Das Hexenmahnmal in Vardø, der östlichsten Kommune Norwegens, ist ein im Jahre 2011 nach Plänen des Schweizer Architekten Peter Zumthor errichtetes und aus zwei Gebäuden bestehendes Mahnmal in der Fylke Troms og Finnmark in Norwegen. Es erinnert an die Hexenverfolgungen und -verbrennungen im 17. Jahrhundert in Nordnorwegen.

Geschichtlicher Hintergrund
Im 17. Jahrhundert, mit Höhepunkt in den Jahren 1662–1663, kam es in Nordnorwegen zu einer Welle von Hexenverfolgungen, unter denen die von Vardø mit zu den schlimmsten zählten. Mehr als 100 Menschen wurden der Hexerei beschuldigt, und 77 Frauen und 14 Männer wurden auf dem Scheiterhaufen verbrannt. Die Hexenhysterie war in der Finnmarḳ besonders ausgeprägt, mit proportional besonders vielen Anklagen und weit überdurchschnittlich vielen Hinrichtungen.

Die Anlage

Die Anlage befindet sich südlich der historischen Festung Vardøhus am Steilnes, dem Südwestufer der Insel Vardøya, dem Festland zugewandt. Sie wurde am 23. Juni 2011 durch Königin Sonja von Norwegen eingeweiht. Sie besteht aus zwei getrennten und architektonisch sehr verschiedenen Gebäuden, einer langen und schmalen Gedenkhalle und einem vergleichsweise kleinen, quadratischen Mahnmal.

Die Gedenkhalle
Die 120 Meter lange Holz- und Segeltuch-Konstruktion der Gedenkhalle erinnert an ein traditionelles norwegisches Fischtrockengestell, auf dem Fische in der salzigen Meeresluft getrocknet werden. Auf felsigem Untergrund tragen weiße Stützen ein filigranes Dach. Mit dünnen Stahlseilen in die Holzkonstruktion eingehängt ist der bootsförmige und nur etwa 1,50 Meter breite Erinnerungsraum, der die Form eines überdimensionierten und auf seiner Längsseite aufgebockten Kajaks hat. Über eine schlichte Eingangstür gelangt man in das Innere, das im Gegensatz zum lichten Äußeren recht dunkel ist. Der lange Gang wird nur von 91 unregelmäßig angeordneten kleinen Fenstern mit dahinter angebrachten Glühlampen erhellt, die jeweils einer an eins der 91 Opfer erinnernden Texttafel zugeordnet sind. Die Texte, geschrieben von der Historikerin Liv Helene Willumsen, basieren auf den Gerichtsprotokollen für das jeweilige Opfer. Diese Texte sind in einem in vier Sprachen erhältlichen Buch veröffentlicht.

Der Pavillon
In einem kleinen quadratischen Pavillon mit Wänden aus Stahl und 17 Rauchglasplatten neben der Gedenkhalle schuf die französisch-amerikanische Bildhauerin Louise Bourgeois einen symbolisierten Scheiterhaufen; es war ihre letzte große öffentliche Arbeit. Im Zentrum des Pavillons züngeln Flammen durch die Sitzfläche eines metallenen Stuhls, der inmitten eines Kegelstumpfs aus Beton steht. Sieben ovale Spiegel an fünf Meter hohen Masten bilden einen Kreis um die Feuerstelle, wie Richter um das Opfer. Die Besucher bewegen sich zwischen Betonstumpf und Spiegel und können den im Feuer lodernden und doch nicht verbrennenden Stuhl unmittelbar oder gespiegelt beobachten.

Fußnoten

Literatur
 Zumthor ganz hoch im Norden, in DBZ, Heft 2/2012, S. 12 – Artikel über das von Peter Zumthor erbaute Vardømuseum und die östlichste Siedlung Norwegens.
 Liv Helene Willumsen: Steilneset Memorial: Art Architecture History. Orkana, Stamsund, 2014, ISBN 978-82-8104-245-2
 Liv Helene Willumsen: Witches of the North: Scotland and Finnmark. (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions, Bd. 170), Brill, Leiden, 2013, ISBN 90-04-25291-6
 Liv Helene Willumsen: The Witchcraft Trials in Finnmark, Northern Norway. Varanger Museum & Skald Publisher, Bergen, 2010, ISBN 978-82-7959-152-8
 Kiran Millwood Hargrave: "Vardo – Nach dem Sturm", Roman, ISBN 978-3-453-29236-9

Weblinks

  (englisch)
 https://www.welt.de/kultur/article13448328/Zehn-Millionen-Euro-fuer-ein-Denkmal-fuer-Hexen.html
 http://www.sonntagszeitung.ch/kultur/artikel-detailseite/?newsid=180508

Hexenverfolgung in der Kultur
Vardø
Mahnmal

Hexenmahnmal (Vardø)


Svijet

Književna djela

 Dvorac u Karpatima Julesa Vernea

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 9. listopada – Ivo Andrić, književnik i diplomat († 1975.)

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1892.


الحقن القاتل (بالإنجليزية: Lethal injection) هي وسيلة إعدام مستخدمة في عدة دول، يتم فيها حقن المحكوم عليه بجرعات من مواد كيميائية تؤدي إلى الموت، ويمكن أن تستخدم هذه الوسيلة أيضا في القتل الرحيم واستخدمت في حالات انتحار.

في الولايات المتحدة يتم استخدام الحقن القاتل في الإعدام بمزج ثلاثة محاليل كيماوية وهي ثيوبنتال الصوديوم الذي يسبب فقدان الوعي، وكلوريد البوتاسيوم الذي يؤدي إلى توقف القلب، وروكورونيوم بروميد لإيقاف عملية التنفس.

وهذه الوسيلة وجهت لها انتقادات بسبب اتهامها بانها عقوبة قاسية وتسبب الكثير من الاَلام.

التاريخ
الحقنة المميتة اكتسبت شعبية في أواخر القرن العشرين باعتبارها شكلا من أشكال الإعدام المقرر أن تحل محل الطرق الأخرى، لا سيما الكرسي الكهربائي، الشنق، الإعدام رميا بالرصاص، غرف الغاز وقطع رؤوس، التي كانت تعتبر أكثر إيلاما. وهي الآن الشكل الأكثر شيوعا للتنفيذ في  الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

الحقنة المميتة، والمعروفة باسم وضع شخص في وضع الموت، والتي اقترحت للمرة الأولى في 17 يناير عام 1888، من قبل يوليوس جبل بليير، وهو طبيب من نيويورك أثنى على كونها أرخص من الإعدام شنقا. فكرة بليير، مع ذلك، لم تستخدم قط. في الهيئة الملكية البريطانية كعقوبة إعدام (1949-1953) تعتبر الحقنة المميتة لذلك، ولكن في نهاية المطاف أستبعدت بعد الضغوط من الجمعية الطبية البريطانية (BMA). بعد نصف قرن، وضعت ألمانيا النازية برامج القتل الرحيم أكتيون تي4 كواحدة من أساليب التخلص من الحياة للذين لا يستحقون الحياة («الحياة لا يستحقون الحياة»).

في 11 مايو 1977 أوكلاهوما الطبيب الشرعي للدولة جاي تشابمان، اقترح طريقة جديدة، أقل إيلاما من الإعدام، والمعروفة باسم بروتوكول تشابمان: "إن العلاج عن طريق الوريد يجب أن يكون ابتدائا بتنقيط محلولا ملحيا في ذراع السجين، التي تكون أدخلت حقنة قاتلة تتكون من جرعة فائقة قصيرة من الباربيتورات في تركيبة مع مادة كيميائية تحدث الشلل. بعد العملية التي وافق عليها ستانلي دويتش، طبيب التخدير سابقا رئيس قسم التخدير في جامعة أوكلاهوما الطبية، القس بيل وايزمان وعرض الأسلوب في المجلس التشريعي أوكلاهوما، حيث مرت وما اتخذته بسرعة (العنوان 22، القسم 1014 (أ)). منذ ذلك الحين، حتى عام 2004، سبعة وثلاثين من ثمانية وثلاثين الدول باستخدام عقوبة الإعدام وعرض القوانين الحقنة المميتة. في 29 أغسطس، 1977, تكساس اعتمدت طريقة جديدة لتنفيذ، الحقنة المميتة إلى التحول من الصعق بالكهرباء. في 7 ديسمبر 1982، أصبحت تكساس أول ولاية تستخدم الحقنة المميتة لتنفيذ عقوبة الإعدام، لإعدام تشارلز بروكس جونيور

في جمهورية الصين الشعبية بدأ استخدام هذه الطريقة في عام 1997 غواتيمالا في عام 1998، والفلبين في عام 1999، تايلاند في عام 2003، و جمهورية الصين (تايوان) في عام 2005. فيتنام يقال الآن أنها تستخدم هذا الأسلوب. في الفلبين قد ألغت عقوبة الإعدام منذ.

ألمانيا النازية تستخدم الحقنة المميتة أكتيون تي4 باعتبارها واحدة من عدة طرق لتدمير ما تعتبره الحكومة النازية وتطلق عليه اسم «تدمير الحياة لمن لايستحقون الحياة».

وهكذا استخدمت الحقنة المميتة في حالات القتل الرحيم لتسهيل الموت الطوعي في المرضى الذين يعانون من ظروف مؤلمة محطمة أو مزمنة. وقد استخدم كل من تطبيقات دمج المخدرات المماثلة.

تصدير الأدوية لاستخدامها في الحقن القاتلة قد تم حظره من قبل الاتحاد الأوروبي (الاتحاد الأوروبي) في عام 2011، جنبا إلى جنب مع العناصر الأخرى بموجب لائحة الاتحاد الأوروبي لحظر التعذيب.

انظر أيضًا
 الإعدام
 المقصلة
 إعدام حرقا
 رجم
 شنق
 الكرسي الكهربائي
 منظمة العفو الدولية

المصادر

أشخاص أعدموا من قبل حقنة قاتلة
طرق الإعدام

حقنة قاتلة


Takahiro Yamaguchi (født 8. maj 1984) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Shonan Bellmare, V-Varen Nagasaki og Oita Trinita.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takahiro Yamaguchi


En sång för Martin est un film suédo-dano-allemand réalisé par Bille August, sorti en 2001.

Synopsis
Martin Fischer est un compositeur à succès. Pendant une répétition, il tombe sous le charme de Barbara Hartman, premier violon. Ils finissent par se marier mais, au retour de leur lune de miel, Martin est diagnostiqué de la maladie d'Alzheimer.

Fiche technique
 Titre : En sång för Martin
 Réalisation : Bille August
 Scénario : Bille August d'après le roman Boken om E d'Ulla Isaksson
 Musique : Stefan Nilsson
 Photographie : Jörgen Persson
 Montage : Janus Billeskov Jansen
 Production : Bille August, Lars Kolvig, Michael Lundberg et Michael Obel
 Société de production : Helkon Media, Moonlight Filmprod., SVT Drama et TV2 Danmark
 Pays : ,  et
 Genre : Drame, film musical et romance
 Durée : 117 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :
 :

Distribution
 Sven Wollter : Martin
 Viveka Seldahl : Barbara
 Reine Brynolfsson : Biederman
 Linda Källgren : Karin
 Lisa Werlinder : Elisabeth
 Peter Engman : Philip
 Klas Dahlstedt : Erik
 Lo Wahl : Susanne
 Kristina Törnqvist : Dr. Gierlich
 Jonna Ekdahl : Sara
 Claes Ahlstedt : Erik

Accueil
Le film a reçu un accueil favorable de la critique. Il obtient un score moyen de 72 % sur Metacritic.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film suédois sorti en 2001
Film allemand sorti en 2001
Film danois sorti en 2001
Film dramatique suédois
Film dramatique allemand
Film dramatique danois
Film musical suédois
Film musical allemand
Film musical danois
Film romantique suédois
Film romantique allemand
Film romantique danois
Adaptation d'un roman suédois au cinéma
Film réalisé par Bille August
Film mettant en scène un musicien
Film sur la maladie d'Alzheimer

En sång för Martin


Marionnettes, op. 42, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis, datant de 1899.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose ses Marionnettes en 1899. L'œuvre, dédiée à , est publiée la même année aux éditions Leduc. Elle est ensuite rééditée en 1993 par les éditions Lemoine, puis par Armiane en 2000, et enfin par Furore 2006.

Analyse
Marionnettes est, sous un titre trompeur, un pastiche de style baroque. L'œuvre ressemble à une gavotte, malgré un tempo un peu rapide.

