Kupina (kupinjača, malina, jagodnjača, ostruga, lat. Rubus), veliki biljni rod iz porodice ružovki, kojemu pripada 1550 vrsta listopadnih, poluzimzelenih i vazdazelenih trajnica, penjačica i grmova.

Latinsko ime roda potječe od ruber (crven), zbog crvenih plodova koje imaju više vrsta ovog roda. Hrvatski naziv ovog roda je kupina i malina, po njegovim najpoznatijim predstavnicima.

Vrste

 Rubus abietinus Sudre
 Rubus abnormis (Sudre) Juz.
 Rubus acanthophyllos Focke
 Rubus acclivitatum W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus accrescens A.Newton
 Rubus × acer L.H.Bailey
 Rubus aciodontus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus acridentulus P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus aculeolatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus acuminatissimus Hassk.
 Rubus acuminatus Sm.
 Rubus acutifolius P.J.Müll.
 Rubus acutifrons Ley
 Rubus acutipetalus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus adamsii Sudre
 Rubus adenanthoides A.Newton
 Rubus adenoleucus Chaboiss.
 Rubus adenophorus Rolfe
 Rubus adenothallus Focke
 Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl.
 Rubus adscitus Genev.
 Rubus adspersus Weihe ex H.E.Weber
 Rubus adulans A.Beek
 Rubus aenigmaticus Focke
 Rubus aequalidens A.Newton
 Rubus aethiopicus R.A.Graham
 Rubus affinis Weihe & Nees
 Rubus aggregatus Kaltenb.
 Rubus aghadergensis D.E.Allen
 Rubus agricastrorum A.Beek
 Rubus ahenifolius W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus aipetriensis Juz.
 Rubus alaskensis L.H.Bailey
 Rubus albicomiformis (Sabr.) Fritsch
 Rubus albicomus Gremli
 Rubus albiflorus Boulay & Lucand
 Rubus albionis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus alceaefolius S.Vidal
 Rubus alceifolius Poir.
 Rubus alexeterius Focke
 Rubus allanderi H.Hyl. ex Burén & H.E.Weber
 Rubus allegheniensis Porter
 Rubus almensis Juz.
 Rubus almorensis Dunn
 Rubus alnicolus Sudre
 Rubus alnifoliolatus H.Lév. & Vaniot
 Rubus alnifolius Rydb.
 Rubus alpestris Blume
 Rubus alterniflorus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus altiarcuatus W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus amabilis Focke
 Rubus amamianus Hatus. & Ohwi
 Rubus ambrosius Trávn. & Oklej.
 Rubus amiantinus (Focke) A.Först.
 Rubus amisiensis H.E.Weber
 Rubus ammobius Buchenau & Focke
 Rubus amoenus Köhler ex Weihe
 Rubus amphidasys Focke
 Rubus amphimalacus H.E.Weber
 Rubus amphistrophos (Focke) Sabr.
 Rubus amplificatus Lees
 Rubus amplifrons Sudre
 Rubus amplus Fritsch ex Halácsy
 Rubus andegavensis Bouvet
 Rubus andersonii Hook.f.
 Rubus andicola Focke
 Rubus anglobelgicus D.E.Allen & Vannerom
 Rubus anglofuscus Edees
 Rubus angloserpens Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus angustibracteatus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus angusticuspis Sudre
 Rubus angustifrons Sudre
 Rubus angustipaniculatus Holub
 Rubus angustisetus (Sudre) Y.Hesl.-Harr.
 Rubus anisacanthoides Sudre
 Rubus anisacanthopsis H.E.Weber
 Rubus annamensis Cardot
 Rubus anoplocladus Sudre
 Rubus antonii (Borbás) Sabr.
 Rubus apatelus R.Keller
 Rubus apertiflorus P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus apetalus Poir.
 Rubus aphidifer A.Beek & K.Meijer
 Rubus apricus Wimm.
 Rubus aquarum A.Newton & M.Porter
 Rubus arabicus (Defleurs) Schweinf.
 Rubus arachnoideus Y.C.Liu & F.Y.Lu
 Rubus archboldianus Merr. & L.M.Perry
 Rubus arctatus P.J.Müll. & Timb.-Lagr.
 Rubus arcticus L.
 Rubus arduennensis Lib. ex Lej.
 Rubus × areschougii A.Blytt
 Rubus ariconiensis A.Newton & M.Porter
 Rubus aristisepalus (Sudre) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus armeniacus Focke
 Rubus armipotens W.C.Barton ex A.Newton
 Rubus arrhenii (Lange) Lange
 Rubus arrheniiformis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus arvinus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus asclepiadeus Borbás
 Rubus asperidens Sudre ex Bouvet
 Rubus assamensis Focke
 Rubus × astarae Gilli
 Rubus atrebatum A.Newton
 Rubus atrichantherus E.H.L.Krause
 Rubus atrorubens Wirtg.
 Rubus atrovinosus H.E.Weber
 Rubus audax L.H.Bailey
 Rubus augustus Hormuz.
 Rubus aurantiacus Focke ex Sarg.
 Rubus aurantiacus Focke
 Rubus aureolus Allander
 Rubus australis G.Forst.
 Rubus austromoravicus Holub
 Rubus austroslovacus Trávn.
 Rubus austrotibetanus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus avaloniensis A.Newton & R.D.Randall
 Rubus averyanus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus axillaris Lej. & Courtois
 Rubus azuayensis Romol.
 Rubus × babae Naruh.
 Rubus babingtonianus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus babingtonii T.B.Salter
 Rubus bagnallianus Edees
 Rubus bakerianus W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus bakonyensis Gáyer
 Rubus balatonicus Borbás
 Rubus balticus (Focke) E.H.L.Krause
 Rubus bambusarum Focke
 Rubus banaticus Nyár.
 Rubus banghamii Merr.
 Rubus barbatus Edgew.
 Rubus barbatus (Sabr.) Fritsch
 Rubus barberi H.E.Weber
 Rubus baronicus A.Beek
 Rubus barrandienicus Holub & Palek
 Rubus bartonianus M.Peck
 Rubus bartonii A.Newton
 Rubus baruthicus H.E.Weber
 Rubus bavaricus (Focke) Utsch
 Rubus bavaricus (Focke) Sudre
 Rubus bayeri Focke
 Rubus beccarii Focke
 Rubus beckii Halácsy
 Rubus begoniifolius Holuby
 Rubus beijerinckii K.Meijer
 Rubus beirensis (Samp.) Samp.
 Rubus benguetensis Elmer
 Rubus bertramii G.Braun
 Rubus bertramii G.Braun ex Focke
 Rubus betckei T.Marsson
 Rubus betonicifolius Focke
 Rubus bicolorispinosus Nyár.
 Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
 Rubus × biformispinus Blanch.
 Rubus bifrons Vest
 Rubus biloensis A.Newton & M.Porter
 Rubus biserratus P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus blepharoneurus Cardot
 Rubus bloxamianus Coleman ex Purchas
 Rubus bloxamii (Bab.) Lees
 Rubus bogotensis Kunth
 Rubus bohemiicola Holub & Palek ex Holub
 Rubus bohemopolonicus Trávn. & Ziel.
 Rubus boliviensis Focke
 Rubus bollei Focke
 Rubus bombycinus Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus bonatianus Focke
 Rubus boninensis Koidz.
 Rubus bonus-henricus Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus boraeanus Genev.
 Rubus botryeros (Focke ex W.M.Rogers) W.M.Rogers
 Rubus boudiccae A.L.Bull & Edees
 Rubus boulayi (Sudre) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus bovinus A.Beek & H.E.Weber
 Rubus brachystemon Heimerl
 Rubus bracteosus Weihe ex Lej. & Courtois
 Rubus braeuckeri G.Braun
 Rubus braeuckeriformis H.E.Weber
 Rubus brasiliensis Mart.
 Rubus brdensis Holub
 Rubus breconensis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus bregutiensis A.Kern. ex Focke
 Rubus brevipetiolatus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus brevistaminosus Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus breyninus Beck
 Rubus briareus Focke
 Rubus brigantinus Samp.
 Rubus briggsianus (W.M.Rogers) W.M.Rogers
 Rubus briggsii A.Bloxam
 Rubus britannicus W.M.Rogers
 Rubus buchtienii Focke
 Rubus bucknallii J.W.White
 Rubus buergeri Miq.
 Rubus buhnensis (G.Braun ex Focke) G.Braun
 Rubus bullatus Rusby
 Rubus caeresiensis Sudre & Grav.
 Rubus caeruleicaulis Sudre
 Rubus caesarius D.E.Allen
 Rubus caesius L.
 Rubus caflischii Focke
 Rubus calcareus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus caldasianus Samp.
 Rubus × calopalmatus Naruh. & H.Masaki
 Rubus calophyllus C.B.Clarke
 Rubus calotemnus A.Beek
 Rubus calothyrsus A.Beek
 Rubus calvarii Hormuz.
 Rubus calvatus Lees ex A.Bloxam
 Rubus calvus H.E.Weber
 Rubus calycacanthus H.Lév.
 Rubus calycinoides Kuntze
 Rubus calycinus Wall. ex D.Don
 Rubus calyculatus Kaltenb.
 Rubus cambrensis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus campaniensis Winkel ex A.Beek
 Rubus canadensis L.
 Rubus canaliculatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus canduliger Bijlsma & Haveman
 Rubus caninitergi H.E.Weber
 Rubus cantabrigiensis A.L.Bull & A.C.Leslie
 Rubus canterburiensis Edees
 Rubus cantianus (W.C.R.Watson) Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus capparidopsis Hormuz.
 Rubus capricollensis (Sprib.) Sprib.
 Rubus cardiophyllus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus carduelis Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus carinthiacus Halácsy
 Rubus carneus Sabr.
 Rubus carnkiefensis Rilstone
 Rubus caroli Beck
 Rubus carpinetorum Freyn
 Rubus cartalinicus Juz.
 Rubus casparyi Wirtg.
 Rubus castaneifolius Sabr.
 Rubus castellarnaui Pau
 Rubus × castoreus (Laest.) Fr.
 Rubus castranus Samp.
 Rubus castrensis Wolley-Dod
 Rubus castroviejoi Mon.-Huelin
 Rubus caucasicus Focke
 Rubus caucasigenus (Sudre) Juz.
 Rubus caudatisepalus Calderón
 Rubus caudifolius Wuzhi
 Rubus cavatifolius P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus celticus A.Newton
 Rubus celtidifolius Focke ex Gremli
 Rubus centrobohemicus Holub
 Rubus centronotus A.Kern.
 Rubus ceratifolius A.Beek
 Rubus cerdicii D.E.Allen
 Rubus ceticus Halácsy
 Rubus chaerophylloides Sprib.
 Rubus chaerophyllus Sagorski & W.Schultze
 Rubus chaetophorus Cardot
 Rubus chamaemorus L.
 Rubus chambicus Rolfe
 Rubus chapmanianus Kupicha
 Rubus chenonii Sudre
 Rubus chevalieri Cardot
 Rubus chiliadenus Focke
 Rubus chingii Hu
 Rubus chloocladus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus chloophyllus Sudre
 Rubus chlorocladus Sabr.
 Rubus chlorostachys P.J.Müll.
 Rubus chlorothyrsos Focke
 Rubus choachiensis A.Berger
 Rubus christiansenorum H.E.Weber
 Rubus chroosepalus Focke
 Rubus chrysobotrys Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus chrysogaeus P.Royen
 Rubus chrysophyllus Reinw. ex Miq.
 Rubus chrysoxylon (W.M.Rogers) W.M.Rogers
 Rubus cimbricus Focke
 Rubus cinclidodictyus Cardot
 Rubus cinerascens Weihe ex Lej. & Courtois
 Rubus cinerosiformis Rilstone
 Rubus cinerosus W.M.Rogers
 Rubus circipanicus E.H.L.Krause
 Rubus cirlioarae Nyár.
 Rubus cissburiensis W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus cissoides A.Cunn.
 Rubus clementis Merr.
 Rubus clivicola E.Walker
 Rubus clusii Borbás
 Rubus coccinatus K.Meijer
 Rubus cochinchinensis Tratt.
 Rubus cochlearis Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus cockburnianus Hemsl.
 Rubus colemannii A.Bloxam
 Rubus collicola Sudre
 Rubus × collinus DC.
 Rubus columellaris Tutcher
 Rubus commutatus G.Braun
 Rubus compactus Benth.
 Rubus conchyliatus Focke
 Rubus condensatiformis H.E.Weber
 Rubus condensatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus conduplicatus Duthie ex J.H.Veitch
 Rubus confertiflorus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus confusidens H.E.Weber
 Rubus conjungens (Bab.) W.M.Rogers
 Rubus conothyrsoides H.E.Weber
 Rubus conspersus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus conspicuus P.J.Müll. ex Wirtg.
 Rubus constrictus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus conterminus Sudre
 Rubus contiguus (Gelert) Raunk.
 Rubus contractipes H.E.Weber
 Rubus contritidens A.Beek & K.Meijer
 Rubus coombensis Rilstone
 Rubus cooperi D.G.Long
 Rubus copelandii Merr.
 Rubus corbierei Boulay
 Rubus corchorifolius L.f.
 Rubus cordatifolius (W.M.Rogers ex Ridd.) D.E.Allen
 Rubus cordifolius Weihe & Nees
 Rubus cordiformis H.E.Weber & Martensen
 Rubus coreanus Miq.
 Rubus coriaceus Poir.
 Rubus coriifolius Liebm.
 Rubus coriifrons (Sabr.) Hayek
 Rubus cornubiensis (W.M.Rogers ex Ridd.) Rilstone
 Rubus coronatus Boulay
 Rubus correctispinosus H.E.Weber
 Rubus corylinus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus costaricanus Liebm.
 Rubus cotteswoldensis W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus couchii Rilstone ex D.E.Allen
 Rubus crassidens H.E.Weber
 Rubus crassifolius T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus crassus Holuby
 Rubus crataegifolius Bunge
 Rubus crepinii Sudre
 Rubus crespignyanus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus crimaeus Juz.
 Rubus crispomarginatus Holub
 Rubus crispus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus croceacanthus H.Lév.
 Rubus crucimontis Hayek
 Rubus crudelis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus cruentatus P.J.Müll. ex Focke
 Rubus ctenodon (Sabr.) Fritsch
 Rubus cubirianus (H.E.Weber) G.H.Loos
 Rubus cuiedensis Nyár.
 Rubus cumbrensis A.Newton
 Rubus cumingii Kuntze
 Rubus cunctator Focke
 Rubus cuneifolius Pursh
 Rubus curvaciculatus Walsemann ex H.E.Weber
 Rubus curvidens Ley
 Rubus curvispinosus Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus cuspidatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus cuspidifer P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus cyclomorphus H.E.Weber
 Rubus cyclops Mon.-Huelin
 Rubus cymosus Rydb.
 Rubus cyri Juz.
 Rubus dalibarda L.
 Rubus daltrii Edees & Rilstone
 Rubus damieni H.Lév.
 Rubus darssensis Henker & Kiesew.
 Rubus dasycladus A.Kern.
 Rubus dasycoccus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus dasyphyllus (W.M.Rogers) E.S.Marshall
 Rubus daveyi Rilstone
 Rubus dechenii Wirtg.
 Rubus decurrentispinus H.E.Weber
 Rubus decurtatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus decussatus W.C.Barton ex A.Newton
 Rubus delavayi Franch.
 Rubus delectus P.J.Müll. & Wirtg.
 Rubus deliciosus Torr.
 Rubus × deltoideus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus dentatifolius (Briggs) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus derasifolius Sudre
 Rubus deruyveri Vannerom & E.Jacques
 Rubus desarmatus A.Beek
 Rubus dethardingii E.H.L.Krause
 Rubus devitatus Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus devoniensis (Focke ex W.M.Rogers) W.M.Rogers
 Rubus diclinis F.Muell.
 Rubus dierschkeanus H.E.Weber
 Rubus diffusus Sanadze
 Rubus diminutus Gáyer
 Rubus discernendus (Sudre) Sudre
