Wacken Open Air (, abbreviated as W:O:A) is a heavy metal music festival, held annually since 1989 on the first weekend of August in the village of Wacken in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Almost all styles and subgenres of hard rock and metal are represented and hosted. It is now one of the largest heavy metal festivals in the world and one of the largest open-air festivals in Germany. Between 2011 and 2018, the number of attendees was around 85,000, 75,000 of whom were paying visitors. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there were no 2020 and 2021 editions of Wacken Open Air.

History

Background
The idea for Wacken Open Air was conceived in 1989 when Thomas Jensen and Holger Hübner visited a restaurant together. Both lived in Wacken and were friends, Jensen played the electric bass with Rock cover band Skyline. From its beginnings until 1992, the band was composed of Ines Jeske from Vaale (vocals), Thomas Jensen from Wacken (bass), Peter Huhn from Wacken (electric guitar), Dennis Harman from Itzehoe (keyboard), and Andreas Göser from Wacken (drums). Skyline was one of the first regional Metal and Rock cover bands at that time. The band was regionally known, working its way from appearances in village pubs and gigs at biker meetings up to an appearance as supporting band of "Extrabreit". Hübner was a disc jockey with a focus on Rock music and Heavy Metal. Jensen and Hübner developed the idea to organise an open-air concert in a gravel pit in Wacken and persuaded Skyline drummer Andreas Göser and Jörg Jensen, Thomas Jensen's brother, to help make it happen. Until then, the pit had already served as a meeting venue for up to 3,000 members of biker club 'No Mercys', it was therefore perfectly suited for their plans and also presented an opportunity to attract motorcycle fans. From the beginning, it was clear that the focus of the event would be on Rock and Metal and that, in contrast to other single-day festivals such as Monsters of Rock or Super Rock in Mannheim, there would also be camping grounds.

Early years and initial development

The first two-day festival took place in the gravel pit on 24 and 25 August 1990 and barely had 800 visitors. The performing bands all hailed from Germany, and apart from Skyline, bands like 5th Avenue, Motoslug, Sacred Season, Axe 'n Sex, and Wizzard played. The first festivals were organised privately, with the technology being built on a trailer borrowed from a local trucking company and the stage being a DIY construction.

In subsequent years, too, most of the tasks were carried out by the small team. Until August 1994, for example, ticket orders were organised privately by Andy Göser's mother Regina Göser and security duties were performed by friendly motorcycle clubs up until 1996. In 1991, the number of visitors increased to 1,300, and with Skyline returning, Bon Scott, an AC/DC cover band from Hamburg, Gypsy Kyss, Kilgore, Life Artist, Ruby Red, and Shanghai'd Guts joined them on stage for an all-regional roster. That same year, the iconic skull logo was designed by Mark Ramsauer after the basic shape had been determined by Thomas Jensen and Holger Hübner. The cow skull refers to the venue, a meadow for cows, and to Jensen and Hübner as "boys from the village".

In 1992, the programme changed to include internationally renowned bands such as Blind Guardian and Saxon for the first time, and the number of bands rose to 26, listing bands from Sweden, the US, Ireland, and Belgium. The organisers used a professional stage with lighting and PA for the first time and were able to win cigarette brand Prince Denmark as a sponsor. That year, the Party Stage was set up in the DJ tent next to the main stage, where cover bands and fun projects were to perform exclusively. The additional post-concert costs for garbage disposal on the campground, where 2,500 paying guests and many more were present and celebrated, as well as the significantly oversized security, among other things, meant that the organisers recorded a loss of around 25,000 D-Mark that year.

With the reunion of the band Fates Warning at the festival in 1993, Wacken Open Air had a special feature and also made a name for itself in the following years with unusual band constellations and reunions. At the same time, Doro Pesch and other well-known bands made for interesting appearances, which resulted in a new record attendance of 3,500 paying customers. Simultaneously, the team tried their hand at concert organisation and, under the moniker Stone Castle Promotion, held a Motörhead concert for 2,000 people in Flensburg which, unfortunately, could not cover its promotional costs. A show with Dio/Freak of Nature became a disaster with only 167 tickets sold, and together with the Open Air, which again recorded a minus, the organisers incurred debts of around 350,000 D-Mark. As a result, Jörg Jensen and Andreas Göser left the team; Holger Hübner and Thomas Jensen remained, as did Jörn-Ulf Goesmann for another two years, continuing to run the Wacken Open Air despite the debts for which their parents had provided guarantees. During the same year, Thomas Jensen's mother died and Holger Hübner had a serious accident – the year went down in Wacken history as the "year of the plague".

On its fifth anniversary in 1994, the financial situation stabilised and the festival finally broke even. The line-up remained professional and featured many internationally known bands from the metal scene. A total of 4,500 tickets were sold; on top of that, due to the rising costs of garbage disposal, tickets for the camping grounds had to be purchased separately, and pre-orders were rewarded with a free T-shirt. Also in 1995, income and expenses evened out thanks to the commitment of bands such as Tiamat, D-A-D, the Pretty Maids, and Angra. But even with roughly 5,000 attendees, the festival didn't turn a profit. However, for the first time, national media became aware of Wacken Open Air, especially Rock Hard magazine, as well as the newly founded TV station VIVA with its Heavy Metal programme Metalla.

First achievements and growth
Ticket sales for the 1996 festival again started sluggishly, despite a headliner like Kreator and numerous internationally renowned bands such as The Exploited, Gorefest, and Crematory. Management tried to prevent another loss by securing more acts and finally managed to get Böhse Onkelz to perform. The engagement of the controversial band also led to criticism, and some bands cancelled their gig in Wacken that year. Cologne band Brings called off their gig on short notice and offered to refund their fans' ticket prices.

As a result of many visitors flooding the village in 1996, the inhabitants of Wacken voiced their concern over an event of this size being held in the local gravel pit. Uwe Trede offered to relocate the festival site to his own property and the areas previously used as campgrounds and took care of the acquisition of additional land. The organisational team grew to include Thomas Hess as production manager, who had previously been active as tour manager for Die Böhsen Onkelz, as well as Sheree Hesse for catering to the artists and VIPs. With the W.E.T.-Stage, a third stage was set up in 1997. The "Wacken Evolution Tent" was to be made available primarily to newcomers and bands without record deals. That year, the number of visitors reached 10,000 for the first time, with Rockbitch's erotic stage show causing a scene.

Further development of the festival

Over the years, the size of Wacken Open Air has grown continuously, and now dozens of bands and tens of thousands of visitors flock to the festival. Even though the organisers said in 2006 that 62,500 visitors were "the limit of what is possible", changes were made to the structure of the festival grounds the following year by allocating a larger area to the "Party Stage". In addition, tickets could no longer be purchased directly on the festival grounds to reduce the number of spontaneous or ticketless visitors. In 2007 and 2008, the festival had already sold out as a result of advance ticket sales; for W:O:A 2009, tickets had even sold out by the end of 2008. The tickets for 2010, too, sold out months in advance.

While the festival originally only lasted two days, the performances have been lasting from Thursday to Saturday, i.e., three days, for some years. Thursday became a "Night to Remember", with mainly "classical" Heavy Metal bands appearing, such as the Scorpions in 2006. On the actual Party Stage, younger and more modern bands play as a contrast to the "Night to Remember". In addition, the event is accompanied by a rich complementary programme; in addition to a merchant area – obligatory for music festivals – a beer garden has been operating since 2000, in which the Wacken Firefighters' marching band opens the festival before its official start. On Thursday in 2007, the "Hellfest Stage" was initiated. Since 2009, there has been a "Medieval Stage", where mainly Medieval and Folk Metal bands play.

The fact that many well-known bands, including the Scorpions, Saxon, Twisted Sister, Dimmu Borgir, Slayer, and Helloween, have recorded live DVDs at Wacken, shows how esteemed the Open Air has since become. Ahead of their farewell tour in 2004, Die Böhsen Onkelz also performed an extended set at W:O:A.

Since 2002, the so-called "Metal Train" has been travelling from Zurich to Wacken and back before and after the festival to bring fans to the Northern German village and provide a matching entertainment programme. Bus tours from Scandinavian countries, especially Sweden, but also from Austria, are organised each year and used by several hundred fans.

The "W:O:A Soccercup" has been taking place annually since 2002. This football tournament, which started with nine teams and takes place on Wednesdays, has grown over the years and has been held in World Cup mode with 32 teams since 2007 (a one-off event in 2011 featured 36 teams). The international teams register in advance and are composed of festival visitors. For the tournament's 15th anniversary in 2016, a band was featured and took part for the first time: Serum 114 formed a team with several fans and were able to win the tournament. Although it is meant to be a fun tournament, in which creative outfits and names take precedence over athletic performance, the award ceremony after the tournament has been held on one of the stages since 2013 and prizes can be won.

In 2013, the "Full Metal Church" took place in Wacken for the first time. Marking the local church's 150th anniversary, the team, together with the parish, organised a concert by the band Faun, which was framed by two readings and sermons by "Volxbibel" author Martin Dreyer. Both the concert and the services were completely overcrowded by festival visitors.
The festival is one of the Metal scene's highlights of the year. Nowadays, about a third of the visitors, some of whom arrive quite some time before the official start of the festival, and the majority of the bands come from abroad. According to the organisers, 2018 saw visitors from more than 80 nations attending the festival.

The number of participants increased to 75,000 in 2008 and included 65,000 paying guests. In 2008, the festival sold out twice (W:O:A 2008 in spring and W:O:A 2009 on 31 December 2008).

As is common with festivals of this size, Wacken Open Air received criticism for its hygienic conditions, prices, security personnel, as well as for the overcrowding and commercial orientation of the event. These points of criticism were addressed by making further substantial investments in the festival's fixed and mobile infrastructure. In 2008, the organisers also contributed 1,000,000 Euros to the expansion of Wacken's local outdoor swimming pool in order to make the festival even more attractive to the residents and visitors of the town.

Since 2006, the festival has been running an online radio station called Wacken Radio, which broadcasts Metal music around the clock. It is being produced in cooperation with RauteMusik as of February 2014.

For the 23rd edition of Wacken Open Air, the sale of an "X-Mas Package" started on Monday, 8 August 2011, shortly after the end of that year's festival, and was sold out within 45 minutes. The event sold out ten times in a row between 2006 and 2015. Tickets for Wacken Open Air 2015 sold out after just 12 hours on 4 August 2014 – just a few hours after the end of W:O:A 2014. The X-Mas Tickets for W:O:A 2016, which cost 10 Euros less and whose buyers were entitled to a free T-shirt, were completely sold out only 20 minutes after the start of pre-sales. Booking office Metaltix' servers were highly busy. In the minutes before the start of the pre-sale, the pages were no longer accessible; after that, data traffic had to be limited by wait lists.

Prices for the festival have risen and are currently at a level similar to other major Rock festivals, such as Rock am Ring and Hurricane Festival. After several years of success in which the festival sold out within hours, the first 60,000 tickets for the 2017 festival were sold in mid-2016. 55,000 tickets were sold within the first hour. By the end of April 2017, the festival was almost sold out except for a few remaining tickets. The price for the festival ticket was 220 Euros, but there was no fee for early arrival campers, who often set up their elaborately designed accommodations before the festival begins – partly to get the best spots near the festival grounds. In addition, all toilets and showers were free in 2017.

The festival sold out within a few days each in 2014–2016. However, the last tickets for the 2017 festival were sold after 309 days, a mere 2 months before the start of the festival, even though only 10,000 tickets remained after the first day of sales. This was a matter of speculation at first, and reasons such as the changed security situation or the price development were taken into account. Regardless of that, the festival sold out for the 13th time in a row in 2018.

On 5 April 2018, Thomas Hess, the festival's longtime production (and former security) director, passed away. He had joined festival management in 1996 as a former tour manager of Böhse Onkelz and was considered one of the most important leading figures for the festival, along with the remaining founders and the Trede family, who organise the camping areas and the camping supervisors as subcontractors. He made a significant contribution to the W:O:A being so well organised, peaceful and successful.

Wacken Open Air 2018 was named the best major festival at the European Festival Awards 2018 and best festival at the Helga! Awards. For W:O:A 2019, all 75,000 tickets were sold within the first four days of sales, making this the 14th time in a row that the festival completely sold out.

2020 and 2021 edition postponements
On 16 April 2020, it was announced that the 2020 edition of the festival would be cancelled because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The first set of bands were announced on 1 August 2020 for the rescheduled festival for 2021.

