Fur farming is the practice of breeding or raising certain types of animals for their fur.

Most of the world's farmed fur is produced by European farmers. In 2018, there were 5,000 fur farms in the EU, all located across 22 countries; these areas of production collectively accounted for 50% of the global production of farmed fur.
The EU accounts for 63% of global mink production and 70% of fox production. Denmark was the leading mink-producing country, accounting for approximately 28% of world production. The top three fur producers are Denmark (formerly), Poland and China. Finland is the largest United States supplier of fox pelts.
The United States is a major exporter of fur skins. Major export markets include China, Russia, Canada, and the EU. Exports to Asia as a share of total exports grew from 22% in 1998 to 47% in 2002.
As of 2012, Russia was reported to be the world's biggest sales market for fur. China has been the world's largest importer of fur pelts and the largest exporter of finished fur products.

Fur farming is banned in Austria, Croatia, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands (effective March 2021), Norway (effective February 2025), Italy (effective June 2022) and Lithuania (effective from 2027). In Switzerland, the regulations for fur farming are very strict, with the result that there are no fur farms. Some other countries have a ban on fur farming of certain types of animals.

Demand fell in the late 1980s and 1990s as a result of a number of factors, including the efforts of animal rights campaigners and the failure of designers to come up with exciting new lines. Since the turn of the millennium, however, sales worldwide have soared to record highs, fueled by radically new techniques for working with fur, and a sharp rise in disposable income in China and Russia. This growing demand has led to the development of extensive fur farming operations in China and Poland.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, mink turned out to be very susceptible to human–mink infection, sparking fears of widespread outbreaks and mutations in the mink farm populations of many countries that could in turn infect humans with different strains of the coronavirus, making it potentially immune for a COVID-19 vaccine. Several mink farms in the Netherlands have been entirely culled since June 2020, and in August 2020 the phaseout of fur farming was accelerated from 1 January 2024 to 1 March 2021. In July 2020, Spain culled 100,000 mink. On 6 November 2020, Denmark announced it would cull its entire 17 million mink population as an emergency to prevent the spread of a mutated strain of COVID-19, of which at least five cases were found. On 11 November, the Netherlands again moved the phase-out forward, now putting 1 January 2021 as the target date to limit the risk of mutation. Kopenhagen Fur (accounting for 40% of mink production worldwide) announced mid-November it would gradually cease operations in 2–3 years because the circumstances had critically undermined the future of the global fur trade.

History

While wearing fur clothing in cold weather as protection goes back to the Stone Age, the source for this material came from the wild. As human populations grew, furs, leathers, and hides for use in clothing came from farm stock, such as sheep (sheepskin), rabbits, cattle, pigs, and goats. Archaeologists have discovered evidence of red fox breeding in the late Iron Age on Orkney, off the northern coast of Scotland. After the attack of the Vikings in Scotland around 800 CE, the breeding is said to have stopped. The earliest records of breeding mink for fur in North America were in the 1860s. Foxes were first raised on farms for fur in Prince Edward Island in Canada in 1895.

Historically, the fur trade played an important economic role in the United States. Fur trappers explored and opened up large parts of North America, and the fashion for beaver hats led to intense competition for the raw materials. Starting in the latter half of the 20th century, producers and wearers of fur have been criticized by animal rights activists because of the cruelty involved in animal trapping, and because of the widespread availability of inexpensive substitutes including natural fibers (such as cotton, hemp) as well as synthetic fibers. In 1991, New York Times journalist John F. Burns described the American fur industry as "shrinking with no end in sight."

Today, 85 percent of the fur clothing industry's pelts come from animals raised on farms. The rest is from animals caught in the wild. The most farmed fur-bearing animal is the mink (50 million annually), followed by the fox (about 4 million annually). Asiatic and Finnish raccoon and chinchilla are also farmed for their fur. As of 2008, 64 percent of fur farms were in Northern Europe, 11 percent  in North America, and the rest were dispersed throughout the world, in countries such as Argentina and Russia.

Species

Mink

Mink have been farmed for fur in the United States for 130 years, though domestic demand for fur started to decline rapidly by the late 1980s. In 2010, the U.S. ranked fifth in production behind Denmark, China, the Netherlands, and Poland. Mink typically breed in March and give birth to their litters in May. Farmers vaccinate the young kits for botulism, distemper, enteritis, and, if needed, pneumonia. They are slaughtered in November and December. Methods for euthanizing animals on fur farms, as on all farms, are detailed in the American Veterinary Medical Association's Report on Euthanasia which is used as a guideline for state departments of agriculture which have jurisdiction over all farms raising domesticated livestock, including mink.

The white mink, a northern European breed, was introduced into Canada in 1968. Most mink production in Canada occurs in Nova Scotia which, with 116 licensed farms in 2016, generated revenues of nearly $54 million by contributing approximately 1.4 million pelts to global markets. That accounted for an average of half of all Canada's mink pelts. Production of black mink in particular has grown significantly since 2000, with emerging markets in Russia, China, and South Korea accounting for most of the new demand. Black mink was first bred in Nova Scotia in the late 1950s and has proven popular as a versatile colour. Most Nova Scotia fur product is sold in China where it is manufactured into luxury garments.

Chinchilla

The international trade in chinchilla fur goes back to the 16th century and the animal (whose name literally means "Little Chincha") is named after the Chincha people of the Andes, who wore its soft, dense fur. By the end of the 19th century, chinchillas had become quite rare. In 1923, Mathias F. Chapman brought the eleven wild chinchillas he had captured to the U.S. for breeding. Only three of these were female. Empress Chinchilla is the breeders association for the chinchilla farmers, many of whom are based in the United States, including California. Empress Chinchilla runs a certification program for farmers..

Fox

Finland is the world's leading producer of fox pelts. In the United States, fox production is about 10,000 pelts, produced in about 10 states. Canada produces ten to fifteen times as many fox furs as the USA.

Dog and cat
The United States banned the import, export, and sale of products made from dog and cat fur in 2000.
Italy, France, Denmark, Greece, Belgium, and Australia ban the import of domestic cat and dog fur but the sale is still quasi-legal.
In most countries, novelty items made from farmed cat and dog fur is available in the form of animal toys or as trim on garments like boots, jackets and handbags. The European Union banned imports in 2009.

Rabbit
 The main breed in the rabbit fur farming industry is the Rex (Castor Rex and Chinchilla Rex). Breeding animals are kept for up to three years, and usually give birth twice a year. The kits are taken from their mothers at 4 weeks old and put in a nursery with other kits. After this, the mothers are kept separated from their kits, and they get put together only for feeding. When the kits are 7 to 8 weeks old, they are put in solitary cages, where they are kept for about 6–7 months, and are slaughtered after they have shed their winter fur. The rabbits are kept in bare wire mesh cages. A cage for one rabbit has the floor space of about two shoe boxes. The mortality rate for caged Rex is 10–15%, mostly from respiratory disease.

Farmed mink production cycle

Conditioning and breeding (December – March)
During this time of year, ranchers are primarily focused on bringing their selected mink into a good condition that is suitable for breeding. Mink are a monoestrous species that undergo delayed implantation when bred successfully, this means that the breeding season can be the most strenuous time of year both in terms of animal nutrition and human labor. It is essential that management practices employ a feeding program that maintains a nutritional diet that is adequate for both male and female mink. A feeding program that encourages the removal of excess weight and an environment that facilitates an increase in exercise is important for good production and a successful whelp. Mink are usually fed once or twice a day during the growing season; on most farms they are fed the same quantity of food on all cages and close to an ad libitum amount so that 50% of all cages have feed left over the next day. In addition to fur quality and production traits, breeder selection should concentrate on health and
temperament (21) to improve the welfare of the herd.

Breeding records are kept for each individual mink, this includes information on the dates of mating, genetics involving family lineage, reproductive success, health status, and fur characteristics.

Whelping and weaning (April – June)
In preparation for whelping, comfortable conditions are prepared for the female by providing ample aspen bedding in which she can create a nest. It is well known that female mink are highly motivated to perform maternal-related nest building during the majority of their gestation period, this is why providing an abundance of substrate to prepare a nest is crucial to maintain the animals welfare. Unnecessary stress and noises should be avoided so due to the sensitivity of female mink during late gestation. Gestation varies from 40 to 70 days, this time is often shortened by extending the daylight period by use of artificial lighting.

Females give birth to 5–6 kits on average. Since kits are born altricial, the female spends most of her time in the nest boxes caring for them. Mink kits are fully dependent on the dam's milk and will nurse for the first four weeks of their life. Maternal care is essential to promote offspring survival and growth, particularly in American mink who give birth to altricial young. Ranchers should check them regularly to ensure all the kits are warm, receiving enough milk, and are growing well. Females can lose significant body condition during lactation so their health is monitored by visual observations of behavior, appearance, and feed consumption.
Weaning takes place when the kits reach approximately 6–8 weeks old. The changes that take place during weaning can be stressful for both dam and kits therefore is done at a time that is most beneficial for the mother and litter. Ranchers should ensure the kits are able to consume solid feed and drink water independently before they are ready for weaning.

Growth and furring (July – October)
Very rapid growth takes place during the growth phase of the production cycle. For about 10–11 weeks, it is critical that the juvenile kits have access to adequate amounts of feed that is formulated to meet their nutritional needs. Maintaining a feeding routine that allows for multiple distributions of feed a day will help keep feed fresh and encourage appetite. In July, all mink (including kits and adult breeders) are vaccinated to prevent diseases and promote health and welfare of the herd. Once August arrives, the skeletal growth of kits is complete and the subsequent growth of primarily fat begins. The growth of fur predominantly takes place during the fall where it begins at the tail and continues up the back and to the head. Ranchers maintain a clean, healthy environment during this time by performing daily husbandry practices, this includes; cleaning nest boxes, removal of surrounding debris and manure from the barn, bedding the cages, and up-keeping the cleanliness of the facility and farming equipment. Ranchers are diligent toward creating an environment that prioritizes the welfare of each animal and allows them to live and function comfortably within their environment.

Grading and slaughter (November – December)
Mink are carefully evaluated in November or early December in order to physically assess their coat color, characteristics, and quality. Fur quality, along with skin size are two of the most important traits that are under intense selection in most mink breeding programs. Each mink will be given a grade dictated by the attributes of their coat; this is valuable in determining which mink will be kept as breeding stock for next season. Fur quality, color, and body size are judged by the farmer or a professional grader. Fur grades are often used alongside size, weight, health history, parent reproductive success, litter size, and temperament to assess the quality and potential of each animal.

The methods used to slaughter mink include neck breaking, electricity, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, and lethal injection. The most common method of slaughter is by subjecting the animal to a chamber that contains carbon monoxide. Pelting takes place either on site or upon shipping the mink to an offsite operation.

By-products
After pelting, mink bodies are typically sent for either incineration or rendering where they can be converted into bone and meat meal. The meat from most fur-bearers is not usually eaten by humans, therefore the carcasses will go on to become various products such as pet food, animal feed, organic compost, fertilizer, paint, and even tires. Carcasses sometimes go to animal sanctuaries, zoos, and aquariums to feed animals, and some end up as crab bait. Some biological supply companies offer preserved skinned carcasses of ranched mink for classroom dissection specimens as an alternative to cats or other domesticated mammals. Mink feces are used as organic crop fertiliser, and mink fat is turned into oil to manufacture soap, face oils, cosmetics, and leather treatments.

Controversy

Methods used on fur farms to maximize profits are employed at the expense of the welfare of fur producing animals, though the exact scope of cruelty in the industry is hotly debated.

