Tektarija (lat. Tectaria), rod papratnjča smješten u porodicu Tectariaceae, dio je reda osladolike. Pripada mu oko 260 (267) vrsta vazdazelenih trajnica, srednjih do velikih uspravnih do poluuspravnih paprati raširenih po tropskim krajevima Amerike, Afrike, Azije i Australije.

Jedan od narodnih naziva za njih su Halberd fern.

Vrste

 Tectaria acerifolia R.C.Moran
 Tectaria acrocarpa (Ching) Christenh.
 Tectaria acrophoroides S.Y.Dong & C.W.Chen
 Tectaria adenophora Copel.
 Tectaria aenigma C.W.Chen & C.J.Rothf.
 Tectaria aequatoriensis C.Chr.
 Tectaria amblyotis (Baker) C.Chr.
 Tectaria amphiblestra R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
 Tectaria andersonii Holttum
 Tectaria angelicifolia Copel.
 Tectaria angulata (Willd.) Copel.
 Tectaria antioquiana C.Chr.
 Tectaria aspidioides Copel.
 Tectaria athyrioides C.Chr.
 Tectaria athyriosora M.G.Price
 Tectaria atropurpurea A.R.Sm.
 Tectaria aurita (Sw.) S.Chandra
 Tectaria balansae C.Chr.
 Tectaria bamleriana (Rosenst.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel.
 Tectaria barteri (J.Sm.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria beccariana (Ces.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria blumeana (Regel) C.V.Morton
 Tectaria borneensis S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria brachiata (Zoll. & Moritzi) C.V.Morton
 Tectaria brevilobata Holttum
 Tectaria brooksii Copel.
 Tectaria calcarea (J.Sm.) Copel.
 Tectaria caluffii Riv.-Giró
 Tectaria camerooniana (Hook.) Alston
 Tectaria ceramensis (Holttum) S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria chattagrammica (C.B.Clarke) Ching
 Tectaria cherasica Holttum
 Tectaria chimborazensis C.Chr.
 Tectaria chinensis (Ching & Chu H.Wang) Christenh.
 Tectaria christovalensis (C.Chr.) Alston
 Tectaria cicutaria (L.) Copel.
 Tectaria coadunata (J.Sm.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria colaniae (Tardieu & C.Chr.) S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria confluens (F.Muell. ex Baker) Pic.Serm.
 Tectaria corallorum Holttum; ined.?
 Tectaria coriandrifolia Underw.
 Tectaria craspedocarpa Copel.
 Tectaria crenata Cav.
 Tectaria croftii Holttum
 Tectaria curtisii Holttum
 Tectaria danangensis S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria danfuensis Holttum
 Tectaria darienensis A.Rojas
 Tectaria decurrens (C.Presl) Copel.
 Tectaria degeneri Copel.
 Tectaria dissecta (G.Forst.) Lellinger
 Tectaria dolichosora Copel.
 Tectaria dressleri A.Rojas
 Tectaria dubia (C.B.Clarke & Baker) Ching
 Tectaria durvillei (Bory) Holttum
 Tectaria ebenina (C.Chr.) Ching
 Tectaria elata (Holttum) Li Bing Zhang & X.Zhang
 Tectaria estremerana Proctor & A.M.Evans
 Tectaria exauriculata Holttum
 Tectaria faberiana A.Rojas
 Tectaria fauriei Tagawa
 Tectaria fernandensis (Baker) C.Chr.
 Tectaria filisquamata Holttum
 Tectaria fimbriata (Willd.) Proctor & Lourteig
 Tectaria fissa (Kunze) Holttum
 Tectaria fungii S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria fuscipes (Wall. ex Bedd.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria gaudichaudii (Mett.) Maxon
 Tectaria gemmifera (Fée) Alston
 Tectaria gigantea (Blume) Copel.
 Tectaria glennyana S.Y.Dong & C.W.Chen
 Tectaria godeffroyi (Luerss.) Copel.
 Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr.
 Tectaria grossedentata Ching & Chu H.Wang
 Tectaria guachana Rusea
 Tectaria gymnocarpa Copel.
 Tectaria harlandii (Hook.) C.M.Kuo
 Tectaria hederifolia (Baker) C.Chr.
 Tectaria hennipmanii (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria heracleifolia Underw.
 Tectaria herpetocaulos Holttum
 Tectaria heterocarpa (Bedd.) C.V.Morton
 Tectaria hilocarpa (Fée) M.G.Price
 Tectaria hollrungii (Kuhn) Li Bing Zhang & X.Zhang
 Tectaria holttumii C.Chr.
 Tectaria hookeri Brownlie
 Tectaria humbertiana Tardieu
 Tectaria hymenodes (Mett.) J.W.Moore
 Tectaria hymenophylla (Bedd.) Holttum
 Tectaria impressa (Fée) Holttum
 Tectaria incisa Cav.
 Tectaria ingens (Atk. ex C.B.Clarke) Holttum
 Tectaria inopinata Holttum
 Tectaria isomorpha Holttum
 Tectaria jacobsii Holttum
 Tectaria jardini (Mett.) E.Brown
 Tectaria jermyi S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria jimenezii M.Kessler & A.R.Sm.
 Tectaria johannis-winkleri (C.Chr.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria kalimantanensis S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria katoi (Holttum) C.W.Chen & C.J.Rothf.
 Tectaria keckii (Luerss.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria kehdingiana (Kuhn) M.G.Price
 Tectaria kingii Copel.
 Tectaria kouniensis Brownlie
 Tectaria kusukusensis (Hayata) Lellinger
 Tectaria labrusca (Hook.) Copel.
 Tectaria lacei Holttum
 Tectaria lacinifolia A.Rojas & D.Sanín
 Tectaria laotica Tardieu & C.Chr.
 Tectaria latifolia (Forst.) Copel.
 Tectaria lawrenceana (Moore) C.Chr.
 Tectaria laxa (Copel.) M.G.Price
 Tectaria leptophylla (C.H.Wright) Ching
 Tectaria lessonii (Bory) Holttum ex J.Florence; ined.
 Tectaria lifuensis (Fourn.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria lizarzaburui (Sodiro) C.Chr.
 Tectaria lobbii (Hook.) Copel.
 Tectaria lobulata (Blume) K.Iwats. & M.Kato
 Tectaria lombokensis Holttum
 Tectaria longipinnata A.Rojas
 Tectaria luchunensis S.K.Wu
 Tectaria macleanii (Copel.) S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria macrosora (Baker) C.Chr.
 Tectaria macrota Holttum
 Tectaria madagascarica Tardieu
 Tectaria magnifica (Bonap.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria manilensis (C.Presl) Holttum
 Tectaria manilensis (C.Presl) Holttum
 Tectaria media Ching
 Tectaria melanocauloides M.Kato
 Tectaria melanocaulos (Blume) Copel.
 Tectaria melanorachis (Baker) Copel.
 Tectaria membranacea (Hook.) Fraser-Jenk. & Kholia
 Tectaria mesodon (Copel.) M.G.Price
 Tectaria mexicana (Fée) C.V.Morton
 Tectaria microchlamys Holttum
 Tectaria microlepis Holttum
 Tectaria microsora A.R.Sm.
 Tectaria mindanaensis (Holttum) C.W.Chen & C.J.Rothf.
 Tectaria minuta Copel.
 Tectaria moorei (Hook.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria moranii Li Bing Zhang & G.D.Tang
 Tectaria morlae C.Chr.
 Tectaria moussetii Holttum
 Tectaria multicaudata (C.B.Clarke) Ching
 Tectaria murilloana A.Rojas
 Tectaria murrayi C.Chr.
 Tectaria nabirensis Holttum
 Tectaria nausoriensis Brownlie
 Tectaria nayarii Mazumdar
 Tectaria nebulosa (Baker) C.Chr.
 Tectaria nicaraguensis C.Chr.
 Tectaria nitens Copel.
 Tectaria novoguineensis (Rosenst.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria orbicularis Jermy & T.G.Walker
 Tectaria organensis C.Chr.
 Tectaria pallescens S.Y.Dong & C.W.Chen
 Tectaria palmata (Mett.) Copel.
 Tectaria panamensis (Hook.) R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
 Tectaria pandurifolia (C.Chr.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria paradoxa (Fée) Sledge
 Tectaria pardalina A.Rojas
 Tectaria pascoensis A.Rojas
 Tectaria pedata (Desv.) R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
 Tectaria pentagonalis (Bonap.) L.K.Phan ex S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria perdimorpha Holttum
 Tectaria phaeocaulis (Rosenst.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria phanomensis S.Linds.
 Tectaria pica (L.f.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria pilosa (Fée) R.C.Moran
 Tectaria pinnata (C.Chr.) R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
 Tectaria pleiosora (Alderw.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria pleiotoma (Baker) C.Chr.
 Tectaria pluriseriata (Holttum) S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria poeppigii (C.Presl) C.Chr.
 Tectaria poilanei Tardieu
 Tectaria polymorpha (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel.
 Tectaria profereoides (Christ) S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria prolifera (Hook.) R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
 Tectaria pseudosiifolia Fraser-Jenk. & Wangdi
 Tectaria pseudosinuata Brownlie
 Tectaria psomiocarpa S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria pubens R.C.Moran
 Tectaria puberula (Desv.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria pubescens Copel.
 Tectaria pulchra (Copel.) C.W.Chen & C.J.Rothf.
 Tectaria quinquefida (Baker) Ching
 Tectaria quitensis C.Chr.
 Tectaria ramosii (Copel.) Holttum
 Tectaria rara (Alderw.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria remotipinna Ching & Chu H.Wang
 Tectaria repanda (Willd.) Holttum
 Tectaria rheophytica Holttum
 Tectaria rigida Holttum
 Tectaria rivalis (Mett.) Maxon
 Tectaria rockii C.Chr.
 Tectaria rufescens Holttum
 Tectaria rufovillosa C.Chr.
 Tectaria sabahensis C.W.Chen & C.J.Rothf.
 Tectaria sagenioides (Mett.) Christenh.
 Tectaria samariana S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria schmutzii Holttum
 Tectaria schultzei (Brause) C.Chr.
 Tectaria seemannii (Fourn.) Copel.
 Tectaria semibipinnata (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel.
 Tectaria semipinnata (Roxb.) C.V.Morton
 Tectaria seramensis M.Kato
 Tectaria setulosa (Baker) Holttum
 Tectaria shahidaniana Rusea
 Tectaria siifolia (Willd.) Copel.
 Tectaria simonsii (Baker) Ching
 Tectaria singaporiana (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Copel.
 Tectaria sinuata (Labill.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria solomonensis Holttum; ined.?
 Tectaria squamipes Holttum
 Tectaria squamosa Riv.-Giró & C.Sánchez
 Tectaria stalactica M.G.Price
 Tectaria stearnsii Maxon
 Tectaria stenosemioides (Alderw.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria subcaudata Alderw.
 Tectaria subconfluens (Bedd.) Ching
 Tectaria subcordata Holttum
 Tectaria subdigitata (Baker) Copel.
 Tectaria subdimorpha A.Rojas
 Tectaria subebenea C.Chr.
 Tectaria subfuscipes (Tagawa) C.M.Kuo
 Tectaria subglabrata (Holttum) S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria subrepanda C.Chr.
 Tectaria subsageniacea (Christ) Christenh.
 Tectaria subtriloba Holttum
 Tectaria subtriphylla (Hook. & Arn.) Copel.
 Tectaria sulitii Copel.
 Tectaria suluensis Holttum
 Tectaria sumatrana C.Chr.
 Tectaria tabonensis M.G.Price
 Tectaria taccifolia (Fée) M.G.Price
 Tectaria teijsmanniana (Baker) S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria tenerifrons (Hook.) Ching
 Tectaria tenuifolia (Mett.) Maxon
 Tectaria teratocarpa (Alderw.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria thwaitesii (Bedd.) Ching
 Tectaria torrisiana Shaffer-Fehre
 Tectaria transiens (C.V.Morton) A.R.Sm.
 Tectaria translucens Holttum
 Tectaria trichodes (C.V.Morton) A.R.Sm.
 Tectaria trichotoma (Fée) Tagawa
 Tectaria tricuspis (Bedd.) Copel.
 Tectaria trifida (Fée) M.G.Price
 Tectaria trifoliata (L.) Cav.
 Tectaria triglossa Tardieu & C.Chr.
 Tectaria triloba C.Chr.
 Tectaria trimenii (Bedd.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria trinitensis Maxon
 Tectaria tripartita (Baker) Copel.
 Tectaria vanikoroensis S.Y.Dong & C.W.Chen
 Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel.
 Tectaria vieillardii (E.Fourn.) C.Chr.
 Tectaria villosa Holttum
 Tectaria vitiensis Brownlie
 Tectaria waterlotii (Tardieu) J.P.Roux
 Tectaria weberi Copel.
 Tectaria wenzelii (Copel.) S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria wightii (C.B.Clarke) Ching
 Tectaria wigmanii (Racib.) S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria zeilanica (Houtt.) Sledge
 Tectaria zippelii S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria zollingeri (Kurz) Holttum
 Tectaria ×amesiana A.A.Eaton
 Tectaria ×bulbifera Jermy & T.G.Walker
 Tectaria ×chaconiana A.Rojas
 Tectaria ×cynthiae L.D.Gómez
 Tectaria ×epilithica A.Rojas
 Tectaria ×hongkongensis S.Y.Dong
 Tectaria ×michleriana (D.C.Eaton) Lellinger
 Tectaria ×pteropus-minor (Bedd.) Fraser-Jenk.

