama 2012'de, mayıs ayında havanın soğuk olacağı ve bu açıdan öğrencilere ve vatandaşlara yük olmaması gerekçesiyle başkent Ankara dışındaki illerde, stadyumlarda kutlanması Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Ortaöğretim Genel Müdürlüğünce okullara gönderilen bir yazıyla engellenmiştir. Bu karar cumhuriyetçi kesimin büyük tepkisiyle karşılaşmıştır. Bu konuda Alper Ayhan tarafından bir dava açılmış ve kazanılmıştır.

Galeri

Dış bağlantılar
 1938 tarihli kutlamalar , NTV
 1947 tarihli kutlamalar , NTV

Kaynakça

Kardeş projeler

Anma günleri
Türkiye'deki resmî tatiller
Türk millî bayramları
Gençlik
Türkiye'de spor
Mustafa Kemal'in Samsun'a çıkışı
Mayıs'ta belirli gün ve haftalar
Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı
Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı

19 Mayıs Atatürk'ü Anma, Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı


William Jaird Levitt (February 11, 1907 – January 28, 1994) was an American real-estate developer and housing pioneer. As president of Levitt & Sons, he is widely credited as the father of modern American suburbia. He was named one of Time Magazine's "100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century."

Early life and education
Levitt was born in 1907 to a Jewish family in Brooklyn. His generation was the second since emigrating from Russia and Austria; the paternal grandparents who immigrated to the United States had been a rabbi grandfather from Russia and a grandmother from Austria-Germany. His father was Abraham Levitt, a Brooklyn-born real estate attorney and part-time investor; his mother was Pauline Biederman. A younger brother, Alfred, was born when William was five years old. William received a public school education at Public School 44 and Boys High School. He then attended New York University for three years, but dropped out before graduating.

Levitt & Sons

1920s–1930s
In 1929, William's father Abraham founded a real-estate development company called Levitt & Sons. Levitt & Sons built mostly upscale housing on and around Long Island, New York, in the 1930s. William Levitt served as company president, overseeing all aspects of the company except for the designs of the homes they built, which fell to William's brother Alfred.

After World War II
During World War II, Levitt served in the Navy as a lieutenant in the Seabees. After returning from the war, he saw a need for affordable housing for returning veterans. America's post-war prosperity and baby boom had created a crisis of affordable housing.

Even before returning from the war, Levitt experimented with mass housing projects, building a 1,600-home community in Norfolk, Virginia, which was not a success and housing units remained unsold in 1950.

Levittown housing developments

Levitt progressed to become a pioneer of mass production. He had houses built in less than six weeks on inexpensive land with no urban infrastructure. Houses were built on concrete slabs, with no foundation, and could be purchased for as little as one-dollar down payment.

Levitt & Sons' first successful housing development was located on almost  of land near Hempstead, Long Island and was named Levittown. The assembly line construction method enabled Levitt to build more efficiently than other developers at the time, with teams of specialized workers following each other from house to house to complete incremental steps in the construction.

Levitt reduced the cost of constructing houses by freezing out union labor. This provoked picket lines, but enabled him to use the latest technology, such as spray painting. Levitt also cut out middlemen and purchased many items, including lumber and televisions, directly from manufacturers, as well as constructing his own factory to produce nails. The building of every house was reduced to 27 steps, and sub-contractors were responsible for each step. His mass production of thousands of houses at virtually the same time allowed Levitt to sell them, fully furnished with modern electric appliances, for as little as $8,000 each ($65,000 in 2009 dollars), which, with the G.I. Bill and Federal housing subsidies, reduced the up-front cost of a house to many buyers to around $400.

Levitt was the cover story in Time magazine for July 3, 1950, with the tag line "For Sale: a new way of life."

In 1952, people started buying over 17,000 Levitt-built homes in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. In addition, the company built Willingboro, New Jersey, which still has street names such as Levitt Parkway. During the late 1950s, Levitt and Sons constructed "Belair at Bowie" in Bowie, Maryland.

William had taken control of Levitt & Sons in 1954 and the company went public in 1960. During the 1960s, when Levitt was leading the company, Levitt & Sons developed properties beyond the American mainland, such as Levittown, Puerto Rico; Lésigny, France in Seine-et-Marne; and Mennecy in Essonne, France. In the early 1960s, the company built a 5,000-house community in north central New Jersey called Strathmore-at-Matawan.