Les "Marionnettes" (Leduc 1899), tempo rapide, toucher détaché, véhiculent leurs plaisanteries avec une insatiable vitalité. De grave en aigus, elles sautillent à travers le clavier dont elles font l'instrument habile de leurs jeux.

Réception

Discographie
 Femmes de légende, par Maria Stembolskaia (piano), Ligia Digital LIDI 0103214-10, 2010,

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Œuvre réalisée en 1899
Œuvre en fa majeur

Marionnettes de Bonis


Fremtidens Batman (engelsk Batman Beyond) er en animeret tv-serie, og er efterfølgeren til Batman: The Animated Series. Serien blev tidligere vist på Cartoon Network.

Medvirkende

Danske Stemmer

 Andreas Jessen
 Anne Oppenhagen Pagh
 Annette Heick
 Christian Damsgaard
 Lars Lippert
 Lars Thiesgaard
 Mads M. Nielsen
 Mathias Klenske
 Nis Bank-Mikkelsen
 Pauline Rehné
 Peter Aude
 Peter Røschke
 Puk Scharbau

Eksterne henvisinger

 Batman Beyond på Internet Movie Database (engelsk)

Animerede tv-serier fra USA
Amerikanske tv-serier fra 1990'erne
Tv-serier baserede på DC Comics
Krimiserier fra USA
Tv-programmer fra Cartoon Network

Fremtidens Batman


Da'wa  je pojam iz propagiranja islama. Označava misionarsko djelovanje.
Podrazumijeva prenošenje poruke islama nemuslimanima i indiferentnim muslimanima, koji ne prakticiraju islam. Kod muslimana je cilj iznova poučavati (islamizirati) i motivirati da bi postali bolji vjernici. U Hrvatskoj pri Mešihatu islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj djeluje Ured za da'wu i mladež koji organizira Susret islamske mladeži Hrvatske. Prvi Susret islamske mladeži održan je u Zagrebu, drugi na Krku, treći u Zagrebu, četvrti na Bjelolasici, peti u Osijeku i evo, 6. ponovno u Zagrebu. Sedmi je bio u Rijeci, osmi u Puli, deveti u Topuskom i Vojniću, deseti u Poreču.

Izvori

Islam

Da'wa


ධ්‍රැවසීමිත  හෝ පැලෙයාක්ටික් යනු පෘථිවියේ පෘෂ්ඨය බෙදා වෙන් කෙරෙන පරිසර කලාප අටෙන් එකකි.

භෞතික වශයෙන් ගත් කල, ධ්‍රැවසීමිත හෙවත් පැලෙයාක්ටික් කලාපය විශාලතම පරිසර කලාපයයි. යුරෝපය,  හිමාල කඳු වැටියෙන් උතුරෙහි ආසියාව, උතුරු අප්‍රිකාව, සහ අරාබියානු අර්ධ ද්වීපයෙහි උතුරු හා මධ්‍යම කොටස් අයත් භෞමික පරිසර කලාප මෙයට අන්තර්ගත වෙති.

ධ්‍රැවසීමිත පරිසර කලාපය


Ernst Happel Stadyumu (), Avusturya'nın başkenti Viyana'nın en büyük stadyumudur. Gerçekte Avusturya futbol kulüpleri tarafından kullanılmayıp, sadece Avusturya millî futbol takımının maçlarına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır.

1992 yılına kadar Prater Stadyumu (Praterstadion) olarak adlandırılırken, 1992 yılında stadyuma yıldız oyuncu ve teknik direktör Ernst Happel'in adı verildi.

2. İşçi Olimpiyatları karşılaşmaları için Alman mimar Otto Ernst Schweizer tarafından tasarlananan stadyum, 1929-1931 yılları arasında inşa edilmiştir. Stad kapılarını 11 Temmuz 1931'de açmıştır. Stadyum sadece 7-8 dakikada tamamen boşaltılabilmesi ile de Avrupa'nın en modern stadları arasındadır. Stadyumun hemen yanında bir Türk caddesi bulunmaktadır.

Mevcut kapasitesi 49,825 olmasına rağmen, UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi finaline ev sahipliği yapmıştır. (Normalde 50.000 ve üzeri kapasite gereklidir.) 2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası finaline de ev sahipliği yapmış olan stadın kapasitesi 53,008'e çıkarılmıştır. Stadyumda ayrıca 3 grup maçı, 2 çeyrek final karşılaşması,1 yarı final müsabakası ve 1 final karşılaşması oynanmıştır.1965'te kapasitesi azaltılan stad, bu tarihten önce 92,708 seyircinin izlediği İspanya millî futbol takımı maçı ile tarihinin en fazla seyirci sayısını görmüştür.

Stadyumda oynanan tarihi karşılaşmalar

 1995 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi finali: Ajax 1 – 0 Milan
 1990 Avrupa Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası finali: Milan 1 – 0 Benfica
 1987 Avrupa Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası finali: Porto 2 – 1 FC Bayern München
 1964 Avrupa Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası finali: FC Internazionale Milano 3 – 1 Real Madrid
 2008 2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası çeyrek finali: Türkiye 1 – 1 Hırvatistan (Türkiye maçı penaltılarla kazanmıştır.)
 2008 2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası finali: Almanya 0 – 1 İspanya

Avusturya'daki stadyumlar
2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası stadyumları
Viyana'daki yapılar

Ernst Happel Stadyumu


Linton Park, anciennement Linton Place ou Linton Hall, est une grande maison de campagne du  à Linton, Kent, Angleterre. Construite par Robert Mann en 1730 pour remplacer un bâtiment antérieur, la maison et le domaine passent entre les mains de plusieurs membres de la famille Mann avant d'entrer dans la famille Cornwallis. La maison est agrandie à sa taille actuelle en 1825.

La maison est située dans un endroit bien en vue, à mi-chemin sur une pente orientée au sud qui offre d'excellentes vues sur le terrain et le Weald au-delà. Les jardins proches de la maison contiennent des promenades formelles aménagées en 1825 avec des spécimens d'arbres plantés à ce moment-là et plus tard.

La maison est un bâtiment classé Grade I et le jardin et le parc sont classés Grade II*. D'autres bâtiments et structures du parc sont également répertoriés.

Linton Park est aujourd'hui le siège social de Camellia plc, une société agricole internationale.

Histoire
À partir de la fin du , une maison du nom de Capell's Court se dresse sur le site de Linton Park. Il tire son nom d'une famille de propriétaires terriens locaux nommée de Capell est propriétaire de la fin du  au milieu du . Il est ensuite vendu à la famille Baysden qui le détient jusqu'à la fin du , date à laquelle il est vendu à Sir Anthony Mayney. Le petit-fils de Mayney vend le domaine au juge Sir Francis Wythen. La fille de Wythen, Catherine, hérite du domaine et, après son second mariage avec le brigadier-général Sir George Jocelyn, le domaine est vendu au marchand londonien Sir Robert Mann .

Vers 1730, Mann démolit Capell's Court et construit la première partie de la maison actuelle. À sa mort en 1751, la maison passe à son fils Edward Mann, qui meurt en 1775 sans enfants légitimes  et la maison passe à son frère le diplomate Sir Horace Mann. Sir Horace prend le nom du domaine comme désignation territoriale lorsqu'il est fait baronnet en 1755, mais réside en permanence à Florence. Sir Horace Mann est un ami et correspondant de longue date d'Horace Walpole. Après une visite à Edward Mann à Linton Park en 1757, Walpole écrit à Sir Horace à Florence que: "la maison est belle et se dresse comme la citadelle du Kent; tout le comté est son jardin." . À la mort de Sir Horace en 1786, la baronnie et la maison passent à son neveu, Sir Horatio Mann, de Boughton Place à proximité de Boughton Malherbe .

Sir Horatio meurt en 1814 et la maison passe à James Cornwallis, évêque de Lichfield, qui est le veuf de la sœur aînée de Mann, Catherine. Cornwallis devient le quatrième comte Cornwallis à la mort de son neveu Charles Cornwallis (2e marquis Cornwallis) en 1823, mais meurt lui-même en 1824. Le domaine passe à son fils James, le cinquième comte. À la mort du cinquième comte en 1852, la propriété passe à sa fille Julia. En 1862, elle épouse William Amherst (3e comte Amherst).

En 1888, le domaine est en possession du député de Fiennes Stanley Wykeham Cornwallis (créé  baron Cornwallis en 1927), petit-fils de l'autre fille du cinquième comte Cornwallis, Jemima Isabella Mann. Il possède la maison jusqu'à sa mort en 1935. Son premier fils, le capitaine Fiennes Wykeham Mann Cornwallis, est tué dans une embuscade de l'IRA près de Gort, comté de Galway en 1921 et ainsi le premier baron est remplacé par son deuxième fils, Wykeham Stanley Cornwallis. Le deuxième baron vend la maison en 1937 et elle devient la propriété d'Olaf Hambro, membre de la famille bancaire Hambro. A la suite du décès de Hambro en 1961, la maison est vendue à la famille Daubeny. La maison et ses terres environnantes les plus proches sont vendues aux francs-maçons en 1974 et sont brièvement exploitées comme école avant de passer en propriété corporative.

Bâtiments

La maison originale des années 1730 de Robert Mann est un bâtiment en brique de deux étages, large de sept travées, avec une façade brisée. Cela est prolongé pour le cinquième comte Cornwallis en 1825 par Thomas et William Cubitt. Les modifications des Cubitt comprennent l'ajout d'un troisième étage à la maison d'origine et la construction d'ailes à deux étages de quatre baies de chaque côté. La maison est également restaurée avec un enduit de stuc. Son toit en croupe est recouvert d'ardoises.

L'entrée de la maison se fait côté nord par un portique à un étage. La façade nord présente de hautes fenêtres à guillotine au rez-de-chaussée et au premier étage de 12 carreaux; les fenêtres du deuxième étage donnant sur la section centrale sont plus courtes et à neuf carreaux. Des corniches en stuc moulé courent au-dessus des fenêtres du rez-de-chaussée et du premier étage. Les façades est et ouest ont cinq baies de large avec une baie en saillie de deux étages à l'extrémité est et une baie en saillie d'un étage à l'extrémité ouest.

En raison de la pente du site, la façade sud, qui surplombe la partie principale du terrain, repose sur une plate-forme surélevée et étagée, le rez-de-chaussée étant élevé au niveau du premier étage et le sous-sol devenant le rez-de-chaussée. Au-dessus de la terrasse, la façade a la même disposition générale que la façade nord, mais les ailes dépassent légèrement la partie centrale, qui a un portique à fronton à deux étages. Chaque aile avait auparavant une baie à un étage en son centre, mais celles-ci ont été supprimées.

À l'intérieur, un certain nombre de pièces présentent des décorations murales et de plafond d'époque, notamment le hall d'entrée, qui date du bâtiment d'origine des années 1730 et présente des boiseries et des corniches moulurées, une cheminée en marbre et un plafond en plâtre ornemental et une frise d'arabesques. La cage d'escalier est éclairée par le haut avec une lucarne et comporte un escalier en porte-à-faux avec des balustres en fer de l'adaptation de 1825 avec une main courante en laiton ultérieure.

Au nord-est de la maison se trouve l'ancienne écurie du domaine. Elle est construite à l'époque de l'extension de la maison par le cinquième comte et est aligné sur un axe nord-sud. Le bâtiment comprend trois pavillons à pignon sur trois étages séparés par une paire d'ailes à deux étages. Les façades sont en brique, avec la façade ouest peinte en blanc et l'est non peinte. Le toit est en ardoise avec une tour de l'horloge au centre du côté est du pavillon central. Près des écuries se trouve une glacière souterraine en briques accessible par un tunnel voûté. La glacière date de 1788.

La maison principale est un bâtiment classé Grade I et les écuries et la glacière sont classées Grade II.

Jardins

Approchée à travers un parc le long d'une allée bordée d'arbres depuis un lodge au nord, la maison se trouve dans un paysage d'environ  de parc, de bois et de terres agricoles à mi-chemin sur une pente de sable vert orientée au sud surplombant la vallée de la rivière Beult. Bien que désormais simplifiés sans la plantation intensive utilisée au cours des siècles précédents, il reste des éléments des jardins à la française conçus par John Claudius Loudon en 1825 qui étaient auparavant disposés sur les côtés nord, sud-est, sud et ouest de la maison.

