Muzej osjeta, muzej u Splitu. Posvećen je istraživanju glavnih ljudskih osjetila - vida, sluha, njuha, opipa i osjeta ravnoteže. Otvoren je 11. siječnja 2019. godine. Dio je muzejske grupe Museum of Senses, čiji muzeji se nalaze u Pragu i Bukureštu. Prostor je ispunjen mnogim interaktivnim predmetima, glazbenim, svjetlosnim, mirisnim i walk-in instalacijama te predmetima na dodir koji prenose muzejske koncepte na razigran i kreativan način. Prvi je zabavni interpretacijski centar u Hrvatskoj. Prostire se na 400 četvornih metara, u kojem je izloženo tridesetak interaktivnih eksponata. Muzej je podijeljen u pet zona: zone vida, sluha, opipa, ravnoteže i zvuka. Kroz njega se provlače splitski elementi. Smješten je u trgovačkom centru City Center One, Vukovarska 207.

Izvori

Muzeji u Splitu

Muzej osjeta u Splitu


الحفلة التنكر أو تنكرية هي نوع من الحفلات التي يرتدي فيها الحاضرين أزياء تنكر. تشتهر حفلات التنكر على وجه الخصوص بالترافق مع عيد جميع القديسين حيث يكون رواد الحفلة من البالغين الذين يكونون كبار جداً على ممارسة لعبة خدعة أم حلوى. في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية تكون حفلات التنكر أيضاً في موسم الكرنفالات.

مراجع

حفلات
عيد جميع القديسين
كوزبلاي

حفلة تنكرية


Ailsa Craig (; ; ) is an island of  in the outer Firth of Clyde,  west of mainland Scotland, upon which microgranite has long been quarried to make curling stones. The now-uninhabited island comprises the remains of a magmatic pluton formed during the same period of igneous activity as magmatic rocks on the nearby Isle of Arran.

The island, colloquially known as "Paddy's milestone", was a haven for Catholics during the Scottish Reformation in the 16th century, but is today a bird sanctuary, providing a home for huge numbers of gannets and an increasing number of puffins.

Etymology
An early reference to the rock is made by Sir Donald Monro, Archdeacon of the Isles, who referred to the rock as "Elsay" in the 16th century. The modern name of the island is an anglicisation of the Gaelic, Aillse Creag meaning "fairy rock". An alternative Gaelic name is Creag Ealasaid meaning "Elizabeth's rock". The first element, Aillse may represent Allt Shasann, "cliff of the English", mentioned in the Book of Leinster as Aldasain.

The island is sometimes known as "Paddy's Milestone", being approximately the halfway point of the sea journey from Belfast to Glasgow, a traditional route of emigration for many Irish labourers going to Scotland to seek work.

As a result of being the most conspicuous landmark in the channel between Ireland and Scotland, the island is known by a number of different names;
A' Chreag: "the rock"
Creag Alasdair: "Alasdair's rock"
Ealasaid a' Chuain: "Elizabeth of the ocean"
Alasan
Carraig Alasdair: "Alasdair's Rock" (used in the Madness of Sweeney, the tale of a legendary king of Ireland).

The Bass Rock is sometimes nicknamed "the Ailsa Craig of the East", although its prominence in the Firth of Forth is not as great as that of Ailsa Craig in the Firth of Clyde.

Placenames
A number of features and places on the island have acquired names, Gaelic in most cases, such as Craigna'an (cliff of birds); Trammins (place of Elder trees); Balvar (big round cliff); Garryloo (rough hill) and Ashydoo (black hill). Some names seem self-explanatory and indeed even the 'Swine Cave' may refer to a time when the Earl of Cassilis received part of his rent in hogs from the island.

Geography and geology

The island is approximately  west of Girvan; it is  in circumference and rises to a height of . The island is part of the administrative district of South Ayrshire, in the ancient parish of Dailly.

Geologically, Ailsa Craig comprises the remains of a Palaeogene pluton. Its prominence is due to the microgranite's hardness, making it more resistant to erosion than the surrounding Permian and Triassic sedimentary rocks into which it was intruded. The microgranite is itself intruded by a series of olivine dolerite dykes. Ailsa Craig, along with neighbouring Arran, is part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province, a widespread system of magmatic rocks formed during the initial stages of the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. Boulders of distinctive Ailsa Craig microgranite known as erratics were transported by glaciers as far afield as County Donegal and Pembrokeshire.

The microgranite's unusual composition and crystalline texture make it particularly hard and resistant to impact, making this rock a favoured material for the manufacture of curling stones. The "blue hone" variety is now used for the lower part of the stone which contacts the ice (the running band) while the "common green" variety is used to make the body of the stone (including the striking band). A third variety, "red hone", is similar to blue hone but has now been exhausted.

Facilities
The only surviving buildings on the island are the lighthouse on its east coast facing the Scottish mainland, a ruined towerhouse built by Clan Hamilton to protect the area from Philip II of Spain in the 16th century, and the old quarry manager's house that is used by the RSPB.

The island has a fresh-water spring but no electricity, gas, sewage or telephone connections.

The chief well on the island lies above 'the Loups', and this was used by the Northern Lighthouse Board which built a cistern there and piped the water to the lighthouse complex. The 'Horse Well' was located behind the gasworks; the 'Castle Well' stands above Ailsa Castle, and finally the Garry Loch sits higher up and once supplied water to the tenant's cottage.

Fishermen seem to have used the island for centuries, first being noted in 1549 and it is recorded that they even at one time slept beneath sails stretched over hollows on the beach.

A row of fishermen's cottages was under construction in the 1840s. However, the main developer died, and the project was abandoned, with the area used instead as a walled kitchen garden until the gasworks was built.

Owners
The island seems to have been a part of the Barony of Knockgarron that lay in the Parish of Dailly and the then holder, Duncan of Turnberry, Earl of Carrick established the abbey of Crossraguel and endowed it with the island of Ailsa Craig to "provide for their table". The barony passed through several hands until it became the property of the third Earl of Cassilis in 1548.

Apart from  sold to the Northern Lighthouse Board in 1883, since the 16th century the island has belonged to the Earls of Cassilis. In 1831, Archibald Kennedy, 12th Earl of Cassilis, was created the first Marquess of Ailsa, taking the title from Ailsa Craig.

In May 2011, it was announced that the island was for sale by Charles Kennedy, 8th Marquess of Ailsa, with an asking price of £2,500,000, but as of March 2013 it was unsold and the price was "offers over £1,500,000". It was reported in December 2013 that an unnamed environmental trust had placed a formal bid, and in April 2014 the National Trust for Scotland was reported to be considering a bid. As of 2020, the island was still owned by David Kennedy, 9th Marquess of Ailsa and was leased by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds until 2050.

Four cottages, a shed and a small area of adjacent land are now in the ownership of the Scottish Indian business tycoon Bobby Sandhu, purchased for £85,000 from the Northern Lighthouse Board. A five-star hotel was to be built; however, the planning system prevented this development.

History

In 1590 the shipping of the Clyde was disrupted by pirates who were said to be Highlanders, .

Margaret Girvan ran a tearoom in a wooden building that stood next to the tacksman's cottage, famed for its pristine white table cloths and fresh scones. Girvan kept goats in stone-built goat rees or pens on the good grazing near Garry Loch. The feral billy goats were wont to interfere with these nanny goats and this was another reason for their demise.

An annual hunt of the solan geese or gannets took place in the days of Robert Burns as the flesh was considered a delicacy. Robert Burns's maternal uncle Samuel Burns was involved in the solan goose trade.

Ailsa Castle
The  high ruins of a 3-storey castle that stands on the eastern side of the island was built in the late 1500s by the Hamilton Family to protect the island from King Philip II of Spain. The island was used as a prison during the 18th and 19th centuries. The castle has two vaulted storeys and an oven is located in a cellar with evidence of a spiral stairway that once ran to the top of the tower. Three cinquefoils arranged in a 'V' shape are carved on the tower and indicate that the Hamiltons were linked with the structure. There are indications of an adjoining building that ran to the north.

Spanish invasion
Ailsa Craig was a haven for Roman Catholics during the Scottish Reformation. In about 1587 the prominent Catholic, Lord Maxwell, landed on Ailsa while attempting to escape his pursuers and finding a fishing boat he attempted to reach Crossraguel Abbey, but was captured. In 1597 another Catholic supporter, Hugh Barclay of Ladyland, took possession of Ailsa Craig which he was intent on using as a place of safety for Catholics to practise their faith, for provisioning and stopping off point for a Spanish invasion which would re-establish the Catholic faith in Scotland and a storehouse for provisioning the Catholic Earl of Tyrone in Ireland.

Hugh was however discovered by The Rev. Andrew Knox, a Protestant minister (who later became both Lord Bishop of the Isles and Lord Bishop of Raphoe). Barclay thereafter deliberately drowned himself in the sea or did so accidentally whilst trying to escape.
Another version states that Andrew Knox lay in wait for Hugh with nineteen others and ambushed him at the shingle beach with the result that he attempted to defend himself until he was forced back into the sea and drowned.

Smuggling
Beneath the Main Craig at the southern end of the island and 40 ft (12m) above sea level is a cave named after the supposed smuggler MacNall. When the cave was being cleared of guano many years ago, two stone coffins were found, both containing human bones. The Rev. Roderick Lawson (1831–1907) thought that one of the interments might be MacNall himself, but no details of this individual have yet come to light. Ailsa Craig would have been an ideal place for the temporary hiding of contraband goods.

Chapels
The island had two chapels and Thomas Pennant who visited Ailsa Craig in 1772 recorded that the ruins of a small chapel were located near the landing place and that another chapel (which he did not visit) was located on the summit of the island and was probably used by seamen to pray for safe voyages and returns. Lawson sees this second chapel as being a myth. When the lighthouse was being constructed, four stone coffins were found that may well have been associated with the first mentioned chapel, two at the tenant's house and two at the gasholder site. The monks of Crossraguel Abbey once held the island and "places of prayer" are therefore to be expected especially with a garrisoned castle nearby; it is to be noted that even the diminutive Lady Isle off Troon once had a chapel. The chapel was first mentioned, along with the castle, in 1580 by Sir James Balfour.

Lighthouse, foghorns and gas works
The Lighthouse was built between 1883 and 1886 by Thomas Stevenson; it is owned by the Northern Lighthouse Board.

The lighthouse was automated in 1990 and converted to solar electric power in 2001; the island has been uninhabited since automation in 1990. Ailsa Craig and its lighthouse feature extensively in Peter Hill's book Stargazing: Memoirs of a Young Lighthouse Keeper.

Two substantial foghorns with concrete housings were built in 1866, one at the north end of the island near the Swine Cave reached by 'the Loups' path and the other at East Trammins on the south end. Both were powered by compressed air that was piped from the lighthouse, where a gas-powered compressor was housed until 1911 when oil-powered engines were installed. One of the compressed air pipelines can still be seen within 'the Loups' path that was constructed above it. The compressed air cylinders that held the required store of air are still prominent features, especially at the Trammins foghorn. Both foghorns were decommissioned in 1966 and a Tyfon fog signal was used until 1987 when improvements in ship navigation made it also redundant.

The gasworks are still a prominent feature on the island and the cable-powered tramway was partly built to haul wagons full of coal up to it from the North Port. Two gasholders held the coal gas that powered both the compressed air pump and the lighthouse light, however in 1911 the light was converted to incandescent lighting which was powered by electricity. The gas works became redundant at this time. Lawson records that oil was used to produce the gas for the lighthouse light.

Railways

Ailsa Craig had two quite separate rail transport systems, one dated from 1886 and supplied coal, oil fuel and provisions to the lighthouse and gas works via the North Port and later the New Jetty and the other transported road stone from the quarries at Kennedy's Nags via the stone crusher to the Quarry Pier. The Northern Lighthouse Board's tramway had a section worked via a powered cableway that hauled wagons up from the North Port and later from the new jetty.

This well-built tram line is largely intact and has a gauge of three feet with junction/points at the gas works and a further set of points that led to a siding that ran down parallel to the gable end of the gas works to presumably collect the coal ash for disposal. The main line runs on down to the lighthouse and its ancillary buildings, taking a right-angled bend to run parallel to the southern end of the lighthouse buildings block. This section of the line was worked by hand and at least two wagons remain at the site together with a set of spare wheels at the gas works.

The mineral line was built by the Ailsa Craig Granite Company Ltd. in 1909 and ran from the quarry at Kennedy's Nags via the stone crusher near the south foghorn to the Quarry Pier. This crudely constructed narrow gauge line was mainly horse drawn, although wagons were also moved by hand or hauled up inclines by winding engines. The mineral railway at the quarry end had a least one siding and a mobile steam crane loaded the larger granite blocks into the wagons that were transported to the stone crusher at the Trammins near the south foghorn, smaller stones being loaded and even moved by hand.

Wagons or bogies were winched up to the substantial stone crusher and gravity was used to deliver the different grades of road stone to the waggons below that were then hauled by horses to the Quarry Pier via a line that ran in front of the lighthouse buildings and took a tight right-angled bend to run up the substantial stone-built incline to the storage area in preparation for delivery via sea to the mainland. Kerb stones and stone railway sleepers for sections of the Scotch gauge horse-drawn railway from Ardrossan to Doura were also produced.

