Cota G4 je daruvarski rock band osnovan 1998. godine.
Krajem 2004.godine Cota G4 potpisuje ugovor s diskografskom kućom Dallas Records, i već 2006. godine izdaju svoj prvi album pod nazivom Cota G4. 2007. godine izdaju singl i spot Motaj, kume motaj s kojim najavljuju svoj drugi album U čemu je zapravo stvar (2011.). Dvije godine kasnije, izlazi singl i spot Ne znaš ti šta je rokenrol s kojim se nagovještava rad na trećem studijskom albumu Entropia koji izlazi 2017. pod producentskom palicom Rejhana Okanovića- Regija.

Članovi

 Marko Osmanović  – vokal/ritam gitara
 Dinko Likar  – solo gitara
 Juraj Šargač  – bas gitara
 Filip Pek –  klavijature
 Dorian Scholz – bubnjevi

Kronologija

 1998– 2000 – Cotu G4 okupio je Marko Osmanović, krajem 1998. godine, s idejom da se sviraju njegove autorske pjesme, te rock hitovi bandova iz šezdesetih i sedamdesetih godina. Prvu postavu Cote G4 uz Marka Osmanovića na vokalu i solo gitari čini li su Tomislav Kopfer (ritam gitara), Marko Jeftimija (bass) i Boris Jeniček (bubanj). Band je svirao do jeseni 1999. uz jednu promjenu bubnjara (Alen Brajković), 2000. godine sastav snima prvi demo-EP s pjesmama: Kuća iz djetinjstva, Pismo, Baci mi kunu.
 2001– 2004 – Na jesen 2001.g. stvara se nova postava: Marko Osmanović (vokal), Igor Ruf (gitara), Danko Krznarić (klavijature), Saša Novak (bass) i Miro Ovnić (bubanj). Nakon kratkog vremena Miru Ovnića zamjenjuje Nino Švedek. 2003. i 2004. godine Cota G4 probija na klupskoj sceni, ponajviše zbog kvalitetne svirke i dobrih obrada rock standarda, no manje zbog autorskih pjesama. Međutim, jedan od koncerata u Zagrebu bio je prekretnica za Cotu G4, njihov trud prepoznala je diskografska kuća Dallas Records s kojom 2004. godine potpisuju ugovor.
 2005– 2006 –  Prvi singl i spot Putovanje vlakom izlazi na ljeto 2005. godine. Sastav nastavlja svirati po Hrvatskoj i regiji, prvi album izlazi na proljeće 2006. godine. Nakon izlaska prvog albuma, band izdaje singl i spot za pjesmu Daj mi sve. S tom pjesmom postaju poznatiji široj publici te se probijaju na top- listama. Tada na mjesto bubnjara dolazi mladi daruvarski bubnjar Dario Horvat. Iste te godine, na jesen, izlazi drugi singl i spot prvog albuma Tamo negdje, iza krovova kuća. Nakon izlaska tog spota, dotadašnji gitarist, Igor Ruf napušta band.
 2007– 2008 – 2007. godine izlazi singl i spot za pjesmu Motaj, kume motaj Krajem 2007. i početkom 2008. Cota G4 snima svoj drugi album, te svira na Rokaj tour Četiri hrvatska grada s Hard Timeom, Fatherom i Osmim putnikom. Na jesen sastav nastupa u televizijskoj emisiji Garaža, nakon koje band prestaje s radom zbog financijskih razloga.
 2009– 2011 – Na proljeće 2009. godine Marko Osmanović postaje pjevač i gitarist Divljih Jagoda, te povremeno svira u projektu Lisn. 2011. godine Cota G4 izdaje drugi album "U čemu je zapravo stvar" i singl "Za nas ne postoji kraj", kojim simbolično najavljuju da Cota svira dalje. Danko Krznarić i službeno odlazi iz banda nakon gotovo 10 godina, zamjenjuje ga mladi gitarist Ivan Ivanković.
 2013. godine – Početkom 2013. godine Osmanović odlazi iz Divljih Jagoda te se potpuno posvećuje Coti G4 koja po prvi put nakon 5 godina svira ljetne motorijade i festivale. Sastav izdaje i svoj novi singl i spot Kada prođe prstima kroz kosu s kojim se Cota vraća na hrvatsku rock scenu. Iz banda odlazi Mario Kopecki koji je 8 godina bio "dobri duh banda", zamjenjuje ga Majkl Jagunić, basist Hard Timea. Te godine iz banda izlazi i Ivan Ivanković koji svoju karijeru nastavlja u Thompsonovom pratećem bandu. Krajem 2013. godine izlazi singl i spot za pjesmu Pismo. Počinje rad na trećem albumu banda.
 2014. godine – Izlazi singl i spot za pjesmu Ne znaš ti šta je rokenrol s kojim band najavljuje svoj treći studijski album i svoju novu postavu. Bandu se na snimanju albuma pridružuje novi gitarist, Dinko Likar iz Virovitice s kojim Marko Osmanović, Majkl Jagunić i Dario Horvat na čelu s producentom Rejhanom Okanovićem - Regijem rade na trećem studijskom albumu.
 2017– 2018 – 28. studenog 2017. godine izlazi treći album Entropia sa singlom i spotom Kad bio sam njen. Nakon izlaska albuma band osvaja nagradu The Akademia Music Awards (Los Angeles) za Najbolji rock album za siječanj 2018. godine. Sastav u travnju 2018. godine održava prvi koncert (promociju albuma) u Zagrebu nakon 4 godine pritajenosti i s trećim albumom najavljuje povratak na rock scenu.

Postave
1998– 1999–  Marko Osmanović (vokal, ritam gitara), Tomislav Kopfer (solo gitara), Marko Jeftimija (bass), Boris Jeniček (bubanj)
1999.– Marko Osmanović (vokal, ritam gitara), Tomislav Kopfer (solo gitara), Marko Jeftimija (bass), Alen Brajković (bubanj)
2000– 2001– Marko Osmanović (vokal), Igor Ruf (solo gitara), Marko Jeftimija (bass), Dario Santo (bubanj)
2001– 2004– Marko Osmanović (vokal), Igor Ruf (solo gitara), Danko Krznarić (klavijature), Saša Novak (bass), Nino Švedek (bubanj)
2004– 2005– Marko Osmanović (vokal), Igor Ruf (solo gitara), Danko Krznarić (klavijature), Mladen Rakas (bass), Nino Švedek (bubanj)
2005– 2006– Marko Osmanović (vokal), Igor Ruf (solo gitara), Danko Krznarić (klavijature), Mario Kopecki (bass), Vice Šindija (bubanj)
2006– 2008– Marko Osmanović (vokal), Danko Krznarić (solo gitara), Miloš Kovačević (klavijature), Mario Kopecki (bass), Dario Horvat (bubanj)
2008. – Marko Osmanović (vokal), Danko Krznarić (solo gitara), Dinko Janković  (klavijature), Mario Kopecki (bass), Dario Horvat (bubanj)
2009– 2011– Marko Osmanović (vokal), Danko Krznarić (gitara), Mario Kopecki (bass), Dario Horvat (bubanj)
2011– 2013– Marko Osmanović (vokal, ritam gitara), Ivan Ivanković (solo gitara), Mario Kopecki (bass), Dario Horvat (bubanj)
2013– 2015– Marko Osmanović(vokal, ritam gitara), Dinko Likar (solo gitara), Majkl Jagunić (bass), Dario Horvat (bubanj)
2015– 2017– Marko Osmanović (vokal, bass), Dinko Likar (solo gitara), Dario Horvat (bubanj)
2018.-– Marko Osmanović (vokal, ritam gitara), Dinko Likar (solo gitara), Vedran Brijačak (bass), Dario Horvat (bubanj)
2019.-- Marko Osmanović (vokal, ritam gitara), Dinko Likar (solo gitara), Juraj Šargač (bass), Dorian Sholz (bubanj), Filip Pek (klavijature)

Vremenska linija

Diskografija
Albumi
 Cota G4 (2006.)
 U čemu je zapravo stvar (2011.)
 Entropia (2017.)

Singlovi
 "Putovanje vlakom"
 "Daj mi sve"
 "Tamo negdje, iza krovova kuća"
 "Motaj, kume motaj"
 "Za nas ne postoji kraj"
 "Kada prođe prstima kroz kosu"
 "Pismo"
 "Ne znaš ti šta je rokenrol"
 "Samo deri"
 "Kad bio sam njen"
 "Gdje je ona mala"

Izvori

Hrvatski glazbeni sastavi
Daruvar

Cota G4


{{Taxobox
| name =
| image =
| image_caption = Meloidogyne hapla
| regnum = Dýraríki (Animalia)
| phylum = Þráðormar (Nematoda)
| classis = Secernentea
| ordo = Tylenchida
| familia = Heteroderidae
| genus = Meloidogyne| species = M. hapla| binomial = Meloidogyne hapla
}}

Meloidogyne hapla er tegund af þráðormum sem myndar örsmá gall á um 550 ræktunarjurtum og illgresistegundum. Tegundin er einnig nokkuð vetrarþolin.

Kvendýrin geta verpt allt að 1000 eggjum í einn klump. Afkvæmin leggjast strax á hýsilinn og þau klekjast úr eggi. Einkenni sjást á rótum, blöðum og sem almenn vaxtartregða plöntunnar. Á rótunum sjást þau vaxtartregða, visnun og æxlisvöxtur (gall). Göllin eru yfirleitt smá og hnöttótt og nálægt smáum rótum. Þau myndast þegar þráðormurinn fer í rótina og gefur frá sér efni sem stækka rótarfrumurnar sem þeir nærast á. Þetta hamlar virkni rótanna við vatns og næringarupptöku og veldur misvexti, visnun og gulnun. Einkenni eru annars mismunandi eftir hýslum og magni smits.

 Listi yfir þekkta hýsla

 Actinidia chinensis (Kíví)
 Ageratina adenophora
 Allium cepa (matlaukur)
 Ananas comosus (ananas)
 Anemone
 Apium graveolens (sellerí)
 Arachis hypogaea
 Beta
 Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sykurrófur)
 Brassica napus var. napus (repja)
 Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kál)
 Cajanus cajan
 Camellia sinensis (te)
 Capsicum (paprikur og chili)
 Carica papaya (papaya)
 Chenopodium album
 Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)
 Chrysanthemum
 Cichorium intybus
 Coffea (kaffi)
 Convolvulus arvensis
 Cucumis (melónur og gúrkur)
 Cyclamen
 Daucus carota (gulrætur)
 Dianthus caryophyllus
 Dioscorea batatas
 Eustoma grandiflorum (Lisianthus)
 Fabaceae (belgjurtir)
 Fragaria ananassa (jarðarber)
 Glycine max (soja)
 Lactuca sativa (salat)
 Linum usitatissimum (lín)
 Medicago sativa (steinsmári)
 Mentha (myntur)
 Nicotiana tabacum (tóbak)
 Olea europaea subsp. europaea (Evrópskar ólífur)
 Pelargonium
 Phaseolus (baunir)
 Raphanus sativus (radísur)
 Rosa (rósir)
 Rubus
 Sinapis alba
 Solanum
 Solanum lycopersicum (tómatar)
 Solanum melongena
 Solanum nigrum (náttskuggi)
 Solanum tuberosum (kartöflur)
 Tanacetum cinerariifolium
 Trifolium (smárar)
 Vicia (fléttur)
 Vitis vinifera (vínviður)
 Zingiber officinale (engifer)

 Tilvísanir

 Tenglar
 Wang C., Lower S., Thomas V. P. & Williamson V. M. (2010). "Root-Knot Nematodes Exhibit Strain-Specific Clumping Behavior That Is Inherited as a Simple Genetic Trait". PLoS ONE 5'''(12): e15148. .
 Root-Knot Nematode

Sníkjudýr
Kartöflusjúkdómar

Meloidogyne hapla


Koerner von Gustorf ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Ernst Koerner von Gustorf (1932–1975), deutscher Photochemiker
 Florian Koerner von Gustorf (* 1963), deutscher Musiker und Filmproduzent
 Ludwig Koerner von Gustorf (1888–1974), deutscher Jurist und Landwirt
 Oliver Koerner von Gustorf (* 1961), deutscher Galerist und Journalist

Koerner von Gustorf


Mevlana Dželaludin Rumi (perz.: مولانا جلال الدین محمد رومی) (Belh, 30. rujna 1207. – Konya, 17. prosinca 1273.), perzijski islamski filozof, teolog, pravnik, pjesnik i
derviš iz 13. stoljeća. Smatra se jednim od najvećih derviških pjesnika islama, koji je pisao na persijskom jeziku. Ime Rumi dobio je zbog toga što je život proveo u Rumu (Rumski sultanat), današnja srednja Anadolija, a Mevlana na perzijskom jeziku znači naš vodič. Osnivač je derviškog reda mevlevije.

Povezani članci
 Mesnevija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Ko je bio Mevlana Dželaluddin Rumi, već godinama najčitaniji pjesnik u Americi?

Islamski filozofi
Perzijski filozofi
Iranski književnici

Dželaluddin Rumi


Goodison Park is a football stadium in the Walton area of Liverpool, England, 2 miles (3 km) north of the city centre. It has been the home of Premier League club Everton since 1892 and has an all-seated capacity of 39,414.

