Shin Megami Tensei IV é um jogo eletrônico de RPG desenvolvido pela Atlus para o Nintendo 3DS. É um jogo da série Shin Megami Tensei, que faz parte da franquia Megami Tensei. Foi lançado em maio e julho de 2013 no Japão e América do Norte, respectivamente, e lançado na Europa em outubro de 2014. A jogabilidade é remanescente de jogos anteriores de Shin Megami Tensei, carregando o sistema de batalha Press Turn por turnos, onde jogador e inimigos lutam e exploram fraquezas, permitindo ambos os lados a ganharem turnos adicionais ou perdê-los.

A história se concentra em Flynn, um samurai que protege o medieval Reino de Mikado de ataques de demônios hostis. Quando uma misteriosa Samurai Negra começa a transformar a população em demônios, Flynn, junto de três companheiros, é enviado para capturá-la. A perseguição da Samurai Negra arrasta Flynn e seus companheiros para uma revelação surpreendente e uma luta pelo poder entre as forças angelicais e demoníacas do mundo.

O desenvolvimento do jogo começou após a conclusão de , com a equipe de desenvolvedores decidindo fazer um quarto título numerado na série com base em pedidos de fãs. A equipe pretendia evocar o estilo e a sensação do  original. Os personagens principais e alguns demônios foram desenhados por Masayuki Doi, anteriormente conhecido por seu trabalho na série Trauma Center, mudando do veterano artista da série, Kazuma Kaneko, cujas artes de demônios ainda são apresentadas ao lado de uma série de designs de demônios feitos por artistas convidados. O jogo estreou com fortes vendas no Japão e foi um dos jogos mais vendidos do ano. A recepção foi geralmente positiva no Japão e no Ocidente.

Jogabilidade
Shin Megami Tensei IV coloca o jogador no controle do samurai Flynn. A navegação ocorre tanto na perspectiva de terceira pessoa com ambientes renderizados em 3D quanto num overworld 2D. No overworld, os ícones representam o grupo do jogador e os demônios inimigos. As batalhas ocorrem em uma perspectiva em primeira pessoa, com o inimigo visível na tela superior e status e comandos do grupo na tela inferior. Assim como em outros jogos de RPG, o personagem fica mais forte e avança ao completar missões; ele também ganha macca, a moeda do jogo, usada para comprar itens e equipamentos. Algumas missões estão relacionadas à história principal e são obrigatórias, enquanto outras são opcionais. Caso o jogador seja derrotado, ele pode retornar ao jogo gastando sua macca. As Nintendo Play Coins do Nintendo 3DS podem ser usadas no lugar de macca. Morrer repetidamente desbloqueia um modo fácil: neste modo, o jogador pode fugir de batalhas se preferir.

Inimigos vagam pelos ambientes que Flynn explora. Uma batalha começa quando Flynn atinge um inimigo (concedendo uma vantagem ao jogador), um inimigo ataca Flynn pelo lado ou por trás (concedendo vantagem ao inimigo) ou quando ambos se encontram de frente. Na batalha, o jogador controla Flynn e três demônios, com um personagem humano de suporte controlado pela IA. Durante a batalha, as ações do jogador e do inimigo são baseadas no sistema Press Turn baseado em turnos, um sistema de batalha herdado dos títulos anteriores da série Shin Megami Tensei. O sistema gira em torno da exploração de fraquezas físicas ou elementares: se um personagem atinge o ponto fraco de outro personagem ou desfere um ataque crítico, o grupo ganha um turno extra, enquanto se o ataque for absorvido ou bloqueado, eles perdem o turno. Se um personagem atinge uma fraqueza ou recebe um ataque crítico, há uma chance de entrar no status "Smirk" (lit. sorrir com desdém), que aumenta temporariamente o dano de um personagem, elimina suas fraquezas elementares e dá a ele uma alta probabilidade de se esquivar de ataques.

Outros sistemas que continuam a partir de entradas anteriores da série são o Recrutamento de Demônios e a Fusão de Demônios. Para recrutar demônios, o jogador inicia uma conversa com um demônio ao invés de lutar contra ele e deve negociar por seus serviços: essas negociações podem envolver bajulação, suborno ou ameaças. Cerca de 400 demônios estão disponíveis para serem recrutados. A Fusão de Demônios permite ao jogador pegar dois demônios e fundi-los em uma nova forma, concedendo-a novas habilidades. Durante a fusão, o jogador pode escolher quais habilidades serão mantidas e quais serão descartadas. O histórico da fusão de um demônio é registrado para o jogador examinar posteriormente no jogo. Negociação e Fusões também concedem pontos de experiência para o jogador. Alguns demônios mudam de forma por conta própria sem precisar de fusão; em vez disso, eles sobem de nível com experiência em batalha. À medida que Flynn sobe de nível, novas fusões ficam disponíveis. Demônios recrutados ensinam novas habilidades a Flynn. Usando o sistema StreetPass do Nintendo 3DS, os jogadores podem trocar demônios.

Enredo

Contexto e personagens

Shin Megami Tensei IV ocorre em um mundo separado do resto dos jogos Shin Megami Tensei, embora demônios e outros elementos recorrentes estejam presentes. Os dois locais principais da trama são o Reino Oriental de Mikado — uma sociedade feudal inspirada na Europa medieval — que é secretamente controlada por anjos; e Tóquio, uma cidade da era moderna cercada por uma cúpula rochosa e invadida por demônios. Antes dos eventos do jogo, quando Tóquio se tornou uma fortaleza demoníaca e foi ameaçada de destruição por anjos, um membro da Força Contra-Demônios de Tóquio domou o Deus  , fundindo-se com ele para criar a cúpula protetora sobre Tóquio. Mikado é construída na superfície da cúpula. Depois que a cúpula é criada, apenas vinte anos se passam em Tóquio, enquanto mais de mil anos se passam no Reino de Mikado. Restos da tecnologia de Tóquio, estudados pela igreja de Mikado como "relíquias místicas", permanecem espalhados por todo o país.

O jogador controla um samurai que é a reencarnação do salvador de Tóquio. Seu nome padrão é  : assim como os protagonistas anteriores de Megami Tensei, ele é um personagem silencioso, com suas ações e atitudes determinadas pelo jogador. Três outros personagens acompanham Flynn em sua jornada, representando os três principais alinhamentos morais do jogo. Eles são , representando a Lei;  , representando o Caos; e , representando a Neutralidade. Outros personagens importantes incluem , a assistente IA de Flynn; , uma poderosa demônia de Tóquio; e , um amigo de infância de Flynn.

História
Shin Megami Tensei IV começa com Flynn e seu amigo Issachar viajando para o Castelo de Mikado para fazer um teste para saber se eles são dignos de se tornar samurais,  guardiões que confrontam e controlam demônios. Issachar falha, mas Flynn consegue, junto de outros candidatos, incluindo Walter, Jonathan e Isabeau. Os novos aprendizes de samurai recebem manoplas eletrônicas contendo IAs : a IA de Flynn, Burroughs, o apóia ao longo do jogo com conselhos. Pouco depois de suas iniciações como samurais, a agitação aumenta no campo quando uma figura que se autodenomina "Samurai Negra" distribui livros escritos para espalhar "conhecimento e sabedoria"; alguns residentes de Mikado, incluindo Issachar, são transformados em demônios após a leitura dos livros em reuniões chamadas "Sabás". Os samurais são enviados para enfrentar os demônios e a Samurai Negra. Depois de restaurarem a ordem em Mikado e matarem Issachar, os samurais são instruídos a persegui-la até a lendária terra que fica abaixo de Mikado, Tóquio. Os samurais descem um túnel que leva ao topo de um arranha-céu; eles descobrem que Tóquio é uma cidade coberta por uma cúpula de rocha que a envolveu na noite eterna, enquanto Mikado repousa sobre a superfície da cúpula.

A equipe explora Tóquio em busca ds Samurai Negra, enfrentando uma variedade de inimigos: os demônios que infestam Tóquio; os Ashura-kai, uma organização  que governa a cidade e fornece uma aparência de ordem; e o Anel de Gaea, um culto dedicado à sua líder Yuriko. O grupo descobre que a Samurai Negra era Yuriko, um demônio cujo nome verdadeiro é Lilith, e que ela procurou trazer o caos ao Reino Oriental de Mikado e minar sua estrutura estagnada e ordenada. Por ordem da Irmã Gabby, membra da igreja de Mikado, o grupo resgata Uriel, Raphael e Michael de Tóquio; Gabby mais tarde revela ser Gabriel. Walter é convencido por Yuriko de que o Ashura-kai deve ser derrotado e mais demônios soltos em Tóquio, enquanto Jonathan é convencido por Gabby de que Lilith deve ser morta. Flynn pode apoiar Walter ou Jonathan, mas independentemente de sua escolha, ambos são bem-sucedidos: tanto o Anel de Gaea de Lilith quanto o Ashura-kai são derrotados e os demônios são liberados em Tóquio através do reator Yamato, uma fonte de energia que conecta dimensões paralelas. Flynn, Jonathan e Walter exploram duas linhas do tempo diferentes de Tóquio: uma onde a lei domina e outra onde o caos reina supremo. Em ambas, a encarnação anterior de Flynn foi morta.

Depois de ver os mundos alternativos, uma pontuação baseada nas escolhas morais de Flynn ao longo do jogo decide se o jogador está no caminho da Lei, no caminho do Caos ou no caminho Neutro. Além disso, o jogador sempre tem a opção de destruir o mundo a mando dos The White, personificações do desespero humano que desejam o esquecimento completo. Jonathan se alia aos arcanjos, os "novos líderes" de Mikado, e se fundem na Merkabah, a carruagem de Deus. Walter se alia e se funde com Lúcifer, o demônio mais poderoso; eles procuram destruir Mikado. Se Flynn ficar do lado da Lei, ele e Merkabah derrotam Lúcifer. A fim de evitar mais corrupção do povo de Mikado, eles destroem Tóquio, matando-se no processo. Se Flynn ficar do lado do Caos, ele e Lúcifer derrotam Merkabah. Depois de destruir Mikado, os dois iniciam uma nova guerra contra Deus. Nas rotas da Lei e do Caos, Isabeau retorna para impedir Flynn em nome da humanidade, mas depois que ele a derrota, ela comete suicídio. Na rota neutra, Flynn e Isabeau unem forças contra Merkabah e Lúcifer, contando com a ajuda de Masakado contra eles. Após a derrota de Merkabah, Isabeau evacua a população de Mikado para Tóquio. Depois que Flynn derrota Lúcifer, Masakado usa seu poder totalmente desperto para remover e assimilar a cúpula envolvente, que apaga Mikado e restaura a luz do dia em Tóquio; reunindo as pessoas de ambos os lados em uma Tóquio unida.

Desenvolvimento

O desenvolvimento de Shin Megami Tensei IV começou por volta de agosto de 2009, após o término do desenvolvimento de Shin Megami Tensei: Strange Journey (2009) de Nintendo DS e durou três anos e meio. Depois de ouvir a demanda dos fãs, a Atlus decidiu fazer um quarto jogo numerado na subsérie Shin Megami Tensei, algo não visto no Japão desde o lançamento de Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne em 2003. O intervalo de dez anos entre Nocturne e IV ocorreu devido ao fato da empresa ter feito outros títulos de sucesso e não teve o tempo de também desenvolver Shin Megami Tensei IV.

Foi planejado desde o início que Shin Megami Tensei IV fosse feito para uma plataforma portátil, por razões de conveniência ao jogador; foi originalmente planejado para ser desenvolvido para o Nintendo DS, usando a engine de Strange Journey, mas eventualmente o desenvolvimento foi movido para o Nintendo 3DS, o que levou à decisão de usar outra engine. A equipe de desenvolvimento, apelidada Team Maniacs, incluía funcionários que haviam trabalhado em jogos anteriores de Shin Megami Tensei juntos de funcionários novatos à série. Haviam diferenças de pensamento entre os dois grupos, o que gerou conflitos. Como exemplo disso, o diretor do jogo, Kazuyuki Yamai, disse que alguns membros da equipe estariam acostumados com jogos contemporâneos com personagens femininas "doces" que "dizem coisas boas" e, como resultado, gostariam de adicionar essa "doçura" a Shin Megami Tensei IV; enquanto isso, Yamai via a série como tendo um conteúdo "amargo" e pensou que não seria possível adicionar esses outros elementos a ela. Além disso, os membros da equipe possuíam visões diferentes do que era Shin Megami Tensei; Yamai achava que os pontos positivos da interpretação de cada membro da equipe deveriam ir para os aspectos do jogo que eles comandavam, mas sem se desviar da "amargura".

