Pravila za radikale: Pragmatična početnica za realistične radikale - je posljednja knjiga aktivista i pisca Saula D. Alinskoga, koja je objavljena 1971.g, neposredno pred njegovu smrt. Pravila za radikale osmišljena su kao vodič za buduće organizatore zajednice, kod rada na ujedinjenju nisko prihodnih zajednica (Have-Nots), u cilju podizanja njihove socijalne, političke, pravne i ekonomske moći. U Pravilima za radikale Alinsky je objedinio lekcije koje je naučio kroz svoje iskustvo na organizaciji zajednica u razdoblju 1939-1971, te usmjereno predstavlja lekcije za novu generaciju radikala.

Kroz deset poglavlja, Pravila za radikale pružaju deset lekcija za organizatore zajednice, kako postići cilj uspješnog ujedinjenja ljudi u aktivnu organizaciju, koja imaju snagu da promijene cijeli niz ishoda. Iako su usmjerena na organizaciju zajednice, poglavlja se također dotiču drugih pitanja, etike, obrazovanja, komunikacija, stvaranja simbola, nenasilja i političke filozofije.

Iako su objavljena 1971.g za nove generacije kontrakulturnih organizatora, načela Alinskog prethodno su uspješno primjenjivale brojne vlade, sindikati, zajednice, te organizacije bazirane na kongregacijama. Glavne teme njegovih organizacijskih metoda koje su istaknute u Pravilima za radikale ponavljaju se u političkim kampanjama u posljednjih nekoliko godina.

Inspiracija za Pravila za radikale
Inspiracija za Pravila za radikale došla je iz osobnog iskustva Alinskog kojeg je stekao kao organizator zajednice. Inspiracija je preuzeta i iz lekcija prof. Roberta Perka s University of Chicago, koji je zajednice promatrao kao odraz širih procesa urbanog okruženja. Metode koje je Alinsky razvio i prakticirao opisane su u njegovoj knjizi, kao vodič budućim organizatorima zajednica za nove generacije radikala od 1960-ih na dalje.

Vjera Alinskog u kolektivnu akciju posljedica je njegova rada s CIO i Institutom za proučavanje mladeži u Chicagu, gdje je razvio svoju jedinstvenu metodu organizacije zajednice. Dodatno, njegov kasniji rad s Citizens Action Program (CAP) omogućio je provođenje nekih njegovih potpunih i zaokruženih metoda organiziranja kroz osnaživanja siromašnih (premda taj rad nije šire poznat). Alinsky je vidio strukturu zajednice i njezino osiromašenje, te važnost njezina osnaženja kao elemente društvenog aktivizma, koje je oboje koristio kao sredstvo za stvaranje snažnih, aktivnih organizacija. On je također koristio rasprostranjene socijalne probleme kao i vanjske antagoniste za "podizanje lokalne svijesti stanovništva o vlastitim sličnostima, odnosno razlikama u odnosu na autsajdere". Ironično, to je bio jedan od Alinskijevih najmoćnijih alata u organizaciji zajednice. Za objedinjavanje zajednice usmjerio bi temu na pitanje koje bi stvorilo sukob s nekom agencijom. Time bi organizaciji stvorio određenog "negativca" s kojim se mora suočiti, a kako bi se izravna akcija lakše ostvarila. Takva taktika, koja je rezultat desetljeća organizacijskih napora, zajedno s mnogim drugim lekcijama pretočena je u Pravila za radikale, kako bi se stvorio vodič za organizacije zajednice.

Teme
Pravila za radikale sadrže razne teme. Jedna od njih je konstrukcija simbola za jačanje jedinstva unutar organizacije. Alinsky se koristio lojalnošću prema određenoj crkvi ili vjerskoj pripadnosti kako bi stvorio strukturiranu organizaciju s kojom će raditi. Razlog tome je što simboli s kojima se zajednica može identificirati stvaraju strukturiranu organizaciju koje je lakše mobilizirati u provedbi izravne akcije. Nakon što je zajednica ujedinjena zajedničkim simbolom, Alinsky bi našao zajedničkog neprijatelja protiv kojeg bi se zajednica ujedinila.

Korištenje zajedničkog neprijatelja protiv zajednice je druga tema Pravila za radikale, s nenasilnim konfliktom kao ujedinjujučim elementom zajednice.

Alinsky bi odredio vanjskog antagonista kojeg bi pretvorio u "zajedničkog neprijatelja" zajednice s kojom je radio. Često bi to bili lokalni političar ili agencija koji su povezani s aktivnošću koja se odnosila na zajednicu. Nakon što je neprijatelj bio određen, zajednica se trebala ujediniti u borbi protiv njega. Upravljanje sukobom je unutar zajednice u žarište pozornosti stavljalo zajedničke karakteristike njezinih članova, kao i njihovu zajedničku različitost prema onima izvan organizacije. Uporaba sukoba omogućila je jasno određivanje cilja skupine. Uz postavljenog vanjskog antagonista, cilj zajednice je poraz neprijatelja.

Konstrukcija simbola pomogla je promoviranje strukturirane organizacije, što je kroz izravnu akciju omogućilo nenasilni sukob, još jedan element nauka Alinskog. Izravna akcija dovodila je do konfliktnih situacija, što bi dalje pridonosilo jedinstvu zajednice i promoviralo ostvarenje cilja zajednice, a to je poraz zajedničkog neprijatelja. Problemi zajednice bi time došli pod pažnju javnosti. Alinsky je putem Pravila za radikale poticao ekstremne javne demonstracije koje se nije moglo ignorirati, i ova bi taktika omogućila organizaciji da ciljeve ostvari brže nego bi to uspjelo uobičajenim birokratskim procesima.

Konačno, glavna tema Pravila za radikale i Alinskyevog djela bio je osnaživanje siromašnih slojeva stanovništva. Аlinsky je koristio simbol konstrukcije i nenasilnog sukoba kako bi stvorio strukturiranu organizaciju s jasno određenim ciljem koji može poduzeti izravnu akciju protiv zajedničkog neprijatelja. U tom bi se trenutku Alinsky povukao iz organizacije kako bi omogućio da njezin napredak bude ostvarenje same zajednice. Time bi se organizacije osnažile u ostvarenju promjena.

Pravila

 "Moć nije samo u onom što imate, moć je u onom što neprijatelj misli da imate". Snaga dolazi iz dva glavna izvora – novca i ljudi. "Have-Nots" snagu trebaju stvarati od krvi i mesa.
 "Nikada ne izlazite izvan granica iskustva svojih ljudi", jer to dovodi do zbrke, straha i povlačenja. Osjećaj sigurnosti osnažuje svačiju kralježnicu.
 "Kad god je to moguće izađite izvan granica iskustva neprijatelja". Tražite načine za povećanje njihove nesigurnosti, tjeskobe i neizvjesnosti.
 "Natjerajte protivnika da se ponaša u skladu s vlastitim pravila". Ako je njegovo pravilo da odgovori na svako pismo, pošaljite mu 30.000 pisama. Tako ga možete uništiti, jer nitko se ne može do kraja pridržavati vlastitih pravila.
 "Ismijavanje ljudi je moćno oružje". Tu nema obrane. To je iracionalno. To je iritantno. To također radi kao ključna točka kod pritiska protivnika na ustupke.
 "Dobra taktika je ona kod koje će vaši ljudi uživati radeći". Uz takvu taktiku radit će bez da ih se to zatraži, samoinicijativno će tražiti još zaduženja. Odradit će svoja zaduženja, a ponudit će i bolja rješenja.
 "Taktika na kojoj se predugo ustraje, postaje opterećenje". Nemojte postati stara vijest.
 "Zadržite pritisak. Ne posustajte". Nastojite isprobati nove stvari kako bi zadržali protivnika u neravnoteži. Kada protivnih savlada jedan vaš pristup, napadnite ga s boka s nečim novim.
 "Prijetnja je u pravilu više zastrašujuća nego je to sam subjekt prijetnje." Mašta i ego mogu stvoriti jači utjecaj nego bilo koji aktivist.
 "Osnovna premisa taktike je razvoj djelovanja koje će održavati stalni pritisak na protivnika". Neprestani pritisak uzrokuje reakciju protivnika koja je nužna za uspjeh kampanje.
 "Ako negativnu stranu pritisnete dovoljno snažno, ona će se probiti i postati pozitivna." Nasiljem s druge strane možete pridobiti javnost na svoju stranu, jer javnost suosjeća s gubitnicima.
 "Cijena uspješnog napada je konstruktivna alternativa". Nikada ne dopustite da neprijatelju poentira jer niste imali rješenje za problem.
 "Izaberite cilj, zamrzite ga, personalizirajte ga i polarizirajte ga." Odvojite ga od okruženja koja ga može podržati, izolirajte cilj od svake simpatije prema njemu. Idite na ljude, ne na institucije. Ljudi će propatiti brže nego što će to institucije.

