Steven Maharey  (born 3 February 1953) is a New Zealand academic and former politician of the Labour Party. Elected to Parliament for the first time in 1990 , he was Minister of Social Development and Employment from 1999 to 2005 and Minister of Education from 2005 to 2007. He retired from Parliament at the 2008 general election to become the Vice-Chancellor at Massey University.

Early life
Maharey was born in Palmerston North in 1953, the son of William Maharey and his wife Irene. He attended Freyberg High School in 1966–1969. After gaining an MA Hons in sociology from Palmerston North's Massey University (1972–1976), he was a lecturer at that institution from 1978, teaching both sociology and business administration. His particular specialties within sociology were social change and cultural studies.

Political career

Palmerston North City Council
Maharey served one term on the Palmerston North City Council from 1986 to 1989.

Member of Parliament

In the 1990 election, Maharey stood as the Labour Party candidate for Palmerston North, replacing retiring MP Trevor de Cleene, and was elected to Parliament. After Maharey left the Labour party, Iain Lees-Galloway successfully held the seat for Labour in the 2008 election. He was a subscriber of Third Way political thinking.

Maharey immediately became Labour's spokesperson for broadcasting and communications under Mike Moore. He later gained associate responsibility for education. In 1993, he instead became spokesperson for labour and employment. In 1994 he was promoted to a seat on the frontbench to replace Peter Dunne, who had quit the party. In a 1997 reshuffle he relinquished the labour portfolio and instead became spokesperson on social welfare.

Cabinet minister
After the 1999 election, a Labour-Alliance government was formed, Maharey became Minister of Social Services and Employment, having responsibility for social welfare, youth services, and the reduction of unemployment. In 2002 the title changed to Minister for Social Development and Employment. He also became Associate Minister of Education responsible for tertiary education. After the 2002 election, in which Labour was re-elected, Maharey also became Minister of Broadcasting. In a December 2004 cabinet reshuffle, Maharey was promoted to Minister of Education, Minister for Research, Science and Technology, Minister for Crown Research Institutes, and Minister for Youth Affairs. He was officially ranked fourth in the Cabinet hierarchy.

While former colleague John Tamihere described Maharey as 'smarmy' in an Investigate magazine interview, Maharey's personality publicly surfaced during the Christine Rankin Employment Court Hearing in 2001, where Rankin (a former head of Maharey's department whose contract was not renewed) and Maharey publicly exchanged insults. The New Zealand Herald quoted several exchanges between the two verbatim that were alleged to have occurred by Rankin. The court did not uphold Rankin's claims.

In April 2007, Maharey came under criticism for saying 'fuck you' in parliamentary question time on 4 April. He apologised shortly afterwards. The outburst was elicited when Maharey was questioned by Jonathan Coleman about the appropriateness of his actions as broadcasting minister threatening to complain to the Radio New Zealand board when he was displeased by a host Sean Plunket referring to a comment Maharey had made about the need for the Cambridge exam in Botswana as 'racist.'

Maharey stood down from his ministerial roles in October 2007, pending his appointment as Vice-Chancellor of Massey University. In the 2009 New Year Honours, Maharey was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services as a Member of Parliament.

Roles after Parliament
From 2008 until 2016, Steve Maharey was the Vice-Chancellor of Massey University. During Maharey's eight years as Vice-Chancellor, total staff numbers (FTE) increased from 3,080 in 2009, his first full year as Vice-Chancellor, to 3,213 in 2016, his last year in the role. However, over the same time period academic staff numbers remained much the same. Student numbers (EFTS) decreased from 19,994 in 2009 to 18,994 in 2016 due to a reduction in domestic students, including extramural students, partly offset by an increase in international students. Māori enrolments also decreased from 3,548 to 3338 students during this period. Over the same period, the university's consolidated revenues increased from $406 million to $489 million and net assets increased from $924 million to approximately $1 billion. However, external research income decreased from $70 million in 2009 to $67 million in 2016.

In August 2018, Maharey became the chair of the Board of Pharmac. During this period Pharmac underwent a period of change following a critical review. In April 2021, he became Chair of the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC).

In 2022, Maharey was awarded an honorary Doctor of Literature degree by Massey University.

In March 2023, Maharey attracted media attention after the Public Service Commissioner Peter Hughes ruled that two of his op-ed columns published in the Sunday Star Times breached public servants' rules for impartiality. Since Maharey's actions were deemed to be at the "lower end of the spectrum," Prime Minister Chris Hipkins ruled that Maharey would retain his positions as the Chair of Pharmac, ACC, and Education New Zealand.

Notes

References

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1953 births
Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Living people
Massey University alumni
Academic staff of Massey University
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
Ministers of Housing (New Zealand)
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
People from Palmerston North
New Zealand education ministers
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
People educated at Freyberg High School
Vice-Chancellors of Massey University
21st-century New Zealand politicians
Palmerston North City Councillors

Steve Maharey


Janusz Gol (* 11. November 1985 in Świdnica, Polen) ist ein polnischer Fußballspieler, der derzeit bei KS Cracovia in Polen tätig ist.

