Obična kalina (kozje grožđe, zimolezina, divlji jorgovan, lat. Ligustrum vulgare), listopadni grm iz porodice Oleaceae rasprostranjen po Europi, zapadnoj Aziji i sjevernoj Africi. Raste na visinama do 1000 metara, obično uz rubove šuma, pojedinačno ili u manjim skupinama.

Naraste do 3 metra visine, kora joj je sivosmeđa. I listovi i pupoljci i su nasuprotni, a cvjetovi jednodomni, i vrlo mirisni. plod je crna boba, velika do 1 cm, s dvije do 4 sjemenke. Medonosna je, ali je med gorkog okusa.

Obična kalina je otrovna biljka, a otrovni su joj svi dijelovi, a kod djece može izazvati smrt. Drvo joj je tvrdo, pa se koristi ya izradu sitnih predmeta.

Hrvatski nazivi

 bielocvjetni zimolez, Schlosser, J.C.K.; Vukotinović, Lj., 1876,
 biser, Šulek, B., 1879,
 biserovo drvo, Šulek, B., 1879,
 cvit biserni, Visiani, R., 1852,
 divlji jorgovan, Šimić, F., 1980,
 groždje kozino, Šulek, B., 1879,
 jergovan bieli, Šulek, B., 1879,
 jergovan, Haračić, A., 1894,
 kalina, Hirc, D., 1906
 kozjač, Šulek, B., 1879,
 kozjačica, Šulek, B., 1879,
 kozjak, Šulek, B., 1879,
 kozje grožđe, Grlić, Lj., 1984,
 liguster, Grlić, Lj., 1984,
 lin, Šulek, B., 1879,
 mečkovac, Šulek, B., 1879,
 metprika, Šulek, B., 1879,
 mileševina, Šulek, B., 1879,
 miloduh, Visiani, R., 1852,
 neprika, Šulek, B., 1879,
 obična kalina, Domac, R., 1994,
 pas leskovina, Šulek, B., 1879,
 pupator, Visiani, R., 1852,
 tergovan bjeli, Visiani, R., 1852,
 zemeleza, Šulek, B., 1879,
 zimolez, Hirc, D., 1906,
 zimolezina, Grlić, Lj., 1984,
 zimolezovina, Šulek, B., 1879,
 zimolozina, Šulek, B., 1879,
Izvori za hrvatske nazive

Izvori

Oleeae

Obična kalina


فابيو كاسيرتا  (مواليد 24 سبتمبر 1978 في ميليتو دي بورتو سالفو - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى أتالانتا الإيطالي منذ 2009 في مركز الوسط المهاجم .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو أتالانتا
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو باليرمو
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو ليتشي
لاعبو نادي تشيزينا
لاعبو نادي كاتانيا
لاعبو نادي يوفيا ستابيا الرياضي
لاعبو يو أس بركوليتزه 1932
مدربو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
مدربو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
مدربو كرة قدم إيطاليون
مدربو نادي بيروجيا
مدربو نادي بينيفينتو
مواليد 1978
مواليد في ميليتو دي بورتو سالفو
لاعبو كرة قدم من كالابريا

فابيو كاسيرتا


Amir Abdou (Marselha, 8 de julho de 1972) é um técnico de futebol francês de ascendência comorense. Atualmente treina a seleção da Mauritânia.

Carreira
Sem experiência como jogador de futebol, Abdou iniciou a carreira de técnico em 2010, comandando o time de reservas do Agen até 2012, quando foi para o Entente Golfech, clube que disputava na época a Divisão de Honra Regional do Sul-Pirenéus.

Em janeiro de 2014, após a desistência de Henri Stambouli (de quem seria auxiliar-técnico), foi anunciado como novo técnico da seleção de Comores, substituindo Ali Mbaé Camara. Sob seu comando, os Celacantos evoluíram no Ranking Mundial da FIFA: antes de Abdou, Comores ocupava a 198ª posição e, sob seu comando, chegou até a 127ª (melhor já ocupada pela equipe, filiada à FIFA desde 2005), classificando o time para a Copa das Nações Africanas de 2021, a primeira competição oficial do país, que só tinha disputado a Copa COSAFA e os Jogos das Ilhas do Oceano Índico (ambos de nível regional).

Em novembro de 2020, Abdou foi anunciado como novo técnico do FC Nouadhibou, em paralelo com a Seleção Comorense, trazendo ainda outros 2 jogadores do arquipélago (Faouz Faidine Attoumane e Ibroihim Djoudja). Pelo Club Orange, sagrou-se campeão mauritano na temporada 2020–21 antes de voltar a comandar somente a seleção de Comores, deixando o cargo após o encerramento da participação dos Celacantos na competição. Em março de 2022, assumiu o comando da seleção da Mauritânia, substituindo Didier Gomes.

Em julho de 2021, foi condecorado cavaleiro da Ordem do Crescente Verde pelo governo comorense.

Títulos
FC Nouadhibou
 Campeonato Mauritano: 2020–21

Links
 Perfil de Amir Abdou - OGol.com.br

Naturais de Marselha
Franceses de ascendência comorense
Treinadores de futebol da França
Treinadores do Campeonato Africano das Nações de 2021

Amir Abdou


Kasper Gudnitz (født 8. juli 1989 i Birkerød) er en dansk håndboldspiller, der spiller for HC Midtjylland. Han kom til klubben i 2010. Han har tidligere optrådt for Viborg HK, Ikast og Skive fH.

Kasper blev i September 2015 kåret til månedens spiller i Boxer Herreligaen

Eksterne henvisninger
 Spillerprofil - HCM
 Hbold - Kasper Gudnitz
 EHF - Kasper Gudnitz

Personer fra Birkerød
Håndboldspillere fra Danmark
Håndboldspillere fra Viborg HK
Håndboldspillere fra HC Midtjylland

Kasper Gudnitz


Iouriy Anatoliïovytch Lebid (), né le  à Soumy, en République socialiste soviétique d'Ukraine, (URSS), est un général ukrainien, il commande la Garde nationale de l'Ukraine.

Biographie
Iouriy Lebid était auparavant commandant de la partie est de la Garde nationale en 2019, puis commandant adjoint de la Garde nationale de l'Ukraine et le chef du  régiment Tigre de la militsia lors de l'Euromaïdan.
vignette|centre|Les Tigres en décembre 2013 sur Euromaïdan.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Naissance en mai 1967
Général ukrainien du XXIe siècle
Naissance à Soumy
Naissance en RSS d'Ukraine
Militaire ukrainien de la guerre russo-ukrainienne

Iouriy Lebid


Texas Stadium was an American football stadium located in Irving, Texas, a suburb west of Dallas. Opened on October 24, 1971, it was known for its distinctive hole in the roof, the result of abandoned plans to construct a retractable roof (Cowboys linebacker D. D. Lewis once famously said that "Texas Stadium has a hole in its roof, so God can watch His favorite team play").

The stadium was the home field of the NFL's Dallas Cowboys for 38 seasons, through 2008, and had a seating capacity of 65,675. In 2009, the Cowboys moved to AT&T Stadium in nearby Arlington.

Texas Stadium was demolished on April 11, 2010, by a controlled implosion.

History

The Cowboys had played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas since their inception in 1960. However, by the mid-1960s, founding owner Clint Murchison, Jr., felt that the Fair Park area of the city had become unsafe and downtrodden, and did not want his season ticket holders to be forced to go through it. Murchison was denied a request by mayor Erik Jonsson to build a new stadium in downtown Dallas as part of a municipal bond package.

Murchison envisioned a new stadium with sky boxes and one in which attendees would have to pay a personal seat license as a prerequisite to purchasing season tickets. With two games left for the Cowboys to play in the 1967 season, Murchison and Cowboys general manager Tex Schramm announced a plan to build a new stadium in the northwest suburb of Irving.

Texas Stadium, along with Schaefer Stadium (1971), Arrowhead Stadium (1972), Rich Stadium (1973), and the Pontiac Silverdome (1975), was part of a new wave of football-only stadiums (all with artificial turf) built following the AFL–NFL merger. More so than its contemporaries, Texas Stadium featured a proliferation of luxury boxes, which provided the team with a large new income source exempt from league revenue sharing.

It hosted its first Cowboys game on October 24, 1971, a 44–21 victory over the New England Patriots, and became an icon of the Cowboys with their rise in national prominence. The Cowboys entered the season as defending NFC champions and won their first world title in Super Bowl VI in January 1972. The field was surrounded by a blue wall emblazoned with white stars, a design replicated in its successor, AT&T Stadium.

Texas Stadium's field alignment (between the goal posts) was southwest-to-northeast, perpendicular to the Cotton Bowl, which is southeast-to-northwest.

Roof
The most distinctive element of Texas Stadium was its partial roof, the only one in the NFL. The roof was originally supposed to be the first retractable roof in the NFL. However, it was discovered that the structure could not support the additional weight. This resulted in a partial roof that covered most of the stands but not the playing field itself. Cowboys linebacker D. D. Lewis once famously said that "Texas Stadium has a hole in its roof, so God can watch His favorite team play".

The open roof allowed snow to cover the field in the Thanksgiving Day game against the Miami Dolphins in 1993. The unusual roof also introduced a unique difficulty in televising games, as sunlight would cover part of the field and make it hard for TV cameras to adjust for the changes in light.

The roof was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the city of Irving, the stadium's owners. It was the first time the roof had been repainted since Texas Stadium opened.

Other events
Football

Texas Stadium has hosted five NFC Championship Games. The 1973 Pro Bowl was held at Texas Stadium in front of 47,879 spectators.

The first football game played at Texas Stadium was on October 15, 1971, when Texas Southern defeated  34–21 in a college football game. The stadium hosted numerous neutral-site college football games and was the home field of the SMU Mustangs for eight seasons, from 1979 through 1986. After the school returned from an NCAA-imposed suspension in 1988, school officials moved games back to the school's on-campus Ownby Stadium to signify a clean start for the football program (since replaced by Gerald J. Ford Stadium in 2000). The 2001 Big 12 Championship Game was held at the site.

In November and December, Texas Stadium was a major venue for high school football. It was not uncommon for there to be high school football tripleheaders at the stadium. Texas Stadium served as a temporary home for two Dallas-area high schools, Plano Senior High School in 1979 after its home stadium was damaged by a prank gone awry , and Highland Park High School while a new stadium on campus was being built.

The stadium has also played host to the two largest capacity crowds for Texas high school football playoff games. In 1977, Plano defeated Port Neches-Groves 13-10 in front of a record crowd of 49,953. In 2006, the matchup between Trinity High School from Euless, and Carroll Senior High School from Southlake, in the second round of the playoffs, ended in a 22-21 Southlake victory (on their way to a fourth 5A state championship in five years) before an announced crowd of 46,339 at Texas Stadium. These games marked two of the top three all-time attendance figures for a Texas high school football game and the stadium recorded three of the top 20 attendance records.

In 1988, Texas Stadium hosted the Class 5A championship game, where Dallas Carter, led by future New York Giants Pro Bowl linebacker Jessie Armstead, defeated Converse Judson 31-14. The University Interscholastic League later stripped Carter of its title due to numerous rule violations. Carter advanced to the final by defeating Odessa Permian 14-9 in the semifinals at Memorial Stadium in Austin in a game highlighted by the book Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream and its film adaptation.

