The Berlin S-Bahn () is a rapid transit railway system in and around Berlin, the capital city of Germany. It has been in operation under this name since December 1930, having been previously called the special tariff area Berliner Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahnen (Berlin city, orbital, and suburban railways). It complements the Berlin U-Bahn and is the link to many outer-Berlin areas, such as Berlin Brandenburg Airport. As such, the Berlin S-Bahn blends elements of a commuter rail service and a rapid transit system.

In its first decades of operation, the trains were steam-drawn; even after the electrification of large parts of the network, a number of lines remained under steam. Today, the term S-Bahn is used in Berlin only for those lines and trains with third-rail electrical power transmission and the special Berlin S-Bahn loading gauge. The third unique technical feature of the Berlin S-Bahn, the , is being phased out and replaced by a communications-based train control system specific to the Berlin S-Bahn.

In other parts of Germany and other German-speaking countries, other trains are designated S-Bahn without those Berlin-specific features. The Hamburg S-Bahn is the only other system using third-rail electrification.

Today, the Berlin S-Bahn is no longer defined as this special tariff area of the national railway company, but is instead just one specific means of transportation, defined by its special technical characteristics, in an area-wide tariff administered by a public transport authority. The Berlin S-Bahn is now an integral part of the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg, the regional tariff zone for all kinds of public transit in and around Berlin and the federal state (Bundesland) of Brandenburg.

Introduction

The brand name "S-Bahn" chosen in 1930 mirrored U-Bahn, which had become the official brand name for the Berlin city-owned rapid transit lines begun under the name of Berliner Hoch- und Untergrundbahnen (Berlin elevated and underground lines), where the word of mouth had abbreviated "Untergrundbahn" to "U-Bahn", in parallel to "U-Boot" formed from "Unterseeboot" ("undersea boat" – submarine). Ironically, S-Bahn's S is not easy to name, it may stand for Schnell-Bahn (rapid rail) or Stadt-Bahn (urban rail; not to be confused with Stadtbahn, a railway line through Berlin on which some Berlin S-Bahn lines run, or Stadtbahn, the German term for light rail).

Services on the Berlin S-Bahn have been provided by the Prussian or German national railway company of the respective time, which means the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft after the First World War, the Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany) (in both East and West Berlin) until 1993 (except West Berlin from 1984 to 1994, the BVG period) and Deutsche Bahn after its incorporation in 1994.

The Berlin S-Bahn consists today of 16 lines serving 166 stations, and runs over a total route length of . The S-Bahn carried 478.1 million passengers in 2018. It is integrated with the mostly underground U-Bahn to form the backbone of Berlin's rapid transport system. Unlike the U-Bahn, the S-Bahn crosses Berlin city limits into the surrounding state of Brandenburg, e.g. to Potsdam.

Although the S- and U-Bahn are part of a unified fare system, they have different operators. The S-Bahn is operated by S-Bahn Berlin GmbH, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn, whereas the U-Bahn is run by Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG), the main public transit company for the city of Berlin.

Operation

Network

The S-Bahn routes all feed into one of three core lines: a central, elevated east–west line (the Stadtbahn), a central, mostly underground north–south line (the Nord-Süd Tunnel), and a circular line (the Ringbahn). Outside the Ringbahn, suburban routes radiate in all directions.

Lines S1, S2, S25, and S26 are north–south lines that use the north–south tunnel as their midsection. They were equally distributed into Oranienburg, Bernau, and Hennigsdorf in the north, and Teltow Stadt, Lichtenrade, and Wannsee.

Lines S3, S5, S7, S9, and S75 are east–west lines using the Stadtbahn cross-city railway. The western termini are located at Potsdam and Spandau, although the S5 only runs as far as Westkreuz and the S75 to Warschauer Straße. The eastern termini are Erkner, Strausberg Nord, Ahrensfelde, and Wartenberg. The S9 uses a connector curve (Südkurve) at Ostkreuz to switch from the Stadtbahn to the south-eastern leg of the Ringbahn. Another curve, the Nordkurve to the North-eastern Ringbahn, was originally served by the S86 line, but it was demolished in preparation of the rebuilding of Ostkreuz station and was not rebuilt afterwards. Both connector curves were heavily used in the time of the Berlin Wall, as trains coming from the North-Eastern routes couldn't use the West Berlin North–south route and the Southern leg of the pre- and post-Wall Ringbahn was in West Berlin.

Lines S41 and S42 continuously circle around the Ringbahn, the former clockwise, the latter anti-clockwise. Lines S45, S46, and S47 link destinations in the southeast with the southern section of the Ringbahn via the tangential link from the Görlitzer Bahn  to the Ring via Köllnische Heide.

Lines S8 and S85 are north–south lines using the eastern section of the Ringbahn between Bornholmer Straße and Treptower Park via Ostkreuz, using the Görlitzer Bahn in the South.

Former, there exist four curves at Westkreuz and Ostkreuz indeed allow to go a northern ring (Nordring) and a southern ring (Südring) using central tracks of Stadbahn. Nordring and Südring are common terms, but never scheduled routes as separate rings. One curve of Südring at Westkreuz left over for internal use, the other one is mentioned connector at Ostkreuz.

Routes
Generally speaking, the first digit of a route number denotes the main route or a group of routes.  Thus, S25 is a branch of S2, while S41, S42, S45, S46, and S47 are all Ringbahn routes that share some of the same route. So S41, S42, S45, S46, and S47 are together S4. However, the S4 does not exist as an independent entity.

Since 9 January 1984, all the West Berlin S-Bahn routes are labelled with an "S" followed by a number.  This system had been in use with other West German S-Bahn systems (such as Hamburg) for years. On 2 June 1991 this was extended to the East Berlin lines as well. Internally, the Berlin S-Bahn uses Zuggruppen (literally groups of trains) which normally run every twenty minutes (S41/S42 are an exception to this as their Zuggruppen run every 10 minutes). Some lines, e.g. the S85, are made up of only one Zuggruppe, while others, like S5, are actually multiple Zuggruppen combined. Some Zuggruppen do not run the entire line and terminate at intermediate stops. Zuggruppen are called by a "Funkname" (radio designator), which is derived from the German spelling alphabet. Some Funknamen are not used in regular service, such as Heinrich, Baikal, Jaguar, Gustav, or Saale (being used for special soccer service trains, usually running for fans under the line S3 between Charlottenburg and Olympiastadion.).

Stations in brackets are serviced at certain times only (Monday through Friday during offpeak in the case of  and during peak in the case of  and ).  only runs Monday through Friday.

Also, not every train reaches the nominal terminus of a line. For example, every other train on  runs only to Frohnau, five stops before Oranienburg, and the last stop on  towards Erkner which is reached by every train is Friedrichshagen. Similarly, some northbound  trains terminate at Gesundbrunnen, and most  trains run only to Strausberg or even Mahlsdorf, rendering Strausberg Nord the least served stop on the whole network.

Route changes in 2009

On 31 August 2009 a few semi-permanent changes to the line routes were applied. Because of renovations to Ostkreuz station, including dismantling the tracks connecting the Stadtbahn and the Ringbahn –
 (formerly ✈ Berlin-Schönefeld ↔ Spandau) could not turn west at this station any more. The line thus followed the Ringbahn and then branches northwards past Schönhauser Allee, like  and , and terminated at Pankow.
To compensate for the diminished throughput on the Stadtbahn, the  (formerly Erkner ↔ Ostbahnhof) was extended westwards to Spandau.

Route changes in 2012
Because of the progress achieved in the Ostkreuz renovation in 2012, the –
 was shortened to operate only between Ostkreuz and Erkner.
 was extended to Spandau.
 operated every 10 minutes between Westkreuz and Wartenberg.

Route changes in 2017
On 21 August 2017, with the completion of the Ostkreuz renovation, and on 10 December 2017, with the completion of the connection between the Stadtbahn and Ringbahn at Ostkreuz, the following changes were made:

 was introduced, operating from Waidmannslust to Teltow Stadt, to replace lost S85 service on 10 December 2017.
 was extended from Ostkreuz back to Westkreuz on 21 August 2017, and was further extended to Spandau on 10 December 2017, replacing the S5.
 was shortened from Spandau to Westkreuz on 10 December 2017.
 was shortened from Westkreuz back to Ostbahnhof on 5 October 2017, and was further truncated to Ostkreuz on 10 December 2017.
 was diverted from Waidmannslust to Pankow, replacing the S9 on 10 December 2017.
 was diverted from Pankow to Spandau on 10 December 2017 replacing the previous S5 service.

Service hours
The S-Bahn generally operates between 4am and 1am Monday to Friday, between 5am and 1am on Saturdays and between 6:30am and 1am on Sundays during normal daytime service. However, there is a comprehensive night-time service on most lines between 1am and 5am on Saturdays and 01:00 and 06:30 on Sundays, which means that most stations enjoy a continuous service between Friday morning and Sunday evening. One exception to this is the section of the  between  and  which sees no service in these hours. Most other lines operate without route changes, but some are curtailed or extended during nighttime. Particularly, the , , , , , , ,  are unchanged, and the  and  have no nighttime service. Westbound lines , , , and northbound  terminate at stations Südkreuz, Schöneweide, Lichtenberg, and Treptower Park, respectively.

History

From the beginnings till the end of World War II
With individual sections dating from the 1870s, the S-Bahn was formed in time as the network of suburban commuter railways running into Berlin, then interconnected by the circular railway connecting the various terminal railway stations, and in 1882 enhanced by the east–west cross-city line (called the  "Stadtbahn", "city railway"). The forming of a distinct identity for this network began with the establishment of a special tariff for the area which was then called the "Berliner Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahnen", and which differed from the normal railway tariff. While the regular railway tariff was based on multiplying the distance covered with a fixed price per kilometer, the special tariff for this Berlin tariff zone was based on a graduated tariff based on the number of stations touched during the travel.

The core of this network, that is the cross-city ("Stadtbahn") East–west line and the circular Ringbahn, and several suburban branches were converted from steam operation to a third-rail electric railway in the latter half of the 1920s. The Wannsee railway, the suburban line with the highest number of passengers, was electrified in 1932–33. A number of suburban trains remained steam-hauled, even after the Second World War.

After building the east–west cross-city line connecting western suburban lines, which until then terminated at Charlottenburg station with eastern suburban lines which had terminated at Frankfurter Bahnhof (later Schlesischer Bahnhof), the logical next step was a north–south cross-city line connecting the northern suburban lines terminating at Stettiner Bahnhof with the southern suburban lines terminating at the subsidiary stations of the Berlin Potsdamer Bahnhof. The first ideas for this project emerged only 10 years after the completion of the east–west cross-city line, with several concrete proposals resulting from a 1909 competition held by the Berlin city administration. Another concrete proposal, already very close to the final realisation, was put forward in 1926 by Professor Jenicke of Breslau university.

Many sections of the S-Bahn were closed during the war, both through enemy action and flooding of the Nord-Süd-Bahn tunnel on 2 May 1945 during the final Battle of Berlin. The exact number of casualties is not known, but up to 200 people are presumed to have perished, since the tunnel was used as a public shelter and also served to house military wounded in trains on underground sidings. Service through the tunnel commenced again in 1947.

The time of expansion

Before the construction of Berlin Wall

After hostilities ceased in 1945, Berlin was given special status as a "Four-Sector City," surrounded by the Soviet Occupation Zone, which later became the German Democratic Republic (GDR).  The Allies had decided that S-Bahn service in the western sectors of Berlin should continue to be provided by the Reichsbahn (DR), which was by now the provider of railway services in East Germany. (Rail services in West Germany proper were provided by the new Deutsche Bundesbahn.)

Before the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the Berlin S-Bahn had grown to about 335 kilometres. On the 13 August 1961, it was the biggest turning point in the operation and network for the S-Bahn.

As relations between East and West began to sour with the coming of the Cold War, it had become the victim of the hostilities. Although services continued operating through all occupation sectors, checkpoints were constructed on the borders with East Berlin and on-board "customs checks" were carried out on trains. From 1958 onward, some S-Bahn trains ran non-stop through the western sectors from stations in East Berlin to stations on outlying sections in East Germany so as to avoid the need for such controls. East German government employees were then forbidden to use the S-Bahn since it travelled through West Berlin.