Goodison Park has hosted more top-flight games than any other stadium in England. It has also been the venue for an FA Cup Final and numerous international fixtures, including a semi-final match in the 1966 World Cup.

In 2024, after 132 years at Goodison Park, Everton are set to leave the stadium and relocate to the Bramley-Moore Dock site, after which the Goodison Park site will be redeveloped.

History

Before Goodison Park

Everton originally played on an open pitch in the south-east corner of the newly laid out Stanley Park (on a site where rivals Liverpool FC considered building a stadium over a century later). The first official match after being renamed Everton from St. Domingo's was at Stanley Park, staged on 20 December 1879 with St. Peter's being the opposition, and admission was free. In 1882, a man named J. Cruit donated land at Priory Road with the necessary facilities required for professional clubs, but asked the club to leave his land after two years because the crowds became too large and noisy.

Everton moved to nearby Anfield Road, a site where proper covered stands were built. Everton played at the Anfield ground from 1884 until 1892. During this time the club turned professional entering teams in the FA Cup. They became founding members of the Football League winning their first championship at the ground in 1890–91. Anfield's capacity grew to over 20,000 with the club hosted an international match with England hosting Ireland. During their time at Anfield, Everton became the first club to introduce goalnets to professional football.

In the 1890s, a dispute about how the club was to be owned and run emerged with John Houlding, Anfield's majority owner and Everton's Chairman, at the forefront. Houlding disagreed with the club's committee initially disagreeing about the full purchase of the land at Anfield from minor land owner Mr Orrell escalating into a principled disagreement of how the club was run. Two such disagreements included Houlding wanting Everton to sell only his brewery products during an event and for the Everton players to use his public house The Sandon as changing room facilities.

The most famous of the disagreements concerns the level of increased rent Everton were asked to pay. In 1889, Everton paid £100 to Houlding in rent which by the 1889–90 season had risen to £250. Everton had to pay for all works and stands.  The dispute escalated to a rent of £370 per year being demanded. In the complicated lead up to the split in the club, the rent dispute is too simplistic to be singled out as the prime cause.  The dispute was compounded by many minor disputed points.

The flashpoint was a covenant in the contract of land purchase by Houlding from Orrell causing further and deep friction. A strip of land at the Anfield ground bordering the adjacent land owned by Mr Orrell, could be used to provide a right of way access road for Orrell's landlocked vacant site.  In early 1891 the club erected a stand on this now proposed roadway, which was also overlapping Orrell's land, unbeknown to the Everton F.C. Committee. In August 1891 Orrell announced intentions of developing his land next to the football ground, building an access road on the land owned by Houlding and occupied by Everton F.C.

Everton F.C. stated they knew nothing of the covenant, Houlding stated they did. This situation created great distrust leading to friction between Houlding and the Everton F.C. Committee. The rift and distrust between the two parties was on three levels, Houlding's personal business intentions, politically and morally.  Nevertheless, the club faced a dilemma of having to destroy the new revenue generating stand or compensate Orrell.

Houlding's way around the problem was to propose a limited company with floatation of the club enabling the club to purchase Houlding's and Orrell's land outright, hoping to raise £12,000. Previous attempts to raise money from the community had failed miserably. This would have meant the club would need to find £6,000 in cash with an additional £4,875 mortgage.  The Everton Committee initially accepted Houlding's proposal in principle, yet voted against it at a meeting.

After much negotiating and brinkmanship on both sides Everton vacated Anfield, leaving Houlding with an empty stadium with no one to play in it. As a consequence, Houlding formed his own football club, Liverpool, to take up residence at the stadium.

The clubs themselves have differing versions of events of why it occurred.

Genesis of Goodison Park
On 15 September 1891, a general meeting took place at Royal Street Hall, near Everton Valley. Everton's chairman John Houlding proposed that a limited company be formed with the new company purchasing his land and local brewer Joseph Orrell's adjacent land for a combined £9,237. A club run as a limited company was unusual for the time as football clubs were usually run as "sports clubs" with members paying an annual fee. The proposal was supported by William Barclay, the club secretary and a close friend of Houlding.

Liberal Party politician and Everton board member George Mahon fought the proposal putting forward his own amendment which was carried by the Everton board. At the time Everton's board contained both Conservative and Liberal Party councillors. Houlding and Mahon had previously clashed during local elections.

Both men agreed that Everton should operate as a limited company; however, they had different ideas about share ownership. Houlding suggested that 12,000 shares be created with each Everton board member given one share and the other shares sold to the public or Everton board members. Mahon disagreed and proposed that 500 shares be created with no member carrying more than 10 shares with board members given "7 or 8" shares. Mahon reasoned "we would rather have a large number of individual applications so that there will be more supporters of the club."

A special general meeting was convened at the former Liverpool College building on Shaw Street on 25 January 1892. John Houlding's proposal was defeated once more with George Mahon suggesting that Everton relocate to another site. A heckler shouted, "You can't find one!" Mahon responded "I have one in my pocket" revealing an option to lease Mere Green field, in Walton, Lancashire, the site of the current Goodison Park.

The Liverpool press were partisan. The proposal was deemed to be a positive move for the club by the Liberal-leaning Liverpool Daily Post which described Houlding's ousting as "having shaken off the incubus." The Tory-supporting Liverpool Courier and Liverpool Evening Express—owned by Conservative MP for Everton, John A. Willox, a Trustee of the Licensed Victuallers' and Brewers' Association—took Houlding's side. The Courier published letters regularly criticising Mahon's supporters—many of which were anonymous. Philanthropist William Hartley, a jam manufacturer and Robert William Hudson, a prominent soap-manufacturer supported Mahon.

The stadium was named Goodison Park because the length of the site was built against Goodison Road. The road was named after a civil engineer named George Goodison who provided a sewage report to the Walton Local Board in the mid-1800s later becoming a local landowner.

The Mere Green field was owned by Christopher Leyland with Everton renting until they were in a position to buy the site outright. Initially, the field needed work as parts of the site needed excavation, the field was levelled, a drainage system was installed and turf was laid. This work was considered to be a 'formidable initial expenditure' with local contractor Mr Barton contracted to work on the  site at 4½d per square yard—a total cost of £552. A J. Prescott was brought in as an architectural advisor and surveyor.

Walton-based building firm Kelly Brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators. A third covered stand accommodating 3,000 spectators was also requested. The combined cost of these stands was £1,640. Everton inserted a penalty clause into the contract in case the work was not completed by its 31 July deadline. Everton officials were impressed with the builder's workmanship agreeing two further contracts: exterior hoardings were constructed at a cost of £150 with 12 turnstiles installed at a cost of £7 each. In 1894, Benjamin Kelly of Kelly Brothers was appointed as a director of Everton.

Dr. James Baxter of the Everton committee donated a £1,000 interest-free loan to build Goodison Park. The stadium was England's first purpose-built football ground, with stands on three sides. Goodison Park was officially opened on 24 August 1892 by Lord Kinnaird and Frederick Wall of the Football Association. No football was played; instead the 12,000 crowd watched a short athletics event followed by music and a fireworks display. Upon its completion the stadium was the first joint purpose-built football stadium in the world; Celtic's basic Celtic Park ground in Glasgow, Scotland was inaugurated on the same day as Goodison Park.

The first football match at Goodison Park was on 2 September 1892 between Everton and Bolton Wanderers. Everton wore its new club colours of salmon and dark blue stripes and won the exhibition game 4–2. The first league game at Goodison Park took place on 3 September 1892 against Nottingham Forest; the game ended in a 2–2 draw. The stadium's first competitive goal was scored by Forest's Horace Pike and the first Everton goal scored by Fred Geary. Everton's first league victory at their new ground came in the next home game with a 6–0 defeat of Newton Heath in front of an estimated 10,000 spectators.

It was announced at a general meeting on 22 March 1895 that the club could finally afford to buy Goodison Park. Mahon revealed that Everton were buying Goodison Park for £650 less than the price of Anfield three years earlier, with Goodison Park having more land and a 25% larger capacity. The motion to purchase Goodison Park was passed unanimously. Dr. Baxter also lent the club £5,000 to redeem the mortgage early at a rate of 3½%. By this time the redrawing of political boundaries put Walton, and hence Goodison Park, inside the City of Liverpool.

In 1999, The Independent newspaper journalist David Conn unexpectedly coined the nickname "The Grand Old Lady" for the stadium when he wrote "Another potential suitor has apparently thought better of Everton, walking away on Tuesday from the sagging Grand Old Lady of English football, leaving her still in desperate need of a makeover."

Structural developments

The Goodison Park structure was built in stages. In the summer of 1895 a new Bullens Road stand was built and a roof placed on the original Goodison Road stand but only after five directors, including chairman, George Mahon had resigned over what was described in the club minutes as 'acute administrative difficulties'. In 1906, the double-decker Goodison Avenue Stand was built behind the goal at the south end of the ground. The stand was designed by Liverpool architect Henry Hartley who went on to chair the Liverpool Architectural Society a year later. The club minutes from the time show that Hartley was unhappy with certain aspects of the stand and the poor sightlines meant that the goal line had to be moved seven metres north, towards Gwladys Street. In January 1908, he complained that his fees had not been paid and the bill for the stand was near £13,000. There were 2,657 seats on its upper tier with a terrace below.

Archibald Leitch designed the Goodison Road Stand with construction in 1909. In September that year Ernest Edwards, the Liverpool Echo journalist who christened the terrace at Anfield the "Spion Kop", wrote of the newly built stand, "The building as one looks at it, suggests the side of Mauretania at once." The stand was occasionally referred to as the "Mauretania Stand", in reference to the Liverpool-registered , then the world's largest ship, which operated from the Port of Liverpool.

The two-tier steel frame and wooden floor Bullens Road Stand, designed by Archibald Leitch, was completed in 1926. The upper tier was seated, with terracing below, a part of the ground called The Paddock. Few changes were made until 1963 when the rear of the Paddock was seated and an overhanging roof was added. The stand is known for Archibald Leitch's highly distinctive balcony trusses which also act as handrails for the front row of seats in the Upper Bullens stand. Goodison Park is the only stadium with two complete trusses designed by Leitch. Of the 17 created, only Goodison Park, Ibrox and Fratton Park retain these trusses.

Everton constructed covered dugouts in 1931. The idea was inspired by a visit to Pittodrie to play a friendly against Aberdeen, where such dugouts had been constructed at the behest of the Dons' trainer Donald Colman. The Goodison Park dugouts were the first in England.

The ground become an entirely two-tiered affair in 1938 with another Archibald Leitch stand at the Gwladys Street end.  The stand completed at a cost of £50,000, being delayed because an old man would not move from his to be demolished home. The original Gwladys Street having had terraced houses on either side, with those backing on to the ground making way for the expansion. Architect Leitch and Everton Chairman Will Cuff became close friends with Cuff appointed as Leitch's accountant with Leitch moving to nearby Formby.

In 1940, during the Second World War, the Gwladys Street Stand suffered bomb damage. The bomb had landed directly in Gwladys Street and caused serious injury to nearby residents. The bomb splinter damage to the bricks on the stand is still noticeable. The cost of repair was £5,000 and was paid for by the War Damage Commission.

The Director's minutes read: "It was decided also that Messrs A. Leitch be instructed to value the cost of complete renewal of damaged properties and that a claim should be forwarded to the War Damage Claims department within the prescribed 30 days.

"The damage referred to included the demolition of a wide section of the new stand outer wall in Gwladys St, destruction of all glass in this stand, damage to every door, canteen, water and electricity pipe and all lead fittings: perforate roof in hundreds of places.

"On Bullens Road side, a bomb dropped in the school yard had badly damaged the exterior wall of this stand and the roof was badly perforated here also. A third bomb outside the practice ground had demolished the surrounding hoarding and had badly damaged glass in the Goodison Ave and Walton Lane property."

The first floodlit match at Goodison Park took place when Everton hosted Liverpool on 9 October 1957 in front of 58,771 spectators. Four pylons  each with 36 lamps installed were installed behind each corner of the pitch. At the time, they were tallest in the country. There was capacity for 18 more lamps per pylon if it was felt the brightness was insufficient for the game. Each bulb was a 1,500 watt tungsten bulb 15 inches in diameter and cost 25 shillings. It was recommended that the club made a habit of changing them after three to four seasons to save the club performing intermittent repairs. MANWEB installed a transformer sub-station to cope with the 6,000 volt-load.

The first undersoil heating system in English football was installed at Goodison Park in 1958, with 20 miles (30 km) of electric wire laid beneath the playing surface at a cost of £16,000. The system was more effective than anticipated and the drainage system could not cope with the quantity of water produced from the melting of frost and snow. As a consequence the pitch had to be relaid in 1960 to allow a more suitable drainage system to be installed.

The Everton chairman Sir John Moores who presided over the club between 1960 and 1973 provided finances for the club in the form of loans to become involved in large-scale redevelopment projects and compete with other clubs for the best players, for a period of time under his stewardship Everton were known as 'The Mersey Millionaires'.

Goodison Park featured in the filming of The Golden Vision, a BBC film made for television. The matches featured in the film were Division One games against Manchester City on 4 November 1967 (1–1 draw) and 18 November 1967 versus Sheffield United (1–0 win)—the scorer of the winner that day was Alex Young, also known as The Golden Vision or Golden Ghost after whom the film was named.