Karriere
Janusz Gol erlernte das Fußballspielen in seiner Heimatstadt Świdnica bei Polonia/Sparta Świdnica. 2004 kam er dann in die Erste Mannschaft von Polonia/Sparta Świdnica, wo er bis 2008 im Amateurbereich spielte. 2008 wechselte er in die Ekstraklasa zu GKS Bełchatów, wo er sich auch sofort durchsetzen konnte und Stammspieler im Mittelfeld wurde. Nach zweieinhalb erfolgreichen Jahren bei GKS wechselte Gol zur Rückrunde der Saison 2010/11 zum polnischen Top-Klub Legia Warschau. Für Legia spielte er in zweieinhalb Saisons 57 Mal in der Ekstraklasa und wurde ein Mal polnischer Meister und drei Mal polnischer Pokalsieger. Zur Saison 2013/14 wechselte Janusz Gol ins Ausland zu Amkar Perm, wo er einen 2-Jahres-Vertrag unterschrieb. In Perm war er immer Stammspieler und verlängerte seinen Vertrag 2015 um weitere 2 Jahre inklusive einer Zusatzoption für ein weiteres Jahr. Im Sommer 2018 folgte dann der Wechsel zu KS Cracovia.

Karriere in der Nationalmannschaft
Am 20. Januar 2010 feierte Janusz Gol sein Debüt in der polnischen Nationalmannschaft beim 3:1 gegen Thailand. Insgesamt brachte er es bisher auf acht Einsätze in der Nationalmannschaft.

Erfolge
 Polnischer Pokalsieger (2011, 2012, 2013)
 Polnischer Meister (2013)

Weblinks

Fußballnationalspieler (Polen)
Fußballspieler (GKS Bełchatów)
Fußballspieler (Legia Warschau)
Fußballspieler (Amkar Perm)
Fußballspieler (KS Cracovia)
Pole
Polnischer Meister (Fußball)
Geboren 1985
Mann

Janusz Gol


An Typhonium blumei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dan Henry Nicolson ngan M. Sivadasan. An Typhonium blumei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Typhonium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Typhonium

Typhonium blumei


Onthophagus wilgi é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Matthews em 1972.

Referências

Ligações externas

wilgi
Coleópteros descritos em 1972

Onthophagus wilgi


Pervez Musharraf (11. ágúst 1943 – 5. febrúar 2023) var pakistanskur herforingi sem var forseti Pakistans frá 2001 til 2008. Hann komst til valda eftir að hafa staðið fyrir valdaráni hersins gegn borgaralegum stjórnvöldum árið 1999. Hann útnefndi sjálfan sig forseta árið 2001 og kallaði til þjóðaratkvæðagreiðslu til að réttlæta stjórn sína árið 2002. Musharraf herti enn tökin árið 2007 með því að bola hæstaréttardómurum og herforingjum úr embætti og lýsa yfir sex vikna neyðarástandi. Hann neyddist engu að síður til að segja af sér næsta ár þegar stjórnarandstaðan hótaði því að kæra hann til hæstaréttar fyrir valdníðslu á stjórnartíð sinni. Musharraf yfirgaf Pakistan í kjölfarið og flutti til Lundúna.

Árið 2010 reyndi Musharraf að snúa aftur á stjórnmálasviðið með því að stofna nýjan stjórnmálaflokk, All Pakistan Muslim League. Hann hugðist snúa aftur til Pakistans árin 2011 og 2012 en honum var gert ljóst að ef hann stigi fæti á pakistanska grundu yrði hann handtekinn og ákærður fyrir spillingu.

Musharraf hefur dvalið í útlegð í London og Dúbaí frá árinu 2014. Í desember árið 2019 dæmdi dómstóll í Islamabad Musharraf til dauða að honum fjarstöddum fyrir meint landráð. Dauðadómurinn var ógiltur í janúar árið 2020.

Bakgrunnur
Musharraf fæddist í Delí í þáverandi breska Indlandi og er kominn úr embættismannafjölskyldu. Hann flutti ásamt foreldrum sínum til hins nýstofnaða Pakistans við skiptingu Indlands árið 1947. Faðir hans, Syed Musharraf Uddin, gekk í pakistönsku utanríkisþjónustuna og varð síðar utanríkisráðherra landsins. Móðir hans, Zarin, varð embættismaður hjá Sameinuðu þjóðunum.

Í endurminningum sínum segir Musharraf frá því að hann hafi slasast alvarlega á unga aldri þegar hann datt úr mangótré og að þetta hafi verið fyrstu kynni hans af dauðanum.

Frá 1949 til 1956 bjó Musharraf-fjölskyldan í Ankara í Tyrklandi, þar sem faðirinn vann sem erindreki. Musharraf lærði þar tyrknesku. Hann gekk síðan í kaþólskan skóla í Karachi og útskrifaðist þaðan árið 1958. Seinna gekk hann í virtan mótmælendaskóla í Lahore og tók áfanga í fjölmiðlastjórnun við Háskólann í Delí.

Hernaðarferill
Musharraf gekk í pakistanska herinn árið 1964 og barðist gegn Indverjum í stríðum ríkjanna árin 1965 og 1971. Hann gekk síðar í hernaðarháskólann í Quetta og í Konunglega varnarfræðaháskólann í London.

Eftir að Musharraf hafði gegnt ýmsum embættum í hernum útnefndi Nawaz Sharif, forsætisráðherra Pakistans, hann hæstráðanda hersins árið 1998. Næsta ár kom til átaka milli Pakistans og Indlands um umdeildu landsvæðin í Jammú og Kasmír. Kargil-stríðið milli ríkjanna endaði með því að Musharraf neyddist til að hörfa með pakistanska herinn vegna þrýstings frá alþjóðasamfélaginu.

Nokkrum mánuðum síðar, þann 12. október árið 1999, gerði Sharif sig líklegan til að leysa Musharraf úr embætti á meðan hann var á leið heim frá Srí Lanka. Herinn tók þá völdin á flugvellinum í Pakistan og tók yfir fleiri ríkisstjórnarbyggingar. Musharraf varð leiðtogi Pakistans og stofnaði til herforingjastjórnar.

Musharraf sagði af sér sem hæstráðandi hersins þann 27. nóvember árið 2007 og næstráðandi hans, Ashfaq Parvez Kayani tók við af honum.