After the construction of Berlin Wall

The S-Bahn has also been operated in two separate subnets of the Deutsche Reichsbahn. In East Berlin, the S-Bahn retained a transport share of approximately 35 percent, the mode of transport with the highest passenger share. In the 1970s and 1980s the route network continued to grow. In particular, the new housing estates were connected to the grid in the northeast of the city (Marzahn and Hohenschönhausen).

The construction of the Berlin Wall led to West Berlin calling for the unions and politicians to boycott the S-Bahn. Subsequently, passenger numbers fell.

However, the Berlin S-Bahn strike brought the S-Bahn to the attention of the public, and aroused the desire for West Berlin to manage its section of the S-Bahn itself. In 1983 negotiations of representatives of the Senate, the SNB and the Deutsche Reichsbahn took place. In December 1983, these were concluded with Allied consent to the agreement between the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the Berlin Senate for the transfer of operating rights of the S-Bahn in the area of West Berlin. The BVG received the oldest carriages from the DR; but the BVG was eager to quickly get to modern standards for a subway. Therefore, soon new S-Bahn trains were purchased on their behalf, which are still in use on the Berlin S-Bahn network as the 480 series.

Even before the Wall fell, there were efforts to substantial re-commissioning of the S-Bahn network in West Berlin.

Reunification

After the Berlin Wall came down in November 1989, the first broken links were re-established, with Friedrichstraße on 1 July 1990, as the first. The BVG and DR jointly marketed the services soon after the reunification. Administratively, the divided S-Bahn networks remained separate in this time of momentous changes, encompassing German reunification and reunification of Berlin into a single city, although the dividing line was no longer the former Berlin Wall. DR and BVG (of the whole of reunified Berlin from 1 January 1992, after absorbing BVB of East Berlin) operated individual lines end to end, both into the other party's territories. For example, S2 was all BVG even after it was extended northward and southward into Brandenburg/former East German territory. The main east–west route (Stadtbahn) was a joint operation. Individual trains were operated by either BVG or DR end-to-end on the same tracks. This arrangement ended on 1 January 1994, with the creation of Deutsche Bahn due to the merger between DR and the former West Germany's Deutsche Bundesbahn. All S-Bahn operations in Berlin were transferred to the newly formed S-Bahn Berlin GmbH as a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn, and the BVG withdrew from running S-Bahn services.

Technically, a number of projects followed in the steps of re-establishing broken links in order to restore the former S-Bahn network to its 1961 status after 1990, especially the Ringbahn. In December 1997 the connection between Neukölln and Treptower Park via Sonnenallee was reopened, enabling S4 trains to run 75% of the whole ring between Schönhauser Allee and Jungfernheide. On 16 June 2002, the section Gesundbrunnen – Westhafen also reopened, re-establishing the Ringbahn operations.

Tendering programme for the Berlin S-Bahn

MTR Corporation, National Express Group, Berlin S-Bahn GmbH and RATP Development had tendered for their procurement process, and were soon followed by train manufacturer Stadler Rail for their operations from 2018 to 2033. The specific contracts are:

Ringbahn –
S41 Südkreuz – Südkreuz (clockwise Ring)
S42 Südkreuz – Südkreuz (anticlockwise Ring)
S46 Westend – Königs Wusterhausen
S47 Spindlersfeld – Hermannstraße – (Südkreuz)
S8  Birkenwerder – (Grünau) – Zeuthen
Stadtbahn –
S3 Erkner – Spandau
S5 Westkreuz – Strausberg-Nord
S7 Ahrensfelde – (Wannsee) – Potsdam HBF
S75 Wartenberg – Warschauer Straße
S9 Flughafen BER Airport – Spandau
Nord-Süd Bahn –
S1 Wannsee – Oranienburg
S2 Blankenfelde – Bernau
S25 Teltow Stadt – Hennigsdorf
S26 Teltow Stadt – Waidmannslust
S45 Flughafen BER Airport – Südkreuz
S85 Grünau – Pankow

Depots

There were several depots for Berlin S-Bahn. They are Schöneweide (opened in December 1927), Friedrichsfelde (opened on 1 March 1903), Grünau (opened on 1 April 1910), Wannsee (opened on 15 May 1933), Erkner (opened in 1928) and Oranienburg (opened in 1925).

At Grünau, construction began in 1916 and was completed in 1928. They serviced the following routes:

Grünau – Südring – Stadtbahn – Lichtenberg
Grünau – Stadtbahn – Spandau West
Grünau – Nordring – Gartenfeld (nur HVZ)

The connection to Spandau West became in the following years the traditional train course, which was maintained after 1945 until the building of the wall. In the 1980s, this depot made 51 daily trains for the connections using Class 485 trains.
Zeuthen – Ostring – Bernau
Königs Wusterhausen – Stadtbahn – Friedrichstraße – Stadtbahn – Erkner – Stadtbahn – Friedrichstraße
Flughafen Berlin-Schönefeld – Stadtbahn – Friedrichstraße
Spindlersfeld – Ostring – Blankenburg

Closed depots include:
Stettiner Bahnhof
Papestraße
Westend
Bernau
Hundekehle
Velten
Yorckstraße

Rolling stock

Current
 BVG Class 480 (since 1986, in use on line S3)
 DB Class 481/482 (since 1996, in use on lines S1, S2, S25, S26, S3, S41, S42, S45, S5, S7, S75, S85 and S9)
 DR Class 485/885 (since 1987, in use on line S85)
 Class 483/484 (since 2021, in use on line S41, S42, S46, S47 and S8)

Former
 DRG Class ET 125 (from 1935 until 2003)
 DRG Class ET 165 (from 1928 until 1997)
 DRG Class ET 166 (from 1936 until 2000)
 DRG Class ET 167 (from 1938 until 2003)
 DRG Class ET 168 (from 1926 until about 1962, some units converted to train type EIII for the Berlin U-Bahn)
 DRG Class ET 169 (from 1925 until 1962)
 DR Class ET 170 (from 1959 until 1970)

Special Trains
This vehicle, DB Class 488.0 (Panorama train) is a unique piece. The train consists of two railcars and a sidecar in between. It was created by conversion from old cars of the ET / EB 167, the later series 477/877. While the car body is largely a new build, many technical components of end-of-life vehicles were taken over in 1997–99. This train is not used in normal regular service. The S-Bahn offered city tours with it until 2009, and it could be rented privately. The train is equipped with a modern multimedia system so that the announcements via headphones can be followed in multiple languages. As with this car the windows extend into the roof for a better field of vision, it is called a panorama train (previously known as a panoramic suburban train).

Otherwise museum and tradition trains were primarily used – Class 165. The Viertel train Class ET/EB 167s were being built in 1938 and was converted in 1991.

Expansion

Redevelopment projects

Ostkreuz

In 1988, Deutsche Reichsbahn presented plans for the transformation of Ostkreuz station. The long postponed renovation of the station began in 2007.

With nine lines (four on the Stadtbahn and five on the Ringbahn), Ostkreuz is one of the busiest stations on the network.

With the progress of construction work on 31 August 2009, the southern connection and platform A were decommissioned. This route had to be realigned as a result. The construction plans envisaged that the connection would be restored by 2014. After its completion, traffic will again be able to be run from the southern Ringbahn onto the Stadtbahn.

In October 2009, the new Regionalbahn station on the Ringbahn was sufficiently complete for S-Bahn trains on the Ringbahn to use it temporarily. Demolition of the Ringbahn platform could then start and the new platform, including a concourse, could be built. This was put into operation on 16 April 2012, after a 16-day track closure.

In December 2018 all the S-Bahn tracks at Ostkreuz finished construction and were opened for regular passenger use.

Berlin–Görlitz railway (Baumschulenweg–Grünauer Kreuz)

Rehabilitation work at Grünauer Kreuz on the Berlin–Görlitz railway began on 12 July 2006. In 2010 and 2011, rebuilt stations were put into operation in several stages at Baumschulenweg and Adlershof and the bridges over the Britz Canal and the Teltow Canal were replaced. During the reconstruction, the platform at Adlershof was relocated directly above Rudower Chaussee (street).

Other major construction projects are planned along the route:
Rebuilding of Schöneweide station, including the construction of a new road underpass
Replacement of bridges over Sterndamm (street)
Construction of additional electronic interlocking equipment along the route
Conversion of Wildau station
Renewal of the mainline tracks and the re-establishment of the overhead contact line system

New lines

Berlin-Schönefeld Airport-Berlin Brandenburg Airport extension

In preparation for the opening of Berlin-Brandenburg Airport in Schönefeld in the south of Berlin, S-Bahn lines S45 and S9 were set to be extended from the then terminus at Berlin-Schoenefeld Airport in a long curve to the new terminal. Directly below the terminal, Berlin Brandenburg, a station has been built with six platform tracks. Four through platform tracks are provided for long-distance services. Two tracks are operated by S-Bahn services on the approach from the west. In early July 2008, the first 185-metre-long section of the station was completed so that the terminal could be built. On 24 July 2009, the airport company transferred the completed shell of the airport railway station and the first part of the tunnel to DB. The new line includes the stations of Waßmannsdorf and Berlin Brandenburg Airport and has a length of approximately 7.8 kilometres. The construction cost was specified as €636 million. This amount also included the cost of construction of long-distance tracks.

In 2020 the Berlin Brandenburg Airport was opened with a 9-year delay. With the opening of the airport, the S-Bahn service also began operation, which meant that the lines S45 and S9 were extended as was planned more than 10 years ago.

Planning of line S21 (Second Nord-Süd Bahn: first stage)

The second Nord-Süd Bahn will link the northern ring to the Hauptbahnhof, Potsdamer Platz station and the Wannsee Railway to the southern ring. Today's plans are almost identical to plans submitted to the 1907–1910 Greater Berlin competition by Albert Sprickerhof. Since then, there have been a number of alternatives proposals for such a route. A similar line was included in the plans for Welthauptstadt Germania ("World Capital Germania") in the 1930s.

The line will be built in sections. In 2005, the zoning approval for the northern part of the route from the Ringbahn to Hauptbahnhof was adopted. In October 2009 a loan agreement was entered into between the Senate and Deutsche Bahn for the first section. This provided for total costs of €226.5 million. On 27 November 2009, the preparatory work for this phase of construction started at the Hauptbahnhof. For the underground excavation in Invalidenstrasse, diaphragm walls were built into the ground and the trench in between was covered with a reinforced concrete lid.

This stage involves the construction of a curve to the Westhafen and an eastern connection to Wedding inside the northern Ringbahn. Structural preparation for these junctions to these lines had already been made during the construction of the North–South mainline in 2006. From there, the existing line will run in a southerly direction (in the tunnel layer) to the Berlin Hauptbahnhof east of the North–South mainline. The realization of an intermediate station under the working name of Perleberger Brücke (as a two-level station in a V-shape) is provided as an option. It was proposed to complete this 1,600-meter-long section by 2016. After construction delays caused by the inflow of groundwater, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the global supply chain crisis, the opening is planned for 2024 at the earliest.

Planning of line S21 (Second Nord-Süd Bahn: second stage)

The construction of the second section of the S21 is to begin no earlier than 2018 and is expected to be completed in 2023. The new S-Bahn line will run in a tunnel from near the Hauptbahnhof past the Reichstag to Potsdamer Platz. It will run next to the existing Nord-Süd Tunnel to Brandenburg Gate and separate from it to run to Potsdamer Platz. The first north-south S-Bahn tunnel was designed in 1939 with room for an additional two tracks at Potsdamer Platz and to its south for the new line. The cost of the S-Bahn line (phases 1 and 2) has been estimated at €317 million (2009 prices). The benefits of additional expenditure to the east of the Reichstag are still under investigation. This would increase the cost to about €330 million.

There are currently no dates set for the other phases of construction to the southern Ringbahn. It has so far only been defined in the Berlin land use plan.

Proposals for further extensions
Since reunification, there have been suggestions that lines that have not been used since 1961 or 1980 should be rebuilt and connected to the network by some new lines. Many of these plans have changed several times since then or have been abandoned.