In 1994, the stadium hosted the John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football regional playoff, whose wild seesaw finish won it the 1995 Showstopper of the Year ESPY Award.

In the early 2000s, the "Battle of the Axe" rivalry between Lewisville High School and Edward S. Marcus High School was moved to Texas Stadium due to increased animosity and intensity between students of the two schools.

Soccer

In addition to American football, the Dallas Tornado of the NASL used it as their home stadium from 1972 to 1975 and again from 1980 to 1981 when the team folded.

On November 21, 1991, the U.S. Men's National soccer Team played a friendly match against Costa Rica.

Supercross

Texas Stadium hosted a round of the AMA Supercross Championship from 1975 to 1977 and 1983 to 2008.

Bull Riding

The Professional Bull Riders (PBR) held a Bud Light Cup event at Texas Stadium known as the "Battle of the Bulls" during the organization's first two years of existence (1994 & 1995). In both instances, the event was won by three-time PBR world champion Adriano Morães (in 1994 he was the co-champion along with Pat Yancey). The 1995 event was also notable because of rain which turned the dirt into mud, affecting the performance of several bulls.

Lacrosse

On May 25, 2008, Texas Stadium hosted the first ever professional lacrosse game in Texas when the two-time defending Major League Lacrosse champions Philadelphia Barrage played the Long Island Lizards. The Barrage disbanded after the 2008 season while the re-named New York Lizards remained as a member of MLL's Eastern Conference until 2020 when the MLL merged with the Premier Lacrosse League.

Professional Wrestling

From 1984 to 1988, the stadium hosted the annual World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) David Von Erich "Memorial Parade of Champions" professional wrestling card every May. The initial 1984 card drew more than 40,000 fans, the highest attendance of any wrestling card in the state of Texas at that time.

Religious Gatherings

The stadium hosted religious gatherings such as Promise Keepers and Billy Graham crusades; a Graham crusade was the first event held at Texas Stadium.

From October 17 to October 20, 2002, evangelist Billy Graham held the Metroplex Mission crusade in Texas Stadium. Several Christian musical groups also played during the event. Former president George H. W. Bush gave an introduction for Graham on the first night of the crusade.

Concerts

In television
The stadium appeared in numerous episodes of the television series, Walker, Texas Ranger (1993–2001), which was filmed in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.

The stadium appeared in the 1999 movie Any Given Sunday being the home of the "Dallas Knights" in the film.

The stadium has also appeared in the season one finale of Friday Night Lights As a setting for the State Championship game between the Dillon Panthers and the West Cambria Mustangs.

Throughout the network run of the television series Dallas, a number of scenes were filmed on location at Texas Stadium. An overhead shot of the stadium (looking down at the field from the hole in the roof) was also featured prominently as part of the show's opening credits for each of its thirteen seasons on CBS. This trend has continued with the new series with AT&T Stadium taking its place.

Seating capacity

The Cowboys' departure

When opened, the stadium had many amenities that included 381 luxury suites, a stadium club where fans gathered for parties and banquets, and The Corral that provided food, beverages, entertainment and large screen televisions. However, by the 2000s other NFL teams received new stadiums that had more club and luxury seating than Texas Stadium had, so the Dallas Cowboys asked for a new stadium.

The Cowboys left Texas Stadium after the 2008 NFL season for AT&T Stadium (opened for the 2009 NFL season) that was partially funded by taxpayers in Arlington. In November 2004, Arlington voters approved a half-cent (.005 per U.S. dollar) sales tax to fund $325 million of the then estimated $650 million stadium by a margin of 55%-45%. Jerry Jones, the Cowboys' owner, spent over $5 million backing the ballot measure, but also agreed to cover any cost overruns which as of 2006 had already raised the estimated cost of the project to $1 billion.

AT&T Stadium, which has a retractable roof system, also includes a setting that mimics a hole in the roof as a tribute to Texas Stadium.

The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens, 33–24, on December 20, 2008.

Closure
The stadium was scheduled for demolition and implosion on April 11, 2010, as confirmed by the mayor of Irving on September 23, 2009.

Many of the items in the stadium were auctioned off by the city and the Dallas Cowboys including the stadium seats, scoreboard and other pieces of memorabilia.

The City of Irving announced that the Texas Department of Transportation would pay $15.4 million to lease the site for 10 years for use as a staging location for the State Highway 114/Loop 12 diamond interchange. The city has the right to relocate the staging area if redevelopment becomes available.

Demolition

On September 23, 2009, the City of Irving granted a demolition contract to Weir Brothers Inc., a local Dallas based company, for the demolition and implosion of the stadium.

On December 31, 2009, The City of Irving and Kraft Foods announced details of their sponsorship deal for the stadium's implosion — including a national essay contest with the winner getting to pull the trigger that finishes off the stadium. Kraft paid the city $75,000 and donated $75,000 worth of food to local food banks to promote its "Cheddar Explosion" version of Kraft Macaroni & Cheese. The city council unanimously approved the sponsorship deal.

At 7:07 a.m. CDT on April 11, 2010, 11-year-old Casey Rogers turned the key to cause the demolition. From the first explosion, it took approximately 25 seconds for the stadium to completely fall. Debris removal continued until July 2010. Texas's Department of Transportation is using the site as an equipment storage and staging area, after which Irving will decide long-term plans.

In 2013–15, the area around the former stadium has been the epicenter for at least 46 small earthquakes, ranging in magnitude from 1.6 to 3.6.

References

Sources
Shropshire, Mike. (1997). The Ice Bowl. New York: Donald I. Fine Books.
Murchison, Burk & Granberry, Michael. (2022). Hole in the Roof: The Dallas Cowboys, Clint Murchison Jr., and the Stadium That Changed American Sports Forever. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-64843-096-1

External links

Sarnoff, Nancy. "In Irving, stadium implosion=development opportunity." Houston Chronicle. April 19, 2010.
crossroadsdfw.com shows potential redevelopment plans for the stadium after the Cowboys leave.

1971 establishments in Texas
2010 disestablishments in Texas
American football venues in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Big 12 Championship Game venues
Buildings and structures in Irving, Texas
Dallas Cowboys stadiums
t
Defunct college football venues
Defunct National Football League venues
Defunct soccer venues in the United States
Demolished sports venues in Texas
Former Major League Lacrosse venues
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) stadiums
Wrestling venues in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
SMU Mustangs football venues
Sports in Irving, Texas
Sports venues completed in 1971
Sports venues demolished in 2010
Soccer venues in Texas
Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion

Texas Stadium


The Hot Spot is a 1990 American neo-noir film directed by Dennis Hopper, based on the 1953 novel Hell Hath No Fury by Charles Williams, who also co-wrote the screenplay. It stars Don Johnson, Virginia Madsen, and Jennifer Connelly, and features a score by Jack Nitzsche played by John Lee Hooker, Miles Davis, Taj Mahal, Roy Rogers, Tim Drummond, and drummer Earl Palmer.

Plot
Drifter Harry Madox takes a job as a used car salesman in a small Texas town. In the summer heat, he develops an interest in Gloria Harper, who works at the car dealership in the loan office. He notices Gloria's shoes, which have wooden fruit on them. Dolly Harshaw, who is married to the dealership's owner, flirts with Harry, telling him that she has a pair of shoes exactly like Gloria's. Soon after they begin a torrid affair.

Harry learns that the staff of the local bank are all volunteer firemen and that the cameras in the bank do not work. After careful planning, he sets a fire in a building across the street to lure them all away and while they are gone, he robs the bank. His conscience forces him to enter the burning building to save a homeless man trapped inside. Despite this the town's sheriff suspects Harry of committing the robbery, but Dolly gives him an alibi and tells him she will sell him out unless he kills her husband, whom she married for his money. When he refuses, Dolly threatens to expose him. She ultimately kills her husband herself by overstimulating his weak heart during a vigorous sexual encounter.

Meanwhile, Harry discovers that Gloria is being blackmailed by a local criminal named Frank Sutton. Sutton has nude photographs he took of Gloria and her friend Irene Davey after hearing about Irene being with another woman, who turned out to be her former teacher. Harry, who has fallen in love with Gloria, confronts Sutton to get the pictures. The tense conversation escalates into a fight, and Harry severely beats Sutton, but he defiantly continues to blackmail Gloria. Harry visits Sutton at his home and finds him having sex with a woman wearing wooden fruit shoes exactly like those belonging to Gloria. As Harry and Sutton begin fighting, the unknown woman suffers an injury to her face. Harry ends up killing Sutton in the ensuing struggle. He plants evidence to divert suspicion away from himself, and he disposes of the shoes, believing they belong to Gloria. He then tells the police that Sutton, who had no job and few assets, had recently paid cash for a new car, making it seem that Sutton had robbed the bank. Harry receives a hefty reward for providing the tip that helps the police "solve" the robbery. He plans to marry Gloria and take her to the Caribbean Islands.

Dolly ruins Harry's plans by showing him a copy of a certified letter she has entrusted to her attorney which is to be opened in the event of her death. The letter is a firsthand account that will implicate him in the bank robbery and in Sutton's death. Gloria arrives, and Dolly begins telling her about her affair with Harry and that she knows she was using company funds to pay off Sutton. Harry notices that Gloria is wearing her wooden fruit shoes. After seeing the fresh scar on Dolly's face, Harry realizes that it was her and not Gloria who was having sex with Sutton. Dolly then tells Gloria that she won't go to the police and that she can keep her job at the car dealership to pay back the money she stole. Believing she has been played for a fool, a heartbroken Gloria leaves Harry. Enraged, Harry tries to strangle Dolly, but cannot bring himself to kill her. Harry resigns himself to life with Dolly, and leaves town with her.

Cast

Production
Charles Williams wrote a screenplay version of his own novel with Nona Tyson in 1962. It was intended for Robert Mitchum. Many years later, Dennis Hopper found the script and updated it. The director described the film as "Last Tango in Texas. Real hot, steamy stuff".

A bedroom scene originally called for Madsen to appear naked, but she decided to put on a negligee because she felt that, "Not only was the nudity weak storywise, but it didn't let the audience undress her". Hopper later admitted that Madsen was right.

Dennis Hopper gave his impressions of working with Johnson:

He wasn't that bad. He has a lot of people with him. He came on to this film with two bodyguards, a cook, a trainer, ah let's see, a helicopter pilot he comes to and from the set in a helicopter, very glamorous let's see, two drivers, a secretary, and, oh yes, his own hair person, his own make-up person, his own wardrobe person. So when he walks to the set he has five people with him.

Johnson found Hopper's approach to filmmaking "a little disappointing, I gotta tell you".  He later recalled:

Mike Figgis had written a script called The Hot Spot, and it was a heist movie. Three days before we started shooting, Dennis Hopper came to all of us, he called a meeting on a Sunday, and he said, "Okay, we're not making that script. We're making this one." And he passed a script around the table that had been written for Robert Mitchum in the '60s... or maybe it was the '50s... and it was based on a book called Hell Hath No Fury. And that was the movie that we ended up making. This was three days before we started shooting! So he was kind of looking around the table at everybody and saying, "Well, you know, if Don Johnson bails, we don't have a movie." [Laughs.] And I read the script, and I said, "Wow!" I mean, the Figgis script was really slick and cool, and it was a heist movie, but this was real noir, the guy was an amoral drifter, and it was all about how women were going to take him down.