Sinonimi

 Aenigmopteris  Holttum
 Amphiblestra  C.Presl
 Aspidium  Sw.
 Bathmium  (Presl) Link
 Camptodium  Fée
 Cardiochlaena  Fée
 Chlamydogramme  Holttum
 Cionidium  T.Moore
 Dictyoxiphium  Hook.
 Dryomenis  Fée
 Fadyenia  Hook.
 Grammatosorus  Regel
 Hemigramma  Christ
 Heterogonium  C.Presl
 Lenda  Koidz.
 Luerssenia  Kuhn
 Microbrochis  C.Presl
 Phlebiogonium  Fée
 Podopeltis  Fée
 Polydictyum  C.Presl
 Psomiocarpa  C.Presl
 Quercifilix  Copel.
 Sagenia  C.Presl
 Stenosemia  C.Presl
 Tectaridium  Copel.
 Trichiocarpa  (Hook.) J.Sm.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Osladolike

Tektarija


Fakultet građevinarstva, arhitekture i geodezije Sveučilišta u Mostaru visokoškolska je ustanova u području građevinarstva, arhitekture i geodezije. Do 8. prosinca 2021. godine postojao je kao Građevinski fakultet, a počeo je s radom 1. rujna 1978., uz službenu registraciju 11. svibnja 1979. godine Rješenjem Privrednog suda u Mostaru broj U-1248/79. Prva je sjednica Fakultetskoga vijeća održana 27. travnja 1979. godine na kojoj je za prvoga dekana imenovan Hrvoje Soče. Na 204. sjednici Znanstveno-nastavnog vijeća održanoj 22. rujna 2021. godine, slijedom uvođenja novih studija, mijenja se naziv fakultetu u Fakultet građevinarstva, arhitekture i geodezije Sveučilište u Mostaru (FGAG SUM).

Povijest

Otvaranje Građevinskog fakulteta u Mostaru proisteklo je iz naraslih potreba za obrazovanjem visokoškolskih kadrova građevinske struke i razvijanja znanstvenoistraživačkog i stručnog rada iz područja građevinarstva, kao temeljnih pretpostavki i nositelja daljnjeg gospodarstvenog i društvenog razvitka Hercegovine.

Fakultet je sve do 2008. djelovao u zakupljenom prostoru općinske zgrade (bivši Đački dom) u ulici Kralja Zvonimira 14 (bivša ulica Ante Zuanića). Pri osnutku Fakulteta planirana je i izgradnja zgrade Fakulteta u sklopu sveučilišnoga kampusa, zbog nedostatka financijskih sredstava na to se čekalo sve do 2008. Na dan 2. veljače 2007. započeta je izgradnja nove zgrade Građevinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Mostaru, za koju je sredstva osigurala Vlada Republike Hrvatske u sklopu I. faze investiranja u objekte kampusa Sveučilišta u Mostaru. Svečano otvaranje nove zgrade održano je 13. studenoga 2008. Isti dan je otvoren i Međunarodni znanstveni simpozij Modeliranje konstrukcija, koji je bio jedna od manifestacija kojom je Fakultet obilježio 30. obljetnicu postojanja. Povodom 30. obljetnice postojanja izdana je i monografija.
Tijekom 2018. godine Fakultet je obilježio 40. obljetnicu postojanja održavanjem nekoliko značajnih simpozija, u lipnju 3. po redu Simpozij o kršu i kamenu "Hercegovina - zemlja kamena", u listopadu znanstveno-stručni skup "Geo-expo" 2018 gdje je Fakultet bio suorganizator skupa i u studenom Znanstveno stručni skup "40 za budućnost". Povodom ovoga jubileja  izdana je i monografija 40 godina Građevinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Mostaru. Iste godine u rujnu obilježena je i 10. obljetnica Udruge hrvatskih građevinskih fakulteta (GF Zagreb, GF Rijeka, GRiAF Osijek i FGAG Split) kada je Fakultet bio u ulozi predsjedavajuće članice Udruge u razdoblju od veljače 2017. do veljače 2019. godine.

Fakultet je u 2012. godini prošao akreditaciju studijskog programa građevinarstva koju je obavio međunarodni ekspertni tim u okviru projekta ESABIH (European Union Standards for accreditation of study programmes on BiH universities). Agencija za znanost i visoko obrazovanje (AZVO) Republike Hrvatske provela je u svibnju 2017. godine postupak reakreditacije Sveučilišta u Mostaru te svih sastavnica Sveučilišta u Mostaru: Filozofskog fakulteta, Fakulteta prirodoslovno-matematičkih i odgojnih znanosti, Ekonomskog fakulteta, Pravnog fakulteta, Fakulteta strojarstva i računarstva, Građevinskog fakulteta, Medicinskog fakulteta, Farmaceutskog fakulteta, Fakulteta zdravstvenih studija, Agronomskog i prehrambeno-tehnološkog fakulteta i Akademije likovnih umjetnosti. To je prvi postupak vanjskog vrednovanja koji je AZVO proveo u Bosni i Hercegovini, te koji je pridonio jačanju uloge ove Agencije.

Studiji
Od početka djelovanja Fakultet nastoji u svakom pogledu postati dio jedinstvenog europskog visokoobrazovnog sustava i prostora. Fakultet je sazreo i u potpunosti uskladio svoj nastavni plan i program s načelima Bolonjske deklaracije. Temeljem toga od akademske 2005./2006. godine Sveučilišni studij građevinarstva ustrojen je u dvije razine: preddiplomski studij u trajanju od tri godine (180 ECTS bodova) i diplomski studij u trajanju od dvije godine (120 ECTS bodova), a od akademske 2018./2019. godine izvodi se i poslijediplomski studij u trajanju od tri godine (180 ECTS bodova). Sveučilišni diplomski studij građevinarstva, od akademske 2018./2019. godine, ima tri smjera: Opći, Konstrukcije i Hidrotehniku i okolišno inženjerstvo. Od akademske 2017./2018. godine izvodi se sveučilišni preddiplomski studij arhitekture i urbanizma u trajanju od tri godine (180 ECTS bodova), a od akademske 2019./2020. godine izvodi se sveučilišni preddiplomski studij geodezije i geoinformatike, također u trajanju od tri godine (180 ECTS bodova).

Izdavačka djelatnost
e-Zbornik (ISSN 2232-9080, DOI: 10.47960/2232-9080) elektronički je časopis Građevinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Mostaru koji djeluje od lipnja 2001. godine. Objavljuje znanstvene i stručne radova iz područja građevinarstva, arhitekture i urbanizma, geodezije, zaštite okoliša te s njima povezanih područja. Časopisu se ne plaća bilo kakva naknada. e-Zbornik je otvorenoga pristupa te je sadržaj u cijelosti besplatno dostupan. Korisnicima je dopušteno čitati, spremati, kopirati, distribuirati, ispisati, pretraživati ili stavljati poveznice na puni tekst članaka u ovom časopisu bez traženja dozvole izdavača ili autora, ali uz navođenje izvora. Časopis je indeksiran u bazi EBSCO i od 2017. godine dostupan je pri Hrčku - središnjem portalu koji na jednom mjestu okuplja hrvatske znanstvene i stručne časopise koji nude otvoreni pristup svojim radovima. Nadalje, e-Zbornik možete pronaći u bazama časopisa DOI (CrossRef) i DOAJ.

"Nestabilnost" je časopis studenata Građevinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Mostaru koji djeluje od 2003. godine. U prvi plan časopis stavlja edukaciju mladih ljudi o novostima iz svijeta graditeljstva i promjenama koje se uvode u gradnji i kvaliteti urbanizacije. Svake godine "Nestabilnost" svojim člancima obuhvaća velik broj projekata koji su bitni za sredinu i mnoge stručnjake iz područja graditeljstva. Ukupno je do sada objavljeno devetnaest brojeva časopisa, i dostupni su pri mrežnoj stranici Fakulteta građevinarstva, arhitekture i geodezije Sveučilišta u Mostaru.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službene stranice
 e-Zbornik
 Mostarski fakultet građevinarstva, arhitekture i geodezije na Facebooku
 Mostarski fakultet građevinarstva, arhitekture i geodezije na Instagramu
 Mostarski fakultet građevinarstva, arhitekture i geodezije na YouTube-u

Sveučilište u Mostaru
Građevinarstvo
Arhitektura
Geodezija

Fakultet građevinarstva, arhitekture i geodezije u Mostaru


Hittitisk er et indoeuropæisk sprog som taltes af hittiterne i Anatolien i det andet årtusinde fvt. Hittitisk er nært beslægtet med de andre anatolske sprog, lydisk, palaisk og luvisk. Hittitisk  bevarer de laryngale fonemer, men på andre punkter er sprogene simplere end urindoeuropæisk - blandt andet skelner de kun to tider og to navneordskøn.

De ældste tekster på hittitisk er nedskrevne omkring 1700 fvt. i kileskrift og blev først tydet af Bedřich Hrozný i 1917. Hittitisk har optaget mange låneord fra sproget Hattisk hvis rige hittiterne erobrede, og har selv bidraget med låneord til assyrisk.

Kilder

Hittitter
Uddøde sprog

Hittitisk (sprog)


Alfena Portekiz'de Valongo belediyesine bağlı olan, 12,83 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 13.665 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Valongo'nun bucakları

Alfena


Turneul celor Șase Națiuni din 2017 cunoscut sub numele de 2017 RBS 6 Nations datorită sponsorului turneului, Royal Bank of Scotland, a fost cea de a 18-a ediție a Turneului celor Șase Națiuni, campionatul anual de rugby din emisfera nordică.

La acestă ediție au participat campioana en-titre Anglia, Franța, Irlanda, Italia, Scoția și Țara Galilor. Incluzând competițiile inițiale Turneul Home Nations și Turneul celor Cinci Națiuni, acesta a fost cea de a 123-a ediție a turneului. Turneul a fost câștigat de Anglia.

Echipe participante

Clasament

Meciuri

Etapa 1

Etapa a 2-a

Etapa a 3-a

Etapa a 4-a

Etapa a 5-a

Legături externe
  Site-ul oficial al competiției

2017 în sport
Turneul celor Șase Națiuni

Turneul celor Șase Națiuni din 2017


Le  (en occitan : camin dels Estreits) est une voie publique de Toulouse, chef-lieu de la région Occitanie, dans le Midi de la France. Il longe le cours de la Garonne et borde à l'ouest le quartier de Pouvourville, tous deux dans le secteur 5 - Sud-Est.

Situation et accès

Description
Le chemin des Étroits correspond à une partie de l'ancien chemin vicinal 12, entre la place Auguste-Lafourcade, à Toulouse, et Lacroix-Falgarde, et longeant la Garonne. En 1930, le chemin est classé dans la voirie départementale et devient une partie de la route départementale 7 de Toulouse à Foix en passant par Saint-Sulpice-sur-Lèze. En 1938, elle devient la route départementale 4 qui va du lieu-dit de Peyrouliès, à Fronton, jusqu'à Toulouse et, de là, à Saint-Sulpice-sur-Lèze où elle est prolongée dans le département de l'Ariège par la route départementale 919 jusqu'à Saint-Jean-de-Verges, pour rejoindre la route nationale 20. En 2017, la partie de la route départementale 4 qui se trouve sur le territoire de Toulouse Métropole lui a été transférée et est devenue la route métropolitaine 4.

Voies rencontrées
Le chemin des Étroits rencontre les voies suivantes, dans l'ordre des numéros croissants (« g » indique que la rue se situe à gauche, « d » à droite) :

 Allée Henri-Sellier (g)
 Pont de la Poudrerie (d)
 Impasse des Cormorans - accès piéton (g)
 Impasse des Hérons - accès piéton (g)
 Avenue d'Empalot - Périphérique (A620) - Échangeur
 Pont d'Empalot (d)
 Chemin des Canalets (g)
 Chemin de Rivalsupervic (g)
 Route des Coteaux (g)
 Chemin des Étroits - Vieille-Toulouse

Transports
Le chemin des Étroits n'est parcouru et desservi que par la ligne de transport à la demande . Il existe cependant des projets pour la transformer en ligne de bus régulière d'ici 2025. Au nord, au carrefour de l'allée Henri-Sellier, se trouvent les arrêts de la ligne de bus , qui mène à la station Empalot, sur la ligne de métro .

Il n'existe pas non plus de station de vélos en libre-service VélôToulouse.

Odonymie
Le chemin des Étroits porte un nom très ancien : ce toponyme se rencontre déjà à la fin du  (in podio dels Estreits en latin médiéval, 1191). Ce site « des Étroits » désigne l'étroite terrasse qui surplombe la Garonne, au pied de la falaise des coteaux de Pech-David et de Vieille-Toulouse. Il fallut cependant attendre 1948 pour que le chemin prenne officiellement ce nom. Il était aussi désigné, depuis le  au moins, comme le chemin de Vieille-Toulouse ou le chemin de Lacroix-Falgarde, deux villages auxquels il conduit.

Histoire

Patrimoine et lieux d'intérêt

Service municipal des Eaux

  21 : usine élévatoire. Le premier établissement du Service municipal des Eaux occupe une vaste parcelle entre le chemin des Étroits (actuel ) et le chemin des Côtes-de-Pech-David (emplacement de l'actuel ). Il est construit entre 1927 et 1932 afin de pourvoir aux besoins croissants de la population, et particulièrement de rive droite de la Garonne. Les bâtiments en bord de Garonne abritent l'usine élévatoire qui, par un aqueduc de 350 mètres, mène les eaux jusqu'aux bâtiments du chemin des Côtes-de-Pech-David où se trouvent les systèmes de filtrage. Fournissant 35000 m3 d'eau potable par jour à l'origine, la production est portée à 150000 m3 en 1981 à la suite de la construction de la nouvelle usine de production d'eau potable de Pech David. L'usine élévatoire et son logement de fonction se situent en bordure du chemin des Étroits, face à la Garonne. Les fondations en sont profondes d'une dizaine de mètres et abritent un réservoir rectangulaire de 26 mètres sur 6 mètres, où est stockée l'eau directement puisée dans le fleuve. L'usine est bâtie en brique, quoique des bandeaux d'enduit simulent des assises de pierre. La façade principale est symétrique, éclairée par de grandes fenêtres en plein cintre et surmontée d'un entablement qui alterne des triglyphes et une frise de carreaux en céramique. Une large corniche débordante en béton couronne les élévations. La travée centrale est mise en valeur par un pignon à redents où prend place l'inscription « VILLE DE TOULOUSE / SERVICE DES EAUX / 1932 », surmontée des armoiries de la ville de Toulouse.

  34 et 43 : station de pompage.
  173 : station de pompage.

Maisons
  25 : maison (deuxième quart du ).