On 1 June 2021, the promoters of Wacken Open Air announced that the festival would not take place this year, again due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and is scheduled to return in the summer of 2022, with more information and details to be announced in September 2021.

The festival post-Corona
2022 was the first edition that was able to take place since the COVID-19 pandemic. Headliners were Powerwolf, Slipknot and Judas Priest.

The 2023 edition was sold out in record time of 5 hours. Headliners were Iron Maiden, Heaven Shall Burn, Doro and Helloween. But for the first time in the festival's history, they had to announce a travel stop for motorized vehicles due to heavy rainfall and storm alerts. This announcement came wednesday morning, the day before the festival was supposed to officially start. The police estamined 50 000 festival goers were able to reach the festival by the time the travel stop was announced. The people who weren't able to reach the festival were offered a full refund.

As per usual, the 2024 edition sold out, once again in a record time of 4,9 hours. Announced bands included Amon Amarth, Scorpions & Blind Guardian.

Organisation

The organisers of Wacken Open Air founded Stone Castle Rockpromotions in 1990 in order to organise the first festival. The name is derived from the direct translation of "Steinburg" from the district of Steinburg, to which Wacken belongs. Stone Castle remained the company's name until 1996. Up until 2014, the headquarters were located in Dörpstedt (Schleswig-Flensburg district) and then moved to Wacken. The company's name has been ICS (International Concert Service) GmbH since 1999. The company owns the label Wacken Records and the mailorder Metaltix, among others.

A daily festival newspaper has been available since 2007, reporting on what's happening on the festival grounds. The Thursday edition is also included free of charge with all newspapers published by Schleswig-Holsteinischer Zeitungsverlag.

In 2014, the online radio station RauteMusik took over production of the official Wacken radio. Wacken Radio has its own container on the festival grounds every year, where it reports live.

Up until a few years ago, Wacken's official town signs were either replaced by plastic signs spelling Heavy Metal Town during W:O:A or bolted more tightly because they were often stolen as souvenirs. Some shops are now selling black cotton bags with the Wacken town sign on one side and the words "This town sign I may keep" on the other.

An action for exceeding the maximum noise limit, brought before the Administrative Court of Schleswig by residents of Wacken, ended in January 2013 with an out-of-court settlement. Now, if the average noise level of the festival exceeds 70 dB, the organisers pay 1,000 Euros to the community, which donates the money to charitable causes.

In July 2022, it was announced that starting with W:O:A 2023 and onwards, the festival will be officially extended from three to four full days and that the Wednesday will be the new first full day. Up until 2022, while there was plenty of programme on Wednesdays, it was more of an unofficial afternoon introduction to the festival and Thursdays remained the official opening day.

Infrastructure
The site covers more than 240 hectares, which are divided by more than 45 kilometres of fence. The inner area, including the main stage, has a size of 43,000 square metres. More than 1,300 toilets and almost 500 showers are available for the 75,000 paying attendees. 2,200 trucks with equipment are needed for the entire festival. Stage construction and dismantling usually take 7 days and 5 days respectively. For this, 75 trucks of stage equipment (1,000 tons), 10 trucks of sound equipment and 27 trucks of lighting equipment are used.

Since 2014, the electric output has amounted to 12 megawatts, roughly matching the needs of a small town counting 70,000 inhabitants. In addition, 40 diesel-fuelled emergency power generators are required. 25 electricians are responsible for the power supply.

600,000 Euros were spent on the construction of sewage systems and the improvement of power supply on the festival grounds. At the same time, 700,000 Euros worth of drains were installed in front of the stages in order to improve the drainage of water masses during heavy rains. The main paths were also paved with 10 km of mobile roads to facilitate access for rescue vehicles.

A total of approximately 5,000 employees work for the festival, including 1,800 security staff members, 150 cleaners, 70 construction and dismantling assistants, as well as 400 police officers, 250 firefighters, 900 paramedics, and six emergency doctors.

In 2017, a beer pipeline measuring one kilometer to supply ten dispensing systems was used for the first time. At full capacity, this construction allowed for 10,000 litres of beer to be tapped within the hour.

Stages

Wacken Open Air now boasts eight stages for musicians and accompanying entertainment. The most important ones are the Faster and the Harder Stage, which are designed as connected twin stages and have a shared sound and lighting system. Together with the slightly smaller Louder Stage, these two stages make up the Infield, or The Holy Ground. All three stages are also equipped with video walls to allow visibility of the performers even from remote positions.

Up until 2016, these three stages were called Black Stage, True Metal Stage, and Party Stage. After Wacken 2016, visitors were encouraged to suggest new names. From these suggestions, the best ideas were to be put up to a vote in a survey. Instead, however, the slogan "Faster - Harder - Louder" became the inspiration for the names and the three stages were renamed accordingly.

Two more twin stages, the W.E.T. Stage (Wacken Evolution Tent) and the Headbanger Stage, are located inside a big tent called Bullhead City Circus. The Metal Battle takes place on these stages on Wednesday and Thursday, followed by regular band appearances on the days after.

While the large stages and tent stages are open to all genres, the remaining stages are dedicated to specific themes. The Wackinger Stage is located in the medieval area of the festival and is played primarily by bands from Folk, Pagan and Medieval genres, while the Wasteland Stage, which was established in 2014, is geared towards music with an apocalyptic touch. The Beergarden Stage is modelled after typical folk festival stages, but also accommodates permanent Wacken guests such as the Wacken Firefighters and Mambo Kurt.

Event area

Wacken Open Air's event area is divided into several structurally separated sections. Since 2014, only one major security check is performed upon entering the grounds, after that, only the festival wristbands are checked.

Special features of the W:O:A include the Wackinger area, which resembles a medieval market and contains specialty food and beverage stalls as well as the Wackinger Stage, where matching music is played. Various walking acts also entertain the audience. This area borders on the Wasteland designed by the Wasteland Warriors, where a post-apocalyptic world and stage (Wastelandstage) styled in homage to the Mad Max-franchise is set up.

The area in front of the main stages comprises both the Bavarian beer garden and a large shopping mile called Metal Markt. There are also various food stalls, the Wacken Foundation Camp, ATMs, and the Movie Field, where Heavy Metal documentaries and feature films are screened.

The most important stages, the focal point of the festival, are located in the so-called Infield, which can be reached only via the Center. In addition to these stages, it also hosts food and beverage stalls.

Camping grounds

As Wacken Open Air only sells 3-day tickets, the majority of visitors spend the entire festival on-site. As a result, most of the more than 240 hectares of the festival site are designated camping areas. Camping opens on Monday and has been included in the ticket price since 2017. However, in the years before, an extra fee was charged for arrival before Wednesday.

The campsite is equipped with showers, flushing toilets, portable toilets, drinking fountains, small supermarkets, food stalls and information boards, and is continuously patrolled by the police, fire brigade and security services. A refuse collection service collects refuse bags on the premises.

Since the large crowds lead to a bottleneck situation in terms of mobile service, some providers now set up portable base stations for GSM, UMTS, and LTE+ during the festival.

Medical services
A festival of this size needs capable medical services, which here are called the Wacken Rescue Squad. Every year, hundreds of helpers from various relief organisations from all over Germany arrive before the festival to prepare the medical camp and care for people in need during the event. The medical service is managed by the local DRK association in Kaltenkirchen.

The visiting and local relief organisations provide vehicles and material during the course of the festival. These include ambulances and radios for communication in particular. Due to the road conditions, quads and foot patrols are often used in Wacken, especially in the vicinity of the medical centre. In addition to the medical service, which counts approx. 270 people at peak times, the rescue service cooperation Schleswig-Holstein has more than ten emergency vehicles (ambulances and mobile intensive care units) on site while coordinating the overall emergency management.

In 2013, around 3,300 people received medical care from approximately 500 medics.

Crime and accidents
Despite the size of the festival, no serious security problems have been encountered so far. Disputes among visitors are rare, and in 2011, a total of 20 reports of bodily injury was filed. The main problem consists of several hundred reported thefts each year. In 2011, police were able to arrest three gangs of thieves. In comparison to other events of this scale, the festival is classified by police as secure.

So far there have been four deaths and some serious injuries:

 In 2005, a heavily intoxicated 37-year-old crashed into an ambulance moving at walking pace and succumbed to his head injuries in the hospital. To support his family, organisers held a fundraising event; W:O:A 2006 honoured the deceased with a minute's silence.
 In 2011, a rioting fan was overwhelmed by security guards in the village and died of cardiovascular arrest.
 In 2012, a 22-year-old festival visitor went to sleep near a generator and breathed in its carbon monoxide fumes. He could not be revived.
 In 2013, a 52-year-old visitor from Poland died of natural causes in his tent. That same year, a fan was seriously injured when the cartridge of his camping stove exploded for unknown reasons.
 In 2016, two men were injured when one of them set fire to illegal firecrackers and the other tried to stop him. Reports that one of the men's ears had been torn off turned out to be false.
 In 2017, a 16-year-old was seriously injured while trying to refill a camping stove with denatured alcohol.

Commitment

Metal Battle

W:O:A Metal Battle is an international band contest first held in 2004. During Metal Battle, newcomer bands compete against each other in national qualifiers and finals; the winner of each country then competes against the other finalists in the grand finale at Wacken Open Air.

An international jury selects the competition's best bands. In earlier years, winners of the competition were offered a record deal, whereas nowadays, the five best bands receive cash or material prizes.

Wacken Foundation
The Wacken Foundation was founded in 2009 by the festival's organisers and serves as a charitable foundation. Its objective is to support young bands from the Heavy Metal genre.

Sponsorship is granted to specific projects such as the production of a CD or the realisation of a tour. In addition, the Wacken Foundation provides information about its projects at many European festivals each summer. Since the 2017/2018 season, the Wacken Foundation's lettering can be found on the jerseys of German 3rd league club FC Carl Zeiss Jena. This was facilitated by jersey sponsors Heaven Shall Burn, whose logo has been moved to the jersey's sleeve for this cause. Part of the proceeds from the jersey's sale is donated to the foundation.

Wacken Music Camp
2014 saw Wacken Music Camp take place for the first time. One week after the festival ended, young people from all over Germany were invited to write and play their own songs under the guidance of professional musicians. They were accommodated in the so-called Kuhle, the site of the first Wacken Open Air.

Blood donations
The organisers regularly call for blood donations with the whole festival team. Blood is donated at the Itzehoe Clinic and the entire wing is decorated in W:O:A style, while Heavy Metal is blasted through the speakers.

DKMS typing campaign
Since W:O:A 2014, visitors and musicians have been encouraged to have their bone marrow typed for donation by the German Bone Marrow Donor Database. In 2014, 2,700 visitors took this opportunity.

Stark gegen Krebs – Strong against cancer
The festival works with the organisers of the so-called Wattolümpiade ("mudflat Olympics") in Brunsbüttel to promote the slogan Stark gegen Krebs ("Strong against cancer"). The festival's team helps out with logistics for the event.

Network

In addition to the festival itself, there are numerous other events planned and carried out by the organisers. A wide range of merchandising has also been developed over the years. In addition to T-shirts and a comprehensive range of CDs and DVDs, the festival also has accompanying print media. The W:O:A History Book contains the open-air's history up until 2005. The book Die Wahrheit über Wacken ("The truth about Wacken", Oidium Verlag 2005, new edition published at Verlag Andreas Reiffer 2011) provides a more humorous account of the festival. It was written by satirist Till Burgwächter in collaboration with comic artist Jan Oidium and is also available as an audio book comprising three CDs. The publication of a Metal cookbook shows how far merchandising has come. However, the mounting range of merchandising has led to growing criticism, as some consider it to be purely profit-oriented. The increasing coverage of the festival, especially in the wake of the documentary Full Metal Village, is perceived by the traditional Metal scene as "selling out".

In 2005, Wacken Premium Pilsner was offered as the festival's "own" beer for the first time. It was produced in the Bavarian brewery Maximiliansbrauerei in Chieming. At W:O:A 2006 and 2007, the beer was available as well, this time produced in 0.5-litre bottles by the Flensburger brewery. The large number of glass shards later forced the organisers to switch to 0.5-litre cans.

As a motto, the phrase "See you in Wacken - Rain or Shine" has established itself alongside "Faster, Harder, Louder". Additionally, the festival features the sentence "Louder Than Hell" in its advertising.

Full Metal Cruise
Cruises with Heavy Metal bands on board under the name Full Metal Cruise have been organised within Europe since 2013.