O conceito do jogo foi inspirado no sentimento punk que o Shin Megami Tensei original, lançado em 1992 para o Super Famicom, estava emulando quando foi lançado. Kazuma Kaneko, designer de personagens e roteirista da série, criou o cenário original. Ele criou o conceito original do Mikado medieval e da Tóquio moderna: a principal razão para isso era apresentar um contraste de valores entre os habitantes caçadores de demônios de Mikado e o povo de Tóquio, que vive sob o controle dos demônios. Ao construir o cenário do jogo, a equipe de desenvolvimento consultou livros de história para aprender sobre costumes e armaduras medievais. Os demônios que aparecem no jogo foram escolhidos com base em quais chefes apareceriam no cenário; eles também incluíram alguns demônios que eles pensaram que chamariam a atenção dos jogadores e alguns com base em sua popularidade. Enquanto as dungeons de Strange Journey foram projetadas para seguirem uma filosofia "Megami Tensei da velha-guarda", as de Shin Megami Tensei IV foram projetadas para serem semelhantes às de Nocturne. O sistema de batalha Press Turn, introduzido pela primeira vez em Nocturne, foi reformulado. A dificuldade do jogo foi projetada para ser ajustável para atrair novos jogadores a experimentarem a série Shin Megami Tensei, que ganhou a reputação de ter uma dificuldade alta. Também para o benefício dos jogadores mais novos, houve a implementação dum recurso de "fusão recomendada", sistema esse que foi implementado depois de observado que muitos jogadores novatos à série não fundiam seus demônios. A história e a jogabilidade foram projetadas para tentar mudar a opinião da base de jogadores japoneses de que "jogos sociais" eram bons o suficiente e para atrair uma geração mais velha de jogadores.

Eiji Ishida, que trabalhou em Nocturne e Strange Journey, atuou como diretor de arte do jogo. Masayuki Doi desenhou os personagens principais. Doi já havia trabalhado na série antes como designer de ambiente para Nocturne, mas esta foi sua primeira vez como designer de personagens para a série. Ele foi contratado devido ao seu trabalho na série Trauma Center. Os personagens principais foram projetados em torno de certos arquétipos: Jonathan e Walter foram projetados para representar a Lei e o Caos, respectivamente, enquanto Isabeau representa a Neutralidade. Burroughs (uma evolução do companheiro IA de Strange Journey), Isabeau e outras personagens femininas também foram projetadas para serem obstinadas e ter um físico forte, sendo baseadas em "arquétipos femininos fortes". As roupas do protagonista foram criadas para serem bastante insípidas, enfatizando o controle do jogador sobre suas ações e representação. Suas roupas foram projetadas para representar o Reino de Mikado e elementos da vestimenta tradicional japonesa. O design final incluiu uma combinação de elementos de roupas orientais e ocidentais. Suas posturas de batalha e os cabos de suas katanas foram inspirados nos Jedi da franquia Star Wars. O trabalho de design de Doi foi inspirado em designs anteriores de Kaneko. Doi também desenhou os acessórios e equipamentos para o protagonista principal e roupas para metade dos personagens não-jogáveis. Os designs dos demônios foram feitos por vários designers, incluindo Doi, Keita Amemiya, Yoshihiro Nishimura e Kyouma Aki; como o diretor do jogo Kazuyuki Yamai gostava de Super Sentai e Kamen Rider e pretendia ter alguns demônios combinando com os designs de Kaneko e alguns inspirados na série Ultraman, vários dos designers de demônios escolhidos eram artistas de tokusatsu. Os artistas receberam materiais para entender os antecedentes mitológicos dos demônios, mas foram livres para fazerem seus designs de acordo com suas próprias interpretações.

Música
A música de Shin Megami Tensei IV foi composta e arranjada principalmente por Ryota Kozuka, com composições adicionais de Kenichi Tsuchiya e Toshiki Konishi. O trabalho da equipe teve início no final do período de desenvolvimento do jogo e durou cerca de um ano. Eles originalmente estabeleceram um limite para o número de faixas a pedido de Yamai, mas à medida que o trabalho avançava, o número de faixas aumentou. Motivos musicais de jogos anteriores de Shin Megami Tensei também foram incorporados para adicionar um ar de familiaridade para os fãs da série. Uma trilha sonora de quatro CDs foi lançada no Japão em fevereiro de 2014 pela Mastard Records. Alcançou a 64.ª posição nas paradas da Oricon e permaneceu nas paradas por duas semanas.

Lançamento e recepção

Em sua primeira semana de lançamento no Japão, o jogo liderou as vendas semanais com mais de 188 mil cópias vendidas, ultrapassando Kamen Rider: Battride War, jogo exclusivo de PlayStation 3, e a versão de PlayStation 3 de Resident Evil: Revelations, ambos do mesmo ano de 2013. Em uma avaliação posterior, Shin Megami Tensei IV foi citado como o segundo título mais vendido da história recente da Atlus, marcando a melhor primeira semana de um jogo da Atlus desde 2008, quando Persona 4 vendeu cerca de quatro mil cópias a mais durante o mesmo período. No final de 2013, o jogo vendeu pouco mais de 251 mil cópias no Japão e foi o 30.º jogo eletrônico mais vendido do ano no país. Em janeiro de 2014, o jogo atingiu a marca de 90 mil cópias vendidas nos Estados Unidos desde seu lançamento em julho e, em julho de 2015, foram vendidas mais de 600 mil cópias em todo o mundo.

O título recebeu críticas positivas no Japão e internacionalmente. O agregador de notas Metacritic deu a ele uma classificação de 83 de 100 com base em 48 críticas. O sistema de batalha recebeu elogios unânimes:  sites como IGN e Eurogamer citaram o sistema de batalha como altamente agradável apesar dos picos de dificuldade e elogiaram o jogo fazendo concessões para os novatos. Os sistemas de negociação e fusões também foram elogiados, com vários críticos observando-os como divertidos e uma melhoria em relação às versões de títulos anteriores. Um aspecto da jogabilidade que foi recebido com criticismo foi a navegação pelo overworld, que foi considerado difícil de seguir ou mal projetado. Em uma análise retrospectiva, a Nintendo Blast destacou o aspecto punitivo apresentado na porção inicial do jogo.

A história e os personagens tiveram uma recepção mista: enquanto o Destructoid foi geralmente positivo, outras análises, como a do Eurogamer e do Game Informer, sentiram que os personagens estavam lá apenas para representar os caminhos morais do jogador. IGN, Joystiq e GameSpot foram bastante negativos sobre eles, chamando-os de irritantes ou esquecíveis. Os gráficos, embora elogiados por alguns críticos, às vezes eram vistos como "insossos" ou "de baixa qualidade".

Legado
Uma continuação, intitulada , foi lançada para o Nintendo 3DS em 2016. Ela apresenta basicamente a mesma jogabilidade de seu antecessor com algumas mudanças, apresenta um novo conjunto de personagens, incluindo novo protagonista, em adição aos personagens que retornam do jogo anterior, e conta uma história que serve como uma versão alternativa de eventos no mesmo mundo. Uma edição física especial intitulada Double Hero Pack, que contém a duologia Shin Megami Tensei IV, foi lançada em abril de 2018 no Japão.

Diversos integrantes da equipe que desenvolveu Shin Megami Tensei IV retornaram para o desenvolvimento de outros jogos da Atlus: Kazuyuki Yamai voltou como produtor da sequência Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse e de  (2021) e como diretor da remasterização de Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne, lançada em 2020; Masayuki Doi foi o designer de personagens de Apocalypse, Shin Megami Tensei: Strange Journey Redux (2017) e Shin Megami Tensei V; o programador Satoshi Ōyama recebeu o papel de diretor de Apocalypse; o compositor Ryota Kozuka trabalhou em músicas tanto para Apocalypse quanto para os jogos de ritmo Persona 4: Dancing All Night (2015), Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight (2018) e Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight (2018), além de ter trabalhado em Persona 5 (2016) e Shin Megami Tensei V.

Uma antologia de quadrinhos, intitulada Shin Megami Tensei IV: Dengeki Komikku Ansorojī, foi lançada em agosto de 2013. Já em 2015, duas séries de mangás baseadas no jogo foram lançadas: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Demonic Gene e Shin Megami Tensei IV: Prayers. Um livro reunindo artes do jogo, chamado Shin Megami Tensei IV: Official Artworks no lançamento para língua inglesa, foi publicado em 2013 no mercado japonês e em 2016 em Canadá, Estados Unidos e Reino Unido. Roupas baseadas nos trajes usados pelos personagens de Shin Megami Tensei IV foram disponibilizadas como conteúdo baixável em Persona 5 em 2017.

Notas

Ligações externas
 Website oficial

Jogos eletrônicos para um jogador
Jogos eletrônicos com conteúdo para download
Jogos eletrônicos ambientados na década de 2030
Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos no Japão
Jogos eletrônicos baseados na mitologia
Jogos eletrônicos baseados na mitologia japonesa
Sequências de jogos eletrônicos
Jogos eletrônicos de ficção científica
Jogos eletrônicos de RPG
Reencarnação na ficção
Jogos eletrônicos pós-apocalípticos
Jogos para a Nintendo 3DS eShop
Jogos para Nintendo 3DS
Jogos exclusivos para Nintendo 3DS
Jogos eletrônicos sobre demônios
Jogos eletrônicos da Deep Silver
Jogos eletrônicos cyberpunk
Jogos eletrônicos sobre inteligência artificial
!Artigos com texto em japonês
Megami Tensei

Shin Megami Tensei IV


Le Masters de Turquie 2022 est un tournoi de snooker professionnel comptant pour la saison 2021-2022, qui se déroule du 7 au 13 mars 2022 au Nirvana Cosmopolitan Hotel d'Antalya, en Turquie. Il s'agit de la toute première édition de ce tournoi.

Déroulement

Contexte avant le tournoi
Pour la première fois, un tournoi classé est tenu en Turquie. Un accord a été passé pour quatre saisons.

Deux wild cards ont été accordées à Ismail Turker et Enes Bakirci, respectivement champion et finaliste en titre du championnat national de Turquie.

Faits marquants
Judd Trump remporte l'édition inaugurale du tournoi en dominant assez largement Matthew Selt, finaliste inattendu, sur le score de 10 manches à 4 en finale. Il a réalisé trois centuries au cours de ce match, dont son  break maximum en carrière. Ce succès ainsi que la finale perdue à l'Open du pays de Galles un peu plus tôt lui permettent de participer au Championnat du circuit, puisqu'il atteint le  rang du classement de cette saison.

Des joueurs plus modestes ont performé lors de ce tournoi. C'est le cas de l'amateur Si Jiahui qui a atteint les  de finale, d'Oliver Lines qui a atteint les quarts de finale, et bien sûr de Matthew Selt qui s'est hissé en finale d'un tournoi classé pour la deuxième fois de sa carrière.

Dotation
La répartition des prix est la suivante :
 Vainqueur :
 Finaliste :
 Demi-finalistes :
 Quart de finalistes :
  de finalistes :
  de finalistes :
  de finalistes :
 Meilleur break :
Dotation totale :

Qualifications
Ces matchs ont lieu du 2 au 6 février 2022 à la Morningside Arena de Leicester, en Angleterre, hormis les matchs des quatre têtes de série qui se déroulent au Nirvana Cosmopolitan Hotel d'Antalya le 7 mars 2022. Ils sont tous disputés au meilleur des 9 manches.

Tableau principal

Finale

Centuries

Tableau principal

 147, 120, 116, 114, 110  Judd Trump
 141, 128, 121, 106  John Higgins
 139  Elliot Slessor
 135, 133  Ali Carter
 135  Graeme Dott
 131, 127, 105, 105, 105, 102, 100  Ding Junhui
 131  Robert Milkins
 129  Jak Jones
 129  Xiao Guodong
 123, 105  Martin Gould
 123  Lu Ning
 121  Tom Ford
 120  Mark Davis
 119, 116  Yan Bingtao
 118, 104  Matthew Selt
 118  Liang Wenbo
 117  Yuan Sijun
 116, 100  Kyren Wilson
 113  Oliver Lines
 113  Chris Wakelin
 112  Mark Allen
 111, 107  Wu Yize
 106  Shaun Murphy
 106  Si Jiahui
 104  Matthew Stevens
 102, 101  Hossein Vafaei
 102  Mark Williams
 101  Jordan Brown
 101  Jack Lisowski
 101  Thepchaiya Un-Nooh

Qualifications

 145  Craig Steadman
 142  Elliot Slessor
 141  Scott Donaldson
 138, 120  Ding Junhui
 137, 101  Andrew Higginson
 136  Mark Davis
 130  John Higgins
 129  Joe Perry
 127  Michael White
 122  Dylan Emery
 117, 102  Luca Brecel
 117  Michael Holt
 116, 112  Tom Ford
 114  Ben Hancorn
 114  Jak Jones
 113  Xu Si
 110, 109  Jack Lisowski
 107  Chris Wakelin
 106  Chen Zifan
 105, 101  Zhao Xintong
 104  Li Hang
 103, 101  Stephen Maguire
 101  Jamie Wilson
 101  Yan Bingtao
 100  Ricky Walden

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Snooker en 2022
Sport en Turquie en 2022
Compétition de snooker

Masters de Turquie de snooker 2022


الأرقام السريلية  هو نظام عد تم اشتقاقه من الأبجدية السريلية واستخدم من قبل شعب السلاف الغربيين والشرقيين. وبقي هذا النظام يستخدم في روسيا حتى أوائل القرن الثامن عشر عندما استبدلة بيتر الأول بالأرقام العربية.
يشبه هذا النظام بشكل كبير نظام العد الإغريقي، حيث يعين حرف يعبر عن كل رقم من الأرقام المفردة (1, 2, ... 9) ومضاعفات العدد 10 (10, 20, ... 90) ومضاعفات العدد 100 (100, 200, ... 900). تكتب الألفاظ كما تلفظ من اليسار إلى اليمين، ما عدا الأعداد من 11 إلى 19 فإنها تلفظ وتكتب من اليمين إلى اليسار. ولتمييز الأعداد عن النص المكتوب توضع إشارة تشبه علامة المدة  فوق الأرقام.

