The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, forming part of the King's Division.

In 1702, Colonel George Hastings, 8th Earl of Huntingdon, was authorised to raise a new regiment, which he did in and around the city of Gloucester. As was the custom in those days the regiment was named Huntingdon's Regiment after its Colonel. As Colonel succeeded Colonel the name changed, but in 1751 regiments were given numbers, and the regiment was from that time officially known as the 33rd Regiment of Foot. In 1782, the regiment's title was changed to the 33rd (or First Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment, thus formalising an association with the West Riding of Yorkshire which, even then, had been long established. The first Duke of Wellington died in 1852 and in the following year Queen Victoria, in recognition of the regiment's long ties to him, ordered that the regiment's title be changed to the 33rd (or The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment. In 1881, following the Childers Reforms, the 33rd was linked with the 76th Regiment of Foot, who shared their depot in Halifax. The 76th had first been raised in 1745, by Simon Harcourt and disbanded in 1746, re-raised in 1756 disbanded again in 1763, before being raised again in 1777, disbanded in 1784 and finally re-raised, in 1787, for service in India, by the Honourable East India Company. The two regiments became, respectively, the 1st and 2nd battalions of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment. In 1948, the 1st and 2nd battalions were amalgamated into a single battalion, the 1st Battalion. On 6 June 2006, the 'Dukes' were amalgamated with the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire and the Green Howards to form the Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot). As the youngest regiment, the 'Dukes' became the 3rd Battalion, as each battalion retained their antecedent regiment's name in brackets. Following further mergers, in 2012, the battalion was redesignated as the new 1st Battalion (1 Yorks) of the regiment. At this point, the antecedent regimental names were dropped from the battalion titles.

Battalions from the regiment had served in most land conflicts involving British forces since its formation, from the Wars of the Austrian and Spanish successions, through the American war of Independence and various campaigns in India and Africa, the Napoleonic Wars, the Second Boer War and many of the greatest battles of the First World War (the Battle of Mons, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Battle of Cambrai) and the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. During the Second World War, the regiment fought as part of the British Expeditionary Force in France, forming part of the rearguard at Dunkirk; in North Africa; Italy and in France, following the D-Day landings, and as Chindits in Burma. In Korea, the 'Dukes' desperate defence of the Hook position halted the last major Chinese attempt to break the United Nations Line before the truce, in July 1953, brought the war to an end. In Cyprus, the battalion was successful in Operation Golden Rain, destroying a major EOKA terrorist group operating in the Troodos Mountains in 1956. In 1964, the battalion joined the NATO deterrence in Germany on the front line in the Cold War and from 1971 was regularly engaged in 'The Troubles' in Northern Ireland until 1997. They were amongst the first units to cross the border from Kuwait in the 2003 Iraq War.

Nine soldiers from the regiment have been awarded the Victoria Cross, and Corporal Wayne Mills of the 1st Battalion became the first recipient of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross in 1994, whilst serving with the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Formation and name

The Duke of Wellington's Regiment was originally formed in 1702 as Huntingdon's Regiment. As regiment designations at that time assumed the name of commanding Colonel, this unit became for example: Henry Leigh's Regiment; then Robert Duncansons Regiment and George Wade's Regiment. Disbanded on 25 March 1714, this unit was officially registered as the 33rd Regiment of Foot in January 1715 then re-raised on 25 March 1715, as George Wade's Regiment; then Henry Hawley's Regiment; Robert Dalzell's Regiment and John Johnson's Regiment.

In 1782 Lord Cornwallis, the then Colonel of the Regiment, wrote that "The 33rd Regiment of Infantry has always recruited in the West Riding of Yorkshire and has a very good interest and the general goodwill of the people in that part of the country:-   I should therefore wish not only to be permitted to recruit in that county, but that my Regiment may bear the name of the 33rd or West Yorkshire Regiment".  On 31 August 1782 Lord Cornwallis heard that the King had approved of the new title:-  33rd (or the First Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot.

Owing to its links with the Duke of Wellington, the title 'The Duke of Wellington's Regiment' was granted to the 33rd Regiment on 18 June 1853, on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo in the year following Wellington's death.

The 76th Regiment was originally raised, by Simon Harcourt as Lord Harcourt's Regiment on 17 November 1745 and disbanded in June 1746. Following the loss of Menorca, to the French, it was reraised in November 1756 as the 61st Regiment, but renumbered to 76th, by General Order in 1758, and again disbanded in 1763. A second battalion raised by that regiment in October 1758, for service in Africa, was renumbered as the 86th Regiment  and also disbanded in 1763. On 25 December 1777, the 76th was again re-raised, as the 76th Regiment of Foot (Macdonald's Highlanders), by Colonel John MacDonell of Lochgarry, in the West of Scotland and Western Isles, as a Scottish Light Infantry regiment. It was disbanded at Stirling Castle in March 1784. The regiment was again raised for service in India by the Honorable East India Company in 1787.

In 1881 the 76th Regiment, which shared the same Depot in Halifax as the 33rd, was linked to the 33rd, under the Childers Reforms, to become the 2nd Battalion. Although retitled as the Halifax Regiment (Duke of Wellington's) this title only lasted six months until it was changed on 30 June 1881, in a revised appendix to General order 41, to:- The Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment), or 'W Rid R' for short. In January 1921 it was again retitled to The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding), or 'DWR' for short.

1702–1881

Within months of its original raising the regiment was despatched to join Marlborough's army in Holland. After five months and only two battles it was sent to Portugal, along with five other of Malborough's best regiments, where it remained for the next six years. The 33rd fought in many battles including Valencia de Alcantara (1705), Zaragossa (1710), and less favourably at Almansa and Brihuega. It was only one of the two foot regiments not to be disbanded and in 1743 the regiment was sent to Germany, where it distinguished itself in the Battle of Dettingen, gaining its first battle honour, then again at the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745 and again in Rocoux and Lauffeld in 1747. During the late 18th century, the regiment gained the familiar nickname The Havercakes, due to its sergeants carrying oatcakes on the tip of their swords to attract new recruits.

American Revolution
The 33rd itself had a good reputation for its professionalism and capability, which was seemingly unequalled by any other regiment of the British Army for some time. It was because of their professionalism in the field during the American War of Independence, that the regiment was given the nickname 'The Pattern'; the regiment then became the standard of soldiering which all other regiments should attain.

The 33rd saw much action during the American War of Independence, with its first engagement at the Battle of Sullivan's Island (First Siege of Charleston) in early 1776, when British forces attempted an assault on that city's defences. In August of that year, the 33rd were involved in the Battle of Long Island, in which a heavy defeat was inflicted on the Americans, who evacuated their remaining forces to the island of Manhattan.

The regiment's next action came a fortnight later, on 16 September at the Battle of Harlem Heights. After the British had landed and seized New York, a force of British light infantry pursuing an American scouting patrol advanced too far from their lines and found itself in danger of being cut off in an unexpected counterattack.  The 33rd formed part of Lord Cornwallis' Reserve Corps sent in support to cover their withdrawal.

The regiment was also involved in the Battle of Fort Washington. After that, the 33rd were not involved in a major battle until September 1777, when they took part in the Battle of Brandywine, where the British suffered 550 casualties and the Americans about 1,000. The regiment took part in further action that year, at the Battle of Germantown and the Battle of White Marsh, where they fought the Americans who had retreated from the fighting at Germantown.

The following year was just as active, with the 33rd seeing action at the Battle of Monmouth, an inclusive engagement that became the largest one-day battle of the war.  The 33rd was also part of the defence of Newport and Quaker Hill.

Two years later, in 1780, the 33rd took part in the Siege of Charleston. By 11 May, the American General Benjamin Lincoln began to negotiate terms of surrender. The following day Lincoln, along with over 7,000 American soldiers, surrendered to the British forces under the command of Lieutenant-General Henry Clinton. In August that year, the 33rd were involved at the Battle of Camden, a victory for the British.

Guilford Court House

The year 1781 proved to be the deadliest but most successful year for the 33rd. The regiment took part in the Battle of Wetzell's Mill, but the more famous action took place that same month during a battle at Guilford Court House.

On 14 March 1781, Lord Cornwallis, the British commander, was informed that General Richard Butler was marching to attack his army. With Butler was a body of North Carolina Militia, plus reinforcements from Virginia, consisting of 3,000 Virginia Militia, a Virginia State regiment, a Corp of Virginian "eighteen-month men" and recruits for the Maryland Line. They had joined the command of Major General Nathanael Greene, creating a force of some four to five thousand men in total. During the night, further reports confirmed the American force was at Guilford Court House, some 12 miles (20 km) away. Cornwallis decided to give battle, though he had only 1,900 men at his disposal.

At dawn on 15 March 1781, before the men had a chance to have breakfast, Cornwallis started for Guilford, arriving there at mid-day.

Cornwallis' troops included Bose's Hessian Regiment and the 71st commanded by Major General Alexander Leslie and the 23rd and 33rd commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James Webster of the 33rd. The second line comprised the two battalions of Foot Guards, the Light Infantry and the Grenadiers commanded by Brigadier Charles O'Hara of the 2nd Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards. There was then a reserve consisting of Tarleton's Light Dragoons.

The British troops advanced under heavy musket fire. Webster attacked the right flank of the American second line and managed to push it back. He also attacked the American third line. An American counterattack then led to a confused situation. Meanwhile, Tarleton's Light Dragoons charged the right flank. The American troops then withdrew. The British technically defeated the American force, but Webster was killed and O'Hara was wounded.

Green Spring
The 33rd also fought at the Battle of Green Spring in July of that year. Their last engagement of the war was at the Siege of Yorktown, when they were part of the outnumbered British forces.

Flanders
In 1793 Arthur Wesley, the third son of the Earl of Mornington and future Duke of Wellington, purchased a commission in the 33rd as a Major. A few months later, in September, his brother lent him more money and with it he purchased a lieutenant-colonelcy in the 33rd.