 Rubus dissimulans Lindeb.
 Rubus distortifolius Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus distractiformis A.Newton
 Rubus distractus P.J.Müll. ex Wirtg.
 Rubus divaricatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus × divergens P.J.Müll.
 Rubus diversiarmatus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus diversus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus × dobuniensis Sudre & Ley
 Rubus doerrii H.E.Weber
 Rubus doftanensis Nyár.
 Rubus dolichocarpus Juz.
 Rubus dolichophyllus Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus doyonensis Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus drautensis Nyár.
 Rubus drejeri Jensen ex Lange
 Rubus drenthicus A.Beek & K.Meijer
 Rubus drymophilus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus dumnoniensis Bab.
 Rubus dunensis W.M.Rogers
 Rubus dunnii F.P.Metcalf
 Rubus durescens W.R.Linton
 Rubus durotrigum R.P.Murray
 Rubus eboracensis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus ebudensis A.Newton
 Rubus echinatus Lindl.
 Rubus echinosepalus H.E.Weber
 Rubus edeesii H.Weber & A.L.Bull
 Rubus eduardii Borbás
 Rubus efferatus Craib
 Rubus effrenatus A.Newton
 Rubus eglandulosus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus egregius Focke
 Rubus egregiusculus (Frid. & Gelert) E.H.L.Krause
 Rubus ehrnsbergeri H.E.Weber
 Rubus eiderianus (Frid.) H.E.Weber
 Rubus eifeliensis Wirtg.
 Rubus elatior Focke ex Gremli
 Rubus elegans P.J.Müll.
 Rubus elegantispinosus (A.Schumach.) H.E.Weber
 Rubus ellipticus Sm.
 Rubus elongatus Sm.
 Rubus eluxatus Neuman
 Rubus epipsilos Focke
 Rubus erinulus A.Beek
 Rubus eriocarpus Liebm.
 Rubus eriostachys P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus erlangeri Engl.
 Rubus errabundus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus erubescens Wirtg.
 Rubus erythrocarpus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus erythroclados Mart. ex Hook.f.
 Rubus erythrops Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus erythrostachys (Sabr.) Halácsy
 Rubus × esfandiarii Gilli
 Rubus euanthinus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus eucalyptus Focke
 Rubus euchloos Focke
 Rubus × eumorphus Kupcsok & Sabr.
 Rubus euryanthemus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus eurythyrsiger Juz.
 Rubus eustephanos Focke
 Rubus evagatus Sudre
 Rubus exarmatus H.E.Weber & W.Jansen
 Rubus exornatus Nyár.
 Rubus exstans Walsemann & Stohr
 Rubus faberi Focke
 Rubus fabrimontanus (Sprib.) Sprib.
 Rubus fagetanus Nyár.
 Rubus fagifolius Cham. & Schltdl.
 Rubus fairholmianus Gardner
 Rubus fanjingshanensis L.T.Lu
 Rubus fasciculatiformis H.E.Weber
 Rubus fasciculatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus feddei H.Lév. & Vaniot
 Rubus fellatae A.Chev.
 Rubus ferdinandimuelleri Focke
 Rubus ferocior H.E.Weber
 Rubus ferox Vest
 Rubus festii H.E.Weber
 Rubus festivus P.J.Müll. & Wirtg. ex Focke
 Rubus fictus Sudre
 Rubus fimbrifolius P.J.Müll. & Wirtg. ex Focke
 Rubus fioniae Frid.
 Rubus firmus Frid. & Gelert ex Utsch
 Rubus fissipetalus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus fissus Lindl.
 Rubus flaccidifolius P.J.Müll.
 Rubus flaccidus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus flagellaris Willd.
 Rubus flagelliflorus Focke
 Rubus flavescens P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus × flavinanus Blanch.
 Rubus flexuosus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus floribundus Kunth
 Rubus × floricomus Blanch.
 Rubus florulentus Focke
 Rubus flosculosus Focke
 Rubus fockeanus Kurz
 Rubus foersteri Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus foliaceistipulatus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus foliosus Weihe
 Rubus fontivagus (Sudre) Prain
 Rubus formidabilis Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus formosensis Kuntze
 Rubus forrestianus Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus fragariiflorus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus fragrans Focke
 Rubus franchetianus H.Lév.
 Rubus franconicus H.E.Weber
 Rubus × fraseri Rehder
 Rubus fraxinifoliolus Hayata
 Rubus fraxinifolius Poir.
 Rubus frederici A.Beek
 Rubus friesiorum Gust.
 Rubus frisicus (Frid. ex Focke) Focke
 Rubus fritschii Sabr.
 Rubus fruticosus L.
 Rubus fuernrohrii H.E.Weber
 Rubus fujianensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus furnarius W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus furvicolor Focke
 Rubus furvus Sudre
 Rubus fuscicaulis Edees
 Rubus fuscicortex Sudre
 Rubus fuscifolius T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus fuscoater Weihe
 Rubus fuscorubens Focke
 Rubus fuscoviridis Rilstone
 Rubus fuscus Weihe
 Rubus gachetensis A.Berger
 Rubus galeatus H.E.Weber
 Rubus galloecicus Pau
 Rubus gallofuscus A.Newton & M.Porter
 Rubus gardenerianus Kuntze
 Rubus gariannensis A.L.Bull
 Rubus garrulimontis Hormuz.
 Rubus gelertii Frid.
 Rubus geminatus H.E.Weber
 Rubus genevieri Boreau
 Rubus geniculatus Kaltenb.
 Rubus geoides Sm.
 Rubus gerezianus Samp. ex Cout.
 Rubus geromensis P.J.Müll.
 Rubus ghanakantae R.S.Rao & J.Joseph
 Rubus gillotii Boulay
 Rubus gizellae Borbás
 Rubus glabratus Kunth
 Rubus glabricarpus W.C.Cheng
 Rubus glandisepalus H.E.Weber
 Rubus glandithyrsos G.Braun
 Rubus glandulifer N.P.Balakr.
 Rubus glanduliger W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus glandulosocalycinus Hayata
 Rubus glandulosocarpus M.X.Nie
 Rubus glareosus W.M.Rogers
 Rubus glaucellus Sudre
 Rubus glaucifolius Kellogg
 Rubus glauciformis Gust. ex H.Hyl.
 Rubus glaucovirens G.Maass
 Rubus glaucus Benth.
 Rubus glomeratus Blume
 Rubus gloriosus A.Beek
 Rubus glossoides H.E.Weber & Stohr
 Rubus glottocalyx Beck
 Rubus gneissogenes Sudre
 Rubus godronii Lecoq & Lamotte
 Rubus gongshanensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus goniophorus H.E.Weber
 Rubus gothicus Frid. & Gelert ex E.H.L.Krause
 Rubus grabowskii Weihe ex Günther, Grab. & Wimm.
 Rubus gracilis J.Presl & C.Presl
 Rubus graecensis W.Maurer
 Rubus grandiflorus Nyár.
 Rubus grandipaniculatus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus graniticola Halácsy ex Topitz
 Rubus × grantii Gilli
 Rubus granulatus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus gratiosus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus gratus Focke
 Rubus gravetii (Boulay) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus grayanus Maxim.
 Rubus greinenis Halácsy ex Topitz
 Rubus gremblichii Halácsy
 Rubus gremlii Focke
 Rubus gressittii F.P.Metcalf
 Rubus griesiae H.E.Weber
 Rubus griffithianus W.M.Rogers
 Rubus griffithii Hook.f.
 Rubus griseus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus grossbaueri Beck
 Rubus grypoacanthus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus guentheri Weihe
 Rubus guestphalicus (Focke) Utsch
 Rubus gunnianus Hook.
 Rubus guttifer Trávn. & Holub
 Rubus guyanensis Focke
 Rubus gyamdaensis L.T.Lu & Boufford
 Rubus hadracanthus G.Braun
 Rubus hadrocarpus Standl. & Steyerm.
 Rubus haesitans Mart. & Walsemann
 Rubus haeupleri H.E.Weber
 Rubus hakonensis Franch. & Sav.
 Rubus halacsyi Borbás ex Halácsy
 Rubus hallandicus (Gabr. ex F.Aresch.) Neuman
 Rubus halsteadensis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus hamatulus (Sabr.) Hayek
 Rubus hamiltonii Hook.f.
 Rubus hanceanus Kuntze
 Rubus hantonensis D.E.Allen
 Rubus haridasanii Chand.Gupta & S.S.Dash
 Rubus hartmanii Gand.
 Rubus hassicus H.E.Weber
 Rubus hasskarlii Miq.
 Rubus hastifer H.E.Weber
 Rubus hastifolius H.Lév. & Vaniot
 Rubus hastiformis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus hawaiensis A.Gray
 Rubus hebecarpus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus hebecaulis Sudre
 Rubus hebridensis Edees
 Rubus hedycarpus Focke
 Rubus helveticus Gremli
 Rubus hemistemon P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus hemithyrsus Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus henkeri H.E.Weber & Kiesew.
 Rubus henrici-egonis Holub
 Rubus henrici-weberi A.Beek
 Rubus henriquesii Samp.
 Rubus henryi Hemsl. & Kuntze
 Rubus hercynicus G.Braun
 Rubus herefordensis Sudre
 Rubus herzogii Focke
 Rubus hesperius W.M.Rogers
 Rubus heterobelus Sudre
 Rubus heterosepalus Merr.
 Rubus hevellicus (E.H.L.Krause) E.H.L.Krause
 Rubus hexagynus Roxb.
 Rubus hibernicus (W.M.Rogers) W.M.Rogers
 Rubus hillebrandii H.Lév.
 Rubus hillii F.Muell.
 Rubus hilsianus H.E.Weber
 Rubus hindii A.L.Bull
 Rubus × hiraseanus Makino
 Rubus hirsutior Fitschen ex H.E.Weber
 Rubus hirsutissimus (Sudre & Ley) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus hirsutus Thunb.
 Rubus hirtifolius P.J.Müll. & Wirtg.
 Rubus hirtimimus Juz.
 Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit.
 Rubus hispidissimus Sudre
 Rubus hispidus L.
 Rubus histriculus H.E.Weber
 Rubus hobroensis A.Pedersen & Schou
 Rubus hochstetterorum Seub.
 Rubus hoffmeisterianus Kunth & C.D.Bouché
 Rubus holandrei P.J.Müll.
 Rubus holerythrus Focke
 Rubus holochloroides Sudre & Sabr.
 Rubus × holochloropsis Sudre
 Rubus holosericeus Vest
 Rubus holtenii Kuntze
 Rubus holzfuszii Sprib.
 Rubus horrefactus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus horridulus P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus horridus Schultz
 Rubus horripilus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus hosseusii H.Lév.
 Rubus hostilis P.J.Müll. & Wirtg.
 Rubus howii Merr. & Chun
 Rubus hrubyi Rohlena
 Rubus huangpingensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus humifusus Weihe
 Rubus humistratus Steud.
 Rubus humulifolius C.A.Mey.
 Rubus hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus hylanderi Martensen & A.Pedersen
 Rubus hylocharis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus hylonomus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus hylophilus Ripart ex Genev.
 Rubus hypomalacus Focke
 Rubus hypopitys Focke
 Rubus hyposericeus Sudre
 Rubus hyrcanus Juz.
 Rubus hystrix Weihe
 Rubus ibericus Juz.
 Rubus iceniensis A.Newton & H.E.Weber
 Rubus ichangensis Hemsl. & Kuntze
 Rubus ictus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus idaeifolius Thuan
 Rubus × idaeoides Ruthe
 Rubus idaeopsis Focke
 Rubus idaeus L.
 Rubus ignoratus H.E.Weber
 Rubus ikenoensis H.Lév. & Vaniot
 Rubus illecebrosus Focke
 Rubus imbellis Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus imbricatus Anon.
 Rubus imitans H.E.Weber
 Rubus × immanis Ashe
 Rubus immixtus Gust.
 Rubus immodicus A.Schumach. ex H.E.Weber
 Rubus imperialis Cham. & Schltdl.
 Rubus impolitus Sudre
 Rubus impressinervus F.P.Metcalf
 Rubus incarnatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus incisior H.E.Weber
 Rubus incurvatiformis Edees
 Rubus incurvatus Bab.
 Rubus indicissus Focke
 Rubus indicus Thunb.
 Rubus indotatus Gremli
 Rubus indusiatus Focke
 Rubus indutus Boulay & Vendrely
 Rubus infestior Edees
 Rubus infestisepalus Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus infestus Weihe ex Boenn.
 Rubus informifolius Edees
 Rubus infrarugosus (Sudre) Prain
 Rubus innominatus S.Moore
 Rubus inopacatus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus inopertus (Focke) Focke
 Rubus insectifolius Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus insericatus P.J.Müll. ex Wirtg.
 Rubus insignis Hook.f.
 Rubus insolatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus insulariopsis H.E.Weber
 Rubus insularis F.Aresch.
 Rubus integribasis P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus intensior Edees
 Rubus intercurrens Gust.
 Rubus intermittens F.Bolle
 Rubus interruptus Sudre
 Rubus intricatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus iodnephes W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus irasuensis Liebm.
 Rubus irenaeus Focke
 Rubus iricus W.M.Rogers
 Rubus iringanus Gust.
 Rubus irritans Focke
 Rubus iscanus A.Newton & M.Porter
 Rubus ischyracanthus Cardot
 Rubus istricus Posp.
 Rubus iuvenis A.Beek
 Rubus jambosoides Hance
 Rubus jansenii H.E.Weber
 Rubus jianensis L.T.Lu & Boufford
 Rubus jinfoshanensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus joannis Beck
 Rubus josefianus H.E.Weber
 Rubus josholubii H.E.Weber
 Rubus juennensis Leute & W.Maurer
 Rubus × kalaidae Juz.
 Rubus kaltenbachii Metsch
 Rubus × karakalensis Freyn
 Rubus kawakamii Hayata
 Rubus keleterios P.Royen
 Rubus kelleri Halácsy
 Rubus keniensis Standl.
 Rubus × kenoensis Koidz.
 Rubus khasianus Cardot
 Rubus kiesewetteri Henker
 Rubus killipii A.Berger
 Rubus kirungensis Engl.
 Rubus kisoensis Nakai
 Rubus kletensis M.Lepí & P.Lepí
 Rubus klimmekianus Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus × knappianus A.Spiers & J.D.Arm.
 Rubus koehleri Weihe
 Rubus koehnei H.Lév.
 Rubus krasanii Sabr.
 Rubus kuleszae Ziel.
 Rubus kumaonensis N.P.Balakr.
 Rubus × kupcokianus Borbás ex Kupcsok
 Rubus kwangsiensis H.L.Li
 Rubus laceratus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus lacustris W.M.Rogers
 Rubus laegaardii Romol.
 Rubus laetecoloratus Nyár.
 Rubus laetus E.F.Linton
 Rubus laevicaulis A.Beek
 Rubus lagerbergii Lindeb.
 Rubus × lahidjanensis Rech.f.
 Rubus lainzii H.E.Weber
 Rubus lambertianus Ser.
 Rubus lamburnensis Rilstone
 Rubus lamprophyllus Gremli
 Rubus lanaticaulis Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus landoltii H.E.Weber
 Rubus langei Jensen ex Focke
 Rubus langei Jensen ex Frid. & Gelert
 Rubus lanuginosus Steven ex Ser.
 Rubus lanyuensis Hung T.Chang
 Rubus largificus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus lasiandrus H.E.Weber
 Rubus lasiocladus (Focke) W.M.Rogers
 Rubus lasiococcus A.Gray
 Rubus lasiodermis Sudre
 Rubus lasiostylus Focke
 Rubus lasiothyrsus (Sudre) Sudre
 Rubus lasiotrichos Focke
