Harold Raynsford Stark (November 12, 1880 – August 20, 1972) was an officer in the United States Navy during World War I and World War II, who served as the 8th Chief of Naval Operations from August 1, 1939, to March 26, 1942.

Early life and career
Stark enrolled in the United States Naval Academy in 1899 and graduated with the class of 1903. As a plebe there he received the nickname "Betty". From 1907 to 1909, Stark served on the battleship  before and during the United States Atlantic Fleet's cruise around the world.

World War I
Subsequently, Stark had extensive duty in torpedo boats and destroyers, including command of the Asiatic Fleet's torpedo flotilla in 1917, when these old and small destroyers steamed from the Philippines to the Mediterranean to join in World War I operations. Stark served on the staff of Commander, United States Naval Forces operating in Europe from November 1917 to January 1919.

Interwar years
Following World War I, Stark was executive officer of the battleships  and , attended the Naval War College, commanded the ammunition ship  and served in naval ordnance positions.

During the later 1920s and into the mid-1930s, with the rank of captain, Stark was successively Chief of Staff to the Commander, Destroyer Squadrons Battle Fleet, Aide to the Secretary of the Navy, and Commanding Officer of USS West Virginia. From 1934 to 1937, Rear Admiral Stark was Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance. Then from July 1938, he served at sea as Commander Cruiser Division Three and Commander of Cruisers in the Battle Fleet, with the rank of vice admiral.

Chief of Naval Operations and beginning of World War II

In August 1939, Stark became Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) with the rank of admiral. In that position, he oversaw the expansion of the navy during 1940 and 1941, and its involvement in the Neutrality Patrols against German submarines in the Atlantic during the latter part of 1941. It was at this time that he authored the Plan Dog memo, which laid the basis for America's Europe first policy. He also orchestrated the navy's change to adopting unrestricted submarine warfare in case of war with Japan; Stark expressly ordered it at 17:52 Washington time on 7 December 1941, not quite four hours after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It appears the decision was taken without the knowledge or prior consent of the government. It violated the London Naval Treaty, to which the United States was signatory.

After Pearl Harbor
As CNO, Stark oversaw combat operations against Japan and the European Axis Powers that officially began in December 1941.

In March 1942, Stark was relieved as CNO by Admiral Ernest King. He went to Britain the next month to become Commander of United States Naval Forces Europe.

From his London headquarters, Stark directed the naval part of the great buildup in England and US naval operations and training activities on the European side of the Atlantic. He received the additional title of Commander of the Twelfth Fleet in October 1943, and he supervised USN participation in the landings in Normandy, France, in June 1944. Stark built and maintained close relations with British civilian and naval leaders, who "generally adored him," and also with the leaders of other Allied powers. Stark was particularly important in dealing with Charles de Gaulle; it was thanks to Stark that the US-British-Free French relationship continued to work. He earned high praise from Admiral King for his work.

After the Normandy landings, Stark faced a Court of Inquiry over his actions leading up to Pearl Harbor. The Court concluded that Stark had not conveyed the danger or provided enough information to Kimmel but that he had not been derelict. Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal had ordered the 1944 Board of Inquiry, Upon reviewing the report, Forrestal felt that the court had been too lenient in assigning blame for the disaster. The court had found that the Army and Navy had adequately cooperated in the defense of Pearl Harbor; there had been no information indicating that Japanese carriers were on their way to attack Pearl Harbor; and the attack had succeeded principally because of the aerial torpedo, a secret weapon whose use could not have been predicted.

Forrestal disapproved all of those findings and judged that Kimmel could have done more with the information he had had to prevent or mitigate the attack. Forrestal concluded that both Kimmel and Stark had "failed to demonstrate the superior judgment necessary for exercising command commensurate with their rank and their assigned duties."
King's endorsement of the report was scalding, leading to Stark being relieved.

In 1948, King reconsidered and requested that the endorsement be expunged: "It was the only time that King ever admitted he had been wrong."  The controversy surrounding him persisted after his death.

Stark's most controversial service involved the growing menace of Japanese forces in the period before America was bombed into the war by the attack on Pearl Harbor. The controversy centers on whether he and his Director of War Plans Admiral Richmond K. Turner provided sufficient information to Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, Commander of the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, about Japanese moves in the fall of 1941 to enable Kimmel to anticipate an attack and to take steps to counter it. Captain (later Rear Admiral) Edwin T. Layton was Kimmel's chief intelligence officer (later also Admiral Chester W. Nimitz's intelligence officer) at the time of the attack. In his book, And I Was There:  Pearl Harbor and MidwayBreaking the Secrets (1985), Layton maintained that Stark offered meaningless advice throughout the period; withheld vital information at the insistence of his Director of War Plans, Admiral Turner; showed timidity in dealing with the Japanese; and utterly failed to provide anything of use to Kimmel. John Costello (Layton's co-author), in Days of Infamy (Pocket, 1994), points out that Douglas MacArthur had complete access to both PURPLE and JN-25, with over eight hours warning, and was still caught by surprise.

Moreover, as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers official historian Gordon Prange and his colleagues note in December 7, 1941 (McGraw-Hill, 1988), the defense of the fleet was General Walter C. Short's responsibility, not Kimmel's. Turner's insistence on having intelligence go through War Plans led Office of Naval Intelligence to a wrong belief that it was only to collect intelligence. Turner did not correct his view or aid Stark in understanding the problem. Among others, Morison and Layton agree that Turner was most responsible for the debacle, as does Ned Beach in Scapegoats (Annapolis, 1995).

In addition, there was considerable confusion over where Japan might strike: the United States, the Soviet Union, or British colonies in Asia and the Far East.

Postwar

From August 1945 until he left active duty in April 1946, Stark served in Washington, D.C., and  made his home there after retirement. He died in 1972 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Stark maintained a family summer residence on Lake Carey in Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania, north of his native Wilkes-Barre, for many years and flew in by naval seaplane for weekends during his career. The cottage still stands on the western shore of the lake.

Awards
 Navy Distinguished Service Medal – three awards
 Army Distinguished Service Medal
 Navy Expeditionary Medal
 Mexican Service Medal
 World War I Victory Medal
 American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
 American Campaign Medal
 European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one battle star
 World War II Victory Medal
 Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (United Kingdom)
 Commander, Legion of Honor (France)
 Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 with palm (France)

Legacy
The frigate  was named in honor of Stark. Stark Learning Center, a major instructional facility at Wilkes University in Wilkes-Barre, PA, was also named in his honor, as was research and development laboratory and office building at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division.

Stark was portrayed by actor Edward Andrews in the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!.

References

External links

 Harold R Stark at ArlingtonCemetery.net, an unofficial website

1880 births
1972 deaths
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
People from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy World War II admirals
United States Navy admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
Chiefs of Naval Operations
Naval War College alumni
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire

Harold Raynsford Stark


Eurymorpha cyanipes es una especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae. Es el único miembro del género monotípico Eurymorpha.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Cicindelina

Eurymorpha


Proba de perechi de la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 de la Pyeongchang, Coreea de Sud a avut loc în perioada 14-15 februarie 2018 la Gangneung Ice Arena în Gangneung.

Program
Orele sunt orele Coreei de Sud (ora României + 7 ore).

Rezultate

Programul scurt
Programul scurt a avut loc pe 14 februarie 2018.

Programul liber
Programul liber a avut loc la 15 februarie 2018.

Total
Locurile au fost stabilite conform scorului la total.

TP - Total puncte; PS - Program scurt; SL - Program liber

Referințe

Patinaj artistic la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018

Patinaj artistic la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 - Perechi


المِروَاز أو مقياس الضغط الجوي أو البارومتر جهاز لقياس الضغط الجوي. تستخدم مراكز الأرصاد الجوية مقياس الضغط الجوي لمعرفة التغيرات في ضغط الهواء. وكثيرا ما تعني هذه التغيرات أن الطقس سيتغير. ويمكن استخدام مقياس الضغط الجوي أيضا لقياس الارتفاعات المختلفة حيث يقل الضغط الجوي كلما زاد الارتفاع.

اخترع العالم الإيطالي إيفانجليستا توريشلي مقياس الضغط الجوي عام 1643 م. وكان جهاز توريشلي يتكون من أنبوب زجاجي طويل وضعه مقلوباً وهو مملوء بالزئبق، في كوب من الزئبق فانخفض عمود الزئبق في الأنبوب، وأصبحت قمته على ارتفاع 76 سم فوق سطح الزئبق الذي في الكوب. وظل الزئبق ثابتا في الأنبوب نتيجة لضغط الهواء على سطح السائل في الكوب. وبذلك أثبت توريشلي أن الضغط الجوي يعادل تقريبا وزن عمود من الزئبق طوله 76 سم.

وتقيس مقاييس الضغط الجوي الحديثة الضغط الجوي بالمليمتر الزئبقي أو بوحدة تسمى البار تنقسم إلى ألف مليار. والبار وحدة ضغط في النظام المتري، ويسجل العلماء معظم قياسات الضغط بالمليبار. فمتوسط الضغط الجوي عند مستوى سطح الأرض 1,013 مليبار، وهو يساوي 760 ملم زئبقي.

ولمقارنة قياسات الضغط المأخوذة عند الارتفاعات ودرجات الحرارة المختلفة يُحوِّل العلماء هذه القياسات إلى القيمة التي تساوي الصفر المئوي عند سطح البحر.

حساب قيمة الضغط الجوي
طريقة حساب الضغط الجوي بتجربة تورشيللي كالآتي:

حيث:

: ضغط الهواء عند نقطة.
: كثافة الزئبق.
: ارتفاع عمود الزئبق في الانبوب.
: عجلة الجاذبية الأرضية.

مثال 2
يمكن حساب ارتفاع مبنى عن طريق مقياس الضغط الجوي
بفرض ان ΔP هو الفرق الضغط بين سطح الأرض وقمة المبنى حيث P1 الضغط عند السطح الأرض وP2 الضغط عند قمة المبنى
فيكون ΔP = P1-P2
و عن طريق فك الضغط P إلى قيمته ρgh
إذا ρgh للهواء = (ρgh1 - ρgh2) حيث الكثافة ρ هنا للزئبق وh1 ارتفاع عمود الزئبق للباروميتر عند سطح الأرض وh2 ارتفاع عمود الزئبق عند سطح المبنى ويكون القانون كالتالي :
ρgh=ρgh1-ρgh2
و يكون القانون النهائي هو (ρh=ρ(H1-H2

الأنواع

مقياس فورتين
مقياس فورتين للضغط الجوي (Fortin barometer) هو أحد أنواع الأجهزة الزئبقية المستخدمة في قياس الضغط الجوي، وفي هذا الجهاز يجب ضبط مستوى الزئبق في المستودع لجعله محاذياً لمؤشر ثابت يبدأ من عند تدرج مقياس الضغط.

مقياس كيو
مقياس كيو (Kew barometer) هو جهاز ضغط زئبقي، لا يتطلب ضبط مستوى الزئبق في المستودع - كحال جهاز فورتين- ذلك أن الضغط يمكن ان يقرأ مباشرة من قمة عود الزئبق في أنبوب الزجاج المدرج.

انظر أيضًا
 مانومتر
 رصد التشوه

مراجع

اختراعات إيطالية
استحداثات القرن 17
العلم في 1643
تجهيزات علم الأرصاد الجوية
تطبيقات الزجاج
مقاييس الضغط

مقياس ضغط جوي


Lars Porsena (or Porsenna; Etruscan:  ) was an Etruscan king (lar) known for his war against the city of Rome. He ruled over the city of Clusium (Etruscan: ; modern Chiusi). There are no established dates for his rule, but Roman sources often place the war at around 508 BC.

War against Rome

Lars Porsena came into conflict with Rome after the revolution that overthrew the monarchy there in 509 BC, resulting in the exile of the semi-legendary last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. The deposed monarch, whose family was of Etruscan origin, tried and failed to retake the throne a number of times before appealing to Porsena for assistance, since at that time Clusium was said to be a very powerful Etruscan city.