Leiðtogi Pakistans
Eftir valdaránið gegn Sharif gerðist Musharraf ríkisstjórnarleiðtogi með titlinum "framkvæmdastjóri" (e. Chief Executive) en þann 20. júní árið 2001 gerðist hann forseti Pakistans. Þrátt fyrir að lofa því að snúa smám saman aftur til borgaralegrar lýðræðisstjórnar leysti Musharraf upp pakistanska þingið árið 2002, gerði breytingar á stjórnarskrá landsins og gaf sjálfum sér vald til að útnefna hæstaréttardómara og herforingja. Leiðtogar hersins og ríkisstjórnarinnar skipuðu sérstakt Þjóðaröryggisráð ásamt Musharraf til að fara með æðstu stjórn landsins. Musharraf var kjörinn til annars fimm ára kjörtímabils sem forseti í kosningum í október sama ár, en stjórnarandstaðan sniðgekk kosningarnar og kjörsókn var undir þrjátíu prósentum.

Árið 2007 kom til átaka um tvö málefni á stjórnartíð Musharrafs sem mættu andstöðu bæði laga- og trúarleiðtoga. Annað snerist um hæstaréttardómarann Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry, sem Musharraf reyndi að leysa úr embætti í mars þetta ár. Brottrekstur Chaudhry leiddi til fjöldamótmæla lögfræðinga og almennra Pakistana. Hitt snerist um Rauðu moskuna í Islamabad, sem boðaði herskáan íslamisma og krafðist strangari trúarlaga í Pakistan. Pakistanski herinn gerði umsátur um moskuna í júlí 2007 vegna gruns um að hún hýsti hryðjuverkamenn.

Þann 6. október 2007 vann Musharraf yfirburðasigur í þing- og héraðskosningum og tryggði sér annað kjörtímabil sem forseti. Hæstiréttur landsins kvað hins vegar upp þann úrskurð að ekki mætti lýsa neinn sigurvegara fyrr en útkljáð hefði verið hvort Musharraf mætti yfirleitt bjóða sig fram til forseta á meðan hann gegndi enn embætti hæstráðanda hersins.

Þann 3. nóvember 2007 lýsti Musharraf yfir neyðarástandi í Pakistan. Þann 29. nóvember hóf hann formlega annað kjörtímabil sitt í forsetaembætti, tveimur dögum eftir að hann hafði sagt upp herforingjaembætti sínu. Neyðarástandið var réttlætt með vísan til "ógnar gegn sjálfstæði landsins". Neyðarlögunum var aflétt þann 15. desember sama ár.

Musharraf sagði af sér þann 3. ágúst árið 2008 til að forðast ákæru hæstaréttar landsins.

Ímynd og orðspor Musharrafs

Margir áhrifamenn í Pakistan og erlendis tóku Musharraf fagnandi þar sem litið var á hann sem hófsaman leiðtoga sem gæti viðhaldið stöðugleika gagnvart spillingu og ofstækisfullum íslamisma. Hins vegar naut hann í upphafi einnig stuðnings pakistanskra íslamista, sem hafa löngum átt í góðu sambandi við her landsins.

Undir stjórn Musharrafs var Pakistan mikilvægur samstarfsaðili Bandaríkjanna í stríðinu gegn hryðjuverkum eftir hryðjuverkaárásirnar 11. september 2001. Ríkin tvö gerðu saman atlögur gegn vígjum íslamista nærri landamærum Pakistans og Afganistans. Samstarfið leiddu til þess að margir íslamistar fóru að líta á Musharraf sem svikara og að honum voru sýnd mörg banatilræði.

Á stjórnartíð Musharrafs voru Pakistanar líka sakaðir um að styðja skæruliða í indverska hluta Kasmír og hryðjuverkastarfsemi víðs vegar um Indland, meðal annars árás á borgarlínuna í Mumbai þann 11. júlí árið 2006. Musharraf var einnig sakaður um að brjóta gegn Samningnum um að dreifa ekki kjarnavopnum.

Þótt Pakistan hafi sætt harðri gagnrýni af hálfu alþjóðasamfélagsins á stjórnartíð hans gat Musharraf setið sem einræðisherra í landinu án verulegra vandræða í nærri heilan áratug. Tveir helstu leiðtogar stjórnarandstöðunnar, Benazir Bhutto og Nawaz Sharif, voru í útlegð frá landinu en Pakistan náði þó lengst af að halda góðu sambandi við umheiminn. Árið 2007 magnaðist gagnrýni á stjórn Musharraf og Pakistan var meðal annars vísað úr breska samveldinu þann 25. nóvember. Stjórnarandstöðuleiðtogunum var í kjölfarið leyft að snúa aftur til landsins, en spillingarmál leiddu til þess að Sharif varð strax að yfirgefa landið á ný.

Andlát
Musharraf lést í Dúbaí eftir langvinn veikindi þann 5. febrúar árið 2023.

Einkahagir
Eiginkona Musharrafs er Sebha Musharraf og á hann með henni tvö börn. Hann er íþróttaunnandi og spilar meðal annars skvass, badminton og golf auk þess sem hann hefur áður stundað kanóróður og hefur áhuga á hernaðarsögu.

Tilvísanir

Forsetar Pakistans

Pervez Musharraf


Libertad del Alma es un álbum recopilatorio del cantautor puertorriqueño Draco Rosa, con material previamente lanzado. Este disco cuenta con dos de las interpretaciones del músico durante un Unplugged del canal MTV, con la participación del baterista Frank Ferrer.