Hopper shot the film on location in Texas during what he described as the "hottest, steamiest weather you could imagine". The primary locations were in Taylor, Texas, especially its iconic downtown area, locations around and in Austin as well as in Luling. The swimming scenes were filmed at the Hamilton Pool Preserve west of Austin. In part of the skinny-dipping scene, Madsen was body doubled by Heather Cruikshank, who was working in a strip club when she was cast.

Reception
The Hot Spot had its world premiere at the 1990 Toronto International Film Festival. Director Dennis Hopper felt that stars Don Johnson and Virginia Madsen were not as enthusiastic in promoting the film as he would have liked. Hopper said of Johnson that "He says he's not going to do anything for this picture until he reads the reviews." Johnson claims that he was unable to do promotion because he was shooting the film Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man with Mickey Rourke. Of Madsen, Hopper claimed that she "was very embarrassed" by the amount of her on-screen nudity. The film was released on October 12, 1990, in 23 theaters, grossing US$112,188 in its opening weekend. The film grossed only $1.2 million in the North American market, far less than the cost of its production.

The Hot Spot received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 70% rating at based on reviews from 27 critics. Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "Only movie lovers who have marinated their imaginations in the great B movies from RKO and Republic will recognize The Hot Spot as a superior work in an old tradition." In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Mr. Hopper's direction is tough and stylish, in effective contrast with the sunny look of Ueli Steiger's cinematography." USA Today gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "In other words, Hopper's direction isn't any great shakes, and the wrap-up is somewhat confusing, but this film does make you want to go skinny-dipping with someone else's mate." In his review for The Washington Post, Desson Howe wrote, "Hot Spot will never go down as timeless, neoclassic noir. But, with its Hopperlike moments, over-the-top performances and infectious music, it carries you along for a spell." Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B" rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Hopper still hasn't learned how to pace a movie, but working from Charles Williams' 1952 novel Hell Hath No Fury he comes up with a reasonably diverting hothouse yarn."

Home media
In 1990, the movie premiered exclusively on Showtime.

On August 13, 2013, Shout! Factory released The Hot Spot on Blu-ray as part of a double feature along with Killing Me Softly. Kino Lorber re-released the film on Blu-ray on May 4, 2021 in a new 2k master, containing new interviews with Virginia Madsen and William Sadler, and an audio commentary from entertainment journalist Bryan Reesman.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film is composed by Jack Nitzsche and features an original collaboration between John Lee Hooker, Miles Davis, Taj Mahal, Tim Drummond, Earl Palmer, and Roy Rogers. Allmusic describes the soundtrack album as "marvelous music ... something listeners should be thankful for, particularly fans of either Miles Davis or John Lee Hooker".

References

External links

1990 crime drama films
1990 romantic drama films
1990s English-language films
American crime drama films
American neo-noir films
American romantic drama films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Dennis Hopper
Films scored by Jack Nitzsche
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Texas
Orion Pictures films
Romantic crime films
1990s American films

The Hot Spot


Ribadeo, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin kuzeybatı köşesinde bulunan Galiçya otonom bölgesine bağlı dört eyaletten biri olan Lugo'ya bağlı 67 belediyeden biridir. Ribadeo belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 9.407 kişidir.

Lugo'daki belediyeler

Ribadeo


Trodimenzionalni prostor ili ukratko 3D je geometrijska postavka u kojoj su potrebne tri vrijednosti (zvane parametri) za određivanje položaja nekog elementa (tj. točke). Ovo je neformalno značenje termina dimenzija.

U fizici i matematici slijed n brojeva može se shvatiti kao mjesto u n-dimenzionalnom prostoru. Kad je n = 3, skup svih takvih mjesta naziva se trodimenzionalni euklidski prostor. Obično je predstavljen simbolom . To služi kao model s tri parametra fizičkog svemira (to je prostorni dio, bez obzira na vrijeme) u kojem postoji sva poznata tvar.

Geometrija

Koordinatni sustavi

U matematici analitička geometrija (koja se naziva i kartezijanska geometrija) opisuje svaku točku u trodimenzionalnom prostoru pomoću tri koordinate. Dane su tri koordinatne osi, svaka okomita na druge dvije, koje se križaju u istoj točki - ishodištu. Osi su obično označene x, y i z. Položaj bilo koje točke u trodimenzionalnom prostoru u odnosu na ove osi dan je uređenom trojkom realnih brojeva, pri čemu svaki broj daje udaljenost te točke od ishodišta izmjerenu duž određene osi, koja je jednaka udaljenosti te točka od ravnine koju određuju ostale dvije osi.

Pravci i ravnine

Dvije različite točke uvijek određuju pravac. Tri različite točke ili su kolinearne (nalaze se na istom pravcu) ili određuju jedinstvenu ravninu. Četiri različite točke mogu biti kolinearne, koplanarne (na istoj ravnini) ili odrediti čitav (trodimenzionalni) prostor.

Dva različita pravca mogu se presijecati, biti paralelni ili biti mimosmjerni. Dva paralelna pravca se ne presijecaju i leže u zajedničkoj ravnini, dok su mimosmjerni pravci oni koji nemaju sjecište, ali se ne nalaze u istoj ravnini.

Dvije različite ravnine mogu se presijecati u zajedničkom pravcu ili biti paralelne. Tri različite ravnine od kojih nijedan par nije paralelan mogu se sastati u jednom zajedničkom pravcu, u jednoj zajedničkoj točki, ili uopće nemati nijednu točku zajedničku svim trima ravninama. U posljednjem slučaju, tri pravca koji čine sjecišta svakog para ravnina međusobno su paralelni.

Pravac može ležati na određenoj ravnini, presjeći ju u jednoj točki ili biti paralelan s ravninom. U posljednjem slučaju ravnina će imati pravce paralelne s danim pravcem.

Varignonov teorem kaže da su polovišta stranica bilo kojeg četverokuta u  koplanarna i tvore paralelogram.

Sfere i kugle

Sfera u 3D-prostoru (koja se naziva i 2-sfera zato što je dvodimenzionalni objekt) sastoji se od skupa svih točaka u 3-prostoru na fiksnom razmaku r od središnje točke P. Čvrstog tijela zatvorenog sferom naziva se kugla (točnije 3-kugla). Volumen kugle je izražen sa

Druga vrsta sfere proizlazi iz 4-kugle čija je trodimenzionalna površina 3-sfera: točke jednake udaljenosti od podrijetla euklidskog prostora . Ako točka ima koordinate , tada  karakteriziraju one točke na jediničnoj 3-sferi centriranoj na ishodištu.

Poliedri

U tri dimenzije nalazi se devet pravilnih politopa: pet konveksnih platonskih krutih čestica i četiri nekonveksna Kepler-Poinsotova poliedra.

Topologija

Trodimenzionalni prostor ima niz topoloških svojstava koja ga razlikuju od prostora drugih dimenzijskih brojeva. Na primjer, potrebne su najmanje tri dimenzije za vezanje čvora u komadu strune.

U diferencijalnoj geometriji generički su trodimenzionalni prostori 3-mnogostruki, koji lokalno nalikuju R 3 {\ displaystyle {\ mathbb {R}} ^ {3}} {\ displaystyle {\ mathbb {R}} ^ {3}}.

Konačna geometrija

Mnoge ideje dimenzija mogu se testirati s konačnom geometrijom. Najjednostavnija instanca je PG (3,2) koji ima ravnine Fano kao svoje dvodimenzionalne potprostrane. To je primjerak Galoisove geometrije, proučavanje projektivne geometrije pomoću konačnih polja. Dakle, za bilo koje Galoisovo polje GF (q) postoji projektivni prostor PG (3, q) tri dimenzije. Na primjer, bilo koje tri nagnute crte u PG (3, q) sadržane su u točno jednom regulu.

Izvori

Literatura

 Arfken, George B. and Hans J. Weber. Mathematical Methods For Physicists, Academic Press; 6 edition (June 21, 2005). .

Geometrija
Matematika

Trodimenzionalni prostor


This item lists those birds of South Asia in the Megapodes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and near passerines.

For an introduction to the birds of the region, see List of birds of the South Asia.

For the rest of the species lists, see:
 part 2 – remainder of non-passerines
 part 3 – passerines from pittas to cisticolas
 part 4 – passerines from Old World warblers to buntings

Craciformes
 Family: Megapodiidae
 Nicobar scrubfowl, Megapodius nicobariensis – V r

Galliformes
 Family: Phasianidae
 Snow partridge, Lerwa lerwa – r
 See-see partridge, Ammoperdix griseogularis
 Tibetan snowcock, Tetraogallus tibetanus – r
 Himalayan snowcock, Tetraogallus himalayensis – r
 Buff-throated partridge, Tetraophasis szechenyii – r
 Chukar, Alectoris chukar – R
 Black francolin, Francolinus francolinus – R
 Painted francolin, Francolinus pictus – R
 Chinese francolin, Francolinus pintadeanus – r
 Grey francolin, Francolinus pondicerianus – R
 Swamp francolin, Francolinus gularis – V r
 Tibetan partridge, Perdix hodgsoniae – r
 Common quail, Coturnix coturnix – r w
 Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica – w
 Rain quail, Coturnix coromandelica – r
 Blue-breasted quail, Coturnix chinensis – r
 Jungle bush quail, Perdicula asiatica – R
 Rock bush quail, Perdicula argoondah – R
 Painted bush quail, Perdicula erythrorhyncha – r
 Manipur bush quail, Perdicula manipurensis – V r
 Hill partridge, Arborophila torqueola – r
 Rufous-throated partridge, Arborophila rufogularis – r
 White-cheeked partridge, Arborophila atrogularis – N r
 Chestnut-breasted partridge, Arborophila mandellii – V r
 Mountain bamboo partridge, Bambusicola fytchii – r
 Red spurfowl, Galloperdix spadicea – r
 Painted spurfowl, Galloperdix lunulata – r
 Sri Lanka spurfowl, Galloperdix bicalcarata – r
 Himalayan quail, Ophrysia superciliosa – C Ex
 Blood pheasant, Ithaginis cruentus – r
 Western tragopan, Tragopan melanocephalus – V r
 Satyr tragopan, Tragopan satyra – N r
 Blyth's tragopan, Tragopan blythii – V r
 Temminck's tragopan, Tragopan temminckii – r
 Koklass pheasant, Pucrasia macrolopha – r
 Himalayan monal, Lophophorus impejanus – r
 Sclater's monal, Lophophorus sclateri – V r
 Red junglefowl, Gallus gallus – R
 Grey junglefowl, Gallus sonneratii – R
 Sri Lanka junglefowl, Gallus lafayetii – R
 Kalij pheasant, Lophura leucomelanos – R
 Tibetan eared pheasant, Crossoptilon harmani – N V
 Cheer pheasant, Catreus wallichii – V r
 Mrs Hume's pheasant, Syrmaticus humiae – V r
 Grey peacock pheasant, Polyplectron bicalcaratum – r
 Indian peafowl, Pavo cristatus – R
 Green peafowl, Pavo muticus – r

