Carlo Acutis (London, 3. svibnja 1991. ‒ Monza, 12. listopada 2006.) bio je talijanski rimokatolički tinejdžer poznat po dokumentiranju svjetskih euharistijskih čuda i njihovoj katalogizaciji na mrežnoj stranici koju je sam stvorio nekoliko mjeseci prije smrti. Na šestu obljetnicu Carlove smrti, pokrenut je proces njegove beatifikacije, a papa Franjo ga je 5. srpnja 2018. proglasio "časnim slugom Božjim". Kardinal Agostino Vallini je 10. listopada 2020., pročitavši ukaz pape Franje okupljenim vjernicima u gornjoj crkvi bazilike sv. Franje Asiškog u Assisiju, proglasio Carla Acutisa blaženikom.

Životopis
Carlo Acutis rođen je u Londonu u kojem su tada živjeli i radili njegovi roditelji – otac Andrea Acutis i majka Antonia Salzano. Nedugo poslije Carlova rođenja, obitelj se preselila u Milano.

Carlo je već kao dijete bio vrlo odan štovanju Majke Božje i redovito je molio krunicu u znak vlastite privrženosti njoj. Nakon prve pričesti, koju je kao sedmogodišnjak primio u samostanu Sant'Ambrogio ad Nemus u Milanu, svakodnevno je nazočio svetoj misi i primao sakrament svete pričesti te uvijek prije ili poslije mise neko vrijeme provodio u molitvi i duhovnim razmišljanjima ispred tabernakula. Jednom tjedno se ispovijedao. Svi koji su ga poznavali, znali su za njegovu osobitu strast prema računalima. Bio je vrlo angažiran u katehetskom i karitativnom djelovanju svoje župe, istražio je više od 136 priznatih euharistijskih čuda koja su se dogodila tijekom povijesti u različitim zemljama te je izradio njihov virtualni muzej: njegova je izložba euharistijskih čuda poslije njegove smrti obišla svih pet kontinenata. U srpnju 2018. papa Franjo ga je proglasio slugom Božjim, a u veljači 2020. godine Kongregaciji za proglašenje svetima odobrio dekret za proglašenje blaženim.

Početkom listopada 2006. Carlu je dijagnosticiran agresivni oblik leukemije, od posljedica koje je 12. listopada u dobi od 15 godina i preminuo. Sve do smrti zadržao je duboku pobožnost euharistiji, a vlastite je bolesničke patnje prinio kao žrtvu za papu i svetu Katoličku crkvu. Godine 2007. o Carlovu je životu objavljena i knjiga pod nazivom "Eucaristia. La mia autostrada per il cielo" (hrv. "Euharistija – moja autocesta za nebo").

Put svetosti
Thomas Alber je svoju knjigu Carlo Acutis. Missionar im Internet počeo objavom Carlovih osam koraka pod nazivom "Tvoj put k svetosti" (njem. Dein Weg zur Heiligkeit), osam naputaka koje je Carlo i sâm zdušno živio i drugima propovijedao:

 Svetost moraš željeti iz sveg' srca, a ako se ta čežnja još nije probudila u tvome srcu, onda moraš neprestano moliti Gospodina za tu milost.
 Idi svaki dan na misu i pričesti se.
 Sjeti se moliti krunicu svaki dan.
 Svaki dan pročitaj neki odlomak iz Svetoga pisma.
 Kad je moguće, pokloni se pred na oltaru izloženim Presvetim Tijelom Kristovim: vidjet ćeš kako divno možeš rasti u svetosti.
 Potrudi se ispovijediti svaki tjedan, čak i ako tvoji grijesi nisu veliki.
 Prinesi žrtvu i vlastita dobra djela kao zagovor Gospodinu i Mariji za pomoć drugima.
 Moli svog anđela čuvara da ti uvijek bude na pomoći: on treba postati tvoj najbolji prijatelj.

Bibliografija
 Nicola Gori, Eucaristia. La mia autostrada per il cielo. Biografia di Carlo Acutis, Cinisello Balsamo, Edizioni San Paolo, 2007.
 Francesco Occhetta, Carlo Acutis. La vita oltre il confine, Torino: Editrice Elledici, 2013.
 Hrvatsko izdanje: Blaženi Carlo Acutis : život s onu stranu granice, Zaklada sveti Dominik Savio, Zagreb, 2021. (50 str.), ISBN 9789534924815
 Nicola Gori, Un genio dell'informatica in cielo. Biografia del Servo di Dio Carlo Acutis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2016.
 Cecilia Galatolo, Sei nato originale non vivere da fotocopia. Carlo Acutis mi ha insegnato a puntare in alto, Casa Editrice Mimep-Docete, 2017.,
 Giancarlo Paris, Carlo Acutis. Il discepolo prediletto, Padova: Edizioni Messaggero Padova, 2018.
 Luigi Francesco Ruffato, Carlo Acutis. Adolescente innamorato di Dio, Padova: Edizioni Messaggero Padova, 2018.
 Costanza Signorelli, Il chicco di grano. Storie di "Santi Giovani" in mezzo a noi, Edizioni Omni Die - I Libri della Bussola, 2018.
 Thomas Alber, Carlo Acutis. Missionar im Internet, Kisslegg: Fe-Medien, 4. izdanje, 2021.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sestrinski projekti

Mrežna mjesta
    ... Službene stranice udruge "Carlo Acutis"
 Carlo Acutis: MIRACLES LIST / The Eucharistic Miracles of the World
    ... GLI APPELLI DELLA MADONNA – Carlov popis ukazanja Blažene Djevice Marije
 Gotteskinder.net – Selige Carlo Acutis

Životopisi, Italija
Talijanski blaženici

Carlo Acutis


Norton ConnectSafe, también conocido como Norton DNS, fue un servicio DNS público y gratuito ofrecido por Symantec Corporation que pretendía ofrecer una experiencia de navegación web más rápida y confiable con características de seguridad básicas integradas.

Historia
El servicio fue abierto al público en junio de 2010. Symantec esperaba mantener el servicio de forma gratuita. Symantec anunció en su sitio oficial que el servicio dejará de estar disponible desde el 15 de noviembre de 2018 debido a un cambio en el enfoque de negocios e inversión de la empresa.

Funcionalidad
Los usuarios podían activar Norton ConnectSafe mediante el establecimiento de sus direcciones de servidor DNS en los servidores de Norton ConnectSafe. El software de cliente para Windows y Mac OS X también estuvo disponible para que puedan configurar automáticamente estos valores. Un cliente similar estuvo disponible para teléfonos móviles Android a través de Android Market.

Las consultas DNS enrutadas a través de Norton ConnectSafe se comprobaban con la base de datos de Norton Safe Web para asegurarse de que no apuntaran a sitios Web maliciosos. Symantec buscaba bloquear el malware y los intentos de phishing. Norton ConnectSafe también interceptaba los nombres de dominio mal escritos y ofrecía sugerencias o visualización de publicidad.

Norton ConnectSafe dispuso de distintos servidores DNS según la política de protección deseada por el usuario. Los servidores DNS y políticas de protección disponibles para usuarios domésticos fueron los siguientes:

Direcciones IPv4

Política A - Seguridad: Esta política bloqueaba todos los sitios de alojamiento de malware, sitios de phishing y sitios de estafa.
Para elegir Política A, se utilizaba las siguientes direcciones IP como direcciones de servidor DNS preferidos y alternativos:
 18.104.22.168
 184.108.40.206

Política B - Seguridad + Pornografía: Además de bloquear los sitios no seguros, esta política también bloqueaba el acceso a sitios que contengan material sexualmente explícito. Para elegir Política B, se utilizaba las siguientes direcciones IP como direcciones de servidor DNS preferidos y alternativos:
 184.108.40.206
 18.104.22.168

Política C - Seguridad + Pornografía + No toda la familia: Esta política es ideal para familias con niños pequeños. Además de bloquear los sitios no seguros y sitios de pornografía, esta política también bloqueaba el acceso a sitios que ofrecen contenido para adultos, el aborto, el alcohol, la delincuencia, las sectas, drogas, juegos de azar, el odio, la orientación sexual, el suicidio, el tabaco, o la violencia. Para elegir Política C, se utilizaba las siguientes direcciones IP como direcciones de servidor DNS preferidos y alternativos
 188.8.131.52
 184.108.40.206

Véase también
OpenDNS
Google Public DNS

Enlaces externos
Norton ConnectSafe Portal .
Safe browsing with Norton DNS .

Referencias

Programas de NortonLifeLock
Servicios DNS Alternativos

Norton ConnectSafe


Noriaki Ishizawa (født 25. maj 1985) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Vissel Kobe.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Noriaki Ishizawa


Patrick Joseph Buchanan (født 2. november 1938) er en amerikansk politiker, politisk kommentator, forfatter og klummeskribent.

Udvalgt bibliografi

Bøger
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.
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.

Klummer
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A Trump Doctrine -- 'America First'

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Politiske kommentatorer fra USA
Politikere fra USA
Journalister fra USA
Faglitterære forfattere fra USA
Personer fra Washington D.C.
Kristne

Pat Buchanan


Žihárec este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Šaľa din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.701 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Žihárec este atestată documentar din 1251.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Žihárec


Il barone di Rocca Antica (El barón de Roca Antigua) es un intermezzo per musica a cuatro voces en dos actos con música de los compositores Carlo Franchi y Pasquale Anfossi sobre libreto de Giuseppe Petrosellini. Se estrenó el 4 de febrero de 1771 en el Teatro Valle de Roma. A pesar de que la obra sea realmente una ópera bufa fue denominada intermezzo por lo limitado de los personajes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Pasquale Anfossi
Óperas de 1771
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Roma

Il barone di Rocca Antica (Anfossi, Franchi)


සත්වන බිලියන පුද්ගලයා
එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ජනගහණ අරමුදලෙහි ප්‍රකාශක ඔමාර් ගාර්සඩ්ඩයින් පැවසුවේ, "31වනදා කුමන විනාඩියෙහි බිලියන 7 වන බිලිඳා උපත ලබයිදැයි  දැනගැනීමට එ.ජා. සංවිධානයට හෝ වෙන යම් අයෙකුට හෝ හැකියාවක් නොමැත"යි සහ, එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් මෙම සහ එවැනි  අනෙකුත් ප්‍රචාරක ව්‍යායාමයන්ට නිල තත්ත්වයක්ප්‍රදානය නොකරන බවයි. කෙසේවෙතත් කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් විසින් අළුත උපන් දරුවන් කිහිපදෙනෙක් තෝරාගත්තේ බිලියන් සත්වන පුද්ගලයා නිරූපණය කිරීමටය:

ප්ලෑන් ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් කණ්ඩායම විසින්  බිලියන සත්වන දිනය සංකේතාත්මකව සනිටුහන් කරමින්, සත්වන බිලියන මානවයාගේ උපත උත්තර් ප්‍රදේශ් ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රාන්තයේදී උත්සවාකාරයෙන් සමරමින්, නාගීස් කුමාර් නම් අළුත උපන් බිලිඳියට ඇයගේ උප්පැන්න සහතිකය පිරිනමන ලද්දේ, එම ප්‍රාන්තයේ ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂත්ව-වරණීය ගබ්සාව පිළිබඳ විරුද්ධත්වය ප්‍රකාශකිරීමටය. 0–6-වසර-වියැත්තියන් සඳහා ඉන්දියානු ගැහැණු ලමයින් හා පිරිමි ලමයින් අතර අනුපාතය, දේශව්‍යාප්තව පිරිමි ලමයින් 1000කට ගැහැණු ලමයින් 914 වන අතර, අඩුම අගයයන් අතුරින් එකක් වන්නේ උත්තර් ප්‍රදේශ්හී පිරිමි ලමයින් දහසකට ගැහැණු ලමයින් 889 ක් යන අගය වෙයි.