Immédiatement au sud de la maison se trouve une longue terrasse de 100 mètres avec une balustrade en pierre. Du centre de celui-ci, aligné avec le portique central de la maison, des marches en pierre descendent en trois volées sur des terrasses couvertes d'herbe jusqu'à une pelouse ovale autour du périmètre de laquelle court un chemin de gravier et à partir de laquelle des chemins vont à l'est et à l'ouest. Au centre de la pelouse se trouve un cadran solaire. Une large pelouse au sud-est de la maison est entourée d'allées et divisée par une autre sur un accès nord-sud. Ceci est interrompu par des volées de marches et un bassin de fontaine. Deux petits temples sont placés parmi les arbres à mi-pente.

A l'ouest de la maison, Loudon a aménagé un jardin fleuri. Plus tard dans les années 1860, des roses sont plantées, mais ce sont maintenant des pelouses. À l'extrémité sud d'une passerelle à travers cette section du jardin se trouve un jardin d'eau et de rocaille connu sous le nom de "Puits Jacobs". De l'extrémité nord de la promenade, une allée de séquoias géants plantés en 1864 court vers le nord-ouest en direction de l'église paroissiale Saint-Nicolas. D'autres séquoias géants sont plantés autour des jardins. Près de l'église, au bout d'une allée pavée se trouve une petite folie gothique conçue par Richard Bentley . Au sud de l'avenue se trouve un amphithéâtre d'herbe taillé dans la pente. Le périmètre sud du jardin à la française est formé par un Ha-ha. Au sud, au-delà des jardins à la française, la pente de la pente diminue et le domaine se poursuit en parc ouvert avec un lac bordé d'arbres d'environ  au sud de la maison.

Les jardins et le parc sont classés Grade II * avec un certain nombre de caractéristiques dans le jardin également répertoriées individuellement pour leur valeur de groupe avec la maison et le parc. La loge nord, les marches au sud de la maison, le cadran solaire sur la pelouse ovale et la folie sont tous classés Grade II.

Le domaine est une propriété privée et n'est pas ouvert au public, mais la promenade longue distance Greensand Way traverse le parc d'est en ouest au nord de la maison et un sentier public traverse le parc sud près du lac sur un alignement similaire.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade I dans le Kent

Linton Park


Sapınç ya da aberasyon şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 Astronomik sapınç
 Optik sapınç

Sapınç (anlam ayrımı)


An Hetaeria mannii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni George Bentham, Elias Magloire Durand och Schinz. An Hetaeria mannii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hetaeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hetaeria

Hetaeria mannii


Mitsuru Maruoka (født 6. januar 1996) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Cerezo Osaka.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Mitsuru Maruoka


ගැමුණු මහින්ද විජේසූරිය (5 අගෝස්තු 1934 - 9 මාර්තු 2007), යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමාවේ, වේදිකාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ නළුවෙක් මෙන්ම විකාශකයෙක්, විකට නළුවෙක්, ගායකයෙක් සහ ගුවන් විදුලි වැඩසටහන් නිෂ්පාදකයෙක්ද වේ. උස කෙට්ටු පෞරුෂයක් වන විජේසූරිය සිංහල සිනමාවේ කීර්තිමත් විකට නළුවෙකි සහ හඬ කැවීම් ශිල්පියෙකි.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
විජේසූරිය 1934 අගෝස්තු 5 වන දින දේවලපොල, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව හි උපත ලැබූ අතර උඩුගම්පොල මහා විද්‍යාලයේ ඉගෙනුම ලැබීය. ඔහු මාලි සමඟ විවාහ වී දරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සිටියේය.

විජේසූරිය 2007 මාර්තු 19 දින කොළඹ දී මිය ගියේය.

වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
ගුවන්විදුලි කලාවාදියෙකු ලෙස ඔහු සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් (දැනට ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාව ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වෙමින් කරුණාරත්න අබේසේකර විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද ජනප්‍රිය ගුවන් විදුලි වැඩසටහනක් වන ළමා පිටිය සමඟිනි. ඔහු "මුවන්පැලැස්ස" සහ "විනෝද සමය" වැනි ගුවන් විදුලි වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දායක වූ ජනප්‍රිය ගුවන්විදුලි ශිල්පියෙකු සහ විකට නළුවෙකි සහ ඔහු "දුලීකා", තුන් මං හන්දිය' වැනි සිංහල චිත්‍රපට සඳහා නළුවෙකු ලෙස හාර ලක්ෂය, හඳයා, බිනරමලී සහ රෑ ඩැනියෙල් දවල් මිගෙල් හාස්‍ය චිත්‍රපට වෙත දායක විය.

විජේසූරිය ශ්‍රී ලංකා රූපවාහිනී සංස්ථාව මගින් විකාශය කරන "රසාර" සඳහා ටයිටස් තොටවත්ත නිෂ්පාදනය කළ "දොස්තර හොඳ හිත" සහ "පිස්සු පූසා" වැනි "ටෙලි කාටූන්" බොහොමයකට ඔහුගේ හඬ ලබා දුන්නේය. එකම වැඩසටහනක විවිධ චරිත විවිධ කටහඬින් රඟ දැක්වීමට ඔහු සමත් විය. ඊට අමතරව ඔහු විනෝද සමය, නයිට් ලර්නර්ස්'' වැනි ටෙලිනාට්‍ය සදහාද දායක විය.

References

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නළුවෝ
සිනමාවේ හාස්‍ය නළුවෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික හාස්‍ය නළුවෝ
සිංහල ජනයා

ගැමුණු විජේසූරිය


Šarišské Jastrabie este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Stará Ľubovňa din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.420 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Šarišské Jastrabie este atestată documentar din 1435.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Šarišské Jastrabie


ألان بول ، من مواليد 12 مايو 1945، وتوفي في 25 أبريل 2007، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم إنجليزي سابق. لعب مع منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في هونغ كونغ
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في كندا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أعضاء رتبة الإمبراطورية البريطانية
أعضاء قاعة مشاهير كرة القدم الإنجليزية
رياضيون إنجليز مغتربون في أستراليا
رياضيون إنجليز مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
رياضيون إنجليز مغتربون في كندا
رياضيون إنجليز مغتربون في هونغ كونغ
لاعبو أشتون يونايتد
لاعبو التشكيلة المثالية في دوري كرة القدم الإنجليزية
لاعبو المنتخبات الفائزة بكأس العالم
لاعبو إيفرتون
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
لاعبو دوري أمريكا الشمالية لكرة القدم (1968–84)
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري هونغ كونغ لكرة القدم
لاعبو كأس العالم 1966
لاعبو كأس العالم 1970
بول
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في كندا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في هونغ كونغ
لاعبو منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم تحت 23 سنة
لاعبو نادي آرسنال
لاعبو نادي إيسترن سبورتس
لاعبو نادي بريستول روفرز
لاعبو نادي بلاكبول
لاعبو نادي ساوثهامبتون
لاعبو نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي
مدربو الدوري الأمريكي الشمالي لكرة القدم (1968–1984)
مدربو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
مدربو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
مدربو ستوك سيتي
بول
مدربو مانشستر سيتي
مدربو نادي إكستر سيتي
مدربو نادي بلاكبول
مدربو نادي بورتسموث
مدربو نادي ساوثهامبتون
بول
بول
وفيات بسبب نوبة قلبية

ألان بول (لاعب كرة قدم)


Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and communicating engineering tolerances via a symbolic language on engineering drawings and computer-generated 3D models that describes a physical object's nominal geometry and the permissible variation thereof. GD&T is used to define the nominal (theoretically perfect) geometry of parts and assemblies, the allowable variation in size, form, orientation, and location of individual features, and how features may vary in relation to one another such that a component is considered satisfactory for its intended use. Dimensional specifications define the nominal, as-modeled or as-intended geometry, while tolerance specifications define the allowable physical variation of individual features of a part or assembly.

There are several standards available worldwide that describe the symbols and define the rules used in GD&T. One such standard is American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)  Y14.5. This article is based on that standard. Other standards, such as those from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) describe a different system which has very different interpretation rules (see GPS&V). The Y14.5 standard provides a fairly complete set of rules for GD&T in one document. The ISO standards, in comparison, typically only address a single topic at a time. There are separate standards that provide the details for each of the major symbols and topics below (e.g. position, flatness, profile, etc.). BS 8888 provides a self-contained document taking into account a lot of GPS&V standards.

Origin
The origin of GD&T is credited to Stanley Parker, who developed the concept of "true position". While little is known about Parker's life, it is known that he worked at the Royal Torpedo Factory in Alexandria, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. His work increased production of naval weapons by new contractors.

In 1940, Parker published Notes on Design and Inspection of Mass Production Engineering Work, the earliest work on geometric dimensioning and tolerancing. In 1956, Parker published Drawings and Dimensions, which became the basic reference in the field.

Dimensioning and tolerancing philosophy
According to the ASME Y14.5-2009  standard, the purpose of GD&T is to describe the engineering intent of parts and assemblies. The datum reference frame can describe how the part fits or functions. GD&T can more accurately define the dimensional requirements for a part, allowing over 50% more tolerance zone than coordinate (or linear) dimensioning in some cases. Proper application of GD&T will ensure that the part defined on the drawing has the desired form, fit (within limits) and function with the largest possible tolerances. GD&T can add quality and reduce cost at the same time through producibility.

There are some fundamental rules that need to be applied (these can be found on page 7 of the 2009 edition of the standard):
 All dimensions must have a tolerance.  Every feature on every manufactured part is subject to variation, therefore, the limits of allowable variation must be specified. Plus and minus tolerances may be applied directly to dimensions or applied from a general tolerance block or general note.  For basic dimensions, geometric tolerances are indirectly applied in a related Feature Control Frame.  The only exceptions are for dimensions marked as minimum, maximum, stock or reference.
 Dimensions define the nominal geometry and allowable variation. Measurement and scaling of the drawing is not allowed except in certain cases.
 Engineering drawings define the requirements of finished (complete) parts. Every dimension and tolerance required to define the finished part shall be shown on the drawing. If additional dimensions would be helpful, but are not required, they may be marked as reference.
 Dimensions should be applied to features and arranged in such a way as to represent the function of the features. Additionally, dimensions should not be subject to more than one interpretation.
 Descriptions of manufacturing methods should be avoided. The geometry should be described without explicitly defining the method of manufacture.
 If certain sizes are required during manufacturing but are not required in the final geometry (due to shrinkage or other causes) they should be marked as non-mandatory.
 All dimension and tolerance should be arranged for maximum readability and should be applied to visible lines in true profiles.
 When geometry is normally controlled by gage sizes or by code (e.g. stock materials), the dimension(s) shall be included with the Gage or code number in parentheses following or below the dimension.
 Angles of 90° are assumed when lines (including center lines) are shown at right angles, but no angular dimension is explicitly shown.  (This also applies to other orthogonal angles of 0°, 180°, 270°, etc.)
 Dimensions and tolerances are valid at  and  unless stated otherwise.
 Unless explicitly stated, all dimensions and tolerances are only valid when the item is in a free state.
 Dimensions and tolerances apply to the length, width, and depth of a feature including form variation.
 Dimensions and tolerances only apply at the level of the drawing where they are specified. It is not mandatory that they apply at other drawing levels, unless the specifications are repeated on the higher level drawing(s).

(Note: The rules above are not the exact rules stated in the ASME Y14.5-2009 standard.)

Symbols
Tolerances: Type of tolerances used with symbols in feature control frames can be 1) equal bilateral 2) unequal bilateral 3) unilateral 4) no particular distribution (a "floating" zone)

Tolerances for the profile symbols are equal bilateral unless otherwise specified, and for the position symbol tolerances are always equal bilateral. For example, the position of a hole has a tolerance of .020 inches. This means the hole can move ±.010 inches, which is an equal bilateral tolerance. It does not mean the hole can move +.015/−.005 inches, which is an unequal bilateral tolerance. Unequal bilateral and unilateral tolerances for profile are specified by adding further information to clearly show this is what is required.

Datums and datum references

A datum is a virtual ideal plane, line, point, or axis. A datum feature is a physical feature of a part identified by a datum feature symbol and corresponding datum feature triangle, e.g.,

These are then referred to by one or more 'datum references' which indicate measurements that should be made with respect to the corresponding datum feature .

GD&T Certification
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) provides two levels of certification:

Technologist GDTP, which provides an assessment of an individual's ability to understand drawings that have been prepared using the language of Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing.
Senior GDTP, which provides the additional measure of an individual's ability to select proper geometric controls as well as to properly apply them to drawings.