Anseriformes
 Family: Anatidae
 Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor – r
 Lesser whistling-duck, Dendrocygna javanica – R
 White-headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala – E V
 Mute swan, Cygnus olor – V
 Whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus – V
 Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus – V
 Bean goose, Anser fabalis – V
 White-fronted goose, Anser albifrons – V
 Lesser white-fronted goose, Anser erythropus – V
 Greylag goose, Anser anser – W
 Bar-headed goose, Anser indicus – r W
 Snow goose, Anser caerulescens – V
 Red-breasted goose, Branta ruficollis – V
 Ruddy shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea – R W
 Common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna – w
 White-winged duck, Cairina scutulata – E r
 Comb duck, Sarkidiornis melanotos – r
 Cotton pygmy goose, Nettapus coromandelianus – r
 Mandarin duck, Aix galericulata – V
 Gadwall, Anas strepera – W
 Falcated duck, Anas falcata – V
 Eurasian wigeon, Anas penelope – W
 Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos – r W
 Spot-billed duck, Anas poecilorhyncha – R
 Northern shoveler, Anas clypeata – W
 Sunda teal, Anas gibberifrons – r
 Northern pintail, Anas acuta – W
 Garganey, Anas querquedula – W
 Baikal teal, Anas formosa – V V
 Common teal, Anas crecca – W
 Marbled duck, Marmaronetta angustirostris – V V
 Pink-headed duck, Rhodonessa caryophyllacea – C Ex
 Red-crested pochard, Rhodonessa rufina – w
 Common pochard, Aythya ferina – W
 Ferruginous duck, Aythya nyroca – N w
 Baer's pochard, Aythya baeri – V w
 Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula – W
 Greater scaup, Aythya marila – V
 Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis – V
 White-winged scoter, Meanitta fusca – V
 Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula – V
 Smew, Mergellus albellus – W
 Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator – V
 Common merganser, Mergus merganser – R W

Turniciformes
 Family: Turnicidae
 Small buttonquail, Turnix sylvatica – R
 Yellow-legged buttonquail, Turnix tanki – R
 Barred buttonquail, Turnix suscitator – R

Piciformes
 Family: Indicatoridae
 Yellow-rumped honeyguide, Indicator xanthonotus – N r
 Family: Picidae
 Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla – W
 White-browed piculet, Sasia ochracea – r
 Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker, Dendrocopos nanus – R
 Grey-capped pygmy woodpecker, Dendrocopos canicapillus – R
 Brown-fronted woodpecker, Dendrocopos auriceps – R
 Fulvous-breasted woodpecker, Dendrocopos macei – R
 Stripe-breasted woodpecker, Dendrocopos atratus – r
 Yellow-crowned woodpecker, Dendrocopos mahrattensis – R
 Rufous-bellied woodpecker, Dendrocopos hyperythrus – r
 Crimson-breasted woodpecker, Dendrocopos cathpharius – r
 Darjeeling woodpecker, Dendrocopos darjellensis – R
 Great spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos major – R
 Sind woodpecker, Dendrocopos assimilis – r
 Himalayan woodpecker, Dendrocopos himalayensis – R
 Rufous woodpecker, Celeus brachyurus – R
 White-bellied woodpecker, Dryocopus javensis – r
 Andaman woodpecker, Dryocopus hodgei – N r
 Lesser yellownape, Picus chlorolophus – R
 Greater yellownape, Picus flavinucha – R
 Laced woodpecker, Picus vittatus – r
 Streak-throated woodpecker, Picus xanthopygaeus – R
 Scaly-bellied woodpecker, Picus squamatus – R
 Grey-headed woodpecker, Picus canus – R
 Himalayan flameback, Dinopium shorii – R
 Common flameback, Dinopium javanense – R
 Black-rumped flameback, Dinopium benghalense – R
 Greater flameback, Chrysocolaptes lucidus – R
 White-naped woodpecker, Chrysocolaptes festivus – r
 Pale-headed woodpecker, Gecinulus grantia – r
 Bay woodpecker, Blythipicus pyrrhotis – r
 Heart-spotted woodpecker, Hemicircus canente – r
 Great slaty woodpecker, Mulleripicus pulverulentus – r
 Family: Megalaimidae
 Great barbet, Megalaima virens – R
 Brown-headed barbet, Megalaima zeylanica – R
 Lineated barbet, Megalaima lineata – R
 White-cheeked barbet, Megalaima viridis – R
 Yellow-fronted barbet, Megalima flavifrons – r
 Golden-throated barbet, Megalaima franklinii – r
 Blue-throated barbet, Megalaima asiatica – R
 Blue-eared barbet, Megalaima australis – r
 Crimson-fronted barbet, Megalaima rubricapilla – r
 Coppersmith barbet, Megalaima haemacephala – R

Bucerotiformes
 Family: Bucerotidae
 Indian grey hornbill, Ocyceros birostris – R
 Malabar grey hornbill, Ocyceros griseus – R
 Sri Lanka grey hornbill, Ocyceros gingalensis – R
 Great hornbill, Buceros bicornis – N R
 Brown hornbill, Anorrhinus tickelli – N r
 Rufous-necked hornbill, Aceros nipalensis – V r
 Wreathed hornbill, Aceros undulatus – r
 Narcondam hornbill, Aceros narcondami – V r
 Oriental pied hornbill, Anthracoceros albirostris – r
 Malabar pied hornbill, Anthracoceros coronatus – N r

Upupiformes
 Family: Upupidae
 Hoopoe, Upupa epops – R W

Trogoniformes
 Family: Trogonidae
 Malabar trogon, Harpactes fasciatus – r
 Red-headed trogon, Harpactes erythrocephalus – r
 Ward's trogon, Harpactes wardi – N r

Coraciiformes
 Family: Coraciidae
 European roller, Coracias garrulus – r p
 Indian roller, Coracias benghalensis – R
 Dollarbird, Eurystomus orientalis – r
 Family: Alcedinidae
 Blyth's kingfisher, Alcedo hercules – N r
 Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis – R
 Blue-eared kingfisher, Alcedo meninting – r
 Oriental dwarf kingfisher, Ceyx erithacus – r
 Family: Halcyonidae
 Brown-winged kingfisher, Halcyon amauroptera – N r
 Stork-billed kingfisher, Halcyon capensis – R
 Ruddy kingfisher, Halcyon coromanda – r
 White-throated kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis – R
 Black-capped kingfisher, Halcyon pileata – R
 Collared kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris – r
 Family: Cerylidae
 Crested kingfisher, Megaceryle lugubris – R
 Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis – R
 Family: Meropidae
 Blue-bearded bee-eater, Nyctyornis athertoni – r
 Green bee-eater, Merops orientalis – R
 Blue-cheeked bee-eater, Merops persicus – PS
 Blue-tailed bee-eater, Merops philippinus – R
 European bee-eater, Merops apiaster – s P
 Chestnut-headed bee-eater, Merops leschenaulti – R

Cuculiformes
 Family: Cuculidae
 Pied cuckoo, Clamator jacobinus – r S
 Chestnut-winged cuckoo, Clamator coromandus – r
 Large hawk cuckoo, Hierococcyx sparverioides – r
 Common hawk cuckoo, Hierococcyx varius – R
 Hodgson's hawk cuckoo, Hierococcyx fugax – r
 Indian cuckoo, Cuculus micropterus – R
 Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus – R
 Oriental cuckoo, Cuculus saturatus – r
 Lesser cuckoo, Cuculus poliocephalus – r
 Banded bay cuckoo, Cacomantis sonneratii – r
 Grey-bellied cuckoo, Cacomantis passerinus – r
 Plaintive cuckoo, Cacomantis merulinus – r
 Asian emerald cuckoo, Chrysococcyx maculatus – r
 Violet cuckoo, Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus – r
 Drongo cuckoo, Surniculus lugubris – r
 Asian koel, Eudynamys scolopacea – R
 Green-billed malkoha, Phaenicophaeus tristis – r
 Blue-faced malkoha, Phaenicophaeus viridirostris – r
 Sirkeer malkoha, Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii – r
 Red-faced malkoha, Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus – V r
 Family: Centropodidae
 Greater coucal, Centropus sinensis – R
 Brown coucal, Centropus andamanensis – r
 Lesser coucal, Centropus bengalensis – r
 Green-billed coucal, Centropus chlororhynchus –  V r

Psittaciformes
 Family: Psittacidae
 Vernal hanging parrot, Loriculus vernalis – R
 Sri Lanka hanging parrot, Loriculus beryllinus – R
 Alexandrine parakeet, Psittacula eupatria – R
 Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri – R
 Slaty-headed parakeet, Psittacula himalayana – R
 Grey-headed parakeet, Psittacula finschii – R
 Intermediate parakeet, Psittacula intermedia – r ?
 Plum-headed parakeet, Psittacula cyanocephala – R
 Blossom-headed parakeet, Psittacula roseata – R
 Malabar parakeet, Psittacula columboides – R
 Layard's parakeet, Psittacula calthropae – r
 Derbyan parakeet, Psittacula derbiana – r
 Red-breasted parakeet, Psittacula alexandri – R
 Nicobar parakeet, Psittacula caniceps – r
 Long-tailed parakeet, Psittacula longicauda – N R

Apodiformes
 Family: Apodidae
 Glossy swiftlet, Collocalia esculenta – R
 Indian swiftlet, Collocalia unicolor – R
 Himalayan swiftlet, Collocalia brevirostris – R
 Black-nest swiftlet, Collocalia maxima
 Edible-nest swiftlet, Collocalia fuciphaga – R
 White-rumped needletail, Zoonavena sylvatica – R
 White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus
 Silver-backed needletail, Hirundapus cochinchinensis – r
 Brown-backed needletail, Hirundapus giganteus – R
 Asian palm swift, Cypsiurus balasiensis – R
 Alpine swift, Tachymarptis melba – r
 Common swift, Apus apus – W
 Pallid swift, Apus pallidus – r
 Pacific swift, Apus pacificus – r
 Dark-rumped swift, Apus acuticauda – V r
 House swift, Apus affinis – R
 Family: Hemiprocnidae
 Crested treeswift, Hemiprocne coronata – R

Strigiformes
 Family: Tytonidae
 Barn owl, Tyto alba – r
 Grass owl, Tyto capensis – r
 Oriental bay owl, Phodilus badius – r
 Family: Strigidae
 Andaman scops owl, Otus balli – r
 Mountain scops owl, Otus spilocephalus – r
 Pallid scops owl, Otus brucei – r
 Eurasian scops owl, Otus scops – W
 Moluccan scops owl, Otus magicus – V
 Indian scops owl, Otus lettia – R
 Oriental scops owl, Otus sunia – R
 Collared scops owl, Otus bakkamoena – R
 Eurasian eagle owl, Bubo bubo – R
 Rock eagle owl, Bubo bengalensis – R
 Spot-bellied eagle owl, Bubo nipalensis – r
 Dusky eagle owl, Bubo coromandus – R
 Brown fish owl, Ketupa zeylonensis – r
 Tawny fish owl, Ketupa flavipes – r
 Buffy fish owl, Ketupa ketupu – r
 Snowy owl, Nyctia scandiaca – V
 Mottled wood owl, Strix ocellata – r
 Brown wood owl, Strix leptogrammica – r
 Tawny owl, Strix aluco – r
 Hume's owl, Strix butleri
 Collared owlet, Glaucidium brodiei – r
 Asian barred owlet, Glaucidium cuculoides – r
 Jungle owlet, Glaucidium radiatum – R
 Chestnut-backed owlet, Glaucidium castanonotum – N r
 Little owl, Athene noctua – r
 Spotted owlet, Athene brama – R
 Forest owlet, Heteroglaux blewitti – r
 Tengmalm's owl, Aegolius funereus – V
 Brown hawk owl, Ninox scutulata – r
 Andaman hawk owl, Ninox affinis – N r
 Long-eared owl, Asio otus – r w
 Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus – W
 Family: Batrachostomidae
 Sri Lanka frogmouth, Batrachostomus moniliger – r
 Hodgson's frogmouth, Batrachostomus hodgsoni – r
 Family: Eurostopodidae
 Great eared nightjar, Eurostopodus macrotis – r
 Family: Caprimulgidae
 Grey nightjar, Caprimulgus indicus – R
 Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus – r p
 Egyptian nightjar, Caprimulgus aegyptius – V
 Sykes's nightjar, Caprimulgus mahrattensis – r
 Large-tailed nightjar, Caprimulgus macrurus – R
 Jerdon's nightjar, Caprimulgus atripennis – R
 Indian nightjar, Caprimulgus asiaticus – R
 Savanna nightjar, Caprimulgus affinis – r

