A Costa Ocidental é uma comarca do norte de Espanha, na província e comunidade autónoma da Cantábria, no litoral do mar Cantábrico. A sua capital é San Vicente de la Barquera e é constituída por treze municípios, cuja área conjunta é 318 km² e em  tinham um total de  habitantes.

Apesar de já existir uma lei para a divisão em comarcas da Cantábria desde 1999, esta ainda não foi regulamentada, pelo que a comarca, como as restantes da comunidade autónoma, não tem carácter administrativo oficial. Devido a isso, os limites da comarca variam um conforme as fontes, embora todos os municípios que a integram tenham elementos característicos comuns; em algumas fontes, todos os municípios da Costa Ocidental à exceção de Santillana del Mar são também da comarca de Saja-Nansa (ver secção "Municípios"). A comarca estende-se a oeste até  , na foz do Deva, que marca o limite com as Astúrias. A leste estende-se até , no limite com a comarca de Besaya. É na costa ocidental que desembocam dois dos principais rios cantábricos, o Deva e o , o mesmo acontecendo com o .

Descrição
A região tem um carácter semiurbano e tem muitas atrações turísticas, como praias, natureza, património histórico e arquitetónico, gastronomia e cultura em geral. Além de numerosas praias, centros históricos e monumentos, há um parque natural (de ). Entre as principais atrações de carácter cultural destacam-se a Caverna de Altamira, um dos locais de arte rupestre mais importantes do mundo, a ) e, em Comillas, o Palácio de Sobrellano,  (antiga sede da Universidade Pontifícia Comillas e  (da autoria de Antoni Gaudí).

Os municípios mais conhecidos e que atraem mais turistas são Santillana del Mar, Comillas e San Vicente de la Barquera, os quais estão entre os principais destinos turísticos da Cantábria. Apesar de ser uma zona turística, ao contrário do que ocorreu na costa oriental, há muito pouca construção massiva, para o que poderá ter contribuído ter sido uma área de acesso relativamente difícil até à abertura dos troços mais ocidentais da Cantábria da autoestrada do Cantábrico, já no .

Segundo algumas fontes, praticamente todos os municípios desta comarca fazem também parte da comarca de Saja-Nansa: em 2022 Turismo da Cantábria, apresentava San Vicente de la Barquera, Val de San Vicente e Valdáliga naquela comarca; em 2008 o website de entidades locais do Ministério de Administraciones Públicas espanhol incluía San Vicente de la Barquera, Udías, Val de San Vicente e Valdáliga naquela comarca; por último, em 2022 a mancomunidade Associação de Desenvolvimento Rural Saja Nansa tinha como associados os municípios de Alfoz de Lloredo, Comillas, San Vicente de la Barquera, Udías, Val de San Vicente e Valdáliga. Ou seja, o único município da Costa Ocidental que nunca é considerado como sendo da comarca de Saja-Nansa é Santillana del Mar.

Notas e referências

Costa Ocidental (Cantábria)


La Mémorial Kamila Skolimowska est un meeting international d'athlétisme qui se déroule une fois par an au Stade de Silésie de Chorzów, en Pologne. Cette compétition, créée en 2009, est l'une des étapes du World Athletics Continental Tour et figure en 2022 au programme de la Ligue de diamant 2022. Le meeting porte le nom de la lanceuse de marteau polonaise Kamila Skolimowska, médaillée olympique décédée en 2009.

Records du meeting
(En cours de mise à jour au 17 juillet)

Hommes

Femmes

Notes et références

Liens externes
Site officiel

Événement sportif international en Pologne
Sport à Chorzów
Meeting World Athletics
Meeting Ligue de diamant

Mémorial Kamila Skolimowska


Kornridderspore (Consolida) er en slægt af omkring 40 arter af årligt blomstrende planter, som er en del af ordenen Ranunculaceae. Dens oprindelige udstrækning strækker sig over det meste af vestlige Europa, Middelhavet og Asien. Fællesnavnet, Ridderspore, henviser til det spore-formede bæger, som deles med dens nært beslægtede flerårige slægtning Delphinium.

Consolida adskiller sig fra dens nære slætning Riddersporen (Delphinium) i deres blomsters struktur, med blomsterne i en åben, løs, ofte forgrenet spids, snarere end den tætte søjle af blomster, som ses hos Delphinium , og i deres frugt, som omfatter en enkelt follikel, i stedet for en klynge af flere sammen. Det er en populær haveplante og snitblomst, med mange sorter i forskellige nuancer såsom pink, blå, lilla og hvid. I kataloger er den normalt nævnt som "Ridderspore", hvor "Delphinium" er forbeholdt dens flerårige slægtning. Alle dele af planten er giftige for mennesker, især frøene.

Arter
Udvalgte arter omfatter:
Consolida aconiti
Consolida ajacis
Consolida anthoroidea
Consolida armeniaca
Consolida axilliflora
Consolida camptocarpa
Consolida cornuta
Consolida cruciata
Consolida glandulosa
Consolida hellespontica
Consolida hohenackeri
Consolida lineolata
Consolida oliveriana
Consolida olopetala
Consolida orientalis
Consolida persica
Consolida phrygia
Consolida pubescens
Consolida raveyi
Consolida regalis
Consolida rugulosa
Consolida saccata
Consolida scleroclada
Consolida staminosa
Consolida stapfiana
Consolida stenocarpa
Consolida sulphurea
Consolida thirkeana
Consolida tomentosa
Consolida arenaria

Kilder

Ranunkel-familien

Kornridderspore


Stifftioideae, potporodica glavočika. Sastoji se od dva tribusa sa ukupno 15 rodova, a ime je dobila po rodu Stifftia.

Tribusi i rodovi
 Tribus Hyalideae Panero
 Hyalis D. Don ex Hook. & Arn. (2 spp.)
 Ianthopappus Roque & D. J. N. Hind (1 sp.)
 Nouelia Franch. (1 sp.)
 Leucomeris D. Don (1 sp.)
 Tribus Stifftieae D. Don
 Stifftia J. C. Mikan (6 spp.)
 Hyaloseris Griseb. (6 spp.)
 Dinoseris Griseb. (1 sp.)
 Gongylolepis R. H. Schomb. (14 spp.)
 Duidaea S. F. Blake (4 spp.)
 Glossarion Maguire & Wurdack (2 spp.)
 Eurydochus Maguire & Wurdack (1 sp.)
 Achnopogon Maguire, Steyerm. & Wurdack (2 spp.)
 Neblinaea Maguire & Wurdack (1 sp.)
 Salcedoa Jiménez Rodr. & Katinas (1 sp.)
 Quelchia N. E. Br. (4 spp.)

Izvori

Glavočike

Stifftioideae


Uluch es un poblado, hoy desaparecido, del municipio de Mérida en el estado de Yucatán localizado en el sureste de México.

Toponima
El nombre (Uluch) es una palabra en idioma maya.

Localización
Uluch se encuentra al norte de la población de Cosgaya y al sur-oriente de una desviación que conduce a Kikteil. Al igual que ocurrió con otras poblaciones, al finalizar el auge henequenero, la población fue abandonada.

Las haciendas en Yucatán
Las haciendas en Yucatán fueron organizaciones agrarias que surgieron a finales del  y en el curso del  a diferencia de lo que ocurrió en el resto de México y en casi toda la América hispana, en que estas fincas se establecieron casi inmediatamente después de la conquista y durante el . En Yucatán, por razones geográficas, ecológicas y económicas, particularmente la calidad del suelo y la falta de agua para regar, tuvieron una aparición tardía.