As with other types of animal farming, living conditions of animals vary, and extreme cases are of much contention. According to PETA, the majority of fur farmers pack animals into small cages, preventing them from taking more than a few steps back and forth. PETA claims foxes and other animals suffer as a result of the confined environment, and may even cannibalize each other as a reaction to their confinement.
In other cases, as with passing of animal welfare legislation in Italy, animals are required to be given enriched living environments in which they can climb on branches, dig holes, use a nest of 50 × 50 cm and also have a water basin of at least 2 × 2 metres and 50 cm deep in which to swim. Farmers argue that 50 years ago, the animals were kept in large outdoor holding areas, with pools of water. However, such farms resulted in high disease rates for the animals and were not practical.
Farmers claim that today's farmed animals only know farm life as they have been domesticated through over 100 of years of selective breeding.
The methods used for slaughtering the animals on farms and in the wild vary depending on the animal. For farmed mink, the American Veterinary Medical Association researches the best methods and publishes a report on the subject every 7 to 10 years. This report is used to guide state departments of agriculture which have jurisdiction over farm animals, including farm-raised mink. For those harvesting wild furs, biologists and wildlife managers dictate seasons, method of slaughter, and numbers of animals to be harvested.

Austria
In Austria, six of the nine federal states have banned fur farming, and the remaining three enforce such strict welfare regulations, in relation to the availability of swimming water, that fur farming is no longer economically viable.

Canada

Quebec
In 2014, for the first time in Canadian history, a Quebec fur farmer by the name of Jean-Luc Rodier was charged with animal cruelty following an investigation by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (S.P.C.A.). Fox and mink at the fur farm were seized by animal welfare organizations and some were in such poor condition that they had to be euthanized. Following the S.P.C.A. investigation, this Quebec fur farm was raided by anonymous activists who set free thousands of animals.

British Columbia
Video footage taken at fur farms in 2014 in British Columbia by the A.P.F.A. was described by the S.P.C.A. as "inherently inhumane". Animal rights activists in the city of Vancouver have been using legal and illegal actions to protest selling fur such as vandalism, home demonstrations of fur shop owners, and organizing public protests.

Ontario
Canadian fur farms in the Province of Ontario have been repeatedly targeted by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). Thousands of mink were freed from farms across the province during 2013 and 2015. The mink breeders association of Ontario responded by offering a hundred thousand dollar bounty leading to a conviction of the persons responsible. Undercover footage was also released by the ALF in 2015 of several Ontario area mink farms, showcasing injured animals and mink cages covered in feces and maggots. Animal rights organizations across the province have taken a wide array of actions to stop the fur trade, such as public protests and disruptions of fur fashion shows.

China

In 2005, animals rights group The Swiss Animal Protection produced a video alleging that fur-bearing animals – including the "Asiatic raccoon" (raccoon dog) – were being skinned while still alive in Shangcun Market. The China Fur Commission and China Leather Industry Association challenged the authenticity of the video, stating: "Pictures showing animals being skinned alive are obviously plotted. All those with common sense would not choose this slaughter method to attain fur." The government of Suning County, Hebei Province also issued a statement, outlining welfare practices it claimed to practice on its fur farms and calling the alleged practice of skinning animals alive "unimaginable." Swiss Animal Protection then published a 2009 video showing the skinning of raccoon dogs and other canids. The video showed them being beaten with sticks and thrown to the ground in an attempt to kill them before being hung from their rear legs and skinned alive. One investigator filmed a raccoon dog being skinned alive before being thrown onto a heap of carcasses. After the skinning it still had enough strength to lift its bloodied head and stare into the camera. A 2013 investigation by a Dalian-based Chinese animal welfare group reported similarly cruel practices at various fur farms in Liaoning province. The  found two fur workers who had appeared in the 2009 video and through interviews as well as affidavits, alleged they were approached by two others to stage the cruelty. A 2018 Shanghaiist article noted that although it was more than likely some animals had been skinned alive in China, to extrapolate that all or most of the farms did this was wrong.

In 2006, the State Forestry Administration (SFA) announced it was planning to offer training courses for fur farmers to improve the living conditions of fur animals.
Legislation was drafted in September 2009 to address any cruelty to animals in China. If passed, the legislation would regulate how farm animals are raised, transported, and slaughtered.

Estonia
Estonian citizens have a partial right to submit initiatives with at least 1000 signatures to the parliament since 2014. They do not directly go to the parliamentary hall but go through a process of review in a subject commission. On 21 November 2014, the Estonian animal advocacy organization Loomus submitted a petition to ban fur farming in the country with a 10-year transition period with 10 000 signatures to the parliament. This was preceded by secretly filmed anonymous documentary footage being aired both online via YouTube and on Estonian National Television depicting the conditions of the animals in 2012 (aired 2013) and 2014. The Estonian animal advocacy organization Loomus issued a comment after the airings of Estonian Public Broadcasting outlining the documented disregard animal welfare regulations and pointing out the numerous injuries of animals that were documented.

The petition has since been under review in the commission of agricultural affairs. The commission procured a study on the economic significance of the industry from the Estonian University of Life Sciences published in 2016, which did not state the exact number of farms in existence but did outline that the mink and fox farms employed 74 full-time workers in 2014, with the majority concentrated in the largest factory in the Baltic States, in Karjaküla, near Tallinn. It also reported the chinchilla farms employed 20.5 full-time workers in 2014. The activists have voiced their concern about the bias inherent in the study, which according to them by and large ignored ethical and environmental arguments, as a number of the experts in the study panel were found to have direct links to and vested interests in the fur industry. The commission is expected to formulate their opinion and vote whether the petition would move on to a law drafting phase and public discussion in the full quorum of the parliament in the fall of 2016.

On 22 August 2016, activists launched an additional international petition inviting the Estonian Parliament to ban fur farming in the country at change.org.

Estonian parliament banned fur farms on 2 June 2021. There is a transitional period that permits keeping mink and raccoon dogs in farms until the end of 2025 if the permit was issued before 1 July 2021.

Finland

Finnish citizens have had a right to instigate parliamentarian law initiatives since 2012. The first citizens' initiative to gain enough signatures was that instituting a ban on fur farming. Some 70,000 citizens signed the initiative within the required time period in 2013. In a march to Parliament House, Helsinki on 18 June., four to five hundred people appealed to members of parliament to approve the citizens' initiative to ban fur farming. According to animal expert MSc Sesse Koivisto (wife of Ilkka Koivisto ex-director of the Korkeasaari Zoo) in Helsingin Sanomat in 2010, fur farming did not provide acceptable conditions for the animals. In order to stop the suffering of animals, she demanded a ban on fur farming in Helsingin Sanomat, as in some other countries. On 19 June 2013, the Finnish Parliament rejected the first citizens' initiative to ban fur farming. A positive development in the politics of Finland was that the initiative was taken in the Parliament for public voting.

In Finland in August 2016, there were about 950 active fur farms. The breeding of fur-animals has had a long tradition in Finland, having been professionally conducted since the 1920s. Up to 90% of the fur-farming community is situated in the rural areas of Ostrobothnia and employs four to six thousand people. Today, fur farming is strictly regulated by law. The Finnish Furbreeders Association has developed its own national program of certification and animal health welfare that is tied to the ISO 9001 standard and monitored by the Det Norske Veritas. The fur animals are housed in shelter buildings or halls, where each animal has a specific place marked with a kit card. The Humane Society of the United States published videos in 2019 and 2021 showing minks with untreated wounds along with foxes with allegedly deformed feet, missing ears, or diseased eyes on the farms.

France
On 29 September 2020, Environment Minister Barbara Pompili announced that France's four remaining mink farms would be closed within the next 5 years.

Lithuania
On 21 September 2023, Lithuanian parliament Seimas adopted a law banning fur farming by 2027. Owners of fur farms will be compensated, but the size of the compensations has been the subject of complaints from the business community. They will be paid 3 euros per animal in the first year, 2 euros per animal in the second year and one euro in the final year. The government will also compensate redundancy payments for farm workers and cover costs related to the demolition of buildings, the destruction of equipment and waste management.

Republic of Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland there were three fur farms in operation as of April 2017. These farms focus mainly on the trade of mink fur (some farms which have used fox fur are currently winding down operation as such trade is no longer economically viable). In 2006, approximately 170,000 mink and 300 foxes were harvested in the Republic of Ireland. Furs are exported from the Republic of Ireland to other EU member states or to countries in Asia and North America. In the Republic of Ireland, fur farms are monitored by the Department of Agriculture, and welfare standards of Ireland and the European Union must be adhered to at all times. In October 2009, there were discussions within the political sphere on the banning of fur farms in the Republic of Ireland. Animal welfare groups have welcomed such proposals, though concern has been highlighted, in terms of its impact on rural communities where alternative industries are scarce.  Fur farming in the Republic of Ireland contributes about €15 million per year to the economy. A ban was subsequently passed before being overturned by Minister for Agriculture at the time Simon Coveney of Fine Gael after the party formed a new government following the 2011 election. A renewed campaign and efforts to push the Irish government or current Minister for Agriculture Michael Creed to re-implement a phase-out ban took place from 2018 to 2019. Following the introduction of the Solidarity party's 'Prohibition of Fur Farming Bill 2018', the government gave in to political and public pressure and agreed conclusively through Minister Creed to implement a phase-out ban on fur farming in Ireland with the finer details yet to be announced.

Netherlands
Fur farming of chinchillas and foxes is banned. Legislation to phase out mink fur farming (and thereby effectively all fur farming) by 2024 was approved by the end of 2012.

Russia
PETA published a video in 2019 alleging that animals were "still suffering terribly" in Russian fur farms, with slaughter methods involving beating, decapitation while conscious, and prolonged electrocution.

Spain
In July 2020, Spain culled 100,000 mink after a farm in the Aragón province was infected with COVID-19.

Sweden
As of November 2020, there were about 35 to 40 mink farms in Sweden, 10 of which had been infected with COVID-19. The government was not planning any culling as of 9 November 2020, but animal rights group Djurens Rätt was advocating for one in order to minimise the risk of a mutation that could compromise a COVID-19 vaccine.

United Kingdom

After a long campaign of daily protests, an act of parliament was introduced to ban the farming of animals for their fur. Fur farmers were given compensation in England and Wales in 2000. At second reading, the ban in England and Wales was justified principally on grounds of public morality. Prior to the ban, there had been 11 fur farms in the UK producing about 100,000 pelts annually. Respect for Animals Campaign director Mark Glover said at the time:
"To keep animals in such conditions in the name of fashion is totally unacceptable in a civilised society."

"We're the first country to introduce a national ban. It is a massive victory for us."

The Bill honoured Labour's pre-election pledge to end fur factory farming. Although the last fur farm in Scotland had closed in 1993, the Scottish Parliament nevertheless banned fur farming in 2002. Fur farming was also banned in Northern Ireland in 2002 under the Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Northern Ireland) Order 2002.

According to Corporate Watch in 2019 the UK was importing more than £55m worth of fur, including £5.3m from China.

In August 2022 an animal rights campaign group "Shut Down T&S Rabbits" succeeded in closing down a network of rabbit meat and fur farms across the East Midlands region.

Pandemic risk
In a 2023 editorial for PNAS, scholars in the Department of Infectious Disease at Imperial College London argued that "mink, more so than any other farmed species, pose a risk for the emergence of future disease outbreaks and the evolution of future pandemics."