තෝරාගත් අනෙකුත්  ළදරුවන් අතර වන්නේ,   පිලිපීනයේ,  මැනිලා නුවර,  ආචාර්ය ජොසෙ ෆාබෙලා අනුස්මරණ රෝහලෙහිදී, බිලියන හත දිනය උදාවෙද්දී මධ්‍යම රාත්‍රියට මෙහොතකට පෙර උපන් ඩානිකා මේ කමාචෝ, සහ, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, කොළඹ උපත ලද  සනාලි මුතුමාලි සිරිවර්ධන වෙති.

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි
ඔෆිෂියල් 7 බිලියන් ඇක්ෂන්ස් පේජ්
ෆේස්බුක් පේජ්
ට්විටර් එකවුන්ට්
බ්ලොග්ටෝක්රේඩියෝ චැනල්
UNFPA නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය
නැෂනල් ජියෝග්‍රෆික් 7 බිලියන් පේජ්
7 බිලියන් ඇක්ෂන්ස් හෝම්පේජ්

එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ජනගහණ අරමුදල
සෞඛ්‍යය මෙහෙයුම්

බිලියන 7 සම්බන්ධ කෘත්‍යයන්


Amy Costello née le 14 janvier 1998 à Édimbourg en Écosse, est une joueuse de hockey sur gazon internationale écossaise qui joue en tant que défenseur pour l'Écosse et la Grande-Bretagne.

Elle joue au hockey en club dans la Premier Division pour le East Grinstead.

Costello a également joué au club de hockey pour le University of Birmingham et le Edinburgh University Women's Hockey Club.

Elle a été incluse dans la composition britannique pour le tournoi féminin de hockey sur gazon au Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020, tenus en juillet et août 2021. Bien que désignée comme joueuse suppléante, en raison des changements de règles causés par la pandémie de Covid-19, elle était éligible pour participer à tous les matchs (contrairement aux tournois précédents, dans lequel les remplaçants ne pouvaient concourir qu'après avoir remplacé définitivement un joueur blessé). Bien que la Grande-Bretagne ait remporté la médaille de bronze, elle n'a pas fait d'apparition et n'était donc pas éligible pour recevoir une médaille.

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse britannique de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en janvier 1998
Médaillée de bronze olympique britannique
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Amy Costello


Esta é uma cronologia dos principais fatos ocorridos no ano de 2023 no Brasil, o 201º da Independência e 135º da República.

Incumbentes
 Presidente do Brasil
 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2023 – atualmente)
 Presidente da Câmara dos Deputados
 Arthur Lira (2021 – atualmente)
 Presidente do Senado Federal
 Rodrigo Pacheco (2021 – atualmente)
 Presidente do Supremo Tribunal Federal
 Rosa Weber (2022 – 2023)
 Luís Roberto Barroso (2023 – atualmente)

Eventos

Janeiro
 1.º de janeiro – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva empossado como 39.º Presidente do Brasil.
 3 de janeiro – Velório e sepultamento de Pelé na Vila Belmiro em Santos.
 8 de janeiro – Apoiadores do ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro invadem as sedes dos três poderes durante atos antidemocráticos em Brasília. É decretada intervenção federal na segurança pública do Distrito Federal.
 9 de janeiro – Ibaneis Rocha, governador do Distrito Federal, é afastado do cargo por decisão do ministro do STF Alexandre de Moraes.
 11 de janeiro — Dez membros de uma família são sequestrados e assassinados no Distrito Federal.
 14 de janeiro – Ex-ministro da Justiça, Anderson Torres é preso em Brasília sob acusação de facilitar a ação de bolsonaristas durante a invasão as sedes dos três poderes.
 19 de janeiro – A rede varejista Americanas entra com pedido de recuperação judicial após a descoberta de um rombo financeiro de R$ 20 milhões e o bloqueio de parte das contas motivado por dívidas com credores.
 20 de janeiro
O lateral Daniel Alves é preso na Espanha acusado de agressão sexual.
O Ministério da Saúde declara emergência em saúde pública na Terra Indígena Yanomami.
 28 de janeiro – Encerramento das atividades do Consórcio de Veículos de Imprensa, criado em 2020 para a divulgação de dados da Pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil.

Fevereiro
 1 de fevereiro
Rodrigo Pacheco (PSD-MG) é reeleito presidente do Senado Federal.
Arthur Lira (PP-AL) é reeleito presidente da Câmara dos Deputados.
 2 de fevereiro
Glória Maria, jornalista e apresentadora, morre aos 73 anos.
Ex-deputado Daniel Silveira é preso em Petrópolis por descumprimento de medidas cautelares definidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF).
 5 de fevereiro – Uma embarcação com 14 pessoas a bordo naufraga na Baía de Guanabara, deixando 3 mortos e 5 desaparecidos.
 13 de fevereiro – Fortes chuvas causam inundações e deslizamentos de terra em São Gonçalo, região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro.
15 de fevereiro – Com o enredo "A Caminho das Terras do Sol Poente", Mocidade Unida da Glória conquista o título do Carnaval de Vitória pela oitava vez.
 18 de fevereiro – Fortes chuvas causam inundações e deslizamentos de terra em municípios do litoral de São Paulo.
21 de fevereiro – Com o enredo "Yasuke", Mocidade Alegre conquista o título do Carnaval de São Paulo pela décima primeira vez, quebrando um jejum de nove anos sem vencer.
22 de fevereiro – Com o enredo "O aperreio do cabra que o excomungado tratou com má-querença e o santíssimo não deu guarida", Imperatriz Leopoldinense conquista o título do Carnaval do Rio de Janeiro pela nona vez, quebrando um jejum de 22 anos sem vencer.

Março
 8 de março – Desabamento de parte do teto do Osasco Plaza Shopping, na Grande São Paulo. Ninguém ficou ferido.
 12 de março – Um deslizamento de terra atinge casas em Jorge Teixeira, Zona Leste de Manaus, matando oito pessoas.
 14 de março – Início da onda de ataques violentos em municípios do Rio Grande do Norte.
 16 de março – Após 66 dias de afastamento, Ibaneis Rocha retorna ao governo do Distrito Federal após autorização do ministro do STF Alexandre de Moraes.
 17 de março – Um helicóptero cai na Barra Funda, Zona Leste de São Paulo, matando 4 pessoas.
 24 de março – Fortes chuvas causam inundações em estados das regiões Norte e Nordeste.
24 a 26 de março – É realizada a décima edição do Lollapalooza Brasil.
 26 de março – Em show para 50 mil pessoas no Estádio do Mineirão, em Belo Horizonte, a banda Skank se despede dos palcos após 32 anos de carreira.
 27 de março – Um aluno de 13 anos promove ataque a faca numa escola estadual da Vila Sônia, em São Paulo. Uma professora morreu e outras quatro pessoas ficaram feridas.
 28 de março – Brasil atinge a marca de 700 mil mortos pela Covid-19.

Abril
 5 de abril – Homem ataca creche em Blumenau, Santa Catarina, matando 4 crianças e ferindo outras 5.
8 de abril
Uma embarcação com turistas naufraga em Bertioga, litoral de São Paulo, matando duas pessoas.
Fortes chuvas causam inundações em municípios do Maranhão.
 11 de abril – É comemorado o centenário da escola de samba Portela.
18 de abril – O Ministério Público de Goiás abre inquérito contra jogadores de futebol do Santos, Corinthians, Red Bull Bragantino, Juventude e do Cuiabá, além de casas de aposta e apostadores. Mandados de prisão e de busca e apreensão foram feitos em seis estados.
19 de abril – Gonçalves Dias pede demissão do Gabinete de Segurança Institucional (GSI) após imagens da destruição da Praça dos Três Poderes divulgada pela CNN Brasil, mostrarem o ministro e funcionários do GSI não contendo a ação dos vândalos.
26 de abril
Telegram é novamente bloqueado no Brasil após descumprir decisão judicial do Tribunal de Justiça do Espírito Santo (TJES) ao não entregar a Polícia Federal provas de crimes de grupos considerados neonazistas.
É instalada no Congresso Nacional do Brasil a CPMI do Golpe, que investiga os ataques e o financiamento do vandalismo às sedes dos Três Poderes em 8 de janeiro.
 27 de abril – Um prédio desaba em Olinda, Pernambuco, matando três pessoas.
 28 de abril - O Presidente da República, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, assina decretos de homologação de seis terras indígenas:

Maio
 9 e 10 de maio – Clubes participantes do Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol afastam jogadores citados nas investigações da Operação Penalidade Máxima.
16 de maio
Por unanimidade, o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) cassa o mandato do deputado Deltan Dallagnol (Podemos-PR) por fraude na Lei da Ficha Limpa.
Superior Tribunal de Justiça Desportiva (STJD) suspende oito jogadores investigados na Operação Penalidade Máxima por fraudes nas apostas esportivas.
22 de maio
Governo Federal declara estado de emergência zoossanitária pelo aumento de casos de influenza aviária.
A Polícia do Rio de Janeiro encontra o corpo do ator Jeff Machado, desaparecido desde o fim de janeiro.
 31 de maio – O ex-presidente Fernando Collor é condenado pelo STF a 8 anos e 10 meses de prisão por corrupção passiva e lavagem de dinheiro.

Junho
 8 de junho – Um caminhão-tanque que transportava combustível tomba e pega fogo na Serra de Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, matando o motorista do veículo.
 15 de junho – Ciclone extratropical atinge o Rio Grande do Sul, deixando 16 pessoas mortas e cerca de 14 mil desalojadas.
 16 de junho – Sismo de magnitude estimada em 4,7 atinge municípios do Litoral de São Paulo e Vale do Ribeira.
 19 de junho – Atirador invade uma escola estadual em Cambé, interior do Paraná, e mata duas pessoas.
 26 de junho – Incêndio atinge um lixão em Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, e fumaça encobre a cidade, causando transtornos.
28 de junho – Início da divulgação de dados do Censo 2022. Brasil tem oficialmente 203.602.512 habitantes.
30 de junho – Por 5 votos a 2, o TSE condena o ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro à inelegibilidade por 8 anos.