Lista de canciones
"Penélope" (4:43)
"Tu Tren Se Va" (4:13)
"Junkie" (Cuándo Pasará) (3:47)
"Madre Tierra" (3:34)
"Frío" (4:28)
"Vagabundo" (5:03) [Versión Acústica cortesía de MTV 1997]
"Como Me Acuerdo" (4:55)
"Almas Diferentes, Almas Gemelas" (3:50)
"Brujería" (4:11) [Versión Acústica cortesía de MTV 1997]
"Mourning Gun" (Blanca Mujer) (3:33)
"Cruzando Puertas" (4:08)
"Nymph" (Casi Una Diosa) (3:23)
"Vagabundo" (3:37)
"Commitment #4" (6:43)
"Solitary Man" (Versión Acústica) (3:51)

Créditos
Ángela Rosa, Nanette Lamboy e Iris Aponte oficiaron como coordinardoras del proyecto. El disco fue masterizado en los estudios Bernie Grundman de California.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Página oficial de Draco Rosa

Álbumes de 2001
Álbumes de pop

Libertad del alma


El Valle de Baliem (en indonesio: Lembah Baliem) también escrito Valle de Balim y, a veces conocido como el Valle Grande, de las tierras altas de Nueva Guinea occidental, es un valle de Indonesia que está ocupado por gente de la etnia Dani. La ciudad principal en el valle es Wamena. El valle tiene unos 80 km de longitud por 20 km de ancho y se encuentra a una altitud de entre 1.600 y 1.700 m, con una población de 100.000 habitantes.

En cuanto al mundo exterior se refiere, el descubrimiento del valle de Baliem y de la presencia inesperada de su población agrícola fue realizado por la tercera expedición zoológica de Richard Archbold a Nueva Guinea en 1938.

Véase también
 Geografía de Indonesia
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Fotos de la región

Valles de Indonesia

Valle de Baliem


An Pomatocalpa arachnanthe in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Pomatocalpa arachnanthe in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pomatocalpa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pomatocalpa

Pomatocalpa arachnanthe


වෘක්තානු සෛල පිළිකාවක් (ක්‍රොමොෆෝබ් ආකාර) කිමොටොක්ෂසිලින්හා ඉසොසින් වලින් වර්ණ ගන්වා පිළියෙල කල නියැදියක්

ක්ෂුද්‍රජීවි වේදය - ඒගාර් මාධ්‍යයේ බහාලු ක්ෂුද්‍රජීවි කොලනි.

ශෛල්‍යකර්මයන් මගින් ඉවත් කළ පියයුරු පිළිකා සාම්පලයක් පියයුරු ග්‍රන්ථි නාලිකාවක හටගත් පිළිකාව පැතිරීයන අයුරු දක්වයි. ව්‍යෛධ්වේදීන් (ඉමියුනෝ හිස්ටොතෙමස්ට්‍රි) ප්‍රතිශක්ති පටක රසායන විද්‍යාව හා ෆ්ලුරෝසන්ට් අන්තර් මුහුකිරීම මගින් සොයාගනු ලබන සලකුණු වලින් පිළිකා වලට දෙනු ලබන ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රමයක් වන කිමොතෙරපි වල උපරිම ප්‍රතිඵල දායක ක්‍රමවේදයක් පිළියෙල කිරීමට යොදා ගනී.

ව්‍යෛධ්වේදය යනු ඉන්ද්‍රියන්, පටක, ජීව තරල හා සියලුම ශාරීරික කොටස් (ඔටොප්සි) පරීක්ෂා කර බලා යම්කිසි රෝගයක් හදුනාගැනීමක් හා අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමකටය. යම්කිසි රෝගයක් හදුනාගැනීමක් හා අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමකටය. යම්කිසි රෝගයක් පිළිබද විද්‍යාත්මක අධ්‍යයන යන්නද එම වචනය තුලින් අන්තර්ගත කරයි. මෙය සාමාන්‍ය ව්‍යාධිවේදය ලෙස හදුන්වයි.

වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවේ වෛද්‍යවේදය ශාඛා දෙකකට බෙදේ. ව්‍යවිච්චේදක වෛද්‍යාධිවේදය ශායනික වෛද්‍යාධිවේදය සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාත්මක වෛද්‍යවේදය මගින් සතුන්ගේ රෝග සම්බන්ධයෙන් කතා කෙරෙන අතර ශාඛ ව්‍යෛධිවේදය  යනු ශාක රෝග පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනයයි.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology

ව්‍යාධි වේදය


Clerical marriage is the practice of allowing Christian clergy (those who have already been ordained) to marry. This practice is distinct from allowing married persons to become clergy. Clerical marriage is admitted among Protestants, including both Anglicans and Lutherans. Some Protestant clergy and their children have played an essential role in literature, philosophy, science, and education in Early Modern Europe.

Many Eastern Churches (Assyrian Church of the East, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, or Eastern Catholic), while allowing married men to be ordained, do not allow clerical marriage after ordination: their parish priests are often married, but must marry before being ordained to the priesthood. Within the lands of the Eastern Christendom, priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a tightly knit hereditary caste among some Eastern Christian communities.

The Latin Catholic Church as a rule requires clerical celibacy for the priesthood since the Gregorian Reform in the late 11th century under the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux, but Eastern Catholic Churches do not require clerical celibacy for the priesthood and the Latin Catholic Church occasionally relaxes the discipline in special cases, such as the conversion of a married Anglican priest who wishes to be ordained a Catholic priest. (Celibacy is, however, a requirement to become a bishop.)

History

There is no dispute among theologians that at least some of the apostles were married or had been married: a mother-in-law of Peter is mentioned in the account in , ,  of the beginning of Jesus' ministry.  says: "an overseer (Greek ἐπίσκοπος) must be ... the husband of one wife". This has been interpreted in various ways, including that the overseer was not allowed to remarry even if his wife died.