Everton were the first club to have a scoreboard installed in England. On 20 November 1971 Everton beat Southampton 8–0 with Joe Royle scoring four, David Johnson three and Alan Ball one. The scoreboard did not have enough room to display the goal scorer's names and simply read "7 9 7 9 8 9 9 7" as it displayed the goal scorers' shirt numbers instead.

The Goodison Road Stand was partially demolished and rebuilt during the 1969–70 season with striking images of both old and new stands side by side. The new stand opened 1971, at a cost of £1 million. The new stand housed the 500 and 300 members clubs and an escalator to the tallest stand in the ground—the Top Balcony. However, not everyone thought that the upgrade was necessary at the time. Journalist Geoffrey Green of The Times wrote "Goodison Park has always been a handsome fashionable stage for football, a living thing full of atmospherics-like a theatre. And now it has stepped into the demanding seventies with a facelift it scarcely seemed to need compared with some of us I know. New giant stands in place of the old; the latest in dazzling floodlight systems that cast not a shadow. A cathedral of a place indeed, fit for the gods of the game."

The Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975 saw the Bullens Road Stand extensively fireproofed with widened aisles, which entailed closure of parts of the stand. Because of the closure, Anfield was chosen over first choice Goodison Park for a Wales vs. Scotland World Cup qualifying tie.

Following Moores' exit from Everton's hierarchy, minimum changes had been made to Goodison Park's structure due to costs, two British Government Acts; the Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975 and Football Spectators Act 1989 had forced the club's hand into improving the facilities. Upon Moore's death the club was sold to Peter Johnson.

Everton legends William Ralph 'Dixie' Dean and former manager Harry Catterick both died at Goodison Park. Dean suffered a heart attack, aged 73, in 1980, whilst Catterick died five years later, also suffering a heart attack, aged 65.

Everton F.C. celebrated the centenary of Goodison Park with a game against German club side Borussia Mönchengladbach in August 1992. In addition, 200 limited edition medals were created and Liverpool based author and journalist Ken Rogers wrote a book One Hundred Years of Goodison Glory to commemorate the occasion.

Post-Taylor Report
Following the publication of the 1990 Taylor Report, in the wake of the Hillsborough disaster, top-flight English football grounds had to become all-seated. At the time three of the four sides of the ground had standing areas. The Enclosure, fronting the main stand, had already been made all-seated in time for the 1987–88 season and was given the new name of Family Enclosure. The Paddock, the Park End terrace and the Gwladys Street terrace, known as 'the Ground', were standing and had to be replaced.
The fences around the perimeter of the ground fronting the terracing (which were to prevent fans, notably hooligans, running onto the pitch) were removed immediately post Hillsborough, in time for the rearranged league fixture with Liverpool. The Everton match versus Luton Town in May 1991 was the final time that Gwladys Street allowed standing spectators. Seats were installed in the Paddock, while the Lower Gwladys Street was later completely rebuilt to accommodate seating with new concrete steps.

Everton opted to demolish the entire Park End stand in 1994 and replace it with a single-tier cantilever stand, with the assistance of a grant of £1.3 million from the Football Trust.

Current structure

Goodison Park has a total capacity of 39,572 all-seated and comprises four separate stands: the Goodison Road Stand, Gwladys Street Stand, Bullens Road Stand, and the Park End Stand.

Goodison Road Stand
Built in sections from 1969 to 1971, replacing the large double-decker 1909 Archibald Leitch designed stand. The Goodison Road Stand is a double-decker stand with the lower deck being two-tier.  Each level is given a separate name. The middle-deck level is known as the Main Stand and is fronted by another seated section known as the Family Enclosure. The Enclosure was originally terracing prior to the advent of all-seater stadia. The Top Balcony is the highest part of the stadium. The stand became all seated in 1987 and now has a capacity of 12,664.

The back wall of the stand cuts into the stand because of the non-square nature of the Goodison Park site.  The Goodison Road Stand is also home to the conference and hospitality facilities. On non-match days Goodison Park holds conferences, weddings, meetings and parties on a daily basis.

Bullens Road

On the east side of the ground, the Bullens Road stand is divided into the Upper Bullens, Lower Bullens and The Paddock. The rear of the south end of the stand houses away supporters. The north corner of the stand is connected to the Gwladys Street Stand. The current capacity of the stand is 10,546. The stand takes its name from the adjacent Bullens Road. The Upper Bullens is decorated with Archibald Leitch's distinctive truss design.

Howard Kendall Gwladys Street End
Behind the goal at the north end of Goodison Park, the Gwladys Street Stand is divided into Upper Gwladys and Lower Gwladys. This stand is the "Popular End", holding the most boisterous and vociferous home supporters. It is known colloquially as "The Street End". If Everton win the toss before kick-off the captain traditionally elects to play towards the Gwladys Street End in the second half. The stand has a capacity of 10,611 and gives its name to Gwladys Street's Hall of Fame. In July 2016 the stand was renamed the Howard Kendall Gwladys Street End, in honour of Everton's most successful manager.

Sir Philip Carter Park Stand

At the south end of the ground, behind one goal, the Park End Stand backs onto Walton Lane which borders Stanley Park. The name of the stand was originally the Stanley Park End but it is commonly referred to as the Park End. The single tiered stand broke from the multi-tiered tradition of Goodison Park. The Park End has the smallest capacity at Goodison Park. The current layout of the stand was opened on 17 September 1994 with a capacity of 5,750. It was opened by David Hunt, a Member of Parliament. During the structure's development, fans were able to watch matches by climbing trees in neighbouring Stanley Park.

In the late 1970s and 1980s the stand accommodated the away fans. Previously it was open to home supporters. The lower tier of the old stand was terracing and this was closed off by the turn of the 1980s due to it being a fire hazard as the terracing steps were wooden. The front concrete terracing remained and was one of the last standing areas at a Premiership ground.
During the 1960s and 1970s, both ends of the ground featured a large arc behind the goals. This was created as a requirement for the 1966 World Cup because the crowd had to be a required distance from the goals.

The area around Goodison Park when built was a dense area full of terraced housing, and Goodison Avenue behind the Park End stand was no different. Oddly housing was built right into the stand itself (as shown on old photographs of Goodison and in programmes). The club had previously owned many of the houses on the road and rented them to players. One of the players to live there, Dixie Dean later had a statue erected in his honour near the Park End on Walton Lane.
By the 1990s the club had demolished virtually the whole street and this coincided with the redevelopment of the Park End stand. However at present the majority of the land is now an open car park for the club and its Marquee.

In July 2016 the stand was renamed the Sir Philip Carter Park Stand, in honour of the club's former chairman.

St Luke's Church

Goodison Park is unique in the sense that a church, St Luke's, protrudes into the site between the Goodison Road Stand and the Gwladys Street Stand only yards from the corner flag. Everton do not play early kick-offs on Sundays in order to permit Sunday services at the church. The church is synonymous with the football club and a wooden church structure was in place when Goodison Park was originally built. Former Everton players such as Brian Harris have had their funeral service held there.

The church can be seen from the Park End and Bullens Road and has featured prominently over the years as a backdrop during live televised matches. It is also the home to the Everton Former Players' Foundation of which the Reverend is a trustee.

The church has over the years curtailed development of the ground.  Everton did attempt to pay for its removal in order to gain extra space for a larger capacity. One of two jumbotron screens (both installed in 2000) has been installed between the Goodison Road stand and Gwladys Street stand partially obscuring the church from view. The other is situated between the Bullens Road and Park End.

Imaginative spectators would climb the church and watch a football game from the rooftop however they have now been deterred from doing so with the installation of security measures such as barbed wire and anti-climb paint. In addition, the introduction of the 'all-seater' ruling following the Taylor Report has meant that spectators no longer resort to climbing nearby buildings for a glimpse of the event as a seat is guaranteed with a purchased ticket.

The future

Following the conversion of Goodison Park into an all-seater stadium in 1994, plans for relocation to a new site have been afoot since 1996, when then chairman Peter Johnson announced his intention to build a new 60,000-seat stadium for the club. At the time, no English league club had a stadium with such a high capacity.

In January 2001, plans were drawn up to move to a 55,000-seat purpose-built arena on the site of the King's Dock in Liverpool. The proposed stadium would have had a retractable roof enabling it to be used for concerts and chairman Bill Kenwright had hoped to have it ready for the 2005–06 season.

However, the plans were abandoned in April 2003 due to the club not being able to raise adequate funds. Following this, plans were made to move to Kirkby, just outside the city, in a joint venture with the supermarket chain Tesco. The scheme was greatly divisive amongst supporters and local authorities, but was rejected in late November 2009 following a decision by Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government.

The site of Goodison Park was earmarked in 1997 and 2003 for a food store by Tesco who offered £12 million which was valued at £4 million for the site but Liverpool City Council's advisor's advised against allowing planning permission. The club were advised that the planning permission required would not necessarily be granted, and chose not to take the scheme further.

Supporters' groups have fought against the club moving to a new stadium twice. In 2007 a group was established called Keep Everton in Our City (KEIOC) whose aim is to keep Everton FC inside the city of Liverpool. The KEIOC attempted to prevent the club moving to a new stadium in Kirkby, just outside the city limits. The supporters' groups have argued that it is possible to expand Goodison Park, despite the odd shaped landlocked site being surrounded by housing, local authority buildings, and have produced image renders, architectural drawings and costings for a redeveloped Goodison Park. The then Liverpool City Council leader Warren Bradley stated in November 2009 that a redevelopment of Goodison Park was his favoured option, and that relocation of the homes, infrastructure and businesses in streets adjoining the ground is "not a major hurdle".  Council leader Joe Anderson stated, "the setback for Everton was an opportunity for both clubs to go back to the drawing board".

Everton were considering all options, including relocation, redevelopment of the current ground, or a groundshare with Liverpool F.C., in a new, purpose-built stadium in Stanley Park, stressing that finance is the main factor affecting decision-making.
In 2010, Everton supporters approached University of Liverpool and Liverpool City Council to initiate a dedicated 'Football Quarter'/'Sports City' zone around Goodison Park, Stanley Park and Anfield. The university and city council met with the North West Development Agency, Everton and Liverpool F.C. representatives but no further action was taken. Plans for relocation of Liverpool to a new stadium have since been abandoned in favour of expanding Anfield.

On 10 February 2011, Liverpool City Council Regeneration and Transport Select Committee proposed to open the eastern section of the Liverpool Outer Loop line using "Liverpool Football Club and Everton Football Club as priorities, as economic enablers of the project". This proposal would place both football clubs on a rapid-transit Merseyrail line circling the city giving high throughput, fast transport access.

In 2016, following his investment in the club by major shareholder Farhad Moshiri, the prospect of a new stadium was once again addressed, with a pair of options mentioned. The preferred option was to resurrect the idea of a riverside stadium, this time in partnership with the Peel Group using the Clarence Dock. However, the other option was a site located at Stonebridge Cross in Gillmoss, which is seen as more easily deliverable in some areas. The dockside site option was later confirmed as Bramley-Moore Dock.

Walton Lane development
In August 2010, Everton announced plans to build a new development situated between the Park End stand and Walton Lane; the site is currently used for a hospitality marquee. The £9m scheme was designed by Manchester-based Formroom Architects. In September 2010 the club submitted a planning application to Liverpool City Council.

The proposed development is a four-storey building which include a retail store, ticket office, offices, conference and catering facilities and a museum. The project has been delayed twice and is currently on hold.

Goodison Park Legacy project
In February 2021, Liverpool City Council voted in favour of Everton's £82m plan to redevelop Goodison Park into a mixed-use scheme featuring 173 homes and 51,000sq ft of offices. The approval followed the green light for the club's new Everton Stadium, which is now under construction and due to be completed in 2024.

As well as the homes and office space, the outline proposals for the Goodison Park site in Walton comprise a 63,000 sq ft, six-storey care home, more than 107,000 sq ft of space for community uses, and 8,000 sq ft of retail and leisure space.

Transport
Goodison Park is located two miles (3 km) north of Liverpool City Centre. Liverpool Lime Street railway station is the nearest mainline station. The nearest station to the stadium is Kirkdale railway station on the Merseyrail Northern Line which is located just over half a mile (800 m) away. On match days there is also a frequent shuttle bus service from Sandhills railway station known as "SoccerBus". In 2007 Sandhills underwent a £6million renovation to help encourage people to use the rail service.

Walton & Anfield railway station located on Walton Lane—the same road that the Park End backs onto—was the nearest station to Goodison Park until its closure in 1948. Although Everton has now shifted towards a new stadium away from Goodison Park it remained a suggestion that the station could be re-opened should the freight only Canada Dock Branch line once again run passenger trains.

There are on-site parking facilities for supporters (limited to 230 spaces) and the streets surrounding the ground allow parking only for residents with permits. The Car Parking resident parking scheme is operated by Liverpool City Council.

Records
Everton has staged more top-flight football games than any other club in England, eight more seasons than second placed Aston Villa. Everton have played at Goodison Park for all but 4 of their 106 league seasons, giving Goodison Park the distinction of hosting more top-flight games than any other ground in England. Goodison is the only English club ground to have hosted a FIFA World Cup semi final. Until the expansion of Old Trafford in 1996 Goodison Park held the record Sunday attendance on a Football League ground (53,509 v West Bromwich Albion, FA Cup, 1974).