Una de las regiones de Yucatán en donde se establecieron primero haciendas maiceras y después henequeneras, fue la colindante y cercana con Mérida. A lo largo de los caminos principales como en el "camino real" entre Campeche y Mérida, también se ubicaron estas unidades productivas. Fue el caso de los latifundios de Yaxcopoil, Xtepén, Uayalceh, Temozón, Itzincab y San Antonio Sodzil.

Ya en el , durante y después la llamada Guerra de Castas, se establecieron las haciendas henequeneras en una escala más amplia en todo Yucatán, particularmente en la región centro norte, cuyas tierras tienen vocación para el cultivo del henequén.

En el caso de Uluch, al igual que la mayoría de las otras poblaciones, dejaron de serlo, con peones para el cultivo de henequén, para convertirse en un ejido, es decir, en una unidad colectiva autónoma, con derecho comunitario de propiedad de la tierra, a partir del año 1937, después de los decretos que establecieron la reforma agraria en Yucatán, promulgados por el presidente Lázaro Cárdenas del Río. La localidad actualmente se encuentra abandonada.

Otros puntos de importancia
Existe un yacimiento arqueológico cerca de la población.

Galería

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Comisarías y subcomisarías de Mérida

Localidades del municipio de Mérida (Yucatán)
Zona henequenera de Yucatán

Uluch


HMS King George V (pennant number 41) was the lead ship of the five British  battleships of the Royal Navy. Laid down in 1937 and commissioned in 1940, King George V operated during the Second World War in all three major naval theatres of war, the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific, as well as part of the British Home Fleet and Pacific Fleets. In May 1941, along with , King George V was involved in the hunt for and pursuit of the , eventually inflicting severe damage which led to the German vessel's sinking. On 1 May 1942 the destroyer  sank after a collision with King George V in foggy conditions. King George V took part in Operation Husky (the allied landings in Sicily) and bombarded the island of Levanzo and the port of Trapani. She also escorted part of the surrendered Italian Fleet, which included the battleships  and , to Malta. In 1945 King George V took part in operations against the Japanese in the Pacific.

King George V was made flagship of the British Home Fleet on 1 April 1941, she remained so during the rest of the war and became a training battleship in November 1947.

Design

General characteristics
King George V was built by Vickers-Armstrong at Walker Naval Yard, Newcastle upon Tyne; she was laid down on 1 January 1937, launched on 21 February 1939 and commissioned on 11 December 1940. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . She displaced 38,031 tons at normal load and 42,237 tons at full load. After her refit in 1944, she displaced 39,100 tons at standard load, and 44,460 tons at full load. She could carry 3,918 tons of fuel oil, 192 tons of diesel oil, 256 tons of reserve feed water and 444 tons of freshwater. Based on the designed fuel consumption, range was:  at ,  at  and  at . However, in practice fuel consumption was much higher, and at  the actual range was about  with a five per cent reserve allowance.
Designed within the tight 35,000 ton limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty, wartime service necessitated increases over the design displacement, seriously reducing freeboard and affecting seaworthiness. This was most acute at the already low bow. With too little buoyancy forward the bows were easily buried even in moderate seas, with spray washing up over both forward turrets. Heavy seas could flood 'A' turret, drenching both men and machinery within.

Propulsion
King George V was equipped with eight Admiralty boilers. This configuration was a little more conventional than the preceding , with boiler rooms placed side by side and with each pair associated with a turbine room astern of them. The total heating surface of the boiler plants in King George V was . The 416-ton boiler installation produced more than , giving a top speed of 28 knots. The eight boilers were more economic in space and fuel than the twenty-four boilers in the battlecruiser . Fewer, but larger, boilers lowered the weight per unit of heat delivered, as did increased boiler efficiency and consumption of fuel per unit area of heating surface. This made King George V the fastest battleship in the British fleet but slower than the German, French or the new Italian capital ships, or the battlecruisers HMS Hood,  and .

King George V had four sets of Parsons geared turbines. Two main turbines were arranged in series and drove a shaft through double helical gears. An astern turbine was incorporated in the exhaust casing of the low-pressure turbine, and a cruising turbine was coupled directly to the high-pressure turbine. A speed of 28.5 knots was expected at standard displacement and 27.5 knots at full-load displacement on normal output; corresponding speeds at overload condition were 29.25 and 28.25 knots respectively. The turbine unit was a low-speed type (2,257 rpm) coupled to a single reduction gear which produced 236 rpm at the propeller shaft.

Armament

Main battery

The tight limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty raised many challenges and required difficult compromises if they were to be met. To avoid the class being outgunned by the new ships of foreign navies, especially as by the mid-1930s the Treaty had been renounced by Japan and Italy, Churchill wrote to the First Lord of the Admiralty in 1936, voicing strong objections to the proposed armament of ten 14-inch guns. His proposal was for nine 16-inch guns. However, when completed King George V mounted ten  guns. They were mounted in one Mark II twin turret forward and two Mark III quadruple turrets, one forward and one aft. They could be elevated 40 degrees and depressed 3 degrees. Training arcs were: "A" turret, 286 degrees; "B" turret, 270 degrees and "Y" turret, 270 degrees. Training and elevating was achieved through a hydraulic drive, with rates of two and eight degrees per second, respectively. A full gun broadside weighed 15,950 pounds; a salvo could be fired every 30 seconds. The quadruple turrets weighed 1,582 tons, the twin turret 915 tons. The turrets were designed by the Vickers Armstrong's Elswick Works, but sets of each type of equipment were manufactured by Vickers Armstrongs in Barrow. A considerable amount of design effort was expended to make the turrets as flashtight as possible. This complicated the mechanical design of the turrets, particularly the quadruple mountings. Due to insufficient clearances and slightly distorted link mechanisms, failures in the intricate safety interlocks in the loading sequence for antiflash precautions caused jams during drills and practice firing. During the summer of 1941 the King George V-class battleships had their main armament turrets and turret linkages modified to correct the operational faults revealed during Bismarcks final operation. HMS King George V used an Admiralty Fire Control Table Mark IX to control her main armament.

Secondary battery

The secondary armament consisted of sixteen  guns in eight twin mounts, weighing 81 tons each. They were grouped at the four corners of the citadel, with a twin mount on the main deck and another superimposed above it nearer amidships. This disposition gave better arcs of fire, freedom from blast, more separation of the magazines and a better arrangement of the ammunition supply. The cupolas for these mounts revolved on either the upper or superstructure deck; between deck mountings travelled on roller paths on the armoured deck. This permitted a flat-trajectory or high-angle fire. Loading was semi-automatic, normal rate of fire was ten to twelve rounds per minute. The maximum range of the Mk I guns was  at a 45-degree elevation, the anti-aircraft ceiling was . The guns could be elevated to 70 degrees and depressed to 5 degrees. However, the guns could only practically fire seven to eight rounds per minute, due to the heavy weight of the shell and the fact that the 5.25-inch round was semi-fixed, requiring the crew to separately load the cartridge and shell into the breech. King George V introduced the High Angle Control System Mark IVGB anti-aircraft fire control system to the Royal Navy, which, along with the Mk IV Pom-Pom Director, pioneered the use of the Gyro Rate Unit.