Photographs taken in the late 19th century show the horse-drawn wagons passing in front of the lighthouse and portray the substantial railway incline and storage area. At times the production outstripped the storage capacity and a photograph shows at least three piles of different grades of road stone stockpiled in front of the lighthouse enclosure. The track at the crusher had a siding that ran to the crusher and a set of points that led to the Quarry Pier main line.

The Ailsa Craig Granite Company was never a financially sound business and effectively closed in 1928. The course of the mineral line is still evident near the quarries as a linear embankment that ends below Kennedy's Nag. Various artefacts of the quarry enterprise remain, including concrete blocks at Kennedy's Nag and steel and concrete remnants of the stone crusher near the south foghorn.

Curling stones
From the mid-nineteenth century the island has been quarried for its rare type of micro-granite with riebeckite (known as "Ailsite"), which is used to make stones for the sport of curling. , 60–70% of all curling stones in use were made from granite from the island and it is one of only two sources for all stones in the sport, the other being the Trefor Granite Quarry in Wales.

Ailsa Craig produced two types of granite for curling, Blue Hone and Ailsa Craig Common Green. Blue Hone, which is unique to Ailsa Craig, has very low water absorption, which prevents the action of repeatedly freezing water from eroding the stone. Ailsa Craig Common Green is a lesser quality granite than Blue Hone. In the past, most curling stones were made from Blue Hone but the quarry is restricted by environmental conditions that exclude blasting.

Kays of Scotland has been making curling stones since 1851 and has the exclusive rights to the Ailsa Craig granite, granted by the Marquess of Ailsa. A "harvest" of Ailsa Craig granite by Kays took place in 2013, after a hiatus of 11 years; 2,000 tonnes were harvested, sufficient to fill anticipated orders until at least 2020. A subsequent harvest was held in the winter of 2020.

Natural history
Sea eagles or erne nested at the Bare Stack until 1881 when the tenant shot the last specimen, which is preserved at Culzean Castle.

Pennant and others have noted that the only trees growing on the island are elders (Sambucus nigra) or  in the Scots dialect, found as a grove known as The Bourtrees at the Trammins on the southern end of the island. This visitor also rather quaintly mentions that he was surprised to find three species of "reptiles" by which he meant molluscs, namely a naked black slug, the garden snail Cornu aspersum and one of the common striped snails of the genus Cepaea. He speculated that they had accidentally been brought over from the mainland secreted within vegetables.

Slowworms (Anguis fragilis) are found on the island, although they suffered greatly when badgers and raccoons were introduced by Lord Ailsa. The badgers did not survive long, but the racoons bred for a number of years.

The mammal fauna included rabbits, and at one time goats, whilst pigs were bred here as food for the inhabitants. The billy goats were shot for sport in the 19th century and no longer survive; only a mounted head of one remains at the McKechnie Institute in Girvan. The rabbits and goats may have been originally introduced to supply food for the fishermen and were mentioned by Pennant in 1772 and by the Rev Abercummie in 1688, who called them by the old name of coneys.

The island is now a bird sanctuary, leased by the RSPB until 2050. Huge numbers of gannets nest here.

Rats were probably introduced via shipwrecks; supposedly, a coal boat that sank offshore was the first culprit and caused great harm to the nesting bird populations, with the puffins proving vulnerable to the extent of extinction as breeding birds. After a long campaign using pioneering techniques, the rats were eradicated in 1991, and now puffins are once again raising young on the island with many other benefits accruing to both the fauna and the flora.

In a small glen above Ailsa Castle, a small freshwater body known as the Garry Loch is located at an altitude of , with a depth of at least 17 feet.

In popular culture
In chapter 15 of Herman Melville's novel Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile (1855), Ailsa Craig is portrayed as an omen.
John Keats, during his walk from London to Scotland, composed To Ailsa Rock (as the island was known then) following seeing the island.

Gallery

Accidents
Lawson in the 1890s records that a young lady once fell over the cliff near Craig Na'an; however, her Victorian style garments caught the wind like a parachute and she escaped with her life and some broken bones that soon knitted back together. A visitor in a group from Stranraer was not so lucky and fell to his death on his way down from the summit.

A shocking death was that of a young boy from Girvan who was sitting amongst loose rocks, pulling out stones and throwing them into the sea when a very large boulder started to move and crushed him. The stone was too heavy to shift and help from the mainland was required to extract the body of the unfortunate victim. In 1887 a ten-year-old boy died whilst collecting eggs at the West Craigs.

See also

List of islands of Scotland

Notes

References

Lawson, Roderick (1888). Ailsa Craig : Its History & Natural History. Paisley : J & R Parlane.
Lawson, Roderick (1895). Ailsa Craig : Its History & Natural History. Paisley : J & R Parlane.
Monro, Sir Donald (1549) A Description Of The Western Isles of Scotland. Appin Regiment/Appin Historical Society. Retrieved 3 March 2007. First published in 1774.
Paterson, James (1863–66). History of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton. V. – I – Kyle. Edinburgh: J. Stillie.
Pennant, Thomas (1776). Tour in Scotland and Voyage to the Hebrides. Chester : John Monk.
Purdie, David; McCue Kirsteen and Carruthers, Gerrard. (2013). Maurice Lindsay's The Burns Encyclopaedia. London : Robert Hale. .
Tait, Norman T. (2005). Kirk on the Craig. Pub. Friends of the McKechnie Institute.
Watson, W.J., The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1926) reprinted, with an Introduction, full Watson bibliography and corrigenda by Simon Taylor (Edinburgh, 2004)

External links

Photo Tour of Trip to the Island
Entry on the Maybole Home Page
Ailsa Craig
Index computer generated virtual panoramas
Ailsa Craig, 1868 at the Historical Society of Philadelphia

Islands of the Clyde
Marilyns of Scotland
Mountains and hills of the Scottish islands
Uninhabited islands of South Ayrshire
Landforms of South Ayrshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cumnock and Kyle
Volcanic plugs of Scotland
Paleogene volcanoes
Protected areas of South Ayrshire
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserves in Scotland

Ailsa Craig


Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman es el título en inglés de una serie documental estadounidense de ciencia narrada por el actor estadounidense Morgan Freeman, titulada Grandes Misterios del Universo con Morgan Freeman en algunos lugares de América y Secretos del Universo con Morgan Freeman en España.

Comenzó a emitirse en Science Channel en los Estados Unidos el 9 de junio de 2010 y en el canal Discovery MAX en España.

Desarrollo
Science Channel había destacado lo que VP of Production Bernadette McDaid llama "estrellas del rock de la ciencia", como Michio Kaku y  Brian Cox "Queríamos fusionar nuestras" estrellas del rock de la Ciencia "y combinarlas con las superestrellas de la cultura pop." Cuando Deborah Myers, gerente general de Science Channel, se enteró de que Morgan Freeman estaba muy interesado en las cosas relacionadas con el universo y el espacio y "se planteaba las grandes preguntas filosóficas", se acercó a Freeman y su productor, y le propuso hacer una serie juntos.

En febrero de 2011 Sean Carroll confirmó en su página de Twitter que había comenzado a filmar la Temporada 2 de Through the Wormhole. El 17 de mayo de 2011 Discovery confirmó que la segunda temporada se estrenaría en Science Channel el 8 de junio de 2011.

El 3 de enero de 2012, Sean Carroll publicó una foto en su página de Twitter, mencionando que fue tomada durante la grabación de la temporada 3. La Temporada 3 se estrenó el martes 6 de marzo de 2012. Science Channel más tarde publicó una lista de los episodios que componen el resto de la temporada.

La Temporada 4 de Through the Wormhole se estrenó en el verano de 2013.

La Temporada 5 fue emitida en marzo de 2014.

Temporadas y Episodios

Temporada 1

Temporada 2

Temporada 3

Temporada 4

Temporada 5

Temporada 6

Temporada 7

Temporada 8

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Programas de televisión de Discovery Channel
Series de televisión documentales
Series de televisión de Estados Unidos de los años 2010
Documentales científicos

Through the Wormhole


O Acordo de Brioni, também conhecido como a Declaração de Brioni (croata: Brijunska deklaracija, sérvio: Brionska deklaracija, cirílico sérvio: Брионска декларација, esloveno: Brionska deklaracija), é um documento assinado por representantes da Eslovênia, Croácia e Iugoslávia sob o patrocínio político da Comunidade Europeia (CE) em BrijuniIlhas em 7 de julho de 1991. O acordo visava criar um ambiente em que pudessem ocorrer novas negociações sobre o futuro da Iugoslávia. No entanto, em última análise, isolou o primeiro-ministro federal Ante Marković em seus esforços para preservar a Iugoslávia e efetivamente interrompeu qualquer forma de influência federal sobre a Eslovênia. Isso significava que o Exército Popular Iugoslavo (EPI) se concentraria no combate na Croácia, criando um precedente de redesenhar as fronteiras internacionais e apostando no interesse da CE em resolver a crise iugoslava.

O acordo pôs fim às hostilidades entre as forças iugoslavas e eslovenas na Guerra dos Dez Dias. A Eslovénia e a Croácia concordaram em suspender as atividades decorrentes das suas declarações de independência de 25 de junho por um período de três meses. O documento também resolveu questões de controle de fronteira e inspeção alfandegária em relação às fronteiras da Eslovênia, resolveu a responsabilidade de controle de tráfego aéreo e ordenou a troca de prisioneiros de guerra. O Acordo de Brioni também serviu de base para uma missão de observação para monitorar a implementação do acordo na Eslovênia. Onze dias após o acordo, o governo federal retirou o EPI da Eslovênia. Por outro lado, o acordo não teve impacto atenuante nos combates na Croácia.

Tratados

Acordo de Brioni


Maria José Rodríguez de Millán Parro (Córdoba, 1 de janeiro de 1995) geralmente conhecida por Pepa Millán é uma advogada, colunista e política espanhola do vox. Desempenha atualmente as funções de deputada e porta-voz do seu Grupo Parlamentar no Congresso dos Deputados. Católica praticante é uma apoiante da monarquia, gosta da tauromaquia e compartilhar fotos com a bandeira nacional nas suas redes sociais. Anteriormente, desempenhou as funções de Senadora do Reino de Espanha.

Biografia
Nasceu na cidade de Córdoba, Andaluzia em 1995, apareceu precisamente como a segunda colocada nas listas do Vox da província de Córdoba, conquistando uma cadeira no Senado após as últimas eleições gerais na Andaluzia. Formada em direito pela Universidade de Sevilha em 2018, tirou um mestrado em Direito e Direito Contratual e Responsabilidade Civil na Universidade Pablo de Olavide, que concluiu em 2020, tendo sido colunista do La Razón. Com apenas 27 anos, ela conseguiu ser senadora do Vox. Foi assessora do Grupo Parlamentar VOX da Andaluzia. Grande parte do seu trabalho no partido esteve ligado às áreas do emprego, igualdade, promoção e presidência. Conforme indicado no próprio site do partido.

Políticos do Vox (partido político)
Tradicionalistas
Mulheres na política por país
Mulheres na política

Pepa Millán


James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk, KB (10 February 1606/16077 January 1688), and 3rd Baron Howard de Walden (1619–1688), eldest son of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. Howard was honoured with knighthood in the Order of the Bath in 1626, and was a joint-commissioner of the parliament to Charles I the same year. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War, and was a courtier after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. He was lord-lieutenant of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire and gentleman of the bedchamber, 1660–1682.

Biography
At the coronation of Charles I on 2 February 1626 Howard was created K.B., and in February 1639, as Lord Walden, became leader of a troop of volunteer horse for the king's army.

On 3 June 1640 Howard succeeded his father, Theophilus as the 3rd Earl of Suffolk, and on the 16th of the same month was sworn joint lord-lieutenant of Suffolk. The parliament nominated him lord-lieutenant of that county on 28 February 1642. On 28 December 1643 he received a summons to attend the king's Parliament at Oxford, and on 7 July 1646 was appointed joint commissioner from the parliament to the king at Newcastle.

Acting on a report from the Committee of Safety, in September 1647, the commons decided, but went no further, to impeach Howard, together with six other peers, of high treason. On 8 September 1653 Howard was sworn as high steward of Ipswich.

After the Restoration Howard became lord-lieutenant of Suffolk, and of Cambridgeshire on 25 July 1660. From 18 to 24 April 1661 he acted as Earl Marshal of England for the coronation of Charles II. In the same year he became colonel of the Suffolk regiment of horse militia. On 28 September 1663 he was created M.A. of Oxford, and M.A. of Cambridge on 6 September 1664. He was also appointed governor of Landguard Fort, Essex, gentleman of the bedchamber to the king on 4 March 1665, keeper of the king's house at Audley End, Essex, in March 1667, joint commissioner for the office of earl-marshal of England on 15 June 1673, colonel commandant of three regiments of Cambridgeshire militia in 1678, and was hereditary visitor of Magdalene College, Cambridge. In March 1681 he was discharged from the lord-lieutenancy of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and from attendance in the king's bedchamber

Howard died in December 1688, and was buried on 16 January 1689 at Saffron Walden, Essex. On his death the earldom passed to his brother |George (died 1691). The barony Howard de Walden fell into abeyance for nearly a century, until it was called out of abeyance for a descendant of his elder daughter Lady Essex Howard, later Baroness Griffin.