At this point, however, the histories diverge. According to most mainstream Roman accounts, including Livy, Porsena attacked and besieged Rome, but was sufficiently impressed by particular acts of Roman bravery in defending the city that he chose to make peace. Other accounts, however, suggest that Porsena was at least partially successful in subduing the city. None of the accounts, however, suggests that Tarquinius Superbus was returned to the throne. Thus, if Lars Porsena did indeed capture Rome, he may have done so with the intent of controlling it himself, not restoring the former dynasty.

Accounts of the war include a number of matters directly concerning Porsena.  One story tells that, during his siege of Rome, a Roman youth named Gaius Mucius sneaked into the Etruscan camp with the approval of the Senate, intent on assassinating Porsena. However, when Mucius came into the king's presence, he could not distinguish Porsena from his secretary, who was similarly attired. Mucius stabbed the secretary and then tried to flee. He was immediately captured by the Etruscans and brought before Porsena, whereupon Mucius bluntly declared his identity and his intent. He advised Porsena that he was merely the first of 300 Roman youths who would attempt such a deed, one after another until they succeeded. To prove his valour, Mucius thrust his right hand into a sacrificial fire, thereby earning for himself and his descendants the cognomen Scaevola ("lefty").  Astonished and impressed by the young man's courage, Porsena gave Mucius his freedom and dismissed him from the camp.  According to Livy, Porsena sought peace by treaty immediately afterward.

Another tale of the war concerns the Roman hostages taken by Porsena as part of the treaty.  One of the hostages, a young woman named Cloelia, fled the Etruscan camp, leading away a group of Roman virgins.  Porsena demanded that she be returned, and the Romans consented.  On her return, however, Porsena was so impressed by her bravery that he asked her to choose half the remaining hostages to be freed.  She selected all the youngest Roman boys. Afterwards the Romans gave Cloelia the unusual honour of a statue at the top of the Via Sacra, showing Cloelia mounted on a horse—that is, as an eques.

Livy also recounts that during his own time, public auctions of goods at Rome were by tradition referred to as "selling the goods of king Porsena", and that this somehow relates to the war with Clusium.  Livy concludes most likely it is because, when Porsena departed Rome, he left behind as a gift for the Romans his stores of provisions.

In 507 BC, Porsena once again sent ambassadors to the Roman senate, requesting the restoration of Tarquinius to the throne.  Legates were sent back to Porsena, to advise him that the Romans would never re-admit Tarquinius, and that Porsena should out of respect for the Romans cease requesting Tarquinius' readmittance.  Porsena agreed, telling Tarquinius to continue his exile elsewhere than Clusium.  Porsena also restored to the Romans their hostages, and also the lands of Veii that had been taken from Rome by treaty.  Livy records that, by these matters, a faithful peace between Porsena and Rome was created.

War with Aricia

In 508 BC, after the siege of Rome, Porsena split his forces and sent part of the Clusian army with his son Aruns to besiege the Latin city of Aricia. The Aricians in turn sent for assistance from the Latin League and from Cumae, and the Clusian army was defeated in battle.

Tomb

According to most accounts, Lars Porsena was buried in an elaborate tomb in (or under) the city he ruled. Pliny the Elder describes Porsena's tomb as having a 50 Roman foot high rectangular base with sides 300 feet long (approx. 15 x 89 m). It was adorned by pyramids and massive bells.

Porsena's tomb would have been razed to the ground together with the rest of the city of Clusium in 89 BC by the Roman general Cornelius Sulla.

Fictional treatment

The story of Lars Porsenna and the Roman hostage Cloelia is the basis of the libretto  (1762) by Pietro Metastasio. The French writer Madeleine de Scudéry wrote  in 1661.

Lays of Ancient Rome (1842) by Thomas Babington Macaulay  tells the legendary story of the Roman Horatius defending the bridge into Rome against Lars Porsena's oncoming Etruscan army.

Robert Graves' I, Claudius (1934) features a fictional conversation between the emperor-to-be Claudius and the historians Livy and Pollio about the accuracy of Livy's histories, specifically bringing up the questions of whether Lars Porsena took Rome, and whether the story about Scaevola is true. The Etruscan king also supplies the title of Graves' essay Lars Porsena or The Future of Swearing and Improper Language (1927).

References

Sources

6th-century BC monarchs
Etruscan kings
History of Tuscany
Military personnel of antiquity
People from Chiusi

Lars Porsena


Tjekkiet deltog første gang i olympiske lege som selvstændig nation under Vinter-OL 1994, og har siden deltaget i samtlige efterfølgende sommer- og vinterlege. Tidligere har udøvere fra Tjekkiet deltaget som en del af Böhmen (1900–1912) og Tjekkoslovakiet (1920–1992).

Medaljeoversigt

Eksterne henvisninger
 Tjekkiets OL-statistik  på Sports-reference.com

Tjekkiet ved sommer-OL
Tjekkiet ved vinter-OL
OL

Tjekkiet ved OL


El geniospasmo es un trastorno del movimiento del músculo mentalis.

Aun siendo benigno, puede suponer una exclusión social. Se trata de un desorden genético asociado al cromosoma 9q13-q21 dónde hay movimientos verticales de la barbilla y del labio inferior. Éste consiste en un temblor rápido de aproximadamente 8Hz superpuesto a otro de 3 segundos o mayor amplitud y ocurrencia simétrica al músculo en forma de V. La lengua y el resto de la boca también se pueden ver afectados pero en un grado mucho menor.

Los movimientos siempre están presentes, pero episodios extremos se pueden ver precipitados por el estrés, concentración o emociones. Se inicia en la niñez y en algunas personas con problemas de socialización se puede amplificar.

Se trata de un caso extremadamente raro y en un estudio de 1999 tan sólo se hallaron 25 familias afectadas en todo el mundo, aunque por vergüenza algunos casos se podrían haber subestimado. Es un caso de dominancia hereditaria autosómica agresiva. En por lo menos dos estudios el desorden se encontró repetido dentro de la familia.

El desorden responde muy bien a inyecciones de toxina botulínica regulares en el músculo mentalis que lo paraliza sin causar ningún impedimento en las expresiones faciales o de vocalización.

Referencias

Enfermedades neurológicas

Geniospasmo


El cotinga azul (en Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela y Panamá) (Cotinga nattererii), es una especie de ave paseriforme perteneciente al género Cotinga de la familia Cotingidae. Es nativo de Colombia, el noroccidente del Ecuador, oriente y centro de Panamá y occidente de Venezuela.

Distribución y hábitat
En Venezuela, se encuentra en los claros del bosque tropical, cerca del Lago de Maracaibo y ha sido observado también en los depósitos en los estados Mérida y Táchira. En Colombia, se encuentra a todo lo largo de la costa del Pacífico y el valle del río Magdalena. Es raro en la provincia ecuatoriana de Esmeraldas. En Panamá, se encuentra en el este de la provincia de Colón y al oeste de la de Panamá, cerca de la ciudad de La Chorrera y a menudo se ha visto en los claros de Barro Colorado.

Esta especie es considerada poco común y local en su hábitat natural, el dosel y los bordes de selvas húmedas hasta los 1000 m de altitud.

Descripción
Mide entre 18 y 18,5 cm de longitud y tiene un pico corto y negro. Adulto, su forma se parece a la de una paloma. El dimorfismo sexual es muy pronunciado.

La mayoría del plumaje del macho es de color azul brillante. Tiene anillo ocular negro. Las alas son de color negro, con la excepción de las coberteras pequeñas y cuando aletea, se ven bordes azules en las plumas. En la garganta y la parte superior del pecho, presenta una mancha negra purpúrea. El vientre está decorado con una franja de color púrpura negruzco.

La hembra es de color marrón oscuro en la parte superior. Tiene el plumaje blanco de tejas. Un anillo ocular gris es apenas visible. El pecho es de color de fondo arena y el vientre canela amarillento. Más notoriamente en el pecho, pero también en el vientre, las plumas son más oscuras hacia el centro de manera que parecen escamas. La cola es de color marrón oscuro.

Comportamiento
Generalmente está solitario, preferentemente en las ramas del estrato alto del bosque, pero es posible que varios busquen comida en el mismo árbol frutal. Su vuelo es rápido y sencillo. Generalmente no se oye su canto, y el batir de las alas es la única indicación audible de su presencia.

Referencias

Bibliografía
  (1986) A Guide to the Birds of Colombia: 451. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691083728
  (1992) A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela: 227. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691082059
  (1992) A Guide to the Birds of Panama. With Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras.: 321. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 978-0691025124
  (2001) Birds of Ecuador Field Guide 1: 636. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8720-0
  (2001) Birds of Ecuador Field Guide 2: 550. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7

Enlaces externos

 El Almejal (2009) Foto (macho)
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Cotinga nattererii en The Internet Bird Collection.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Cotinga nattererii en xeno-canto.

nattererii
Aves de América del Sur
Aves de América Central
Animales descritos en 1840
Taxones descritos por Auguste Boissonneau

Cotinga nattererii


El Condado de Calleja es un título nobiliario español creado el 25 de marzo de 1912 por el rey Alfonso XIII a favor de Julián Calleja y Sánchez, Decano de al Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Central.

Condes de Calleja

Historia de los Condes de Calleja

 Julián Calleja y Sánchez (1837-1913), I conde de Calleja.
 Casó con Luisa Quijano y Abarca. Le sucedió su hija:

 Rita Calleja y Quijano (.-1929), II condesa de Calleja.
 Casó con Antonio de Peralta y Lerín. Le sucedió su hijo:

 José Luis de Peralta y Calleja, III conde de Calleja.
 Casó con María del Pilar Álvarez de Cienfuegos y Mercadal.

Nota

En 1991, José Luis Peralta y Álvarez de Cienfuegos, hijo del tercer conde, rehabilitó el título a su favor, pero quedó sin efecto en 2001 por no haber satisfecho el pago del impuesto correspondiente.

Referencias

Calleja

Condado de Calleja


is a city located in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 44,589 in 18,185 households and a population density of 910 persons per km².  The total area of the city is . The between of the border, and neighboring town of Kanie.

Geography

Yatomi is located in the coastal flatlands of far western Aichi Prefecture, bordering Mie Prefecture on the west. It has a short coastline with Mikawa Bay on the Pacific Ocean to the southeast.

Climate
The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa).  The average annual temperature in Yatomi is 15.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1677 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.5 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Yatomi has grown steadily over the past 60 years.

Surrounding municipalities
Aichi Prefecture
Aisai
Kanie
Tobishima
Mie Prefecture
Kuwana
Kisosaki

History

Middle Ages
The area name of Yatomi appears in Kamakura period documents, as part of ancient Owari Province.

Early modern period
During the Edo period, the area was noted for raising ornamental goldfish.

Late modern period
During the Meiji period, the area was organized into villages under Kasai District, Aichi Prefecture, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system.
Kasai District later became Ama District, Aichi.
Yatomi was proclaimed a town on August 26, 1903.

Contemporary history
The Isewan Typhoon of September 26, 1959, created extensive damage to the area.
Efforts to merge Yatomi with the neighboring town of Kanie failed in 2004 over a dispute on the naming of the new entity.

The city of Yatomi was founded on April 1, 2006, from the merger between the former town of Yatomi, absorbing the village of Jūshiyama (both from Ama District).

Government

Yatomi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 16 members. The city contributes two members to the Aichi Prefectural Assembly.  In terms of national politics, the city is part of Aichi District 9 of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

External relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

National
Disaster Alliance city
Urayasu (Chiba Prefecture, Kantō region)
since September 27, 2012

Education

Schools
Yatomi has eight public elementary schools and three public junior high schools operated by the city government, and one public high school operated by the Aichi Prefectural Board of Education. There is also one private high school.

Economy
Yatomi is a regional commercial center, and is noted for hothouse agriculture. Main agricultural products  include rice, wheat, lettuce, tomatoes, and carnations.