Anti-aircraft battery
The King George V design had four 0.5-inch quadruple machine gun mounts, but in 1939 these were replaced by two Mark VI pom-pom mounts. In 1940, to combat air attack, four Unrotated Projectile mountings were fitted, on "B" turret, two on "Y" turret, one replaced a pom-pom mount added in 1939 at the stern. The pom-poms mounted in the King George V were designed and produced by Vickers Armstrongs as a result of a post-First World War requirement for a multiple mounting which was effective against close-range bombers or torpedo planes. The first model, tested in 1927, was superior to anything developed in other countries at the time and in 1938 the Mark VI* had a muzzle velocity of 2,400 feet per second, a 1.594-inch bore and a barrel length of 40 calibres. They fired a  shell at a rate of 96–98 rounds per minute for controlled fire and 115 rounds per minute for automatic fire. The range of the Mark VI* was , at a muzzle velocity of 2,300 feet per second. The Mark VI octuple mount weighed 16 tons. The Mark VII quadruple mount weighed 10.8 tons if power operated; it could be elevated to 80 degrees and depressed to 10 degrees at a rate of 25 degrees per second which was also the rate of train. The normal ammunition supply on board for the Mark VI was 1,800 rounds per barrel. King George V introduced the Mk IV Pom-pom director to the Royal Navy in 1940, becoming the first ship in the world to feature gyroscopic target tracking in tachymetric anti-aircraft directors.

Operational history
The first of her class to be completed, King George V was commissioned at her shipyard and sailed for Rosyth in Scotland on 16 October 1940; there she took on board her ammunition and began her sea trials. By the end of the year she had joined the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow. She crossed the Atlantic early in 1941 to take Lord Halifax, the Ambassador to the United States, to Annapolis and covered an east-bound convoy on her return, arriving back at Scapa Flow on 6 February. Her next task was to provide distant cover for Operation Claymore, the Royal Marines raid on the Lofoten islands off the north-west coast of Norway. She escorted further Atlantic convoys, HX 104 and HX 115 during March 1941.

Action with Bismarck

When the German battleship Bismarck along with the heavy cruiser  broke out into the Atlantic Ocean, King George V sailed on 22 May 1941 with the aircraft carrier  and eleven cruisers and destroyers in support of the cruiser patrols off Iceland. King George V was the flagship of Admiral Sir John Tovey, who commanded the force. King George V was still  away on the morning of 24 May, when sister ship  and Hood engaged both Bismarck and Prinz Eugen. Hood was sunk and Prince of Wales was damaged when taking fire from both Bismarck and Prinz Eugen and forced to retire. Bismarck, although damaged, continued south with Prinz Eugen.

The British re-located Bismarck at 10:30 on 26 May, when a Catalina flying boat of RAF Coastal Command sighted her, heading for the French port of Brest. Rodney and King George V were still about  away. The aircraft carrier  was ordered to launch an air attack, and at 22:25 her torpedo bombers, a flight of Fairey Swordfishes damaged Bismarck, slowing her down and jamming her rudder, forcing her to turn back out into the Atlantic, away from the safety of port. At 15:00 Rodney joined King George V and they maintained 22 knots – which was nearly maximum speed for Rodney. King George V had only 32 per cent of her fuel left while Rodney had only enough fuel to continue the chase at high speed until 8:00 the following day.

Admiral Tovey signalled his battle plan to Rodney just before sunrise on 27 May; she was free to manœuvre independently as long as she conformed generally to the movements of King George V. Both ships were to close the range to  as quickly as possible, then turn for broadside fire.

At 08:15 the cruiser  spotted Bismarck and turned away out of range. She soon sighted the other British ships off her starboard quarter, and informed them that Bismarck was roughly  to the southwest. By 08:43 King George V had Bismarck in sight, at . Four minutes later Rodney opened fire. King George V followed suit in less than a minute. Bismarck answered almost immediately, straddling Rodney on her second salvo. By 08:59 King George V had closed to  and all her 14-inch guns were firing; Rodney was firing 16-inch salvoes. Bismarck concentrated all her remaining guns on King George V, but only an occasional shell came close. At 09:14 King George V, at , had opened fire with her 5.25-inch guns, and Rodney had moved to .

At 09:27 a shell hitting Bismarck penetrated the hydraulic machinery in turret 'Anton' and disabled it, causing the guns to run down to maximum depression. Her topsides were wrecked, and a large fire burned amidships. After firing steadily for over 30 minutes, without any problems, King George V , by 09:27, began having trouble with her main battery, and from that point onward every gun missed at least one salvo due to failures in the safety interlocks for antiflash protection and from ammunition feed jams. At 10:21, with Bismarck silenced and obviously sinking, Admiral Tovey detailed the cruiser  to finish her off with torpedoes. King George V fired 339 14 in (356 mm) and over 700 5.25 in (133 mm) shells during the action. As both Rodney and  King George V were low on fuel they returned to port at , escorted by eleven destroyers to guard against German air or submarine attack. The next day, after the escort was reduced to three destroyers, four German aircraft did attack but scored no hits. Both King George V and Rodney returned to port safely, but the destroyer , sent ahead to refuel, was bombed and sunk.

Collision damage
After repairs and adjustments to her guns, King George V attacked German shipping in the Glom Fjord, Norway, in October 1941. She then covered convoys to Russia. On 1 May 1942 she was operating with  as an escort to Convoy PQ 15, and collided with the destroyer , which had manoeuvred to avoid a mine and crossed her bow in dense fog. Punjabi was cut in two and sank; King George V had  of her bow badly damaged. King George V entered the Gladstone Dock in Liverpool on 9 May for repairs by Cammell Laird, and returned to Scapa Flow on 1 July 1942. The battleship did not leave Scapa Flow until 18 December when she finally resumed convoy escort duty, providing distant cover for the Arctic convoy JW 51A.

Mediterranean operations
In May 1943, King George V was moved to Gibraltar in preparation for Operation Husky. King George V and her sister ship  were allocated to the reserve covering group when the operation got under way on 1 July. The two ships bombarded Trapani in Sicily on 12 July and also helped defend against an air raid whilst in Algiers prior to departing for Operation Avalanche, (the Allied invasion of Italy). The two ships also bombarded the islands of Levanzo and Favignana, after which they were in the reserve group for the Salerno landings (Operation Avalanche) which began on 9 September. King George V escorted part of the Italian Fleet, including the battleships  and , to Malta after the armistice and with Howe provided cover for the 1st Airborne Division who were transported to Taranto in support of Operation Slapstick from 9 to 11 September by the cruiser  and the fast minelayer . The battleship then escorted a naval force which occupied the Italian naval base at Taranto. She later escorted surrendered Italian ships from Malta to Alexandria. After bombarding German positions during the Salerno landings, King George V returned to the United Kingdom.

Pacific operations
King George V was in Liverpool for an overhaul from March to June, 1944; it included the installation of additional radar gear, more anti-aircraft guns, improved accommodation, and ventilation. On 28 October 1944 King George V sailed from Scapa Flow under the command of Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser to join other Royal Navy units assembling at Trincomalee in Ceylon. A stop at Alexandria en route enabled her to divert to Milos in the Aegean Sea to bombard German positions. On 1 December she resumed her eastward journey, arriving in Trincomalee on 15 December. King George V got under way again on 16 January 1945. The flotilla, known as TF 63, comprised King George V, the aircraft carriers , ,  and Victorious, four cruisers and ten destroyers. The first stage of the voyage was covering the 11,000 nautical miles to Sydney; en route the force attacked oil refineries on Sumatra in Operation Meridian. They also practised replenishment-at-sea and beat off a Japanese air attack, with King George Vs anti-aircraft crews shooting down one Mitsubishi Ki-21.

Joined by Howe and re-designated Task Force 57, the British Pacific Fleet was again involved in operations in late March 1945, when it launched attacks on the Sakishimo-Gunto airfields, a task it repeated in early May. On 4 May 1945 King George V led battleships and cruisers in a forty-five-minute bombardment of Japanese air facilities in the Ryukyu Islands. As the Allies approached the Japanese homeland, King George V was dispatched in mid-July to join the US battleships in a bombardment of industrial installations at Hitachi. King George V fired 267 rounds from her 14-inch guns during this operation. The task force then moved on to Hamamatsu in southern Honshu, where it carried out a further bombardment of aviation factories. During the Okinawa campaign, the battleship supported four fast carriers of the British Pacific Fleet. Her last offensive action was a night bombardment of Hamamatsu on 29 and 30 July 1945.