 Rubus lasquiensis Sprib.
 Rubus latiarcuatus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus latifolius Bab.
 Rubus latisedes Meierott
 Rubus latoauriculatus F.P.Metcalf
 Rubus laxatifrons W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus laxiflorus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus laxus Focke
 Rubus lechleri Focke
 Rubus leightonii Lees ex Leight.
 Rubus leiningeri W.Lang
 Rubus lentiginosus Lees
 Rubus lepidulus (Sudre) Juz.
 Rubus leptostemon Juz.
 Rubus leptothyrsos G.Braun
 Rubus lesdainii Sudre ex Gand.
 Rubus lettii W.M.Rogers
 Rubus leucandriformis Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus leucandrus Focke
 Rubus leucanthus Hance
 Rubus leucocarpus Arn.
 Rubus leucodermis Douglas ex Torr. & A.Gray
 Rubus leucophaeus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus leucostachys Schleich. ex Sm.
 Rubus leyanus W.M.Rogers
 Rubus libertianus Weihe ex Lej. & Courtois
 Rubus lichuanensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus lidforssii (Gelert) Lange
 Rubus liebmannii Focke
 Rubus lignicensis Figert
 Rubus lilacinus Wirtg.
 Rubus limitis Matzke-Hajek & H.Grossh.
 Rubus lindebergii P.J.Müll.
 Rubus lindleianus Lees
 Rubus lineatus Reinw. ex Blume
 Rubus lipovensis Nyár.
 Rubus lishuiensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus liubensis W.Maurer
 Rubus liui Yuen P.Yang & S.Y.Lu
 Rubus lividus G.Braun
 Rubus lobatidens H.E.Weber & Stohr
 Rubus lobatus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus lobophyllus C.Shih ex F.P.Metcalf
 Rubus loehrii Wirtg.
 Rubus loganobaccus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus lohfauensis F.P.Metcalf
 Rubus londinensis (W.M.Rogers) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus longebracteatus Nyár.
 Rubus longepedicellatus (Gust.) C.H.Stirt.
 Rubus longicuspis P.J.Müll. ex Genev.
 Rubus longifrons W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus longior A.Beek
 Rubus longipetiolatus Sanadze
 Rubus longisepalus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus longithyrsiger Lees ex Focke
 Rubus longus (W.M.Rogers & Ley) A.Newton
 Rubus loosii H.E.Weber
 Rubus lorentzianus Pulle
 Rubus louettensis (Sudre & Grav.) Prain
 Rubus lowii Stapf
 Rubus loxensis Benth.
 Rubus lucens Focke
 Rubus lucensis H.E.Weber & Mon.-Huelin
 Rubus lucentifolius Ziel. & Kosinski
 Rubus luchunensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus lucidus Rydb.
 Rubus ludensis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus ludwigii Eckl. & Zeyh.
 Rubus luminosus Martensen
 Rubus lumnitzeri (Sabr.) Fritsch
 Rubus lusaticus Rostock
 Rubus lusitanicus R.P.Murray
 Rubus lutescens Franch.
 Rubus luzoniensis Merr.
 Rubus maassii Focke ex Bertram
 Rubus macer H.E.Weber
 Rubus macgregorii F.Muell.
 Rubus macilentus Jacquem. ex Cambess.
 Rubus macraei A.Gray
 Rubus macranthelos T.Marsson
 Rubus macrocalyx Halácsy
 Rubus macrodontus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus macrogongylus Focke
 Rubus macrophyllus Weihe & Nees
 Rubus macrostachys P.J.Müll.
 Rubus macrothyrsus Lange
 Rubus macvaughianus Rzed. & Calderón
 Rubus magnisepalus K.Meijer
 Rubus magurensis Nyár.
 Rubus majusculus (Sudre) Sudre
 Rubus malagassus Focke
 Rubus malifolius Focke
 Rubus malipoensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus malvaceus Focke
 Rubus malvernicus Edees
 Rubus mandonii Focke
 Rubus maranensis (Samp.) Samp.
 Rubus margaritae Gáyer
 Rubus marianus (E.H.L.Krause) H.E.Weber
 Rubus marschallianus Juz.
 Rubus marshallii Focke & W.M.Rogers
 Rubus marssonianus H.E.Weber
 Rubus martensenii H.E.Weber
 Rubus × masakii Naruh.
 Rubus maximiformis H.E.Weber
 Rubus × maximowiczii Kuntze
 Rubus maximus T.Marsson
 Rubus mearnsii Elmer
 Rubus megacarpus P.Royen
 Rubus megalococcus Focke
 Rubus meierottii H.E.Weber
 Rubus melanocladus (Sudre) Ridd.
 Rubus melanodermis Focke ex W.M.Rogers
 Rubus melanoxylon P.J.Müll. & Wirtg.
 Rubus menglaensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus mercicus Bagn.
 Rubus mercieri Genev.
 Rubus merinoi Pau ex Merino
 Rubus merlinii A.Newton & M.Porter
 Rubus mesogaeus Focke
 Rubus metallorum Margetts
 Rubus metoensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus metschii Focke
 Rubus micans Godr.
 Rubus microbelus Sudre
 Rubus microdontus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus micropetalus Gardner
 Rubus microphyllus L.f.
 Rubus microstachys Boulay
 Rubus milesianus D.E.Allen
 Rubus milfordensis Edees
 Rubus minusculus H.Lév. & Vaniot
 Rubus minutidentatus Sudre
 Rubus minutiflorus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus miostylus Boulay
 Rubus mirus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus × miscix L.H.Bailey
 Rubus miser Liebm.
 Rubus miszczenkoi Juz.
 Rubus moestifrons Juz.
 Rubus moestus Holuby
 Rubus moldavicus Nyár.
 Rubus mollifrons Focke
 Rubus mollis J.Presl & C.Presl
 Rubus mollissimus W.M.Rogers
 Rubus moluccanus L.
 Rubus monensis W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus montanus Lib. ex Lej.
 Rubus montis-wilhelmii P.Royen
 Rubus moorei F.Muell.
 Rubus morganwgensis W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus morifolius P.J.Müll.
 Rubus mortensenii E.H.L.Krause
 Rubus moschus Juz.
 Rubus mougeotii Billot
 Rubus moylei W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus mucronatiformis (Sudre) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus mucronatoides Ley ex W.M.Rogers
 Rubus mucronipetalus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus mucronulatus Boreau
 Rubus muenteri T.Marsson
 Rubus muhelicus Danner
 Rubus multibracteatus Boulay & Pierrat
 Rubus multifidus Boulay & Malbr.
 Rubus multisetosus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus muricola Sennen
 Rubus muridens A.Beek
 Rubus murrayi Sudre
 Rubus mus A.Beek
 Rubus myricae Focke
 Rubus nagasawanus Koidz.
 Rubus naldrettii (J.W.White) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus nanitauricus Juz.
 Rubus naumannii Schön
 Rubus neanias A.Beek
 Rubus neerlandicus A.Beek
 Rubus negatus A.Beek
 Rubus × neglectus Peck
 Rubus nelliae A.Beek
 Rubus nelsonii Rydb.
 Rubus nemoralis P.J.Müll.
 Rubus nemorensis Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus nemorosoides H.E.Weber
 Rubus nemorosus Hayne & Willd.
 Rubus neoebudicus Guillaumin
 Rubus × neogardicus Juz.
 Rubus neomalacus Sudre
 Rubus neopyramidalis Nyár.
 Rubus neoviburnifolius L.T.Lu & Boufford
 Rubus nepalensis (Hook.f.) Kuntze
 Rubus nesiotes Focke
 Rubus neumannianus H.E.Weber & Vannerom
 Rubus newbouldianus Rilstone
 Rubus newbouldii Bab.
 Rubus newbridgensis W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus newtonii Ballantyne
 Rubus × nigakuma Oka & Naruh.
 Rubus nigricatus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus nigricaulis Prokh.
 Rubus × nikaii Ohwi
 Rubus nishimuranus Koidz.
 Rubus nitidiformis Sudre
 Rubus nivalis Douglas ex Hook.
 Rubus niveoserpens Nyár.
 Rubus niveus Thunb.
 Rubus nobilissimus (W.C.R.Watson) Pearsall
 Rubus nordicus (H.E.Weber & A.Pedersen) H.E.Weber
 Rubus norvegicus H.E.Weber & A.Pedersen
 Rubus norvicensis A.L.Bull & Edees
 Rubus × novanglicus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus novoguineensis Merr. & L.M.Perry
 Rubus nubigenus Kunth
 Rubus nuptialis H.E.Weber
 Rubus nutkanus Moc. ex Ser.
 Rubus nyalamensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus oberdorferi H.E.Weber
 Rubus obesifolius W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus oblongifolius P.J.Müll. & Wirtg.
 Rubus oblongus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus oboranus Sprib.
 Rubus obrosus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus obscuriflorus Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus obscurus Kaltenb.
 Rubus obtruncatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus obtusangulus Gremli
 Rubus obvallatus Boulay & Gillot
 Rubus occidentalis L.
 Rubus occultiglans Meierott
 Rubus ochracanthus H.E.Weber & Sennikov
 Rubus ochraceus Cardot
 Rubus ochtodes Juz.
 Rubus ocnensis Nyár.
 Rubus odoratus L.
 Rubus oenensis H.E.Weber
 Rubus oenoxylon Juz.
 Rubus offensus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus × ohmineanus Koidz.
 Rubus × ohtakiensis Naruh.
 Rubus oigocladus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus okinawensis Koidz.
 Rubus omalodontus P.J.Müll. & Wirtg.
 Rubus opacus Focke
 Rubus opiparus Nyár.
 Rubus orbus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus ordovicum A.Newton
 Rubus oreades P.J.Müll. & Wirtg.
 Rubus orthocladoides Sudre
 Rubus orthosepalus Halácsy
 Rubus orthostachyoides H.E.Weber
 Rubus ossicus Juz.
 Rubus × ostensus Schmidely
 Rubus ostrinus Focke
 Rubus ostroviensis Sprib.
 Rubus × ostryifolius Rydb.
 Rubus ostumensis A.R.Molina
 Rubus ourosepalus Cardot
 Rubus ovatus Thuan
 Rubus oxyanchus Sudre
 Rubus pachychlamydeus (Sabr.) Sabr.
 Rubus pacificus Hance
 Rubus painteri Edees
 Rubus pallidifolius E.H.L.Krause
 Rubus pallidisetus Sudre
 Rubus pallidus Weihe
 Rubus palmatifolius Thuan
 Rubus palmatus Thunb.
 Rubus palmensis A.Hansen
 Rubus palmeri Rydb.
 Rubus panduratus Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus paniculatus Sm.
 Rubus paniculatus Roxb.
 Rubus pannosus P.J.Müll. & Wirtg.
 Rubus papuanus Schltr. ex Diels
 Rubus paraguariensis (Chodat & Hassl.) Basualdo & Zardini
 Rubus parahebecarpus H.E.Weber
 Rubus pararosifolius F.P.Metcalf
 Rubus paratauricus Juz.
 Rubus parkeri Hance
 Rubus parthenocissus Trávn. & Holub
 Rubus parviaraliifolius Hayata
 Rubus parvifolius L.
 Rubus parvulipetalus Sudre
 Rubus parvus Buchanan
 Rubus pascuorum W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus pascuus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus passaviensis Žila
 Rubus passionis A.Beek & K.Meijer
 Rubus patuliformis Sudre
 Rubus patulus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus pauanus Mon.-Huelin
 Rubus paucidentatus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus × paxii Focke
 Rubus pectinarioides H.Hara
 Rubus pectinaris Focke
 Rubus pectinellus Maxim.
 Rubus pedatifolius Genev.
 Rubus pedatus Sm.
 Rubus pedemontanus Pinkw.
 Rubus pedersenii Martensen & H.E.Weber
 Rubus pedica Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus pedunculosus D.Don
 Rubus peltatus Maxim.
 Rubus penduliflorus C.Y.Wu ex T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus peninsulae Rilstone
 Rubus pensilvanicus Poir.
 Rubus pentagonus Wall.
 Rubus peratticus Samp.
 Rubus percrispus D.E.Allen & R.D.Randall
 Rubus perdemissus H.E.Weber & Martensen
 Rubus perdigitatus A.Newton
 Rubus perdurus Holuby & Borbás ex Sabr.
 Rubus perfulvus Merr.
 Rubus × pergratus Blanch.
 Rubus pericrispatus Holub & Trávn.
 Rubus perlongus H.E.Weber & W.Jansen
 Rubus × permixtus Blanch.
 Rubus permundus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus perneggensis (Hayek) Fritsch
 Rubus perpedatus Žila & H.E.Weber
 Rubus perperus H.E.Weber
 Rubus perplexus P.J.Müll. ex Wirtg.
 Rubus perrieri H.Lév.
 Rubus perrobustus Holub
 Rubus persanimontis Nyár.
 Rubus persicinus A.Kern.
 Rubus persicus Boiss.
 Rubus peruncinatus (Sudre) Juz.
 Rubus peruvianus Fritsch
 Rubus pervalidus Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus pervirescens Sudre
 Rubus petnicensis Nyár.
 Rubus petri Fritsch
 Rubus pfuhlianus Sprib.
 Rubus phaeocarpus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus phengodes Focke
 Rubus phoenicacanthus A.Beek
 Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.
 Rubus phylloglotta (Frid.) Å.Gust.
 Rubus phyllophorus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus phyllostachys P.J.Müll.
 Rubus picearum (A.Beek) A.Beek
 Rubus piceetorum Juz.
 Rubus picticaulis H.E.Weber
 Rubus pictorum Edees
 Rubus pierratii Boulay
 Rubus pileatus Focke
 Rubus piletostachys Godr. & Gren.
 Rubus pilifer Sudre
 Rubus pilocarpus Gremli
 Rubus pilulifer Focke
 Rubus pinnatisepalus Hemsl.
 Rubus pinnatus Willd.
 Rubus pirifolius Sm.
 Rubus placidus H.E.Weber
 Rubus planus A.Beek
 Rubus platyacanthus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus platybelus Sudre
 Rubus platycephalus Focke
 Rubus platyphyllus K.Koch
 Rubus platysepalus Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus playfairianus Hemsl. ex Focke
 Rubus pliocenicus (W.C.R.Watson) Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus pluribracteatus L.T.Lu & Boufford
 Rubus plymensis (Focke) Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus podophylloides Sudre
 Rubus podophyllus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus poliodes W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus poliophyllus Kuntze
 Rubus polonicus Weston
 Rubus polyadenus Cardot
 Rubus polyanthemus Lindeb.
 Rubus polyodontus Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus polyoplus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus ponticus (Focke) Juz.
 Rubus porotoensis R.A.Graham
 Rubus porphyrocaulis A.Newton
 Rubus porphyromallos Focke
 Rubus portae-moravicae Holub & Trávn.
 Rubus portuensis Samp.
 Rubus posnaniensis Sprib.
 Rubus posoniensis Sabr.
 Rubus potentilloides W.E.Evans
 Rubus pottianus H.E.Weber
 Rubus powellii W.M.Rogers
 Rubus praealpinus Hayek
 Rubus praeceptorum A.Beek
 Rubus praecox Bertol.
 Rubus praedatus Schmidely
 Rubus praestans H.E.Weber
 Rubus praetextus Sudre
 Rubus praticolor A.Beek
 Rubus prei (Sudre) Prain
 Rubus preissmannii Halácsy
 Rubus preptanthus Focke
 Rubus pringlei Rydb.
 Rubus prionatus (Sudre) Y.Hesl.-Harr.
 Rubus probabilis L.H.Bailey
 Rubus probativus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus probus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus procerus P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus proiectus A.Beek
