Chandrakant Gulabrao "Chandu" Borde  (born 21 July 1934), is a former cricketer who was a member of the Indian team between 1958 and 1970. Following his retirement, Borde became a cricket administrator, serving as the Chairman of national selectors. He has received various awards from the Government of India for his contributions to cricket, on and off the field. His younger brother Ramesh Borde was also a cricketer who played for West Zone and Maharashtra in domestic cricket. He received the C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award in 2003, the highest honour bestowed by BCCI on a former player.

He published his autobiography in July 2018, titled Panther's Paces (as told to Mohan Sinha).

Personal life

Borde was born into Marathi Christian family in Pune, having five brothers and five sisters. Borde Considers Vijay Hazare His idol and shared the dressing room with him once.

Domestic cricket

Debut
Borde made his debut in 1954/55 domestic season for Baroda against Gujarat in Ahmedabad in December 1954. He played in the semi-final against Holkar and was bowled for a duck. He had more success in the following season, making maiden century against Bombay. In the 1957/58 Ranji final against Services, he scored a half-century and picked up 5 wickets in the match. He represented
Maharashtra after a transfer in 1964.

Test cricket

The beginning
Borde made his debut in the First Test during the West Indies tour of India. Over the first two Tests, his performance was ordinary and he was dropped for the Third Test in favour of debutant Ramnath Kenny. After a poor performance from Kenny, Borde was recalled and made his maiden Test half-century. In the Fifth and final Test of the series, Borde made his international breakthrough with a maiden century, 109 and then 96 in the second innings of a drawn match.

In the next series, India toured England, and Borde fractured the little finger on the left hand in the First Test, and missed the second Test. Over the next 11 matches, Borde scored only two half-centuries and took 14 wickets as Australia and Pakistan toured India. In the Fourth Test against Pakistan in Madras, he made 177*, his second century and highest Test score, combining in a 177-run stand with fellow centurion Polly Umrigar.

Contributions in Indian victories
Borde played a key part in India's first victory over England in the Fourth Test played in Eden Gardens, Kolkata, scoring two half centuries (68 and 61) and taking 3 wickets in the First Test. In the following Test in Madras, India won again with Borde taking five wickets.

India's tour of the West Indies in 1961/62 was disappointing, resulting in a 5–0 whitewash. Borde had a mediocre series scoring 244 runs at 24.4 and taking only six wickets. He followed it with good performances in the next two series (England in India, and Australian tour of India) scoring 383 at 42.55 and taking ten wickets in eight Tests.

Kiwi pleasure
New Zealand toured India in 1964/65 and Borde took a liking to the opposition, scoring a century in Brabourne Stadium, Bombay in the Third Test. It was one of three centuries in the series. He finished with 371 runs at 60.81. The series also marked the last time that Borde bowled at international level.

Borde followed up the successful New Zealand series with another great individual performance in the home series against West Indies scoring two centuries as India lost the three Test series 2–0.

Honors: RoW XI selection and Test match captaincy
Borde was the only Indian representative in the Rest of the World XI squad that played against Barbados in March 1967.

Borde captained the Indian team in the First Test against Australia at the Adelaide Oval in December 1967. The Nawab of Pataudi resumed his position as captain in the next match.

Career twilight
Outside his sole Test as captain in Australia, Borde had disappointing performances on the tours to Australia, England and New Zealand scoring 468 runs at 24.67 in 11 Tests with only four half-centuries. Playing only as a specialist batsman, Borde was dropped as part of a youth selection policy, with his place taken by Gundappa Viswanath after the First Test against Australia at Brabourne Stadium.

Cricket administrator
Borde had two stints as the chairman of the national selection committee:

 1984 to 1986
 1999 to 2002

Apart from his duties as chairman of the selection committee, Borde has handled other tasks for Indian cricket, including:

 Manager, India's tour of Pakistan in 1989.
 Pitch curator, Nehru Stadium, Pune (1984–present).
 Manager, India's tour of Ireland and England in 2007.

Records
 Borde scored 1,604 first-class runs in 1964–65 which was an Indian record for a season. The record was broken in 2016–17 by Cheteshwar Pujara.

Awards
Borde received several awards from Indian government and cricket establishment for his contribution to cricket:
 1966: Was awarded the Arjuna Award by Government of India making him the fourth cricketer to receive the award.
 1969: Was awarded the Padma Shri
 2002: Awarded Padma Bhushan – India's third highest civilian award.
2006: CK Nayudu Award for Lifetime achievement awarded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India.

References

1934 births
Living people
Commonwealth XI cricketers
Cricket managers
Indian cricket administrators
India Test cricket captains
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports
Coaches of the Indian national cricket team
India national cricket team selectors
Indian cricketers
India Test cricketers
Maharashtra cricketers
Mumbai cricketers
Baroda cricketers
Vazir Sultan Tobacco cricketers
Indian Starlets cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
West Zone cricketers
Indian cricket coaches
Cricketers from Pune

Chandu Borde


Ischemia mezenterică, o afecțiune cunoscută și ca boală vasculară mezenterică , este o afecțiune medicală în care se produce vătămarea intestinului subțire ca rezultat al furnizării unei cantități insuficiente de sânge. Poate interveni brusc, atunci fiind cunoscută sub numele de ischemie mezenterică acută, sau treptat, cunoscută sub numele de ischemie mezenterică cronică. Boala acută se prezintă deseori cu durere severă bruscă. Simptomele pot să se manifeste mai lent la cei cu afecțiuni acute decât în cazul bolii cronice. Simptomele bolilor cronice includ dureri abdominale după masă, pierderea neintenționată în greutate, vărsături și teama de a mânca.

Cauze și diagnostic
Factorii de risc includ  fibrilație atrială, insuficiență cardiacă, insuficiență renală cronică, tendința de formare a cheagurilor de sânge și, anterior, infarct miocardic. Există patru mecanisme care conduc la un flux necorespunzător de sânge: cheaguri de sânge din alte părți acumulate într-o arteră, o formarea de noi cheaguri de sânge într-o arteră, formarea unui cheag de sânge în vena mezenterică și circulația deficitară a sângelui, ca rezultat al presiunii scăzute a sângelui sau spasmelor arteriale. Boala cronică este un factor de risc pentru boala acută. Metoda optimă de diagnosticare este angiografia;  tomografia computerizată (CT) este utilizată atunci când prima metodă nu este disponibilă.

Tratament și prognoză
Tratamentul ischemiei acute poate include aplicarea unui stentsau medicație de distrugere a cheagurilor aplicate la locul blocării prin radiologie intervențională. Intervenția chirurgicală deschisă poate fi de asemenea utilizată pentru a îndepărta sau a ocoli obstrucția și este posibil să fie necesară îndepărtarea oricăror intestine care ar putea fi moarte. Dacă nu se tratează rapid, rezultatele sunt adesea minime. Printre cei afectați, chiar și în cazul administrării unui tratament, riscul de deces este de 70% până la 90%. La cei cu boală cronică, operația de bypass reprezintă tratamentul preferat. La persoanele care prezintă tromboză a venelor, se poate trata cu anticoagulante cum ar fi heparina și warfarina, iar în cazul în care nu se observă îmbunătățiri, prin intervenție chirurgicală.

Epidemiologie și istoric
Ischemia mezenterică acută afectează aproximativ cinci sute de mii de oameni pe an în lumea dezvoltată. Ischemia mezenterică cronică afectează aproximativ o sută de mii de oameni. Majoritatea persoanelor afectate au vârsta peste 60 de ani. Ratele sunt aproximativ egale la bărbați și femei de aceeași vârstă. Ischemia mezenterică a fost descrisă pentru prima data în 1895.

Note

Boli ale sistemului digestiv

Ischemie mezenterică


Wankendorf er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Bokhorst-Wankendorf i den sydvestlige del af Kreis Plön. Kreis Plön ligger i den østlige/centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Wankendorf er beliggende i Wankendorfer Seengebiet, omkring 15 km øst for Neumünster i nærheden af Stolper See og Belauer See. Kommunen ligger ved motorvejen A21 fra Kiel mod Bad Segeberg.

I kommunen ligger ud over Wankendorf, landsbyerne og bebyggelserne Bansrade, Bockelhorn, Jägersberg, Kölling, Köllingbek, Kuhlrade, Löhndorf, Obendorf og Schimmelhof samt godset Löhndorf.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Plön

Wankendorf


Zone Club bio je europski televizijski program posvećen temama života i zabave. Pokrenut je 1998. godine kao Club. Potom je pokrenut 1. travnja 2001. u Poljskoj i 13. rujna 2004. u Mađarskoj.

Inačicu programa na mađarskom jeziku u početku je danonoćno emitirala usluga satelitske televizije UPC Direct, ali na kabelskoj televiziji vrijeme emitiranja bilo je podijeljeno između Zone Cluba i Irisz TV-a televizijske kuće TV2, koji je emitiran od 18 do 23 sata. Dana 27. lipnja 2006. programima Zone Visiona dodijeljena je riječ "Zone", pa je Club postao Zone Club. Program se u Mađarskoj počeo danonoćno prikazivati 1. siječnja 2007., kad je Irisz TV prestao postojati.

Program je bio posvećen šest kategorija: modi, zdravlju, domu, putovanjima, hrani i odnosima. Na njemu su također emitirane dramski i dokumentarni filmovi. Ciljno su mu gledateljstvo predstavljale žene između 18 i 39 godina i danonoćno je bio dostupan na pet jezika; gledalo ga je 6 milijuna gledatelja u dvadeset i dvije države (diljem Europe, arapskog svijeta i u Južnoj Koreji). Dana 27. prosinca 2010. program je u Poljskoj promijenio ime u Club TV.

U Mađarskoj je razdoblje emitiranja programa ponovno podijeljeno 18. travnja 2011., kad je Chello Central Europe počeo emitirati dječji program Megamax koji se prikazivao od 16 do 22 sata. Megamax se krajem 2011. prikazivao 15 sati (od 7 do 22 sata), zbog čega je Zone Club postao noćni program.

Na području Europe, Bliskog istoka i Afrike Zone Club ugašen je 1. travnja 2010., a zamijenio ga je Fine Living Network. Dana 1. veljače 2012. program je ugašen i u Mađarskoj, gdje ga je posve zamijenio Megamax. Pola godine kasnije Chellomedia je otkrila da će sve europske inačice programa s imenom Zone postati programi s imenom CBS. CBS Drama zamijenio je Club TV u Poljskoj 3. prosinca 2012.

Izvori

Televizijske postaje

Zone Club


echo je Unix naredba, obično dostupna na svim *nix operacijskim sustavima kao naredba sustava. Služi za ispis. Na Linuxu postoje dvije inačice echo naredbe: prva je inačica naredba ugrađena u bash ljusku, druga je naredba koja se obično nalazi u /bin direktoriju i pozivamo je (bolje) s env echo ili (lošije) /bin/echo.:
$ which echo
/bin/echo

$ ls -l /bin/echo
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 25008 Sij 01 2011 /bin/echo

POSIX standard preporuča uporabu printf naredbe umjesto echoa zbog implementacijskih razlika ove naredbe na različitim Unix sustavima, tj. u cilju standardizacije i bolje kompatibilnosti programa odnosno skripti. Znakovita je rečenica: Jednostavni echo je najvjerojatnije najiznenađujući uzrok problema pri prebacivanju programa s jednog sustava na drugi (portabilnosti).

Primjeri

> echo Hrvatska wikipedija
Hrvatska wikipedija

PHP

PHP je programski jezik koji velik dio svoje sintakse dijeli slično Perlu sa svojim prethodnicima, C-om i Unix ljuskom, pa kao i Unix ima više od jedne naredbe za ispis teksta, od kojih je jedna upravo "echo". PHP echo nije funkcija za razliku od PHP printfa, nego je jezični konstrukt. Ova razlika očituje se tako što se u slučaju ispisa jednog parametra mogu rabiti zagrade (ali ne moraju), dok se pri ispisu više parametara zagrade ne smiju rabiti, tj. uzrokovat će sintaksnu pogrešku.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/echo.html

Unix naredbe

Echo (naredba)


عُصارة النبات.

 العَصّارة أداة مطبخية.

 عصارة هضمية.
 عصارة صفراوية.
 عصارة البنكرياس.
 العصّارة أداة صناعية (طاردة).
 عصارة الليمون.

عصارة (توضيح)


Campionatul Mondial de Miniftobal 2017 este cea de a doua ediție și s-a desfășurat in perioada 06-15 octombrie 2017 în Tunisia.