With the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the surrender that followed, King George V moved with other units of the British Pacific Fleet into Tokyo Bay to be present at the surrender ceremonies.

Post-war activity
In January 1946 she conveyed the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester on an official visit to Australia, returning to Portsmouth in March. She was flagship of the Home Fleet until December 1946, after becoming a training vessel.

King George Vs active naval career was terminated by the Royal Navy in June 1950, when she and her surviving sister-ships went into reserve and were mothballed. King George V was the first large warship to be preserved in this fashion. This involved sealing the armament, machinery and boilers against damp and installing dehumidifiers throughout. In December 1955, she was downgraded to extended reserve and in 1957 the decision was taken to scrap the four ships. The following year King George V was moved from her berth in Gareloch to the ship breaking firm of Arnott Young and Co. in Dalmuir to undergo dismantling.

Refits
During her career, King George V was refitted on several occasions in order to update her equipment. The following are the dates and details of the refits undertaken:

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Chesneau, Roger. (2004). Ship Craft 2: King George V Class Battleships. Chatham Publishing.
 Garzke, William H., Jr.; Dulin, Robert O., Jr. (1980). British, Soviet, French, and Dutch Battleships of World War II. London: Jane's.

 Tovey, John. (1947). SINKING OF THE GERMAN BATTLESHIP BISMARCK ON 27™ MAY, 1941 London Gazette.

External links

 HMS King George V Service histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War Two
 Maritimequest HMS King George V Photo Gallery
 P.R. Dobson's 3D Recreation of HMS King George V
 Uboat.net – King George V
 LIFE 3 February 1941 - New Battleship brings British Ambassador

King George V-class battleships (1939)
World War II battleships of the United Kingdom
1939 ships
Ships built by Vickers Armstrong
Ships built on the River Tyne

HMS King George V (41)


La somatothérapie (en ) désigne l'ensemble des traitements biologiques des troubles mentaux. Elle s'oppose à la psychothérapie et rassemble différents types d'interventions médicales, telles que la psychochirurgie ou la convulsivothérapie.

Historique
La somatothérapie émerge au milieu du , notamment avec les théories formulées par les psychiatres Jacques Joseph Moreau de Tours et Wilhelm Griesinger.

Types de somatothérapie

Convulsivothérapie

Il s'agit de l'application de convulsions, induites pour traiter des troubles mentaux. Elle est utilisée principalement dans le traitement des troubles de l'humeur graves et de la schizophrénie, mais a perdu de son utilité au profit d'autres formes de traitement.

Parmi les types de convulsivothérapie, il existe l'électroconvulsivothérapie (ECT), ou sismothérapie, où les convulsions induites sont électriques. L'ECT, introduite en , entraîne une amélioration rapide des symptômes de la dépression chez la majorité des patients qui sont traités avec. Les principales indications de l'ECT, chez les patients souffrant de dépression, sont l'absence de réponse ou l'intolérance aux antidépresseurs, une bonne réponse à une ECT antérieure et la nécessité d'une réponse rapide et définitive. Une revue systématique publiée en  dans  montre que la taille d'effet de l'ECT est supérieure à celle de pharmacothérapie dans la prise en charge des troubles dépressifs. Il a aussi été établi, en , que l'utilisation de l'ECT dans le traitement de dépression psychotique est plus efficace que l'utilisation d'antidépresseurs. De plus, Il existe des preuves tangibles en faveur de l'utilisation de l'ECT dans la manie et ce type de traitement à un fort effet anti-catatonique. Cependant, l'efficacité de l'électroconvulsivothérapie dépend fortement de la technique employée.

Un autre type de convulsivothérapies est la stimulation transcrânienne à courant direct (tDCS). Cette technique de neuromodulation modifie de manière non invasive l'excitabilité corticale par l'action de faibles courants de polarisation entre deux électrodes placées sur le cuir chevelu. Sur la fraction de courant qui traverse le crâne, une partie est déviée par le liquide cérébrospinal. La composante de courant qui atteint le cerveau traverse la substance grise puis la substance blanche. Cette technique  a été l'objet de nombreux essais cliniques dans le cas de la dépression. Bien que les troubles dépressifs majeurs soient la maladie la plus étudiée dans le cadre de la tDCS, les résultats de son efficacité sont relativement mitigés actuellement, en raison de l'hétérogénéité des patients, de la gravité de la dépression prise en compte et de la petite taille des échantillons utilisés dans les essais cliniques.

Un type de thérapie sous-convulsive, décrite comme émergente, sont les ultrasons focalisés transcrâniens (tFUS). Leur utilisation serait intéressante car ils pourraient compléter la stimulation transcrânienne à courant direct (tDCS) et la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS). Les capacités de neuromodulation du tFUS ont été testées de nombreuses fois chez les animaux (dont la souris, le porc et le macaque), montrant notamment des effets excitateurs (comme l'induction d'une réponse motrice, ou d'une réponse hémodynamique rapide sur le site visé), inhibiteurs, ou de réduction de l'interconnexion de zones du cerveau avec d'autres régions. Des effets excitateurs et inhibiteurs du tFUS chez l'homme ont aussi été observés à plusieurs reprises. De plus, plusieurs études ont apporté des preuves de son potentiel dans le traitement des maladies chez des patients atteints de la maladie d'Alzheimer et souffrant d'épilepsie.

Psychochirurgie

La psychochirurgie est le traitement des troubles psychiatriques chroniques, graves et réfractaires par l'ablation ou l'interruption chirurgicale de certaines zones ou voies du cerveau.

Egas Moniz, considéré comme le « fondateur de la psychochirurgie moderne », pratique en , avec le neurochirurgien Almeida Lima, les premières lobotomies préfrontales chez des patients atteints de schizophrénie, de trouble bipolaire ou de trouble anxieux. On estime que  lobotomies avaient été pratiquées aux États-Unis, et un nombre proche au Royaume-Uni, à . Cependant, à cette époque, cette procédure chirurgicale est déjà considérée comme non éthique et non scientifique. Depuis la publication, en , de Benabid A.L. sur la stimulation cérébrale profonde thalamique chez des patients parkinsoniens présentant des tremblements, la stimulation cérébrale profonde a pratiquement remplacé les lésions ablatives en neurochirurgie stéréotaxique pour les troubles du mouvement et les troubles psychiatriques.

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Psychiatrie biologique
Traitement en psychiatrie

Somatothérapie


Familier med kræftramte børn (FMKB) er en privat, dansk forening, der i følge sit formål "formidler personlig kontakt og støtte til familier med kræftramte børn og udbreder kendskabet til de vilkår, som børn og unge med kræft og deres familier lever under."

Foreningen blev dannet i 1983 og har iflg. egne oplysninger 2000 medlemmer.

Økonomi
Af FMKBs godkendte, reviderede regnskab for 2015 fremgår, at året gav et driftsoverskud på 4,6 mio. kr. ud af indtægter på 51,9 mio kr.
Foreningens lønudgifter fremgår ikke umiddelbart af regnskabet, hvilket iflg. artikler i JyllandsPosten 20. november 2016 rejser kritik blandt medlemmer og regnskabskyndige, ligesom Kræftens Bekæmpelse overfor JyllandsPosten afslører, at de netop på grund af FMKBs uigennemsigtige økonomi afbrød samarbejdet med dem helt tilbage i 2007. FMBK afviser kritikken og begrunder lukketheden med henvisning til konkurrencen på markedet for fundraising.