Kritika
Alinsky je kritiziran zbog metoda i ideja koje je promovirao. Robert Pruger i Harry Specht uočili su da je većina njegovih instrukcija bila djelotvorna samo u urbanim područjima sa stanovništvom ispodprosječnih prihoda. Pruger i Specht su također kritizirali njegovu općenitu izjavu da su Pravila za radikale alat za organizaciju svih ljudi s niskim primanjima. Dalje, korištenje Alinskyeovog umjetno izazvanog sukoba kritizirano je zbog neučinkovitosti u sredinama koja uspijevaju zbog vlastita zajedništva. Prema Judith Ann Trolander, u određenim područjima Chicaga u kojima je radio, korištenje konflikta je imalo negativne posljedice i zajednica nije uspijevala ostvariti željene promjene politike.

Većina filozofije organizacije zajednice, koja je sadržana u Pravilima za radikale, također je upitna kao pretjerano ideologizirana. Alinsky je vjerovao u pravo zajednice da samostalno odredi ciljeve. On bi zajednici stvorio neprijatelja s kojim se treba sukobiti, dok je cilj sukoba na kraju prepušten zajednici.Ova je ideja bila kritizirana zbog opcija sukoba koje su bile predstavljane unutar skupine. Za Alinskyev stav da organizacija može odrediti cilj kojeg želi ostvariti smatra se da je iznimno optimističan i u suprotnosti njegovim određivanjem vanjskog antagonista. Stvaranjem zajedničkog neprijatelja Alinsky za zajednicu stvara cilj, kojeg je pobjeda nad tim neprijateljem. Tvrditi da će zajednica stvoriti vlastiti cilj je naopaka jer je Alinsky kreirao cilj pobjede nad neprijateljem. Dakle njegova se uvjerenja mogu promatrati kao preideologizirana i kontradiktorna, jer organizacija može preuzeti cilj pobjede nad zajedničkim neprijateljem kao svoj glavni cilj.

Nasljeđe
Opseg utjecaja Pravila za radikale je dalekosežniji od kompilacije taktika Alinskog, utjecala su na stvaranje politike i organizaciju raznih zajednica i agencija, te su utjecala na političare i aktiviste koje su educirali Alinsky i IAF, te druge grassroots pokrete.

Izravni utjecaj

Nakon što je Alinsky 1972.g umro u Kaliforniji, njegov utjecaj je pomogao širenju drugih organizacija i političkih promjena. Pravila za radikale izravno su utjecala na stvaranje United Neighborhood Organization ranih 1980-ih. Osnivači Greg Galluzzo, Mary Gonzalez i Pater Martinez su bili studenti Alinskog. Rad Uno pomogao je poboljšanju higijene, zdravstva i obrazovanja u jugoistočnom Chicagu. Osim toga osnivači organizacije u sjeveroistočnom Chicagu u 1970-ima primijenili su načela Alinskog za organizaciju multinacionalnih četvrti s ciljem stjecanja veće političke reprezentacije.

Pravila za radikale širili su učenici Alinskog, koji su provodili vlastite aktivnosti u zajednici. Učenici Alinskog, kao što su Edward T. Chambers koristili su Pravila za radikale kao pomoć kod osnivanja Industrial Areas Fundation, Queens Citiyens Organiyation i Communities Organized for Public Service. Drugi učenik Alinskog, Ernest Kortez, stekao je slavu kasnih 1970-ih u San Antoniu kod organiziranja latinoameričkih četvrti. Njegovo organiziranje na bazi kongregacije dobilo je puno priznanje kao popularne metode Alinskog, kroz korištenje "postojećih elemenata solidarnosti susjeda, osobito crkvenih skupina, tako da je sastavni dio organizacija, a ne pojedinac". Organiziranje na temelju kongregacije i konstrukciju simbola naučio je od Edwarda Chambersa i IAF tijekom školovanja kod njih.

Metode i saznanja iz Pravila za radikale povezana su i sa Srednjoameričkim institutom, National Peoples Action, National People's Action, the National Training and Information Center, the Pacific Institute for Community Organizations, i s Community Service Organization.

Naknadni učinak

Metode Pravila za radikale zapažene su u modernoj američkoj politici. Organiziranje na bazi kongregacije dovodi se u vezu s Jesse Jacksonom, tijekom njegove organizacije političke kampanje. Knjiga je hvaljena i korištena kao organizacijski vodič od strane FreedomWorks konzervativne grupe (iz sastava Tea Party), tijekom mandata Dick Armeya za mjesto predsjednika.

Podaci o publikaciji
 Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals (1971) Random House, ; Vintage books paperback:

Izvori

Daljnje čitanje

Vanjske poveznice
 Pravila za radikale na mrežnoj stranici goodreads

Aktivizam
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Pravila za radikale


Jerko (Jerolim) Skračić  (Murter, 13. svibnja 1918. – ?, 1945. ili 1947.), hrvatski književnik i novinar.

Pučku školu pohađao je u rodnom Murteru, franjevačku gimnaziju u Preku te klasičnu gimnaziju u Šibeniku. 1940. je započeo studij prava u Zagrebu. Bio je politički zatvorenik u Lepoglavi, što je opisao u knjizi Pod drugim ključem: sjećanja na život ustaških zatočenika u Lepoglavi 1940. i 1941. god., koja je objavljena 1942. godine.
Po izlasku iz zatvora kratko je vrijeme boravio u Berlinu, a u doba NDH bio je ravnatelj Krugovalne postaje u Sarajevu, potom urednik zagrebačkoga tjednika Hrvatski krugoval. Surađivao je u Hrvatskoj reviji, Glasniku sv. Ante i drugim časopisima. Objavio je i zbirku novela Osunčani otoci (1944.) te Stihove (1945.). Dolaskom partizana u Zagreb, Skračić je odveden te se pretpostavlja se da je ubijen na putu u Bleiburg, a prema nekim vijestima stradao je poslije, jer je dvije godine držan u zatvoru.

Djela
Pod drugim ključem: sjećanja na život ustaških zatočenika u Lepoglavi 1940. i 1941. god. (1942.)
Osunčani otoci (1944.)
Stihovi (1945.)

Izvori

Murter
Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvatski novelisti
Hrvatski novinari
Žrtve partizanskih zločina u Drugom svjetskom ratu i poraću

Jerko Skračić


Bielczyk ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Piotr Bielczyk (* 1952), polnischer Speerwerfer
 Zofia Bielczyk (* 1958), polnische Sprinterin und Hürdenläuferin

Bielczyk


Gone (Alternativtitel: Gone – Ich muss dich finden) ist ein US-amerikanischer Thriller aus dem Jahr 2012. Regie führte Heitor Dhalia, Produzent ist das Unternehmen Lakeshore Entertainment.

Handlung
Seit ihre Eltern innerhalb weniger Monate verstorben sind, lebt die junge Jill zusammen mit ihrer Schwester Molly in Portland, Oregon. Der Tod ihrer Eltern bewegte Jill dazu, sich in psychotherapeutische Behandlung zu begeben, die unter anderem auch die Einnahme von Medikamenten vorsah. Ein Jahr vor dem Einsetzen der Handlung wurde Jill von einem Unbekannten verschleppt und in ein tiefes Loch im Wald geworfen. Kurz vor ihrer Ermordung konnte sie dem Täter jedoch entkommen, indem sie ihn mit einem Knochen attackierte. Der Täter hatte offensichtlich mehrere Frauen ermordet und in dem Loch verscharrt. Die örtliche Polizei glaubt ihr die Entführung aufgrund ihrer psychischen Probleme sowie der fehlenden DNA-Spuren jedoch nicht. Außerdem hat die Polizei trotz intensiver Suche keine Frauenleichen gefunden.