Echipe calificate

Europa:

America:

Africa:

Asia:

Oceania:

Urnele valorice

Faza Grupelor

Naționalele de pe primele două locuri din grupă si cele mai bune patru naționale de pe locul 3 vor merge in fazele eliminatorie.În cazul în care două sau mai multe echipe sunt la egaliate de puncte după finalizarea meciurilor din grupă, pentru a accede mai departe se aplică următoarele criterii de departajare:

 Punctele obținute în toate meciurile din grupă;
 Diferența de gol în toate meciurile din grupă;
 Un număr mai mare de goluri înscrise în toate meciurile din grupă;
 Puncte obținute în grupurile de meciuri dintre echipele în cauză;
 Diferența de gol în grupurile de meciuri dintre echipele în cauză;
 Numărul de goluri înscrise în meciurile de grup dintre echipele în cauză;

Grupa A

|}

Grupa B

|}

Grupa C

|}

Grupa D

|}

Grupa E

|}

Grupa F

|}

Clasamentul echipelor clasate pe locul 3

Faza Eliminatorie

Clasament Final

|}

Minifotbal

Campionatul Mondial de Minifotbal 2017


The City of Monash is a local government area in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne with an area of 81.5 square kilometres and a population of 200,077 people in 2016.

Demographics
Monash has a diverse population, with 45% of its residents born overseas (compared to 29.0% across Melbourne), coming from more than 30 countries, with significant Chinese, UK, Greek, Indian, Malaysian and Sri Lankan populations. 42.4% of residents own their own home outright, compared to 33.1% in Melbourne, and 37.3% across Australia. The city is well educated, with 25.1% having a bachelor or higher degree (compared to 19.6% across Melbourne.

History

The City of Monash was once hunting grounds for the Bunurong people. The City of Monash, named after World War I commander Sir John Monash and the local Monash University (established 1958), was created on 15 December 1994 when the state government amalgamated local councils all over Victoria, merging a substantial portion of the former City of Oakleigh with the whole of the former City of Waverley.

Townships and localities
At the 2021 census, the city had a population of 190,397 up from 182,618 at the 2016 census.

^ - Territory divided with another LGA

Councillors

Current

Past Monash councillors

Single-member wards (2000-2005)

Multi-member wards (2005-2024)

Election results

List of mayors of Monash

Schools

State
There are 27 primary and 9 secondary state-based schools in the city of Monash.
Ashwood High School
 Brentwood Secondary College
 Glen Waverley Secondary College
 Highvale Secondary College
 John Monash Science School
 Monash Tech School
 Mount Waverley Secondary College
 South Oakleigh Secondary College
 Wellington Secondary College
 Wheelers Hill Secondary College

Private
 Avila College
 Caulfield Grammar School (Wheelers Hill Campus)
 Huntingtower School
 Mazenod College
 Oakleigh Grammar
 Sacred Heart Girls' College
 Salesian College
 Wesley College (Glen Waverley Campus)

Museum of Australian Photography

The premier cultural facility of the City of Monash is the Museum of Australian Photography, located at 860 Ferntree Gully Road, Wheelers Hill. MAPh is the Australian home of photography and a leading public gallery. MAPh collects, preserves, presents and interprets Australian Photography, providing cultural enrichment to its audiences through innovative engagement, exhibition and education programs. MAPh's collection features over 2,500 photographs reflecting the history and development of Australian photographic practice from the 19th century to today. The collection is diverse and includes many iconic images and the work of photographers recognised as nationally significant.

Speak the Wind, an exhibition of photographs by Hoda Afshar, took place from 29 April to 22 May 2022, as one of a series of official exhibitions of PHOTO 2022: International Festival of Photography, taking place in Melbourne and regional Victoria. Afshar published a book of the same name in 2021, which includes an essay by Michael Taussig and documents the landscapes and people of the islands of Hormuz, Qeshm, and Hengam, in the Persian Gulf off the south coast of Iran.

Sporting Teams

Soccer

 Oakleigh Cannons
 Monash City FC
 Mount Waverley Soccer Club
 Eastern Lions SC
 Brandon Park SC
 Glen Waverley SC

Australian Rules

 Oakleigh Chargers
 Chadstone Football Club
 Monash University Football Club
 Waverley Blues
 Waverley Park Hawks JFC
 Ajax Football Club

Netball
Waverley Netball

Public Libraries
 Monash Public Library Service provides library service through six branch libraries: Clayton, Glen Waverley, Mount Waverley, Mulgrave, Oakleigh and Wheelers Hill, as well as a Home Library Service.

Notes

References

External links

 Monash City Council
 Victorian Councils Guide entry for the City of Monash
 Metlink local public transport map
 Link to Land Victoria interactive maps
 Waverley Hockey Club
 Monash Gallery of Art
 Monash Public Library Service

Local government areas in Melbourne

City of Monash


مورتس  هي منطقة تابعة لمدينة مونسترمافلد في راينلاند بالاتينات في ألمانيا، يسكن في هذه القرية 196 شخصاً، من المشاهير الذين ولدو فيها المغني الألماني الشهير والذي كان من ضمن فرقة مودرن تولكينغ توماس أنديرس ورسام اللوحات جوزيف فولف.

وصلات خارجية
 موقع مورتس

مدن ألمانيا

مورتس


Shelton James Benjamin (born July 9, 1975) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his tenures with WWE, from 2000 to 2010, and then again from 2017 to 2023.

He is also known for his work in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and Pro Wrestling Noah through their working relationship under the ring name Shelton X Benjamin and for American promotion Ring of Honor (ROH) under his real name. Within the World Wrestling Council (WWC), he won the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship once. Prior to becoming a professional wrestler, he was a two-sport athlete in college. Benjamin won an NJCAA championship in both track and field and collegiate wrestling. After attending junior college, he completed his degree from the University of Minnesota.

Benjamin started his professional wrestling career in WWE's developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he held the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship four times (three times with Brock Lesnar and once with Rodney Mack). WWE then moved him to the main roster in 2002, where he formed an alliance with Kurt Angle and Charlie Haas, known as Team Angle, and later, The World's Greatest Tag Team with Haas. During his first tenure with the company, he won the Intercontinental Championship three times (his first title reign lasted 244 days, the longest in this century that lasted until 2023), the United States Championship once, and the WWE Tag Team Championship two times with Haas. He was released from WWE in April 2010 but returned in August 2017, going on to join The Hurt Business and win the renamed WWE Raw Tag Team Championship a third time with Cedric Alexander, and the WWE 24/7 Championship three times. He was released again in September 2023. He is widely considered one of the greatest WWE wrestlers to never win a world title.

Amateur wrestling
Benjamin was born and raised in Orangeburg, South Carolina. He began wrestling his sophomore year at Orangeburg-Wilkinson High School. Benjamin recorded a 122–10 overall win–loss record in his high school career and was a two-time South Carolina state high school heavyweight wrestling champion (1993-1994). Benjamin then attended Lassen Community College in Susanville, California and became a National Junior College Athletic Association collegiate wrestling champion.

Benjamin briefly went to North Carolina State University on a full football scholarship in 1995.

He then transferred to the University of Minnesota on a wrestling scholarship for his junior and senior years of college. He achieved All-American status twice in wrestling, placing fifth in the heavyweight division of the NCAA Championships in 1997 then improving to third place in 1998. After graduation, he served as an assistant wrestling coach at his alma mater and trained with future Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) tag team partner Brock Lesnar. Benjamin thought about trying to qualify for the 2000 Summer Olympics but decided instead to pursue a professional wrestling career.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment

Ohio Valley Wrestling (2000–2002)
On January 10, 2000, Benjamin signed a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and was placed in its developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). OVW booker Jim Cornette paired Benjamin with his former college roommate Brock Lesnar after he felt Lesnar was "boring" as a wrestler and had "no personality", while Benjamin was "exciting". Together, they were known as the "Minnesota Stretching Crew," and they held the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on three occasions. The first two reigns occurred during February and July 2001. They won the title for a third time from Rico Constantino and The Prototype on October 29, 2001. After Lesnar was called up to the main roster in November 2001, Benjamin formed a tag team with Redd Dogg Begnaud called "The Dogg Pound" and once again won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on July 17, 2002. Benjamin then wrestled at several house shows for the main WWE roster and eventually made his WWE television debut on Sunday Night Heat as a face.

The World's Greatest Tag Team (2002–2004)

He joined WWE's SmackDown! brand as a heel on the December 26, 2002, episode of SmackDown!, forming an alliance with Charlie Haas and Olympic gold-medalist Kurt Angle as their mentor known as "Team Angle". Their first televised match together in WWE was on the January 2, 2003, episode of SmackDown! against Edge and Chris Benoit.

The duo won the WWE Tag Team Championship just a month after their debut by defeating the champions, Los Guerreros (Eddie and Chavo Guerrero Jr.) on the February 6 episode of SmackDown!. They continued their feud with Benoit until No Way Out, when Benoit teamed with Brock Lesnar to defeat Team Angle. The two then went on to compete in their first WrestleMania match at WrestleMania XIX, retaining the WWE Tag Team Championship in a Triple Threat match against Los Guerreros, and Chris Benoit and Rhyno. Team Angle later lost the WWE Tag Team Championship to Eddie Guerrero and his new partner Tajiri at Judgment Day in a ladder match. The storyline concluded on the June 12 episode of SmackDown!, when Angle confronted Benjamin and Haas and fired them from Team Angle. They then began referring to themselves as "The World's Greatest Tag Team" and won the WWE Tag Team Championship back from Guerrero and Tajiri on the July 3 episode of SmackDown!. They lost the titles to Los Guerreros on the September 18 episode of SmackDown!, after Benjamin suffered a legitimate knee injury during the match. Benjamin was sidelined for approximately one month, but the pair competed together again, taking part in a Fatal Four-Way match for the WWE Tag Team Championship at WrestleMania XX.

Intercontinental Champion (2004–2006)
On the March 22, 2004, episode of Raw, Benjamin was drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2004 WWE draft lottery. After arriving, Benjamin quickly became a face when he scored an upset victory over Triple H. Benjamin then feuded with Triple H, beating him three times in total: once by pinfall, once by countout and once by disqualification. As part of the storyline, Benjamin then feuded with the other members of Triple H's stable Evolution. Benjamin defeated Ric Flair at Backlash and lost to Randy Orton in an Intercontinental Championship match at Bad Blood.

During a match with Garrison Cade on Heat, Benjamin punched Cade's knee brace,  breaking his hand in the process and briefly taking him out of action. Benjamin returned in the fall of 2004 helping Randy Orton fight off Evolution and was later chosen by the fans to compete for the Intercontinental Championship in a match against then-champion Chris Jericho at Taboo Tuesday. Benjamin won the match, giving him his first singles title in the company. During his reign as Intercontinental Champion, Benjamin retained the title against challengers such as Christian at Survivor Series, Maven at New Year's Revolution, and Chris Jericho at Backlash. On May 2, Benjamin faced and lost against Shawn Michaels in a critically acclaimed match. Benjamin lost the title to Carlito on the June 20 episode of Raw (Carlito used the ropes during the pinfall), ending the longest Intercontinental Championship reign of that decade and the 21st century overall at 244 days (that record has since been broken by Gunther in 2023).

Benjamin was then depicted as having a "losing streak" over the next several weeks, which led to Benjamin's "Momma" (played by comedian/actress Thea Vidale) coming to Raw to confront Benjamin. Momma slapped and yelled at Benjamin every time he lost a match. Before long, she assisted Benjamin in his matches, often interfering on his behalf. This led to Benjamin turning heel for the second time in his career. In 2006, Benjamin then began a rivalry with then-Intercontinental Champion Ric Flair. On the February 20 episode of Raw, Benjamin defeated Flair to win his second Intercontinental Championship after Momma faked a heart problem, causing enough of a distraction to allow Benjamin to cheat and win the title. Benjamin continued to feud with Flair, but Momma no longer accompanied him to ringside. Benjamin explained her absence by stating that she was undergoing heart surgery in the hospital. She actually left due to being sexually harassed by someone in WWE.

Benjamin competed in the second Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 22. Benjamin then began a rivalry with Rob Van Dam, the winner of the match, in an attempt to take Van Dam's Money in the Bank contract. During this time, Benjamin emphasized his new heel persona by now wearing shades, jewelry, and occasional colored shirts while entering the ring. At one point, Benjamin was defeated by his former tag team partner, the returning Charlie Haas, on the April 17 episode of Raw. A stipulation added to the match meant that due to this loss, Benjamin had to defend the Intercontinental Championship in the same match as his shot at Van Dam's contract, meaning at Backlash it would be a "Winner Takes All" match. Van Dam won at Backlash and became Intercontinental Champion. On the May 15 episode of Raw, Benjamin regained the title from Van Dam in a Tornado Tag Team match, pitting Benjamin, Triple H and Chris Masters against Van Dam and WWE Champion John Cena; both the WWE Championship and WWE Intercontinental Championship could be won by whoever pinned the appropriate champion. Benjamin pinned Van Dam, picking up his third Intercontinental Championship. Subsequently, Benjamin feuded with Carlito and others for his Intercontinental Championship before losing the title to Johnny Nitro in a Triple Threat match also involving Carlito at Vengeance.