Everton won 15 home league games in a row between 4 October 1930 and 4 April 1931. In the 1931–32 season Goodison Park was the venue of the most goals scored at home in a league season, 84 by Everton. Between 23 April 1984 and 2 September 1986 Everton scored consecutively in 47 games., registering 36 wins and 7 draws and scoring 123 goals in the process while conceding 38. Scottish striker Graeme Sharp scored 32 of these goals.

Jack Southworth holds the record for most goals scored in one game at Goodison Park, scoring six versus West Bromwich Albion on 30 December 1893.

The most goals scored in a game at Goodison Park is 12, this occurred in two Everton games; versus Sheffield Wednesday (9–3) on 17 October 1931 and versus Plymouth Argyle (8–4) on 27 February 1954.

Attendances

Whilst at Goodison Park the club has had one of the highest average attendances in the country. The stadium has only had six seasons where Everton FC has not been amongst the top ten highest attendances in the country.

The highest average attendance in the club's history has been 51,603 (1962–63) and the lowest was 13,230 (1892–93) which was recorded in Goodison Park's first year.

The five highest attendances for Everton at Goodison Park are:

Source:

The five lowest attendances for Everton at Goodison Park are:

Source:

Other uses
Despite being purposefully built for Everton F.C. to play football, Goodison Park has hosted many other types of events.

Goodison Park as host stadium for football
Goodison Park became the first Football League ground to hold an FA Cup Final, in 1894. Notts County beat Bolton Wanderers, watched by crowd of 37,000. An FA Cup final replay was staged in 1910 with Newcastle United beating Barnsley 2–0.

On 26 December 1920, Goodison Park hosted a match between; Dick, Kerr's Ladies & St Helens Ladies. An estimated 53,000 attended the match, at a time when the average gate at Goodison Park in 1919–20 was near 29,000. Dick, Kerr's Ladies won 4–0. More than £3,000 was raised for charity. Shortly after, the Football Association banned women's football. The reasons given by the FA were not substantial and it is perceived by some that the women's teams were a threat to the men's game. The ban was lifted in 1970.

During the Second World War, Goodison Park was chosen as a host venue for the "Football League – Northern Section".

In 1949, Goodison Park became the site of England's first ever defeat on English soil by a non-Home Nations country, namely the Republic of Ireland. The ground hosted five matches including a semi-final for the 1966 FIFA World Cup. In April 1895 Goodison Park hosted England versus Scotland and so Everton became the first club to host England internationals on two grounds (the other being Anfield in 1889 when England won 6–2 versus Ireland). The city of Liverpool also became the first English city to stage England games at three different venues, the other being Aigburth Cricket Club.

In 1973 Goodison hosted Northern Ireland's home games against Wales and England.

1966 FIFA World Cup

Goodison Park hosted five games during the 1966 FIFA World Cup. The original schedule of the 1966 World Cup meant that if England won their group and then reached the Semi final, the match would be held at Goodison Park. However, the organising committee were allowed to swap the venues, with England playing Portugal at Wembley Stadium.

Group stage

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Portugal's Eusébio won the tournament's Golden Boot scoring nine goals, six of them at Goodison Park. Eusébio later stated that "Goodison Park is for me the best stadium in my life". In Garrincha's 50 caps for Brazil, the only defeat he experienced was in the game versus Hungary at Goodison Park.

FA Cup Final
Two years after construction, Goodison Park was chosen by the Football Association to host the final of the FA Cup.

British Home championships

England
Goodison Park has played host to England on eight occasions during the Home Championships. When Everton player Alex Stevenson scored for Ireland in the 1935 British Home Championship versus England, he became the first player to score an international away goal on his club's home ground.

Northern Ireland
On 22 February 1973 the Irish Football Association announced that Northern Ireland's home matches in the 1973 British Home Championship would be moved to Goodison Park due to the civil unrest within Belfast at that time.

Both Northern Ireland goalscorers Dave Clements (vs. England) and Bryan Hamilton (vs. Wales) went on to play for Goodison Park's club side Everton later on in their careers.

Other neutral matches at Goodison Park

Non-football usage

On 11 July 1913 Goodison Park became the first English football ground to be visited by a reigning monarch when King George V and Queen Mary attended. The attending royals had opened Gladstone Dock on the same day. A tablet was unveiled in the Main Stand to mark the occasion. During the First World War Goodison frequently hosted Territorial Army training drill sessions.

On 19 May 1938 George VI and Queen Elizabeth attended Goodison Park to present new colours to the 5th Battalion the King's Regiment (Liverpool) and the Liverpool Scottish (Queens Own Cameron Highlanders) in front of 80,000 spectators.

In 1921, Goodison Park played host to Lancashire's rugby team when they took on Australia national rugby union team and lost 29–6.
Goodison Park was chosen as one of two English venues for the Sox-Giants 1924 World Tour. On 23 October 1924, 2,000 spectators witnessed US baseball teams Chicago White Sox and New York Giants participate in an exhibition match. One player managed to hit a ball clear over the large Goodison Road Stand. The other English venue selected was Stamford Bridge.

In September 1939, Goodison Park was commandeered by military, the club's minutes read: "The Chairman reported that our ground has been commandeered as an anti-aircraft (Balloon Barrage section), post." During World War Two, an American forces baseball league was based at Goodison Park. In addition, a baseball game between two Army Air Force nines watched by over 8,000 spectators raised over $3,000 for British Red Cross and St. John's Ambulance fund.

The Liverpool Trojans and Formby Cardinals were the last two teams to play baseball at Goodison Park. This was in the Lancashire Cup Final in 1948.

Goodison Park is used as a venue for weddings. More than 800 fans' ashes have been buried at Goodison Park and since 2004 the club have had to reject further requests because there is no room for any more. Tommy Lawton wanted his ashes to be scattered at Goodison but his son chose to donate them to the national football museum because of Goodison's uncertain future.

Goodison Park was also the venue for the boxing match between "Pretty" Ricky Conlan (played by native Evertonian and Everton fan Tony Bellew) and Adonis Creed (Michael B. Jordan) in the 2015 movie Creed. The stadium hosted the first outdoor boxing event in Liverpool since 1949 when Bellew defeated Ilunga Makabu on 29 May 2016 to claim the vacant WBC Cruiserweight title.

Rugby League at Goodison Park
Between 1908 and 1921, Goodison Park also played host to four rugby league Kangaroo Tour matches involving the Australian and Australasian teams from 1908 to 1921.

Footnotes

References

External links

 Goodison Park at StadiumDB.com
 Goodison Park at The Everton Collection
 Goodison Park at TripAdvisor

Everton F.C.
1966 FIFA World Cup stadiums
FA Cup final venues
Football venues in Liverpool
English Football League venues
Premier League venues
Defunct baseball venues
Baseball venues in the United Kingdom
Tourist attractions in Liverpool
Sports venues completed in 1892
1892 establishments in England

Goodison Park


التهاب الأذن الخارجية  هو التهاب بالأذن الخارجية وقناة الأذن ويسمى أحياناً أذن السباح. تتعدد أسباب الإصابة بالتهاب الأذن الخارجية فقد تكون بكتيريا في الغالب أو فطريات أو أكزيما الجلد.

التهاب الأذن الخارجية الحاد والمزمن
 ,
هو التهاب معمم في الأذن الظاهرة، يكون حاداً أو مزمناً حسب مدة الإصابة

الأسباب

عوامل عامة
 أمراض جلدية ,أكزيما ,صداف
 القوباء
 التهاب الجلد العصبي
 ضعف المناعة مثل الأفراد المصابين بالبول السكري وكبار السن.

عوامل موضعية
 كثرة دخول الماء إلى الأذن عند السباحة مثلاً مما يؤدي إلى ذوبان الشمع الذي يحمي الأذن وينشط نموالبكتيريا والفطر.
 الرض باستعمال الأجسام الصلبة كالدبابيس وأعواد الثقاب في تنظيف الأذن.
 الانتان الموضعي بجراثيم العصيات الزرقاء أو المكورات العنقودية
 الانتان الموضعي بفطور المبيضات البيض أو الرشاشيات
 الانتان الموضعي الفيروسي

الأعراض
 ألم شديد بالأذن.
 ضعف السمع.
 حكة بالأذن.
 إفرازات صديدية من الأذن.

التهاب الأذن الخارجية القيحي الحاد
تدخل مواد مخرشة تسبب حكة في الأذن والحكة تسبب رض في الأذن فيدخل العامل الممرض بسبب التخريش ويحصل الإنتان والالتهاب القيحي الحاد

الأعراض
 ألم شديد في الأذن يزداد بفتح الفم
 خروج مفرزات لا تحوي مخاطاً
 إصابة صيوان الأذن والتهاب سمحاق الغضروف، قد يمتد الالتهاب للوجه
 مضض شديد أثناء تحريك الصيوان أو الضغط على الوتدة
 انتباج وتورم مجرى السمع الظاهر

التهاب الأذن الخارجية الخبيث النخري
 ,
المرض ليس ورماً خبيثاً إنما هو ذات عظم ونقي لقاعدة القحف، يصيب عادة مرضى السكري والمدنفين ,
العامل المسبب هو العصيات الزرقاء

الأعراض
الألم الشديد وإصابة العصب القحفي السابع (الوجهي) يليه إصابة الأعصاب القحفية التاسع والعاشر والحادي عشر عند امتداد الإصابة لقاعدة القحف.

التشخيص
عند فحص الأذن، تكون القناة محتقنة ومُحمرَّة في الحالات المتطورة. قناة الأذن قد تبدو مشابهة لمنظر الاكزيما، يبدو الجلد متساقطاً ومتقشراً. مجرد لمس الأذن من الخارج أو تحريكها يزيد الألم، وهذه الطريقة مهمة في التشخيص اثناء الفحص السريري. قد يصعب رؤية طبلة الأذن من خلال منظار الأذن اثناء الفحص الأولي وذلك بسبب تضيق القناة الناتج عن التهابها وبسبب وجود النزح والبقايا. أحياناً يكون تشخيص التهاب الأذن الخارجية تقديرياً ومراجعة المريض مطلوبة ليتم فحص الأذن جيداً. مزرعة النزح قد تساعد في التعرف على نوع البكتيريا أو الفطر المسبب للعدوى، ولكنها ليست جزء من أدوات الشخيص الروتينية. في الحالات الوخيمة من التهاب الأذن الخارجية قد يكون هناك تورم في الغدد الليمفاوية الموجودة تحت الأذن مباشرة.

قد يتم تفويت التشخيص في معظم الحالات المبكرة بسبب أن نتائج فحص الأذن عادة ما تكون طبيعية، باستثناء الألم الناتج من التحريك. في بعض الحالات المبكرة، أكثر الملاحظات المرئية الملفتة هي انعدام الصملاخ. في الحالات المتوسطة والوخيمة المتشافية، يتطلب الصملاخ عدة أسابيع حتى يعود لكمياته الطبيعية في القناة الأذنية.

الوقاية
الاستراتيجيات الوقائية ضد التهاب الأذن الخارجية مشابهة لاستراتيجيات العلاج.

 تجنب ادخال أي شيء داخل القناة الأذنية: استخدام أعواد الأذن القطنية والمسحات هما أهم المسببات للالتهاب الحاد.
 معظم القنوات الأذنية الطبيعية قادرة على تنظيف وتجفيف ذاتها، أما بقية القنوات تستخدم التبخير البسيط.
 بعد السباحة لوقت طويل، يمكن للشخص الأكثر قابلية للالتهاب أن يجفف أذنيه باستخدام مجفف أذن صغير يعمل بالبطاريات، متوفر في محال كثيرة، خصوصاً تلك التي تمون احتياجات الرياضات المائية. كبديل، يمكن استخدام القطرات التي تحوي حمض الخليك المخفف (خل مخفف 3:1) أو محلول بيورو. من المهم جداً ألا يتم إدخال أي أداة في الأذن حين يكون الجلد مشبعاً بالماء، لأن الأذن حينها تكون أكثر قابلية للإصابة مما قد يؤدي إلى التهاب الأذن الخارجية.
 تجنب السباحة في الماء الملوث.
 تجنب السباحة أو غسل الشعر في حين ظهور أعراض التهاب الأذن الخارجية الحاد والطفيف.
بالرغم من أن استخدام سدادات الأذن عند السباحة أو اثناء غسل الشعر قد يقي من التهاب الأذن، إلا أنها توجد تفاصيل مهمة لاستخدام هذه السدادات. السدادات الصلبة والغير ملائمة قد تتسبب بخدش الجلد المحيط بالقناة وتسبب تهيجاً. حين استخدام السدادات أثناء نوبة حادة، من المستحسن استخدام سدادات ذات الاستعمال الواحد أو إن كان الشخص يستعمل سدادات قديمة، يجب الحرص على تنظيفها وتجفيفها جيداً قبل الاستعمال لتجنب تلويث القناة.