Als Jill nach einer Nachtschicht nach Hause kommt, findet sie ihre Schwester Molly wider Erwarten nicht vor. Sofort ergreift sie Panik und sie ruft Mollys Freund Billy an, der auch nichts über ihren Verbleib weiß.

In dem Glauben, der Täter sei zurückgekehrt und habe ihre Schwester entführt, meldet sie das plötzliche Verschwinden der Polizei. Die verantwortlichen Beamten rund um Sergeant Powers glauben jedoch nicht an eine Entführung und weisen Jills Vermutungen zurück. Die Beamten glauben, dass Molly in wenigen Tagen wieder auftauchen werde.

Frustriert über die mangelnde Hilfsbereitschaft der Polizei macht sich Jill selbst auf die Suche nach Hinweisen über das rätselhafte Verschwinden ihrer Schwester. Ein mürrischer Nachbar gibt ihr den ersten Hinweis. Jill geht den Hinweisen Schritt für Schritt nach und findet schon bald das Fahrzeug des Verdächtigen. Unter Androhung von Waffengewalt erfährt Jill auch den Aufenthaltsort von "Digger", so der Spitzname des Mannes, der Jills Meinung nach Molly verschleppt hat. In der Befürchtung, Jill könne mit ihrem Revolver weiteres Unheil anrichten, wird eine umfassende Fahndung nach der jungen Frau ausgeschrieben. Jill ermittelt weiter auf eigene Faust und muss gleichzeitig vor der Polizei fliehen. Dabei hilft ihr ihre Arbeitskollegin Sharon.

Weiteren Hinweisen folgend, gelangt Jill an die Telefonnummer von Digger, dessen echter Name Jim lautet. In der Hoffnung, Molly ausfindig zu machen, vereinbart Jill ein Treffen mit Jim. Dieser leitet sie zu einem verlassenen Waldstück in der Nähe eines verlassenen Parkwächter-Stützpunktes. Indes wird Molly lebend aufgefunden: Sie wurde mit Drogen betäubt und gefesselt im Garten ihres Hauses versteckt. Die Polizei vernimmt sie.

Zeitgleich ist Jill im Wald angelangt, wo sie keinen Mobilfunkempfang mehr hat. Sie erkennt das Erdloch wieder und findet Fotos von weiteren Opfern Jims. Schnell stellt sie fest, dass Jim sie in eine Falle gelockt hat: Sie wird erneut in das tiefe Loch befördert. Jim verrät, dass er für Mollys Verschwinden verantwortlich ist und die Tat nur begangen hat, um Jill in dieses Gebiet zu locken. Jill, die nach ihrer Entführung intensiv Kampfsport betrieben und einen Revolver dabei hat, kann den Mann erneut überwältigen. Sie schießt mehrmals auf ihn, ohne ihn lebensgefährlich zu verletzen, um den Aufenthaltsort ihrer Schwester zu erfahren. Nachdem der leidende Jim ihr diesen mitgeteilt hat, übergießt sie ihn mit Kerosin und verbrennt ihn lebendig. Auf dem Weg nach Hause erfährt Jill via SMS, dass Molly in Sicherheit ist. Zu Hause angekommen, fallen sich die Schwestern in die Arme.

Die Polizei, die Jill jetzt glaubt, will von ihr den Standort Jims erfahren. Jill teilt diesen nur lapidar mit, dass sie recht hatten. Sie habe psychische Probleme und niemanden getroffen. Später sendet sie einem ermittelnden Beamten anonym den auf einer Landkarte markierten Standort der Grube sowie Fotos der Opfer zu, die sie in der Nähe des Loches gefunden hat.

Rezensionen
Der Film erhielt überwiegend negative Kritiken. Rotten Tomatoes zählte 7 positive und 60 negative Rezensionen. Metacritic zählte 2 positive, 4 gemischte und 9 negativen Veröffentlichungen. Auf der Seite der Internet Movie Database wurde bei 40.690 Nutzern die gewichtete Durchschnittsnote 5,9 von 10 ermittelt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2012
Thriller
US-amerikanischer Film
Rape-and-Revenge-Film

Gone (2012)


William Montagu, alias de Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury, 3rd Baron Montagu, King of Man (1301 – 30 January 1344) was an English nobleman and loyal servant of King Edward III.

The son of William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu, he entered the royal household at an early age and became a close companion of the young Prince Edward. The relationship continued after Edward was crowned king following the deposition of Edward II in 1327. In 1330, Montagu was one of Edward's main accomplices in the coup against Roger Mortimer, who until then had been acting as the king's protector.

In the following years, Montagu served the king in various capacities, primarily in the Scottish Wars. He was richly rewarded, and among other things received the lordship of the Isle of Man. In 1337, he was created Earl of Salisbury, and given an annual income of 1000 marks to go with the title. He served on the Continent in the early years of the Hundred Years' War, but in 1340 he was captured by the French, and in return for his freedom had to promise never to fight in France again. Salisbury died of wounds suffered at a tournament early in 1344.

Legend has it that Montagu's wife Catherine was raped by Edward III, but this story is almost certainly French propaganda. William and Catherine had six children, most of whom married into the nobility. Modern historians have called William Montague Edward's "most intimate personal friend" and "the chief influence behind the throne from Mortimer's downfall in 1330 until his own death in 1344."

Family background
William Montagu, born at Cassington, Oxfordshire in 1301, was the second but eldest surviving son of William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu, and Elizabeth de Montfort, daughter of Sir Peter Montfort of Beaudesert, Warwickshire, by Matilda/Maud de la Mare, daughter and heiress of Henry de la Mare of Ashtead, Surrey, Royal Justice, Seneschal of William Longspree II, Earl of Salisbury.

The Montagu family, a West Country family with roots going back to the Conquest, held extensive lands in Somerset, Dorset and Devon.

The father, William Montagu, distinguished himself in the Scottish Wars during the reign of Edward I, and served as steward of Edward II's household. Some members of the nobility, including Thomas of Lancaster, viewed Montagu with suspicion, as a member of a court party with undue influence on the king. For this reason, he was sent to Aquitaine, to serve as seneschal. Here he died on 18 October 1319. Even though he sat in parliament as a baron, the second lord Montagu never rose above a level of purely regional importance.

Early service
The younger William was still a minor at the time of his father's death, and entered the royal household as a ward of the king in 1320. On 21 February 1323 he was granted his father's lands and title. His service to Edward II took him abroad to the Continent in both 1320 and 1325. In 1326 he was knighted. After the deposition of Edward II in 1327, Montagu continued in the service of Edward's son Edward III. He helped the new king in repelling the Scottish invasion of 1327, and was created knight banneret in 1328.

Montagu enjoyed a close relationship with Edward III, and accompanied him abroad on a diplomatic mission in 1329. That same year he was sent on an embassy to negotiate a marriage alliance with King Philip VI of France. His most important task, however, came in connection with a mission to the Papacy in Avignon. The young king—along with his government—was under the dominance of his mother Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer, who had been responsible for the deposition of the king's father. Montagu explained the king's situation, and Pope John XXII asked for a special signal that assure him that he was dealing with the king in person. After Montagu's return, Richard Bury, Keeper of the Privy Seal, wrote to inform the pope that only letters containing the words pater sancte (holy father), in Edward's own handwriting, were indeed from the king. Only Edward, Bury and Montagu were party to the scheme.