Data exchange
Exchange of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) information between CAD systems is available on different levels of fidelity for different purposes:
 In the early days of CAD, exchange-only lines, texts and symbols were written into the exchange file. A receiving system could display them on the screen or print them out, but only a human could interpret them.
 GD&T presentation: On a next higher level the presentation information is enhanced by grouping them together into callouts for a particular purpose, e.g. a datum feature callout and a datum reference frame.  And there is also the information which of the curves in the file are leader, projection or dimension curves and which are used to form the shape of a product.
 GD&T representation: Unlike GD&T presentation, the GD&T representation does not deal with how the information is presented to the user but only deals with which element of a shape of a product has which GD&T characteristic. A system supporting GD&T representation may display GD&T information in some tree and other dialogs and allow the user to directly select and highlight the corresponding feature on the shape of the product, 2D and 3D.
 Ideally both GD&T presentation and representation are available in the exchange file and are associated with each other.  Then a receiving system can allow a user to select a GD&T callout and get the corresponding feature highlighted on the shape of the product.
 An enhancement of GD&T representation is defining a formal language for GD&T (similar to a programming language) which also has built-in rules and restrictions for the proper GD&T usage. This is still a research area (see below reference to McCaleb and ISO 10303-1666).
 GD&T validation: Based on GD&T representation data (but not on GD&T presentation) and the shape of a product in some useful format (e.g. a boundary representation), it is possible to validate the completeness and consistency of the GD&T information. The software tool FBTol from the Kansas City Plant is probably the first one in this area.
 GD&T representation information can also be used for the software assisted manufacturing planning and cost calculation of parts. See ISO 10303-224 and 238 below.

Documents and standards

ISO TC 10 Technical product documentation
 ISO 129 Technical drawings – Indication of dimensions and tolerances
 ISO 7083 Symbols for geometrical tolerancing – Proportions and dimensions
 ISO 13715 Technical drawings – Edges of undefined shape – Vocabulary and indications
 ISO 15786 Simplified representation and dimensioning of holes
 ISO 16792:2015 Technical product documentation—Digital product definition data practices (Note: ISO 16792:2006 was derived from ASME Y14.41-2003 by permission of ASME)

ISO/TC 213 Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification
In ISO/TR 14638 GPS – Masterplan the distinction between fundamental, global, general and complementary GPS standards is made.

 Fundamental GPS standards
 ISO 8015 Concepts, principles and rules
 Global GPS standards
 ISO 14660-1 Geometrical features
 ISO/TS 17, orientation and location
 ISO 1101 Geometrical tolerancing – Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out
 Amendment 1 Representation of specifications in the form of a 3D model
 ISO 1119 Series of conical tapers and taper angles
 ISO 2692 Geometrical tolerancing – Maximum material requirement (MMR), least material requirement (LMR) and reciprocity requirement (RPR)
 ISO 3040 Dimensioning and tolerancing – Cones
 ISO 5458 Geometrical tolerancing – Positional tolerancing
 ISO 5459 Geometrical tolerancing – Datums and datum systems
 ISO 10578 Tolerancing of orientation and location – Projected tolerance zone
 ISO 10579 Dimensioning and tolerancing – Non-rigid parts
 ISO 14406 Extraction
 ISO 22432 Features used in specification and verification
 General GPS standards: Areal and profile surface texture
 ISO 1302 Indication of surface texture in technical product documentation
 ISO 3274 Surface texture: Profile method – Nominal characteristics of contact (stylus) instruments
 ISO 4287 Surface texture: Profile method – Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters
 ISO 4288 Surface texture: Profile method – Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture
 ISO 8785 Surface imperfections – Terms, definitions and parameters
 Form of a surface independent of a datum or datum system. Each of them has a part 1 for the Vocabulary and parameters and a part 2 for the Specification operators:
 ISO 12180 Cylindricity
 ISO 12181 Roundness
 ISO 12780 Straightness
 ISO 12781 Flatness
 ISO 25178 Surface texture: Areal
 General GPS standards: Extraction and filtration techniques
 ISO/TS 1661 Filtration
 ISO 11562 Surface texture: Profile method – Metrological characteristics of phase correct filters
 ISO 12085 Surface texture: Profile method – Motif parameters
 ISO 13565 Profile method; Surfaces having stratified functional properties

ASME standards
 ASME Y14.41 Digital Product Definition Data Practices
 ASME Y14.5 Dimensioning and Tolerancing
 ASME Y14.5.1M Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles

ASME is also working on a Spanish translation for the ASME Y14.5 – Dimensioning and Tolerancing Standard.

GD&T standards for data exchange and integration
 ISO 10303 Industrial automation systems and integration — Product data representation and exchange
 ISO 10303-47 Integrated generic resource: Shape variation tolerances
 ISO/TS 10303-1130 Application module: Derived shape element
 ISO/TS 10303-1050 Application module: Dimension tolerance
 ISO/TS 10303-1051 Application module: Geometric tolerance
 ISO/TS 10303-1052 Application module: Default tolerance
 ISO/TS 10303-1666 Application module: Extended geometric tolerance
 ISO 10303-203 Application protocol: Configuration controlled 3D design of mechanical parts and assemblies
 ISO 10303-210 Application protocol: Electronic assembly, interconnection, and packaging design
 ISO 10303-214 Application protocol: Core data for automotive mechanical design processes
 ISO 10303-224 Application protocol: Mechanical product definition for process planning using machining features
 ISO 10303-238 Application protocol: Application interpreted model for computerized numerical controllers (STEP-NC)
 ISO 10303-242 Application protocol: Managed model based 3D engineering

See also
 Dimensional instruments
 Engineering fit
 Engineering tolerance
 Gauge (instrument)
 Geometrical Product Specification and Verification
 Position sensor
 Specification of surface finish

References

Further reading

External links

 General tolerances for linear and angular dimensions according to ISO 2768
 What is GD&T
 The importance of GD&T
 GD&T Glossary of Terms and Definitions
 GDT: Introduction
 ASME Certification
 Changes and Additions to ASME Y14.5M
 NIST MBE PMI Validation and Conformance Testing Project Tests implementations of GD&T in CAD software
 STEP File Analyzer and Viewer - Analyze GD&T in a STEP file

Technical drawing
Applied geometry
Geometric measurement

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing


Zhang Xin (, também conhecida como Xin Zhang e Xin "Shynn" Zhang, nascida em 1965) é uma empresária bilionária chinesa, tendo ganho sua fortuna principalmente no setor imobiliário. Com seu marido Pan Shiyi, ela é co-fundadora e ex-CEO da SOHO China, uma desenvolvedora chinesa de edifícios de escritórios. Ela deixou o cargo de CEO em 7 de setembro de 2022 "para se concentrar no apoio às artes e atividades filantrópicas".

Criada em circunstâncias precárias em Pequim e Hong Kong, onde foi operária de fábrica por um tempo, Zhang acabou se tornando proprietária de empresas responsáveis por dezenas de empreendimentos imobiliários em Pequim e Xangai. Em meados da década de 2010, Zhang iniciou a transição de um modelo de negócios de construção e venda de propriedades para um modelo de compra e arrendamento. Zhang também adquiriu grandes participações no Park Avenue Plaza de Nova York e no Edifício General Motors, e lançou o setor de escritórios compartilhados SOHO 3Q em fevereiro de 2015. Em 2014, Zhang foi listada como a 62ª mulher mais poderosa do mundo pela Forbes, e é "regularmente nomeada uma das melhores empresárias do mundo". Zhang e seu marido também foram anteriormente classificados pela Forbes entre os "casais mais poderosos do mundo". Como uma das empresárias mais conhecidas da China, Zhang tem 10 milhões de seguidores online no Sina Weibo, o equivalente chinês do Twitter.

Zhang e Pan fundaram a SOHO China Foundation em 2005 como uma organização filantrópica para se engajar em iniciativas voltadas à educação para aliviar a pobreza. Em 2014, a Fundação lançou as Bolsas de Estudo SOHO China para fornecer ajuda financeira a estudantes chineses de graduação nas principais universidades internacionais. As Bolsas de Estudo SOHO China apoiam aproximadamente 50 estudantes chineses que cursam graduação em Harvard, Yale e na Universidade de Chicago.

Infância e educação
Na década de 1950, os pais de Zhang Xin, chineses birmaneses de segunda geração, deixaram a Birmânia e imigraram para a China. Lá, eles trabalharam como tradutores na Imprensa de Línguas Estrangeiras. Eles se separaram durante a Revolução Cultural .

Nascida em Pequim em 1965, Zhang permaneceu com a mãe após a separação dos pais, mudando-se com a mãe para Hong Kong aos 15 anos, onde moraram em um quarto grande o suficiente para duas camas beliche. Para economizar para uma educação no exterior, ela trabalhou por cinco anos em pequenas fábricas que fabricavam roupas e produtos eletrônicos. Aos 19, ela já havia economizado o suficiente para uma passagem aérea para Londres e para se sustentar para estudar inglês em uma escola de secretariado em Oxford. Para se sustentar no Reino Unido, ela "trabalhou em uma tradicional loja britânica de peixe e batatas fritas administrada por um casal chinês" e assumiu a primeira-ministra Margaret Thatcher como modelo, ao mesmo tempo em que desenvolvia um "fascínio pela esquerda intelectual britânica".

Em 1987, enquanto ainda estudava em Londres, ganhou uma bolsa de estudos que lhe permitiu começar a estudar economia na Universidade de Sussex, onde recebeu o diploma de bacharel. Em 1992, ela se formou com mestrado em economia do desenvolvimento pela Universidade de Cambridge, onde escreveu sua tese de mestrado sobre privatização na China. Em 2013, Zhang recebeu um doutorado honorário de sua primeira alma mater, a Universidade de Sussex.

Carreira

Investimentos iniciais
Após a formatura, Zhang foi contratada pelo Barings PLC (mais tarde Barings Bank ), que havia pesquisado estudantes em Cambridge com conhecimento de privatização na China, e que contratou Zhang com base em sua tese de mestrado sobre o tema. Ela voltou para Hong Kong para trabalhar, mas em 1993 sua unidade em Barings foi adquirida pela Goldman Sachs, e Zhang foi transferida para Nova York, onde ela ajudou a trazer fábricas chinesas privatizadas para a bolsa de valores pública. Intrigada com a crescente urbanização da China, ela voltou para sua cidade natal, Pequim, onde conheceu e se casou com seu marido – que supostamente a pediu em casamento apenas quatro dias depois de se conhecerem, em 1994. Em 1994, o casal iniciou um projeto de desenvolvimento de uso misto em terras indesejadas, chamado "Cidade Nova".

Ela co-fundou Hongshi (que significa Pedra Vermelha), que se tornou SOHO China, com seu marido Pan Shiyi em 1995. Na década seguinte, eles iniciaram seis projetos de desenvolvimento adicionais na China, incluindo um empreendimento residencial em Boao, na ilha de Hainan, e o Commune by the Great Wall, um hotel boutique administrado em Pequim, apresentando as obras de doze arquitetos asiáticos recrutados por Zhang. No início de seu casamento e relacionamento comercial, o casal experimentou atritos devido a ideias diferentes de como o negócio deveria ser administrado, levando Zhang a retornar à Inglaterra por um tempo para refletir. Eventualmente, ela decidiu voltar para o marido, mas deixou o negócio por um tempo, voltando a se concentrar no design final quando os negócios aumentaram.

Desenvolvimentos posteriores
10 anos após Zhang e Shiyi iniciarem sua empresa, ela era a maior incorporadora do país, com Zhang passando a ser chamada de "a mulher que construiu Pequim". Em 2008, o casal foi descrito pelo The Times como "os magnatas imobiliários mais visíveis e extravagantes da China". Em 2011, Zhang começou a fazer a transição do mero desenvolvimento e venda de propriedades para a compra e locação de espaços, e se ramificou da China adquirindo uma participação de US$ 600 milhões no Park Avenue Plaza de Nova York, seguida pela participação em um grupo, adquirindo 40% de participação no General Motors Building, no centro de Manhattan em 2014, por US$ 1,4 bilhão. Naquela época, Zhang, por meio da SOHO China, estava envolvida em 18 empreendimentos em Pequim e 11 em Xangai.

Em 2014, Zhang e seu marido lançaram uma iniciativa de caridade de US$ 100 milhões, a SOHO China Scholarships, "para financiar estudantes chineses desfavorecidos nas principais instituições do mundo", incluindo doações de mais de US$ 10 milhões para Yale University, mais de US$ 15 milhões para a Universidade de Harvard e US$ 10 milhões para a Universidade de Chicago. Os presentes geraram alguma controvérsia entre os críticos que achavam que o dinheiro poderia ter sido gasto na melhoria das escolas na China. As Bolsas de Estudo SOHO China apoiam aproximadamente 50 estudantes chineses que cursam graduação em universidades parceiras.