Transportation

Railways

Conventional lines
 Central Japan Railway Company
Kansai Main Line: -  -
 Kintetsu
Nagoya Line: -  -
 Meitetsu
Bisai Line:  –  -

Roads

Expressways
 Higashi-Meihan Expressway
 Isewangan Expressway

Japan National Route

Seaways

Seaport
Port of Nagoya
Nabeta wharf

Notable people from Yatomi
 Ōnishiki Daigorō, Sumo Wrestler
 Umanosuke Ueda, professional wrestler and sports commentator

Local attractions

 Nagoya Racecourse

Parks
Tatsuta polder sluice gates
Yatomi Wild Bird Sanctuary
Mitsumata-pond park

References

External links

Cities in Aichi Prefecture
Populated coastal places in Japan
Yatomi, Aichi

Yatomi


ලොවපුරා ජනමාධ්‍යවේදීන් සිය රාප්‍යයන් පිළිබදව වාර්තාකරන අතර එක් එක් රජයන්වල ජනමාධ්‍ය ප්‍රතිපත්තතින් එකනෙකට වෙනසය. බොහෝ බටහිර රටවල මාධළ්‍ය නිදහස ලබාදී ඇති අතර මාධ්‍ය අයිතිවාසකම් හා නිදහස සිමා කිරීමක් සිදු නොවී එහෙත් වෙනත් රටවල පත්‍රකලාවේදීන් පළ කරන හෝ පරේක්ෂණ  කරුනු සිමා කර හැක.

පොදු උත්සතවය,අපරාද,ස්ථාන,මාධ්‍ය සාකච්චා වලට සහභාගිවීමේ අවස්ථාව  මහජන නියෝජිතයක් සහ වෙනත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ පුද්ගලයන් සමග සම්මුක සාමචචා පැවැත්වීමේ අවස්ථාව වැනි සාමාන්‍ය ජනයාට  නොලෙබෙන අවස්ථා පත්‍රකලා වේදීන්ට හිමි වේ එසේ හිමි විද්නේ රජයකට හෝ එහි ප්‍රතිපත්ති වලට පක්ෂව හෝ විපක්ෂව ජනමතයන් ගොඩ නැගිමට සහ ජනතාව නියෝජනය කිරීමට මාධ්‍ය ඇතැයි පිළිගෙන හැකියාව නිසා මේවා පත්‍රකලාවේදීගේ ෙෙනතික අයිතවාසකම් ද වුවද මගින් සුරක්ෂනය කර නැත. සමහර අවස්ථා වලදී එයට  අයතින් ලබා නොදීම  පත්‍රකලාවේදනට දඩුවම් පැමිළණවීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමටරජය ක්‍රියා කරයි.

පත්‍රකලාවේදීන්ට නිල බලපත්‍ර ලබාදෙන රජයන් වල එම බලපත්‍ර වල හරහා අයිතිවාසිකම් සහ වගකිම් පැවැරිය හැකි වුවද එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නිදහස් මාධ්‍ය සම්ප්‍රදාය නිසා රාජ්‍ය මගින් බලපත්‍ර පැවැරීමක් සිදු නොකෙරේ. සමහර ප්‍රාන්ත වල සමහර රාජ්‍ය විමර්ශන වලන් පත්‍රකලාවේනය සුරකිමට නීත පැවතූ රාජ්‍ය එක් එක් ප්‍රාන්තය පත්‍රකලාවේදනය නිර්වචනනය වන ආකාරය වෙනස්වේ.  මෙවැන නීතයක් ජාතික මට්ටමෙන් අවශ්‍ය යැයිද අදහසක් නොතබූ ඇත.

සමහර රට වල පත්‍රකලාවේදීන් සෘජුවම රජයෙන් බදවා ගැනිමට,පාලනය කිරීම සහ වාරනය සිදුකෙරේ. තවත්  රටවල රාජ්‍ය මාද්‍ය නිදහස සුරෙකෙන්නේ යැයි පැවසුවද, අත්ටඩංගුවට ගැනිම,දේපල විනාශ කිරීම,වධහිංසනය,ඝාතණය ආදී තර්ජන හරහා ඔවුන්ට බලපෑම් එල්ල කරයි.

රාජ්‍ය අතර ගැටුම් හෝ  සිවිල් යුද්ධ වාතාරන පත්‍රකලාවේදීන් රජයෙද් ආරක්ෂාවක් බලාපොරොත්තු වීමට  අතහරී. ගැටුමක් අතරදී අත්තඩංගුවට ගත් මාධ්‍ය වේදීන්ට සාමාන්‍ය ජනයා ලෙස සලකන අතර  ඔවුන්ගේ මවුරටේ රාඡ්‍යට භාර දෙනු ලබයි.

පත්‍රකලාවේදය


Gallikós, en , est un village et un ancien dème de Macédoine-Centrale en Grèce. Depuis 2010, il fait partie du dème de Kilkís.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte  tandis que celle du village s'élève à .

La localité tire son nom du  la traversant.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Macédoine-Centrale
Ancien dème en Grèce
Village en Macédoine-Centrale

Gallikós (Kilkís)


Ekran yakalama görüntüsü (İngilizce: screenshot, ; kısaltılmış haliyle ss), çeşitli programlar vasıtası ile ekranda o andaki görüntünün anlık fotoğrafının çekilmesidir. Görüntü yakalama film ve benzeri hareketli görüntülerden gerçekleştirilebilir. Ancak aynı zamanda ekranın video çıkışını kesen bir kamera veya bir cihaz tarafından yapılan bir yakalama olabilir. Çeşitli programlar vasıtası ile yapılabilir (örn. Camtasia vb.) Görüntü o andaki bilgisayar ekranındaki resminin kaydedilmesi için print screen klavye tuşu ile de yapılabilir. Herhangi bir anda bu tuşa basılıp daha sonra Windows işletim sisteminde bulunan paint veya word gibi bir programda resim dosyası olarak düzen yapıştır menüsünden eklenerek kullanılabilir.

1980'lerde, bilgisayar işletim sistemleri genel olarak ekran görüntülerini yakalamak için yerleşik bir işlevsellik sağlamadı. Bazen salt metin ekranlar bir metin dosyasına atılabilir, ancak sonuç görüntünü değil, yalnızca ekranın içeriğini yakalar, grafik ekranları bu yolla korunabilir olmazdı. Bazı sistemlerde, ekran verisinin depolandığı bellek alanını yakalamak için kullanılabilecek bir BSAVE komutu vardı, ancak bu, bir BASIC komut istemine erişmek zorundaydı. Kompozit video çıkışı olan sistemler bir VCR'ye bağlanabilir ve tüm ekran klavyeleri bu şekilde korunmuş olabilir. Kompozit video çıkışı olan sistemler bir VCR'ye bağlanabilir ve screencastlar bu şekilde korunmuş olabilir. Ekran ve takım lensi arasında uzun yansıtma önleyici bir kaputun yanı sıra kamera için bir yakın plan objektifi bulunan standart (film) kameralar için ekran görüntüleri kitleri mevcuttu. Instant film, anlık sonuçlar ve Polaroid fotoğraf makinelerinin yakın odaklama yeteneğinden dolayı ekran görüntülerini çekmek için popülerdi. 1988'de Polaroid, CRT (Katot ışın tüpü) ekranların 4x3 en-boy oranına daha uygun olan 9.2 x 7.3 görüntü boyutuyla Spectra filmi tanıttı.

Ekran görüntüleri, bir programı, bir kullanıcının yaşadığı belirli bir sorunu veya genelde ekran çıktısını başkalarına gösterilmesi veya arşivlenmesi gerektiğinde göstermek için kullanılabilir. Örneğin, bir ekran görüntüsüne e-postayla gönderildikten sonra, bir Web sayfası yazarı sayfalarının farklı bir Web tarayıcısında nasıl göründüğünü görmekten şaşabilir ve düzeltici önlem alabilir.

Farklı sistemlerde ekran görüntüsü

Android
Ekran görüntüsü desteği, Android sürüm 4.0'da (Android Ice Cream Sandwich) eklendi. Farklı model akıllı telefon ve tablet bilgisayarlarda ekran görüntüsü işlevselliğini aşağıdaki kombinasyonlardan biriyle destekledi:
  +  Tuşunu basılı tutun.
  +  Tuşunu basılı tutun.
  basıp basılı tutun ve  tuşuna iki kez hafifçe dokunun.

Ekran Görüntüleri,  +  düğmesine basarak (örn. Sony Xperia) alınabilir ve kısa bir ses ve görsel efektle galerideki "Ekran görüntüsü" klasörüne kaydedilir. Modifiye Android kullanan bazı cihazlarda; Düğme kombinasyonu ve saklama konumu değişebilir.

Sistemli olmayan uygulamalarda ekran görüntülerini programlı olarak almanın doğrudan bir yolu yoktur. Ancak, çoğu cihazda uygulamalar, özel izinler olmaksızın sistem ekran görüntüsü işlevselliğini kullanabilir.

Amazon Kindle
Amazon Kindle cihazlarında bir ekran görüntüsü alabilir:
 Kindle Paperwhite - ekranın üst sol ve sağ alt köşelerinde (veya sağ üst köşe ve sol alt köşeler) dokunun ve basılı tutun. Ekran yanıp sönecek ve görüntü Kindle deposunun kök klasörüne kaydedilecek
 Kindle veya Kindle Touch - Ana Sayfayı basılı tutun ve ardından ekranda herhangi bir yere dokunun.
 Kindle Klavye (Kindle 3 ve Kindle DX) -  +  +  tuşlarına basın.
 Kindle Fire 2 ve Kindle Fire HD (ses düğmesi ile) - Ses seviyesi ve güç düğmesini aynı anda basılı tutun. Fotoğraflara erişmek için Fotoğraf uygulamasını açın.
 Kindle Fire (ses seviyesi düğmeleri yok) - Birinin Kindle Fire'ı Kindle SDK yüklü bir bilgisayara bağlaması ve geliştirme ortamında bir ekran görüntüsü alması gerekir

Chrome OS
Chromebook'ta ve Chrome OS klavye düzenine sahip ilgili cihazlarda, standart bir klavyede  + 'e eşdeğer basıldığında ekranın tamamı çekilir ve  +  + 'in eşdeğeri, farenin ekranın özel bir bölümünü yakalamak için bir dikdörtgen seçme aracı haline getirir.

HP WebOS
Open WebOS'un ekran görüntüleri alınabilir. WebOS telefonları için, aynı anda  +  +  tuşlarına basın. HP Touchpad için Home Key + Power tuşlarına basın. Her iki durumda da, ekran görüntüleri "Fotoğraflar" uygulamasındaki "Ekran görüntüleri" klasörüne kaydedilecek.

iOS
Ana Ekran düğmesine ve Kilit düğmesine aynı anda basarak iOS'ta bir ekran görüntüsü çekilebilir; Ekran yanıp sönecek ve resim kamerada bir kamera varsa "Kamera Döndürme" veya cihazda yoksa "Kayıtlı Fotoğraflar" içerisinde JPG formatında saklanacaktır. Ekran görüntüsü özelliği iOS 2.0 ve sonrası ile kullanılabilir.
 Aygıtının üst kısmındaki veya yanındaki Uyut/Uyandır düğmesine basın ve basılı tutun.
 Hemen Ana Ekran düğmesine basıp bırakın.
 Ekran görüntüsünü bulmak için, Fotoğraflar uygulaması > Albümlere gidin veya Film Rulosuna dokunun.
iOS 12 ve sonraki sürümler için ekran video kaydı alma desteği vardır.