Personal fortune
By the late 1960s, Levitt had become one of the richest men in America, with a fortune estimated in excess of $100 million. He lived in a lavish 30-room mansion on his "La Coline" estate in Mill Neck, New York, and spent much of his time on La Belle Simone, his  yacht named after his third wife.

Racial segregation
Levitt refused to integrate his developments. The Jewish Levitt barred Jews from Strathmore, his first pre-Levittown development on Long Island in New York, and he refused to sell his homes to African Americans. His sales contracts also forbade the resale of properties to blacks through restrictive covenants, although in 1957 a Jewish couple resold their house to the first black family to live in a Levitt home. Levitt's all-white policies also led to civil rights protests in Bowie, Maryland in 1963.  The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the American Civil Liberties Union opposed Levitt's racist policies, and the Federal Housing Administration prepared to refuse mortgages on his next Levittown. Nevertheless, Levitt would not back down and continued planning another whites-only Levittown in Willingboro Township, New Jersey. He fought legal challenges in New Jersey courts until the United States Supreme Court refused to hear his case.

The 2003 PBS series Race: The Power of an Illusion, by California Newsreel, features Levittown and nearby Roosevelt in documenting systemic racism in the development of the early suburbs.

Levitt has been criticized for his racially discriminatory policies when providing housing, which were especially discriminatory to African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans and Native Americans.

Company sale
After he had built over 140,000 houses around the world, then 60-year-old Levitt sold the company to ITT for $92 million ($ million today) in July 1967, of which $62 million was in the form of ITT stock. ITT made Levitt president of the renamed Levitt Corp., with a non-compete clause where Levitt could not found or be employed by another United States home building company for ten years. He entered the agreement thinking he would play an active role in ITT affairs, but executives felt Levitt was too old to take on more responsibility.

Levitt remained president under ITT until 1972. During that time he led the subsidiary's development of housing projects in Palm Coast, Florida; Richmond, Virginia; and Fairfax, Virginia.

Later years and death
After the restriction against Levitt moving to a new home building company in the United States expired, he was unable to repeat the success he had achieved with Levitt & Sons. He established a series of companies and joint ventures through the 1970s and 1980s which failed. The ITT stock he often used for collateral on these ventures lost 90% of its value, saddling him with great debt.

The Levitt Corp. had their license to conduct business in Prince George's County, Maryland, revoked in October 1978 after building inspectors found more than 2,500 code violations in 122 homes of their latest subdivision, Northview.

He was accused of misappropriation of funds from the charitable Levitt Foundation and agreed to repay $5 million, more than $5 million or $11 million (in 1992).

Levitt died from kidney disease at a hospital in Manhasset, New York, on January 28, 1994, at the age of 86.

Legacy
William Levitt came to symbolize the new suburban growth with his use of mass-production techniques to construct large developments of houses, eponymously named Levittowns, selling for under $10,000.  Many other relatively inexpensive suburban developments soon appeared throughout the country.  While he did not invent the building of communities of affordable single-family homes within driving distance of major areas of employment, his innovations in providing affordable housing popularized this type of planned community in the years following World War II.

His nicknames included "The King of Suburbia"  and "Inventor of the Suburb."  At his height, when he was completing one suburban house every 11 minutes, Levitt compared his successes to those of Henry Ford's automobile assembly line. Time magazine recognized Levitt as one of the "100 Most Important People of the 20th Century" in 1998.

Levitt was awarded the Frank P. Brown Medal in 1965.

Personal life

Levitt married Rhoda Kirshner in November 1929. Their son William Junior was born in 1932, and their second son, James, was born in 1944. The couple divorced in 1959, and, the same year, Levitt married his long-time mistress, Alice D. Kenny, an interior decorator at Levitt & Sons, and adopted her two daughters from a previous marriage, Joanne Habermehl and Mariellen Habermehl. Ten years later, in 1969, Levitt divorced his second wife and married a French art dealer, Simone Korchin.

References

External links
 New York Times obituary

1907 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American Jews
American city founders
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American real estate businesspeople
Real estate and property developers
Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
Deaths from kidney disease

Seabees
United States Navy officers

William Levitt


An Antinoria agrostidea in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Dc., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Filippo Parlatore. An Antinoria agrostidea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Antinoria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. a. annua
 A. a. natans

Mga kasarigan

Antinoria

Antinoria agrostidea