Evidence for the view that continence was expected of clergy in the early Church is given by the Protestant historian Philip Schaff, who points out that all marriages contracted by clerics in Holy Orders were declared null and void in 530 by Roman Emperor Justinian I, who also declared the children of such marriages illegitimate.

Schaff also quotes the account that "In the Fifth and Sixth Centuries the law of the celibate was observed by all the Churches of the West, thanks to the Councils and to the Popes. In the Seventh and down to the end of the Tenth Century, as a matter of fact the law of celibacy was little observed in a great part of the Western Church, but as a matter of law the Roman Pontiffs and the Councils were constant in their proclamation of its obligation." This report is confirmed by others too. "Despite six hundred years of decrees, canons, and increasingly harsh penalties, the Latin clergy still did, more or less illegally, what their Greek counterparts were encouraged to do by law—they lived with their wives and raised families. In practice, ordination was not an impediment to marriage; therefore some priests did marry even after ordination."  "The tenth century is claimed to be the high point of clerical marriage in the Latin communion. Most rural priests were married and many urban clergy and bishops had wives and children." Then at the Second Lateran Council of 1139 the Roman Church declared that Holy Orders were not merely a prohibitive but a diriment canonical impediment to marriage, therefore making a marriage by priests invalid and not merely forbidden.

The great East–West Schism between the Church of Rome and the four Apostolic sees of the Orthodox Communion (Constantinople, Alexandria Egypt, Antioch Syria, and Jerusalem) took place in the year 1054. As stated above, the majority of Roman Church Priests at that time were married. Therefore, when some churches that followed western rites and traditions were brought back into communion with the Orthodox Churches beginning in the 20th century, their right to have married clergy, provided they were married before ordination, was restored.

The practice of clerical marriage was initiated in the West by the followers of Martin Luther, who himself, a former priest and monk, married Katharina von Bora, a former nun, in 1525. It has not been introduced in the East. In the Church of England, however, the Catholic tradition of clerical celibacy continued after the Break with Rome. Under King Henry VIII, the Six Articles prohibited the marriage of clergy and this continued until the passage under Edward VI of the Clergy Marriage Act 1548, opening the way for Anglican priests to marry.

Present-day practice
Generally speaking, in modern Christianity, Protestant and some independent Catholic churches allow for ordained clergy to marry after ordination. However, in recent times, a few exceptional cases can be found in some Orthodox churches in which ordained clergy have been granted the right to marry after ordination.

Protestant Churches

Following the example of Martin Luther, who, though an ordained priest, married in 1525, Protestant denominations permit an unmarried ordained pastor to marry. They thus admit clerical marriage, not merely the appointment of already married persons as pastors. But in view of  and , some do not admit a second marriage by a widowed pastor.

In these denominations there is generally no requirement that a pastor be already married nor prohibition against marrying after "answering the call". Being married is commonly welcomed, in which case the pastor's marriage is expected to serve as a model of a functioning Christian marriage, and the pastor's spouse often serves an unofficial leadership role in the congregation. For this reason, some Protestant churches will not accept a divorced person for this position. In denominations that ordain both men and women, a married couple might serve as co-pastors.

Certain denominations require a prospective pastor to be married before he can be ordained, based on the view (drawn from 1 Timothy 3 and Titus 1) that a man must demonstrate the ability to run a household before he can be entrusted with the church. Even in these strictest groups, a widower may still serve. This again concerns marriage before appointment as pastor, not clerical marriage.

Eastern Churches

The Assyrian, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, as well as many of the Eastern Catholic Churches, permit married men to be ordained. Traditionally however, they do not permit clergy to marry after ordination. From ancient times they have had both married and celibate clergy (see Monasticism). Those who opt for married life must marry before becoming priests, deacons (with a few exceptions), and, in some strict traditions, subdeacons.

The vast majority of Orthodox parish clergy are married men, which is one of the major differences between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches; however, they must marry before being ordained. Since the marriage takes place while they are still laymen and not yet clergy, the marriage is not a clerical marriage, even if it occurs while they are attending the seminary. Clerical marriage is thus not admitted in the Orthodox Church, unlike in the Protestant Churches. In the Russian Orthodox Church, the clergy, over time, formed a hereditary caste of priests. Marrying outside of these priestly families was strictly forbidden; indeed, some bishops did not even tolerate their clergy marrying outside of the priestly families of their diocese. In general, Eastern Catholic Churches have always allowed ordination of married men as priests and deacons. Within the lands of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the largest Eastern Catholic Church, priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a tightly knit hereditary caste.
Traditionally, the rejection of clerical marriage has meant that a married deacon or priest whose wife dies could not remarry but must embrace celibacy. However, in recent times, some bishops have relaxed this rule and allowed exceptions. One way to do this is to laicize the widowed priest so that his subsequent marriage will be that of a layman (and hence not an instance of clerical marriage) and then allow to apply for re-ordination.

Subdeacons (or hypodeacons, the highest of the clerical minor orders) are often included with clerics in major orders (like deacons and priests) in early canons that prohibit clerical marriage, such as Apostolic Canon 26. In light of these canons, several different approaches are used today to allow subdeacons to marry. One approach has been to bless acolytes or readers to vest and act as subdeacons temporarily or permanently, thus creating a new distinction between a 'blessed subdeacon'—who may not touch the altar or assume other prerogatives of ordained subdeacons outside services—and an 'ordained subdeacon'. Another approach is to simply delay the formal ordination of the subdeacon, if, for example, a likely candidate for the subdiaconate has stated an intention to marry but has not yet done so. Finally, sometimes the canons are simply ignored, thereby permitting even formally ordained subdeacons to marry.