Coup against Mortimer
When Mortimer discovered the conspiracy against him, Montagu was brought in for interrogationalong with the kingbut gave nothing away. Afterward he supposedly advised Edward to move against his protector, because "It was better that they should eat the dog than that the dog should eat them". On 19 October 1330, while Mortimer and Isabella were entrenched in Nottingham Castle, the constable of the castle showed Montagu a secret entrance through a tunnel. Along with William de Bohun, Robert Ufford, and John Neville and others, he entered the castle, where he met up with the king. A short brawl followed before Mortimer was captured. The queen stormed into the chamber shouting "Good son, have pity on noble Mortimer". Edward did not obey his mother's wishes, and a few weeks later Mortimer was executed for treason in London. As a reward for his part in the coup, Montagu was given lands worth £1000, including the Welsh lordship of Denbigh that had belonged to Mortimer. His family also benefited; his brother Simon Montacute became Bishop of Worcester and later of Ely. Another brother, Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu, married Alice of Norfolk, a co-heir of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk.

Service under Edward III
 In the years to come, Montagu acted as Edward's closest companion. In April 1331, the two went on a secret expedition to France, disguised as merchants so they would not be recognised. In September of the same year, Montagu held a tournament at Cheapside, where he and the king were costumed as Tartars. From 1333 onwards, Montagu was deeply engaged in the Scottish Wars, and distinguished himself at the Siege of Berwick and the Battle of Halidon Hill. It was after this event that his lordship over the Isle of Man was recognised, a right he held from his grandfather. The lordship was at the moment of a purely theoretical nature, however, since the island was still under Scottish control.

In February 1334 Montagu was sent on a commission to Edinburgh, to demand Edward Balliol's homage to Edward. In the great summer campaign of 1335, it was Montagu who provided the largest English contingent, with 180 men-at-arms and 136 archers. He was well rewarded for his contributions: after Edward Balliol ceded the Lowlands, Montagu was granted the county of Peeblesshire. He was also allowed to buy the wardship of Roger Mortimer's son Roger for 1000 marks, a deal that turned out to be very lucrative for Montagu. At this point, however, the fortunes were turning for the English in Scotland. Montagu campaigned in the north again in 1337, but the Siege of Dunbar in 1338 against Agnes, Countess of Dunbar and Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie met with failure. Following the abortive attempt in Scotland, Edward III turned his attention to the continent.

The Hundred Years' War
Montagu was created Earl of Salisbury on 16 March 1337. This was one of six comital promotions Edward III made that day, in preparation for what was to become the Hundred Years' War. To allow Montagu to support his new status, the king granted him land and rent of a value of 1000 marks a year. The money was provided from the royal stannaries of Cornwall. A contemporary poem tells of a vow made by the earl on the eve of the warshe would not open one of his eyes while fighting in France. The story is probably a satire; the truth was that Montagu had already lost the use of one of his eyes in a tournament.

In April 1337, Montagu was appointed to a diplomatic commission to Valenciennes, to establish alliances with Flanders and the German princes. In July 1338, he accompanied the king on another mission to the continent, again providing the greatest number of soldiers, with 123 men-at-arms and 50 archers. In September of that year he was made Marshal of England. After the death of Thomas of Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, this office had come into the hands of Norfolk's daughter Margaret. The king did not trust the office with her husband, so he decided instead to bestow it on his trusted companion, Montagu. Edward's policy of building alliances put him in great debt, and when he left the Low Countries to return to England late in 1338, Salisbury had to stay behind as surety to the king's debtors, along with the king's family and the Earl of Derby. The earl had earlier voiced concerns about the costly alliances, but he nevertheless remained loyal to the king's strategy.

While Edward was away, Salisbury was captured by the French at Lille in April 1340, and imprisoned in Paris. Reportedly, King Philip VI of France wanted to execute Salisbury and Robert Ufford, Earl of Suffolk, who was captured with him. Philip was, however, dissuaded by John of Bohemia, who argued that the earls could come in handy in an exchange, should any French noblemen be captured. Though released on parole in September, it was not until May 1342 that he reached a final settlement with the French. Salisbury was freed in a prisoner exchange, but only on the condition that he never fight in France again.

Final years
 Salisbury had long been frustrated by the failure of the government in England to provide sufficient funds for the war effort. On his return, however, he played little part in the conflict of 1341 between King Edward and Chancellor John Stratford. In May of that year, he was appointed to a committee to hear the king's charges against Stratford, but little came from this. In 1342–43 he fought with Robert of Artois in the Breton War of Succession, and in 1343 helped negotiate the Truce of Malestroit. It was probably sometime after this he made good his claim on the Isle of Man, by conquering the island which was until then held by the Scots.

His final international commission took place late in 1343, when he accompanied Henry of Grosmont, Earl of Derby, on a diplomatic mission to Castile. Early in 1344 he was back in England, where he took part in a great tournament at Windsor. It was during this tournament, according to the chronicler Adam Murimuth, that he received wounds that would prove fatal. Salisbury died on 30 January 1344. He was buried at Bisham Priory in Berkshire, adjoining his home, Bisham Manor. He had founded the priory himself in 1337, on his elevation to the earldom. King Edward's financial obligations were never paid in full during the earl's lifetime, and at Salisbury's death, the king owed him £11,720. Of this, some £6374 were written off by his executors in 1346.

Family
In or before 1327 Salisbury married Catherine, daughter of William de Grandison, 1st Baron Grandison. Two anecdotal stories revolve around Catherine Montagu; in one she is identified as the "Countess of Salisbury" from whose dropped garter Edward III named the Order of the Garter. In the other, Edward III falls in love with the countess, and arranges to be alone with her so he can rape her. Neither story is supported by contemporary evidence, and the latter almost certainly is a product of French propaganda.

William and Catherine had six children, most of whom made highly fortunate matches with other members of the nobility. The first Earl of Salisbury made enormous additions to the family fortune; at the time of his father's death, the lands had been valued at just over £300. In 1344, only the annual income of the lands has been estimated to more than £2,300, equivalent to about £ in present-day terms. Edward was also free with granting franchises to Salisbury, including the return of writs, which gave the earl authority in his lands normally held by the royally appointed sheriff. Salisbury's oldest son William succeeded his father in July 1349, while still a minor, as William Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury. The younger William was one of the founding members of the Order of the Garter, but he never enjoyed the same favour with the king as his father had.

The children of William and Catherine were as follows:

 Elizabeth Montagu, died 1359, married first, Giles de Badlesmere, 2nd Baron Badlesmere, second, Hugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer (1338) before 27 April 1341, and third, Guy de Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan, after 1349.
 William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, born 1328, died 1397, succeeded his father on 11 June 1349.
 Sibyl Montagu, married Sir Edmund FitzAlan, Knt., eldest son of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel.
 John de Montacute, 1st Baron Montacute, born 1330, died 1390, father of John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury.
 Philippa Montagu, born 1332, died 1381, married Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March.
 Agnes Montagu, contracted to marry John, eldest son of Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn.

In fiction
Salisbury is a character in Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. He was portrayed by  in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series.

References

External links
 Inquisition Post Mortem #532, dated 1344.

External links
'Elizabeth De Montacute née Montfort', History of Henley Series. Retrieved 22 October 2013

|-

1301 births
1344 deaths
14th-century English nobility
Montagu
People of the Hundred Years' War
Monarchs of the Isle of Man
People from Bisham
People from West Oxfordshire District
People of the Wars of Scottish Independence
Male Shakespearean characters
Knights banneret of England
Wiliam
Burials at Bisham Abbey
Peers created by Edward III
Barons Montagu
Medieval governors of Guernsey

William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury


Jan Michaelis ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Jan Michaelis (Autor) (* 1968), deutscher Autor
 Jan Michaelis (Snowboarder) (* 1978), deutscher Snowboarder
 Jan Müller-Michaelis (* 1977), deutscher Autor und Regisseur

Jan Michaelis


An Anisothermal plasma is a plasma which thermal state can be approximated by more than one temperature for the different degrees of freedom of the plasma.
The degrees of freedom refer to translation (kinetic energy), rotation, vibration of each particle type.

Examples of anisothermal plasmas can be found among low-pressure plasmas that are excited by high frequency electric fields, see frequency classification of plasmas. They generally exhibit hot electrons that are powered by the alternating electric field, and a neutral and ion component, which is significantly colder due to the low efficiency of the energy transfer between light electrons and heavy neutrals and ions.

The term nonthermal plasma includes anisothermal plasmas and means that the different degrees of freedom of the plasma are not in thermal equilibrium.