Following a decision of the Berlin House of Representatives, the goal is essentially to restore the S-Bahn network to its extent in 1961. This was stated in an agreement between Deutsche Bahn, the Federal Ministry of Transport and the Senate on 4 November 1993. The network was to be restored by 2002. On this basis, the plans were included in the land use plan of 1995. In a study of the transport development by the then Department for Transport and Commerce in 1995, a plan was published for a network. Only the Jungfernheide–Stresow, Spandau–Staaken and Zehlendorf–Düppel sections, which had existed until 1980, were not incorporated in these plans. This political commitment is now only symbolic as some projects are now aimed at points beyond the original destinations or to miss them entirely. Budgetary difficulties, changing traffic flows and alternative development projects using Regionalbahn trains have led to the cancellation or postponement of projects that had already been developed.

New stations

Accidents
Since the foundation of the Berlin S-Bahn, a number of accidents have occurred.
On 15 December 1945, there was a head-on collision between a S-Bahn and a Nahgüterzug (local freight train) on the single-track Schöneweide–Spindlersfeld branch line. There were four dead and one seriously injured. The accident was caused by human error on the part of the dispatcher, who forgot the local freight train coming from Spindlersfeld and due to missing automatic block signaling and allowed a S-Bahn journey to Spindlersfeld.
On August 15, 1948, a train arriving from Oranienburger Straße in the north-south S-Bahn tunnel collided with a stopped train in the curve of the Spree underpass. 63 people were injured. The reason given was that the railcar personnel did not exercise the required care for "line of sight" operation, by driving at about  in a blind curve. Both were initially dismissed without notice, but were acquitted by a court and remained on duty.
In the late afternoon of 18 December 1979, an S-Bahn train operating on the northern Berlin outer ring between Mühlenbeck and the Karow Cross collided with a just approaching freight train. The driver was killed in the accident, 20 passengers were injured, five of them seriously.
In 1987, there were several derailments of BVG S-Bahn trains in the Berlin Nord-Süd Tunnel. After a train had been derailed before and behind the platform Friedrichstraße with the first bogie, there was a major incident in March 1987, when a northbound train derailed in the narrow left turn of the Spree underpass. The BVG railcar 275 227 slid along the tunnel wall for about 50 meters, severely damaging the cable and the car itself. There was no personal injury.
On October 20, 1987, another train derailed with the penultimate bogie of the train in the tight right turn in front of the Berlin Brandenburger Tor station (then known as "Unter den Linden"). The last derailed car (275 319) fell out of profile and crashed into the platform, breaking a three-meter-long piece out of the edge and tearing a signal off the wall. On 2 November 1987, exactly at the same place, there was again a derailment of the last car (275 435). This also got out of profile and rammed again the platform edge. Both accidents caused considerable damage, but no personal injury. As a cause for the total of six derailments was found:
While the BVG began to profile its wheel profiles according to the current UIC standard, the track layouts of the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) in the north-south S-Bahn tunnel did not meet the current requirements, which apparently led to compatibility problems (rail inclination DR 1:20, UIC 1:40).
After the transfer of the West Berlin S-Bahn to the BVG, the DR had completely removed the previously existing guard rails from the tight curves.
The Deutsche Reichsbahn had dismantled all curve lubrication devices on the track arches, which had greatly increased the tendency to climb the wheel arches. In connection with the other two points it had to come to the derailments. As a consequence, the DR rebuilt the lubricators and imposed a speed reduction from . The BVG marked all the quarter-trains that already carried the new UIC profile with a yellow line under the company number. These cars were excluded from driving through the tunnel.
On October 21, 2001, at Ostkreuz and on May 13, 2002, at Hackescher Markt, rear-end collisions occurred which gave rise to the introduction of speed monitoring. At Ostkreuz, two trains of the class 485 collided late on Sunday evening, when the approaching train could not be stopped in time for emergency braking. The driver claimed to have initiated the required speed reduction before the stop signal, however, no evidence could be found to confirm this claim. Instead, the court presumed the driver was inattentive shortly before the end of the shift, and ignored the previous signal. Twelve people were injured and there were 190,000 euros in property damage. Also at Hackescher Markt station, experts were unable to identify any problems with the brake system of the 481 model series involved, which could explain the excessive speed at the entrance to the occupied track of the platform. Here 13 people were injured, again mainly by broken discs. In both cases, a fine was imposed on train drivers who both no longer drive trains.
On August 10, 2004, a class 480 suburban railway car caught fire in the underground Anhalter station. The cause was a cabling fault in the brake resistor fan. The station suffered severe damage, had to be closed and rehabilitated for several months, but there were no casualties. The costs for the renovation were given as a total of 5.5 million euros. As a result of this accident, it was decided to outfit all underground stations with at least two exits, analogous to the Berlin subway. In practice, this concerns only the stations Oranienburger Straße and Anhalter Bahnhof, the latter received another southern exit in the direction of Tempodrom.
On November 20, 2006, at 10:25 am, a S-Bahn train on the S25 line in the direction of Hennigsdorf in Südkreuz station hit an occupied track and collided with a work train. The impact threw passengers through the car, injuring 33 of the approximately 100 passengers, two of them seriously injured. The work train, a track gauge, had traveled the track before and covered the rails with a film of water. As a result of this film, the following class 481 S-Bahn train slid out of the area during braking in the station area and landed on the work train. As a consequence of this accident was ordered that the vehicles of the Berlin S-Bahn enter stations more slowly. As a result of the accident, the maximum speed allowed on all 481 Series trains in February 2008 was reduced to . Only after the modification of the anti-slip system are higher speeds to be driven again.
On May 1, 2009, an S-Bahn train of the class 481 in Kaulsdorf derailed due to a broken wheel. According to S-Bahners, the scheduled main investigation of the derailed train had been postponed for two years.  As a consequence, this accident led to the subsequent chaos in 2009, since the test intervals were shortened and therefore at times only 165 out of 552 required quarter trains were available. Eventually, all axes had to be replaced because they were generally considered to be inadequate.
On August 21, 2012, derailed when crossing a turnout in the northern exit of the station Tegel a moving towards Hennigsdorf S-Bahn line S25. In the accident five passengers were injured, the driver suffered a shock and also had to be cared for medically.

Network map

Gallery

See also
 List of Berlin S-Bahn stations
 List of metro systems

References

External links

VSWB.de – Disused Rails and Lanes in Berlin
OpenStreetMap – Transport map rendering, centered on Berlin

S-Bahn
1924 establishments in Germany
Electric railways in Germany
Standard gauge railways in Germany
Deutsche Bahn
Railway lines opened in 1924
S-Bahn in Germany

Berlin S-Bahn


Jil Is Lucky, cuyo verdadero nombre es Jil Bensénior, es un músico y cantautor francés nacido el 10 de febrero de 1984 en Niza.

Biografía

Jil Bensénior empezó a tocar la guitarra a la edad de 6 años, y desde los 12 años acompañó a su hermano tocando el bajo en un bar de Niza. Luego de unos viajes por el mundo, conoció a sus futuros músicos en Praga, Nueva York, Berlín y Sidi-Bel Abbes.

En 2007, Jil Is Lucky lanzó su EP debut, titulado The Wanderer EP, a través del sello discográfico Roy Music. La canción que le da título al álbum fue seleccionada para ser la música oficial del festival de cine francés Fête du Cinéma en 2008. En diciembre de 2009, la canción "The Wanderer" se utilizó para una campaña de publicidad en todo el mundo para Kenzo, lo cual hizo crecer la popularidad del grupo.

Jil Is Lucky, luego del éxito de su primer EP lanzó su álbum debut homónimo el 16 de noviembre de 2009. El grupo comenzó una gira tocando en pequeños locales en París y en toda Francia y luego por el Reino Unido, Bélgica, Suiza y España con el fin de promocionar el disco y darse a conocer. Ese tour se centró principalmente en el año 2010 y finalizó el 9 de diciembre de ese año en el Casino de París. Actualmente, Jil Is Lucky está produciendo su segundo disco de estudio, para ser lanzado en 2012.

Discografía

Álbumes de estudio

EP

Sencillos

Videoclips

Miembros

Jil Bensénior - (vocales y guitarra)
La Vega (o Don Julio de la Vega) - (bajo, teclados, voz secundaria), también conocido como Julián Bensénior, es el hermano mayor de Jil.
Superschneider - (guitarra, bajo, voz secundaria), también conocido como Steffen Charron.
The Steamroller - (violonchelo), también conocido como Arnaud Crozatier, conoció a Jil en Praga.
The Black Rabbi - (batería, percusión, coros), también conocido como Antoine Kerninon, conoció a Jil en Nueva York y fue donde él le pidió que se uniera al grupo.

Premios y nominaciones

En 2008, Jil Is Lucky fue uno de los artistas que ganaron el premio Paris Jeunes Talents, presentado por el alcalde de París y en 2010 fue uno de los 15 ganadores del premio FAIR, para incentivar las carreras de los artistas nuevos junto a Ben Mazué, Mélanie Pain, Boogers, Hindi Zahra, Féloche, Mustang, Revolver, Nouvel R, Koumeniam, In The Club, Sexy Sushi, Orelsan y Pony Pony Run Run.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Sitio Web Oficial

Cantantes masculinos de Francia
Cantantes en francés
Nacidos en Niza

Jil Is Lucky


Planetarium - film franțuzesco-belgian din 2016. Este regizat de Rebecca Zlotowski după un scenariu de Rebecca Zlotowski și Robin Campillo. Cu actorii Natalie Portman și  Lily-Rose Depp.

Note

Filme din 2016
Filme regizate de Rebecca Zlotowski

Planetarium (film)


Oxalis griffithii er jurt af smæruættkvísl sem er upprunnin frá Asíu (Pakistan til Tævan).

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt

Oxalis griffithii


Kavuncu, Günyüzü - Eskişehir ili Günyüzü ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kavuncu, Şırnak - Şırnak ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kavuncu, İpekyolu - Van ili İpekyolu ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Kavuncu


اللحية هي مدينة يمنية تتبع محافظة الحديدة، وهي مركز مديرية اللحية، بلغ تعداد سكانها 4869 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الذي أجري عام 2004.

الموقع
تقع مدينة اللحية على مسافة 110 كم إلى الشمال من مدينة الحديدة، على السواحل الشرقية للبحر الأحمر. ويمكن الوصول إلى مدينة اللحية عبر الطريق المسفلت ( المعرص، الزهرة، جبل الملح، اللحية ) وطوله ( 65 كم ) والذي يتفرع من الطريق العام الدولي ( الحديدة – جيزان ) عند مفرق المعرص الواقع على مسافة ( 100 كم ) عن مدينة الحديدة .

تاريخها
تعتبر أحد الموانئ اليمنية القديمة ولها تاريخ عريق إذ ارتبط ازدهارها بازدهار اصطياد اللؤلؤ وازدهار زراعة وتصدير البن اليمني، ومن دلائل هذا الازدهار المعالم التاريخية المتبقية حتى الآن من قصور ومنازل قديمة وقلاع وحصون تطوق المدينة، كما تميزت بفن معماري فريد فواجهات منازلها وقصورها التاريخية مزخرفة بأشكال هندسية ونباتية غاية في الجمال والروعة، مبنية بالآجر – الطوب الأحمر المحروق - ومطلية بالنورة البيضاء وقد كانت حتى وقت قريب محاطة بسور به أربعة أبواب هي : باب أبو قبرين، باب العراقي، الباب الشرقي أو باب السوق وباب الخطيب .

ميناء اللحية
تعتبر اللحية ميناء بحري مهم لعب دورا اقتصادي في العصور القديمة لليمن واشتهروا بصيد الأسماك واستخراج اللؤلؤ كما أنه أزدهر كميناء تجاري أيضا.

السياحة
يوجد بالقرب من شاطئ مدينة اللحية خور كبير من غابات أشجار المانجروف
والأعشاب البحرية وترى الكثير من الطيور المهاجرة والمستوطنة، بالإضافة إلى تواجد الشعب المرجانية بكميات كبيرة وعلى أعماق قريبة بعضها لا يتجاوز المترين تقريباً بامتداد لحاجز ضيق يمتد من شاطئ مدينة اللحية

الفن المعماري
تعتبر المدينة زاخرة بالفن المعماري القديم لما تحويها من قلاع وحصون جميلة خصوصاً تلك القابعة فوق الجبال المحيطة بالمدينة والتي تطل على البحر الأحمر.