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مراجع

أبجدية سيريلية
أسماء الأعداد
أنظمة عددية
العلم والتقنية في روسيا
حروف سيريلية
رياضيات ابتدائية

أرقام سريلية


الرَّأْرَأَةُ أو ترجرج الحدقة الاضطراري (بالإنجليزية: Nystagmus) : هو شكل من حركات العين اللاإرادية (أو الإرادية في بعض الحالات النادرة)، التي تكتسب في مراحل الطفولة المبكّرة، أو في مراحل لاحقة، وتؤدي إلى درجة من القصر أو الرؤية المحدودة. نظراً لأنها لا إرادية في معظم الحالات، فيطلق عليها أيضا «العيون الراقصة».

يمكن للفرد تثبيت النظر على نقطة معينه بينما يتحرك رأسه حول محاور عِدّة. هذه القدرة على المحافظة على ثبات الصورة المرئية البعيدة بينما يدور الرأس حول محور معين، تتم من خلال تزامن دوران العينين حول نفس المحور ولكن بالاتجاه المعاكس. تستشعر الأنفاق الهِلاليّة الموجودة في الدّهليز الأُذُنيّ حركة ووضعيّة الرأس، وتقوم بإرسال إشارات إلى نواة حركة العين في الدماغ، الذي يُرسِل بدوره إشارات إلى عضلات خارج المُقْلة لتحريكها بالإتجاه المطلوب للمحافظة على ثبات الصورة المرئية البعيدة بينما الرأس في حالة حركة. تحدث الرأرأة عندما يتم تحفيز الأنفاق الهِلاليّة دون أن يكون الرأس في حركة. يكون اتجاه حركة رأرأة العين متماشياً مع النفق الهلالي الذي تم تحفيزه.

هناك نوعان رئيسيّان للرأرأة: المَرَضِيّة والفيزيولوجيّة، مع وجود تقسيمات فرعية داخل كل نوع. قد تنتج الرأرأة عن اضطرابات خلْقيّة أو عصبيّة أو سُمّيّة، أو كأثر جانبي لدواء، أو كحول، أو نتيجة لحركة دورانية.
بينماكانت الرأرأة تُعتَبر سابقاً غير قابلة للعلاج، وتم في السنوات الأخيرة تحديد العديد من الأدوية لعلاجها. يجدر الذكر بأن الرأرأة تكون أحياناً مصحوبة بالدّوار.

التشخيص

الرأرأة هي عَرَض يستوجب على الُمشخِّص التدقيق لملاحظته. يمكن تشخيص الرأرأة سريرياً عن طريق استخدام تقنيات غير عدوانية لتسجيل حركة العين مما أدى إلى زيادة دقة وفهم هذا العَرَض.
يمكن تشخيص الرأرأة سريرياً بعدّة فحوص غير باضِعة، أبسطها الفحص أو الاختبار الحَرورِيّ، حيث يتم في هذا الفحص تعريض الصماخ الظاهر للأذن للماء أو الهواء الساخن أو البارد، وذلك لتحفيز النفق الهلالي الأفقي في الدهليز لتوليد الرأرأة.
يتم تسجيل حركة العين وتقييمها باستخدام مِخطاط كَهْربية الرّأرأة (Electronystagmograph) (جهاز كهربائي لتسجيل حركة العين باستخدام أقطاب خارجية توضع حول العين)،  أو باستخدام تقنية أقل عدوانية تعرف ب(Videonystagmograph)،  حيث يتم تسجيل حركة العين باستخدام كاميرات ڤيديو صغيرة يركبهاختصاصيُّ السَّمَع. تستخدم كراسي كهربائية مع وجود ضوابط للتحكم بها لأرجحتها تحفيزالرّأرأة التدويرية.
خلال الأربعين سنة الأخيرة تم توظيف تقنيات موضوعية لتسجيل حركة العين مما أدى إلى زيادة دقة وفهم هذا العَرَض.يُمكن استخدام الأُسْطُوَانَة العينية الحركية  أو مِخطاط كَهْربية الرّأرأة لتقييم حركة عين المريض.
ويمكن أن تحدث رأرأة العين بسبب تعديل وضعية العين للتركيز على جسم متحرك، أو بسبب أمراض، أو الدوران المستدام، أو العقاقير.
يجب عدم الخلط بين الرأرأة وأي اضطراب في حركة العين (اهتزازات رمشية ) مشابه لها كمتلازمة ترجرج العيون والاختلاج العضلي، وخفقان عدسة العين والتي تكون على شكل حركة رمشية سريعة، بينما الرأرأة تكون على شكل حركة بطيئة باتجاه معين يتخللها حركة رمشية أسرع بالاتجاه المعاكس. يصعب التمييز بين الحالتين دون استخدام تقنيات خاصة للتشخيص.

يمكن أن تكون الرّأرأه حميدة، أو قد تكون نتيجة مشكلة بصرية أو عصبية.

الرأرأة المَرَضيّة (باثولوجية)
تتميز الرأرأة المرضية بذبذبة عينية ثنائية الطور متعاقبة مع حركة عين بطيئة. تتألف الرَّأرأة من حركة رَمشيّة سريعة، تجلب العين نحو هدف معين، تتخللها حركة أبطأ تُحرِّك العين بعيداَ عن الهدف، وتوجد علاقة بين سرعة حركة العين في كلا المرحلتين، ويمكن اعتبار هذه السرعة كمقياس لكفاءة منظومة الحافز/الاستجابة.
عندما تحصل الرَّأرأة خارج الإطار الفسيولوجي، فإنها تعتبر مَرَضيّة (باثولوجية) و تنتج عن خلل في إحدى مكونات الجهاز الدِّهليزي في الأُذن، ومنها الأنفاق الهِلاليّة، غُبار التوازنو المُخَيخ الدِّهليزي (العَرِيق).
تؤدي الرَّأرأة إلى درجات متباينه من خلل في الرؤية. كما أن العديد من المكفوفين يعانون من الرّأرأة، وهذا هو أحد الأسباب التي تستدعي من البعض ارتداء نظَّارات ذات عدسات داكنة.

الأنواع
 رأرأة مَركَزيّة (central): على سبيل المثال الرأرأة العُلْويّة أو الرأرأة السُّفلية الناتجة عن آفة في المخ الأوسط أو المخيخ. يجدر بالذكر بأن الرأرأة المركزية تنتج عن خلل لا علاقة له بالجهاز الدِّهليزي .
 رأرأة مُحيطيّة (peripheral): تنتج عن خلل طبيعي أو مرضي (غير طبيعي) بالجهاز الدِّهليزي، وقد تجمع حركة العين بين العنصر الدوراني مع العنصر الرأسي أو الأفقي. و تكون الرأرأة المُحيطيّة تلقائية، أو وضْعيّة، أو مُستثارة.
 رأرأة الحَملَقة: تحدث أو تتفاقم نتيجة لتغير اتجاه النّظر من أو إلى جهة معينة.
 رأرأة وَضْعيّة: تحدث عند تغيير وضعية الرأس،  و يعتبر دُوارُ الوَضْعَة الِانْتيابِي الحَمِيْد (BPPV) مثال على حالة مَرَضيّة تشتمل على الرأرأة الوضعية كعَرَض.
 رأرأة تالِيَة للتَّدْوير: تحدث بعد دوران أو هز الرأس سريعاً.
 رأرأة تلقائيّة: تحدث عشوائياً وبغض النظر عن وضعية رأس المريض.

الرأرأة الفيزيولوجية
تعتبر جزء من المُنْعَكَس الدِّهليزيُّ العَينيّ (vestibulo-ocular reflex)، و هي شكل من حركات العين اللإرادية، وتتصف الرأرأة الفيزيلوجية بحركة بطيئة باتجاه معين يتخللها حركة رمشية أسرع بالاتجاه المعاكس.

اختلافات
و يُعرَّف اتجاه حركة الرأرأة بنفس اتجاه الحركة الرمشية الأسرع، ففي الرأرأة العُلويَّة، على سبيل المثال، يكون اتجاه حركة العين الأسرع باتجاه الأعلى. قد تكون ذبذبة العين ضمن مستوى رأسي،  أو أفقي، أو التوائيّ، أو ضمن أكثر من مستوى بنفس الوقت.
تُسمّى الرأرأة تبعاً للوصف الإجمالي للحركة، فمثلاً قد تُسمى رأرأة عُلوية أو رأرأة سُفلية أو رأرأة تأرجحية، بحسب وصف حركة الرأرأة. و قد تكون التسمية مضلِّلة، إذ أن الوصف الإجمالي المبني على أساس الفحص السريري قد لا يكون دقيقاً لتحديد مسار الحركة الحقيقي.

الأنواع
 رأرأة عَينيّة حَرَكيّة (Opticokinetic): تنتج عند النظر على محفزات بصرية متحركة، مثل النظر على خطوط طولية أوعرضية متحركة أو قرص مُخَطَّط أثناء دورانه. أو عندما يكون الشخص متحركا ويراقب شيئاً ثابتاً كما في القطار، حيث تتبع العينين الهدف وتتحركان للخلف حتى يصبح الشيء خارج الحقل البصري ثم تتحركان من جديد للأمام بحركة أسرع لتثبيت النظر على هدف آخر وهكذا، وهذا ما يُسمى ب «رأرأة القطار». تعتبر الرأرأة العَينيّة الحَرَكيّة مصدر فهم المُنْعكس المُثبِّت للعَين (fixation reflex).
 رأرأة تالِيَة للتَّدْوير (postrotatory): وتحصل هذه الرأرأه إذا دار شخص في كرسي سريعاً ثم توقّف فجأة. تشتمل الرأرأة الناتجة على حركة سريعة تكون بعكس اتجاه دوران الكرسي، وحركة بطيئة بنفس اتجاه الدوران.

الأسباب
قد تكون الرّأرأة المَرَضيّة خِلقِيّة، مجهولة السبب، أو نتيجه اضطراب عصبي موجود مسبقاً. و قد تَنتُج مؤقتاً عن الارتباك (مثلاً؛ نتيجة لركوب سِكّة حديديّة دوّارة بمدينة الملاهي)، أو عن بعض العقاقير (الكحول والمسكِّنات، الادوية المستنشقة، المنشّطات، وعقاقير الهلوسة).

الرّأرأة مبكرة البداية
الرأرأة مبكِّرة البداية هي الأكثر شيوعاً مقارنة بالرأرأة المُكتسبة، وتحدث بصورة منعزلة أو قد ترافق اضطرابات أُخرى (شُذوذات العيون الصغرى، أو متلازمة داون، مثلاً). في العادة، تكون الرأرأة مبكِّرة البداية مُعتدلة وغير تقدميّة، ولا يلاحظها الشخص المصاب بها، لكن من الممكن أن يَتأثَّرُ نظرهُ بحسب درجة الخلل في حركة العين.

أنواع الرأرأة مبكِّرة البداية:
 طِفلي، ويشتمل على:
 المَهَق (البَرَص).
 انْعِدام القزحيّة.
 سادٌّ خِلْقِيّ (congenital cataract).
 نقص تنسُّج العصب البصري ثنائي الجانب.
 مجهول السبب.
 كُمنَة خِلقيَّة (Leber's congenital amaurosis).
 أمراض العصب البصري أو باحَة البُقْعة (macula).
 الغِلالَة الوعائِيَّة للعَدَسة المُسْتديمة (persistent tunica vasculosa lentis).
 عَمى الألوان التَّامُّ النَّبابيتِيّ.
 متلازمة البصرية-الحركية الناتج عن أُحادية العين الوظيفيّة (visual-motor syndrome of functional monophthalmos).
 الرّأرأة الخافِيَة.
 متلازمة نوونان.
 متلازمة انسداد الرَّأرأة (nystagmus blockage syndrome).

الرأرأة الطِّفلية المرتبطة بالإكس (X-linked)، تصاحبها طفرات في الجين (FRMD7) الموجود على الصِّبْغي أو كروموسوم X.