Hamburg Metal Dayz
The indoor festival Hamburg Metal Dayz takes place at the same time as the Reeperbahn-Festival and is considered a get-together for the scene. In addition to concerts, there are panels with musicians, managers, and other Metal experts, as well as workshops and a question and answer session with the W:O:A organisers.

Wacken Roadshow

For the Wacken Roadshow, several bands tour Europe under the banner of Wacken Open Air. These concerts are meant to complement the warm-up parties organised in many places.

Metal Monday
In the summer of 1990, Metal Monday took place for the first time at Knust in Hamburg. For five years, regional, national and international Metal bands like De la Cruz, 5th Avenue, and King Køng played at Knust every Monday. After a break of almost 20 years, Metal Monday was revived by the Wacken Open Air organisers in 2014 in cooperation with the Knust, Seaside Touring, All Access, and Hamburg Konzerte. Metal, Rock, and Folkrock bands now perform once a month, following the motto "three bands - small entrance fee". In addition to regional bands, international newcomers are always invited.

Zum Wackinger

The former country-style restaurant Zur Post in Wacken, built in 1919, has been the hub of the village and the surrounding communities for decades. It was here that bartenders Thomas Jensen and Holger Hübner conceived the idea for today's Wacken Open Air. Today, it is used to accommodate staff and to serve other business purposes. A series of events called "Zum Wackinger" sees artists from music, comedy, and entertainment perform regularly. Since 2016, a two-day medieval feast with jugglers and bards takes place here.

Metal Church
The Evangelical Lutheran Village Church in Wacken belongs to the Lutheran congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany. For Wacken Open Air and Wacken Winter Nights, it is turned into the Metal Church. During said festivals, the Metal Service is held here and bands from the Folk and Medieval scene perform in the church.

Wacken Winter Nights

Wacken Winter Nights (WWN), a three-day Folk and Medieval open-air festival, took place for the first time in February 2017 at temperatures of -2 to -6 degrees Celsius in Wacken. With over 3,500 attendees, the festival's first edition sold out several weeks in advance. Most of them spent the nights on the camping site. A second edition took place from 23 to 25 February 2018. Due to the construction on the previous year's campground, the overnight accommodations were relocated to the area that is also used for the regular Open Air. The walking distance, therefore, increased to about 15 minutes. With 4,000 visitors, the 2018 event also sold out. For the third event in 2019, the festival grounds were expanded considerably and 5,000 visitors attended. The fourth WWNs are planned for the 14th to 16 February 2020.

StrongmanRun
The Fisherman's Friend StrongmanRun visited the Metal festival grounds of Wacken for the first time in April 2016. With their Wacken debut, the StrongmanRun season formally kicked off. About 3,000 participants, some in colourful costumes, took part in the run on the 20 km track with 40 obstacles. In 2017, the StrongmanRun took place on the festival grounds.

Wacken Rocks
Several open-air festivals called Wacken Rocks were held in the past to transport the Wacken atmosphere to other places.

Full Metal Mountain

During the winters of 2016, 2017 and 2018, an annual ski trip to Nassfeld, Austria was organised for Metal fans under the name Full Metal Mountain. Numerous bands and artists were present. For 2019, the festival was cancelled entirely.

Full Metal Holiday
Planning and preparation are underway for a holiday trip to Mallorca with the title Full Metal Holiday - Destination Mallorca, which will offer Metal concerts on the beach from 12 to 19 October 2020. The event was originally planned for 2017 and said to head to Ibiza, then rescheduled for 2018 and changed to Mallorca.

W:O:A in numbers
The following chart shows the development of prices and visitor numbers of past festivals as published by the organisers. Prices refer to the total amount per ticket (incl. parking and camping) in pre-sale (without additional fees). The price for the 4-day 2023 edition (299.00 EUR) has been adjusted accordingly.

Documentaries and reception

Since 1999, various documentaries about W:O:A have been made. The first documentary, Metalheads - The Official Documentary, was produced in 1999 on the occasion of the festival's 10th anniversary and was released on VHS by Rock Hard in 2000. The film team lived on the festival grounds for ten days prior to the actual start of the festival and documented the work of construction workers, farmers such as Uwe Trede, villagers, fans and organisers. Although the film shows excerpts from performances by some of the bands and interviews with the artists, it is more of a behind-the-scenes documentary. The film was produced with the simplest means, including a professional Hi8 and a Mini-DV camera and a team of three, and was regarded by the organisers as a trial run on the subject of film. According to the organisers, a total of 10,000 copies were made and sold. The film Nordland was shot for the 15th edition of W:O:A, but was only used for internal promotion. Both films were made by Thomas Greiner.

The documentary Metal - A Headbanger's Journey by Sam Dunn (2005) features Wacken Open Air. The festival is described as a Mecca of Heavy Metal. The film Full Metal Village by director Cho Sung-Hyung, made in 2005 and 2006, portrays the people of Wacken dealing with the festival. In 2006, she was awarded the main award of the Hessischer Filmpreis and the Schleswig-Holstein Filmpreis for best documentary. Full Metal Village was the first documentary ever to win the Max Ophüls Award for young filmmakers in 2007. WDR-Rockpalast profiled the festival in 2006, 2007, and 2009 with two-hour documentaries. Broadcaster DMAX also sent a camera team and produced a one-hour documentary on the construction of W:O:A in 2007.

ZDF television filmed the 30-minute feature Ein Dorf und 100.000 Rockfans about Wacken Open Air 2008.

The aforementioned projects are almost identical in content; they invite visitors, organisers, and the citizens of Wacken to comment on the festival and generally present it in a positive way. However, there has been criticism of the fact that the Wacken Firefighters have been featured too prominently. The three Rockpalast documentaries focus on interviews with the musicians and the performances of the bands.

Another perspective is offered by the low-budget production Metaller die auf Brüste starren ("The Metalheads Who Stare At Breasts", title based on The Men Who Stare At Goats), which five festival attendees shot during their stay at Wacken. "Offener Kanal Bad Offenbach" is listed as its official producer. The film shows the festival from the filmmakers' (subjective) point of view and comments on the events in the style of New Journalism. In contrast to other documentaries, this one focuses on the fans. Whether it's a documentary in the true sense of the word or whether the film is just entertainment remains controversial. The filmmakers themselves avoid this question and classify their work as a "trash documentary". The film premiered on 5 May 2011.

Schleswig-Holstein's Prime Minister Peter Harry Carstensen (CDU) commented on the opening of W:O:A 2009: "I don't come here to listen to the music, but I do identify with the festival".

Selected concerts of Wacken Open Air 2014 were broadcast live in an online stream. Furthermore, the cooperation between Spiegel Online and Arte made some performances available as video on demand.

To mark its 30th anniversary, the Norddeutsche Rundschau published a special edition that offered insights into the organisation of the Wacken Open Air. In addition, there will be a special exhibition at the Prinzesshof Kreismuseum in Itzehoe to mark the anniversary.

Awards

At an awards ceremony on 11 March 2008, W:O:A received the Live Entertainment Award (LEA) for best festival of 2007.

Media

Documentaries
German television has produced numerous Wacken Open-Air documentaries in recent years. The following list is therefore not complete:

 Metalheads, documentary on the 10th anniversary of Wacken Open Air (director: Thomas Greiner)
 Nordland, documentary on the 15th anniversary of Wacken Open Air (director: Thomas Greiner (author))
 Full Metal Village, 2006 (Director: Cho Sung-Hyung)
 Ein Dorf im Ausnahmezustand - A village in a state of emergency / Three days of Wacken - Bauernschlau und Heavy-Metal, 2006 (film by Petra Petersen, NDR)
Rockpalast (WDR), Festival Wacken-Open-Air, 2006, 2007 and 2009, each approx. 2 h documentary, can be downloaded free of charge in the media library of the public broadcaster (as of February 2016)
 Wahnsinn Wacken, 2007 (DMAX) approx. 1 h documentary
 Ein Dorf und 100.000 Rockfans, 2008 (ZDF)
 Metaller die auf Brüste starren, 2010
 Road To Wacken - The Movie, 2011
 Heavy Metal auf der Wiese, 2011 (NDR) (Director: Manfred Studer)
 Heavy Metal trifft Karniggels - Detlev Buck goes Wacken, 2012 (NDR) (Director: Nils Utzig)
 Heiter, harder, louder, 2013 (NDR) (Director: Nils Utzig)
 Alles auf Schwarz – Wacken!!! Sarnau und Hübner bei den Metalheads, 2013 (NDR) (Director: Nils Utzig)
 Wacken 3D, 2014 (Director: Norbert Heitker) - also in 2D.
 25 Years Louder Than Hell - The W:O:A Documentary, Jun 2015, DVD and Blu-ray, 3 Eps. 45 min, 1 h 5 min, 42 min, original sound: German, English, and Spanish with subtitles in German, English.
 Road To Wacken, 2016 (DMAX) - two-part documentary (45 min each) about the band Blind Guardian, who plan, prepare and perform their set at W:O:A, as well as the festival itself, its visitors, the village of Wacken and its inhabitants.
 Welcome to Wacken - A Documentary Film in Virtual Reality, Jul 2017 (Director: Sam Dunn), °360 VR Film in English in five parts, with animations of the festival area.[87][88]
 Der Wacken-Wahnsinn, Wie geht das? NDR Television, August 2018

Official Wacken Open Air videos and DVDs
The organisers of Wacken Open Air have been releasing an official live DVD every year since 2003:

 Metal Overdrive: Wacken Overdrive, 2003
 Armageddon Over Wacken 2003, 2003
 Armageddon Over Wacken 2004, 2004
 Armageddon Over Wacken 2005, 2005
 Wacken 2006 – Live at W:O:A, 2006
 Wacken 2007: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2007
 Wacken 2008: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2008
 Wacken 2009: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2009
 Wacken 2010: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2010
 Wacken 2011: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2011
 Wacken 2012: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2012
 Wacken 2013: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2014
 Wacken – Der Film, 2014
 25 Years of Wacken: Snapshots, Sraps, Thoughts & Sounds, 2015
 Wacken 2014: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2015
 Live At Wacken 2015 – 26 Years Louder Than Hell, 2016
 Live at Wacken 2016 – 27 Years Louder Than Hell, 2017
 Live at Wacken 2017 – 28 Years Louder Than Hell, 2018
 Live at Wacken 2018 - 29 Years Louder Than Hell, 2019
 Live at Wacken 2019 - 30 Years Birthday Harder Louder than hell, 2019

Live albums by various bands
Numerous bands have recorded their performances at Wacken Open Air and released them as audio CDs or DVDs. The following list contains only full live albums and no albums containing only individual live tracks from the festival:

 Hypocrisy – Hypocrisy Destroys Wacken, 1999
 Rose Tattoo – 25 to Live, 2000
 Tygers of Pan Tang – Live at Wacken, 2001
 Grave Digger – Tunes of Wacken – Live, 2002
 Twisted Sister – Live at Wacken: The Reunion, 2005
 Bloodbath – The Wacken Carnage, 2005
 Scorpions – Live at Wacken Open Air 2006
 Emperor – Live at Wacken Open Air 2006
 Dimmu Borgir – The Invaluable Darkness, 2007
 Rage – Live in Wacken 2007 (bonus DVD for the album Carved in Stone), 2008
 Mambo Kurt – The Orgel Has Landed: Live at Wacken, 2008
 Avantasia – The Flying Opera, 2008
 Die Apokalyptischen Reiter – Tobsucht (Reitermania over Wacken & Party.San), 2008
 Atheist – Unquestionable Presence: Live at Wacken, 2009
 Heaven & Hell: Neon Nights: 30 Years of Heaven & Hell (CD & DVD format), 2009
 Exodus – Shovel Headed Tour Machine – Live at Wacken, 2010
 Grave Digger – The Clans Are Still Marching, 2010
 Immortal – The Seventh Date of Blashyrkh, 2010
 Rage – Live in Wacken 2009 (bonus DVD for the album Strings to a Web), 2010
 At the Gates – Purgatory Unleashed – Live at Wacken, 2010
 Running Wild – The Final Jolly Roger
 Motörhead – The Wörld Is Ours – Vol. 2: Anyplace Crazy as Anywhere Else, 2011
 Saxon – Heavy Metal Thunder – Live – Eagles Over Wacken, 2012
 Sacred Reich – Live At Wacken Open Air, 2012
 Degradead – Live at Wacken And Beyond, 2012
 Megaherz – Götterdämmerung: Live At Wacken 2012, 2012
 Gorgoroth – Live at Wacken 2008, 2012
 God Seed – Live at Wacken, 2012
 Atrocity – Die Gottlosen Jahre – Live In Wacken, 2012
 Ministry – Enjoy The Quiet: Live at Wacken 2012, 2013
 Airbourne – Live at Wacken 2011, 2013
 Nightwish – Showtime, Storytime, 2013
 Alice Cooper – Raise The Dead : Live From Wacken, 2014
 Circle II Circle – Live at Wacken (Official Bootleg), 2014
 Deep Purple – From the Setting Sun … In Wacken (recorded in 2013), 2015
 Sabaton – Heroes On Tour, 2015
 Europe – War Of Kings Special Edition, DVD/BluRay 2 Live at Wacken, 2015
 Danko Jones – Live at Wacken (recorded in 2015), 2016
 Judas Priest – Battle Cry, 2016
 Unisonic – Live in Wacken, 2017
 Hansen & Friends – Thank You Wacken live, 2017
 Arch Enemy – As The Stages Burn! (recorded in 2016), 2017
 Status Quo – Down Down & Dirty at Wacken (recorded in 2017), 2018
 Accept – Symphonic Terror - Live at Wacken 2017, 2018
 Epica – Live in Wacken, 2018
 Parkway Drive – Viva The Underdogs, 2020
 Sabaton – 20th Anniversary Show (recorded in 2019), 2021
 Dream Theater - Lost Not Forgotten Archives: Live at Wacken (2015) (recorded in 2015), 2022
 Visions of Atlantis - Pirates over Wacken (record in 2022), 2023

Further reception
In her crime novels Tod in Wacken and Der Teufel von Wacken, author Heike Denzau places her storylines at Wacken Open Air, describing the location as well as the festival and its visitors.