السكان
أن سكان المدينة يعملون في الصيد والتجارة.
كما أن كثير من المثقفين والمتعلمين الذين برزوا في مجالات عديدة قد ولدوا في هذه المدينة ولكنهم نزحوا للمدن الكبيرة مثل صنعاء والحديدة وغيرها من المدن اليمنية ومنهم لخارج الوطن أيضاً وهنا أحب أن أشير إلى أنهم ما زالوا يكنون الوفاء لمدينتهم فقد حددوا ثاني أيام عيد الفطر المبارك من كل سنة ليجتمعوا ويقيمون الأعراس الجماعية والذي يحضرها شخصيات كبيرة في الدولة.

مراجع وروابط خارجية
 World Gazetteer:Yemen
 الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء بالجمهورية اليمنية
 المركز الوطني للمعلومات باليمن

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة الحديدة
تاريخ اليمن
مدن ساحلية في اليمن
اللحية
مدن وبلدات ساحلية في البحر الأحمر

اللحية (مدينة)


Oči pročišćenja je umjetnička instalacija poljskog umjetnika Mirosława Bałke nastala 2009. godine. Nalazi se ispred ulaza na južnoj strani u zagrebački Muzej suvremene umjetnosti.

Opis instalacije
U ovom radu umjetnik razmišlja o posjetitelju muzeja. On nastoji kreirati rad u kojem stavlja u blizak i intiman odnos djelo i promatrača. U konkretnom slučaju djela pred ulazom u Muzej suvremene umjetnosti Balka promišlja o bučnoj prometnici i križanju ispred MSU-a i posjetitelju opterećenom nervozom prometnice te kreira meditativni prostor koji se sastoji od betonskog prostora u kojem atmosferu kontemplativnog, nematerijalnog i neopipljivog stvara pomoću vode koja cirkulira uokolo i unutar prostora.

Izvori

Umjetnost
Kiparstvo

Oči pročišćenja


Geoffrey Copleston () a fost un actor britanic, activ în principal în Italia.

Biografie
A apărut într-un număr mare de filme italiene, interpretând adesea roluri de cetățeni străini aflați în Italia. A fost distribuit în principal în roluri secundare: aristocrat străin, consul în vizită, turist aflat în vacanță.

Unul dintre cele mai importante roluri ale lui a fost rolul bancherului sicilian Alfredo Ravanusa în miniserialele Caracatița și Caracatița 2.

Filmografie

Filme de cinema

 Guerra e pace, regie: King Vidor (1956)
 James Tont operazione D.U.E., regie: Bruno Corbucci (1965)
 Due marines e un generale, regie: Luigi Scattini (1965)
 7 donne d'oro contro due 07, regie: Vincenzo Cascino (1966)
 Perry Grant, agente di ferro, regie: Luigi Capuano (1966)
 Superargo contro Diabolikus, regie: Nick Nostro (1966)
 Un fiume di dollari, regie: Carlo Lizzani (1967)
 Riderà (Cuore matto), regie: Bruno Corbucci (1967)
 Matchless, regie: Alberto Lattuada (1967)
 Sette volte sette, regie: Michele Lupo (1968)
 Il profeta, regie: Dino Risi (1968)
 Tenderly, regie: Franco Brusati (1968)
 La battaglia di El Alamein, regie: Giorgio Ferroni (1969)
 Una sull'altra, regie: Lucio Fulci (1969)
 Un detective, regie: Romolo Guerrieri (1969)
 Scipione detto anche l'Africano, regie: Luigi Magni (1972)
 Il portiere di notte, regie: Liliana Cavani (1973)
 Pane e cioccolata, regie: Franco Brusati (1974)
 Giubbe rosse, regie: Joe D'Amato (1975)
 Salon Kitty, regie: Tinto Brass (1975)
 Nina, regie: Vincente Minnelli (1976)
 Il genio, regie: Claude Pinoteau (1976)
 Mimì Bluette... fiore del mio giardino, regie: Carlo Di Palma (1977)
 Napoli si ribella, regie: Michele Massimo Tarantini (1977)
 Emanuelle e gli ultimi cannibali, regie: Joe D'Amato (1977)
 Il grande attacco, regie: Umberto Lenzi (1978)
 Sahara Cross, regie: Tonino Valerii (1978)
 Io tigro, tu tigri, egli tigra, regie: Giorgio Capitani (1978) - episodul 3 -
 Un poliziotto scomodo, regie: Stelvio Massi (1978)
 Aragosta a colazione, regie: Giorgio Capitani (1979)
 Viaggio con Anita, regie: Mario Monicelli (1979)
 Dottor Jekyll e gentile signora, regie: Steno (1979)
 Mani di velluto, regie: Castellano e Pipolo (1979)
 1980 Omul puma (L'uomo puma), regia Alberto De Martino
 S.H.E. la volpe, il lupo e l'oca selvaggia, regie: Robert Michael Lewis (1980)
 1980 Avertismentul (L'avvertimento), regia Damiano Damiani
 Razza selvaggia, regie: Pasquale Squitieri (1980)
 Incubo sulla città contaminata, regie: Umberto Lenzi (1980)
 Mia moglie è una strega, regie: Castellano e Pipolo (1980)
 Buona come il pane, regie: Riccardo Sesani (1981)
 Bianco, rosso e Verdone, regie: Carlo Verdone (1981)
 Black Cat (Gatto nero), regie: Lucio Fulci (1981)
 Bollenti spiriti, regie: Giorgio Capitani (1981)
 La poliziotta a New York, regie: Michele Massimo Tarantini (1981)
 Dio li fa poi li accoppia, regie: Steno (1982)
 1990: i guerrieri del Bronx, regie: Enzo G. Castellari (1982)
 Notturno, regie: Giorgio Bontempi (1983)
 Stangata napoletana, regie: Vittorio Caprioli (1983)
 Il tassinaro, regie: Alberto Sordi (1983)
 Cento giorni a Palermo, regie: Giuseppe Ferrara (1984)
 Vediamoci chiaro, regie: Luciano Salce (1984)
 Assisi Underground, regie: Alexander Ramatti (1985)
 Scemo di guerra, regie: Dino Risi (1985)
 Squadra selvaggia, regie: Umberto Lenzi (1985)
 Asilo di polizia, regie: Filippo Ottoni (1986)
 Il ventre dell'architetto, regie: Peter Greenaway (1987)
 Il siciliano, regie: Michael Cimino (1987)
 Robot Jox, regie: Stuart Gordon (1989)
 Willy Signori e vengo da lontano, regie: Francesco Nuti (1989)
 C'è posto per tutti, regie: Giancarlo Planta (1990)
 Il sole buio, regie: Damiano Damiani (1990)
 The Black Cobra 3, regie: Edoardo Margheriti (1990)
 Frankenstein oltre le frontiere del tempo, regie: Roger Corman (1990)
 Il pozzo e il pendolo, regie: Stuart Gordon (1991)
 L'amante scomoda, regie: Luigi Russo (1992)
 Klon, regie: Lino Del Fra (1993)
 La ragnatela del silenzio - A.I.D.S., regie: Leandro Lucchetti (1994)
 Fatal Frames - Fotogrammi mortali, regie: Al Festa (1996)

 Filme de televiziune

 Sam e Sally, regie: Robert Pouret (1979) (serial TV, sezonul 1, episodul 6)
 Il ritorno di Simon Templar, regie: Leslie Norman (1979) (serial TV, sezonul 1, episodul 22)
 Il treno per Istanbul, regie: Gianfranco Mingozzi (1980)
 Il caso Graziosi, regie: Michele Massa (1981)
 La nouvelle malle des Indes, regie: Christian-Jaque (1981)
 Don Luigi Sturzo, regie: Giovanni Fago (1981)
 Verdi, regie: Renato Castellani (1982)
 Venti di guerra, regie: Dan Curtis (1983)
 All'ombra della grande quercia, regie: Alfredo Giannetti (1984)
 Caracatița (La piovra), regie: Damiano Damiani (1984)
 Caracatița 2 (La piovra 2), regie: Florestano Vancini (1986)
 Big Man, regie: Steno (1988)
 La moglie ingenua e il marito malato, regie: Mario Monicelli (1989)
 In due si ama meglio, regie: Richard Franklin (1989) (serial TV, sezonul 1, episodul 1)
 Classe di ferro, regie: Bruno Corbucci (1989) (serial TV, sezonul 1, episodul 9)
 I promessi sposi, regie: Salvatore Nocita (1989)
 Il gorilla, regie: Denys Granier-Deferre (1990) (serial TV, sezonul 1, episodul 13)
 La primavera di Michelangelo, regie: Jerry London (1991)
 Killer Rules, regie: Robert Ellis Miller (1993)

 Actori italieni care i-au dublat vocea
 Sergio Fiorentini în Dottor Jekyll e gentile signora Paolo Lombardi în Nina, Mia moglie è una strega Carlo Alighiero în Cento giorni a Palermo Arturo Dominici în Black Cat (Gatto nero) Luigi Montini în Vediamoci chiaro Giampiero Albertini în Assisi Underground Max Turilli în Scemo di guerra''

Note

Legături externe

 Geoffrey Copleston, pe AllMovie, All Media Network.

Nașteri în 1921
Nașteri pe 18 martie
Decese în 1999
Actori britanici

Geoffrey Copleston


Demagogia (din termenii grecești δῆμος (dēmos) "popor" și ἄγω (ago) "a conduce") este o atitudine și strategie politică de manipulare a maselor prin apelul la prejudecăți, emoții, temeri și speranțe sau prin intermediul unui discurs lingușitor.

Discursul demagogului iese din domeniul rațional și este orientat către instinctele, frustrările și temerile poporului. În plus, el încearcă să obțină satisfacerea imediată (formală) a celor mai evidente așteptări sau dorințe ale publicului țintă, fără a căuta interesul general, cu scopul de a obține aprobarea și de a câștiga sprijin.

Argumentația demagogică trebuie să fie simplă, chiar simplistă, pentru a putea fi înțeleasă și însușită de publicul căreia i se adresează. Ea face adeseori apel la comoditatea intelectuală, realizând analize și propunând soluții evidente, fără o doză (necesară și suficientă) de imaginație.

În secolul al XXI-lea termenul "demagogie" este perceput ca având o conotație peiorativă, diferită de sensul etimologic al cuvântului grecesc: "cel care educă, care conduce poporul".

În istoria doctrinelor politice se consideră că filozoful Aristotel a fost primul care a definit demagogia, considerând-o ca fiind "forma coruptă sau degenerată a democrației", adică o abatere de la "guvernarea constituțională". Cel care manipulează masele sau anumite grupuri își folosește puterea, de fapt, pentru atingerea propriului său interes, în loc să urmărească satisfacerea interesului public. Astfel, se realizează o guvernare "deviată", opusă guvernării "drepte".

Confundată adesea cu "populismul", care semnifică, de asemenea, o atitudine de manipulare a poporului, demagogia se deosebește de acest termen prin faptul că presupune transmiterea către oameni a mesajelor pe care aceștia își doresc să le audă, în timp ce populismul presupune satisfacerea doleanțelor opiniei publice în detrimentul intereselor sale reale.

Note

Bibliografie
  Christian Mann: Die Demagogen und das Volk. Zur politischen Kommunikation im Athen des 5. Jahrhunderts v,. Chr. (= Klio. Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte. Beihefte Neue Folge Band 13). Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-05-004351-7.

Vezi și
 Limbă de lemn
 Populism

Sisteme politice
Propagandă
Retorică

Demagogie


ياسين بزاز ولد يوم 19 يوليو 1981 بالقرارم قوقة بولاية ميلة. هو لاعب دولي جزائري يلعب في منصب صانع الألعاب.

المسيرة الكروية
اللاعب ياسين بزاز، ابن مدرسة نجم القرارم، لعب لفريق النجم في جميع الأصناف (مدرسة-أصاغر-أشبال) ولعب مع أكابر الفريق وهو في صنف الأشبال وعمره لم يتعدى 16 سنة، انتقل بعدها لفريق شباب قسنطينة، حيث برزت مواهبه أكثر هناك ولفت انتباه الكثير من الفرق، وفي النهاية إنضم إلى فريق شبيبة القبائل وصنع أفراح الفريق وحصل معه على كأس الكاف، قبل أن يحترف في الدوري الفرنسي مع نادي أجاكسيو، ثم إنتقل بعدها إلى فريق فالنسيان وبعده إلى ستراسبورغ قبل أن يختمها مع نادي تروا.