الرّأرأة الطِّفلِية تُصاحب أيضاً مَرَضَين آُخرَيين مرتبطين بالصِّبْغي X؛ العَشى الخِلْقي الكامل (CSNB) و العشى الخِلقي الجُزئيّ (CSNB-2), كلا المرضين يُسببهما طفرات في أَحَد الجينين المتواجدين على الصِّبغي X. توجد الطفرات على (NYX) (Nyctalopin ) في العشى الكامل. بينما تحدث الطفرات في العشى الجزئي في (CACNA1F) و هي قنوات لنقل الكالسيوم، مما يؤثر على عملها.

الرأرأة المُكتسبة
 الأمراض التالية يصحبها عَرَض الرّأرأة:
 انعدام القزحيّة.
 دُوار الوَضْعة الانْتيابيُّ الحَمِيد (BPPV).
 أورام المخ ( ورم أرومي نُخاعي، ورم نجمي، أو أي ورم في الحفرة الخلفية).
 إصابة في الرأس.
 المتلازمة النُّخاعية الجانبية (Lateral Medullary Syndrome).
 مرض منيير (Ménière's disease) و غيره من اضطرابات التوازن.
 تصلب لُويحي.
 نقص تَنَسُّج العصب البصري.
 داءُ ميرتسباخَر-بِيلِيتساوُس ( تَصَلُّبُ الفَصِّ المَرْكَزِيِّ العائِلِيّ).
 متلازمة تفرز الفتحة العلوية للنفيق الطبلي (Superior canal dehiscence syndrome).
 سكتة دماغية (و هي السبب الأكثر شيوعاً في المرضى الأكبر عمراً).
 ظاهرة توليو (Tullio phenomenon).
 متلازمة فيرنيك كورساكوف.
 مرض ويبل (Whipple's disease).
 و قد تُكتسب الرأرأة نتيجة للأسباب الأيَضيّة أو السُّميّة الآتية:
 تسمم كُحولي.
 الأمفيتامينات.
 الباربيتورات.
 البنزوديازيبينات.
 كيتامين.
 الليثيوم.
 مضادات الاختلاج أو المهدئات.
 فينسيكليدين (PCP).
 الفينيتوين (Dilantin).
 الساليسيلات
 مضادات الاكتئاب (SSRIs).
 نقص الثيامين.
 اعتلال دماغي فيرنيكي.
 و قد تُكتسب الرأرأة نتيجة اضطرابات في الجهاز العصبي المركزي.اضطرابات المخيخ تسبب رأرأة العين في أي اتجاه، بما في ذلك الأفقي. الرأرأة العمودية تكون في العادة مركزية الأصل، لكنها تعتبر أيضاً عَرَض شائع لسُميّة الفينيتوين. أسباب اضطرابات الجهاز العصبي المركزي التي تصحبها الرأرأة:
 رَنَح مُخيخي.
 تشوه خياري.
 تصلب لُويحي.
 سكته دماغية.
 نَزْف مِهاديّ.
 إصابة في الرأس.
 أورام.

أسباب أخرى
 غير فيسيولوجية.
 عطل في العصب البَكَرِي.
 أمراض الدهليز ( مرض منيير (Ménière's disease)، متلازمة تفرز الفتحة العلوية للنفيق الطبلي (Superior canal dehiscence syndrome)، دُوار الوَضْعة الانْتيابيُّ الحَمِيد (BPPV)، التهاب التِّيه).

الكحول
المقالة الرئيسية: رأرأة الكحول الَوضَعية (Positional Alcohol Nystagmus).

يُستخدم فحص رأرأة الحملقة الأفقية من قبل رجال الشرطة في الولايات المتحدة لضبط السائقين تحت تأثير الكحول. و يشتمل الفحص على مراقبة بؤبؤ العين بينما تتبع هدف متحرك، ويعتبر الفحص إيجابياً في حال ملاحظة:
 الحركة غير سلسة.
 رأرأة واضحة ومُستدامة في أقصى درجات الانحراف.
 بداية الرأرأة قبل 45 درجة.
يلقى فحص رأرأة الحملقة الأفقية انتقادات شديدة وذلك لوجود أخطاء في منهجية الفحص وتحليله. و من جهة أخرى، تدعم الدراسات استخدامه كفحص ميداني لتقييم القيادة تحت تأثير الكحول عندما يكون مستوى الكحول في الدم بين 0,04 - 0,08 مقارنة بالفحوصات الميدانية الأُخرى.

العلاج
جرت العادة على اعتبار الرأرأة الخِلقية غير قابلة للعلاج، ولكن في السنوات الأخيرة تم اكتشاف أدوية أظهرت نتائج واعدة. في عام 1980 وجد الباحثون أن عقار يسمى باكلوفين (backofen) يمكن أن يعالج الرأرأة الدورية بفعالية. في وقت لاحق، وُجِد أن مُضاد الاختلاج (Gabapentin) يسبب تحسُّن في نصف المرضى.
أدوية أخرى لعلاج الرأرأة:
 (memantine).
 (ليفي تيرا سيتام).
 (3,4-diaminopyridine) (متوفر في الولايات المتحدة دون أي تكلفة للمرضى المستحقين مع الرأرأة السُّفلية ضمن إطار برنامج تحسين فرص الحصول ).
 (4-aminopyridine).
 (أسيتازولاميد).
تم اقتراح العديد من الطرق العلاجية مثل العدسات اللاصقة،  الأدوية، الجراحة، إعادة تأهيل انخفاض الرؤية.

يهدف العلاج الجراحي للرأرأة الخِلقية إلى تعديل وضعيّة الرأس المنحرفة، أو محاكاة تباعُد مُفتعل (artificial divergence )، أو إضعاف عضلات المُقلة المستقيمة الجانبية (horizontal recti muscles). اكتملت الدراسات السريرية لعمليّة جراحية لعلاج الرأرأة (و تُعرف باسم بَضْع الوتر) في عام 2001، ويتم اليوم تنفيذ هذه العملية في مراكز عدة في مختلف أنحاء العالم. و ضع هذه العملية العالم (Louis F. Dell'Osso Ph.D) و تهدف العملية على الحد من تذبذبات العين وهذا بدوره يؤدي إلى تحسين حدة البّصر.

الوخز الإبري كعلاج للرأرأة ُتحيط به العديد من الأدلة المتناقضة، وتظهر فوائده خاصة عندما تشتمل نقاط الوخز على الرقبة، وبالتحديد على العضلة القصيَّة الترقويّة الخُشَّائيّة. فوائد الوخز بالإبر يشتمل على تقليل التردد وتخفيض سرعة المرحلة البطيئة مما يحسن من حدة النظر. وفقاً للطب المبني على المعايير، تعتبر الدراسات التي تؤيد الوخز الإبري ضعيفة ولا يمكن الاعتماد بشكل مؤكد على نتائجها.
و يُستخدم العلاج الطبيعي، بالتحديد العلاج الطبيعي العصبي، في علاج الرأرأة، ويتألف العلاج من تعلم استراتيجيات تعويضية.

انتشار المرض
الرأرأة هي حالة سريرية شائعة نسبياً، وتؤثر على شخص واحد من بين بضعة آلاف. هناك دراسة استقصائية أُجريت في أكسفوردشاير في المملكة المتحدة وجدت أن بعمر السَنَتين واحد من كل 670 طفل يُظهِرون عَرَض الرأرأة. و في دراسة أخرى في الولايات المتحدة قدّرت ورود الرأرأة ب 24 لكل 100000 (~ 24،.٪)، مشيرة إلى معدل أعلى على ما يبدو بين الأوروبيين البيض من الأفراد من أصل آسيوي.

المراجع

أمراض العين وملحقاتها
اختصاصات طبية
اضطرابات عصبية
جسم الإنسان
علامات طبية
علوم الصحة

رأرأة


أكسو  هو الاسم المستعار لأحد الفرق الشهيرة في مجال الأفلام والتورنت. يقوم بعمل نسخ استخلاصي ضغط فيديو من اسطوانات الأفلام الأصلية بجودة جيد ووحجم صغير ويرفعها على الشبكة مجاناً ساهم في ازدياد شعبيته بشكل كبير جدا وأصبح من أشهر رواد أفلام التورنت قبل توقفه تماما عام 2011

الهوية الحقيقية
حتى الآن لم يستطع أحد التعرف على الشخصية الحقيقية له، على الرغم من إدعاء العديد من الشخصيات له. لكن يشاع على الإنترنت بأنه قد بدأ العمل في هذا المجال عندما كان في سن الخامسة عشر من عمره.

الموقع الأول الذي بدأ مشواره معه هو darksiderg.com .

شعبيته
حظي أكسو بشعبية كبيرة على الإنترنت عند محبي تحميل الأفلام الحديثة، وقد قامت جريدة The Independent بتخصيص 3 صفحات له بعددها الصادر بتاريخ 2008/12/29. وقد أطلق عليه لقب قرصان الأفلام وأيضاً لقب روبين هود, ويتم عمل فيلم كندي وثائقي عنه يحمل الاسم البحث عن أكسو - Searching for aXXo.

القرصنة
في شهر نوفمبر 2007م توقف أكسو عن تحويل ورفع الأفلام على الإنترنت ثم عاد للعمل مجداً في شهر مارس 2008م بالفيلم الشهير أنا أسطورة للممثل ويل سميث. وقد أعادت عودته الفرحة لقلوب ملايين المتابعين للأفلام التي ينشرها على الشبكة.

في تاريخ 2008/12/15م حقق أكسو الفيلم رقم 1000 من سلسلة الأفلام التي حولها ونشرها على شبكة الإنترنت بفيلم الرعب ميرورز (Mirrors).

توقف مرة أخرى عن العمل من تاريخ 11 مارس 2009 بعد فيلم المعاقب : منطقة الحرب (Punisher: War Zone)

عاد مرة أخرى بتاريخ 11 ستمبر 2009 بفيلم البستاني المخلص المنتج عام 2005 (The Constant Gardener)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

انظر أيضا
أخلاقيات مشاركة الملفات

أشخاص مجهولون
الإنترنت في الولايات المتحدة
بت تورنت
مشاركة الملفات
خليج القراصنة

أكسو


Paolo Giustiniani Moneglia (Génova, 1506Génova, 1586) foi o 67.º Doge da República de Génova.

Biografia
A 6 de outubro de 1569 Giustiniani Moneglia foi eleito o novo Doge da República de Génova, o vigésimo segundo desde a reforma bienal e o sexagésimo sétimo da história republicana. O seu mandato de dois anos foi caracterizado por períodos de embates entre as duas principais facções nobres e por episódios de fome que forçaram o Doge e o Senado a buscar novas fontes de abastecimento. Entre a sua gestão "acima das partes", apesar de pertencer à chamada "nova" nobreza, ele também sugeriu a nomeação em 1570 de Alexandre Sauli como bispo da diocese de Aleria (actual Alta-Córsega).

Depois de o mandato ter terminado a 6 de outubro de 1571, Paolo Giustiniani Moneglia continuou a servir ao estado genovês até à sua morte em Génova, em 1586. O seu corpo foi enterrado na igreja de Santa Maria di Castello.

Foi casado com Settimia Invrea, filha do futuro doge Silvestro Invrea, teve uma filha chamada Caterina.

Mortos em 1586
Nascidos em 1506
Doges de Génova

Paolo Giustiniani Moneglia


A 15.ª edição da competição de ciclismo Paris-Roubaix teve lugar a 27 de março de 1910 e foi vencida pela segunda vez consecutiva pelo francês Octave Lapize.

Classificação final

Referências

Ligações externas
 Site Oficial
Resultados da edição de 1910 em les-sports.info ''''

1910
1910 no ciclismo
1910 na França

Paris-Roubaix de 1910


Pao de Zárate, ou El Pao de Zárate, est la capitale de la paroisse civile de Pao de Zárate de la municipalité de José Félix Ribas de l'État d'Aragua au Venezuela.

Notes et références

Localité dans l'État d'Aragua

Pao de Zárate (Venezuela)


Jean-Luc Moreul (né le  à Saint-Méen-le-Grand) est un coureur cycliste français, principalement actif dans les années 1980.

Biographie

Ancien membre de l'équipe de France amateurs, Jean-Luc Moreul a été licencié à l'UC Guinefort. Il a notamment remporté plusieurs titres de champion de France du contre-la-montre par équipes et diverses étapes de l'Essor breton.

Palmarès
 1981
  de l'Essor breton
 1982
  Champion de France du contre-la-montre par équipes
  du Tour d'Ille-et-Vilaine
  du Chrono Madeleinois
 1983
  Champion de France du contre-la-montre par équipes
 1984
  du championnat de France du contre-la-montre par équipes
 1985
  Champion de France du contre-la-montre par équipes
  de l'Essor breton
 1986
  Champion de France du contre-la-montre par équipes
 1988
  du Souvenir Louison-Bobet
  du Circuit du Morbihan

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste français
Naissance en mai 1959
Naissance à Saint-Méen-le-Grand

Jean-Luc Moreul


Diego Alary, né le  à Ivry-sur-Seine (Val-de-Marne), est un chef cuisinier et vidéaste français.