A SOHO China iniciou uma transição de um modelo de negócios de construção e venda de propriedades para um modelo de compra e locação, com Zhang participando do lançamento em fevereiro de 2015 do setor de escritórios compartilhados SOHO 3T, alugando espaços compartilhados para empresas em cidades em China.

Reconhecimento

Zhang recebeu prêmios internacionais por seu papel como patrona da arquitetura na China e como empreendedora. Em 2002, ela recebeu um prêmio especial na 8ª Bienal de Veneza pela ''Commune by the Great Wall'', um conjunto arquitetônico particular, agora um hotel.

Zhang é membro do Fórum Econômico Mundial, Davos e membro do conselho do Conselho Consultivo Global de Harvard. Ela atuou como administradora do China Institute in America de 2005 a 2010, e foi reconhecida pelo China Institute com o Blue Cloud Award em 2010. Em 2014, Zhang foi listada como a 62ª mulher mais poderosa do mundo pela Forbes e é "regularmente nomeada uma das melhores empresárias do mundo". Zhang e seu marido também foram classificados pela Forbes entre os "casais mais poderosos do mundo". Zhang foi nomeado curadora do Museu de Arte Moderna e do Conselho Empresarial da Ásia.

Vida pessoal
Zhang Xin e seu marido, Pan Shiyi, têm dois filhos, e são membros da Fé Bahá'í . Zhang também fez uma aparição como representante de um investidor chinês no filme de 2010 Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps .

Bilionárias
Alunos do Wolfson College (Cambridge)
Alunos da Universidade de Sussex
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1965

Zhang Xin


The Blackburn B-24 Skua was a carrier-based low-wing, two-seater, single-radial engine aircraft by the British aviation company Blackburn Aircraft. It was the first Royal Navy carrier-borne all-metal cantilever monoplane aircraft, as well as the first dive bomber in Fleet Air Arm (FAA) service. The aircraft took its name from the sea bird which 'divebombs' any potential predators that come too close to its nest.

The Skua was designed during the mid-1930s to Specification O.27/34, and was a radical design for the era, combining the functions of a dive bomber and fighter. Its enclosed cockpit and monoplane configuration were obvious shifts from preceding FAA aircraft such as the Hawker Nimrod and Hawker Osprey biplanes. On 9 February 1937, the first prototype performed its maiden flight; it was ordered straight off the drawing board to accelerate its development. In November 1938, the Skua was introduced to FAA service; 33 aircraft were operational by the outbreak of the Second World War.

During the early half of the conflict, the Skua was heavily involved in the Norwegian campaign and sank the , the first major warship sunk in war by air attack and by dive-bombers. It was present during the Battles of Narvik, the Dunkirk evacuation and also the early stages of the Mediterranean theatre. While a capable dive bomber, its poor top speed and rate of climb meant it was severely limited as a fighter aircraft. Despite this, Fleet Air Arm pilots achieved moderate success with the Skua, scoring numerous aerial victories during the Norwegian and Mediterranean campaigns, with at least one pilot making ace status with five victories. In 1941, the Skua was relegated from frontline operations, but continued to be operated in secondary roles, typically training and target tug duties, as late as March 1945.

Development
The origins of the Skua can be traced back to the Air Ministry's issuing of Specification O.27/34, which sought a naval dive bomber whose primary role would be to disable or destroy enemy aircraft carriers with a secondary role as a fighter. Blackburn chose to produce its own response under the internal design reference B-24, the design effort was headed by the aeronautical engineer G. E. Petty. Many competing companies also responded, including Avro, Boulton Paul, Hawker and Vickers. Blackburn's submission would emerge as the victor, despite several of the competing proposals adopting similar layouts. Being Blackburn's first dive bomber, the design was occasionally referred to as the D.B.1.

During April 1935, Blackburn received an initial order for a pair of prototypes. On 9 February 1937, the first of these, serial number K5178, performed its maiden flight from the company's facility in Brough, piloted by A. M. Blake. Unusually, it was initially painted in a distinctive grey-and-white colour scheme. On 26 June, the aircraft was first displayed to the public at RAF Hendon, London, and performed an aerial display at RAF Hatfield Woodhouse two days later. Two months later, the Skua name was officially assigned to the type by the Air Ministry.

During the latter part of 1937, the aircraft underwent official handling trials with the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) at RAF Martlesham Heath.  On 4 May 1938, the second prototype performed its first flight; it differed from the first by having a longer nose. Both of the prototypes would participate in the various tests, including gunnery trials, that were performed at Martlesham up until early 1939. Ditching trials were also undertaken at RAF Gosport.

Both prototypes were powered by the Bristol Mercury XII radial engine; however, production Skuas were instead powered by the Bristol Perseus XII, largely due to the Mercury engine being prioritised for Bristol Blenheim production. Another change made on production aircraft was the elimination of the wing tip slots, as they were deemed unnecessary after handling tests revealed mild stall characteristics. Due to the growing urgency for more combat aircraft in the runup to the Second World War, an initial production contract for 190 Skuas was issued in July 1935, effectively being ordered straight from the drawing board. To accelerate production, it was decided to produce the mainplanes at the Olympia Works in Leeds, while a subcontracting arrangement with General Aircraft Limited saw this company build additional fuselages at its Hanworth facility.

On 28 August 1938, the first production Skua Mk.II, L2867, performed its first flight at Brough, piloted by H. J. Wilson. Both it and the second production aircraft were dispatched to Martlesham to accelerate the last stage of performance trials, which included armament trials. According to the aviation author Aubrey Joseph Jackson, despite the relatively radical nature of the design, relatively few changes were recommended either by the Air Ministry or the engine manufacturer; one of the few modifications requested was the strengthening of the wingtips and a substitute tail oleo. Almost all of the production run was completed and delivered prior to the end of 1939, 26 Skuas were delivered during the month of July alone. However, due to delays in the overall programme, the Admiralty had also ordered the Fairey Fulmar to perform the same role.

Design

The Blackburn Skua was configured as a low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction. Its fuselage drew on the design of the Blackburn Shark, an earlier biplane, making extensive use of flush-rivetted Alclad. It was internally divided into two water-tight compartments beneath the pilot's and gunner's cockpits to provide sufficient buoyancy in the event of a forcing landing at sea. For the same reason, the crew compartments were also watertight up to the edges of the cockpit. The fuselage was stressed to withstand catapult-assisted takeoffs and arrested landings aboard aircraft carriers; a hydraulic damping device was incorporated in the hook.

The mainplane, both the structure and covering of which was also composed of Alclad, was built as three separate units. The twin-spar heavy centre section was bolted beneath the fuselage to form the bottom of the watertight compartment. The outer wing panels, which tapered in both plan and thickness, ended in detachable upswept tips and were sealed between the main spars to form additional watertight compartments. Recesses in the lower surface of the wing accommodated modified Zap flaps that were used to shorten takeoff runs, steepen glides, and limit the aircraft's speed during steep dives. Balanced ailerons were fitted, which used inset hinges with mass balance assistance.

Considerable design complexity was incurred by the choice to have both a retractable undercarriage and folding wings; the solution drew on the earlier Blackburn Airedale monoplane. When folded, the wings moved back around an inclined hinge housed within the wing, enabling a twist in the movement so that they rest against the fuselage; latch pins were used to secure them in place. The main undercarriage retracted both outwards and upwards into circular wheel wells in the underside of the outer wing panels, the motion being powered by an engine-driven hydraulic pump. The tail wheel unit was fitted with a Dowty-supplied self-centering shock absorber strut and an electrically conductive tyre. Both tailplane and fin were metal-clad cantilever structures that bolted directly onto the rear frames of the fuselage. Controllable trim tabs and a horn-balanced rudder were fitted, to ensure rapid spin recovery, a portion of the tailplane and the entirety of the fabric-covered elevator was positioned behind the trailing edge of the rudder.

The crew were accommodated beneath an enclosed glazed cockpit enclosure strengthened by two fuselage frames that formed a crash pylon in the event of the aircraft turning over. It was the Fleet Air Arm's first service monoplane and was a radical departure for a force that was primarily equipped with open-cockpit biplanes such as the Fairey Swordfish. The pilot's position featured a sliding hood and was provided with favourable visibility in most forward-facing directions, while the gunner was seated after of the wing beneath a tilting canopy that could be opened or closed dependent on whether the defensive gun was being operated. This machine gun was stored in a compartment within the rear decking when not in use.

Various key elements of the aircraft were housed between the pilot and gunner's positions. A wireless compartment was positioned directly behind the pilot. The majority of the fuel was stored in two tanks positioned between the crew members, with a reserve tank in the forward fuselage; the pilot could select for fuel to be drawn from any combination of these tanks via a single selector cock. Just forward of the pilot's instrumentation was a tank for lubricating oil. The aircraft's armament of four fixed, forward-firing 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in the wings and a single flexible, rearward-firing .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine gun was considered to be effective for the era. For the dive-bombing role, a  or  bomb was carried on a special swinging "trapeze" crutch under the fuselage (somewhat like that of the Junkers Ju 87), which enabled the bomb to clear the propeller arc on release. Four  bombs or eight  Cooper bombs could also be carried in racks under each wing.

Its performance as a fighter was compromised by its dual role as a dive bomber. The size of the two-seat aircraft, and the extra strengthening of the air frame required to allow it to withstand the stresses of sustained high-speed dives, meant it was a relatively heavy single-engined aircraft at  gross, compared to  for the Spitfire Mk1. That was compounded by various features included to suit its naval use, such as an arrester hook, folding wings, a relatively large fuel capacity, watertight compartments, rafts, and a rear gunner/observer. That weight, coupled with the limited power from the  Perseus engine, meant the aircraft had a low rate of climb compared to contemporary Japanese Mitsubishi A5M and American Grumman F3F carrier-borne fighters along with the Royal Navy's Gloster Sea Gladiator. The Skua was designed for best performance at low altitude, where its speed was comparable to potential enemy bomber aircraft, and the Skua, with four wing-mounted Browning machine guns, was much better armed than any other nation's pre-war naval fighter, such as the Mitsubishi A5M "Claude" and the Grumman F3F, having only two machine guns each.  All those naval fighters compared unfavourably with land-based fighters such as the Messerschmitt Bf 109, which reached  at sea level over the Skua's , and the Gloster Sea Gladiator's . However the Skua in the fighter role was never intended or envisaged to take on land-based fighters such as the  Messerschmitt BF109. The Royal Navy and RAF (who at the time its specification was drawn up operated aircraft carrier air wings) only intended the aircraft to take on enemy reconnaissance and bomber aircraft.

The Skua was, however, an effective dive bomber, which was arguably its main intended role. It scored numerous successes as a dive bomber in the Norwegian campaign, sinking and damaging a number of ships, most notably the German cruiser Königsberg on 10 April 1940. Royal Navy test pilot Captain Eric 'Winkle' Brown stated:

Operational history

During late 1938, initial deliveries of the Skua commenced; the first unit to receive it was 800 Naval Air Squadron at Worth Down, supplementing and eventually replacing their Hawker Nimrod and Hawker Osprey biplanes. By November, the squadron had embarked on  and, during 1939, was followed by both 801 and 803 Squadrons. By the start of the Second World War, there were 33 operational Skuas; the type quickly proved itself in combat. On 14 September, three Skuas took off from Ark Royal to go to the aid of the  which had been attacked by a U-boat. When they arrived, the Fanad Head was being shelled by the  and all three dived to attack the submarine, which quickly dived to safety. Two of the Skuas were damaged by the blast of their 112 lb A/S bombs and had to ditch. This was due to that the bombs had been wrongly fused with too brief a time lapse. As a result of this error the weapons detonated almost instantaneously, thus badly damaging the Skuas. U-30 returned to Germany with the crews of the two ditched Skuas, who became the first naval airmen to be prisoners of war in the conflict.

Skuas were originally credited with the first confirmed kill by British aircraft during the Second World War: on 26 September 1939, three Skuas of 803 Naval Air Squadron, flying from Ark Royal, shot down a Dornier Do 18 flying boat over the North Sea. (An earlier victory by a Fairey Battle on 20 September 1939 over Aachen, was later confirmed by French sources). On 10 April 1940, 16 Skuas of 800 and 803 NAS led by Lieutenant Commander William Lucy, flying from RNAS Hatston in the Orkney Islands made a 330 mile night flight to arrive at the very limit of their radius - at dawn over Bergen Harbour. They attacked and sank the  with several direct hits. Jackson wrote of the sinking as being the highpoint of the Skua's career as a dive-bomber. Königsberg was the first major warship ever sunk in war by air attack and the first major warship ever to be sunk by dive bombing. On 26 and 27th of April Skuas destroyed eight He 111 bombers and damaged several more whilst defending the fleet.