Julho
 2 de julho – É comemorado o bicentenário da Independência da Bahia.
3 de julho – Boi Caprichoso conquista o título do 56° Festival Folclórico de Parintins.
 6 de julho – Texto-base da Reforma Tributária é aprovado na Câmara dos Deputados.
 8 de julho – Um prédio desaba em Paulista, Pernambuco, deixando 14 pessoas mortas.
 12 de julho – Ciclone extratropical volta a atingir o Rio Grande do Sul, chegando também a cidades de Santa Catarina.
 26 de julho
Uma explosão num silo de uma cooperativa no município de Palotina, Paraná, deixa 8 mortos, 11 pessoas feridas e uma desaparecida. Dentre as vítimas fatais estão 7 haitianos.
 Outro ciclone extratropical, de menor intensidade, atinge a região Sul, sendo o quarto a atingir a área desde junho.
 27 à 31 de julho – 16 pessoas são mortas durante uma operação policial iniciada após a morte de um soldado da ROTA no Guarujá, São Paulo.

Agosto
 2 de agosto – Uma operação policial no Complexo da Penha, Rio de Janeiro, deixa 10 pessoas mortas.
3 de agosto – Cristiano Zanin toma posse como ministro do Supremo Tribunal Federal.
 8 de agosto – Um helicóptero da Marinha cai durante treinamento em Formosa, Goiás, deixando 2 mortos e 12 feridos.
9 de agosto
Silvinei Vasques, ex-diretor da Polícia Rodoviária Federal, é preso em Florianópolis na investigação sobre interferência nas eleições de 2022.
 Luís Roberto Barroso é eleito presidente do Supremo Tribunal Federal.
15 de agosto – Um apagão atinge 25 estados do Brasil e o Distrito Federal. Roraima foi o único estado a não ser afetado.
17 de agosto – Mãe Bernadete, ialorixá e líder quilombola brasileira, é assassinada a tiros em Simões Filho, Bahia.
 20 de agosto
 Um ônibus que transportava torcedores do Corinthians capota na Rodovia Fernão Dias, altura de Igarapé, Minas Gerais, matando sete pessoas.
 Apresentador Fausto Silva sofre infarto e é internado em São Paulo. O artista precisou fazer um transplante de coração.
30 de agosto – Cantor Regis Danese sofre grave acidente no município de Ceres em Goiás. O veículo em que ele estava colidiu com uma carreta.

Setembro
1 de setembro – Uma explosão na caldeira de uma metalúrgica em Cabreúva, São Paulo, deixa 3 mortos e mais de 30 feridos.
2 de setembro – Ator Kayky Brito é atropelado enquanto atravessava a Avenida Lúcio Costa, no Rio de Janeiro. O artista foi internado em estado grave após sofrer múltiplas fraturas.
2 a 10 de setembro – É realizada a primeira edição do The Town no Autódromo de Interlagos.
3 de setembro – Mingau, músico do Ultraje a Rigor, é baleado na cabeça numa tentativa de assalto em Paraty, Rio de Janeiro.
4 de setembro – Um ciclone extratropical desastroso atinge pela terceira vez o Rio Grande do Sul, deixando ao menos 48 mortos. Uma pessoa também morreu em Santa Catarina.
14 de setembro – Corte do Supremo Tribunal Federal condena os primeiros réus pelo envolvimento nos ataques golpistas as sedes dos três poderes, em 8 de janeiro. Penas chegam à 17 anos de prisão.
16 de setembro – Queda de um avião em Barcelos, Amazonas, mata 14 pessoas.
17 de setembro – Início de forte onda de calor no Brasil, registrando temperaturas acima de 40ºC em vários estados.
19 de setembro – Câmara Municipal de São Paulo cassa mandato do vereador Camilo Cristófaro (Avante) com 45 votos favoráveis, cinco abstenções e nenhum voto contrário a perda do mandato, por fala racista do parlamentar.
21 de setembro – Por 9 votos a 2, plenário do STF derruba o marco temporal das terras indígenas.
27 de setembro – Fortes temporais em diversas cidades do estado de São Paulo devido ao encontro de uma frente fria com uma onda de calor, com registros de ventos intensos e queda de granizo.
28 de setembro – Luís Roberto Barroso assume a presidência do Supremo Tribunal Federal.

Outubro
 3 de outubro – Funcionários da CPTM, Metrô de São Paulo e Sabesp fazem paralisação por 24 horas.
 5 de outubro – Três médicos são assassinados a tiros em um quiosque na Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro.
 11 à 14 de outubro – Uma fumaça provocada por queimadas encobre a cidade de Manaus, causando transtornos.
 14 de outubro – Ocorre o Eclipse solar anular no Brasil em em outros países do continente americano
 17 de outubro – Quatro trabalhadores morrem soterrados em uma construção de um supermercado em Belo Horizonte.
 23 de outubro
 Um adolescente de 16 anos promove ataque a tiros em uma escola de Sapopemba, Zona Leste de São Paulo. Uma aluna morreu e outros três ficaram feridos.
 Onda de ataques violentos em bairros da Zona Oeste do Rio de Janeiro após a morte de um miliciano numa operação policial. 35 ônibus e um trem foram incendiados.
29 de outubro – Queda de um avião em Rio Branco, Acre, mata 12 pessoas.
31 de outubro – Ex-senador Telmário Mota é preso em Nerópolis, Goiás, sob a acusação de ser o mandante do assassinato de sua ex-esposa.

Novembro

Televisão

Esportes

 25 de janeiro – Palmeiras conquista a Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior pela segunda vez consecutiva ao vencer o América Mineiro por 2-1 no Estádio do Canindé.
 26 de janeiro – Em Melbourne, Austrália, Luisa Stefani e Rafael Matos conquistam o título do Australian Open na categoria de duplas mistas.
 28 de janeiro – Palmeiras conquista o título da Supercopa do Brasil pela primeira vez ao vencer o Flamengo por 4-3 no Estádio Mané Garrincha.
 5 de fevereiro – Em Sharjah, Emirados Árabes Unidos, Rayssa Leal conquista o título do Mundial de Skate Street.
 11 de fevereiro – Após ser derrotado pelo Al-Hilal por 3-2 na semifinal, Flamengo conquista o terceiro lugar na Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA de 2022 ao vencer o Al-Ahly por 4-2 no Estádio Ibn Batouta, em Tânger, Marrocos.
 12 de fevereiro – Corinthians conquista a Supercopa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino pela segunda vez consecutiva ao derrotar o Flamengo na final por 4-1 na Neo Química Arena.
 28 de fevereiro – Independiente del Valle conquista o título da Recopa Sul-Americana pela primeira vez ao vencer o Flamengo nos pênaltis por 5-4 no Estádio do Maracanã após o placar agregado de 1-1 nas duas partidas do certame.
 25 de março – O piloto neozelandês Mitch Evans vence o EPrix de São Paulo.
 6 de abril – A Inglaterra vence a primeira edição da Copa dos Campeões CONMEBOL–UEFA de Futebol Feminino ao derrotar o Brasil nos pênaltis por 4-2 após empate por 1-1 no Estádio de Wembley, em Londres, Inglaterra.
 30 de abril – Sada Cruzeiro é campeão da Superliga Masculina de Vôlei pela oitava vez ao vencer o Itambé Minas na final por 3 sets a 0 na Farma Conde Arena, em São José dos Campos.
 7 de maio – Dentil Praia Clube é campeão da Superliga Feminina de Vôlei pela segunda vez ao vencer o Gerdau Minas na final por 3 sets a 0 no Ginásio Sabiazinho, em Uberlândia.
 3 de junho – A Seleção Brasileira é eliminada da Copa do Mundo Sub-20 nas quartas de final ao ser derrotada por Israel na prorrogação por 3-2 no Estádio del Bicentenario, em San Juan, Argentina.
 8 de junho – Em Paris, França, Beatriz Haddad Maia avança à semifinal do Torneio de Roland Garros, sendo a primeira tenista brasileira a chegar nesta fase de um Grand Slam desde 1968. Na disputa, foi derrotada pela polonesa Iga Świątek por 2 sets a 0.
 10 de junho – Franca conquista o título do Novo Basquete Brasil pela segunda vez consecutiva ao vencer o São Paulo por 92-68 no Pedrocão e fechar em 3-2 a série decisiva.
 16 de julho – Em Cluj-Napoca, Romênia, a Seleção Brasileira conquista a medalha de ouro na etapa da Copa do Mundo de Ginástica Rítmica.
 2 de agosto – A Seleção Brasileira é eliminada da Copa do Mundo de Futebol Feminino na fase de grupos ao empatar sem gols com a Jamaica no Estádio Retangular de Melbourne, Austrália.
 1° de setembro – Gabriel Bortoleto conquista o título da Fórmula 3 na etapa de Monza, Itália.
 9 de setembro
Em Trestles, na Califórnia, Estados Unidos, Filipe Toledo conquista o título do Circuito Mundial Masculino de Surfe pela segunda vez consecutiva ao vencer Ethan Ewing na última etapa da competição.
Em Nova Iorque, Estados Unidos, João Fonseca conquista o título do US Open na categoria juvenil.
 10 de setembro – Corinthians conquista o título do Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino pela quinta vez ao vencer a Ferroviária nas finais com um empate por 0-0 na Fonte Luminosa e uma vitória por 2-1 na Neo Química Arena.
 24 de setembro – São Paulo conquista o título da Copa do Brasil pela primeira vez ao derrotar o Flamengo na final com uma vitória por 1-0 no Estádio do Maracanã e um empate por 1-1 no Estádio do Morumbi.
 4 de outubro – Em Antuérpia, Bélgica, a Seleção Brasileira feminina conquista a medalha de prata no Campeonato Mundial de Ginástica Artística na disputa por equipes, alcancando um resultado inédito.
 21 de outubro – Corinthians conquista o título da Copa Libertadores de Futebol Feminino pela quarta vez ao derrotar o Palmeiras por 1-0 na final realizada no Estádio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero, em Cáli, Colômbia.
 28 de outubro – LDU conquista o título da Copa Sul-Americana pela segunda vez ao vencer o Fortaleza nos pênaltis por 4-3 após o empate por 1-1 no Estádio Domingo Burgueño, em Punta del Leste, Uruguai.