Linux
KDE veya GNOME'da, PrtScr anahtar davranışı Windows'a oldukça benzer. Buna ek olarak, aşağıdaki ekran görüntüleme yardımcı programları Linux dağıtımı ile birlikte verilir:
 GIMP: Ekran görüntülerini de alabilen bir raster grafik editörü
 ImageMagick: Ekran görüntülerini çeşitli biçimlerde yakalayan bir "içe aktarma" komut satırı aracı vardır. Ev dizininize tüm ekranı yakalamak için  import -window root ~ / screenshot.png yazın.
 KSnapshot: KDE'da varsayılan ekran kapma yardımcı programı
 Gnome-screenshot: GNOME'da varsayılan ekran kapma yardımcı programı
 Xwd: X Pencere Sisteminin ekran yakalama yardımcı programı
 Deklanşör: Perl'de yazılan ekran görüntüsü programı

OS X
OS X'te, bir kullanıcı  +  +  tuşlarına veya ekranın seçilen bir bölümüne  +  + tuşlarına basarak tüm ekranın ekran görüntüsünü alabilir. Bu ekran görüntüsü, bir PNG dosyası ile kullanıcının masaüstüne kaydedilir. Kullanıcı Ctrl tuşunu basılı tutarak ya Ctrl tuşunu basılı tutarsa ekran görüntüsü yerine panoya kopyalanır. Mac OS X Panther ile başlayarak, etkin bir uygulama penceresinin bir ekran görüntüsü oluşturmak mümkündür. Boşluk tuşuna basarak  +  + 'ü izleyerek, çapraz saç imleci küçük bir kamera simgesine dönüşür. İmlecin altındaki geçerli pencere vurgulanır ve fare veya izleme dörtgenine tıklama, vurgulanan tüm öğenin ekran görüntüsünü alır (ekran dışı parçalar veya diğer pencereler tarafından kapsanır). Grab adı verilen bir uygulama, 10 saniye sonra seçilen bir alanı, bir bütün pencereyi, tüm ekranı veya tüm ekranı yakalar ve ekran görüntüsünü panoya kopyalamaya veya bir TIFF olarak kaydetmeye hazır bir pencerede açar. Ayrıca öngörülen Önizleme uygulaması, Kepçe ile aynı yakalama seçeneklerine sahiptir, ancak yakalanan görüntüyü hemen yeni bir pencerede açar. Ekran uygulamasını yakalamak ve dosyalara kaydetmek için Terminal uygulamasından veya kabuk komut dosyalarında "screencapture" (/ usr / sbin / screencapture'da bulunur) adlı bir kabuk yardımcı programı kullanılabilir. Ekran görüntüsünün dosya biçimini seçmek, ekran görüntüsünün nasıl yakalanacağını, sesler çalınma vb. Çeşitli seçenekler mevcuttur. Bu yardımcı program yalnızca Mac OS X geliştirici araçları yüklendiğinde kullanılabilir. Bir kullanıcı Apple DVD Oynatıcısı çalışırken ekranı yakalayamaz. Şu tuşları birlikte basılı tutun:  +  +  + . İşaretçi bir kamera simgesine dönüşür. (ekran görüntüsü almayı iptal etmek istiyorsanız Esc (Escape) tuşuna basın)

Yakalamak için pencereyi veya menüyü tıklayın. Pencerenin gölgesini ekran görüntüsünden çıkarmak için, tıklarken Option tuşunu basılı tutun.

ekran görüntünüzün önizlemesi ekranınızın köşesinde görünür, Yakala ekranını düzenlemek için tıklayın. Veya ekran görüntüsünün masaüstünüze kaydedilmesini bekleyebilirsiniz. araç çubuğunu kullan Açmak için  +  +  tuşlarına basın. Tüm ekranı tek bir pencerede veya ekranın herhangi bir bölümünde yakalamayı seçebilirsiniz. ayrıca tüm ekranı veya ekranın herhangi bir bölümünü çizmek için araçlar bulacaksınız. Kişisel Ayarlar Artık bu dürtmelerle fotoğraf çekmeye hazır olduğunuza göre, bir ayna takmak veya depolama konumunuzu değiştirmek gibi yararlı ayarları ve özellikleri bulabileceğiniz seçeneklere tıklayın.

Maemo 5
Maemo 5'te bir ekran görüntüsü aynı anda  +  +  tuşlarına basarak alınabilir. Ekran görüntüleri, dahili bellekteki "Images / Screenshots" bölümünde "Screenshot-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS.png" olarak kaydedilecektir.

Windows
Windows'ta, +  yalnızca etkin pencereyi yakalarken, 'ye basmak tüm masaüstünün bir ekran görüntüsünü yakalar. Yakalanan ekran görüntüleri fare imlecini içermez. Windows, yakalanan bu ekran görüntülerini panoya yerleştirir, bu da ek bir programın bunları panodan alması gerektiğini gösterir. Bununla birlikte, Windows 8'den başlayarak,  +  veya  +  hemen ekran resmini "Pictures" kitaplığındaki "Screenshots" klasörüne kaydeder. Tüm ekran görüntüleri Portable Network Graphics dosyaları olarak kaydedilir. Windows Vista ve sonraki sürümleri, önce Windows XP Tablet PC Edition'da tanıtılan Ekran Alıntısı Aracı adlı bir yardımcı programı içerir. Bir pencerenin, dikdörtgen alanın veya serbest biçimli alanın ekran görüntüsünü ("kenarlar") çekmeyi sağlayan bir ekran yakalama aracıdır. Windows 10'dan başlayarak, Ekran Alıntısı Aracı, bağlam menülerini yakalamak için yararlı olan zaman geciktirme işlevselliğini kazandı. Keskin nişanlar daha sonra açıklama eklenebilir, bir resim dosyası veya bir HTML sayfası olarak kaydedilebilir veya e-postayla gönderilebilir. Bununla birlikte, tablet olmayan XP sürümleriyle çalışmaz, ancak XP uyumlu bir eşdeğerini temsil eder. Windows 7 ve sonrası, sorun giderme platformlarının bir parçası olan Problem Step Recorder'i da içeriyor; sorun giderme platformları, başlatıldıktan sonra fare tıklamalarıyla ekran görüntüsünü otomatik olarak yakalar. Bu yöntemle neyin alınabileceğine dair istisnalar vardır. Örneğin, donanım yer paylaşımı içeriği yakalanmaz. Bu, Windows Media Audio 10 veya önceki sürümünün oynadığı video görüntülerini içerir. Bu nedenle, video oyunlarının ekranlarını yakalamak için özel bir yazılım gerekebilir.

Windows Phone
Windows Phone 8'de, telefonun Güç düğmesini ve Başlat düğmesini basılı tutarak ekran görüntüleri alınabilir. Ekran görüntüleri telefonun ana ekran çözünürlüğünde Fotoğraflar merkezindeki "ekran görüntüleri" altında saklanır. Ekran görüntüsü işlevselliği yalnızca Windows Phone 8 veya daha üst sürümü için kullanılabilir. Windows Phone 8.1 ve sonraki sürümleri için ekran görüntüsü bileşimi, telefonun Güç düğmesi ve Sesi Açma düğmesidir.

Xbox One
Mart 2015 itibarıyla bir Xbox One, Xbox düğmesine çift basarak bir ekran görüntüsü alabilir. Ardından Y düğmesine basarak kaydeder. Bu eylem için eşdeğer ses komutu "Xbox, bir ekran görüntüsü al"dır.

Harici araçlar
 Bandicam
 Bontq
 Grabilla
 Greenshot
 Gyazo
 IrfanView
 Jing
 KSnapshot
 Lightscreen
 Microsoft OneNote
 Microsoft Word
 Monosnap
 PrintKey 2000
 Scrot
 ShareX
 Shotty
 Snagit
 Snapz Pro X
 Softario Captus
 Usersnap
 VVCap
 Window Clippings
 Xfire
 XnView
 Xwd

Genel teknik sorunlar

Donanım kaplamaları
Windows sistemlerinde, oyunların ve medya oynatıcıların ekran görüntüleri bazen başarısız olur ve boş bir dikdörtgen olur. Bunun nedeni, grafiklerin normal ekranı atlaması ve donanım kaplaması olarak adlandırılan bir yöntem kullanarak ekran kartı üzerindeki yüksek hızlı bir grafik işlemcisine geçmesidir. Genel durumlarda, hesaplanan görüntüyü grafik kartından çıkarmanın hiçbir yolu yoktur, ancak yazılım özel durumlarda veya belirli ekran kartları için mevcut olabilir. Genelleştirilmiş, hesaplanmış, görüntülenecek grafik kartından çıkarmak hiçbir yolu yoktur, ancak özel özel veya firma ekran kartları için mevcut olabilir. Pek çok bilgisayarın donanım kaplaması yok olduğundan, çoğu program bunun olmadan çalışacak şekilde inşa edilir, biraz daha yavaştır. Windows XP'de, Görüntü Özellikleri menüsünü açıp "Ayarlar" sekmesini tıklatıp "Gelişmiş", "Sorun Giderme" ve Donanım Hızlandırma Kaydırıcısını "Yok" a tıklatarak devre dışı bırakılır. Ücretsiz yazılım medya oynatıcıları da bindirmeyi kullanabilir, ama çoğu zaman bunu önlemek için ya da ekran fonksiyonları adamış bir ayar olabilir.

Ekran kaydı
Bazı ekran yakalama programlarının ekran kayıt özelliği, talimatlar ve sunular oluşturmak için zamandan tasarruf sağlayan bir yöntemdir, ancak ortaya çıkan dosyalar genellikle büyüktür. Video kayıtlarında sık görülen bir problem, düşük kare hızından dolayı sorunsuz akmak yerine atlar. Her zamankinden daha hızlı olmasına rağmen, sıradan bilgisayarlar videoları oynatacak ve aynı anda 30 kare / sn'lik profesyonel çerçeve hızlarında yakalayacak kadar hızlı değil. Çoğu durumda, yüksek kare hızlarına gerek yoktur. Masaüstü videoyu basitçe yakalamak, video oynatma işleminden çok daha az işlem gücü gerektiriyorsa, bu genellikle bir sorun oluşturmaz ve 30 çerçeve / s'de yakalanması çok mümkündür. Tabii ki bu, masaüstü çözünürlüğüne, yakalanan uygulamaya yönelik işleme gereksinimlerine ve diğer birçok faktöre bağlı olarak değişir.

Telif hakkı sorunları
Bazı şirketler ekran görüntülerinin, programında telif hakkı ihlali olduğuna inanmaktadır; çünkü yazılım için oluşturulan widget'ların ve diğer sanatın türev bir çalışmasıdır. Telif hakkı ne olursa olsun, ekran görüntüleri yine de ABD'de adil kullanım ilkesi kapsamında yasal olarak veya diğer ülkelerdeki adil ticaret ve benzeri yasalar kapsamında kullanılabilir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Print Screen for Microsoft *
 Screenshots Mac
 Shutter
 GNOME Screenshot
 GIMP
 KSnapshot

Ayrıca bakınız
 Test otomasyon
 Screencast

Ekran görüntüsü yazılımı
Grafiksel kullanıcı arayüzü

Ekran görüntüsü


Agenții de rezervă (în ) este un film american polițist/de acțiune/de comedie din 2010. În distribuția filmului sunt actorii Will Ferrell și Mark Wahlberg în rolurile principale; iar în rolurile secundare joacă Michael Keaton, Eva Mendes, Steve Coogan, Ray Stevenson, Dwayne Johnson și Samuel L. Jackson.. Este regizat de Adam McKay.

Filmul este a patra dintre cele cinci colaborări dintre actorul Ferrell și regizorul McKay, după  Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (Un știrist legendar, 2004), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006) și Step Brothers (2008), a cincea colaborare fiind Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues (Un știrist legendar 2, 2013).  Filmul este și a treia colaborare dintre actorii Ferrell și Wahlberg, care a apărut mai târziu în Tata în război cu... tata (2015) și Tata în război cu... tata 2 (2017).