During June 1940, Skuas of 801 Squadron flew from shore bases in Kent in support of the Dunkirk evacuation, acting as a unit of RAF Fighter Command. However, these Skuas were attacked on several occasions by RAF fighters who were unfamiliar with the aircraft and its paint scheme, with at least one aircraft being shot up by Spitfires and the gunner killed. It was to later crash land at Manston airfield. Following replenishment, Ark Royal brought along a flight of Skuas on its deployment into the Mediterranean later that year; it was these Skuas that dive-bombed the  in Dakar in September 1940.

On 13 June 1940, two mostly-Skua squadrons suffered heavy losses during an attempt to bomb the  at Trondheim; of 15 aircraft in the raid, eight were shot down and the crews killed or taken prisoner. Among the latter were both squadron commanders, Captain RT Partridge (RM) and Lieutenant Commander John Casson (RN). One bomb hit Scharnhorst; however, this did little damage.

Despite its limitations, the Skua attained considerable success as a fighter against Axis bombers and flying boats over Norway, and to a lesser extent, in the Mediterranean in the early stages of the conflict. In action off Norway Skuas destroyed 28 Luftwaffe aircraft in air to air combat, including 17 He 111s and five Ju 88s; all kills being confirmed via Luftwaffe records. Lieutenant Commander William Lucy went on to become a fighter ace while flying his Skua. However, as the war intensified, the Skua was found to be too slow and under powered to be an effective fleet defence fighter. Common Axis foes such as the Junkers Ju 88 and Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 were significantly faster than the Skua, making interception of these aircraft extremely difficult. Also its armament of four forward firing .303 rifle caliber machine guns was becoming increasingly inadequate for this role. Thus the type was withdrawn from front line service during 1941. Most Skuas were replaced by another two-seater, the Fairey Fulmar, which doubled the Skua's forward armament and had a speed advantage of . A number of aircraft were converted to target tugs, following withdrawal from front line service. Others were completed as target tugs from the factory and used by the RAF and Fleet Air Arm in this role (Fleet Requirements). They were also used as advanced trainers for the Fleet Air Arm. The last Skua in service was struck off charge in March 1945.

The Blackburn Roc was a very similar aircraft developed as a turret fighter, with all its armament in a dorsal turret. The Roc was expected to fly with the Skua. Rocs were attached to Skua squadrons to protect the fleet anchorage at Scapa Flow in early 1940 and briefly from  and Ark Royal during the Norwegian Campaign. Skuas and Rocs flew fighter sweeps and bombing sorties over the English Channel during Operation Dynamo and Operation Aerial, the evacuations of Allied forces from Dunkirk and other French ports.

Variants
Skua Mk.I
Two prototypes. Powered by the Bristol Mercury, it had distinctive fairings to the engine cowling over the tappet valves of the Mercury. The first prototype, K5178, had a much shorter nose while K5179, the second prototype, had a lengthened nose to improve longitudinal stability.
Skua Mk.II
Production aircraft powered by the sleeve valve Bristol Perseus. Long nose as per K5179 but with a shorter, smooth cowling. Two-seat fighter and dive bomber for the Royal Navy; 190 built by Blackburn at Brough Aerodrome.

Surviving aircraft

No intact Skuas survive. In April 2007 the only known nearly complete Blackburn Skua was discovered in Orkdalsfjorden in Norway at  depth. Due to an engine failure, the Skua, flown by John Casson, leader of 803 Squadron, had to make an emergency water landing in the fjord. Both crew members survived and spent the next five years as prisoners of war. Despite efforts to raise the aircraft to the surface as gently as possible, the tail broke off. The engine had become detached in the ditching. The fuselage, cockpit and wings were salvaged. The Skua will be restored at Norway's aviation museum in Bodø. In 1974, L2940 was recovered from Breidalsvatnet lake, near Grotli in Skjåk municipality in Norway. Captain R. T. Partridge (RM) shot down a Heinkel He 111 and then made an emergency landing on the ice-covered lake on 27 April 1940. Survivors from both aeroplanes independently made their way to a mountain lodge, where they encountered each another. This incident serves as the basis for the film Into the White.

Operators and units

 Fleet Air Arm

 755 Naval Air Squadron
 757 Naval Air Squadron
 758 Naval Air Squadron
 759 Naval Air Squadron
 760 Naval Air Squadron
 767 Naval Air Squadron
 769 Naval Air Squadron
 770 Naval Air Squadron
 771 Naval Air Squadron

 772 Naval Air Squadron
 774 Naval Air Squadron
 776 Naval Air Squadron
 778 Naval Air Squadron
 779 Naval Air Squadron
 780 Naval Air Squadron
 782 Naval Air Squadron
 787 Naval Air Squadron
 788 Naval Air Squadron

 789 Naval Air Squadron
 791 Naval Air Squadron
 792 Naval Air Squadron
 794 Naval Air Squadron
 797 Naval Air Squadron
 800 Naval Air Squadron
 801 Naval Air Squadron
 803 Naval Air Squadron
 806 Naval Air Squadron

 Royal Air Force
 RAF Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Units

Specifications (Skua Mk. II)

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Brown, Eric, William Green and Gordon Swanborough. "Blackburn Skua and Roc." Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980, pp. 29–40. .
 Caygill, Peter. Flying to the Limit Testing WW II Single Engine Fighters.Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword, 2007.
.
 Cull, Brian. Flying Sailors at War: September 1939 - June 1940, Volume 1 UK, Dalrymple And Verdun, 2011. .
 Jackson, A. J. Blackburn Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1968. .
 Lumsden, Alec and Terry Heffernan. "Probe Probare: Blackburn Skua and Roc Part Two". Aeroplane Monthly,March 1990, Vol. 18, No. 3. pp. 146–150.
 Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press, 1994. .
 Partridge, R. T. Operation Skua. Ilchester, Somerset, UK: Society of the Friends of the Fleet Air Arm Museum, RNAS Yeovilton, 1983. .
 Smith, Peter C. History of Dive-Bombing: A Comprehensive History from 1911 Onward . Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword, 2007. .
 Smith, Peter C. Skua! the Royal Navy's Dive-Bomber. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword, 2006. .
 Willis, Matthew. Blackburn Skua and Roc. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2007. .
 Willis, Matthew. "Database: The Blackburn Skua & Roc". Aeroplane, December 2007, Vol. 35, No. 12, pp. 52–69.
 Willis, Matthew and Simon Partridge. "Into the Fjord of Death". Aeroplane, August 2007, Vol. 35, No. 8, pp. 22–27.

External links

Skua
1930s British bomber aircraft
1930s British fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
World War II dive bombers
Aircraft first flown in 1937

Blackburn Skua


Richard Dana may refer to:

 Richard Dana (lawyer) (1699–1772), American lawyer and politician, father of Francis Dana
 Richard Henry Dana Sr. (1787–1879), American poet and author, son of Francis Dana
 Richard Henry Dana Jr. (1815–1882), American lawyer and author, son of Dana Sr.
 Richard Henry Dana III (1851–1931), American lawyer, son of Dana Jr., and his son Richard Henry Dana IV

See also

Richard Dana


Koš este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Prievidza din regiunea Trenčín. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.100 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Koš este atestată documentar din 1367.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Koš


Aceasta este o listă de filme notabile cu personajul fictiv monstrul lui Frankenstein în ordine cronologică:

Listă de filme

Note

Frankenstein

Listă de filme cu Frankenstein


La comuna Palogrande de la ciudad de Manizales está conformada por 15 barrios, antiguamente denominada comuna 8 limita con las comunas de Tesorito, Estación, Nuevo Horizonte, La Fuente, Ecoturístico Cerro de Oro y Universitaria .

División
La comuna está conformada por 15 barrios, los cuales son:

Sitios de interés
Camelia
 Batallón Ayacucho
Guayacanes
 Centro Comercial San Cancio
 Universidad Nacional (Facultad de Arquitectura)
La Estrella
 Parroquia Nuestra Señora de los Dolores
La Rambla
 Universidad Católica de Manizales
Las Palmas
 Multicentro Estrella
Laureles
 Fundación Universitaria Luis Amigó
 Instituto técnico San Rafael
 Centro Comercial Cable Plaza
Los Rosales
 Universidad de Caldas
Palogrande
 Estadio Palogrande
 Universidad Nacional
 Universidad de Caldas
San Cancio
 Clínica Siquiátrica San Juan de Dios
 Cerro San Cancio

Referencias
https://web.archive.org/web/20190629154002/http://www.alcaldiamanizales.gov.co/

Comunas de Manizales

Palogrande


ميقات أهل مكة المكرمة لمن اراد الحج والعمرة

الميقات

ميقات أهل مكة: وهو بيوتهم أو المسجد الحرام إن شاؤوا، إلا العمرة، فإن عليهم أن يخرجوا إلى الحل فيحرموا منه كما فعلت عائشة رضي الله عنها بأمر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ليجمعوا بين الحل والحرم، ومن الحِل: التنعيم وعرفه.

مصادر

مكة
مواقيت الحج

ميقات أهل مكة


Das North End ist ein Stadtteil (Neighborhood) von Boston im Bundesstaat Massachusetts der Vereinigten Staaten. Es ist der älteste als Wohngebiet genutzte Bereich in Boston, der ohne Unterbrechung seit der Besiedlung in den 1630er Jahren bewohnt ist. Trotz seiner kleinen Fläche von lediglich  befinden sich dort etwa 100 Restaurants und eine Vielzahl von Touristenattraktionen. Aufgrund seiner hohen Anzahl von italienischen Einwanderern wird der Stadtteil auch als Little Italy bezeichnet.

Geschichte

17. Jahrhundert
Bereits seit 1646 existiert das Bostoner North End als eigenständiges Gebiet. Um 1649 war die Anzahl der dort lebenden Einwohner bereits so groß, dass sie mit der Second Church eine eigene Kirche errichteten, die sie das North Meeting House nannten. Der Bau dieser Kirche führte zur Entwicklung des heutigen North Square, dem Zentrum des öffentlichen Lebens im North End.

Increase Mather, der Pfarrer des North Meeting House, war ein mächtiger Mann, der weitere Einwohner dazu bewog, in das North End zu ziehen. Sein Wohnhaus, das Meeting House und angrenzende Gebäude wurden bei einem Feuer im Jahr 1676 zerstört, woraufhin lediglich das Meeting House neu errichtet wurde. Am Standort des ehemaligen Wohnhauses des Pfarrers wurde später das Paul Revere House gebaut.

Ein Teil des Copp's Hill wurde in einen Friedhof umgewandelt, der heute als Copp's Hill Burying Ground bekannt ist. Die ältesten Gräber, die dort gefunden wurden, datieren zurück in das Jahr 1661.

18. Jahrhundert
Im 18. Jahrhundert war das North End als beliebtes Wohnviertel in Mode gekommen. Wohlhabende Familien teilten sich den Stadtteil mit Handwerkern, Hilfsarbeitern, Bediensteten und Sklaven. Aus dieser Zeit sind heute noch zwei Backsteinhäuser erhalten: Das Pierce-Hichborn House und das Ebenezer Clough House. Ebenfalls in diesen Zeitraum fällt die Errichtung der heutigen Old North Church, die damals als Christ Church eingeweiht wurde und heute das älteste noch stehende Kirchengebäude in Boston ist.

In den Anfängen der Revolution wurde am 26. August 1765 das Wohnhaus des damaligen Lieutenant Gouverneurs Thomas Hutchinson, das am North Square stand, von Aufständischen attackiert, was ihn dazu zwang, durch seinen Garten zu fliehen.

Im Jahr 1770 war der 11-jährige Christopher Seider Teil einer wütenden Menge, die das Wohnhaus des beim Zoll beschäftigten Mannes Ebenezer Richardson an der Hanover Street angriff. Dieser schoss mit einem Gewehr in die Menge und verwundete Christopher Seider tödlich.

Während der Belagerung von Boston wurde das North Meeting House von den Briten abgerissen und als Feuerholz verwendet.

19. Jahrhundert
In der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts kam es im North End zu einer signifikanten Entwicklung von Gewerbebetrieben, die sich insbesondere auf den seit 1973 im NRHP eingetragenen Fulton-Commercial Streets District erstreckte. In dieser Zeit entwickelte sich auch ein Rotlichtbezirk, der heute als Black Sea bekannt ist. In den späten 1840er Jahren zählten die Lebensbedingungen im überfüllten North End zu den schlechtesten der Stadt.