Mortes

 Janeiro
 1  – Magda Soares  – Professora e escritora
 3 – Rita de Cássia – Compositora
 5
Chico Liberato – Artista plástico e cineasta
Renatinho – Cantor e compositor; vocalista do grupo Bokaloka
6  – Walmor Barbosa Martins  –  Político
 7 – Manhoso – Cantor e humorista
 8
 – Roberto Dinamite – Ex-jogador
 Flávio Carneiro Rodrigues  – Padre, escritor e professor
 Walter Tosta  – Político
 11 – Luiz Orlando Carneiro – Jornalista
 13
 – Carlos Colla – Compositor
 Claudio Willer  – Poeta e ensaísta
 Roberto Cláudio Frota Bezerra  – Engenheiro agrônomo e professor
 19 – Sérgio Abreu – Violinista
 22 – Gilson Ricardo – Jornalista, radialista e comentarista esportivo
 25  – José Reis Pereira  – Professor e político
 26
 – Luiz Carlos da Silva Bueno  – Político e militar
 Olimpio Bonald Neto  – Advogado, professor e poeta
 28
 – Paulo Roberto de Souza Matos  – Político
 Márcio Catão  – Administrador e político
 Dulce Whitaker  – Socióloga
 29
 – Adriana Dias – Antropóloga
 Bettina Orrico  – Culinarista
 31
Luiz Suzin Marini – Político
Ilya São Paulo – Ator
Cleonice Berardinelli – Escritora e professora
Fuad Gabriel Chucre – Político

 Fevereiro
 2 – Glória Maria – Jornalista
 3
 – José Luiz de Magalhães Lins – Banqueiro
 – Roberto Purini – Político
 5 – Gerhard Malnic – Cientista
 11 -– Helena Parente Cunha – Escritora
 12 – Amazonino Mendes – Advogado e político; ex-prefeito de Manaus e ex-governador do Amazonas
 14
 Djalma Limongi Batista – Cineasta
 Vito Schlickmann – Prelado
 21 – íris de Araújo – Política
 22
 Germano Mathias –Cantor e compositor
 Mestre Piticaia – Produtor cultural
 28
 Roque Aras – Político
 Manoel Junior – Político

 Março
 4
Márcio Guedes – Jornalista e comentarista esportivo
Paulo Caruso – Cartunista
Sueli Costa – Cantora e compositora
 5 – Romualdo Arppi Filho – Ex-árbitro de futebol
 10 – Bebeto Castilho – Cantor e compositor
 11 – Mário Borriello – Carnavalesco
 12 – Antônio Pedro – Ator
 13
Canisso – Músico; baixista da banda Raimundos
Eliseu Padilha – Político; ex-deputado e ex-ministro
 15 – Theo de Barros – Músico
 24 – Márcia Barrozo do Amaral – Galerista
 25 – Juca Chaves – Músico e humorista
 31 – Palmério Dória – Jornalista

 Abril
 1° – Léa Camargo – Atriz
 8 – Paulo de Tarso Sanseverino – Jurista e professor; ministro do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral
 11 – Cynara – Cantora; integrante do Quarteto em Cy
 14 – Fughetti Luz – Cantor e compositor
 26 – Alzira Rufino – Escritora

 Maio
 7 – Palmirinha Onofre – Cozinheira e apresentadora
 8 – Rita Lee – Cantora e compositora
 9 – David Miranda – Jornalista e político; ex-deputado federal
 11 – Paula Borgo – Voleibolista
 16 – Nelsinho Rosa – Ex-treinador e ex-jogador
 22 – Vagner Benazzi – Ex-treinador e ex-jogador
 24 – Xandy Negrão – Piloto e empresário

 Junho
 5 – Astrud Gilberto – Cantora
 6 – Maurício Assumpção – Dirigente esportivo
 8 – Hélio Turco – Compositor
 15 – Luiz Schiavon – Compositor e instrumentista
 19 – Paulo Morsa – Comentarista esportivo
 20 – Zeca do Trombone – Instrumentista
 21 – Lucia Hippolito – Jornalista e cientista política
 29
Mário Monteiro – Cenógrafo e carnavalesco
Alysson Paulinelli – Agrônomo e político; ex-ministro da Agricultura

 Julho
 2 – Sepúlveda Pertence – Jurista, advogado e magistrado; ex-ministro do Supremo Tribunal Federal
 4 – Siqueira Campos – Político; criador e ex-governador do Tocantins
 6 – Zé Celso – Diretor, ator, dramaturgo e encenador; fundador do Teatro Oficina
 7 – Neusa Maria Faro – Atriz
 11 – Índia Potira – Ex-chacrete
 12 – Fernando Ferretti – Treinador de futsal
 14 – Sérgio Amaral – Advogado, diplomata, professor universitário e político
 17
José Bonifácio Novellino – Político
João Donato – Músico
Palhinha – Ex-jogador e ex-treinador
 24
Leny Andrade – Cantora
Doris Monteiro – Atriz e cantora

 Agosto
 1° – Maria Helena Dias – Atriz
 7 – Aracy Balabanian – Atriz
 9 – Aderbal Freire Filho – Diretor e apresentador
 13 – José Murilo de Carvalho – Historiador e membro da Academia Brasileira de Letras
 15 – Léa Garcia – Atriz
 23
Francisco Dornelles – Político
 Eduardo Barbosa – Médico e político
 25 – Carlos Gonzaga – Músico e cantor
 26
Geraldo Majella Agnelo – Cardeal
 MC Marcinho – Cantor e compositor
28 – Lana Bittencourt – Cantora e atriz

 Setembro

 3 – José Gregori – Escritor e político
 7
Raimundo Varela – Radialista, político e apresentador
Nelson Travnik – Astrônomo
 8– Alberto Setzer – Pesquisador
 9 – Germano Gerdau – Empresário
 18 – Marinho Peres – Ex-futebolista
 21 – Walewska – Voleibolista
 22 – Maria Carmem Barbosa – Dramaturga, roteirista e autora de telenovelas
 24
 Max Lopes – Carnavalesco
 Ana Maria de Almeida Camargo – Historiadora e arquivista
 25 – Paulo André Barata – Cantor, compositor e instrumentista
 30 – Eurico dos Santos Veloso – Prelado

 Outubro

 1 – Bird Clemente – Automobilista
 4 – Murílio de Avellar Hingel – Político, geógrafo e professor
 6 – Moreira Alves – Jurista e professor
 9 – Mauro Morelli – Prelado
 10 – Sérgio Drugovich – Automobilista
 12 – Álvaro Correia – Político
 13
 Ivo Lech – Político
 João Luiz Ribeiro – Ginasta
 21
 Carlos Amorim  – Jornalista e diretor de televisão
 Celso Vecchione – Guitarrista
 22 – Cyva – Cantora; integrante do Quarteto em Cy
 24 – César Vieira – Autor, diretor e advogado
 28 – Tito Costa – Político
 31 – Roberto Szaniecki – Carnavalesco

2023 no Brasil


Diving activities are the things people do while diving underwater. People may dive for various reasons, both personal and professional. While a newly qualified recreational diver may dive purely for the experience of diving, most divers have some additional reason for being underwater. Recreational diving is purely for enjoyment and has several specialisations and technical disciplines to provide more scope for varied activities for which specialist training can be offered, such as cave diving, wreck diving, ice diving and deep diving. Several underwater sports are available for exercise and competition.

There are various aspects of professional diving that range from part-time work to lifelong careers. Professionals in the recreational diving industry include instructor trainers, diving instructors, assistant instructors, divemasters, dive guides, and scuba technicians. A scuba diving tourism industry has developed to service recreational diving in regions with popular dive sites. Commercial diving is industry related and includes civil engineering tasks such as in oil exploration, offshore construction, dam maintenance and harbour works. Commercial divers may also be employed to perform tasks related to marine activities, such as naval diving, ships husbandry, marine salvage or aquaculture. Other specialist areas of diving include military diving, with a long history of military frogmen in various roles. They can perform roles including direct combat, reconnaissance, infiltration behind enemy lines, placing mines, bomb disposal or engineering operations.

In civilian operations, police diving units perform search and rescue operations, and recover evidence. In some cases diver rescue teams may also be part of a fire department, paramedical service, sea rescue or lifeguard unit, and this may be classed as public safety diving. There are also professional media divers such as underwater photographers and videographers, who record the underwater world, and scientific divers in fields of study which involve the underwater environment, including marine biologists, geologists, hydrologists, oceanographers and underwater archaeologists.

The choice between scuba and surface-supplied diving equipment is based on both legal and logistical constraints. Where the diver requires mobility and a large range of movement, scuba is usually the choice if safety and legal constraints allow. Higher risk work, particularly commercial diving, may be restricted to surface-supplied equipment by legislation and codes of practice.

Diving procedures

The standard procedures and activities essential to safe diving in the chosen diving mode, using the chosen diving equipment, and in the chosen diving environment are inherently part of the activities of a dive. Monitoring the dive profile, gas supplies, decompression status, relative positions of the divers and communication associated with these are all standard operating procedures. Contingency procedures associated with the diving mode, equipment and foreseeable diversions from the dive plan may also be necessary. These activities may be considered as occurring in the background, as in most cases they are not the reason for the dive.

Navigation

Navigation is a common activity during dives. Diver navigation, termed "underwater navigation" by scuba divers, is a set of techniques—including observing natural features, the use of a compass, and surface observations—that divers use to navigate underwater. Free-divers do not spend enough time underwater for navigation to be important, and surface supplied divers are limited in the distance they can travel by the length of their umbilicals and are usually directed from the surface control point. On those occasions when they need to navigate they can use the same methods used by scuba divers. When it is critical for safety to return to a specific place, a distance line is generally used. This may be laid and left in place for other divers, or recovered on the return leg. Use of distance lines is standard in penetration diving, where the divers cannot ascend directly to the surface at all times, and it is possible to lose track of the route out to .

Searches

Searches are a fairly common diving activity, and may be the primary purpose of the dive, part of a more complex activity plan, or incidental. Underwater searches are procedures to find a known or suspected target object or objects in a specified search area under water. A search method attempts to provide full coverage of the search area, by using a search pattern, which should completely cover the search area without excessive redundancy or missed areas.

Operation of special equiment

A diver propulsion vehicle is a type of diving equipment sometimes used by scuba divers to increase range underwater. Range is restricted by the amount of breathing gas that can be carried, the rate at which that breathing gas is consumed, and the battery power of the DPV. Time limits imposed on the diver by decompression requirements may also limit safe range in practice. DPVs have recreational, scientific and military applications.

Exploration

There is often an element of exploration in diving activity, as it is common to dive in an unfamiliar place. This exploration may be casual or focused on gathering information which can be shared or recorded and published for use by others. A large part of the waters accessible to divers remains virtually unknown, and has not been surveyed or mapped in detail, and in many cases, has not yet been visited by divers. Exploration has been identified as one of the major motivations for recreational diving, but it is mostly casual and seldom results in recorded reports which can be of use to others.

Underwater work

Underwater work is usually done by professional divers who are paid for their work. The procedures are often regulated by legislation and codes of practice as it is an inherently hazardous occupation and the diver works as a member of a team. Due to the dangerous nature of some professional diving operations, specialized equipment such as an on-site hyperbaric chamber and diver-to-surface communication system is often required by law, and the mode of diving for some applications may be regulated.

There are several branches of professional diving, the best known of which is probably commercial diving and its specialised applications. There are also applications in scientific research, marine archaeology, fishing and aquaculture, public service, law enforcement, military service, media work and diver training. Specialist training may be required for some aspects of this work.

Commercial diving

Commercial diving may be considered an application of professional diving where the diver engages in underwater work for industrial, construction, engineering, maintenance or other commercial purposes which are similar to work done out of the water, and where the diving is usually secondary to the work.

Offshore diving

Commercial offshore diving, sometimes shortened to just offshore diving, generally refers to the branch of commercial diving, with divers working in support of the exploration and production sector of the oil and gas industry. The work in this area of the industry includes maintenance of oil platforms and the building of underwater structures. In this context "" implies that the diving work is done outside of national boundaries. Technically it also refers to any diving done in the international offshore waters outside of the territorial waters of a state, where national legislation does not apply. Most commercial offshore diving is in the exclusive economic zone of a state, and much of it is outside the territorial waters. The type of work includes tasks such as wellhead completion, submarine pipeline monitoring and inspection, assembly of manifolds and work on moorings, including rigging, lifting, and assembly of components.