Further reading
 Till Burgwächter: Zwischen Aasbüttel und Vahlenmoor. Die Wahrheit!!! – über Wacken. Oidium, Berlin 2004,  → edition 2011; .
Andreas Schöwe: Wacken Roll – Das größte Heavy Metal-Festival der Welt. 2., updated and extended edition. Hannibal Verlag, Höfen 2012, .

References

External links

Official Wacken Radio
 Website of ICS (organiser)
 Festival history with a list of the bands that have performed

Heavy metal festivals in Germany
Music festivals established in 1990

Wacken Open Air


රචිත කෘති
 ළමාවිය සුන්දරයි
 මල් පාවර
 නිලෝටු පුවක්
 කාර්යාල කුම භාවිතය
 මිනිහා වටේ මිනිස්සු
 ගම් අරටු

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගත් කතුවරු

ජිනදාස දික්මාදුගොඩ


سبوكين مركز تجاري مهم في وسط شرقي ولاية واشنطن في الولايات المتحدة، ويأتي ترتيبها التالي في المدن بعد سياتل التي تعد من بين كبريات المدن في الولايات المتحدة. يبلغ عدد سكانها 177,196 نسمة، أما سبوكين الكبرى، فيبلغ عدد سكانها 361,364 نسمة. تعمل سبوكين كمركز للمواصلات والتوزيع للإمبراطورية الداخلية. وتغطي هذه المنطقة الغنية بالزراعة والأخشاب والتعدين جزءًا من شرقي واشنطن، وشمالي إيداهو، وغربي مونتانا وشمال شرقي أوريغون.

تستخدم صناعات وتجارة الجملة والتجزئة العديد من العمال في سبوكين. وتوجد بالمدينة حوالي 385 مؤسسة صناعية. تضم منتجاتها المعادن الرئيسية ومنتجات الأخشاب. يقع مطار سبوكين الدولي جنوب شرقي المدينة.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لسبوكين في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان سبوكين 195,629 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 81,512 أسرة وعدد العائلات 47,256 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 87,941 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 89.46% من البيض و2.07% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و1.76% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و2.25% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.19% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و0.88% من الأعراق الأخرى و3.38% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و2.99% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 81,512 أسرة كانت نسبة 31.7% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 41.3% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 12.4% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 4.2% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 42% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 33.9% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 11.7% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.32، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.98.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 34.7 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 24.6% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 10.2% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 29% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 20.2% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 12.9% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 93.0 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 90.0 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 32,273 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 41,316 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 31,676 دولارًا مقابل 24,833 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 18,451 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 11.1% من العائلات ونسبة 15.9% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 20.2% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 9.6% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان سبوكين 208,916 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 87,271 أسرة وعدد العائلات 49,204 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 94,291 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 86.66% من البيض و2.32% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و1.99% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و2.56% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.58% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و1.34% من الأعراق الأخرى و4.56% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و5.01% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 87,271 أسرة كانت نسبة 28.9% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 38.5% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 12.9% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 5% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 43.6% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 34.2% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 11% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.31، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.97.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 35.0 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 22.4% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 12.2% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 27.6% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 25% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 12.8% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 48.8% ذكور و51.2% إناث.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لسبوكين:

توأمة
لسبوكين اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 محج قلعة (1987 - 1990)
 نيشينومايا (1961 - )
 ليمريك (1990 - )
 جيتشون (1999 - )
 مدينة جيلين (1987 - )
 لوبيك

أعلام

 بيلي تيبتون
 بول يوهانسون
 كريج تي نيلسون
 تشاك جونز
 جون بابكوك
 بوتش فان بريدا كولف
 جورج تورنر
 جون ستوكتون
 ماريون إي. هاي
 ريان لويس

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1871
مدن في مقاطعة سبوكان (واشنطن)
مدن واشنطن
مقاطعات ولاية واشنطن
مقرات المقاطعات في ولاية واشنطن
مجتمعات أوكرانيون في الولايات المتحدة

سبوكين


Sergio Daniel López (Burzaco, Argentina; 4 de enero de 1990) es un futbolista argentino nacionalizado ecuatoriano. Juega de centrocampista y su equipo actual es Deportivo Cuenca de la Serie A de Ecuador.

Trayectoria

Temperley, Godoy Cruz y Palestino (Chile)
Surgido en el Club Atlético Temperley, debutó en el año 2008, donde jugó varias temporadas de la Primera B Metropolitana. En 2011, fue traspasado a Godoy Cruz donde jugó la Primera División de Argentina y además la Copa Libertadores de América y la Copa Sudamericana. Dos años después, se fue a jugar al Palestino Fútbol Club de la Primera División de Chile.

Godoy Cruz, Unión Española (Chile) y Deportes Temuco (Chile)
A mediados de 2014, retornó a Godoy Cruz, pero meses más tarde, en 2015, pasó a formar parte de las filas de la Unión Española. En 2016, fue fichado por Deportes Temuco. En dichos clubes chilenos, tuvo una participación considerada donde aportó varios goles además.

Once Caldas (Colombia) y Gimnasia de Mendoza
En 2017, se sumó al club colombiano Once Caldas para disputar la Primera División de Colombia. En agosto de 2018, llegó a Gimnasia y Esgrima de Mendoza para disputar la Primera B Nacional de Argentina (segunda división).

Paso por Ecuador
En 2019 jugó en Delfín, con quien se coronaría campeón de la LigaPro. Para 2020 firmó con Aucas de la Serie A de Ecuador. En 2021 se integraría a Barcelona Sporting Club, hasta finales de temporada. Para 2022 regresaría a Sociedad Deportiva Aucas. En 2023 fichó por Deportivo Cuenca.

Clubes
 Actualizado al último partido disputado el .

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sergio López en BDFA

Nacidos en Burzaco
Futbolistas de Almirante Brown
Futbolistas de las inferiores del Club Atlético Temperley
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Temperley
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Palestino en los años 2010
Futbolistas de Unión Española en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Temuco en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Once Caldas
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Gimnasia y Esgrima (Mendoza)
Futbolistas del Delfín Sporting Club
Futbolistas de la Sociedad Deportiva Aucas
Futbolistas del Barcelona Sporting Club
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Cuenca (Ecuador)

Sergio López (futbolista)


මිනිසුන් 8000 ක් පමණ යොදාගෙන කරන ලද සමීක්ෂණයකින් හෙලි වූයේ කාල කළමණාකරණ ක්‍රියාවන් වලදී පිරිමින්ට වඩා කාන්තාවන් ඉක්මන් බවයි. මෙහිදී පිරිමි පාර්ශවයට වැයවූ කාලය සහ කාන්තා පාර්ශවයට වැයවූ කාලය අතර වැඩිම වෙනසක් පෙන්නුම් කලේ නවයොවුන් වයසේ සිට තරුණ අවධිය දක්වා

"යම්කිසි කාලයක් ඇතුලත කිසියම් වූ කාර්යයක් ඉතාමත් මැනවින් හා ඉක්මණින් කිරීමේ හැකියාව ගැන සැලකූ විට කාන්තාවන්ට නිතැතින්ම වාසියක් ලැබෙනවා" මෙසේ පවසන්නේ "වැන්ඩරබිල්ට්" විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ "ස්ටෙෆාන් කැමරටා" විසින්. කෙසේ වෙතත් මෙම සමීක්ෂණය මගින් ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂ භාවය අනුව ඇති සුවිශේෂී වූ විවිධ හැකියාවන් ගැන එළිදරව් කිරීමක් සිදුවන්නේ නෑ.

ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ සමස්ථ හැකියාවම මැන බැලීමට නම් කාලානුරූප නොවන කාර්යයන් කිරීමේදී එම පුදගලයා දක්වනු ලබන දක්ෂතා කෙරෙහිද අවධානය යොමු කිරීම වැදගත් වෙනවා. කැමරටා පවසන ආකාරයට පාසලේදී ගැහැණු ළමයෙකු පිරිමි ලමයෙකුට වඩා කිසියම් කාර්යයකදී ඉදිරයෙන් සිටින අවස්ථාවන් වලදී අධ්‍යාපනඥයින් මීට වඩා අවධානය යොමු කල යුතු බවයි.

පරීක්ෂණද ඇතුලත්ව විවිධ වූ පන්ති කාමර ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ගැන සැලකීමෙන් පසුව කැමරටා ඇතුලු කණ්ඩායම "Richard Woodcock" විද්‍යා සඟරාවට පවසා සිටියේ සෘජුවම හෝ වක්‍රව මෙවැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වේගය සැකසීමට උපකාරී වන බවයි. ගැහැණු දරුවන්ගේ මෙම ඉහල දක්ෂතා දැක්වීම නිසා ඔවුන්ට පන්ති කාමරයේදී කිසියම් අනුග්‍රහයක් ලැබෙනවා. ඇත්තටම එය ගුරුවරුන් පක්ෂග්‍රාහී වීමක් නොවෙයි. ලිංගික වෙනසට ආවේණික වූ ලක්ෂණයක්.

නමුත් මෙවැනි සැකසුම් වේගයන් ගැන සැලකීමේදී ගැහැණු පිරිමි පාර්ශව දෙක අතර ඇති වෙනස, වීඩියෝ ගේම් එකක් ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමෙදී ප්‍රතිචාර දක්වන කාලයන් සමග කිසිදු සම්බන්ධයක් නෑ. ඇත්තටම මෙම හැකියාව රඳා පවතින්නේ කිසියම් කාර්යයක් කිරීමේදී එහි ඵලදායීතාවය, කාර්යක්ෂමතාවය සහ නිරවද්‍යතාවය යන කරුණු මතයි. කැමරටා පවසන්නේ එහෙමයි.

තවද මෙම සමීක්ෂණයෙන් එළිදරව් වූ තවත් කරුණක් වනුයේ වස්තූන් හඳුනාගැනීම, විරුද්ධාර්ථ පද සහ සමානාර්ථ පද දැන සිටීම වැනි කරුණු වලදී පිරිමි ලමයින් විසින් ගැහැණු ලමයින්ව අභිබවා යන බවයි. එමනිසා පිරිමි ළමයින් යනු හැමවිටම ගැහැණු ළමයින්ගේපිටිපස්සෙන් සිටින කොටසක් නොවෙයි.

Editing testing


Przewodow je selo u administrativnom okrugu Gmina Dołhobyczów, u okrugu Hrubieszów, Lublinsko vojvodstvo, u istočnoj Poljskoj, blizu granice s Ukrajinom. Nalazi se oko 15 kilometara jugozapadno od Dołhobyczówa, 39 km južno od Hrubieszówa i 129 km jugoistočno od regionalnog glavnog grada Lublina. Selo se nalazi u povijesnoj regiji Galiciji.