يعد ياسين بزاز من اللاعبين القلائل الذين لعبوا في جميع اصناف المنتخب الوطني الجزائري (اشبال، اصاغر، آمال، أكابر) ولعب أيضا في صفوف المنتخب الوطني الجزائري العسكري. حاز بزاز على جائزة أحسن لاعب شاب لموسمين متتاليين (سنة 2001 حيث سلمت له الجائزة على يد الأسطورة رابح ماجر وسنة 2002 على يد الأسطورة مصطفى دحلب)، كانت الاصابات من أبرز العوائق التي منعت بزاز من الظهور بمستواه الحقيقي حتى أنه صرح لإحدى الصحف وقال: «كلما أحس أنني في أوج عطائي تأتي الإصابة لتعرقلني» لكنه قال أيضاً: «أنا أؤمن بالقضاء والقدر والحمد لله».

بعد سنوات في الدوري الفرنسي عاد بزاز إلى بلده الجزائر من بوابة الدوري الجزائري وحمل ألوان عدة اندية مثل اتحاد العاصمة الذي لعب معه موسم واحد لكنه لم يوفق معه قبل أن يلتحق بفريقه السابق شباب قسنطينة اين استطاع بعث مشواره مجدداً ما دفع الناخب الوطني وحيد حليلوزيتش إلى توجيه الدعوة له في تربص المنتخب، بعدما قضى بزاز موسمين مع شباب قسنطينة قرر تغيير الوجهة مجدداً نحو فريق مولودية وهران أين لعب موسماً واحداً هناك قبل أن يعود مجدداً إلى فريقه السابق شباب قسنطينة ويلعب بقميصه للمرة الثالثة في مشواره، عودته هاته المرة كانت ناجحة حيث لعب 3 مواسم مع الشباب ونجح خلالها في تحقيق واحدة من أكبر المفاجآت وهي قيادة فريق شباب قسنطينة للتتويج بالدوري الجزائري موسم 2017-2018 ومع نهاية ذلك الموسم قرر بزاز مغادرة الفريق تاركاً انطباعاً جيداً لدى الأنصار.

إحصائيات
لعب بقميص اجاكسيو 27 مقابلة سجل خلالها هدفين

لعب بقميص فالونسيان 64 مقابلة سجل خلالها 3 أهداف

لعب بقميص ستراسبورغ 25 مقابلة سجل خلالها 3 أهداف

لعب بقميص تروا 25 مقابلة سجل خلالها هدفين

أول مقابلة في الليغ 1 : أجاكسيو 0-1 سوشو يوم 21 سبتمبر 2002
أول هدف في الليغ 1 : غينغامب 3-1 أجاكسيو يوم 20 ديسمبر 2002

أول مقابلة في الليغ 2 : مونبلييه 1-2 فالونسيان يوم 9 سبتمبر 2005

أول هدف في الليغ 2 : ستراسبورغ 3-1 أجاكسيو يوم 5 أفريل 2009

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجال جزائريون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
جزائريون في القرن 21
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ولاية ميلة
رياضيون جزائريون مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو أجاكسيو
لاعبو اتحاد الجزائر
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة الأولى لكرة القدم
لاعبو تروا
لاعبو ستراسبورغ
لاعبو شباب قسنطينة
لاعبو شبيبة القبائل
لاعبو فالينسيان
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2010
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2013
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم تحت 23 سنة
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو مولودية العلمة
لاعبو مولودية وهران
منافسون في ألعاب البحر الأبيض المتوسط 2001
منافسون في الألعاب المتوسطية من الجزائر
مواليد 1401 هـ
مواليد 1981
لاعبو كرة قدم رجال جزائريون مغتربون

ياسين بزاز


"سريري"  هو مصطلح طبي مشتق من السرير في المستشفى، ويستخدم في الإشارة إلى:

وبشكل عام فإن الفحص السريري والعلامات السريرية تشير إلى ما يمكن للطبيب أن يلاحظه على المريض أو أن يفحصه في غرفة الفحص بدون استخدام آلات تشخيصية أو معدات طبية أو مخبرية، ولكن عن طريق النظر إلى المريض وفحصه في السرير.

كما يستخدم المصطلح في الاستخدامات السريرية مرادفاً لاستخدامات داخل المشفى كإشارة إلى سرير المرض. من ناحية أخرى فإن المصطلح سريري يستخدم عند بعض الأوساط الطبية للتفريق ما بين الاستخدام النظري المدرّس في الكتب والاستخدام العملي "عند سرير" المرضى أي الجانب العملي.

أما الدراسات السريرية فهي البحوث الطبية التي تُجرى باستخدام المنهج العلمي على المرضى لتقييم العلاجات والتدخلات العلاجية، أو الأساليب التشخيصية.

مصطلحات طبية

سريري (طب)


Ilam es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Staffordshire Moorlands, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
La parroquia de Ilam se encuentra en el este de Staffordshire Moorlands. Limita al norte, al oeste y al sur con otras cuatro parroquias del distrito (Alstonefield, Wetton, Waterhouses y Blore with Swinscoe) y al este con el condado de Derbyshire. Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, tiene una superficie de 7,87 km². El pueblo está ubicado en el valle del río Manifold, cerca de donde este se une al río Dove.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Ilam tenía 126 habitantes (50,79% varones, 49,21% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 16,01 hab/km². El 22,22% eran menores de 16 años, el 73,81% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 3,97% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 35,98 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 29,59% estaban solteros, el 61,22% casados, y el 9,18% divorciados o viudos.

El 95,31% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 2,34% de la población, mientras que el 2,34% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Todos los habitantes eran blancos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 79,69% y el sijismo por el 2,34%, mientras que el 14,06% no eran religiosos y el 3,91% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

69 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 66 de ellos (95,65%) empleados y 3 (4,35%) desempleados. Había 42 hogares con residentes, ninguno vacío, y 4 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Staffordshire
Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Ilam (Staffordshire)


Der Tschuschkopek (, dt. Paprikabacker) ist ein bulgarisches Haushaltsgerät für das Backen von Paprika. Er hat Heizelemente, die einen innen liegenden steinernen Hohlzylinder von außen erhitzen. Der Zylinder ist ungefähr so groß wie eine große Paprika. Einen Tschuschkopek für mehr als eine Paprika wird als "dreifacher Tschuschkopek" (im Volksmund "Mercedes-Typ") bezeichnet. Der Tschuschkopek kann auch für das Backen anderer Gemüse verwendet werden, zum Beispiel Auberginen oder Kartoffeln.

Das Gerät wurde in einer Werkstatt in Weliko Tarnowo erfunden. Der Prototyp wurde 1974 gebaut, musste aber bald verändert werden, da die Materialien nicht brandsicher waren. Aufgrund des großen Erfolges des Geräts und internationaler Nachfrage entschloss man sich von offizieller Seite, das im Rahmen von Informeller Wirtschaft entstandene Gerät zu legalisieren. Sein Erfinder, Ingenieur Nikolai Piperkov, fertigte im Nachhinein den Geräteplan an, um die offizielle Genehmigung durch die bulgarischen Behörden erhalten zu können. Offiziell wurden die Geräte sogar in den Labors des staatlichen "Elprom" getestet, dies geschah jedoch, nachdem bereits Tausende Tschuschkopeks auf dem Markt waren.

Zur Zeit der Planwirtschaft in der Volksrepublik Bulgarien wurde der Tschuschkopek zu einem weit verbreiteten Haushaltsgerät. Seine Popularität blieb auch nach der Wende 1989 erhalten. Ende 2009 wurde er von Zuschauern des Bulgarischen Nationalen Fernsehens zur "Bulgarischen Haushaltsrevolution des 20. Jahrhunderts" erkoren. Er findet sich in beinahe jedem bulgarischen Haushalt.

Quellen

Gargerät
Bulgarische Küche

Tschuschkopek


Die Rote Traubenspiere (Neillia affinis) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Rosengewächse, die kleine Sträucher bildet. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Zentral-, Ost- und Südost-Asien.

Beschreibung
Die Rote Traubenspiere ist ein bis zu 2 Meter hoher Strauch mit rotbraunen, kantigen und kahlen Trieben. Die Knospen sind lang-eiförmig, purpur-rot mit stumpfem oder spitzem Ende, und vier bis fünf am Rand leicht behaarter Knospenschuppen.
Die Blätter haben einen 8 bis 12 Millimeter langen, wenig behaarten bis beinahe kahlen Stiel. Die Nebenblätter sind etwa 4 Millimeter lang, lang-eiförmig bis linear-lanzettlich, beinahe kahl, spitz mit gesägtem Rand. Die Blattspreite ist einfach, 3,5 bis 6,8 Zentimeter lang und 3 bis 5 Zentimeter breit, eiförmig bis eiförmig-länglich, gelappt, lang zugespitzt mit mehr oder weniger herzförmiger Basis und einfach oder doppelt gesägtem Rand. Die beiden Basislappen sind oft lang zugespitzt. Die Blattunterseite ist an den Nerven leicht behaart.

Die Blüten stehen zu fünf bis 15 in dichten, 3 bis 8 Zentimeter langen Trauben mit behaartem Stiel. Sie haben einen Durchmesser von 4 bis 5 Millimeter, und einen 3 bis 5 Millimeter langen, behaarten Blütenstiel. Der Blütenbecher ist glocken- bis urnenförmig, 2 bis 5 Millimeter lang und außen dicht behaart. Die Kelchblätter sind dreieckig-lanzettlich, kürzer als die Kelchröhre, auf beiden Seiten behaart, ganzrandig und lang zugespitzt. Die Kronblätter sind rosafarben, 2 bis 5 Millimeter lang und verkehrt-eiförmig. Je Blüte werden etwa 20 Staubblätter und ein bis fünf Fruchtblätter gebildet. Der Fruchtknoten ist zylindrisch und flaumig behaart und hat vier bis sechs selten bis 10 Samenanlagen. Die Balgfrüchte sind elliptisch und behaart, die Samen sind eiförmig. Die Art blüht von Mai bis Juni, die Früchte reifen von Juli bis September.

Verbreitung und Ökologie
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in den chinesischen Provinzen Sichuan, Xizang und Yunnan. Sie wächst in artenreichen Wäldern in Höhen von 1100 bis 3500 Metern auf frischen bis feuchten, sauren bis neutralen, sandig- oder lehmig-humosen Böden an sonnigen bis halbschattigen Standorten. Die Art ist wärmeverträglich und meist frosthart.

Systematik
Die Rote Traubenspiere (Neillia affinis) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Traubenspieren (Nellia) in der Familie der Rosengewächse (Rosaceae), Unterfamilie Spiraeoideae, Tribus Neillieae. Die Art wurde von William Botting Hemsley 1892 erstbeschrieben.

Es werden drei Varietäten unterschieden:
 Neillia affinis var. affinis mit ein bis zwei Fruchtblättern mit 4 bis 6 Samenanlagen und 3 bis 8 Zentimeter langen Blütenständen mit 6 bis 15 Blüten. Man findet die Varietät in Mischwäldern in Höhen von 1100 bis 3500 Metern in Zentral-Sichuan, Süd-Xizang und Nordwest-Yunnan.
 Neillia affinis var. pauciflora  mit einem Fruchtblättern mit 8 bis 10 Samenanlagen und 3 bis 4 Zentimeter langen Blütenständen mit 5 bis 10 Blüten. Das Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Südost-Yunnan in 2000 bis 2300 Metern Höhe.
 Neillia affinis var. polygyna  mit drei bis fünf Fruchtblättern. Das Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in offenen Wäldern im Nordwesten von Yunnan in Höhenlagen von etwa 3400 Metern.

Verwendung
Die Rote Traubenspiere wird aufgrund ihrer dekorativen Blüten manchmal als Ziergehölz verwendet.

Nachweise

Literatur
 Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 428.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Rosengewächse

Rote Traubenspiere


داوود أولاد السيد مخرج مغربي، ولد في مدينة مراكش في عام 1953، عمل في مقتبل حياته في مجال التصوير الفوتوغرافي، ثم اتجه إلى إخراج الأفلام الوثائقية لاحقًا بعد التحاقه بورشة عمل في العاصمة الفرنسية باريس، ومن أفلامه: (عود الريح، طرفاية، في انتظار بازوليني، الجامع).