Columbiformes
 Family: Columbidae
 Rock pigeon, Columba livia – R
 Hill pigeon, Columba rupestris – R
 Snow pigeon, Columba leuconota – R
 Yellow-eyed pigeon, Columba eversmanni – V w
 Common wood pigeon, Columba palumbus – W
 Speckled wood pigeon, Columba hodgsonii – r
 Ashy wood pigeon, Columba pulchricollis – r
 Nilgiri woodpigeon, Columba elphinstonii – V r
 Sri Lanka wood pigeon, Columba torringtoni – r V
 Pale-capped pigeon, w Columba punicea – V
 Andaman wood pigeon, Columba palumboides – N r
 European turtle dove, Streptopelia turtur – V
 Oriental turtle dove, Streptopelia orientalis – R W
 Laughing dove, Streptopelia senegalensis – R
 Spotted dove, Streptopelia chinensis – R
 Red collared dove, Streptopelia tranquebarica – R
 Eurasian collared dove, Streptopelia decaocto – R
 Barred cuckoo dove, Macropygia unchall – r
 Andaman cuckoo dove, Macropygia rufipennis – N r
 Emerald dove, Chalcophaps indica – R
 Nicobar pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica – r
 Orange-breasted green pigeon, Treron bicincta – r
 Pompadour green pigeon, Treron pompadora – r
 Thick-billed green pigeon, Treron curvirostra – r
 Yellow-footed green pigeon, Treron phoenicoptera – R
 Pin-tailed green pigeon, Treron apicauda – r
 Wedge-tailed green pigeon, Treron sphenura – r
 Green imperial pigeon, Ducula aenea – r
 Mountain imperial pigeon, Ducula badia – r
 Pied imperial pigeon, Ducula bicolor – r

Gruiformes
 Family: Otididae
 Little bustard, Tetrax tetrax – N V
 Great bustard, Otis tarda – V
 Indian bustard, Ardeotis nigriceps – E r
 Macqueen's bustard, Chlamydotis macqueeni – N W
 Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata
 Bengal florican, Houbaropsis bengalensis – E r
 Lesser florican, Sypheotides indica – E r
 Family: Gruidae
 Siberian crane, Grus leucogeranus – C W
 Sarus crane, Grus antigone – V r
 Demoiselle crane, Grus virgo – W
 Common crane, Grus grus – W
 Hooded crane, Grus monacha – V
 Black-necked crane, Grus nigricollis – V r
 Family: Heliornithidae
 Masked finfoot, Heliopais personata – V r
 Family: Rallidae
 Andaman crake, Rallina canningi – r
 Red-legged crake, Rallina fasciata – V ?
 Slaty-legged crake, Rallina eurizonoides – r
 Slaty-breasted rail, Gallirallus striatus – r
 Water rail, Rallus aquaticus – r w
 Corn crake, Crex crex – V
 Brown crake, Amaurornis akool – r
 White-breasted waterhen, Amaurornis phoenicurus – R
 Black-tailed crake, Porzana bicolor – r
 Little crake, Porzana parva – V
 Baillon's crake, Porzana pusilla – r w
 Spotted crake, Porzana porzana – V
 Ruddy-breasted crake, Porzana fusca – r
 Watercock, Gallicrex cinerea – r
 Purple swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio – R
 Common moorhen, Gallinula chloropus – R
 Common coot, Fulica atra – R W

References

South Asia

List of birds of South Asia: part 1


Kolu Açık Hacim Sultan olarak da bilinir. Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli'nin akrabası olan ve Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli ile birlikte Horasan'dan gelen Hacim Sultan'ın asıl adı Recep'tir. Uşak'ta Susuz köyünde Germiyanoğullarından Yakup Bey tarafından yaptırılmış türbesi vardır..

Hasluck'a göre Vidin'de makamı vardır. Hakkında "Vilayetname" düzenlenmiştir. Vilayetname 1914 yılında Almanca'ya çevrilmiştir. Cemlerde talibe öğretilen makamlar arasında "Meydan taşı"; Hacim Sultana aittir. İnanışa göre bir tahta kılıç olan "Batın kılıcı" Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli tarafından kendisine verilmiş ve eğitici (terbiye edici) olarak görevlendirilmiştir. Bu nedenle Bektaşiler Hacim Sultan'dan çekinirler.Bektaşiler; "Hak yoluna gitmeyenleri" eğiten biri olarak tanırlar. "Erenlerin Batın celladı" da denilir. Tekke, XX. y. yılın başlarında kullanılmaz durumdadır ve bir mütevelli tarafından yönetilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Hacim Sultan


Les Botryochloridaceae sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Ochrophyta  de la classe des Xanthophyceae et de l'ordre des  Mischococcales.

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Botryochloris, dérivé du grec βοτρυ / botry, «  petite grappe » ou βοτρυσ / botrys,  « grappe de raisin »>, et chloro-, vert.

Taxonomie

Description

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 Botryochloris Pascher, 1930  genre type
 Chlorellidiopsis Pascher, 1938
 Chlorellidium Vischer, 1936
 Ducellieria Teilling, 1957
 Heterodesmus Ettl, 1956
 Ilsteria Skuja & Pascher, 1938
 Raphidiella Pascher, 1938
 Sphaerosorus Pascher, 1938
 Tetraktis Pascher, 1938

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Références biologiques

Xanthophyceae
Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)

Botryochloridaceae


Lhasa, Çin'in Tibet Özerk Bölgesi'nin başkenti ve en büyük şehridir. Lhasa kutsal bir şehir olup eskiden Tibetli Budistlerin ruhsal başkanı ve Tibet hükümdarı olan Dalay Lama bu şehirde otururdu. Lhasa "yasak kent" diye tanınır çünkü burası tarihte çok uzun bir süre yabancılara kapalı tutulmuş, 1904 yılına kadar Tibetlilerden başka kimse bu kente girememiştir.

Coğrafya

Lhasa ülkenin güneydoğusunda, Himalaya Dağları'nın yüksek tepelerinden birinin üzerindeki bir düzlükte denizden 3.600 metre yüksekte kurulmuştur. Şehir, doğuda Nyingchi ile batıda Xigazê il düzeyi şehirleri, kuzeyde Nagqu ile güneyde Shannan illeri ile komşudur. Ayrıca Hindistan sınırına çok yakındır.

Mimari
Lhasa'da tarihi önem taşıyan birçok bina vardır. Başlıcaları 652 yılında yaptırılmış olan Jokhang Tapınağı ve şehrin kuzeyindeki Ramo-çe Tapınağı'dır.

Lhasa'daki binaların çoğu taş ve tuğladan yapılmıştır. Evler genel olarak iki ya da üç katlıdır, bacasız ve alçak çatıları vardır.

Ulaşım
Lhasa, Qinghai-Tibet Demiryolu üzerinde yer almaktadır. Şehre hizmet veren Lhasa Gonggar Havalimanı ise Shannan ilinde bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Resmi site

Lhasa


În fizică, o interacțiune fundamentală (sau interacțiune elementară sau forță fundamentală) descrie o interacțiune între sisteme fizice, care apare ca ireductibilă. Toate fenomenele fizice din Univers pot fi descrise prin patru forțe fundamentale: interacțiunea gravitațională, interacțiunea electromagnetică, interacțiunea tare și interacțiunea slabă.

În acest caz, interacțiunile electromagnetice și slabe sunt manifestări ale unei singure interacțiuni electroslabe.

Se caută alte tipuri de interacțiuni fundamentale, atât în fenomenele microlumii, cât și la scară cosmică, dar până acum nu a fost descoperit niciun alt tip de interacțiune fundamentală (vezi Forța a cincea).

În teoriile Marii Uniri se presupune existența unei interacțiuni electronucleare. Posibil, încălcarea invarianței CP este cauzată de interacțiunea superslabă.

Poveste
Newton în a doua sa lege (1687) a postulat că motivul schimbării mișcării corpurilor este forța. Fizicienii cunoșteau o mare varietate de forțe: gravitația, tensiunea firului, compresia arcului, forța de coliziune, frecarea, rezistența aerului, forța de explozie etc.

Studiile din secolele XVIII-XIX au dus la descoperirea structurii atomice a materiei și a devenit clar că toată diversitatea acestor forțe este rezultatul interacțiunii atomilor între ei. Deoarece principalul tip de interacțiune interatomică este electromagnetică, s-a dovedit că majoritatea acestor forțe sunt doar diferite manifestări ale interacțiunii electromagnetice. Una dintre excepții este, de exemplu, gravitația, care este cauzată de interacțiunea gravitațională dintre corpurile care au masă.

Astfel, până la începutul secolului al XX-lea, a devenit clar că toate forțele cunoscute la acea vreme au fost reduse la două interacțiuni fundamentale: electromagnetice și gravitaționale.

În anii 1930, fizicienii au descoperit că nucleele atomilor sunt formate din nucleoni (protoni și neutroni). A devenit clar că nici interacțiunile electromagnetice, nici cele gravitaționale nu ar putea explica ce menține nucleonii în nucleu. S-a postulat existența unei noi forțe fundamentale: forța puternică. Cu toate acestea, mai târziu s-a dovedit că nici măcar acest lucru nu este suficient pentru a explica unele fenomene din microcosmos. În special, nu era clar ce cauzează dezintegrarea unui neutron liber. Atunci s-a postulat existența unei interacțiuni slabe, iar aceasta s-a dovedit a fi suficientă pentru a descrie toate fenomenele observate până acum în microcosmos.

De la descoperirea bosonului Higgs, câmpul Higgs a fost uneori denumit cea de-a cincea forță fundamentală.

Crearea unei teorii unificate a interacțiunilor fundamentale
Prima dintre teoriile interacțiunilor a fost teoria electromagnetismului, creată de Maxwell în 1863. Apoi, în 1915, Einstein a formulat teoria generală a relativității care descrie câmpul gravitațional. A apărut ideea de a construi o teorie unificată a interacțiunilor fundamentale (dintre care doar două erau cunoscute la acea vreme), așa cum Maxwell a reușit să creeze o descriere generală a fenomenelor electrice și magnetice. O astfel de teorie unificată ar uni gravitația și electromagnetismul ca manifestări particulare ale unei anumite interacțiuni unificate.

În prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea, un număr de fizicieni au făcut numeroase încercări de a crea o astfel de teorie, dar nu a fost propus niciun model complet satisfăcător. Acest lucru, în special, se datorează faptului că teoria generală a relativității și teoria electromagnetismului sunt diferite în esență. Gravitația este descrisă de curbura spațiu-timpului, iar în acest sens, câmpul gravitațional este condiționat nematerial (empiric nediscret), dar, ca și alte forme de interacțiune, se propagă la viteza maximă admisă a luminii (vezi Viteza gravitației), în timp ce câmpul electromagnetic este toate atributele necesare ale materiei.

În a doua jumătate a secolului al XX-lea, sarcina de a construi o teorie unificată a fost complicată de nevoia de a introduce interacțiuni slabe și puternice în ea, precum și de nevoia de cuantificare a teoriei.

În 1967, Salam și Weinberg au creat teoria interacțiunii electroslabe, combinând electromagnetismul și interacțiunile slabe. Ulterior, în 1973, a fost propusă teoria interacțiunii puternice (cromodinamica cuantică). Pe baza acestora a fost construit Modelul Standard al particulelor elementare, care descrie interacțiunile electromagnetice, slabe și puternice.

Verificarea experimentală a Modelului Standard constă în descoperirea particulelor și a proprietăților lor prezise de acesta. În prezent, toate particulele elementare ale Modelului Standard au fost descoperite.

Astfel, interacțiunile fundamentale sunt descrise în prezent de două teorii general acceptate: teoria generală a relativității și modelul standard. Unificarea lor nu a fost încă realizată din cauza dificultăților de a crea o teorie cuantică a gravitației. Pentru a unifica și mai mult interacțiunile fundamentale, sunt utilizate diverse abordări: teoria corzilor, gravitația cuantică în buclă și teoria M.

Ipoteza despre numărul de interacțiuni fizice fundamentale – de ce în natură exact numărul de interacțiuni despre care se presupune că există – a fost prezentată relativ recent la Universitatea de Stat din Moscova. Se presupune că numărul de interacțiuni fundamentale depinde de forma coeficientului de amortizare din ecuațiile de oscilație luate în considerare. În același timp, structura necomutativă a acestui coeficient mărturisește în favoarea existenței câmpului Higgs ca interacțiune fundamentală.

Note

Vezi și

 Constantă de cuplaj
Interacțiune
Forță
Fizica particulelor

Interacțiune fundamentală


أبردين هي مدينة أمريكية توجد في داكوتا الجنوبية. ويبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 24,658 (إحصائية سنة 2000). وهي عاصمة مقاطعة براون.

التركيبة السكانية

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان أبردين 1,603 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 689 أسرة وعدد العائلات 436 عائلة مقيمة في القرية. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 825 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للقرية بنسبة 96.88% من البيض و0.81% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.19% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و1.37% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.37% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر.بلغ عدد الأسر 689 أسرة كانت نسبة 32.2% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 44.4% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 15.1% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من النساء دون وجود زوج، وكانت نسبة 36.7% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 31.9% من أصل جميع الأسر من أفراد ونسبة 10.4% كانوا يعيش معهم شخص وحيد يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً فما فوق. وبلغ الحجم الوسطي للأسر 2.88، أما الحجم الوسطي للعائلات فبلغ 2.31.
بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 37 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 25.8% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 7.8% بين الثامنة عشر والأربعة وعشرون عاماً، ونسبة 30.4% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين حتى الرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 24.0% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعون حتى الرابعة والستون، ونسبة 12.1% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستون عاماً فما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان أبردين 26,091 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 11,418 أسرة وعدد العائلات 6,354 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 12,158 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 91.8% من البيض و3.6% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و1.3% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.2% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و0.7% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و2.0% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر.بلغ عدد الأسر 11,418 أسرة كانت نسبة 27.1% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 42.1% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 9.5% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من النساء دون وجود زوج، بينما كانت نسبة 4.0% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود زوجة، وكانت نسبة 44.4% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 36.9% من أصل جميع الأسر من أفراد ونسبة 13.1% كانوا يعيش معهم شخص وحيد يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً فما فوق. وبلغ الحجم الوسطي للأسر 2.86، أما الحجم الوسطي للعائلات فبلغ 2.18.
بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 36.4 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 22.2% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 12.8% بين الثامنة عشر والأربعة وعشرون عاماً، ونسبة 24.1% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين حتى الرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 24.4% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعون حتى الرابعة والستون،

مراجع

أبردين (داكوتا الجنوبية)
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1880
تأسيسات سنة 1880 في إقليم داكوتا
مدن جامعية في الولايات المتحدة
مدن داكوتا الجنوبية
مدن في مقاطعة براون (داكوتا الجنوبية)
مقرات المقاطعات في داكوتا الجنوبية

أبردين (داكوتا الجنوبية)


الفصيلة الأقنتية أو الأقنثية  فصيلة نباتية تضم 250 جنساً وأكثر من 2500 نوع.

معظم نباتات هذه الفصيلة عبارة عن أعشاب مدارية.

التصنيف
 تحت فصيلة الأقنثاوات
 قبيلة الأقنثاوية
 الأقنثا
 تحت فصيلة التونبرغاوات
 قبيلة التونبرغاوية
 التونبرغية
 قبيلة المندونكاوية
 المندونكية
 تحت فصيلة النيلسوناوات
 النيلسونية

من أشهر أجناسها
 الأقنثا
 القرم
 شوك الضب
 كروسندرة
 مضيفة

مراجع

أقنثية
فصائل شفوية
فصائل نباتية

أقنثية


Florian Büchler (* 23. Oktober 1988 in Lauchhammer, DDR) ist ein deutscher Fußballspieler, der in der Saison 2009/10 ein Bundesligaspiel für Hannover 96 bestritt.

Karriere
Büchler begann das Fußballspielen beim HSC BW Tündern. In der Saison 2007/2008 spielte er bei der SpVgg Bad Pyrmont. Von 2008 bis 2012 spielte er bei Hannover 96. Am 17. Spieltag der Saison 2009/10 wurde er das erste Mal in den Profikader für ein Bundesligaspiel berufen, bei dem er auch gleich zum Einsatz kam, indem er in der 88. Minute beim Heimspiel gegen den VfL Bochum von Trainer Andreas Bergmann für Constant Djakpa eingewechselt wurde. Dies blieb bis heute seine einzige Berufung in den Profikader von Hannover 96 in einem Pflichtspiel. Durch einen Schienbeinbruch und eine Schulteroperation kam es zu einer Karriereunterbrechung. 2012 wechselte Büchler zu Germania Halberstadt für die er in der Fußball-Regionalliga Nordost spielt. 2014 wechselte Büchler zum 1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder, dessen Herrenmannschaft damals in der Oberliga Niedersachsen spielte. Nach einem Jahr schloss er sich wieder seinem ehemaligen Verein SpVgg Bad Pyrmont an. 2017 wechselte er zum Bad Pyrmonter Stadtteilverein TuS Germania Hagen. Für diesen absolvierte er in der Saison 2017/18 24 von 30 möglich gewesenen Einsätzen in der Bezirksliga Hannover Staffel 4 und kam dabei auf neun Treffer und drei Torvorlagen. Nach dem Abstieg des Teams in die Kreisliga Hameln-Pyrmont hielt Büchler der Mannschaft weiterhin die Treue und absolvierte in der Spielzeit 2018/19 abermals 24 von 30 möglichen Ligaeinsätzen. Dabei trat er vor allem offensiv sehr gefährlich in Erscheinung, wobei er 42 Tore erzielte und weitere sieben für seine Mannschaftskollegen vorbereitete.

Leben
Seit 1990 lebte Büchler in Bad Pyrmont. 2008 zog er nach Hannover und 2012 nach Halberstadt. 2014 kehrte er nach Niedersachsen zurück.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Hannover 96)
Fußballspieler (VfB Germania Halberstadt)
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1988
Mann

Florian Büchler


Histoire
Le Vélo-dog est un revolver de poche inventé et commercialisé par René Galand. Il était destiné à permettre aux cyclistes de se défendre contre les chiens. En effet, à cette époque les vélos étaient encore très récents et les chiens n'étaient pas habitués à les voir circuler et ils réagissaient souvent de façon énergique. Le nom de l'arme est une contraction de « vélocipède » et « dog ». Ce petit révolver comporte un barillet non basculant, qu'il faut approvisionner en introduisant les cartouches l'une après l'autre par un portillon pivotant latéralement ménagé dans la carcasse. Pour faciliter le transport dans les poches et sa mise en action rapide, le chien est généralement noyé dans la carcasse, ce qui implique que le revolver soit uniquement à double action.

Munition
La cartouche originellement proposée est en calibre 6 mm Vélodog, qui est légèrement une munition à percussion centrale, moins puissante que le .22 Long rifle.
Pour l'usage courant, décourager les chiens, les cartouche ne comportaient pas de balle en métal, mais un chargement de poivre, de petits plombs ou une balle en liège, en bois ou en cire.

Bibliographie
 Eger, Chris (2012). "Velo Dog Revolver: Snubby snoopy sniper" www.guns.com. Retrieved 11 May 2015
 Hogg, Ian; Weeks, John; Walter, John (2004). Pistols of the World  Krause Publications.
 Mueller, Thierry. Comment démonter et remonter un Vélodog KDP Editions.

Révolver

Vélodog


الصالحية ، منطقة من مناطق محافظة العاصمة في الكويت. وقد سميت المنطقة بهذا الاسم نسبت إلى الملا صالح محمد العنزي سكرتير الشيخ أحمد الجابر الصباح ، وذلك لوقوع مسجد الملا صالح في تلك المنطقة التي يخترقها شارع فهد السالم الشهير . وهي منطقة تجارية ضمن حدود العاصمة ، وتقع في غرب العاصمة . وتحتوي المنطقة على مجمع الصالحية الشهير، يقع مقر وزارة الأعلام التابع للقنوات تلفزيون الكويت مثل القناة الثانية الإنجليزية وقناة الثالثة الرياضية والقناة الرابعة القرين.

أماكن مأهولة في الكويت

الصالحية (الكويت)


Illwinter Game Design is the name of a small software company in Sweden composed of Johan Karlsson and Kristoffer Osterman. The company was started in the 1990s under the name Bogus Game Design, but later changed its name. Registered officially as Illwinter since September 18, 2001, the team's product catalogue includes two long-running series of fantasy strategy games: Conquest of Elysium and Dominions. Illwinter's games are characterized by large amount of content, depth, lasting playability, support for multiple platforms (Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris and Windows included), good multiplayer support and simple visual and sound effects. Labor division within the tiny team is simple: Kristoffer Osterman creates the units, spells and descriptions, while Johan Karlsson makes everything else work.

Both Johan Karlsson and Kristoffer Osterman have expressed their love for role-playing games, especially Ars Magica and roguelikes. Kristoffer Osterman teaches religion, math and social sciences as a primary occupation.