Family
On 1 December 1640 (later in the same year that he became 3rd Earl of Suffolk) Howard married Lady Susannah Rich  (died 15 May 1649), daughter of Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, and with her had a daughter Essex.

In about February 1650, Howard married for a second time, Barbara (died 13 December 1681), daughter of Sir Edward Villiers, and widow of Richard Wenman and latterly Sir Richard Wentworth. The second Lady Suffolk died on 13 December 1681, leaving a mutual daughter, his second child, Lady Elizabeth Howard, groom of the stool to the queen.

After December 1681 and before 8 May 1682 Lord Suffolk married Anne (died October 1720), eldest daughter of Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester with whom he had no children.

Land and buildings
Lord Suffolk owned central London property including Suffolk House and appears to have left his Jacobean house, Audley End, Essex, built by the 1st Earl, to the descendants of his elder daughter.

Notes

References
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1607 births
1688 deaths
Earls Marshal
James
03
James Howard, 03rd Earl of Suffolk
Lord-Lieutenants of Cambridgeshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Suffolk

James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk


An Eriocaulon ratnagiricum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni S.R.Yadav, S.P.Gaikwad ngan Sardesai. An Eriocaulon ratnagiricum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an duro. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon ratnagiricum


The Ramona books are a series of eight humorous children's novels by Beverly Cleary that center on Ramona Quimby, her family and friends. The first book, Beezus and Ramona, appeared in 1955. The final book, Ramona's World, was published in 1999. Two books in the series were named Newbery Honor books, Ramona and Her Father and Ramona Quimby, Age 8. Ramona and Her Mother received the National Book Award. Sometimes known as the Beezus and Ramona series, as of 2012, the books were being marketed by HarperCollins as "The Complete Ramona Collection".

Background

The Ramona books grew out of Cleary's earlier Henry Huggins series and take place in the same neighborhood. In the Henry Huggins books Beezus was one of Henry's friends, and her younger sister Ramona was generally a pest to Henry, Beezus and the other children.

It occurred to Cleary (while writing Henry Huggins) that all of the characters she had created thus far had no brothers or sisters. "Someone should have a sibling," she wrote in My Own Two Feet, "so I tossed in a little sister to explain Beezus's nickname. When it came time to name the sister, I overheard a neighbor call out to another whose name was Ramona. I wrote in "Ramona," made several references to her, gave her one brief scene, and thought that was the end of her. Little did I dream, to use a trite expression from books of my childhood, that she would take over books of her own."

In 1955, after finishing three Henry books, Cleary wrote Beezus and Ramona, a novel in which Beezus was the central character. The plot revolved around fourth grade Beezus' frustrations with her younger sister. Then in 1968, having concluded the Henry Huggins series, Cleary returned to focus on the two sisters in Ramona the Pest. It became the foundation book of the Ramona series. As publisher, writer and reviewer Anita Silvey says, "It was almost inevitable that Cleary would publish a series of books about this boisterous yet appealing character."

Ramona the Pest, like the remaining books in the series, is written from Ramona's point of view. In Ramona the Pest Ramona enters kindergarten. The succeeding books follow her as she grows up and advances through school, usually at the rate of one grade over two books. Written from the 1950s through the 1990s, dates aren't mentioned in the books, and the children are designed to appeal to real children in any time period. The last Ramona book, Ramona's World, was published in 1999, 15 years after the previous one.

Series

Beezus and Ramona (1955)

This is the only book in the series written from older sister Beezus' point of view. In the book, Beezus is struggling with her feelings for her annoying younger sister Ramona. Ramona exasperates Beezus with her high spirits and wild imagination. Ramona scribbles all over a library book, gets Ribsy locked in the bathroom, and disrupts Beezus' art class. Finally Beezus realizes it is possible to love her sister, even when she doesn't always like her.
Ramona the Pest (1968)

Ramona and her neighbor Howie are going to kindergarten, and Miss Binney is their teacher. Ramona knows that she has been described as a pest, but she doesn't see herself that way, and in this book she tries very hard to be good and follow the rules. But sometimes she has a difficult time controlling herself, and one day she gets sent home from school for pulling her classmate's hair. Convinced her teacher doesn't like her, Ramona refuses to return until a very special letter from her teacher brings her back.
Ramona the Brave (1975)

Ramona sees herself as fearless, and is sometimes surprised to realize that others don't agree. It's the summer after kindergarten, and things are changing at the Quimby house. Ramona prepares to enter the first grade, Mrs. Quimby has a part-time job, and the family is having an extra bedroom added on to the house. Ramona bravely confronts bullies at the play ground and a mean dog on her way to school, but she isn't prepared for how scary it feels going to sleep in the brand new bedroom - alone.
Ramona and Her Father (1977)

Mr. Quimby loses his job and Ramona, now in the second grade, has some great ideas on how to earn some extra money to help out. She also decides it's time he stopped smoking, and she'll help him with that, too. By the time the church Christmas pageant arrives Ramona is feeling neglected. But the evening she was dreading turns into a success that brings the family together again. This installment was a Newbery Honor book.
Ramona and Her Mother (1979)

Still in the second grade, Ramona starts to become jealous of her mother and Beezus, because they seem to share things she can't, like sewing and cooking. She's too young to stay home alone when her parents are at work, but she's tired of going to the Kemps' after school. At home, her parents are arguing, and the girls worry about who will take care of them if they get a divorce. Eventually Ramona learns that her family has problems like everyone else's, but they still love each other. This installment received a National Book Award.
Ramona Quimby, Age 8 (1981)

In this book Ramona Quimby is learning to take responsibility for herself. She is in the third grade at a new school, and making some new friends, like "Yard Ape", who rides her bus and sits behind her in class. Her family is counting on her to manage at school by herself and get along with Willa Jean after school every day. The fact that she handles everything so well shows that Ramona is maturing. This installment was a Newbery Honor book.
Ramona Forever (1984)

In this book Ramona realizes change is inevitable, but she will always be herself. Beezus and Ramona don't like Howie's visiting Uncle Hobart, and Ramona is tired of being blamed when Willa Jean causes trouble. The sisters persuade their parents to let them stay home alone after school on a trial basis, but a misunderstanding causes trouble between them. When they find their cat Picky-Picky dead in the basement, and realize that their mother is pregnant, they learn to work together. Then Aunt Bea gets engaged to Uncle Hobart, and the family has only two weeks to plan a wedding. Finally, baby Roberta arrives, and Ramona realizes she's enjoying growing up.
Ramona's World (1999)

Ramona's world is expanding, and it doesn't revolve as much around her family as it used to. There's a new girl in fourth grade, Daisy Kidd, and she and Ramona are best friends. Mrs. Quimby is staying home again, taking care of baby Roberta, and Ramona is trying to be a good role model for her little sister, while sharing her mother's attention. Now in high school, Beezus has new friends too, and is interested in boys. Even as baby Roberta arrives, the older Quimby sisters are developing new interests.As of 2012 the series has had three illustrators: Louis Darling, Alan Tiegreen and Tracy Dockray. The books are available separately and in boxed sets. They have also been published as audiobooks read by Stockard Channing.
The Ramona Quimby Diary
This is an activity book containing quotes and illustrations from all the Ramona books.

Ramona's characterization

Librarian Kathleen Odean appreciates Ramona's fearless attitude, calling her "irrepressible" and saying "She represents the kind of girl who has not been subdued by adults or the world in general." Twentieth-Century Children's Writers cites Ramona's "spunk, her impermeable but often ambivalent bond to Beezus, and her unsurpassed creativity... (Cleary) never sacrifices Ramona's integrity or intelligence".

Part of the appeal of the series is watching Ramona grow up. Cleary's writing has been praised for its ability to show her main character maturing: "Throughout the series, Cleary depicts Ramona's emotional development as well as her adventures and misadventures." Anita Silvey calls Ramona "Cleary's most developed characterization, a child at once ordinary and extraordinary."

Critical reception

Generally critics have been positive about all the Ramona books, pointing out the pleasure readers derive from watching Ramona grow up in the series. "Cleary outlines Ramona's joys and sorrows in a manner considered both poignant and hilarious" In Twentieth-Century Children's Writers, Cathryn Mercier praises Cleary's accomplishments through the series as a whole. "Through Ramona, Cleary touches young readers on an emotional level which engages and challenges, but does not overwhelm. Her ability to sustain their attention over time, from book to book, remains an accomplishment beyond evaluation."

Though now considered a standard for realistic children's fiction, Beverly Cleary's books were unique in their time. "Ramona's complexity was something unusual in children's literature. Seen through the eyes of any other character, she could be a real nuisance. But when Cleary wrote from Ramona's point of view, all of the little girl's actions made perfect sense." They are still valued today, as Julia Doubt writes, and read around the world. "It is greatly significant that today the Ramona series still sells in many languages and countries across the globe - reaching out to ordinary kids (and their annoying little sisters) - and their extraordinary common misunderstandings about the world - everywhere." As The Essential Guide to Children's Books and Their Creators says, Beverly Cleary "remains one of those rare authors who are both critically acclaimed and immensely popular with young readers."

Adaptations

Cleary's Ramona books have been adapted for Canadian television as Ramona. The 10-part Canadian television series starred Sarah Polley as Ramona and Lori Chodos as Beezus.

They were also made into the American movie Ramona and Beezus, released on July 23, 2010, starring Joey King as Ramona and Selena Gomez as Beezus. Although the film jumps from book to book, the plot mainly focuses on the seventh book in the series, Ramona Forever.

Characters
The Quimbys and Kemps
Ramona Geraldine Quimby:  The main character. She has straight, short brown hair and an active imagination. Her middle name is Geraldine.
Beatrice "Beezus" Quimby: Ramona's sensible, big sister, whose nickname comes from Ramona's babyhood mispronunciation of her name. She was named after Aunt Beatrice. Her middle name is Ann.  While she supports and loves Ramona, she can misunderstand and be frustrated by her actions.
 Mr. Robert "Bob" Quimby: Ramona's father, who loves to draw, and remembers to bring home gummy bears and new Pink Pearl erasers for the girls. He works at sometimes unpleasant jobs to support the family, but wants to be a teacher; Ramona suggests he should be a cartoonist.
Mrs. Dorothy Quimby (née Day): Ramona's mother, who works as a bookkeeper for a doctor. She is calm and practical, and much like Beezus in temperament, though she also has a deep and loving bond with Ramona.
Aunt Beatrice Day-Kemp: Mrs. Quimby's sister, who is a teacher, and Beezus' favorite aunt and ideal adult.  She marries Hobart Kemp later in the series.  She is imaginative and carefree and tells the girls that she was remarkably like Ramona as a child.  (Note that the sisters' maiden name was "Haswell" in the book Beezus and Ramona.)
Grandpa Day: Mrs. Quimby and Aunt Bea's dad, who helps planned Aunt Bea's wedding. His wife Grandma Day died before the first book, so Ramona probably met her, but was young to remember.
Roberta Quimby: Beezus and Ramona's baby sister, who is born at the end of Ramona Forever. Ramona is jealous that Roberta has all her parents' attention, but at the end of "Ramona's World" learns to love her sister. Her middle name is Day.
Picky-picky: The Quimbys' elderly cat. He usually avoids Ramona, because, as Mrs. Quimby explains, he has grown grouchy in his old age and because Ramona was rough with him when she was little. As she gets older, he comes to trust her more, even curling up on the couch with her when she's sick. He dies in Ramona Forever, and the sisters bury him.
Howie Kemp: Ramona's friend who loves building things. He becomes Ramona's cousin in Ramona Forever when his Uncle Hobart marries her Aunt Beatrice. He never gets excited about anything, which really makes Ramona disappointed.
Willa Jean Kemp: Howie's bratty little sister, who is frequently thrust on Ramona. People say that she is very like Ramona when she was little; however, Willa Jean does not seem to possess Ramona's imagination.
Mrs. Kemp: Howie's mother.
Mr. Kemp: Howie's father.
Grandma Kemp: Howie's grandmother, who lives in the same house and watches Ramona, Howie, Willa Jean, and sometimes Beezus after school.
Uncle Hobart Kemp: Howie's uncle who marries Ramona's aunt, Beatrice. He is Mr. Kemp's younger brother. He makes his only appearance in Ramona Forever.

The Huggins family
Henry Huggins: Beezus' red-headed friend. The Ramona series of books are a spin-off of the Henry Huggins series.
Mr. Huggins: Henry's father.
Mrs. Huggins: Henry's mother.
Ribsy: Henry's dog.
Nosy: Henry's cat.

The Kidds
Daisy Kidd: Ramona's first friend in fourth grade. She's called 'Fence-face' by her brother because of the bands on her back teeth.
 Mrs. Kidd: Daisy's mother. She is a nice, plump woman. Ramona likes her.
Mr. Kidd: Daisy's father.
Jeremy Kidd: Daisy's big brother. Daisy calls him 'Germy.' Ramona once called him Prince. Beezus has a little crush on him in Ramona's World, and he returns it.
Clawed: Jeremy Kidd's cat, a stray that he found and adopted.