Mit der Zeit folgten weitere Wellen von Immigranten, von denen sich insbesondere Iren, osteuropäische Juden und Italiener im North End ansiedelten. Da Boston insgesamt florierte, zogen die reicheren Einwohner vom North End in neuere, modischere Stadtteile wie beispielsweise Beacon Hill.

Im Jahr 1849 fegte eine Cholera-Epidemie durch Boston, die das North End am härtesten traf – die meisten der 700 Opfer kamen aus diesem Stadtteil. 1859 führten Spannungen zwischen den immigrierten katholischen Iren und der bestehenden protestantischen Gemeinde zur Eliot School Rebellion. Um 1880 hatten alle protestantischen Kirchen den Stadtteil bereits verlassen.

In der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts gründeten sich mehrere Wohltätigkeitsorganisationen im Stadtteil, um den verarmten Einwohnern Hilfe anzubieten. Dazu zählen The Home for Little Wanderers und die North End Mission. Die North Bennet Street School wurde ebenfalls zu dieser Zeit gegründet, um den Anwohnern des Stadtteils die Möglichkeit zu geben, sich fortzubilden und Arbeit zu finden. In den 1880er Jahren begannen die Anwohner mit dem Abriss der verfallenen Holzhäuser und der Errichtung von vier- oder fünfstöckigen Backsteinhäusern, von denen die meisten auch heute noch stehen. Die Stadtverwaltung trug ebenfalls zur Wiederbelebung des Stadtteils bei, indem sie den North End Park and Beach, die Copp's Hill Terrace und den North End Playground errichtete.

20. Jahrhundert
Im frühen 20. Jahrhundert wurde das Bostoner North End von jüdischen und italienischen Immigranten dominiert. Drei italienische Immigranten gründeten zu dieser Zeit die Prince Macaroni Company, die bis heute ein Beispiel der erfolgreichen Gründungen im North End darstellt.
Die Stadt Boston wertete zahlreiche öffentliche Einrichtungen des Stadtteils auf, darunter die Christopher Columbus School (heute ein Apartmentgebäude), ein öffentliches Bad sowie ein Zweig der Boston Public Library. Diese Investitionen legten den Grundstein für die Modernisierung des North End.

Im Jahr 1918 traf die Pandemie der Spanischen Grippe das North End sehr hart. Es verloren so viele Kinder ihre Eltern, dass die Stadt eigens das Home for Italian Children errichten ließ, um für sie zu sorgen. Im darauf folgenden Jahr 1919 explodierte der 2,3 Millionen Gallonen fassende Melasse-Tank der Purity Distilling Company, was zur Melassekatastrophe von Boston führte. Eine  hohe Welle von Melasse ergoss sich die Commercial Street hinunter bis zum Ufer und riss alles mit, was sich in ihrem Weg befand. Bei diesem Ereignis starben 21 Menschen, 150 wurden verletzt. Der Sachschaden betrug umgerechnet auf heutige Zahlungsmittel 100 Millionen US-Dollar.

1927 fand die Totenwache für Sacco und Vanzetti in den Räumlichkeiten des Bestatters Joseph A. Langone in der Hanover Street statt. Der Trauermarsch zum Forest Hills Cemetery begann im North End.

Im Jahr 1934 wurde ein Tunnel als Verbindung zwischen den Stadtteilen North End und East Boston errichtet, wo sich der zu diesem Zeitpunkt neue Flughafen Logan International Airport befindet. In den 1950er Jahren wurde der John F. Fitzgerald Expressway gebaut, um die zunehmenden Verkehrsprobleme in Boston abzuschwächen. Dafür wurden hunderte Gebäude im North End unterhalb der Cross Street abgerissen, und durch ihren Verlauf isolierte die neue Straße den Stadtteil vom Rest der Stadt.

Der stetig wachsende Verkehr machte die Errichtung eines zweiten Tunnels zwischen North End und East Boston erforderlich, der 1961 eröffnet wurde. In den 1960er und 1970er Jahren folgte dann ein starker Rückgang der Einwohnerzahlen im North End. Viele Geschäfte mussten schließen, ebenso wie einige Schulen und Industrieunternehmen. In den 1970er und 1980er Jahren genehmigte die Boston Redevelopment Authority den Bau von Hochhäusern im Stadtteil, während dessen Bewohner an für ältere Menschen erschwinglichen Häusern und Wohnungen bauten. Eines dieser Häuser, die Casa Maria Apartments, stehen an der Stelle der ehemaligen St. Mary's Catholic Church.

Im Jahr 1976 besuchten der damalige US-Präsident Gerald Ford und die britische Königin Elisabeth II. das North End im Rahmen der Feierlichkeiten zum 200-jährigen Bestehen der USA.

Im späten 20. Jahrhundert wurde bis zum frühen 21. Jahrhundert der John F. Fitzgerald Expressway wieder abgerissen und durch den Big Dig ersetzt. Während der Bauphase war der Zugang zum North End sowohl für Anwohner als auch Besucher nur eingeschränkt möglich, wodurch viele Geschäfte im Stadtteil schließen mussten.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Afroamerikaner
Bereits seit dem 17. und bis in das 19. Jahrhundert hinein lebten einige wenige freie Afroamerikaner am Fuß des Copp's Hill. Mitglieder dieser Gemeinschaft wurden auf dem Copp's Hill Burying Ground beerdigt, wo sich noch heute einige ihrer Grabsteine befinden. Ihre Kirche war die First Baptist Church. Im späten 19. Jahrhundert war der Bereich, in dem die Gemeinschaft lebte, als Neuguinea bekannt. Tatsächlich waren zu diesem Zeitpunkt die meisten jedoch bereits nach Beacon Hill gezogen.

Iren
Zwischen 1845 und 1853 kam es zu einer großen Einwanderungswelle von Iren, die sich im North End niederließen und dadurch den Stadtteil dominierten. Dies hatte auch Auswirkungen auf die Bevölkerungszusammensetzung der Stadt Boston insgesamt, die sich in wenigen Jahren von einer fast ausschließlichen Yankee-protestantischen in eine stärker durchmischte Gesellschaft mit einem Anteil an katholischen Iren von einem Drittel wandelte. Zwischen 1865 und 1880 war das North End nahezu vollständig in der Hand von Iren bzw. Irischen Amerikanern.

Juden
Im späten 19. Jahrhundert begann sich im North End eine stabile jüdische Gemeinschaft zu entwickeln, insbesondere entlang der Salem Street. Die Gemeinschaft gründete religiöse Stätten, eine hebräische Schule und Sozialprogramme. Im Jahr 1903 wurde die erste und einzige Synagoge im North End errichtet. Der Carroll Place wurde zu Ehren des neuen Gebäudes in Jerusalem Place umbenannt. Um 1922 waren allerdings die meisten Juden bereits in andere Stadtteile wie Roxbury gezogen.

Italiener
Um das Jahr 1890 war die Gegend um den North Square bereits als Little Italy bekannt. Bis 1930 stieg die Anzahl an Italienern im North End kontinuierlich bis auf ihren historischen Höchststand von 44.000 Personen an und entsprach damit 99,9 % der Bevölkerung des gesamten Stadtteils.

1923 wurde die Michael Angelo School im North End gebaut, die später in Michelangelo School umbenannt wurde. Die Straße, an der das Gebäude stand, wurde in Michelangelo Street umbenannt und ist heute die einzige verbliebene Straße im Stadtteil, die einen italienischen Namen trägt. Die Schule schloss 1989 und wurde in ein Wohngebäude umgewandelt.

In der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts eröffneten im North End eine Vielzahl von italienischen Bäckereien, Restaurants, kleinen Geschäften und Lebensmittelläden. Während die ersten Immigranten noch Früchte, Gemüse, Wein, Käse und Olivenöl verkauften, fanden spätere Einwanderer immer mehr Arbeitsmöglichkeiten, so dass um 1920 bereits viele italienische Ärzte, Zahnärzte, Bestatter und Frisöre im Stadtteil tätig waren. In diese Zeit fallen auch eine Vielzahl von Firmengründungen wie beispielsweise Prince Pasta.

Die Gemeinschaft der italienischen Amerikaner sah sich zunehmend anti-italienischen Stimmungen, Vorurteilen und Ausgrenzungen ausgesetzt. Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs begannen sie, politische Macht zu erlangen und diese zur Verbesserung des öffentlichen Eindrucks einzusetzen. Heute ist die besondere Atmosphäre der italienischen Alten Welt im North End ein wichtiger Touristenmagnet, und viele der kleinen Geschäfte im Viertel wurden durch Restaurants ersetzt. Religiöse Feste und Prozessionen werden auch heute noch im North End gefeiert und ziehen regelmäßig große Menschenmengen an.

Die Situation heute
Heute sind etwa ein Drittel der Einwohner im North End italienischer Abstammung, die den unterschiedlichsten Berufen nachgehen. Die politischen Geschäfte des Stadtteils werden jedoch weiterhin von italienischen Amerikanern dominiert, und das North End wird immer noch als das  von Boston angesehen.

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten

Bauwerke

Obwohl das North End zu den Teilen Bostons gehört, die bereits von Anfang an besiedelt waren, stammt der Großteil der heute dort anzutreffenden Bauwerke aus dem späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Insbesondere Mietskasernen dominieren das Stadtbild. Es gibt eine Mixtur unterschiedlicher Baustile aus allen Perioden der US-amerikanischen Geschichte, darunter auch sehr alte Gebäude wie die Old North Church (1723), das Paul Revere House (1680), das Pierce-Hichborn House (1711) und das Clough House (1712).

Auf dem historischen Copp's Hill befindet sich mit dem Copp's Hill Burial Ground einer der ältesten Friedhöfe der USA. Die dortigen Gräber stammen aus dem 17., 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert. Unter anderem wurden Cotton Mather, Increase Mather und Prince Hall dort beerdigt. Das Skinny House, das schmalste Haus in Boston, befindet sich direkt gegenüber auf der anderen Straßenseite.

Das heutige Gebäude der North Terminal Garage im North End wurde früher von dem Unternehmen The Brink's Company genutzt, auf das 1950 und 1981 bewaffnete Überfälle verübt wurden. Beim berühmt-berüchtigten Great Brink's Robbery wurden im Jahr 1950 ca. 1,2 Millionen US-Dollar in bar und weitere 1,5 Millionen Dollar in Schecks, Zahlungsanweisungen u. ä. erbeutet, was den Raubzug zu dem bis dahin größten in der Geschichte der USA machte.

Der Freedom Trail führt ebenfalls durch das North End.

Weitere sehenswerte Gebäude und Orte des Stadtteils sind:
 Copp's Hill Terrace
 Fulton-Commercial Streets District
 Ozias Goodwin House
 Mariner's House
 St. Stephen's Church
 Union Wharf
 Vermont Building
 Statue von Paul Revere (in der Paul Revere Mall gegenüber der Old North Church)

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur

Verkehr
Das North End kann über den ÖPNV mit der Orange und Green Line der MBTA an den Stationen Haymarket und Boston North Station erreicht werden. Die Blue Line hält an der Station Aquarium und ein Zugang zur Fähre befindet sich bei Rowes Wharf. Außerdem fahren viele Buslinien in den Stadtteil.

Bildung
Die Boston Public Schools betreiben die John Eliot Elementary School im North End. Die St. Johns School ist eine private, katholische Schule.

Außerdem gibt es mit der North Bennet Street School eine Handels- und Handwerksschule im Stadtteil, die 1885 gegründet wurde.

Die Boston Public Library unterhält seit 1913 eine eigene Zweigstelle im North End, die sich seit 1963 an der 25 Parmenter Street befindet. Dort gibt es zusätzlich zu den üblichen Angeboten eine größere Sammlung von Büchern in italienischer Sprache sowie eine Kollektion zur lokalen Geschichte.

Persönlichkeiten
 Gennaro Angiulo – Boss der Mafia-Familie Patriarca
 Thomas Cass – Gründer und Kommandant des 9th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry der Union Army
 Michele Felice Cornè – Künstler
 Charlotte Saunders Cushman – Schauspielerin
 John F. Fitzgerald – Politiker und Großvater des ehemaligen US-Präsidenten John F. Kennedy
 Thomas Hutchinson – Gouverneur der Provinz Massachusetts Bay kurz vor der Amerikanischen Revolution
 Rose Kennedy – Philanthropin und Mutter von John F. Kennedy
 Cotton Mather – Puritanischer Pfarrer im 17. Jahrhundert
 Increase Mather – Präsident der Harvard University
 John Mayo – Puritanischer Pfarrer im 17. Jahrhundert
 Charles Ponzi – Erfinder des Schneeballsystems (engl. Ponzi Scheme)
 Paul Revere – Aktivist und Handwerker im 18. Jahrhundert
 William Tudor – wohlhabender Anwalt und Zeichnungsberechtigter der Massachusetts Historical Society
 David Walker – Afroamerikanischer Aktivist im 19. Jahrhundert

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Summer Feasts – Termine der jährlichen Feierlichkeiten und Prozessionen
 North End Sites – Virtuelle Tour durch das North End
 Boston Pictorial Archive – Fotos der Boston Public Library über das North End

Stadtteil von Boston

North End (Boston)


Jógvan Poulsen var lagmand på Færøerne i to perioder fra 1654–1655 og 1662–1677.