العلاج

الهدف من العلاج هو شفاء العدوى وإعادة الجلد حول القناة السمعية إلى حالتها الطبيعية. حين يكون التهاب الإذن الخارجية طفيفاً، في أولى مراحله، يكون الامتناع عن السباحة وغسل الرأس لعدة أيام وإبقاء الأدوات بعيداً عن الأذن عادةً كافياً لأن يشفى الالتهاب. التهاب الأذن الخارجية عادةً ما يكون مرض محدود ذاتياً. ولكن إن كان الالتهاب متوسطاً أو حاداً، أو في حال كان الطقس رطباً لدرجة أن الجلد المحيط بالأذن غالباً يبقى رطباً، التحسن التلقائي قد لا يحدث.

المحاليل الفعالة لقناة الأذن تشمل عوامل محمضة وعوامل جافة. حين يكون الجلد المحيط بقناة الأذن ملتهباً بسبب التهاب الأذن الخارجية، استخدام حمض الخليك المخفف قد يكون مؤلماً.

يعتبر محلول بيورو علاجاً فعالاً ضد كل من التهاب الأذن الخارجية البكتيري والفطري. و هو مزيج مخفف من كبريتات الألومنيوم وحمض الخليك، ويباع بدون وصفة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

تعتبر المحاليل الموضعية والمستعلقات (suspensions)  المتوفرة على شكل قطرات أذن، الدعامة الأساسية لعلاج التهاب الأذن الخارجية. بعضها يحتوي على مضادات حيوية، أو مضادات بكتيرية، البعض الأخر صممت ببساطة لتحميض بيئة قناة الأذن لتمنع نمو البكتيريا. بعض قطرات الأذن الموصوفة تحوي على ستيرويدات مضادة للالتهاب، مما يساعد على اختفاء الاحتقان والحكة. رغم الأدلة التي تقترح فعالية الستيرويدات في تقليل وقت العلاج المطلوب، التهاب الأذن الخارجية الفطري ( يسمى أيضاً بالفطار الأذني) قد يحدث من الاستخدام المبالغ والمطول لقطرات الأذن التي تحتوي على ستيرويدات.

في حالات التهاب الأذن الخارجي الحاد والغير معقد، يجب تجنب استخدام المضادات الحيوية التي تؤخذ عن طريق الفم لأن هذه المضادات لا تعطي استجابة كافية من البكتيريا المسببة لهذه الحالة. و لهذه المضادات الفموية تأثيرات جانبية خطيرة تشمل زيادة خطر الإصابة بالعدوى الانتهازية. بالمقابل، المنتجات الموضعية تستطيع علاج هذه الحالة. يكمن استخدام مضادات الزائفات التي تؤخذ عن طريق الفم في حالة الاحتقان الحاد للنسيج الرخو والذي يمتد للوجه والعنق ويمكن أن يسرع التعافي.

إزالة البقايا (من الجلد والشمع والصديد) من قناة الأذن يساعد الأدوية الموصوفة أن تلامس الجلد الملتهب مباشرة ويساعد أيضاً في تقليل وقت العلاج.

حين يتطور احتقان القناة لدرجة انسدادها، قد لا تصل القطرات الموضعية إلى المكان المطلوب بسبب هذا الانسداد وبالتالي تقل فاعلية هذا العلاج. قد يحتاج الطبيب لإدخال فتيل قطني أو قد يقوم باستخدام مادة شديدة الامتصاص متاحة تجارياً وقديمة الطراز (تسمى بالفتيلة الأذنية) ثم يقوم بتشبيعها بالدواء. تبقى الفتيلة مشبعة بالدواء حتى تفتح القناة للدرجة التي تسمح بمرور القطرات من خلال القناة بغياب الفتيلة. إزالة الفتيلة لا تتطلب وجود مهني الرعاية الصحية. يجب أن يتم وصف المضادات الحيوية بجرعات تسمح بطلاء معظم القناة وألا تستخدم لأكثر من 4-7 أيام. يجب ترك الأذن مفتوحة. من الضروري أن تكون طبلة الأذن (الغشاء الطبلي) سليمة وظاهرة. استخدام بعض الأدوية في حالة تمزق الغشاء الطبلي قد يسبب طنين الأذن، الدوار، الدوخة، وفي بعض الأحيان قد يتسبب في فقدان السمع.

بالرغم من أن التهاب الأذن الخارجية قد يشفى في بضعة أيام بعد استخدام الغسولات الموضعية والمضادات الحيوية، استعادة السمع كلياً ووظيفة الغدة المفرزة للشمع (الصملاخ) قد يستغرق المزيد من الأيام. حين تشفى تماماً، تكون القناة قادرة على تنظيف نفسها مجدداً. تكون القناة أكثر عرضة للعدوى عند التعرض للمسببات الفيزيائية والكيميائية إن لم تشفى تماماً.

العلاجات الفعّالة تشمل قطرات الأذن التي تحوي مضادات حيوية لمحاربة العدوى، الهرمونات المنشطة كورتيكوستيرويد لتقليل الحكة وتخفيف الالتهاب. في الحالات التي يصاحبها ألم، يتم عادة وصف محاليل موضعية مثل أمينوغليكوزيد، بوليميكسين، أو فلوروكوينولون. يتم استخدام مضادات فطرية في حالات الالتهابات الفطرية. التهاب الأذن الخارجية في الغالب يكون بكتيري بالدرجة الأولى أو فطري بالدرجة الأولى مما يعني أنه يتم وصف نوع مضاد واحد.

 مضادات حيوية موضعية.
 مضادات للفطريات لفترة ليست أقل من أسبوعين.
 مضادات الالتهاب الاسترويدية.
 في حالات الإصابة الشديدة يتم استعمال مضادات حيوية جهازية.
 الوقاية من دخول الماء إلى الأذن باستعمال سدادات الأذن.

المراجع

التهاب الأذن
ثقافة سباحة
حالات جلدية مرتبطة ببكتيريا
طب الأطفال

التهاب الأذن الخارجية


Eynel, Samsun ilinin Ayvacık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Eynel mahallesi eskiden Eylen olarak geçmekteydi. Kurtuluş Savaşı öncelerinde yabancı milletlerin eğlence yeriydi. Kurtuluş Savaşı'ndan sonra bu isim Eynel olarak değiştirildi.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 60 km, Ayvacık ilçesine 2 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 YerelNET

Ayvacık'ın mahalleleri

Eynel, Ayvacık


Mieczysław Zygmunt Jagielski (12 de janeiro de 192427 de fevereiro de 1997) foi um político e economista polonês. Durante os tempos da República Popular da Polônia, ele foi o último líder político das antigas regiões orientais da Polônia pré-Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Jagielski tornou-se deputado comunista do corpo legislativo da Polônia, o Sejm, em 1957, e continuaria a servir nessa capacidade por sete mandatos consecutivos até 1985. Em 1959, foi nomeado membro do Comitê Central do Partido dos Trabalhadores Unificado da Polônia e nomeado Ministro da Agricultura . Depois de deixar o cargo de Ministro da Agricultura em 1970, Jagielski tornou-se vice-primeiro-ministro e, no ano seguinte, membro do Politburo do Partido dos Trabalhadores Unidos da Polônia . Em agosto de 1980, Jagielski representou o governo durante conversas com grevistas na cidade de Gdańsk . Ele negociou o acordo que reconheceu o Solidariedade, um sindicato polonês, como o primeiro sindicato independente oficialmente reconhecido dentro do Bloco Oriental .  Entre agosto de 1980 e agosto de 1981, Jagielski continuou a interagir com representantes dos trabalhadores poloneses, embora sua saúde estivesse em declínio durante esse período. No final de julho de 1981, Jagielski foi demitido do vice-primeiro-ministro, supostamente porque não conseguiu produzir um programa de recuperação para a crise econômica que a Polônia estava experimentando na época. No mesmo ano, ele deixou sua filiação ao Birô Político do Partido Operário Unificado Polonês e ao Comitê Central. Ele morreu em Varsóvia, na Polônia, de ataque cardíaco aos 73 anos.

Início da carreira política

Jagielski nasceu em uma família camponesa  em 12 de janeiro de 1924, em Kołomyja, Polônia (Segunda República Polonesa ) (agora Kolomyia, Ucrânia ). Ele passou a Segunda Guerra Mundial como trabalhador agrícola na fazenda de seus pais. Após a guerra, ele terminou os estudos na Escola Principal de Planejamento e Estatística, bem como no Instytut Kształcenia Kadr Naukowych (Instituto de Preparação de Quadros Científicos), sendo este último uma escola de pós-graduação que prepara pessoas para cargos de destaque nas estruturas do partido comunista polonês.

Jagielski aderiu ao Partido dos Trabalhadores Polacos (PPR) em 1944,  ou em 1946  (as fontes variam). Quando o Partido dos Trabalhadores Polacos se transformou no Partido dos Trabalhadores Polacos Unidos (PZPR) em 1948, tornou-se membro do novo partido.  De 1946 a 1949, Jagielski serviu no Conselho Central da Związek Samopomocy Chłopskiej (Associação de Autoajuda Camponesa), uma organização comunista projetada para assumir o controle do campo. De 1950 a 1952 integrou o Conselho Central das Fazendas Agropecuárias do Estado e de dezembro de 1952 a dezembro de 1953 foi vice-diretor daquela instituição. Em dezembro de 1953, tornou-se Diretor do Departamento Agrícola do Comitê Central do Partido Operário Unificado Polonês, cargo que ocupou até dezembro de 1956.

Em março de 1954, tornou-se deputado de um membro do Comitê Central do Partido Operário Unificado Polonês e manteria essa posição até março de 1959. Como resultado das eleições legislativas polonesas de janeiro de 1957, Jagielski foi nomeado deputado ao Sejm, o órgão legislativo polonês. Em janeiro daquele ano, tornou-se também Vice-Ministro da Agricultura e foi nomeado Ministro da Agricultura em outubro de 1959, cargo que ocuparia até junho de 1970. Em março de 1959, ele foi nomeado membro pleno do Comitê Central do Partido Operário Unificado Polonês (ele era anteriormente deputado a um membro pleno). Em junho de 1964, tornou-se deputado de um membro do Politburo do Partido dos Trabalhadores Unificado da Polônia e ocuparia esse cargo até dezembro de 1971.

Jagielski também foi economista, especializado em questões de economia agrícola. A partir de 1975, ocupou o cargo de professor na Escola Principal de Planejamento e Estatística de Varsóvia .

Vice-primeiro-ministro
Em junho de 1970, Jagielski foi nomeado vice-primeiro-ministro (encerrando assim seu mandato como ministro da Agricultura e tornando-se o deputado do Conselho de Ministros da República da Polônia ), e em dezembro de 1971 tornou-se membro pleno do Politburo do Partido dos Trabalhadores Unidos Polonês (ele era anteriormente um deputado de um membro existente) . Em 26 de outubro de 1971, tornou-se Presidente da Comissão de Planejamento do Conselho de Ministros. Em 23 de outubro de 1975, ele foi destituído de seu cargo de Presidente do Comitê de Planejamento após sofrer um grave ataque cardíaco . De 1971 a 1981 foi o representante polonês no Comecon. Em fevereiro de 1981 tornou-se presidente da Comissão de Economia do Conselho de Ministros.

Ele é descrito como tendo uma "profunda influência"  nas políticas econômicas da Polônia entre 1971 e 1975, quando perdeu o cargo de presidente do Comitê de Planejamento. Em 1 de julho de 1980, o governo polonês anunciou aumentos de preços, o que levou à greve de muitos trabalhadores em várias cidades polonesas, incluindo Lublin . Como resultado da greve em Lublin, a cidade foi "praticamente fechada", e Jagielski liderou uma delegação à cidade que conseguiu aliviar a tensão lá .

Negociações de Gdańsk
Gdańsk tornou-se o ponto focal do movimento grevista .  Em 21 de agosto de 1980, Mieczysław Jagielski substituiu Tadeusz Pyka para liderar uma comissão do governo polonês que estava negociando com os grevistas de lá .  Os grevistas foram representados pelo Comitê de Greve Inter-Empresarial, que exigia que os trabalhadores que representava tivessem melhores direitos, incluindo mais direitos à greve. Em 26 de agosto reunido com representantes dos grevistas no Estaleiro Lenin em Gdańsk, Jagielski prometeu que o direito de greve seria adicionado a uma nova lei sobre os sindicatos oficiais da Polônia .  Após mais 5 dias de negociações difíceis, foi alcançado um acordo entre os grevistas e o governo, conhecido como acordo de Gdańsk . Norman Davies afirma que Jagielski "no final percebeu que restavam apenas duas alternativas [para uma vitória do governo geral nas negociações] - ou um acordo sobre os termos dos grevistas ou um recurso imediato à força para a qual o governo não estava preparado" .  O acordo, além de dar aos trabalhadores do Estaleiro Lenin o direito à greve, também permitiu que eles formassem seu próprio sindicato independente .  Jagielski disse sobre as negociações que levaram ao acordo: "Falamos como poloneses para poloneses. . . Não há vencedores e perdedores. O importante aqui é que nos entendemos e a melhor garantia do que fizemos é o trabalho duro." . Ele foi relatado para ter falado eloquentemente .