Reunion with Charlie Haas (2006–2007)

On the December 4 episode of Raw, Benjamin's former tag team partner Charlie Haas came out to celebrate with Benjamin after he defeated Super Crazy. On the December 11 episode of Raw, Benjamin announced The World's Greatest Tag Team was officially back in a segment with Cryme Tyme. They defeated The Highlanders in a match later that same night. They then started a feud with Cryme Tyme, but were largely unsuccessful in defeating them, including a tag team turmoil match at New Year's Revolution on January 7, 2007, where they were eliminated by Cryme Tyme. Benjamin entered the Royal Rumble match at the Royal Rumble, but was eliminated by Shawn Michaels. They finally managed a win over Cryme Tyme, ending their undefeated streak, on the January 29 episode of Raw.

On the April 2 episode of Raw, The World's Greatest Tag Team was unsuccessful in defeating the team of Ric Flair and Carlito, but defeated them in a rematch the following week when Haas distracted Carlito, allowing Benjamin to gain the pin over Flair. They won again two weeks later when Carlito turned on Flair, attacking him and allowing The World's Greatest Tag Team to win via countout. They then challenged The Hardys for the World Tag Team Championship at One Night Stand in a ladder match, but were unsuccessful.

Following this, The World's Greatest Tag Team began a rivalry with Paul London and Brian Kendrick after losing to the duo in their debut match on the June 18 episode of Raw. A few weeks later, London defeated Benjamin in a singles match, however, on the July 23 episode of Raw, The World's Greatest Tag Team got a tag team win over London and Kendrick to end the rivalry.

Benjamin and Haas then routinely competed against the teams of Hardcore Holly and Cody Rhodes and Super Crazy and Jim Duggan until November, when the team was disbanded due to Benjamin joining the ECW roster.

The Gold Standard (2007–2010)
On the November 20, 2007, airing of ECW, Elijah Burke introduced Benjamin as the newest member of the ECW brand. Benjamin, who had dyed his hair blond before leaving Raw, began wearing gold wrestling attire and referring to himself as "The Gold Standard". On ECW, Benjamin began once again receiving more airtime and higher profile matches, defeating Tommy Dreamer in his debut. Benjamin then qualified for the Royal Rumble match and won an over the top rope preview. Benjamin appeared in the Royal Rumble match at the Royal Rumble, entering at number 17, but was eliminated by Shawn Michaels. He suffered his first loss since coming to ECW to Kane by count-out, on the January 29, 2008, episode of ECW. On the February 22 episode of SmackDown, Benjamin defeated Jimmy Wang Yang in a qualifying match for the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania XXIV, which was won by CM Punk. After WrestleMania, Benjamin briefly feuded with Punk, before he began an on-screen rivalry with Kofi Kingston, who defeated Benjamin on the April 22 episode of ECW. On ECW's 100th episode, however, Benjamin defeated Kingston, thus ending the latter's undefeated streak. To end the feud, Kingston then defeated Benjamin in an Extreme Rules match.

As part of the 2008 supplemental draft, Benjamin was drafted to the SmackDown brand. On the July 11 episode of SmackDown, Benjamin defeated United States Champion Matt Hardy in a non-title match, earning himself a future title shot. At The Great American Bash, Benjamin once again defeated Hardy to win the United States Championship. Throughout his reign as champion, he retained the title several times against competitors such as R-Truth and Hurricane Helms. On the 500th episode of SmackDown, on March 20, 2009, Benjamin lost his United States Championship to Montel Vontavious Porter, ending Benjamin's reign at 240 days. Benjamin then participated in the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 25, but failed to win as CM Punk won the match for the second year in a row. On June 29, 2009, Benjamin was traded to the ECW brand. The following night, Benjamin returned to the brand in a losing effort to the debuting Yoshi Tatsu. He defeated Tatsu in a rematch the following week on ECW. After a tag team match, Benjamin abandoned his partner Zack Ryder during a tag team match, turning Benjamin face. He would soon feud with Ryder and Sheamus over the following weeks. Benjamin and Sheamus began feuding with and traded wins against each other on ECW and Superstars and the feud lasted until Sheamus was moved to the Raw brand on October 26. The next night on ECW, Benjamin lost to Sheamus in Sheamus' final match on the brand.

Benjamin wrestled Christian at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs for the ECW Championship in a ladder match, but came up on the losing end. At the Royal Rumble on January 31, 2010, Benjamin entered the Royal Rumble match at entry number 20, but was eliminated by John Cena in under a minute. On the final episode of ECW, Benjamin formed an alliance with Vladimir Kozlov. Together, they defeated three members of the ECW roster: Vance Archer, Caylen Croft and Trent Barreta. On the February 26 episode of SmackDown, Benjamin returned to the SmackDown brand and once again qualified for the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania XXVI, beating CM Punk. However, Benjamin failed to win the match. He defeated the returning Joey Mercury in his last match at the SmackDown tapings on April 20 in a dark match. On April 22, Benjamin was released from his WWE contract.

Independent circuit (2010–2015)
Benjamin made his independent circuit debut on July 24, 2010, in San Diego, California against Scorpio Sky. On July 31, 2010, during the World Wrestling Council's "La Revolución" show in Puerto Rico, Benjamin defeated Ray González to win the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship. At Crossfire on November 27, Benjamin lost the Universal Heavyweight Championship to Carlito.

In November 2010, Benjamin competed for American Wrestling Rampage. He made his debut on November 10 with Haas facing La Résistance. During his tour with AWR he defeated Shawn Daivari in a steel cage match. He also had tag team matches with Haas taking on Booker T and Scott Steiner. On March 8, 2011, Benjamin wrestled in a dark match prior to the SmackDown tapings in Houston, Texas, defeating Curt Hawkins. On March 9, 2011, Benjamin won the MWF Heavyweight Championship and lost it on June 4.

At JAPW 18th Anniversary Show, Haas, Benjamin and Angle reunited for the first time in 11 years. In the main event, Benjamin and Haas defeated Chris Sabin and Teddy Hart.

On May 15, 2015, Global Force Wrestling (GFW) announced Benjamin as part of their roster. He made his debut for the promotion on June 20, defeating Chris Mordetzky in a main event singles match. Benjamin participated in Global Force Wrestling's inaugural tournament to crown their very first GFW Global Champion, which served as the company's world heavyweight championship. After gaining a victory in the quarter-finals, he forfeited his next match-up to Bobby Roode due to a storyline concussion.

Ring of Honor (2010–2013)

On September 11, 2010, at Glory By Honor IX, Benjamin and Charlie Haas made their Ring of Honor debuts in a match, where they were defeated by The Kings of Wrestling (Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli).

Benjamin and Haas returned to ROH at the Ring of Honor Wrestling television tapings on December 9, where they defeated the Bravado Brothers (Harlem and Lance). The following day, at the second set of television tapings, they defeated the All-Night Express of Kenny King and Rhett Titus, and participated in an eight-man tag team match, teaming with the Briscoe Brothers against the Kings of Wrestling and the All-Night Xpress, which ended in a no contest. On December 18 at the Final Battle 2010 pay-per-view Benjamin and Haas announced that in 2011 they would be wrestling regularly for Ring of Honor. At the following pay-per-view, 9th Anniversary Show, on February 26, 2011, Benjamin and Haas defeated the Briscoe Brothers in the main event of the evening to earn another shot at the Kings of Wrestling and the ROH World Tag Team Championship. On April 1 at Honor Takes Center Stage, Benjamin and Haas defeated the Kings of Wrestling for the ROH World Tag Team Championship. On June 26 at Best in the World 2011, Benjamin and Haas successfully defended the ROH World Tag Team Championship in a four-way match against the Briscoe Brothers, the Kings of Wrestling and the All Night Express. The following day ROH announced that both Benjamin and Haas had signed contracts with the promotion. On December 23, at Final Battle 2011, Wrestling's Greatest Tag Team lost the ROH World Tag Team Championship to the Briscoe Brothers. On May 12, 2012, at Border Wars, Benjamin and Haas regained the ROH World Tag Team Championship from the Briscoe Brothers. On June 24 at Best in the World 2012, Benjamin and Haas lost the title to Kenny King and Rhett Titus.

In early August, ROH, in storyline, suspended Benjamin for attacking Titus and several ROH officials with a steel chair. The suspension was used to explain Benjamin's absence from ROH, while he was working in Japan. Benjamin returned on September 15 at Death Before Dishonor X: State of Emergency, accompanying Charlie Haas and Rhett Titus during their tag team championship tournament matches. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Benjamin and Haas defeated Titus and B. J. Whitmer in a Street Fight. The following day it was reported that Benjamin had requested and received a release from his ROH contract. Benjamin made one more appearance for ROH on February 2, 2013, when Haas turned on him during an ROH World Tag Team Championship match against the Briscoe Brothers. Benjamin was scheduled to face Haas on April 5 at Supercard of Honor VII, but after Haas had parted ways with the promotion, he was replaced by Mike Bennett, who went on to defeat Benjamin.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2012–2015)

On December 9, 2011, New Japan Pro-Wrestling announced that Benjamin would be joining MVP for a tag match against Masato Tanaka and Yujiro Takahashi at Wrestle Kingdom VI in Tokyo Dome on January 4, 2012. Benjamin and MVP were victorious in the match, after MVP submitted Takahashi. Benjamin returned to New Japan on June 16 at Dominion 6.16, where he and MVP defeated Karl Anderson and Tama Tonga in a tag team match, with Benjamin pinning Tonga for the win. On July 8, New Japan announced Benjamin as a participant in the 2012 G1 Climax tournament. Benjamin returned to the promotion on July 29 at Last Rebellion, where he, Karl Anderson, MVP and Rush defeated Suzuki-gun (Minoru Suzuki, Lance Archer, Taichi and Taka Michinoku) in an eight-man tag team match, with Benjamin pinning Taichi for the win. In the following month's G1 Climax tournament, Benjamin ended up winning four out of his eight matches, failing to advance to the finals. On November 11, New Japan announced that Benjamin would return to take part in the 2012 World Tag League, where he would be teaming with MVP under the tag team name "Black Dynamite". Benjamin and MVP finished their tournament on December 1 with a record of three wins, one over the reigning IWGP Tag Team Champions K.E.S. (Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Lance Archer), and three losses, failing to advance from their block. On December 2, the final day of the tournament, Benjamin got into a brawl with Masato Tanaka, which led to New Japan the naming him the number one contender to Tanaka's NEVER Openweight Championship the following day. On January 4, 2013, at Wrestle Kingdom 7 in Tokyo Dome, Benjamin unsuccessfully challenged Tanaka for his title.

Benjamin returned to New Japan on April 20, now working as a member of the villainous Suzuki-gun, teaming with the stable's leader Minoru Suzuki in a main event tag team match, where they defeated Kazuchika Okada and Shinsuke Nakamura. On the following tour, Benjamin worked under the ring name "Shelton X Benjamin", playing off the fact that prior to him being revealed as the newest member of Suzuki-gun, Suzuki's partner had been billed simply as "X". On May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2013, Benjamin unsuccessfully challenged Nakamura for the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. Benjamin returned to New Japan on June 22 at Dominion 6.22, where he and Minoru Suzuki defeated Shinsuke Nakamura and Tomohiro Ishii in a tag team match, with Benjamin pinning Nakamura for the win. From August 1 to 11, Benjamin took part in the 2013 G1 Climax, where he finished with a record of five wins and four losses, narrowly missing advancement from his block. On September 29 at Destruction, Benjamin received another shot at the IWGP Intercontinental Championship, but was again defeated by Shinsuke Nakamura. From November 24 to December 7, Benjamin and Suzuki took part in the 2013 World Tag League, where they finished with a record of three wins and three losses, with a loss against Takashi Iizuka and Toru Yano on the final day costing them a spot in the semifinals. Benjamin returned to New Japan on January 4, 2014, at Wrestle Kingdom 8 in Tokyo Dome, where he and Suzuki were defeated by The Great Muta and Toru Yano in a tag team match. On March 15, Benjamin entered the 2014 New Japan Cup, defeating Yujiro Takahashi in his first round match. On March 22, Benjamin defeated Katsuyori Shibata to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. The following day, Benjamin was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by Bad Luck Fale. From July 21 to August 8, Benjamin took part in the 2014 G1 Climax, where he finished fifth in his block with a record of five wins and five losses.

Benjamin returned to New Japan on January 4, 2015, at Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome, where he, Davey Boy Smith Jr., Lance Archer and Takashi Iizuka were defeated by Naomichi Marufuji, Toru Yano and TMDK (Mikey Nicholls and Shane Haste) in an eight-man tag team match. Benjamin's profile has since been removed from NJPW's website.