  49 : villa Les Lilas (vers 1920).

  54 : Bikini.

  97 : villa Les Moines (deuxième moitié du ).

  118 : villa Charry. La villa est construite en 1935 pour les week-ends de la famille du docteur Joseph Charry. Il fait appel à l'architecte Robert Armandary, qui avait déjà dressé en 1926 les plans de sa maison principale,  rue Saint-Bernard. La ville, d'architecture Art déco, fait face à la Garonne. L'influence du style « paquebot » se fait sentir dans le choix des fenêtres en forme de hublots, d'un avant-corps arrondi ouvert d'un large bow-window et du toit-terrasse. Mais dans les années 1990, la villa est classé en zone rouge du plan de prévention des risques, à cause du risque d'éboulement : elle est démolie en 2001.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Pierre Salies, Dictionnaire des rues de Toulouse, 2 vol., éd. Milan, Toulouse, 1989 .
 A. Boutetes, « La singulière histoire du chemin des Étroits », Histoire des communications, Société d'histoire des communications dans le Midi de la France, , 1980.
 Magali Fuchs et Élisabeth Martin, Site du chemin des Étroits, DREAL Midi-Pyrénées, 2001.

Articles connexes
 Liste des voies de Toulouse
 Liste des sites classés de la Haute-Garonne

Liens externes
 Inventaire préliminaire de la ville de Toulouse, sur le site Urban-Hist, Archives municipales de Toulouse (consulté le ).
 Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel d'Occitanie, sur le site Ressources patrimoines - La médiathèque culturelle de la Région Occitanie (consulté le ).

Étroits
Route métropolitaine 4 (Toulouse Métropole)

Chemin des Étroits


Matthijs Siegenbeek, auch: Matthias Siegenbeck, (* 23. Juni 1774 in Amsterdam; † 26. November 1854 in Leiden) war ein niederländischer reformierter Theologe, Literaturwissenschaftler und Historiker.

Leben

Siegenbeek stammt von deutschen Eltern reformierter Konfession und verblieb nach dem Tod eines jüngeren Bruders als einziger Sohn. Mit elf Jahren besuchte er die Lateinschule seines Geburtsorts, wo er sich unter dem Rektorat von Richeus van Ommeren (1757–1796) in deutscher, französischer und englischer Sprache weiterbildete. Dabei entwickelte er eine Vorliebe für die Poesie und die klassische Literatur. Nachdem er die Schule mit einer Arbeit über Carmen etegiacum, Ultima Jacobae Bavarae, morti proximae, verba verlassen hatte, wechselte er 1790 ans Athenaeum Illustre seiner Heimatstadt. Hier wurden Jean Henri van Swinden in Physik und Astronomie, Daniel Wyttenbach in der klassischen Literatur und Diederik Adriaan Walraven (1732–1804) in den orientalischen Sprachen seine prägenden Lehrer. Zudem studierte er am theologischen Seminar in Amsterdam bei Jan Konijnenburg (1758–1831), Paulus van Hemert (1756–1825) und Gerrit Jacob Hesselink (1755–1811). Dabei kamen seine außergewöhnlichen Kenntnisse in der niederländischen Sprache, Literatur und Poesie in verschiedenen Schriften zum Ausdruck.

Am 3. Juni 1795 absolvierte er sein theologisches Examen und fand in seiner Heimatstadt eine Anstellung. Am 6. März 1796 erhielt er eine Predigerstelle in Dokkum. Am 10. August 1797 wurde er von den Kuratoren der Universität Leiden zum außerordentlichen Professor für spekulative Philosophie und Literatur berufen, welche Stelle er am 23. September 1797 mit der Rede Over het openbaar onderwijs in de Nederduitsche welsprekendheid (frei übersetzt: Über die öffentliche Bildung in der niederländischen Rhetorik) antrat. Am 31. Mai 1799 wurde er zum ordentlichen Professor derselben Fachrichtung berufen, welche Aufgabe er am 28. September 1799 mit der Abhandlung P.C. Hooft beschouwd als dichter en geschiedschryver (frei übersetzt: Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft beschrieben als Dichter und Geschichtsschreiber) übernahm. Nachdem er 1809/10 als Rektor der Alma Mater die Laudatio Jani Dousae gehalten hatte, erhielt er zudem am 5. März 1811 die Professur der neueren Literatur. Als nach den Befreiungskriegen die Leidener Hochschule wiedereröffnet wurde, erhielt er die Bestätigung seiner Professuren, war 1823/24 mit der artikulierten Abhandlung Laurentio Petro Spiegetio abermals Rektor der Hochschule gewesen und wurde am 3. Juli 1844 emeritiert.

Maßgebliche Verdienste hatte sich Siegenbeek um die Entwicklung der niederländischen Rechtschreibung erworben. 1801 wurde er vom niederländischen Bildungsministerium beauftragt, eine einheitliche Rechtschreibung zu verfassen. Diese erschien 1804 unter dem Titel Verhandeling over den invloed der welluidendheid en gemakkelykheid van uitspraak op de spelling der nederduitsche taal und wurde am 18. Dezember 1804 als erste offizielle niederländische Rechtschreibregel eingeführt. Dieses Fundament der niederländischen Rechtschreibungsgeschichte, wurde im Folgejahr mit dem Woordenboek voor de nederduitsche spelling (frei ins deutsche übersetzt: Wörterbuch für die niederländische Sprache) untermauert. Von seiner Rechtschreibregel ist zum Beispiel das heute in der niederländischen typisch verwendete ij markant, das den damals oft benutzten Buchstaben y weitgehend verdrängte. Zudem sind auch seine historischen Forschungen und Lebensbeschreibungen seiner Zeitgenossen ein reichhaltiges Archiv, zu der Erforschung historischer Kontexte.

1800 wurde er Mitglied der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Haarlem, 1803 Mitglied der niederländischen Gesellschaft der Literatur, 1805 Mitglied der Gesellschaft der Künste und Wissenschaften in Utrecht und 1808 Königlich-Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Zudem war er Mitglied der Gesellschaft der Sprach- und Dichtkunde in Seeland und Friesland, sowie bei den literarischen Gesellschaften in Antwerpen, Gent, Brügge, Brüssel und Batavia. Zudem wurde er vom König zum Ritter des niederländischen Löwens und von der Gesellschaft der niederländischen Literatur zum Ehrenmitglied ernannt worden.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Verhandeling over de spelling der Nederduitsche taal, ter bevordering van eenparigheid in dezelve. 1804 (Online); 1810, (Online)
 Woordenboek voor de nederduitsche spelling. 1805 (Online)
 Museum, of verzameling van stukken ter bevordering van fraaije kunsten en wetenschappen. 1812 (Online)
 Beknopte geschiedenis der Nederlandsche letterkunde. 1826 (Online)
 Geschiedenis der Leidsche Hoogeschool van hare oprigting in den jare 1575 tot het jaar 1825. 1829, 1. Bd. (Online, Online, Online, Online), 2. Bd. (Online), 1832 2. Bd. (Online)
 Redevoeringen en verhandelingen over onderwerpen, tot de vaderlandsche geschiedenis en letterkunde behoorende. 1836 (Online)
 Verslag van de verhooren door Johan van Oldenbarnovelt ondergaan in die afdeelingen. 1849 (Online),
 Geschiedenis der Burgerwapening in Nederland. 1851 (Online)
 Proeven van Nederduitsche dichtkunde uit de zeventiende eeuw. 1856

Literatur
 Abraham Jacob van der Aa: Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden. Verlag J. J. van Brederode, Haarlem, 1874, Bd. 17, Teil 2, S. 662 (Online, niederländisch)
 L. Knappert: SIEGENBEEK (Matthijs). In: Philipp Christiaan Molhuysen, Petrus Johannes Blok: Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek. (NNBW), Verlag A.W. Sijthoff's Uitgevers-Maatschappij, Leiden, 1921, Bd. 5, Sp. 231 (niederländisch)

Weblinks
 Siegenbeek beim DBNL
 Siegenbeek beim KNAW

Rhetoriker
Niederlandist
Reformierter Theologe (18. Jahrhundert)
Reformierter Theologe (19. Jahrhundert)
Literaturwissenschaftler
Mitglied der Königlich Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Träger des Ordens vom Niederländischen Löwen (Ritter)
Rektor (Universität Leiden)
Niederländer
Geboren 1774
Gestorben 1854
Mann

Matthijs Siegenbeek


Tuberaceae (Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier, 1822) este o familie de ciuperci mai mică, dar răspândită în toată lumea, din încrengătura Ascomycota în subdivizia Pezizomycotina clasa Pezizomycetes și ordinul Pezizales care coabitează cu rădăcinile de arbori, formând micorize. În momentul de față conține șase genuri, între ele și cel al trufelor veritabile. Tipul de gen este Tuber.

Istoric
Această familie de ciuperci a fost determinată de savantul belgian Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier în lucrarea sa Commentationes botanicae – Observations botaniques din 1822, denumire valabilă până în prezent (2019). Alte încercări de modificare nu au fost făcute.

Descriere

 Habitat: cresc preponderent în păduri de foioase rare, pe rădăcinile superficiale ale stejarului, carpenului, fagului, teiului sau alunului, dar și în cele de conifere în preajma pinilor, mereu subteran la o adâncime de la maximal 50 cm până aproape de suprafață. Preferă soluri argiloase, bogate în calcar și humus, bine aerate. Timpul apariției se trage în principiu peste tot anul, dar variază, depinde de gen și specie.
 Corpul fructifer: este mereu învăluit de o peridie (înveliș al corpului de fructificație la unele ciuperci destul de groasă care nu poate fi decojită, la majoritatea genurilor netedă pe suprafață, cu excepția secției trufelor veritabile negre care sunt verucoase, acoperite cu negi iregulari mai mult sau mai puțin proeminenți, poligonali sau piramidali. O excepție face mica și comestibila Choiromyces tetrasporus (Velen., 1939) a cărei suprafață este foarte încolăcită, semănând unui creier. Mărimea diferă tare, dar multe specii au doar o mărime de 0,5-2 cm.
 Carnea (gleba): a cărei culoare tinde de la albicios până la negru, este mereu fermă, dar marmorată numai la speciile mai mari. De asemenea mirosul și gustul variază de la foarte plăcut la dezgustător.
 Sporii: sunt aproape sferici, hialini (translucizi), reticulați, verucoși și/sau țepoși. Ascele sunt destul de groase, în formă de măciucă și conțin 1 până la 7 spori.
 Valorificare: Majoritatea speciilor este necomestibilă. O excepție sunt trufele veritabile mai mari, trufa porcească sau de exemplu Choiromyces tetrasporus. Ciuperci grav otrăvitoare nu sunt cunoscute, la unele se spune că, consumate crud sau în cantități prea mari, ar provoca probleme gastrointestinale.

Genuri ale familiei
Conform Mycobank există (ajustat) șase genuri alăturate acestui gen, trufele conținând cele mai multe specii:
 Choiromyces Vittad. (1831): cu 5 specii se dezvoltă în  America de Nord (Ch. alveolatus, Ch. cookei), Australia (C. aboriginum) și Europa (Ch. meandriformis, Ch. tetrasporus), tip de specie fiind Choiromyces meandriformis.
 Dingleya Trappe (1979): cu 7 genuri se dezvoltă numai în Australia, tip de specie este Dingleya verrucosa.
 Labyrinthomyces Boedijn (1939): cu 7 genuri se dezvoltă numai în Australasia, tip de specie este Labyrinthomyces steenisii.
 Paradoxa Mattir. (1935): cu 3 specii din care două (P. gigantospora, P. monospora)  se dezvoltă în Europa, iar un soi în China (P. sinensis), tip de specie fiind Paradoxa monospora.
 Reddellomyces Trappe, Castellano & Malajczuk (1992): cu 4 specii se dezvoltă în Australia și în jurul Mării Mediterane, tip de specie fiind Reddellomyces westraliensis.
 Tuber (P. Micheli) F.H.Wigg. (1780): este răspândit peste toată lumea, tip de specie fiind Tuber aestivum.

Tip de genuri în imagini

Delimitare
Următoarele genuri sunt apropiat înrudite, dar nu aparțin familiei Tuberaceae:
 Discinaceae Benedix (1962),  58 de specii în 5 genuri, cu tipul de gen Discina,
 Helvellaceae Fr. (1822), 134 (117) de specii în 5 genuri, cu tipul de gen Helvella,
 Morchellaceae, Rchb. (1834) cu tipul de gen Morchella.
 Pezizaceae Dumort. (1829), cu tipul de gen Peziza Pers. (1800)
 Terfeziaceae E.Fisch. (1897) cu tipul de gen Terfezia (Moris) Trappe (1971)

Note

Bibliografie
 A. Engler: "Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien", Editura Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1938
 Helen Charlotte Isabella Gwynne: "Fungi: Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales", Editura Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1922
 Gustav Lindau: "Kryptogamenflora für Anfänger: Eine Einführung in das Studium der blütenlosen Gewächse für Studierende und Liebhaber", vol. 2, Editura Julius Springer, Berlin 1922
 Francis Martin: "Advances in Botanical Research – Fungi", Editura Academic Press, Londra 2014
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Kleine Kryptogamenflora der Pilze – vol. II a.: "Höhere Phycomyceten und Ascomyceten", Editura Gustav Fischer, Jena 1963

Legături externe

Micoriză
1822 în știință

Tuberaceae


100 Best Albums Of All Time er bók sem kom út í nóvember 2012. Höfundar hennar eru þeir Toby Creswell og Craig Mathieson. Bókin inniheldur lista yfir 100 bestu hljómplötur allra tíma. Eftir hverja tíundu plötu eru tvær blaðsíður þar sem frægir tónlistamenn tala um aðra tónlistamenn eða plötu sem birtist í síðasta kafla.

Listi.