Klickitat Street
Scooter McCarthy: Henry's friend who often irritates Henry and Beezus with his upperclassman attitudes.
Eva McCarthy: Scooter's mother.
Robert: Henry's best friend.
Mrs. Swink: An elderly lady who wears pants suits and calls Ramona "Juanita". Mrs. Swink was also who inspired Ramona and Howie to make tin can stilts in "Ramona and Her Father"
The Grumbies: An older couple who doesn't like Ribsy, Henry's dog, because he likes to chase their cat.
Mrs. Pitt: One of Ramona's neighbors who lives in front of the bus stop.  She doesn't like kids who throw trash in her yard.
Mrs. Peabody: A lady who was Henry's neighbor; her dog Ranger was unfriendly to them. She called Henry "Harry Higgins" in Henry and the Clubhouse until Ramona corrected her.
Ranger: Mrs. Peabody's dog.

Glennwood School
Danny "Yard Ape": A boy who always annoys Ramona, and whom she secretly likes.
Susan Kushner: Ramona's former rival, who seemed perfect and was revealed to be boring. Ramona was very tempted to pull her reddish-brown curls in kindergarten to make them bounce.
Davy: A timid, skinny boy whom Ramona used to chase around the playground each day in kindergarten.

See also

Notes

References

External links
 Official Beverly Cleary web site

American children's novels
Novels set in Portland, Oregon
Series of children's books
Children's books set in Portland, Oregon

Ramona (novel series)


Tour of the Alps 2017 var den 41. udgave af det italienske etapeløb Tour of the Alps, tidligere kendt som Giro del Trentino. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2017 og blev arrangeret mellem 17. og 21. april 2017. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev britiske Geraint Thomas fra .

Hold og ryttere

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

Trøjernes fordeling gennem løbet

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

UCI Europe Tour 2017
2017

Tour of the Alps 2017


Die französische U-18-Fußballnationalmannschaft ist eine Auswahlmannschaft französischer Fußballspieler. Sie untersteht dem Französischen Fußball-Bund und repräsentiert diesen auf der U-18-Ebene, in Freundschaftsspielen gegen die Auswahlmannschaften anderer nationaler Verbände, aber auch bei den Europameisterschaften des Kontinentalverbandes UEFA. Spielberechtigt sind Spieler, die ihr 18. Lebensjahr noch nicht vollendet haben und die französische Staatsangehörigkeit besitzen. Bei Turnieren ist das Alter beim ersten Qualifikationsspiel maßgeblich.

Trainerhistorie
(Auswahl)
 1987–1989: Marc Collat
 1992–1999: Christian Damiano
 1994–1996: Gérard Houllier
 1999–2000: Jacques Crevoisier
 2007: François Blaquart
 2008–2009: Francis Smerecki
 2010–2011: Pierre Mankowski
 2011–2012: Francis Smerecki
 2012–2013: Philippe Bergeroo
 2013–2014: Pierre Mankowski
 2014–2015: Ludovic Batelli
 2015–2016: Jean-Claude Giuntini
 2016–2017: Bernard Diomède
 2017–2018: Lionel Rouxel
 2018–2019: Jean-Luc Vannuchi
 2019–2020: Jean-Claude Giuntini
 2020–2021: Landry Chauvin
 2021–2022: Lionel Rouxel
 seit 2022: Bernard Diomède

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz auf fff.fr

Einzelnachweise

U18
Fussball U 18
U-18-Fußballnationalmannschaft

Französische Fußballnationalmannschaft (U-18-Junioren)


Frosted Flakes or Frosties is a breakfast cereal, produced by WK Kellogg Co (formerly the Kellogg Company) and consisting of sugar-coated corn flakes. It was introduced in the United States, in 1952, as "Sugar Frosted Flakes". The word "sugar" was dropped from the name in 1983.

Generic versions, such as store brands, are also available. Unlike many cereals, such as Cheerios, Shreddies and Rice Krispies, the name "Frosted Flakes" is so generic that it cannot be trademarked, and thus it often shares its name with competitors.

International names

 Frosted Flakes (U.S. and Canada)
 Frosties (UK, Ireland, Australia, Israel, most Commonwealth nations, and European and Middle East countries; formerly Frostis in Spain)
 Zucaritas in the U.S. and Hispanic America (the word translates as "little sugary things")
 Sucrilhos in Brazil (a fusion of sugar + crunch + milho)
 Corn Frosty (コーンフロスティ) in Japan
 Corn Frost (콘푸로스트) in South Korea

Popularity
Frosted Flakes was the second-best-selling cereal in the first half of 2017 within the US in gross sales, after Honey Nut Cheerios.

Marketing

Mascots
Tony the Tiger has been the mascot of Frosted Flakes since its introduction. Tony is known for saying the cereal's slogan: "They're Gr-r-reat!" (the "r"s in "Great" being drawn-out). Tony the Tiger was originally voiced by Dallas McKennon, but Thurl Ravenscroft voiced him for more than 50 years, until his death in 2005. Tony was later voiced (in Canada and the US) by former professional wrestling play-by-play announcer Lee Marshall until his death on April 27, 2014. After Marshall's death, he was replaced with Tex Brashear. In the UK, Tom Hill voiced Tony after Ravenscroft's death. Tony is drawn wearing a red bandana on all Frosted Flakes cereal boxes.

Sponsorship
 Kellogg's was a major sponsor of Adventures of Superman throughout most of the 1950s. Many of the Frosted Flakes commercials featuring the show's star George Reeves are available on the DVD release of the series' first season.
 Frosted Flakes is a sponsor of Challenger Sports British Soccer Camps.
 From the mid 1990s to the mid 2000s, Frosted Flakes was a sponsor of children's programming on PBS, including Sagwa, Dragon Tales and Barney & Friends.

Varieties
In Canada and the United States:
Frosted Rice, a crisped rice variant introduced in 1977, similar to Frosted Rice Krispies and Ricicles. Featured a younger, similar mascot named Tony Jr.
Birthday Confetti Frosted Flakes, a 1997 cake-flavored version. Discontinued in 1997.
Cocoa Frosted Flakes, a 1997 cocoa-flavored version. Discontinued in 2000.
Tony's Cinnamon Krunchers, a 2003 cinnamon-flavored variant. Discontinued around 2005.
Whole Grain Tiger Power, a 2005 version with added protein, fiber and calcium, very similar to Start. Discontinued in 2006.
Tony's Turboz, a 2005 meal replacement variant similar to Whole Grain Tiger Power. Available only in Canada.
Frosted Flakes Gold, a 2008 honey-flavored variant. Reintroduced in 2018 as Honey Nut Frosted Flakes.
Frosted Flakes Chocolate, a 2011 chocolate-flavored version. Reintroduced in 2013.
Banana Frosted Flakes, a variant with flakes containing banana introduced in 1981. Discontinued in 1984.
Cinnamon Frosted Flakes, a 2016 cinnamon-flavored version.
Banana Creme Frosted Flakes, a limited edition banana creme-flavored version introduced in 2019.
Cereal With Marshmallows, Variant of frosted flakes that includes vanilla flavored marshmallows
Cinnamon French Toast, New flakes that are bursting with cinnamon sweetness
Strawberry Milkshake, Strawberry flavor that makes milk into strawberry milk
Cereal Bar, Bar made with traditional Frosted Flakes and marshmallows holding it together

In the UK and Ireland:
Toffee Flavoured Frosties, Frosties with the taste of toffee, called Frosties Caramel in Europe (Tony - New Kelloggs Toffee Flavoured Frosties, an explosion of toffee taste, for a limited time only, they're gr-r-reat!). Limited time only.
Frosties Chocolate, Frosties with the taste of chocolate (Tony - New Kelloggs Frosties Chocolate, discover the dark side!). Discontinued.
Frosties Tiger Power, Frosties that are similar to Wheats cereal. Discontinued.
Reduced Sugar Frosties, Frosties with a third less sugar than regular Frosties.

In Brazil:
Sucrilhos Sabor Chocolate, chocolate-flavored Frosted Flakes.
Sucrilhos Power Pops, chocolate-flavored puffs, as opposed to flakes. Previously known as Sucrilhos Power.
Sucrilhos Sabor Banana, banana-flavored Frosted Flakes. Discontinued.
Sucrilhos Sabor Brigadeiro, brigadeiro-flavored Frosted Flakes. Limited.
Sucrilhos Sabor Canela, cinnamon-flavored Frosted Flakes. Limited.
Sucrilhos Sabor Doce de Leite, dulce de leche-flavored Frosted Flakes. Limited.

In 2020 Sucrilhos also started to be sold in the form of cookies.

In Argentina:
Zucaritas Frutilla, strawberry-flavored Frosted Flakes.
Choco Zucaritas, chocolate-flavored Frosted Flakes.

In Mexico:
Choco Zucaritas, chocolate-flavored Frosted Flakes.

In Colombia:
Zucaritas Arequipe, caramel-flavored Frosted Flakes. Discontinued.
Zucaritas Power Balls, sphere-shaped Frosted Flakes.

Health
Frosted Flakes, under its Australian name of Frosties, received 2 stars out of 5 on the Australian Government's health star ratings.

References

External links

 Advert on The Link Portal

Kellogg's cereals
Products introduced in 1952
Flaked breakfast cereals

Frosted Flakes


Harperocallis, rod jednosupnica iz porodice tofildijevki. Postoji 11 priznatih vrsta koje rastu po tropskim predjelima Južne Amerike i jedna u američkoj državi Florida (H. flava)

Vrste
 Harperocallis duidae  (Steyerm.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr
 Harperocallis falcata  (Ruiz & Pav.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr
 Harperocallis flava   McDaniel
 Harperocallis longiflora  (Rusby) L.M.Campb. & Dorr
 Harperocallis neblinae   (Steyerm. ex L.M.Campb.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr
 Harperocallis paniculata   (L.M.Campb.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr
 Harperocallis penduliflora  (L.M.Campb.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr
 Harperocallis robustior  (Steyerm.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr
 Harperocallis schomburgkiana  (Oliv.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr
 Harperocallis sessiliflora   (Hook.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr
 Harperocallis sipapoensis  (L.M.Campb.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr

Izvori

Tofildijevke

Harperocallis


إينيمي آت ذا غيتس ؛ وتعني بالعربية العدو على الأبواب، أو ستالينغراد  في الدول الأوروبية. هو فيلم حربي صدر في 2001 من إخراج جون جاك أنو وبطولة جود لو واد هاريس تدور أحداثه في إطار معركة ستالينغراد في الحرب العالمية الثانية.

الفيلم مبني على كتاب ويليام كرايغ الذي يصف الأحداث المحيطة بمعركة ستالينغراد في شتاء عام 1942 وعام 1943. كتب السيناريو أنود وآلان جودار، يسرد الفيلم قصة مطاردة ثنائية أثناء المعركة بين القناص السوفياتي فاسيلي زايتسيف وعدوه القناص الألماني إرفين كونيج.

تفاصيل الفيلم
في ذروة الحرب العالمية الثانية، قامت ألمانيا بغزو الاتحاد السوفيتي ووصلت إلى مدينة ستالينغراد حيث كان يقاتل فاسيلي زايتسيف (جود لاو) وبرزت بطولاته في القنص مما دفع بالمسؤول العسكري دانيلوف (جوزيف فيانس) إلى الترويج لها لرفع معنويات شعب الاتحاد السوفياتي المحطمة وهو ما جعل من زايتسيف بطلا قوميا، الأمر الذي أشعر الألمان بالإهانة ودفعهم إلى إرسال أحد أفضل قناصتهم إرفين كونيج (إد هاريس) لتصفيته.
يصور الفيلم مشاهد من طفولة زايتسيف في جبال الأورال حيث علمه جده القنص، كما يتطرق إلى قصة الفتى الروسي الجاسوس ساشا فيليبوف وقصة تانيا (رايتشل ويسز) وهي شابة يهودية روسية قتل الألمان والديها مما دفعها إلى الانضمام إلى الجيوش السوفيتية وقد وقع كل من دانيلوف وزايتسيف في حبها، وقد أقنعها هذا الأخير بالانضمام إلى صفوف القناصة لأن فرص نجاتهم من الحرب أكبر.
تشهد نهاية الفيلم انتصار زايتسيف على غريمه الألماني وذلك بفضل صديقه دانيلوف الذي ضحى بحياته لمساعدته: كان الاثنان في مخبإ واحد تحت مرمى نيران كونيج الذي كان يظن أن شخصا واحدا في المخبإ. أطل دانيلوف برأسه عمدا فتلقى رصاصة الموت التي اعتقد كونيج أنها قضت على زايتسيف مما دفع به إلى مغادرة مخبئه فكان له القناص السوفياتي بالمرصاد.
ينتهي الفيلم بمشهد فاسيلي وتانيا في أحد المستشفيات بعد أن تعرضت لإصابة أثناء المعركة.