Denmark

On 6 November 2020, Denmark announced it would cull its entire 17 million mink population, divided over more than 1,000 Danish mink farms, as an emergency measure to prevent the spread of a mutated strain of COVID-19, of which at least five cases were found. By 9 November, more than 200 people have been infected with mink-related coronavirus, while 7 out of the 11 municipalities of the North Jutland Region were put under a strict lockdown from 6 November until at least 3 December to contain the spread. On 10 November, the process was put on hold due to political opposition, which argued that there was not enough scientific evidence yet whether the new virus variant was dangerous and thus whether the culling was necessary, given the loss of livelihood for fur farmers it would result in. By then, 2.5 million of its estimated 15 to 17 million mink population had already been culled. A Danish fur farmer interests association agreed that the culling should take place eventually, but that an agreement on proper compensation of the farmers should be reached beforehand. Meanwhile, it had been discovered that the North Jutland Region lockdown had been insufficient, as the mutated coronavirus had already spread to hundreds of mink farms elsewhere in Denmark. Although the Danish government halted the mandatory culling in mid-November, it still recommended culling, which continued on a voluntary basis. Industry group Kopenhagen Fur (accounting for 40% of mink production worldwide) announced it would gradually cease operations in 2–3 years because the circumstances had critically undermined the future of the global fur trade. An ECDC risk report warned that the Danish mink-mutated coronavirus, called Cluster 5, was a danger that had to be controlled, although the gravity was not yet fully understood. Leading American virologist Anthony Fauci downplayed the risk posed by Cluster 5.

Netherlands
During the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands, by 25 May 2020 there were two cases where minks had infected humans with an apparently mutated form of the virus. There was high political pressure on the Agriculture Minister Carola Schouten to immediately cull all minks to prevent spreading this new version to humans. On 26 May, Schouten decided to wait for the veterinary epidemiological research report of 29 May, and said culling was only to be employed as a 'last resort'. Demands to execute all minks immediately, to prevent a fur farm from restarting operations after having been culled due to COVID-19 infections, and to phase out fur farming earlier than the agreed date of 1 January 2024, were all rejected by the minister as legally impossible. After the testing report was completed, Minister Schouten in early June that 10 mink farms in Brabant and Limburg had to be culled to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. An objection from two animal activist groups was overruled by the court. On 6 June 2020 the culling of around 1,500 mother minks with about 4 to 5 pups each at a farm in Deurne was commenced, later 9 others would follow in Milheeze (two), De Mortel, Elsendorp, Beek en Donk, Deurne, Landhorst and Venray. On 27 August 2020, the government decided to move the definitive prohibition on fur farming forward to 1 March 2021. This decision was taken on the advice of the Outbreak Management Team (OMT) when more and more of the around 130 remaining mink farms were infected by COVID-19, necessitating containment of the spread and a clear perspective for a sector that, by then, had lost its economic viability and political support.

On 11 November, the Dutch government, on the advice of the OMT, decided to bring forward the phase-out again in order to limit the risk of mutation, with 1 January 2021 as the new target date. At that time, more than half of all mink farms had already been infected and culled, while preventive culling of not yet infected farms was in full swing to minimise the danger.

United States
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated on 4 November 2020 that there were 11 mink farms in the United States that had been infected with COVID-19, including in the states of Utah, Wisconsin and Michigan. At least 8,000 mink had died due to the coronavirus at multiple farms in Utah and almost 3,400 at a Wisconsin farm. The Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association advocated culling the mink to prevent infections and especially mutations.

See also
 Animal–industrial complex
 Animal rights
 Animal welfare
 Environmental impacts of fur farming
 Fur clothing
 Fur trade

References

External links

Fur is Green – Fur Council of Canada
A Brief History of the Fur Trade – White Oak Society
The Fur Industry – MSN Encarta
Fur Farming in Europe – EFBA

Animal husbandry
Clothing controversies
Cruelty to animals
Ethically disputed business practices towards animals
Fur
Fur trade

Fur farming


L'Union de la patrie (, TS) est un ancien parti politique lituanien fondé en 1993. Il fusionne en 2008 avec les Chrétiens-démocrates lituaniens (LKD) pour former l'Union de la patrie - Chrétiens-démocrates lituaniens (TS-LKD).

Présentation

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Parti politique fondé en 1993
Parti politique disparu en 2008

Union de la patrie (Lituanie)


Dramiševo je naseljeno mjesto u općini Konjic, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

Popisi 1961. – 1991.
Do 1995. naselje je bilo u sastavu općine Nevesinju. Nakon potpisivanja Daytonskog mirovnog sporazuma izdvojeno je istoimeno naseljeno mjesto koje je pripalo općini Konjic koja je ušla u sastav Federacije BiH.

Izvori

Naselja u Hercegovačko-neretvanskoj županiji
Konjic

Dramiševo (Konjic, BiH)


Le dème de Kónitsa, en  / Dímos Kónnitsas, est un dème du district régional d'Ioánnina, en Épire, Grèce.

Le dème actuel résulte de la fusion, en 2010,  des dèmes de Dístrato, d'Etomilítsa, de Foúrka, de Kónitsa et de Mastorochória.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte , tandis que celle de la ville de Kónitsa s'élève à .

Le siège du dème est la ville de Kónitsa.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Épire

Dème de Kónitsa


بطليموس الثالث عشر (ولد حوالي عام 62 قبل الميلاد وتوفي في 13 يناير 47 قبل الميلاد)، كان فرعون مصر من 51 إلى 47 ق.م، وأحد آخر أعضاء الأسرة البطلمية (305-305- 30 قبل الميلاد). وهو ابن بطليموس الثاني عشر وشقيق كليوباترا السابعة وشريكها في الحكم. تسبب خروج كليوباترا من مصر في اندلاع حرب أهلية بين الفراعنة. وحكم بطليموس فيما بعد بالاشتراك مع أخته الأخرى أرسينوي الرابعة.

حياته
والده هو الفرعون المصري بطليموس الثاني عشر (حكم 80-58 قبل الميلاد و55-51 قبل الميلاد)، خلف بطليموس الثالث عشر والده كفرعون للمملكة البطلمية في ربيع عام 51 قبل الميلاد عن عمر يناهز 11 عامًا. وكان والده قد اشترط أن يتزوج بطليموس الثالث عشر من أخته الكبرى كليوباترا (حكمت من 51 إلى 30 قبل الميلاد)، وأن يحكما معًا كحكام مشاركين. في أكتوبر 50 قبل الميلاد، ترقى بطليموس الثالث عشر إلى منصب حاكم كبير إلى جانب كليوباترا، على الرغم من أن بوثينوس كان بمثابة الوصي عليه.

في ربيع عام 48 قبل الميلاد، حاول بطليموس الثالث عشر وبوثينوس عزل كليوباترا بسبب زيادة نفوذها كملكة، إذ ظهر وجهها على العملات المسكوكة، بينما حُذف اسم بطليموس الثالث عشر من الوثائق الرسمية. كان بطليموس ينوي أن يصبح الحاكم الرئيسي بمساعدة بوثينوس الذي كان يدعمه بشكل خفي من وراء العرش.

نشبت خلافات على الحكم بين الشقيقين وفي ذلك الوقت كان هناك حرب أهلية في روما انتهت بتولية يوليوس قيصر الحكم . وقد حاول كل من الملكين المتنازعين - بطليموس الثالث عشر وكليوباترا السابعة - ضم يوليوس قيصر إلى صفه باعتباره إمبراطور أكبر قوة عظمى في ذلك الوقت. و تزوج يوليوس قيصر كليوباترا وحارب ضد أخيها بطليموس الثالث عشر . في ذلك الوقت حرقت مكتبة الإسكندرية القديمة بالخطأ وسط الحرب التي انتهت بتولية كليوباترا السابعة الحكم ومقتل أخيها.

مراجع

أشخاص من الإسكندرية
حكام أطفال قدماء
حكام القرن 1 ق م في إفريقيا
حكام توفوا أطفالا
فراعنة البطالمة
كليوباترا السابعة
مصريون في القرن 1 ق م
مواليد عقد 60 ق م
مواليد في مصر
وفيات بسبب الغرق
وفيات عقد 40 ق م
وفيات في نهر النيل
يونانيون في القرن 1 ق م
وفيات 47 ق م

بطليموس الثالث عشر


Bordtennis under sommer-OL 2016 fandt sted 6. - 17. august og blev afviklet i den tredje pavillon i Riocentro.

Format
Kvalifikationen til turneringen medførte at der maksimalt kunne deltage op til 172 spillere der kunne være fordelt med 86 spillere af hvert køn. Der er fire konkurrencer indenfor bordtennis ved de olympiske lege. Konkurrencerne var i single og holdkamp for begge køn. De to singleturneringer blev afviklet som elimineringsturneringer, hvor de seedede spillere trådte senere ind i turneringen end de useedede. I teamkonkurrencerne bestod hvert hold af tre spillere fra hver nation, og hver dyst bestod af fem kampe, hvor de fire var singler og en enkelt double. I single blev hver kamp spillet bedst af syv sæt med første spiller, der opnåede 11 points som vinder af sættet. I teamkonkurrencen blev der spillet bedst af fem sæt.

Den olympiske turnering

Herresingle

Damesingle

Team herrer

Team damer

Medaljefordeling

Medaljevindere

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

2016

Bordtennis under sommer-OL 2016


Ruda silvestre puede referirse a:
 El nombre común de la planta Peganum harmala.
 El nombre común de la planta Ruta angustifolia.
 El nombre común de la planta Ruta chalepensis.
 El nombre común de la planta Ruta montana.

Ruda silvestre


Severance (« séparation, rupture » en français) peut désigner plusieurs choses.

Patronyme

 H. Craig Severance (1879-1941), architecte américain ;
 Joan Severance (1958), mannequin et actrice américaine.

Toponyme

 Severance, ville de l'État du Colorado aux États-Unis ;
 Severance, ville américaine située au Kansas.

Audiovisuel

 Severance: Blade of Darkness, jeu vidéo de 2001 ;
 Severance, film britannique de 2006 ;
 Severance, série télévisée américaine de 2022.

Severance


An Streptostachys ramosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Fernando Omar Zuloaga ngan Thomas Robert Soderstrom. An Streptostachys ramosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Streptostachys, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Streptostachys

Streptostachys ramosa


QuickTime çeşitli biçimlerdeki sayısal görüntü, ses, yazı, animasyon, müzik, resim dosyalarını işleyen, Apple Computer tarafından geliştirilen bir çoklu ortam teknolojisidir.

Genel sanının aksine QuickTime sade bir oynatıcı olmaktan öte, bir çokluortam mimarisidir. Yeni içerik yaratma (planlanmış içeriğin elde edilmesi, kaydedilmesi), üretim (içeriğin dağıtılabilecek hale getirilmesi) ve dağıtım özelliklerine sahiptir. Bu süreçler kapsamında QuickTime'dan gerçek zamanlı yakalama, montaj, içe-dışa aktarma, sıkıştırma, son hazırlık, dağıtım, yayın ve ortam dosyalarını oynatma için yararlanılır. Özetle profesyonel üretime yönelik bir teknolojidir, son kullancıların bildiği şekli QuickTime Player adıyla bilinen oynatıcıdır.

Windows altındaki kullanıcılara QuickTime yerine daha hızlı ve sağlam çalışan alternatiflere yönelmeleri tavsiye edilmektedir. Bu alternatiflerden biri QuickTime Alternative'dir.