Pro Wrestling Noah (2015–2016)
On January 10, 2015, Benjamin, along with the rest of Suzuki-gun, took part in a major storyline, where the stable invaded a Pro Wrestling Noah show, attacking Marufuji and TMDK. Benjamin made his in-ring debut for Noah on January 12, when he, Suzuki, Taichi and Michinoku defeated Marufuji, Atsushi Kotoge, Muhammad Yone and Taiji Ishimori in an eight-man tag team match. Over the next few weeks, Benjamin worked all Noah events, while starting a feud with Takashi Sugiura due to him also having a background in amateur wrestling. Benjamin and Sugiura finally met in a grudge match on July 18, where Sugiura was victorious. In November, Benjamin made it to the finals of Noah's premier singles tournament, the Global League, but was defeated there by Naomichi Marufuji. On June 12, 2016, Benjamin unsuccessfully challenged Go Shiozaki for Noah's top title, the GHC Heavyweight Championship.

Return to WWE

Teaming with Chad Gable (2017–2018)
On the July 26, 2016, episode of SmackDown, WWE aired a promotional video, announcing that Benjamin would return to WWE and appear on SmackDown. However, on August 7, 2016, Benjamin announced that due to a torn rotator cuff which required surgery, he "will not be returning to WWE at this time". In March 2017, Benjamin announced that he had been cleared for return to action, following his injury.

On August 17, 2017, it was reported that Benjamin had officially re-signed with WWE. He returned on the August 22 episode of SmackDown and was paired with Chad Gable, working as a fan favorite tag team. The duo made their in ring debut on August 30, 2017, defeating The Ascension. At Hell in a Cell, Benjamin and Gable defeated The Hype Bros, marking Benjamin's first appearance at a WWE pay-per-view since 2010. At Clash of Champions, they had their SmackDown Tag Team Championship title shot in a fatal four-way tag team match, in which they were unsuccessful. On the January 2, 2018, episode of SmackDown Live, they defeated The Usos for the titles, but the decision was reversed by the referee when he realized they unknowingly pinned the wrong twin. The following week on SmackDown Live, the duo turned heel when they insulted the referee of their title match the week before, demoralized the fans, and accused general manager Daniel Bryan of being biased, which resulted in Bryan booking them for a two out of three falls match against The Usos at Royal Rumble, where they lost in two straight falls. At WrestleMania 34 on April 8, Benjamin competed alongside Gable in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but neither won. On April 16, Gable would be traded to Raw during the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake-up, thus disbanding the team.

Brand switches (2018–2020)
On the April 17 episode of SmackDown, Benjamin issued a challenge to anyone in the locker room. Randy Orton would initially accept the challenge, however, while making his way to the ring, newly drafted United States Champion Jeff Hardy would come out and accept the challenge instead, defeating Benjamin. The following week on SmackDown, Benjamin would issue another open challenge, first answered by Hardy, but Orton would replace him. Benjamin would go onto defeat Orton. Benjamin appeared at the Greatest Royal Rumble in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, competing in the titular 50-man Royal Rumble match. Benjamin entered the match as entrant number 48 and was eliminated by Chris Jericho.

At the Royal Rumble pay-per-view on January 27, 2019, Benjamin competed in the Royal Rumble match, but was eliminated by Braun Strowman. On the March 11 episode of Raw, Benjamin surprisingly appeared and attacked Seth Rollins, and later faced Rollins in a losing effort. In August, Benjamin was announced as one of sixteen competitors in the King of the Ring, where he was defeated by his former tag team partner Chad Gable in the first round on the August 27 episode of SmackDown Live. As part of the 2019 draft, Benjamin was drafted to the Raw brand. On January 26, 2020, Benjamin participated in the Royal Rumble match and entered at #10 at the namesake pay-per-view, but was eliminated by the WWE Champion Brock Lesnar.

The Hurt Business (2020–2023)

On the June 15 episode of Raw, Benjamin faced United States Champion Apollo Crews, where Crews won after using the ropes as leverage. Following the match in a WWE Network exclusive, MVP promised Benjamin a rematch with Crews for the United States Championship, thus teasing an alliance between the two. On the June 22 episode of Raw, Benjamin attacked Crews during the VIP Lounge with MVP before their scheduled match. Despite this, Benjamin was defeated by Crews.

On the July 20 episode of Raw, Benjamin officially joined MVP and Bobby Lashley's stable The Hurt Business as they helped him capture the 24/7 Championship from R-Truth. During his time with the stable, he would win the 24/7 Championship three times. On the August 10 episode of Raw, Benjamin defeated United States Champion Apollo Crews in a non-title match following a distraction by MVP and Lashley. This was Benjamin's first victory on Raw in over 14 years. On the September 7 episode of Raw, Cedric Alexander joined The Hurt Business when he betrayed Crews and Ricochet during a six-man tag team match, attacking them and helping The Hurt Business win the match. On December 20, at TLC, Alexander and Benjamin defeated The New Day (Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods) to win the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship. This would also make him a 3-time WWE (Raw) Tag Team Champion. Benjamin and Alexander would later drop the titles back to Kingston and Woods on the March 15 episode of Raw.

On the March 29 episode of Raw, Lashley lambasted Alexander and Benjamin due to them losing the Raw Tag Team Championships and losing to Drew McIntyre in a 2-on-1 handicap match, a loss that meant they would be barred from ringside at Lashley's WWE Championship match at WrestleMania 37 against McIntyre. This led to Lashley attacking Alexander and Benjamin, thus kicking them out of the faction in the process. They started a losing streak, lost to the teams such as The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar) twice, and to RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) once. On the May 3 episode of Raw, Alexander turned on Benjamin after losing to Lucha House Party. On the May 10 episode of Raw, Benjamin fought Alexander in a match with Alexander losing to Benjamin.

On the September 27 episode of Raw, Benjamin and Alexander helped Lashley fight off The New Day and in the process, reuniting The Hurt Business. In January 2022, after not being seen together, Benjamin and Alexander approached Lashley under the assumption they were still a unit, only to be dismissed. This would cause the pair to launch a sneak attack that evening, but they were easily dealt with.

On May 14, 2022, it was reported that Benjamin suffered an undisclosed injury and would be out of action. He made his return on the June 13 taping of Main Event in a winning effort against Akira Tozawa. On August 8, 2022, Benjamin faced Cedric Alexander in the Main Event tapings in a losing effort, effectively signaling the end of The Hurt Business. Afterwards, they embraced each other and shared a moment in the ring, turning Benjamin face for the first time since 2017. On the January 9, 2023, episode of Raw, Benjamin and Alexander reunited to take part in a Tag Team Turmoil match. Earlier during the show, Lashley and MVP teased an alliance, with MVP crediting himself for reuniting Benjamin and Alexander, and getting Lashley reinstated on Raw after being suspended. On the February 6 edition of Raw, Benjamin and Alexander defeated Alpha Academy with MVP in their corner further hinting at a possible reunion.

Benjamin was released from his WWE contract on September 21, 2023.

Personal life
Benjamin is a fan of video games. He won WWE's THQ Superstar Challenge, a video game tournament that took place every year during WrestleMania weekend, four years in a row before retiring from the event in 2007. He has the Guinness World Record for "wrestler who won the most WWE THQ Superstar Challenges". In April 2020, during the nationwide quarantine in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Benjamin jokingly asked parents via Twitter to keep their children from playing online games due to younger players beating his records.

Since 2002, Benjamin has maintained a close friendship with Charlie Haas, who often refers to him as his "brother." He served as the best man at Haas and Jackie Gayda's wedding, and is the godfather to Haas' oldest daughter, Kayla (born 2006). Benjamin is also close friends with Brock Lesnar, having met him at the University of Minnesota and roomed with him. He once let Lesnar stay in his basement when Lesnar was out of money.  In 2004, Benjamin visited Four Dwellings Primary School in Birmingham, UK, to teach students about reading week.

Benjamin, along with Candice Michelle, Dave Bautista and Josh Mathews, represented WWE at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, in an effort to encourage fans to register to vote in the 2008 Presidential election.

Benjamin has revealed on Lilian Garcia's podcast Chasing Glory he has two daughters.

Benjamin has said he has vertigo, which can make his in-ring performance pretty difficult when it happens.

Other media
Benjamin made his WWE video game debut in 2003's WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain, and he would continue to appear in WWE Day of Reckoning, WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw, WWE Day of Reckoning 2, WWE WrestleMania 21, WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 and WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011. After an eight-year absence, Benjamin next appeared in WWE 2K19, WWE 2K20, WWE 2K22 and WWE 2K23

Championships and accomplishments

Track and field
 National Junior College Athletic Association
 Junior College 100 meter Champion

Amateur wrestling
 National Junior College Athletic Association
 Junior College National Wrestling Champion
 National Collegiate Athletic Association
 All-American (1997, 1998)

Professional wrestling
 Millennium Wrestling Federation
 MWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Ohio Valley Wrestling
 OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Brock Lesnar (3) and Redd Dogg (1)
 Danny Davis Invitational Tag Team Tournament (2015) – with Charlie Haas
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Tag Team of the Year (2003) with Charlie Haas
 Ranked No. 9 of the 500 top wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2005
 Ring of Honor
 ROH World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Charlie Haas
 World Wrestling Council
 WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
  Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Most Underrated (2005–2007)
 WWE/World Wrestling Entertainment
WWE 24/7 Championship (3 times)
 WWE United States Championship (1 time)
 WWE Intercontinental Championship (3 times)
 WWE (Raw) Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Charlie Haas (2), and Cedric Alexander (1)
 Slammy Award (1 time)
 Trash Talker of the Year (2020)

References

External links

 Benjamin's page at The National Wrestling Hall of Fame

1975 births
African-American male professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
American male sport wrestlers
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan
Living people
NWA/WCW/WWE United States Heavyweight Champions
People from Orangeburg, South Carolina
Professional wrestlers from South Carolina
South Carolina Democrats
Sportspeople from Harris County, Texas
Suzuki-gun members
University of Minnesota alumni
WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions
People from Spring, Texas
WWE 24/7 Champions
Orangeburg-Wilkinson High School alumni
21st-century professional wrestlers
ROH World Tag Team Champions
WWC Universal Heavyweight Champions
WWE Raw Tag Team Champions

Shelton Benjamin


Isla Berhala (en malayo: Pulau Berhala) es una pequeña isla boscosa situada en la bahía de Sandakan en el estado de Sabah, en Malasia oriental.

La isla es de aproximadamente 5 hectáreas y tiene importantes acantilados en su extremo norte. Muchas aves de rapiña se pueden ver en y alrededor de Berhala, incluyendo águilas marinas.

La isla tiene un faro en su punto más alto. En el período anterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la isla fue utilizada como un centro de cuarentena para los trabajadores procedentes de China y las Filipinas, y fue también el hogar de una colonia de leprosos.

Referencias

Véase también
 Geografía de Malasia
 Geografía de Asia

Enlaces externos
 Galería de fotos de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Malasia

Isla Berhala


El Club Atlético Capurro, o simplemente Capurro, es un club de basquetbol uruguayo de la ciudad de Montevideo. Fue fundado en 1943 y en 1949 el club se afilio a la FUBB, actualmente compite en la Divisional Tercera de Ascenso.

 Historia

El 31 de octubre de 1914 se creó el Club Atlético Capurro, y su existencia se extiende hasta 1932. En ese año se concreta la implantación del fútbol profesional en el Uruguay. El 11 de mayo se concreta la fusión del Club Atlético Capurro con el Olimpia Football Club (que había sido fundado el 13 de marzo de 1922) para erigir nuevamente en el ámbito deportivo el nombre de River Plate, uno de los equipos de más relevancia durante el amateurismo, desaparecido algunos años antes (River Plate Football Club).

Participaciones en Primera División

Capurro participó por primera vez en Primera División en el Campeonato Uruguayo de Fútbol de 1927, trece años después de su fundación, y culminando 12° con 14 victorias, 9 empates y 15 derrotas. La siguiente temporada (1928) el equipo mejoró su pasada participación, alcanzando la séptima posición al tener 11 triunfos, 10 igualdades y 9 caídas. Para el Campeonato Uruguayo de 1929, Capurro terminó el torneo nuevamente séptimo, resultado de 10 victorias, 6 empates y 10 derrotas. Finalmente, su última participación en Primera División fue un deslucido 12° lugar en el campeonato de 1931, culminando como el colista del certamen tras obtener solo 2 triunfos, 2 igualdades y 18 derrotas.

 Datos estadísticos del club

 Temporadas en Primera División: 4
 Debut: 1927
 Última participación: 1931

 Palmarés

 Torneos nacionales

 Divisional Intermedia (1): 1924
 Divisional Extra (1)''': 1922

Véase también
 Club Atlético River Plate
 Olimpia Football Club

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Capurro
Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1914
Club Atlético River Plate (Uruguay)
Equipos de fútbol desaparecidos en 1932
Capurro (Montevideo)

Club Atlético Capurro


El semillero ventriamarillo o espiguero vientriamarillo (Sporophila nigricollis), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Thraupidae perteneciente al numeroso género Sporophila. Es nativo de América del Sur y Central, y de las Antillas menores.