Il se fait connaître du grand public en participant à la onzième saison de Top Chef, diffusée sur M6 en 2020.

Vidéaste sur le réseau social Tiktok, il y est, au printemps 2022, le cuisinier le plus suivi au monde avec 3,4 millions d'abonnés.

Parcours
Diego Pablo Jean Alary naît le 20 mars 1997 à Ivry-sur-Seine, issu d'une famille avec des origines portugaises et espagnoles.

Enfant, Diego Alary veut faire carrière dans le football, qu'il commence à l'âge de 6 ou 7 ans. Il joue en tant que défenseur à l'US Ivry, où il côtoie des joueurs comme Ihsan Sacko, ou Félix Eboa Eboa et rencontre des joueurs franciliens comme Kylian Mbappé ou Jonathan Ikoné. Il intègre le club de formation du CFFP, à 14 ans en espérant intégrer l'INF Clairefontaine. Lors d'un match contre Brétigny-sur-Orge, il se fracture le tibia et péroné et se retrouve plusieurs mois en fauteuil roulant, mettant près d'un an avant de pouvoir marcher sans plâtre. Par la suite, il ne retrouve pas ses performances et arrête sa formation de joueur de football.

En 2012, alors qu'il est quasiment déscolarisé, sa mère lui conseille de se réorienter vers la cuisine. Il suit à la télévision la troisième saison de Top Chef, remportée par Jean Imbert, et part faire un stage d'un mois dans le restaurant de ce dernier, avant de suivre un stage de boulangerie puis un stage de pâtisserie au Palais de l'Élysée. Il intègre l'école Ferrandi, où il passe un CAP, en réalisant son apprentissage chez William Ledeuil, à Ze Kitchen Gallerie.

Diego Alary travaille ensuite en tant que commis dans le restaurant triplement étoilé de Guy Savoy à l'hôtel de la Monnaie. À 19 ans, il devient ensuite chef pour la première fois dans le restaurant Simone, à Paris. Un an et demi plus tard, il rejoint Alain Ducasse au restaurant triplement étoilé du Plaza Athénée, où il reste deux ans comme demi-chef de partie. En 2019, il devient chef du restaurant bistronomique Les Pères Siffleurs.

Participation à Top Chef 2020
En 2020, il est l'un des quinze candidats participants à la saison 11 de Top Chef, dont il est le candidat le plus jeune. Coaché en début de concours par Philippe Etchebest, il est ensuite suivi par Michel Sarran et se classe cinquième du concours.

Il se fait remarquer lors du concours par son énergie et son expression caractéristique « Vamos ! ».

Après Top Chef
Diego Alary travaille pendant l'été 2020 dans le restaurant de Jean Imbert et Pharell Williams à Saint-Tropez : le To Share. Pendant l'été 2021, il signe la carte du restaurant Wanderlust à Paris.

En octobre 2021, il publie son premier livre.

Fin 2021, il réalise la carte de l'Indie Mountain à Megève.

Vidéaste sur TikTok
À la fin de l'été 2020, Diego Alary ouvre un compte sur le réseau social de partage de vidéos TikTok et publie régulièrement des recettes de cuisines simples, avec des vidéos courtes, pédagogiques et avec un ton sympathique. En quelques mois il devient le chef cuisinier français le plus suivi sur TikTok. Il atteint le millionième abonné début 2021. En avril 2021, il compte 1,5 million d'abonnés et en décembre de la même année il cumule 2,5 millions d'abonnés, ce qui en fait le cuisinier le plus suivi au monde sur ce réseau social (2,8 millions d'abonnés en avril 2022 et 2,9 en juin).

Une de ses vidéos a été vue plus de 20 millions de fois.

Publications

Liens externes

Références

Cuisinier français
Naissance en mars 1997
Naissance à Ivry-sur-Seine
Participant à Top Chef
Vidéaste web sur TikTok

Diego Alary


Annecy ( , ;  or ) is the prefecture and largest town of the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. It lies on the northern tip of Lake Annecy,  south of Geneva, Switzerland. Nicknamed the "Pearl of the French Alps" in Raoul Blanchard's monograph describing its location between lake and mountains, the town  controls the northern entrance to the lake gorge. Due to a lack of available building land between the lake and the protected Semnoz mountain, its population has remained stable, around 50,000 inhabitants, since 1950. However, the 2017 merger with several ex-communes extended the population of the city to 128,199 inhabitants and that of the urban area to 177,622, placing Annecy seventh in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

Switching from the counts of Geneva's dwelling in the 13th century, to the counts of Savoy's in the 14th century, the city became Savoy's capital in 1434 during the Genevois-Nemours prerogative until 1659. Its role increased in 1536, during the Calvinist Reformation in Geneva, while the bishop took refuge in Annecy. Saint Francis de Sales gave Annecy its advanced Catholic citadel role known as Counter-Reformation. The annexation of Savoy merged the city to France in 1860. Sometimes called "Venice of the Alps", this idyllic and touristic representation comes from the three canals and the Thiou river, which passes through the old city. The city experienced an industrial development in the 19th century with silk manufacturing. Some of its industrial legacy remains today with the headquarters of NTN-SNR bearings, Salomon, Entremont and Dassault Aviation.

From the end of the 19th century, Annecy developed tourism around its lake summer facilities, winter resorts proximity and cultural attraction with its castle renovation and fine art museum opening in 1956 and the Animated Film Festival since 1963, hosted in Bonlieu's cultural centre. The municipal environmental policy managed to keep 40.3% of green spaces, and the city was awarded the "Golden Flower" in 2015, given to the nine most-flowered French cities.

History

Early history

Le vieil Annecy ("Old Annecy"; not to be confused with Annecy-le-Vieux, formerly a neighboring town but now merged into Annecy), was a settlement from the time of the Romans. Annecy was the court of the counts of Geneva or Genevois from the 10th century. It passed to the counts of Savoy in 1401. In 1444, it became the regional capital of the provinces of Genevois, Faucigny and Beaufortain.

Counter-Reformation
With the advance of Calvinism, Annecy became a centre for the Counter-Reformation, the old Bishopric of Geneva being transferred to it in 1535. Francis of Sales was born in Sales, France in 1567 and served as bishop of Annecy from 1602 to 1622; his relics are preserved in the cathedral. During the French Revolution, the Savoy region was conquered by France. Annecy became attached to the department of Mont Blanc, whose capital was Chambéry. The Catholic diocese was suppressed in 1801.

1815–present
After the Bourbon Restoration in 1815, Annecy was returned to the King of Sardinia and the Catholic diocese restored in 1822. When Savoy was annexed to France in 1860 with the Treaty of Turin, it became the capital of the new department of Haute-Savoie. Annecy was the site of the second round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) talks in 1949. In 2012, a multiple murder occurred in the Annecy area.

The new municipality was established on 1 January 2017 by merger with the former communes of Annecy-le-Vieux, Cran-Gevrier, Meythet, Pringy and Seynod.

Administration
Annecy is part of four cantons (Annecy-1, Annecy-2, Annecy-3 and Annecy-4); it is the prefecture of Haute-Savoie.

Since 2017, Annecy has consisted of six delegate cities: Annecy; Annecy-le-Vieux; Cran-Gevrier; Meythet; Pringy; and Seynod. Local government consists of a city council with 202 members. The number of members in each commune delegate depends upon its population. The Mayor is Jean-Luc Rigaut (UDI) since 2007.

The intercommunality of Annecy, Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Annecy, includes 34 municipalities.

Geography

The Fier forms part of the commune's northwestern border. The surrounding mountains are Mont Veyrier, Mont Semnoz, La Tournette and Parmelan.

Climate
Annecy has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) despite its relatively far inland position. Influenced by its elevation, summers are rather moderate on average, although they can be highly variable with extreme heat spikes. Winters see occasional freezing temperatures, but temperatures most often stay in the single-digits during the daytime with frequent cold rain. Air frosts are normal during the night and snowfall is not uncommon.

Culture
Annecy has hosted the Annecy International Animated Film Festival since 1960 and the Rencontres Internationales d'Annecy Cinéma & Architecture since 1999 and it was one of the oldest festivals in France.

Sport
On 23 July 2009, Annecy played host to Stage 18 of the Tour de France, as the start/finish point for an individual time trial around Lake Annecy. It was also the start town for stage 10 of the 2018 Tour de France on 17 July 2018.

Annecy launched a bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games but lost to Pyeongchang. If they had been chosen, Annecy would have been the fourth French city to host the Winter Olympic Games, after Chamonix (1924), Grenoble (1968), and Albertville (1992).

Ligue 1 former team Évian Thonon Gaillard F.C. played their home matches in Annecy. The club was founded in 2007, they grew up to reach Ligue 1, and stayed for three years in the division, thanks to their emblematic trainer Pascal Dupraz.

The Annecy basin is one of the world's leading locations for the sport of paragliding, an activity of some economic importance to the region. The area regularly hosts major competitions, most recently a leg of the Paragliding World Cup in 2012.
Due to its proximity with the lake and the mountains, Annecy is also popular for watersports (sailing, rowing, wakeboarding, water skiing) and wintersports (alpine skiing, snowboarding, Nordic skiing). Le Semnoz, a relatively small ski resort is 35 minutes away from Annecy. Other bigger ski resorts, La Clusaz and Le Grand Bornand, are only 40 minutes away. Annecy is also very popular among trail runners and many races are organized year round, such as the World Trail Running Championships in 2015.

Main sights

 The Palais de l'Isle is a 12th-century castle on an island in the river Thiou in Annecy's administrative headquarters. It mostly served as a prison and courthouse until the French Revolution. It again was a prison during World War II. The Palais de l'Isle was classified as a Historical Monument in 1900, and today houses a local history museum.
 The Château d'Annecy (Annecy Castle) was the home of the Counts of Geneva and the Dukes of Genevois-Nemours, an offshoot
 The 15th century Église Saint-Maurice

Education
 Université Savoie Mont Blanc
 Polytech'Savoie

Population

Research organisations
 LAPP Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules specialized in Physics
 LISTIC The Computer Science, Systems, Information and Knowledge Processing Laboratory
 Mecatronics department of CETIM
 Different R&D activities in the Université de Savoie and its École Polytechnique d'Ingenieurs: Polytech'Savoie.

Economy

In the 19th century, the primary manufactures were linen and cotton goods, glass, cutlery, earthenware, and leather. The area also carried on linen bleaching and iron mining. By the First World War, it was connected by rail to Aix-les-Bains and there were factories for linen and cotton goods, felt hats, and paper, as well as a "celebrated" bell foundry at Annecy-le-Vieux.

Companies located in and around Annecy include:
 Salomon Group
 adixen Vacuum Products
 Sopra Group
 Ubisoft Annecy

Transport
The Gare d'Annecy railway station offers connections with Lyon, Geneva, Paris, Grenoble and several regional destinations.

Annecy – Haute-Savoie – Mont Blanc Airport currently used for private air transport only.

Twin towns – sister cities

Annecy is twinned with:
 Bayreuth, Germany
 Cheltenham, England, United Kingdom
 Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia
 Sainte-Thérèse, Canada
 Vicenza, Italy

Associations
Together with other Alpine towns Annecy engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Annecy is also Alpine Town of the Year 2012.

Notable people

Bernard Accoyer (born 1945), politician, President of the National Assembly 2007 to 2012 and Mayor of Annecy-le-Vieux.
Bernard Bosson (1948–2017), politician, Govt. minister & Mayor of Annecy
Eustace Chapuys (–1556), Imperial ambassador to the English Court of Henry VIII
Francis de Sales (1567–1622), bishop of Geneva / Annecy and Catholic Saint.
André Dussollier (born 1946), actor
Emmanuel Leducq-Barôme (born 1971), conductor, works in Russia
Bernard Miège (born 1941), a media theorist and academic administrator.
Guillaume Perret (born 1980), jazz musician and composer
Emmanuel Tarpin (born 1992), contemporary jewelry designer
Cécile Vogt-Mugnier (1875–1962), brain researcher

Sport
Louis Lachenal (1921–1955), alpinist, one of the first two mountaineers to climb a summit of more than 8,000 meters.
Bernard Collomb (1930-2011), racing driver
Vincent Vittoz (born 1975), cross-country skier
Johan Clarey (born 1981), alpine skier, silver medallist at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Thomas Fanara (born 1981), alpine skier, competed in three Winter Olympics
David Poisson (born 1982), alpine skier, competed in two Winter Olympics
Steve Missillier (born 1984) alpine skier, silver medallist at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Jonathan Midol (born 1988), freestyle skier, bronze medallist at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Christophe Lemaitre (born 1990), sprinter, bronze medallist at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Côme Ledogar (born 1991), racing driver
Axelle Mollaret (born 1992), physiotherapist, skyrunner and ski mountaineer.
Hugo Lapalus (born 1998), cross-country skier, team bronze medallist at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Sacha Fenestraz (born 1999), French-Argentine racing driver

Associated with the city
Jane Frances de Chantal (1572–1641), Holy of the Catholic Church, founded in Annecy the Order of Salesian Sisters
 Jean Coppier, of the Coppier family, notary in Annecy in 1396.
Claude Favre de Vaugelas (1585–1650), man of letters, philologist and grammarian.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), writer and philosopher, spent some time in Annecy.
Claude Louis Berthollet (1748–1822), physician and chemist, began medical studies locally in 1760.
Eugène Sue (1804–1857), writer, spent his last years in exile in Annecy and died there.