The regiment took part in the disastrous Flanders Campaign and the retreat from Germany, and embarked, from Bremen, for England on 13 April 1795. Wesley was promoted to full Colonel by seniority on 3 May 1796 and changed his name to Arthur Wellesley in 1798.

India
In 1799 the regiment took part in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in a Division commanded by Colonel Arthur Wellesley, as part of a British East India Company army, commanded by Major General Harris, with Major General Sir David Baird as second in command. Arthur's eldest brother Richard Wellesley, 2nd Earl of Mornington, later 1st Marquess Wellesley, had just become Governor General of India. So in addition to the 33rd, Arthur, who had now become Colonel Arthur Wellesley, was given command of the 10,000 men of the Nizam of Hyderabad. They had a decisive part to play in the Battle of Seringapatam. The regiment, involved in bitter fighting with Tipu Sultan's warriors, were repulsed with heavy losses when they attacked a wood, which was strongly defended by the Sultan's forces. The 33rd rallied and fought further actions throughout the battle, with the British emerging decisively victorious and Tipu Sultan being killed. The regiment won a battle honour for its involvement in the action.

Napoleon's Return and Waterloo

By early March 1815, the regiment was again under the command of the Duke of Wellington, this time during the Hundred Days campaign of Napoleon.  Having taken part in the action of the previous day, at the Battle of Quatre Bras, they took part in the action at Waterloo; the 33rd was part of the 5th Brigade under the command of Major General Sir Colin Halkett.

West Indies
Having departed from Paris on 23 December 1815, the regiment spent the post Waterloo period, from January 1816 to 1821, in uneventful garrison duties in Guernsey, Stirling, Glasgow, Ulster and Dublin.

In 1822, the regiment was posted to Jamaica. The West Indies were notorious as the death bed of the British Army because of the high mortality rate from malaria, dysentery, yellow fever and other such endemic diseases.

Crimea
Owing to its links with Wellington, the title 33rd (The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment was granted to the 33rd, on 18 June 1853 (the 38th Anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo) by Queen Victoria, in honour of the 1st Duke of Wellington, who had died on 14 September the previous year.

At the Battle of Alma, bitter fighting took place, with the 33rd being part of the Light Division under the command of Sir George Brown. The British advanced up the slope towards the Russian positions. The British formations became intermingled, turning into a mass of soldiers, rather than the professional, neat formations used on parade. As they charged, numerous Russian troops came down the slope to meet them. The British halted and fired, causing so many casualties the Russians were forced to retreat. The British line reorganised and moved up the slope towards the Great Redoubt, with the 33rd being the first to attack the defence works. The 33rd suffered heavy casualties: 7 officers and 232 men in the hand-to-hand combat that ensued.

At the Battle of Inkerman, the 33rd were again involved in some bitter fighting, in which the British infantry advanced despite heavy losses and a strong defence by the Russians. The fighting was fierce, at times some soldiers resorting to attacking their enemy with the butts of their guns.  The 33rd suffered further casualties: 3 officers and 61 men.

The 33rd was involved in the Siege of Sevastopol, which lasted for 11 months. By 1856, the war was over but for little gain.

Abyssinia

The 33rd were part of an expedition sent to the East African nation of Abyssinia, now known as Ethiopia after several European citizens had been taken hostage by the self-appointed 'King' Emperor Tewodros II in 1864. In March 1866 a British envoy had been despatched to secure the release of a group of missionaries who had first been seized after the British Government refused Tewdros's requests for military assistance.

The 33rd was committed to Abyssinia in October 1867 and embarked on 21 November, arriving at Annesley Bay on 4 December; but did not disembark for three days due to the chaos on shore.

Lord Napier arrived in early January 1868 and the expedition started from the advance camp at Senafe at the beginning of February. It took two months to reach their objective, advancing through rough terrain. In his despatch to London Lord Napier reported: "Yesterday morning (we) descended three thousand nine hundred feet to Bashilo River and approached Magdala with 'First Brigade' to reconnoiter it.  Theodore opened fire with seven guns from outwork, one thousand feet above us, and three thousand five hundred men of the garrison made a gallant sortie which was repulsed with very heavy loss and the enemy driven into Magdala. British loss, twenty wounded".

As the British force moved on to Magdala, Tewodros II sent two of the hostages on parole to offer terms.  Napier insisted on the release of all the hostages and an unconditional surrender. Tewodros refused to cede to the unconditional surrender, but did release the European hostages.  The British continued the advance and assaulted the fortress. (The native hostages were later found to have had their hands and feet cut off before being sent over the edge of the precipice surrounding the plateau.)

On reaching the gate there was a pause in the advance, as it was discovered the engineer unit had forgot their powder kegs and scaling ladders and were ordered to return for them. General Staveley was not happy at any further delay and ordered the 33rd to continue the attack. Several officers and the men of the 33rd Regiment, along with an officer from the Royal Engineers, parted from the main force and, after climbing the cliff face, found their way blocked by a thorny hedge over a wall. Private James Bergin, a very tall man, used his bayonet to cut a hole in the hedge and Drummer Michael Magner climbed onto his shoulders through the hedge in the gap and dragged Bergin up behind him as Ensign Conner and Corporal Murphy helped shove from below.  Bergin kept up a rapid rate of fire on the Koket-Bir as Magner dragged more men through the gap in the hedge. As more men poured through and opened fire as they advanced with their bayonets the defenders withdrew through the second gate. The party rushed the Koket-bir before it was fully closed and then took the second gate breaking through to the Amba. Ensign Wynter scrambled up onto the top of the second gate and fixed the 33rd Regiments Colours to show the Plateau had been taken.  Private Bergin and Drummer Magner were later awarded the Victoria Cross for their part in the action.

Tewodros II was found dead inside the second gate, having shot himself with a pistol that had been a gift from Queen Victoria. When his death was announced all opposition ceased. The regiment later received the battle honour Abyssinia.

Volunteers
The invasion scare of 1859 led to the creation of the Volunteer Force and huge enthusiasm for joining local Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs). A large number of individual RVCs were raised in the West Riding; some amalgamated into larger units, and the rest of the smaller units were grouped into administrative battalions. For example, the RVCs raised in Halifax were amalgamated as the 4th Yorkshire (West Riding) RVC in 1860. The senior unit in the 5th Admin Bn at Huddersfield was the 6th Yorkshire (West Riding) RVC, officially entitled the Huddersfield Rifles in 1868. In 1880 the 5th Admin Bn was consolidated as a new 6th Yorkshire (West Riding) RVC. Similarly, the 2nd Admin Bn at Skipton-in-Craven was consolidated as a new 9th Yorkshire (West Riding) RVC in 1880.

Childers Reforms of 1881
The Childers Reforms (and as a continuation of the Cardwell Reforms) brought the Militia into the regimental system, and the two battalions of 6th West York Militia became the 3rd and 4th Battalions of the Duke of Wellington's.  The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (33rd) was amalgamated with the 76th to become the 1st and 2nd Battalions.

At the same time the three West Riding Volunteer battalions became linked with the regiment. In February 1883, as part of the Childers Reforms, these three corps were designated as the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Volunteer Battalions of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment. By 1887 they had adopted the same uniform as the parent unit. Under the mobilisation scheme introduced by the Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 the Volunteer Battalions of the Duke of Wellington's were assigned to the West Yorkshire Volunteer Infantry Brigade in Northern Command and in the event of war were expected to mobilise at Leeds.

Duties of Empire (1881–1914)

The 2nd battalion was stationed at Bermuda from 1886, transferred to Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1888, then to the West Indies in 1891. In April 1893 the battalion, under Lt-Col. E. Nesbitt, set sail for the Cape Colony, posting one company on St Helena en route. In October a detachment of 3 officers and 51 NCOs and men were despatched up-country to serve with the Bechuanaland Border Police in the Matabele Uprising, in a complicated arrangement due to the fact that the BPP was at the time run by the British South Africa Company.

Some detachments of the battalion stayed on to serve in the Second Matabele War (1896–1897), being stationed in the colony of Natal in between. 13 officers and 320 NCOs and men proceeded on active service. Some served on the staff, some with mounted infantry, some with the Matabeleland Relief Force and other service companies. The battalion was sent to India in 1897.

The regiment began the first year of the 20th century at war when both battalions met in South Africa, as reinforcements for British forces fighting Boers, in the Second Boer War. The 1st battalion had arrived there before war started in 1899, the 2nd battalion arrived in early 1900, and took part in the Relief of Kimberley, in February 1900, which had been under siege by the Boers since October 1899. The battalion also took part in the Battle of Paardeberg.

The 3rd (Militia) Battalion (the former 6th West York Militia) was embodied in January 1900 for service in South Africa, and 500 officers and men left Queenstown for Cape Town the following month. Most of the battalion returned to the United Kingdom in late May 1902.

All three Volunteer Battalions also sent service companies to support the Regular battalions, and received the Battle Honour South Africa 1900–1902.

Following the end of the war in South Africa, the 1st battalion returned to York, while the 2nd battalion went to British India, first to Rangoon then in late 1902 to Lebong in Bengal.

Territorial Force
When the Territorial Force (TF) was formed under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, Volunteer Battalions were renumbered as battalions of their parent regiments. The Duke of Wellington's 1st VB became the 4th Battalion, (4DWR), at Prescott Street in Halifax. The 2nd VB formed two new battalions: the 5th Battalion, (5DWR), at St Paul's Street in Huddersfield, and the 7th Battalion, (7DWR), at Scar Lane in Milnsbridge. The 3rd VB became the 6th Battalion, (6DWR), at Otley Road in Skipton. The former West Yorkshire Brigade was split in two, and the four TF battalions of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment composed the new 2nd West Riding Brigade in the West Riding Division.

First World War

Regular Army
The 1st Battalion remained in India throughout the war, serving first with the 2nd (Rawalpindi) Division and then with the 1st (Peshawar) Division.