Salvage diving

Salvage diving is the diving work associated with marine salvage, the recovery of all or part of ships, their cargoes, aircraft, and other vehicles and structures which have sunk or fallen into water. In the case of ships it may also refer to repair work done to make an abandoned or distressed but still floating vessel more suitable for towing or propulsion under its own power. The recreational/technical activity known as wreck diving is generally not considered salvage work, though some recovery of artifacts may be done by recreational divers.

Most salvage diving is commercial or military work, depending on the diving contractor and the purpose for the salvage operation, Similar underwater work may be done by divers as part of forensic investigations into accidents, in which case the procedures may be more closely allied with underwater archaeology than the more basic procedures of advantageous cost/benefit expected in commercial and military operations.

Hazmat diving

Hazmat diving generally refers to the presence of hazardous materials in the diving environment, but some classes of underwater work are inherently in a hazardous materials environment, including nuclear diving and sewer diving.

Underwater inspection

Inspection of underwater structures, installations, and sites is a common professional diving activity, applicable to planning, installation, and maintenance phases, but the required skills are often specific to the application. Much use is made of video and still photographic evidence, and live video to allow direction of the inspection work by the supervisor and topside specialists. Inspections may also involve surface preparation, often by cleaning, and non-destructive testing.

Potable water diving

Potable water diving is diving inside a tank that is used for potable water. This is usually done for inspection and cleaning tasks. A person who is trained to do this work may be described as a potable water diver. The risks to the diver associated with potable water diving are related to the access, confined spaces and outlets for the water. The risk of contamination of the water is managed by isolating the diver in a clean dry-suit and helmet or full-face mask which are decontaminated before the dive.

Ships husbandry

Ships husbandry is all aspects of maintenance, cleaning, and general upkeep of the hull, rigging, and equipment of a ship. It may also be used to refer to aspects of maintenance which are not specifically covered by the technical departments. The term is used in both naval and merchant shipping, but 'naval vessel husbandry' may also be used for specific reference to naval vessels. Underwater ships husbandry includes hull cleaning, inspection, and some kinds of repair work.

Underwater construction

Underwater construction is industrial construction in an underwater environment. There is often, but not necessarily, a significant component of commercial diving involved. It is a part of the marine construction industry.
Concrete work is a common component of underwater construction, and may involve site clearing and preparation by suction dredging, airlifting, high pressure and abrasive waterjetting, in-water surface cleaning using brushcarts, shuttering and formwork, bagwork, and setup of reinforcement. Underwater concrete placement may be by tremie, pumped concrete, skip placement, or toggle bags.
Concrete repair, and assembly of pre-cast components often involves grouting. Other work may include fitting fixing bolts by drilling and core drilling, pipe installation (outfalls), pipeline support and protection, using mattresses for ballast and scour protection, and underwater welding.

Underwater mining and mineral extraction
Underwater mining
Diamonds off the Orange River mouth
Amber in the Baltic sea (historical)
Gold in rivers

Military diving

Underwater divers may be employed in any branch of an armed force, including the navy, army, marines, air force and coast guard.
Scope of operations includes: search and recovery, search and rescue, hydrographic survey, explosive ordnance disposal, demolition , underwater engineering, salvage, ships husbandry, reconnaissance, infiltration, sabotage, counterinfiltration, underwater combat and security.

Clearance diving, the removal of obstructions and hazards to navigation, is closely related to salvage diving, but has a different purpose, in that the objects to be removed are not intended to be recovered, just removed or reduced to a condition where they no longer constitute a hazard or obstruction. Many of the techniques and procedures used in clearance diving are also used in salvage work.

Submarine rescue is the process of locating a sunk submarine with survivors on board, and bringing the survivors to safety. This may be done by recovering the vessel to the surface first, or by transferring the trapped personnel to a rescue bell or deep-submergence rescue vehicle to bring them to the surface. Submarine rescue may be done at pressures between ambient at depth, and sea level atmospheric pressure, depending on the condition of the disabled vessel and the equipment used for the rescue. Associated diving work may include preparing the submarine for access by a rescue bell or rescue submersible, if the depth allows human intervention. Recent developments tend to favour the use of remotely operated vehicles dedicated to this application.

Public service

Public safety diving is underwater diving conducted as part of law enforcement and search and rescue. Their work includes underwater rescue, underwater recovery and underwater investigation conducted by divers working for or under the authority of municipal, state or federal agencies. These divers are typically members of police departments, sheriff's offices, fire rescue agencies, search and rescue teams or providers of emergency medical services. Public safety divers differ from recreational, scientific and commercial divers who can generally plan the date, time, and location of a dive, and dive only if the conditions are conducive to the task. Public safety divers respond to emergencies 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and may be required to dive in the middle of the night, during inclement weather, in zero visibility "black water," or in waters polluted by chemicals and biohazards. Much of their work involves Underwater searches.

Police diving is a branch of professional diving carried out by police services. Police divers are usually sworn police officers, and may either be employed full-time as divers or as general water police officers, or be volunteers who usually serve in other units but are called in if their diving services are required. The duties carried out by police divers include rescue diving for underwater casualties and search and recovery diving for evidence and bodies.

Scientific

Scientific diving is the use of underwater diving techniques by scientists to perform work underwater in the direct pursuit of scientific knowledge. Scientific divers are normally qualified scientists first and divers second, who use diving equipment and techniques as their way to get to the location of their fieldwork. The direct observation and manipulation of marine habitats afforded to scuba-equipped scientists have transformed the marine sciences generally, and marine biology and marine chemistry in particular. Underwater archeology and geology are other examples of sciences pursued underwater. Some scientific diving is carried out by universities in support of undergraduate or postgraduate research programs, and government bodies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the UK Environment Agency carry out scientific diving to recover samples of water, marine organisms and sea, lake or riverbed material to examine for signs of pollution.

Activities are widely varied and may include visual counts and measurements of organisms in situ, collection of samples, underwater surveys, photography, videography, video mosaicing, benthic coring, coral coring, and deployment, maintenance and retrieval of scientific equipment. Surveys include site surveys, geological surveys, baseline and monitoring ecological surveys, which may involve the use of transect and quadrat methodology. A bibliographic analysis of papers published between 1995 and 2006 that have been supported by scientific diving shows that diving supports scientific research through efficient and targeted sampling. Activities include collection of specimen organisms and biological samples, observing and recording animal behaviour, quantitative surveys, in situ measurements, impact studies, ecological analyses, evaluation of techniques, mapping underwater areas, profiling geology, and deploying and retrieving underwater equipment.

Media and entertainment

Media diving is underwater diving in support of the media industries, including the practice of underwater photography and underwater cinematography and underwater videography outside of normal recreational interests. Media diving is often carried out in support of television documentaries featuring underwater photography or footage. Media divers are normally highly skilled camera operators who use diving as a method to reach their workplace, although some underwater photographers start as recreational divers and move on to make a living from their hobby. Equipment in this field is varied with scuba and surface supplied equipment used, depending on requirements, but rebreathers are often used for wildlife related work as they are normally quiet, release few or no bubbles and allow the diver a lengthy bottom time with a reduced risk of frightening off the subject.

Tourism

Scuba diving tourism is the industry based on servicing the requirements of recreational divers at destinations other than where they live. It includes aspects of training, equipment sales, rental and service, guided experiences and environmental tourism. The diving activity most associated with work in the diving tourism industry is leading dives.
Dive leader is the title of an internationally recognised recreational diving certification for the occupation of "dive guide", which is a specialist underwater application of "tour guide". Several other titles are also used, including "Divemaster". This is a role that includes organising and leading recreational dives, particularly in a professional capacity,

Diver training

Diver training is the set of processes through which a person learns the necessary and desirable skills to safely dive underwater within the scope of the diver training standard relevant to the specific training programme. Most diver training follows procedures and schedules laid down in the associated training standard, in a formal training programme, and includes practical skills training in the safe use of the associated equipment in the specified underwater environment, and assessment of the required skills and knowledge deemed necessary by the certification agency to allow the newly certified diver to dive within the specified range of conditions at an acceptable level of risk. Practical training and assessment of skills largely occurs underwater, in the presence of a diving instructor, who is responsible for the safety of the trainee while under instruction or assessment.

Aquaculture, fishing and harvesting of organisms underwater
Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lotus). Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater, brackish water and saltwater populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. There are many underwater activities associated with aquaculture which can be done by divers, including monitoring stock health and fish pen maintenance.

Spearfishing is a method of fishing that involves impaling the fish with a straight pointed object such as a spear, gig or harpoon. It has been deployed in artisanal fishing throughout the world for millennia. Modern spearfishing usually involves the use of underwater swimming gear and slingshot-like elastic powered spearguns or compressed gas powered pneumatic spearguns, which launch a tethered underwater projectile to strike the target fish. Specialised techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments and target fish. Spearfishing may be done using free-diving, snorkelling or scuba diving techniques.

Abalone, lobster, sea urchins and various other marine invertebrates can be collected by hand or with the assistance of hand tools while diving.

Pearl hunting is the activity of recovering pearls from wild molluscs, usually oysters or mussels, in the sea or freshwater. Pearl hunting was prevalent in the Persian Gulf region and Japan for thousands of years. On the northern and north-western coast of Western Australia pearl diving began in the 1850s, where the term also covers diving for nacre or mother of pearl found in what were known as pearl shells. In most cases the pearl-bearing molluscs live at depths where they are not manually accessible from the surface. Historically the molluscs were retrieved by freediving, When the standard diving suit became available it was applied to pearl hunting.

Sponge diving, is diving to collect soft natural sponges for human use as personal cleaning tools. It is one of the oldest known underwater diving activities, dating back to classical times, and was also originally a freediving activity which later made use of the standard diving helmet.

Recreational activities

Professional diving is done where the job is, but recreational divers have the freedom to choose where they dive, based on convenience, cost, their chosen underwater activities, and the characteristics of the environment at the available dive sites. Many recreational divers dive mainly in their home waters, but others will travel to sites where their preferences are more likely to be available.

Scuba diving tourism is the industry based on servicing the requirements of recreational divers at destinations other than where they live. It includes aspects of training, equipment sales, rental and service, guided experiences and environmental tourism.

Motivations to travel for scuba diving are complex and may vary considerably during the diver's development and experience. Participation can vary from once off to multiple dedicated trips per year over several decades. The popular destinations fall into several groups, including tropical reefs, shipwrecks and cave systems, each frequented by its own group of enthusiasts, with some overlap. Temperate and inland open water reef sites are generally dived by people who live relatively nearby.

Shark tourism is a form of eco-tourism that allows people to dive with sharks in their natural environment. This benefits local shark populations by educating tourists and through funds raised by the shark tourism industry. People can get close to the sharks by freediving or scuba diving or by entering the water in a protective cage for more aggressive species.