U naselju je 2021. godine živjelo 413 stanovnika.

Eksplozija projektila 2022.
Dana 15. studenog 2022. dvije su rakete pogodile teritorij Poljske kod sela Przewodów blizu granice s Ukrajinom.

Incident se dogodio tijekom većeg napada Rusije na ukrajinske gradove i energetske objekte.

Bio je to prvi incident slijetanja i eksplozije projektila unutar teritorija NATO-a tijekom ruske invazije na Ukrajinu 2022. Poljske sigurnosne službe provele su noć 15./16. studenoga u utvrđivanju uzroka eksplozija.

Ubrzo nakon incidenta pojavila su se proturječna izvješća o podrijetlu i prirodi eksplozija. Poljsko ministarstvo vanjskih poslova izjavilo je da su projektili "proizvedeni u Rusiji". Andrés Gannon, sigurnosni stručnjak u think tanku Council on Foreign Relationsu, spekulirao je da bi projektili mogli biti iz sustava S-300. S-300 koristile su obje strane tijekom invazije i kao projektile zemlja-zrak i zemlja-zemlja. Mariusz Gierszewski, poljski reporter Radija ZET, izvijestio je izvore koji tvrde da su projektili ostaci oborene rakete.

Američki predsjednik Joe Biden, govoreći sa summita G20 na Baliju, izjavio je da projektili možda nisu ispaljeni iz Rusije.

Početne procjene Sjedinjenih Američkih Država pokazale su da je projektil vjerojatno bio projektil protuzračne obrane koji su ispalile ukrajinske snage.

Magnetske anomalije oko vremena događaja sugeriraju prisutnost dviju raketa, od kojih jedna ima magnetski potpis blizu krstareće rakete Kalibr. Nekoliko korisnika Twittera također je primijetilo da geografska širina Kijeva i dužina Lavova zajedno čine koordinate vrlo bliske onima u Przewodówu. To bi moglo upućivati na pogrešku u unosu koordinata za krstareću raketu koja je izvorno trebala gađati Lavov ili Kijev.

Izvori

Naselja u Poljskoj

Przewodów


Probele de patinaj viteză pe pistă scurtă au fost incluse în programul olimpic începând cu Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 1992 de la Albertville, după ce a fost sport demonstrativ la ediția de iarnă din 1988 de la Nagano.

Clasament pe medalii
Actualizat după Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2014.

Sportivii cei mai medaliați

Referințe
  Patinaj viteză pe pistă scurtă la Comitetul Olimpic Internațional
  Patinaj viteză pe pistă scurtă la Jocurile Olimpice  pe Sports Reference


A patra generație (Generația IV) a francizei Pokémon prezintă 107 creaturi fictive introduse în seria de jocuri video de bază în jocurile Nintendo DS din 2006, Pokemon Diamond and Pearl. Unii Pokémon din această generație au fost introduse în adaptările animate ale francizei înainte de Diamond și Pearl, cum ar fi numărul 438 Bonsly, numărul 439 Mime Jr. și numărul 446 Munchlax, caractere recurente în seriile anime Pokémon în 2005 și 2006.

Următoarea listă detaliază 107 Pokémon din generația IV în ordinea numărului lor Pokédex național. Primul Pokemon, Turtwig, este numărul 387, iar ultimul, Arceus, este numărul 493. Evoluțiile mega sunt scoase pentru comoditate.

Design și dezvoltare

Listă de Pokémon

Forme Mega

Note

Referințe

Listă de Pokémon

Lista generației IV de Pokémon


Alp Er Tunga veya Alp Er Tonğa (Altay Türkçesi: İlb Er Tonga), efsanevi bir Türk hakanıdır. Alp" (alp, yiğit, kahraman, bahadır), Er" (er, erkek, adam) ve tonğa" (babür/bebür) anlamındadır. Zaman zaman Saka Hanı olarak bahsedilir.

Adı ve Tarihsel Konumu
Tunga sözcüğü aslında leopar cinsinden yırtıcı bir hayvanın adıdır. Bir yiğitlik simgesi olarak alplara isim diye verilir. Uzun saçlı olmak Tunga'yı çağrıştırdığı için alplar saç uzatırlar. Ayrıca cengaverler yırtıcı hayvanların özellikle de aslan, kaplan, pars, tunga gibi hayvanların postlarını giyerler. Bu postlar savaşçılığın sembolüdür. Alpar Tunga Han, yanında iki tane tunga (leopar) ile resmedilir, sırtında da bir post vardır, postun dişleri başının üzerinden görünür. Tüm Türk dünyasında olduğu kadar İran ve Ortadoğu halklarının pek çoğu tarafından tanınır. Selçukluların 33 atasından biri olarak sayılır. Yeraltındaki 100 sütunlu demir sarayında yaşar. Alpar sıfatıyla anılır. İran mitolojisinde adı Afrasyab olarak geçer.

Yaşamıyla ilgili bilgiler efsanelere dayanan Alp Er Tunga'nın, Turancılarca Türklerin eski atalarının soyundan geldiği öne sürülür. Ayrıca, Divân-ı Lügati't-Türk'te ve Kutadgu Bilig'de, İran destanı Şehnâme'nin kahramanlarından Efrasiyab (Afrasyab)'la aynı kişi olduğu belirtilir. Şehname'ye göre İran - Turan savaşları sırasında Zaloğlu Rüstem ile giriştiği mücadele sırasında pusuya düşürülüp öldürülmüştür. Öldürülmesiyle ilgili Alp Er Tunga Sagusu, Divân-ı Lügati't-Türk'ün çeşitli yerlerinde örnek metin olarak verildiği söylenmektedir.

Çeşitli kaynaklarda Alp Er Tunga

Orhun Yazıtlarında "Alp Er" ve "Tunga" isimleri
 "tunga tigin yoghinda kiri ölürtimiz."

Alp Er ismi, Altay Dağlarından bulunan eski runik Türk yazıtlarında da bahsedilmiştir. Orhun Yazıtlarında (i, kuzey. 7, ii, doğu. 31), Kül Tigin 714 yılında Oğuzlara karşı beşinci defa yaptığı seferi başarı ile kazanınca hitabeye şöyle yazdırmıştır.

Divânu Lügati't-Türk'te Alp Er Tunga
Kaşgarlı Mahmud'un kızı olduğunu belirttikten sonra; "Çünkü Kaz'ın babası olan "تنكا الب ار Tonğa Alp Er" Afrasyap (Efrasiyab) demektir; "مءرڤ Merv" şehrini yapan zattır" sözleriyle Efrasiyab ve Alp Er Tunga'nın aynı kişiler olduğunu bildirir.

=== Kutadgu Bilig'''de Alp Er Tunga ===
Yusuf Has Hacib'in Karahanlı hükümdarı Tabgaç Buğra Han'a armağan olarak sunduğu Kutadgu Bilig adlı eserinde dünya hükümdarları içinde en adaletli olanların Türk hükümdarları olduğunu ve onların içinde adı meşhur olanın Taciklerin (İranlıların) Efrasiyab dedikleri Alp Er Tonga olduğunu belirtir.

Ayrıca Efrasiyab'dan şu sözlerle bahseder:
"Kent: Şeher. Bu kelmeden alınaraq Qaşqar üçün "Ordu Kend" derlər. Hanın oturduğu şeher demekdir. Çünkü Afrasiyab (Efrasiyab), havası gözel olduğu üçün burada otururdu."

=== Ali Şir Nevai'nin Tarih-i Müluk-i Acem'inde Alp Er Tunga ===
Avesta'da "Arjasp" (Arjāsp) şeklinde geçen karakterin Alp Er Tonga olduğunu Ali Şir Nevai'nin Tarih-i Müluk-i Acem (İran Padişahlarının Tarihi) adlı eserinde "Arjasp Binni Efrasiyab kim, Türk Padişahi erdi" şeklinde görülmektedir

 Vasili Radloff'un tezi ve eleştiriler
XIX. yüzyıl sonunda eser vermiş olan Rus şarkiyatçı Radloff, Alp Er Tunga'nın "kahraman bir adam" manasında umumî bir kelime olduğunu belirtmiştir. Bu tez daha sonra eleştirilmiş ve Alp Er Tunga'nın, tarihî şahsiyetin adı olduğu öne sürülmüştür. Bazı kaynaklarda da Efrasiyab'ın Türkçe adı olduğu ileri sürülmüştür.

 Mezarı
Prof. Dr. Necati Demir, 3 Ekim 2021 tarihinde yaptığı bir açıklamada; Alp Er Tunga'nın mezarının Özbekistan'ın Buhara şehrinde olduğunu öne sürmüş ve "Eldeki kaynakların bazıları, mezarın aslında direkt nerede olduğunu söylüyor. Güvenlik açısından bunu söyleyemiyorum ama ben çok da sıkıntı çekmeden gidip mezarın yerini bulabildim." şeklinde beyanat vermiştir. Demir yaptığı açıklamada Alp Er Tunga'nın mezarının yeri ile ilgili olarak 25 yıldır araştırma yaptığını, Özbekistan'a konu ile ilgili olarak araştırmaya gittiğini ve güvenlik açısından mezarın yerini söyleyemese de Özbek Narşahi () isimli bilginin 942'de yazdığı Efrasiyab'' isimli kitapta mezarın yerinden bahsettiği, kümbeti Özbekistan Cumhurbaşkanına dosya ile aktardığını belirtmiştir. Hedefinin ise söz konusu alana çok büyük bir türbe ya da mezar yaptırmak olduğunu ifade etmiştir.

Etimoloji
"Tunga sözcüğü aslında leopar cinsinden yırtıcı bir hayvanın adıdır. Bir yiğitlik simgesi olarak alplara isim diye verilir. Uzun saçlı olmak Tunga'yı çağrıştırdığı için alplar saç uzatırlar. Ayrıca cengâverler yırtıcı hayvanların özellikle de aslan, kaplan, pars, tunga gibi hayvanların postlarını giyerler. Bu postlar savaşçılığın sembolüdür. Alpar Tunga Han, yanında iki tane tunga (leopar) ile resmedilir, sırtında da bir post vardır, postun dişleri başının üzerinden görünür. Tüm Türk Dünyasında olduğu kadar, İran ve Ortadoğu haklarının pek çoğu tarafından tanınır. Selçukluların 33 atasından biri olarak sayılır. Yeraltındaki 100 sütunlu demir sarayında yaşar. Alpar (Alper) sıfatıyla anılır. İran mitolojisinde adı Afrasyab olarak geçer".

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Kültür Tarihinde Alper Tonga
 Divanü Lûgatit Türk ve Alp Er Tunga

Tarihteki Türk liderler
Türk askerler
Edebiyat karakterleri
Türk mitolojisi
Şehnâme
Mitolojik krallar

Alp Er Tunga


İvan Sergeyeviç Turgenyev (, ) (9 Kasım 1818, Orel - 3 Eylül 1883, Bougival) Rus şair, yazar, oyun yazarı, çevirmen.

Soykökü ve soyadının etimolojisi
Rus tarihçisi Nikolay Baskakov "Rus familyasının doğuşu"  kitabı ve  «Berhet kitabı» içinde Turgenyev soyadının eski Tatar dilindeki  tez, hemen, çabuk anlamlarına gelen Türgen (Түрген) sözünden geldiğini ve Turgenyev'in de Tatar Türkleri  soyundan geldiğini belirtir.  Sibirya Türk ağızlarında da türgen şeklinde söylenen bu soyadının anlamı yukarıda belirtildiği gibi hızlı, acele eden sözünden gelmektedir. Turgen (~ türgen) adı büyük ihtimalle geçici manaya dayanılarak verilmiştir ve bu adı taşıyan karakteri ile ilgilidir (çabuk öfkelenen, hırslı). Turgenyev, Turgenev soyunun atası Murza (mirza) Lev Turgenyev, vaftiz töreninden sonra İoan adını almıştır. Knyaz Vasili İonoviç'in yayına Altın Orda'dan gelmiştir. Lev Turgenyev'in torunları Rus tahtına hizmet etmiş ve 1550 yılından sonra mülkle ödüllendirilmiştir. Turgenyevlerin atası olan Mirza Lev Turgenyev, Altın Orda asilzadelerinin önde gelen simalarından olmuştur.