The 2nd Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 13th Brigade in the 5th Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front. It first saw action at the Battle of Mons. It then fought a rearguard action at the Battle of Le Cateau, an action during the retreat from Mons. The 2nd Battalion also fought at the First Battle of the Marne, the Battle of the Aisne, the Battle of La Bassée and the brutal first Battle of Ypres. The 2nd Battalion was also at the Battle of Hill 60 during which the British launched a massive bombardment, followed by an assault that led to vicious hand-to-hand fighting. The 8th Battalion saw service in the Gallipoli Campaign and the 10th Battalion was in action at Piave in Italy.

Territorial Force
The 1/4th, 1/5th, 1/6th and 1/7 th battalions landed in France as part of the 147th (2nd West Riding) Brigade in the 49th (West Riding) Division in April 1915 for service on the Western Front and served together until the Armistice in November 1918. They saw action on the Somme, at Ypres, during the German spring offensive and the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.

In August 1914 the Territorial Force formed 2nd Line units, distinguished from the 1st Line by the addition of '2/' to the battalion number, the parent units taking '1/'. The 2/4th, 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th Battalions of the Duke of Wellingtons formed 186th (2/2nd West Riding) Brigade in 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. The division's training was hampered by the lack of equipment and by the need to provide drafts to the 1st Line units serving overseas, but finally landed in France in January 1917 and served on the Western Front until the Armistice. It fought at Arras, Cambrai, in the Spring Offensive and the Hundred Days, and was the only TF division selected to form part of the Allied occupation force in the Rhineland after the war.

The Territorial Force battalions also formed 3rd Line units, which remained in the UK training and supplying drafts for the battalions overseas.

New Armies
The 8th (Service) Battalion landed at Suvla Bay in Gallipoli as part of the 32nd Brigade in the 11th (Northern) Division in August 1915; the battalion was evacuated in January 1916 and moved to France in July 1916 for service on the Western Front. The 9th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 52nd Brigade in the 17th (Northern) Division in July 1915 also for service on the Western Front while the 10th (Service) Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 69th Brigade in the 23rd Division in August 1915 also for service on the Western Front.

Inter-war (1919–1938)
In 1919, the 1st Battalion took part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War and eventually returned home in 1921. Meanwhile, the regiment's title altered slightly in 1921 to Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).

In the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of TA infantry battalions into searchlight battalions of the Royal Engineers (RE). The 5th Duke of Wellington's was one unit selected for this role, becoming 43rd (5th Duke of Wellington's) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers (5DWR) in 1936, retaining its Duke of Wellington's cap badge.

In 1938, the 4th Battalion at Halifax was converted into 58th (Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery (4DWR). A duplicate unit, the 68th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery was formed in 1939, with headquarters at Cleckheaton.

Second World War

1st Battalion
The Second World War was declared on 3 September 1939, and the 1st Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Edmund Charles Beard, was immediately sent to France as part of the 3rd Infantry Brigade of the 1st Infantry Division of 1st Corps of the BEF. During the retreat to Dunkirk, the 'Dukes' formed part of the rearguard.

The 'Dukes' fought in the North African Campaign, fighting with distinction in a number of actions and gaining several Battle Honours, as part of the 3rd Infantry Brigade. They fought at the Battle of Medjez Plain and the Battle of Banana Ridge and in the Battle of Djebel bou Aoukaz. The Bou was a ridge dominating the Medjez el Bab to Tunis road.

The 'Dukes' also fought in the Italian Campaign. They took part in the Anzio Campaign, in an attempt to outflank the Gustav Line and force a German retreat from Monte Cassino. The 'Dukes' fought with distinction at the Battle of Monte Cece in October 1944 where Captain Arthur Burns was awarded a DSO and Private Richard Henry Burton of the 1st Battalion was awarded a Victoria Cross for his courageous action in the battle.

2nd Battalion
In the Far East, the 2nd Battalion took part in the rearguard action at the Battle of Sittang Bridge in February 1942. They were trained as Chindits, to operate behind Japanese lines, who were at that time attacking India, they were formed into two columns, the 33rd and 76th, to operate behind the Japanese lines during the fierce battles for Imphal and Kohima.

58th (Duke of Wellington's) Anti-Tank Regiment
The regiment served in North Africa, Italy, Greece and Austria during the war.

43rd AA (5th Duke of Wellington's) Battalion
See main article Huddersfield Rifles
43rd AA Battalion served in 31st (North Midland) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, protecting West Yorkshire during the Blitz. In 1940 the RE AA battalions were transferred to the Royal Artillery, and it became the 43rd (5th Duke of Wellington's) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery.

In 1944 the regiment was assigned to 21st Army Group preparing for the Normandy Campaign. In the event, the regiment did not take part. However, by the autumn of 1944, the German Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks on the UK could be discounted. At the same time 21st Army Group was experiencing a severe manpower shortage, particularly among the infantry. The War Office began to reorganise surplus AA regiments in the UK into infantry units, primarily for duties in the rear areas, thereby releasing trained infantry for frontline service. On 1 October 1944, 43rd S/L Rgt was converted into 43rd (5th Bn Duke of Wellington's) Garrison Regiment, RA. A month later, it was reorganised as an infantry battalion and redesignated 600th Regiment RA (5th Bn Duke of Wellington's). It was the first such RA infantry regiment formed, and was sent to join Second Army in NW Europe for line of communication duties. The unit was placed in 'suspended animation' in February 1945 and its personnel drafted to other units.

1/6th and 1/7th battalions
The 1/6th and 1/7th battalions of the regiment were both assigned to the 147th Infantry Brigade, alongside the 1/5th West Yorkshire Regiment, which itself was part of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. The brigade did not see service with the rest of the division in the Norwegian Campaign, but were instead sent to Iceland after it was invaded in 1940, and remained there until May 1942 when it was transferred back to the United Kingdom. On 28 February 1943, both 2/6DWR and 2/7DWR battalions had been dissolved and the 1/6DWR and 1/7DWR battalions dropped the /prefix, becoming, simply, (6DWR) and (7DWR) respectively. They both landed in Normandy on 12 June 1944 shortly after the D-Day landings of 6 June. They fought in the Battle of Normandy as part of the British Second Army in its attempts to capture the city of Caen. In particular, the 6th Battalion was severely mauled during Operation Martlet and, due to the heavy casualties sustained, was returned to the United Kingdom and disbanded, most of its men being sent to the 7th Battalion. They were replaced in the brigade by the 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment. The 7th Battalion continued to fight in the Normandy Campaign in the Second Battle of the Odon, and clearing the Channel Ports in Operation Astonia.

After the failure of Operation Market Garden, the 7th Battalion was stationed at the Nijmegen bridgehead, in late November, and around Haalderen. Just after midnight of 1 December the battalion was being hit by heavy artillery, mortar and Spandau fire. As the night progressed they came under attack from multiple infantry elements of the German 6th Parachute Division in an attempt to capture the Nijmegen bridge. Fighting intensified, taking in house to house fighting throughout Haalderen and Gendt During the nights of 3–4 December, with small arms and grenades, with the Dukes 'A Company' Headquarters in the village school. Fighting was very confused and movement limited due to heavy flooding of the ground from the breached canals and river. A German officer, 2nd Lieutenant Heinich, 5 Coy 16 Parachute Regiment, was captured by members of 'B' company, who were laying trip flares. Major Denis Hamilton (who was in temporary command of the battalion) quickly organised a defence, using his Bren Gun Carriers, to hold back the Germans. Over 100 prisoners, with a further 50 killed or wounded were taken from the 5th, 7th and 10th companies of the German 16 Para Regiment. By 6 December the attack had died out and the 'Dukes' were relieved by the 11th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers. 7DWR moved into reserve in Bemmel where they received sporadic shelling from heavy artillery, whilst putting out patrols to guard against a potential waterborne attack on the Nijmegen bridge. The next notable service seen by the battalion was in the Liberation of Arnhem in April 1945, shortly before Victory in Europe Day.

2/6th and 2/7th battalions
Throughout the spring and summer of 1939, the Territorial Army was ordered to expand in size and double its strength by creating duplicate units and, as a result, the 6th and 7th battalions created duplicate units, the 2/6th and 2/7th battalions. Both battalions became part of the 137th Infantry Brigade, attached to the 46th (West Riding and North Midland) Infantry Division and were sent overseas to France in April 1940 to join the British Expeditionary Force. Poorly trained and equipped, both battalions were battered during the German Army's blitzkrieg during the Battle of France and were forced to retreat to Dunkirk and be evacuated to England. The battalions spent the next two years on home defence, preparing for a German invasion which never arrived. In July 1942 these battalions were transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps and converted to armour as 114 RAC and 115 RAC. They continued to wear their Duke's badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.

8th Battalion
The regiment's 8th Battalion was raised in July 1940 and in 1941 it was also converted to a tank unit becoming 145th Regiment RAC (8DWR). The regiment served in 21st Army Tank Brigade, equipped with Churchill tanks. It joined 1st Army in Algeria, North Africa and was transferred to 25th Army Tank Brigade in support of 24 Guards Brigade (1st Division) on the push through Casablanca and Oran to Tunisia. It was one of the units in support of the Dukes 1st Battalion and the Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) at the Battle of Banana Ridge, overlooking the Medjez el Bab plain, as the front part of a five-mile-wide divisional offensive to advance on Tunis. The battle on the ridge resulted in the 1st Dukes and the QLR's being the only units to be award the battle honour Banana Ridge. A following battle resulted in the award of the battle honour Djebel Bou Aoukaz on the 1st Dukes, the 1st King's Shropshire Light Infantry and 145th Regiment RAC (8DWR).

9th Battalion
The 9th Battalion was also converted to armour, becoming 146th Regiment RAC (DWR).

Postwar
When the TA was reformed in 1947, the 4th, 5th and 6th Battalions became the 382nd (Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Anti-Tank Regiment (later Medium Regiment), 578th (5th Bn, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, and 673rd (Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment respectively of the Royal Artillery. In 1955 the three regiments merged into the 382nd, each providing one battery. In 1957 some of the 5th Bn battery transferred to the 7th Bn (still in the infantry role) and formed the 5/7th Bn, thereby bringing together both parts of the former 2nd Volunteer Bn. Finally, in 1961, the rest of 382 Rgt converted to infantry and merged with the 5/7th Bn, bringing together all four Territorial battalions of the regiment as the West Riding Battalion, which in 1967 became part of the Yorkshire Volunteers.