 Highway 61 Revisited - Bob Dylan.
 Revolver - The Beatles.
 London Calling - The Clash.
 Nevermind - Nirvana.
 Astral Weeks - Van Morrison.
 Blue - Joni Mitchell.
 Sticky Fingers - Rolling Stones.
 Rumours - Fleetwood Mac.
 The Velvet Underground & Nico - The Velvet Underground & Nico.
 It Takes a Nation Of Millions to Hold Us Back - Public Enemy.
 Pet Sounds - Beach Boys.
 Darkness on the Edge of Town - Bruce Springsteen.
 Marquee Moon - Television.
 Here's Little Richard - Little Richard.
 Untitled - Led Zeppelin.
 OK Computer - Radiohead.
 The Band - The Band.
 The Beatles - The Beatles.
 Doolittle - Pixies.
 John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band - John Lennon.
 Achtung Baby - U2.
 Bridge Over Troubled Water - Simon and Garfunkel.
 Blonde on Blonde - Bob Dylan.
 Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols - Sex Pistols.
 Sign O' The Times - Prince.
 Funeral - Arcade Fire.
 Thriller - Michael Jackson.
 On The Beach - Neil Young.
 The Blueprint - Jay-Z.
 Blue Lines - Massive Attack.
 The Queen is Dead - The Smiths.
 Tapestry - Carole King.
 Hunky Dory - David Bowie.
 Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music - Ray Charles.
 Graceland - Paul Simon.
 Raw Power - Iggy And The Stooges.
 Are You Experienced? - Jimi Hendrix Experience.
 Lady Soul - Aretha Franklin.
 Ramones - Ramones.
 Exile on Main Street - Rolling Stones.
 Horses - Patti Smith.
 Kind of Blue - Miles Davis.
 Daydream Nation - Sonic Youth.
 Born to Run - Bruce Springsteen.
 Abbey Road - The Beatles.
 Appetite for Destruction - Guns 'n' Roses.
 Paranoid - Black Sabbath.
 All Things Must Pass - George Harrison.
 American Idiot - Green Day.
 The Doors - The Doors.
 The Dark Side of the Moon - Pink Floyd.
 Live at the Apollo - James Brown.
 Cosmo's Factory - Creedence Clearwater Revival.
 Vs. - Pearl Jam.
 Burnin' - The Wailers.
 Headquarters - The Monkees.
 Remain in Light - Talking Heads.
 Every Picture Tells a Story - Rod Stewart.
 Q. We Are Not Men? We Are Devo - Devo.
 After School Session - Chuck Berry.
 The Marshall Mathers LP - Eminem.
 Parallel Lines - Blondie.
 Dusty in Memphis - Dusty Springfield.
 Automatic for the People - R.E.M.
 Where Did Our Love Go - The Supremes.
 (What's the Story) Morning Glory - Oasis.
 My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy - Kanye West.
 Grace - Jeff Buckley.
 Elephant - The White Stripes.
 Hotel California - Eagles.
 Yankee Hotel Foxtrot - Wilco.
 Paul's Boutique - Beastie Boys.
 Rain Dogs - Tom Waits.
 Hounds of Love - Kate Bush.
 Live at Leeds - The Who.
 Closer - Joy Division.
 Trans-Europe Express - Kraftwerk.
 Sail Away - Randy Newman.
 Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain - Pavement.
 Curtis - Curtis Mayfield.
 For Your Pleasure - Roxy Music.
 Is This It - The Strokes.
 Diesel and Dust - Midnight Oil.
 Viva La Vida or Death and All His Friends - Coldplay.
 The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society - The Kinks.
 Pretenders - Pretenders.
 The Modern Lovers - The Modern Lovers.
 Screamadelica -  Primal Scream.
 Unhalfbricking - Fairport Convention.
 This Year's Model - Elvis Costello and the Attractions.
 Dummy - Portishead.
 Back in Black - AC/DC.
 Odelay - Beck.
 Entertainment - Gang of Four.
 What's Going On - Marvin Gaye.
 Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not - Arctic Monkeys.
 A Night At The Opera - Queen.
 Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs - Derek and the Dominos.
 Let England Shake - PJ Harvey.
 Sweetheart of the Rodeo - The Byrds.

Bókaárið 2012
Ástralskar bækur

100 Best Albums Of All Time


Doli incapax, Latince bir hukuk terimidir. Ceza ehliyeti olmayan kimseleri tanımlamak için kullanılır (karş. doli capax). dolus (pl. doli): kusur, hile ve incapax (karş. en. incapable): ehliyetsiz, iktidarsız, elinden gelmez sözcüklerinden oluşmuştur.

Bu gruptan sayılan kişiler eylemlerinden ötürü cezalandırılmaz. Türk mevzuatında bu konudaki ayrıntılı düzenleme 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun 2. Kısmının 2. Bölümünde 31. vd. maddelerinde yer almaktadır.

Ayrıca bkz: Ceza ehliyeti

Ceza hukuku
Hukuk terimleri

Doli incapax


Henrik Pontoppidan (24. júlí 1857 – 21. ágúst 1943) var danskur rithöfundur sem hlaut Nóbelsverðlaunin í bókmenntum árið 1917.

Ævi og störf
Henrik Pontoppidan fæddist á Jótlandi, af grónum presta- og rithöfundaættum. Hann hóf nám í verkfræði en flosnaði upp úr því og gerðist blaðamaður og rithöfundur. Skrif hans einkenndust af róttæku uppgjöri við íhaldssemi og titlatog. Hann aðhylltist raunsæisstefnuna í bókmenntum og fjallaði einkum um líf blásnauðs alþýðufólks og gekk þannig fyrstur allra á hólm við glansmyndir danskra rithöfunda af fegurð sveitalífsins.

Veigamestu skáldsögur Pontoppidan komu út á árunum 1890-1920 og leituðust við að draga upp stórar myndir af dönsku þjóðfélagi í anda höfunda á borð við Balzac og Zola. Þeirra kunnust var Pétur heppni (danska: Lykke-Per) sem hafði sjálfsævisögulega undirtóna um ungan mann sem reynir að verða verkfræðingur til að slíta sig undan ægivaldi fjölskyldunnar en er að lokum brotinn niður og gefst að lokum upp.

Árið 1917 hlaut Pontoppidan Nóbelsverðlaunin ásamt landa sínum Karl Adolph Gjellerup, en verk hans hafa lifað öllu betur með dönsku þjóðinni en hins síðarnefnda. Clara Pontoppidan, ein frægasta kvikmyndaleikkona Dana fyrr og síðar, var bróðurdóttir Henriks Pontoppidan.

Fáeinar smásögur eftir Pontoppidan hafa verið þýddar á íslensku.

Pontoppidan, Henrik
Handhafar bókmenntaverðlauna Nóbels

Henrik Pontoppidan


[[Archivo:Jon Hiseman.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Jon Hiseman con Colosseum. 2007.]]Colosseum' es una banda británica de jazz rock y jazz fusión, que estuvo activa entre 1968 y 1971, con una segunda etapa entre 1975 y 1978, y finalmente nuevamente activos desde 1994 hasta la actualidad.

 Historia
La banda se formó en septiembre de 1968 por el baterista Jon Hiseman, el saxo tenor  Dick Heckstall-Smith y el bajista Tony Reeves, que habían tocado juntos previamente en la banda de  John Mayall, The Bluesbreakers.  Dave Greenslade (órgano), se incorporó muy pronto, y el grupo se completó con Jim Roche en la guitarra, aunque apenas permaneció el tiempo justo para grabar algún corte, siendo reemplazado por  James Litherland, (guitarra y cantante). Hiseman y Heckstall-Smith habían tocado también, antes, con la banda de Graham Bond, y colosseum utilizó algunos de los temas de este periodo. La banda hizo su debut en Newcastle y consiguieron rápidamente aparecer en el programa del DJ John Peel, Top Gear (BBC Radio 1).

Su primer álbum, Those Who Are About To Die Salute You, fue publicado por Fontana en 1969, y en marzo de ese mismo año, aparecieron en Supershow, grabación de una jam session con Modern Jazz Quartet, Led Zeppelin, Jack Bruce, el Roland Kirk Quartet, Eric Clapton, Stephen Stills, y Juicy Lucy.  Su segundo disco, también de 1969, fue Valentyne Suite, primero publicado por Vertigo Records, una división de Philips Records dirigida a publicar a grupos aún no muy conocidos, y que había publicado también a Black Sabbath.

Para el tercer álbum, The Grass Is Greener, publicado solamente en Estados Unidos, en 1970, Dave "Clem" Clempson reemplazó a James Litherland; Louis Cennamo había sustituido igualmente a Tony Reeves en el bajo, pero a su vez fue reemplazado por Mark Clarke solo un mes más tarde, y Hiseman reclutó al vocalista  Farlowe para que Clempson se concentrara en la guitarra. Esta se suele considerar como la formación definitiva de Colosseum, y es la que aparece en el disco Daughter of Time (1970).

En marzo de 1971, grabó sus conciertos en el Big Apple Club de Brighton y en la Universidad de Mánchester. Las grabaciones se publicaron en forma de doble álbum, Colosseum Live, en 1971. Tras la disolución de la banda, Jon Hiseman formó Tempest junto a Mark Clarke. Dave Greenslade formó Greenslade con Tony Reeves; Clem Clempson se unió a Humble Pie; Chris Farlowe hizo lo mismo con Atomic Rooster; y Dick Heckstall-Smith inició una carrera en solitario.

Colosseum II
Hiseman volvió a unir el grupo, con el nombre de Colosseum II, en 1975, con una orientación aún más decidida hacia el jazz fusión. Los ensayos iban a comenzar el 1 de enero de 1975, pero la formación no se terminó de concretar hasta mayo de ese mismo año. Entre los músicos que participaron en el nuevo el grupo estuvieron Graham Bell, Duncan Mackay y Clarke Mark. La formación se completó con Don Airey, Neil Murray, Gary Moore y Mike Starr. En esta etapa, la banda grabó y editó tres álbumes entre 1976 y 1978.

Nueva reunión
Colosseum se reunió otra vez en junio de 1994, tocando en el "Freiburg Zelt Musik Festival" y realizando un show de TV que se grabó y publicó como CD y DVD. Se realizaron algunas ediciones de nuevas grabaciones, además de realizar algunas reediciones ampliadas.

Barbara Thompson, saxofonista, flautista y clarinetista que es esposa de Hiseman y que había trabajado con Colosseum desde los primeros tiempos, se incorporó a la banda en varias ocasiones tras la muerte de Dick Heckstall-Smith, ocurrida en el 2004. Thompson permanecería como miembro estable.

Colosseum continúa grabando y dando actuaciones en clubs.

 Discografía

 Primer periodo
 Those Who Are About to Die Salute You – (1969)
 Valentyne Suite – (1969)
 The Grass Is Greener – (1970) (solo en EE. UU.)
 Daughter of Time – (1970)
 Colosseum Live – (1971)

 Como Colosseum II
 Strange New Flesh - (1976)
 Electric Savage - (1977)
 War Dance - (1977)

 Periodo final
 Lives: The Reunion Concerts 1994 – (1995)
 Bread & Circuses – (1997)
 Tomorrow's Blues – (2003)
 Live Cologne 1994 – (2003)
 Live 05 – (2007)
 Time On Our Side – (2014)

 Recopilatorios
 The Collectors Colosseum – (1971)
 Anthology – (2000) (2-CD)
 Morituri Te Salutant – (2009) (4-CD)

 Bibliografía
 Hanson, Martyn: Playing The Band - The Musical Life of Jon Hiseman, 2010, Londres, Temple Music Books, ISBN 978-0-9566863-0-5

 Notas y referencias Este artículo, en su versión inicial, está tomado de Wikipedia en inglés''

Enlaces externos

Artistas de Dunhill Records
Artistas de Vertigo Records
Grupos de rock de Inglaterra
Grupos de jazz de Inglaterra
Grupos de jazz rock de Inglaterra
Grupos de jazz fusión
Grupos de rock progresivo de Inglaterra
Artistas de Bronze Records
Grupos de música de los años 1970
Grupos de música formados en 1968

Colosseum


La sierra del Barbanza es una alineación montañosa situada en la península del Barbanza, en la provincia de La Coruña. Se enmarca entre la ría de Muros y Noya y la ría de Arosa, en el extremo Occidental de Galicia (España).

Descripción
Esta pequeña cordillera conforma uno de los terrenos más abruptos de las Rías Bajas, alcanzando cotas superiores a los 600  a apenas cinco kilómetros del mar. Gracias a esta orografía tan quebrada es posible observar la prominencia de muchas de sus montañas en todo su esplendor.

El Barbanza alcanza su máxima altura en el monte Iroite, a 685 metros. Esta cima tiene una superficie llana, lo que ha permitido la construcción y despliegue de una base del Ejército Español, la EVA 10. Sin embargo, es en el monte La Curota donde se pueden contemplar las mejores vistas panorámicas. De hecho, según diversos autores, entre los que figura Ramón del Valle-Inclán, La Curota es el observatorio que ofrece las mejores vistas de las Rías Bajas y de toda Galicia.

Montañas principales
La sierra está poblada por numerosos vértices geodésicos que señalan los puntos más elevados. Los picos más importantes y representativos son los siguientes:
 Castelo de Vitres (469 metros), en Boiro.
 Monte Enxa (538 metros), en Puerto del Son.
 Monte Curota (618 metros), en Ribeira.
 Torre de Inxerto (654 metros), en Puebla del Caramiñal.
 Monte Iroite (685 metros), en Lousame.
 San Lois (363 metros), en Noya.

Hidrografía
La Sierra del Barbanza es la cuna de varios ríos y arroyos, entre los que destaca el río Pedras (se pone de forma errónea Pedrás en muchos lugares, incluida la cartografía oficial de señalización de la carretera; la correcta es Pedras, piedras en gallego, ya que el río se presenta lleno de cantos rodados que le dan nombre, en su zona final de desembocadura) y el río Lérez.

Vegetación
Predomina el matorral de tojo y de genista, así como el pino bajo. Quedan algunas reminiscencias de bosque caducifolio autóctono como carballeiras y vegetación de las riberas de ríos.

La Sierra del Barbanza, al igual que muchos otros montes gallegos, sufrió la terrible oleada de incendios forestales en Galicia 2006, lo que redujo considerablemente la masa de árboles de la zona.

Geografía de la provincia de La Coruña
Barbanza
Macizo Galaico-Leonés

Sierra del Barbanza


Abu Abdallah Muhammad XII () (c. 1460–1533), known in Europe as Boabdil (a Spanish rendering of the name Abu Abdallah), was the 22nd and last Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Iberia.