Distribuție

 Will Ferrell - Detectivul Allen "Gator" Gamble
 Mark Wahlberg - Detectivul Terry Hoitz
 Eva Mendes - Dr. Sheila Ramos Gamble
 Michael Keaton - Captain Gene Mauch
 Steve Coogan - Sir David Ershon
 Ray Stevenson - Roger Wesley
 Samuel L. Jackson - Detectivul P.K. Highsmith
 Dwayne Johnson - Detectivul Christopher Danson
 Lindsay Sloane - Francine
 Natalie Zea - Christinith
 Rob Riggle - Detectivul Evan Martin
 Damon Wayans, Jr. - Detectivul Fosse
 Viola Harris - Mama Ramos
 Rob Huebel - ofițer Watts
 Brett Gelman - Hal
 Bobby Cannavale - Jimmy
 Andy Buckley - Don Beaman
 Ben Schwartz - asistentul lui Beaman
 Adam McKay - Dirty Mike
 Zach Woods - Douglas

Cameo

 Anne Heche - Pamela Boardman (necreditat)
 Ice-T - Narrator (voice)  (necreditat)
 Horatio Sanz - proprietar galerie
 Thomas Middleditch - gallery attendee
 Derek Jeter - rolul său
 Brooke Shields - rolul ei
 Rosie Perez - rolul ei
 Tracy Morgan - rolul său

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 2010
Filme regizate de Adam McKay

Agenții de rezervă


Inge blir voksen er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1954 instrueret af Jørgen Roos efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Seksualoplysning om menstruation beregnet på de store piger i folkeskolen, der er ved at blive voksne. Filmen forklarer cyklussen og kommer også ind på, hvilke forholdsregler pigerne skal tage i denne periode.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1954

Inge blir voksen


Cypseloides es un género de aves apodiformes de la familia de los vencejos (Apodidae). Agrupa a nueve
especies.

Especies
Se distinguen las siguientes especies:
 Cypseloides cherriei Ridgway, 1893 -- vencejo cuatro-ojos
 Cypseloides cryptus Zimmer, 1945 -- vencejo barbiblanco
 Cypseloides fumigatus (Streubel, 1848) -- vencejo negruzco
 Cypseloides lemosi Eisenmann & Lehmann, 1962 --vencejo pechiblanco
 Cypseloides niger (Gmelin, 1789) -- vencejo negro
 Cypseloides rothschildi Zimmer, 1945 -- vencejo parduzco
 Cypseloides rutilus -- vencejo cuellirrojo
 Cypseloides senex (Temminck, 1826) -- vencejo canoso
 Cypseloides storeri Navarro, A. T. Peterson, Escalante & Benítez, 1992 -- vencejo frentiblanco

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Géneros de aves

Cypseloides


Giuseppe Raffaelli  (, Catanzaro en Calabre - , Naples) est un jurisconsulte italien.

Biographie
Giuseppe Raffaelli nait le 26 février 1750 à Catanzaro, en Calabre, d'une famille aisée. Après avoir suivi le cours de collège jusqu'en rhétorique, il étudie la philosophie à Naples, puis le droit, et, conseillé par Tanucci, il entre dans la carrière du barreau. Il n'a guère plus de vingt ans lorsqu'il plaide pour la première fois, pour une femme accusée de sorcellerie. Son éloquence est telle que non-seulement la prétendue sorcière est acquittée, mais que le roi Ferdinand IV, ayant reçu de son ministre de la justice une copie du mémoire de Raffaelli, ordonne qu'il soit inséré dans la Collezione delle scritture di regia giurisdizione, où il se trouve au tome 9, et que les tribunaux ferment dès lors l'oreille à toutes les accusations de cette espèce. Ce succès répand rapidement le nom du défenseur, en sorte qu'il devient un des avocats de Naples les plus occupés. Recherché surtout par les administrateurs des communes qui avaient à se plaindre de l'empiétement des seigneurs, il prend, dans l'espace de peu d'années, la défense d'un nombre considérable d'entre elles. Compromis ensuite dans les événements politiques, il est condamné à l'exil en 1799. Après Un séjour de quelques mois à Turin, il se fixe à Milan, où il est nommé en 1801 professeur de droit public (chaire qu'a précédemment occupée l'illustre Cesare Beccaria), puis en 1805 membre des commissions législatives du royaume d'Italie. Dans l'intervalle, il publie le discours prononcé à l'occasion de l'ouverture de son cours et un ouvrage intitulé Progetto e motivi del nuovo codice. Ses emplois ne l'empêchent pas d'exercer la profession d'avocat, et plusieurs de ses plaidoyers obtiennent un grand succès. Nous citerons les deux qu'il compose en faveur d'un musicien célèbre et des Polonais, plaidoyers qui sont imprimés et ont différentes éditions en peu de mois. Rappelé à Naples en 1808 par le roi Joachim, Raffaelli est fait chevalier de l'Ordre royal des Deux-Siciles, puis nommé procureur général près la cour de cassation. Deux ans plus tard, il entre au conseil d'État, dans la section de législation, dont il devient ensuite président, et est chargé de traduire en italien le code civil français. Son travail est imprimé ; mais il n'obtient pas l'approbation du gouvernement. Raffaelli fait en outre partie des commissions établies pour l'élection de la nouvelle magistrature, pour l'exécution des lois qui abolissent le régime féodal et pour la réforme des lois pénales. Le conseil d'État ayant été supprimé au retour des Bourbons, Raffaelli passe dans la commission consultative suprême, au conseil des grâces, et est du nombre des jurisconsultes auxquels on confie la rédaction d'un nouveau code ; mais il renonce en 1819 à tous ses emplois, et se retire dans sa maison de campagne, où il écrit la Nomotesia penale (Naples, 1820-1825, 5 vol. in-8°), qui, comme le titre l'indique, enseigne la science de faire de bonnes lois sur les délits et les peines. Les cinq volumes qui sont publiés ne contiennent que les trois premières parties, et il s'apprêtait à en donner la continuation lorsqu'il meurt en février 1826, à l'âge de 76 ans. Raffaelli est membre de l'académie italienne et de plusieurs autres sociétés savantes.

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Juriste italien du XVIIIe siècle
Juriste italien du XIXe siècle
Naissance en février 1750
Décès en février 1826

Giuseppe Raffaelli


Serial number එසේත් නැතිනම් අනු අංකයක් යනු හඳුනාගැනීම සඳහා භාවිතා කරන අංක පද්ධති ක්‍රමයකි.

Serial number


PAR.DEV.I SA - Participation et Développement Industriel, était une société holding créée en octobre 1968 par Michelin SA et le groupe italien Fiat SpA pour gérer la participation de Michelin dans le constructeur français Citroën SA (55%) qui comprend alors la marque automobile Citroën et la marque de véhicules industriels Berliet. L'objectif étant la cession par Michelin de sa filiale Citroën au géant italien Fiat.

Rappel historique
Citroën est un constructeur automobile fondé en 1919 par André Citroën, né d'un père néerlandais et d'une mère polonaise à Paris le 5 février 1878. Il sera orphelin de père à 7 ans.

En 1901, âgé de 23 ans, il s'associe avec André Boas et Jacques Hinstin, un camarade du lycée Condorcet, avec qui il investit une grande partie de l'héritage de ses parents pour fonder la société « Citroën, Hinstin et Cie », spécialisée dans la fabrication d'engrenages, faubourg Saint-Denis dans le  de Paris. Lorsque la Première guerre mondiale éclate, l'usine se convertit dans la fabrication d'obus de 75.

En 1919, peu après la fin du conflit, après avoir démantelé l'outillage de fabrication d'obus, André Citroën décide de créer sa propre marque d'automobiles. Pour cela, il reprend le constructeur automobile Mors dont il était le directeur général et administrateur depuis 1906. Il lance le premier modèle de la marque : la Citroën Type A.  En 1919, La production quotidienne est de 30 voitures, soit 2.810 véhicules dans l'année qui deviendront 12.244 en 1920.

En 1924, Citroën entame une collaboration avec l'ingénieur américain Edward Gowan Budd, qui a développé des carrosseries tout en acier pour les voitures des chemins de fer et pour des constructeurs automobiles américains comme Dodge. À partir de 1925, Citroën abandonne la structure bois et réalise sa première carrosserie « tout acier » entièrement fermée.

En France, Citroën devient un pionnier en matière de fordisme et de taylorisme avec ses voitures bon marché, mais aux marges trop faibles pour compenser les coûts de développement très importants et ruineux en pleine période d'entre deux guerres mondiales et de « crise économique des années 1930 ».

C'est pendant cette période que la filiale de la banque Lazard à Paris va jouer un rôle très majeur dans plusieurs sociétés industrielles françaises, auréolée de sa présence chez Citroën. Dès 1927, la banque apporte au constructeur automobile les fonds indispensables dont il a besoin et renégocie sa dette. La banque va jusqu'à lui racheter la société Sovac, une filiale spécialisée dans la vente d'automobiles à crédit, ce qui lui permettra de toucher de nouveaux clients. Peu après, elle va entrer à son capital et disposer de trois membres au conseil d'administration :
Raymond Philippe, André Meyer et Paul Frantzen.

Les résultats financiers de Citroën sont, de manière persistante toujours dans le rouge et les relations avec la banque se tendent jusqu'à arriver à une rupture. En 1934, la banque refuse tout nouveau crédit ce qui provoque la faillite de Citroën avec un niveau d'endettement jamais connu du fait des pertes financières chroniques. Le 21 décembre 1934, Citroën est mis en liquidation judiciaire. Pour éviter la disparition de l'entreprise, le principal créancier, Michelin, reprend la société, sauve les 250.000 emplois, calme 1.500 créanciers et les milliers de petits porteurs mécontents. La gestion de Citroën est confiée à Pierre Michelin dont la mission première va consister à rembourser les dettes accumulées par André Citroën.

Pierre Michelin valide le lancement commercial de la Traction Avant en version 7 et 11 CV. La version 22 CV à moteur V8 voulue par André Citroën ne verra jamais le jour, en raison de son coût trop élevé et de ses trop nombreuses pièces spécifiques très chères à fabriquer. De plus, les prototypes de la 22 avaient un comportement routier assez « aléatoire », deux exemplaires de tests ont été entièrement détruits dans des accidents.

Cette même année, Michelin lance le projet de la Citroën 2CV dont le but était de « motoriser » la France rurale, mais surtout vendre plus de pneus ! En effet, si Michelin a choisi de racheter Citroën, c'est parce qu'à l'époque, il était le premier constructeur français et un de ses plus gros clients. Telle était la logique de départ du projet 2CV ! C'est aussi l'origine d'un partenariat d'exclusivité. Toutes les voitures neuves Citroën seront chaussées de pneumatiques Michelin.

En 1938, Citroën étend la gamme Traction vers le haut en lançant la 15 CV à moteur 6 cylindres. Cette année là, les ouvriers voulaient obtenir une augmentation de salaire mais, face au refus de Pierre Michelin, les salariés de toutes les usines Citroën se mettent en grève.

Le 1er septembre 1939, Citroën s'apprête à lancer la 2CV au Salon de Paris. Une présérie de 250 exemplaires a déjà été produite. Quelques jours plus tôt, le 28 août 1939, l'Administration des Mines avait donné son agrément pour sa commercialisation mais avec une mention juste passable, de nombreux composants essentiels s'étaient montrés très fragiles. Le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale va compromettre ce lancement. Les prototypes et les 250 exemplaires de présérie furent détruits ou cachés en Auvergne par une équipe d'ingénieurs. On ne sait pas s'ils voulaient les cacher aux nazis ou les protéger des potentiels bombardements. Après une refonte du projet, la voiture deviendra, en 1948, la 2CV Type A.

Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les usines Citroën vont tourner au ralenti en 1941 et 1942 et seront complètement arrêtées en 1943, du fait des bombardements alliés sur Paris.

En 1955, Citroën renforce un peu plus sa réputation de constructeur à l'innovation technologique en sortant la DS, équipée d'un système de suspension hydropneumatique qui fera sa légende. La DS était dotée d'une direction assistée, de freins hydrauliques (disques à l'avant) et également d'une boîte semi-automatique à commande hydraulique, le tout animé par une seule et unique pompe haute pression qui laissera les clients en panne pour une simple fuite d'huile.