طاقم التمثيل
 جود لو بدور فاسيلي زايتسيف.
 إد هاريس بدور اروين كوينيغ.
 رايتشل وايز بدور تانيا تشرنوفا.
 جوزيف فاينس بدور دانيلوف.
 بوب هوسكينز بدور نيكيتا خروشوف.
 غاباريال تومسون بدور ساشا فيليبوف.

الإنتاج
تم التصوير في ألمانيا. تم عبور نهر الفولغا على بحيرة Altdöberner See، وهي بحيرة صناعية في جنوب براندنبورغ. تم استخدام مصنع مهجور في قرية رودرسدورف لإعادة إنشاء أنقاض مصنع ستالينجراد للجرارات. تم بناء المجموعة الخارجية الضخمة للميدان الأحمر في ستالينجراد في كرامبنيتز، بالقرب من بوتسدام. كانت مدرسة الفيرماخت للفروسية السابقة ثكنة سوفييتية خلال الحرب الباردة. بدأ بناء استوديو التصوير في أكتوبر 1999 واستغرق استكماله قرابة خمسة أشهر.

الاستقبال
استنادًا إلى 137 تعليقًا تم جمعها بواسطة روتن توميتوز، حصل الفيلم على نسبة موافقة 54٪ من النقاد بمتوسط مرجح من 5.7 / 10. تم تلخيص المراجعات على أن الفيلم «مغلف بجو من الإثارة، العدو عند البوابات يحصل على شكل وشعور الحرب بشكل صحيح، ومع ذلك، تبدو قصة الحب في غير محلها.» على موقع ميتاكريتيك، تم تعين تقييمًا معياريًا بحساب متوسط درجة 53 من 100، بناءً على 33 مراجعة.

الموسيقى التصويرية
قام جيمس هورنر بتأليف الموسيقى التصويرية الخاصة بالفيلم، وتم إصدارها في 31 مارس 2001.

الدقة التاريخية

كان فاسيلي زايتسيف (1915-1991) (بالروسية: ста́рший сержа́нт) رقيبًا أول في الكتيبة الثانية، فوج البندقية 1047، فرقة بندقية تومسك رقم 284، خلال معركة ستالينجراد.

يستخدم الفيلم أحداثًا من كتاب ويليام كرايغ الواقعي عام 1973 «العدو عند البوابات: معركة ستالينجراد». يدعي الكتاب أن زايتسيف حارب مبارزة قناصه على مدى عدة أيام عبر أنقاض المدينة. بعد قتل الألماني وجمع بطاقات التعريف الخاصة به اكتشف زايتسيف أنه قتل كونيغ، رئيس مدرسة برلين للقناص. ومع ذلك، لا يوجد سجل في أرشيف الفيرماخت لقناص يدعى كونيج في الجيش الألماني خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. كتب المؤرخ أنتوني بيفور في عمله عام 1998 في ستالينجراد أنه يعتقد أن قصة زايتسيف خيالية لأنه لم يتم ذكر مثل هذا الحدث في تقارير المعارك اليومية التفصيلية المرسلة إلى العقيد الجنرال ألكسندر شيرباكوف في موسكو.

كما يفرط الفيلم في تصوير دور منع الفصائل في الجيش الأحمر. على الرغم من وجود الأمر رقم 227 (بالروسية: Директива Ставки ВГК №227) الذي أصبح صرخة حاشدة لـ «عدم الرجوع خطوة للوراء!» (بالروسية: Ни шагу назад !؛ مكتوبة بالحروف اللاتينية: Ni shagu nazad!)، لم يتم وضع المدافع الرشاشة خلف القوات النظامية ولم يتم وضع أوامر بقتل أي شخص منسحب، تم استخدام المدافع الرشاشة فقط للقوات العقابية، استخدمت المفارز بانتظام لمنع انسحاب القوات النظامية أو فرارها من الخدمة. وفقًا للأمر رقم 227، كان لكل مفرزة ما بين ثلاث إلى خمس فرق حواجز لكل 200 فرد. في الأشهر الثلاثة الأولى، أطلقت المفارز النار على 1000 جندي للعقاب وأرسلت 24,993 إلى كتائب عقابية. بحلول أكتوبر 1942، تم إسقاط فكرة مفارز الحجب المنتظمة بهدوء؛ وبحلول أكتوبر 1944، تم حل الوحدات رسميًا. خلال معركة ستالينغراد، كان للجيش الثاني والستين أكبر عدد من الاعتقالات والإعدامات: 203 حالات، منهم تم إعدام 49 شخص بعد المعركة، بينما تم إرسال 139 إلى السرايا والكتائب العقابية.

لأن كانت شخصية فاسيلي زايتسيف لا يرقى إليها شك فإن الآراء تضاربت حول واقعية شخصية القناص الألماني كوينيغ وحول حقيقة المطاردة في حد ذاتها فقد نفى زايتسيف يقينه من أن الألمان قد أرسلوا قناصًا خصيصًا لتصفيته.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام ألمانية
أفلام ألمانية عن الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفلام ألمانية في عقد 2000
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية عن الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام أيرلندية
أفلام الحرب العالمية الثانية في الجهة الشرقية
أفلام إنتاج 2001
أفلام باراماونت بيكتشرز
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام بريطانية
أفلام بريطانية عن الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفلام بريطانية في عقد 2000
أفلام تقع أحداثها في الاتحاد السوفيتي
أفلام تقع أحداثها في معركة ستالينغراد
أفلام حربية درامية في عقد 2000
أفلام حركة إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام دراما أيرلندية
أفلام دراما حربية أمريكية
أفلام درامية في 2001
أفلام رومانسية حربية
أفلام سجلها جيمس هورنر
أفلام عن أحداث فعلية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفلام عن القناصين
أفلام عن نازيون
أفلام فرنسية
أفلام فرنسية عن الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفلام فرنسية في عقد 2000
أفلام مبنية على أحداث حقيقية
أفلام مبنية على روايات
أفلام مبنية على كتب غير روائية
أفلام ملحمية حربية
أفلام من إخراج جان جاك أنو
تصوير ثقافي عن نيكيتا خروتشوف
معركة ستالينجراد
نازيون في السينما الأمريكية
أفلام حربية أيرلندية

العدو على الأبواب


Las diacilglicerol cinasas tipo 4 () son enzimas que catalizan la conversión de diacilglicerol (DAG) a ácido fosfatídico (PA) utilizando ATP como fuente de fosfato.

 1,2-diacilglicerol + ATP  1,2-diacilglicerol-3-fosfato + ADP

Los genes de las diacilglicerol cinasas tipo 4 presentes en el ser humano son:  y . Este tipo de diacilglicerol cinasas se caracteriza por la presencia de un dominio homólogo a MARCKS, repeticiones de anquirina y una secuencia señalizadora de localización nuclear.

DGKZ

La diacilglicerol cinasa zeta (DGKZ) muestra una fuerte preferencia por los 1,2-diacilgliceroles sobre los 1,3-diacilgliceroles, pero muestra deficiencia en especificidad entre los diacilgliceroles de cadena larga. La isoforma 2 regula la actividad de la RASGRP1 formando un complejo de señalización con RASGRP1 y HRAS; la isoforma 1 no lo hace. Interacciona con el dominio PDZ de SNTG1 y SNX27. Se encuentra en altos niveles en el cerebro, en niveles sustanciales en el músculo esquelético, corazón y páncreas. La isoforma 1 se expresa preferentemente en el músculo. La fosforilación del dominio homólogo a MARCKS de la DGKZ por la proteína cinasa C reduce la acumulación nuclear de DGKZ.

Referencias

Diacilglicerol cinasas
EC 2.7.1

Diacilglicerol cinasa tipo 4


Vold Station (Vold holdeplass) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Nordlandsbanen, der lå i Voll, umiddelbart sydvest for bygden Skatval i Stjørdal kommune i Norge. Den bestod af et spor og en kort perron med et læskur.

Stationen åbnede som trinbræt i 1938. I 1959 blev den flyttet 100 m sydpå fra 40,01 km til 39,91 km. Den blev nedlagt 27. maj 1990.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Nordlandsbanen
Jernbanestationer i Trøndelag
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1938
Ophørt i 1990

Vold Station


Hiperenflasyon, enflasyonun yılda yüzde 200 sınırını aştığı anlardaki halidir. Dörtnala enflasyon olarak da adlandırılır. Paranın değerini yitirdiği en şiddetli enflasyon biçimidir.

Hiperenflasyonun nedenleri
Hiperenflasyonun en önemli nedeni aşırı parasal genişlemedir. Merkez Bankası bağımsız olmayan devletlerde para politikasını da hükûmet yönetir. İşte bu noktada hükûmetin maaşların ödenmesi, yatırım ya da bütçe açığının kapatılması için kontrolsüzce para basma kararı alması çok yüksek enflasyona neden olur.

İkincil olarak, ülkede siyasi istikrarın olmadığı, hükûmetlerin ortalama ömürlerinin 1-2 yıl olduğu durumlarda iktidar partisi, seçimlerin tekrarlanacağı ve halkın kendilerini cezalandırıp tekrar iktidara taşımayacağı beklentisi taşımaları durumunda kendilerinden sonra gelecek partinin iktisadi planlarını bilerek ve isteyerek bozacak kısa vadeli gayrı-iktisadi kararlar alabilirler. Özellikle gelişmemiş ve yeni gelişmekte olan ülkelerde gözlemlenen bu durum, ileride arz ve talep yönlü daralmalara yol açacak derin ekonomik krizlere sebep olabilir.

Enflasyon yaratmanın dayanılmaz cazibesi
Yüksek enflasyonla boğuşan ülkelerin hiperenflasyon tuzağına düşmelerinin nedenlerinden biri de bilerek ve isteyerek hedeflenenden daha yüksek bir enflasyon düzeyi yaratmaktır. Enflasyonun %80 olduğu bir ülke düşünün. Böyle bir durumda ülkeden yerli para cinsinden alacağı olan kişiler kendilerini enflasyonun yıpratma payına karşı kendilerini korumak (örneğin memur sendikalarının zam haricinde enflasyon farkı da talep etmesi) yerine belli bir para isterlerse hükûmet o parayı değersiz konuma düşürecek enflasyonu bilerek veya isteyerek oluşturabilir.

Hiperenflasyona özgü gelişmeler
Hiperenflasyon durumlarında görülen bazı özel durumlar vardır. Örneğin hiperenflasyon dönemlerinde kredi talebi olağanüstü şekilde artar. Bunun da en temel nedeni kredi taksitlerini ödemenin zorluğunun dönemler içerisinde enflasyon oranına bağlı olarak gitgide azalacak olmasıdır. Bunun yanı sıra hiperenflasyon durumlarında elde para tutmanın fırsat maliyeti çok pahalıdır. Bu durumda ülkedeki finansal okuryazarlık oranına bağlı olarak kişiler yerli parayı ya yüksek faizde değerlendirme ya da bir an evvel ellerinden çıkarma eğilimi gösterirler. İkinci durumun yoğun olduğu ülkelerde yüksek enflasyon düzeyine rağmen ekonomide suni bir canlılık görünebilir.

Para ikamesi
Hiperenflasyon döneminde kişiler kendilerini enflasyonun etkisinden korumak için yabancı para tutmaya başlarlar. Hiperenflasyon süreci ne kadar uzarsa, yabancı para cinsinden alışverişin niteliği de o denli artar. Örneğin ev sahipleri kira ücretini yabancı para cinsinden istemeye başlarlar ya da kişiler maaşlarını alır almaz yabancı paraya çevirirler. Yerli paraya olan güvenin bu derece sarsıldığı ortamda kişiler ülkedeki döviz talebini inanılmaz şekilde arttırır. Bunun sonucunda piyasada gittikçe kıtlaşan dövizin değeri artar, döviz kuru yükselir. İlginçtir ki bu durum belli bir sınıra kadar ülkenin makro politikalarını belirleyenler için katlanılabilir bir maliyettir zira döviz kurunun yükselmesi öncelikle reel kuru, ardından da ihracatı yükseltip ülkenin makro dengelerinde kısa süreli bir iyileşmeye neden olur. Ama orta vadede yabancı para cinsinden borçlu olan kesimlerin, örneğin devletin ve şirketler kesiminin, borçlarını katlayarak arttıracağı için önce bütçe açıklarına, önlem alınmaması halinde ise ekonomik krizlere neden olabilir.

Hiperenflasyonun çözümleri
Düşünülenin aksine kısa vadede %400'lük enflasyonu düşürmek %40'lık enflasyonu düşürmekten daha kolaydır. Çünkü böyle durumlarda daha önce siyasi maliyet yüzünden alınamamış tedbirler daha kolay alınabilmektedir. Üstelik %400'lük bir enflasyonu %200'e indirmenin siyasi kazancı, %40'lık enflasyonu %20'ye indirmekten daha fazla olabilir. İkincil olarak, çoğu zaman hiperenflasyona neden olan aşırı parasal genişlemeyi kontrol altına almak bile enflasyonu daha makul düzeylere indirmek için yeterli olabilmektedir.