Após as negociações de Gdańsk
Em outubro de 1980, ele interagiu com uma delegação de membros do Solidariedade que incluía Lech Wałęsa, futuro Presidente da Terceira República da Polônia .  Quando Wałęsa reclamou que o governo polonês não estava cumprindo sua promessa de permitir ao movimento trabalhista independente uma oportunidade suficiente para se divulgar, Jagielski indicou que tentaria dar ao movimento melhor acesso à imprensa polonesa e à rede de rádio polonesa . Jagielski liderou uma delegação que foi a uma reunião em Moscou do Comecon, a comunidade econômica do Bloco Oriental, em janeiro de 1981 .  Naquele mês, o governo declarou que a economia pobre o estava forçando a reduzir sua promessa de garantir que os trabalhadores poloneses não precisassem trabalhar aos sábados e que ofereceria vários sábados sem trabalho .

A inquietação cresceu entre os trabalhadores poloneses sobre a decisão do governo, e Jagielski negociou com Wałęsa por seis horas no prédio do Conselho de Ministros sobre a questão do sábado.  Outros pontos de discussão incluíam as isenções do Solidariedade da censura estatal padrão . As negociações não acabaram com a agitação, e Jagielski ofereceu um compromisso em uma aparição na rede de televisão nacional polonesa, afirmando que o governo concederia aos trabalhadores todos os sábados de folga, ou lhes daria todos os sábados livres, mas acrescentaria meia hora a cada dia de trabalho  . Ele alertou que os problemas econômicos da Polônia aumentariam se todos os trabalhadores poloneses ganhassem todos os sábados de folga do trabalho e apelou ao "patriotismo do povo" . Muitos trabalhadores poloneses, porém, ficaram sem trabalhar no sábado seguinte .  Em abril Jagielski, descrito como um "negociador veterano" ,  encontrou-se com o presidente da França, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, e conseguiu uma promessa de US$ 800 milhões em ajuda da França . Naquele mês, ele foi recebido pelo secretário de Estado dos Estados Unidos, Alexander Haig, e pelo vice-presidente George HW Bush, e eles prometeram a Jagielski que os EUA venderiam à Polônia 50.000 toneladas de manteiga e leite em pó excedentes e considerariam cooperar para reprogramar os US $ 3 bilhões da Polônia. dívida com os EUA .

Em 10 de junho, como membro do Politburo do Partido dos Trabalhadores Unificado da Polônia, Jagielski ofereceu a outros membros desse grupo a rescisão de seu cargo no Politburo e de seu cargo de Vice-Primeiro-Ministro, afirmando: "Apresento minha renúncia como membro do OP (Politburo), principalmente porque tive um certo incidente na minha vida. Também apresento minha renúncia como vice-primeiro-ministro (vice-primeiro-ministro)."   Parece que sua oferta foi rejeitada, e o incidente em sua vida de que ele falou pode ter sido um ataque cardíaco que sofreu recentemente  . Em 31 de julho de 1981, Jagielski foi demitido de seu cargo de vice-primeiro-ministro, alegadamente porque não conseguiu produzir um programa de recuperação para a crise econômica que a Polônia estava experimentando na época .

Vida pós-política e morte

Em julho de 1981, Jagielski perdeu sua participação no Comitê Central do Partido dos Trabalhadores Unidos da Polônia, no Politburo dos Trabalhadores Unidos na Polônia e no Comitê Econômico . Ele permaneceu um deputado do Sejm até 1985. Ele morreu na noite de 27 de fevereiro de 1997, de ataque cardíaco em sua casa, em Varsóvia, Polônia, aos 73 anos . Após a morte de Jagielski, Lech Wałęsa o descreveu como um "homem sensível que sempre ouvia os argumentos" , e disse que Jagielski diferia a esse respeito de outros políticos poloneses em 1980 .

Prêmios
Ele recebeu a Ordem dos Construtores da Polônia Popular ( Ordem Budowniczych Polski Ludowej ) .

Bibliografia

 Jagielski, Mieczysław (1957) O nowej polityce partii na wsi [Sobre a política do novo partido nas aldeias]  .
 Jagielski, Mieczysław (1965). Niektóre problemy rozwoju rolnictwa w latach 1966-1970 [Problemas selecionados do desenvolvimento agrícola nos anos 1966-1970] .

Leitura adicional

  "Czułem tę wrogość" [Eu poderia sentir aquela hostilidade.] - entrevista com Mieczysław Jagielski na Gazeta Wyborcza, 30 August 1995
  Maciej Sandecki, "Mieczysław Jagielski: Musimy wyrazić zgodę" [Mieczysław Jagielski: nós temos que concordar.] - artigo sobre Jagielski na Gazeta Wyborcza, de 30 de julho de 2005

Naturais de Kolomyia

Nascidos em 1924

Mortos em 1997
Políticos da Polónia

Mieczysław Jagielski


Harita mühendisliği, yeryüzünün tamamının veya bir parçasının çeşitli tekniklerle (uydulardan konum belirleme, uydu görüntülerini işleme vb.) metrik anlamda ölçülmesi ve elde edilen mekansal verilerin bilgisayar ortamında işlenip değerlendirilmesi sonrası belirli standartlara veya prensiplere göre harita ve planlara dönüştürülmesi, ayrıca konum ve mekanla ilgili her türlü ölçüm, hesaplama, analiz ve görselleştirme çalışmaları ile ilgilenen mühendislik dalıdır.

Harita Mühendisliği, teknolojik gelişmelere açık, çağdaş teknolojiyi en iyi uygulayan mühendislik dallarından biridir. Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisliği ve Geomatik Mühendisliği, Türkiye'de bu meslek alanını tanımlamada kullanılan diğer isimlerdir. Yurtdışında jeodezi ve jeoenformatik mühendisliği, mekan mühendisliği (geospatial engineering), mekansal bilişim mühendisliği gibi adlarla da anılmaktadır.

Özetle, harita mühendisliğinin başlıca amacı; yaşadığımız yeryüzünü daha iyi anlamak, planlamak, düzenlemek, izlemek ve yönetmek için uydu, uzay ve bilişim teknolojileri gibi modern teknolojilere dayalı çeşitli mekansal tekniklerin geliştirilmesi ve kullanımı, ülke ihtiyaçlarına (planlama, kalkınma, mülkiyet, savunma vb.), mühendislik projelerine ve topluma yönelik çeşitli haritaların ve mekansal verilerin/bilgilerin üretimi, mekan veya arazi ile ilgili çeşitli uygulama alanlarına ait bileşenlerin yeryüzündeki (yer altı, yer üstü, deniz ve iç mekanlar dahil) yatay ve düşey konumunun hassas olarak belirlenmesidir.

Ana bilim dalları

Jeodezi

Jeo: yer, dezi: ölçme anlamına gelen iki kelimenin birleşmesiyle oluşur. Basit tanım olarak yer ölçmesi anlamına gelir. Genel bir ifadeyle, zamana bağlı olarak yerin şeklini, büyüklüğünü ve yeryuvarının gravite (ağırlık) alanını belirlemekle uğraşan bilim dalıdır. Yerin geometrik şeklinin belirlenmesi ve haritaya aktarılması matematiksel jeodezinin, gravite alanının belirlenmesi fiziksel jeodezinin konusudur.

Fotogrametri
Fotogrametri eski yunancadaki Photos+Grama+Metron (Işık+çizim+ölçme) kelimelerinden oluşan ve ışık ile çizerek ölçme anlamına gelen bir kelimedir.

Fotogrametri anabilim dalında hava fotogrametrisi ve yersel fotogrametri uygulamaları yapılmakta ve eğitimleri verilmektedir. Fotogrametri anabilim dalı'nın araştırma ve eğitim konularından bazıları şunlardır:

 Fotogrametri
 Uzaktan algılama
 Görüntü işleme
 Lazer tarayıcılar (yersel ve havadan)
 Hava kameraları (klasik ve dijital)
 Sensör tabanlı mekansal veri üretimi
 Görüntü bazlı mekansal veri analizi
 Radar verilerinin işlenmesi ve analizi
 Mekansal nesne çıkartımı

Ölçme tekniği
Uygarlık ilerledikçe ve insanlar arasındaki ilişkiler arttıkça, mülkiyet kavramının önemi anlaşılmış ve insanlar sahip oldukları arazileri ölçme gereksinimi duymuşlardır. Türkiye'de önceleri kadastro haritaların oluşturulmasında önemli bir rol oynayan ölçme tekniği, günümüzde tüm meslek disiplinlerinin gereksinimi olan bir dal haline gelmiştir.

Teknolojideki değişime paralel olarak sürekli gelişen uydu bazlı konum belirleme sistemleri (GPS) ve uygulamaları, yatay ve düşey jeodezik kontrol ağları tesisi, mühendislik yapılarının deformasyon ve deplasman ölçmeleri, yerkabuğu hareketlerinin izlenmesi, hidrografik ölçmeler, kara yolu, demiryolu, köprü, baraj, tünel projeleri ve uygulamaları, vb. Ölçme Tekniği Anabilim Dalının çalışma alanlarıdır.

Kartografya
Kartografya anabilim dalı, coğrafi/mekansal verilerin/bilgilerin modellenmesi, işlenmesi, analizi, sunumu, görselleştirilmesi, yönetimi ve harita tasarımı, üretimi ve çoğaltımı üzerine araştırma ve eğitim-öğretim faaliyetlerinde bulunmaktadır.

Kartografya'nın başlıca çalışma konuları;

 Topoğrafik kartografya
 Tematik kartografya
 Harita tasarımı ve üretimi
 Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS)
 Mekansal Bilişim (jeoenformatik)
 Mekansal veri tabanları
 Genelleştirme ve çok ölçekli mekansal gösterim
 Coğrafi görselleştirme ve sanal gerçeklik
 Web CBS ve kartografya
 Mobil CBS ve kartografya
 Konum temelli servisler
 Mekansal veri/bilgi modelleme, işleme ve analiz teknikleri
 Sayısal arazi ve yükseklik modelleri
 Harita projeksiyonları
 Mekansal Veri Altyapısı

Kamu ölçmeleri (arazi yönetimi)
Kamu ölçmeleri anabilim dalı; ülke toprak politikası temelinde iyelik hakları, çevresel değerler ve toprak kullanım verilerine göre arazi yönetimi, kadastro, kentsel ve kırsal toprak düzenlemesi, taşınmaz değerlemesi ve finansmanı, kamulaştırma; kısacası mülkiyet haklarının düzenlenmesi ve biçimlendirilmesi konuları ile ilgilenmektedir.

Ne iş yapar?

Harita Mühendislerinin Çalışma Alanları
Mezunlar, mesleki faaliyetlere altlık oluşturacak yatay ve düşey kontrol ağlarının oluşturulması, yeryüzü hareketlerinin izlenmesi ve mühendislik yapılarının kontrolü için deformasyon ölçmeleri ve değerlendirilmesi, kara yolu, demiryolu, köprü, baraj, metro, tünel projeleri ve araziye uygulanması, uydulardan yararlanarak konum belirleme ve araç takip sistemleri, hava fotoğrafları, lazer tarama ve uydu görüntüleri yardımıyla veri toplama ve işleme, yersel fotoğraflarla restorasyon faaliyetlerine altlık oluşturacak planların çizimi, çeşitli çalışmalara altlık oluşturacak büyük, orta ve küçük ölçekli sayısal (dijital) ve basılı topoğrafik ve tematik haritaların üretimi, mekansal analizler, mekansal verilere ve haritalara ilişkin çeşitli multimedya, görselleştirme çalışmaları ve internet ve mobil cihazlar aracığıyla sunumları, çeşitli konulara ilişkin mekansal veri tabanlarının ve coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinin oluşturulması, kentsel ve kırsal alan düzenlemeleri ve ilgili hukuki çalışmalar, imar uygulamaları, kadastro çalışmaları, kamulaştırma, taşınmaz (gayrimenkul) değerlemesi üzerine faaliyet gösteren resmi (hemen hemen tüm bakanlıkların çeşitli birimleri, belediyeler vb.) kurum ve kuruluşlarda ve özel şirketlerde çalışmaktadırlar.

Kaynakça

Mühendislik dalları

Harita mühendisliği


දේශපාලන ව්‍යාපාර නිශ්චිත කණ්ඩායමක් තුළ තීරණ ගැනීමේ ක‍්‍රියාවලියට බලපෑම් කිරීම සඳහා වන සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයකි. ප‍්‍රජාතන්ත‍්‍රවාදය තුළ, දේශපාලන ව්‍යාපාර බොහෝ විට නියෝජිතයන් තෝරා ගනු ලබන මැතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරයන් වේ. යම් ආයතනයක් තුළ හෝ සංවිධානයක් තුළ ප‍්‍රතිපත්ති වෙනස් කිරීම සඳහා වන සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ද දේශපාලන ව්‍යාපාරයක් වේ.

දේශපාලනය, මානව වර්ගයා තරම්ම දීර්ඝ ඉතිහාසයක් සහිත විෂයයක් වන අතර, එය ප‍්‍රජාතන්ත‍්‍රවාදී හෝ රාජ්‍ය ආයතන කෙරෙහි පමණක් සීමා නොවන්නකි. මේ සඳහා වන නිදසුන් සමහරක් නම්, ක‍්‍රි: පූ: 5 වන සියවසේ 'ඇතන්ස්හි සොක‍්‍රටීස්' මරා දැමීමේ උත්සාහය, 13 වන සියවසේ එංගලන්තයේ 'ජෝන්' රජුට එරෙහි කැරලි, 2005 දී වෝල්ට් ඩිස්නි සමාගමෙන් මයිකල් අයිස්නර් ඉවත් කිරීමට දැරූ උත්සාහයන් දැක්විය හැකිය.