En 1965, Citroën prend le contrôle de Panhard dans l'espoir d'utiliser le savoir faire de la marque pour les voitures de milieu de gamme afin de combler les lacunes de la gamme Citroën qui manquait de modèles entre la 2CV et les DS / ID. Les finances du constructeur sont toujours exsangues ce qui l'oblige à repousser sans cesse le développement de nouveaux modèles pour remplacer les existants devenus obsolètes. La seule solution consisterait à négocier un partenariat technologique avec un autre constructeur dynamique. Un accord avec la Régie Renault est exclu et Peugeot est un constructeur trop traditionnel. Seule la piste étrangère est retenue viable.

Les accords entre Michelin et Fiat
Au début de l'année 1968, lors d'une énième réorganisation de sa structure financière, la "Société anonyme André Citroën" est renommée Citroën SA, société mère regroupant une vingtaine de filiales. Cette réorganisation va faciliter les négociations avec le géant italien Fiat dans le cadre d'accords techniques, commerciaux et financiers et d'une prise de participation souhaitée par Michelin. Les négociations techniques sont menées par Pierre Bercot, alors président de Citroën SA, remplacé, en 1971, par François Rollier.

En octobre 1968, le projet est annoncé officiellement, avec la création de la société holding PAR.DEV.I S.A. (Participation et Développement Industriel), qui dispose des 55 % du capital de Citroën SA détenus par Michelin. A l'origine, Michelin devait détenir 63 % de PARDEVI et Fiat 37 %, ce qui veut dire que Fiat détiendrait 15 % de Citroën. Cela semblait acceptable pour le gouvernement français, très attentif à la préservation de l'industrie française, mais compréhensif des besoins de technologies et finances étrangères. En fait, pour valider cet accord, les autorités françaises ont imposé à Fiat de céder sa filiale française Simca.

Dès la validation complète de cet accord, l'étude d'un nouveau modèle de milieu de gamme qui faisait tant défaut à Citroën, débute. C'est le "Projet Y". Le "Projet Y" devait intégrer un certain nombre de composants Fiat dont la plateforme de la future Fiat 127.

En 1969, les accords commerciaux avec Fiat deviennent aussi opérationnels : le réseau Citroën va distribuer la marque Autobianchi, une des nombreuses filiales automobiles du géant italien, en France, Suisse, Belgique et Portugal, tandis que le réseau Autobianchi va distribuer les modèles Citroën en Italie.

Cette même année, Citroën rachète Maserati, petit constructeur italien de voitures de sport en difficulté, pour utiliser son excellent moteur V6. Citroën peut alors lancer la SM en 1970. Cette voiture a nécessité un tel niveau d'investissement que le département GT à lui seul n'aurait pu le soutenir.

Le 28 juillet 1970, la société PARDEVI S.A. est créée. Michelin apporte sa participation de 55% dans le capital de Citroën SA qui comprend les constructeurs Citroën et Berliet mais la répartition Michelin / Fiat n'est plus la même : Michelin ne détient que 51 % de PARDEVI tandis que Fiat est monté à 49 %. Pour expliquer cette évolution de la répartition, il faut prendre en compte l'évolution négative de la situation financière de Citroën depuis 1968, embourbé dans des projets gourmands en capitaux (rachat de Maserati, projet SM et la société Comotor (moteur rotatif Wankel). De plus, les états d'esprit ont changé. La famille Michelin s'est définitivement lassée de cette filiale automobile ruineuse et sent bien que l'avenir du secteur automobile ne peut passer que par des alliances, des croissances externes et une présence internationale. Citroën seul n'a pas la taille suffisante ni le potentiel financier pour relever les défis du futur alors que le groupe italien Fiat se complet dans le même leitmotiv depuis l'arrivée de Gianni Agnelli à sa tête : croissance et internationalisation. Après avoir construit la plus grosse usine du monde à Togliattigrad en URSS, Fiat Auto a racheté Lancia en 1969 et pris 50 % de Ferrari la même année, l'heure est toujours plus à l'offensive internationale avec son installation au Brésil. Michelin et Fiat partagent une culture commune : celle de l'entreprise industrielle et familiale qui facilite les discussions et les visions communes.

Le bilan de Citroën est terrible. Des années de recherche sans résultats tangibles sur le moteur rotatif Wankel, la dispersion de son activité dans de trop nombreux domaines (poids lourds, hélicoptère à moteur Wankel), l'erreur stratégique de ne pas avoir proposé de modèles de milieu de gamme jusqu'au lancement de la GS en 1970 et enfin les coûts de développement faramineux des GS, CX, SM, Birotor, ont creusé une dette abyssale. À l'aube des années 1970, la marque ne peut plus faire face financièrement à toutes ces dépenses. Le coup de grâce est porté par le choc pétrolier de 1973, qui enterre la SM et augmente les frais généraux liés à l'automobile.

Michelin jette l'éponge et veut vendre Citroën
Michelin, actionnaire majoritaire de la marque aux chevrons depuis 40 ans, décide d'accélérer la vente de sa participation au groupe italien Fiat, comme le prévoyaient les accords signés lors de la création de PARDEVI S.A., ce qui va faire de Fiat l'actionnaire majoritaire de Citroën SA avec 55% du capital et la totalité de Berliet qui doit être intégré dans Fiat V.I..

Le géant transalpin ne pourra pas y parvenir. Contrairement aux accords validés, le gouvernement français met son veto à la cession à Fiat. Face à cette opposition et au revirement du gouvernement français, Fiat revend immédiatement à Michelin sa participation de 49 % dans PARDEVI S.A.. Michelin se retrouve en difficulté, sans partenaire industriel, commercial et financier pour affronter la crise pétrolière. Les coûts de développement de la technologie Wankel ont explosé et les nouvelles normes américaines sont impossibles à respecter sur la SM ce qui prive la voiture de son principal marché (1/4 de la production des SM en 1973). La concurrence de Renault et Peugeot sur le marché français est de plus en plus forte, la DS est en fin de vie et la nouvelle CX n'est pas encore prête pour être lancée sur le marché. L'avenir est sombre, les finances sont exsangues, et Michelin ne peut ni ne veut recapitaliser sa filiale.

En 1974, Citroën SA est déclaré en faillite. Mais le gouvernement va faire pression sur Peugeot pour reprendre son concurrent, ce qui sera effectif en 1975. Citroën est intégré au sein du nouveau groupe PSA dans la douleur, et le rachat de Chrysler Europe en 1978 va encore compliquer la donne. Mais « cocorico », l'honneur est sauf, puisque Citroën reste français ! En 2021, Fiat propose une fusion à Renault qui n'est pas souhaitée par le gouvernement français, puis à PSA qui l'accepte. PSA est englobé dans le groupe Fiat Auto qui est renommé Stellantis dont le PDG est John Elkann patron de Fiat et le Directeur Général, Carlos Tavares. L'histoire reprend toujours ses droits.

Le gouvernement français, pour sauver la marque Citroën tout en refusant de la laisser tomber en mains étrangères, force Peugeot à absorber Citroën en 1975. C'est la naissance du groupe PSA Peugeot Citroën. Pour éviter de trop s'endetter, PSA revend Maserati à De Tomaso en mai 1975. Le plan d'action gouvernemental impose aussi la vente de Berliet à Saviem, qui n'en voulait pas, pour concentrer le secteur français des véhicules industriels, ce qui va conduire à la création de Renault Véhicules Industriels - RVI. Le groupe suédois Volvo prendra une participation de 20% dans RVI qu'il rachètera intégralement en 2001 et renommera RVI : Renault Trucks le 6 février 2002.

Michelin cédera le 3 mars 2006 le solde de sa participation (1,2%) dans PSA encore détenue à travers PARDEVI S.A..

Notes et références

Bibliographie
Citroën et le citroënisme : essai historique sur la passion automobile et l'innovation, Au Pont 9, , Paris, 2020. Joël Broustail
Citroën, essai sur 80 ans d'antistratégie, Vuibert, , Paris, 2000[6]. Joël Broustail (avec R.Greggio)
 Un témoignage sur le travail dans une usine Citroën : Robert Linhart, L'Établi, éditions de Minuit, 1978.
 CITROËN. Par ceux qui l'ont fait. Un siècle de travail et de luttes, Collectif, Les Éditions de l'Atelier, 2013.
 Le jour où Gianni Agnelli et Fiat faillirent racheter Citroën

Citroën
Michelin
Fiat
Holding
Entreprise fondée en 1970

PARDEVI


Hvatište, (engl. point of application) u fizici, je točka fizikalnog tijela u kojoj djeluje sila. Primjerice, hvatište sile teže u težištu je tijela, hvatište težine u ovjesištu ili uporištu, a hvatište je uzgona u geometrijskom središtu uronjenoga dijela tijela. Ako se hvatište pomiče duž pravca djelovanja sile na kruto tijelo, posljedice se djelovanja sile ne mijenjaju. Ako na kruto tijelo djeluje spreg sila ili više sila različitog smjera i hvatišta, tijelo se vrti.

Grafičko predočivanje sile
Svaka sila ima svoje hvatište, veličinu (jakost ili intenzitet), pravac i smjer u kome djeluje. Tako na primjer sila teža, kojom Zemlja privlači sva fizikalna tijela, djeluje okomito prema središtu Zemlje. Točka u kojoj sila djeluje zove se hvatište sile, a njen pravac - pravac djelovanja. Smjer sile određujemo strelicom. Tako je na slici točka A hvatište sile. Grafičku silu predočujemo dužinom i smjerom u određenom mjerilu.

Sila je, dakle, određena:
 pravcem djelovanja,
 hvatištem,
 smjerom,
 veličinom (jakošću ili intenzitetom).

Ovakve veličine koje su određene svojom veličinom (jakošću ili intenzitetom) i smjerom zovu se vektori. To su na primjer sila, brzina, ubrzanje i tako dalje. Ostale veličine koje nemaju smjera, a potpuno su određene svojom veličinom (jakošću ili intenzitetom), zovu se skalari. To su na primjer temperatura, vrijeme i tako dalje.

Poučak o premještanju hvatišta sile
Uzmimo da na neko kruto tijelo djeluje sila  u točki A. U pravcu u kojem ta sila djeluje možemo zamisliti u točki B dvije sile  i  koje su međusobno jednake, a jednake i sili , ali suprotnoga smjera. Ovu pretpostavku možemo učiniti zato što se sile  i  poništavaju, odnosno što si drže ravnotežu. Također se tako poništavaju i sile  i , pa ostaje samo sila . To je isto kao da smo silu  premjestili iz hvatišta A u hvatište B. Odatle zaključujemo da hvatište sile možemo premjestiti u bilo koju točku u pravcu njena djelovanja.

Izvori

Klasična mehanika

Hvatište


Bonarcado (sardinski: Bonàrcadu) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Oristanu u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 284 metra i ima 1 597 stanovnika. Prostire se na 28,41 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 56 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Bauladu, Bessude, Borutta, Milis, Mores, Paulilatino, Santu Lussurgiu i Seneghe.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Oristano

Bonarcado


Crkva sv. Jurja nalazi u Gdinju, općina Jelsa, otok Hvar.