Korean War (1952–1956)
The 1st Battalion was deployed to Korea in 1952, two years after the Korean War had broken out. They were part of the 1st Commonwealth Division.

Battle of The Hook

In 1953, the 1st Battalion relieved the Black Watch, who had been defending a position known as The Hook, a crescent shaped ridge, which was of tactical importance in the Commonwealth sector. The third Battle of the Hook began on 28 May. An initial bombardment of the British positions took place, with the Chinese forces charging the forward British positions once the bombardment ceased. The fighting that ensued was bloody and more akin to the battles that the 'Dukes' had fought in the First World War. Shells were now raining down on the Hook from artillery and mortars, from both the Chinese and UN forces. The Chinese launched a second attack but were cut down by heavy fire from the UN forces. Further attacks occurred on 28 May, but all were defeated in heavy fighting. Just 30 minutes into 29 May, the Chinese forces launched another attack but, as before, they were beaten back. Alma Company of 'The 'Dukes' then began advancing up the line of the original trenches to dislodge the remaining Chinese forces in the forward trenches. The 'Dukes' secured the Hook at 3:30 a.m. The 'Dukes' losses were three officers and 17 other ranks killed and two officers and 84 other ranks wounded, plus 20 other ranks missing.

The 'Dukes' embarked for Gibraltar on 13 November 1953, arriving on 10 December. In May 1954, during a visit to Gibraltar by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, the Commanding Officer of the 'Dukes' (Lieutenant Colonel FR St P Bunbury) and a further 10 officers and other ranks received decorations for their actions in Korea.

Post-Korean War (1956–2006)

Garrison duties
After the bloody encounters in the Korean War, the 'Dukes' were occupied by a series of garrison duties. The 'Dukes' were first deployed to Gibraltar, then to Cyprus in 1956, where they participated in anti-terrorist operations against EOKA. The following year, the 'Dukes' deployed to Northern Ireland. They moved back to the mainland in 1959, joining the new UK Strategic Reserve, as part of 19 Infantry Brigade. On 6 August 1959 the Regimental Depot, at Wellesley Barracks, was closed down. training of new recruits was undertaken at the Kings Division depot at Strensall Barracks.

The 'Dukes' returned to the UK in 1970. Then deployed to Northern Ireland a number of times during The Troubles. In one deployment in 1972 three soldiers were killed.

In 1983 they provided the garrison regiment in Gibraltar.

In 1985, the 'Dukes' deployed to Belize for a six-month tour of duty, taking part in operation 'Holdfast'. In 1987 the 'Dukes' deployed again to Northern Ireland for a two-year tour, based in Palace Barracks, just outside the City of Belfast.

Bosnia (1994–1995)
In March 1994, the 'Dukes' deployed to Bosnia, with an area of responsibility covering Bugojno, Vitez, Travnik and the besieged enclave of Goražde. The latter was under siege for much of the war. It was declared a UN Safe Zone in that year. The 'Dukes' were one of the first units to enter the town. The regiment pushed the Bosnian-Serb Army from their positions around the town to a distance of over one mile. Their objective in doing this was to create a safe zone for the town. While at Goražde, Private Shaun Taylor of C Company was killed during an engagement with Bosnian-Serb forces while manning an observation post. The engagement lasted fifteen minutes, with over 2,000 rounds of ammunition being expended by the 'Dukes'. Seven of the Bosnian-Serb soldiers were killed in the fire-fight. Goražde remained a safe zone, being held by British troops from 1994 to 1995. It was the only safe zone to survive the war and avoided the tragedies that occurred in other UN safe zones such as Srebrenica and Žepa.

Corporal Wayne Mills of the 1st Battalion became the first recipient of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross, second only to the Victoria Cross. On (29 April 1994), a patrol led by Corporal Mills came under heavy small-arms fire from a group of Bosnian-Serbs. The patrol returned fire, killing two of the attackers. The patrol then withdrew, but the attackers persisted in firing on the patrol. The patrol soon reached an open clearing, where it was obvious they would be highly vulnerable to fire from the attackers. Corporal Mills then performed an astonishing feat of bravery. He turned back and engaged the group in a fire-fight, delaying the attackers long enough to allow the rest of his patrol to cross the clearing. While doing this brave act, Corporal Mills shot the leader of the group, with the rest scattering into the woods. Due to that action he returned to his patrol safely, who were giving covering fire.

Lieutenant-Colonel David Santa-Olalla received the Distinguished Service Order for his inspirational leadership and courage during the 'Dukes' deployment to Bosnia. He arranged for the mutual withdrawal of both Serbian and Muslim forces, from the besieged town of Goražde, just as the Geneva talks were being held on the town.

1995–2005
In March 1995, the 'Dukes' were again posted to Northern Ireland for a two-year tour of duty. In March 1997, a composite company from the 1st Battalion was deployed to the Falkland Islands. In 1998, C Company deployed for a tour of duty in South Armagh. During the period 1998–2000, the 1st Battalion served as a public duties unit in London.

In February 2001, a company from the 'Dukes' deployed to Kosovo, with the objective of preventing arms and munitions being transported from Albania into Kosovo, then onto the Former Yugolav Republic Of Macedonia, now known as the Republic of Macedonia.

In 2003, the 'Dukes' were part of Operation Telic, the invasion of Iraq, as part of 1 (United Kingdom) Armoured Division. The 'Dukes' returned, as part of 4 (Armoured) Brigade, to the South-East of Iraq, in October 2004, to join the British-led Multi-National Division (South-East), as a fully equipped armoured infantry battalion with Warrior Armoured Personnel Carriers.

During 2003, in Osnabrück, Germany, where the 'Dukes' were then based, the regiment celebrated its 300th year in existence. Over 2000 past and present members converged on the town to take part in the celebrations. The 'Dukes' were presented with new colours by HM Queen Elizabeth II, represented by The Colonel of The Regiment Major-General Sir Evelyn John Webb-Carter KCB, due to the ill health of the Queen's representative, the regiment's Colonel-in-Chief the Duke of Wellington.

The regiment had a beer called Havercake Ale named in their honour by the Timothy Taylor Brewery, Keighley, to mark the regiment's tercentenary. Timothy Taylor, the founder of the brewery, had served in an antecedent unit of the regiment during 1859. Since then other members of the family and employees had also enlisted as a 'Duke'.

On 12 November 2005, the regiment was awarded the "Keys to the Town" of Erquinghem-Lys in France.

Amalgamation
In December 2004, as part of the re-organisation of the infantry, it was announced that the Duke of Wellington's Regiment would be amalgamated with the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire and the Green Howards', all Yorkshire-based regiments in the King's Division, to form the Yorkshire Regiment. The re-badging parade took place on 6 June 2006.

The 'Dukes' had five companies, named to commemorate five significant campaigns and battles, in which the Dukes took part and were awarded a Battle honour, which have been retained by the battalion in the Yorkshire Regiment:
A Company — Alma — commemorating the Battle of Alma, during the Crimean War 1853–1856
B Company — Burma — commemorating the Burma Campaign, during the Second World War 1941–1944
C Company — Corunna — commemorating the Battle of Corunna, during the Peninsular War of 1809–1813
Support Company — Somme — commemorating the Battle of the Somme, during the First World War 1914–1918
Headquarter Company — Hook — commemorating the Battle of the Hook, during the Korean war 1952–1953

When required an additional rifle company was formed:- D Company — Dettingen — commemorating the Battle of Dettingen, during the War of the Austrian Succession in 1743 and an additional administration company:- W Company — Waterloo — commemorating the Battle of Waterloo, during the Waterloo campaign in 1815. Both companies having previously existed during the Dukes existence.

9th Battalion Veterans Annual reunion
For 65 years, Captain Tom Moore organised the annual reunion for the 9th Battalion veterans.

Regimental colours

The Duke of Wellington's Regiment had four colours on parade. The first pair of colours were the standard set of Regulation Colours, which all Regiments are presented with. The second pair was a set of Honorary Colours, which were originally presented to the 76th Regiment of Foot in 1808 for their actions during the Battle of Ally Ghur and Delhi in 1803.

The Honorary Colours were approximately 6-foot 6 inch by 6-foot. Following rebadging, on 6 June 2006, the 3rd Battalion the Yorkshire Regiment (Duke of Wellington's) inherited responsibility for parading the Honorary Colours. On 31 March 2007 the Regulation colours were taken out of service and laid up in Halifax Parish church. There was a short ceremony in the church grounds where the troops were inspected by the Mayor of Halifax, Councillor Colin Stout, and the Lord Lieutenant of West Yorkshire Dr Ingrid Roscoe.

Regimental memorial
On 17 May 2019 a bronze memorial to the regiment, made by Devon sculptor, Andrew Sinclair, and his partner Diane, was unveiled, by the 9th Duke of Wellington in the Woolshops area of Halifax.

Regimental museum
The Duke of Wellington's Regiment Museum is based at Bankfield House, in Halifax, Yorkshire.