Nombres comunes
Aparte de semillero o espiguero ventriamarillo (en Ecuador, Costa Rica, Venezuela y Panamá), también se le denomina espiguero capuchino (en Colombia, corbatita amarillo o dominicano (en Argentina y Paraguay, corbatita vientre amarillo (en Argentina), espiguero de vientre amarillo (en Perú), corbatica o golilluo.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye ampliamente desde Costa Rica y Panamá, por Colombia, hacia el sur por la pendiente del Pacífico por Ecuador hasta el noroeste de Perú; hacia el este por Venezuela, Trinidad y Tobago, Guyana, Surinam y norte de Brasil (mayormente al norte del río Amazonas), hacia el sur a oriente de los Andes por el este y sur de Colombia, este de Ecuador, hasta el sureste de Perú; y en una gran área al este del continente, desde el este de la Amazonia brasileña, por el este, centro oeste hasta parte del sur de Brasil (hasta Santa Catarina), extremo este de Bolivia, extremo este de Paraguay y extremo noreste de Argentina (Misiones). En las Antillas menores, es un raro reproductor en  Granada y San Vicente y las Granadinas, de donde aparente migra hacia el sur y Costa Rica en la temporada no reproductiva. Se registra su presencia como vagante en Antigua y Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Martinica, Montserrat, San Cristóbal y Nieves y Santa Lucía.

Esta especie, ampliamente diseminada, es considerada común en sus hábitats naturales: los pastizales, claros arbustivos y campos cultivados, desde el nivel del mar, localmente llegando hasta los 2400 m de altitud en los valles andinos.

Descripción
Mide 11 cm de longitud. El macho tiene la cabeza negra, hasta el cuello y la parte superior del pecho, contrastando con el dorso oliva grisáceo y con las partes inferiores blancas a amarillentas. El pico es plateado. La hembra presenta las partes superiores y la cabeza color marrón y las partes inferiores amarillas, con un matiz oliváceo en la garganta, los costados y los flancos.

Alimentación
Es granívoro. Fuera de la época reproductiva busca alimento en bandas mixtas con otras especies.

Reproducción
Llega a la madurez sexual a los diez meses de edad. Vive en pareja en la época reproductiva. Construye con fibras de gramíneas un nido en forma de taza, en algún arbusto. La hembra pone dos a tres huevos de color claro verdoso o amarillento, con puntos marrón. La incubación dura trece días.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie S. nigricollis fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista francés Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot en 1823 bajo el nombre científico Pyrrhula nigricollis; su localidad tipo es: «Brasil».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino Sporophila es una combinación de las palabras del griego «sporos»: semilla, y  «philos»: amante; y el nombre de la especie «nigricollis» se compone de las palabras del latín  «niger»: negro, y «collis»: de cuello.

Taxonomía
Los datos presentados por los amplios estudios filogenéticos recientes demostraron que la presente especie es próxima de Sporophila caerulescens y el par formado por ambas es próximo de S. luctuosa, y que el  clado resultante es próximo del par formado por S. fringilloides y S. frontalis.

El estado taxonómico de la especie Sporophila ardesiaca no está claramente entendido: parece ser un pariente muy próximo de la presente, posiblemente conespecífica, tal vez apenas un morfo de color; las zonas de distribución supuestas de ambas se sobreponen ampliamente, y tienen zonas de nidificación sintópicas; los cantos registrados son esencialmente idénticos, sugiriendo que son la misma especie como sugerido por Sick (1997). Se requieren más estudios.

Subespecies
Según la clasificación del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) se reconocen tres subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Sporophila nigricollis inconspicua , 1906 – Andes de Perú, al sur hasta Cuzco.
 Sporophila nigricollis olivacea (), 1884 – suroeste de Colombia (Nariño) y oeste de Ecuador.
 Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis (), 1823 – del sur de Costa Rica hasta el noreste de Argentina, Brasil, Trinidad y Tobago y Granada.

La subespecie descrita S. nigricollis vivida , 1938 es considerada un sinónimo de olivacea.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Sporophila nigricollis en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Sporophila nigricollis en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de  baiano Sporophila nigricollis en Wikiaves.

Aves de América del Sur
nigricollis
Animales descritos en 1823
Taxones descritos por Louis Pierre Vieillot

Sporophila nigricollis


List nosan (jadranski list, list, jadranski, švoja, švoj, soja, lat. Pegusa impar), vrsta morske ribe plosnatice iz porodice listova (Soleidae). Vrsta je nekada ukljućivana u rod Solea. Naraste do 15 ili 16cm, i težine do 0.1kg. Izduženog je i asimetričnog oblika tijela je prekrivenog sitnim ljuskicama. Živi na pjeskovitom i muljevitom dnu od 3 do 100 metara dubine.

Sinonimi
 Solea impar Bennett, 1831

Izvori

Plosnatice

List nosan


Nikola Perlić (Slavonski Brod, 4. veljače 1912. – Borovo, 19. siječnja 1986.) bio je hrvatski nogometaš i nogometni reprezentativac.

Reprezentativna karijera
Za nogometnu reprezentaciju Kraljevine Jugoslavije odigrao je 8 utakmica i postigao 3 pogotka.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometaši
Jugoslavenski nogometni reprezentativci

Nikola Perlić


Nizamüddin Ali Şîr Nevaî veya yaygın adıyla Ali Şîr Nevaî (Çağatayca: نظام الدین علی شیر نوایی; Özbekçe: Alisher Navoiy; Uygurca: نىزامىدن ئەلشىر ناۋائى; Farsça: نظام الدین على شير هروی Nizām al-Din ʿAlī Shīr Herawī veya kısaca علیشیر نوایی Alishīr Nevāī; 9 Şubat 1441, Herat - 3 Ocak 1501, Herat), 15. yüzyıl Türk şairi.

Hayatı

Ali Şîr Nevaî, 1441 yılında (günümüzde Kuzeybatı Afganistan'da bulunan) Herat'ta doğdu. Ali Şîr Nevaî'nin yaşadığı döneminde Herat, Timurlu Devleti hükmü altında idi ve Herat bu devletin en önemli kültürel ve entelektüel merkezlerinin başında gelmekteydi. Ali Şîr Nevaî'nin ailesi Çağatay sülalesindendi ve Ali Şîr Nevaî Timurlu Devleti içinde yüksek rütbeli bir sınıftan olarak "emir" (Farisi olarak mir) unvanını taşımaktaydı. Ali Şîr Nevaî'nin babası Siyabettin "Kıçına (Küçük)" adı ile bilinmekteydi. O zamanlar Sultan Timur'un dördüncü oğlu olan Şahruh Mirza Timurlu Devleti'nin Horasan eyaetinin valisi olup 1405'te Timur'un ölümünden 1447'ye kadar Timur devletinin batısını gayet bağımsız olarak Herat'tan yönetmekte idi. Siyabettin "Kıçına (Küçük)" "Şahruh"un Devlethane denen sarayında onun hükümdarlık alanında yüksek bir devlet idarecisi idi. Bir dönem için Siyabettin bu devletin önemli şehirlerinden biri olan Sebzevar şehrinin valiliğini yapmıştı. Ali Şîr Nevaî'nin annesi de Şahruh'un sarayında Şahruh'un şehzadelerinin birisinin mürebiyyesi görevini yapmakta idi.

Ali Şîr Nevaî küçük yaşta iken, babası öldü. Timurlu sülalesinin bir üyesi olan Timur'un torununun oğlu olan ve Horasan valiliği de yapan "Ebül-Kasım Babür Mirza bin Baysüngör Beg" vesayetine geçerek onun yanında yetişti.

Bu saray eğitiminde Ali Şîr Nevaî sonradan Horasan'da Timurlu Devleti hükümdarı olacak Hüseyin Baykara ile beraber yetiştirildi. Fakat 1447'de Şahruh'un ölümünden hemen sonra Herat gayet karıştı ve politik durum istikrarsız oldu. Bu nedenle Ali Şîr Nevaî ile birlikte eğitim arkadaşı olan Hüseyin Baykara, vasileri olan "Ebül-Kasım Babür Mirza bin Baysungur Beg" başlarında Meşhed'e kaçmak zorunda kaldılar. Ertesi yıl Meşhed'de iken bin Baysüngör Beg öldü. Hüseyin Baykara ve Ali Şîr Nevaî'nin gelecekteki hedefleri ayrıldı. Hüseyin Baykara kendini devletin sultanı yapıp politik iktidar kazanmak için o dönemin politik hayatına atıldı. Ali Şîr Nevaî önce Herat'ta sonra Semerkand'da Nızamiye medresesine devam etmeye başladı ve Semerkand medresesinde müderrisliğe başladı.

Bu arada Herat, Timurlu Devleti'nin Semerkand Hükümdarı olan ve Şahruh'un torunu olan Ebu Sa'id Mirza'nın eline geçti. Hüseyin Baykara bir müddet hapiste yattıktan sonra annesinin aracılığı ile Herat'ı Ebu Said Mirza adına yönetmeye başladı. 1469'da Ebu Said Mirza Karabağ Muharebesi'nde isyancı Uzun Hasan komutasındaki Akkoyunlular'a yenilip Timurlu Devleti hükümdarı tarafından idam edilince Timurlu Devleti çöktü.

Hüseyin Baykara Herat'ı eline geçirerek 1469'da kendini Herat Timur Devleti Sultani ilan etti. Bundan sonra Horasan Sultanı olan Hüseyin Baykara 1470'e kadar Akkoyunlular ve Ebu Said Mirza'nin oğulları ile savaşa girdi ve 1470 yılının güzünde bunları ayrı ayrı yenerek Herat'ta hükümdarlığını pekiştirdi. 1470'te önemli bir rakibi kalmadı. Ali Şîr Nevaî Semarkand'daki medrese görevinden ayrılıp Herat'a gitti ve Sultan Hüseyin Baykara altında devlet idareciliği görevine başladı.

Sultan Hüseyin Baykara'nın Herat'ta Sultan olarak hükûmet etmesi 1506'ya kadar sürdü. Ama 1471'de "vezir" unvanı da verilen Ali Şîr Nevaî'nin ona görevi 3 Ocak 1501'de Ali Şir Nevai'nin eceli ile ölmesine kadar devam etti. Ali Şîr Nevaî bu dönemde bir münzevi derviş hayatı yaşadı; ne bir kadınla evlendi ne de yanına bir cariye aldı ve hiçbir çocuğu olmadı. Ali Şîr Nevaî'nin mezarı Herat'ta bulunmaktadır.

İmar eserleri

Ali Şir Nevai hayatının son dönemlerinde Herat'ta Sultan Hüseyin Baykara yanında vezir, yüksek devlet idarecisi ve hükümdar danışmanı olarak görev yapmıştır. Bu dönemde Hüseyin Baykara'nın hüküm sürdüğü Büyük Horasan bölgesinde büyük imar işleri başarmıştır. Bu devletin hükûmet sürdüğü Horasan bölgesinde 370 kadar cami, medrese, kütüphane, hastane., kervansaray, ve diğer eğitim, vakıf ve hayırsever işler için kullanılan binalar için finansman sağlamış, onları restore ettirmiş veya yeniden yaptırmıştır. Sırf Herat şehrinde 40 kervansaray, 17 camii, 10 büyük konak, 9 hamam, 9 köprü ve 20 havuz yaptırdığı belgelenmiştir.

Bu imar eserleri arasında en önemlileri 13. yüzyılda ünlü tasavvuf şairi olan Ferîduddin Attâr için kuzey-doğu İran'da Nişabur şehrinde tasarımını yaptırıp ve bina edilmesini sağladığı türbe ve Herat'ta bulunan "Halasiya Medresesi" binasıdır.

Yazılı eserleri

Ali Şir Nevai'nin Çağatayca edebiyatının oluşmasında büyük bir rolü vardır. Çeşitli konularda yazılmış 30'a yakın eseri bulunmaktadır. Eserlerinden bazıları şunlardır: Çağatayca Divan (5 tane), Farsça Divan (5 tane), Çihil Hadis (Kırk Hadis) ve Muhakemet'ül Lugateyn (İki dilin karşılaştırılması)'dır.

15. yüzyılda Çağataycanın klasik bir yazı dili olarak kimlik kazanmasında Ali Şir Nevai'nin önemi bilinmektedir. Nevai öncesinde ve Nevai'nin çağında, Timurlular devletinde Türkçe yazan sanatçılar azdır. Nevai, Türkçeyi edebi dil olarak kullanmayan, Farsça yazan çağdaşlarına çatar. Çağdaşlarının Farsça'nın karşısında edebi dil olarak Türkçeyi yetersiz görmelerini eleştirir; eğer emek verilirse Türkçenin de Farsça kadar, hatta daha fazla anlatım inceliklerine sahip olduğunun görüleceğini belirtir. Bu görüşlerini Muhakemet'ül Lugateyn'de görürüz.