 Rubus prolongatus Boulay & Letendre
 Rubus promachonicus A.Beek
 Rubus prosper L.H.Bailey
 Rubus proximus Sudre
 Rubus pruinifer Sudre
 Rubus pruinosus Arrh.
 Rubus pseudargenteus H.E.Weber
 Rubus pseudincisior H.E.Weber
 Rubus pseudoacer Makino
 Rubus × pseudochingii Naruh. & H.Masaki
 Rubus pseudodoftanensis Nyár.
 Rubus pseudofagifolius Huan C.Wang
 Rubus pseudogravetii Sudre
 Rubus pseudojaponicus Koidz.
 Rubus pseudolusaticus G.H.Loos
 Rubus pseudopileatus Cardot
 Rubus pseudoplinthostylus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus pseudopsis Gremli
 Rubus × pseudoyoshinoi Naruh. & H.Masaki
 Rubus psilander A.Beek
 Rubus psilops A.Beek & K.Meijer
 Rubus ptilocarpus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus puberulus Meierott
 Rubus pubescens Raf.
 Rubus pugiunculosus Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus pulcher P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus pulchricaulis Plieninger
 Rubus pullifolius W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus pumilus Focke
 Rubus pungens Cambess.
 Rubus purbeckensis W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus purchasianus W.M.Rogers
 Rubus putneiensis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus pydarensiformis D.E.Allen
 Rubus pydarensis Rilstone
 Rubus pygmaeopsis Focke
 Rubus pygmaeus Weihe
 Rubus pyramidalis Kaltenb.
 Rubus pyramidatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus quadicus (Sabr.) Beck
 Rubus questieri Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus quinquefoliolatus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus racemosus Roxb.
 Rubus radicans Cav.
 Rubus radula Weihe ex Boenn.
 Rubus radulicaulis Sudre
 Rubus raduliformis Sudre
 Rubus raduloides (W.M.Rogers) Sudre
 Rubus ramosus A.Bloxam ex Briggs
 Rubus randolphiorum L.H.Bailey
 Rubus ranftii H.E.Weber
 Rubus raopingensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus rariglandulosus Nyár.
 Rubus raunkiaeri (Frid.) Gust.
 Rubus × recurvicaulis Blanch.
 Rubus reflexus Ker Gawl.
 Rubus refractus H.Lév.
 Rubus regillus Ley
 Rubus renifrons Sabr.
 Rubus rhodopsis Sabr. ex Fritsch
 Rubus rhombicus H.E.Weber
 Rubus rhombifolius Weihe
 Rubus rhytidophyllus H.E.Weber
 Rubus × ribifolius Siebold & Zucc.
 Rubus ribisoideus Matsum.
 Rubus richteri Halácsy
 Rubus riddelsdellii Rilstone
 Rubus rigidus Sm.
 Rubus rilstonei W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus riograndis L.H.Bailey
 Rubus riparius W.C.Barton ex A.Newton
 Rubus ripuaricus Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus rivularis Wirtg. & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus × rixosus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus roberti Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus robiae (W.C.R.Watson) A.Newton
 Rubus roetensis Waisb.
 Rubus rolfei S.Vidal
 Rubus romanicus Nyár.
 Rubus rosaceus Weihe
 Rubus rosanthus Lindeb.
 Rubus rosellus Sudre
 Rubus roseus Poir.
 Rubus rosifolius Sm.
 Rubus rossensis A.Newton
 Rubus rotundifoliatus Sudre
 Rubus rotundifolius (Bab.) A.Bloxam
 Rubus royenii Kalkman
 Rubus rubicundus P.J.Müll. & Wirtg.
 Rubus rubiginosus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus ruborensis Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus rubriflorus Purchas
 Rubus rubrisetoides Hormuz.
 Rubus rubrisetulosus Cardot
 Rubus rubristamineus Nyár.
 Rubus rubristylus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus rubritinctus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus × ruderalis Kupcsok
 Rubus rudis Weihe
 Rubus rufescens Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus rufus Focke
 Rubus rugosifolius G.H.Loos
 Rubus rugosus Sm.
 Rubus runssorensis Engl.
 Rubus ruprechtii Juz.
 Rubus rusbyi Britton
 Rubus rydbergianus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus sagittarius Ridd.
 Rubus salisburgensis Focke ex Caflisch
 Rubus salteri Bab.
 Rubus saltuum Focke ex Gremli
 Rubus salwinensis Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus salzmannii W.Maurer
 Rubus sampaioanus Sudre ex Samp.
 Rubus sanctae-hildegardis Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus sandwicensis H.Lév.
 Rubus sapidus Schltdl.
 Rubus saxatilis L.
 Rubus saxicola P.J.Müll.
 Rubus saxigenus Sudre
 Rubus saxonicus Her.Hofmann
 Rubus saxosus Nyár.
 Rubus scaber Weihe
 Rubus scabripes Genev.
 Rubus scabrosus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus scenoreinus Juz.
 Rubus schefferi Focke
 Rubus scheffleri Engl.
 Rubus schenkii Hruby
 Rubus scheutzii Lindeb. ex F.Aresch.
 Rubus schiedeanus Steud.
 Rubus schlechtendalii Weihe ex Link
 Rubus schlechtendaliiformis H.E.Weber
 Rubus schleicheri Weihe ex Tratt.
 Rubus schlickumii Wirtg.
 Rubus schmidelioides A.Cunn.
 Rubus schmidelyanus Sudre
 Rubus schnedleri H.E.Weber
 Rubus schorleri (Artzt & Her.Hofmann) H.E.Weber
 Rubus schottii Pohl ex Focke
 Rubus schultzii Ripart ex P.J.Müll.
 Rubus schumacheri (Ade) Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus schummelii Weihe
 Rubus scidularum A.Beek
 Rubus sciocharis (Sudre) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus sciophilus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus scissus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus scoticus (W.M.Rogers & Ley) Edees
 Rubus seciurensis Nyár.
 Rubus seebergensis Pfuhl ex Sprib.
 Rubus segontii A.Newton & M.Porter
 Rubus sellowii Cham. & Schltdl.
 Rubus semecarpinifolius Sudre
 Rubus semibracteosus Sudre
 Rubus × semicaucasicus Sudre
 Rubus semiglaber (W.M.Rogers) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus × seminepalensis Naruh.
 Rubus semirivularis Sudre
 Rubus sempernitens D.E.Allen & Margetts
 Rubus senchalensis H.Hara
 Rubus sendtneri Progel
 Rubus sengorensis Grierson & D.G.Long
 Rubus senticosus Köhler ex Weihe
 Rubus septentrionalis W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus septifolius H.E.Weber
 Rubus sericophyllus P.J.Müll. & Wirtg. ex Focke
 Rubus serpens Weihe ex Lej. & Courtois
 Rubus serrae Soldano
 Rubus setchuenensis Bureau & Franch.
 Rubus setosus Bigelow
 Rubus severinensis Nyár.
 Rubus shihae F.P.Metcalf
 Rubus sieboldii Blume
 Rubus siekensis Banning ex G.Braun
 Rubus sierrae Laferr.
 Rubus sikkimensis Hook.f.
 Rubus silesiacus Weihe
 Rubus silurum (Ley) Ley
 Rubus silvae-norticae M.Lepí & P.Lepí
 Rubus silvaticus Weihe & Nees
 Rubus simplex Focke
 Rubus sinosudrei H.Lév.
 Rubus slatinensis Nyár.
 Rubus slavonicus Király, Trávn. & Žíla
 Rubus slesvicensis Lange
 Rubus smithii Backer
 Rubus sneydii Edees
 Rubus solvensis W.Maurer
 Rubus sons L.H.Bailey
 Rubus sorbicus H.E.Weber
 Rubus sorsogonensis Elmer
 Rubus spadix W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus spananthus Ze M.Wu & Z.L.Cheng
 Rubus sparsiflorus J.F.Macbr.
 Rubus spectabilis Pursh
 Rubus speculans K.Meijer
 Rubus speculatus Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus spiculus K.Meijer
 Rubus spina-curva Boulay & Gillot
 Rubus spinulatus Boulay
 Rubus spinulosoides F.P.Metcalf
 Rubus spissifolius Sudre
 Rubus splendidissimus H.Hara
 Rubus splendidus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus splendiflorus Sudre
 Rubus sprengelii Weihe
 Rubus sprengeliusculus (Frid. & Gelert) H.E.Weber
 Rubus squarrosus Fritsch
 Rubus stanneus W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus stans Focke
 Rubus steneoacanthus P.J.Müll. & Lefèvre
 Rubus stenopetalus Lefèvre & P.J.Müll.
 Rubus stenophyllidium Juz.
 Rubus stereacanthos P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus steudneri Schweinf.
 Rubus stevenii Juz.
 Rubus stimulans Focke
 Rubus stimulifer Plien.
 Rubus stipulosus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus stohrii H.E.Weber & Ranft
 Rubus stormanicus H.E.Weber
 Rubus striaticaulis Plieninger
 Rubus styriacus Halácsy
 Rubus suavifolius Gremli
 Rubus subaculeatus Borbás ex Fritsch
 Rubus subcanus P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus subcarpinifolius (W.M.Rogers ex Ridd.) Ridd.
 Rubus subcoreanus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus subcoriaceus Nyár.
 Rubus subincertus Samp.
 Rubus subinermoides Druce
 Rubus subinopertus T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus subintegribasis Druce
 Rubus subopacus (Sudre ex Bouvet) D.E.Allen
 Rubus subornatus Focke
 Rubus subpygmaeopsis Sprib.
 Rubus subspicatus Hauman
 Rubus subtauricus Juz.
 Rubus subtercanens W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus subtibetanus Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus subtiliaceus (Frid.) H.E.Weber & Martensen
 Rubus subvillicaulis Nyár.
 Rubus subvillosus Sudre
 Rubus suecicus H.E.Weber & Karlsson
 Rubus sueviacus Sudre
 Rubus suevicola H.E.Weber
 Rubus sulcatus Vest
 Rubus sumatranus Miq.
 Rubus sundaicus Blume
 Rubus supinus Sabr.
 Rubus surrectus K.Meijer
 Rubus surrejanus W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus × suspiciosus Menezes
 Rubus swinhoei Hance
 Rubus sylvulicola Progel ex Utsch
 Rubus tabanimontanus Figert
 Rubus taitoensis Hayata
 Rubus taiwanicola Koidz. & Ohwi
 Rubus takhtadjanii Mulk.
 Rubus tamarensis A.Newton
 Rubus tamdaoensis T.H.Nguyên & Yakovlev
 Rubus tardus W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus tarnensis Sudre
 Rubus taronensis C.Y.Wu ex T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus tauni Schnedler & H.Grossh.
 Rubus tauricus Schltdl. ex Juz.
 Rubus tavensis A.Newton & M.Porter
 Rubus × tawadanus Koidz.
 Rubus taxandriae Vannerom ex A.Beek
 Rubus tenuiarmatus Lees
 Rubus tenuispinosus Nyár.
 Rubus tephrodes Hance
 Rubus teregovensis Nyár.
 Rubus tereticaulis P.J.Müll.
 Rubus teretiusculus Kaltenb.
 Rubus thalassarctos A.Beek
 Rubus thelybatos Focke ex Caflisch
 Rubus thessalus Halácsy
 Rubus thibetanus Franch.
 Rubus thomsonii Focke
 Rubus × thuillieri Poir. ex Steud.
 Rubus thuringensis Metsch
 Rubus thurstonii Rilstone
 Rubus thyrsiflorus Weihe
 Rubus thyrsigeriformis (Sudre) D.E.Allen
 Rubus tiliaceus Sm.
 Rubus tiliaster H.E.Weber
 Rubus timballagravii P.J.Müll. ex Boulay
 Rubus tinifolius C.Y.Wu ex T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus tomentellus Ripart ex Genev.
 Rubus tonkinensis F.Bolle
 Rubus topitzii Halácsy ex Topitz
 Rubus × toyorensis Koidz.
 Rubus tozawae Nakai ex J.Y.Yang
 Rubus trachypus Boulay & Gillot
 Rubus transmontanus Samp. ex Cout.
 Rubus transvaliensis Gust.
 Rubus transvestitus Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus × tranzschelii Juz.
 Rubus trelleckensis Edees & A.Newton
 Rubus tresidderi Rilstone
 Rubus treutleri Hook.f.
 Rubus triangularis (Ley) Edees
 Rubus trichanthus A.Beek
 Rubus tricolor Focke ex Prain
 Rubus trifidus Thunb.
 Rubus trifoliatus Posp.
 Rubus trifoliolatus Suess.
 Rubus × trifrons Blanch.
 Rubus trigonus Kalkman
 Rubus trijugus Focke
 Rubus trilobus Ser.
 Rubus trinovantium A.L.Bull
 Rubus trivialis Michx.
 Rubus troiensis A.Newton
 Rubus troitzkyi Juz.
 Rubus × trux Ashe
 Rubus tsangii Merr.
 Rubus tsangiorum Hand.-Mazz.
 Rubus tubanticus A.Beek
 Rubus tumidus Gremli
 Rubus tumulorum Rilstone
 Rubus turkestanicus (Regel) Pavlov
 Rubus turneri W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus turritus Edees
 Rubus ubericus Matzke-Hajek
 Rubus uhdeanus Focke
 Rubus ulmifolius Schott
 Rubus uncinatus P.J.Müll.
 Rubus undabundus Juz.
 Rubus urbionicus Mon.-Huelin
 Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl.
 Rubus urticifolius Poir.
 Rubus utchinensis Koidz.
 Rubus utshansuensis Juz.
 Rubus vaccarum Nyár.
 Rubus vadalis A.Beek
 Rubus vagabundus Samp.
 Rubus vagensis A.Newton & M.Porter
 Rubus vallicola P.J.Müll.
 Rubus vallisparsus Sudre
 Rubus vaniloquus A.Schumach. ex H.E.Weber
 Rubus vanwinkelii A.Beek & Vannerom
 Rubus varvicensis Edees
 Rubus vastus (Sabr.) Hayek
 Rubus velox L.H.Bailey
 Rubus venetorum D.E.Allen
 Rubus venosus W.Maurer
 Rubus verae-crucis Rydb.
 Rubus vernus Focke
 Rubus verticalis Hormuz.
 Rubus vestitifolius Fritsch ex Halácsy
 Rubus vestitus Weihe
 Rubus vigoi Roselló, Peris & Stübing
 Rubus vigursii Rilstone
 Rubus vikensis A.Pedersen ex G.Wendt
 Rubus villarsianus Focke ex Gremli
 Rubus villicauliformis A.Newton
 Rubus villosior A.L.Bull
 Rubus vindobonensis Sabr. & Heinr.Braun
 Rubus vindomensis D.E.Allen
 Rubus viridescens (W.M.Rogers) T.A.W.Davis
 Rubus viscosus Weihe ex Lej. & Courtois
 Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schltdl.
 Rubus volkensii Engl.
 Rubus vratnensis Holub
 Rubus vulcanicola (Donn.Sm.) Rydb.
 Rubus waddellii D.E.Allen
 Rubus wahlbergii Arrh.
 Rubus wallichianus Wight & Arn.
 Rubus walsemannii H.E.Weber
 Rubus walteri H.E.Weber & H.Grossh.
 Rubus wangii F.P.Metcalf
 Rubus wardii Merr.
 Rubus warrenii Sudre
 Rubus watsonii W.H.Mills
 Rubus wawushanensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus weberbaueri Focke
 Rubus wedgwoodiae W.C.Barton & Ridd.
 Rubus weizensis W.Maurer
 Rubus wessbergii A.Pedersen & Walseman
 Rubus wilsonii Duthie ex J.H.Veitch
 Rubus wilsonii Duthie
 Rubus winteri (P.J.Müll. ex Focke) A.Först.
 Rubus wirralensis A.Newton
 Rubus × wisconsinensis L.H.Bailey
 Rubus wittigianus H.E.Weber
 Rubus wittingii Halácsy
 Rubus wolleydodii (Sudre) W.C.R.Watson
 Rubus wushanensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus wuzhianus L.T.Lu & Boufford
 Rubus xanthocarpus Bureau & Franch.
 Rubus xanthoneurus Focke
 Rubus xichouensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 Rubus xiphophorus H.E.Weber
 Rubus yanyunii Y.T.Chang & L.Y.Chen
 Rubus × yatabei Focke
 Rubus × yenosimanus Koidz.
 Rubus yingjiangensis Huan C.Wang
 Rubus yiwuanus W.P.Fang
 Rubus yoshinoi Koidz.
 Rubus yuliensis Y.C.Liu & F.Y.Lu
 Rubus yunanicus Kuntze
 Rubus zangezurus Mulk.
 Rubus zhaogoshanensis T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Rubeae