Generally, if a deacon or priest divorces his wife, he may not continue in ministry, although there are also exceptions to this rule, such as if the divorce is deemed to be the fault of the wife.

Bishops in the Orthodox Churches are elected from among those clergy who are not married, whether celibate (as the monastic clergy must be) or widowed. If a widowed priest is elected bishop, he must take monastic vows before he can be consecrated.

The Catholic Church

Like the Eastern Churches, the Catholic Church does not allow clerical marriage, although many of the Eastern Catholic Churches do allow the ordination of married men as priests.

Within the Catholic Church, the Latin Church generally follows the discipline of clerical celibacy, which means that, as a rule, only unmarried or widowed men are accepted as candidates for ordination. An exception to this practice arises in the case of married non-Catholic clergymen who become Catholic and seek to serve as priests. The Holy See may grant dispensations from the usual rule of celibacy to allow such men to be ordained. For example, some married former Anglican priests and Lutheran ministers have been ordained to the priesthood after being received into the Church. The establishment of personal ordinariates for former Anglicans beginning in 2011 has added to such requests.

As in the Orthodox Churches, some Catholic priests receive dispensation from the obligation of celibacy through laicization, which may occur either at the request of the priest or as a punishment for a grave offense. Any subsequent marriage undertaken by the laicized former priest is thus considered to be the marriage of a layman, and not an instance of clerical marriage. In contrast to the Orthodox practice, however, such a married former priest may not apply to be restored to the priestly ministry while his wife is still living.

Lack of enforcement for celibacy policy

Despite the Latin Church's historical practice of priestly celibacy, there have been Catholic priests throughout the centuries who have simulated marriage through the practice of concubinage. Repeatedly throughout church history, violations of the Catholic celibacy policy have not been grounds for defrocking.

The Vatican, it was revealed in February 2019, secretly enacted rules to protect the clerical status of Catholic clergy who violated their celibacy policy.  One example was shown in the Diocese of Greensburg in Pennsylvania, where a priest in the 1950s maintained his clerical status despite having "married" a 17-year-old girl (whom he had impregnated) by forging the signature of another priest on a marriage certificate only to "divorce" the girl months later. In 2012, Kevin Lee, a priest in Australia, revealed that he had maintained his clerical status after being secretly married for a full year and that church leaders were aware of his secret marriage, but disregarded the celibacy policy. The same year, former Los Angeles Auxiliary Bishop Gabino Zavala, who did not resign from either his post as Auxiliary Bishop or from the Catholic clergy until revelations that he fathered two children were made public, was implicated by The Los Angeles Times for having "more than a passing relationship" with the mother of his two children, who also had two separate pregnancies.

See also

International Federation of Married Catholic Priests
Western Ukrainian Clergy
Clerical celibacy
Married Priests Now!
Children of the Ordained
Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church § Celibacy of the priestly order
Augsburg Confession, Article XXIII: Of the Marriage of Priests
Priest shortage in the Catholic Church
Synod of Bishops for the Pan-Amazon region

Notes

References

External links
 "Catholic Journalist Challenges Statistics on Married Priests". EWTN News, 20 April 2007. News report on statistics of Latin-Rite Catholic priests who abandon their ministry to marry, and of those who return.
 Letters of the clergy of Cambrai and Noyon
Christian terminology
Marriage reform

Types of marriage
Eastern Christianity

Clerical marriage


La palabra sumiller designaba durante los siglos XVII y XVIII al jefe principal de alguna oficina o ministerio de la Real Casa española. Uno de esos cargos era el de sumiller de cortina o sumiller de oratorio y cortina: un oficial de palacio eclesiástico muy distinguido y su ocupación se centraba en conocer el horario de las misas para tener avisado al capellán que debía oficiar las misas rezadas petite chapelle. en dichas celebraciones religiosas le correspondía correr la cortina del camón o tribuna delante del Rey y en asistir a éste en los oficios divinos en la capilla real. También debía bendecir la mesa real en ausencia del capellán y del procapellán mayor de palacio, Patriarca de las Indias, etc.

Se trata de un término propio del Ducado de Borgoña, que fue introducido en la corte española en la época de Felipe el Hermoso y consolidado por Carlos I.

En los oficios eclesiásticos portaba un tafetán con el que limpiaba el misal y lo mismo hacía con la paz antes de llevársela a besar a los reyes que eran los momentos en los que abría o cerraba las cortinas. Además, estos sumilleres custodiaban todos los ornamentos y libros de Devoción, Horas y Cuentas que utilizaba el monarca. Los sumilleres de cortina estaban entre los cargos expresamente autorizados para asistir a las audiencias y comidas del rey.

Sumilleres de cortina
Algunos de los sumilleres de cortina más conocidos son los siguientes:
 Juan Leblanch, Simon Weury, Juan de Honte, Jehan de Helviez, Guillaume de Vandenesse y Luis Manrique de Lara,  del emperador Carlos I.
 Juan de Benavides, del rey Felipe II.
 Juan de Guzmán, de los reyes Felipe II y Felipe III.
 Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas y Juan de Fonseca y Figueroa, del rey Felipe III.
 Francisco de Moscoso y Osorio, Alonso Téllez Girón (-1643), Melchor de Moscoso y Sandoval y Jerónimo de Mascarenhas, del rey Felipe IV.
 Juan Bravo y Acuña, del archiduque Alberto de Austria.
 Nuño Ibáñez de Segovia, Francisco Portocarrero, y Juan Francisco de la Cerda, del rey Carlos II.
 Raimundo de Villacis y Manrique de Lara, Carlos de Borja y Centellas y Juan Antonio Vizarrón y Eguiarreta, del rey Felipe V.
 Juan Escóiquiz, del rey Carlos III.
 Julián María de Piñera, del rey Fernando VII y de Isabel II.
 Miguel Asín Palacios, del rey Alfonso XIII.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Alta servidumbre de la Real Casa de España
Antiguas ocupaciones religiosas

Sumiller de cortina


The flag of the Gambia is the national flag of the Gambia. It consists of three horizontal red, blue and green bands separated by two thin white lines.  Adopted in 1965 to replace the British Blue Ensign defaced with the arms of the Gambia Colony and Protectorate, it has been the flag of the Republic of the Gambia since the country gained independence that year.  It remained unchanged throughout the Gambia's seven-year confederation with Senegal.