Ejendomme
Gennem gaver og indkøb besidder FMBK flere ejendomme, som er beregnet til afholdelse af kurser hhv. familiestøtte. Iflg. JyllandsPosten ejer foreningen bl.a. en villa vurderet til 14,5 mio. kr., som udover en bolig på 240 m2 rummer kontorer til et sekretariatets tre ansatte.

Eksterne henvisninger

Foreningens hjemmeside

Patientforeninger
Foreninger fra Danmark
Etableret i 1983

Familier med kræftramte børn


Mark Taylor may refer to:

Entertainment
 Mark Taylor (animation director) (born 1961), creator of Rubbish, King of the Jumble
 Mark Taylor (Canadian actor) (born 1977), Canadian television actor
 Mark Taylor (drummer) (born 1962), English jazz drummer
 Mark Taylor (French horn) (born 1961), American jazz French horn player
 Mark Taylor (music producer) (born 1962), British record producer and songwriter
 Mark Taylor (sound engineer) (born 1966), sound effects mixer
 Mark L. Taylor (born 1950), American actor and voice actor
  Mark Taylor (Home Improvement), fictional character; youngest son on U.S. TV series Home Improvement

Politics
Mark Taylor (American politician) (born 1957), lieutenant governor of Georgia
Mark Taylor (Australian politician) (born 1967), member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Mark Taylor (Canadian politician) (born 1970), City councillor of Bay Ward in Ottawa

Sports
Mark Taylor (cricketer) (born 1964), Australian cricketer
Mark Taylor (footballer, born 1964), striker who played for Blackpool, amongst other clubs
Mark Taylor (footballer, born 1966), midfielder who played for Walsall, Shrewsbury Town and Hereford United
Mark Taylor (footballer, born 1974), left back who played for Darlington, Fulham and Northampton
Mark Taylor (ice hockey) (full name Mark C. Taylor, born 1958), ice hockey player for the Philadelphia Flyers
Mark Taylor (rugby union, born 1951), New Zealand rugby union player
Mark Taylor (racing driver) (born 1977), British Indy Racing League driver
Mark Taylor (swimmer) (born 1960), British swimmer
Mark Taylor (rugby union, born 1973), Welsh rugby union player
Mark Taylor (wheelchair curler) (born 1959), American wheelchair curler

Other
Mark C. Taylor (philosopher) (born 1945), professor of religion at Columbia University, author
Mark John Taylor, New Zealand ISIS fighter
Mark Lewis Taylor (born 1951), professor of theology
Mark P. Taylor (born 1958), professor of economics at the University of Warwick
Mark Taylor, subject of the film The Trump Prophecy

See also
Mick Taylor (disambiguation)

Mark Taylor


Norræni verkefnaútflutningssjóðurinn (NOPEF) er sjóður sem starfar á vegum Norrænu ráðherranefndarinnar um umhverfismál og er í umsjá Norræna umhverfisfjármögnunarfélagsins. Meginmarkmiðið með starfsemi NOPEF er að styrkja alþjóðlega samkeppnishæfni lítilla og meðalstórra fyrirtækja á Norðurlöndum.

Sjóðurinn hvetur til þátttöku norrænna fyrirtækja í verkefnum á alþjóðavettvangi, með áherslu á verkefni tengd umhverfisvænum lausnum. Það gerir hann með því að veita hagstæð, vaxtalaus lán og styrki til undirbúnings verkefna í löndum utan EES.

Norðurlöndin stofnuðu NOPEF árið 1982. Á árunum 1982- 2020 hafa um 3.000 verkefni fengið fjármögnun frá sjóðnum að heildarupphæð yfir 100 milljónir evra. Það hefur skilað sér til meira en 1.000 rótgróinna fyrirtækja utan Norðurlanda.

Tenglar
 Norræna umhverfisfjármögnunarfélagið
 Enskur vefur NOPEF
 Enskur vefur NEFCO.
 Íslenskur vefur um Norrænt samstarf á vegum Norðurlandaráðs og Norrænu ráðherranefndarinnar.
 Norræna ráðherranefndin

Tilvísanir

Norræna ráðherranefndin

Norræni verkefnaútflutningssjóðurinn


Otto Kaiser (30 November 1924 – 14 December 2017) was a German Old Testament scholar.

Biography

Education
Kaiser was born in Prenzlau, Germany, where he attended the Gymnasium in Eberswalde and went to the University of Berlin to study medicine, as well as philosophy with Nicolai Hartmann. He served in World War II on the Eastern Front and was wounded. Returning, he studied Protestant theology and Oriental Studies and Philosophy at the University of Tübingen. He received his Doctor of Divinity degree in 1961 and his habilitation less than a year later. He holds honorary doctorates from the University of Jena, the University of Tartu, and the University of Salzburg, as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz 1st Class.

Career
Called to a professorship at the University of Marburg, the oldest Protestant university in the world with one of the most distinguished Divinity Schools in Germany, he soon received the main Chair of Old Testament, which, in spite of many calls to other universities, he held until his retirement. Kaiser's work stands in the tradition of Rudolf Bultmann; he sees theology as "the study of the human reflection of the experience of the Divine in time and space." He has written a complete, three-volume theology of the Old Testament, as well as the leading one- and three-volume introductions into Old Testament Studies in German; among his many special areas are the Book of Job, Ecclesiastes, the Apocrypha, and Sirach. Kaiser is also a leading scholar on ancient and modern philosophy, particularly on Kant, Hegel, and toward the end of his career, Nietzsche, Plato, and Aristotle.

Bibliography
Selected works include:
Ideologie und Glaube. Eine Gefährdung christlichen Glaubens am alttestamentlichen Beispiel aufgezeigt. Stuttgart: Radius, 1984 (key work on ideology)
Der Mensch unter dem Schicksal. Studien zur Geschichte, Theologie und Gegenwartsbedeutung der Weisheit. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1985
Der Gott des Alten Testaments. Theologie des Alten Testaments. Wesen und Wirkung, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1993–2003, in 3 vols.:
  vol. 1: Grundlegung, 1993
  vol. 2: Jahwe, der Gott Israels, Schöpfer der Welt und des Menschen, 1998
  vol. 3: Jahwes Gerechtigkeit, 2003
"Zwischen Interpretation und Überinterpretation: Vom Ethos des Auslegers". In Variations herméneutiques, 6 (Mai), 1997, pp. 53–70 (important essay on exegesis, interpretation, hermeneutics, and semiotics)
"Die Rede von Gott im Zeitalter des Nihilismus." In Vielseitigkeit des Alten Testaments (FS Georg Sauer 70). James Alfred Loader / Hans Volker Kieweler, eds. Frankfurt etc.: Peter Lang, 1999, pp. 411–425 (brilliant essay on theology and faith during times of nihilism)
Die alttestamentlichen Apokryphen. Eine Einleitung in Grundzügen. Gütersloh: Kaiser / GVH, 2000
Einführung in die exegetischen Methoden (with Gottfried Adam and Werner Georg Kümmel). Gütersloh: Kaiser / GVH, 2000
"Die Furcht und die Liebe Gottes. Ein Versuch, die Ethik Ben Siras mit der des Apostels Paulus zu vergleichen." In Ben Sira's God. Proceedings of the International Ben Sira Conference, Durham - Ushaw College 2001. Renate Egger-Wenzel, ed. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 321. Berlin - New York: de Gruyter, 2002, pp. 39–75
Zwischen Athen und Jerusalem. Studien zur griechischen und biblischen Theologie, ihrer Eigenart und ihrem Verhältnis. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 320. Berlin - New York: de Gruyter, 2003
Jenseits des Nihilismus. Christliche Existenz nach der Postmoderne. Stuttgart: Radius, 2004
Weisheit für das Leben. Das Buch JESUS SIRACH übersetzt und eingeleitet. Stuttgart: Radius, 2005