Opis
Crkva sv. Jurja je jednobrodna građevina s kvadratičnom apsidom i u produžetku poligonalnom sakristijom, dimenzije cca 9 / 26 metara. Crkva je neostilska građevina građena klesancima u horizontalnim redovima, a uglovi građevine istaknuti su plitkim lezenama. Na zapadnom pročelju je portal neobaroknog oblikovanja sa zabatnim završetkom iznad nadvoja, jednostavnom kružnom rozetom i zidanim trodijelnim zvonikom na preslicu. Zvonik je opremljen s tri zvona proizvedena u Ljubljani, veliko zvono datira iz 1900. godine, a ostala dva iz 1925. Na sjevernom i južnom pročelju crkve su po tri izdužena prozora polukružnog završetka, ukrašeni klesanim nadvojima. Crkva ima kamenu profiliranu strehu i dvostrešni krov s pokrovom od utorenog crijepa, građena je kamenom lokalnog podrijetla, dok su klesani elementi izvedeni od korčulanskog kamena. U unutrašnjosti je crkva ožbukana, s horizontalnim plafonom ukrašenim profilacijama i kamenim podom. Na istoku je svetište u kojem je Pavao Bilinić 1907. godine izradio glavni oltar u mramoru, s kipovima sv. Jurja i suzaštitnika crkve sv. Kvirina i sv. Bonifacija. Na zapadu je drveni kor postavljen na dva kamena stupa. U brodu crkve su dva oltara, uz sjeverni zid crkve je oltar posvećen Gospi Ružarici, pretpostavlja se Bilinićev rad, dok je uz južni zid postavljen oltar Srca Isusova, kojeg je 1908. godine izradio kipar i altarist Josef Obletter iz Tirola, izrađen u polikromiranom drvu. Na tom su oltaru postavljeni kipovi Isusa, sv. Antuna Padovanskog i sv. Spiridona, na antependiju je prikaz Posljednje večere, a isti je autor izradio i Gospin kip na sjevernom oltaru, ophodno raspelo i dva para anđela klanjatelja. Od ostalih umjetnina u crkvi se nalaze kip Djetića u jaslicama iz 1907. godine, rad zavoda Artigianalli iz Trenta, uljena slika Božjeg groba autora Krafta iz 1889. godine i križni put nabavljen 1908. godine u Splitu. U crkvi se čuva i preostali inventar stare crkve sv. Jurja, među kojima se ističu oltarna pala autora Vicka Pellegrinija iz 1778. godine, drveni kipovi Gospe i sv. Antuna (oko 1700. godine), krstionica iz 1767. godine, te srebrnina (kalež, moćnik, ophodno raspelo, pokaznica) iz 16. – 18. stoljeća. Prostor oko crkve ograđen je kamenim zidom, a na uglu je postavljen kameni križ donesen s prostora "šimatorija" (groblja) uz staru crkvu sv. Jurja.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-7219 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Juraj, Gdinj, nova
Gdinj
Juraj, Gdinj

Crkva sv. Jurja u Gdinju (nova)


Pontefract cakes (also known as Pomfret cakes and Pomfrey cakes) are a type of small, roughly circular black sweet measuring approximately  wide and   thick, made of liquorice, originally manufactured in the Yorkshire town of Pontefract, England.

Name

The original name for these small tablets of liquorice is a "Pomfret" cake, after the old Norman name for Pontefract. However, that name has fallen into disuse and they are now almost invariably labelled "Pontefract cakes".  The term "cake" has a long history. The word itself is of Germanic origin, from the Germanic "kakâ" (cook).

History
The exact origins of liquorice growing in England remain uncertain.  However, by the 16th century there is record of the activity, possibly via monastic gardens and as a garden crop for the gentry. During the 17th century it was recorded as being grown in areas with alluvial soil overlying magnesian limestone such as in Surrey, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire. Camden's Britannia of 1637 noted the crop in Worksop and Pontefract.  By 1780 liquorice growing was concentrated almost wholly in Pontefract and in Surrey, around Godalming.

In Pontefract the growing of liquorice was done on plots of land behind people's houses.  In a map of the 1648 Siege of Pontefract (reproduced by Chartres) the liquorice is indicated as being grown in "garths" either side of Micklegate, the street which runs between Pontefract's Market Place and the castle.

In the 18th century liquorice was used as a medicine both for humans and for horses. The Pontefract cake "was almost certainly a black cake, the portable lozenge used to make 'liquorish water', stamped with the castle lodge emblem of Pontefract to signify quality. This trade mark had been employed on Pontefract cakes since 1612, when the initials 'GS' were used, and are thought to be those of Sir George Savile, major local landowner; and a second die-stamp from 1720."  It was only in the 19th century that it was used extensively for confectionery. Of the merchants in the 18th century, apothecary chemist George Dunhill (later bought by German confectioner Haribo) was the most important.  In 1760, Dunhill added sugar to the medicinal liquorice; he was also a grower of liquorice. It was not until 1810, that Firth Confectioners (eventually known as Ewbanks) joined Dunhill in producing sweet liquorice.

With the growth of Pontefract cakes as confectionery the demand for liquorice outstripped the capacity of Pontefract growers to supply. By the late 19th century the 12 firms producing liquorice confectionery relied mainly on extract imported largely from Turkey.

Production and design
Originally, the sweets were embossed by hand with a stamp, to form their traditional look (the workers who did this were known as "cakers" and were able to produce upwards of 30,000 per day), but now they are usually machinery formed. The embossed stamp was originally a stylised image of Pontefract Castle with a raven on the top bar, which is thought to have been in use for almost 400 years. When the first secret ballot in the United Kingdom was held in Pontefract on 15 August 1872, the ballot box used was sealed using a Pontefract cake stamp from Frank Dunhill's factory, which shows the image of a castle and an owl.

Health warning
In 2004, healthcare professionals warned against overindulgence in Pontefract cake after a 56-year-old woman was admitted to hospital following an overdose.  The woman consumed about  daily, leading to dangerously low potassium levels and subsequent muscle failure.  Earlier in 2004, the European Commission had recommended limiting consumption of the active ingredient, glycyrrhizic acid, to 100 mg or less per day.

Literary references
In Elizabeth Gaskell's 1866 novel Wives and Daughters, Mr Gibson, the local doctor and one of the main characters, says in discussion with the father of one of his apprentices:

"Must my boy make the pills himself then?" asked the major ruefully.

"To be sure. The youngest apprentice always does. It's not hard work. He'll have the comfort of thinking he won't have to swallow them himself. And he'll have the run of the pomfret cakes, and the conserve of hips, and on Sundays he shall have a taste of tamarinds to reward him for his weekly labour at pill making."

References

Liquorice (confectionery)
British confectionery
Yorkshire cuisine
Pontefract

Pontefract cake


Yoyogi National Gymnasium (japansk: 国立代々木競技場) er en sportsarena, der ligger i Yoyogi Park i Shibuya, Tokyo. Arenaen blev opført til de olympise lege i 1964, hvor svømmekonkurrencerne blev afholdt. I et separat anneks til bygningen blev basketball konkurrencen afholdt under de olympise lege i 1964. Arenaen er udpeget til at huse afviklingen af håndboldkonkurrencerne under de olympise lege i 2020.

Kapaciteten for arenaen er 13.291 personer, hvor der er 9.079 ståpladser, 4.124 siddepladser og 88 loger.
Arenaen anvendes til hverdag mest til ishockey, basketball og indendørs fodbold.

Referencer

Shibuya
Arenaer
Olympiske anlæg

Yoyogi National Gymnasium


is the lead singer of Japanese pop group Every Little Thing.

Biography
Mochida began her career as a child actress, appearing in magazines and TV commercials. She then became a member of the second generation of idol group The Kuro Buta All-Stars, and entered the entertainment world as  (Kaori Mochida, with Kaori written in hiragana). Shortly after, she released her first single as a solo artist, titled "Mō Ichido" in November 1993. She didn't decide to become a singer professionally until she was in high school.

In 1995, she met Mitsuru Igarashi, and signed to the Avex label. At first she was meant to debut as a solo artist, but as Max Matsuura suggested, she then formed a duo with Igarashi, and then a trio when Ichiro Ito was incorporated as a guitarist. They debuted in 1996 with "Feel My Heart". Following her debut with Every Little Thing, Mochida became a popular fashion icon in Japan, and started to appear in TV commercials for a wide variety of beauty products. The spots that she starred in usually used the songs of her band as background music. After the departure of Mitsuru Igarashi from Every Little Thing in 2000, Mochida started to take more control in the music making process, and soon started to write her own songs. The first song for Every Little Thing that she wrote lyrics for was "All along" included in the Time to Destination album, and the first song she composed was "Jump", released as a single in 2001.

She did not release any solo music until 2002, when she participated in the Avex charity project Song+Nation, where she recorded the song "In Case of Me", produced by Tetsuya Komuro. In 2004, she released "Itsunomanika Shōjo wa", a cover single of Yosui Inoue which was produced by the musician himself. In 2006, she wrote Haruka Ayase's debut single "Period" along with Takeshi Kobayashi, and in 2007, she wrote "Sarai no Kaze" for May and "Going Back Home" for Mika Nakashima. This year she also provided vocals for Dragon Ash's song "Wipe Your Eyes", song that also had a promotional video despite not being released as a single.

In 2009, Kaori Mochida's solo career officially started, and she started to work on her first solo album. She released her first official solo single, "Ame no Walts", on January 28, 2009. The song was credited as a collaboration between Mochida and Sakerock, a Japanese instrumental band. In March she and Takao Tajima from Original Love formed a special group called Caocao, and recorded a cover of "Kojin Jugyo" by Finger 5. The song was used as theme song for the movie Oppai Volleyball. In July she released a double A-side single entitled "Shizuka na Yoru/Weather", and a month later, on August 12, she released her first solo album, Moka. The album featured collaborations with several artists, such as Lisa Ono, Ikuko Harada, Yuichi Ohata, Bic Runga, ohashiTrio, and Sean Lennon. It debuted at number 9 in the Oricon charts and enjoyed moderated success.

On August 25, 2009, her second album, Niu, was released. The album had no commercial singles, except for a CD single of "Green", that was included in a special edition of fashion magazine Journal Standard. For this album she made her first domestic solo tour between September and October.

On August 1, 2012, her third solo album Manu a Manu was released. The song "Utsukushiki Uruwashiki Hibi", which was released as single from the album in June 2012, was used as theme song for TV Tokyo drama Cleopatra na Onna-tachi, which started airing in April of the same year.

Solo discography

Albums
 Moka (2009)
 Niu (2010)
 Manu a Manu (2012)
 10 to 10 (2019)

Singles

Other appearances

Other works
 Mochida provided vocals for the song "In Case of Me" on the 2002 charity album Song Nation. "In Case of Me" was written by Tetsuya Komuro and produced by Komuro and Max Matsuura.
 In 2006, Mochida along with Takeshi Kobayashi wrote the lyrics for the single  by Haruka Ayase.

References

External links

 Nippop Profile|Every Little Thing

1978 births
20th-century Japanese composers
21st-century Japanese composers
Anime composers
Anime musicians
Avex Group artists
Every Little Thing (band) members
Japanese women composers
Japanese women musicians
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese women singer-songwriters
Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese idols
Japanese child actresses
Living people
Singers from Tokyo
20th-century Japanese women singers
20th-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese singers
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers

Kaori Mochida


The 1996 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 3 March 1996, to elect the 6th  of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 257 seats in the Senate.

Ever since forming a minority government after its victory in the 1993 election, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) had been rocked by the unveiling of a string of corruption scandals, including the party's illegal financing, misuse of public funds to pay for undeclared bonuses to party officials and allegations of state terrorism. The 1996 election was triggered following the withdrawal of parliamentary support from Convergence and Union (CiU) to the Socialist government of Felipe González in mid 1995.

The election resulted in the first PSOE defeat in a general election since 1982, but predictions of a landslide of the opposition José María Aznar's People's Party (PP) failed to materialize. The PP had been widely expected to make gains after resounding wins in the 1994 European Parliament election and 1995 local and regional elections, with polls suggesting Aznar winning an outright overall majority or coming short of it by few seats would be the most likely scenario. Instead, the election turned into the closest result between the two major parties in the Spanish democratic period to date; a PSOE comeback, fueled by a strong 77.4% voter turnout, the highest scored ever since, left the PP leading by just 1.2 percentage points and 300,000 votes, falling 20 seats short of an absolute majority. Julio Anguita's United Left (IU) also failed to meet expectations, despite scoring their best overall result in a general election since the Communist Party of Spain (PCE)'s results in 1979.