Games by Illwinter
Conquest of Elysium (released in the 1990s for Atari)
Conquest of Elysium II (released in 1997)
Dominions: Priests, Prophets and Pretenders (released in 2001)
Dominions II: The Ascension Wars (released in the end of 2003)
Dominions 3: The Awakening (released in October 2006)
Conquest of Elysium 3 (released in February 2012)
Dominions 4: Thrones of Ascension (released in October 2013)
Conquest of Elysium 4 (released in November 2015)
Dominions 5: Warriors of the Faith (released in November 2017)
Conquest of Elysium 5 (released in August 2021)

Community
Dominions 5 maintains a thriving online community.

References

External links
Illwinter Game Design
StrategyWiki entry about Illwinter

Video game development companies
Video game companies of Sweden
Video game companies established in 2001

Illwinter Game Design


In the Mist er den første demo fra det franske black metal-band Blut aus Nord. Den blev udgivet i 1993, da bandet stadig gik under navnet Vlad og kun bestod af frontmand Vindsval.

Spor
Udgivet på kasettebånd. Den ene side af båndet er tomt.
 "Raging Chaos" - 6:15
 "In My Darkest Fantasy" - 3:39
 "Forgotten Land" - 4:05
 "The Seven Winters" - 4:00

Eksterne henvisninger

Demoer
Blut aus Nord-album
Album fra 1993

In the Mist


Acca macrostema jedna od tri biljne vrste u rodu Acca, porodica mirtovki. Raste u Peruu i bolivijskom departmanu Cochabamba
. Nanofanerofit

Bazionim je Psidium macrostemum Ruiz & Pav. ex G. Don.

Sinonimi
 Acca domingensis O. Berg
 Acca domingensis var. angustifolia O.Berg
 Acca domingensis var. latifolia O.Berg
 Eugenia acka DC.
 Myrtus eugeniiflora Kunth ex O.Berg
 Psidium macrostemum Ruiz & Pav. ex G.Don

Izvori

Aka
Flora Perua
Flora Bolivije

Acca macrostema


بي إم-30 سميرتش  قاذفة صواريخ سوفيتية متعددة المهام من عيار 300 ملم مزودة بـ 12 أنبوبًا. تم تصنيع الراجمة بي إم-30 سميرتش في أوائل الثمانينات ودخلت الخدمة في الجيش السوفيتي عام 1989 كما صدر منها إلى دول أخرى في الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا.

المهمة الأساسية لراجمة الصواريخ بي إم-30 سميرتش هي تدمير التجمعات العسكرية الكبيرة بأقل مجهود وهي تستخدم عدة أنواع من الذخائر الصاروخية بالإضافة إلى انها تتميز بالقوة التدميرية وسرعة الحركة مقارنة مع المدفعية التقليدية وكما ان مداها وكثافة نيرانها أفضل يمنحها الأفضلية على المدفعية ويتألف طاقم المشغل لسميرتش من 3 أفراد.

خصائص عامة

 الوزن القتالي : 43.7 طن
 الطول: 12 متر
 الأرتفاع: 3.05 متر
 العرض: 3.05 متر
 الطاقم: 3 أفراد
 مدة التعبئة للقاذف: 3 دقائق
 مدة الإفراغ للقاذف: 2 دقيقة
 القاذف: 12 أنبوب عيار 300 ملم
 سرعة الأطلاق : 12 صاروخ في 38 ثانية
 مدة إعادة التعبئة: 20 دقيقة

القذائف الصاروخية

المستخدمون

أوروبا
 : 300
 : 48
 : عدد غير معلوم
 : 11

آسيا

 : 38
 : 27
  : 6
  : 6

أفريقيا
 : 18

انظر أيضاً
 راجمة الصواريخ فيلخا
 كاتيوشا (صاروخ)
 توس-1

مصدر

قنابل عنقودية
مدفعية ذاتية الحركة
مدفعية صاروخية
مركبات عسكرية 1980–1989

بي إم-30 سميرتش


Henri Pelgé, né à Paris le 9 mai 1837 et mort à Poitiers le 31 mai 1911, est évêque de Poitiers de 1894 à 1911.

Biographie
Henri Pelgé a un frère et deux sœurs, Charles Pelgé, ancien notaire et maire de Charleville († ), Mme Chantrel († ) et Mme Pilet († ).

Il fait ses études classiques au collège de Saint-Vincent de Senlis puis au petit séminaire de Noyon. Il poursuit ses études théologiques au séminaire de Saint-Sulpice. Il est alors ordonné prêtre en 1861 il est alors vicaire à Saint-Bernard de La Chapelle, puis secrétaire de l'archevêché de Paris. Il est alors vice-chancelier puis chanoine honoraire en 1875 puis est finalement appelé en 1882 aux fonctions de vicaire général par le cardinal Richard.

Il est nommé évêque de Poitiers en 1894 par décret du 29 janvier en 1894, il est préconisé dans le consistoire du 18 mai et il fut sacré le 15 juillet dans une église métropolitaine de Notre-Dame à Paris. Il succède à Augustin-Hubert Juteau.

En 1894, il inaugure le monument en la mémoire du cardinal Pie dans la cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Poitiers. Il consacre cette même année la chapelle des Filles-de-la-Croix (rue des Gaillards) placée sous le vocable de l'Annonciation de la Très-Sainte-Vierge. L'année qui suit, il bénit une chapelle récemment établie pour les jeunes sourds-muets et aveugles au faubourg de la Tranchée à Poitiers. En mai 1896 il bénit la chapelle du patronage ouvrier Saint-Joseph, (rue des Feuillants) sous le vocable de Notre-Dame de la Salette.

Il meurt le 31 mai 1911, une messe pour le repos de l'âme a lieu à la cathédrale Saint Pierre de Poitiers. Elle est présidée par Henri-Marie Arlet, évêque d'Angoulême, accompagné de Joseph Rumeau, évêque d'Angers.

Armoiries
Les armes d'Hervé Pelgé renfermaient deux cœurs ("d'or au Sacré Cœur de gueules et d'azur au Saint Cœur de Marie d'argent, ceint d'une couronne de roses au naturel") et deux devises : le cœur de Jésus et celui de Marie et les deux devises étaient les suivantes : Charitas Christi urget nos and Omnia per Mariam.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Évêque de Poitiers
Naissance en mai 1837
Décès à Poitiers
Décès en mai 1911

Henri Pelgé


Die Scottish Liberal Democrats (schott.-gäl. Libearal Deamocratach na h-Alba, Scots Scots Leeberal Democrats, dt. etwa Schottische Liberaldemokraten) sind eine der drei Landesparteien innerhalb der föderalen britischen Liberal Democrats. Die anderen sind die Welsh Liberal Democrats und die English Liberal Democrats. Die Scottish Liberal Democrats sind die fünftgrößte Partei Schottlands und seit 2021 mit vier Sitzen im schottischen Parlament vertreten.

Geschichte und Gegenwart
Die Scottish Liberal Democrats wurde durch die Fusion der Scottish Liberal Party mit der Social Democratic Party in Schottland, im Rahmen des Parteifusion der Liberal Party mit Social Democratic Party am 3. März 1988, gegründet.

In den Wahlen zum schottischen Parlament im Jahre 1999 und 2003 gewann die Partei jeweils 17 Sitze. Nach diesen Wahlen bildete die Partei eine Koalitionsregierung mit der Scottish Labour Party in der schottischen Exekutive.
Bei der darauffolgenden schottischen Parlamentswahl im Jahre 2007 verloren die SLD einen Sitz und die Partei ging in Opposition. Bei der Wahl zum britischen Unterhaus im Jahr 2010 gewann die Partei 11 Sitze in Schottland und die britischen Liberal Democrats koalierten darauf mit der britischen Conservative Party. Bei der Wahl zum schottischen Parlament im Jahre 2011 verlor die Partei 11 Sitze und hatte fortan nur noch 5 Sitze. Bei den Unterhauswahlen 2015 verlor die Partei alle bis auf einen Sitz. Bei der letzten Wahl zum schottischen Parlament im Jahre 2016 hielt die Partei ihre 5 Parlamentssitze, wurde aber nur fünftgrößte Partei.

Parteiführer
 Malcolm Bruce (3. März 1988 – 18. April 1992)
 Jim Wallace (18. April 1992 – 23. Juni 2005)
 Nicol Stephen (27. Juni 2005 – 2. Juli 2008)
 Michael Moore (stellvertretend: 2. Juli 2008 – 26. August 2008)
 Tavish Scott (26. August 2008 – 7. Mai 2011)
 Willie Rennie (17. Mai 2011 – 20. Juli 2021)
 Alistair Carmichael (stellvertretend: 20. Juli 2021 – 20. August 2021)
 Alex Cole-Hamilton (20. August 2021 – jetzt)

Wahlergebnisse
Prozentergebnisse und Gesamtsitze beziehen sich auf Schottland. Unterhauswahlen erfolgten durchgehend nach Mehrheitswahlrecht, Wahlen zum schottischen Parlament nach einem Mixed-Member Proportionalsystem und ab 1999 auch Wahlen zum Europaparlament nach Verhältniswahlrecht.

Weblinks

 Website der Scottish Liberal Democrats

Einzelnachweise

Partei (Schottland)
Organisation (Edinburgh)
Liberale Partei

Gegründet 1988

Scottish Liberal Democrats


An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travels, each neuron often making numerous connections with other cells of neurons.  These electrical signals may be excitatory or inhibitory, and, if the total of excitatory influences exceeds that of the inhibitory influences, the neuron will generate a new action potential at its axon hillock, thus transmitting the information to yet another cell.

This phenomenon is known as an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).  It may occur via direct contact between cells (i.e., via gap junctions), as in an electrical synapse, but most commonly occurs via the vesicular release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic axon terminal into the synaptic cleft, as in a chemical synapse.

The excitatory neurotransmitters, the most common of which is glutamate, then migrate via diffusion to the dendritic spine of the postsynaptic neuron and bind a specific transmembrane receptor protein that triggers the depolarization of that cell.   Depolarization, a deviation from a neuron's resting membrane potential towards its threshold potential, increases the likelihood of an action potential and normally occurs with the influx of positively charged sodium (Na+) ions into the postsynaptic cell through ion channels activated by neurotransmitter binding.

Chemical vs electrical synapses

There are two different kinds of synapses present within the human brain: chemical and electrical. Chemical synapses are by far the most prevalent and are the main player involved in excitatory synapses. Electrical synapses, the minority, allow direct, passive flow of electric current through special intercellular connections called gap junctions. These gap junctions allow for virtually instantaneous transmission of electrical signals through direct passive flow of ions between neurons (transmission can be bidirectional). The main goal of electrical synapses is to synchronize electrical activity among populations of neurons. The first electrical synapse was discovered in a crayfish nervous system.

Chemical synaptic transmission is the transfer of neurotransmitters or neuropeptides from a presynaptic axon to a postsynaptic dendrite. Unlike an electrical synapse, the chemical synapses are separated by a space called the synaptic cleft, typically measured between 15 and 25 nm. Transmission of an excitatory signal involves several steps outlined below.