Türk dili tarihinde Divânu Lügati't-Türk'ten sonra ikinci önemli kitaptır. Hamse sahibi ilk Türk şairidir (hamse 5 mesneviden oluşur). Tezkire sahibidir (günümüz edebiyattaki biyografi): "Mecalüs'ün Nefais". Şehrengiz: Doğup büyüdüğü "Herat" kentinin doğal güzelliklerini anlatır.

Şiirleri yaşamının değişik dönemlerine göre sınıflandırıp kronolojik olarak divanında toplamıştır.

Farsça'nın resmi dil olduğu, Türk aydınlarının bu dille eser vermeyi hüner kabul ettiği bir zamanda Nevai, Çağatayca'nın Farsçadan üstün bir dil olduğunu savunmuştır. Bunu da eserleri ile kanıtlamış ve kendinden sonrakileri bu yolda eserler vermeye teşvik etmiştir.

Türkçe yazdığı şiirlerde kalem adı Nevāī (نوائى anlamı "ağlayan") adı altında, Ali Şir Nevai baş yazarların arasında, yazınsal Türk dilleri ailesi yararına büyük değişlik yapmıştır. Nevai kendisi başlıca Çağatay dilinde yazar ve 30 yıllık bir dönemin üzerinde 30 eser üretir, böylece Çağatayca Yazınsal dil olarak çok saygın ve önemli kabul edilmiştir.

Nevai ayrıca Farsça yazdığı şiirlerde ise, Farsça dilinde (فانى ; Fāni kalem adı altında, anlamı Arapça "fena" sözünden: yok oluş; mecazi mânâsı ise Allah'ın aşkıyla kendinden geçme, yok olma veya "gelip geçici"), Arapça ve Hintçe çok daha az bir sayıda eser yazmıştır. Ali Şir Nevai'nin en çok tanınmış şiirleri onun dört divan'nında, veya kabaca 50,000 şiir koleksiyonu bulunur.

 Bedâiü'l-Bidâye;
Nevai bu ilk 842 şiir bulunan divanını 1470 yılında yazar. Bunlardan 585'i gazel, üçü müstezad, dördü muhammes, ikisi müseddes, üçü terci'-i bend, kırk dokuzu kıt'a, yetmiş sekizi rubâî, onu çistân, elli ikisi muamma, onu tuyuk, kırk altısı müfred'dir.
 Nevâdirü'n-Nihâye;
1476 - 1483 yıllarında yazdığı şiirlerini bu ikinci divanında topladı.
 Muhakemet-ül-Lügateyn (محاكمة‌اللغتين, Muḥākimāt al-luġatīn):
1499 yılında yazdığı bu kitabı, devrinde olduğu gibi bugün de Türk dünyası için önemli olan, Türk dilinin gücünü ve yerini anlatan büyük bir eseridir.
 Ghara'ib al-Sighar (Garâîbü's-Sığar) şairin 7-20 yaşları arasında yazdığı gençlik şiirleridir.
 Navadir al-Shabab (Nevâdirü'ş-Şebâb): 20-35 yaşları arasında yazdığı şiirlerdir.
 Bada'i' al-Wasat, ("Orta yaş harikaları"):
Bedâîü'l-Vasat orta yaş, yani 35-45 yaşları arasında yazılmış şiirlerden meydana gelir.
 Fawa'id al-Kibar (Fevâyidü'l-Kibar) ise 45-60 yılları arasında yazılmış şiirlerdir.
 Mizan-ül-Evzan (ميزان الاوزان, Mīẓān al-auẓān), (Vezinlerin Terazisi) aruz vezni hakkında eseri. Türkü sözcüğünün ilk olarak Ali Şir Nevâî'nin bu eserinde geçtiği bilinmektedir.
 Hamset-ül-Mütehayyirin (خمسة‌المتحيرين, Chamsat al-mutaḥirīn):
Piri, üstadı ve dostu Nureddin Abdurrahman Cami hakkında "Hamsetü'l Mutehayyırın" ismindeki eserini 1492-94 yılları arasında yazmıştır.
 Târîh-i Mülûk-i 'Acem (طاَرِكهء مُلُكء ادسثهَم, Tārikh-e Muluk-e Adscham),
1488 yılında Astrabad valisiyken yazdığı "Târîh-i Mülûk-i 'Acem" (İran Memleketleri Tarihi) kitabı, bunlardan biridir. Nevai, bu eserinde "Arjasp Binni Efrasiyab kim, Türk Padişahi erdi. şeklinde Alp Er Tunga'dan söz eder.
 Mecalis-ün-Nefais (مَجَلِس ال نَفِس, Majalis al-Nafais):
Bir derleme, 450 üzerinde çoğunlukla çağdaş ozanların (şairlerin) yaşam öyküsü (biyografik) kısa hikâyeleri içeren, çağdaş Timur kültürü tarihçilerine altın bir bilgi kaynağı oluşturur.
 Divān-e Fānī, Farsça yazdığı şiirlerin toplandığı bu eseri gazel biçiminde yazılmış ve mısra sayısı 12 bindir.
 Nazm-ül-Cevahir 1485 yılında,
 Tuhfet-ül-Müluk (Farsça),
 Münşeat (Türkçe):
Hüseyin Baykara'ya ve başkalarına yazdığı mektupların toplandığı bu eserini 1498 yılında yazmıştır.
 Sirâcü'l-Müslimin 1488 yılında,
 Tarih-i En-biya ve Hükema (Türkçe),
 Mahbub-ül-Kulub fil-Ahlak 1500 yılında,
 Seyf-ül-Hadi,
 Rekabet-ül-Münadi,
 Mekârimü'l-Ahlâk;
Bu kitabında Nevai'nin yaptırdığı imaret, hânegâh, havuz, ribât (kervansaray) vb. eserlerin listesini veriyor.
 Hâlât-ı Pehlâvân Muhammed, Pehlivan Muhammed hakkında yazdığı eseri. Nevai ayrıca "Vaq-fiye" (1482), "Risâle-yi Tir Endâhten" eserlerinin de sahibidir. "Seb'at Abhur" (Yedi Deniz) adlı bir de sözlük yazmıştır.

Tasavvuf eserleri

Lisânü't-Tayr
Lisan-üt-Tayr, (لسان الطیر, Lisan-ol-tayr):
Feridüddin Attar (Farsça:فرید الدین عطار, Farīdo d-Dīn 'Attār)'ın Manteq-ol-tayr veya (منطق الطیر, Maqāmāt-e Toyūr)'dan esinlenerek, varlık ve ilahi gerçek üzerine görüşlerini, insan, tabiat ve yaşam üzerine 3500 beyitten oluşan tasavvufi bir eserini 1499 yılında yazmıştır.

Nesâimü'l-Muhabbet
Nesaim-ül-Mehabbe, (نسایم المحبت, Nasāyim ul-Muhabbat):
750 tanınmış Sufi şeyhlerin listesi, Nureddin Abdurrahman Cami'nin Nafahat al-uns (نفحات الانس) adındaki eserinin Çağatayca çevirisidir.

Hamse

Nevai'nin diğer önemli eserlerini beş destansı şiir ve Nizami Gencevi (نظامی گنجوی, Nezāmī Ganjavī, tam ismi: Neẓām ad-Dīn Abū Muhammad Elyās ibn Yusūf ibn Zakī ibn Mu'ayyid)'den esinlenerek yazdığı Hamse yi oluşturur:

Hayret-ül-Ebrar
Hayret-ül-Ebrar (حیرت الابرار, Hayrat-ol-abrar),
Nevai'nin bu birinci mesnevisi, 7976 mısralık, felsefî bir eseridir. Dünya hayatı, insan kalbi ve cemiyet; tarihler, efsaneler, meseller vasıtasıyla anlatılır.

Ferhat ile Şirin
Ferhat ü Şirin (فرهاد و شیرین, Farhād-o Shirin),

Leyla ile Mecnun
Leyla ile Mecnun (لیلی و مجنون , Layli va Majnun) ,
Azerice, Türkçe uyarlaması hikâye, "Leylâ ile Mecnun destanı" (داستان ليلى و مجنون, Dâstân-ı Leylî vü Mecnûn) ismiyle 16. yüzyılda Fuẓūlī tarafından yazılmıştır. Nevai bu üçüncü mesnevisini, sonradan söylentiye göre efsâneye dönüştürülen bu aşk hikâyesini, yüksek bir sanat ve zevkle Türkçe ve Türk ruhuyla işler. Nevai bu mesnevisinin sonunda şöyle ifade ediyor:
Men Türkî başlaban rivayet
Qıldım bu fesâneni hikâyet.
Kim, şuhreti çün cahânga tolgay,
Türk eliğe dağı behre bolgay.
Nev çünki bükün cahânda etrâk
Köptür huştab'u safı idrâk.

Sab'a-i Seyyar
Seb'a-i Seyyare (سبعه سیار, Sab'ai Sayyar) Nevai, dördüncü mesnevisi olan bu eserinde, Şark dünyasında çok yayılmış Behram Gur efsanesini ele alır.

Seddî İskenderî
Sedd-i İskenderi (سد سکندری, Sadd-i-Iskandari), Nevai, bu beşinci mesnevisinde Büyük İskender'le ilgili efsanevî tarihi anlatmanın yanında, bu konuyu araç edip kendi devrinin maddî, manevî problemlerini, devlet, şah, halkın yönetilmesi, adalet, hakikat gibi konuları da işlemiştir.

Ali Şîr Nevaî, bir beytinde, nevrûz günü gece ile gündüzün eşit olmasından söz etmekte; diğer bir beyitte ise nevrûzla Kadir gecesini bir arada kullanarak, nevrûzu âdeta kutsallaştırmaktadır. Şair, çok güzel olan bir beyitinde, hitap ettiği kişinin her gecesinin Kadir; her gününün de nevrûz olmasını temenni etmektedir:
Vaslı ara kördüm reng emiş boynuyu-saçı
Tün-kün teng ekan zâhir olur boldı Nevrûz

Nevaî ve Türkçe
On beşinci yüzyılda Çağataycanın (Çağatay Türkçesinin) klasik bir yazı dili olarak kimlik kazanmasında Ali Şîr Nevâî'nin önemi bilinmektedir. Nevâî öncesinde ve Nevâî'nin çağında, Timurlular devletinde Türkçe yazan sanatçılar azdır. Nevâî, Türkçeyi edebî dil olarak kullanmayan, Farsça yazan çağdaşlarına çatar. Çağdaşlarının Farsçanın karşısında edebî dil olarak Türkçeyi yetersiz görmelerini eleştirir; eğer emek verilirse Türkçenin de Farsça kadar, hatta daha fazla anlatım inceliklerine sahip olduğunun görüleceğini belirtir. Bu görüşlerini Muhakemetül-lugateyn'de görürüz.

Nevaî'nin etkisi

Nevai'nin doğuda Hindistan'ı ve batıda Osmanlı imparatorluğu'na kadar olan alanda büyük bir etkisi olmuştur.

 Babür, (1483 - 1530), Hindistan'da Babür İmparatorluğu'nun kurucusu, ilk İslami yöneticilerin arasında özgeçmişini destansı Babürnâme'de yazmıştır. Babür Ali Şir Nevai'den çok etkilenir ve saygısını onun bu ünlü kitabında dahi görülür.
 Osmanlılar Ana Asya mirası olduğunu bildiklerinden; I. Süleyman Nevai'den çok etkilenmiş ve onun üç kitabını kendi kütüphanesine aldırmıştır.
 Şöhretli Azeri asıllı Türk divan şairi Fuẓūlī, Safevi Hanedanı ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu koruma ve himayesi altındaki yazar, Nevai'den çok etkilenir.
 Diğer etkileri Rusya'da Kazan'da, Türkistan (Ana asya)'da, çağdaş Türkiye'de ve tüm diğer Türkçe konuşulan bölgelerde görülmüştür.

Babür Herat'ta şöyle yazar:

Gazelinden bir örnek:

Qaro ko'zim
 Kara gözlüm

Qaro ko'zum, kelu mardumlug' emdi fan qilg'il,
Ko'zum qarosida mardum kibi vatan qilg'il.

Yuzung guliga ko'ngul ravzasin yasa gulshan,
Qading niholig'a jon gulshanin chaman qilg'il.

Takovaringg'a bag'ir qonidin hino bog'la,
Itingg'a g'amzada jon rishtasin rasan qilg'il.

Firoq tog'ida topilsa tufrog'im, ey charx,
Xamir etib yana ul tog'da ko'hkan qilg'il.