MOV dosya biçimi
Apple firması tarafından üretilmiş bir çokluortam dosya biçimi olan MOV, QuickTime'ın öntanımlı video biçimidir.

Küçük boyutlardaki dosyalarda bile kaliteli görüntülere sahip olmasıyla tanınan MOV; sinema endüstrisi tarafından film fragmanları, tanıtım videoları ve online televizyon kanallarını yaymak amacıyla kullanılır. Sahipli bir dosya biçimi olan MOV, FLV ve DivX gibi İnternet ortamına odaklanmış dosya biçimlerinin ortaya çıkışıyla eski popülerliğini yitirmiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ortam oynatıcıları listesi
 Ortam oynatıcıları karşılaştırması

Dış bağlantılar
 Apple - QuickTime Apple'ın resmi sitesi
 Apple'ın QuickTime geliştirici sitesi
 Apple - QuickTime Dosya Biçimi
 QuickTime Çalıcı Uyumluluk Grafiği

Resim görüntüleyenler
Grafik tasarım yazılımları
İçerik biçimleri
Mac OS medya oynatıcıları
Bilgisayar dosya biçimleri
Apple yazılımları
Ortam oynatıcılar
1991 yazılımları

QuickTime


Lusail () est une station sur la Ligne Rouge du Métro de Doha. Elle est ouverte en 2019.

Histoire
La station est mise en service le .

Intermodalité
 Metrolink : M145 (Doha Festival City)
 Métro léger de Lusail (en projet)

À proximité
 Lusail Iconic Stadium

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Doha
 Métro léger de Lusail

Liens externes
 Doha metro - Lusail Tram - Qatar Rail
 Network map - metro tram Qatar Rail
 Qatar Rail Retail

Station du métro de Doha
Station de métro mise en service en 2019

Lusail (métro de Doha)


1.HMNL 2018./19. je dvadeset i osma sezona prvog ranga hrvatskog malonogometnog prvenstva, a u ligi sudjeluje 12 momčadi.
Prvak je postao po drugi put zaredom postala momčad "Novo Vrijeme Apfel" iz Makarske.

Sustav natjecanja
Prvenstvo se igra u dva dijela: ligaškom i doigravanju.
U ligaškom sudjeluje 12 momčadi koje odigraju ligu dvokružnim sustavom  (22 kola). Po završetku lige osam najbolje plasiranih momčadi se plasira u doigravanje za prvaka koje se igra na ispadanje. Četvrtzavršnica i poluzavršnica se igra na dvije dobivene utakmice, a završnica na tri dobivene utakmice.

Sudionici

 Alumnus - Sesvete, Zagreb
 Brod 035 - Slavonski Brod
 Crnica - Šibenik
 Futsal Dinamo - Zagreb
 Jesenje - Gornje Jesenje, Jesenje
 Novo Vrijeme Apfel - Makarska
 Osijek Kelme - Osijek
 Split - Split
 Square - Dubrovnik
 Universitas - Split
 Uspinjača Gimka - Zagreb
 Vrgorac - Vrgorac

Ligaški dio sezone

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
Ažurirano: 22. lipnja 2019.

 Izvori:

 Doigravanje  Ažurirano: 22. lipnja 2019.
 - domaća utakmica za klub1
 - gostujuća utakmica za klub1

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Prva hrvatska malonogometna liga
 Druga hrvatska malonogometna liga 2018./19.
 Hrvatski malonogometni kup 2018./19.

Vanjske poveznice
 hns-cff.hr, 1. HMNL
 crofutsal.com, 1. HMNL
 hrfutsal.net, 1. HMNL
 flashscore.com, 1. HMNL
 futsalplanet.com, Competitions

Izvori

 hns-cff.hr, 1. HMNL, pristupljeno 22. lipnja 2019.
 flashscore.com, 1. HMNL, pristupljeno 22. lipnja 2019.
 hns-cff.hr, 1. HMNL 2018./19. - Glasnik br. 22., objavljeno 17. travnja 2019., preuzeto 22. lipnja 2019.

2018-19

1. HMNL 2018./19.


Un ahmadi est une personne qui pratique l'ahmadisme, un mouvement réformiste musulman messianiste fondé à la fin du  au Penjab.

Patronyme

 Ahmad Ahmadi (1885-1944), un médecin tortionnaire iranien ;
 Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi (1884-1974), un lieutenant-général de l'armée, ministre et sénateur en Iran ;
 Bahram Ahmadi (1996-), un artiste contemporain multimédia et professeur d'université ;
 Fahd El Ahmadi (1980-), un footballeur marocain ;
 Farid Ahmadi (1988-), un footballeur afghan ;
 Moshtaq Ahmadi (1996-), un footballeur afghan ;
 Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan (1979-2012), le directeur adjoint pour les affaires commerciales de la centrale nucléaire de Natanz en Iran, assassiné ;
 Mustapha El Ahmadi (1968-), un athlète français, spécialiste des courses de fond et du cross-country ;
 Qesmat Ahmadi (1996-), un footballeur afghan ;
 Rahman Ahmadi (1980-), un footballeur iranien ;
 Salem al-Ahmadi (1969-), un athlète saoudien, spécialiste du triple saut ;
 Sandjar Ahmadi (1992-), un footballeur afghan ;
 Soundos El Ahmadi (1981-), une actrice, humoriste et présentatrice néerlandaise, d'origine marocaine.

Toponyme

 , une ville et un gouvernorat, au Koweït.

Ahmadi (homonymie)


Kosmos 2499, ruski satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrsta je Nivelir (br. 2), a vrsta i namjena bile su neko vrijeme nepoznate i tajnovite, bez najave za medije, s tek šturom najavom za UN.

Lansiran je 23. svibnja 2014. godine u 5:27 s kozmodroma Pljesecka s mjesta 133/3. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Rokotom-Briz-M 11A05. Orbita je 1479 km u perigeju i 1508 km u apogeju. Orbitne inklinacije je 82,45°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 39765. COSPARova oznaka je 2014-028-E. Zemlju obilazi u 115,85 minuta. Mase je oko 50 kg.

Nosi amaterski radijski teret. Aktivno manevrira.
Lansiran je skupa s trima satelitima Kosmosom 2496, Kosmosom 2497 i Kosmosom 2498.
Za napajanje je opremljen solarnim ćelijama i baterijama.

Razgonski blok Briz-KM No. 72521 14S45 ostao je u niskoj orbiti oko Zemlje.

Izvori
А.Железняков. Энциклопедия "Космонавтика". Хроника освоения космоса. (rus.)
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)
N2YO Satellite Database - Tehnical Details - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions (engl.)
Gunter's Space Page Kosmos 2491, 2499, 2504 (RS 46, 47) / 14F153 (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database (engl.)
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2499


Lenine (Kırım Tatarcası: Yedi Quyu, Ukraynaca: Леніне, Rusça: Ленино / Lenino, 1957'e kadar Семь Колодезей / Semi Kolodezey, anlam: "Yedi Kuyu"), Ukrayna'nın Kırım Özerk Cumhuriyeti'nin Lenine Rayonu'nun idarî merkezidir. Lenine Rayonu Kırım'ın en uzak ve en fakir ilçesidir.

1861 yılında bu bölgedeki köylerden (Kazantüp, Bayar, Kocalar, Mezkürce, Kıpçak...) Köstence, Eskişehir ve Polatlı'ya yoğun göçler yaşanmıştır. Bugün Sivrihisar ve Polatlı' daki Kırım Tatar köyleri ağırlıklı olarak ya doğrudan Yedikuyu bölgesinden  ya da Köstence ve Dobruca üzerinden gelerek yerleşmişlerdir.

Kırım'daki şehirler

Yedi Kuyu


Reinoldijus ist ein männlicher litauischer Vorname, abgeleitet von Reinhold.

Personen
 Reinoldijus Šarkinas (* 1946),  Wirtschaftswissenschaftler, ehemaliger Zentralbanker, Politiker, litauischer Finanzminister

Männlicher Vorname
Litauischer Vorname

Reinoldijus


Ferdinand Berthoud (Plancemont-sur-Couvet (Neuchâtel), 18 de março de 1727 — Groslay (Val d'Oise), 20 de junho de 1807) foi um relojoeiro e investigador francês que se destacou na construção de cronómetros náuticos. Tendo obtido título de maestro relojoeiro en Paris en 1753, ocupou as funções de «relojoeiro mecânico» do Rei e da Marinha Francesa, tendo produzido uma obra de alcance excepcional, sobretudo em matéria do desenvolvimento tecnológico dos cronómetros náuticos e das técnicas para o seu uso na determinação da posição dos navios.

Cientistas da França

Ferdinand Berthoud


වසර 129 (CXXIX) යනු,  ජූලියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර   සිකුරාදා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දකි  (බැඳිය විසින් මුළු දින දසුන දක්වනු ඇත). එකල එය හැඳින්වුනේ, චෙල්සූස්ගේ සහ මාර්සේලස්ගේ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික  ධූර වර්ෂය (හෝ, එතරම් ප්‍රචලිත නොවන අයුරින්,  අබ් ඌර්බෙ කෝන්ඩිටා  882 වසර) ලෙසිනි.  මෙම වසර සඳහා 129 යන නාමය භාවිත වීම ඇරඹුනේ මුල් මධ්‍යතන යුගයේදී, වසර නම් කිරීම සඳහා යුරෝපයේ ප්‍රචලිත භාවයට පත් ක්‍රමය ලෙසින් ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ දින දසුන් යුගය ඇරඹීම හා සමගය.

ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ අවුරුදු

129


NK Hajduk je hrv. bosanskohercegovački nogometni klub iz Orašja.

Povijest
Osnovan je 1920. godine. Trenutačno se natječe u 1. županijskoj ligi PŽ.
Pri klubu djeluje škola nogometa.
Osvojio 2016. 1. županijsku ligu s 60 bodova ispred Dragovoljca koji je imao 58 bodova.

Nastupi u Kupu BiH

2003./04.
 šesnaestina finala: NK Hajduk Orašje - NK Travnik (I)  1:1 (5:3 p)
 osmina finala: FK Sloboda Novi Grad (II) - NK Hajduk Orašje 1:0, 1:1
2008./09.
 šesnaestina finala: FK Radnik Bijeljina (II) - NK Hajduk Orašje 2:0

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Transfermarkt

Hrvatski nogometni klubovi u Bosni i Hercegovini
Hajduk
Hajduk

NK Hajduk Orašje


Amore est un film français réalisé par Henry Chapier et sorti en 1974.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Amore
 Réalisation : Henry Chapier
 Scénario : Anne Capelle et Henry Chapier
 Photographie : Alain Derobe
 Musique : Vangelis
 Société de production : Mara Films
 Pays de production :
 Durée :
 Date de sortie : France -

Distribution
 Sonia Petrovna
 Julian Negulesco
 Daniel Quenaud
 Henri Déus
 Daniel Ceccaldi
 Gaby Wagner
 Nini Ritter

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Jean de Baroncelli, Le Monde, 4 février 1974

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 1974
Film dramatique français
Film se déroulant à Venise

Amore (film, 1974)


Bezmiâlem Valide Camii; İstanbul'da iki hastane arasındaki bu cami (Çapa Tıp Fakültesi ile Vakıf Gureba arasındadır) 1843'te Abdülmecit'in annesi Bezmialem Valide Sultan tarafından  yaptırılmıştır. Dikdörtgen planlı, kâgirdir. Beşik çatısı, beyaz küfeki taşından minaresi, avlusu, taştan yapılma bir taçkapısı vardır. Taçkapının biraz ilerisinde çeşmesi bulunmaktadır (çeşme bugün kördür).