Sultan

Muhammad XII was the son of Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of the Emirate of Granada whom he succeeded in 1482, as a result of both court intrigue and unrest amongst the population at large.

Muhammad XII soon sought to gain prestige by invading Castile, but was taken prisoner at Lucena in 1483. Muhammad's father was then restored as ruler of Granada, to be replaced in 1485 by his uncle Muhammad XIII, also known as Abdullah ez Zagal.

Muhammad obtained his freedom and Christian support to recover his throne in 1487, by consenting to hold Granada as a tributary kingdom under the Catholic monarchs. He further undertook not to intervene in the Siege of Málaga, in which Málaga was taken by the Christians.

Following the fall of Málaga and Baza in 1487, Almuñécar, Salobreña and Almería were taken by the Christians the following year. By the beginning of 1491, Granada was the only Muslim-governed city in Iberia.

Surrender of Granada
In 1491, Muhammad XII was summoned by Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon to surrender the city of Granada, which was besieged by the Castilians. Eventually, on 2 January 1492, Granada was surrendered. The royal procession moved from Santa Fe to a place a little more than a mile from Granada, where Ferdinand took up his position by the banks of the Genil. A private letter written by an eyewitness to the Bishop of León only six days after the event recorded the scene:

The Moorish sultan, with about eighty or a hundred on horseback and very well dressed, went forth to kiss the hand of their Highnesses. According to the final capitulation the key to Granada will pass into Spanish hands without Muhammad XII having to kiss the hands of Los Reyes, as the Spanish royal couple Isabella and Fernando became known. The indomitable mother of Muhammad XII insisted on sparing her son this final humiliation of kissing the hand of Isabella.

Christopher Columbus seems to have been present; he refers to the surrender:

After your Highnesses ended the war of the Moors who reigned in Europe, and finished the war of the great city of Granada, where this present year 1492 on the 2nd January I saw the royal banners of Your Highnesses planted by force of arms on the towers of the Alhambra.

Exile

Legend has it that as Muhammad XII went into exile, he reached a rocky prominence which gave a last view of the city. Here he reined in his horse and viewed for the last time the Alhambra and the green valley that spread below. The place where this allegedly took place is today known as the Suspiro del Moro, "the Moor's sigh". Muhammad mourned his loss, and continued his journey to exile accompanied by his mother—who is supposed to have snapped, "Cry like a woman over what you couldn't defend like a man."

Muhammad XII was given an estate in Laujar de Andarax, Las Alpujarras, a mountainous area between the Sierra Nevada and the Mediterranean Sea. He crossed the Mediterranean in exile, departing in October 1493 from Adra and landing in Cazaza. He settled in Fes, accompanied by an entourage of 1,130 courtiers and servants. Large numbers of the Muslim population of Granada had already fled to North Africa, taking advantage of a clause in the articles of surrender that permitted free passage.

Letter to the Marinid Sultan of Morocco
Shortly after his surrender, Muhammad Boabdil sent a long letter to the Marinid rulers of Morocco asking for refuge. The letter begins with a long poem praising the Marinids, followed by a prose passage where he laments his defeat and asks forgiveness for past wrongdoings of his forefathers against the Marinids. The entire text was reported by al-Maqqari:

North African exile and death
The 17th-century historian Al-Maqqari wrote that Muhammad XII crossed the Mediterranean to Melilla then went to Fes where he built a palace. He stayed there until his death in 1533/1534 (in 940 A.H.). He is said to have been buried near the Musala (place of the special prayer during the Islamic festivals) located outside of Bab Mahrouk in Fes. Muhammad XII was survived by two sons; Yusef and Ahmed. Al-Maqqari met with his descendants in 1618 in Fes; they lived in a state of poverty and relied on the Zakat.

An alternative final resting place for Muhammad XII is suggested by the late nineteenth century Arabist M.C. Brosselard, who translated a lengthy prescription in Andalusian script on a three-foot long onyx slab held in the town museum of Tlemcen. This epitaph marked the tomb of the exiled king our lord Abu-Abdullah who died in Tlemcen in May 1494, aged thirty-four. The conflict between places and dates of death may arise from confusion between Muhammad XII and his uncle El Zagal, who also died in North African exile.

Spanish chronicler Luis del Mármol Carvajal wrote "Muhammad XII died near the Oued el Assouad (Black River) at ford told Waqûba during the war between the Marinids and the Saadians." This source is also taken by Louis de Chénier, a diplomat of King Louis XVI of France, in his Historical research on the Moors and History of the Empire of Morocco published in Paris in 1787.

Muhammad XII in popular culture

 He is a main character in John Dryden's The Conquest of Granada, a heroic drama in two parts, 1672.
 He is mentioned often by Washington Irving in Tales of the Alhambra (1832), particularly in the chapter "Mementos of Boabdil."
 He was the subject of the three-act opera Boabdil, der letzte Maurenkönig, Op. 49, written in 1892 by the Jewish-German-Polish composer Moritz Moszkowski.
 Spanish composer Gaspar Cassadó wrote the Lamento de Boabdil for cello and piano, in memory of the king.
 Spanish composer Antón García Abril wrote the 'Elegía a la pérdida de la Alhambra' from his song cycle Canciones del Jardin Secreto for voice and piano; it is set to text (in Andalusian Arabic) that is attributed to Boabdil, in which he laments the loss of the Alhambra.
 Abu Abdallah appears as the main character in "De Ongelukkige" published in 1915 by Dutch author Louis Couperus. This novel covers the last decade of Abu Abdallah's reign as ruler of the Emirate of Granada.
 In the 1931 anthology If It Had Happened Otherwise, the alternate history scenario "If the Moors in Spain Had Won" by Philip Guedalla has the premise of Boabdil winning the war against the Spanish, and his kingdom persisting into the 20th century.
 He figures in the video game Assassin's Creed II: Discovery for the iOS and Nintendo DS, as an ally of the Assassins.
 He is portrayed by Khalid Abdalla in the film Assassin's Creed (2016).
 Andalusian singer-songwriter and poet  dedicated a song to Muhammad XII in his album Crónicas Granadinas, entitled Caída del Rey Chico.
 Salman Rushdie's book, The Moor's Last Sigh, also features consistent references to Muhammad XII.
 He appears as a character in Leo Africanus by Amin Maalouf.
 Louis Aragon's book Le Fou d'Elsa renders a dramatized and poetic version of the story of Granada's capture, which includes Muhammad XII as one of the two main characters present in the novel, (Majnun being the other. Elsa, whom it could be argued is the second major character, is absent from the book.).
 Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) produced a drama in 1980, based on the novel "Shaheen" by Nasim Hijazi. In this drama Abu Abdullah Mohammad was played by Shakeel Ahmed.
 Also in 1980 (22 November until 7 February 1981), appeared in the comics supplement to the Portuguese newspaper A Capital a 12-page comics story on the conquest of Granada with Boabdil as the main character, Luz do Oriente ("Light of the Orient"). The script was by popular literature writer and bookman Jorge Magalhães and the drawing was by Portuguese-Guinean sculptor, painter and comic book artist Augusto Trigo.
 Boabdil appeared as main character in the Spanish eight-episode serial Requiem por Granada (1991). In this serial, he was played by Manuel Bandera. Young Boabdil was played by Lucas Martín.
 Boabdil appeared as a main character in season two of the Spanish TV Series Isabel (2013). In this show, he was played by Álex Martínez.
 He appeared as a main character in the novel Court of Lions (2017) by Jane Johnson.
 He appears as a character in G. Willow Wilson's novel, The Bird King (2019), which is set during 1491 and the arrival of the Spanish Inquisition. The protagonist Fatima is his concubine.
 Nathaniel Mackey's poem "Sigh of the Moor" in Splay Anthem is built around the motif of Boabdil's abdication.
 Keith Bradbury's novel "Let the Dead Hold Your Hand" features the story of Boabdil and the search to find his final resting place.
 He appears in The Queen's Vow, a novel of Isabella of Castile by C.W. Gortner.
 He appears in the E.T.A Hoffmann short story "Das Sanctus" (or "The Sanctus") as the antagonist.

See also
 Al Andalus
 Alhambra Decree
 Reconquista
 Treaty of Granada

References

Further reading

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Sultans of Granada
15th-century monarchs in Europe
1460s births
16th-century deaths
People of the Reconquista
15th-century people from al-Andalus
People from Granada
15th-century Arab people
16th-century Arab people

Muhammad XII of Granada


An Carex otomana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni A.M.Molina, Acedo ngan Felix Llamas. An Carex otomana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex otomana


උඩුවිල් මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය   මාර්තු 1960 සහ පෙබරවාරි 1989 අතරතුර  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි  මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස අතුරින් එකක් විය. ජූලි 1977 දී මෙම කොට්ඨාසය මනිපෙයි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය ලෙසින් නම් වෙනස් කෙරණි.මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය නම් ලද්දේ උතුරු පළාතේ  යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ,  උඩුවිල් සහ මනිපෙයි නගර අනුව යමිනි . ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින්   පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත්කර ගැනුම සඳහා සමානුපාතික නියෝජන මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලදි . එවිට පැවැති බොහෝ දුරට  ඒක-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස වූ කොට්ඨාස 160 වෙනුවට බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස 22 ක් ඇති කරන ලදි. සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය යටතේ පැවැත්වුණු පළමු මැතිවරණය වන 1989 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී  මනිපෙයි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය වෙනුවට  යාපනය බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය  ආදේශ කරනු ලදුවත් බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය තුළ ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාසයක් ලෙස මනිපෙයි දිගටම පවතියි.

1960 (මාර්තු) පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
19 මාර්තු 1960 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු  සතරවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

1960 (ජූලි) පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
20 ජූලි 1960 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු  පස්වන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

1965 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
22 මාර්තු 1965  දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු  හයවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

1970 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
27 මැයි 1970 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු  සත්වන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

1977 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
21 ජූලි 1977 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු  අටවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

විශ්වනාදන් ධර්මලිංගම් 1985 සැප්තැම්බර් 2 දිනදී ඝාතනය කෙරිණි.

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැරණි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස
යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

උඩුවිල් මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය


Axel Vilfred Nielsen (født 13. december 1902, død 24. februar 1970) var en dansk astronom som arbejdede ved Ole Rømer Observatoriet i Århus fra 1927 til sin død i 1970.

Mens Axel Nielsen var student etablerede han i 1921 sit eget observatorium "Spica" i Glostrup. Observatoriet var placeret på Glostrup Træskofabriks areal ud mod jernbanen, hvor Axel V. Nielsens far, Peder Adolf Nielsen, var bestyrer. Axel Nielsen blev i 1926 cand.mag. i astronomi fra Københavns Universitet.

Axel Nielsen blev i 1927 ansat på Ole Rømer Observatoriet som videnskabelig assistent. Her varetog han det astronomiske arbejde, og blev både som formidler og videnskabsmand observatoriets store drivkraft fra 1927 til 1970.

I 1936 opdagede Axel Nielsen en ny stjerne under en solformørkelse, men stjernen blev navngivet efter en russisk astronom, der opdagede samme stjerne kort efter Axel Nielsen. I respekt for hans lange bidrag til astronomien, og som kompensation for episoden med stjernen, blev Nielsen posthumt hædret ved at få månekrateret Nielsen opkaldt efter sig i 1974.

Ud over videnskabelige publikationer gjorde han sig særligt bemærket ved månedligt at skrive i Århus Stiftstidende om astronomi, og hvad der foregik på nattehimlen. Dette gjorde han som en fremragende formidler, i et sprog så alle kunne følge med.

Axel Nielsen skrev adskillige bøger og artikler om astronomi og astronomiens historie i Danmark. I 1944 udgav et større arbejde om den danske astronom Ole Rømer (1644-1710). Nielsens bibliografi indeholder bl.a.:

 Ole Rømers "Dimensionstavle", Nordisk Astronomisk Tidsskrift 1928, 30
 Ildkugler og Stjerneskud: Tidsskrift for Skole og Hjem. 2. Aarg. 8. Hft., Hellerup 1929
 The normal light curve, Astronomische Nachrichten, vol. 262, May 1937
 Hvornaar forelagde Ole Rømer sin Afhandling om Lysets Hastighed for Akademiet i Paris, NAT 1944, 60
 Ole Rømer. En Skildring af hans Liv og Gerning, København 1944
 Ole Rømers Triduum i det 18. århundredes astronomi, s. 205-223 i Vagn Dybdahl o.a.: Seksten Århusrids, Aarhus 1953
 Om iagttagelser af ildkugler, Aarhus 1958
 Helligtrekongersmindet astronomisk belyst, Aarhus 1959
 Hundrede års astronomi på Østervold, særtryk af Nordisk Astronomisk Tidsskrift 1961-62
 Ole Rømer-Observatoriet - dets oprindelse og dets første leder, Aarhus Stifts Årbøger, bind 55, Aarhus, 1962

Kilder
 "E.S.": Spica-Observatoriet (stud. mag. Axel Nielsen), Glostrup, Nordisk Astronomisk Tidsskrift 1922, 114.
 XVth General Assembly - Transactions of the IAU Vol. XV B, Proceedings of the Fifteenth General Assembly and Extraordinary General Assembly, Sydney, Australia, 21 - 30 August 1973, Eds. G. Contopoulos & A. Jappel, Association of Univ. for Research in Astronomy, , 1974

Se også
 Meteornedslaget ved Aarhus 1951 – Axel Nielsen beregnede meteorens bane

Referencer

Astronomer fra Danmark
Danskere i 1900-tallet

Axel V. Nielsen


العفص   أو التُّويا جنس نباتي يتبع الفصيلة السروية. يشمل هذا الجنس خمسة أنواع، موطن ثلاثة منها شرق آسيا بينما ينتمي الاثنان الآخران إلى أمريكا الشمالية. يتراوح ارتفاعها ما بين 3-18 متر.