Gallery

See also
Arpitan language – Franco-Provençal language
Arpitania

Notes

References

External links

 Annecy town website

Prefectures in France
Communes of Haute-Savoie
Cities in France
Ski areas and resorts in France

Annecy


In molecular biology and biochemistry, processivity is an enzyme's ability to catalyze "consecutive reactions without releasing its substrate".

For example, processivity is the average number of nucleotides added by a polymerase enzyme, such as DNA polymerase, per association event with the template strand. Because the binding of the polymerase to the template is the rate-limiting step in DNA synthesis, the overall rate of DNA replication during S phase of the cell cycle is dependent on the processivity of the DNA polymerases performing the replication. DNA clamp proteins are integral components of the DNA replication machinery and serve to increase the processivity of their associated polymerases. Some polymerases add over 50,000 nucleotides to a growing DNA strand before dissociating from the template strand, giving a replication rate of up to 1,000 nucleotides per second.

DNA binding interactions
Polymerases interact with the phosphate backbone and the minor groove of the DNA, so their interactions do not depend on the specific nucleotide sequence. The binding is largely mediated by electrostatic interactions between the DNA and the "thumb" and "palm" domains of the metaphorically hand-shaped DNA polymerase molecule. When the polymerase advances along the DNA sequence after adding a nucleotide, the interactions with the minor groove dissociate but those with the phosphate backbone remain more stable, allowing rapid re-binding to the minor groove at the next nucleotide.

Interactions with the DNA are also facilitated by DNA clamp proteins, which are multimeric proteins that completely encircle the DNA, with which they associate at replication forks. Their central pore is sufficiently large to admit the DNA strands and some surrounding water molecules, which allows the clamp to slide along the DNA without dissociating from it and without loosening the protein–protein interactions that maintain the toroid shape. When associated with a DNA clamp, DNA polymerase is dramatically more processive; without the clamp most polymerases have a processivity of only about 100 nucleotides.  The interactions between the polymerase and the clamp are more persistent than those between the polymerase and the DNA. Thus, when the polymerase dissociates from the DNA, it is still bound to the clamp and can rapidly reassociate with the DNA.  An example of such a DNA clamp is PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) found in S. cervesiae.

Polymerase processivities
Multiple DNA polymerases have specialized roles in the DNA replication process. In E. coli, which replicates its entire genome from a single replication fork, the polymerase DNA Pol III is the enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication and forms a replication complex with extremely high processivity. The related DNA Pol I has exonuclease activity and serves to degrade the RNA primers used to initiate DNA synthesis. Pol I then synthesizes the short DNA fragments in place of the former RNA fragments. Thus Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions.

In eukaryotes, which have a much higher diversity of DNA polymerases, the low-processivity initiating enzyme is called Pol α, and the high-processivity extension enzymes are Pol δ and Pol ε. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes must "trade" bound polymerases to make the transition from initiation to elongation. This process is called polymerase switching.

References

Further reading
 Watson JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M, Losick R. (2004). Molecular Biology of the Gene 5th ed. Benjamin Cummings: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060517085321/http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/mg/MGW4/Mg424.html

DNA replication
Enzymes

Processivity


Adolf Knoll ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Adolf Knoll (Fußballspieler, 1924) (1924–1999), deutscher Fußballspieler
 Adolf Knoll (Fußballspieler, 1938) (1938–2018), österreichischer Fußballspieler

Adolf Knoll


Rapper sword (also known as short sword dance) is a variation of sword dance unique to Northumberland and County Durham. It emerged from the pit villages of Tyneside and Wearside, where miners first performed the tradition.

The dance requires five performers who co-ordinate themselves while using "rapper swords" made from flexible steel. Accompanied by traditional folk music, the dancers wear hard-soled shoes that allow for percussive foot movements. Mental alertness, in addition to physical agility, is required in order for dance participants to use the swords effectively without causing harm to themselves or the other performers.

History

Whilst substantial evidence for the origins of the rapper sword tradition does not exist, as of 2012, since the publication of Rapper; The miner's Dance of North East England by Phil Heaton it is generally accepted that the dance was originally performed in the mining villages of the Northumberland and Durham coalfield in North-East England. The dances derive from a well-defined geographical area with an intensity of activity traced to pits along both the Durham and Northumberland banks of the river Tyne, south into County Durham past Sunderland and along the Northumberland coast. A hilt-and-point sword dance also existed in Yorkshire, Cumberland and Teesdale where rigid longswords were used. A documented account of the Yorkshire dance has been located in a 1715 article, in which a fairly accurate description can be read. Later references to sword dancing in the northern counties include a dance described in 1787 in the Cumberland Packet newspaper of January 1788, and a description from Teesdale in 1778, referenced by Hutchinson in his View of Northumberland.

At some stage in the nineteenth century, the rigid swords were replaced by flexible rappers in the coalfield. Very little is known about this major development in the tradition because of an absence of sufficient evidence, and it may have been entirely accidental. It used to be commonly thought that the flexible version was used for removing dirt from the backs of pit ponies, but there is no available documentation to verify this theory. It seems that two factors have influenced interpretations of when the rapper sword was introduced: firstly, the relocation of a steel works operation by Ambrose Crowley to the Derwent Valley, before which time it is believed that suitable steel for flexible swords would most likely have been unavailable; and secondly, the prohibitive expense of such instruments before the Bessemer process in 1855 that allowed steel to be made inexpensively.

The dance involves five people, with many including characters, such as Tommy and Betty, who announce the dance, engage the audience and most importantly, collect money from the onlookers. The performers are connected by short swords bearing two handles, with the handle on at least one end being fixed. The other handle is either fixed or swivelling, based on the preference of the rapper side. The flexible rapper swords form an unbroken chain connecting the dancers. The dance is related to the Long Sword dance of Yorkshire, as well as other sword dances in Europe. Some of the earliest teams used hornpipes, rather than the jigs used in the modern era.

Nineteenth century
During the nineteenth century, teams of rapper dancers from the pit villages of Tyneside and Wearside would travel annually to the towns of Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland and Durham to perform the dance for the crowds, asking for monetary consideration. This was later revived as a source of income during the miners' strikes and lay-offs, especially when the collieries were closed down over winter. Sword dancers of the North East were also active in the political struggles of the coalfield. A team of Tyneside Rovers were part of an early march on parliament in 1890, and another team from Hebburn were part of the famous Jarrow Crusade in 1936. Teams were also reported all over Durham and Northumberland as dancing out and collecting in the 1926 miners' strike and later in the Great Depression.

Twentieth century
By the early twentieth century, the tradition was beginning to die out, but was revived by the interest generated after Cecil Sharp published notations for five of the traditional village dances in his book, The Sword Dances of Northern England. After the First World War, the revival was marked by the fierce competition between pit villages in the rapper classes of the newly instituted North of England Musical Tournament held annually in Newcastle upon Tyne.

After the Second World War, the tradition progressively declined in the original pit villages, partly as a result of social changes in the mining communities. However, another revival was initiated after the war, in 1949 by students at Kings College in Newcastle upon Tyne (now the University of Newcastle upon Tyne), which subsequently spread beyond the traditional area. Revival teams worldwide now perform the rapper tradition, sometimes learned from published notations, sometimes taught by rapper dancers in what is almost a continuation of the earlier oral traditions.

Twenty-first century
The dance has transformed as it moved into the twenty-first century: the pace has quickened and is performed at around 140–160 beats per minute, with different team styles using different rates. It is nonetheless typically performed in a smooth and graceful manner, with one figure flowing seamlessly into the next. A number of acrobatic figures can be employed, including forward and backward somersaults over the swords.

The dance is now almost always performed to jigs (perhaps 90% of the time), with the normal form of rapper stepping being a form of shuffle imported from the local clogging tradition. The jigs used include local tunes and many instruments can, and have been, used to accompany rapper dances (the most popular being fiddles, tin whistles and accordions or melodeons). Many rapper jigs used for the last hundred years are tunes, probably imported by Irish and Scottish immigrants to Tyneside in the nineteenth century. The music is usually performed solo, although it can be performed as a duet; however, rapper is not usually performed to a band. There is much controversy in the rapper community over the use of any form of percussion to accompany rapper beyond the rapper stepping included in the dance.

In modern times, the competitive element of rapper sword dancing has been revived in the form of the Dancing England Rapper Tournament (DERT) competition, and in recent years its American counterpart, Dancing America Rapper Tournament (DART).

Costume

The costume in which the dance is usually performed, referred to as the kit, is a stylised version of the working clothes of the local nineteenth century coal miner (see photograph). It consists of a shirt; sash; breeks (breeches), hoggers (similar to breeks but shorter), or long trousers; and socks or stockings. Some traditional teams decorated their kit with ribbons or rosettes, and added a tie and/or waistcoat.

Modern teams use a variety of kits, mostly based on the traditional costume, with each team using different combinations of colours to try to have a unique corporate image. Some other modern sides, especially women's sides, use very different kits.

Performances

Dancing in pubs
Unlike Cotswold Morris and other forms of traditional dance, Rapper Sword is often performed inside pubs, with 'rapper crawls', often on Friday nights, providing an opportunity for the general public (including those who have little interest in folk dance traditions) to see the dance being performed.

Performances in busy, noisy pubs in front of an audience which may not be familiar with the tradition provides an opportunity for the comic characters, the Tommy and Betty (although often just the Tommy) to explain the dance and engage with the audience.

Dancing at folk festivals
Rapper sword teams also appear at folk festivals across the UK such as Sidmouth Folk Festival.

DERT competition
The Dancing England Rapper Tournament (DERT) competition, which is open to all rapper sword teams, is held annually in a different UK city or town by a different Rapper side. The tournament initially comprised 3 divisions: Premier, Championship and Open, with a youth competition, 'DERTy', subsequently added. A further class, 'Traditional dance', was also introduced to highlight the original recorded dances and the style they were performed in.

In 2020, the competition was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. The DERT 2021 competition, due to be held in Edinburgh on 26–28 March 2021, was also cancelled due to COVID-19.

Further information

The Rapper Online website provides information on the origins and history of the dance, team profiles  and notations of traditional dances. Current and historical information is also available at "The NUT on the Net", the Internet edition of "The NUT", the journal of the rapper sword dance.

Leading exponents of the tradition in its traditional area include the High Spen Blue Diamonds, the Newcastle Kingsmen, Monkseaton Morris Men, the Sallyport Sword Dancers and Star and Shadow. In addition to the Rapper Online website's list of rapper sword teams the Sword Dance Union has produced a map of current UK teams.

Rapper dancing has gained international popularity. Jack The Rapper, based in Norway, attended DERT in 1996, 1999 and 2003. The DERT 2005 and 2006 competitions were attended by four teams from the United States, named, Newhaven, Candyrapper (2005), Beside the Point (2006) and Scrambled Six (2007). Red Mum Rapper from Denmark competed in DERTs 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018. The Pocket Flyers (USA) attended DERT 2015 in Bristol. Rapper teams also exist in Australia, Germany and the Basque Country of France.

See also
 Earsdon Sword Dance

References

Bibliography

External links

 Rapper Online
 The Sword Dance Union
 The NUT on the Net

Rapper sword
Morris dance
Northumbrian folklore
County Durham folklore

Rapper sword


Spialia es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la subfamilia Pyrginae  dentro de la familia Hesperiidae. Se encuentra en África y Asia.

Especies
Lista de especies.
Spialia abscondita (Plötz, 1884)
Spialia asterodia (Trimen, 1864)
Spialia agylla (Trimen, 1889)
Spialia colotes (Druce, 1875)
Spialia confusa (Higgins, 1925)
Spialia delagoae (Trimen, 1898)
Spialia depauperata (Strand, 1911)
Spialia diomus (Höpffer, 1855)
Spialia doris (Walker, 1870)
Spialia dromus (Plötz, 1884)
Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793)
Spialia geron (Watson, 1893)
Spialia kituina (Karsch, 1896)
Spialia mafa (Trimen, 1870)
Spialia mangana (Rebel, 1899)
Spialia nanus (Trimen, 1889)
Spialia orbifer (Hübner, [1823])
Spialia osthelderi (Pfeiffer, 1932)
Spialia paula (Higgins, 1925)
Spialia phlomidis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1845)
Spialia ploetzi (Aurivillius, 1891)
?Spialia rebeli Higgins, 1925
Spialia rosae
Spialia sataspes (Trimen, 1864)
Spialia secessus (Trimen, 1891)
Spialia sertorius (Hoffmannsegg, 1804)
Spialia spio (Linnaeus, 1764)
Spialia struvei (Püngeler, 1914)
Spialia therapne (Rambur, 1832)
Spialia wrefordi Evans, 1951
Spialia zebra (Butler, 1888)

Referencias

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
 Woodhall, S. Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa, Cape Town:Struik Publishers, 2005.