Yaşamı
9 Kasım 1818'de Orel kentinde doğar. Babası soylu bir ailedendi, fakat yoksul düşmüşlerdi. Süvari albayı baba Turgenev, Spasskoye malikanesinin sahibi, yaşlı bir kadın olan, Varvara Petrovna Lutovina ile evlenir. Bu evlilikten İvan doğar. Okumuş, eğitime, kültüre düşkün fakat bir o kadar da sert olan annesi, suç işleyen toprak kölelerini acımasızca cezalandırır, kırbaçlatır. Turgenyev'in fikirleri bu durumlar yüzünden küçük yaşta şekillenmeye başlar. Aile 1827'de Moskova'ya göç ettiğinde Turgenev özel okullarda eğitim görüp, özel öğretmenlerden dersler alır. Henüz bir çocukken; Almanca, İngilizce ve Fransızca'yı anadili gibi konuşmaya başlar. Daha sonra Moskova ve Petersburg üniversitelerinde okur. Felsefe fakültesini iyi derecede bitirir.

Daha sonra Almanya'ya gider. Berlin Üniversitesi'ne girer ve Almanya'da 4 yıl süreyle kalır. Tarih, klasik filoloji dallarında çalışmalar yapar, Yunanca ve Latince öğrenir. Yurduna döner ve Petersburg Üniversitesi profesörlük sınavını kazanır. O dönemde Alman felsefesi ülkede benimsenmediği ve kuşku ile bakıldığı için ders verme olanağına kavuşamaz. 1842 yılı Turgenev için dönüm noktasıdır. O sırada Rus eleştirmen Belinski ile tanışır. Belinski'nin diyalogda olduğu insanlar toprak köleliğine karşı duran aydın kesimidir. İlk yazınsal denemeleri dışında ilk ciddi çalışmaları 1842'ye rastlar. Seçtiği yol; Puşkin'in ortaya attığı ve Gogol'ün geliştirdiği gerçekçiliktir. Onu üne kavuşturan ilk yapıtı "Bir avcının notları" adını taşıyan dizidir, 1880 baskısında bu kitap 25 öykü içerir. Öykülerin konuları; toprak ağası ve köylünün yaşayışı, içinde bulunduğu koşullardır.

1852 yılında Gogol'ün ölümü üzerine Turgenev bir yazısını kaleme alır, sansürün yasakladığı bu yazı Moskova dergilerinde çıkınca, tutuklanır ve bir ay hapiste yatar. Bundan sonraki bir yıl boyunca da polis gözetiminde yaşar. 1855 yılından sonra büyük romanlarını yayımlamaya başlar. Bu romanlarda tıpkı annesi gibi; kültürlü çiftlik sahiplerini canlandırır ve tümünde evrimci-liberal bir dünya görüşünü vardır. 1862 yılından sonra yayımladığı her romanında ise eleştirmenlerin saldırılarına maruz kalır. Turgenev iki yıl kadar süren bir hastalıktan sonra, 3 Eylül 1883'te Fransa'da Paris yakınlarındaki Bougival kasabasında ölür. Cenaze töreni aynı yılın 9 Ekim'inde Petersburg'da yapılır.

Edebiyat dünyasına damgasını vuran ve Nihilizm'in temel taşı varsayılan romanı Babalar ve Oğullar'ın konusu 1859'da geçer. Epilogu ise toprak köleliğinin kaldırılmasından (1861) sonraki dönemi anlatır. Bu dönemde Rus yaşayışının en önemli sorunu olan; serflik ilişkilerinin insana aykırılığını, feodal-aristokrat Rusya'nın yıkılışını, yeni burjuva-demokratik güçlerin yükselişini gerçekçi biçimde yansıtır. Babalar ve Oğullar'da reformist akımla, radikal akımın çatışmasından oluşan nihilizmi vurgular. Bu roman için Dostoyevski gibi bir aydın edebiyatçının bile; romanın kahramanı nihilist Bazarov için "uydurma bir kişi" demesi bile romanlarının farklılığını kanıtlar.

Eserleri
 Bir Avcının Notları (1852-Öykü)
 Rudin (1855-Roman)
 Asilzade Yuvası (1855-Roman)
 Arefe (1858-Roman)
 Babalar ve Oğullar (1862-Roman) (nihilizm konusunda yazılmış ilk roman)
 Tuğbay (1867-Öykü)
 Ham Toprak (1876-Roman)
 Duman (1870-Roman)
 Bozkırda Bir Kral Lear (1870-Öykü)
 İlk Aşk (Roman)
 Turgenyev'in Mektupları
İlkbahar Selleri

Ayrıca bakınız
 İlk Aşk (roman)
 Nihilizm

Dış bağlantılar

 Biyografi İngilizce
 Turgenyev'in Eserleri

Kaynakça

Turgenev
Turgenev
1883 yılında ölenler
St Petersburg Bilimler Akademisi'nin muhabir üyeleri

İvan Turgenyev


Divlji Spirit američki je računalno animirani pustolovni film iz 2021. godine u produkciji DreamWorks Animation, a u distribuciji Universal Picturesa. Film je režirala Elaine Bogan, a zajedno s Enniom Torresanom mlađim, u dugometražnim redateljskim debijima, iz scenarija Aury Wallington i Kristin Hahn. Drugo kazališno izdanje franšize Spirit, film je izdvajanje tradicionalno animirane Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002), a temelji se na animiranoj izdvojenoj Netflixovoj televizijskoj seriji Spirit Riding Free, koju je razvio Wallington. To je prvo kazališno izdanje franšize Spirit koje nije producirao Jeffrey Katzenberg.

Hrvatska sinkronizacija

Ostali glasovi:
 Mladen Vujčić
 Marko Juraga
 Daniel Dizdar
 Zrinka Kušević
 Melody Marišković
 Mateja Majerle

 Sinkronizacija: Rubikon Sound Factory
 Prijevod i redateljica dijaloga: Lea Anastazija Fleger
 Adaptacija pjesama: Roko Vušković

Američki animirani filmovi 2020-ih

Divlji Spirit


Enrique Behor Haim Moshe Bejerano sau Bedjerano (în ebraică:חיים משה בז'רנו, în turcă:Haim Moșe Beceran, n.1846 sau 1850 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, pe atunci în Imperiul Otoman - 1 august 1931) a fost un rabin sefard originar din Bulgaria, cărturar, poet (paytan) în limbile ebraică și ladino, traducător, și cercetător al limbii ladino, care a activat în România și Turcia. A stat vreme de 32 de ani în fruntea comunității evreilor sefarzi din București, iar după aceea, între  anii 1920-1931,  a fost locțiitor (kaimakam) al șef rabinului Turciei. Rabinul Bejerano a avut concepții sioniste și s-a numărat printre întemeietorii mișcării Hovevey Tzion.

Biografie

Anii de copilărie și tinerețe
Haim Moshe Bejerano s-a născut la Stara Zagora (în turcă - Eski Zagra) în Bulgaria, în timpul dominației otomane. El era fiul lui Moshe Bejerano, din familia evreiască sefardă Bahar, al cărui nume provine de la orașul spaniol Bejar din regiunea Salamanca din Castilia. Mama sa, Kalo născută Calderon, era fiica rabinului Itzhak Baruh Calderon din Plevna. În copilărie, Haim a fost trimis să învețe Tora cu bunicul său matern până la vârsta de 12 ani, când s-a întors la casa părintească. În continuare a învățat studii talmudice în mai multe ieșive, între care cea a rabinului cabalist Nissim Alkalai. La vârsta de 17 ani a primit autorizația de rabin.
La început a fost rabin la Ruse, unde a predat la "meldar" (Talmud Torá), școala primară tradițională, fiind totodată profesor de ebraică la Școala "Alliance" (a Alianței Israelite Universale). Unul din elevii săi în acei ani a devenit cunoscut ca istoricul Solomon Abraham Rosanes..În vremea aceea Bejerano a învățat limbi străine - engleza, franceza și germana. În cursul Războiului ruso-turc din 1877-1878, care s-a desfășurat pe pământul bulgar, orașul Ruse a fost împresurat și apoi cucerit de armata rusă. Familia Bejerano a fost greu lovită de moartea mamei, ucisă de un obuz, în timpul luptelor. Bejerano a decis atunci să se refugieze împreună cu ai săi dincolo de Dunăre, în România vecină.

Rabin și cărturar în România
În 1878 Bejerano s-a stabilit în capitala României, București, unde a învățat româneste și a activat vreme de 32 de ani ca rabin și predicator al Sinagogii Mari spaniole din oraș. De asemenea a condus școala de băieți a obștii sefarde. În 1896 a ținut cursuri de ebraică la Facultatea de teologie a Universității din București.
Bejerano s-a apropiat de cercurile de maskilim care acționau în România și de ideile reformiste și modernizatoare în legătură cu aspectele exterioare ale cultului iudaic și învățământul evreiesc. A participat la înființarea "Societății istorice" a dr-ului Iuliu Barasch, care se ocupa cu istoria evreilor în Romania. Istoricul român Nicolae Iorga a remarcat că pe baza documentelor descoperite și cercetate de rabinul Bejerano, s-a putut dovedi prezența evreilor turci (sefarzi) în Țara Românească în vremea lui Mihai Viteazul, când aceștia sosiseră ca furnizori ai oștilor otomane. Istoricul Grigore Tocilescu obișnuia să-l invite pe rabin la Universitate pentru a traduce textele ebraice, turcești, persane și arabe de pe morminte. Bejerano a aprobat proiectul de reconstruire a Templului Mare Spaniol Cahal Grande din București, de pe strada Negru Vodă, a cărui nouă clădire a fost inaugurată în anul 1899. După doi ani, în spiritul schimbărilor novatoare, a fost introdusă în această sinagogă o orgă, care a acompaniat rugăciunile, inclusiv sâmbăta și de sărbători.

Bejerano era adesea oaspetele reginei României, Elisabeta care îi aprecia calitățile. Fiind un veritabil poliglot, cunoscător a multe limbi din Europa și din Orientul Apropiat, Bejerano a servit uneori ca translator la Ministerul de Externe și la curtea regală a României. L-a asistat pe generalul român Vasile Herescu-Năsturel la scrierea istoriei Războiului de independență a României, prin traducerea de inscripții și documente din limbile turcă, persană și arabă.
El a luat parte si la înființarea mișcării presioniste Hovevey Tzion din România și a corespondat cu Theodor Herzl, Max Nordau și Eliezer Ben Yehuda, mai ales în problema reînvierii limbii ebraice, insistând asupra necesității adoptării oficiale a pronunțării sefarde a ebraicii.

Bejerano a publicat articole în gazetele contemporane în limba ebraică -"Hamaghid", "Hatzofe", "Hahavatzelet", de asemenea în ziarele de limba ladino "Telegrafo" și "El Tiempo". A scris și în gazetele evreiești ("Egalitatea", "Revista israelită") și românești ("Adevărul", "Albina") din România
Istoricul francez Ernest Renan a lăudat traducerea în ebraică făcută de Bejerano cărții "Religia naturală" de Jules Simon
Bejerano a fost activ și în cadrul societății de difuzare a limbii italiene "Dante Alighieri".

Șef Rabin "Locțiitor" al Turciei 1920-1932
După anul 1910 Bejerano s-a stabilit la Edirne, în Tracia sau Turcia europeană, la granița cu Bulgaria și a devenit marele rabin al evreilor din oraș.  A înființat la Edirne o școală evreiască și a depus eforturi pentru a ajuta obștea, care a suferit mult de pe urma Războaielor Balcanice. După ce în anul 1920 Hahambasi al evreilor din Turcia, rabinul Haim Nahum Efendi a părăsit Turcia pentru a se stabili în Egipt, rabinul Bejerano s-a mutat la Istanbul, unde a fost ales ca locțiitor (caimacam) al Șef rabinului Turciei, funcție pe care a îndeplinit-o până la sfârșitul vieții.
Alegerea sa a avut loc într-un moment delicat, în perioada de tranziție între Imperiul Otoman și Republica Turcă modernă.
Fiind el însuși fiu al generației de tranziție din cadrul iudaismului sefard otoman, activitatea sa s-a desfășurat pe multe planuri: pe de o parte în domeniul halahic, și, pe de altă parte, ca simpatizant al sionismului și activist al cauzei naționale și al propagării moștenirii culturale evreiești. El a întreținut și în această perioadă o corespondență activă cu scriitori si intelectuali ca Anatole France, Georges Clemenceau, Moses Gaster, Haim Nahman Bialik.