Uzun vadeli çözümler için bütçe disiplinini sağlayacak reformların yapılması ön koşuldur. Bunun için de kararlı bir finansal istikrar programı uygulanmalıdır. Bu program dahilinde kurumsal açıdan yapılanma, vergilendirilmeyen tabanı vergilendirmeye çalışma, vergi idaresinin iyileştirilmesi ve harcama önceliklerinin kesin olarak belirlendiği bir mali reform önşarttır.

En yüksek hiperenflasyonlar

Kaynakça

Finansal krizler
Makroekonomi
Ekonomi terimleri

Hiperenflasyon


L'accord Mellon-Bérenger (en anglais ) signé le  concerne le montant et le taux de remboursement de la dette de la France envers les États-Unis résultant des paiements et prêts effectués pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, avant et après l'armistice du 11 novembre 1918. L'accord réduit fortement le montant dû par la France, avec des modalités de paiement relativement souples. Cependant, il est profondément impopulaire en France, la population estimant que les États-Unis devraient renoncer à la dette compte tenu des énormes pertes en vies humaines et des dommages matériels que la France a subis, ou au moins lier les paiements aux réparations de l'Allemagne. La ratification par le Parlement français est retardée jusqu'en , peu avant le début de la Grande Dépression. Finalement, seule une partie assez réduite de la dette est remboursée directement.

Contexte

Le plan Dawes d' définit un calendrier réaliste pour les réparations allemandes aux Alliés victorieux de la Première Guerre mondiale. En instaurant la confiance, il permet à l'Allemagne d'emprunter aux États-Unis à des taux raisonnables et d'utiliser l'argent pour payer le Royaume-Uni et la France. Ces derniers utilisent, à leur tour, les réparations pour rembourser leur dette envers les États-Unis dans ce que John Maynard Keynes a décrit comme un grand « flux d'argent circulaire ».

Au milieu des , les États-Unis commencent à empêcher discrètement les prêts privés ou publics à la France tant que la question du remboursement de la dette reste en suspens, créant une pression sur le franc. Les financiers et les experts gouvernementaux de la finance en France finissent par accepter qu'un accord clair est nécessaire.

Avec le Royaume-Uni, l' de  lie les remboursements aux paiements des réparations à la France par l'Allemagne. Au fil des négociations, la France souhaite une clause similaire liant les paiements aux États-Unis aux réparations.

L'ambassadeur de France aux États-Unis Henry Bérenger signe l'accord avec Andrew Mellon, secrétaire au Trésor des États-Unis, le , sous réserve de ratification par le Parlement français. La Commission américaine de la dette déclare qu'elle « estime que ce règlement représente substantiellement la capacité de paiement de la France ».

Le président des États-Unis Calvin Coolidge, dans un message au Congrès, déclare : « Je crois que le règlement est juste et équitable pour les deux gouvernements et je recommande son approbation ». La réaction est moins positive en France, où dix-mille anciens combattants manifestent à Paris contre l'accord en , sous la direction de Joseph Darnand. Les Britanniques sont également critiques. La plupart des Français pensent alors que les États-Unis devaient renoncer à leurs créances sur les dettes de guerre, et ainsi, les gouvernements successifs retardent la ratification en France. Les problèmes connexes étaient notamment la prohibition aux États-Unis, qui avait nui aux exportations françaises, et les tarifs punitifs sur d'autres produits, qui avaient créé un grave déséquilibre commercial entre les deux pays.

Après la signature
Au milieu de l'année 1928, le président américain Calvin Coolidge presse la France de ratifier l'accord. Dans le même temps, la pression nationaliste monte en Allemagne pour négocier des modifications du plan Dawes et obtenir l'évacuation des troupes françaises occupant la Rhénanie. En , les ministres des affaires étrangères Aristide Briand et Gustav Stresemann conviennent de concentrer les négociations sur les paiements des réparations et sur le retrait des troupes. Un comité se réunit à Paris le  pour fixer les montants et l'échéancier des paiements allemands. Owen D. Young, un banquier américain, préside le groupe. Sous la pression des Américains, un règlement révisé est défini dans lequel les dettes allemandes sont réduites et les conditions de paiement sont facilitées.

Le président du Conseil, Raymond Poincaré, espérait pouvoir combattre le Plan Young lors d'une conférence prévue à La Haye en . Sa position serait beaucoup plus forte si l'accord Mellon-Bérenger était ratifié, et il déploie tous ses efforts pour faire adopter le projet de loi par le parlement. Un autre motif de ratification était que la dette française envers les États-Unis de  de dollars pour les munitions acquises après l'armistice devait être payée le . Bien que la France puisse payer en retirant une partie de son or à Londres, un transfert aussi massif serait perturbateur.

Poincaré semble avoir utilisé des fonds secrets pour soudoyer la presse afin de soutenir l'accord. Tous les grands journaux, qui s'étaient jusqu'alors opposés à la ratification, se sont retournés pour donner leur soutien à la mi-juillet. Poincaré, qui était en mauvaise santé, présenta le dossier pour ratification à la Chambre des députés le . Le lendemain, il est confiné au lit sur ordre de son médecin afin de récupérer ses forces pour une opération de la prostate.

Ratification
La Chambre des députés française ratifie de justesse l'accord le  après une séance d'une nuit entière, à 300 votes en faveur et 292 contre. Dans le même temps, la chambre ratifie l' sur les dettes de guerre françaises envers le Royaume-Uni. Raymond Poincaré n'a pas pu assister au débat en raison de ses problèmes de santé. Le Sénat français approuve la ratification le .

Dans une déclaration du , le président des États-Unis Herbert Hoover décrit les termes de l'accord. La France devra effectuer des paiements de trente-cinq millions de dollars au cours de l'année 1930, le montant payable augmentant au cours des onze années suivantes pour atteindre un maximum de  de dollars par an. La valeur des paiements était alors de  de dollars.

Les paiements seraient considérés comme éliminant la dette totale, qui était d'environ  de dollars le . Les États-Unis refusent cependant d'accepter tout lien entre les paiements et la réception par la France des réparations allemandes. La Chambre des représentants des États-Unis approuve l'accord le  et le Sénat américain l'adopte le . Enfin, Herbert Hoover signe l'accord le .

En 1931, la France commence à ressentir l'impact de la Grande Dépression. En 1932, les Français connaissent de sérieuses difficultés financières et sont contraints d'envisager de manquer le paiement dû le . Finalement, la majeure partie de la dette n'a jamais été remboursée directement.

Références

 Ouvrages.

 Autres sources.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Traité de Versailles
 Réparations de la Première Guerre mondiale
 Plan Dawes
 Relations entre les États-Unis et la France

Liens externes

1926 en France
1926 aux États-Unis
Relations entre les États-Unis et la France
Traité entré en application en 1929
Traité signé par les États-Unis
Traité signé par la Troisième République française
Réparations de la Première Guerre mondiale
Traité de l'entre-deux-guerres
Entre-deux-guerres

Accord Mellon-Bérenger


Nodosoclavator, monotipski fosilni rod parožina iz porodice Clavatoraceae. Jedina priznata vrsta je N. qinghaiensis.

Izvori

Charophyceae

Nodosoclavator


Das Amt Blankenfelde-Mahlow war ein 1992 gebildetes Amt zur Erledigung der Verwaltungsaufgaben von zunächst fünf Gemeinden im Norden des damaligen Kreis Zossen (heute Landkreis Teltow-Fläming, Brandenburg). Noch im Jahr 1992 wurde Groß Machnow als sechste Gemeinde eingegliedert, die jedoch noch im gleichen Jahr in das Amt Rangsdorf eingegliedert wurde. Sitz der Amtsverwaltung war in der Gemeinde Blankenfelde. Das Amt Blankenfelde-Mahlow wurde 2003 wieder aufgelöst.

Geographische Lage
Das Amt Blankenfelde-Mahlow grenzte im Norden an das Land Berlin, im Osten an das Amt Schönefeld, im Südosten an das Amt Mittenwalde, im Süden an das Amt Rangsdorf und im Westen an das Amt Ludwigsfelde-Land.

Gründung
Das Amt Blankenfelde-Mahlow wurde zum 1. Januar 1992 gegründet und am 13. Februar 1992 mit Wirkung zum 28. Februar 1992 als eines der ersten Ämter im Land Brandenburg genehmigt. Sitz der Amtsverwaltung war in der Gemeinde Blankenfelde.

Im Amt Blankenfelde-Mahlow waren zunächst folgende Gemeinden zusammengefasst:

 Blankenfelde
 Mahlow mit Ortsteil Glasow
 Groß Kienitz
 Jühnsdorf
 Diedersdorf

Die Gesamteinwohnerzahl zu Beginn des Jahres 1992 betrug laut dem Historischen Gemeindeverzeichnis 13237 Einwohner.

Am 20. Juli 1992 (mit Wirkung zum 12. August 1992) wurde außerdem Groß Machnow in das Amt Blankenfelde-Mahlow eingegliedert. Mit Bildung des Amtes Rangsdorf am 15. September 1992 wurde Groß Machnow jedoch in das Amt Rangsdorf eingegliedert.

Diedersdorf wurde mit Wirkung zum 31. Dezember 2001 nach Großbeeren eingegliedert.

Jühnsdorf wurde mit Bekanntmachung des Ministeriums des Innern vom 29. April 2002 in die damals noch amtsangehörige Gemeinde Blankenfelde des Amtes Blankenfelde-Mahlow eingegliedert. Die Eingliederung wurde am 26. Oktober 2003 wirksam.

Amtsdirektor
Erster Amtsdirektor des Amtes Blankenfelde-Mahlow war der frühere Bürgermeister von Blankenfelde Dietmar Klemt. Er vereinbarte damals die Städtepartnerschaft mit Bad Ems. Mit der Auflösung des Amtes Blankenfelde-Mahlow trat Dietmar Klemt in den Ruhestand. Stellvertretender Amtsdirektor war vom 1. Februar 2001 bis zum Ende des Amtes 2003 Ortwin Baier, der spätere Bürgermeister der ab 2003 amtsfreien Gemeinde Blankenfelde-Mahlow.

Auflösung
Im Zuge der brandenburgischen Gemeindereform 2003 wurde das Amt Blankenfelde-Mahlow und das Amt Rangsdorf aufgelöst. Aus den Gemeinden Blankenfelde, Mahlow und Groß Kienitz sowie der Gemeinde Dahlewitz des Amtes Rangsdorfs wurde die neue Gemeinde Blankenfelde-Mahlow gebildet. 2003 hatte das Amt Blankenfelde-Mahlow 20739 Einwohner (Stand: 1. Januar 2003).

Literatur
 Norbert Diering, Frank Hummeltenberg, Willi Krüger, Christlieb Ludwig, Manfred Schultz: Amt Blankenfelde-Mahlow. Die Gemeinden im Wandel der Zeit. Geiger Verlag, Horb am Neckar 1997, ISBN 3-89570-318-4.

Einzelnachweise

Anmerkung

Geschichte (Landkreis Teltow-Fläming)
Blankenfelde-Mahlow
Großbeeren
Rangsdorf
Ehemaliges Amt in Brandenburg

Amt Blankenfelde-Mahlow


An Potamogeton distinctus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni A. Benn.. An Potamogeton distinctus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Potamogeton, ngan familia nga Potamogetonaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Potamogeton

Potamogeton distinctus


A Dream of Wessex este un roman științifico-fantastic al scriitorului englez Christopher Priest. A apărut în 1977 la editura Faber and Faber.  În SUA a apărut sub titlul The Perfect Lover la editura Charles Scribner's Sons.

Prezentare

Cartea poate fi citită ca o poveste simplă despre un grup de visători din secolul al XX-lea, care își imaginează viitorul Angliei peste 150 de ani cu ajutorul realității virtuale. Odată ce intră în lumea lor imaginară, ei nu reușesc să-și amintească cine sunt sau unde sunt. Pe un alt nivel, romanul este el însăși o metaforă extinsă pentru modul în care sunt create viitoruri extrapolate.

A Dream of Wessex are loc în 1985. Proiectul Wessex, un proiect finanțat privat, care se află sub Castelul Maiden, descoperă o metodă de a transporta inconștientul colectiv al unora dintre cele mai strălucite minți ale Angliei într-o societate iluzorie și ideală. Scopul este de a aduna informații vitale pentru supraviețuirea omului pe pământ. Dar în acest proces, puterea, înșelăciunea și dragostea se alătură pentru a pune în pericol programul filantropic.

Primire
A fost nominalizat la Premiul Ditmar pentru cea mai bună ficțiune internațională în 1978.

Note

Legături externe

 Christopher Priest's Website

Vezi și
1977 în literatură
Realitatea simulată în ficțiune

Romane din 1977
Romane englezești
Romane științifico-fantastice
Romane de Christopher Priest
1977 în științifico-fantastic

A Dream of Wessex


Aleksandr Rozenberg (cirílico: Александр Розенберг; Ladyzhyn, 18 de outubro de 1967) é um político a atual primeiro-ministro da Transnístria desde 30 de maio de 2022 sob a presidência de Vadim Krasnoselsky.

Biografia
Aleksandr Rozenberg nasceu em 18 de outubro de 1967 em Ladyzhyn, Ucrânia. Se formou no Pridnestrovian Energy College em 1986 com um diploma em engenharia elétrica e na Universidade Agrária de Chisinau com um grau similar em 1994. Ele começou sua carreira trabalhando em uma fazenda estatal em 1986, e depois trabalhou para o ministro da justiça.