Scuba activities

There are many recreational diving activities, and several equipment and environmental specialties which require skills additional to those provided by the entry level courses, These skills were originally developed by trial and error, but training programmes are offered by most diver training agencies for the convenience of the diver, and profit for the agency, or in the case of club oriented systems, for the overall benefit of the club communuty:
Cave and cavern diving is underwater diving in water-filled caves. It may be done as an extreme sport, a way of exploring flooded caves for scientific investigation, or for the search for and recovery of divers lost as a result of one of these activities. The equipment used varies depending on the circumstances, but almost all cave diving is done using scuba equipment, often in specialised configurations with redundancies. Recreational cave diving is generally considered to be a type of technical diving due to the lack of a free surface during large parts of the dive, and often involves planned decompression stops. A distinction is made by recreational diver training agencies between cave diving and cavern diving, where cavern diving is deemed to be diving in those parts of a cave where the exit to open water can be seen by natural light. An arbitrary distance limit to the open water surface may also be specified.
Muck diving gets its name from the sediment that lies on the bottom at many dive sites - a frequently muddy or "mucky" environment. Other than muddy sediment, the muck dive substrate may consist of dead coral skeletons, garbage and natural detritus. The visibility is usually less than on the reef or wreck sites of the area. However, the sediment and detritus environment has a different ecology to the reef, and the "muck" substrate can be the habitat for unusual, exotic and juvenile organisms that are not found in the cleaner reef sites.
Recreational diving is diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment, and usually refers to scuba diving for recreational purposes, where the diver is not constrained from making a direct near-vertical ascent to the surface at any point during the dive, and risk is considered low. The equipment used for recreational diving is mostly open circuit scuba, though semi closed and fully automated electronic closed circuit rebreathers may be included in the scope of recreational diving. Risk is managed by training the diver in a range of standardised procedures and skills appropriate to the equipment the diver chooses to use and the environment in which the diver plans to dive. Further experience and development of skills by practice will inmprove the diver's ability to dive safely. Specialty training is made available by the recreational diver training industry and diving clubs to increase the range of environments and venues the diver can enjoy at an acceptable level of risk. Reasons to dive and preferred diving activities may vary during the personal development of a recreational diver, and may depend on their psychological profile and their level of dedication to the activity. Most divers average less than eight dives per year, but some total several thousand dives over a few decades and continue diving into their 60s and 70s, occasionally older. Recreational divers may frequent local dive sites or dive as tourists at more distant venues known for desirable underwater environments.
Scuba finswimming, officially named "Immersion finswimming with breathing apparatus", is underwater competitive swimming using mask, monofin and underwater breathing apparatus conducted in a swimming pool. While there are no requirements on how a breathing apparatus is carried, it cannot be exchanged or abandoned during a race.
Technical diving is recreational scuba diving that exceeds the agency-specified limits of recreational diving for non-professional purposes. Technical diving may expose the diver to hazards beyond those normally associated with recreational diving, and to a greater risk of serious injury or death. The risk may be reduced by appropriate skills, knowledge and experience, and by using suitable equipment and procedures. The skills may be developed through appropriate specialised training and experience. The equipment often involves breathing gases other than air or standard nitrox mixtures, and multiple gas sources.
Underwater citizen science is the scientific research and monitoring for projects for which members of the public collect, categorize, transcribe or analyze scientific data. It is an increasingly popular but underutilised collaboration between society and scientific research, in which members of the recreational scuba diving community actively participate in marine data acquisition and recording, largely by way of geolocated photographic observations collected during recreational dives, but also in more structured and long term experimental work.
Underwater photography is the process of taking photographs while under water. It is usually done while scuba diving, but can also be done while diving on surface supply, or freediving. Underwater photography can be categorised as an art form and a method for recording data. Successful underwater imaging is usually done with specialized equipment and techniques, and it offers unusual and rare photographic opportunities and subjects.
Underwater orienteering is a competitive underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba equipment, fins, a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered. The competition consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water testing the competitors' speed and accuracy in underwater navigation around accurately surveyed courses marked by buoys.
Underwater videography is the branch of electronic underwater photography concerned with capturing underwater moving images as a recreational diving, scientific, commercial, documentary, or filmmaking activity.
Wreck diving is recreational diving where the wreckage of ships, aircraft and other artificial structures are explored. Although most wreck dive sites are at shipwrecks, there is an increasing trend to scuttle retired ships to create artificial reef sites. The recreation of wreck diving makes no distinction as to how the vessel ended up on the bottom. Some wreck diving involves penetration of the wreckage, making a direct ascent to the surface impossible for a part of the dive.

Freediving activities

Freediving is a form of underwater diving that relies on breath-holding until resurfacing rather than the use of breathing apparatus such as scuba gear. Besides the limits of breath-hold, immersion in water and exposure to high ambient pressure also have physiological effects that limit the depths and duration possible in freediving. Examples of freediving activities are traditional fishing techniques, competitive and non-competitive freediving, competitive and non-competitive spearfishing and freediving photography, synchronised swimming, underwater football, underwater rugby, underwater hockey, underwater target shooting and snorkeling. There are also a range of "competitive apnea" disciplines; in which competitors attempt to attain great depths, times, or distances on a single breath:
Aquathlon, also known as underwater wrestling, is an underwater sport, where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle underwater in an attempt to remove a ribbon from each other's ankle band to win the bout. The "combat" takes place in a  square ring within a swimming pool, and is made up of three 30-second rounds, with a fourth round played in the event of a tie.
Finswimming is an underwater competitive sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins, either on the water's surface using a snorkel and with either a monofins or bifins, or underwater with a monofin. Three of the disciplines are on breath-hold, and one on scuba. Events take place over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and  venues.
 Recreational hunting and gathering, including non-competitive spearfishing, usually for food.
Competitive spearfishing is "the hunting and capture of fish underwater without the aid of artificial breathing devices, using gear that depends entirely on the physical strength of the competitor."
Underwater football is a two-team underwater sport is played in a swimming pool with snorkeling equipment: (mask, snorkel, and fins). The goal of the game is to manoeuvre (by carrying and passing) a slightly negatively buoyant ball from one side of a pool to the other by players who are completely submerged.
Underwater hockey (also known as Octopush in the United Kingdom) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a hockey stick (or pusher). A key challenge of the game is that it is played on breath-hold.
Underwater ice hockey is played upside-down underneath the ice on frozen pools or ponds. Participants wear diving masks, fins and wetsuits and use the underside of the frozen surface as the playing area for a buoyant puck. Competitors do not use breathing apparatus, and must surface for air as required.
Underwater rugby is an underwater team sport. During a match two teams try to score a negatively buoyant ball (filled with saltwater) into the opponents' goal at the bottom of a swimming pool. It has little in common with rugby football except for the name.
Underwater target shooting is combined underwater sport and shooting sport that tests a competitors' ability to accurately use a speargun in a set of individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool using freediving or Apnoea technique.

Training and skills development

The skills of underwater diving include some skills which are only needed in an emergency. These skills should be exercised sufficiently to ensure that if the emergency occurs, the diver is able to deal with it promptly and effectively. Skills practice can be done as part of a dive for other purposes, or in a dive dedicated to maintaining and developing the skills. Divers who do not dive sufficiently often to maintain basic skills may need to do refresher courses or s when returning to active diving. New skills may require dedicated practice to bring them up to a reliable standard.

Familiarisation with equipment
New equipment or a modification to equipment configuration may affect the diver's ability to operate the equipment or respond effectively to a problem. A common example is checking buoyancy control with a new diving suit, buoyancy compensator, cylinder configuration, or weighting system, or an unfamiliar model of rebreather. Buoyancy testing is done with the cylinders nearly empty, to ensure that the diver can maintain neutral buoyancy at the end of a dive during decompression, even if contingency use has depleted the reserve gas supplies. In many cases, testing new equipment does not require a special dive, as any problems will be noticed immediately, and either fixed or the dive can be safely aborted.

Response to an emergency

Both foreseeable and not reasonably foreseeable emergencies can occur during a dive. Dealing with them in some way is necessary, and may involve the diver in self-rescue, the buddy, in assistance to the other buddy, or the safety diver or stand-by diver in assistance to the diver or divers in difficulty. Response to an emergency happening to someone else may lead to public safety diving team involvement. Special circumstances like flooded cave rescues, entrapment in capsized vessels, and rescues from other disasters may involve larger groups.

Emergency recompression

In-water recompression (IWR) is the emergency treatment of decompression sickness (DCS) by returning the diver underwater to help the gas bubbles in the tissues, which are causing the symptoms, to resolve. It is a procedure that exposes the diver to significant risk which should be compared with the risk associated with the other available options. Some authorities recommend that it is only to be used when the time to travel to the nearest recompression chamber is too long to save the victim's life, others take a more pragmatic approach, and accept that in some circumstances IWR is the best available option. The risks may not be justified for case of mild symptoms likely to resolve spontaneously, or for cases where the diver is likely to be unsafe in the water, but in-water recompression may be justified in cases where severe outcomes are likely, if conducted by a competent and suitably equipped team.

Classification of underwater diving activities by occupational field

This is a table of underwater diving activities classified by occupational field and the diving modes usually associated with them. The mode may be dictated by the regulations or codes of practice governing the field of occupation.

References

Underwater diving

Diving activities


Roth is a Landkreis (district) in Middle Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northeast and clockwise) the districts of Nürnberger Land, Neumarkt, Eichstätt, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Ansbach and Fürth, and the cities of Schwabach and Nürnberg.

In medieval times the area was ruled by many lords. Brandenburg-Ansbach and Nuremberg owned possessions in the territory, and other parts were the property of clerical states. When these clerical states were dissolved in 1803, the territory fell to Bavaria.

The district was established in 1972 through the merger of the former districts of Roth, Schwabach and Hilpoltstein.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

External links

 Official website (German)

Districts of Bavaria

Roth (district)


Salomon B. Slijper (Salomon Bernard "Sal" Slijper; * 20. Januar 1884 in Amsterdam; † 9. August 1971 in Laren) war ein niederländischer Immobilienmakler und Kunstsammler, der besonders durch seine Ankäufe von Werken Piet Mondrians bekannt wurde. Er vermachte testamentarisch seinen gesamten Bestand dem Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, womit das Museum die weltweit größte Sammlung Mondrians beherbergt.

Leben und Werk

Kindheit, Schulzeit und erste Berufsjahre
Slijper wurde als Sohn des Diamantenmaklers Bernard Ezechiël Slijper (1843–1903) und dessen Ehefrau Elisabeth Benedictus (1851–1888) in eine niederländisch-jüdische Familie geboren. Nach dem Tod der Mutter übernahm die Dienstmagd Mathilda Cohen (1869–1943) die Erziehung des 4-Jährigen und heiratete am 28. Februar 1889 Salomons Vater. Salomon Slijper ging nach der sechsjährigen niederländischen Volksschule drei Jahre auf die Hoogere Burgerschool (höhere Bürgerschule, HBS, eine Art Gymnasium) und anschließend drei Jahre an die Openbare Handelsschool (Öffentliche Handelsschule) in Amsterdam und arbeitete ab 1900 sechs Jahre bei der Amsterdamsche Bank. Als der Vater 1903 starb, hinterließ er dem knapp 19-jährigen ein Erbe, das ihn finanziell unabhängig machte. Von 1908 bis 1912 arbeitete er zunächst bei dem Immobilienmakler J. H. de Roode und machte sich danach als Immobilienmakler in Amsterdam selbstständig.