Parmaklıklı avlu duvarının caddeden girilen taş taçkapısı 4 m.dir. Şadırvanı bulunmayan caminin tuvaleti ve abdestliği alt kattadır. Valide Sultan'a uygun pembe dış boyasıyla 2007'de yeniden tamir edilerek ibadete açılmıştır.

Avluya girildikten sonra hemen sağda giriş kapısı, sağında musalla taşı ve minare tabanı vardır. Bu giriş kapısının açıldığı bölüm merdivenlerle üst kata çıkar. Ana bölüm kıbleye doğru dikdörtgen sahında uzanmaktadır. Pencereler yan duvarlarda üstte üçer tane konik ve sabit, altta dikine 4 pencere vardır. Yüksek tavan ahşap olup, mihrap kısmı sahından ayrılmıştır.

Tuğla minareli, ahşap çatılı cami Mart 2007 tarihinde onarıma alınmıştır.

Fatih'teki camiler
İstanbul'daki Osmanlı camileri
Topkapı

Bezmialem Valide Camii


Thomas or Tom Clarke may refer to:

Politicians
 Thomas Clarke (died 1754) (c. 1672–1754), British lawyer and politician, MP for Hertford
 Thomas Clarke (Australian politician) (1846–1922), member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
 Tom Clarke (politician) (born 1941), British Member of Parliament 1982–2015
 Tom Clarke (Irish republican) (1858–1916)

Musicians
 Tom Clarke (musician) (born 1986), lead singer of the Enemy
 Tom "Sparkles*" Clarke (born 1988), lead singer of Area 11

Religious figures
 Thomas Clarke (Dean of Barbados) (died 1900), British colonial Anglican priest
 Thomas Clarke (Archdeacon of Macclesfield) (1907–1965), British Anglican priest in the third quarter of the 20th century

Sportspeople
 T.B.A. Clarke (Thomas Bishop Andrews Clarke, 1868–1909), English footballer
 Tom Clarke (Australian footballer) (1906–1981), Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon
 Thomas Clarke (skeleton racer) (1911–1969), British skeleton racer
 Tom Clarke (footballer, born 1987), currently with Fleetwood Town
 Thomas Clarke (footballer) (born 1989), formerly with Yeovil Town
 Thomas Clarke (cricketer) (1839–1892), Barbadian cricketer

Others
 Sir Thomas Clarke (judge) (1703–1764), English master of the rolls, 1754–1764
 Thomas Clarke (British Army officer) (died 1799)
 Thomas Curtis Clarke (1827–1901), railway engineer, builder and author
 Thomas B. Clarke (1848–1931), art collector from New York City
 Tom Clarke (Irish republican) (1857–1916), revolutionary leader involved in the 1916 Easter Rising
 Thomas Shields Clarke (1860–1920), American artist
 Tom Clarke (writer) (1918–1993), British television writer
 Thomas Clarke (professor) (fl. 2000s), British professor
 Thomas Clarke (bushranger) (c. 1840–1867), Australian bushranger

Characters
 Tom Clarke (Taken), a fictional character in the TV series Taken played by Ryan Hurst
 Thomas Clarke, character in Wizards vs Aliens

See also
 Thomas Clark (disambiguation)
 Tom Clark (disambiguation)
 Thomas Clerk (disambiguation)
 Thomas Clerke (disambiguation)

Thomas Clarke


Der Pahang () ist ein Fluss auf der malaiischen Halbinsel in Malaysia.

Geografie
Er ist mit einer Länge von 440 km der längste Fluss auf der malaiischen Halbinsel. Sein Einzugsgebiet deckt etwa drei Viertel des gleichnamigen Bundesstaats Pahang ab und ist in großen Bereichen deckungsgleich mit den Staatsgrenzen. Der Fluss entsteht durch den Zusammenfluss der beiden Flüsse Sungai Jelai und Sungai Tembeling. Seine höchstgelegenen Quellen befinden sich am Gunung Tahan (). Er mündet etwa 9 km östlich der Stadt Pekan in das Südchinesische Meer.

Hydrologie
In den Wintermonaten zur Regenzeit kommt es häufig zu Überschwemmungen.

Bilder

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Pahang)
0Pahang

Sungai Pahang


المنشية قد تعني الآتي:

جغرافيا

قرية المنشية المدمرة في قضاء عكا.
 قرية المنشية المدمرة في قضاء صفد.
 قرية المنشية المدمرة في قضاء طبريا.
 قرية المنشية المدمرة في قضاء يافا.
 قرية المنشية المدمرة في قضاء طولكرم.
 قرية عراق المنشية المدمرة في قضاء غزة.
 قرية المنشية إحدى قرى محافظة بيت لحم في الضفة الغربية.

المنشية قرية محتلة تتبع مركز الخشنية بمحافظة القنيطرة.

المنشية (عمان) في محافظة عمان.
 قرية المنشية في محافظة مادبا.
 قرية المنشية في محافظة معان.
 قرية المنشية في محافظة إربد.

ميدان المنشية في مدينة الأسكندرية
 المنشية الجديدة والمنشية القديمة في مدينة المحلة الكبرى، مصر
 قرية المنشية في محافظة الشرقية.

قرية المنشية في محافظة الموية.

قرية المنشية إحدى قرى ولاية قبلي في تونس.

قرية المنشية في الخرطوم.

المنشية (توضيح)


S71, S-71 ou S.71 peut faire référence à:
 Blériot-SPAD S.71, un avion de chasse français ;
 Galerna (S-71), un sous-marin de la marine espagnole ;
 Plaie ouverte de la hanche et de la cuisse, d'après la classification internationale des maladies.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

S71


Natüralizm ya da doğalcılık; felsefe, sanat ve edebiyatta doğal Dünya'yı temel alan çeşitli akımlara verilen ortak ad. Bu akımların takipçilerine natüralist denir. Bunun yanı sıra doğa tarihi ile uğraşan bilim insanlarına da natüralist denir.
 Edebiyatta ve sanatta natüralizm, doğayı detayları ile olduğu gibi yansıtmayı öngören akımların genel adıdır.
 Felsefede natüralizm, her şeyin doğal varlıklardan, doğal nedenlerle oluştuğunu, doğaüstü varlıklara ve açıklamalara itibar edilmemesi gerektiğini savunan düşüncedir.
 Ahlak felsefesinde natüralizm, ahlaki çıkarımların, ahlaki olmayan ifadelerden yapılabileceği teorisidir.

Felsefe

Doğalcılığa göre doğanın, nesnel yasalar uyarınca işleyen bir düzeni vardır. Gözlem ve deneye dayalı bilimler, işte bu yasalar sayesinde doğa ile ilgili her alanda sağlam, kesin bilgilere ulaşabilir. Doğalcılık, doğa bilimlerinin sanata ve edebiyata uygulanmasıyla ortaya çıkmıştır. Doğalcı anlayışa göre gerçek olduğu gibi yansıtılmalı, yaşamın kaba ve bayağı sayılarak ele alınmayan yönleri de işlenmelidir.

Doğalcı anlayışa göre birey, içinde yetiştiği toplumsal ve doğal çevrede biçimlenir. Ekonomik ve toplumsal baskılar altında ezilen bireyler, içlerinden gelen güçlü dürtülerle hareket ederler. Alın yazılarını belirleyebilme gücünden uzak olduklarından davranışlarından da sorumlu tutulamazlar.

Türleri
Natüralizm iki farklı felsefî görüşte incelenir:

 Yöntemsel natüralizm, bilim insanlarından, içinde bulunduğumuz dünya hakkında, gözlemleyebileceğimiz, test edebileceğimiz, tekrar edebileceğimiz ve doğrulayabileceğimiz açıklamalar talep eder. Epistemoloji üzerine yoğunlaşır: "Dünya üzerinde güvenilir bilgiyi edinmenin yöntemleri nelerdir?". Metafizik ve dini inançtan bağımsız, özellikle "bilgi" edinmenin pratik yöntemleriyle ilgili epistemolojik bir bakış açısıdır. Buna göre varsayımların doğal neden ve olaylara göre açıklanıp test edilmesi gerekir. Gözlemlenebilir eylemlerin açıklamaları yalnızca doğal nedenlerle ilişkilendirildikleri sürece pratik ve faydalı olur (mesela "kesin işleyişler" buna örnektir, ama "şüpheli mucizeler" değil). Yöntemsel natüralizm modern bilimin temel prensibidir. Bazı filozoflar bu düşünceyi daha da genişleterek yöntemsel natüralizmin felsefenin de temel prensibi olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Bu bakış açısına göre bilim ve felsefe bir bütündür. W.V. Quine, George Santayana ve diğer bazı filozoflar da bu düşünceyi desteklemişlerdir.
 Metafizik natüralizm, (veya ontolojik natüralizm veya felsefi natüralizm) ontoloji üzerine yoğunlaşır: Bu bakış açısı daha çok varoluş ile alakalıdır: var olan nedir ve var olmayan nedir? Natüralizm "tabiat vardır ve bütün temel doğrular tabiatın doğrularıdır." metafiziki pozisyonuna sahiptir.

Tarihçe

Felsefi natüralizme ait ilk düşünce ve varsayımlara Sokrates'ten önceki İyonya'lı filozofların eserlerinde rastlanır.

Bilimin babası kabul edilen Miletli Thales tabiat olaylarını doğaüstü nedenlere girmeksizin açıklayan ilk filozoflardandır. Bu erken dönem filozofları natüralizmin temellerini atan deneysel araştırma prensiplerine katkıda bulundular .

Orta çağın sonlarına doğru olayları doğal nedenlere bağlamak hristiyan filozofların tipik özelliği haline geldi. Skolastik düşünürler ise bir taraftan yaratıcının olaylara doğrudan müdahalesi ihtimaline kapıyı açık bırakmalarına rağmen bir taraftan da tabiat olaylarının arkasında bilimsel açıklamalar aramaktansa mucize arayışlarına giren çağdaşlarını hakir görmeye başladılar.

17. yüzyıl felsefesinde Descartes'ın "Cogito ergo sum" düşüncesiyle ulaştığı "Tanrı" idesi, Descartes'ın idealist bir filozof olarak da isimlendirilmesine sebep olmuştur. İşte Descartes'ın bu idealizmine karşı, naturalist bir bakışla Thomas Hobbes çıkmıştır. Dolayısıyla 17. yy'da naturalizmin temsilcisi olmuştur.

Sanat
Görsel sanatlarda Doğalcılık, doğanın olduğu gibi betimlenmesi biçiminde ortaya çıktı. Gerçekte ilk Doğalcı yapıtları, Eski Yunanistan'da, klasik dönem sanatçılarının verdiği söylenebilir. Rönesans sanatçıları, bir bakıma bu anlayışı yeniden canlandırdılar. 17. yüzyılda yaşayan Doğalcı ressamlar doğayı, güzelliği ve çirkinliğiyle olduğu gibi yansıtmakta birleşiyorlardı. Doğalcı terimi de ilk kez bu yüzyılda kullanıldı.
İngiliz manzara ressamı John Constable, 1830'larda doğanın tüm yönleriyle, olduğu gibi betimlenmesi gerektiğini savundu. Constable'ın etkisinde kalan  Fransız Barbizon ressamları, yeni Avrupa Doğalcılık'ının manzara resmindeki temsilcileriydi. Bu yıllarda Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro ve Claude Monet de Doğalcı yapıtlar verdiler. 19. yüzyılın sonuna doğru Doğalcılık Alman ressamları üzerinde de etkisini gösterdi. ABD'de ise Doğalcılık 19. yüzyılda, Gerçekçilik'le iç içe gelişti.