Em março de 2012, Rozenberg começou a administrar uma padaria local na capital da Transnístria, Tiraspol. Mais tarde, ele se tornou o Ministro da Agricultura e Recursos Naturais da Transnístria em 20 de janeiro de 2022. Ele serviu até sua nomeação como primeiro-ministro em 27 de maio de 2022 pelo presidente Vadim Krasnoselsky após a renúncia de Aleksandr Martynov. A nomeação entrou em vigor em 30 de maio.

Política da Transnístria

Aleksandr Rozenberg


مارتن ستيوارت فلدستين  (25 نوفمبر 1939 – 11 يونيو 2019): هو اقتصادي أميركي، شغل كرسي أستاذية جورج فيشر بيكر للاقتصاد في جامعة هارفرد، وكان الرئيس الفخري للمكتب القومي للأبحاث الاقتصادية (إن بي إي آر). شغل منصب الرئيس والمسؤول التنفيذي الأول للمكتب القومي للأبحاث الاقتصادية من عام 1978 إلى عام 2008  (باستثناء من عام 1982 إلى عام 1984). إذ عمل من 1982 إلى 1984، عمل فلدستين رئيسًا لمجلس المستشارين الاقتصاديين ومديرًا استشاريًا اقتصاديًا للرئيس رونالد ريغان (تعارضت وجهات نظره الخاصة بصقور العجز مع سياسات إدارة ريغان المتعلقة بالإنفاق العسكري الكبير). كان أيضًا عضوًا في الهيئة الاستشارية المالية لمجموعة الثلاثين في واشنطن من عام 2003.

سيرته المهنية
في عام 1977، مُنح ميدالية جون بايتس كلارك التابعة للجمعية الاقتصادية الأمريكية، وهي جائزة كانت تُمنح كل سنتين حتى عام 2010 إذ بدأت تُمنح سنويًا. تُمنح للاقتصادي تحت سن الأربعين الذي يقدم الإسهام الأكبر لعلم الاقتصاد. كان من بين الاقتصاديين العشرة الأكثر تأثيرًا في العالم، وفقًا لموقع أوراق بحثية في الاقتصاد. ألف أكثر من 300 مقال بحثي في الاقتصاد وقدم إسهامات لاقتصادات الصحة والاقتصادات العالمية واقتصادات الأمن القومي. بيد أنه كان يُعرف خصوصًا لإسهاماته الكبرى في الاقتصاد الكلي والمالية العامة والضمان الاجتماعي. طوّر الفهم الحالي لتأثيرات الضمان الاجتماعي من خلال مشاركته الرائدة في تطوير الكثير من الأبحاث حول ميكانيكية (آلية) عمل أنظمة رواتب التقاعد العامة واستدامتها. كان فلدستين مناصرًا قويًا لإصلاح نظام الضمان الاجتماعي وكان قوة محركة رئيسية خلف مبادرة الرئيس السابق جورج دبليو. بوش للخصخصة الجزئية لنظام التأمين (الضمان) الاجتماعي. إلى جانب إسهاماته في مجال اقتصاديات القطاع العام، ألّف أيضًا أوراقًا بحثية أخرى هامة حول الاقتصاد الكلي. كانت واحدة من أوراقه البحثية الأكثر شهرة في هذا المجال، هي بحثه مع تشارلز هوريوكا حول سلوك الاستثمار في بلدان عدة. وجد هو وهوريوكا أنه على المدى الطويل، يميل رأس المال للبقاء في بلده الأم (موطنه)، بمعنى أن مدخرات الأمة تُستخدم لتمويل فرصها الاستثمارية. عُرف هذا من وقتها باسم «أحجية (لغز) فلدستين هوريوكا».

في عام 1977، حذّر فلدستين، من خلال كتابته حول الاتحاد النقدي الأوروبي المُقبل واليورو، من أن «التأثيرات الاقتصادية المعاكسة للعملة الواحدة على البطالة والتضخم المالي ستفوق أي مكاسب آتية من عملية تسهيل التجارة وتدفق رأس المال»، في حين أنها «تُعتبر طريقة لتقليل احتمال نشوب حرب أخرى داخل أوروبا»، فإنه «من المحتمل أكثر أن تكون ذات تأثير معاكس» و«تقود إلى نزاعات متزايدة داخل أوروبا وبين أوروبا والولايات المتحدة».

في عام 2005، اعتبر الكثيرون فلدستين مرشحًا قياديًا (رائدًا) ليخلف آلان غرينسبان، رئيس مجلس المحافظين لنظام الاحتياطي الفدرالي. يُعزى ذلك جزئيًا إلى بروزه في إدارة ريغان ولمنصبه استشاريًا اقتصاديًا لحملة بوش الرئاسية. كتبت صحيفة نيويورك تايمز مقالة افتتاحية تؤيد فيها اختيار بوش إما لفلدستين أو لبيرنانكي بسبب مؤهلاتهم، وفي أسبوع الترشيح توقعت مجلة ذي إيكونوميست أنه كان للرجلين الاحتمالية الأكبر للنجاح من بين المرشحين. في النهاية، ذهب المنصب لبيرنانكي، ربما بسبب كون فلدستين عضوًا في هيئة المجموعة الأمريكية الدولية، التي أعلنت في نفس السنة أنها ستعيد صياغة خمس سنوات من التقارير المالية السابقة بنحو 2.7 مليار دولار وتقييمها. لاحقًا، عانت المجموعة الأمريكية الدولية من انهيار مالي خطير لعب دورًا محوريًا في الأزمة الاقتصادية العالمية لعام 2007-2008 والركود العالمي الذي أعقبها. أُنقذت الشركة عبر ضخ مضاعف من رأس المال من بنك الاحتياطي الفدرالي الأميركي، الذي قدم دينًا مؤجلًا (سندات ائتمان) بقيمة 182.5 مليار دولار. ومع أن فلدستين لم يكن مرتبطًا بوضوح بالممارسات (الأنشطة) المُحاسبية المتنازع حولها، فقد شغل منصب مدير المجموعة منذ 1988. في مارس عام 2007، أعلنت مؤسسة لين وهاري برادلي أن واحدة من جوائز برادلي الأربعة لعام 2007 -التي تُكرّم من خلالها الإنجازات المذهلة- ستُمنح لفلدستين. في 10 سبتمبر 2007، أعلن فلدستين أنه سيتنحى عن منصب رئيس المكتب القومي للأبحاث الاقتصادية، وسرى قرار تنحيه في شهر يونيو عام 2008.

كان فلدستين عضوًا في المجلس الاستشاري الاستخباراتي الأجنبي (الخارجي) التابع للرئيس من 2006 إلى 2009.

قال فلدستين في مارس عام 2008 إنه يعتقد أن الولايات المتحدة كانت في حالة ركود قد تكون حالة بالغة (خطيرة).

بصفته عضوًا في مجلس النواتج المالية في المجموعة الأمريكية الدولية، كان فلدستين واحدًا من المشرفين على شعبة المُؤمّن (شركة التأمين) الدولي التي ساهمت في أزمة الشركة في سبتمبر عام 2008. في مايو عام 2009، أعلن فلدستين أنه سيتنحى عن منصب مدير المجموعة الأمريكية الدولية. عمل عضو مجلس إدارة في شركة إيلي ليلي وشركاه. عمل سابقًا في مجالس العديد من الشركات الحكومية الأخرى من بينها جيه بّي مورغان وتي آر دبليو.

في 6 فبراير عام 2009، أُعلن عن فلدستين بصفته أحد مستشاري الرئيس الأمريكي أوباما في مجلس الإنعاش الاقتصادي الاستشاري التابع للرئيس. كان أيضًا عضوًا فيها من 2009 إلى 2011.

المناصب الأخرى
كان خبيرًا استشاريًا لوزارة الدفاع الأمريكية.

عمل في مجلس رؤساء هيئة العلاقات الأجنبية، واللجنة الثلاثية، ومجموعة الثلاثين وفي اللجنة القومية للعلاقات الأمريكية الصينية. دُعي فلدستين للمشاركة في مؤتمرات مجموعة بلدربيرغ السنوية في عام 1996 و1998 و1999 و2001 و2002 و2003 و2005 و2008 و2010 إلى 2015. كان أيضًا عضوًا في مجلس المتابعة العالمي لشركة جيه بّي مورغان، وعضو المجلس الاستشاري الأكاديمي للمعهد الأمريكي للتجارة، وعضوًا في الأكاديمية البريطانية.

في 2011 أُدرج في قائمة أكثر 50 شخصية مؤثرة في مجال التمويل العالمي حسب تصنيف مجلة أسواق بلومبرغ.

في عام 2017، انضم فلدستين إلى مجموعة صغيرة من «حكماء الساسة الجمهوريين» وارتأى أن المحافظين يتبنون ضرائب الانبعاثات الكربونية -مع استرداد كل الأرباح من خلال عوائد المبلغ الإجمالي المقطوع- بصفتها سياسة للتعامل مع التغير المناخي العالمي. اشتملت المجموعة أيضًا على جيمس إيه. بيكر الثالث وإن. غريغوري مانكيو وهنري إم. بولسون جونيور وجورج بّي. شولتز.

منشورات بارزة
الادخار المحلي والتدفقات العالمية لرأس المال

نُشرت عام 1980، قدمت هذه المقالة إسهامًا كبيرًا للاقتصاد العالمي. ساهم فلدستين جنبًا إلى جنب مع تشارلز هوريوكا بعملية الفهم الشامل لسوق رأس المال العالمي من خلال الكشف عن ماهيّة (حقيقة) تدفق رأس المال في سوق رأس المال العالمي. عن طريق فحص العلاقة بين الاستثمار المحلي والادخار المحلي لواحد وعشرين بلدًا في منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية، قدم فلدستين وهوريوكا تقديرات إحصائية تُظهر أنه تقريبًا كل المدخرات الإضافية لبلد ما ستبقى في ذلك البلد رغم الفرص الاستثمارية الأكبر في الخارج. هناك إرباك (حيرة) إزاء العلاقة المباشرة غير المتوقعة بين المدخرات المحلية والاستثمار، أصبحت اكتشافات فلدستين وهوريوكا معروفة باسم «لغز فلدستين هوريوكا».

الضمان الاجتماعي والتقاعد المُستَحث وتراكم رأس المال الإجمالي

نُشرت عام 1974، قدمت هذه المقالة إسهامًا كبيرًا في مجال الضمان الاجتماعي. قدم فلدستين تسهيلًا أكبر لفهم تأثيرات الضمان الاجتماعي على المدخرات والإنفاق المعيشي. تُقدم المقالة تحليلًا نظريًا لأثر الضمان الاجتماعي على قرار الفرد إزاء التقاعد وكمية المدخرات اللازمة لتقاعد كهذا. كشف فلدستين أن الضمان الاجتماعي يؤدي إلى اتخاذ الأفراد لقرار ادخار مبالغ أقل للتقاعد وبالتقاعد في وقت أبكر. طُعن الاكتشاف لاحقًا بسبب ورود خطأ حسابي. لم يتفق فلدستين ومؤلفون آخرون فيما إذا غيرت النتائج المُصححة من الاستنتاجات (النتائج) الحتمية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص من روكفيل سنتر (نيويورك)
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية للطب
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء الحزب الجمهوري في ماساتشوستس
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة هارفارد
اقتصاديون أمريكيون في القرن 20
اقتصاديون أمريكيون في القرن 21
اقتصاديون كليون
اقتصاديون من ماساتشوستس
اقتصاديون من ولاية نيويورك
المجموعة العالمية الأمريكية
المكتب القومي للأبحاث الاقتصادية
خريجو جامعة هارفارد
خريجو كلية نافيلد (أكسفورد)
رؤساء الرابطة الاقتصادية الأمريكية
زملاء الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم
زملاء جمعية الاقتصاد القياسي
شركة إيلي ليلي وشركاه
علماء من مدينة نيويورك
كتاب من مدينة نيويورك
مجلس العلاقات الخارجية
مختصون بالعلوم الاجتماعية أمريكيون يهود
مواليد 1939
مواليد في نيويورك
وفيات 2019
يهود أمريكيون

مارتن فلدستين


هنا قائمة بالبطولات الأسترالاسية لكرة المضرب, المعروفة الآن باسم أستراليا المفتوحة لسنة 1920:

فردي رجال

 بات أوهارا وود هزم رون توماس 6-3 4-6 6-8 6-1 6-3

مراجع

البطولات الأسترالاسية 1920 (كرة مضرب)
أحداث مارس 1920 الرياضية
البطولات الأسترالاسية حسب السنة
كرة المضرب في 1920
كرة مضرب أسترالية في 1920

البطولات الأسترالاسية 1920 (كرة مضرب)


Gøglerliv er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1993 instrueret af Jes Petersen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
De gamle gøglere er ved at uddø. Rainer og Ebba Thierry er blandt de sidste. De fortæller om et utroligt liv på randen af samfundet - et liv der har været båret af en del opfindsomhed og en del fantasteri.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1993

Gøglerliv


Gümüşova, Samsun ilinin Alaçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Eskile ya da İskele olarak geçmektedir. Gümüşova; daha önceleri bir köy iken, 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Samsun il merkezine 128 km, Alaçam ilçe merkezine 48 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaçam'ın mahalleleri

Gümüşova, Alaçam


was a town located in Ōtsu District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,857 and a density of 84.24 persons per km². The total area was 93.27 km².