Synaptic transmission
 In neurons that are involved in chemical synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters are synthesized either in the neuronal cell body, or within the presynaptic terminal, depending on the type of neurotransmitter being synthesized and the location of enzymes involved in its synthesis. These neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles that remain bound near the membrane by calcium-influenced proteins.
 In order to trigger the process of chemical synaptic transmission, upstream activity causes an action potential to invade the presynaptic terminal.
 This depolarizing current reaches the presynaptic terminal, and the membrane depolarization that it causes there initiates the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels present on the presynaptic membrane.
 There is high concentration of calcium in the synaptic cleft between the two participating neurons (presynaptic and postsynaptic). This difference in calcium concentration between the synaptic cleft and the inside of the presynaptic terminal establishes a strong concentration gradient that drives the calcium into the presynaptic terminal upon opening of these voltage-gated calcium channels.  This influx of calcium into the presynaptic terminal is necessary for neurotransmitter release.
 After entering the presynaptic terminal, the calcium binds a protein called synaptotagmin, which is located on the membrane of the synaptic vesicles.  This protein interacts with other proteins called SNAREs in order to induce vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane.  As a result of this vesicle fusion, the neurotransmitters that had been packaged into the synaptic vesicle are released into the synapse, where they diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
 These neurotransmitters bind to a variety of receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane.  In response to neurotransmitter binding, these postsynaptic receptors can undergo conformational changes that may open a transmembrane channel subunit either directly, or indirectly via a G-Protein signaling pathway.  The selective permeability of these channels allow certain ions to move along their electrochemical gradients, inducing a current across the postsynaptic membrane that determines an excitatory or inhibitory response.

Responses of the postsynaptic neuron
When neurotransmitters reach the postsynaptic neuron of an excitatory synapse, these molecules can bind to two possible types of receptors that are clustered in a protein-rich portion of the postsynaptic cytoskeleton called the Postsynaptic density (PSD).  Ionotropic receptors, which are also referred to as ligand-gated ion channels, contain a transmembrane domain that acts as an ion channel and can directly open after binding of a neurotransmitter.  Metabotropic receptors, which are also called G-protein-coupled receptors, act on an ion channel through the intracellular signaling of a molecule called a G protein. Each of these channels has a specific reversal potential, Erev, and each receptor is selectively permeable to particular ions that flow either into or out of the cell in order to bring the overall membrane potential to this reversal potential.  If a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor with a reversal potential that is higher than the threshold potential for the postsynaptic neuron, the postsynaptic cell will be more likely to generate an action potential and an excitatory postsynaptic potential will occur (EPSP).  On the other hand, if the reversal potential of the receptor to which the neurotransmitter binds is lower than the threshold potential, an inhibitory postsynaptic potential will occur (IPSP).

Although the receptors at an excitatory synapse strive to bring the membrane potential towards their own specific Erev, the probability that the single stimulation of an excitatory synapse will raise the membrane potential past threshold and produce an action potential is not very high.  Therefore, in order to achieve threshold and generate an action potential, the postsynaptic neuron has the capacity to add up all of the incoming EPSPs based on the mechanism of summation, which can occur in time and space.  Temporal summation occurs when a particular synapse is stimulated at a high frequency, which causes the postsynaptic neuron to sum the incoming EPSPs and thus increases the chance of the neuron firing an action potential. In a similar way, the postsynaptic neuron can sum together EPSPs from multiple synapses with other neurons in a process called spatial summation.

Types of excitatory neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an excitatory, small-molecule neurotransmitter involved in synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions controlling the vagus nerve and cardiac muscle fibers, as well as in the skeletal and visceral motor systems and various sites within the central nervous system. This neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to a variety of postsynaptic receptors depending on the species, but all of these receptors depolarize the postsynaptic membrane and thus classify ACh as an excitatory neurotransmitter.

Glutamate
Glutamate is a small, amino acid neurotransmitter, and is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter at almost all synapses in the central nervous system.  This molecule binds multiple postsynaptic receptors including the NMDA receptor, AMPA receptor, and kainate receptors.  These receptors are all cation channels that allow positively charged ions such as Na+, K+, and sometimes Ca2+ into the postsynaptic cell, causing a depolarization that excites the neuron.

Catecholamines
The catecholamines, which include Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine, are excitatory biogenic amine neuromodulators that are derived from the amino acid tyrosine and serve as excitatory neurotransmitters at various locations in the central nervous system as well as the peripheral nervous system.  Epinephrine and norepinephrine, also called adrenaline and noradrenaline, respectively, bind a number of G-protein-coupled receptors that induce their depolarizing effects on the postsynaptic cell in various ways, including activating and inactivating certain K+ channels.  Epinephrine is found in the lateral tegmental system, medulla, hypothalamus, and thalamus of the central nervous system, but their function is not fully understood.  Norepinephrine is found in the brain stem and is involved in sleep and wakefulness, feeding behavior, and attention.  Dopamine binds to G-protein-coupled receptors in many areas of the brain, especially the corpus striatum where it mediates the synaptic transmission that underlies the coordination of body movements.

Serotonin
Serotonin is an excitatory neurotransmitter that regulates sleep and wakefulness and is found in neurons of the raphe region of the pons and upper brain stem, which extend into the forebrain.  Serotonin binds a number of receptors, including the 5-HT3 receptors, which are ligand-gated ion channels that allow the passage of cations in order to depolarize the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron that they reside on. Levels of serotonin activity that are lower than normal have been linked to a variety of symptoms, especially depression, which is why many antidepressant drugs act to increase serotonin activity.

Histamine
Histamine acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter by binding G-protein coupled receptors in neurons of the hypothalamus. These neurons project into many regions of the brain and spinal cord, allowing histamine to mediate attention, arousal, and allergic responses. Of the four types of histamine receptors (H1 - H4), H3 is found in the central nervous system and is responsible for regulating histamine effects on neurotransmission.

Disease

Excitatory synapses have a fundamental role in information processing within the brain and throughout the peripheral nervous system.  Usually situated on dendritic spines, or neuronal membrane protrusions on which glutamate receptors and postsynaptic density components are concentrated, excitatory synapses aid in the electrical transmission of neuronal signals.   The physical morphology of synapses is crucial in understanding their function, and it is well documented that the inappropriate loss of synaptic stability leads to the disruption of neuronal circuits and the resulting neurological diseases.  Although there are innumerable different causes for different neurodegenerative illnesses, such as genetic dispositions or mutations, the normal aging process, parasitic and viral causes, or drug use, many can be traced back to dysfunctional signaling between the neurons themselves, often at the synapse.

Excitotoxicity

Pathophysiology

Since glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter involved in synaptic neuronal transmission, it follows that disruptions in the normal functioning of these pathways can have severe detrimental effects on the nervous system.  A major source of cellular stress is related to glutaminergic overstimulation of a postsynaptic neuron via excessive activation of glutamate receptors (i.e., NMDA and AMPA receptors), a process known as excitotoxicity, which was first discovered accidentally by D. R. Lucas and J. P. Newhouse in 1957 during experimentation on sodium-fed lab mice.

Under normal conditions, extracellular glutamate levels are held under strict control by surrounding neuronal and glial cell membrane transporters, rising to a concentration of about 1 mM and quickly falling to resting levels.  These levels are maintained via the recycling of glutamate molecules in the neuronal-glial cell process known as the glutamate–glutamine cycle, in which glutamate is synthesized from its precursor glutamine in a controlled manner in order to maintain an adequate supply of the neurotransmitter. However, when glutamate molecules in the synaptic cleft cannot be degraded or reused, often due to dysfunction of the glutamate–glutamine cycle, the neuron becomes significantly overstimulated, leading to a neuronal cell death pathway known as apoptosis.  Apoptosis occurs primarily via the increased intracellular concentrations of calcium ions, which flow into the cytosol through the activated glutamate receptors and lead to the activation of phospholipases, endonucleases, proteases, and thus the apoptotic cascade. Additional sources of neuronal cell death related to excitotoxicity involve energy rundown in the mitochondria and increased concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species within the cell.

Treatment

Excitotoxic mechanisms are often involved in other conditions leading to neuronal damage, including hypoglycemia, trauma, stroke, seizures, and many neurodegenerative diseases, and thus have important implications in disease treatment.  Recent studies have been performed that incorporate glutamate receptor antagonists and excitotoxic cascade disruptors in order to decrease stimulation of postsynaptic neurons, although these treatments are still undergoing active research.

Related neurodegenerative diseases

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia, or loss of brain function, and was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1907. 9.	  Diagnosis of the disease often stems from clinical observation as well as analysis of family history and other risk factors, and often includes symptoms such as memory impairment and problems with language, decision-making, judgment, and personality.  The primary neurological phenomena that lead to the above symptoms are often related to signaling at excitatory synapses, often due to excitotoxicity, and stem from the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, as well as neuronal cell death and synaptic pruning.  The principle drug treatments on the market deal with antagonizing glutamate (NMDA) receptors at neuronal synapses, and inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase.  This treatment aims to limit the apoptosis of cerebral neurons caused by various pathways related to excitotoxicity, free radicals, and energy rundown.  A number of labs are currently focusing on the prevention of amyloid plaques and other AD symptoms, often via the use of experimental vaccines, although this area of research is yet in its infancy.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, especially the substantia nigra, as well as heightened response to the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate (i.e., excitotoxicity).  While the most obvious symptoms are related to motor skills, prolonged progression of the disease can lead to cognitive and behavioral problems as well as dementia.  Although the mechanism of apoptosis in the brain is not entirely clear, speculation associates cell death with abnormal accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in cell occlusions known as Lewy bodies, as well as hyperstimulation of neuronal NMDA receptors with excessive glutamate neurotransmitter via the aforementioned pathway.  Like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's Disease lacks a cure.  Therefore, in addition to lifestyle changes and surgery, the goal of pharmaceutical drugs used in the treatment of PD patients is to control symptoms and limit, when possible, the progression of the disease.  Levodopa (L-DOPA), the most widely used treatment of PD, is converted to dopamine in the body and helps to relieve the effect of decreased dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system.  Other dopamine agonists have been administered to patients in an effort to mimic dopamine's effect at excitatory synapses, binding its receptors and causing the desired postsynaptic response.

See also
Inhibitory synapse
Neurotransmission
Neuroscience
Synaptogenesis
Electrophysiology
Neurotoxicity

References

Neural synapse
Articles containing video clips

Excitatory synapse


Polucijev ili U–rampa (engl. Half-pipe) je športsko borilište u obliku polukružno zavijene betonske podloge na kojemu se održavaju natjecanja u daskanju na snijegu, skateboardingu, skijanju, BMX biciklizmu, rolanju i koturanju. Za športske potrebe počela se primijenjivati prvo u skateboardingu polovicom sedamdesetih godina 20. st. u Sjedinjenim Državama.

Poprečno gledano, polucijev odražava presjek riječnoga korita ili bazena. S rubova se podloga polukružno spušta prema ravnom dnu. Ovisno o športu i disciplini, u uporabi su različite visine bočnih vrhova, koji mogu imati i produžetke. Time se postižu različite amplitude (razlike u visini) podnožja i rubova. Složeniji elementi (trikovi) zahtijevaju veće amplitude.

Skijanje
Biciklizam
Ekstremni športovi

Polucijev


De Morteel ou Van de Morteel peut faire référence à :
 Ineke De Moortel, mathématicienne belge.
 Françoise Van De Moortel (1941-2005), journaliste belge.
 Mathilde Van de Moortel (née en 1984), monteuse française.

Voir aussi
 De Mortel, village néerlandais de la province du Brabant-Septentrional.

De Morteel