See also
List of plasma physics articles

Plasma types

Anisothermal plasma


An Alopecurus alpinus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dominique Villars. An Alopecurus alpinus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alopecurus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Alopecurus

Alopecurus alpinus


Global Warming est un morceau du groupe de death metal français Gojira. Il est présent sur l'album From Mars to Sirius.

S'inscrivant dans la thématique écologique de l'ensemble de l'album-concept, il traite de la question du changement climatique et réclame une prise de conscience rapide.

Notes et références

Morceau de Gojira

Global Warming (Gojira)


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Jabloňovce enthält die fünf nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Jabloňovce im Okres Levice.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Jablonovce


Die Wiedertäufer ist die 20. Folge der Fernsehfilmreihe Wilsberg. Die Erstausstrahlung erfolgte am 7. April 2007 beim ZDF. Regie führte Martin Gies, das Drehbuch wurde von Eckehard Ziedrich nach dem 1994 von Jürgen Kehrer veröffentlichten Roman Wilsberg und die Wiedertäufer geschrieben.

Handlung
Nach 473 Jahren sind die "Wiedertäufer" nach Münster zurückgekehrt. Das Grab von Herbert Fredenböck, dem ehemaligen Gärtner des Bistums Münster, der bei einem Autounfall ums Leben kam, wird nachts geöffnet. Seine Gebeine finden sich tags darauf in den Nachbildungen der historischen Eisenkäfige im Stadtmuseum wieder, in denen vor fast fünf Jahrhunderten die Münsteraner "Wiedertäufer" am Kirchturm der Lambertikirche aufgehängt wurden. Das Bistum erhält einen Anruf, in dem mit verzerrter Stimme der Kirche gedroht wird.

Wilsberg wird daraufhin von Pater Gabriel, einem alten Freund, den er aus den 1970er Jahren von politischen Demonstrationen kennt, zu Rate gezogen, um die Grabschänder ausfindig zu machen. Ekki trifft sich unterdessen mit der Fondsmanagerin Claudia Weinert, die bei CW Investments einen Kirchenfonds betreut, zum Blinddate in einem Restaurant.

Die Wiedertäufer schlagen erneut zu und entführen ein Baby von der Säuglingsstation eines städtischen Krankenhauses. Es wird kurz darauf auf den Stufen der Lambertikirche gefunden. Wilsberg sucht die Witwe des verblichenen Fredenböcks auf. Von ihr erfährt er, dass ihr Mann als Gärtner auf Gut Moorwessel tätig war. Wilsbergs Befragung des wohlhabenden und gottesfürchtigen Inhabers des Guts, Walter Moorwessel, wird jäh von Glockengeläut unterbrochen, das aus der sonst unbenutzten Kapelle aus dem Wald herüberschallt. Als Wilsberg mit Walter Moorwessel und dessen Tochter Mareike in der Kapelle ankommt, trifft er dort auf Pater Gabriel, der angibt, von den Wiedertäufern telefonisch hierher zitiert worden zu sein. Sie müssen feststellen, dass Pater Gabriels geistlicher Bruder, Monsignore Katz, am Gebälk der Kapelle aufgeknüpft worden ist. Nichts deutet auf einen Selbstmord hin, da Katz offenbar erstochen wurde, bevor ihn sein Mörder aufgehängt hat.

Walter Moorwessel bringt am folgenden Tag 100.000 Euro in bar in einem Koffer zur Central Bank. Dabei wird er von einem maskierten Täter überfallen, der den Geldkoffer auf seiner Flucht über eine Mauer wirft, diese aber nicht wie geplant erklimmen kann. Auf der anderen Seite der Mauer wartet Ekki auf seine Bekannte Claudia, der er die Hoffnung gemacht hat, in ihren Fonds einzuzahlen. Als er den gefundenen Koffer öffnet, schaut sie ihm über die Schulter und nimmt an, er habe das Bargeld für ihren Fonds mitgebracht. Letztlich ist es sogar mehr als die Mindesteinlage von 50.000 Euro, die Ekki ja auch nicht hatte.

Alex Holtkamp hat ihre Stelle als Referendarin bei der Staatsanwaltschaft angetreten, wo sie wegen eines Autounfalls mit Sachschaden und Fahrerflucht ermittelt. Ihre Ermittlungen führen sie auf den Hof des Bauern Edwin Vosshövel. Mareike Moorwessel erzählt Wilsberg, sie sei von Herbert Fredenböck vergewaltigt worden, weshalb dieser der Vater ihres 24-jährigen Sohnes Tobias sei. Tobias habe häufiger Zuflucht auf dem benachbarten Hof Vosshövel gesucht, weswegen Wilsberg sich auf den Weg zu diesem Bauernhof macht. Dort trifft er nicht nur auf Alex, sondern zugleich auf Tobias, der aussagt, er habe Kontakt zu den Wiedertäufern, die eine sechsköpfige Gruppe unter der Leitung von Pater Gabriel seien. Als Walter Moorwessel auf der Suche nach seinem Enkel auf dem Hof erscheint, erkennt er Tobias weiße Gesichtsmaske von dem Überfall auf seinen Geldkoffer wieder und stellt Tobias zur Rede. Auf Drängen seines Großvaters macht Tobias am folgenden Tag eine Aussage über die Gruppe der Wiedertäufer bei der Polizei, die sich erst einige Tage später als Falschaussage herausstellt. Anschließend taucht Tobias unter.

Um Ekki behilflich zu sein, die gefundenen 100.000 Euro von Claudia wiederzubekommen, gibt sich Wilsberg gegenüber der Fondsmanagerin als Geldgeber aus. Im Gespräch mit Claudia erfährt Wilsberg im Vertrauen, dass Walter Moorwessel 60 % der Fondsanteile des CW Investmentfonds hält. Ekki bestätigt Wilsbergs Vermutung, dass die versteuerten 250.000 Euro, die Moorwessel jährlich angibt, nicht dazu ausreichen, um diese Fondsanteile zu erwerben. Georg Wilsberg geht davon aus, dass Moorwessel Schwarzgeld in den Fonds einzahlte. Er ließ sich von dem gutgläubigen Monsignore Katz Bauprojekte vermitteln, deren Bilanzen er fälschte, um durch Steuerhinterziehung die Überschüsse in den Fonds fließen lassen zu können. Laut Satzung des Fonds muss dieser die Gelder sofort wieder in Bauprojekte investieren, die erneut Moorwessel erhielt. Ekki lässt eine Durchsuchung bei CW Investment sowie auf dem Gut Moorwessel durchführen.

Von Herbert Fredenböcks Witwe erfährt Wilsberg, dass ihr Mann zeugungsunfähig war. Damit kann er entgegen der Aussage von Mareike Moorwessel nicht Tobias Vater sein. Wilsberg sucht erneut nach Tobias auf dem Hof Vosshövel, wo er in der Scheune, in der Tobias oft übernachtet, den abgesägten Lauf einer Flinte findet.

Wilsberg ahnt Böses und folgt zusammen mit Edwin Vosshövel dem Wagen von Walter und Mareike Moorwessel zur Lambertikirche. Auf dem Kirchturm zwingt Tobias seinen Großvater mit vorgehaltener Waffe zuzugeben, dass er seine Mutter missbraucht hat und somit nicht nur sein Großvater, sondern auch zugleich sein Vater ist. Zudem gibt Tobias zu, dass er die Gruppierung der Wiedertäufer erfunden hat, jedoch ihr einziges Mitglied sei. Er schäme sich allerdings nur dafür, dass Walter Moorwessel den Namen der "Wiedertäufer" als Vorwand genommen hat, um den von ihm begangenen Mord an Monsignore Katz, der hinter Moorwessels Machenschaften gekommen sei und eine Buchprüfung bei der CW Invest gefordert habe, zu vertuschen.

Kommissarin Anna Springer und Overbeck nehmen Tobias und Walter Moorwessel fest. Alex Holtkamp, die inzwischen für den Fall Moorwessel zuständig ist, stuft die verschwundenen 100.000 Euro als unbedenklich ein, um Ekki zu entlasten. Pater Gabriel, der aufgrund der belastenden Aussage von Tobias zwischenzeitlich in Untersuchungshaft genommen wurde, wird aus der Haft entlassen. Mareike Moorwessel zieht aus dem Gut ihres Vaters aus.