In English
"Deus absconditus and Deus revelatus. Three Difficult Narratives in the Pentateuch." In Shall Not the Judge of All the Earth Do What Is Right? Studies on the Nature of God in Tribute to James L. Crenshaw. David Penchansky / Paul L. Redditt, eds. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2000, pp. 73–88
"Covenant and Law in Ben Sira." In Covenant as Context. Essays in Honour of E.W. Nicholson. A.D.H. Mayes and R.B. Salters, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 235–260

Festschriften
"Wer ist wie du, HERR, unter den Göttern?" Studien zur Theologie und Religionsgeschichte Israels. Festschrift für Otto Kaiser zum 70. Geburtstag. Ingo Kottsieper et al., eds. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994
Paradiama. Essays in Honor of Otto Kaiser on the Occasion of his 75th Birthday. Wolfgang Drechsler, ed. Trames, vol. 3 (53/48), no. 3 (Fall 1999)
Gerechtigkeit und Leben im hellenistischen Zeitalter. Symposium anläßlich des 75. Geburtstags von Otto Kaiser. Jörg Jeremias, ed. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 296. Berlin - New York: de Gruyter, 2001
Gott und Mensch im Dialog. Festschrift für Otto Kaiser zum 80. Geburtstag. 2 vols. Markus Witte, ed. BZAW 345/I-II. Berlin – New York: de Gruyter, 2004

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
Doctors of Divinity
People from Prenzlau
People from the Province of Brandenburg
20th-century German Protestant theologians
German biblical scholars
Old Testament scholars
German male non-fiction writers
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Otto Kaiser (scholar)


The year 1626 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Physiology and medicine
 Posthumous publication of Adriaan van den Spiegel's De formato foetu in Venice with illustrations by Giulio Casserio and including the first observation of milk in female breasts at birth.

Technology
 Cornelius Vermuyden commissioned to drain Hatfield Chase on the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire, England.

Births
 February 18 or 19 – Francesco Redi, Italian physician, biologist and poet (died 1697)
 March 1 – Jean-Baptiste de La Quintinie, French horticulturalist (died 1688)
 April 7 – Ole Borch (), Danish chemist, physician, grammarian and poet (died 1690)
 approx. date – Pietro Mengoli, Italian mathematician (died 1686)

Deaths
 February 11 – Pietro Cataldi, Italian mathematician (born 1548)
 April 9 – Francis Bacon, English philosopher and a founder of modern scientific research (born 1561)
 April 11 – Marin Getaldić or Ghetaldi, Ragusan politician, mathematician and physicist, contributed to the emergence of new algebra (born 1568)
 April 14 – Gaspare Aselli, Italian anatomist (born c. 1581)
 June 21 – Anselmus Boëtius de Boodt, Flemish-born humanist, priest, physician and mineralogist (born c. 1550)
 October 30 – Willebrord Snellius, Dutch mathematician and physicist who devised the basic law of refraction, known as Snell's law (born 1580)
 December 10 – Edmund Gunter, English mathematician (born 1581)

Unknown date
 Salomon de Caus, French mechanical and hydraulic engineer (born 1576)

References

17th century in science
1620s in science

1626 in science


Pimenikó, en , est un village historique et inhabité du dème de Kastoriá, district régional de Kastoriá, en Macédoine-Occidentale, Grèce.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Occidentale

Pimenikó (Kastoriá)


A japamala, , or simply mala (; , meaning 'garland') is a loop of prayer beads commonly used in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism for counting recitations when performing japa (reciting a mantra or other sacred sound) or for counting some other sadhana (spiritual practice) such as prostrating before a holy icon. They are similar to other forms of prayer beads used in various world religions  (such as misbahahs in Islam) and in Christianity the "rosary".

The main body of a mala is usually 108 beads of roughly the same size and material as each other though smaller versions, often factors of 108 such as 54 or 27, exist. A distinctive 109th "guru bead", not used for counting, is very common. Mala beads have traditionally been made of a variety of materials such as wood, stone, seeds, bone and precious metals—with various religions often favouring certain materials—and strung with natural fibres such as cotton, silk, or animal hair. Mala can nowadays be found which are made from synthetic materials (such as plastic or glass beads, and nylon cords whether braided string or monofilament).

History

Origin
The specific origin of the mala is unknown, with the use of beads for counting being a widespread practice in ancient cultures. No references to malas occur in Chinese literature before the introduction of Buddhism during the Han dynasty, suggesting that the practice spread from India to China and may have originated there. No mention of a mala occurs in the Agamas or Pali Nikayas, generally regarded as the oldest Buddhist literature, and it is unclear if their use originated with Buddhists or with Brahmins, Jains, or another Indian religious community.

Early attestations
Malas may appear in early Brahmanic Hindu art as part of the garb of deities or worshippers, but are difficult to distinguish from decorative necklaces or garlands. The earliest clear depiction of a mala being used as a tool for recitation, rather than possibly being a necklace or decoration, comes from a bodhisattva image created during the 4th - 6th century Northern Wei dynasty in China; the mala is held in the hand, rather than worn.

The first literary reference to the use of a mala for the recitation of mantras comes from the Mu Huanzi Jing ( or , "Aristaka/Soap-Berry Seed Scripture/Classic", Taishō Tripiṭaka volume 17, number 786), a Mahayana text purported to have been translated into Chinese during the Eastern Jin era, some time in the 4th - 5th century CE. No mention of this text occurs in standard bibliographies before the 6th century, but an independent translation in the 8th century suggests an origin as a Sanskrit text transmitted from Central Asia, rather than a Chinese composition. According to this text, the Buddha instructed a king to make a mala from the seeds of the aristaka plant and recite the Triratana while passing the mala through his fingers in order to calm his mind and relieve his anxiety.

China
While the earliest Buddhist story about the mala is associated with lay practice, in China it was initially primarily associated with monastic practice. Images of monks with malas began to appear in China in the 7th century CE and the mala seems to have been regarded as a common piece of monastic equipment by around this era. While there are relatively few pre-Song Dynasty depictions or references to the mala, this may be due to its use in private religious practice rather than public ceremony. Chinese authors criticized monks who recited mantras on their malas in public, as monks were generally expected to remain silent while on public alms rounds.

By the Ming Dynasty-era, malas increasingly began to be valued for their aesthetic qualities as much or more than their spiritual use. Malas of expensive or rare materials became common as gifts given among the wealthy, and the materials allowed to different grades of wives and concubines was regulated by sumptuary laws. Depictions of Qing Dynasty court officials often include malas, intended to show their status and wealth rather than as an indication of spirituality.

Materials

Common materials are wood from the sandalwood tree or the bodhi tree, and seeds of the lotus plant.

Strings may be made from practically any fibre, traditionally silk or wool or cotton though synthetic monofilaments or cords such as nylon can now be found and are favoured for their low cost and good wear resistance. Elastic cords, such as milliner's elastic, may be used and have the advantage that they can stretch to fit over the wearer's hand if worn on the wrist whereas other material may not wrap a sufficient number of times to prevent the mala from slipping off. Beads may also be joined by metal chains.

Hinduism
Beads made from the fruitstones of the rudraksha tree are considered sacred by Saivas, devotees of Siva, while beads made from the wood of the tulsi plant are used and revered by Vaishnavas, followers of Vishnu.