Battle honours
The regiment's battle honours were as follows:
War of the Austrian Succession
Dettingen
India
Hindoostan, Mysore, Seringapatam, Ally Ghur, Delhi 1803, Leswaree, Deig
Spain:
Corunna
France:
Nive, Peninsular
Belgium
Waterloo
Crimean War:
Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol,
Abyssinia:
Abyssinia
South Africa:
Relief of Kimberley, Paardeberg, South Africa 1900–02
First World War:
Mons, Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914 and 1918, Aisne 1914, La Bassée 1914, Ypres 1914, 1915 and 1917, Nonne Bosschen, Hill 60, Gravenstafel, St. Julien, Aubers, Somme 1916 and 1918, Albert 1916 and 1918, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Thiepval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Arras 1917 and 1918, Scarpe 1917 and 1918, Arleux, Bullecourt, Messines 1917 and 1918, Langemarck 1917, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 and 1918, St Quentin, Ancre 1918, Lys, Estaires, Hazebrouck, Bailleul, Kemmel, Bethune, Scherpenberg, Tardenois, Amiens, Bapaume 1918, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenburg Line, Havrincourt, Épehy, Canal du Nord, Selle, Valenciennes, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–18, Piave, Vittorio Veneto, Italy 1917–18, Suvla, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915, Egypt 1916–17
Third Anglo-Afghan War
Afghanistan 1919
Second World War:
Dunkirk 1940, St. Valery-en-Caux, Tilly sur Seulles, Odon, Fontenay Le Pesnil, North-West Europe 1940 and 1944–45, Banana Ridge, Medjez Plain, Gueriat el Atach Ridge, Tunis, Djebel Bou Aoukaz 1943, North Africa 1943, Anzio, Campoleone, Rome, Monte Ceco, Italy 1943–45, Sittang 1942, Paungde, Kohima, Chindits 1944, Burma Campaign (1942–44)
Korea:
The Hook 1953, Korea 1952–53
Iraq:
Iraq 2003 (Theatre Honour)

Uniforms
On formation in 1702 as the Earl of Huntingdon's Regiment a red coat lined with yellow was worn, together with yellow breeches. Later in the 18th Century the coats had red facings but white linings which showed in the turn-backed skirts. For the remainder of its history the regiment was unusual in that the collars, cuffs and shoulder straps of its red coats were also red (most British regiments had facings of contrasting colours). This continued to be the case with the scarlet tunic worn by all ranks in full dress until 1914 and by bandsmen until amalgamation (see illustrations above). Officers were distinguished by silver buttons and braid until 1830 and thereafter by gold. After 1893 the badge of the Duke of Wellington was worn.

Alliances

les Voltigeurs de Québec, Canada
10th Battalion, The Baloch Regiment, Pakistan
HMS Iron Duke, Royal Navy

Victoria Cross recipients
Victoria Cross recipients have been:

Drummer Michael Magner
Private James Bergin
Sergeant James Firth
Second Lieutenant James Palmer Huffam
Second Lieutenant Henry Kelly
Private Arnold Loosemore
Private Arthur Poulter
Private Richard Henry Burton
Private Henry Tandey was awarded his VC for actions during his service with the 'Dukes' and donated his medals to the Regimental Museum in Halifax, West Yorkshire. On special occasions and parades he would sign them out to wear. The last time he signed them out he died. Unknowingly, the medals were sold and a private collector subsequently presented the medals to the Regimental Museum of The Green Howards, a regiment in which he had earlier served.
Acting-Sergeant Hanson Victor Turner – originally a member of the regiment, he was serving with The West Yorkshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Own) when he was awarded his VC. When his medal was put up for sale it was purchased by the Halifax Town Council, as he was a Halifax resident. It is displayed in the Regimental Museum, in Halifax.

Colonels of the Regiment
Colonels of the regiment have been:
1702–1703 Col George Hastings.
1703–1705 Col Henry Leigh.
1705–1705 Col Robert Duncanson (12 February to 8 May 1705).
1705–1717 F.M. George Wade.
1717–1730 Lt-Gen Henry Hawley.
1730–1739 Lt-Gen Robert Dalzell.
1739–1753 Lt-Gen John Johnson.

33rd Regiment of Foot (1751)

1753–1760 Maj-Gen Lord Charles Hay.
1760–1766 F.M. John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden.
1766–1805 Gen Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis KG.

33rd (1st Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot (1782)

1806–1812 F.M. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington KG GCB GCH.
1813–1830 Gen John Coape Sherbrooke GCB.
1830–1831 Gen Lord Charles Somerset PC.
1831–1845 Gen Sir Charles Wale KCB.
1845–1847 Lieutenant General Sir Henry Sheehy Keating KCB.
1847–1855 General Henry D'Oyly.

33rd (The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment of Foot (1853)

1855–1863 Field Marshal Sir Charles Yorke GCB.
1863–1881 General William Nelson Hutchinson.(continued below)

The Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment) (1881)

* incorporating the 76th Regiment of Foot
1881–1895 General William Nelson Hutchinson (1st Battalion)
1881–1886 General Frederick Darley George CB. (2nd Battalion)
1895–1897 Maj-Gen George Elphinstone Erskine
1897–1909 Gen Hugh Rowlands VC KCB
1909–1934 Lt-Gen Sir Herbert Eversley Belfield KCB KCMG KBE DSO

The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) (1921)

1934–1938 Brig-Gen Percy Alexander Turner CMG
1938–1947 Colonel Charles James Pickering CMG DSO
1947–1957 Gen Sir Alexander Frank Philip Christison, Bt, GBE CB DSO MC
1957–1965 Maj-Gen Kenneth Godfrey Exham KG CB DSO
1965–1975 Gen Sir Robert Napier Hubert Campbell Bray GBE KCB DSO
1975–1982 Maj-Gen Donald Edward Isles CB OBE
1982–1990 Gen Sir Charles Richard Huxtable KCB CBE
1990–1999 Brig William Richard Mundell OBE
1999–2006 Maj-Gen Sir Evelyn John Webb-Carter KCVO OBE

Sport
The 'Dukes' had a long and proud Rugby tradition. They produced in their history 11 international players, 7 English, 1 Irish and 3 Scottish, with over 50 players capped for the army against the Navy & Air Force since 1914.

For Rugby union they list:- Capt (Bull) Faithfull, England (3 Caps) 1924. Lieutenant WF (Horsey) Brown, Army & Ireland (12 Caps), 1925–1928. Captain Mike Campbell-Lamerton, Army, London Scottish, Scotland (23 Caps), British Lions in South Africa in 1962, Captain of the British Lions in Australia & New Zealand in 1966. Lieutenant CF Grieve and FJ Reynolds Toured South Africa in 1938 with the British Lions. In the early 1950s DW Shuttleworth and EMP Hardy provided the Half back pairing for England. Corporals Waqabaca and Ponjiasi played for Fiji. Brigadier DW Shuttleworth became the President of the English Rugby Football Union during the 1985/86 season. In 1957–1959, whilst stationed in Northern Ireland, the 'Dukes' played rugby throughout Ulster. At the end of the tour the Ulster Team honoured the regiment by playing them at Ravenhill, with the 'Dukes' winning 19 – 8. In 1960 during an emergency posting to Kenya the Kenyan Champions Nakuru heard the Dukes were there and challenged them to a match. The Kenya Regiment loaned them their team strip to wear. The 'Dukes' won the match.

The regiment's rugby league internationals include: Brian Curry, England, 1956; Norman Field, GB, 1963; Roy Sabine, GB; Jack Scroby, Army 1959, GB Halifax & Bradford Northern; Charlie Renilson, Scotland, GB, 1965 and Arthur 'Ollie' Keegan, GB.

Several members of the regiment played cricket for the Free Foresters Cricket Club and Pte Brian Stead played for the Yorkshire County Cricket Club.

See also
76th Regiment of Foot
:Category:Duke of Wellington's Regiment officers
East and West Riding Regiment
Yorkshire Regiment

Notes

Citations

References
 Becke, Maj A.F.,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
 Becke, Maj A.F., History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
 Beckett, Ian F.W., Riflemen Form: A study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, .

 Ellis, Major L.F., History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West, Vol II: The Defeat of Germany, London: HM Stationery Office, 1968/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, .
 Farndale, General Sir Martin, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, .
 Forty, George, British Army Handbook 1939–1945, Stroud: Sutton, 1998, .

 Leslie, N.B., Battle Honours of the British and Indian Armies 1695–1914, London: Leo Cooper, 1970, .
 Litchfield, Norman E.H., The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, .
 Routledge, Brigadier N.W., History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994,
 Westlake, Ray Tracing the Rifle Volunteers, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, .

External links

Regimental Association website (dwr.org.uk)
Yorkshire Regiment MOD website
Regimental museum
Reenactment unit portraying the 33rd in the American Revolution
DWR's service with 62 Division in the Great War
Yorkshire Volunteers
 British Army units from 1945 on
 British Military History
 Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth (Regiments.org)
 The Long, Long Trail
 The Royal Artillery 1939–45

The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)
Regiments of Yorkshire
Military units and formations in the West Riding of Yorkshire
Military units and formations established in 1702
Military units and formations disestablished in 2006
Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Korean War
Regiments of the British Army in World War II
Regiments of the British Army in World War I
1702 establishments in England
R
Britain

Duke of Wellington's Regiment


Donja Spreča je bila ranosrednjovjekovna župa u Soli, BiH.

Bila je dio solske zemlje odnosno oblasti. Sol je ostala samo u imenu Soli i naselja Donje i Gornje Soli, poslije Donja i Gornja Tuzla. Slijev rijeke Spreče predstavlja zemljopisnu cjelinu i znan je pod nazivom Spreča. U narodnom poimanju dijeli se na Gornju, Srednju i Donju Spreču. Dijelom je srednjovjekovne oblasti Usore od polovine 14. stoljeća. Do tada su porječje Spreče - Sol i srednje Podrinje sa slivom rijeke Drinjače su bili teritoriji organizirani kao posebne teritorijalno-političke jedinice, a od bana Stjepana I. Kotromanića su jedna jedinica Usora i Soli. Prema pretpostavkama Pavla Anđelića, Donja Spreča prostirala se donjim tokom rijeke Spreče koji se poslije podudarao s nahijom Sokol.

Izvori

Povijest Bosne i Hercegovine

Donja Spreča


Andreas Nilsson (født 12. april 1990) er en svensk håndboldspiller, som spiller i MVM Veszprém KC og for Sveriges herrerhåndboldlandshold.

Han har tidligere optrådt i IFK Skövde, hvor han spillede 89 kampe og scorede 466 mål, og HSV Hamburg. I 2014 fortsatte han til ungarske MVM Veszprém KC.