انظر أيضا
 محمد مرادجي

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مراكش
كتاب سيناريو مغاربة
مخرجو أفلام مغاربة
مخرجون مغاربة
مصورون فوتوغرافيون مغاربة
منتجون مغاربة
مواليد 1372 هـ
مواليد 1953
مواليد في مراكش

داوود اولاد السيد


Dülger balığı (Zeus faber), Zeidae familyasından bir balık türü.

Vücudu yassı ve yüksek, ağız derinliği geniş, vücut ve yanaklar ufak pullarla örtülü, genç bireylerin vücutları şeffaf, göğüs yüzgeçleri uzun ve ikinci anal yüzgecin başına kadar uzanır. Vücudun her bir yanında yuvarlak siyah leke bulunur. Rengi başta ve sırtta açık kahverengi, arkaya doğru ve yanda sarımtırak, karında beyazdır, dibe yakın yerlerde bulunur. Büyüklüğü ortalama 25–30 cm dir, maksimum 50 cm olur. Ortalama ağrlığı 300-500 gram civarında dır. Doğu Atlantik, Batı Pasifik, Akdeniz, Ege Denizi, Marmara Denizi ve Karadeniz'de yaşar.

Zeidae
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Dülger balığı


دائرة مرسى بن مهيدي إحدى دوائر ولاية تلمسان عاصمتها مرسى بن مهيدي. وتضم كل من بلديات:
 مرسى بن مهيدي
 مسيردة لفاقة

المصادر

مرسى بن مهيدي

دائرة مرسى بن مهيدي


{{Info/Single
 |nome          = Zeit
 |tipo          = single
 |álbum     = Zeit
 |artista       = Rammstein
 |capa          = Rst-Zeit.jpg
 |fundo         =
 |lançado       = 10 de março de 2022
 |gravado       = Em 2020 no Studio La Fabrique (Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, França)
 |formato       =
 |gênero        = Neue Deutsche HärteMetal Industrial
 |duração       = 13:59
 |gravadora     = Universal Music
 |produtor      = Olsen Involtini  Rammstein
 |crítica       =
 |último single  = Ausländer(2019)
 |este single    = Zeit(2022)
 |próximo single = Zick Zack(2022)
 | miscelâneo          =
}}"Zeit" é um single da banda alemã de Neue Deutsche Härte Rammstein lançado em 10 de março de 2022, é o primeiro single do oitavo álbum "Zeit"'', lançado em 29 de abril de 2022.

Videoclipe
O videoclipe da música foi anunciado no dia 8 de março com um pequeno teaser. O video foi dirigido por Robert Gwisdek e produzido pela Kreisfilm. Além da transmissão no YouTube, o vídeo foi projetado na casa de shows Kesselhaus em Berlim, local onde o Rammstein fez o primeiro concerto de sua carreira.

Lista de faixas

CD/Download digital/Streaming

10-inch

Lado A

Lado B

Digital Remixes

Desempenho nas paradas

Histórico de lançamento

Ficha técnica

Rammstein
Till Lindemann – vocal principal, música, letras
Richard Z. Kruspe – guitarra principal, música, letras
Oliver Riedel – baixo, música, letras
Paul Landers – guitarra rítmica, música, letras
Christian Lorenz – teclado, música, letras
Christoph Schneider – bateria, música, letras

Músicos adicionais
Konzertchor Dresden – cordas, coro
Friedemann Schulz - condutor
J. J. Duvét – backing vocals
Ólafur Arnalds - mixagem, arranjos, gravação, remixagem (faixa 2)
Haffsteinn Þráinsson - gravação (faixa 2)
Robert "Robot" Koch - produção, remixagem (faixa 3)

Produção
Jens Dreesen - masterização
Olsen Involtini - produção, gravação
Rammstein - produção
Florian Ammon - produção adicional, mixagem, edição, engenheiro de áudio
Martin Fischer - gravação

Outros artistas
Robert Gwisdek - fotografia
Dirk Rudolph - arte, logomarcas

Créditos
Licenciado para a Universal Music GmbH
Companhia fonográfica e Direitos autorais: Rammstein GbR
Publicado por: Rammstein Musikverlag; Musik Edition Discoton GmbH
Gravado em: La Fabrique; Igreja de Loschwitz, Dresden; E7 Studio
Mixado em: Quench-Field-Studio; Robot Koch's Studio

Canções em alemão
Canções gravadas por Rammstein
Singles de 2022

Zeit (single)


A mahout is an elephant rider, trainer, or keeper. Mahouts were used since antiquity for both civilian and military use. Traditionally, mahouts came from ethnic groups with generations of elephant keeping experience, with a mahout retaining his elephant throughout its working life or service years. Mahouts would often ride on a howdah placed on the back of their elephant.

Etymology
The word mahout derives from the Hindi words mahaut (महौत) and mahavat (महावत), and originally from the Sanskrit mahamatra (महामात्र).

Another term is cornac or kornak, which entered many European languages via Portuguese. This word derives ultimately from the Sanskrit term karināyaka,  a compound of karin (elephant) and nayaka (leader). In Kannada, a person who takes care of elephants is called a maavuta, and in Telugu the word used is mavati; this word is also derived from Sanskrit.  In Tamil, the word used is pahan, which means "elephant keeper", and in Sinhala  ("stable master"). In Malayalam the word used is paappaan.

In Burma, the profession is called u-si; in Thailand kwan-chang (ควาญช้าง); and in Vietnam quản tượng.

Equipment

The most common tools used by mahouts are chains and the aṅkuśa (goad, also ankus or anlius) – a sharp metal hook used as guide in the training and handling of the elephant.

In India, especially Kerala, mahouts use three types of device to control elephants. The thotti (hook), which is 3.5 feet in length and about 1 inch thick; the valiya kol (long pole), which is 10.5 feet in length and about 1 inch in thickness; and the cheru kol (short pole).

Society
Elephants, and therefore also mahouts, have long been integral to politics and the economy throughout Southern and South-eastern Asia. The animals are given away per request of government ministers and sometimes as gifts. In addition to more traditional occupations, today mahouts are employed in many countries by forestry services and the logging industry, as well as in tourism.

Culture

The Singapore Zoo featured a show called "elephants at work and play" until 2018, where the elephants' caretakers were referred to as "mahouts", and demonstrated how elephants are used as beasts of burden in south-east Asia. The verbal commands given to the elephants by the mahouts are all in Sinhala, one of the two official languages of Sri Lanka.

A shop display advertising "Mahout" cigarettes features prominently in the background of the "rain dance" sequence of the 1952 Gene Kelly film Singin' in the Rain. The word "mahout" also features in the lyrics of the song "Drop the Pilot", by Joan Armatrading.

George Orwell's essay "Shooting an Elephant" discusses the relationship of an elephant to its mahout: "It was not, of course, a wild elephant, but a tame one which had gone 'must.' It had been chained up, as tame elephants always are when their attack of 'must' is due, but on the previous night it had broken its chain and escaped. Its mahout, the only person who could manage it when it was in that state, had set out in pursuit, but had taken the wrong direction and was now twelve hours' journey away..."

References

External links

National Geographic

Frontline
Elephant glossary

Elephants
Articles containing video clips
Forestry in India
Elephants in Indian culture
Animal care occupations
Elephant trainers
Livestock

Mahout


නයිජීරියාව අති සාර්ථක ලේඛකයින් රාශියක් බිහි කර ඇත්තේය. ඔවුන්ගෙන් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ඔවුන්ගේ කෘතින් සඳහා ගෞරව සම්මාන වලින් පිදුම් ලබා ඇත්තාහ. ඒ අතර චිනුආ අචිබෙ, ජේම්ස් එන්. හෙන්ෂෝ, න්ටියෙන් යොංග්, උඩෝ අක්පන්, ඊ.ඊ. න්කන්ගා, වොලෙ සොයින්කා, කෙන් සරො - විවා, සයිප්‍රියන් එක්වෙන්සි, චුක්වු එමෙකා ඉකෙ, බුචි එමෙචෙටා, වුන්මි සොෆොලා, එලෙඩි අමඩි සහ බෙන් ඔක්රි ආදිහු වෙති.

විවේචකයින්ගේ ගෞරවාදරයට පත්වූ තරුණ පරපුරේ ලේඛකයින් අතරට චිමමන්ඩා න්ගොසි අඩිචි, ෆ්‍රැන්සින් ඔහන්යිඩෝ, සෙෆි අට්ටා, හෙලන් හබිලා, හෙලන් ඔයෙයෙමි, චිඩි ඇන්තනි ඔපාරා, යනාදිහු ගැනෙති.

නයිජීරියාව

නයිජීරියානු සාහිත්‍යය


Rúbia Fernanda Díniz Robson Santos de Siqueira (Cuiabá, 13 de novembro de 1974), mais conhecida como Coronel Fernanda é uma policial militar e política brasileira, filiada ao Partido Liberal (PL), eleita para o cargo de Deputada Federal pelo Mato Grosso.

Biografia
Coronel Fernanda começou sua carreira política em 2020, disputando a eleição suplementar pro senado, aonde apesar de ter perdido para o Senador: Carlos Fávaro (PSD), ganhou notoriedade por ser apoiada pelo então Presidente: Jair Bolsonaro (PL).

Em 2021, se filiou ao Partido Liberal, e em 2022 disputou as eleições para Deputada Federal, aonde se elegeu atingindo 60.304 votos.

Referências

Nascidos em 1974
Naturais de Cuiabá
Deputados federais do Brasil por Mato Grosso
Membros do Patriota (Brasil)
Membros do Partido Liberal (2006)
Mulheres de Mato Grosso na política

Coronel Fernanda


Villa de Tamazulápam  Del Progreso es un municipio de la región Mixteca del estado de Oaxaca.

Toponimia
El origen del topónimo Tamazulápan proviene del náhuatl "río de los sapos". o agua de los sapos.

Geografía
El municipio de Villa de Tamazulápam del Progreso cuenta con una extensión territorial de 102.6 km², se encuentra ubicado en las coordenadas  colinda con al norte con los municipios de Teotongo y Santiago Huajolotitlán, al sur con San Andrés Lagunas, al este con Villa Tejupam de la Unión y San Pedro Yucunama y al oeste con San Andrés Dinicuiti y San Pedro Yucunama.

Población
La población registrada en el censo de población y vivienda de 2010 realizada por el INEGI fue de 7,059 habitantes de los cuales 3,288 son hombres y 3,771 son mujeres.

Principales asentamientos

Historia
Se especula que dentro de esta región dominada por Teposcolula, Tamazollapan estaba posiblemente subordinada a Coaixtlahuacan durante la época prehispánica, y posteriormente al dominio mexica. El poblado fue encomienda de Juan Suárez (Xuarez), quien la heredara a su hijo Luis Suárez de Peralta. El alcalde mayor de Teposcolula estuvo a cargo desde 1552 de la encomienda de Tamazulapa.

Entre 1556 y 1557 fue fundado el convento doctrina de Santa María Natividad por los dominicos.

En 1950 Natividad Tamazulapa recibe su nuevo nombre de villa de Tamazulapan del Progreso.

Religión
En la comunidad de Tamazulapam la religión que predomina es la religión católica desde su fundación.
Una de sus fiestas religiosas principales es de el venerado Señor del desmayo que se celebra el día 3 de mayo y la venerada Virgen de la Natividad que se celebra el día 8 de septiembre.

Economía
Las principales actividades económicas son la agricultura, el comercio y en menor medida la ganadería.

Lugares turísticos

BALNEARIO ATONALTZIN

Es un manantial que ha sido adaptado como balneario con 3 albercas surtidas con aguas sulfurosas de circulación permanente, con una temperatura promedio de 26 °C. Posee una alberca olímpica (50 m x 25 m) con profundidad descendiente hasta los 4 metros, una piscina mediana con 1 m de profundidad y un amplio chapoteadero. El área está dotada de jardines, árboles, palapas, asadores, bancas, juegos infantiles, restaurante, estacionamiento y cabañas abiertas al público en general. El horario de servicio es de 9:00 a 17:00 horas, y su acceso requiere de cuota. Está a cargo de la Sociedad Cooperativa "Atonaltzin" con 35 socios. Se localiza al norte de la población, rumbo a Tepelmeme.

PARROQUIA DE SANTA MARÍA DE LA NATIVIDAD

El Parque Central y la Parroquia de Santa María de la Natividad de estilo barroco que fue construido en  por la orden dominica.