أنواعه
 العفص الستانديشي
 العفص السيشواني
 العفص الغربي
 العفص الكوري
 العفص المطوي

أنواع سابقة

 عفص شرقي

المصادر

أجناس نباتية
أشجار
أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
جنس صنوبرية
سروية
عفص
نباتات الحدائق
نباتات طبية

عفص (جنس)


Jan Doršner (Sarajevo, 1969. – Sarajevo, 2. prosinca 1992.) je bosanskohercegovački športaš slovensko-hrvatskih korijena, kandidat za Olimpijske igre, junak obrane Sarajeva

Životopis
Rodio se 1969. godine u Sarajevu, kao dijete Slovenca, arhitekta Zorana Doršnera, i Hrvatice, arhitektice Dragice r. Vranić iz Hercegovine.
Po majci Dragici, rođenoj Vranić, baki Ruži i djedu Franji hrvatskih korijena iz Hercegovine. Po ocu Zoranu je slovenskih, nizozemskih i hrvatskih korijena (iz Dubrovnika). Baka Anči, rođena Oblak, podrijetlom je iz Škofje loke i Vrhnike u Sloveniji, a djed Rudolf je po pradjedu Josipu Dorschner podrijetlom Nizozenac, a po prabaki Mariji rođenoj Spiletak je podrijetlom iz Župe Dubrovačke.

Od djetinjstva se zanimao za sve. S djedovima Rudolfom i Franjom igrao se stolarskim alatom oko maketa. Volio je čitati knjige. Čitao je usporedno po dvije, tri knjige, od bajki do zahtjevnih djela Joycea, Orwella, Kunder i dr. Još kao dijete osvojio je brojne medalje i pehare na sniježnim olimpijskim stazama Jahorine i Bjelašnice, te poslije i na Vlašiću. Smučarski savez BiH proglasio ga je 1983. godine najperspektivnijim alpincem u BiH. Bio je pobjednik prvenstava Jugoslavije u konkurenciji pionira na Kopaoniku, u Sloveniji na Soriškoj planini i na Pohorju. Na Pohorju je 1987. bio drugi u spustu na juniorskom prvenstvu Slovenije. Sezone 1991./92. bio je član bh. reprezentacije u alpskom skijanju i kandidat za nastup u reprezentaciji bivše Jugoslavije na ZOI 1992. u Francuskoj. Ponajbolji prijatelj, s kojim je bio činio najbojlil dvojac u SK Željezničar bio je Edin Terzić, danas delegat FIS. Često je izostajao Jan iz škole jer je bio na treninzima po ledenjacima u Austriji i na natjecanjima, ali je nadoknađivao zaostatke u školi. Dobro je pamtio i preko noći u tri kalendarska dana spremio je i uspješno polagao ispite. Dopunski je trenirao tenis preko ljeta. Osvojio je interni studentski turnir 1991. godine. S ocem je planinario vikendom do Skakavca i Bukovika, ljeti su osvojili Bobotov kuk na Durmitoru 1982. i vrh Triglava 1983. godine. Doršner se bavio i podvodnim ribolovom. Bio je drugi u plivanju perajama na prvenstvu BiH u podvodnim aktivnostima 1984. u Neumu. On, brat, otac i mati su na regatnoj jedrilici 1989. preplovili Jadran do talijanskog Manfredonijskog zaljeva, pored Palagruže i poluotoka Gargana. Upisao je strojarstvo. Na Strojarskom fakultetu došao je do 3. godine i 17 položenih ispita.

Prvih dana agresije na Sarajevo, Jan, otac Zoran i mlađi brat Ilja prijavili su se u Teritorijalnu obranu Bosne i Hercegovine. Brat mu je danas profesor u Splitu. Brat Ilja, student, bio je u vodu Civilne zaštite na Koševskom brdu, gdje je usprkos mladosti rukovodio i znatno starijima pri uklanjanju ruševina i opravci stanova pa sve do izvlačenja ranjenih s prvih linija obrane grada. Jan je bio stacioniran u bazi Diverzantsko izviđačkog voda na Marindvoru. Roditelji su radnoj obvezi u svojim uredima radili na sanacijskoj dokumentaciji stotina porušenih objekata. Otac Zoran je s vodom CZ Koševskog brda ukupno proveo 116 dana u kopanju rovova, uključujući i i polaganje napojnog 4 KW voda od Tarčina preko Igmana do tunela. Janov mlađi brat Ilja danonoćno je bio u Civilnoj zaštiti i polagao ispite na PMF-u, sve dok ga njegov fakultet pri kraju opsade nije poslao u Italiju da na Institutu u Napulju pripremi diplomski rad u oblasti teorijske fizike visokih energija. Doktorirao je u Delawareu, SAD i usavršavao se na institutima u Italiji i Sloveniji te preuzeo kao katedru za fiziku na PMF-u u Sarajevu. Od 2014. kao izvvanr. profesor predaje na FESB-u u Splitu – u suradnji s CERNOM u Švicarskoj.

Noć prije svoje zadnje akcije Jan prespavao je kod kuće. Navečer mu je postrojba suprotstavila snažnom neprijatelju. Bila je to jedna od odlučujućih bitaka za grad. Palo je skoro stotinu boraca. Sučelili su se protiv devetnaest tenkova pod zapovjedništvom generala i haškog osuđenika Ratka Mladića. Branitelji su pokušali osujetiti pokušaj da kroz Otes i Aziće preko Stupske petlje probiju obrambenu crtu grada. Zbog slabo naoružanih branitelja, crte nisu izdržale, a domaće stanovništvo s djecom kaotično se povuklo. Jan je mlađe drugove uputio u sklonište, a sam je izašao na čistinu noseći ručni protuoklopni bacač M-80 i ispalio raketu na teški tenk T84. "Zolja" je zakazala, jer je bila neispravna, što je bilo kobno po njega. Poginuo je 2. prosinca 1992. godine. Pokopan je sutradan na groblju Sv. Josip. Pokopan je u granatiranjem oštećenu obiteljsku grobnicu. Na grob je obitelj postavila ploču od jablaničkog granita u kojem je uklesan, pored Janovog imena, latinski znak za beskonačnost limes, u simbol na sjećanje na istomenu britansku školsku jedrilicu pored koje je Jan u Polačama na Mljetu 1990. usidrio našu jedrilicu i upoznao se s britanskim kadetima. U grobnu ploču su upisana imena njegove prabake Vide Pinjušić i praujaka Petra. Na počivalištu je ugrađena je i granitna posuda s uvijek zelenom sukulentnom puzavicom. Večeri kad je poginuo, mladi spiker gradskog radija Studio 99 improvizirao je kontaktnu emisiju "Poginuo je Jan vojnik …". Dva su se sata nizali pozivi slušatelja koji su tih dugih noći bez struje, hrane i vode u opkoljenom gradu uopće imali uključen radio i telefon.

Nagrade
Ožujka 1993. obnovilo se Slovensko kulturno društvo Cankar i priredilo prve Cankareve dane s kulturnim, umjetničkim i društvenim programom. U suradnji s Teniskim klubom Iskra teen,  organiziran je i Memorijalni teniski turnir, posvećen Janu Doršneru svibnja 1993. na granatama oštećenom školskom igralištu na Koševskom brdu. Urednik športske rubrike Oslobođenja Tomislav Počanić provjerio je tehničko stanje igrališta. Turnir je otvorio predsjednik Počasnog odbora Drago Bozja, okupili se su sarajevski Slovenci – članovi SKD Cankar, predstavnici branitelja, športski prijatelji i sugrađani. Osnivači studentskog teniskog kluba Dragan i Nemanja Hrnjez te Nenad Miletić su ručno prevrtali brojke na improviziranom semaforu. Vijest da se u opkoljenom Sarajevu održao teniski turnir posredstvom RTV BiH i švedske TV obišla je planet. Memorijalni turnir inicirao je oživljavanje teniske škole i stvaranje drugih klubova. Još u ratu je upisan u službeni Kalendar Teniskog saveza BiH. Turnir je postao tradicionalan i na njemu su nastupili poslije uspješni tenisači. Tehnički organizator turnira je TK Iskra teen uz podršku Slovenskog društva Cankar.

Strojarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Sarajevu mu je posmrtno, kao i drugim studentima, palim u obrani grada Sarajeva i BiH, dodijelio Spomen diplomu. Općina Centar Sarajevo dodijelila je Plaketu sa zlatnim ljiljanima, a ime mu je s brojnim poginulim borcima upisano na memorijalnom obilježju MZ Koševsko brdo. U naselju Azići su gradske institucije grada dale novoj ulici Janovo ime.

Sportska dvorana u Sarajevu ponijet će ime Jana Doršnera.

Izvori

Životopisi, Sarajevo
Bosanskohercegovački športaši
Slovenci
Hrvatski šport u Bosni i Hercegovini
Skijaši
Tenisači
Plivači

Jan Doršner


2. ŽNL Zadarska u sezoni 2020./21. predstavlja drugi stupanj županijske lige u Zadarskoj županiji, te ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva. U natjecanju sudjeluje sedam klubova koji igraju trokružnu ligu (21 kolo).
Prvak je postao klub "Abeceda sporta" iz Murvice u svojoj prvoj seniorskoj natjecateljskoj sezoni.

Sustav natjecanja
Sedam klubova igra trohružnu ligu (21 kolo, 18 utakmica po klubu).

Sudionici
 Abeceda sporta - Murvica, Poličnik
 Galovac - Galovac
 NOŠK - Novigrad
 Podgradina - Podgradina, Posedarje
 Sveti Mihovil - Sutomišćica, Preko
 Velebit - Gračac
 Zrmanja - Obrovac

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
'' Ažurirano: 14. kolovoza 2021.

 Izvori:

Najbolji strijelci
Izvori:

Strijelci 10 i više pogodaka:

 ''Ažurirano: 14. kolovoza 2021.

Povezani članci
 2. ŽNL Zadarska
 1. ŽNL Zadarska 2020./21.

Vanjske poveznice
 Nogometni savez Zadarske županije

Izvori

 nszz-zadar.hr, 2. ŽNL 20/21, konačna ljestvica i popis strijelaca'', pristupljeno 14. kolovoza 2021.
 nszz-zadar.hr, 2. ŽNL 20/21, konačna ljestvica i popis strijelaca'', wayback arhiva
 nszz-zadar.hr, Glasnici - 2020, pristupljeno 14. kolovoza 2021.
 nszz-zadar.hr, Glasnici - 2021, pristupljeno 14. kolovoza 2021.
 nszz-zadar.hr, SLUŽBENO GLASILO: NSZŽ, br. 20, god. XVI, objavljeno 19. lipnja 2021., (2. ŽNL - konačna ljestvica i popis strijelaca), preuzeto 14. kolovoza 2021.
 dalmatinskinogomet.hr, Zadarska ŽNL, pristupljeno 14. kolovoza 2021.
  rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2020./21., 6. stupanj (2. ŽNL)
  sofascore.com, 2. ŽNL Zadarska - 20/21, pristupljeno 14. kolovoza 2021.
  tipsscore.com, Football / Croatia Amateur / 2. ŽNL Zadarska / 2020-21 , pristupljeno 14. kolovoza 2021.

2019-20
Zadarska-2

2. ŽNL Zadarska 2020./21.


William Cranch Bond (September 9, 1789 – January 29, 1859) was an American astronomer, and the first director of Harvard College Observatory.

Upbringing
William Cranch Bond was born in Falmouth, Maine (near Portland) on September 9, 1789. When he was young, his father, William Bond, established himself as a clockmaker after a failed business venture; trained by his father and aided by his penchant for engineering, W. C. Bond built his first clock when he was fifteen years old.  He eventually took over his father's business, becoming an expert clockmaker himself. The William Bond clock shop remained in existence at 9 Park Street in Boston until the 1970s..

Amateur astronomer
In 1806, when he was seventeen years old, Bond saw a solar eclipse.  Soon thereafter, he became an avid amateur astronomer.  When he built his first house, Bond made its parlor an observatory, complete with an opening in the ceiling out of which his telescope could view the sky.

Trip to Europe
In 1815, Bond traveled to Europe, commissioned by Harvard University to gather information on European observatories. On July 18, 1819, at Kingsbridge in Devon, England, Bond married his first cousin, Selina Cranch, who bore him four sons and two daughters.  After Selina's death in 1831, Bond married her older sister, Mary Roope Cranch. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1832.

Harvard Observatory
In 1839, Bond was allowed to move his personal astronomical equipment to Harvard and serve as its (unpaid) "Astronomical Observer to the University."  Later, in 1843, a Sun-grazing comet aroused enough public interest in astronomy that Harvard was able to raise $25,730 towards the construction of a state-of-the-art observatory.  Bond designed the building and the observing chair (both of which are still in working order today), and Harvard bought a fifteen-inch German-built refracting telescope, equal in size to the largest in the world at the time.  The telescope was first put to use on June 24, 1847, when it was pointed at the Moon.

In 1852, Bond was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

Discoveries
 Independently discovered the Great Comet of 1811
 Bond and his son George Phillips Bond discovered Saturn's moon Hyperion; it was independently co-discovered at the same time by William Lassell in Britain, and both are given credit.
 Father and son were the first to observe the then innermost ring of Saturn, termed the Crepe ring, when they pointed Harvard's telescope towards Saturn in 1850.
 Working with John Adams Whipple, the Bonds pioneered astrophotography, taking the first daguerreotype image of a star (Vega, in 1850) ever taken from America. In all, the three took between 200 and 300 photos of celestial objects.

Legacy
A number of celestial objects have been named in Bond's honor.  A few of them include:
 The crater W. Bond on the Moon is named after him.
 A region on Hyperion is called the "Bond-Lassell Dorsum"
 Asteroid (767) Bondia is jointly named after him and his son.
 The Bond Gap within Saturn's C Ring is jointly named after him and his son.

References

 Harvard's site on Bond and their observatory
 Gillespie, Charles Couston, editor-in-chief.  Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol 2.  (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970–80, )

External links
 MNRAS 9 (1848) 1: Discovery of a new satellite of Saturn

1789 births
1859 deaths
American astronomers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Falmouth, Maine
Discoverers of moons
Harvard College Observatory people
Scientists from Maine

William Cranch Bond


Palača Cambi je palača u Splitu, Hrvatska, na adresi Židovski prolaz 2.