Buddhism
Crystal, pearl, nacre, or other clear or white in colour beads may be used to count mantras used to appease devas or purify oneself; beads made of gold, silver, copper, or lotus seeds may be used to count mantras intended to increase lifespan, knowledge, or merit; beads made of ground sandal wood, saffron, and other fragrant substances may be used with mantras meant to tame others; mantras aiming at subduing malicious spirits or afflictions may be made from rudraksha seeds or human bones; and beads made of bodhi wood can be used for many purposes, for counting all kinds of mantras, as well as other prayers, prostration, circumambulation and so forth.

Tibetan Buddhism
A general-purpose mala is made from rattan seeds; the beads themselves called "moon and stars" by Tibetans, and variously called "lotus root", "lotus seed" and "linden nut" by various retailers. The bead itself is very hard and dense, ivory-coloured (which gradually turns a deep golden brown with long use), and has small holes (moons) and tiny black dots (stars) covering its surface.

Semiprecious stones such as carnelian and amethyst may be used, as well. Red coral is highly prized for mala as the colour red is associated with the Padma family of buddhas (who are highly revered in Tibet). Wooden mala beads may have a shallow trench engraved around their equator into which tiny pieces of red coral and turquoise are affixed. Due to the cost of already harvested or fossilized red coral and its conservation status, as well as the cost of turquoise, plastic or glass may be used instead.

Nepal
In Nepal, mala beads are made from the natural seeds of Ziziphus budhensis, a plant in the family Rhamnaceae endemic to the Temal region of Kavrepalanchok in Bagmati Province. The Government of Nepal's Ministry of Forestry has established a committee and begun to distribute seedlings of these plant so as to uplift the economic status of the people living in this area.

Number of beads

There are numerous explanations why there are typically 108 beads, with the number 108 bearing special religious significance in a number of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain traditions. For example, in traditional Buddhist thought, people are said to have 108 afflictions or kleshas. In another reckoning, 108 is the number of possible dharmas or phenomena; despite the varying explanations for the use of this number, the number itself has been kept consistent over centuries of practice. Smaller malas are also known, most commonly with a factor of 108 beads (such as 54, 27, or 18), and may be worn on the wrist or used to more conveniently keep count of prostrations.

Many mala will have a 109th bead which is variously called the guru, Sumeru, bindu, stupa, or mother bead. It is often larger or of a distinctive material or colour.  In some Buddhist traditions, the guru bead represents Amitabha or Avalokitesvara.

Additional beads
Mala may have extra beads hanging from the guru bead. Especially when unable to move along the cord because knots hold them in place, these are decorative elements. They may or may not have religious symbolism (for example, three beads representing the Buddhist Triple Gem of Buddha, Dharma and Sangha) but are not used for counting recitations in any way.

Counting markers and cords
Tibetan Buddhism can require that a practitioner complete a particular number of repetitions of an activity as a foundational practise or to become eligible for initiation into an esoteric teaching, for example, one may need to complete 100,000 recitations of Vajrasattva mantra. To aid this, Tibetan Buddhist mala can be made with additional functional beads over and above the 108 main beads. These beads take two main forms serving two different purposes: three marker beads inline with the 108 beads; two short cords of ten beads each hanging from the main loop.

Inline marker beads
Three distinctive, often smaller, beads are placed so that, with the guru bead, they divide the regular beads into four sections of 27 beads each. They allow quick estimation of the fraction of a round completed. Their presence raises the number of beads (not counting the guru bead) to 111.

Beads on separate cords
The short cords may either be permanently attached to the mala or they may be obtained separately; they do not need to match the main beads. These short cords may either be attached individually to the main loop or they may be joined at their common top. The cords end in small charms, usually a different charm on each, with a dorje and a bell shape being common. Their cord is thicker than normal so that the beads on them will not slide under their own weight but can be moved by the chanter.

After a single round of chanting, the user will slide up one bead on the cord with the dorje which represents 108 (or 111) recitations. After ten rounds all ten dorje beads have been moved up, one bead on the bell cord is raised  representing 1080 (or 1110) recitations and the dorje beads are all reset to their low position.

To keep track of more recitations, the chanter may use a small metal charm called a bhum counter. (Bhum, approximately pronounced "boom", is Tibetan for "one hundred thousand".) The bhum counter starts next to the guru bead and is attached to the main string by a clip or a slip knot. When the tenth bell bead has been raised (10 800 or 11 100 recitations), the chanter moves the bhum counter to the next space between beads (and resets the beads on the bell cord). By consistently moving the bhum counter in the same direction about 1.2 million recitations can be counted.

Religious usage

Mantras are typically repeated hundreds or even thousands of times. The mala is used so that those who are trying to achieve an exact number of repetitions can focus on the meaning or sound of the mantra rather than counting its repetitions.

In addition to their practical use as an aide in recitation, malas have traditionally been ascribed to have additional spiritual qualities. Different materials may be ascribed the power to help with different practical or spiritual problems, and the mala itself may be ascribed talismanic characteristics. In some traditions, malas are consecrated before use in a manner similar to images of deities, through the use of mantras, dharani, or the application of pigment. Malas purchased from temples and monasteries may have been blessed by the residents of that institution. Mala may also be blessed after purchase. Popular folk tales may describe malas as becoming imbued with the power of the many recitations it has been used for, or a mala given by a respected monk may be said to have the power to cure illnesses or to restore fertility to barren individuals.

Carrying and storing
Mala may be worn by practitioners in several ways:

 Wrapped several times to fit on the wrist
 As a necklace, especially if made from large, consequently heavy, beads
 Suspended from a belt

However they are worn the wearer is supposed to keep the mala from making contact with the floor or ground.

Mala may be carried in small pouches from which they are removed before use. Some practitioners, such as members of ISKCON, may carry their malas in larger pouches which hang from the back of the hand and allow the mala to be manipulated while it is being used without it being significantly exposed to public view or risking contact with the ground.

In the home, mala may be stored in a pouch or not. Some practitioners may store their malas in jewelry boxes or similar containers. Practitioners who have an altar or shrine in their homes may additionally choose to keep their malas on the altar when not being used or carried.

Method of use
The loop is draped over the index finger of the right hand (in Hindu practice: Buddhists often use the left hand) and held in place by the right thumb of the first bead next to the guru bead. As each recitation is completed the loop is advanced by one bead. Some practitioners will hold their other three fingers next to their index finger so that all four fingers are inside the loop. Other practitioners will have only their index finger inside the loop, separating this finger from the other three (for similar reasons as in the next paragraph).

Some practitioners will drape the loop over their second finger (with their third and fourth fingers also inside) and use their index finger to move the beads towards the thumb. This is said to be symbolic of the atma (represented by the index finger) moving towards Paramatma (represented by the thumb) by the vehicle of the mantra (the beads) overcoming elements of the material world (the three other fingers).

The guru bead is not used for counting repetitions; counting for each round begins and ends with either of the beads next to the guru bead. In the Hindu tradition and some Buddhist traditions, practitioners who undertake more than one round at a time will, rather than moving their fingers across the guru bead, turn the mala around so that the same bead which was used at the end of the previous round becomes the first bead use for the next round.

While there are typically 108 regular beads, some practitioners will count a round as only 100 repetitions to allow for an accidentally skipped bead or an imperfect recitation.

Buddhism

Japanese Buddhism
In Buddhism in Japan, Buddhist prayer beads are known as  or , where the "o" is the honorific o-. Different Buddhist sects in Japan have different shaped juzus, and use them differently.  For example, Shingon Buddhism, Tendai and Nichiren Buddhism may use longer prayer beads with strands on both ends similar to those used in mainland Asia. During devotional services, these beads may be rubbed together with both hands to create a soft grinding noise, which is considered to have a purifying and reverential effect.  However, in Jōdo Shinshū, prayer beads are typically shorter and held draped over both hands and are not ground together, as this is forbidden.