Nilsson spillede på det svenske U-landshold 2008-2011 og på A-landsholdet siden 2008. Han har pr. november 2020 spillet 142 kampe og scoret 340 mål. Som landsholdsspiller har han deltaget i en lang række slutrunder, herunder to olympiske lege (i 2012, hvor det blev til svenske sølvmedaljer, og 2016).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Sverige
Håndboldspillere fra IFK Skövde
Håndboldspillere fra HSV Hamburg
Håndboldspillere fra MKB Veszprém KC
Deltagere for Sverige ved sommer-OL 2012
Deltagere for Sverige ved sommer-OL 2016
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2012
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Sverige

Andreas Nilsson (håndboldspiller)


Johanna Holzmann (* 23. Oktober 1995 in Memmingen) ist eine deutsche Telemarkerin und Skicrosserin.

Werdegang
Holzmann stand mit drei Jahren auf Alpin-Skiern, bis sie sieben Jahre alt war betrieb sie Langlauf und Ski alpin. Danach konzentrierte sie sich auf den Alpinsport und war für den Regionalkader Oberallgäu bis zur Saison 2009/10 aktiv. Wegen mehrfacher Patellaluxation stieg sie im Folgenden auf den gelenkschonenderen Telemarksport um, welchen ihr Bruder Benedikt Holzmann bereits betrieb.

Juniorenzeit und Etablierung im Weltcup
Beim Rennen in Bad Hindelang im Januar 2011 gab sie ihr Debüt im Telemark-Weltcup und konnte sich dabei sofort unter den besten 15 platzieren. Bei ihrer ersten Juniorenweltmeisterschaft in Hafjell gewann sie im Riesenslalom, Classic, Sprint und in der Gesamtwertung die Silbermedaille. In der ersten Hälfte der Saison 2012 knüpfte sie an ihre Ergebnisse vom Vorjahr an, so erreichte sie beim Weltcup in Kvitfjell zum ersten Mal einen Podiumsplatz im Weltcup. Bei ihren zweiten Juniorenweltmeisterschaften in Espot gewann sie drei Goldmedaillen. Zum Ende der Saison gelang es ihr zudem erstmals deutsche Meisterin zu werden.

In den beiden folgenden drei Jahren konnte sich Holzmann bei allen Weltcuprennen, welche sie beendete unter den besten zehn und zehnmal auf dem Podium platzieren. Zudem gewann sie bei den Juniorenweltmeisterschaften 2013, 2014 und 2015 je zwei Goldmedaillen. In der Weltcupgesamtwertung Saison 2014/15 platzierte sie sich auf den 3. Rang.

Diesen Erfolg wiederholte sie in der kommenden Saison, in der sie in Espot ihren ersten Weltcupsieg im Parallelsprint feiern konnte. Damit war sie neben Beatrice Zimmermann die einzige die Amélie Wenger 2015/16 schlagen konnte. Bei ihrer letzten Juniorenweltmeisterschaft gelang es ihr in allen drei Wettbewerben Gold zu holen, wodurch sie ihr Medaillenkonto auf zwölf Gold- und vier Silbermedaillen hochschraubte.

Verletzung und Gesamtweltcupsieg
Aufgrund einer Knieoperation verpasste Holzmann den Großteil der Saison 2016/17 und stieg erst unmittelbar vor der Weltmeisterschaft wieder ins Wettkampfgeschehen ein. Bei der WM verpasste sie als 4. des Classic-Wettbewerbes ihre erste WM-Medaille knapp.

In der Saison 2017/18 konnte Holzmann mit dem Gewinn des Gesamtweltcups ihren bis dato größten Erfolg feiern. In Abwesenheit ihrer Dauerkonkurrentin Amélie Wenger-Reymond, welche in den vorherigen neun Jahren achtmal den Gesamtweltcup gewinnen konnte und wegen ihrer Schwangerschaft eine Wettkampfpause einlegte, dominierte sie die Saison. Sie gewann acht Rennen und konnte sich bei 16 von 22 Rennen auf den Podestplätzen klassieren, wodurch sie neben dem Gesamtweltcup auch die kleinen Kristallkugeln im Sprint und Parallelsprint gewann.

Im kommenden Jahr konnte sie den großen Erfolg des Vorjahres nicht wiederholen, allerdings wurde sie 2. des Gesamtweltcups und gewann bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2019 im norwegischen Rjukan ihre ersten WM-Medaillen. Nach Silber im Classic-Wettbewerb und Bronze im Sprint, krönte sie sich zur Weltmeisterin im Parallelsprint. In der Saison 2020 wurde sie erneut 2. im Gesamtweltcup und nachdem sie bis dahin bereits vier Weltcupsiege im Sprint und sieben im Parallelsprint erringen konnte, gewann sie Ende Januar 2020 in Samoëns ihren ersten Classic-Wettkampf, wodurch sie nun in allen zurzeit ausgetragenen Telemark-Disziplinen Weltcupsiege feiern konnte.

Wechsel zum Skicross
Während der COVID-19-Pandemie trainierte Holzmann zunächst ohne Wechselabsichten mit dem deutschen Skicross-Team. Zur Saison 2021/22 wechselte sie schließlich zum Skicross.  Sie nahm im Dezember 2021 bereits am Weltcup teil und errang dort gleich Weltcuppunkte. Außerdem nahm sie an den Olympischen Winterspielen 2022 teil und belegte den 15. Platz. Beim letzten Telemark-Weltcup der Saison im slowenischen Krvavec gewann sie nach einjähriger Abstinenz den Parallelsprint.

Erfolge im Telemark

Weltmeisterschaft
 Espot 2013: 5. Classic, 5. Parallelsprint, 7. Sprint
 Steamboat Springs 2015: 4. Parallelsprint, 5. Sprint
 La Plagne/Montchavin-les-Coches 2017: 4. Classic, 5. Parallelsprint, 5. Sprint
 Rjukan 2019: 1. Parallelsprint, 2. Classic, 3. Sprint
 Melchsee-Frutt 2021: 2. Classic, 3. Parallelsprint, 6. Sprint

Weltcupwertungen

Weltcupsiege
Holzmann errang bisher 64 Podestplätze, davon 13 Siege:

Juniorenweltmeisterschaft
 Hafjell 2011: 2. Gesamt, 2. Riesenslalom, 2. Classic, 2. Sprint
 Espot 2012: 1. Classic, 1. Sprint, 1. Parallelsprint
 Chamonix 2013: 1. Classic, 1. Sprint
 Geilo 2014: 1. Classic, 1. Sprint
 Steamboat Springs 2015: 1. Classic, 1. Sprint, 5. Parallelsprint
 Les Contamines-Montjoie 2016: 1. Classic, 1. Sprint, 1. Parallelsprint

Weitere Erfolge
 2 Deutsche Meistertitel: Sprint (2012, 2017)

Erfolge im Skicross

Olympische Winterspiele
 Peking 2022: 15. Skicross

Weltmeisterschaften
 Bakuriani 2023: 14. Skicross

Weltcup
 9 Platzierungen unter den Top-20, davon 1 unter den Top-10

Weitere Erfolge
 2 Podestplätze im Europacup
 1 Sieg bei FIS-Rennen

Weblinks
  – Telemark
  – Skicross
 Johanna Holzmann auf der Website des Deutschen Olympischen Sportbunds
 Johanna Holzmann auf der Website des Deutschen Skiverbands
 Johanna Holzmann auf der Website ihres Sponsors Red Bull

Einzelnachweise

Telemarker (Deutschland)
Weltmeister (Telemarken)
Deutscher Meister (Telemarken)
Olympiateilnehmer (Deutschland)
Freestyle-Skier (Deutschland)
Skicrosser
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 2022
Geboren 1995
Frau
Deutscher

Johanna Holzmann


16 se poate referi la:

 anul 16
 anul 16 î.Hr.
 16 (număr), numărul natural aflat între 15 și 17

16 (dezambiguizare)


Arap Yarımadası (eskimiş Ceziretü'l-arap) (Arapça:شبه الجزيرة العربية Şibhe'l-ceziretü'l-Arabiyye) ya da Arabistan,  Asya'nın güneybatısı ve Afrika'nın kuzeydoğusunda yer alan yarımada. Büyük bölümü çöl olan yarımada, içerdiği petrol ve doğalgaz kaynakları nedeniyle Orta Doğu'nun jeopolitik açıdan önemli bir bölgesidir. Bölgede nüfusun büyük bölümü Arap ve Müslüman kökenlidir. Ayrıca yarımada, İslam dininin ortaya çıktığı yerdir.

Yarımadada yer alan ülkeler Suudi Arabistan, Yemen, Umman, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Katar, Bahreyn (ada ülkesi), Kuveyt, Irak ve Ürdün'dür. Bunlardan Irak topraklarının bir kısmı Arap yarımadasının dışında kalır.

Coğrafya

Batısında Kızıldeniz, güneydoğusunda Umman Denizi ve doğusunda da Basra Körfezi bulunur. Yarımadanın başlıca bölümleri batıdaki dağlık Hicaz, iç kısımdaki Necid ve doğudaki Lahsa (Al-Hasa) ile aynı zamanda ülke ismi de olan Umman ve Yemen bölgeleridir

Başlıca yüzey şekilleri şunlardır;

Dağlar
 Hicaz Dağları
 Al Hajar Dağları

Çöller
 Nefud Çölü
 Dehna Çölü
 Rubülhali Çölü

Jeoloji
Jeoloik olarak Arap levhası olarak adlandırılan ve kuzeyde Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesine kadar uzanan ayrı bir levha üzerindedir. Levhanın hareket yönü kuzey doğrultusundadır.

Doğal yaşam
Bölgeye özgü nesli tehlikedeki bazı türler;
Arap parsı
Arabistan oriksi
Arap kurdu

İklim
Arabistan iklimi, toprağı nedeniyle yüksek bölgelerde genellikle ılıktır. İklimin en uygun olduğu bölgeler, Yemen'e yakın bölgelere sahip olan Necid Çölü'dür. Dehna Çölü ve Tehame bölgelerinde şiddetli sıcaklıklar ve kuraklık vardır. Tehame'de genellikle yağış yoktur ve ortalama sıcaklık 37 °C civarındadır. Yağış olmayan çöllerde sıcaklık geceleri 38 °C, gündüzleri 43 °C'dir.