සටහන්

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දේශපාලන ව්‍යාපාර

දේශපාලන ව්‍යාපාර


A prova dos 200 metros feminino do Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022 foi disputada nos dias 18 e 19 de agosto de 2022, no Estádio Olímpico de Munique, em Munique na Alemanha.

Recordes
Antes desta competição, os recordes mundiais e do campeonato nesta prova eram os seguintes:

Medalhistas

Cronograma
Todos os horários são locais (UTC+2).

Resultados

Bateria
Qualificação:4 atletas de cada bateria (Q) mais os 4 melhores qualificados (q). Os 8 atletas mais bem posicionados se classificaram diretamente para as semifinais.

Vento:
Bateria 1: +0.3 m/s, Bateria 2: +0.9 m/s, Bateria 3: +0.5 m/s

Semifinal
Qualificação:2 atletas de cada bateria (Q) mais os 2 melhores qualificados (q). Os 8 mais bem classificados se juntaram aos 16 atletas classificados na fase anterior.

Vento:
Bateria 1: -0,3 m/s, Bateria 2: 0,0 m/s, Bateria 3: +0,3 m/s

Final
A final ocorreu no dia 19 de agosto às 22:22.

Vento: +0,4 m / s

Ligações externas

Site da Associação Europeia de Atletismo

Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022

Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022 - 200 m feminino


برات آند ويتني جيه-52  هو محرك نفاث من صنع شركة برات آند ويتني الأمريكية.

سمي المحرك داخل شركة برات آند ويتني باسم JT8A. كان للجيه-52 مكبس سريان محوري من 12 مرحلة، وصنع خصيصا للبحرية الأمريكية. استخدم الطراز J52-P-8B في طائرة الهجوم الأرضي إيه-4 سكاي هوك وإيه-6 إنترودر وإي إيه-5 براولر. شكل الجيه-52 أساسا لمحرك الطائرة المدنية المشهور والناجح جيه.تي-8 دي.

يستخدم في المحرك مكبس سريان محوري من 12 مرحلة، 5 في مرحلة ضغط عالي، و7 في مرحلة ضغط منخفض

مواصفات المحرك

الصفات العامة
النوع: محرك نفاث.

الطول: 3020 مم.

القطر: 813.4 مم.

الوزن الجاف: 1052 كجم.

المكونات
المكبس: مكبس سريان محوري من 12 مرحلة، 5 في مرحلة ضغط عالي، و7 في مرحلة ضغط منخفض.

التوربين: مرحلة واحدة ضغط مرتفع، مرحلة واحدة ضغط منخفض.

الأداء
الدفع:

 J52-P-3:
33 كيلو نيوتن.(7.500 رطلق).

 J52-P-6(النوع المستخدم في السكاي هوك)
37.5 كيلو نيوتن. (8.500 رطلق).

 J52-P-8B: (استخدم أيضا في السكاي هوك)
41 كيلو نيوتن. (9.300 رطلق)

 J52-P-408A:
49.8 كيلو نيوتن. (11.200 رطلق)

نسبة الضغط العامة: 12.4-14.6 : 1

المصادر
 الموسوعة الإنجليزية

محركات برات آند ويتني
محركات نفاثة

محركات نفاثة عنفية عقد 1950

برات آند ويتني جيه-52


János Barta () a fost un istoric literar și profesor universitar maghiar.

Biografie
A fost fiul lui Edwárd Barta și al Annei Sípos. După absolvirea Liceului din Szentes, a urmat studii universitare la Universitatea "Pázmány Péter" din Budapesta, fiind un discipol al profesorului János Horváth. A început să predea cursuri de literatură maghiară din 1923. A fost membru al Colegiului Hungaricum din Berlin în cea de-a doua jumătate a anilor 1920. În 1942 a fost profesor universitar asociat.

În 1950 a devenit profesor la Universitatea din Budapesta. În toamna anului 1951 a fost numit profesor de istorie literară maghiară la Universitatea Kossuth Lajos din Debrețin. În 1952 s-a mutat la Debrețin, unde a predat cursul de literatura maghiară din cea de-a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea. Aici a pus bazele unei școli de istorie literară. În 1956 a devenit rector al Universității Kossuth Lajos, iar apoi a fost director al Institutului de Istorie Literară Maghiară. În 1967 a fost ales membru corespondent al Academiei Maghiare de Științe, iar din 1982 a fost membru titular.

Activitatea profesională
A scris studii de istorie literară dedicate scriitorilor maghiari János Arany, Imre Madách, Mór Jókai, Zsigmond Kemény, János Vajda, Dezső Kosztolányi, Mihály Babits, Endre Ady, Zsigmond Móricz, ca și despre alte personalități culturale din Epoca reformelor.

Studiul A romantikus Vörösmarty a apărut în revista Nyugat în 1937; alte studii de istorie literară au fost publicate în revista Irodalomtörténet.

Împreună cu Tibor Klaniczay a editat cele două volume ale lucrării Magyar irodalmi szöveggyűjtemény și a elaborat un manual de literatură maghiară (în 1950). Începând din 1969 a publicat ediția critică a operelor literare complete ale lui János Vajda. A fost membru în consiliul științific al Societății Internaționale Lenau.

Lucrări
 Madách Imre (1942)
 Arany János (1953)
 Jókai és a művészi igazság (1954)
 Mikszáth (Kálmán) problémák (1961)
 Élmény és forma (studii, 1965)
 Költők és írók (studii, 1966)
 Esztétikai és irodalmi tanulmányok (studii, 1976)
 Évfordulók (studii, evocări, 1981)
 A pálya végén (studii, 1987)
 Ma, tegnap, tegnapelőtt (studii, împreună cu László Imre, 1990)
 Arany János és kortársai 1-2.; Kossuth Egyetemi Kiadó, Debrețin, 2003 (Csokonai könyvtár, 27.)
 Magánélet és remekmű. Madách-tanulmányok; postfață de Albert Beke; Mundus, Budapesta, 2003 (Mundus – új irodalom, 34.)
 Kloss Andor: Az útkeresés évei. Levelezés Barta Jánossal; Axel Springer, Budapesta, 2011

Note

Bibliografie
 Ki kicsoda a magyar irodalomban? Könyvkuckó Kiadó, Budapest, 1999 ISBN 9-638157-91-7
 Dr. Barta János. Szentes helyismereti kézikönyve - Tanulmányok), 2000
 Imre László: Barta János. Irodalomismeret - 2002/1. szám.. (Hozzáférés: 2013. augusztus 8.)
 Barta János; szerk. Szénássy Barnáné Ludányi Valéria; KLTE, Debrecen, 1977 (A debreceni Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem tanárainak munkássága, 9.)
 Beke Albert: Emlékezés a száz éve született Barta Jánosra; Szenci Molnár Társaság, Bp., 2001 (A Herman Ottó Társaság nemzetpolitikai sorozata)
 Görömbei András: Barta János, 1901-1988. Elhangzott: 2003. január 27.; MTA, Bp., 2006 (Emlékbeszédek az MTA elhunyt tagjai felett)
 Imre László: A magyar szellemtörténet válaszútjai, feltételei és következményei. Barta János pályája és a szellemtörténet; Pro Pannonia, Pécs, 2011 (Pannónia könyvek; Thienemann-előadások, 6.)
 Imre László: Barta János (1901-1988). A Debreceni Egyetem 1914-ben alapított Bölcsészettudományi Karának irodalomtörténet-professzora 1951 és 1972 között; Debreceni Egyetemi Kiadó, Debrecen, 2014 (A Debreceni Egyetem tudós professzorai)
 Imre László: Barta János; Alföld Alapítvány, Debrecen, 2015 (Alföld könyvek, 23.)

Lectură suplimentară

 Scriitori maghiari contemporani

Nașteri în 1901
Decese în 1988
Istorici literari maghiari
Membri ai Academiei Maghiare de Științe

János Barta (istoric literar)


تطلق عبارة إثبات خاطئ أو مغالطة رياضية أو مبرهنة خاطئة أو إثبات غير مشروع على أي تعبير زائف الإثبات في الرياضيات. تعتمد أغلب طرق البراهين الزائفة أساليب تضليل بارعة تصل في النهاية لعمل خرق فاضح في القانون الرياضي مما يعطي البعض فرصة للتشكيك في صحة الرياضيات. ومع ذلك فإن مثل هذه البراهين تدل على مدى ضرورة الدقة في الرياضيات. يعد كتاب سيوداريا Pseudaria من الكتب القديمة ذات البراهين الخاطئة ويعزى إلى إقليدس.

فيما يلي ستتم الإشارة إلى بعض وأكثر البراهين الخاطئة انتشارا.

الأس والجذر

إثبات أن 1=-1

نسخة 1

نبدأ بالمطابقة

نحول طرفي المعادلة إلى كسور عامية

بتطبيق قاعدة الجذر على الطرفين نجد أن

بضرب الطرفين ×  نحصل على

إن تربيع أي جذر تربيعي يعطي الرقم الأصلي وعليه

و هو المطلوب إثباته (هـ.ط.ث. Q.E.D.)

بالطبع الاثبات غير مشروع لأنه تم تطبيق قاعدة الجذر التربيعي بطريقة خاطئة.

يكون هذا صحيحا فقط عندما تكون قيم x و y أعداد حقيقية موجبة وهذا مالم يتم اقتضاؤه سابقا. على هذا الأساس فالبرهان خاطئ

نسخة 2
بواسطة التلاعب بالأساسات، يمكن اشتقاق البراهين الخاطئة التالية:

هـ.ط.ث.

تكون القاعدة  عموما مشروعة فقط إذا كان أحد الأعداد x أو y على الأقل موجبا، وهذه ليست الحال هنا. بطريقة أخرى يمكن للمرء النظر للجذر التربيعي على أنه دالة ثنائية القيمة في الأعداد المركبة وفي هذه الحال يقدر طرفا المعادلة السابقة بـ{1, −1}.

كذلك يقتضى أنه إذا كان الجذر التربيعي في بداية مسألة تكون الإجابة الموجبة هي الوحيدة المطلوبة، ولذلك إذا

بدأنا بـ1=1 ثم البناء حتى  سنصل في النهاية إلى 1= ± 1

تقنيا نستخلص أن تعويض ± 1 = ± 1 فيما سبق يصل بنا إلى النتيجة الخاطئة 1 = 1, 1 = -1, -1 = 1, -1 = -1

نسخة 3

بالعبور إلى ومن الأعداد الحقيقية للأعداد المركبة يمكن اشتقاق الاثبات الغير مشروع كما يلي:

هـ.ط.ث.

المعادلة abc = (ab)c لأي عددين حقيقيين b وc عمومامشروعة فقط عندما يكون a موجبا، وهذه الحالة ليست هنا.

نسخة 4

بالاستعانة بالمتطابقة المثلثية

.

برفع طرفي المعادلة للقوة 3/2 نحصل على

.
والان لتكن x = π. حينئذ

هـ.ط.ث.

في هذا البرهان، بدأت المغالطة في الخطوة الثالثة، حيث تم تطبيق القاعدة (ab)c = abc دون التأكد من أن a موجبة القيمة. أيضا، في الخطوة الرابعة، لم يتم الكشف عن جميع الجذور الممكنة . مع أن 1 يعتبر جذرا، −1 هو جذر أيضا.

بالغاء الإجابة الخاطئة 1 يتبقى لدينا الإجابة الصحيحة −1 = −1.

اثبات أنx = y لأي أعداد حقيقية x وy

إذا كان ab = ac'، فإن b = c. لذلك، بما أن1x = 1y، يمكننا استنباط أن x = y.

هـ.ط.ث.

الخطأ في هذا الاثبات يقع في الحقيقة أن القاعدة المنصوص عليها صحيحة فقط لعدد موجب a لا يساوي 1.

 اثبات أن الجذر التربيعي لـ 1 = -1

هـ.ط.ث.

يقع الخطأ هنا في السطر الأخير من الاثبات، حيث أهملنا الجذور الرباعية الأخيرة لـ1، وهي −1, iو− i (حيث أن i'' هي الوحدة التخيلية).

1+1+1+... =1
هنا أيضا خدعة شائعة تستخدم لإثبات أن حاصل جمع أي عدد من الواحدات ينتج عنه الرقم 1 أيضا:

لو وضعنا:

0 + 0 = 0
ثم عوضنا عن x = 0 في المعادلة السابقة لتصبح:

x = x + x

وبقسمة الطرفين على x نحصل على

1 + 1 = 1

بتعميم هذه الطريقة يمكن أيضا اثبات أن

1 + 1 + 1 +... 1 = 1

طالما وصلنا للصيغة:

x = x... + x + x + x

بالتأكيد فالخطأ الذي يقع فيه الجميع هو عند السماح بالقسمة على x مع أنه لا يجوز رياضيا القسمة على 0 وبشكل خاص عندما يكون كل من البسط والمقام أصفارا لأن النتيجة تصبح غير معرفة. كما أنه لا يمكن تحويل العبارة 0=0+0 إلى x+x=x.