Yuzung visolig'a yetsun desang ko'ngullarni,
Sochingni boshdin-ayog' chin ila shikan qilg'il.

Xazon sipohiga, ey bog'bon, emas mone'
Bu bog' tomida gar ignadin tikan qilg'il.

Yuzida terni ko'rub o'lsam, ey rafiq, meni
Gulob ila yuvu gul bargidin kafan qilg'il.

Navoiy, anjumani shavq jon aro tuzsang,
Aning boshog'lig' o'qin sham'i anjuman qilg'il.

Nevaî eserlerine yazılan önemli sözlük
Ali Şîr Nevaî'nin yarattığı orijinal eserler Türk Dünyasında geniş karşılanmış ve beğenilmiştir. Yıllar boyunca eserlerine şerhler ve sözlükler yazılmıştır. En adlım sözlüklerden birisi Nadir Şah Afşarın Münşi-ül Memâliki olan Mirza Mehdi Han Asterabadi tarafından Farsça yazılmış Senglah Sözlüğü adlı açıklamalı sözlüktür.
Şu kitabı Gerard Clauson faksimilesini 1960 yılında neşretti. 2014 yılında ise İranlı türkolog Hüseyin Düzgün (Hosein Mohammadzadeh Sedigh) kitabın edisyon kritik yayınını 3 ciltte Tebriz'de yayınlama şansı kazanmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Nevaî Tiyatrosu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Navoi's Garden
 About Alisher Navoi
 Alisher Navoi:Chaucer of the Turks
 San'at :: Alisher Navoi and his epoch in the context of Uzbekistan art culture dvelopment
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පිළිකා රෝග අධ්‍යයන විද්‍යාව () යනු පිළිකා වල වර්ධනය, රෝග නිර්ණය, ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රම සහ වළක්වා ගැනීම පිළිබදව අධ්‍යයනය කරනු ලබන වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවෙහි එක් ශාඛාවකි. පිළිකා රෝග පිළිබදව විශේෂඥ දැනුමක් ඇති වෛද්‍ය වරයෙකු පිළිකා රෝග විශේෂඥවරයෙක් නම් වේ. Oncology යන වදන ග්‍රීක භාෂාවෙන් ගෙඩියක් යන තේරුම ඇති onkos  සහ අධ්‍යයනය යන තේරුම ඇති  - ology යන වචන වලින් බිදි ආවකි.

පිළිකා රෝග විශේෂඥයකු විසින් පිළිකා රෝගියෙකුට ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීමේදී භෞත චිකිත්සකයින්, උපදේශකයින් සහ සායනික ජාන විද්‍යාව යන අංග වල උපකාර ලබාගනී.  වෙනත් ආකාරයකින් පැවසුව හොත් පිළිකාරෝග පිළිබද විශේෂඥවරයෙකු‍ට රෝගියෙකුට ප්‍රතිකාර ලබාදීමේදි ව්‍යාදි වේදියෙකුගේ උපදෙස් ලබාගනිමින් අදාල පිළිකාවෙහි නියම ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක තත්වය පිළිබද අවබෝධයක් ලබාගත යුතුය.

පිළිකා රෝග අධ්‍යයන විද්‍යාවේදි;
	පිළිකා රෝග හදුනා ගැනීම
	ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීම (උදා - ශල්‍යකර්ම, රසායනික චිකිත්සාව, විකිරණ චිකිත්සා සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රම)
	සාර්ථක ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රම වලින් පසු පිළිකා රෝගීන් පිළිබද සොයා බැලීම.
	පිළිකා රෝග මගින් අසාධ්‍යයට පත් වු රෝගින් හට සහනයක් ලබාදෙන ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රම ලබාදීම.
	පිළිකා රෝග සදහා ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීමේ දී ආචාර ධර්ම පිළිබද සැලකීමට ගැනීම.
	රෝග විමර්ශනය කිරීම. පිළිබද අවධානය යොමු කෙරේ.
ජනගහනයක් තුළ හෝ;
ප්‍රවේනි ගත උරුමයක් ඇති (පියයුරු පිළිකා) පිළිකාවන් සහිත රෝගීන්ගේ ඥාතීන්.

ජීව විද්‍යාව

පිළිකා රෝග අධ්‍යයන විද්‍යාව


Hugo Bonatti ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Hugo Bonatti (Schriftsteller) (* 1933), österreichischer Schriftsteller
 Hugo Bonatti (Freestyle-Skier) (* 1962), österreichischer Freestyle-Skier

Hugo Bonatti


Hayretî (d. ? - ö. 1534), Türk divan edebiyatı şairi.

Doğum tarihi bilinmese de Hayreti'nin Vardar'da doğduğu bilinmektedir. Gerçek ismi Mehmed'tir. Çok genç yaşlarda tasavvufla ilgilenmiş, çeşitli tarikatlarla yakın temasa geçmiştir. Ömrü boyu tasavvufi bir yaşam anlayışını benimsemiş ve anlayışını şiirlerine de yansıtmıştır. Hayatının son yıllarında kör olmuş, gözlerini kaybetmiştir. 1534 yılında ölmüştür.

16. yüzyılın en önemli şairlerinden biri olsa da bugün pek bilinmemektedir. Divanı 1981 yılında Prof. Dr. Mehmed Çavuşoğlu ve M. Ali Tanyeri tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Şiirlerinde tasavvufi öğelere sıklıkla rastlanır, üslubu samimi ve coşkuludur.

Eserlerinden örnek
Gazel

Ben bu bâzrun ne bazerganı ne bezzaâzıyam
Kûy-ı ışkun onmadık bir rind-i şâhid-bâzıyam

Bir megesce kadrüm olsa hân-ı vaslunda n'ola
Ben de hâlümce muhabbet evcinin şeh-bâzıyam

Câna kalmazam bu gün meydanda aslâ Hâk bilür
Rîsmân-ı kâhkül-i dil-dârumun cân bâzıyam

Sen nice erbâb-ı hüsn içinde müstesnâ isen
Pâdişâhum ehl-i ışkun ben de bir mümtâzıyam

İt gibi öldürmez isen ger rakîb-i kâfiri
Dime hiç ey Hayretî âlemde ben de gaaziyem

(Vezin: Fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilün)

1534 yılında ölenler
Divan edebiyatı şairleri

Hayreti


Siegfried Hännl (* 6. September 1943 in Schönbach b. Asch; † 4. Oktober 2012 in Bamberg) war ein deutscher Journalist.

Werdegang
Hännl wuchs in Selb-Plößberg auf. Er war 27 Jahre bei der Süddeutschen Zeitung tätig. Dort war er Leiter der Regionalausgaben, des Ressorts Bayern und der Reportagen-Seite. Danach war er bis Ende August 2005 Chefredakteur des Fränkischen Tags in Bamberg. Von 2003 bis 2006 war er Vorsitzender der Akademie für neue Medien in Kulmbach.

Ehrungen
 1997: Verdienstkreuz am Bande der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 2011: Johann-Georg-August-Wirth-Preis

Weblinks
 Hännl und Knur erhalten Wirth-Preis, Frankenpost vom 13. Januar 2011

Einzelnachweise

Journalist (Deutschland)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Person (Bamberg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1943
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Siegfried Hännl


Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil, (d. 1907, İstanbul - ö. 6 Ekim 1968, İstanbul), Türk şair, yazar, psikolog, çevirmen, ansiklopedist.

Yedi Meşaleciler Topluluğu'nun kurucularındandır. Psikoloji alanında akademik kariyer yaptı ve 1942'de profesör olarak ömrünün sonuna kadar öğretim üyeliğini sürdürdü. Fransız şairlerin şiirlerini Türkçeye, Sait Faik hikâyelerini Fransızcaya çevirdi; Edmond Rostand'ın ünlü oyunu Cyrano de Bergerac'ın Türkçe çevirisiyle büyük ün yaptı.

Hayatı
1907'de İstanbul'da dünyaya geldi. Antalya'da başlayan öğrenimine İstanbul Erkek Muallim Mektebi ve İstiklal Lisesinde devam etti. İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi son sınıfta okurken Fransa'ya gönderildi ve Dijon ve Lyon Üniversitelerinde felsefe eğitimi aldı. Yurda döndükten sonra Gazi Terbiye Enstitüsü'nde felsefe öğretmenliği yaptı. 1942 yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesinde psikoloji profesörü oldu. Ömrünün sonuna dek öğretim üyeliğini sürdürdü. Türk Psikoloji Derneği, Pen Kulüp başkanlığında bulundu.

İlk şiirlerini 1927'de Güneş ve Hayat dergilerinde yayınladı. 1928'de Yedi Meşaleciler adlı şiir topluluğuna katıldı. Topluluğun çıkardığı Yedi Meşale adlı ortak kitaba 14 şiiriyle katıldı. Sekiz sayı çıkabilen Meşale dergisinde şiirlerini yayınlamayı sürdürdü; dergi kapanınca şiirlerini Muhit ve Varlık dergilerinde yayımladı. Hece ölçüsüyle dışavurumcu şiirler yazmaktaydı. Şiir yazmayı 10 yıl sürdürdükten sonra bıraktı.

Varlık dergisinin 15 Ekim 1968 sayısı Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil özel sayısıdır.

Eserleri

Telif eserleri
 Odalar ve Sofalar (1933)
 Psikoloji ve Terbiye Bahisleri (1940)
 Tanzimat'ın Fransız Efkar-ı Umumiyesi'nde Uyandırdığı Yankılar (1940)
 Karagöz (1941, Fransızca 1951, İngilizce 1955)
 Folklor ve Millî Hayat (1943)
 Roman ve Okuyucu (1944)

Çevirileri
 "Bilgi ve Hata", Ernst Mach,«felsefe», 1935, M. E. Basımevi .
 "Çocukta Dil ve Düşünce", Jean Piaget, «psikoloji», 1938, M. E. Basımevi .
 "Çocukta Hüküm ve Muhakeme, Jean Piaget, «psikoloji», 1939, M. E. Basımevi .
 "Anormal Çocuklar" A. Binet ve Th. Simon, «psikoloji», 1939, M. E. Basımevi .
 "Yeni Terbiyenin Prensipleri", Albert Malche,«pedagoji», 1939, Eminönü Halkevi
 "Cephe Sohbetleri", André Maurois, «roman», 1937, Remzi Kitabevi, 2. tabı 1943.
 "O'Grady'nin Gevezelikleri", André Maurois, «roman», 1943, Remzi Kitabevi.
 "Tepe", Jean Giono, «roman», 1938, Remzi Kitabevi.
 "Değirmenimden Mektuplar", Alphonse Daudet  «hikâyeler», 1943, Remzi Kitabevi. 1944, M. E. Basımevi.
 "Philebos", Eflâtun, 1943, M. E. Basımevi.
 "Aktörlük Hakkında Aykırı Düşünceler",Diderot, 1943, M. E. Basımevi.
 "Cyrano de Bergerac", Edmond Rostand «manzum oyun», 1942, M. E. Basımevi.
 "Gil Blas de Santillane'ın Maceraları, Lesage, I ve II, 1945, M. E. Basımevi
 "Gil Blas de Santillane'ın Maceraları, Lesage, III ve IV
 "Yeni Mabut", François de Curel, «piyes»
 "Tiyatro ve Bizler", Fortunat Strowski, «etüd»
 Un Point Sur La Carte (1962 - Sait Faik'in hikâyelerinin Fransızca çevirisi).
 "Ruy Blas", Victor Hugo, «Roman»

Kaynakça

1907 doğumlular
1968 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Resim aranan yazarlar
Türk psikologlar
Türk çevirmenler
İstanbul doğumlu yazarlar
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul doğumlu akademisyenler
Fransızcadan Türkçeye çeviri yapanlar
Türkçeden Fransızcaya çeviri yapanlar
İstanbul doğumlu çevirmenler

Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil


Van Zant je američki glazbeni sastav koji čine Donnie Van Zant i Johnny Van Zant, inače braća Ronnija Van Zanta, nekadašnjeg pjevača sastava Lynyrd Skynyrd. Iako zbog članstva u drugim sastavima nisu imali kontinuirano djelovanje (Johnny kao pjevač Lynyrd Skynrda, a Donnie kao gitarist i pjevač sastava 38 Special), snimili su pet studijskih albuma, od kojih su prva dva obilježena zvukom southern rocka, a sljedeća tri zvukom countryja. Komercijalno značajniji uspjeh zabilježio je jedino album Get Right with the Man.

Studijski albumi
Van Zant (1985.)
Brother to Brother (1998.)
Van Zant II (2001.)
Get Right with the Man (2005.)
My Kind of Country (2007.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice sastava

Američki rock-sastavi
Country glazbeni sastavi

Van Zant


Hallasan () is a shield volcano on Jeju Island in South Korea. Its summit, at , is the highest point in the country. The area around the mountain is a designated national park, the Hallasan National Park. Hallasan is commonly considered to be one of the three main mountains of South Korea, along with Jirisan and Seoraksan.