Edebiyat
Edebiyatta Doğalcılık, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Fransa'da doğdu. Bu akımın kuramsal temellerini Fransız Hippolyte Taine'in oluşturdu. Taine'in düşüncelerinden etkilenen Goncourt Kardeşler, ilk Doğalcı roman olan Germinie Lacerteux'u (1864) yazdılar. Ama edebiyatta Doğalcılık asıl anlatımını, Emile Zola'nın Le Roman expérimental (1880; "Deneysel Roman") adlı deneme yazılarında buldu. Goncourt Kardeşler'den etkilenen Zola'ya göre romancı, olguları yalnızca saptayarak yazmakla yetinen bir gözlemci değil, roman kişilerinin iç dünyalarını, duygusal ve toplumsal olguları bir dizi deneyden geçiren bir deneycidir. Doğalcılık'ın öngördüğü yöntemlere Zola kadar sıkı sıkıya bağlı kalmış çok az yazar vardır. Ama bir süre sonra, ünlü öykücü Guy de Maupassant, romancı Joris-Karl Huysmans, Alman oyun yazarı Gerhart Hauptmann, Portekizli romancı José Maria Eça de Queirós bu akımdan etkilenerek yazmışlardır.

Doğalcı yazarlar, nesnel gerçekleri yazdılar ve idealleştirmeye karşı çıktılar. Yaşamın acımasız ve kaba yanlarını da yansıttılar. Kalıtıma ilişkin görüşlerinin etkisiyle, güçlü tutkuların pençesinde kıvranan basit tipleri ele alarak işlediler. Doğalcı yazarlar, çevrenin birey üzerindeki ezici bir etkisi olduğuna inanıyorlardı. Bundan dolayı yapıtlarında, iç karartıcı mekânları, gecekondu semtlerini ve yeraltı dünyasını bir belgesel diliyle işlediler.
Avrupa edebiyatında Doğalcılık'ın etkileri zayıflamaya başladığı bir dönemde ABD'de, Stephen Crane, Frank Norris ve Jack London bu anlayışla yazdılar. Theodore Dreiser, ABD'de Doğalcılık'ı doruğa ulaştırdı. James T. Farrell'ın Studs Lonigan (1932-35) başlıklı üçlemesi son Doğalcı yapıtlar oldu.

Türk edebiyatına Doğalcılık, deneye dayalı bilimlerin ateşli savunucusu Beşir Fuad'ın etkisiyle girdi. Beşir Fuad roman ya da öykü yazarı değildi, ama bazı yapıtlarında Doğalcılığın temel ilke ve yöntemlerini savunarak dönemin romancı ve öykücülerini etkiledi. Türk edebiyatının ilk Doğalcı romanı, 1891'de Ahmed Midhat Efendi'nin yazdığı Müşahedat'tır ("Gözlemler"). Bu akımın Türk edebiyatındaki ilk önemli temsilcisi ise Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar'dır. Gürpınar Doğalcılık'a, Mürebbiye (1899) adlı romanında kahramanlardan birinin ağzından bu akımın ne olduğunu anlatacak kadar önem vermiştir. Ben Deli miyim? (1925) adlı romanı müstehcen bulunarak dava açılınca yazar, "gerçek öykücülük, tüm bilimleri, fenleri kapsayan, her kötülüğü, her hastalığı, her gizli fesadı, yarayı aydınlığa çıkaran yüce bir güçtür" diyerek duruşmada kendisini ve Doğalcılık anlayışını savunmuştur.

Doğalcılık, kısa ömürlü bir akım olmakla birlikte Gerçekçiliğin zenginleşmesini, yeni konuların bulunmasını, biçime öncelik tanımayan ve yaşama yakın olan bir anlatımın gelişmesini sağladı.

Kaynakça

Sanat
Görsel sanatlar teorisi
Görsel sanat akımları

Natüralizm


Maevatana ist eine Stadt und Hauptort der Region Betsiboka in Madagaskar.

Geographie
Die Stadt liegt am Fluss Ikopa und der Nationalstraße 4 Mahajanga – Antananarivo.

Geschichte
1885 wurde Madagaskar Frankreich in der Berliner Kongokonferenz als "Interessengebiet" zugesprochen. Bei den Kämpfen der Eroberung um die Kaffee- und Reisplantagen von Maevatanana verloren neben den Einheimischen auch viele französische Soldaten ihr Leben. Ein Denkmal von 1895, in unmittelbarer Nähe der einzigen Tankstelle von Maevatanana, erinnert an rund 300 gefallene französische Soldaten.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Die Landwirtschaft stellt mit rund 60 Prozent den wichtigsten Wirtschaftszweig der Gemeinde dar. Die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung der Gemeinde sind Bauern. Die wichtigsten Kulturpflanzen sind Reis, Tabak und Süßkartoffel. Die Fischerei beschäftigt 13 Prozent der Bevölkerung.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Region Betsiboka
Ort in Afrika

Maevatanana


ولد حرا  مسلسل أطفال أنمي ياباني من إنتاج Tsuburaya في عام 1976 وأيضاً إنتاج ENOKI Film Tokyo وهو مزيج بين الأنيمي والتصوير الحقيقي، يحكي عن فريق يقوم بجمع الديناصورات من العالم وتجميعها في مكان منعزل لتعيش فيه بسلام.

الشخصيات

فرقة ولد حرا
 دكتور لبيب
 جاسر
 رشيدة
 مسعود
 جابر
 جمال

الأشرار
 فاتك
 مطيع

الدبلجة
 سامي قفطان
 مقداد مسلم
 عزيز خيون
 قاسم الملاك
 هاني هاني
 ايمان هاوي
 عواطف نعيم
 محمود عبدالعباس
 ماركنينا يوخنا
 ميمون حمزة
 عز الدين طابو
 نجم شهيب
 بيداء عبد الرحمن

انظر أيضا
 الرجل الحديدي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أنمي 1976
إنتاج مؤسسة الإنتاج المشترك لدول الخليج العربي
مسلسلات أنمي مدبلجة للعربية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية

ولد حرا


Lika () is a traditional region of Croatia proper, roughly bound by the Velebit mountain from the southwest and the Plješevica mountain from the northeast. On the north-west end Lika is bounded by Ogulin-Plaški basin, and on the south-east by the Malovan pass. Today most of the territory of Lika (Brinje, Donji Lapac, Gospić, Lovinac, Otočac, Perušić, Plitvička Jezera, Udbina and Vrhovine) is part of Lika-Senj County. Josipdol, Plaški and Saborsko are part of Karlovac County and Gračac is part of Zadar County.

Major towns include Gospić, Otočac, and Gračac, most of which are located in the karst poljes of the rivers of Lika, Gacka and others. The Plitvice Lakes National Park is also in Lika.

History

Antiquity
Since the first millennium BC the region was inhabited by Iapydes, an ancient people related to Illyrians. During the Gallic invasion of the Balkans, a division of the Gallic army passed through the territory of today's Lika and a part of this army settled among the Iapydes.

In the 2nd century BC, Iapydes came into conflict with the Roman Empire, suffering several military campaigns, most significantly in 129 BC, 119 BC and finally being conquered in 34 BC by Augustus Caesar.

Medieval

Bijelohrvati (or White Croats) originally migrated from White Croatia to Lika in the first half of the 7th century. After the settlement of Croats (according to migrations theories), Lika became part of the Principality of Littoral Croatia.

Lika then became a part of the Kingdom of Croatia in 925, when Duke Tomislav of the Croats received the crown and became King of Croatia.

The name of Lika is derived from old Illyrian language, meaning "body of water"; its cognates are liquor ("fluid") in Latin and liqén ("lake") in modern Albanian. Indeed, a major feature of the Lika landscape are rivers and lakes, as well as marshes and floodplains, many of which have been drained in 18th to 20th centuries. The name initially referred to Lika River, and over time came to denote the region. The first mention of Lika as a toponym appears in 10th-century Constantine Porphyrogenitus' book De Administrando Imperio as , in a chapter dedicated to Croats and the organisation of their state, describing how their ban "has under his rule Krbava, Lika and Gacka".

Among the twelve noble Croat tribes that had a right to choose the Croat king, the Gusić tribe was from Lika.

From the 15th century

In 1493 the Croatian army suffered a heavy defeat from the Ottoman forces in the Battle of Krbava Field, near Udbina in Lika. As the Ottomans advanced into Croatia, the Croatian population from the region gradually started to move into safer parts of the country or abroad. Many indigenous Chakavians of Lika leaving this area and to their places mainly arriving Neo-Shtokavian Ikavians from western Hezegovina and western Bosnia, and Orthodox (Vlachs and Serbs Neo-Shtokavian Ijekavians) from south-east of Balkan Peninsula. In 1513 the town of Modruš, the location of the episcopal see in Lika, was overrun by the Ottomans. In 1527 they captured Udbina, including the Udbina Castle, leaving most of Lika under Ottoman control. The region became initially part Sanjak of Bosnia, later the Sanjak of Klis and finally the Sanjak of Krka. The devastation of Lika and Krbava was such that almost half a century they remained largely uninhabited. At the end of the 16th century the Ottomans started settling Vlachs in the area, as well as Muslims in larger settlements where they soon formed a majority of the population.

Prince Radic was appointed Prince of Senj by King Rudolf in Graz (1 December 1600). Radic family is a Native noble family from Lika region; members of the family were Uskok military leaders at the headquarters in Senj. Prince of Senj was very active against Ottoman. In 1683 after Ottoman defeat at the battle of Vienna, 30,000 Muslims from Lika began to move towards Bosnia. Large number of these Muslims originated from Bosnia from which they came a century earlier, while a substantial proportion was of Croatian origin.

The Ottoman rule in Lika mostly ended in 1689 with the recapture of Udbina. However area of Donji Lapac remained in Ottoman hands for 102 years. The borders between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire were initially concluded with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, finally concluded with Treaty of Sistova in 1791. Lika was incorporated into the Karlovac general command of the Croatian Military Frontier. It was repopulated by immigrants from Ottoman held regions. Catholics predominated in urban settlements, while Orthodox Christians were mostly present in the interior of Lika.

On 15 July 1881 the Military Frontier was abolished, and Lika was restored to Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, an autonomous part of Transleithania (the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy of Austro-Hungary). It was within the Lika-Krbava County, with Gospić as the county seat. Its population was ethnically mixed and in 1910 consisted of 50.8% Serbs and 49% Croats.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia to SFRY

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia, of which Lika was part, became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on October 29, 1918. The newly created state then joined the Kingdom of Serbia on December 1, 1918 to form Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes which was in 1929 renamed into Yugoslavia. Lika remained inside Croatia, which became one of the constituent provinces of the Kingdom. The majority of Lika belonged to the Županija Lika-Krbava with the capital in Senj (instead of in Gospić previously). The new constitution abolished any previous borders and Lika became a part of the Primorsko-krajiška Oblast with the capital in Karlovac. In 1929, the region became a part of the Sava Banate (Savska banovina) of the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and then in 1939 of the Croatian Banate (Hrvatska banovina).