Enlaces externos

 http://www.tolweb.org/Spialia/95383

Spialia


Kosmos 2331, ruski izviđački satelit (fotoizviđanje visoke razlučivosti) iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Jantar-4K2 (Kobaljt br. 549).
Lansiran je 14. ožujka 1996. godine u 17:40 s kozmodroma Pljesecka u Rusiji. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Sojuz-U 11A511U. Orbita mu je bila 179 km u perigeju i 331 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija bila mu je 67,13°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 23818. COSPARova oznaka je 1996-016-A. Zemlju je obilazio u 89,60 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 6600 kg.

Sletio je na Zemlju 11. lipnja 1996. godine. Donio je dva filma u dvjema malim kapsulama SpK tijekom misije s glavnom kapsulom na dovršetku misije.

Iz iste misije dva su se dijela odvojila. Prvi, 11S510, Spacetrackova kataloškog broja 23819 i Cosparove oznake 1996-016-B, ostao je kružiti u orbiti 160 x 320, na inklinaciji od 67,13°, obilazeći Zemlju u 89,31 minutu. Vratio se u atmosferu 20. ožujka 1996. godine. Drugi, dio Kobaljtova AO, Spacetrackova kataloškog broja 23909 i Cosparove oznake 1996-016C, ostao je kružiti u orbiti 152 x 246, na inklinaciji 67,12°, obilazeći Zemlju u 88,47 minuta. Vratio se u atmosferu 12. lipnja 1996. godine.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2331


37391 Ebre este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
37391 Ebre este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Ametlla de Mar de Jaume Nomen Torres. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,36 ua, o excentricitate de 0,23 și o înclinație de 6,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 37001-38000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

37391 Ebre


Die Liste der Baudenkmäler in Welschnofen (italienisch Nova Levante) enthält die  als Baudenkmäler ausgewiesenen Objekte auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Welschnofen in Südtirol.

Basis ist das im Internet einsehbare offizielle Verzeichnis der Baudenkmäler in Südtirol. Dabei kann es sich beispielsweise um Sakralbauten, Wohnhäuser, Bauernhöfe und Adelsansitze handeln. Die Reihenfolge in dieser Liste orientiert sich an der Bezeichnung, alternativ ist sie auch nach der Adresse oder dem Datum der Unterschutzstellung sortierbar.

Liste

Literatur
 Josef Tarneller: Die Hofnamen in den alten Kirchspielen Deutschnofen-Eggental und Vels am Schlern. Wien, 1914 (Digitalisat der Teßmann-Bibliothek)

Weblinks

 Monumentbrowser des Südtiroler Landesdenkmalamts

Welschnofen
!
Baudenkmaler Welschnofen

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Welschnofen


Kande kommer af latin canna, rør, som den minder om i formen.
Oprindeligt var kander drikkekar af metal eller træ af cylindrisk eller konisk form og forsynet med hank (kandedreng) og med et låg med et hængsel. Det løftedes ved at sætte fingeren på gækken (slå gækken løs). Gækken er et greb, som gik ud fra eller over hanken. De største brugtes ved hverv- (rund-)drik, idet kander først var øldrikkens kar. De gik retsinds: fra højre til venstre, med solen). Kander var indvendigt forsynet med stifter med mellemrum for at afmærke ølstanden, pælene. Heraf udtrykket at pægle den: drikke til pægls.

De små lavskander hed også Röhrchen. Brugtes kander som beholdere, var de forsynet med tud (tudkande). En pibekande har et skænkerør skråt fra kandens bund.

Eksterne henvisninger og Kilder

Kande


"Lady Croissant" este un album în concert al cântareței australiane Sia, lansat în aprilie 2007 prin intermediul casei de discuri Astralwerks. Numit un "mini-album" de Astralwerks, colecția conține o întegistrare de studio ("Pictures") precum și opt piese înregistrate live în timpul unui concert din aprilie 2006 la Ballroom Bowery din New York City. Opt melodii au fost scrise sau compuse de către Sia; de asemenea prezent pe album este o preluare al piesei lui Ray Davies "I Go to Sleep", o înregistrare de studio din care mai târziu a apărut pe albumul de studio al Siei Some People Have Real Problems (2008). Albumul a fost produs de Dan Carey, mixat de Jon Lemon și Taz Mattar la Sarm Studios în Londra și masterizat de către Emily Lazar și Sarah Register la The Lodge în New York City. Lady Croissant a primit recepție critică mixtă și a dat naștere la un disc single, "Pictures", care a fost lansat exclusiv prin American Eagle Outfitters pe data de 27 noiembrie 2006.

Lista pieselor

"Pictures" (Dan Carey, Sia Furler) – 3:37
"Don't Bring Me Down" (Furler, Blair MacKichan) – 4:36
"Destiny" (Sophie Barker, Henry Binns, Furler, Sam Hardaker) – 3:55
"Blow It All Away" (Kevin Armstrong, Furler, Felix Howard, MacKichan) – 5:19
"Lentil" (Samuel Dixon, Furler) – 4:11
"Numb" (Furler, Howard, James McMillan) – 4:26
"I Go to Sleep" (Ray Davies) – 3:17
"Breathe Me" (Carey, Furler) – 5:52
"Distractions" (Binns, Furler, Hardaker) – 5:03

Lista pieselor conform AllMusic.

Personal

 Kevin Armstrong – compozitor
 Sophie Barker – compozitor
 Henry Binns – compozitor
 Felix Bloxsom – baterie
 Dan Carey – bas, compozitor, inginier, chitară, clape, producător, Wurlitzer
 Robin Danar – asistent inginier
 Ray Davies – compozitor
 John Dent – masterizare
 Samuel Dixon – bas, compozitor
 Tom Elmhirst – mixaj
 Sia Furler – compozitor, vocal
 José González – fotografiere
 Sam Hardaker – compozitor
 Felix Howard – compozitor
 Joe Kennedy – clape
 Olliver Kraus – violoncel
 Emily Lazar – masterizare
 Joey Lemon – mixaj
 Blair MacKichan – compozitor
 Taz Mattar – inginier de mixaj
 James McMillan – compozitor
 Stephanie Pistel – coperta, fotografiere
 Sarah Register – masterizare
 Michael Sendaydiego – fotografiere
 Gus Seyffert – chitară
 Jeff Tweedy – fotografiere
 Joey Waronker – baterie

Creditări conform AllMusic și notele de linie de pe CD.

Istoricul lansărilor

Referințe

Albume lansate de Sia
Albume în concert
Albume din 2007

Lady Croissant


Clifton College is a public school in the city of Bristol in South West England, founded in 1862 and offering both boarding and day school for pupils aged 13–18. In its early years, unlike most contemporary public schools, it emphasised science rather than classics in the curriculum, and was less concerned with social elitism, e.g. by admitting day-boys on equal terms and providing a dedicated boarding house for Jewish boys, called Polack's House. Having linked its General Studies classes with Badminton School, it admitted girls to every year group (from pre-prep up to Upper 6th, excepting 5th form due to potential O-levels disruption) in 1987 and was the first of the traditional, boys, public schools to become fully coeducational. Polack's House closed in 2005 but a scholarship fund open to Jewish candidates still exists. Clifton College is one of the original 26 English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Yearbook of 1889.

The school was also the headquarters of the US army in Britain during part of the Second World War. General Omar Bradley used the school's buildings as a staff office from October to November 1944.

Clifton College is one of the few schools in the UK to have educated several Nobel laureates: Sir John Kendrew, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962; Sir John Hicks, winner of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Economics; and Sir Nevill Francis Mott, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977.

Introduction

The school takes boys and girls aged between 13 and 18.  It has its own preparatory school, Clifton College Preparatory School (known as the 'Pre'), for children from 8 to 13 which adjoins the school and shares many of the same facilities; there is also a pre-preparatory school for younger children aged 3 to 8 called Butcombe.  To distinguish it from the junior schools, Clifton College proper is referred to as the 'Upper School'.

There are around 720 children in the Upper School of whom about a third are girls. At the start of the 2004 – 2005 school year, a new boarding/day house for girls (Hallward's House) was opened.

In 2005, the school was one of fifty of the country's leading independent schools which were found guilty of running an illegal price-fixing cartel, exposed by The Times, which had allowed them to drive up fees for thousands of parents. Each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and all agreed to make ex-gratia payments totalling three million pounds into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.

World War II

During World War II the heavy bombing of Bristol caused the students to be evacuated to Bude. In February 1941 the buildings were used by the Royal Army Service Corps as an Officer Cadet Training Unit. In 1942 they were replaced by the United States Army who established it as the headquarters of V Corps and then the First Army. Staff were involved in preparations for the Normandy landings under General Omar Bradley. After D-Day the college was taken over as headquarters of the Ninth Army under General William Hood Simpson.

To enable rapid travel and communications between the headquarters and dispersed units extensive use was made of light aircraft for travel. Some flights used Filton Airfield and others Whitchurch, however the majority were from the college's playing fields at Beggars Bush Field, between the college and Leigh Woods, which was turned into an airfield.

Houses

Before 1987, Clifton was a boys-only school with seven boarding houses (School House, Brown's, Watson's, Dakyns', Oakeley's, Wiseman's, Polack's) and three day-houses (East Town, North Town and The South Town). In each of the current seven boarding Houses (four for boys, three for girls) live the Housemaster or Housemistress and family, an Assistant and the Matron. In addition, each House has up to four non-residential Tutors. Also, pupils wear ties with different coloured stripes according to their house membership; which are also the colours of the jerseys the pupils wear to distinguish between houses in inter-house sporting events.

There are 12 houses currently in the Upper School of Clifton College, which have an order of precedence based on the date of their foundation; it is traditional that day-pupil only houses are known as "Towns" and any house that admits boarders "Houses". There are also houses in Clifton College Preparatory School that are not listed below.

Holland's house, a girls' day house, was made in 2017 with colours white, pink and navy.

Several other houses have existed during the school's history. In WW2, while the school was evacuated to Bude, United House (UH) was created from pupils of houses placed in temporary abeyance. Dakyns' House and Brown's House were closed in 1993, and Polack's House, which took Jewish boys only, was closed in 2005. These are listed below:

In the decades after the school's foundation, with the exception of School House, the Houses were named after the Housemaster at the time, but in the late 19th century this pattern was abandoned, and all Houses reverted to the name of their first Housemaster. This nomenclature convention was not however used for Hallward's House (founded in 2004 and named after a former Headmaster, Bertrand Hallward, nor for Worcester House (the second girl's house, founded in 1989 and named after the road in which it is situated). When Dakyns' House and Brown's House were merged in September 1993, the original suggestion was to name the new establishment "Dakyns-Brown's House", but following a suggestion from a pupil, the name "Moberly's House" was chosen, commemorating the only teacher who had been involved in both of the antecedent establishments (as Housemaster of both Dakyns' and House Tutor of Brown's).

Buildings and grounds

The first school buildings

The college buildings were designed by the architect Charles Hansom (the brother of Joseph Hansom); his first design was for Big School and a proposed dining hall. Only the former was built and a small extra short wing was added in 1866 – this is what now contains the Marshal's office and the new staircase into Big School. It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II listed building.

Hansom was called back in the 1870s and asked to design what is now the Percival Library and the open-cloister classrooms. This project was largely completed by 1875 – although the Wilson Tower was not built until 1890 (grade II listed).
Other buildings were added as follows:
 By 1875, Brown's, Dakyns' and Oakley's had been opened along with what is now 32 College Road – originally this functioned as accommodation for bachelor masters
 Three fives courts (1864)
 The original sanitorium (1865)
 Gymnasium (1867)
 Two swimming pools (1869)
 An open rackets court (1872)
 The present workshop (1873)
 The chapel (1867); this was built to Charles Hansom's original design, but was moved from the intended site (which is now the gym). As built, the chapel was a narrow aisleless building, and just the width of its present west end. It was the gift of the widow of Canon Guthrie. Hansom was given permission "to quarry sufficient stone from the college grounds for the purposes of the Chapel building".

The Chapel building was licensed by the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol in 1867. It is now grade II* listed.

Later building

The school's present buildings have evolved in various phases.

In early Percival years, the nucleus of the school buildings was laid down.