The Hallasan Natural Reserve is a natural monument to South Korea. The Hallasan Natural Reserve was designated as a natural monument on October 12, 1966.

Names
Hallasan is the highest mountain in South Korea and is worshipped by people as they believe that gods and spirits live on the mountain. Alternate English names for the mountain include Hanla Mountain or Mount Halla and older English sources refer to the peak as Mount Auckland. Hallasan is written in Hangul as if it were Hanrasan (); however, it is still pronounced as Hallasan. In the past, Hallasan has been known by numerous other names in Korean including Buak (/), Wonsan (/), Jinsan (/), Seonsan (/), Dumuak (/), Burasan (/), Yeongjusan (/), and Hyeolmangbong (/).

Geology and geography

Hallasan
Hallasan is a massive shield volcano which forms the bulk of Jeju Island and is often taken as representing the island itself. There is a Korean traditional local saying that "Jeju Island is Hallasan, and Hallasan is Jeju." The mountain can indeed be seen from all places on the island, but its peak is often covered in clouds. The mountain has been designated Korea's Natural Monument no. 182.

The soil of Hallasan is mostly made out of volcanic ash, volcanic sand, and lapilli. The organic contents of the soil are higher than any other soil in South Korea, but drainage is also better than any other place in South Korea. The soil is not the best for farming. The volcanic island was constructed, starting in the Pliocene epoch, on the continental shelf, which is about 100 m (300 ft) below sea level in that area. Eruptions of basalt and trachyte lava built the island above sea level, and it now reaches a height of . A large volcanic crater over  in diameter tops the volcano. About 360 parasitic cones, or oreum () in the Jeju language, are found on the volcano's flanks. Most of them are cinder cones and scoria cones, but there are also some lava domes and about 20 tuff rings near the coast and offshore, which were formed by underwater phreatic eruptions. The most recent eruptions are estimated to be about 5,000 years ago, which puts the volcano into the active classification, meaning it has erupted in the last 10,000 years. The designation as active is not agreed to by all, as more monitoring and study are needed to better understand the volcano.

Baengnokdam

There is a crater lake on Hallasan called Baengnokdam (/), meaning "white deer lake". It is formed by the collapse of the top of the ridge by the movement of magma underground. There is a legend attributing the name of the lake to otherworldly men who descend from heaven to play with white deer. Depending on the season, the circumference of the lake is up to  with a depth up to about .

The configurative rocks of the eastern and western walls of Baengnokdam are different. The eastern wall is covered with basalt lava 2–5 m thick at its top. In the lower part, there is a high-concentration stream sediment layer of the Tamra layer. The western wall is made of the trachyte lava dome. The volcanic wall formed by the eruption of the lava should be composed of lava, analysis. However, the eastern wall is composed of the clastic sedimentary sediments, so it is not a crater by lava eruption but a pit crater. Namely, the trachyte magma, which formed the Baengnokdam trachyte, was elevated on the dome, and the trachyte magma formed lava dome at its top. The inclination and direction of the Tamra Formation of Baengnokdam cannot be measured directly at Baengnokdam, but it is N10W of slope and 30NE of slope measured near the valley below North Baengnokdam, 1,580 m above sea level.

Impact of topography

Tendency of wind change by Hallasan
In order to understand the tendency of temperature change in Jeju Island, the short-term forecasting model of Halla, the weather data of the Korean peninsula, and the wind vector of AWS is analyzed. When the south winds flow into the sea, sea winds form around Hallasan, and the sea breeze is formed on the downwind side of the sea. On the coast, winds and the sea breezes gather around the coasts to form a persistent eddy, and the highest temperature occurs in the region where the eddy occurs.

Tendency of maximum temperature by Hallasan
In order to understand the tendency of maximum temperature in Jeju Island, the area where the highest temperature occurred when the wind was weak was surveyed and analyzed. In the morning, when the reverse layer is formed and the wind is weak, the warm air of the lower layer is raised when the air movement between the upper and lower layers is blocked, and it is placed on the upper floor by the sea breeze, which affects the temperature rise in the mid-mountainous area.

The occurrence of the highest temperature coincides with the formation position of Eddy, and when the wind is weak, it is formed in the middle mountain region. When the wind is weak, the warmth is accumulated in the middle layer, so the maximum temperature in the mid-mountainous area is higher than the maximum temperature of the low-altitude coastal area about 1–3 °C, and 4 °C or higher on the downwind side.

When the wind is blowing at 4–9 m/s, the wind phenomenon occurs mainly, so the weak sea breeze coming from the sea is formed on the coastal area and the peak temperature is mainly observed during the daytime.

Tendency of minimum temperature by Hallasan
The change of the minimum temperature varies depending on the degree of cooling of Hallasan and the intensity of the wind speed. When the wind blows due to the predominance of sea breeze, the air cooled in Hallasan descends to the coastal area and induces the decrease in temperature. When the synoptic wind blows strongly, the cold air of Hallasan moves to the downwind side and the lowest temperature appears. The lowest temperature in the downwind area is 2–5 °C lower than in other areas, and the lowest temperature often appears at night.

When the weak northwestern synoptic winds are blown, the lowest temperature appears in the eastern part of Jeju Island. The chill of the top of Hallasan descends downhill along the mountain range and is collected in the eastern part of Jeju Island so the morning temperature drops a lot.

Inter-regional temperature variation by Hallasan
For the last five years, the deviation of temperature (maximum temperature - minimum temperature) increased in spring between March and May. The reason for the large deviation in spring is because the phenomenon occurs frequently by Hallasan.

Ecosystem
Hallasan was isolated from the mainland for a long time and its species were able to become unique and different from mainland species. The elevation of the mountain causes various plant species to live there. The mountain became a habitat for plants that live in low elevation and plants that live in high elevation. 50 or more unique species live in Jeju Island, especially in high elevation area in Hallasan. Various animal species also live on the mountain. Because of the geography of the mountain, the same species evolved in different ways after thousands of years. Just like plant species, animal species originally living in cold and hot climates use the mountain as their habitat. There are a total of 160 bird species that use Hallasan as a habitat. Only 19 species are considered as a natural monument and protected by the government. Ravens are commonly seen in the hiking trail. A total of 3,315 insect species live on the mountain. 254 spider species also live there. A study found that spider habitat is concentrated more on the north side of the mountain. Ticks live on the mountain and caused much damage to Jeju residents long ago. The damage caused by ticks continues. Six tick species cause problems for domestic animals.

Flora
According to the world floral region, Hallasan belongs to the temperate subregion with Yangtze River basin and southwest Japan. From the coast to the top of the Hallasan, plants are distributed vertically from the subtropical plants to the alpine plants due to the environmental gradient. Of the 4,000 species of vascular plants native to Korea, about 400 species are estimated to be endangered or potentially rare. Especially, 23 species-specific wild plants designated by the Ministry of Environment (a total of 59 species) are distributed in Jeju Island and 6 of them can be found in the natural reserve area of Hallasan. Also, about 50 kinds of special plants are distributed in Jeju Island, especially in the highlands of Hallasan.

Fauna
Because of the geographical character of the island, there are many subspecies due to isolation even though they are the same species. Also, Hallasan is a place where the polar animal and the tropical animal coexist due to the difference of the climate zone according to the elevation.

Mammals
The mammals of Jeju Island are distributed among 5 orders and 114 families and 5 species. Thus, the distribution of mammals in Jeju Island is very poor in species and numbers because Jeju island is isolated from the Korean peninsula long ago. Their population has been reduced due to the decrease in food because of the use of rodenticides and pesticides in recent years and indiscreet fishing. Weasels, badgers, and gazelles are inhabited in Hallasan. The number of weasels and badgers are declining. Tiger, Boar and Formosan deer are already extinct. Roe deer, the largest mammal in Hallasan, was once in danger of extinction. But now its population has increased due to protection policies and much effort by the islanders.

Amphibians and reptiles
Most amphibians and reptiles on Jeju Island are indigenous animals but there are some invasive species from Japan and China. Mt. Halla is particularly well-suited for amphibians and reptiles as a hideout, with well-developed grasslands and marshlands, and is rich in food.

Birds
There are 364 kinds of birds in Jeju Island, 91 kinds of passing birds, 100 kinds of birds in winter, 42 kinds of resident birds and 43 kinds of vagrants. Among the birds in Jeju Island, except for the species that live in habitat for migratory birds and coastal regions, there are 160 species inhabiting mainly in Mt. Halla. There are 19 species designated as natural monuments.

Temple
The mountain is home to Gwaneumsa (/), the oldest Buddhist temple on the island. The temple was originally built during the Goryeo Dynasty (1046–1083) during King Munjong (문종). Like many other temples in Korea, Gwaneumsa was destroyed in 1702 and closed for 200 years. The temple was rebuilt in 1908. It propagates Buddhism again in Jeju Island. There is a memorial site outside the temple to commemorate the victims of the Jeju uprising that took place between 1948 and 1950. It is one of the most visited places on the island.

The mountain is also the location of Jonjaamji, a pagoda preserving relics of the Buddha.

Trails

There are five hiking trails on Hallasan.

 Gwaneumsa Trail (관음사 탐방로/) - 8.7 km
 Eorimok Trail (어리목 탐방로/어리목 ) - 4.7 km
 Seongpanak Trail (성판악 탐방로/) - 9.6 km
 Yeongsil Trail (영실 탐방로/) - 3.7 km
 Donnaeko Trail (돈내코 탐방로/돈내코) - 9.1 km

The Donnaeko trail was reopened to the public on December 4, 2009, after a fifteen-year hiatus. Only the Gwaneumsa and Seongpanak trails lead to the summit. The Donnaeko, Eorimok and Yeongsil courses only go as far as Witse Oreum (), as the rest of the trail leading to the peak has been closed off since 1994 in order to restore and protect the vegetation.

Transport

Gwaneumsa Trail
To go to Gwaneumsa Trail by car, you should use road number 1117 which connects Jeju Arra-dong Mountain and Tamra Education Center and Cheon-Wangsa. From Jeju city hall to Gwaneumsa Information Center, it takes about 25 minutes and from Seogwipo city hall, it takes about 50 minutes. If you want to use public transportation, ride Jeju city bus number 475. This bus does not enter the city, so riders have to get off and transfer at the entrance of Jeju University. In the past, it operated only on weekends and holidays, but it can be used on weekdays since the 2017 bus route reorganization. If you have to take a bus to Jeju city or Seogwipo city, the closest stop is Jeju medical center at 5.16 road. It takes about 40~50 minutes on foot. This bus comes until 20:20.

Eorimok Trail
To go to Eorimok Trail by car, you should use road number 1139 (or 1100), which connect Jeju City and Seogwipo City Jungmun-dong. From Jeju city hall, it takes about 35 minutes and from Jungmun-dong, it takes about 50 minutes. If you want to use public transportation, ride bus number 240. (Dispense interval about 1hr.)

Seongpanak Trail
To go to Seongpanak Trail by car, you should use road number 1131 (or 516) which connect Jeju city and Seogwipo city. From Jeju city hall to the Seongpanak Information Center, it takes about 30 minutes. From Seogwipo city hall, it takes about 40 minutes. If you want to use public transformation, ride buses on road 516, which are 181, 182, 281. Since these buses come in an interval of only 10~15 minutes, the route with the best accessibility is this route.

Yeongsil Trail
The Yeongsil Trail is connected to the Gwaneumsa Trail by road number 1100. This makes the transportation information really similar. Actually, the way of public transportation is same. But the time to come and go is quite different since these two trails are 30 minutes away by car. From Jeju city hall to the Yeongsil Information Center, it takes about 50 minutes. From Jungmun to Yeongsil Information Center, it takes about 30 minutes.

Donnaeko Trail
To go to Donnaeko Trail by car, you should use road number 1115 which connects Jeju city Araun mountain river, Tamra education center, and Chunwangsa temple. From Jeju city hall to Donnaeko Information Center, it takes about 60 minutes and from Seogwipo city hall, it takes about 25 minutes. If you want to use public transportation, ride Seogwipo city bus 610-1. This bus goes to the mourning gallery (, which is the entrance) only 6 times a day. It takes about 40~50 minutes on foot.

Gallery

See also
 List of ultras of Northeast Asia
 List of volcanoes in Korea

Notes

References

 Halla-san Official website

Polygenetic shield volcanoes
Volcanoes of South Korea
Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean
Volcanic crater lakes
Mountains of Jeju Province
Pliocene shield volcanoes
Pleistocene shield volcanoes
Dormant volcanoes
Jeju City
Seogwipo
Mountains of South Korea
One-thousanders of South Korea
Highest points of countries
Shield volcanoes of Asia

Hallasan