Kupina (biljni rod)


Blusen bzw. Blusn ist die Bezeichnung für einen Einzelhof bzw. ein Einzelhaus in der Gemeinde Prägraten am Großvenediger. Blusen wird zur Fraktion Sankt Andrä gezählt und wurde bis 1971 gemeinsam mit dem benachbarten Hof Losach als Streusiedlung Losach-Blusen ausgewiesen.

Geographie
Der Hof Blusen liegt an der rechten Talseite der Isel am gegenüberliegenden Ufer vom nördlich gelegenen Bichl bzw. Sankt Andrä. Östlich von Blusen liegt der ebenfalls zu Sankt Andrä zählen Losachhof und die Streusiedlung Gritzach, über die Blusen von Sankt Andrä aus per Fahrweg erreichbar ist.

Geschichte
Blusen wurde von der Statistik Austria lange Zeit nicht eigens genannt, sondern als Teil von Sankt Andrä miteingerechnet. Erst im Zuge der Volkszählung 1951 wurden die benachbarten Höfe als Streusiedlung Losach-Blusen bestehend aus zwei Häusern mit acht Einwohnern extra ausgewiesen. 1961 lebten in den beiden Höfen 17 Menschen, 1971 waren es acht. Als Einzelhaus taucht Blusen erstmals alleinestehend im Ortsverzeichnis 1981 der Statistik Austria auf. Zu dieser Zeit lebten jedoch nur noch zwei Menschen in Blusen. Seit 1991 werden Blusen und Losach zwar als eigenständige Einzelhöfe bzw. Einzelhäuser jedoch ohne Bevölkerungszahlen oder weitere Daten ausgewiesen.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Geographie (Prägraten am Großvenediger)
Ort im Bezirk Lienz

Blusen


O sismo de Constantinopla de 557 ocorreu na noite de 14 de dezembro. Este terremoto, descrito nas obras de Agátias, João Malalas e Teófanes, o Confessor, causou grandes danos à cidade, então capital do Império Bizantino em uma região frequentemente atingida por terremotos. Outros terremotos menores precederam o grande evento, incluindo dois em abril e outubro, respectivamente. O principal terremoto de dezembro foi de ferocidade sem igual, e "quase arrasou completamente" a cidade. Causou danos à Igreja de Santa Sofia que contribuiu para o colapso de sua cúpula no ano seguinte, bem como danificou as muralhas de Constantinopla na medida em que os invasores hunos foram capazes de penetrá-la com facilidade na temporada seguinte.

Características tectônicas
Constantinopla fica na costa norte do mar de Mármara, que é uma bacia separada relacionada a falhas ativas em uma série de segmentos da Falha Setentrional da Anatólia, o limite entre a Placa da Anatólia e a Placa Eurasiática. A zona de falha acomoda aproximadamente 24 milímetros por ano de deslocamento dextral (lateral direito) ao longo deste limite e tem sido responsável por muitos terremotos históricos destrutivos, como os de 1509 e 1766.

Eventos anteriores
Os terremotos foram relativamente frequentes durante o reinado de  . Um terremoto em novembro de 533 levou uma multidão a buscar refúgio no Fórum de Constantino, mas não houve vítimas. Pequenos terremotos também foram relatados em 540–541, 545, 547, 551 e 554–555. Houve dois precursores do grande terremoto de 557. Em 16 de abril, o primeiro terremoto do ano abalou a cidade, mas sem causar danos. Em 19 de outubro, ocorreu o segundo, também sem danos.

Evento
O terceiro e maior terremoto ocorreu em dezembro. De acordo com Agátias, Constantinopla foi "quase completamente arrasada". Ele o descreve como incomparável em magnitude e duração e observa que ocorreu durante as celebrações da Brumália (o Festival dos Nomes), pouco antes do solstício de inverno e da entrada do Sol no signo de Capricórnio. Também descreve como a cidade foi afetada por um inverno rigoroso antes do terremoto. Os tremores começaram por volta da meia-noite, quando a maioria dos moradores de Constantinopla estava dormindo. Os tremores acordaram os cidadãos e, à medida que os edifícios tremeram, "se ouviram gritos e lamentos". Os tremores sucessivos foram acompanhados por sons semelhantes a trovões vindos do solo. O ar supostamente "ficou turvo com as exalações vaporosas de uma névoa esfumaçada subindo de uma fonte desconhecida, e brilhando com um brilho opaco".

Os moradores em pânico começaram a evacuar suas casas, reunindo-se em ruas e becos. Agátias observou que a cidade tinha poucos "espaços abertos totalmente livres de obstruções", o que significava que os moradores não estavam a salvo de detritos caindo mesmo ao ar livre. Uma chuva de aguaneve encharcou os que estavam do lado de fora e todos "sofreram muito com o frio". Muitos buscaram refúgio nas igrejas da cidade. Agátias observa que a desordem reinava. Um grande número de mulheres, tanto as de baixo nascimento quanto as nobres, estavam nas ruas. Homens e mulheres "se misturavam livremente", um evento incomum em si. Poucos prestaram atenção ao posto e ao privilégio na corrida para evitar lesões. Os escravos, por exemplo, não prestavam atenção às ordens de seus senhores. O distrito de Régio, próximo ao porto de Constantinopla, sofreu a maior perda de casas. Muitos outros edifícios foram demolidos ou sofreram danos estruturais. Agátias observa que "um grande número de pessoas comuns" pereceu, enquanto Anatólio foi a única vítima entre os da elite. Ao amanhecer, o terremoto havia cessado. As pessoas cheias de alegria começaram a procurar os mais próximos e queridos, "beijando e abraçando e chorando de alegria e surpresa".