Jógvan Poulsen var færing og gift med en datter af tidligere lagmand Jógvan Justinusson. Han var oprindelig bonde i bygden Oyri på Eysturoy, før han blev valgt til leder af Lagtinget. Kong Frederik 3. ønskede dog ikke Poulsen som lagmand og erstattede ham med danskeren Balzer Jacobsen, en af Christoffer Gabels støtter. Gabel havde på denne tid monopol på handelen til og fra Færøerne, hvilket ledte til en vanskelig og konfliktfyldt situation på øerne. Jacobsen var lagmand frem til 1661, da Jógvan Poulsen igen overtog embedet.

Poulsens søn Jákup Jógvansson efterfulgte sin far som lagmand i 1677.

Litteratur
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, s. 366. (afsnit Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download )

Lagmænd fra Færøerne før 1816
Landmænd fra Færøerne

Jógvan Poulsen


Lina Meruane Boza, née en 1970, est une écrivaine et une enseignante chilienne. Son œuvre, écrite en espagnol, a fait l'objet de traductions en plusieurs langues dont l'anglais, l'italien, le portugais, l'allemand, l'arabe et le français. En 2011, elle a remporté le Prix Anna-Seghers pour la qualité de son œuvre et, en 2012, le Prix Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz pour son roman  [Un regard de sang].

Biographie
Née à Santiago du Chili en 1970, Lina Meruane a aussi des origines familiales palestiniennes et italiennes. Une grande partie de son enfance et toute son adolescence se déroulent pendant la dictature militaire d'Augusto Pinochet. Son entrée progressive dans la vie active, après les études, se fait dans les années 1990, au moment où s'amorce dans son pays la transition vers la démocratie. Elle commence à écrire en tant que conteuse et journaliste culturelle. En 1997, elle reçoit une bourse d'écriture du  [Fonds national pour le développement culturel et les arts, ou FONDART) pour terminer un premier recueil de contes. L'année suivante, en 1998, elle publie Las infantas, un recueil de nouvelles, où elle emprunte un point de vue enfantin. L'ouvrage reçoit une critique positive de la part des critiques chiliens, ainsi que de l'écrivain Roberto Bolaño : , écrit-il, . Son œuvre ultérieure se place d'une certaine façon dans le prolongement de celle de Diamela Eltit, renouvelant les formes et les thématiques de la littérature chilienne.

Lina Meruane publie deux autres romans en l'an 2000,  [Postume] où elle interroge le lien entre l'écriture et la mémoire, puis  [Encerclée], une œuvre de fiction qui traite notamment de l'absence de responsables sur les crimes commis durant la dictature et du rôle de ceux qui ne voulaient pas voir la violence d'État. Puis elle part à New York pour y effectuer un doctorat en littérature hispano-américaine, à l'université de New York. Aux États-Unis, elle enseigne ensuite la littérature et les cultures latino-américaines à cette université de New York, tout en se consacrant à l'écriture. Elle reçoit une bourse de la Fondation Guggenheim en 2004 (pour le roman  [Fruits pourris]) et une autre en 2010 du National Endowment for the Arts (pour ). En 2011, elle reçoit le prix Anna-Seghers, et l'année suivante, elle remporte le  Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz pour Sangre en el ojo. Sangre en el ojo est l'histoire d'une jeune femme chilienne vivant à New York, qui est menacée de perdre la vue mais qui refuse tout apitoiement de ses proches.

Elle a écrit dans de nombreux journaux ou revues, chiliens comme El Mercurio ou encore La Tercera, américains comme Bomb Magazine, espagnol comme , etc. . Elle a publié des essais voire des diatribes, sur le sida, sur la Palestine, et sur les injonctions faites aux femmes concernant la maternité (Contra los hijos, en 2014). En 2018, elle publie à Santiago Las renegadas [Les rénégats], une anthologie de  de Gabriela Mistral qui exposent sa vision complexe de la féminité et de sa relation au Chili, et le roman Sistema nervioso, écrit à la façon d'un thriller, sur un couple hypocondriaque.

Principales publications

Recueils de contes et de nouvelles
 1998 : Las infantas (Planeta)
 2020 : Avidez (Caja Negra)

Romans
 2000 : Póstuma (Planeta)
 2000 : Cercada (Cuarto Propio)
 2007 : Fruta podrida (Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2007)
 2012 : Sangre en el ojo (Eterna Cadencia), publié en 2018 en français, traduit par Serge Mestre, chez Grasset, sous le titre Un regard de sang
 2018 : Sistema nervioso (Penguin Random House), publié en 2020 en français, traduit par Serge Mestre, chez Grasset, sous le titre Système nerveux

Essais
 2012 : Viajes virales: la crisis del contagio global en la escritura del sida (FCE)
 2013 : Volverse Palestina
 2014 : Volverse Palestina/Volvernos otros (PRH)
 2014 : Contra los hijos (Tumbona)
 2018 : Palestina por ejemplo, essai sous forme de poème (Libros del Cardo)
 2021 : Zona ciega, (Penguin Random House)
 2022 : Palestina en pedazos, contient plusieurs textes, tels que Volverse Palestina, Volvernos otros y Rostros en mi rostro (Literatura Random House)

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1970
Naissance à Santiago
Étudiant de l'université de New York
Professeur à l'université de New York
Écrivain de langue espagnole
Romancière chilienne
Essayiste chilien
Boursier Guggenheim

Lina Meruane


Renaud Lavillenie () este un atlet francez specializat pe săritura cu prăjina. A fost laureat cu aur la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012 de la Londra. Din 2014 până în 2020 a deținut recordul mondial cu o săritură de 6,16 m.

Carieră
S-a apucat de săritură cu prăjina la vârsta de șapte ani pentru a-l urma pe tatăl său, antrenor la clubul sportiv Cognac AC. A debutat în competiții în 2003. Primele rezultate au fost slabe: la vârsta de 19 ani nu trecuse peste ștacheta înălțată la 5 m, în timp ce titlul mondial de juniori era aproximativ de 5,50 m.

În 2008 a participat pentru prima dată la Campionatul Mondial în sală și a câștigat Campionatul European în sală cu o săritură de 5,81 m. Un ani mai târziu, a reușit o săritură la 6,01 cm, depășind recordul național francez stabilit de Jean Galfione, și a cucerit o medalie de bronz la Campionatul Mondial de la Berlin.

La Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012 de la Londra, a cucerit medalia de aur cu o săritură de 5,97 m, stabilind astfel un nou record olimpic. A fost și primul aur olimpic francez la atletism de la Olimpiada din 1996 de la Atlanta.

Pe 25 februarie 2014, la Donețk, a doborât recordul deținut de Serhii Bubka cu o săritură de 6,16 m.

La Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro, a reușit primele patru sărituri din prima încercare, stabilind un nou record olimpic la 5,98 m. Totuși, atletul brazilian Thiago Braz Da Silva, încurajat de publicul, a trecut peste ștacheta fixată la 6,03 m. Lavillenie a eșuat la 6,08 m și s-a mulțumit cu argintul.

Note

Legături externe

Atleți francezi
Săritori cu prăjina
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2020
Medaliați olimpici cu aur francezi
Medaliați olimpici cu argint francezi

Renaud Lavillenie


Neverice este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Zlaté Moravce din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 701 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Neverice este atestată documentar din 1156.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Neverice


Jemimah Kariuki é uma médica queniana especializada em medicina preventiva, e saúde materno-infantil. Durante a pandemia de COVID19, ela organizou um serviço de ambulância que possibilitou o acesso de grávidas aos cuidados de maternidade. Ela foi listada como uma das 100 mulheres da BBC em 2020.

Carreira
Kariuki é médica residente de obstetrícia e ginecologia no Hospital Nacional Kenyatta da Universidade de Nairóbi.  Ela é a fundadora do Peace Club, iniciado em resposta à violência pós-eleitoral em 2007, e do Public Health Club, dedicado à prevenção e conscientização sobre o câncer cervical.

Durante a pandemia de COVID19 no Quênia, como médica de maternidade, ela notou um declínio acentuado de pacientes maternos, mas um aumento de complicações, principalmente durante o toque de recolher.   O Quênia é um dos países com as maiores taxas de mortalidade de mães e filhos, que o toque de recolher aumentou, segundo especialistas.  Kariuki percebeu que o acesso aos cuidados de saúde estava atrasado devido às opções limitadas de transporte.  Inicialmente, ela usou a plataforma de mídia social Twitter para pedir apoio de organizações governamentais e empresas privadas para transportar os futuros pais para o hospital.  Essa ideia deu origem ao Wheels for Life (Rodas pela Vida, em tradução literal), um serviço de ambulância gratuito.

Prêmios
Em 23 de novembro de 2020, Kariuki figurou na lista da BBC das 100 mulheres mais influentes do ano .

25 de maio de 2021 - Prêmio da Diretora-Geral da OMS para Saúde Global 2021 em reconhecimento à sua contribuição para o avanço da saúde global.

Referências

Ligações externas
 Dr Jemimah Kariuki liderando esforços para alcançar mulheres grávidas em meio à pandemia de COVID-19

Ativistas do Quénia
Pessoas vivas
Médicos do Quênia
Ginecologistas
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2020

Jemimah Kariuki


Camille Butcher (* 24. November 1980 in Newport) ist eine britisch-französische Opernsängerin in der Stimmlage Sopran.

Leben
Butcher wurde in Wales geboren und studierte zwischen 2002 und 2006 am Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama in Cardiff, danach an der Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe und an der Musikhochschule Lübeck. Sie war von 2009 bis 2011 Mitglied des Internationalen Opern Studios in Zürich und sang am Opernhaus Zürich unter anderem Gretel in Hänsel und Gretel und die erste Solostimme und erste nackte Jungfrau in Moses und Aron.

Bereits während ihres Studiums trat sie als Erste Hexe in Georg Friedrich Händels Dido and Aeneas, in der Titelrolle in Carl Orffs Die Kluge und als Laura in Carl Millöckers Der Bettelstudent in Karlsruhe und Lübeck auf und sang Barbarina in Le nozze di Figaro am Theater Pforzheim. 2009 übernahm Camille Butcher die Rolle der Anna Reich in Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor auf Schloss Weikersheim. Als Pamina in Die Zauberflöte debütierte sie 2010 in Bregenz. In der Spielzeit 2010/11 sang sie die Papagena in Die Zauberflöte am Nationaltheater Mannheim. 2011/ 2012 ist sie Gastmitglied im Ensemble des Landestheaters Salzburg. 2012–2015 war Butcher Ensemblemitglied am Konzert Theater Bern.

Rezeption
Sigfrid Schibli rezensierte in der Basler Zeitung die Inszenierung des Tannhäuser am Opernhaus Zürich und hebt dabei hervor: "Ein Lichtblick ist der junge Hirt von Camille Butcher." Für Marianne Mühlemann von Der Bund ist Butchers "anrührende Verzweiflungs-Arie «Ach ich fühls» […] einer der Höhepunkte" in Nigel Lowerys Zauberflöte am Konzert Theater Bern. Für den Dokumentarfilm "Die Schönheit der Stimme" des Schweizer Fernsehens und Arte begleitete die Regisseurin Sabine Gisiger die Ausbildung Butchers am Opernstudio Zürich ein Jahr lang mit der Kamera.

Diskografie
 Songs of Max Kowalski. Mit Simon Wallfisch, Bariton und Edward Rushton, Klavier (Nimbus Records, 2023)

Auszeichnungen
 2006: Erster Preis beim Monmouth-Gesangswettbewerb
 2009: Sonderpreis der "Walter und Charlotte Hamel Stiftung" als "vielversprechende Opernsängerin".

Weblinks

  ()
 Camille Butcher Interview bei Der Bund

Einzelnachweise

Opernsänger
Sopran
Brite
Internationales Opernstudio am Opernhaus Zürich
Franzose
Geboren 1980
Frau

Camille Butcher