In 1880, the school's East Wing was completed as far as the staircase (this had yet to be linked to the library by the Wilson Tower) and added a science lecture-room (which is the reason for the curious 'stepped' windows), a laboratory and several classrooms.
In 1886, a porters' lodge and what is now the staff common room were added by enlarging what had been the original science school. On the ground floor was the school tuck-shop and above this (in what is now the Upper Common Room) was a drawing-school. The day boys were provided for in Town Rooms for both North and South Town. The East Wing was then completed by carrying it beyond the staircase and then creating an additional classroom at each end. The ground-floor classroom (then Room 12) is now known as the "Newbolt Room" and has been furnished by the Old Cliftonian Society, which still uses it for reunions.
Between 1890 and the start of the First World War, the new Music School (1897) was added and the Chapel rebuilt (1910).

Dr John King, whose headmastership spanned the war years, had little scope for building after 1914, but he did oversee the development of the playing fields at Beggar's Bush, the building of the Memorial Arch, the neo-classical cricket pavilion and the opening of the new Sanitorium in Worcester Road.
On 3 December 1918, the former headmaster John Percival died and was buried in the vault of the school Chapel. In 1921, a special memorial chapel was created and consecrated about his tomb.
Norman Whatley was the headmaster between 1923 and 1938; his tenure saw the opening of the Preparatory School and the building of the Science School on the site of the previous Junior School. Designed by A. E. Munby, it was opened in 1926.

Also at this time, the school acquired Hugh Ray Easton's new east windows. The windows also contain a curiosity: beneath the representation of the heavenly Jerusalem is depicted a game of cricket on the Close – with one of Whatley's sons taking part.
In 1965–1967, the theatre was built by the architects Whicheloe and MacFarlane.

In 1982, on the site of the old swimming pools, the new Sports Hall, remedial gym and a new covered swimming pool were built; previously boys used the outdoor Victorian pool and its outdoor covered changing cubicles.
The 1980s also saw the building of the Coulson Centre which links together two previously separate classroom blocks, at Muir and Birdwood houses. As a result of the improvements in modern medicine, the Sanitorium in Worcester Road was unnecessarily large for the school's needs, and so the old pre-1921 Sanatorium on the Close has been refitted to serve this purpose, whilst the Worcester Road sanitorium has been refitted as the headmaster's house.

More recently, in the latter 2000s, the Music School building in Guthrie Road was refurbished and extended.

Memorial arch

At the side of College Road, opposite what was Dakyns' boarding house (now East Town and North Town), is the college's memorial arch designed by Charles Holden, which commemorates teachers and pupils who died in the two World Wars. Traditionally, the removal of headgear is expected when walking through the arch. There is also a school rule that states hands must be out of pockets when walking through the arch. It is now grade II listed. The college's buildings, mainly School House, were used as the main HQ where the D-Day landings were planned. The college played a major part in both World Wars; Field Marshal Douglas Haig was an Old Cliftonian who went on to command the British armed forces in the First World War. Through the memorial arch and in front of School House is a life-size statue of Haig. At the edge of the quad is a memorial to those killed in the South African Wars.

Sporting facilities
The college sporting facilities include:
 Close Pavilion
   of local playing fields including the Close and College fields
   of playing fields at Clifton College Sports Ground (Beggar Bush Lane)
 Four Fives courts
 Gym
 Indoor heated swimming pool
 New pavilion
 On-campus cricket nets
 One 3G Football pitch
 One Olympic standard 4G hockey pitch
 Rackets court
 Real tennis court
 Seven on-campus tennis courts
 Twenty four tennis courts (including some under cover of the dome or 'bubble')
 Two Astroturf hockey pitches
 Two indoor gyms

The Close

The college ground, known as the Close, played a role in the history of cricket and witnessed 13 of W G Grace's first-class hundreds for Gloucestershire in the County Championship. Grace's children attended the college.

The Close featured in a well-known poem by O.C. Sir Henry Newbolt – Vitaї Lampada ("There's a breathless hush in the Close to-night")

Cricket
Clifton College was one of the original 8 "Lord's Schools", who were entitled to play fixtures at Lord's against each other. These matches were Clifton v Tonbridge, Rugby v Marlborough, Cheltenham v
Haileybury, and Eton v Harrow.  The Clifton v Tonbridge fixture at Lord's was first played in 1914, but ceased to be played in the 1960s, along with most other Lord's Schools matches. Today, only Eton v Harrow continues to take place at Lord's. A centenary match took place in June 2014 to commemorate the anniversary of the first playing of this match.

On one of the college's cricket pitches, now known as Collins' Piece, what was for 116 years the highest-ever cricket score was reached in June 1899, in the inter-house match between Clark's House and North Town. In this match A. E. J. Collins, killed in the First World War, scored 628 not out, but not under the current rules of the game. The record was surpassed in January 2016 by 15-year-old Pranav Dhanawade of Mumbai, India, with a score of 1,009 in a schools' match. Collins was not the first Clifton schoolboy to hold this record: in 1868, Edward Tylecote, who went on to help England reclaim the Ashes in 1882–83, was a previous holder, with 404 not out in a game between Classicals and Moderns. Collins' achievement is commemorated on a small plaque on the side of the ceramics building.

A number of famous cricketers are Clifton alumni. A fuller entry can be found under the List of Old Cliftonians, and includes:
 W. G. Grace junior, son of W. G. Grace, Gloucestershire and MCC cricketer.
 Sir Kingsmill Key, Bt., captain of Surrey, MCC and England cricketer.
 John Daniell, captain of Somerset, England rugby international
 Basil Allen, cricketer, Gloucestershire captain
 Edwin Field, Middlesex cricketer, England rugby international
 James Kirtley, England cricketer
 Matt Windows, Gloucestershire cricketer and England 'A' cap.
 Edward Tylecote, England cricketer
 George Whitehead, England cricketer
 Charlie Townsend, England cricketer
 Edward Scott, Gloucestershire & MCC cricketer, England rugby international (captain).
 James Bush Gloucestershire cricketer, England rugby international
 Robert Edwin Bush Gloucestershire cricketer
 William Brain, English cricketer and footballer
 Archibald Fargus, English cricketer, scholar, clergyman
 Lothian Bonham-Carter, English cricketer, Justice of the Peace and soldier

The Marshal
The college employs a master called "The Marshal", whose sole job is to enforce discipline, attendance at classes and other school rules (such as dress code, drinking, smoking and hair length) along with the general maintenance of safety of the pupils at the college. Many public houses near the school had photos of the Marshal, who was permanently banned so as not to discourage the attendance of pupils who were regular patrons. The current Marshal is Christopher Hughes who took his position in the term starting September 2010. The previous Marshal was Major Paul Simcox MBE. By tradition, a Marshal's name is not added to the plaque listing the names of the school's Marshals until after his death.

Religious community
Clifton has chapel services and a focus on Christianity, but for 125 years there was also a Jewish boarding house (Polack's), complete with kosher dining facilities and synagogue for boys in the Upper School. This was the last of its kind in Europe. However, at the end of the 2004–05 school year, the Polack's trust (Polack's House Educational Trust) announced that Polack's House would be closed due to the low numbers of boys in the house (although many pupils were turned down subsequently). Polack's House Educational Trust (PHET) now offers scholarships to the school.

The school chapel was the inspiration behind Newbolt's poem Clifton Chapel, which starts:

CLIFTON CHAPEL

This is the Chapel: here, my son,
Your father thought the thoughts of youth,
And heard the words that one by one
The touch of Life has turn'd to truth.
Here in a day that is not far,
You too may speak with noble ghosts
Of manhood and the vows of war
You made before the Lord of Hosts.

Redgrave Theatre
Clifton College has its own theatre, originally known as the Clifton College Theatre, but later renamed in honour of old-boy actor Michael Redgrave. The theatre was built in the 1960s and has a seating capacity of 323. As well as school productions, the venue hosts visiting small scale productions including many by the nearby Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.

Headmasters
Listed in order of appointment:
 1862–1879 John Percival (Bishop of Hereford)
 1879–1890 James Wilson
 1891–1905 Michael George Glazebrook
 1905–1910 Albert David (Bishop of Liverpool)
 1910–1923 John Edward King
 1923–1938 Norman Whatley
 1938–1948 Bertrand Hallward
 1948–1954 Henry Desmond Pritchard Lee
 1954–1962 Nicholas Hammond
 1963–1975 Stephen McWatters
 1975–1990 Stuart Morrison Andrews
 1990–2000 Andrew Hugh Monro
 2000–2005 Stephen Spurr
 2005–2015 Mark Moore
 2015–     Dr Tim Greene

Notable former masters
 Alexander Jones (1854–1878), former Wales footballer, killed in a shooting accident on a train while bringing a group of college cadets home from rifle practice.
 J. R. Eccles (1874–1956), an old boy who was a Physics master at Clifton, was later headmaster of Gresham's
 J. L. Thorn, master at Clifton 1949 to 1961, later head of Repton and Winchester
 T. E. Brown, scholar, poet, and theologian
 R. P. Keigwin, Clifton housemaster, later Warden of Wills Hall
 James Gordon MacGregor, a science master 1877–1879
 Sir William McKie, Australian organist, Conductor, and composer
 Wilfrid Oldaker was Chaplain from 1931 to 1938, later headmaster of Christ Church Cathedral School
 Rt Revd David Stancliffe, later Bishop of Salisbury
 T. H. Stokoe, second master at Clifton, later head of Richmond Grammar School, Reading School, and King's College School.
 Sir Reginald Thatcher (1888–1975), composer and Principal of the Royal Academy of Music

Coat of Arms

Covert filming
Jonathan Thomson-Glover, a housemaster and former  pupil, pleaded guilty to making covert films of children aged twelve to seventeen showering, changing, going to the toilet and conducting private acts, in the college itself and at an address in Cornwall. He was convicted at Taunton Crown Court and sentenced to three years and nine months' imprisonment after admitting to 36 counts of taking, making and possessing indecent images of children.

Clifton College subsequently commissioned an independent expert to undertake a thorough review of safeguarding at the school, culminating in a report which it published in full. The report contained a number of recommendations, all of which were then implemented. This, together with a complete change in the school's leadership in 2016, led to a wholesale transformation in safeguarding culture and practices at the school.

The Old Cliftonian Society and the Clifton College Register

The Old Cliftonian Society [OCS] is the Society for the alumni of Clifton College – whether pupils or staff. The OCS organises reunions at the school and publishes a newsletter for alumni. Alumni are known as Old Cliftonians or OCs.

The Register's motto:
"There be of them, that have left a name behind them, that their praises might be reported..."

The Clifton College Register is the official set of records held for Clifton College in Bristol. The Register is kept and maintained by the Old Cliftonian Society.

These records have been maintained unbroken from the start of the school in 1862 and list every pupil, master and headmaster. Each person is allocated a school number – for masters and headmasters the number is prefixed with either an M or HM. The Register also maintains a record of the school roll in numbers, the Heads of School and summarises the major sporting records for each year.

The Register, published by the Old Cliftonian Society, is in four volumes:
  1862 – 1947 (a)
  1862 – 1962 (b)
  1962 – 1978 (c)
  1978 – 1994 (d)

First entries in the Register:-

Pupils
 P1. September 1862 – Francis Charles Anderson (14 November 1846 – 1881)

Masters
 M1. September 1862 – Rev Dr T. H. Stokoe, educated at Uppingham; Exhibitioner of Lincoln College, Oxford; left 1863; Preacher of Gray's Inn; d 1903)

The early years
 Numbers of pupils in the school
 1862 – 69
 1863 – 195 (including the new junior school)
 1864 – 237
 1865 – 258
 1866 – 278
 Heads of School
 1862 – H. W. Wellesley
 1863 – A. W. Paul

Former pupils

Bibliography
 Clifton College, The History of Saint Agnes Parish,1876-1890 (J. W. Arrowsmith, Bristol, 1890)
 Clifton College, The Memorial to Old Cliftonians who fell in the South African War (J. W. Arrowsmith, Bristol, 1904)
 Clifton College, The Cliftonian Memorial of the Great War, 1914-1919 (J. W. Arrowsmith, Bristol, 1922)
 Derek Winterbottom, Henry Newbolt and the Spirit of Clifton (Redcliffe Press, Bristol, 1986)
 Derek Winterbottom, Dynasty: The Polack Family and the Jewish House at Clifton, 1878-2005 (The Polack House Educational Trust, 2008)
 Derek Winterbottom, Clifton after Percival: a public school in the twentieth century (Redcliffe Press, Bristol, 1990)

See also
 Old Cliftonian Society

References

 Clifton College Register 1862 – 1962 – Published by the Old Cliftonian Society

External links

 Clifton College website

Private schools in Bristol
Racquets venues
Boarding schools in Bristol
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Grade II* listed buildings in Bristol
Grade II listed buildings in Bristol
Educational institutions established in 1862
Real tennis venues
1862 establishments in England
Clifton, Bristol
Schools cricket
Grade II* listed educational buildings
People educated at Clifton College

Clifton College