U gotičkom slogu sagradila ju je u prvoj polovici 15. stoljeća plemićka obitelj Cambi da bi bila dograđena u drugoj polovici istoga stoljeća za vrijeme boravka Jurja Dalmatinca u Splitu. U prizemlju su dva lučna otvora "na koljeno", a na prvom katu je trifora s gotičkim lukom i ukrasom, a s obje strane po jedna monofora. Na drugom katu nalaze se danas zazidane gotičke monofore, a u središnjoj osi trećeg kata je balkon iz 19. stoljeća s ogradom od kovanog željeza.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5678 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao profana graditeljska baština.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Cambi
Zaštićene stambeno-poslovne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

Palača Cambi u Splitu


Güzide Defne Samyeli (d. 1 Temmuz 1972, İstanbul), Türk köşe yazarı, oyuncu, sunucu ve şarkıcı.

Hayatı
Güzide Defne Samyeli, 1 Temmuz 1972 tarihinde İstanbul'da İstanbullu amiral bir babanın ve otelcilik eğitimi almış, Adana'nın Ramazanoğulları ailesinden gelen bir annenin kızı olarak dünyaya geldi. 1991 yılında katıldığı güzellik yarışmasında üçüncü oldu. 1999 yılından itibaren üç yıl Kanal D Ana Haber'de haber sunuculuğu yaptı. Kanal D Ana Haber'de farklı haber sunuş tarzıyla uluslararası iki ödüle layık görüldü. 2000 yılında rahim ağzı kanserine yakalanarak New York'ta ameliyat geçirip nekaheti sonrası Türkiye'ye döndü. 2002 yılında Güneş gazetesinde köşe yazarlığı yapmaya başladı. 2009 yılında Güneş gazetesiyle yollarını ayırdı. 2010 yılında  atv'de yayımlanan Her Şey Bambaşka isimli programı sundu. 2013 yılında Milliyet gazetesinde yeniden köşe yazarlığı yapmaya başladı. 3 Ocak 2015 tarihinde Milliyet gazetesiyle yollarını ayırdı.

Filmografi

Diskografi
 1994 – Tek Başına
 2015 – Son Arzum (single)
 2019 – Ağla Ağla (single)
 2022 – Abidin (single)
 2023 - Kimse Sen Değil Ki (single)

Ödülleri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1972 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Türk köşe yazarları
Türk haber sunucuları
1990'ların şarkıcıları
2010'ların şarkıcıları
2020'lerin şarkıcıları
Miss Europe katılımcıları
Miss Turkey katılımcıları
Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları
20. yüzyılda Türk şarkıcılar
21. yüzyılda Türk şarkıcılar
21. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları
İstanbul doğumlu kadın şarkıcılar
Boğaziçi Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler

Defne Samyeli


Pauline Barrieu, née en , est une  française, théoricienne des probabilités et experte en évaluation des risques financiers, du transfert de risques et de la . Elle est professeure de statistiques à la London School of Economics.

Formation et carrière
Barrieu a obtenu un MBA à l'ESSEC Business School en 1997, un DEA de théorie des probabilités à l'Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie en 1998, et un doctorat en 2002, simultanément en finance à HEC Paris et en mathématiques appliquées à l'université Pierre et Marie Curie, sous la direction de Marc Chesney à HEC Paris et par Nicole El Karoui à l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie.

Elle est membre du département de statistiques de la London School of Economics depuis 2002, est devenue professeure en 2012 et a dirigé le département de 2016 à 2019.

Reconnaissance
En 2003, Barrieu a été l'une des lauréats du Prix de l'Actuariat, un prix international annuel récompensant les meilleures thèses de doctorat en science actuarielle.

Elle a été la lauréate 2018 du prix Louis-Bachelier. Le prix a cité son travail sur « comment nous abordons le risque de modèle, l'incertitude et le partage des risques dans l'incertitude ».

Références

Liens externes

 Page personnelle à la LSE

Professeur à la London School of Economics
Statisticienne
Femme en économie
Statisticien français
Économiste français du XXIe siècle

Pauline Barrieu


Hans Vischer (* um 1489 in Nürnberg; † 8. September 1550 in Eichstätt) war ein deutscher Bildhauer und Erzgießer aus der Nürnberger Künstlerfamilie Vischer.

Hans Vischer, jüngster Sohn des Nürnberger Bildhauers und Erzgießers Peter Vischer der Ältere und seiner Frau Margarethe, geborene Groß, übernahm 1529 in dritter Generation die Gießereiwerkstatt, in der er vorher zusammen mit seinem Vater und den Brüdern Hermann und Peter, genannt der Jüngere, gearbeitet hatte. Die Gießhütte war 1453 von seinem Großvater Hermann Vischer gegründet worden.

Als seine Hauptwerke gelten das Grabmal des Kurfürsten Johann Cicero von Brandenburg (1530), heute in der Krypta des Berliner Doms, und der Apollobrunnen im Hof des Nürnberger Rathauses (1532). Er gilt als Schöpfer der "Gedächtnisanlage" (1530–1536) Albrecht von Brandenburgs in der Stiftskirche Aschaffenburg. In der Sigismund-Kapelle der Wawelkathedrale in Krakau schuf er zusammen mit einer Künstlergruppe aus Nürnberg unter der Leitung von Hans Dürer das Altarretabel (1531). Das Gitter am Eingang mit den Wappen von Polen, Litauen und der Familie Sforza (1530–1532) kommt ebenfalls aus der Werkstatt von Hans Vischer. In der Marienkirche in Krakau stammen die Epitaphien von Severin und Sofia Boner von ihm (1538). Erwähnt wird sein "schon ziemlich glattes Grabmal des Bischofs Sigismund" im Merseburger Dom aus dem Jahre 1540 von Karl Woermann in "Geschichte der Kunst" von 1911.

Literatur
 Karl Sitzmann: Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in Ostfranken (= Die Plassenburg. Bd. 12, ). Freunde der Plassenburg, Kulmbach 1957, S. 159.

Weblinks

Bildhauer des Mittelalters
Bildhauer (Nürnberg)
Geboren im 15. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1550
Mann

Hans Vischer


Cobalt is a town in Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada.  It had a population of 1,118 at the 2016 Census. The population is now closer to 943.

In the early 1900s, the area was heavily mined for silver; the silver ore also contained cobalt. By 1910, the community was the fourth highest producer of silver in the world. Mining declined significantly by the 1930s, together with the local population. In late 2017 one publication referred to Cobalt as a ghost town, but the high demand for cobalt, used in making batteries for mobile devices and electric vehicles, is leading to great interest in the area among mining companies.

History

W.E. Logan discovered cobalt in 1884 at the future site of the Agaunico Mine, one mile south of Haileybury.

Silver was discovered in the area during the construction of the Temiskaming & Northern Ontario Railway (T&NO) from North Bay to the communities of Haileybury and New Liskeard, north of Cobalt.  The discovery was made in 1903, near Long Lake (later called Cobalt Lake), by Ernest Darragh and James McKinley, who were supplying railway ties. Later that year, Tom Hébert found a rich vein on the east side of Cobalt Lake and began a business with hotel owner Arthur Ferland. The silver from both sites was consistently high-grade.

Boomtown
The subsequent Cobalt silver rush led to the development of the McKinley Darragh, La Rose, Nipissing, and O'Brien silver mines.  In 1904, Willet Miller, on a visit to Mile 104 on the T&NO, along with brothers Noah and Henry Timmins, named the future town Cobalt. The Timmins brothers bought the remaining claims from Fred La Rose, and erected some cabins.

Speculation over mining stocks on Wall Street in New York City required mounted police to control the crowds. The town was incorporated in 1906.

By 1908, the camp was considered the world's largest producer of silver and of the cobalt which is a byproduct of the process.

In 1911, the 34 mines produced over 30 million ounces (937.5 tons) of silver. The town's population soared to 10,000 by 1909.

During 1914 the main mines in operation were the City of Cobalt Mining Company, Combat Comet Mine, Cobalt Lake (who owned the bed and edge of the lake), Cobalt Townsite, Colonial Silver Mine, Coniagas Mine, Crown Reserve Mine, the Drummon Fraction Could, Hargrave, Hudson Bay, Kerr Lake, La Rose Consolidated, Lumsden, McKinley-Darragh-Savage, Meteor, Nipissing, O'Brien, Penn-Canadian, Peterson Lake, Provincial, Seneca-Superior, Silver Bar, Temiskaming, Trethewey, and York-Ontario.

Mining continued until the 1930s, then slowed to a trickle. Activity renewed in the 1950s then slowly dropped off, and since the 1980s, there have been no operating mines in the area. By the 1960s, the area had produced over 420 million ounces of silver. One mill still operated in the area in 2017, and exploration for diamonds and other minerals was ongoing.

The silver mines of Cobalt, and the prospectors and miners who discovered them and worked them, left an indelible mark on Canadian history, and the town is known as the birthplace of hard rock mining in Canada. The ore in Cobalt was close to surface, so men with limited experience could prospect, begin mining, and then hone their skills as the mines went deeper. Those who learned their trade in Cobalt moved north, discovering gold in Kirkland Lake and Timmins and further afield in Canada and around the world. Cobalt mining  was done with the use of wheelbarrows, pickaxes, hand steel and dynamite.

Fires
Cobalt suffered two devastating fires in the 20th century. In 1909, a fire in a cafe spread quickly through debris and garbage-filled alleyways. Half the town was destroyed; 150 buildings were lost and 3,000 residents left homeless; by that time the water table had been contaminated and a typhoid outbreak earlier in the year had killed 111 people.
Fire protection at the time was inadequate and firefighters were forced to dynamite buildings to create a firebreak. On a hot and windy Victoria Day in 1977, a discarded cigarette started a fire that destroyed 140 buildings and left over 400 homeless.

Hockey
The Cobalt Silver Kings played in the inaugural 1910 NHA season.

Administration
Cobalt, Haileybury, and New Liskeard were formerly known as the Tri-Towns. When Haileybury and New Liskeard were amalgamated into the city of Temiskaming Shores in 2004, Cobalt decided to remain a separate town. However, the two municipalities continue to have a close relationship, including the operation of a shared public transit system.

In 2001 Cobalt was named "Ontario's Most Historic Town" by a in panel of judges on the TV Ontario program Studio 2, and in 2002 the "Cobalt Mining District" was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.

Renewed interest in cobalt and silver mining

Cobalt is a byproduct of silver mining and was not of significant interest as a mineral until recently; in fact, many considered it to be a "nuisance". Today, however, it is a critical component in the types of rechargeable lithium battery used in millions of mobile devices and in electric cars, and demand is expected to increase. This application for the mineral was not yet possible in the mid-1980s when the last mining company, Agnico Eagle Mines Limited, ceased operations in the area. Cobalt is always mixed not only with silver but  also with copper, nickel and other metals.

By 2017, several cobalt exploration companies were focusing on the area around Cobalt, as one alternative to cobalt mining in the politically-unstable Democratic Republic of Congo. Roughly 60% of the world's cobalt is mined in the Congo, much of it using child labour in very poor working conditions. Major companies that require this mineral for their batteries were searching for ethically-sourced product. The shortage of such cobalt is a primary reason for the 300% increase in the price of this commodity since 2015.

Stock prices of First Cobalt Corp. and Cobalt 27 Capital Corp. had soared in 2017 based on this prospect. The CEO of First Cobalt made this comment after returning from a trip to the U.S., Europe, Australia and Asia: "We've got some of the biggest resource companies in the world interested". In October, the company was planning to prospect the Caswell, Ophir and Silver Banner areas, as well as mines around Kerr Lake and Maiden Lake, via the staff of Bjorkman Prospecting of Whiskey Jack, Ontario. At the time, First Cobalt was negotiating a merger with two other companies, Cobalt One and CobalTech. If the merger is completed, the group expected to control about 45% of the potential mining properties in the Cobalt area including 50 mines that previously produced cobalt and silver; a competitor, Agnico Eagle, controls approximately 21%. However the latter ceased production there in the 1980s.

Silver was selling for US$17 per ounce in late November 2017, down significantly from its peak of US$50 in 2012, but cobalt was at about US$31 per pound at that time, up significantly from the US$10 price in late 2015. The prices will increase according to Gino Chitaroni, the president of the Northern Prospectors' Association. He also predicted that the area around Cobalt would be a primary source of both minerals. "It's spectacular ... We have the infrastructure. We have a historic mining area. It puts us a step up on anywhere [else] in the world."

In March 2017, the town's mayor estimated that mining production could start in about three to five years.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cobalt had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Environmental issues
The mining activities in Cobalt have left a significant environmental legacy. Millions of tons of mine waste rock and mill tailings were dumped on the land and in local lakes. In cobalt ores, silver was associated with arsenic minerals. Some of it ended up in the tailings and waste rock. Today this arsenic contaminates surface water in the area and is believed to pose risks to the environment. Sediment samples from surrounding lakes showed elevated concentration levels of nickel, copper and arsenic while water samples exceeded the provincial water quality guideline for cobalt and arsenic. Fish from five of the lakes around Cobalt had mercury concentration which exceeded the consumption limit as well as elevated concentration for arsenic.

The Cobalt area is also laced with many miles of underground mine workings, surface trenches, pits and shaft openings. As a result, there are risks of collapse, or subsidence of underground mine workings, and many areas have been fenced off to prevent entry.

Tourism and attractions

Visitors to Cobalt can visit the Cobalt Mining Museum, which boasts the world's largest display of locally mined silver, as well as "The Bunker" military museum and the Northern Ontario Firefighters Museum.  The Heritage Silver Trail is a self-guided driving tour of several mine and mill sites in the area. The trail is well marked, guiding visitors around the backroads of Cobalt. At each site, signs are posted, identifying the site, and providing a brief description of the site. The trail guides visitors to many of the remaining mine headframes in the Cobalt area, some of which are quite picturesque, and stand as an important reminder of Cobalt's past.

Visitors can also take a tour of an old underground mine. Tours start at the Mining Museum, and are guided by museum staff. The narrow damp tunnels of the mine give a real appreciation for the conditions under which miners worked, and tour guides sprinkle the tour with many stories to help bring the past to life.