Bekanntschaft mit Piet Mondrian
Im September 1916 lernte Slijper Piet Mondrian in Laren kennen, einem Künstlerdorf, dessen Maler als Gruppe der Larener Schule bezeichnet wurden. Sie trafen sich in der von Catharina Hannaert (1868–1946) geführten Pension De Linden; Hannaert war eine Verehrerin Mondrians. Im Oktober 1917 zog Slijper nach Blaricum, wo seine Stiefmutter lebte. Mondrian besuchte ihn dort recht häufig, vor allem an Sonntagen, wo sich viele Jugendliche im Hause Slijper einfanden und Mondrian gelegentlich mit einem hübschen Mädchen tanzen konnte, zu Mittag aß und als Dank für die Gastfreundschaft eine Zeichnung oder eine Skizze mitbrachte. Kurz vor Mondrians Abreise aus Laren im Juni 1919 kaufte Slijper, der zeitlebens eine Vorliebe für die gegenständliche Periode Piet Mondrians bewahrte, vom Künstler drei sogenannte Schachbrettmuster-Kompositionen aus dem Jahr 1919. Zudem kaufte er die Vorkriegs-Gemälde, die Mondrian bei seiner Abreise nach Paris in Den Haag zurückgelassen hatte. Nachdem Mondrian 1919 nach Paris zurückgekehrt war und sein Atelier wieder so vorfand, wie er es verlassen hatte, verschickte er alle verfügbaren naturalistischen und kubistischen Gemälde sowie zwei ovale Arbeiten an Sal Slijper, der dafür insgesamt 965 Gulden zahlte.

Auf Vorschlag Sal Slijpers schuf Mondrian zwischen 1922 und 1925 wiederholt Blumenzeichnungen mit je einer einzelnen Blume, die den Besuchern seines Ateliers derart gefielen, dass er weitere Exemplare für jeweils 100 Franken verkaufen konnte. Im Jahr 1922 organisierte Slijper anlässlich des 50. Geburtstags Piet Mondrians zusammen mit dem Maler Peter Alma, dem Architekten Bob Oud und H. J. Wolter, einem ehemaligen Studiengenossen Mondrians, eine retrospektive Ausstellung im Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam. Viele der damals ausgestellten Werke stammten aus der umfangreichen Sammlung Slijper. Im März 1922 beschlossen Slijper, Peter Alma, die Familie Stieltjes und Willem Steenhoff Piet Mondrian dadurch finanziell zu unterstützen, dass sie ihm für zwei Jahre je ein Viertel der Miete für sein Atelier beglichen, wofür sie im Gegenzug vom Künstler gemeinsam jedes Jahr ein Gemälde erhielten. Diese Gemälde sollten einer öffentlichen Sammlung geschenkt werden. Im Namen dieser Vierergruppe übergab Slijper am 20. Mai 1923 dem Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam das Bild Mühle am Abend aus dem Jahr 1917.

Die nach dem Schwarzen Dienstag einsetzende Weltwirtschaftskrise im Jahr 1929 berührte nicht zuletzt Slijpers wirtschaftliche Situation. Die Autorin Mandy Prins vermutet, dass er bereits 1930 ein derart überzeugter Mondrian-Sammler war, dass er das Angebot von Helene Kröller-Müller ausschlug, ihm Mondrians Hauptwerk aus dem Jahr 1911, das Triptychon Evolution, abzukaufen. Stattdessen verkaufte er lieber sein Haus und zog in ein Mietshaus.

Zweiter Weltkrieg
Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs konnten 35.000 von 150.000 Niederländern jüdischen Glaubens dem Holocaust entkommen. Slijper gehörte zu dieser Minderheit, da er in einem Versteck in seinem Mietshaus untertauchen konnte. Ohne Kontakt zu seiner Familie, seinen Freunden oder der Nachbarschaft wurde er von seiner Haushälterin Johanna Hamdorff (1886–1976) mit dem Nötigsten versorgt. Den sogenannten Hungerwinter 1944/45, in dem es für die Einwohner der Niederlande weder Brennstoff, Lebensmittel noch Elektrizität gab, überstand Sal Slijper geschwächt in seinen Versteck. Sein Leben verdankte er seiner Haushälterin, die dafür ihr eigenes Leben riskierte – denn Judenretter wurden unter der deutschen Besatzung wie Juden behandelt. 1947 heirateten Sal Slijper und Johanna Hamsdorff. Slijpers Mondrian-Kollektion überstand den Krieg unbeschadet, eingepackt in Zeitungspapier und gestapelt unter einigen alten Teppichen auf dem Dachboden der Nachbarfamilie Kuier. Diese "einfache Nachbarshilfe" war in Wirklichkeit lebensgefährlich. "Verwahrung beschlagnahmten jüdischen Eigentums", dazu "Entartete Kunst", wurde nicht selten mit Gefängnisstrafe oder gar Deportation bestraft.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Slijper, nunmehr 61 Jahre alt, wird kurz nach dem Ende des Weltkriegs von Mondrians Tod am 1. Februar 1944 erfahren haben. Seine frühere Freundschaft mit dem Künstler, verbunden mit seiner schon großen Kollektion Mondrianscher Werke bestimmte von nun an verstärkt Slijpers Alltag. Ab Oktober 1945 half Slijper bei der Ausgestaltung einer Mondrian-Gedächtnisausstellung im Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, die ein Jahr später stattfand und zudem in der Kunsthalle Basel gezeigt wurde. Er kam in Kontakt mit anderen Sammlern und Galeristen wie Sidney Janis und Peggy Guggenheim und handelte und sammelte strategisch weiter, unter anderem aus Auktionen.

Tod und Nachlass

Als Slijper 1971 starb,  bangte die niederländische Kunstwelt, ob Slijpers Sammlung den Niederlanden erhalten bleiben würde. Der verantwortliche Direktor des Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, Louis Wijsenbeek, der große Bestände Slijpers als Leihgabe permanent ausstellte, fürchtete um den Erhalt der Bilder, da Slijper, soweit bekannt, zeitlebens kein verbindliches Wort zu der Zukunft seiner Mondrian-Sammlung geäußert hatte. Als das Testament schließlich eröffnet wurde, stellte sich heraus, dass Slijper bereits 1957 testamentarisch sämtliche 197 Mondrian-Werke aus seinem Besitz dem Gemeentemuseum vermacht hatte. Möglicherweise hatte eine Rolle gespielt, dass Wijsenbeek ebenfalls ein Überlebender des Holocaust gewesen war. Das Gemeentemuseum wurde so zum Stammhaus der Mondrian-Gemälde und erhielt noch viele Dutzend seiner Werke von anderen Sammlern dazu.

Ausstellung und Fernsehdokumentation
2010 wurde im Joods Historisch Museum in Amsterdam die Ausstellung Gedurfd Verzamelen (Gewagtes Sammeln) gezeigt, die den drei Kunstsammlern Andries van Wezel (1856–1921), Willem Wolff Beffie (1880–1950) und Sal Slijper gewidmet war. Anlässlich der Ausstellung wurde am 14. März 2010 im niederländischen Fernsehsender Nederland 2 eine vom Joodse Omroep (jüdischen Rundfunk) produzierte 33-minütige Fernsehdokumentation gesendet, in der Sal Slijpers Sammeltätigkeit im Mittelpunkt stand.

Literatur
 Mandy Prins: Salomon B. Slijper (1884–1971), vriend, verzamelaar en mecenas van Piet Mondriaan. In: Huibert Schijf & Edward van Voolen (Hrsg.): Gedurfd verzamelen. Van Chagall tot Mondriaan. Waanders, Zwolle 2010, ISBN 9789040076626, S. 144–165 (Auszug als PDF; 14,3 MB)
 Pien van der Werf: Het archief van Sal Slijper. In: RKD Bulletin. Nr. 2, 1996, S. 12–16

Weblinks
 Salomon B. Slijper (1884–1971) auf kubisme.info, 14. August 2012 (niederländisch)
 Porträt von Sal Slijper aus dem Jahr 1930, gemalt von Henri van de Velde (1896–1969)
 Archief Sal Slijper in archievenWO2.nl
 Inventaris van het archief van Sal Slijper (1884–1971) (PDF; 504 kB) von Pien van der Werf, Marcia Zaaijer, Lidy Visser & Wietse Coppes, Website des Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie (RKD), 1996–2011

Fußnoten

Immobilienmakler
Kunstsammler
Niederländer
Geboren 1884
Gestorben 1971
Mann

Salomon B. Slijper


La République fédérale de Yougoslavie participe aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1936 à Berlin. En dépit d'une nombreuse délégation forte de 93 athlètes, elle ne remporte qu'une médaille d'argent en gymnastique, par l'intermédiaire de Leon Štukelj. La République fédérale de Yougoslavie se classe en  place dans le tableau final des médailles.

Tous les médaillés yougoslaves

Articles connexes
 Jeux olympiques d'été de 1936
 Yougoslavie aux Jeux olympiques

Sources
  Tous les bilans officiels sur le site du Comité international olympique
  Bilan complet yougoslave sur le site olympedia.org

Liens externes
  Hongrie aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1936 sur SR/Olympic sports

Yougoslavie
Yougoslavie aux Jeux olympiques
1936 en Yougoslavie

Yougoslavie aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1936


An Melica spectabilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frank Lamson Scribner. An Melica spectabilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Melica, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Melica

Melica spectabilis


19 Mayıs 1956 Stadyumu, Cezayir'in Annâbe şehrinde yer alan bir stadyumdur. Cezayir'in USM Annaba takımının maçlarını yaptığı stadyum, 50.000 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Cezayir'deki stadyumlar

19 Mayıs 1956 Stadyumu


Carlos Balbi (* 10. November 1968 in Montevideo, Uruguay) ist ein uruguayischer Pianist.

Balbi erlernte das Klavierspielen bei Omar Naranjo und besuchte anschließend die Städtische Schule für Musik in Montevideo, wo er Musikgeschichte und Harmonielehre studierte. Zu seinen Lehrmeistern zählten Sigfried Mauser, Darío de Rosa und Wolfgang Laufer. Auch bei Eduardo Gilardoni nahm er vor allem in Bezug auf den Bereich der neueren südamerikanischen und insbesondere uruguayischen Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts Unterricht. 1991 wurde er im Rahmen des Wettbewerbs zur Auswahl der Jungen Musiker Uruguays in die erste Kategorie eingeordnet. Im von der Escuela Universitaria de Música ausgerichteten Cluzeau Mortet-Wettbewerb zu Interpretationen von Werken nationaler Künstler erhielt er 1992 den Zweiten Preis. Balbi spielte als Solist im Sinfonieorchester des SODRE und trat auch bei den vom Uruguayischen Bildungsministerium und dem SODRE organisierten Kammermusik-Zyklen auf. 2001 spielte er auf Einladung beim Festival der iberoamerikanischen Kultur in Moskau. Im gleichen Jahr und auch 2002 tourte er durch mehrere australische Städte und präsentierte dort lateinamerikanische Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts. Gemeinsam mit der Flötistin Christobel Moore begründete er zudem ein Duett.

Literatur
 Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 37

Einzelnachweise

Pianist
Musiker (Uruguay)
Mann
Uruguayer
Geboren 1968

Carlos Balbi


El Apeadero de Muxagata, igualmente conocido como Parada de Muxagata, fue una antigua plataforma de la línea de Beira Alta, que servía a la parroquia de Figueiró da Granja, en el Distrito de Guarda, en Portugal.