1=2
إثبات أن 1=2 هو نوع من الإثباتات الخاطئة في الرياضيات، وهي الإثباتات التي تصل إلى نتيجة غير منطقية رغم استخدامها القوانين الرياضية.

1.لنأخذ المقدار

س = ص

2.بضرب الطرفين في س

س² =س ص

3.بطرح ص² من الطرفين

س² – ص²=س ص – ص²

4.بتحليل الطرفين

(س+ص) (س–ص) = ص (س–ص)

5.بقسمة الطرفين على (س–ص)

(س+ص)= ص

6.وبما أن س = ص ←

(ص+ص) = ص ←

 2ص = ص ←

بقسمة الطرفين على ص ←

1 = 2

وهذه بالطبع نتيجة غير منطقية، وذلك لأنه في الخطوة الخامسة قُسم الطرفين على (س-ص)، وهذا المقدار يساوي الصفر (لأن س=ص)، فإن ذلك يعتبر خطأً، لأن القسمة على الصفر هي عملية غير مُعرفة.

انظر أيضًا
 مفارقة

مراجع

حسابيات ابتدائية
رياضيات مسلية
سيطرة على العقل
فكاهة
مغالطات منطقية
مفارقات
نظرية البرهان

إثبات خاطئ


Joachim von Braun (10 de julho de 1950 em Brakel, Vestfália) é um cientista agrícola alemão e atualmente diretor de um departamento do Centro de Pesquisa para o Desenvolvimento da Universidade de Bonn e presidente da Pontifícia Academia das Ciências.

Anteriormente, von Braun foi diretor geral do International Food Policy Research Institute em Washington. No curso de sua pesquisa, ele se concentra principalmente em política agrícola, bioeconomia, segurança alimentar e uso sustentável de recursos.

Vida
Von Braun estudou ciências agrícolas na Universidade Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms em Bonn de 1970 a 1975. Obteve seu doutorado em 1978 com uma tese sobre mercados de trabalho agrícolas e posteriormente se habilitou em economia agrícola sobre segurança alimentar em países em desenvolvimento, ambos na Universidade Georg August de Göttingen.

De 1983 a 1993, von Braun foi pesquisador e então diretor da Divisão de Consumo Alimentar e Nutrição do International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) em Washington D.C. Em 1993, ele voltou para a Alemanha para assumir o cargo de Professor (C4) de Economia Alimentar, Política Alimentar e Questões Alimentares Mundiais e Diretor do Instituto de Economia Alimentar e Análises do Consumidor da Universidade Christian-Albrechts de Kiel.

Após várias estadias de pesquisa na África, Rússia e China, von Braun foi nomeado diretor fundador do Centro de Pesquisa para o Desenvolvimento (ZEF) da Universidade de Bonn em 1997. Em 2002, Braun retornou a Washington e tornou-se diretor do IFPRI. Em 2009, ele retornou ao Centro de Pesquisa para o Desenvolvimento (ZEF) na Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn como diretor e assumiu a cátedra para mudanças econômicas e tecnológicas. Desde julho de 2019, von Braunhas também atuou como co-porta-voz e co-coordenador da Área de Pesquisa Transdisciplinar "Inovação e Tecnologia para um Futuro Sustentável" na Iniciativa de Excelência da Universidade de Bonn.

Além de inúmeros relatórios sobre a situação alimentar mundial nos últimos anos, os trabalhos de von Braun incluem estudos sobre segurança alimentar, economia da fome, progresso técnico, política comercial agrícola, sistemas financeiros rurais e política ambiental. Von Braun foi palestrante na Conferência do Rio em 1992, nas Cúpulas Mundiais de Alimentos em 1996 e 2002 e no "Fórum Mundial de Alimentos" do Grupo Consultivo sobre Pesquisa Agrícola Internacional (CGIAR) em Pequim no início de dezembro de 2007. Em 2020, ele foi nomeado pelas Nações Unidas para presidir o Grupo Científico da Cúpula de Sistemas Alimentares da ONU 2021.

Von Braun foi:

 Vice-presidente da Welthungerhilfe desde novembro de 2012,
 Membro do conselho da Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) desde 2012 e vice-presidente de 2013 a 2018,
 Membro do conselho da Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) desde 2015,
 Membro do Fórum HighTech do Governo Alemão, nomeado pelo Ministro Federal da Educação e Ciência, de 2016 a 2017,
 Membro do Conselho de Curadores da Robert Bosch Stiftung desde 2017,
 Plataforma Científica para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável 2030, membro do grupo de liderança e presidente do consumo sustentável desde 2017,
 Co-presidente do Malabo Montpellier Panel on African Food, Nutrition, Agriculture desde 2017,
 Membro do Conselho Consultivo Internacional do Leibniz Center for Marine Tropical Research (ZMT) Bremen desde 2019,
 Membro do Conselho Executivo, Global Crop Diversity Trust (Crop Trust), desde 2020,
 Membro do Comitê Consultivo Acadêmico da Academy of Global Food Economics and Policy (AGFEP), China Agricultural University desde 2020,
 membro do Corpo Borussia Bonn desde 1971.

Honras

 1978: Prêmio da Secretaria Federal do Trabalho pela dissertação
 1988: Prêmio de Ciência Josef G. Knoll da Fundação Eiselen por pesquisas de destaque na melhoria da segurança alimentar e nutrição
 1996: Eleito membro da Associação Alemã de Economia (Verein für Socialpolitik), Secção de Economia do Desenvolvimento
 1999: Membro da Academia de Ciências da Renânia do Norte-Vestfália
 2004: Nomeado professor honorário, Universidade Agrícola de Nanjing, China
 2005: Doutor Honorário em Ciências Agrárias, Universidade de Hohenheim, Alemanha
 2006: Fellow da Associação Americana para o Avanço da Ciência (AAAS) por sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento agrícola e política alimentar nos países em desenvolvimento
 2009: Prêmio Bertebos Estocolmo, Prêmio da Real Academia Sueca de Agricultura e Silvicultura
 2009: Membro Vitalício da Associação Internacional de Economistas Agrícolas (IAAE)
 2010: Research Fellow IZA (Instituto para o Estudo do Trabalho)
 2010: Membro Vitalício da Associação Africana de Economistas Agrícolas
 2011: Prêmio Justus von Liebig de Nutrição Mundial, Fundação Fiat Panis
 2012, nomeado pelo Papa Bento XVI para a Pontifícia Academia das Ciências O Papa Francisco o nomeou presidente da Academia em 21 de junho de 2017
 2016 Marsilius Medal do Marsilius College da Universidade de Heidelberg
 2017: Prêmio Theodor Brinkmann
 2018: Membro da Academia Nacional de Ciências Leopoldina
 2019: A "One World Medal in Gold" concedida pelo Ministro da Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico para pesquisas e serviços para acabar com a fome e melhorar a segurança alimentar

Outras participações em associações científicas

 Membro da Associação Internacional de Economistas Agrícolas (IAAE) e seu Presidente de 2000 a 2003.
 Membro do Conselho Consultivo Internacional da Academia Chinesa de Ciências Agrícolas (CAAS)
 Membro da Academia Alemã de Ciências e Engenharia desde 2011 (Acatech)
 Membro do Conselho Editorial do Food Security Journal desde 2009
 Membro do Academic Advisory Board, Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change Research, União Europeia de 2010 a 2013
 Membro do Advisory Group for Global Agricultural Development Initiative, Chicago Council on Global Affairs, EUA de 2010 a 2013
 Membro do Conselho de Bioeconomia do Governo Alemão desde 2010 e um dos dois presidentes de 2012 a 2019
 Editor Associado, Science Advances desde 2014
 Membro Associado da Academia Africana de Ciências desde 2014

Referências

Ligações externas

 Literatura de e sobre Joachim von Braun na Biblioteca Nacional da Alemanha
 Joachim von Braun no site da Academia de Ciências da Renânia do Norte-Vestefália

Cientistas da Alemanha
Membros da Pontifícia Academia das Ciências

Joachim von Braun


Glazba u 1991. godini.

Svijet

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.
Za poznate glazbenike koje su tad objavili djelo, ali nisu ga objavili nosaču zvuka kod izdavačke kuće, nego u vlastitom izdanju, to ulazi ovdje. Isto vrijedi i za one glazbenike koji (ni)su djelovali u doba kad nije bilo nosača zvuka, nego su djelo objavili u pisanom obliku.

Koncertne turneje
Održane koncertne turneje.
 Public Enemy and Anthrax – Bring the Noise Tour -, 1991.
 Nirvana – Nevermind Tour, 1991. – 1992.

Istaknuti koncerti
Povijesno važni koncerti, prvi povijesni koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta ili posljednji (oproštajni) koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta.

Europska natjecanja
Europska glazbena natjecanja.

 Pjesma Eurovizije:
 Dječja Pjesma Eurovizije:

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba i sl.

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.
 10. veljače – Emma Roberts
 11. veljače –  Daniel Siegert
 17. veljače – Ed Sheeran
 31. svibnja – Azealia Banks
 21. travnja – Ryan Richards
 10. listopada – Gabriella Cilmi

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Ostalo
Uvođenje novih nosača zvuka, medijskog servisa i distribucijskog kanala i sl.

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Festivali

Nagrade

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.
Za poznate glazbenike koje su tad objavili djelo, ali nisu ga objavili nosaču zvuka kod izdavačke kuće, nego u vlastitom izdanju, to ulazi ovdje. Isto vrijedi i za one glazbenike koji (ni)su djelovali u doba kad nije bilo nosača zvuka, nego su djelo objavili u pisanom obliku.

Đavoli objavili maksi singl "Rock galama" / "Rock'n'roll party" / "Kasno je za nas" / "The Last Goodbye".

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Ostalo
Uvođenje novih nosača zvuka, medijskog servisa i distribucijskog kanala i sl.

Izvori

1991.
Godine 20. stoljeća

Glazba u 1991.


Simfonia fantastică (în , titlu original: Épisode de la vie d'un artiste, symphonie fantastique en cinq parties) este o compoziție din 1830 a lui Hector Berlioz. Compozitorul a terminat-o la 5 decembrie 1830 și a dedicat-o țarului Nicolae I.

Geneza
Berlioz și-a început educația muzicală la Côte-Saint-André, unde tatăl său era medic. A învățat să cânte la flageolet, flaut și chitară. Prima lucrare muzicală compusă de el a fost un Cvintet pentru flaut și cvartet de coarde (1819), tânărul compozitor bazându-se pe noțiuni teoretice pe care le extrase din tratatele de armonie ale lui Rameau, Catel și Alembert.
În 1821, încurajat de tatăl său, Hector Berlioz pleacă la Paris în scopul studiului avansat al medicinii. Aflat în orașul cu o tradiție muzicală îndelungată și care reprezenta și pe atunci centrul muzicii culte europene, Berlioz frecventează spectacolele de Operă, fiind și un mare iubitor al creației lui Gluck.
În 1823 începe să studieze compoziție cu Lesueur în particular, iar în toamna aceluiași an compune o misă. Îl descoperă mai târziu pe Carl Maria von Weber, de a cărui muzică va fi entuziasmat. În 1826 se înscrie la Conservator, unde va studia cu același profesor compoziție, iar contrapunct și fugă cu Reicha. În curând va lua contact direct cu minunata dramaturgie a lui Shakespeare și cu Faust al lui Goethe, pe care le va vedea pe scena Teatrului din Odéon. Aici o va întâlni pe actrița irlandeză Harriet Smithson, de care se va îndrăgosti și care va reprezenta pentru el o "idee fixă", o obsesie, întrucât aceasta îi va răspunde iubirii abia târziu, sentiment care îl va subjuga și care va reprezenta programul literar al "Simfoniei fantastice". Lucrarea a fost scrisă în anul 1830, fiind audiată în premieră la sala Conservatorului pe data de 5 decembrie. Capodopera îl va impresiona și pe Liszt.

Structura
Simfonia are cinci părți, iar discursul muzical se țese pe baza unui program literar dictat de propria inimă. Însă, ceea ce se poate stabili cu privire la structura acestora este principiul ciclicității, realizat printr-un laitmotiv care străbate părțile componente de mai multe ori. Laitmotivul pe care însuși Berlioz îl numește "idee fixă", este o melodie expusă de către suflătorii din lemn ale căror timbruri calde înfățișează imaginea iubitei.

În înțelegerea Simfoniei fantastice, progamul este dat de compozitorul însuși.

Prima parte: "Visuri și pasiuni"

A doua parte: "Un bal"

A treia parte: "Scenă câmpenească"

A patra parte: "Marș spre supliciu"

A cincea parte: "Visul unei nopți de sabat"

Fiind cunoscut ca mare orchestrator al timpurilor sale, Berlioz dovedește prin această Simfonie posibilități infinite de combinare, pe de o parte, a muzicii cu un program literar conceput în vis, dar care relevă într-o oarecare măsură realitatea, pe de altă parte, modalități de combinare a timbrurilor instrumentale pentru a reda o muzică dictată de subconștient.

Referințe

Simfonii romantice
Compoziții din 1830

Simfonia fantastică (Berlioz)


An Carex psychrophila in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck. An Carex psychrophila in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex psychrophila