On March 22, 2005, Yuya, along with the towns of Heki and Misumi (all from Ōtsu District), was merged into the expanded city of Nagato.

External links
 Nagato official website

Dissolved municipalities of Yamaguchi Prefecture
Nagato, Yamaguchi

Yuya, Yamaguchi


النويرات (مصر) قرية بجمهورية مصر العربية.
 النويرات (المغرب) قرية بإقليم سيدي قاسم ، بالمملكة المغربية.

النويرات (توضيح)


Der Bahnhof Freiberg (Neckar) (bis 31. Mai 1975 Beihingen-Heutingsheim) liegt am Streckenkilometer 19,4 der Bahnstrecke Backnang–Ludwigsburg und ist eine Station der S-Bahn Stuttgart. Bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs zweigte hier eine Strecke nach Bietigheim ab (Formelle Stilllegung am 15. Januar 1958).

Geschichte

Planung und Bau
Für den Transitverkehr von Bayern nach Baden plante die Königlich Württembergische Staatsbahn ab Mitte der 1860er Jahre einen Streckenast der Murrthalbahn von Backnang nach Bietigheim, dem Ausgangspunkt der Westbahn. Er sollte über Kirchberg, Steinheim, Pleidelsheim und Großingersheim führen.

Nach dem Deutsch-Französischen Krieg 1870/71 änderte die Eisenbahndirektion diese Pläne. Denn nun sah unter anderem das Reichseisenbahnamt in Berlin verstärkt den militärstrategischen Nutzen dieser Ost-West-Verbindung. Sie galt als schnellster Weg für Militärzüge, die die in Mittelfranken stationierten Truppen an die französische Grenze befördern sollten. Bisher war vorgesehen, dass alle Züge in Bietigheim Kopfmachen müssten, was zu einer Zeitverzögerung geführt hätte. Um dies zu vermeiden, kam es nun zur Entscheidung für eine südlicher verlaufende Variante, die den Bahnhof Bietigheim von Südosten her erreichte. Ab 23. März 1873 stand endgültig fest, dass das Dorf Beihingen am Neckar eine Station erhalte. Zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt sollte hier ein Abzweig nach Ludwigsburg entstehen.

Staatsbahnzeit
Am 8. Dezember 1879 nahm die Staatsbahn den Betrieb auf der Bahnstrecke Backnang–Bietigheim auf und eröffnete den Bahnhof Beihingen. Das damalige Empfangsgebäude existiert noch. Das Erdgeschoss besteht aus Sandstein, das Obergeschoss und der Kniestock aus Backstein.

Auch der Güterschuppen, östlich des Empfangsgebäudes, ist noch erhalten. Neben landwirtschaftlichen Produkten – hauptsächlich Zuckerrüben – wurde hier auch Kies aus dem Neckar als Baumaterial verladen.

Am 25. August 1879 genehmigte der Landtag den Bau der abzweigenden Strecke nach Ludwigsburg. Ihre Inbetriebnahme am 15. Oktober 1881 machte Beihingen zu einem Eisenbahnknoten, wenn auch nur mit geringer Bedeutung. Beihingen wurde zudem als möglicher Ausgangspunkt der Bottwartalbahn vorgeschlagen, doch die Sachverständigen entschieden sich letztlich für Marbach.

Noch im 19. Jahrhundert benannte die Staatsbahn den Bahnhof in Beihingen-Heutingsheim um. Zu dieser Zeit änderte sich allmählich das Leben in den beiden Dörfern. Die Bürger, die zuvor Landwirtschaft oder ein Handwerk betrieben, suchten in auswärtigen Fabriken neue Arbeitsplätze. Zur wirtschaftlichen Verbesserung der Kiesverladung trug eine 1905 errichtete Drahtseilbahn bei, die die Steine vom Neckar zum Bahnhof beförderte. 1922 wurde sie wieder stillgelegt.

Beihingen-Heutingsheim während des Zweiten Weltkriegs
Nach dem Kriegsausbruch am 1. September 1939 stieg noch einmal die Bedeutung der Strecke Backnang–Bietigheim für Truppentransporte zwischen den Fronten. Der Bahnhof, die Strecke und in der Nähe befindliche Züge wurden ab 1944 Ziel alliierter Luftangriffe.

Als ein Tiefflieger einen in Richtung Bietigheim verkehrenden Güterzug bombardierte, stellte die Deutsche Reichsbahn den Zugverkehr zwischen Beihingen-Heutingsheim und Bietigheim ein. Am 20. April 1945 sprengten abrückende Wehrmachtsverbände alle Eisenbahnbrücken der Umgebung, auch die über die Autobahn.

Bundesbahnzeit
Da sich die Pendlerströme Richtung Ludwigsburg orientierten, verzichtete man nach dem Krieg auf den Wiederaufbau des Abschnitts Beihingen-Heutingsheim–Bietigheim. Die Deutsche Bundesbahn legte ihn am 15. Januar 1958 offiziell still.

Am 1. Januar 1972 schlossen sich die Gemeinden Beihingen am Neckar, Heutingsheim und Geisingen am Neckar zur Gemeinde Freiberg am Neckar zusammen. Die Bundesbahn ließ den Bahnhofsnamen Beihingen-Heutingsheim vorerst bestehen, änderte ihn aber dann zum 1. Juni 1975 in Freiberg (Neckar).

Für den künftigen S-Bahnverkehr zwischen Ludwigsburg und Marbach, modernisierte die Bundesbahn den Streckenteil. Neben der Elektrifizierung verlegte sie zwischen Favoritepark und Freiberg ein zweites Streckengleis. Am 28. September 1980 nahm die S-Bahnlinie S4 ihren Betrieb auf.

Bahnbetrieb
Den Bahnhof bedient die Linie S4 der Stuttgarter S-Bahn. Gleis 1, am einstigen Hausbahnsteig, wird nicht mehr befahren. Auf Gleis 2 halten die S-Bahnen Richtung Ludwigsburg, auf Gleis 3 die Richtung Marbach.

Der Bahnhof Freiberg (Neckar) gehört bei der Deutschen Bahn AG zur Preisklasse 5.

S-Bahn

Weblinks
 Darstellung des Bahnhofs auf der OpenRailwayMap

Literatur

 Stationsgebäude der Eisenbahn wird Bankfiliale. Ludwigsburg, 9. September 2010, Ludwigsburger Kreiszeitung.

Einzelnachweise

Freiberg (Neckar)
Freiberg (Neckar)
Freiberg
Bauwerk in Freiberg am Neckar

Bahnhof Freiberg (Neckar)


La fitogeografía de América del Sur es la rama de la biogeografía de América del Sur responsable de estudiar el origen, distribución, adaptación y asociación de las plantas sudamericanas, de acuerdo con la localización geográfica y su evolución. Se emplean para ello información del subcontinente brindada por la fitoecología, la fitosociología, la fitocorología, y la paleofitogeografía, o fitogeografía histórica.

Sinonimia

La Fitogeografía de América del Sur también es llamada Geobotánica de América del Sur, Geografía de las plantas de América del Sur, y Geografía botánica de América del Sur.

Subdivisión fitogeográfica de América del Sur

Varios autores han tratado de definir las divisiones fitogeográficas de Sudamérica, aunque no hay unanimidad de criterios para clasificar la fitogeografía sudamericana. La clasificación más aceptada es la de Engler, adaptada por Mattick, definida por endemismos y predominancia de Familias y Subfamilias. Según esta, de los 7 grandes territorios florales globales, llamados también reinos fitogeográficos, imperios florales, o regiones fitogeográficas, se hacen presente en Sudamérica 3 de ellos, los que a su vez, se subdividen en Dominios fitogeografícos, los que son definidos por la predominancia de ciertas Familias, y por el endemismo a nivel de Géneros. Los Dominios fitogeográficos, asimismo, reúnen grupos de Provincias fitogeográficas, las que pueden estar subdivididas en Distritos fitogeográficos.

Región fitogeográfica Neotropical

También es llamado Reino florístico Neotropical. Ocupa la mayor parte de América del Sur, con excepción del sector sudoeste del subcontinente. Se distribuye desde el extremo norte hasta el norte de la isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Las altitudes van desde el nivel marino hasta más allá de los 6000  Takhtajan lo subdivide en 5 Dominios (llamados por él regiones): Caribeño, Montano-Guayánico, Amazónico, Brasileño, Andino. También se suele incluir en él al Dominio Madreano de la Región fitogeografía Neártica u Holártico.

Otros autores los subdividen también en 5 Dominios: Dominio fitogeográfico Caribe, Dominio fitogeográfico Amazónico, Dominio fitogeográfico Guayano, Dominio fitogeográfico Chaqueño, y Dominio fitogeográfico Andino-patagónico.

Su flora se relaciona con la de la Región fitogeográfica Paleotropical, si bien presenta importantes familias endémicas o muy diversificadas, ausentes o pobremente representadas en otras Regiones fitogeográficas.

Posee 3500 géneros endémicos, y 25 familias endémicas o casi endémicas. Las familias más características son Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Malesherbiaceae, Nolanaceae, y Tropaeolaceae.

Región fitogeográfica Antártica

También es llamado Reino florístico Holantártico. Ocupa solo el sudoeste de América del Sur, con altitudes que van desde el nivel marino hasta aproximadamente los 2000  Su flora se relaciona con la del continente antártico, las islas subantárticas, Nueva Zelandia, etc.

Presenta entre 10 y 12 familias endémicas, en general pequeñas; y 20 géneros endémicos, entre ellos destaca Nothofagus pues es el dominante en los bosques de la formación, junto a algunas coníferas también endémicas.

En la zona presenta dos Dominios: Dominio fitogeográfico Subantártico, el cual cubre toda el área de la Región fitogeográfica presente en el subcontinente. El otro es el Dominio fitogeográfico Antártico, el cual cubre la Antártida y las islas que la rodean.

Región fitogeográfica Oceánica

En Sudamérica está presente tanto en las aguas del océano Atlántico como las del océano Pacífico, así como en los mares relacionados con ambos. La compone una flora macroscópica donde las especies dominantes son una alta diversidad de algas. En las aguas marinas cálidas también habitan algunas fanerógamas.

Según Ekman, en las aguas del subcontinente se subdivide en varios Dominios fitogeográficos: Tropical, Magallánico, Peruano-chileno, y Antártico.

Bibliografía

 Cabrera, A.L. 1951. Territorios fitogeográficos de la República Argentina. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 4: 21-65.
 Cabrera, A.L. 1958. Fitogeografía. En: En: F. de Aparicio y H. A. Difrieri (directores), La Argentina: Suma de Geografía, Tomo. III, Buenos Aires, Ediciones Peuser, pp. 101-207.
 Cabrera, A.L. 1970. La vegetación del Paraguay en el cuadro fitogeográfico de América del Sur. 9º Jornadas Argentinas de Botánica, Tucumán. Boletín Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 11 (Suplemento): 121-131.
 Cabrera, A.L. 1971.Fitogeografía de la República Argentina. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 14: 1-42.
 Cabrera, A. L.; 1976. Regiones fitogeográficas argentinas. En Kugler, W.F.Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería, Tomo II Fs. 1. Ed. ACME. Bs. As. Argentina. 1-85 pp.
 Cabrera, A. L. y Willink, W.; 1980. Biogeografía de América Latina. Segunda edición corregida. Colección de Monografías Científicas de la Secretaría General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos, Programa Regional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, Washington D.C.,
 Chebataroff, J. 1942. La vegetación del Uruguay y sus relaciones fitogeográficas con el resto de América del Sur. Revista del Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia 2:49-90.
 Ekman, S. 1935. Tiergeographie des Meeres. Leipzig: Akad. Verl.-Ges.
 Engler, A. & Diels, L. 1936. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Aufl. 11. Berlín.
 Grela, Iván. Distribución geográfica de especies leñosas de Uruguay y los vínculos florísticos a nivel regional.
 Humboldt, A. 1807. Ideas sobre una geografía de las plantas: escrito sobre la fitogeografía de América del Sur, México y Cuba. JJC-02466. Colección Trigésima Séptima.
 Mattick, F. 1964. Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde, pp. 626-629. En: Engler, A., Syllabus der Pflazenfamilien, II. Gebrüder,. Borntraeger, Berlín.
 Takhtajan, A; Th J Crovello; A Cronquist. 1986. Floristic Regions of the World. University of California Press, Berkeley.
 Weber, H. (1969). Zur Natürlichen Vegetationsgliederung von Südamerika. In: Biogeography and Ecology in South America, Fittkau et al., eds. The Hague, W. Junk N. V. Publ., v. 2, pp. 475-518.
 Zuloaga, F. O., O. Morrone & M. J. Belgrano (eds.). 2008. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentina, sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay). I. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 107: 1-983.

Referencias

Fitogeografía de América del Sur