Rescaldo
A cúpula de Santa Sofia foi enfraquecida no terremoto e desmoronou completamente em maio de 558. As muralhas de Constantinopla foram severamente danificadas a ponto de, no início de 559, atacantes hunos conseguiram passar por áreas danificadas. Várias outras igrejas e edifícios foram danificados. Justiniano I iniciou um curto período de luto. Não usou sua coroa nos quarenta dias que se seguiram ao terremoto. O terremoto foi mais tarde comemorado por uma liturgia anual de súplicas. Agátias também afirmou que houve um efeito de curta duração na atitude da população: os ricos eram motivados à caridade, os céticos eram motivados a orar e os viciosos eram motivados à virtude, tudo em um aparente esforço de propiciação. Ele relata ainda que logo todos caíram em suas atitudes anteriores.

Bibliografia

557
Século VI no Império Bizantino
Sismos
Constantinopla

Sismo de Constantinopla de 557


Onthophagus pumilus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kabakov em 2014.

Referências

Ligações externas

pumilus
Coleópteros descritos em 2014

Onthophagus pumilus


Los piracríridos (Pyrgacrididae) son una familia de insectos ortópteros celíferos que contiene un solo género. Pyrgacris. Es endémica de las Mascareñas.

Especies
Según Orthoptera Species File (31 mars 2010):
Pyrgacris descampsi Kevan, 1976
Pyrgacris relictus Descamps, 1968

Referencias

Descamps, 1968 : Un Acridoide relique des Mascareignes (Orth. Acridoidea). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, vol. 73, 31-36.
Kevan, 1974 : The phallic musculature of Pyrgomorphidae with particular reference to Atractomorpha sinensis sinensis Bolivar, and notes on the family Tristiridae and the subfamily Pyrgacridinae nov. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Acrida, vol. 3, n. 4, 247-265.

Enlaces externos

 Pyrgacrididae en TolWeb

Familias de insectos
Acridoidea

Pyrgacrididae


Crecente, İspanya'nın güneybatısında bulunan Galiçya özerk bölgesinin Pontevedra eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2005 yılı sayımına göre nüfusu; 2.748 kişidir.

Pontevedra belediyeleri

Crecente


Une évacuation de fumées et de chaleur (EFC, ou RWA en allemand), aussi appelé exutoire de fumées, est un dispositif anti-incendie par désenfumage, visant à évacuer les fumées d'incendie et la chaleur afin :
 de limiter la propagation du feu.
 d'améliorer la visibilité dans certains endroits du bâtiment, notamment pour l'évacuation des personnes.

Voir aussi
 Prévention incendie
 Désenfumage

Références

Équipement anti-incendie

Évacuation de fumées et de chaleur


Wismar Bugt (tysk: Wismarer Bucht eller Wismarbucht) er en havbugt i den sydlige del af Østersøen, beliggende nord for den tyske havneby Wismar og syd for øen Poel. Bugtens beskyttede beliggenhed gør den til en naturlig havn.

Wismar Bugt udgør en vig i den større Mecklenburg Bugt.

Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns geografi
Bugter

Wismar Bugt


Let The Love Go On er det andet studiealbum fra den danske eurodanceduo Me & My. Det blev udgivet i 1999.

Singlen "Let The Love Go On" nåede #11 på Tjeklisten. Sangen "So Many Men" brugt i computerspillet Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix, der udkom i 1999.

Spor
 I'm On My Way
 Loving You
 I'm Going Down
 You Left Me
 Let The Love Go On
 Take Me Back
 Every Single Day
 So Many Men
 That's The Way Life Is
 You Do That Thing

Japansk version

 I'm On My Way
 So Many Men
 Loving You
 That's The Way Life Is
 Take Me Back
 You Left Me
 Let The Love Go On
 I'm Going Down
 Every Single Day
 You Do That Thing
 Loving You (US Radio Mix) [Japan Bonus Track]

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Let The Love Go On på Discogs

Album fra 1999
Album fra Danmark

Let the Love Go On


Das Reclams Krimi-Lexikon ist ein einbändiges Lexikon des Verlags Philipp Reclam jun. in Stuttgart zu Kriminalromanen und deren Autoren, das in seiner Ursprungsform als Reclams Kriminalromanführer 1978 von Armin Arnold und Josef Schmidt begründet wurde, und in der vorliegenden Form von Klaus-Peter Walter 2002 herausgegeben wurde.

Konzeption und Inhalt
Dabei setzt das Lexikon dort an, wo der Vorgänger 1978 aufhörte und verzichtet somit auf jene Darstellungen, die inzwischen in großen Teilen als Allgemeinwissen vorausgesetzt werden kann. Daher entfällt eine detaillierte Skizzierung der Vor- und Frühgeschichte des Kriminalromans, wie zum Beispiel Heinrich von Kleists Michael Kohlhaas oder Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewskis Schuld und Sühne, beinhaltet aber weiterhin grundlegende Klassiker wie Edgar Allan Poes Auguste-Dupin-Erzählungen, sprich Die Morde in der Rue Morgue (Murder in the Rue Morgue, 1841), Das Geheimnis der Marie Rogêt (The Mystery of Marie Rogêt, 1842/43) und Der entwendete Brief (The Purloined Letter, 1845).

Auf sogenannte Vielschreiber, denen allenfalls noch eine historische Bedeutung zukommt, wie Balduin Groller oder Luise Westkirch verzichtete der Herausgeber ebenfalls. Neben Poe berücksichtigte man auch die anderen Genreklassiker des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts wie Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie, John Buchan, Patricia Highsmith, John le Carré, Maj Sjöwall und Per Wahlöö, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Friedrich Glauser und Israel Zangwill. Dabei fällt auf, dass man sich dabei von der deutschsprachigen Rezeption leiten und fremdsprachige Klassiker, deren Werk nur in Teilen ins Deutsche übersetzt wurden, wie Ernest Bramah, der als Zeitgenosse Doyles stellenweise sogar noch populärer und erfolgreicher war, unberücksichtigt ließ. Noch nachvollziehbarer ist der Verzicht auf literarische Werke aus Verlagen mit Druckkostenzuschuss, Heftchen- und Leihbuchserien sowie Novelisationen, sprich sogenannten Filmbüchern, und fast ausnahmslos Kinderkrimis.

Als Intention des Lexikons formulierte es Walter folgendermaßen: "Reclams Krimi-Lexikon will helfen, eine Bresche zu schlagen in einen Literaturdschungel, den der Einzelne kaum mehr zu überblicken vermag, und Informationen vermitteln über die zeitgenössische Kriminalliteratur nicht nur der klassischen Krimiländer oder -gebiete wie Commonwealth und USA, sondern auch neuer wie Lateinamerika, wie Israel, der Türkei, Albanien und Afrika mit z. T. ganz eigentümlichen Erscheinungsformen. Der Krimi wird verstanden als eine Welt-Literatur in dem Sinn, dass die ganze Welt Anteil an ihr hat. Wegen der engen Symbiose von Literatur mit Kino bzw. Fernsehen wurde verfilmte Literatur besonders berücksichtigt."

Das Werk enthält mehr als 450 Werkartikel von 401 Autoren, in der Regel mit einleitenden Kommentaren, die die jeweilige Einordnung in das Gesamtwerk des Schriftstellers oder des Genres vornehmen. Auch wenn die biographischen Erläuterungen recht eingeschränkt werden, gibt es bei manchen herausragenden Autoren grundlegendere Darstellungen oder gar Wertungen. Bei manchen Serien wie Veit Heinichen in Triest ermittelnden Commissario Proteo Laurentii oder Georges Simenon Maigret muss ein Band als Beispiel dienen, bei Heinichen ist es Gib jedem seinen eigenen Tod (2001) und bei dem belgischen Kriminalklassiker Maigret und der Treidler der "Providence" (1931), wobei eine regelrechte Auswahl für oder gegen manchen Klassiker nicht gegeben wird. Bei mehrbändigen Reihen konstruierte man die Unterscheidung zwischen geschlossenen Werkfolgen, die man als Trilogien behandelte, oder gar Dekalogien, und Serien, wobei man nicht erklärte, warum man etwa alle Kommissar-Beck-Romane aufführte und nur einen einzigen Kommissar-Maigret-Roman. Neben Literaturhinweisen wird der Band durch ein Personen- und Werksregister erschlossen.

Dokumentation des Wandels in der Kriminalliteratur
Im Vorwort betont Walter vor allen Dingen den Wandel im Genre, der sich seit 1978 unübersehbar vollzogen habe: während damals der Kriminalroman noch deutlich von Publikationen aus dem angloamerikanischen Raum, die ihrerseits ihre aus dem 19. Jahrhundert stammenden Ursprünge kaum verleugnen konnten, beherrscht wurde, kommen heute aus allen Ländern interessante Kriminalromane und inzwischen herrscht geradezu im deutschsprachigen Raum ein Übergewicht an Übersetzungen aus dem skandinavischen Raum vor. Untergruppierungen wie den Frauenkrimi, Regionalkrimi, Gebrestenkrimi oder gar Tierkrimi (Katzen, Schafe, Insekten) waren noch überhaupt nicht entwickelt und auch die technologische Entwicklung beeinflusste die Themenwahl ihrer Autoren.

Gestaltung
Vorangestellt hat man dem Vorwort ein Zitat Raymond Chandlers: "Man zeige mir einen Mann oder eine Frau, die Kriminalromane nicht ausstehen können, dann will ich ihnen einen Narren zeigen; einen klugen Narren vielleicht - aber nichtsdestoweniger einen Narren." Gewidmet ist der Lexikonband dem Andenken an Gernot Völker (1930–2002). Die Einbandgestaltung verwendete ein Szenenfoto mit Alain Delon aus dem französischen Spielfilm Le Samourai (Der eiskalte Engel) aus dem Jahr 1967.

Ausgaben
 Klaus-Peter Walter (Hrsg.): Reclams Krimi-Lexikon. Autoren und Werke. Philipp Reclam Jun., Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-150-10509-9, 485 S.

Rezension
Lutz Krützfeldt merkte für die Neue Zürcher Zeitung zwar an, dass er auf Reclams Krimi-Lexikon nicht verzichten könne, da es auf die Titel und ihre Urheber eingeht und den nichtenglischen Sprachraum stärker berücksichtigt. Im Übrigen verteilte er viel Kritik gegenüber diesem Werk, das bezeichnenderweise schwerpunktmäßig Kriminalromane nach den 1970er Jahren vorstellt. So empfand er die Gattungsdefinition als zu diffus, da sie generell alle Literatur umfasst, in deren Zentrum ein Verbrechen steht, womit sie zwangsläufig auch alle Thriller umfasst, merkwürdigerweise in Widerspruch zu sich selbst die Gerichtsthriller außen vor lässt. Krützfeldt sah dies als mangelhaften Sinn für die literarische Form an. Somit suchte er vergebens nach den ästhetischen Kriterien des Herausgebers, der im Vorwort lediglich den "originellen Einfall" des Themas für die Auswahl der Werke benannte. Der Schweizer Rezensent konnte somit kaum nachvollziehen, welchen Ausschlusskriterium manche Werke zum Opfer gefallen waren. Außerdem wären die Werkartikel in der Regel einfache und stark verkürzte Inhaltsangaben, die dem Betrachter kaum etwas über Bedeutung und Ästhetik des Krimis verraten würden.

Sabine teHeesen lobte zwar das Werk, gab aber gleichzeitig gewissermaßen Spoiler-Alarm: "Die Handlung wird häufig komplett wiedergegeben und auch der Täter meistens enttarnt! Auf der Suche nach neuem Lesefutter sollte man also mit der nötigen Umsicht vorgehen oder über ein schlechtes Gedächtnis verfügen."

Einzelnachweise

Lexikon oder Enzyklopädie (Literatur)
Kriminalliteratur
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literaturgeschichte
Reclam-Verlag

Reclams Krimi-Lexikon


Yerleşim yerleri
 Akbelen, Tokat, Tokat ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Akbelen, Kavak, Samsun ili Kavak ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akbelen, Saraydüzü, Sinop ili Saraydüzü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Akbelen, Toroslar, Mersin ili Toroslar ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Doğal alanlar

 Akbelen Ormanı, Muğla'da yer alan bir orman

Akbelen


William Smith Clark (July 31, 1826 – March 9, 1886) was an American professor of chemistry, botany, and zoology; a colonel during the American Civil War; and a leader in agricultural education. Raised and schooled in Easthampton, Massachusetts, Clark spent most of his adult life in Amherst, Massachusetts.  He graduated from Amherst College in 1848 and obtained a doctorate in chemistry from Georgia Augusta University in Göttingen in 1852.  He then served as professor of chemistry at Amherst College from 1852 to 1867.  During the Civil War, he was granted leave from Amherst to serve with the 21st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, eventually achieving the rank of colonel and the command of that unit.

In 1867, Clark became the third president of the Massachusetts Agricultural College (MAC), now the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He was the first to appoint a faculty and admit a class of students. Although initially successful, MAC was criticized by politicians and newspaper editors who felt it was a waste of funding in a state that was growing increasingly industrial. Farmers of western Massachusetts were slow to support the college. Despite these obstacles, Clark's success in organizing an innovative academic institution earned him international attention.

Japanese officials, striving to achieve rapid modernization of that country in the wake of the Meiji Restoration, were especially intrigued by Clark's work. In 1876, the Japanese government hired Clark as a foreign advisor to establish the Sapporo Agricultural College (SAC), now Hokkaido University.  During his eight months in Sapporo, Clark successfully organized SAC, had a significant impact on the scientific and economic development of the island of Hokkaido, and made a lasting imprint on Japanese culture.  Clark's visage overlooks Sapporo from several statues and his parting words to his Japanese students, "Boys, be ambitious!" (「少年よ大志を抱け Shōnen yo, taishi o idake」) have become a nationally known motto in Japan.

After resigning the presidency of MAC in 1879, Clark left academia to become the president of a mining company, Clark & Bothwell. The company, in operation from 1881 to 1882, purchased several silver mines, mostly in Utah and California. Clark's partner, John R. Bothwell, proved to be corrupt and the company quickly folded, destroying Clark's reputation, his own finances and the fortunes of many of his friends and family. The subsequent scandal ruined Clark's health. He died of heart disease at his home in Amherst in 1886.