Hintergrund
Der Film wurde in Münster und Köln gedreht. Die Dreharbeiten, die parallel zur Episode Unter Anklage erfolgten, begannen am 5. Oktober 2006 und endeten am 7. Dezember 2006.

In Münster wurde an der Lambertikirche gedreht, an deren Turm unabhängig vom Film die Eisenkäfige der Münsteraner Täufer, polemisch Wiedertäufer genannt, hängen. Hier entstand unter anderem die Szene, in der das entführte Baby auf den Kirchenstufen abgelegt wird. Ebenso entstanden Aufnahmen am  Dom zu Münster sowie am Antiquariat Solder in der Frauenstraße, in dem im Film das Antiquariat Wilsberg zu finden ist. Zunächst kauft Ekki, später auch Wilsberg, Blumen am Prinzipalmarkt. Die fiktive Central Bank wurde in den Räumlichkeiten des Erbdrostenhofs angesiedelt. An der Rückseite des Erbdrostenhofs entstanden die Aufnahmen an der Ecke des Maria-Euthymia-Platzes und der Ringoldsgasse, die Ekki wartend an der Backsteinmauer zeigen, an der er den Geldkoffer findet. Den beim Unfall beschädigten Stromkasten begutachtet Alex in der Altstadt am Bült. Die Szene, in der Wilsberg und Alex sich am Imbiss verköstigen, wurde auf dem Domplatz gedreht. Im Hintergrund ist das historische Rathaus der Stadt zu sehen.

Die Szene mit der in der Kapelle hängenden Person wurde in der Marienkapelle in der Bauerschaft Dernekamp in Dülmen gedreht.

Am 21. Juni 2007 wurde die Folge zusammen mit der 18. Folge Miss-Wahl von Polarfilm auf DVD mit FSK-12-Freigabe veröffentlicht. Die DVD enthält neben den beiden Hauptfilmen als Bonusmaterial ein Making-of sowie ein Porträt über die Stadt Münster.

Der Running Gag Bielefeld verweist in dieser Folge auf den Ort des Unfalls, über welchen Alex auf eigene Faust ermittelt, der sich an der Ecke der Bielefelder Straße und Osnabrücker Straße ereignet hat.

Rezeption

Einschaltquoten
4,8 Millionen Zuschauer sahen die Folge Die Wiedertäufer bei ihrer Erstausstrahlung im ZDF, was einen Marktanteil von 17,4 % ausmachte und den Tagessieg zur Hauptsendezeit bedeutete. Bei den 14- bis 49-Jährigen wurde ein Marktanteil von 11,0 % erzielt. Die Wiederholung im Juli 2010 sahen 1,58 Millionen Zuschauer, was 5,5 % Marktanteil entsprach.

Kritik
Das Lexikon des internationalen Films resümiert, die Folge sei ein "konventioneller (Fernseh-)Detektivfilm nach den längst vertrauten Mustern der Serie." "Der launige Kirchenkrimi kommt nur langsam in Fahrt. Bis sich ein stimmiger Ton, die nötige Spannung und unterhaltsame Nebenschauplätze finden", urteilt TV Spielfilm.

Rainer Tittelbach ist der Meinung, die im "Kirchen-Milieu" spielende Folge sei mit Michael Mendl und André Hennicke "gut besetzt", habe "aber etwas sehr viel Handlung und für »Wilsberg«-Verhältnisse wenig zündenden Witz".

Die Folge Die Wiedertäufer sei "ziemlich weit von einer vorstellbaren Realität entfernt, nichtsdestotrotz aber unterhaltsam", urteilt der Mediendienst teleschau. "Ein paar düstere Bilder, eine krude Ästhetik, viele rätselhafte Begebenheiten", mit all diesem weiß die Folge aufzuwarten.

Die Redaktion der Neuen Osnabrücker Zeitung lobt, "dieser Wilsberg entwickelt mehr und mehr Spannung aus einem Personenpuzzle, in dem einfach jeder etwas zu verbergen hat". "Dieser Wilsberg ist als Krimi besser, aber als Komödie schlechter als der letzte Münster-Tatort" Ruhe sanft!, so ihr Urteil.

Literatur
 Jürgen Kehrer: Wilsberg und die Wiedertäufer, 1994, ISBN 3-89425-047-X,

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Die Wiedertäufer bei beruehmtedetektive.de

Filmtitel 2007
Deutscher Film
Fernsehfilm (ZDF)
Wiedertaufer #Die

Wilsberg: Die Wiedertäufer


حيدر عبد الحق (7 أكتوبر 1964 -) هو مذيع عراقي للأخبار الرياضة في قناة الجزيرة التي التحق بها في عام 1996 وهو رئيس القسم الرياضي فيها.

وصلات خرجية
 صفحته على موقع الجزيرة

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
إعلام رياضي
رياضيون عراقيون
صحفيو قناة الجزيرة
مذيعون عراقيون
مغتربون عراقيون في قطر
مواليد 1384 هـ
مواليد 1964

حيدر عبد الحق


Slovak literature is the literature of Slovakia.

History

Middle Ages
The first monuments of literature from territory now included in present-day Slovakia are from the time of Great Moravia (from 863 to the early 10th century). Authors from this period are Saint Cyril, Saint Methodius and Clement of Ohrid. Works from this period, mostly written on Christian topics include: the poem Proglas as a foreword to the four Gospels, partial translations of the Bible into Old Church Slavonic, Zakon sudnyj ljudem, etc.

The medieval period covers the span from the 11th to the 15th century. Literature in this period was written in Latin, Czech and slovakized Czech. Lyric poetry (prayers, songs and formulas) was still under the influence of the Church, while epic poetry concentrated on legends. Authors from this period include Johannes de Thurocz, author of the Chronica Hungarorum, and Maurus. Secular literature also emerged and chronicles were written in this period.

1500–1650

Literature of a national character first emerged in the 16th century, much later than for other national literatures. Latin dominated as the written language in the 16th century. Besides Church topics, there was a development of antique topics, related to ancient Greece and Rome.

The first Slovak printed book was The Book of Oaths (1561) by Vašek Zaleský. An early Slovak Renaissance love poem is the anonymous epic Siládi and Hadmázi (1560), set against a background of the Turkish incursions into Central Europe.

Juraj Tranovský was sometimes called the father of Slovak hymnody and issued several collections of hymns, the first being the Latin Odarum Sacrarum sive Hymnorum Libri III in 1629, but his most important and most famous word was Cithara Sanctorum (Lyre of the Saints), written in Czech, which appeared in 1636 in Levoča. This latter volume has formed the basis of Czech and Slovak Lutheran hymnody to the present day. Against the background of the scarcity of Slovak literature, Tranovský's Slovak hymns formed a source for raising national consciousness.

1650–1780
With the distinction between religious and secular literature that had started to develop in the Renaissance period, the religious conflicts in Slovakia during the Baroque period led to a clear division between sacred and profane.

Daniel Sinapius-Horčička wrote Latin poems and school dramas, religious prose, proverbs and select Slovak spiritual poetry. His prose displays national consciousness, lauding Slovak and criticizing the lack of patriotism among his fellow Slovaks.

Hugolín Gavlovič authored religious, moral, and educational writings in the contemporary West Slovak vernacular, and was a prominent representative of baroque literature in Slovakia. His most famous piece of work is Valašská škola, mravúv stodola, a work of 17,862 verses, as well as numerous versified couplet-marginalia.

1780–1840

Slovak Classicism was part of the larger European neo-Classicist movement of the Enlightenment. The rise of nationalism in the aftermath of the French Revolution gave rise to a national revival in literature. Until the mid-nineteenth century, Slovak was generally written in the form of Czech, with various degrees of Slovakization. Anton Bernolák's Gramatica Slavika used a West Slovak dialect as the standard written form, a transitional step to modern literary Slovak, but ultimately a failure. Even so, significant works were published using Bernolák's standards, beginning with Juraj Fándly's 1879 Dúverná zmlúva medzi mňíchom a ďáblom (An intimate treaty between the monk and the Devil). Lutheran Slovaks like Augustin Dolezal, Juraj Palkovič and Pavel Jozef Šafárik tended to prefer a common Czech-Slovak identity and language.