History
The British first arrived in what is now modern-day Gambia in 1661, when they conquered James Island.  They proceeded to construct forts around the confluence of the Gambia River with the Atlantic Ocean, and gradually expanded their control upstream.  This area became a protectorate in the 1820s under the jurisdiction of Sierra Leone, and eventually emerged as a separate crown colony of the United Kingdom within its colonial empire in 1888.  This newfound status gave the Gambia its own "distinctive" colonial flag.  This is because colonies were permitted to utilize the British Blue Ensign and deface it with the arms of the territory under the Colonial Naval Defence Act 1865.  The arms of the Gambia at the time consisted of a circle depicting an elephant, a palm tree and hills, along with the letter "G" standing for the first letter of the territory's name.

The Gambia was granted self-governance in 1963.  The defaced blue ensign continued to be used until full independence was granted in 1965.  The winning design for the new flag was created by Louis Thomasi, who worked as an accountant.  It is one of the few African flags that does not utilize the colours of the country's leading political party, since its design "has no political basis".  It was first hoisted at midnight on February 18, 1965, the day the Gambia became an independent country.  In 1982, the Gambia formed a confederation with Senegal, which lasted for seven years before its dissolution in 1989.  However, this closer union did not result in change of national symbols, and the Gambian flag continued to be flown during this time.

Design

Symbolism
The colours of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings.  The blue alludes to the Gambia River, which is the nation's key geographical feature and from which the country derives its name.  The red evokes the sun – given the Gambia's close proximity to the Equator – as well as the savanna, while the thin white stripes represent "unity and peace".  The green epitomizes the forest and the agricultural goods that the Gambian people are heavily dependent on, both for exports and their personal use.

Similarities
The flag's colour scheme of red, blue, green and white is the same as the one featured on the coat of arms of the Gambia.

Construction Sheet

Governmental flags

Other uses
Following the 2013 general election in Luxembourg, a three-party coalition between the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP), the Democratic Party (DP) and The Greens was formed.  It was labelled a "Gambia coalition", because the colours of the three political parties are identical to the ones on the flag of the Gambia – red (LSAP), blue (DP) and Green (The Greens).

Military flags and ensigns
Military flags and ensigns of the Gambia are following British practice but different from British military flags and ensigns.

See also
Coat of arms of the Gambia

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

Gambia Flag at World Flags 101

Flags of Africa
Flag
Flags introduced in 1965
National flags

Flag of the Gambia


José Benjamín Ábalos (Santiago del Estero, 1 de noviembre de 1880-Rosario, 6 de agosto de 1966) fue un médico y político argentino que ejerció como ministro de Obras Públicas de su país durante la segunda presidencia de Hipólito Yrigoyen.

Biografía

Muy joven se radicó en Rosario, donde ejerció la medicina, publicó numerosos trabajos sobre cirugía, y participó en la política de la Unión Cívica Radical. Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial se trasladó a Europa, donde se perfeccionó en la medicina y trabajó en hospitales de sangre cerca del frente de combate.

En 1912 fue elegido diputado nacional por la provincia de Santa Fe, pero renunció a su mandato al año siguiente. Posteriormente fue decano de la Facultad de Medicina y luego rector de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral.

En 1928 el presidente Hipólito Yrigoyen lo nombró ministro de Obras Públicas.

Golpe de Estado de 1930
Para 1930 había una crisis interna en el gabinete respecto a la conspiración que buscaba el fin del gobierno de Yrigoyen. Algunos ministros estaban a favor de tomar acciones para desbaratarla, mientras que otros no. El día del golpe de Estado encontró al ministro Ábalos en la Casa Rosada, siendo uno de los que estaban dispuestos a defender al gobierno ante los rebeldes. Pero en otra posición estaban el vicepresidente Enrique Martínez y el ministro del Interior Elpidio González, que para Ábalos no quisieron tomar las medidas necesarias para contener a los rebeldes, a pesar de las precisas instrucciones del enfermo Yrigoyen, que por intermedio de su doctor Osvaldo Meabe hizo llegar a la sede del gobierno, ordenando organizar la defensa y que el partido ocupara la calle. Tras el triunfo del golpe sin resistencia, Ábalos fue despojado no solamente de su cargo ministerial, sino también de sus cargos docentes en la Universidad. Se exilió en Uruguay hasta marzo de 1932.