Activitatea sa pentru reconcilierea dintre evrei și Spania și pentru cultivarea limbii iudeo-spaniole

În timpul unui concediu de agrement, într-o croazieră pe Dunăre, un pasager care urcase la Viena, dr Ángel Pulido Fernández (1852-1932), medic, om de cultură și senator din Spania a fost surprins să-l audă pe rabinul Bejerano vorbind cu soția sa într-o spaniolă veche, care nu era alta decât limba ladino.  Astfel a început cunoștința dintre Bejerano și Pulido care și-a consacrat o bună parte din restul vieții strădaniilor pentru reconcilierea și restabilirea relațiilor dintre Regatul Spaniei și evreii sefarzi risipiți în lume.

Bejerano a redactat și o culegere de 3,600 proverbe și zicale din tezaurul folcloric al evreilor de limba ladino.
Între poeziile pe care le-a compus Bejerano în ladino, unele exprimă dorul de Spania și dragostea pentru limba spaniolă.
În 1903 Angel Pulido a recitat în fața Senatului spaniol poezia de elogiu pe care Bejerano a închinat-o limbii iudeo-spaniole.
A ti lingua santaA ti te adoroMas ke a toda plataMas ke a todo oroTu sos la mas lindaDe todo linguajeA ti dan las siensyasTodo el vantajeKon ti nos avlamosAl Dio de la alturaPatron del universoI de la naturaSi mi pueblo santoEl fue kaptivadoKon ti mi keridaEl fue konsolado
Bejerano s-a bucurat de aprecierea lui Haim Nahman Bialik pentru contribuția sa la cunoașterea poeziei evreilor din Spania medievală.

Bejarano a murit la Istanbul în anul 1931. El a fost căsătorit cu Reina născută Assa și perechea a avut trei fii - Marin, Sever și Jacques, și cinci fiice - Boca, Rosa, Rachel, Diamanti și Belina.

Premii și onoruri
Cavaler al Coroanei României
Membru corespondent al Academiei Regale Spaniole din Madrid

Lectură suplimentară
Ángel Pulido Fernández, Españoles sin patria y la raza sefardí, Establecimiento tipográfico
de E. Teodoro, Madrid 1905; Edición facsímil

Legături externe
Aloisa Meyuhas Ginio,  El encuentro del senador español Dr. Ángel Pulido Fernández con los judíos del Norte de Marruecos , El Presente. Estudios sobre la cultura sefardí. Vol. 2, diciembre 2008, pp. 111-125 - pdf
Piyut - din saitul israelian "An Invitation to Piyut" cântec liturgic iudaic sefard din Turcia - Hadesh kekedem yamenu (Reînnoiește zilele noastre ca în trecut) text ebraic de rabinul Haim Bejerano; acrostih:HAIM.

Note

Rabini români
Rabini sefarzi
Evrei bulgari
Poeți ebraici
Traducători bulgari
Traducători evrei
Rabini turci
Rabini din Imperiul Otoman
Rabini din secolul al XIX-lea
Rabini din secolul al XX-lea
Evrei sefarzi români

Haim Bejerano


Zacaria ibne Adão Axari Comi () foi um xiita Muadite (estudioso de hádice) do século VIII e um dos companheiros de Jafar ibne Maomé Açadique (o sexto líder xiita). Foi um dos narradores (transmissor de hádice) de Muça ibne Jafar Alcadim (o sétimo líder xiita) e o agente de Ali ibne Muça Arrida (o oitavo líder xiita) e Maomé Aljauade (o nono líder xiita) em Qom, Irã.

Genealogia
Zacaria ibne Adão Axari Comi também conhecido como Abu Iáia é da família "Alaxari" que migrou de Cufa para Qom. Seu pai é Adam ibn Abdullah ibn Sa'd Ash'ari, a quem Shaykh Tusi considerou um dos companheiros de Ja'far al-Sadiq (o sexto imã xiita). Adão ibne Abedalá narrou um hádice de Ali Arrida transmitido por seu filho Zacaria.

Seu irmão Ixaque ibne Adão foi um dos narradores de Ali Arrida e seu primo Zacaria ibne Idris também foi um dos narradores de Jafar Alçadique, Muça Alcadim e Ali Arrida.

Sua posição com os imãs

Jafar Alçadique e Muça Alcadim
Xeique Tuci considerou Zacaria ibne Adão Axari Comi um dos companheiros de jafar Alçadique. Nenhuma das fontes do estudioso do Islã o chamou de um dos companheiros de Muça Alcadim, mas ele foi mencionado entre os narradores (transmissor de hádice) deste Imam.

Agente de Ali Arrida
Xeique Tuci também considerou Zacaria ibne Adão Axari Comi um dos companheiros de Ali Arrida.  De acordo com algumas narrações, Ali Arrida encaminhou as pessoas para Zacaria ibne Adão em assuntos religiosos e o apresentou como confiável em assuntos de religião e do mundo. Ele recebeu os fundos religiosos do povo de Qom como agente do Imam. Em uma peregrinação do Hajj de Medina a Meca, Zacaria ibne Adão viajou com Ali Arrida.

De acordo com uma narração, Zacaria ibne Adão disse a Ali Arrida: "Quero deixar minha família porque os idiotas e as pessoas ignorantes aumentaram entre eles". O Imam lhe disse: "Ó Zacaria, não faça isso e não emigrar de Qom, através de sua existência, Deus remove a calamidade de sua família (em outra versão: do povo de Qom) por causa de você, assim como Ele remove a calamidade do povo de Bagdá por causa de meu pai Muça Alcadim".

Agente de Maomé Aljauade
Zacaria ibne Adão também é considerado um dos companheiros de Maomé Aujaude. De acordo com a narração do livro Rijal al-Kashshi, era o agente do nono imame dos xiitas em Qom.

Bibliografia
Fontes de estudiosos do Islã atribuíram um livro e uma série de questões a Zacaria ibne Adão que foram narradas em diferentes métodos. Aparentemente, este conjunto de questões foram as perguntas de Zacaria ibne Adão e Ali Arrida:

Assuntos de Arrida (em árabe: مسائله للرضا (علیه‌السّلام))

Livro de Hádice (árabe: کتاب الحدیث)

Narrou (transmitiu) cerca de quarenta hádices (com ou sem intermediários) dos imames.

Demise
Alguns disseram que a data da morte de Zacaria ibne Adão foi entre 819 e 835 EC (entre 204 e 220 AH) e ao mesmo tempo com o nascimento de Maomé Aljauade. Outros afirmaram que Zacaria ibne Adão faleceu durante a vida de Maomé Aljauade e após sua morte, o Imam escreveu sobre ele em uma carta:

Que Deus tenha misericórdia dele no dia em que nasceu, no dia em que morreu e no dia em que ressuscitará. Durante sua vida, ele foi um místico, um crente e um seguidor do direito à vida, e quis o que é obrigatório aos olhos de Deus e de Seu Mensageiro. Ele - que Deus tenha misericórdia dele - faleceu sem quebrar a aliança e virar o veredicto. Que Deus o recompense por suas boas intenções e seus esforços.

Sua sepultura está localizada em Qom, no cemitério Sheikhan, perto do Santuário de Fátima Maçumé.

Árabes do século VIII
Árabes do século IX
Pessoas do Califado Abássida

Zacaria ibne Adão


Seymenler, Samsun ilinin Tekkeköy ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 30 km, Tekkeköy ilçesine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Tekkeköy'ün mahalleleri

Seymenler, Tekkeköy


311 هـ هي سنة في التقويم الهجري امتدت مقابلةً في التقويم الميلادي بين سنتي 923 و924.

مواليد

 ابن منده

وفيات
 أبو إسحاق الزجاج
 أبو جعفر بن حمدان
 أبو محمد الجريري
 عمر بن محمد بن بجير

 أبو بكر الرازي
 ابن خزيمة
 أبو بكر الخلال

انظر أيضًا
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الأولى من سنة 311 هـ
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الثانية من سنة 311 هـ

مراجع

تقويم هجري

311 هـ


Boynton Beach may refer to:

Boynton Beach, Florida
Boynton Beach, New Jersey

Boynton Beach


L'équipe de France de rugby à XV, en 2022, dispute le tournoi des Six Nations pour la  fois de son histoire, ainsi que deux tournées. C'est la troisième année pour le tandem Fabien Galthié-Raphaël Ibañez à la tête de l'équipe de France.

Déroulé

Tournoi des Six Nations

Le XV de France débute l'année 2022 et le tournoi des Six Nations avec le statut de favoris notamment après sa victoire en novembre face aux All Blacks au Stade de France. Lors du premier match face à la Squadra Azzura, marqué par un triplé de l'ailier Gabin Villière, le premier pour les Bleus dans le Tournoi depuis 2008, les Bleus s'imposent 37-10 avec le bonus offensif, menés par Antoine Dupont, reconduit capitaine après la tournée d'automne 2021, Charles Ollivon étant toujours blessé. La semaine suivante, l'équipe de France fait chuter à domicile l'autre prétendant au titre, l'Irlande, au cours d'un match maîtrisé remporté 30 à 24. Après les deux premières journées le XV de France se retrouve la seule nation capable de réaliser le Grand Chelem. Deux semaines après, le XV de France affronte le XV du Chardon à Murrayfield et le bat pour la première fois dans le Tournoi depuis 2019 sur le score de 36 à 17 avec six essais inscrits par les Français. Après une nouvelle pause de deux semaines, les Bleus affrontent les Gallois au Principality Stadium de Cardiff. Dans un match serré, les Bleus parviennent à l'emporter notamment grâce à leur défense, ce qui leur permet de conserver et de renforcer leurs espoirs de Grand Chelem. Le 19 mars, dernière journée du Six Nations, les Bleus se trouvèrent dans l'obligation de gagner, et donc de réaliser le Grand Chelem, s'ils voulaient emporter le trophée, l'Irlande s'étant débarrassée facilement de l'Écosse et ayant pris la tête du classement. Au bout d'un match maîtrisé durant lequel ils n'auront jamais réellement été mis en danger par le XV de la Rose, les Français s'imposent 25 à 13 au Stade de France, remportant leur  Tournoi et leur  Grand Chelem.

Tournée d'été au Japon

Pour la première fois de son histoire, l'équipe de France part en tournée d'été au Japon pour affronter les Brave Blossoms dans deux test match. L'effectif de Fabien Galthié est composé de plusieurs joueurs inexpérimentés, plusieurs cadres étant laissés au repos, mais inclut aussi de joueurs expérimentés revenant en sélection comme le capitaine Charles Ollivon, un an après sa blessure, ou le centre Virimi Vakatawa. Le premier match, disputé au Toyota Stadium, débouche sur une large victoire des Français, tenus en échec à la mi-temps (13-13) mais qui arrivent à mettre en place leur jeu en seconde période pour inscrire cinq essais au total et s'imposer largement (42-23). Le second match voit les Bleus être mis en difficulté par les Nippons, qui mènent 15 à 7 à la mi-temps, mais les Français reviennent dans le match, notamment grâce à un essai de Couilloud, et l'emportent 20 à 15. Cette dixième victoire consécutive permet au XV de France de Fabien Galthié de réaliser la plus longue série de victoire de l'équipe de France depuis 1937.

Tournée d'automne
A l'automne 2022, les Bleus affrontent successivement l'Australie, l'Afrique du Sud et le Japon. Ils entament cette tournée par un match très disputé au Stade de France face aux Wallabies, que les Bleus n'emportent que d'un point (30-29), grâce à un essai spectaculaire de Damian Penaud, à deux minutes de la fin. Par cette victoire, les Bleus battent leur record d'invincibilité, le portant à 11 matchs, leur dernière défaite remontant au 17 juillet 2021, face à ces mêmes Australiens. Cette série se poursuit ensuite face aux Springboks, seule équipe que les Bleus de Galthié n'ont alors encore jamais rencontré (et donc battus). Dans un match d'un grosse intensité, où les Sud-Africains perdent le meilleur joueur du monde 2019, Pieter-Steph du Toit sur un carton rouge après un déblayage dangereux sur Danty dès la  minute et les Français leur capitaine Antoine Dupont sur un plaquage en l'air de Cheslin Kolbe, les Bleus s'imposent finalement 30 à 26, grâce à un essai salvateur de Sipili Falatea à la , que beaucoup contestèrent, le voyant aplatir en deux temps. La semaine suivante, les Bleus se défont du Japon 35 à 17, sans toutefois briller par leur jeu. Il portent ainsi à treize leur nombre record de succès consécutifs.