The first Hungarian newspaper Magyar Hirmondó was published in Pressburg (Bratislava) in 1780, followed in 1783 by the first Slovak newspaper, a short-lived periodical, Prešpurské Noviny in 1783.

Jozef Ignác Bajza is best known for his novel René mláďenca príhodi a skúsenosťi (original, modern spelling René mládenca príhody a skúsenosti – 1784), which was the first novel written in Slovak.

Pan-Slavic unity served as the template for many poems of this period. Ján Kollár's collection of 150 poems, Slávy Dcera, glorifies pan-Slavic ideals in three cantos named after the Saale, Elbe and Danube.  Jan Holly's epic poem Svätopluk, published in 1833, serves as the most significant text of the period.

1840–1871
Ľudovít Štúr was the leader of the Slovak national revival in the 19th century, the creator of standard Slovak, eventually leading to the modern standard Slovak. The central Slovak dialect was chosen as the basis of the standard language. Štúr's codification work was disapproved by Ján Kollár and the Czechs, who saw it as an act of Slovak withdrawal from the idea of a common Czecho-Slovak nation and a weakening of solidarity. But the majority of Slovak scholars, including the Catholics (using Bernolák's codification until then), welcomed the notion of codification. In 1844, he wrote Nárečja slovenskuo alebo potreba písaňja v tomto nárečí ("The Slovak dialect or the necessity to write in this dialect"). In 1853 the only compilation of his poetry, Spevy a piesne ("Singings and songs") was published in Pressburg.

Janko Kráľ was one of the first poets to start writing in modern Slovak standard freshly codified (in 1843) by Ľudovít Štúr and his companions.

Dramatist Ján Chalupka's first works were in Czech, but after 1848 he started writing in Slovak and translated Czech originals into Slovak.

1872–1917

Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav wrote his youthful poems only in Hungarian until the 1860s. In 1871 he participated in the preparation of the Almanach Napred ("Forward") which marks the beginning of a new literary generation in Slovak literature. He introduced the syllabic-tonic verse into Slovak poetry and became leading representative of Slovak literary realism. His style is characterized by extensive use of self-coined words and expressions making it difficult to translate his works into foreign languages.

Martin Kukučín was the most notable representative of Slovak literary realism, and is considered to be one of the founders of modern Slovak prose.

1918–1945
As a result of the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and subsequent establishment of Czechoslovakia, the sociolinguistic pressures of Magyarization disappeared. During the interwar period, the preeminence of poetry gave way to prose. Milo Urban's 1927 work Živý bič (The Living Whip) and Jozef Cíger-Hronský's 1933 novel Jozef Mak both focused on the village, and the nature of change.

During the turbulent years of the Slovak Republic and reestablishment of Czechoslovakia, two separate literary movements dominated, the lyrical prose of Hronský, František Švantner, Dobroslav Chrobák, Ľudo Ondrejov and Margita Figuli ( Three Chestnut Horses), and the Slovak surrealists (Štefan Žáry, Rudolf Fabry, Pavel Bunčák and others).

See also
History of Slovak
Slovak poetry
Slovak prose

References

External links
 Zlatý fond denníka SME – Slovak digital library
 Slovak literature in English translations, Slovak Studies Program, University of Pittsburgh
 Slavic Literature Resources from the Slavic Reference Service, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
 Slovak Drama in Translation
 Toronto Slavic Quarterly
 Penniless Press
 THE LONDON MAGAZINE
 STAND Magazine
 Diversity – Collection of poetry, fiction and essay of PEN International 1
 Diversity – Collection of poetry, fiction and essay of PEN International 2

Slovak literature


Petrol rafinerisi (kısaca rafineri olarak da adlandırılır), petrol endüstrisi'nde ham petrolün arıtılarak ve çeşitli işlemlerden geçirilerek nafta, benzin, dizel yakıtı, sıvılaştırılmış petrol gazı, asfalt, kerosen, bitüm, gudron, mazut, petrol koku ve fuel oil gibi kullanışlı ürünlere dönüştürüldüğü bir endüstriyel işlem tesisidir.

Etilen ve propilen gibi petrokimyasal ham maddeler de, nafta gibi ham petrol türevleri kullanılmasına gerek kalmadan ham petrolün parçalanması yoluyla direkt olarak üretilebilir. Ham petrol genellikle bir petrol üretim tesisinde çıkarılır ve işlenir. Gelen ham petrolün ve sıvı ürünlerin depolanması için petrol rafinerilerinin yakınında genellikle birer petrol deposu bulunur.

Rafinerilerde kullanılan birim işlemler

 Tuzdan arındırma
 Atmosferik distilasyon
 Vakum distilasyonu
 Katalitik kraking
 Katalitik reformlama
 Alkilasyon
 İzomerizasyon
 Polimerizasyon
 Hidrodesülfürizasyon
 Tatlandırma
 Hidrokraking
 Asfalt ayırma
 Visbreaking
 Koklama
 Amin gazı işleme
 Piroliz

Kaynakça

Petrol arıtma

Kimya mühendisliği
Kimyasal işlemler
Damıtma
Çinli icatları
Kuzey Vey
Song Hanedanı
İş sağlığı ve güvenliği

Petrol rafinerisi


إنزو شيفو ، من مواليد 19 فبراير 1966، لاعب كرة قدم بلجيكي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب بلجيكا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بلجيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بلجيكيون مغتربون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من لا لوفيير
بلجيكيون من أصل إيطالي
رياضيون بلجيكيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون بلجيكيون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون بلجيكيون مغتربون في موناكو
رياضيون من مقاطعة هينو
لاعبو نادي أندرلخت
لاعبو أوكسير
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو إنتر ميلان
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو تورينو
لاعبو كأس العالم 1986
لاعبو كأس العالم 1990
لاعبو كأس العالم 1994
لاعبو كأس العالم 1998
لاعبو كرة قدم بلجيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم بلجيكيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة هينو
لاعبو منتخب بلجيكا لكرة القدم
لاعبو موناكو
لاعبو نادي لوفيرواز
مدربو كرة قدم بلجيكيون
مدربو موسكرون بيروفيلز
مدربو نادي رويال شارلروا
مدربو نادي مونز
مواليد 1966
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي الممتاز

إنزو شيفو


Firelord (Pyreus Kril) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Publication history

Firelord first appears in Thor #225 (July 1974) and was created by writer Gerry Conway and penciler John Buscema.

Fictional character biography
Pyreus Kril is a Xandarian who was born on the planet Xandar, in the Andromeda Galaxy. He is a graduate of the Nova Corps Academy, the military and exploratory force of the planet Xandar. During his commission, he served aboard a Xandarian ship under the command of Gabriel Lan. Gabriel and Pyreus became friends, until Gabriel was abducted by the cosmic entity Galactus and transformed into the herald the Air-Walker. Pyreus assumes command as captain and begins an obsessive search for Gabriel. Pyreus eventually locates Galactus' vessel and confronts the entity, only to discover that Gabriel was killed in combat. Galactus tells this to Pyreus only after the Xandarian agrees to serve him as his latest herald.

Pyreus is then transformed into Firelord, and after a period of servitude asked for his freedom. Galactus agrees on the condition that Firelord first find a replacement. Firelord travels to Earth and after an encounter with the Thunder God Thor and Hercules is freed when Thor presents Galactus with the armor of the Asgardian Destroyer to animate and use as a herald. After aiding Thor on several occasions, Firelord returns to deep space. He returns months later with the Shi'ar agent Erik the Red, who tricks Firelord into battling the X-Men.