Características

Descripción física
En enero de 2011, presentaba dos vías de circulación, ambas con 545 metros de longitud.

Historia
El tramo de la línea de Beira Alta entre las estaciones de Pampilhosa y Vilar Formoso, en el cual esta plataforma se inserta, entró en servicio, de forma provisional, el 1 de julio de 1882, siendo la línea totalmente inaugurada, entre Figueira da Foz y la frontera con España, el 3 de agosto del mismo año, por la Compañía de los Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses de Beira Alta.

En mayo de 1984, presentaba la categoría de parada, siendo, en ese momento, servida por convoyes regionales de la operadora Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses.

Véase también
 Red Ferroviaria Nacional

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Muxagata
Muxagata
Fornos de Algodres

Apeadero de Muxagata


Hans Thomissøns Salmebog 1569 blev udarbejdet af præsten og salmisten Hans Thomissøn og blev tildelt kongelig autorisation i Danmark. Den komplette originale titel er "Den danske Psalmebog, met mange Christelige Psalmer, Ordentlig tilsammenset, formeret oc Forbedret. Aff Hans Thomissøn". Den blev udgivet af Lorenz Benedict i København i 1569.

Som grundlag for salmebogen indsamlede Hans Thomissøn med bistand fra sin fader, Thomas Knudsen, der var sognepræst og provst i Hygum Sogn i Ribe Stift og en af de tidligste lutherske prædikanter i det nordslesvigske hertugdømme, 269 salmetekster og -melodier.

Thomissøns salmebog var den eneste tilladte salmebog i Danmark-Norge efter at have fået kongelig tilladelse. I Kirkerne skulle denne salmebog fremover være på altrene.

Hans Thomissøn var landets førende salmeekspert, og han oversatte en række salmer fra tysk til dansk. Da han i 1561 blev sognepræst i Vor Frue Kirke i København, begyndte han arbejdet, som varede i otte år. Salmebogen blev en af de vigtigste reformatoriske salmebøger i Danmark og Norge, der også omfattede de daværende (senere svenske) provinser Skåne, Blekinge, Halland og Bohuslen.

Som følge af Reformationen blev salmernes katolske minder fjernet og erstattet med et indhold, der passede til en luthersk gudstjeneste. Af samme grund indeholder salmebogen også et særligt register over "gamle papistiske sange som er korrigerede".

Melodierne af Hans Thomissøns salmebog var på tryk i 1573 hos Niels Jespersens Graduale. Salmebogen er, i henhold til 1921 koralbog med 1819 års salmer, den første kendte skriftlige kilde til melodien for salmen "Kom, Helge Ånd, Herren god", No. 133 i 1819 år salmebog og introduceret i Sverige gennem Mönsterås håndskrift i 1646. Denne salme synes at have ændret sin melodi på et tidspunkt, eftersom den i den svenske salmebog 1986 angives med en melodi af en helt anden oprindelse.

Blandt de salmer, som fandtes i salmebogen og også i senere salmebøger, kan nævnes:
 Aleneste Gud i Himmerig
 Krist stod op af døde
 Vor Gud han er så fast en borg
 Et lidet barn så lysteligt
 Lad det klinge sødt i sky
 Julen har englelyd
 Lovet være du, Jesus Krist
 Nu bede vi den Helligånd
 Af dybsens nød, o Gud, til dig
 Min sjæl, du Herren love
 O du Guds Lam uskyldig

Salmebogen blev genoptrykt, men samtidig suppleret med nye salmer frem til 1608. I det sidste genoptryk var der 1010 salmer.

Eksterne henvisninger
Faksimile-udgave af Thomissøns Psalmebog (hos Arkiv for Dansk Litteratur)
Digital udgave af Thomissøns Psalmebog 1569 (hos Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab)
Peter Balslev-Clausen: "Forordene i reformationstidens danske salmebøger"; s. 1-25
 Henrik Glahn: "Nogle hidtil ukendte forlæg til melodier i Hans Thomissøns Psalmebog 1569"; s. 69-85

Sangbøger fra Danmark
Salmebøger

Hans Thomissøns Psalmebog 1569


Caroline Adderson (* 9. September 1963 in Edmonton, Alberta, Kanada) ist eine kanadische Schriftstellerin, die Romane und Kurzgeschichten verfasst und zweimal den Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize gewinnen konnte.

Leben
Caroline Adderson wurde am 9. September 1963 in Edmonton, Alberta, geboren. Sie studierte an der University of British Columbia und schloss dort mit einem Grad in Pädagogik ab.

Ihre erste Kurzgeschichtensammlung, Bad Imaginings (1993), gehörte zu der Shortlist des Governor General's Award for Fiction und gewann 1994 den Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize. Ihr zweiter Roman, Sitting Practise konnte die zu den BC Book Prizes gehörende Auszeichnung 2004 ebenfalls für sich entscheiden. Lediglich Audrey Thomas gewann den Preis bisher dreimal. Darüber hinaus konnte Adderson die CBC Literary Competition bereits dreimal gewinnen. 2006 ehrte man sie mit dem Marian Engel Award, der jährlich an eine Autorin in der Mitte ihrer Karriere vergeben wird, um ihr Gesamtwerk zu würdigen.

Die beiden Literaturkritiker der National Post, Alex Good und Steven W. Beattie, zählten 2010 Caroline Adderson zu den zehn am meisten unterschätzten Schriftstellern Kanadas und hoben insbesondere die Sprache ihrer Romane hervor, die der Dichtkunst nahestehen würde.

Für das renommierte kanadische Literaturmagazin The Malahat Review und dessen Jack Hodgins Founders' Award for Fiction vertrat sie 2011 die Jury und sprach die Laudatio für Preisträger Kris Bertin und seine Kurzgeschichte Girl On the Fire Escape.

Werk
Kurzgeschichten
 Bad Imaginings (1993) ISBN 0889841721
 Pleased to Meet You (2006) (Longlist Scotiabank Giller Prize) ISBN 0887622208

Romane
 A History of Forgetting (1999), nominiert für den Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize
 Sitting Practice (2003) ISBN 0887621295
 The Sky is Falling (2010) Thomas Allen Publishers (Longlist International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award)

Novellen
 Mr. Justice (2005) ISBN 0973588136

Kinderbücher
Very Serious Children (2007)
I, Bruno (2007)
Bruno for Real (2008)
Jasper John Dooley: Star of the Week (2012)
Middle of Nowhere (2012)
Jasper John Dooley: Left Behind  (2013)

Auszeichnungen und Nominierungen
1993: Shortlist, Governor General's Award for Fiction, für Bad Imaginings
1994: Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize, für Bad Imaginings
2004: Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize, für Sitting Practice
2006: Marian Engel Award
2013: Sheila A. Egoff Children's Literature Prize, für Middle of Nowhere

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Roman, Epik
Kurzgeschichte
Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Kanadische Literatur
Kanadier
Geboren 1963
Frau

Caroline Adderson


La selección de fútbol de Ponapé es el representativo de dicho estado perteneciente a los Estados Federados de Micronesia en las competiciones de fútbol. Solo disputó las cuatro ediciones de los Juegos de la Micronesia, habiendo ganado en 2014 y la 2018.

Palmarés
Juegos de la Micronesia (2): 2014, 2018

Desempeño en competiciones

Juegos de Micronesia

Partidos

Referencias

Pohnpei
Estado de Pohnpei

Selección de fútbol de Ponapé


Tayfun Akgül (d. 1963 - İstanbul), karikatürist, akademisyen.
1980'li yıllardan beri karikatür çiziyor. Çizgileri; yurt içinde Cumhuriyet, Bilim Teknik, Homur ve Matematik Dünyası'nda, yurt dışında "The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology" adlı uluslararası dergi ile "The IEEE Region 8 Newsletter"'da Et Cetera (vesaire) adını verdiği karikatür köşesinde yayımlanmaktadır.

Prof. Dr. Ali Nesin'in yazdığı Matematik ve Doğa, Matematik ve Oyun, Matematik ve Sonsuz ile Develerle Eşekler adlı kitaplar ile Fenni Yazar Piref. H. Ökkeş'in yazdığı Dörtköşe Yazılar ve Dörtköşe Mektuplar adlı kitaplarda desen ve karikatürleri yayımlandı.

Haziran 2000'de İstanbul'da gerçekleştirilen uluslararası bir konferans kapsamında uluslararası bilimsel karikatür yarışması düzenledi. Karikatürleri ABD'de Pittnews, In Pittsburgh, Journal of Irreproducible Results adlı dergilerde de yayımlandı.

1 Nisan 1998, 1999 ve 2000 tarihlerinde Drexel Üniversitesi'nde (ABD) "Şaka Konferansları" düzenledi.

2009 yılında İTÜ Açıkhava Karikatür Sergisi'ni düzenlemiştir.

"Wittworld" adlı uluslararası karikatür grubunun Türkiye temsilcisidir. Halen İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Elektrik - Elektronik Fakültesi'nde öğretim üyesi olan Prof. Dr. Tayfun Akgül, çeşitli dönemlerde TÜBİTAK, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Pittsburgh Üniversitesi ve Drexel Üniversitesi'nde görev yaptı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi Sitesi

1963 doğumlular
Türk mühendislik akademisyenleri
Türk karikatüristler
Türk profesörler
Yaşayan insanlar
Resim aranan kişiler

Tayfun Akgül


Baron Milne, of Salonika and of Rubislaw in the County of Aberdeen, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 26 January 1933 for Field Marshal Sir George Milne. He had previously served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff. As of 2009 the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 2005.

Barons Milne (1933)
George Francis Milne, 1st Baron Milne (1866–1948)
George Douglass Milne, 2nd Baron Milne (1909–2005)
George Alexander Milne, 3rd Baron Milne (b. 1941). Lord Milne is an antiquarian, a Freeman of the City of London and a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Grocers.

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Honourable Iain Charles Luis Milne FCA (b. 1949)

The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his elder son Iain Eduardo Alexander Milne (b. 1990).

Arms

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

External links
www.burkespeerage.com

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1933

Baron Milne


Dvergsnjáldra (fræðiheiti: Sorex minutus) er tegund snjáldra.

Heimildaskrá

Eiginlegar snjáldrur

Dvergsnjáldra


Friedrich Eduard Eichens, né le  à Berlin et mort le  dans la même ville, est un graveur allemand.

Biographie
Friedrich Eduard Eichens naît le  à Berlin.

Il étudie à Berlin, à Paris avec Forster et Richomme, puis à Parme avec Paolo Toschi. Il devient membre de l'académie des beaux-arts de Berlin en 1832.

Friedrich Eduard Eichens meurt le  dans sa ville natale.

Œuvres
Parmi ses gravures figurent le Christ mort sur les genoux de la Vierge d'après Carracci, les Scènes de la délivrance de Jérusalem, la Vision d'Ezéchiel d'après Raphaël, Sainte Marie-Madeleine d'après Domenichino, l' Adoration des Mages d'après Raphaël, et de nombreux portraits.

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en mai 1804
Naissance à Berlin
Décès en mai 1877
Décès à Berlin
Graveur allemand du XIXe siècle
Graveur prussien
Graveur sur cuivre

Friedrich Eduard Eichens