A su regreso al país fue consultado por periodistas acerca de los hechos ocurridos el 6 de septiembre de 1930, y reveló algunos episodios de aquella fecha. El exvicepresidente Martínez se sintió aludido por los comentarios, y tomó acciones. Al no ser considerado un pedido suyo ante el Comité Nacional de la Unión Cívica Radical, Martínez publicó un documento en el diario La Nación en el que se deslindaba de responsabilidad en los hechos ocurridos: «La verdad, la austera verdad que refirmará la historia, dirá siempre que la revolución fue hecha contra un gobierno que no ejercí y que fue vencedora porque fallaron los medios para impedirla». Ábalos replicó a Martínez desde el diario Tribuna Libre describiendo las actitudes medrosas del vicepresidente. El teniente coronel Gregorio Pomar, el secretario del Concejo Deliberante de la Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires Atilio Larco y el general Severo Toranzo también refutaron a Martínez en ese entonces. Martínez publicó nuevamente en La Razón, pero esta vez con términos injuriosos hacia Ábalos, que le exigió una retractación o enfrentarse en un duelo. El 28 de marzo de 1932 se enfrentaron, y a pocos segundos de empezar Martínez recibió una estocada de pómulo a pómulo, herida que le obstaculizó la visión. Debido a esto, los padrinos y otros presentes decidieron suspender el enfrentamiento.

Últimos años
En 1946 fue candidato a gobernador por el radicalismo de la provincia de Santiago del Estero, siendo derrotado por el candidato del peronismo.

Falleció en Rosario en agosto de 1966.

Referencias

Políticos de la Unión Cívica Radical
Ministros de Obras Públicas de la Argentina
Diputados del Congreso de la Nación Argentina por Santa Fe
Cirujanos de Argentina
Médicos de Santiago del Estero
Médicos de Argentina del siglo XX
Santiagueños (capital)
Exiliados argentinos en Uruguay
Fallecidos en Rosario (Argentina)

José Benjamín Ábalos


Akash - Nova generacija (IAST : Ākāśa "Nebo") skraćeno kao Akash-NG je mobilni obrambeni sustav zemlja-zrak raketa srednjeg dometa koji je razvila Organizacija za obrambena istraživanja i razvoj (DRDO), a proizveli Bharat Dynamics Limited i Bharat Electronics. Tvrtka iz privatnog sektora Electropneumatics and Hydraulics India uključena je u program Development cum Production Partner.

Ovaj je projektil nasljednik serije projektila Akash i Akash-1S s poboljšanjima kao što su raketni motor s dvostrukim impulsom, kanisterizirani lanser i AESA višenamjenski radar za ciljanje kako bi se povećala vjerojatnost ubijanja s manjim kopnenim operacijama i logističkim otiskom.

Projektil koristi aktivni radarski tragač Ku-pojasa koji je javnosti predstavljen tijekom Aero India 2021.

Razvoj i opis
Razvoj Akash-NG (Nova generacija) odobren je u rujnu 2016. s financiranjem od 72 milijuna američkih dolara. Akash-NG će imati poboljšano vrijeme reakcije i višu razinu zaštite od napada zasićenja. Drugi stupanj koristi dvopulsni čvrsti raketni motor koji je lakši u usporedbi s ramjet motorom koji koristi zrak koji je prisutan u ranijim projektilima Akash i Akash-1S. Pomaže u smanjenju težine i otiska platforme. Aktivni elektronički skenirani višenamjenski radar (MFR) poboljšava učinkovitost projektila protiv ciljeva s niskim radarskim presjekom, dok optički blizinski upaljač pruža izvrsnu sposobnost protiv elektromagnetskih smetnji.

Prema Electropneumatics and Hydraulics India, Akash NG ima domet od 70 km i može djelovati do elevacije od 20° do 70° s azimutom od 360°. Za ponovno punjenje dva spremnika projektila potrebno je 10 minuta. Od zahvata cilja od strane komandno-kontrolne jedinice, sustav može ispaliti jedan projektil unutar 10 sekundi, a u 20 sekundi može se ispaliti salva od tri projektila. Vrijeme raspoređivanja je manje od 20 minuta između transporta i stanja spremnosti za paljbu.

Testiranje
 1. test : Organizacija za obrambena istraživanja i razvoj uspješno je izvela prvi test projektila 25. siječnja 2021. iz lansirnog kompleksa - III na integriranom testnom poligonu u blizini Chandipura, Odisha oko 14:30 protiv elektronske mete.
 2. test : Organizacija za obrambena istraživanja i razvoj i Indijske zračne snage uspješno su izvele 2. test projektila 21. srpnja 2021. iz lansirnog kompleksa - III na integriranom testnom poligonu u blizini Chandipura, Odisha oko 12:45 protiv elektronske mete.
 3. test : Organizacija za obrambena istraživanja i razvoj uspješno je testirala protuzračni obrambeni sustav rakete zemlja-zrak Akash-NG u blizini obale Odishe u Balasoreu u 11:45 IST 23. srpnja 2021. Test je proveden usred loših vremenskih uvjeta, čime je dokazana sposobnost oružanog sustava u svim vremenskim uvjetima. Ispitivanje leta potvrdilo je funkcioniranje kompletnog oružanog sustava koji se sastoji od projektila s domaćim razvijenim RF tragačem, lanserom, višenamjenskim radarom i sustavom upravljanja, kontrole i komunikacije.
 Uspješno probno gađanje u Pokhranu 26. travnja 2022.

Izvori

Rakete zemlja-zrak
Indijsko raketno oružje

Akash-NG


Le Supplice de Marsyas est une peinture à l'huile sur toile de  réalisée par le peintre néerlandais Cornelis Cornelisz van Haarlem vers 1638.

Description
Le tableau représente l'écorchement vif de Marsyas par Apollon, le satyre phrygien ayant imprudemment défié le dieu grec lors d'un concours musical. Ce thème est repris, notamment, des Métamorphoses d'Ovide.

Références

Liens externes

Tableau d'un peintre flamand
Tableau des années 1630
Marsyas dans la peinture
Apollon dans la peinture
Œuvre conservée dans une collection privée

Le Supplice de Marsyas (Cornelisz)