Several years later Firelord discovers that Thor has battled a robot replica of the Air-Walker, and after revealing the origin of the two heralds to Thor returns to space with the remains of the android. Firelord later encounters Spider-Man in a fight - albeit one provoked by humans who drove Firelord into a temper because they believed that he was a mutant - but he was defeated by the wall-crawler due to Spider-Man's hit-and-run approach serving as an effective counter to Firelord's brute raw power. Firelord also meets the superhero team the Avengers, and assists them against the space-pirate Nebula. Firelord has since aided his fellow herald Silver Surfer on a number of occasions, particularly against the threat of Morg, Galactus' most brutal herald. Firelord assisted Thor in his battle against Thanos and his thrall Mangog. Firelord and Air-Walker also helped Nova and the New Warriors fight the Xandarian villain Supernova.

Annihilation

Firelord battles the Annihilation Wave alongside his fellow heralds, including Red Shift and Stardust. Although wounded at one point, Firelord recovers and now seeks vengeance against the remnants of the forces of Annihilus as they destroyed his home-world of Xandar.

Powers and abilities
Pyreus Kril was a normal Xandarian man until transformed by Galactus. Given mastery over the cosmic flame, Firelord wields a flaming staff and is capable of energy projection via his eyes and staff. Like all heralds, the Power Cosmic provides Firelord with superhuman strength, reflexes and durability, flight, mastery of the electromagnetic spectrum and total immunity to the rigors of space. Firelord is also capable of travelling faster than the speed of light.

Pyreus Kril graduated from the Xandarian Nova Corps Academy, and in addition to a thorough knowledge of combat has knowledge of advanced alien technology and space navigation.

Other versions

Guardians of the Galaxy
In the 31st century of Earth-691, Firelord is an ally of the Guardians of the Galaxy. He is known as "Protector of the Universe", but does not wear the Quantum Bands traditionally assigned to the holder of the role. He soon joins the sub-group, the Galactic Guardians.

Heroes Reborn
Firelord serves Galactus alongside his fellow heralds, with the entire group being worshiped by the Inhumans.

Marvel Zombies 2
Firelord appears as one of the "cosmic zombies' who return to Earth 40 years after the original infection. He has assisted the original space-faring group in eating nearly every sentient being in the galaxy. His jaw is literally broken so he can not speak. The returning zombies eventually regain control over their minds and cravings. The sole exception is the Hulk, who tries to eat the last of the human race. Firelord is destroyed while trying to stop him with his own staff smashing his head off.

In other media

Television
 Firelord appears in the 1994 Fantastic Four episode "Silver Surfer and the Coming of Galactus", voiced by Alan Oppenheimer.
 Firelord makes a non-speaking appearance in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "Last Exit Before Doomsday!" as a herald of Galactus.
 Firelord makes a non-speaking appearance in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode "Avengers Assemble" as one of Galactus' heralds.
 Firelord appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode "Planet Hulk", voiced by John DiMaggio. This version is Galactus' latest herald, replacing Terrax.

Video games
 Firelord is featured as a boss in the Silver Surfer video game.

References

External links

Characters created by Gerry Conway
Characters created by John Buscema
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Marvel Comics aliens
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
Marvel Comics superheroes

Firelord (character)


The Wonder (no Brasil: O Milagre, em Portugal: O Prodígio) é um longa-metragem irlandês coproduzido internacionalmente com Estados Unidos e Reino Unido de drama histórico psicológico lançado em 2022 baseado no romance homônimo lançado em 2016 de Emma Donoghue. Dirigido por Sebastián Lelio, co-escrito entre ele, Donogoghue e Alice Birch, a trama se ambienta-se logo após a Grande fome de 1845–1849 na Irlanda em que uma jovem enfermeira inglesa é enviada a uma vila rural irlandesa para observar uma jovem 'menina em jejum', que aparentemente é capaz de sobreviver milagrosamente sem comer. Florence Pugh lidera um ensemble cast que inclui Tom Burke, Niamh Algar, Elaine Cassidy, Dermot Crowley, Brían F. O'Byrne, David Wilmot, Ruth Bradley, Caolán Byrne, Josie Walker, Ciarán Hinds, Toby Jones e Kíla Lord Cassidy.

O filme estreou no Telluride Film Festival em 2 de setembro de 2022, teve um lançamento limitado nos cinemas em 2 de novembro de 2022 e foi transmitido pela Netflix em 16 de novembro de 2022. Recebeu críticas positivas dos críticos que elogiaram a direção de arte e as performances do elenco, principalmente de Pugh. Dentre os reconhecimentos recebidos está a indicação a 12 categorias no British Independent Film Awards, sendo vencedor no de Melhor Trilha Sonora Original por Matthew Herbert. Além disso, foi um dos a adentrar a lista de 10 melhores filmes independentes do ano de 2022 pela organização de críticos da National Board of Review.

Sinopse
Assombrada por seu passado, uma enfermeira, em 1862, resolve ir até um remoto vilarejo irlandês visando investigar o suspeito, mas supostamente milagroso jejum de uma jovem.

Elenco

 Florence Pugh como Elizabeth "Lib" Wright
 Kíla Lord Cassidy como Anna O'Donnell / Nan
 Tom Burke como William Byrne
 Niamh Algar como Kitty O'Donnell / The Narrator
 Elaine Cassidy como Rosaleen O'Donnell
 Caolán Byrne como Malachy O' Donnell
 Toby Jones como Dr McBrearty
 Ciarán Hinds como Father Thaddeus
 Dermot Crowley como Sir Otway
 Brían F. O'Byrne como John Flynn
 David Wilmot como Seán Ryan
 Ruth Bradley como Maggie Ryan
 Josie Walker como Sister Michael

Produção
Em 28 de abril de 2021, foi anunciado que Florence Pugh iria estrelar a adaptação de Sebastián Lelio de The Wonder. As filmagens começaram na Irlanda em 12 de agosto de 2021. Acompanhando o anúncio do início da produção, foi relatado que Tom Burke, Niamh Algar, Elaine Cassidy, Kíla Lord Cassidy, Toby Jones, Ciarán Hinds, Dermot Crowley, Brían F. O' Byrne e David Wilmot se juntaram ao elenco.

Lançamento
The Wonder estreou no Festival de Cinema de Telluride em 2 de setembro de 2022, seguido por uma exibição no Festival Internacional de Cinema de Toronto no ida 13 de setembro de 2022. Sua estreia europeia foi no 70º Festival Internacional de Cinema de San Sebastián em 21 de setembro de 2022. Foi lançado na Netflix em 16 de novembro de 2022, após um lançamento limitado nos cinemas em 2 de novembro.

Recepção
No site agregador de críticas, Rotten Tomatoes, 87% das 158 críticas dos críticos são positivas, com uma classificação média de 7,2/10. O consenso do site diz: "A atmosfera é envolvente e a história é fascinante, mas a maravilha desse drama de época realmente está no desempenho notável de Florence Pugh". O Metacritic, que usa uma média ponderada, atribuiu ao filme uma pontuação de 71 em 100, com base em 37 críticos, indicando "críticas geralmente favoráveis".

Revendo o filme após sua estreia em Telluride, David Ehrlich do IndieWire chamou-o de "conto suntuoso, mas ligeiramente malpassado", elogiando a direção de Lelio, as atuações, a cinematografia e a trilha sonora. Peter Bruge elogiou as atuações do elenco em sua crítica para a Variety, mas criticou o roteiro, resumindo-o como uma "adaptação imparcial, mas absurda". Stephen Farber, do The Hollywood Reporter, considerou-o um "estudo esclarecedor de preconceitos obscuros" e elogiou o desempenho de Pugh e a direção de Lelio, que ele disse representar talvez sua "melhor conquista até hoje".

O filme foi comparado ao que foi denominado, horror folk, com Meara Isenberg da CNET observando seu "ambiente rural, pressentimento religioso e sensação geral de pavor". Ed Power, do Irish Examiner, descreveu-o como "O trauma da fome encontra o horror folk", chamando-o de "filme envolvente ... cheio de segredos enterrados e mal purulento".

Ligações Externas

Filmes da Irlanda de 2022
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2022
Filmes do Reino Unido de 2022
Filmes sobre o catolicismo
Enfermeiros em filmes
Filmes baseados em romances de autores da Irlanda
Filmes ambientados na década de 1860
Filmes ambientados em 1862
Filmes ambientados na República da Irlanda
Filmes de drama da Irlanda

The Wonder