Tableau des matchs

Joueurs
Au cours de l'année 2022 le Stade toulousain conserve son statut de premier fournisseur des Bleus avec onze joueurs sélectionnés, suivi par le Stade rochelais avec 7 joueurs et le Racing 92, avec 6 joueurs sélectionnés en équipe de France.

Le staff de Fabien Galthié fit jouer au total 43 joueurs durant cette année, de 11 clubs différents, tous de Top 14 (les clubs non-représentés sont ceux de l'Aviron bayonnais, du Biarritz olympique, du CA Brive et du Castres olympique). Aucun joueur n'a participé aux dix matches de l'équipe de France, mais 4 en ont joué 9, Maxime Lucu, Peato Mauvaka, Yoram Moefana et Damian Penaud.

Capitanat
Toujours confrontés à la blessure de Charles Ollivon au début de l'année, l'équipe de France continue d'être menée par son demi de mêlée Antoine Dupont, qui la conduit au Grand Chelem. Laissé au repos avec les principaux cadres pour la tournée d'été, celui-ci laisse le brassard à son ancien propriétaire, remis de blessure et qui le porte ainsi lors des deux rencontres face aux Nippons. Les deux joueurs étant tous les deux présents dans le groupe pour la tournée d'automne, le staff décide de la laisser à Antoine Dupont. Cependant, lors du deuxième match de la tournée face au Sud-Africains, celui-ci écope d'un carton rouge pour un plaquage en l'air sur Cheslin Kolbe et est donc suspendu pour le dernier match de la tournée face au Japon. Le brassard revient donc à Ollivon qui le porte ainsi pour la troisième fois de l'année, toujours face aux Japonais.

Statistiques

Meilleurs réalisateurs
C'est l'arrière Melvyn Jaminet qui bute pour le XV de France, Romain Ntamack le suppléant. Blessé pour la tournée d'automne, c'est Thomas Ramos qui prend la charge du but pour les trois derniers matches.

Meilleurs marqueurs
Ayant participé à 9 des 10 matches de l'équipe de France cette année, le Clermontois Damian Penaud est le meilleur marqueur d'essais de cette équipe, inscrivant 8 essais, marquant notamment trois doublés, contre l'Écosse et deux contre le Japon. Juste derrière lui, le Toulonnais Gabin Villière inscrivit trois essais, tous dans le match des Six Nations face à l'Italie.

Audiences télévisuelles

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des matchs de l'équipe de France de rugby à XV

Liens externes
 Résultats du XV de France masculin sur ffr.fr

2022
Rugby à XV en France en 2022

Équipe de France de rugby à XV en 2022


Vanhouttea calcarata é uma espécie de planta do gênero Vanhouttea e da família Gesneriaceae.

Nativa do Brasil, é comumente encontrada no Rio de Janeiro ou Espírito Santo. Geralmente cresce entre pedras em lugares com boa drenagem e muita luz, considerada uma planta de fácil cultivo.

Em formato de arbusto, a Vanhouttea calcarata pode chegar a 1 metro de altura, sendo considerada uma planta acaulescente (com caule muito reduzido), de ramificações basais e geralmente contendo de 6 a 10 folhas prostradas por roseta.

Taxonomia

Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:

 Gesneria leptopus  Gardn.
 Gesneria salviifolia  Gardn.
 Houttea pardina  (Hook.) Decne.
 Houttea salviifolia  Gardner
 Houttea salviifolia  (Gardner) Hanst.
 Vanhouttea calcarata parvifolia  Hoehne
 Vanhouttea mollis  Fritsch
 Vanhouttea salviifolia  (Gardn.) Kuntze
 Vanhouttea salviifolia parviflora  Fritsch
 Houttea calcarata  (Lem.) Decne.
 Houttea pardina calcarata  (Lem.) Decne.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie rupícola e arbustiva.  É polinizada por beija-flores.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de campos de altitude e vegetação sobre afloramentos rochosos.

Ligações externas

 Vanhouttea calcarata no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Vanhouttea
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Vanhouttea calcarata


Torak (jezero), jezero na Čikoli, kod Goriša, u zaleđu Šibenika
 Torak (Žitište, Srbija), naselje u općini Žitište, Srbija

Torak


Aloe babatiensis es una especie del género Aloe de la familia Xanthorrhoeaceae. Es originaria de Tanzania.

Descripción
Aloe babatiensis tiene un tallo ramificado y forma densos arbustos. La raíz vertical o extendida - a veces postrado - alcanza una longitud de más de 1 metro y tiene un diámetro de 5 centímetros. Tiene alrededor de 24 hojas lanceoladas y puntiagudas formando una densa roseta. Alcanza una longitud de 30 centímetros, y son persistentes de color verde oliva, teñido de rojizo. La lámina de la hoja mide 25 cm de largo y 8-9 de ancho. La superficie de la hoja es ligeramente brillante. Los dientes de color marrón rojizo en el margen miden de 4 a 5 milímetros de longitud y están a 10 milímetros de distancia. La inflorescencia consiste de dos a cuatro ramas y alcanza una altura de 65 centímetros. Las flores son de color rosa-salmón  de 38 a 40 milímetros de largo y recortadas en su base.

Taxonomía
Aloe  babatiensis fue descrita por Christian & I.Verd. y publicado en  Bothalia 6: 440–442, en el año 1954.
Etimología
Ver: Aloe

babatiensis: epíteto geográfico que alude a la sospecha de presencia de la especie en Babati.

Referencias

babatiensis
Flora de África tropical oriental
Flora de África continental
Plantas descritas en 1954
Plantas descritas por Christian
Plantas descritas por I.Verd.

Aloe babatiensis


Tévenon es una comuna suiza del cantón de Vaud, situada en el distrito de Jura-Nord vaudois.

La comuna es el resultado de la fusión el 1 de julio de 2011 de las antiguas comunas de Fontanezier, Romairon, Vaugondry y Villars-Burquin.

Geografía
Tévenon se encuentra situada a los pies de la cordillera del Jura, en la región del lago de Neuchâtel. La comuna limita al norte con la comuna de Val-de-Travers (NE), al noreste con Provence, al este con Bonvillars, al sur con Champagne, al suroeste con Fontaines-sur-Grandson, y al oeste con Mauborget.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial de la comuna de Tévenon

Comunas de Vaud
Distrito de Jura-Nord vaudois

Tévenon


Henry Willobie (or Willoughby) (1575? – 1596?) is the ostensible author of a 1594 verse novella called Willobie His Avisa (in modern spelling, Willoughby's Avisa), a work that is of interest primarily because of its possible connection with William Shakespeare's life and writings.

Life and work
Henry Willobie was the second son of a Wiltshire gentleman of the same name. He matriculated from St John's College, Oxford in December 1591 at the age of sixteen, and is probably the same Henry Willobie who graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from Exeter College, Oxford early in 1595. He published Willobie his Avisa in 1594.

Willobie may have died before 30 June 1596, when a new edition of Willobie his Avisa was published with the addition of an "Apologie" by Hadrian Dorrell, a friend of the author, which describes him as "now of late gone to God." Dorrell alleges that he found the manuscript of Willobie his Avisa among his friend's papers, which were left in his charge when Willobie departed from Oxford on Her Majesty's service. There is no trace of any Hadrian Dorrell in the historical record, and the name may be a pseudonym, perhaps even for Willobie himself.

Several authors have suggested that Willobie was not the real author of the poem. Arthur Acheson suggested that Matthew Roydon may have been the author, arguing that the poem obliquely described Shakespeare's relationship to Jane Davenant, the mother of William Davenant, who later hinted that he was Shakespeare's son. Roydon's authorship was later tentatively endorsed by G. B. Harrison, and reasserted by Christopher Hill. M. C. Bradbrook argued that it was a collaborative work written by Walter Raleigh's circle, the so-called School of Night, with which Roydon was associated.

Willobie his Avisa was  extremely popular, and passed through numerous editions. In 1596 a writer called Peter Colse produced an replicate  named Penelope's Complaint.

Connection with Shakespeare

Willobie his Avisa was licensed for the press by printer John Windet on 3 September 1594. In the printed text, the poem is preceded by two commendatory poems, the second of which, signed "Contraria Contrariis; Vigilantius; Dormitanus," contains a reference to Shakespeare's poem The Rape of Lucrece, published four months previously:

"Yet Tarquyne pluckt his glistering grape,
And Shake-speare paints poore Lucrece rape."

This is the earliest known printed allusion to Shakespeare by name (aside from the title pages of Venus and Adonis and Lucrece).

The poem itself concerns a female character, Avisa (whose name is explained in Dorrell's "Epistle to the Reader" as an acronym for Amans Uxor Inviolata Semper Amanda). Avisa tells a story alternately with her suitors, one of whom is introduced to the reader in a prose interlude signed by the author as "Henrico Willobego Italo Hispalensis". This passage contains a reference which may be to Shakespeare. It runs as follows ('H.W.' refers to Willobie, and 'A' to Avisa):

"H. W. being suddenly infected with the contagion of a fantastical fit, at the first sight of A, ... bewrayeth the secresy of his disease unto his familiar frend W. S., who not long before had tried the courtesy of the like passion, and was now newly recovered ... he determined to see whether it would sort to a happier end for this new actor, than it did for the old player." (spelling modernized)

Then follows a dialogue between H. W. and W. S., in which the latter gives somewhat commonplace advice to the disconsolate wooer.

The use of the word "actor" and "player" in connection with the initials 'W.S.' is suggestive that the latter may refer to Shakespeare. If so, and if the poem is autobiographical, it implies that Willobie was in love with a woman who had been previously involved with Shakespeare.

See also
 1594 in poetry

References
 Shakspere Allusion-Books, part i., ed. C. M. Ingleby (New Shakspere Society, 1874);
Alexander Grosart, "Introduction" to his reprint of Willobie his Avisa (1880).
[Willobie His Avisa], with an Essay towards its interpretation. Ed. Charles Hughes (1904). Online at the Internet Archive.

Notes

References

1570s births
1590s deaths
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Henry
People from Wiltshire
16th-century male writers
16th-century English poets
People associated with Shakespeare
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male poets

Henry Willobie


WWA steht für:

 Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv

WW-A steht für:

 polnisches Kfz-Kennzeichen für den Stadtbezirk Warszawa-Rembertów

Abkürzung

WWA


De Polske Brødre (på polsk: Bracia Polscy) var navnet på en unitarisk (≈antitrinitarisk) kirkesamfund i Polen-Litauen fra 1565 til 1658. De blev også kaldt for den lille reformerte kirke (Ecclesia reformata minor) i modsætning til den store reformerte (≈calvinistiske) kirke (Ecclesia reformata maior). Kirkesamfundets stiftere var bl.a. Petrus Gonesius og Lelio Sozzini. Øverste myndighed var en generalsynode, som hvert år trådte sammen i Rakau (Raków). På få år spredte kirkesamfundet sig over store dele af Polen, Litauen og det nuværende vestlige Ukraine. I byen Rakau (Raków) blev der i 1602 oprettet en unitarisk akademi. Som unitarere forkastede de dogmet som treenigheden, Jesu præeksistens og arvesynden. I stedet fremhævede de menneskets fri vilje og en rationalistisk tilgang til Bibelen (fornuftsreligion). Der fandtes (under inspiration fra bl.a. fra hutteritterne) også døberiske (anabaptistiske) og pacifistiske holdninger, hvorefter de tog afstand fra barnedåben og at bære våben. En central skikkelse blev Fausto Sozzini, som var medvirkede til den såkaldte Rakauerkatekisme, som i 1605 sammenfattede centrale unitariske trosartikler. Efter Lelio Sozzini og Fausto Sozzini blev de polske brødres teologi også kaldt for socinianisme. Andre ledende polske brødre var Martin Czechowic, Symon Budny, Valentin Schmalz, Johann Völkel og Hieronymus Moskorzowski.

Som led i den katolske modreformation blev akademiet i Rakau 1638 ophævet og dele af byen blev ødelagt. Især jesuiterne hærgede byen. Endelig i 1658 blev samtlige polske brøde landforvist. Mange flygtede til Siebenbürgen (Transylvanien), Nederlandene, England og Preussen. Den polske unitarisme spredte sig derefter i mange lande, især til England og senere til Nordamerika. En gruppe fordrevne polske brøde bosatte sig under ledelse af Stanisław Lubieniecki i København, men blev i 1662 afvist af kongen . Samme skæbne led unitarerne 1663 i Frederiksstad i Sydslesvig, som blev bortvist af den gottorpske hertug.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Unitarer
Polens historie
Litauens historie

De Polske Brødre