Education and early career
Born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, on July 31, 1826, William Smith Clark was the son of a country physician, Atherton Clark, and Harriet Smith Clark.  In about 1834, his family moved to Easthampton, Massachusetts.  Clark was educated at Williston Seminary (now the Williston Northampton School) in Easthampton, and entered Amherst College in 1844. He earned membership in the prestigious Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society and graduated in the class of 1848. Clark then taught chemistry at Williston Seminary from 1848 to 1850.  In 1851, he departed to study chemistry and botany at Georgia Augusta University in Germany, now known as the University of Göttingen, where he earned his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1852.

Later that year, Clark returned to Amherst and accepted a professorship in analytical and applied chemistry at Amherst College. He held that position until 1867.  He also served as professor of zoology from 1852 to 1858, and of botany from 1854 to 1858.  Shortly after his appointment, Clark began to promote agricultural education, a subject which had attracted his attention during his time in Göttingen.  Beginning in 1853, he headed a new Division of Science for the theoretical and practical study of agriculture. The program was not successful, however, and was discontinued in 1857 due to poor enrollment. It became clear to Clark that a new type of institution would be necessary if agricultural education were to be taught effectively. He was a member of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture from 1859 to 1861 and was the president of the Hampshire Board of Agriculture from 1860 to 1861, and later from 1871 to 1872. He used his position in these organizations to seek support for an agricultural college in Massachusetts.

Family

A few months after returning home from Germany, on May 25, 1853, Clark married Harriet Keopuolani Richards Williston.  Harriet Williston was the daughter of Clarissa and William Richards, American missionaries to the Kingdom of Hawaii.  In 1838, Harriet and her brother Lyman were sent from Hawaii to be taken in by industrialist Samuel Williston so that they could be schooled at Williston Seminary in Easthampton.  William Richards died in 1847 in Hawaii. His wife, Clarissa, survived him, however she remained in Hawaii for some time after her husband's death and it was agreed that Williston should adopt both Harriet and Lyman Richards.  Clark's adoptive father-in-law, Samuel Williston, would prove to be an important sponsor to his career.  Williston was Amherst College's primary benefactor, and a highly influential figure in western Massachusetts.

William and Harriet Clark had 11 children, only 7 of whom survived to adulthood.  Their eldest child and daughter, Emily Williston Clark, married F.W. Stearns, the son of prominent trader and department store owner R.H. Stearns.  One of their sons, Hubert Lyman Clark, became a prominent zoologist.

Civil War
Clark's academic career was interrupted by the Civil War.  An enthusiastic supporter of the Union cause in the war, Clark took part in student military drill instruction at Amherst College and successfully recruited a number of students.  In August 1861, he received a commission of major in the 21st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.  He served with the 21st Massachusetts for nearly two years, eventually commanding that regiment as lieutenant colonel in 1862, and colonel from 1862 to 1863.

During its first months of service, the 21st Massachusetts was assigned garrison duty at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland.  In January 1862, the regiment was attached to the Coast Division commanded by Major General Ambrose Burnside and embarked with the division for operations in North Carolina.  Clark was placed in command of the regiment in February 1862 and led it in the Battle of New Bern on March 14, 1862.  In that action, Clark garnered a reputation for bravery when the regiment charged a Confederate battery and he straddled an enemy cannon, urging his regiment forward.  The gun was the first artillery piece captured by the Union Army during that engagement.  It was presented by General Burnside to Amherst College in honor of Lieutenant Frazar Stearns, son of the president of Amherst College and adjutant of the 21st Massachusetts, who was killed in the battle. The cannon was mounted inside Morgan Hall at Amherst College.

After the 21st Massachusetts was transferred to Northern Virginia in July 1862, the regiment eventually became part of the Army of the Potomac and took part in several of the largest battles of the war including Second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg.  The regiment suffered its worst casualties during the Battle of Chantilly on September 1, 1862.  In the confusion of the battle, fought in thick woods during a thunderstorm, Clark became separated from his regiment and wandered the Virginia countryside for four days before finding the army again.  While he was missing, he was incorrectly listed as killed in action and an Amherst newspaper printed his obituary under the headline, "Another Hero Gone."

Clark's enthusiasm for the war waned considerably after the Battle of Fredericksburg during which the Union Army suffered severe casualties in repeated charges against a heavily fortified stone wall.  In a January 1863 letter to a friend, Clark wrote that, although he still felt "the principles for which we fight are right and honorable," he was "disheartened and dissatisfied" with the government and the army.  By April 1863, the numbers of the 21st Massachusetts had been so thinned by what Clark called the "cruel fate of war," that the regiment had virtually ceased to exist and Clark's command was only nominal.  He therefore resigned his commission and returned to Massachusetts.

Massachusetts Agricultural College
The movement for an agricultural college in Massachusetts had begun as early as the 1830s, long before Clark became involved.  The leaders of the movement included men such as Marshall Wilder, a prosperous Boston merchant and president of the Norfolk Agricultural Society, and Judge Henry Flagg French, who would become the first president of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.  Their efforts met with little progress until the passage of the Morrill Land Grant Act in 1862.  Sponsored by U.S. Representative Justin Smith Morrill, the act allotted federal land in the West to each state.  The proceeds from the sale of this land were to support the establishment of colleges "related to agriculture and the mechanic arts."  Massachusetts voted to take advantage of this federal program and established the Massachusetts Agricultural College in April 1863.

Proponents of agricultural education, including Clark, felt that scientific advances were bypassing farmers as a class.  Clark lamented that farmers in Massachusetts had little access to higher education and that, consequently, the profession was degenerating economically and intellectually.  As Clark wrote,

In the good time coming, the refining, elevating, and strengthening influences of high intellectual and aesthetic culture will be considered as desirable in the agricultural profession as they are in medicine, law or theology ... If practical farmers are to remain ignorant of all the higher branches of learning, and to have only the mental discipline and culture of the country public schools, they can never occupy their proper position in society.

The farmer's "proper position in society" was in particular jeopardy in New England, according to leaders of the agricultural education movement.  Increasing industrialization caused the population of mill towns to grow exponentially in the mid-19th century at the expense of rural towns, many of which were left all but abandoned, especially in western Massachusetts.  Adding to the crisis was the phenomenon of westward movement and the lure of cheap land in the Midwest. The agricultural education movement in Massachusetts, in reaction to this crisis, had highly moralistic tones.  Clark criticized those who left New England, writing, "Will a wise man exchange the beautiful and diversified scenery of New England ... Will he forsake the school and churches and the social privileges of prosperous communities for the semi-barbarous condition of newly and sparsely settled districts?"  Further, Clark warned that if the decay of rural Massachusetts continued, farming would soon be considered, "degrading in its nature, and designed ... only for those poor, stupid, ignorant, or unfortunate persons."

Clark resigned his commission in the army one month after the MAC was voted into existence by the Massachusetts Legislature. When he returned to Amherst, he quickly sought involvement in the new institution and worked energetically to convince state authorities to locate the college in Amherst.  Rival sites under consideration included Springfield, Lexington, and property owned by Harvard University in Roxbury.  Elected to the Massachusetts Legislature in 1864, Clark secured a bond for the Town of Amherst enabling it to contribute $50,000 to the construction of the college buildings.  This ultimately swayed the trustees to choose Amherst.

MAC went through two presidents in its first four years and by 1867 still did not have a faculty, nor students, nor finished buildings.  Clark became president of the college in 1867 and immediately appointed a faculty and completed a plan for building construction.  Clark's decisive management enabled the college to admit its first class of 49 students. In addition to being president, he was professor of botany and horticulture.

Although initially regarded as a great success, the college saw poor enrollment over the course of the 1870s.  Clark was particularly disappointed with the lack of support from the farming community, writing, "To one who understands fully the greatness of the work which has been done in Amherst … the utter indifference in regard to the college manifested by most of the 75,000 farmers of Massachusetts is truly astounding."

By the end of his presidency of MAC, Clark was falling under increasing criticism from the press and politicians in Boston.  MAC, mounting an increasing debt, was declared a failure by some.  Infuriated by what he called, "time-serving politicians and unprincipled newspapers seeking only to float on the tide of public opinion," Clark resigned in 1879.

Clark was one of the commission of three, appointed by Massachusetts governor John Albion Andrew in 1863, to consider the expediency of establishing a state military academy. He was a presidential elector in 1864, and a representative to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1864–1865 and 1867. He was a member of a number of scientific societies. In 1868, Clark was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Japan

In 1876, Clark was invited by the government of Japan to establish the Sapporo Agricultural College, now Hokkaido University. Following the Meiji Restoration in 1867, the new Imperial government of Japan set out upon a path of rapid modernization and recruited many European and American academics and military experts to help expedite the process.  These men were referred to by the Japanese government as oyatoi gaikokujin or "hired foreigners".

Seeking a model agricultural college, Mori Arinori, the Japanese Minister to the United States, asked Horace Capron, Commissioner of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, for a recommendation. Capron recommended MAC. After visiting the college, Minister Mori later recommended Clark to the Japanese government as the ideal candidate to establish SAC.

Clark signed his contract with the Japanese government on March 3, 1876, in Washington, DC. Due to inconsistencies in translation, discrepancies exist to this day as to what Clark's official title was. According to biographer John Maki, the Japanese and English versions of Clark's contract differed on this point. The Japanese version named Clark, "head teacher (namely, assistant director)." Because of this, in Japan, Clark has been referred to as "assistant director" or sometimes "vice-president" of SAC. However, in the English version of the contract, "the word 'President' was inserted into the text and initialed by Yoshida Kiyonari (the Japanese Minister to the United States at the time)." Regardless of title, Clark enjoyed the complete support of the Japanese government in organizing SAC and he exerted principal authority over the college while he was in Japan.

Clark spent eight months in Sapporo from 1876 to 1877. After enduring negative press in Massachusetts, he was pleased with the enthusiastic cooperation he received from the Japanese government. SAC was organized in just one month. Clark wrote to his wife, "I am actually rebuilding MAC ... on the other side of the earth." In establishing SAC, Clark introduced the first American model farm and barn in Japan and the first college military unit in the country. He also introduced new crops and new techniques in agriculture, fishing, and animal husbandry.

Clark's direct superior while working at SAC was the Governor of Hokkaido (and future Prime Minister of Japan) Kuroda Kiyotaka. The two men greatly respected one another and shared a bond in that they both had past military experience. Their positive relationship facilitated Clark's many accomplishments while in Sapporo and accounted for the wide latitude Clark was given in implementing not just SAC programs, but also his influence on the colonial development of Hokkaido.

Hokkaido represented the Japanese frontier at that time and with so much work to be done in colonizing the island, Kuroda welcomed and frequently implemented Clark's advice. Clark submitted recommendations to the governor on such diverse subjects as converting migratory fisherman into permanent colonists and establishing a textiles industry. In fact, Clark himself was taken aback by the apparent scope of his influence on colonial affairs, writing to his wife, "Governor Kuroda consults me constantly and always follows my advice." He later wrote, "I tremble to think how much confidence is reposed in me and what responsibilities I am daily assuming."

Clark not only had a significant impact on colonial development, but also had a powerful personal effect on the first students of SAC. The same rhetoric of ambition and personal elevation he had employed at MAC resonated more deeply with his Japanese students and, further, with a Japanese nation just emerging from a rigid feudal caste system. During classroom lectures, informal evening talks, and outings to collect botanical specimens, Clark discussed morality and urged his students to, "Be gentlemen."

Although the Japanese government prohibited the teaching of the Bible in government schools, Clark managed, after considerable effort, to secure approval from Kuroda to make use of the Bible during ethics instruction. In doing so, Clark introduced (Protestant) Christian principles to the first entering class of the college. They, in turn, influenced the students in the second class who enrolled after Clark's departure. In 1877, 31 students of SAC converted to Christianity, signing a document drafted by Clark titled, "The Covenant of Believers in Jesus." Some of them later played important roles in the fields of Christianity, education, and international relations during Japan's continuing modernization in the early 20th century. Alumni such as Uchimura Kanzō (founder of the non-church movement, a Japanese Christian society) and Nitobe Inazō (Quaker, educator and diplomat), still known nationwide in Japan, were from the second entering class of the College.

During his stay in Hokkaido, Clark examined the local flora and introduced new species of plants and trees from Japan to the United States. He sent to Massachusetts a large assortment of seeds, many of which proved of special value to his own state, on account of the high latitude from which they were selected. In Teine-ku, Sapporo, he discovered a new lichen on the side of Mt. Teine, at an elevation of , which was named Cetraria clarkii, in his honor, by Edward Tuckerman.

On the day of Clark's departure, April 16, 1877, students and faculty of SAC rode with him as far as the village of Shimamatsu, then  outside of Sapporo. As recalled by one of the students, Masatake Oshima, after saying his farewells, Clark shouted, "Boys, be ambitious!" Several differing versions of Clark's parting words persist today including, "Boys, be ambitious, like this old man!" and, "Boys, be ambitious for Christ!"  A painting of Clark's departure, rendered in 1971, hangs in the Prefectural Capitol building in Sapporo and includes a lengthier version of his parting words, "Boys, be ambitious! Be ambitious not for money or for selfish aggrandizement, not for that evanescent thing which men call fame. Be ambitious for that attainment of all that a man ought to be."

Later career
After his retirement from MAC, Clark became interested in a scientific floating college proposed by entrepreneur and real estate developer James O. Woodruff. This innovative concept attracted national attention and planning moved swiftly.  Funds were procured and Clark was named President of the Faculty.  Before the enterprise could get underway, Woodruff's sudden death caused the abandonment of the scheme.

Following this setback, Clark decided to depart from academia and teamed up with John R. Bothwell in 1880 to form the Clark & Bothwell mining company.  For Clark, mining was a logical extension of his background in chemistry and geology.  Exactly how Clark became associated with Bothwell, a man of questionable character who had been cashiered from the U.S. Army for fraud, is unknown.  As an academic, Clark was ill-prepared for a financial career.  This, coupled with Bothwell's disreputable history, would result in a short life for the firm.