At 156 seats, this would be the worst performance for a winning party in the democratic period until the PP's result in the 2015 election. As a consequence of the election result, Aznar was forced to tone down his attacks to Catalan and Basque nationalists in order to garner their support for his investiture. After two months of negotiations, agreements were reached with CiU, the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) and Canarian Coalition (CC), enabling for José María Aznar to become prime minister of a centre-right minority cabinet, marking the end of  years of Socialist government.

Overview

Electoral system
The Spanish  were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override. Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting. The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.

Election date
The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the prime minister did not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The decree was to be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election was held on 6 June 1993, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 6 June 1997. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 13 May 1997, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 6 July 1997.

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot. Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of  there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

After Convergence and Union (CiU) withdrew their confidence and supply support to the PSOE-led government in June 1995, materializing in the 1996 General State Budget being voted down in October, Prime Minister Felipe González was forced to trigger an early dissolution of the Cortes Generales and a snap election to be arranged for early 1996, fifteen months ahead of schedule.

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 9 January 1996 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 3 March and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 27 March.

Background

Economy
The legislature was marked by the international economic crisis of 1992-1993. While the economic situation in Spain since 1985 (coinciding with the accession of Spain into the European Communities) was very favorable and the evolutionary profile of per capita GDP was resembling that of the EU countries, from 1989 the GDP started to decrease markedly and the economy entered a cycle of recession. The five-year period 1985-1989 was characterized by a phase of expansive growth and massive inflow of foreign capital, attracted by high interest rates. Post-1989, however, saw unfavorable economic indicators, and recession and global economic crisis deeply affected unemployment rates.

From 1994, a remarkable recovery phase began, from a recession of 1.1% of GDP in 1993 to a growth rate of 2%. Although the economic situation was difficult, unemployment rate began a gradual decline, reaching the end of the legislature in 22% after reaching 24% in 1994. On the other hand, the inflation rate fell to 5.5% between 1994 and 1996, public debt stood at 68% and the deficit at 7.1%.

Corruption scandals
The 1993–96 legislature was marked by the unveiling of numerous corruption scandals involving the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. The eruption of corruption scandals had not been uncommon since the early 1990s, but was in this period when those seemed to affect directly to the incumbent PSOE leadership. These scandals would plague González's government throughout Felipe González's fourth tenure as Prime Minister of Spain.

Roldán scandal
On 23 November 1993, Spanish daily Diario 16 unveiled that Civil Guard Chief Director Luis Roldán had amassed a large patrimony, worth 400 million Pta and a large real estate assets, since assuming office in 1986, which contrasted with his net annual income of 400,000 Pta. Roldán then denounces a media campaign against him and defends the money is of legal origin, but proves unable to show evidence supporting his claims. The accusations lead to his dismissal by the government on 3 December. On 9 March 1994, El Mundo reveals that officers from the Ministry of the Interior had used money from the fondos reservados (Spanish for "reserved funds"), public funds destined to finance the fight against terrorism and drug trafficking and not subject to publicity, justification or external oversight, to make bonus payments to high-ranking officers from the Ministry; Roldán name appeared among those accused of having received such payments. In April, Diario 16 and El Mundo revealed that former President of Navarre Gabriel Urralburu had collected millionary commissions from construction companies in the awarding of public works during his government, with Roldán having also benefitted from it. Evidence now pointed to Roldán having used his office to amass a fortune through fraudulent means, which led to Roldán fleeing the country and in incumbent Interior Minister Antoni Asunción, responsible for monitoring Roldán, resigning as a consequence.

During his time missing, Roldán sent letters admitting the illegalities he had done and accusing other Interior Ministry high-ranking members of also having benefited from the reserved funds and warning that he was willing to "pull the rug out". In a handwritten letter sent to González himself and revealed by El Mundo daily on 17 June 1994, Roldán acknowledged having received a monthly payment of 10 million Pta from Rafael Vera, State Security Director until early 1994. Among those he accused was former Interior Minister José Luis Corcuera (1988–93), but also Prime Minister González, whom he pointed was "aware of everything". In the end, after ten months on the run, Luis Roldán was arrested on 27 February 1995 in Laos amidst claims that he and the Socialist government had reached an agreement in which Roldán would surrender himself in exchange of him being charged with just two crimes out of the seven attributable to him: bribery and embezzlement. This scandal came to be known as the "Laos papers", because the initial governmental version of his capture—that it had been done cooperatively with the Laotian government—was disproved by Laotian authorities. The PSOE government refused to recognize the veracity of these claims, but acknowledged that their initial version was "wrong". Roldán would later be convicted for the crimes of bribery, embezzlement, fraud, forgery and tax evasion.

Ibercorp case
Concurrently with the Roldán scandal, it is revealed on 5 April 1994 that former Governor of the Bank of Spain, Mariano Rubio, had a secret bank account in Ibercorp worth 130 million Ptas of undeclared money. Ibercorp had been an investment bank which had been intervened by the Bank of Spain in 1992 due to its involvement in obscure financial operations. Already in February 1992, it had been revealed that Rubio—then Governor of the Bank of Spain—and former Economy Minister Miguel Boyer had concealed from the National Securities Market Commission (CNMV) that both of them possessed stock shares in Ibercorp and used them to amass a fortune. Rubio had denied the accusations in 1992, which nonetheless cost him his post. However, the new revelations in 1994, which resulted in his criminal prosecution, put Felipe González and former Economy Minister Carlos Solchaga—who had backed Rubio in 1992, believing his claims of innocence, and were also ultimately responsible for his naming to the post—in a delicate political situation. Agriculture Minister Vicente Albero was also forced to resign his office in May 1994 after it was unveiled he had also possessed a secret account with undeclared money related to the scandal.

GAL case
In 1991, two policemen, José Amedo and Michel Domínguez, had been convicted for participating in the Liberation Antiterrorist Groups (GAL), death squads involved in a 'dirty war' against ETA in the 1983–87 period and thought to be secretly financed by the Socialist government. Initially thought to be acting independently, they confessed on 16 December 1994 to judge Baltasar Garzón that a number of former police and Interior Ministry officers were also involved in the GAL, showing evidence supporting their claims. Among those were former Interior Minister José Barrionuevo (1982–88), State Security Directors Julián Sancristóbal (1984–86) and Rafael Vera (1986–94), as well as former Secretary-General of the PSOE in Biscay Ricardo García Damborenea and a number of police officers accused of murder and embezzlement of public funds. Throughout early 1995, those accused except for Barrionuevo were arrested and court-questioned, leading to the 'GAL case' being re-opened by the Spanish National Court on 20 February in order to clarify whether the GAL were financed with money from the reserved funds. Barrionuevo accused Garzón, then instructing the case and who had contested the 1993 general election within the PSOE electoral lists, to be acting motivated by personal revenge against the party after political differences leading to his resignation as deputy in May 1994.

In May to July 1995 some of the defendants accused PM Felipe González of "knowing and allowing such activities", even pointing out that he could have been the person creating and financing the GAL. By 1996, however, the Spanish Supreme Court concluded that there was not proof of González's involvement and that the accusations were based on mere suspicions. Still, former Interior Minister José Barrionuevo and State Security Directors Rafael Vera and Julián Sancristóbal were convicted for the scandal.

Parliamentary composition
The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.

Parties and candidates
The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), United Left (IU), The Greens (LV), Nationalist and Ecologist Agreement (ENE) and Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) formed the Ibiza and Formentera in the Senate alliance for the Senate election.

Campaign period

Party slogans

Opinion polls

Results

Congress of Deputies

Senate

Aftermath

Notes

References

General
1996 in Spain
1996
March 1996 events in Europe

1996 Spanish general election


Diplolaena grandiflora,  es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es un endemismo de Australia Occidental.

Descripción
Diplolaena grandiflora alcanza un tamaño de entre 0,5 y 3 metros de altura y tiene un hábito erecto. En el período comprendido entre finales de otoño y primavera,  produce flores vistosas, en posición vertical o colgante. Estas tienen un grupo de estambres rojos en el centro, rodeados brácteas de color rojo-rosa. Las hojas son ovaladas y de hasta 5 cm de longitud y son de color verde oscuro en la parte superior y verde suave en la parte inferior.

Distribución

Diplolaena grandiflora se encuentra en la piedra caliza y afloramientos de las crestas en un área entre Geraldton y Cabo del Noroeste.

Cultivo

La propagación es por esquejes o semillas. Se prefiere un buen drenaje y sombra parcial y requiere de poda para aumentar la producción de flores.

Taxonomía
La primera descripción de la especie fue de efectuada por William Dampier, durante un viaje a Nueva Holanda en 1699. El tipo de espécimen fue colectado en 1801 en la isla Dirk Hartog durante un viaje de exploración francés, capitaneado por Jacques Hamelin y Nicolas Baudin. El ejemplar fue traído de vuelta a Francia y descrito por René Desfontaines en 1817, quien le dio el epíteto específico de grandiflora que significa "flores grandes". Fue publicado en Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle 3: 451, en el año 1817.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

grandiflora

Diplolaena grandiflora


Hippocampus debelius, uobičajeno poznat kao meki koralni morski konj, vrsta je morske ribe iz porodice Syngnathidae. Poznato je iz samo dva primjerka prikupljena iz Suečkog zaljeva u Crvenom moru, na dubinama od 15 do 30 metara (49–98 ft). [2] [1] Nađeni su pojedinci povezani s mekim koraljima. Iako se o ovoj vrsti malo zna, očekuje se da se hrani rakovima, slično ostalim morskim konjima. Očekuje se da će biti i ovoviviparous, s mužjacima koji nose jaja u vrećici s leglom prije nego što rode da žive mladi. [1]

Hippocampus debelius


Beneficence is a 1937 bronze statue on the campus of Ball State University, located in Muncie, Indiana. The statue, by sculptor Daniel Chester French, is referred to as Benny by students.

History
In 1927 the Muncie Chamber of Commerce proposed the building of a memorial to express gratitude on behalf of Muncie and Ball State University for the Ball Brothers' extensive generosity to the community. The monetary value of the Balls' philanthropies in Muncie totaled $7 million by the time of the monument's completion in 1937.

The Chamber commissioned renowned sculptor Daniel Chester French, who sculpted the statue of Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. The name Beneficence was chosen for the statue because it aptly described the feelings of the community and the actions of the Ball Brothers. French entrusted architect Richard Henry Dana to choose a location for the statue and to design the surrounding promenade.

The price tag for Beneficence, completed in 1930, was approximately $50,000. The progress toward installation crawled during the Great Depression, as funds for the project became scarce. More than 11,000 individuals donated money to assist in the completion of the memorial, and Beneficence was dedicated on September 26, 1937. Although the project was the last for French, neither he nor Dana lived to see its dedication. The statue, affectionately known as Benny, symbolizes the selflessness of the five brothers in their service to the community. It is so entwined in the university's culture that its image is part of the school seal.

Beneficences hand stretches to welcome new students to campus. The treasure box she holds in her other arm represents the treasure education can offer. Her wings represent the flight into the world that take place when students graduate. The five Corinthian columns behind the statue represent the Ball Brothers, for whom the university is named.

Beneficence resembles earlier examples of French's work such as Angel of the Waters, part of a memorial to businessman and philanthropist George Robert White located in the Boston Public Garden in Boston, Massachusetts, and The Spirit of Life, located in Saratoga Springs, New York.

Campus lore
Some students believe that one way to find one's true love is to sit under Benny and kiss him or her with closed eyes. If Bennys wings flap, then the love is true; if no flapping occurs, then the love is not meant to be. Another myth suggests that the severed heads of each of the five Ball Brothers rest in individual urns on the top of the respective pillar; however, all five brothers are buried at Beech Grove Cemetery in Muncie. Another legend states that a female student is not officially a coed until she is kissed by a male student beneath the statue. Another campus myth states if a virgin were to ever cross Bennys path she would come to life and fly away.

See also
 Public sculptures by Daniel Chester French

References

External links

1937 sculptures
Ball State University
Buildings and structures in Muncie, Indiana
Outdoor sculptures in Indiana
Sculptures by Daniel Chester French
1937 establishments in Indiana

Beneficence (statue)