Desde el  el templo contó con dos órganos tubulares, uno monumental y otro procesional, este último es uno de los cinco que hay en la República Mexicana.

OJO DE AGUA CHICO Y GRANDE

Son dos yacimientos de agua natural que ha dado a resaltar por esta misma razón, el cual ha ayudado al turismo de esta población. La entrada a estos dos lugares es totalmente gratuita y también puedes consumir productos y/o botanas que la misma gente de la población vende en estos lugares. Están situados al norte de la población rumbo a Tepelmeme.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Municipios del estado de Oaxaca
Distrito de Teposcolula

Villa de Tamazulápam del Progreso


L'église de Nossa Senhora da Lampadosa est une église catholique située sur l'Avenida Passos, dans le centre-ville de Rio de Janeiro, au Brésil. En raison de son emplacement à proximité de la potence utilisée lors de l'exécution de la peine capitale de Tiradentes, devant elle, le martyr brésilien a pu dire ses dernières prières avant d'être pendu .

L'image de Notre-Dame de Lampadosa est représentée comme une jeune mère qui tient, avec sa main droite quelque peu surélevée, un cœur, symbolisant l'amour, et qui tient son fils, Jésus, avec son bras gauche. Jésus, à son tour, a, dans sa main droite, une colombe, figure du divin Saint-Esprit .

Histoire
La dévotion à Notre-Dame de Lampadosa remonte à une prétendue apparition de la Vierge Marie à un Italien asservi par les Turcs sur l'île de Lampedusa à la fin du  . Le culte s'est répandu parmi les esclaves de Rio de Janeiro. Avant 1740, une confrérie a finalement été fondée par le groupe d'esclaves dévots, basée à Igreja do Rosário e São Benedito .

Les origines de l'église remontent à 1748, sur un terrain donné à la Confrérie noire d'Alamadosa ou Lampadosa . Ce n'est qu'à la fin des années 1740 que la confrérie a commencé à construire un temple pour abriter l'image  .

En 1930, l'ancien bâtiment a été démoli et un nouveau bâtiment, de style néo-colonial, a été érigé, par le projet des architectes Paulo Candiota et Eduardo de Sá, inauguré en 1934 .

Articles connexes
 Centre-ville de Rio de Janeiro
 Titres dédiés à la Vierge Marie

Références

Édifice religieux du XXe siècle au Brésil
Architecture baroque au Brésil
Édifice religieux à Rio de Janeiro

Église Notre-Dame de Lampadosa


Arrojo (llamada oficialmente San Martín de Arroxo) es una parroquia española del municipio de Fonsagrada, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Otras denominaciones

La parroquia también es conocida por el nombre de San Martiño de Arroxo.

Organización territorial

La parroquia está formada por doce entidades de población:

Entidades de población

Entidades de población que forman parte de la parroquia:
 Brancio
 Caleiro (O Caleiro)
 Candelos
 Castro de Arroxo
 Erbellais (Ervellais)
 Novío
 Río de Bangos
 San Martín
 Veiga (Veiga de Arroxo)
 Vilamaior

Despoblados

Despoblados que forman parte de la parroquia:
 Abade
 Río de Toxos

Demografía

Referencias

Bibliografía

Parroquias de Fonsagrada

Arrojo (Fonsagrada)


Obućarstvo odnosno postolarstvo je grana industrije i obrta koja se bavi proizvodnjom obuće. Obućari rade u tvornicama obuće, obrtničkim radionicama za izradbu obuće, radionicama za izradbu ortopedske obuće i u obrtničkim radionicama za popravak obuće. Kod obrtnika radno vrijeme često nije fiksno određeno i proizvodnja i popravak su pojedinačni i maloserijski. U tvornicama je proizvodnja serijski, po određenom radnom vremenu i po potrebi u smjenama. Osoba koja se bavi ovim mora biti spretan s rukama, dobro moći predočiti prostorne odnose, biti dobra vida na blizinu i osjeta opipa. Boju i nijanse mora dobro razlikovati, osobito oni koji se bave popravkom i koji su u obrtu. U pojedinačnim i maloserijskim izradama što je većinom kod obrtnika, obućari moraju biti nadareni za modni dizajn te biti dobrih prodavačkih umijeća.

Konačni proizvodi su izrada (popravljena) modna i posebna obuća (športska, ortopedske, zaštitna). Prema specijalnosti posla koji obućari obavljaju dijele se na izrađivače gornjih dijelova (gornjišta) obuće i izrađivače donjih dijelova (donjišta) obuće. Industrijsko obućarstvo bavi se izradom modne obuće za široko tržište. Obrtničko obućarstvo izrađuje (popravlja) obuću po narudžbi ili za uže tržište. Ortopedsko obućarstvo bavi se izradom ortopedske obuće i ortopedskih uložaka za osobe sa zdravstvenim poteškoćama i deformitetima nogu te za invalide. Ova obuća i ulošci izrađuju se na osnovi nalaza i preporuke liječnika ortopeda.

Obućarstvo ima svoje posebnosti kad se radi o rizicima ozljede na radu i profesionalnih bolesti. U radnim prostorima radnicima je dišni sustav izložen mirisu ljepila i boje, prašini od brušenja i zaglađivanja. Sluh je izložen buci i vibracijama strojeva. Fizičke ozljede izvjesna su opasnost, poput ranjavanja postolarskim nožem, probijačem, iglom i sl. Zaštita na radu u ovoj struci su zaštitne naočale, na stroju za brušenje i zaglađivanje, štitnici za ruke na strojevima za spajanje gornjih i donjih dijelova obuće i sl.

U Hrvatskoj je u Koprivnici najstarija poznata proizvodna tradicija. Po najstarijem sačuvanom pečatnjaku koji je pripadao kožarskom cehu i datira iz 1480. vidi se tradicija neprekinutog obućarstva. Czeski Artikulussi Plemenitoga Czeha Chismesinszkoga na Horvatski jezik preobernjeni kak znutra iz 1681. godine dokument je koji se čuva u Muzeju grada Koprivnice i govori o načinu i uvjetima pod kojima su koprivnički čizmari prepisali svoja pravila (artikuluše) od starijih varaždinskih kolega. Potvrdio ih je 1682. godine koprivnički sudac (iudex), a kralj Leopold 1698. godine. U Hrvatskoj je bilo proizvođača obuće kao Bata Borovo, Jugoplastika Split (Split, Zadar, Benkovac), Šimecki Zagreb, Virovitica, Varaždin...

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Katalog Gradske knjižnice Zadar Obućarstvo i radionica izrade obuće

Industrija
Obrtnička zanimanja

Obućarstvo


Oval is an area in south London, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is the part of Kennington around The Oval cricket ground, situated 2.1 miles (3.38 km) to the southeast of Charing Cross.

History
The land here was, from the seventeenth century, used for a market garden. The name "Oval" emerged from a street layout which was originated in 1790 but never completely built. The Montpelier Cricket Club leased ten acres of land from the Duchy of Cornwall in 1844, and Surrey County Cricket Club was formed soon thereafter at a meeting at the Horns Tavern (since demolished) on Kennington Park Road.

Governance
The Oval ward is in the Vauxhall parliamentary constituency and is one of four wards in the borough's north Lambeth division. It includes part of Kennington and some of the River Thames. The Member of Parliament for the area is Florence Eshalomi of the Labour Party.

Geography
Oval is part of Kennington. It is 2.1 miles (3.38 km) to the southeast of Charing Cross in central London. It straddles the border of south-west London and south-east London, and is where the postcode SE11 converges with the postcodes SW8 and SW9.

Demography
In 2001, the National Census recorded a population of 11,983 for Oval.

Transport
The nearest tube stations are Oval, Kennington, Stockwell and Vauxhall station.

References

Areas of London
Districts of the London Borough of Lambeth

Oval, London


ද්වීපය පාලනය කළ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම රජෙකු වන දුටුගැමුණු මහා රජතුමා විසින් ඉදිකරන ලද්දකි.

සුවිශේෂත්වය

ගෞතම සම්මා සම්බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ ද්‍රෝණයක් පමණ ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා වැඩ සිටින ලෝකයේ පූජනීයම ස්ථාන අතුරින් එකකි.

ගෞතම සම්මා සම්බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ ද්‍රෝණයක් පමණ ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා වැඩ සිටින එකම සෑ රජාණන් වහන්සේ වන්නේද ස්වර්ණමාලී මහා සෑය වේ.

පිහිටීම

මෙම සෑ රජාණන් වහන්සේ, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අනුරාධපුර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා ඇත.

භෞතික ලක්ෂණ

මම ස්ථූපයෙහි උස අඩි 338ක් (මීටර් 103) ක් වන අතර විශ්කම්භය අඩි 942ක්ද (මීටර් 287.1) ක්ද වේ. එමෙන්ම ගර්භයේ මුල වටප්‍රමාණය අඩි 807ක් වේ. මෙම චෛත්‍යය, ලෝකයේ දැනට පවතින උසම ස්මාරක අතරින් එකක්ද වන අතර මෙහි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ගුණාංග, විද්‍යාඥයින් පවා මවිතයට පත්කිරීමට සමත්ව ඇත.

ඉදිකිරීම

ඉදිකිරීම් ද්‍රව්‍ය ලබාගැනීම
පුරාණ ග්‍රන්ථ වලට අනුව,අනුරාධපුර රාජධානියට,

 යොදුනක් (දුර මනින මිම්මකි.) උතුරු දෙසින් පිහිටි ගම්භීර නදියේ ඉවුරෙන් ගත් මැටි වලින් සෑය ඉදිකිරීම සඳහා ගඩොල් තනන ලදී.
යොදුන් තුනක් ගිණිකොන දෙසින් වූ අවුරුවිනී ග්‍රාමයෙන් රන් කැටි ලබාගන්නා ලදී.
යොදුන් හතක් නැගෙනහිර දෙසින් වූ තම්බපින්න ග්‍රාමයෙන් තඹ ලබාගන්නා ලදී.
යොදුන් සතරක් ගිණිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි සමන්වැව ග්‍රාමයෙන් මැණික් ගෙන්වන ලදී.
යොදුන් අටක් දකුණු දෙසින් පිහිටි රිදී නැමැති ගල් ගුහාවෙන් රිදී ලබාගන්නා ලදී.
යොදුන් පහක් බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි උරුවෙල් නම් කුඩා නගරයෙන් නෙල්ලි ගෙඩියක ප්‍රමාණයේ වූ මුතු සහ පබලූ ගෙන්වන ලදී.
 යොදුන් සතරක් වයඹ දෙසින් වූ පැලවාපි ග්‍රාමයෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයේ මාණික්‍යය සතරක් ගෙන්වන ලදී.

ඉදිකිරීම ඇරඹීම

දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමා විසින් මැයි මස යෙදෙන වෙසක් මස පුර පසළොස්වක පොහොය දින, විශාඛා නක්ෂත්‍ර මණ්ඩලය යටතේ ස්ථූපයේ වැඩ කටයුතු අරඹන ලදී.

අඩිතාලම

එක් පුන් පොහෝදිනයක, දුටුගැමුණු රජු, දේවානම්පියතිස්ස රජ විසින් ස්ථාපනය කළ "අභිලිවිත්" ශිලා ලිපිය ඉවත් කරන ලදී.
භූමිය සමතලා කරන ලදී.
එය රියන් හතක ගැඹුරට සාරන ලදී.
එහි යුධ භටයන් ලවා වක්‍රාකාර ගල් අතුරන ලදී.
ගල් මිටියෙන් කඩන ලදී.
ඉන්පසු එය ඇතුන් ලවා පාගවන ලදී.
එම ගල් ස්ථරය මත ගඩොල්ද, ගඩොල් මත රළු බදාමද, රළු බදාමය මත තිරුවාණද,තිරුවාණ මත යකඩ ජාලයක්ද, යකඩ ජාලය මත සුවඳැති මැටිද,සුවඳැති මැට්ට මත සුදු පාෂාණද, සුදු පාෂාණ මත සෙල් පිලිමිණිද, ඒ මත ගල් පුවරුද අතුරවන ලදී.
ඉන්පසු රසදිය, අලිගැටපේර ලාටු හා පදම් මැටි එක්කර මිශ්‍රණයක් සාදවා ගල් පුවරු ඒ මත අතුරුවා, ඒ මත අඟල් අටක ඝනකම් ඇති ලෝකඩ පත් අතුරවන ලදී.
එම ලෝකඩ පත් මත ආසනියම් හා තල තෙල් එකට මිශ්‍ර කර අතුරවා ඒ මත අඟල් හතරක් ඝනැති රිදී පත් තැන්පත් කරවන ලදී.