The firm of Clark & Bothwell opened for business on March 10, 1881, with offices at the corner of Nassau and Wall Street in New York City.  The first mine in which the company became invested was the Starr-Grove silver mine, just south of present-day Battle Mountain, Nevada.  By the end of 1881 the company, with Clark as President, was involved in seven silver mines, predominantly in Utah and California.  Although focused on the American West, the company had far-reaching interests spreading from Mexico to Nova Scotia.  The Satemo Mining Company of Tangier, Nova Scotia (named by Clark after a Japanese word which, according to his translation, meant "all right") became a subsidiary of Clark & Bothwell in the summer of 1881.  The company was among the first involved in the Nova Scotia gold rush of that period.

In managing these mines, Clark took an active role as President.  He traveled thousands of miles, recommending improvements to mills and machinery and overseeing the improvements.  Meeting initial success, the company's worth soon amounted to millions of dollars.  The good fortune extended throughout the town of Amherst where, according to biographer John Maki, there was a "craze in mining stocks" as Clark's friends, family, and former academic colleagues became heavily invested in the company.  There were also substantial investors in New York, Boston, Philadelphia and other cities.

The first sign of serious trouble for the company came in March 1882 when the Starr-Grove mine shut down due to lack of profit and increasing debt.  The stock values of Clark & Bothwell's various mines immediately plunged and were soon unsaleable.  The first of what was to be several lawsuits for investment money lost was brought in April 1882.  The most damaging development came when one of the subsidiaries, the Stormont Mining Company, sued Clark & Bothwell for funds withheld from Stormont.  It soon became apparent that Bothwell, as Treasurer, had mismanaged affairs at the company's New York office resulting in the firm's collapse.  By May 1882, Bothwell was en route to San Francisco and was never heard from again.  The scandal was national news and the resulting lawsuits played out in New York and New England newspapers.

Although Clark maintained that he had been "taken in" by Bothwell, his reputation in Amherst was nonetheless destroyed.  The stresses of the scandal ruined Clark's health, and for the last four years of his life, Clark was largely confined to his home in Amherst due to heart disease. He died in Amherst on March 9, 1886, and is buried in Amherst's West Cemetery.

Legacy
Although he is almost forgotten in his home state of Massachusetts, Clark remains a national figure in Japan. His influences on the agricultural and economic development of Hokkaido were significant, but it is primarily his cultural message that still resonates today. According to historian Fumiko Fujita, Clark's phrase, "Boys, be ambitious!" is "almost immortal in Japan." The Japanese National Tourism Organization describes the slogan as "famous" and often quoted throughout the country. Historian John Maki wrote that many Japanese school textbooks "have carried brief accounts of [Clark's] work and his slogan", and that Clark's name appears on "schools, buildings, shops, confections and countless tourist souvenirs."

Clark's missionary activities produced the Sapporo Independent Christian Church in 1882, founded by students of SAC. It was one of the first cells of Christianity in Japan after the Meiji Restoration. Eventually, ten of the signers of Clark's "Covenant in the Believers of Jesus," raised funds to build the William S. Clark Memorial Church in Sapporo in 1922. The church was demolished in 1962, but rebuilt in another location and still houses the original "Covenant" as well as several Bibles Clark brought to Sapporo.

In the United States, Clark's primary legacy is one of ongoing cooperation between the two colleges he founded, now the University of Massachusetts Amherst and the Hokkaido University. Student and faculty exchanges were informal for many years until, according to journalist Daniel Fitzgibbons, the early 1960s when "the U.S. State Department contracted with the University to help strengthen the agricultural curriculum at Hokkaido. Through that program, 11 UMass faculty went to Sapporo and 52 Japanese faculty and students received advanced training in Amherst." Both universities maintain exchange programs through various academic departments.

In 1969, Professor John H. Foster of the Center for International Agricultural Studies designated the collaboration between the institutions as "the oldest technical assistance relationship between a U.S. university and a foreign university." In recognition of this fact, and of Clark's role in establishing the two colleges, the University of Massachusetts Amherst and the University of Hokkaido became sister universities in 1976. On February 7, 1990, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the prefecture of Hokkaido became sister states.

One of the first public works of art in honor of Clark's legacy was a bust placed on the campus of the Hokkaido University in 1926 commemorating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of SAC. The original bust was melted down during World War II, but reconstructed in 1947. To mark the 100th anniversary of Clark's arrival in Sapporo, the statue of Clark at Hitsujigaoka observation hill was built in 1976. Etched on the base of the statue are Clark's famous words, "Boys, Be Ambitious." The site is a popular tourist destination. Finally, on the campus of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, the William Smith Clark Memorial, a  stone and sculptural garden, was dedicated on October 17, 1991. It is located on the former site of Clark's house at the peak of Clark Hill. The memorial was designed by landscape architect Todd A. Richardson.

Buildings named after Clark include Clark Hall at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, originally constructed in 1905 to house the Department of Botany, and the Clark Memorial Student Center, built on the campus of the Hokkaido University in 1960, the first and largest western-style collegiate student center in Japan.

Works
Contributions to Liebig's Annalen:

 "Ueber Chlormagnesium-Ammoniak" (1851)
 "Analyse des Steinmarks aus dem Sächsischen Topasfels" (1851)
 "Analysen von Meteoreisen" (1852)

Papers contributed to the annual reports of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture:

 "Report on Horses" (1859–60)
 "Professional Education the Present Want of Agriculture" (1868)
 "The Work and the Wants of the Agricultural College" (1868)
 "The Cultivation of the Cereals" (1868)
 "Nature's Mode of Distributing Plants" (1870)
 "The Relations of Botany to Agriculture" (1872)
 "The Circulation of Sap in Plants" (1873)
 "Observations on the Phenomena of Plant-Life" (1874)
 "Agriculture in Japan" (1878)

In 1869 he translated Scheerer's Blow-pipe Manual for use at MAC.

See also
Nitobe Inazō Author of Bushido
Uchimura Kanzō  the founder of the Nonchurch Movement

Notes

References

External links

William Smith Clark Papers
Encyclopædia Britannica

1826 births
1864 United States presidential electors
1886 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Amherst College alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Foreign educators in Japan
Hokkaido University
Leaders of the University of Massachusetts Amherst
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Amherst, Massachusetts
People from Ashfield, Massachusetts
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Union Army colonels
University of Göttingen alumni
Williston Northampton School alumni
Writers from Massachusetts

William S. Clark


منطقة المخرم منطقة سورية إدارية تتبع محافظة حمص ومركزها مدينة المخرم، بلغ تعداد سكان المنطقة 52,068 نسمة حسب التعداد السكاني لعام 2004.

نواحي منطقة المخرم
 ناحية مركز المخرم
 ناحية جب الجراح

المراجع

مخرم

منطقة المخرم


Rope Trips foi a primeira equipe brasileira de Esporte de aventura voltada ao Rope Jumping. Responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de mais de 30 saltos de Rope Jumping em 8 estados brasileiros, incluindo 3 recordes latino americanos e 3 recordes mundiais (não oficiais), além dos saltos mais altos do Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo (estado), Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul e Goiás.

História
A Rope Trips começou em 2015, idealizada pelo atleta Marco Jota, com o intuito de evoluir o esporte no Brasil e divulgá-lo o máximo possível. Até então o maior salto de Rope Jumping do Brasil era realizado há 50 metros de altura com 20 de queda total, em Mairinque - SP.

Em 2016 realizaram o primeiro salto do Brasil em Prédios, em São Bernardo do Campo - SP, o primeiro salto do Brasil em cachoeiras, em Nova Ponte - MG, o primeiro salto do Brasil em Cânion, em Capitólio (Minas Gerais) e participaram do recorde mundial de pessoas saltando junto em Hortolândia - SP, saltando simultaneamente em 149 pessoas.

Em 2017 quebraram o recorde latino americano de queda livre em Rope Jumping, saltando há 108 metros de altura com mais de 80 metros de queda livre, na pedreira do Dib em Mairiporã - SP. No mesmo ano quebraram o recorde novamente, na cachoeira salto São Francisco, em Guarapuava - PR, saltando há 196 metros de altura, com uma Queda livre de 140 metros e participaram da nova quebra do recorde mundial de pessoas saltando junto, em Hortolândia - SP, saltando em 245 pessoas simultaneamente

Em 2018 quebraram o próprio recorde Latino Americano, na Cachoeira do Tabuleiro, em Conceição do Mato Dentro - MG, saltando há 273 metros de altura com 220 metros de Queda livre

Em 2019 realizaram o Maior Rope Jumping em cachoeiras do Mundo, na Cachoeira do Tabuleiro, saltando há 292 metros de altura com 270 metros de Queda livre. No mesmo ano desenvolveram o Maior Rope Jumping do Rio Grande do Sul, na Cascata do Caracol, em Canela (Rio Grande do Sul), saltando há 130 metros de altura com 101 de Queda livre.

Em 2020 desenvolveram o maior Rope Jumping de Goiás na cidade Baliza (Goiás), saltando há 96 metros de altura na cachoeira Salto Paraguassu.

Em 2022 desenvolveram o maior rope jumping do Mato Grosso do Sul, saltando há 75 metros de altura na cachoeira do rio do peixe, em Rio Negro - MS.

Em 2023 desenvolveram o maior Rope Jumping do Rio de Janeiro, saltando há 425 metros de altura da garganta do céu, na Pedra da Gávea.

Recordes
Como o Rope Jumping não tem recordes homologados, os recordes descritos são não oficiais, mas reconhecidos mundialmente.

01 - Recorde Mundial Maior Rope Jump em Cachoeira (Novembro 2019, 292 Metros com 270 de Queda Livre)

02 - Recorde Mundial Maior Número de Pessoas Saltando Juntas (Participação, Outubro 2017, 196 Pessoas)

03 - Recorde Mundial Maior Número de Pessoas Saltando Juntas (Participação, Maio 2018, 245 Pessoas)

04 - Recorde Latino Americano de Maior Rope Jump (Agosto 2017, 108 Metros com 80 de Queda Livre)

05 - Recorde Latino Americano de Maior Rope Jump (Novembro 2017, 196 Metros com 140 de Queda Livre)

06 - Recorde Latino Americano de Maior Rope Jump (Março 2018, 273 Metros com 250 de Queda Livre)

Referências

Desportos radicais do Brasil

Rope Trips Aventuras Radicais


O Equador está programado para competir nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023 em Santiago, no Chile, de 20 de outubro a 5 de novembro de 2023. Será a 19.ª aparição do Equador nos Jogos Pan-Americanos, tendo participado de todas as edições desde a estreia dos Jogos, em 1951.

Atletas
Abaixo está a lista do número de atletas (por gênero) participando dos jogos por esporte/disciplina.

Boliche

O Equador qualificou uma equipe de dois homens através dos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 2022, realizados em Assunção, Paraguai.

Boxe

O Equador qualificou quatro boxeadores (quatro homens) após atingir a final dos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 2022.

Masculino

Canoagem

Velocidade
O Equador qualificou uma canoísta feminina na velocidade.

Feminino

Caratê

O Equador qualificou uma equipe de três caratecas (dois homens e uma mulher) nos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 2022.

Kumite

Ciclismo

O Equador qualificou 7 ciclistas (4 homens e 3 mulheres).

BMX

Corrida

Estrada

Esgrima

O Equador classificou uma esgrimista feminina através do Campeonato Pan-Americano de Esgrima de 2022 em Assunção, Paraguai.

Individual
Feminino

Ginástica

Artística
O Equador qualificou qualificou quatro ginastas (dois homens e duas mulheres) através do Campeonato Pan-Americano de 2023.

Masculino

Legenda de classificação: Q = Qualificado para a final por aparelhos

Feminino

Legenda de classificação: Q = Qualificada para a final por aparelhos

Hipismo

O Equador qualificou uma equipe de 3 ginetes (um no adestramento e dois nos saltos) através dos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 2022.

Adestramento

Saltos

Judô

O Equador classificou um judoca após vencer sua categoria nos Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior de 2021.

Masculino

Levantamento de peso

O Equador classificou nove halterofilistas (cinco homens e quatro mulheres).

Lutas

O Equador classificou uma lutadora (Livre feminino: 53 kg) através do Campeonato Pan-Americano de Lutas de 2022 realizado em Acapulco, México. O Equador também classificou uma lutadora (Livre feminino: 50 kg) após vencer os Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior de 2021.

Feminino

Patinação sobre rodas

Artística
O Equador classificou uma mulher na patinação artística.

Pentatlo moderno

O Equador classificou seis pentatletas (três homens e três mulheres).

Raquetebol

O Equador classificou uma equipe de quatro atletas (dois homens e duas mulheres).

Remo

O Equador classificou 2 remadores (um homem e uma mulher).

Squash

O Equador qualificou uma equipe feminina de 3 atletas através dos Campeonato Pan-Americano de Squash de 2023.

Feminino

Surfe

O Equador qualificou duas surfistas femininas.

Artístico

Taekwondo

O Equador classificou oito atletas (quatro homens e quatro mulheres) durante o Torneio Classificatório para os Jogos Pan-Americanos.

Kyorugi
Masculino

Feminino

Poomsae

Tênis de mesa

O Equador qualificou uma equipe de cinco atletas (três homens e duas mulheres) através do Evento de Qualificação Especial.

Masculino

Feminino

Misto

Tiro com arco

O Equador classificou uma arqueira durante o Campeonato Pan-Americano de 2022. O Equador também classificou dois arqueiros durante a Copa Merengue de 2023.

Feminino

Feminino

Misto

Tiro esportivo

O Equador classificou um total de 6 atiradores esportivos no Campeonato das Américas de Tiro de 2022.  O Equador também classificou dois atiradores esportivos através dos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 2022.

Masculino
Pistola e carabina

Masculino
Espingarda

Feminino
Pistola e carabina

Vela

O Equador classificou 2 barcos para um total de 4 velejadores.

Masculino

Misto

Ver também
Equador nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2024

Países nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023
2023

Equador nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023