Yugoslavia was invaded and split by the Axis forces in 1941 and Lika became a part of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Axis puppet state led by the Ustaše. On 27 July the Srb uprising started against the Ustaše in Lika, led by Yugoslav Partisans. In June 1943 the founding session of the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH) was held in Otočac in Lika, in the territory held by the Partisans. The war ended in 1945 and Croatia became a Socialist federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Croatian War of Independence

In August 1990 an insurrection known as Log Revolution started in Serb populated areas of Croatia. Due to recent civil unrest and with Croatia declaring independence from Yugoslavia in June 1991, the Serb majority settlements of eastern Lika joined with fellow Serbian populace in Croatia in the creation and declaration of independence of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK). Subsequently, the Serbian paramilitary units were created with the backing of the Yugoslav People's Army and Serbian paramilitary forces. Clashes with the Croatian police that followed later in 1991 quickly erupted in a full-scale war. The fiercest fighting in Lika took place during the Battle of Gospić in August and September 1991 that resulted in the seat of the province being heavily damaged by the Serbian forces. Western Lika remained under Croatian control, while eastern Lika was under RSK control. War continued until 1995, when the Croatian Army took over the region in Operation Storm, ending the existence of the RSK.

After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the region were designated Areas of Special State Concern.

Economy

Lika is traditionally a rural area with a developed farming (growing potatoes) and livestock. Industry is minimal and relies mostly on wood processing. Tourism is important to the region, with two national parks (Plitvice Lakes National Park and Sjeverni Velebit) attracting visitors from all over the world. In 2015, Plitvice Lakes National Park attracted 1.2 million visitors.

Culture

Lika has a distinct culture. The Ikavian and Shtokavian dialects of Croatian are both spoken in most of Lika, and Chakavian is spoken in the North around the town of Brinje.

Lika caps are worn by the local men and farmers informally at home, and also formally at weddings and celebrations.

Cuisine
The cuisine of Lika is shaped by its mountainous terrain, scarcity of arable land, cold winters, and the extensive practice of animal husbandry. It is simple, traditional and hearty, heavily focused on fresh, local ingredients and home style cooking. Maize, potatoes, lamb and dairy products form the basis of the local diet. Meat is commonly salted or dried, while on special occasions a whole lamb is roasted on a large skewer. Common meat products include šunka (ham), pršut (prosciutto), kulin (blood sausage) and žmare (čvarci). Dairy products such as butter, skorup and cheeses are abundant. Basa is a common cheese variety made from fermented milk and skorup. Trout is farmed and used extensively in many varieties, smoked, marinated or breaded in corn flour and fried. Trout caviar is local delicacy. The use of vegetables is limited, and mostly consists of cabbage, turnips and beans.

Common dishes include:

 Polenta - Eaten in many varieties, with skorup, žmare or sour cabbage.
 Stewed beans - Usually enriched with sour cabbage, turnip or bacon.
 Lički lonac (Lika pot) - A hearty, complex stew of mutton and various vegetables (potatoes, fresh cabbage, carrots, celery, parsley, bell peppers, tomatoes, etc.). Commonly eaten with boiled potatoes or polenta on the side.
 Lamb under a peka - Lamb and potatoes cooked in a peka, a large metal or ceramic lid.
 Sour cabbage with cured meat - Usually includes cured mutton, bacon, kulin, and potatoes on the side.

Common desserts include štrudla (savijača), ruffled dough stuffed with cheese or grated apples, and uštipci, deep fried nuggets of sweetened leavened dough.

Population

The 2011 census data for Lika-Senj County shows 50,927 inhabitants, which is a decrease from the 53,677 inhabitants counted in 2001 (this is a drop of about 5.1% over the ten years and continues a decades-long depopulation trend in Lika). In 2011, 84.15% of the residents were of Croat, and 13.65% of Serb ethnicity.

Sport
 Croatia Walking Festival – international hiking event

Notable people

 Jakov Blažević
 Jovanka Broz
 Mile Budak
 Matija Čanić
 Josip Čorak
 Marko Došen
 Josip Filipović
 Jure Francetić
 Milovan Gavazzi
 Ilija Ivezić
 Stjepan Jovanović
 Ana Karić
 Ivan Karlović
 Vinko Knežević
 Edo Kovačević
 Ferdinand Kovačević
 Miroslav Kraljević
 Davor Lasić
 Mirko Lulić
 Priest Martinac
 Marko Mesić
 Darko Milinović
 Veljko Narančić
 Nicholas of Modruš
 Ante Nikšić
 Omar Pasha
 Ante Pavelić (1869–1938)
 Mirjan Pavlović
 Vlado Perkovic
 Gašpar Perušić
 Ivica Rajković
 Ivan Rukavina
 Juraj Rukavina Vidovgradski (politician)
 Juraj Rukavina Vidovgradski (Austrian general)
 Mathias Rukavina von Boynograd
 Sandra Šarić
 Stjepan Sarkotić
 Martin Sekulić
 Tomislav Sertić
 Franjo Šimić
 Petar Smiljanić
 Hrvoje Smolčić
 Ante Starčević
 David Starčević
 Mile Starčević (politician, born 1862)
 Mile Starčević (politician, born 1904)
 Šime Starčević
 Rade Šerbedžija
 Nikola Tesla
 Nikica Valentić
 Josef Philipp Vukassovich
 Lavoslav Vukelić
 Janko Vuković
 Josif Rajačić
 Božidar Maljković

See also
 Iapydes
 Guduscani
 Bunjevci

References

Bibliography

External links

 Croatian glagolitic heritage related to Lika, Krbava, Gatska, Modruš and Senj
 Lika population 1910
 -map of Lika

Regions of Croatia
Historical regions in Croatia

Lika


A área pré-óptica é uma região do hipotálamo. O Medical Subject Headings classifica-a como parte do hipotálamo anterior. O Terminologia Anatomica lista quatro núcleos nesta região (medial, mediano, lateral e periventricular).

Funções
A área pré-óptica é responsável pela termorregulação e recebe estimulação nervosa de termorreceptores na pele, nas membranas mucosas e no próprio hipotálamo.

Núcleos

Núcleo pré-óptico mediano
O núcleo pré-óptico mediano está localizado ao longo da linha média em uma posição significativamente dorsal aos outros três núcleos pré-ópticos, pelo menos no cérebro do macaco comedor de caranguejo. Ele envolve as superfícies superior (dorsal), frontal e inferior (ventral) da comissura anterior.

O núcleo pré-óptico mediano gera a sede. Beber diminui a liberação de noradrenalina no núcleo pré-óptico mediano.

Núcleo pré-óptico medial
O núcleo pré-óptico medial é delimitado lateralmente pelo núcleo pré-óptico lateral e medialmente pelo núcleo pré-óptico periventricular. Ele libera o hormônio liberador de gonadotropina (GnRH), controla a cópula nos machos e é maior nos machos do que nas fêmeas.

Comportamento parental
A área pré-óptica medial (mPOA) tem sido implicada no cuidado parental em homens e mulheres. Em ratos, a ocitocina e a vasopressina estão associadas à manutenção do cuidado materno por meio da liberação local no mPOA e no núcleo do leito adjacente da estria terminal (BNST). A ligação do receptor V1a de ocitocina e vasopressina está aumentada tanto no mPOA quanto no BNST em ratazanas lactantes quando comparadas aos controles. O mPOA também possui uma alta densidade de receptores de estradiol que, quando ativados, podem fazer com que um rato macho apresente comportamentos do tipo maternal. Além disso, o mPOA é crítico para o início e a expressão do comportamento parental, conforme evidenciado pelos aumentos no gene c-fos precoce imediato, em ratos mães ou pais experientes quando comparados aos controles. Também em pais, estudos mostraram que quando eles recebem sinais ultrassônicos ou de feromônio de seus companheiros, sua expressão de c-fos no mPOA aumenta ainda mais, sugerindo que o comportamento paterno do rato é mediado pelo mPOA, mas ativado por interações diretas com um companheiro. Grandes lesões do mPOA interrompem o início do comportamento materno, a construção do ninho e a recuperação dos filhotes, sendo as projeções laterais especialmente críticas.

Comportamento sexual
O mPOA é sexualmente dimórfico, ou seja, difere em função entre machos e fêmeas. Nas mulheres, estudos examinaram a influência do mPOA nos comportamentos pré-copulatórios e apetitivos. Os comportamentos pré-copulatórios envolvem várias áreas do cérebro, incluindo o mPOA, bem como a amígdala medial (MA) e o BNST. Estudos usando hamsters sírios fêmeas mostraram que o mPOA é importante para a preferência do odor sexual. Enquanto as fêmeas de controle investigaram os odores masculinos mais do que os odores femininos, aquelas com lesões bilaterais no mPOA (MPOA-X) não mostraram diferença na preferência de odor, mas a marcação vaginal e a lordose permaneceram inalteradas.  Comportamentos apetitivos de ratazanas – incluindo pulos e solicitações – foram associados à transmissão de dopamina (DA) no mPOA. Como o ácido ascórbico (vitamina C) aumenta a transmissão de DA nas vias mesolímbica e nigroestriatal, foi demonstrado que infusões de ácido ascórbico no mPOA aumentam os comportamentos apetitivos em comparação aos controles.

Em ratos machos, o mPOA afeta a fase consumatória do comportamento sexual e, possivelmente, a motivação, com lesões que causam perda completa dos comportamentos copulatórios. Por outro lado, a estimulação elétrica dessa área desencadeia o comportamento copulatório masculino, medido pela diminuição da latência para ejacular. Além disso, a testosterona implantada no mPOA de machos castrados restaura completamente o acasalamento, desde que a aromatase não seja inibida.

Referências

Anatomia do sistema nervoso
Neuroanatomia

Área pré-óptica


تاكاأكي كاتو  (3 يناير 1860 - 28 يناير 1926) كان سياسي ياباني شغل منصب رئيس الوزراء الياباني الرابع والعشرين بين 11 يونيو 1924 إلى 28 يناير 1926.

مراجع

أشخاص في فترة مييجي
أشخاص توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب
حائزون على وسام القديس ميخائيل والقديس جرجس
رؤساء وزراء اليابان
رؤساء وزراء اليابان القرن 20
سفراء اليابان لدى المملكة المتحدة
سياسيون توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب
سياسيون من محافظة آيتشي
كازوكو
مواليد 1860
مواليد في أواري
وزراء خارجية اليابان
وفيات 1926
وفيات في طوكيو
يابانيون معادون للشيوعية

تاكاأكي كاتو


An Digitaria stricta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Albrecht Wilhelm Roth. An Digitaria stricta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Digitaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Digitaria (Poaceae)

Digitaria stricta


El Piasecki H-16 Transporter, también conocido como PV-15, fue un helicóptero con rotores en tándem diseñado por el ingeniero aeronáutico Frank Piasecki y fabricado por la compañía estadounidense Piasecki Helicopter. Se llegaron a evaluar dos prototipos en la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos (USAF) y el Ejército de los Estados Unidos, aunque el accidente del segundo de los prototipos durante una prueba condujo a la cancelación del proyecto.

Diseño y desarrollo

Con la designación de compañía PV-15, el helicóptero de rotores en tándem fue diseñado por el fundador de la compañía Frank Piasecki. El diseño fue mostrado públicamente por primera vez el 15 de septiembre de 1953 en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Filadelfia.