රජු මෙසේ මේ මහා සෑයේ අඩිතාලම සාදවා නිමකර, අත්තිවාරම් ගල ඇසළ පුර පසළොස්වක පොහෝ දින ස්ථාපනය කිරීමට කටයුතු පිළියෙල කරන ලදී.
ඉන්පසු ඔහු අනුරාධපුර නගරය සහ රුවන්වැලි සෑ මළුව දිව්‍යමය පුරවරයක් සේ සරසවන ලදී. මේ වෙනුවෙන් ඉන්දියාවෙන් අනූහය කෝටියක් රහතුන් වහන්සේලා වැඩම කළහ. ඇසළ පුරපසළොස්වක පොහෝ දින, උත්තරසීහ තාරකා මණ්ඩලය යටතේ මහා සෑයේ අත්තිවාරම් ගල ස්ථාපනය කර "මා මේ ස්ථූපය වෙනුවෙන් කරනා ක්‍රියාවන් සාර්ථකව නිම කිරීමට හැකිවේවා!!.එවිට බුද්ධරක්ඛිත, ධම්මරක්ඛිත, සංඝ රක්ඛිත හා ආනන්ද රහතුන් වහන්සේලා මහා සෑ මලුවේ සතර දිශාවෙන් නැගීසිටීවා"කියා අධිෂ්ඨාන කළේය.ඔහු අධිෂ්ඨාන කල පරිදිම පූජ්‍ය සිද්ධත්ත, මායිගල, පදුම, සීවලී, චන්දගුත්ත, ඉන්දගුත්ත, සූරියගුත්ත, සිත්තසේන, ජයසේන හා අකල  රහතුන් වහන්සේලා නැගෙනහිර දෙස බලා උත්සව අවස්ථාවේ දොරටුව අසළ තිබූ කොතළය ඉදිරිපිට සිටගත්හ.නන්දිසේන, සුමනා දේවියගේ පුත් සුපටින්හිත හා උත්සව මංගල්‍යය සඳහා පත්කෙරුණු ඇමතිවරයා, ධාතු මන්දිරය වටා සක්මන් කර මහා සෑයේ වක්‍රාකාර සීමාව මැනීම සඳහා රිදීයෙන් තැනූ යශ්ටියක් ගෙනෙන ලදී.ඇමතිවරයා මේ අයුරින් ධාතු මන්දිරය වටා ඉතා විශාල පරිමාණයක් මනිමින් යනු දැක සිද්ධත්ත රහත් තෙරුන් ඔහුට මධ්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයෙන් මනින ලෙස උපදෙස් දුන්හ. සිද්ධත්ත තෙරුන්ගේ, ඇමතිවරයාගේ හා ඔහුගේ දෙමාපියන්ගේ නම් ඇසීමෙන් දුටුගැමුණු රජු "ස්ථූපයේ වැඩ සර්වප්‍රකාරයෙන්ම සාර්ථක වේ" යැයි සිතා සතුටට පත් විය. අනතුරුව ඔහු විශාල  රන් කළ අටක් හා රිදී කළ අටක් මහා සෑය මධ්‍යයේ ස්ථාපිත කර ඒ විශාල  දිය කළ වටා පුන්කළස් එකසිය අටක් තැන්පත් කළේය.මේ අයුරින් ඔහු රත්‍රන් ගඩොල් අටක් අට කොනේ තබා තැන්පත් කර ඒ වටා රිදී ගඩොල් එකසිය අට බැගින් තැන්පත් කළේය.

ස්ථූපයට ආශීර්වාද කිරීම

සිත්තසේන රහතන් වහන්සේ මහා සෑය වටා ඇඳ තිබූ සීමා රේඛාවේ නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශයේ සුවඳැති ලාටු පිඩක් තැන්පත් කළේය.ජයසේන රහතන් වහන්සේ උත්තරසීහ සහ සුපටින්හිත තාරකා මණ්ඩලය යටතේ ඒ මත පිරිත් පැන් ඉසින විට උත්සව මංගල්‍යය භාර අමාත්‍යවරයා ඉසින ලද පිරිත් පැන් මත රන් ගඩොල් සහ අධික ලෙස ධනය වැයකොට කරන ලද පූජාවන් තැන්පත් කළේය.ජනප්‍රවාදයේ සඳහන් පරිදි  මේ අවස්ථාවේදී  දෙලක්ෂ හැත්තෑදහසක් යොදුන් වූ දෙරණ තලය ගිගුම් දෙමින් කම්පා විය.

ඔහු ඔහුගේ පුතුන් ලවා මේ ආකාරයෙන් මහා ස්ථූපයේ අනෙකුත් දිසා සතෙහිද  රන් ගඩොල් තැන්පත් කරවන ලදී.ඉන් පසුව මළුවේ සතර දිසාවේ වැඩ සිටි රහතන් වහන්සේලාට  පිරිකරාදිය පූජා කළ දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමා ඇතුළු ජනතාව පියදස්සී මහ රහතන් වහන්සේගෙන් ධර්මය ශ්‍රවණය කිරීම සඳහා අසුන් ගත්හ.එම ධර්මය ශ්‍රවණය කිරීමෙන් හතළිස්දහසක් පිරිස අරහත් භාවයට පත් විය.හතළිස්දහසක් පිරිස සෝවාන් ඵලයට පත් විය.දහසක් පිරිස සකෘදාගාමී තත්වයටත් තවත් දහසක පිරිසක් අනාගාමී තත්වයටත් පත් විය.

දුටුගැමුණු රජුගේ මරණය

අද්විතීය ස්වර්ණමාලී මහා සෑය හතරැස් කොත් දහය දක්වා රහතුන් වහන්සේලාගේ ආරක්ෂක සූත්‍ර සඡ්ජායනා මධ්‍යයේ නිමවෙද්දී, විසි සතර වසරක් ලක්දිව පාලනය කළ දුටුගැමුණු රජු, ඔහු විසින් කරන ලද පින් ඇතුළත් පොත කියවා මහා සෑය දෙස බලා සිටියදී මියැදී දිව්‍ය පුත්‍රයකුව තුසිත දෙව්ලොව උපත ලද්දේය.

සද්ධාතිස්ස රජුගේ මරණය
දුටුගැමුණු රජුගේ සහෝදර සද්ධාතිස්ස රජතුමා සෑයේ ඉතිරි වැඩ කොටස නිමකර, මරණයෙන් පසු තුසිත දෙව්ලොව උපන්නේය.

ශාරීරික ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා

සම්බුද්ධ පරිනිර්වාණයෙන් පසුව රටවල් අටක නරපතියන් විසින් සෑම රටකටම ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා නැලි දෙක බැගින් ගෙනනොස් ස්ථූපවල නිදන් කරවා වන්දනාමාන කරන ලදී. රාමාගම ග්‍රාමයේ නිදන් කර තිබූ ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා සහිත නැලි දෙක බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ අධිෂ්ඨානයට අනුව රුවන්වැලි මහා ස්ථූපයේ නිධාපිත කරන්නට නියම කෙරිනි. ඇසළ පුන් පොහෝ දින උත්තරාසීහ නැකතින් මහා ස්ථූපයේ ධාතු නිධානය කිරීමට නිල උත්සවයක් සංවිධානය කළ දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමා, පුන් පොහෝ දිනට පෙර දින සංඝ රත්නය මුණගැසී වැඳ නමස්කාර කොට, පසු දිනය ධාතු නිධාපිත කිරීමට සූදානම් කර ඇති බවට මතක් කරමින් ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා රැගෙන එන ලෙස ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.සංඝයා වහන්සේගේ විධානයෙන් පසුව සෝඋත්තර නම්වූ අධුනික රහතන් වහන්සේ සෘද්ධි බලයෙන් ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා රැගෙන වැඩම කළහ. ඉන් ඉක්බිති සංඝයා වහන්සේගෙන් ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා පිළිගත් දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමා, එය රත්‍රන් මංජුසාවක බහා තම හිස මතට ගෙන, අනේක විධ දක්ෂිණ හා උපහාරත්, දිව්‍ය සහ බ්‍රහ්මයන්ගේ ගරු බුහුමන් මධ්‍යයේ ස්වර්ණමය මණ්ඩපයෙන් පිටත් විය.ඔහු, තුන්වරක් ධාතු මැදිරිය වටා පැදකුණු කොට නැගෙනහිර දිශාවෙන් ඇතුල් වී උතුරු දෙසට මුහුණලා පිළියෙල කර තිබූ රිදී සයනයක ධාතු මංජුසාව තැන්පත් කළ විට බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ අධිෂ්ඨාන බලයෙන් සිංහසෙ‍යාවෙන් බුදු පිළිරුවක් හටගෙන සියලුම ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා ඒ ප්‍රතිමාව තුල නිධන්ගත වූහ. ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා රුවන්වැලි මහා ස්ථූපයේ නිධන්ගත වීම සම්පූර්ණ වූ පසු, උත්තර සහ සුමන සාමණේරයන් වහන්සේලා විසින් පියනක් ලෙස පසුව පාවිච්චි කිරීම සඳහා කලින් සඟවා තිබූ ගල් ආවරණයකින් ධාතු ගර්භය වසා දමන ලදී.

"ධාතු ගර්භය භූමිකම්පාවකින් වුවද නොසෙල්වේවා ; එදින පූජා කළ පිච්ච මල් ආදී මල් වර්ග ගෞතම බුද්ධ ශාසනය අවසන් වන තුරු මැල නොවේවා;ගිතෙල් වලින් දල්වන ලද පහන් නොනිමේවා; සඳුන් සහ සුවඳ විලවුන් මිශ්‍ර කරන ලද පස් වියළී නොයේවා; ධාතු ගර්භයේ එකදු සීරීමක් වත් නොවේවා; පූජා කළ රත්‍රන් භාණ්ඩවල මල නොබැඳේවා" මේ සියලු ප්‍රාර්ථනා මෙම උත්සවයට වැඩම කර සිටි රහතන් වහන්සේලාගේ අධිෂ්ඨාන බලයෙන් සඵල විය.ඔවුන් "සතුරන්ට වත් මේ ධාතු ගර්භය දකින්නට පවා නොලැබේවායි" අධිෂ්ඨාන කළහ. තවද දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමාගේ නියෝගය පරිදි බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ ධාතුන් වහන්සේලා ඇතුලත් රන් හා රිදී මංජුසාද තවත් බොහෝ වස්තූන්ද ධාතු ගර්භය මත නිදන් කෙරිණි.

අන්වර්ථ නාම

 මහාථූප (පාලි භාෂාවෙන්)

 මහා ස්ථූපය

 මහා ථූපය

 මහා සෑය

 රුවන්වැලි මහා සෑය

 රුවන්මැලි මහා සෑය

 රත්නමාලි මහා සෑය

 රතනමාලි මහා සෑය

 හේමමාලි මහා සෑය

 අසදෘශ මහා සෑය

 ස්වර්ණමාලි මහා සෑය

වන්දනා ගාථාව
සයිංසු යස්මිං සුගතස්ස ධාතුනිම්මාය රංසුජ්ජල බුද්ධ රූපංසුවණ්ණමාලීති පතීතනාමංවන්දාමහං ථූපවරං මහග්ඝං

අමතර පරිශීලනය සදහා

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු
නිළ වෙබ් අඩවිය

ෆේස්බුක් පිටුව

මෙම පිටුව මුල් වරට විකිපීඩියාවට එක්කරන ලද්දේ ..... විසිනි.

ස්වර්ණමාලී මහා සෑය


Meidericher Spielverein 02 e. V. Duisburg, bedre kendt som MSV Duisburg, er en tysk fodboldklub for kvinder, hjemmehørende i Duisburg, Nordrhein-Westfalen. Klubben spiller i Bundesligaen, der er den øverste række indenfor kvindernes fodbold i Tyskland.

Aktuel trup

Referencer

Kvindefodboldklubber i Tyskland
Duisburg

MSV Duisburg (kvinder)