Hicaz ve güneyin (Yemen, Umman) ılımlı bir havası var. Yıllık ortalama yağış miktarı: 160 – 180 mm. Bununla birlikte, yağışlarla meydana gelen kısmi yeşillik, sıcak ve boğucu sam adı verilen kuru rüzgarlar bölgeye hakimdir.

Tarih

Daha çok bilgi için: İslam Devleti

Helenistik açıdan Arap Yarımadası 3 kısma ayrılır
Arabia Petrea: Sina Yarımadası ve yarımadanın kuzeybatısı kıyılarını kapsar.
Arabia Deserta: Kuzeydeki çöllük bölgeyi kapsar.
Arabia Felix: Yarımadanın büyük bölümünü kaplayan kalan kısmı.

İslâm öncesi dönem

Ayrıca bakınız

 Osmanlı Arabistanı
 Körfez ülkeleri

Kaynakça

Arap Yarımadası


Filmul ocupă un loc aparte în cultura arabă, deși cinematografia  din zilele noastre este incomparabilă cu cea a Epocii de Aur, filmul color fiind considerat ca o manifestare a unui cinematograf comercial grosolan. Panourile imense care domină peisajul urban într-un oraș precum Cairo reflectă locul pe care filmul îl ocupă în cultura psihică a lumii arabe. Criticii susțin că, în trecut, acest domeniu era populat de elita societății, dar a fost slăbit de anumite regimuri sociale, precum cel al lui Gamal Abdel Nasser. Media subliniază ideea că filmul alb-negru respecta  mai multe valori morale decât filmul din zilele noastre.

Scurt istoric

Filmul a fost inventat în Vest, la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea, perioadă în care părți importante din Orientul Mijlociu și din Magreb erau considerate colonii franceze, respectiv engleze. Două decenii mai tărziu, acordul Sykes-Picot a împarțit aproape întreaga lume arabă între cele două super-puteri. Rezultatul a fost o dependență politică și economică de durată, care, cu excepția Egiptului, a îngreunat crearea unei industrii naționale a filmului și dezvoltarea unui film arab. Multe țări arabe nu au produs filme până în momentul independenței. În Sudan, Libia, Arabia Saudită sau în Emiratele Arabe, producția este limitată chiar și în zilele noastre la filme de scurt metraj . În Bahrain, primul film a fost creat în 1989. La sfârșitul anilor '70, Kuwait a produs două filme, unul dintre ele în parteneriat cu Sudanul. Algeria și Iraqul au produs aproximativ 100 de filme fiecare, Maroc în jur de 70, Tunisia 130 și Siria 150. Doar Egiptul a depășit aceste țări cu o producție de peste 2 500 de filme. Cinematografele arabe sunt, adesea, criticate pentru tendința către globalizare. Media sugerează faptul că, în trecut, filmul alb-negru era mai moral, deși, în realitate exista o mai mare libertate sexuală decat în zilele noastre.
Egiptul a fost țara care a produs cele mai multe versiuni proprii ale filmului din vest, asta și datorită relațiilor sale  bune cu conducătorii coloniali britanici, spre deosebire de cele ale altor țări cu autoritățile franceze. Însă, antreprenorii din Egipt au depus eforturi pentru a pune bazele unei industrii naționale a filmului, astfel, acesta a început să promoveze filme egiptene, precum și dialectul egiptean. Deși a fost în declin din anii 1970 pană  la jumătatea anilor 1990, acesta a renăscut cu ajutorul comediilor ce  aparțineau de cultura joasă, care au făcut numeroase staruri printre tinerii actori. În mod ironic, naționalizarea studiourilor de film a început să diminueze creativitatea. În ciuda criticilor ce le-au fost aduse, aceste filme au fost apreciate de tânăra generație, întrucât promovează realități ale tineretului din zilele noastre.
Conflictele din Liban si Irak au dus la distrugerea industriei filmului în țările respective.
La sfârșitul anilor 1980, Egiptul producea 60 de filme pe an, dar până la jumătatea anilor 1990, acesta a ajuns să producă nu mai mult de 25 de filme pe an, spre deosebire de Iran, care are o populație similară cu cea a Egiptului și care produce 60 de filme pe an și deține, aproximativ 300 de cinematografe. Globalizarea își face, de asemenea, loc în filmul arab. Subiectele pe care acesta le abordează reflectă contactul  din ce în ce mai crescut al regiunii respective cu viața de dincolo de barierele lumii arabe. Aceste filme cunosc o audiență mare și  un profit uriaș, deși numărul lor este scăzut din cauza corupției sistemului. Filmele abordeză subiecte care reflectă contactul din ce în ce mai mare cu viața de dinafara lumii arabe, abordând subiecte precum chestiuni sexuale sau figuri politice. .

Epoca de aur

Majoritatea criticilor conchid că momentul de glorie al fimului egiptean a fost filmul Mumia al lui Shadi Abdel- Salam în anul 1969, acesta fiind considerat o contribuție a lumii arabe la industria filmului clasic și singura încercare serioasă a cinematografului  de a critica direcția modernă a Egiptului și identitatea acestuia. Criticul Mustafa Darwish consideră că acest film reprezintă un set de simboluri despre problemele Egiptului modern, în relație cu  trecutul său faraonic.
Mumia este filmată în timpul descoperirilor arheologice străine, în Teba, în anul 1881. Doi fii ai liderului unui clan, recent decedat, sunt șocați să descopere că de-a lungul generațiilor familia lor a trăit din profanarea mormintelor. Unul dintre băieți este omorât de către familie de teamă că acesta va dezvălui secretul arheologilor. Celălalt, fiind uimit de limba pe care o vorbeau strămoșii săi, lăsată pe pereții templului, decide să reușească unde fratele său a eșuat din respect pentru trecut. El este determinat să numere anii uitați și ignorați, găsind sens în monumentele Egiptului faraonic.
Cele trei decenii care i-au urmat acestui film, au fost martorele dezvoltarii unui cinematograf remarcabil, care a hrănit visele întregii lumi arabe. Starurile acestei periode sunt Soad Hosni (numită Cenușăreasa ecranului egiptean), Faten Hamama ( renumită pentru imaginea ei de femeie imorală), Laila Murad (ale cărei filme sunt apreciate și în zilele noastre datorită incocenței pe care o inspira), Tahiya Carioca ( renumită pentru belly dance ), Hind Rustum  ( considerată sex simbolul filmului arab) și celebra cântăreață  Umm Khalthoum care a făcut șase filme între 1936-1947 și a fost gazda altor filme.
În această perioadă s-au produs sute de filme pe an, multe dintre ele fiind încă prezente în amintirea culturii populare de azi, iar altele încă fiind difuzate pe posturi TV în întreaga regiune. Printre câteva producții favorite se enumeră Widad, un musical în care a performat  Umm Khultum,  Determination (Al-Azima), un film cu care Egiptul și-a făcut debutul în filmul realist, ilustrând clasele sociale cele mai sărace din Egipt, A beginning and an End ( Bidaya wa Nihaya) o adaptare după Omar Sharif al lui Naguib Mahfouz.
Unele dintre aceste filme sunt considerate capodopere . Un exemplu este Dananir, în anul 1941, ce o înfățișa pe Umm Khultoum ca pe o fată cu o voce frumoasă în haremul califului abbasid,   Harun al-Rashid. Acest film care implică atât cântatul cât și dansul ilustrează dansul fetelor de curte din epoca abbasidă. Multe dintre aceste filme sunt romantice sau comentarii sociale care abordează  aspectele culturii tradiționale care impune reforme pentru a se potrivi statului modern.
Pe lângă filmele egiptene, un film care a strălucit este filmul algerian al lui Merzak Allouache din 1976, Omar Gatlato al-Rujla (Omar killed by Manliness). Omar este un tânăr  sărman algerian, fără serviciu și care nu cunoaște prea bine femeile. Filmul ilustrează faptul că acesta este capabil să simtă iubirea și fericirea  care îi sunt refuzate de statutul social. Prietenii săi îi oferă o casetă cu o fată care povestește diverse lucruri, iar acesta reușește să găsească aceea fată a cărei voce o aude pe casetă și de care este fermecat.
Cinematograful  algerian a cunoscut un succes major datorită une serii de filme care îl înfățișau pe actorul Ahmed Rouiched, începând cu filmul  Hassan Terro din 1967. Aceste filme foloseau satira pentru a deveni un nou trend cinematic, punând la îndoială  filmele care abordau  problema independenței.