On February 14, 2008, plans were announced to convert the vacant Fraser Hotel building into a complex which will include The Bunker museum, housing units, tourist accommodations, and a proposed culinary school.

Passenger rail service continued to be provided from the Cobalt railway station on the Ontario Northland Railway's Northlander train (it was during the building of this line that silver had been discovered in Cobalt) until it was discontinued on September 28, 2012.

A notable tourist attraction in the area in the 20th century was the Highway Book Shop, which closed in 2011.

Notable people
Charlie Angus, federal Member of Parliament for Timmins—James Bay
Mike Bolan, former provincial MPP
Kent Douglas, hockey player, winner of the Calder Memorial Trophy in 1963.
Edward James Gibson Holland, awarded the Victoria Cross for service in the Boer War died in Cobalt in 1948.
Walter Frederick Light, President of Northern Telecom 1974-1979, CEO and chairman of Northern Telecom 1979-1984.
Bruce Lonsdale, former mayor of Cobalt and federal Member of Parliament for Timiskaming
Elmer Sopha, former provincial MPP

See also
 List of francophone communities in Ontario
 Cobalt: Cradle of the Demon Metals, Birth of a Mining Superpower (2022 book by Charlie Angus)

References

External links

Mining communities in Ontario
Single-tier municipalities in Ontario
Towns in Ontario
Municipalities in Timiskaming District

Cobalt, Ontario


An Aechmea kautskyana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Edmundo Pereira ngan Lyman Bradford Smith. An Aechmea kautskyana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea kautskyana


Tu quoque (Latince: "Sen de", "Sen dahil") kişinin bir suçlama karşısında kendisini suçlayan kişinin de önceden veya hâli hazırda aynı suçu işlemiş veya işlemekte olduğunu ima eden bir savunma argümanıdır.

Bu tartışma yolu; bir eleştiri veya itirazın, eleştiri veya itirazı yapan kişiye de aynı derecede uygulanacağı temeline dayanmaktadır. Karşı tarafın öne sürdüğü gerekçe veya eleştirilerden öte, karşı tarafa odaklandığı için bir tür ad hominem olarak tanımlanabilir.

Bunun mahkemedeki kullanımına bir örnek Nürnberg Mahkemeleri'nde yaşanmıştır. Mahkemelerde sanıklar kendilerini, Nazi rejiminin yaptığı suçların benzerini Müttefiklerin de yaptığını öne sürüp, bir tu quoque argümanı ortaya atarak savunmuşlardır. (Bu savunma cümlesine belli bir süre sonra mahkemenin yargıçları tarafından izin verilmemiştir.)

Dış bağlantılar
 "Tu quoque" in the Fallacy Files - Safsata dosyalarında "Tu quoque" (İngilizce)

Latince deyişler

Tu quoque


Zrinski zbornik za povijest i obnovu hrvatskog Pounja, prije poznatiji i kao Zrin, interdisciplinarni je stručni časopis Društva prijatelja Zrina iz Hrvatske Kostajnice koji donosi radove iz različitih područja humanističkih znanosti.

Povijest
Časopis predstavlja nastavak dviju ranijih stručnih publikacija, Zbornika Zrina, kojeg je izdalo 1942. Hrvatsko planinarsko društvo u Petrinji podnaslova Zbornik za poviest i obnovu zavičaja (gl. urednik Matija Filjak) te časopisa Zrin, časopis za povijesna, kulturna i gospodarska pitanja hrvatskog Pounja koji je izlazio tromjesečno u prvoj polovini 1990-ih. Potonji je uređivao Juraj Lončarević, a za isti su pisali i Ivica Golec, Stjepan Šešelj, Mirko Galić, Javor Novak i dr.

Od 1997. časopis izlazi pod sadašnjim imenom. Glavni urednik prvog Zbornika bio je Ante Milinović.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Bibliografija Društva prijatelja Zrina u Katalogu Knjižnica Grada Zagreba (pristupljeno 14. travnja 2020.)

Hrvatski stručni i znanstveni časopisi

Zrin (časopis)


ලවණ ග්‍රන්ථියක් යනු අතිරික්ත ලවණ බහිස්ස්‍රාවය සදහා ඇති අවයවයකි. එය හමුවන්නේ elasmobranch (මෝරුන්, මඩුවන්), මුහුදු පක්ෂීන් සහ සමහර උරගයන් තුළ ය. මෝරුන්ගේ මෙම ග්‍රන්ථි හමුවන්නේ ගුදමාර්ගයේ ය. . පක්ෂීන් සහ උරගයන්ගේ මෙම අවයවය හිස්කබල තුළ හෝ මත ඇස්, නාස්විවර හෝ මුඛයට ආසන්නව පිහිටයි. කණ්ඩිකාවලින් සමන්විත මෙම ග්‍රන්ථි මධ්‍යයේ ඇති බහිස්ස්‍රාවී නාළයේ සිට විහිදෙන නාලිකාවලින් යුක්ත ය. ස්‍රාවී නාලිකා තනි අපිච්ඡද සෛල ස්තරයක් මත පිහිටයි. මෙම ග්‍රන්ථිවල විෂ්කම්භය හා දිග සත්ත්ව විශේෂය ලබාගන්නා ලවණ ප්‍රමාණය මත වෙනස් වේ.

ලවණ ග්‍රන්ථි මගින් ලවණ තුල්‍යතාව යාමනය කරන අතර ඒවා නිසා කරදිය පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන්ට කරදිය පානයට ඉඩ සැලසේ. සෝඩියම්-පොටෑසියම් පොම්පය හරහා සිදුවන සක්‍රීය පරිවහනය, මෙහි පාර්ශ්විකපාදස්ථ පටලයේ (basolateral membrane) දැකිය හැක. එහිදී රුධිරයේ සිට ග්‍රන්ථිය තුළට ලවණ ස්‍රාවය සිදුවේ. එහිදී ලවණ සාන්ද්‍ර ද්‍රාවණයක් ලෙස බහිස්ස්‍රාවය සිදුකෙරේ.

පක්ෂීන් තුළ

පක්ෂින්ගේ ලවණ ග්‍රන්ථිවල මධ්‍ය හා පාර්ශ්වික ලෙස ප්‍රණාල 2ක්
පවතී. ලවණ ග්‍රන්ථි සක්‍රීය වන්නේ රැධිරයේ ආස්‍රැති පීඩනය වැඩි වූ විටයි.  එහිදී හයිපොතැලමස වෙත ආවේග යැවෙන අතර එහිදී ප්‍රත්‍යානුවේගී ස්නායු ඔස්සේ යැවෙන සංඥා මගින්
vasodilation සක්‍රීය වීම එනම් හෝර්මෝන ස්‍රාව උත්තේජනය වේ. (ඇසිටයිල්කෝලින් සහ වාහිනීචාලක ආන්ත්‍රික පෙප්ටයිඩය).
ඇසිටයිල්කෝලින් ග්‍රන්ථියේ පාදස්ථපාර්ශ්වික පටලයේ
ඇති ප්‍රතිග්‍රාහක හා බැදී ඇත. මේ නිසා අපිච්ඡද සෛලවල කැල්සියම් අයන
නිදහස් වීම උත්තේජනය වේ. එහිදී පාදස්ථ පාර්ශ්වික පටලයේ පොටෑසියම් නාළ විවෘත වීම (සෛලවලින් ඉවතට පොටෑසියම් විසරණය වී) සහ අපර පටලයේ ක්ලෝරයිඩ් නාල විවෘත වී සෛලයෙන් ඉවතට විසරණය වේ.  අපිච්ඡද සෛල වෙත අයන   පරිවහනය කෙරෙන්නේ පාදස්ථපාර්ශ්වික පටලයේ ඇති  Na-K-Cl  සහපරිවාහකයක් මගිනි. සෝඩියම් අයන සාන්ද්‍රණය ඉහළ යාමෙන් සෝඩියම්-පොටෑසියම් ATPase නාලවිවෘත වී අතිරික්ත සෝඩියම් පාදස්ථපාර්ශ්වික පටලය හරහා ඉවත‍ට ගමන් කරන අතර එවිට පොටෑසියම් අයනවලට සෛල තුළට පැමිණීමට ඉඩසැලසේ.  මෙහිදී ක්ලෝරයිඩ් අයන මගින් විද්‍යුත් අනුක්‍රමණයක් ඇති කිරීමෙන් සෝඩියම් අයනවලට
අපිච්ඡද සෛලවල ඇති තද සන්ධි හරහා ලවණ ග්‍රන්ථිය තුළට අඩු ජලප්‍රමාණයක් ය‍ටතේ විසරණයට ඉඩ සලසයි. එසේම මයිටොකොන්ඩ්‍රියා බහුල සෛල ලවණ සාන්ද්‍රණ වෙනස්කම්වලට
සංවේදී වේ. මෙම ග්‍රන්ථි මධ්‍ය සහ පර්යන්ත ආස්‍රැති ප්‍රතිග්‍රාහක
සහ පරිමා ප්‍රතිග්‍රාහකවල උත්තේජනය ය‍ටත් උපරිඅභිසාරක සෝඩියම්-ක්ලෝරයිඩ් (තවත් අයන ස්වල්ප ප්‍රමාණයක් සමග) බහිස්ස්‍රාවය කිරීම සිදු කරයි.

උරගයන් තුළ

උරගයින් (උදාහරණ ලෙස මුහුදු ඉගුවානා) සහ කැස්බෑවා සහ පක්ෂීන් (උදාහරණ ලෙස ඇල්බට්‍රොස්) තුළ ලවණ බහිස්ස්‍රාව‍යේ අවශ්‍යතාව ක්ෂීරපායීන්ට වඩා වැඩි ය. එයට හේතුව ඔවුන්ගේ වෘක්ක ක්ෂීරපායීන්ට වඩා අඩු කාර්යක්ෂමතාවක් දැක්වීමත්, මුහුදු ක්ෂීරපායී වෘක්කවලට මුහුදු-ජලය සමග කටයුතු කිරීමට සිදුවීමත් නිසා ය.  උභයජීවීන්ගේ මෙන් නොව උරගයින්ගේ සහ පක්ෂීන්ගේ සම ලවණ වල‍ට අපාරගම්‍ය නිසා
ලවණ ස්‍රාවය එමගින් සිදුනොවේ.

ආදි උරගයින්ගේ සහ පක්ෂීන්ගේ ලවණ ග්‍රන්ථිවල පරිණාමය නිසා
ඔවුනට ජලජ පැළෑටි සහ අධික ලවණ සාන්ද්‍රණ සහිත සතුන්ව ආහාරයට ගත හැකි විය.
නමුත් මෙම පරිනාමික දියුණුව elasmobranch සතුන්ගේ ග්‍රන්ථිවල පරිණාමයට හේතු නොවී ය. එයට හේතුව අභිසාරී පරිණාමයයි.

සමහර මතවලට අනුව ක්ෂීරපායී අශ්‍රැ ග්‍රන්ථි සහ ස්වේද ග්‍රන්ථි ලවණ ග්‍රන්ථිවලට පරිණාමික බන්ධුතා දක්වන බව ප්‍රකාශ වේ. නමුත් මානව අශ්‍රැ (කදුළු) පොටෑසියම් අයනවලින් බහුල නිසා බොහෝ වංශප්‍රවේණිවිද්‍යාඥයන් බොහෝ දෙනා මෙම මතයට එකග නොවේ.

මෙයත් නරඹන්න

ලවණතුල්‍යතාව
අශ්‍රැ ග්‍රන්ථි
ආස්‍රැති යාමනය

මූලාශ්‍ර

අමතර කියවීමට
Evans, D. H.  1993.  Osmotic and Ionic Regulation. p. 315-336. In Evans, D. H.  1993. The Physiology of Fishes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Goldenstein, D. L.  2002.  Water and Salt Balance in Seabirds. p. 467-480. In Schreiber, E. A. and J. Burger. (eds.)  2002. Biology of Marine Birds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K.  1959.  Salt Glands. p. 221-226. In Wessells, N. K. (comp.)  1974. Vertebrate Structures and Functions. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, CA.
Wǖrsig, B. G., T. A. Jefferson and D. J. Schmidly.  2000.  The Marine Mammals of the Gulf of Mexico. Texas A&M Press, College Station, TX.

ග්‍රන්ථි
පෘෂ්ඨවංශී ව්‍යූහ විද්‍යාව

ලවණ ග්‍රන්ථි


Aderus brunnipennis é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por John Lawrence LeConte em 1875.

Medem 1.7 a 1.9 mm.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita no sudeste dao Estados Unidos e Caraíbas (Índias Ocidentais).

Referências

brunnipennis
Coleópteros dos Estados Unidos
Fauna do Caribe
Insetos descritos em 1875

Aderus brunnipennis


Lupus ili sistemski eritemski lupus jest autoimuna bolest u kojoj imunološki sustav postaje hiperaktivan i napada normalno, zdravo tkivo. To rezultira simptomima kao što su upala, otok i oštećenje zglobova, kože, bubrega, krvi, srca i pluća.

Kod normalne funkcije imunološkog sistema proteini koji se zovu antitijela imaju ulogu u zaštiti i borbi protiv antigena (supstance sposobne da izazovu određene imune odgovore, kao što su virusi i bakterije. Lupus dovodi imuni sistem u stanje u kojem on nije u mogućnosti vidjeti (napraviti) razliku između antigena i zdravog imunog tkiva. Posljedica jest da antitijela direktno djeluju protiv zdravog tkiva - ne samo antigena - izazivajući oticanje, bol i oštećenje tkiva.
Bolest se u većini slučajeva može prepoznati po crvenim oteklinama po tijelu.

Bolesti i poremećaji

Lupus


Hedstroemia, rod zelenih algi u porodici Codiaceae, dio reda Bryopsidales. Jedina priznata vrsta je H. moldavica

Vrste
 Hedstroemia moldavica O. Dragastan

Neverificirane vrste:
 Hedstroemia aequalis Høeg
 Hedstroemia australis J.H.Johnson
 Hedstroemia bifilosa Rothpletz
 Hedstroemia corymbosa Pia
 Hedstroemia halimedoidea Rothpletz
 Hedstroemia nidarosiensis Høeg

Izvori

Codiaceae

Hedstroemia