Historia operacional

Accidente

El 5 de enero de 1956, la segunda aeronave de pruebas YH-16 se estrelló cuando volvía a Filadelfia de una prueba de vuelo sobre Nueva Jersey. La causa del accidente fue determinada más tarde como el colector trasero, que llevaba datos de vuelo desde las palas de rotor instrumentadas a los grabadores de datos de la cabina. Los cojinetes del colector se atascaron, y la carga de torsión resultante rompió el tubo vertical de instrumentación dentro del eje de transmisión del rotor trasero. Un segmento de este tubo se inclinó y entró en contacto con el interior del eje de transmisión de aluminio del rotor, trazando un surco cada vez más profundo en él. El eje del rotor acabó fallando en vuelo, que a su vez provocó que las palas traseras y delanteras se desincronizaran y colisionaran.

La aeronave se perdió totalmente; los dos pilotos de pruebas, Harold Peterson y George Callahan, resultaron muertos. Esto condujo a la cancelación no solo del YH-16, sino también de la planeada versión YH-16B de 69 pasajeros.

Variantes

 XR-16
 Designación inicial dada por las USAAF, redesignado XH-16A por la USAF en 1948.
 XH-16A
 Equipado con dos motores radiales Pratt & Whitney R-2180 y espacio para 43 soldados, uno construido, más tarde convertido a YH-16B.
 YH-16A
 Equipado con dos motores turboeje Allison T38-A-10 de 1800 shp, designado previamente como XH-27.
 YH-16B
 XH-16A remotorizado con dos motores turboeje Allison T56-A-5 de 2100 shp.

Operadores

  Ejército de los Estados Unidos
  Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos

Especificaciones (YH-16B)

Aeronaves relacionadas

Véase también

 Anexo:Aeronaves de la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos (históricas y actuales)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página del Piasecki H-16.
 "Biggest Transport Helicopter Cruises 150 Miles Per Hour." Popular Mechanics, enero de 1954, p. 119, al final de la página.

PV-15
Helicópteros biturbina
Helicópteros de rotores en tándem
Helicópteros militares de transporte de Estados Unidos de los años 1950
Proyectos militares de aeronaves abandonados
Aeronaves de primer vuelo en 1953

Piasecki H-16


The Nationalist Republican Alliance (, abbreviated ARENA) is a conservative, center-right to right-wing political party of El Salvador. It was founded on 30 September 1981 by retired Salvadoran Army Major Roberto D'Aubuisson. It defines itself as a political institution constituted to defend the democratic, republican, and representative system of government, the social market economy system and nationalism.

ARENA controlled the National Assembly of El Salvador until 1985, and its party leader Alfredo Cristiani was elected to the presidency in 1989. ARENA controlled the presidency from 1989 until 2009. The party gained a plurality in the Legislative Assembly in 2012.

History

The Nationalist Republican Alliance was founded on 30 September 1981 during the Salvadoran Civil War. The party's membership at the time of its establishment consisted of primarily members of the Salvadoran Nationalist Movement (MNS) and the National Broad Front (FAN) who were dissatisfied with the government of the ruling Revolutionary Government Junta (JRG), as well of the preceding government of the National Conciliation Party (PCN). Its founding leader was Roberto D'Aubuisson, a former major in the Salvadoran Army who was most well-known for commanding various death squads and ordering the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero in 1980. At the time, ARENA was considered to be a far-right political party.

The party arose in response to "the insurgency of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, a group that united peasant farmers, unionists and intellectuals, which tried, through arms, to overthrow the dictatorship and to install a state regime inspired by the governments of revolutionary Cuba and Sandinista Nicaragua".

The ideology the party claims to believe in is a system of democratic and representative government, emphasizing individual rights, the family as the nucleus of society and the respect for private property.

In February 2007, three ARENA politicians were murdered in Guatemala, including Eduardo D'Aubuisson, the son of party founder Roberto D'Aubuisson, in what was considered by the police as a crime related to drugs.

In 2009, ARENA took out a full-page ad in a Salvadoran newspaper calling on President Mauricio Funes to recognise the interim Honduran government of Roberto Micheletti installed after the military had expelled President Manuel Zelaya.

On 21 July 2022, Gustavo López Davidson, the leader of ARENA from August 2019 to February 2020, committed suicide amidst an ongoing investigation against him for embezzlement and arms trafficking.

Structure

The highest authority of the party ARENA is the Comité Ejecutivo Nacionalista (COENA, "Nationalist Executive Committee"), which consists of 13 members. The members must be re-elected annually through the General Assembly of ARENA members.

In addition to the COENA, there are 14 Directors-in-Chief, one for each department and departmental councils called "Juntas Directivas Conjuntas" to coordinate political work in their respective department. In each department, a director is chosen who works with a specific member of COENA. The director's role is to organize and co-ordinate electoral campaigns and help the councils form party structures in the municipalities of their departments.

On 19 February 2013, Jorge Velado assumed the position as president of COENA, in a party leadership shake-up aimed at re-energizing a stale organization tainted by its association with the violent death squads of the 1980s, widespread corruption and the switch to the U.S. dollar as the national currency.

Electoral record

At the legislative elections held on 16 March 2003, the party won 32.0% of the popular vote and 27 out of 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly. ARENA's successful candidate in El Salvador's 2004 presidential election was Antonio Saca. On 21 March 2004, Saca defeated Schafik Hándal, the candidate of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), by a margin of 58% to 36% with 70% turnout. He was sworn in as president the following 1 June.

In the 12 March 2006 legislative election, the party won 39.4% of the popular vote and 32 out of 84 seats. At the 18 January 2009 legislative elections, the party received 38.55% of the vote, and again won 32 of the 84 seats.

On 15 March 2009, ARENA candidate Rodrigo Ávila lost the presidential election to Mauricio Funes of the FMLN. After elections, the party president was changed to Alfredo Cristiani.

On 9 March 2014 Salvador Sánchez Cerén of FMLN narrowly defeated the ARENA candidate Norman Quijano by 0.2% in a run-off vote in a controversial election.

ARENA also lost both 2019 presidential election and 2021 legislative election dominated by Nuevas Ideas, the party of current president Nayib Bukele.

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Legislative Assembly elections

See also

 List of political parties in El Salvador
 Politics of El Salvador

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Official website
 Youth wing website

1981 establishments in North America
Anti-communist parties
International Democrat Union member parties
Nationalist parties in North America
Political parties established in 1981
Political parties in El Salvador
Salvadoran Civil War
Salvadoran nationalism

Nationalist Republican Alliance


An Cyrtidiorchis stumpflei in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Stephan Rauschert. An Cyrtidiorchis stumpflei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtidiorchis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtidiorchis

Cyrtidiorchis stumpflei


عبد الفتاح إبراهيم عبد الفتاح المدرس مفكر اجتماعي عراقي. ألف عدة كتب في علم الاجتماع منها مقدمة في الاجتماع، ودراسات في علم الاجتماع، والاجتماع والماركسية. شارك ببدايات جماعة الأهالي التي أفضت للعديد من الأحزاب العراقية في الثلاثينيات والأربعينيات.

التحصيل العلمي
ولد عام 1904 في مدينة الناصرية، حيث كان والده يشغل وظيفة واعظ غرب الفرات. تتلمذ عبد الفتاح إبراهيم في البصرة وأكمل دراسته الابتدائية هناك. وأكمل دراسته الثانوية في بغداد سنة 1924–، ثم سافر إلى بيروت في عام 1930 للدراسة في الجامعة الأمريكية وكان أول كتاب قرأه هناك للكاتب الأمريكي الليبرالي  بعنوان تاريخ أوروبا الاجتماعي والسياسي وكان حينذاك أول مرة يسمع فيها عن الاشتراكية التي أصبحت إحدى اللبنات الأساسية في تشكيل تفكيره.

بعد إكمال دراسته في بيروت عاد إلى بغداد ليعمل في حقل التعليم، ولكنه لم يستمر في ذلك إذ سافر إلى أمريكا عام 1930 لإكمال دراسته العليا في جامعة كولومبيا وأول ما بدأ به هو تأليف كتابه (على طريق الهند)، إذ استفاد من وجوده في أمريكا في جمع كل المعلومات المتعلقة بالعلاقات الإنجليزية - العراقية والتي كانت موضوع كتابه سابق الذكر.

مصادر

 موسوعة علم الاجتماع في العراق: مجلة علوم إنسانية

أشخاص من الناصرية
خريجو الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت
خريجو جامعة كولومبيا
علماء اجتماع عراقيون
مواليد 1904
وفيات 2003

عبد الفتاح إبراهيم


An Elytrostachys typica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Mcclure. An Elytrostachys typica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elytrostachys, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Elytrostachys

Elytrostachys typica


Eunice Kathleen Waymon (21. febrúar, 1933 – 21. apríl, 2003), þekkt undir listamannsnafninu Nina Simone, var bandarísk söngkona, lagahöfundur, tónskáld, útsetjari og baráttukona. Sem tónlistarkona fékkst hún við mikinn fjölda tónlistartegunda, þar á meðal klassíska tónlist, djass, blús, þjóðlagatónlist, rytmablús, gospeltónlist og popptónlist.

Hún var sjötta í röðinni af átta börnum fátækrar fjölskyldu frá Tryon í Norður-Karólínu. Upphaflega ætlaði hún sér að verða konsertpíanisti. Með hjálp stuðningsfólks frá heimabæ hennar skráði hún sig í Juilliard-skólann í New York-borg. Síðan sótti hún um inngöngu í Curtis Institute of Music í Philadelphia, en komst ekki inn þrátt fyrir vel heppnaða áheyrnarprufu. Hún vildi meina að það hefði verið vegna kynþáttahaturs. Stofnunin veitti henni heiðursgráðu árið 2003, nokkrum dögum áður en hún dó.

Simone hóf að vinna fyrir sér með því að leika á píanó í næturklúbbi í Atlantic City. Hún tók upp nafnið Nina Simone til að fjölskylda hennar kæmist ekki að því að hún væri kokkteilpíanisti. Í næturklúbbnum hóf hún að syngja við eigin undirleik og hóf þannig feril sem djasssöngkona. Hún gaf út fyrstu breiðskífu sína, Little Girl Blue, árið 1958 með lögunum "I Loves You, Porgy" og "My Baby Just Cares for Me". Alls gaf hún út yfir 40 breiðskífur til 1974. Hún blandaði saman klassískri tónlist, sérstaklega Johann Sebastian Bach, við gospeltónlist og popp, með mjúkum og tjáningarríkum djasssöng í auðþekkjanlegri kontraaltrödd. Meðal annarra þekktra laga sem hún flutti eru "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", "Wild Is the Wind", "Ne me quitte pas" og "Sinnerman".

Simone var virkur þátttakandi í mannréttindabaráttu blökkumanna í Bandaríkjunum á 7. og 8. áratugnum og bæði talaði og söng á mótmælaviðburðum eins og í göngunum frá Selma til Montgomery árið 1965. Líkt og nágranni hennar, Malcolm X, var hún á þeirri skoðun að vopnuð bylting væri nauðsynleg, fremur en hægfara breytingar. Hún glímdi við geðhvarfasýki og var þekkt fyrir skapofsaköst sín. Árið 2010 setti tímaritið Rolling Stone hana í 29. sæti yfir bestu söngvara allra tíma.

Tilvísanir

Bandarískar söngkonur
Bandarískir tónlistarmenn
Bandarískir píanóleikarar

Nina Simone


Puma aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Puma, yırtıcı bir hayvan türü.
 Puma (cins), kedigiller familyasında bir cins.
 Puma (şirket), spor giyim markası.
 PUMA, robot platformu.
 Puma ZMA, zırhlı muharebe aracı.
 Puma Swede, yetişkin film oyuncusu.

Puma (anlam ayrımı)