Filmul în anii '60
În ciuda globalizării, rămâne o diferență de bază în accentuarea elementelor care sunt importante în Vest  și în lumea arabă. În 1998, un film al tânărului regizor libanez, Ziad  Doueiri, a devenit primul film ce avea să fie difuzat în America de Nord, însă, acest film nu a avut deloc succes în spațiul arab. Filmul relatează povestea a doi adolescenți care au crescut în Beirut, în timpul războiului civil, iar felul în care aceștia își interpretează rolurile și dialectul utilizat sunt fără precedent în filmul arab. Cenzorii au un rol important în acest domeniu, ei fiind cei care hotărăsc ceea ce publicul ar trebui să vadă sau nu. Liberalismul relativ al Tunisiei este o decizie politică și corolarul este că nu există nici marjă pentru politică. În Egipt lucrurile stau altfel, aici existând o libertate limitată în abordarea subiectelor politice. Codul moral strict al Egiptului în ceea ce priveste filmul reprezintă o încercare a statului de a calma conservatorismul religios.
Regizorul egiptean, Inas al-Degheidy,  a creat un film în anul 1996, Istakoza, o comedie care nu este pe placul publicului egiptean, avându-l în rol principal pe actorul Ahmed Zaki, care era îndrăgostit nebunește de actrița Raghda. Filmul a avut drept scop  să atace orgoliul publicului masculin, acesta fiind creat de o femeie. Degheidy este considerată cel mai libertin regizor al lumii arabe, o femie condusă de furie deoarece impune un cod moral dezinhibat și care ar fi gata să distrugă toate tabuurile din această lume.
Aceasta susține că nu ar trebui să existe cuvăntul  ͑ayb în artă și că, din păcate, oamenii consideră arta ca ʽayb sau ḥarām , asta deși arta și religia sunt două lucruri diferite.
Politica a impus, de asemenea, realități crude în lumea filmului. Înființarea statului Israel și exodul comunităților evreiești din lumea arabă către noul stat, care a culminat în Egipt după războiul din 1956, a distrus cariera Leilei Murad, din cauza faptului că era evree. Nici măcar căsătoria cu un musulman nu a ajutat-o pe aceasta, găsindu-și sfârșitul în Cairo, în anul 1996, falită și singura, în ciuda faptului că filmele sale și melodiile sale nemuritoare despre speranță și inocență sunt prezente la TV ca exemple ale filmului arab clasic.
Pe vremuri, lumea filmului a fost martoră fenomenului în care, simțindu-se vinovate pentru faptul că au cochetat cu această industrie, femeile se pocăiau. Valul a început către sfârșitul anilor 1970, când trendul islamist era în creștere în mai multe țări arabe, debutând cu actrița de origine siriană, Shams al-Baroudy, starul filumului Hammam al-Malatily ( The Malatily Bathhouse). A fost urmată de actrița aparținând Epocii de aur, Shadia,  la mijlocul anilor 1980 și de altele precum: Sahar Hamdy, Mona Abdel-Ghani, Shahira.

Filmul comercial al egiptenilor
Cinematograful egiptean a cunoscut o renaștere la sfârșitul anilor 1990, aceasta datorându-se, în  parte, dezvoltării canalelor prin satelit și a capitalului investit în industria muzicală, dar și datorită unei încurajări limitate ale guvernului și a unei populații tinere în creștere care cauta noi figuri și noi filme. Astfel, Egiptul continuă să domine cinematografia arabă și în anii 2000, majoritatea regizorilor fiind pregătiți  la Cairo Higher Cinema Institute, și lucrând un an sau doi ca asistenți înainte de a crea primul film. Cinematografia din Egipt are o poveste impresionantă, cu peste 3000 de  filme realizate începând cu jumătatea anilor 1920 de aproximativ 400 de către  regizori. În anii 2000,  au fost realizate 330 de filme de către 120 de regizori.
Actorul de comedie, Mohammad Heneidy care a apărut într-un rol de sprijin alături de cântărețul pop, Mohammed Fouad, a devenit brusc celebru. Producătorii au realizat că un actor tânăr cu o popularitate imensă ar fi formula potrivită pentru a crește veniturile din această industrie.  Anul următor, Heneidy a apărut în  An  Upper Egyptian at the American Univeristy care a doborât recordurile anterioare, ajungând la venituri de 8 milioane de dolari. Filmul său, Hamam in Amsterdam (1999), în care își îndeplinește visul de a migra în Europa, a  fost, de asemenea, de mare succes.
Înainte de noile filme de comedie, cinema-ul arab a fost dominat de actorul egiptean, Adel Imam, și, într-o mai mică măsură de actrița egipteană, Nadia al-Gindy. Imam a fost cel mai bine plătit actor al lumii arabe, iar Gindy a fost supranumită nağmatu l-ğamāhīri (stea a maselor). Imam a dominat industria cinema-ului în anii 1990, jucând într-o serie de comedii politice ce atacau grupurile radicale islamiste, fapt ce a condus la un război deschis cu statul. Gindy, pe de altă parte, este faimoasă pentru o serie de roller-coast-uri emoționante, rolurile sale împarțindu-se în trei categorii: femeia care a urmat căi greșite, femeia avidă de putere materială și femeia cruciadă. Criticii o acuză de vulgaritate, de faptul că este o femeie ieftină și de faptul că folosește sexul ca pe o armă. Aceasta a jucat în filme precum The Woman Who Shook the Throne of Egypt (Imra'a Hazzat Arsh Misr), dar și în fime în care se lupta cu diverși agenți ai Mossad-ului.

Filmul nord-african
Ceea ce suscită interesul publicului  arab în zilele noastre, sau îl lasă indiferent este o chestiune ce ține de industria locală. Filme precum  Araq al-Balah  (Date wine) din 1998, deși sunt bine primite în afară și au succes la festivalurile internaționale, în Egipt nu întâlnesc același succes. Filmul lui Dawoud Abdel-Sayed, Ard al-Khof (Land of Fear) a fost nominalizat la categoria ,,Cel mai bun film străin'' din anul 2001 la premiile  Academy Awards , dar acasă a atins un succes limitat. Mohammed Khan a înregistrat un succes major  pentru cinematograful independent  cu filmul său din 2004 Klepthy (Thief), primul cel mai important film al lumii arabe folosind cameră digitală, dar Khan a preferat să-l vândă televiziunilor arabe.
Ferid Boughedir este considerat cel mai bun regizor al lumii arabe, asta deși este cunoscut doar pentru două trilogii și pentru încă alte două filme care au  urmat acestora. Filmul lui Boughedir din 1989,  Halfaouine, ilustrează un tânăr  care spionează femeile de pe acoperișuri și în băi publice, acesta fiind singura sa cale de acces la lumea retrasă a femeilor. Paleta lucioasă și plină de culoare a lui Bougheidir adaugă la simțul vizionării o pictură orientalistă care prinde viață. Filmul său,  Seif fi Halqi al-Wadi (Summer in La Goulette) a înregistrat un succes comercial în Tunisia. Acesta a fost făcut cu capital fracez, așa cum au fost făcute multe filme din nordul Africii aflate sub ocupație. Cinematograful lor are capital francez și mulți actori și regizori pe jumătate francezi.
Mulți regizori din Liban  au experimentat această influență, fiind cu un picior în lumea francofonă și cu altul în lumea arabă.
În opinia lui Bougheidir,  Tunisia a urmat o politică progresivă de cenzură în problemele sexuale, fapt care i-a încurajat pe regizori să să creeze un anumit tip de filme.
Boughedir face pentru Tunisia ceea ce Ahlam Mostaghanemi face pentru Algeria în romanul său Dhakirat  al-Jasad  (Memory on the flesh) primul roman postindependent în limba arabă, scris de o femeie algeriană.
În satira sa, Summer in La Goulette, Boughedir a contestat în mod subtil aranjamentele arabe și israeliene cu privire la evreii care au părăsit țările arabe pentru statul evreu în anii ce i-au urmat creației sale, în 1948. La Goulette este un cartier de coastă din Tunis , unde comunități străine, inclusiv evrei trăiau în epoca colinială. Mesajul filmului, acela că muslumanii care au trăit în țări arabe provin din aceeași pătură culturală ca arabii,  i-a contrariat pe evrei și a fost greșit înțeles de către arabi.

Personalități
Rushide Abaza (1927-1982)
Abaza a fost unul dintre cei mai mari actori egipteni din 1950 până în 1970, mama sa fiind de origine italiană, iar tatăl său egiptean. Prima parte a activității sale a avut loc în anii '60, atunci când a început o serie de  treisprezece filme. Spre deosebire de mai mulți actori ai aceleași perioade, acesta a debutat în cinematografie, fara să aibă legături cu lumea  teatrului sau experiență în acest domeniu. A murit la numai 55 de ani, în 1982.

Shadi Abdel-Salam (1930-1986)
Regizor egiptean, apreciat de către critici și alți intelectuali ai Egiptului modern, datorită Filmului Mumia din 1969, cunoscut și ca "The night of countig stars". Filmele acestuia îmbinau iubirea pentru Egiptul antic cu un ochi format pentru detaliu și cu abilitățile sale tehnice pe care le-a dobândit ca designer de costume în producții americane și italiene. A murit în anul 1970.

Yousef Chahine (1926-2008)
Cel mai cunsocut regizor arab în străinătate, datorită ecranizării  filmelor sale la festivaluri internaționale, în special la Cannes. Acesta este singurul regizor al epocii sale care a studiat în America. Filmele sale au cuprins realități ale epocii nasiriste, realism social, precum și proteste împotriva islamului, filmele sale fiind cele mai critice din întreaga lume arabă. În prezent, este considerat un maestru al cinematografiei arabe, iar invitațiile sale către diverși actori de a apărea în filmele pe care le produce, sunt considerate o cale sigură către succes.

Nadia Al-Gindy (n. 1946)
Una dintre cele mai prolifice actrițe ale Egiptului, care a performat in filme comerciale încă din anii '60. Aspectul ei distinctiv și rolurile de femeie drăguță pe care le-a interpretat au facut-o ce mai faimoasă actriță a ultimilor treizeci de ani. A devenit faimoasă în urma rolului său de dealer de droguri, unde întruchipa femeia fatală în telenovela The Whirlpool ( Al-Dawwama). A fost căsătorită pentru o vreme cu unul dintre cele mai mare staruri  ale Epocii de Aur a filmului, Emad Hamdy.

Laila Murad (1918-1995)
Cântăreță și actriță cu origini atât evreiești cat și egiptene acesasta  a fost star-ul numărul unu la sfârșitul anilor '30, îmceputul anilor''40. Odata cu înființarea statului Israel, în 1948, zilele ei ca star al cinematografiei arabe au început să fie numărate. S-a retras în anul 1956, când a avut loc războiul dintre  Marea Britanie, Franța și Israel cu Egiptul. Aceasta a murit în sărăcie în 1995, în Cairo.

Note

Bibliografie
Andrew Hammnond, Pop Culture Arab World, Ed:ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, 2005
Roy Armes, New Voices in Arab Cinema, Ed:Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2015
Viola Shafik, Arab Cinema: History and Cultural identity , Ed: The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, 1998

Vezi și
 Cinematografia siriană
Cinematografia tunisiană

Legături externe
https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20160905-arab-cinema-fights-censorship-at-home-and-hate-crime-in-the-west/

Cultura arabă
Film

Filmul arab