Jōdo-shū is somewhat unusual because of the use of a double-ringed prayer beads, called , which are used for counting nenbutsu recitations (i.e. recitation of the name of Amitabha Buddha): one ring contains single beads used to count a single recitation while the other ring is used to count full revolutions of the first ring. Additionally, other beads hang from the strings, which can count full revolutions of the second ring (flat beads), or full revolutions of the first string of beads. In all, it is possible to count up to 120,000 recitations using these beads. The design is credited to a follower of Hōnen named Awanosuke.

Regardless of Buddhist sect, prayer beads used by lay followers are frequently smaller, featuring a factor of 108 beads. It is common to find prayer beads in Japan that contain a small image inside the largest bead, usually something associated with the particular temple or sect. When held up to the light the image is clearly visible.

Burmese Buddhism
Theravada Buddhists in Myanmar use prayer beads called seik badi ( ), shortened to badi. 108 beads are strung on a garland, with the beads typically made of fragrant wood like sandalwood, and series of brightly coloured strings at the end of the garland. It is commonly used in samatha meditation, to keep track of the number of mantras chanted during meditation.

Aesthetic usage
In recent years, it has become common for non-religious individuals to wear such beads as a fashion accessory with the beads having no religious connotation whatsoever. Similar practices have been noted since the Ming Dynasty, when malas began to be used as fashionable accessories by members of the Chinese court. Sumptuary laws regulated the materials of malas in Qing Dynasty-era China.

Opinion is divided as to whether a mala that is worn as decoration can also be used for the practise of japa or if two separate malas are required.

See also

 Prayer beads and rope
 Rudraksha
 Misbaha
 Rosary
 Garlands and beadwork
 Phuang malai
 Worry beads
 Associated prayers and mantras
 Om Namah Shivaya
 Om mani padme hum
 Namokar Mantra
 Jaap Sahib

References

Bibliography

Prayer Beads
Prayer beads
Meditation
Buddhist symbols
Buddhist ritual implements

Japamala


دينيلسون دي أوليفيرا أراوجو  الشهير باسم دينيلسون (ولد 24 أغسطس 1977 في دياديما، ساو باولو) لاعب كرة قدم برازيلي سابق يجيد اللعب في خط الوسط.

المسيرة الرياضية
بدأ دينيلسون مسيرته الرياضية في نادي ساو باولو سنة 1994. بعد تقديم دينيلسون أداء عالي المستوى في بطولة كوبا أمريكا 1997 التي أقيمت في بوليفيا وبطولة كأس القارات 1997 التي أقيمت في السعودية والتي توج فيهما منتخب البرازيل بطلا أصبح دينيلسون أغلى لاعب في سنة 1998 عندما وافق نادي ريال بيتيس الإسباني على التعاقد معه مقابل 21.5 مليون جنيه استرليني. في موسمه الأول 1998/1999 لم يقدم الأداء المتوقع منه واحتل نادي ريال بيتيس المركز الحادي عشر. في الموسم التالي 1999/2000 كان كارثيا على الجميع وذلك بهبوط النادي إلى الدرجة الثانية باحتلاله المركز الثامن عشر. وافق نادي ريال بيتيس على إعارة دينيلسون إلى نادي فلامنغو البرازيلي في النصف الأول من موسم 2000/2001. عاد دينيلسون إلى النادي الأندلسي لمساعدته في احتلال المركز الثاني وبالتالي الصعود إلى الدرجة الأولى. أظهر دينيلسون انسجاما أكبر بمساهمته في احتلال النادي السادس وبالتالي التأهل للمشاركة في بطولة كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي. بعد عودته من كوريا الجنوبية واليابان بطلا لبطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2002 مع منتخب بلاده تراجع مستوى النادي ككل واحتل المركز الثامن بينما في بطولة كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي استطاع تخطي زيمبرو تشيتشيناو المولدوفي وفيكتوريا زيزكوف التشيكي ولكنه سقط في الدور الثالث على يد نادي أوكسير الفرنسي. في الموسم التالي 2003/2004 احتل نادي ريال بيتيس المركز التاسع ولكنه استطاع أن يسترجع مستواه في موسم 2004/2005 باحتلاله المركز الرابع وبالتالي التأهل إلى بطولة دوري أبطال أوروبا.

استغل نادي ريال بيتيس الطفرة في أداء دينيلسون من أجل بيعه على نادي بوردو الفرنسي من دون الكشف عن قيمة انتقاله موقعا على عقد يمتد لسنة واحدة فقط. استطاع دينيلسون أن يقدم أداء عالي المستوى خصوصا في النصف الثاني من موسم 2005/2006 وساهم بشكل كبير في احتلاله المركز الثاني في بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى. لم يستطع نادي بوردو تجديد عقد دينيلسون بسبب راتبه العالي جدا وبالتالي تنافست عدة أندية أوروبية للتعاقد معه وأبرزها توتنهام هوتسبر الإنجليزي، فيستيل مانيسا التركي، وسيلتيك الاسكتلندي. وافق دينيلسون على الانتقال إلى نادي النصر السعودي حيث شارك في 15 مباراة فقط في موسم 2006/2007 ثم انتقل في صفقة انتقال حر مجاني إلى نادي دالاس الأمريكي. قرر نادي دالاس عدم تجديد العقد مع دينيلسون لموسم ثاني وبالتالي قرر الانضمام إلى نادي بالميراس في فبراير 2008 بتوصية من مدرب النادي آنذاك واندرلي لكسومبورغو الذي كان يرغب في إعادة النادي إلى سكة الانتصارات وتحقيق البطولات. أمضى دينيلسون أغلب الموسم جالسا على كرسي الاحتياط ولكنه ساعد النادي في التتويج ببطولة ولاية ساو باولو وكأس ليبرتادوريس واحتلال المركز الرابع في بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى.

في 6 يناير 2009 خضع دينيلسون لفترة تجربة واختبار في نادي بولتون واندررز الإنجليزي ولكن المدير الفني غاري ميغسون رفض التعاقد معه بسبب الانخفاض في مستواه الفني. قرر دينيلسون فسخ العقد الذي يربطه بنادي بالميراس والانضمام إلى نادي إتومبيارا لمدة 3 أشهر. قرر العودة للاحتراف خارج البرازيل بالانضمام إلى نادي برث غلوري الأسترالي. في 2 يونيو 2009 وقع دينيلسون على عقد يمتد لستة أشهر مع نادي زي مانغ هاي فونغ الفيتنامي وبالتالي أصبح أشهر لاعب في تاريخ الدوري الفيتنامي. لم يشارك دينيلسون في أول مباراة رسمية سوى في 21 يونيو وسجل هدف من ركلة حرة مباشرة في مرمى نادي هوانغ أنه غيا لاي. تم فسخ العقد بعد هذه المباراة بسبب تعرضه لإصابة خطيرة وعاد على إثرها إلى البرازيل.

شارك دينيلسون في أول مباراة دولية مع منتخب البرازيل في مواجهة منتخب الكاميرون وديا في نوفمبر 1996 وبحلول سنة 2005 أصبح مجموع مبارياته الدولية 61 مسجلا 9 أهداف.

تم استدعاء دينيلسون للمشاركة مع منتخب البرازيل في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1998 التي أقيمت في فرنسا. شارك دينيلسون بديلا في أول مباراتين أمام منتخب اسكتلندا لكرة القدم والمغرب وانتهت بالفوز 2/1 و3/0 على التوالي. في المباراة الثالثة شارك أساسيا ولكنه خسر 1/2 من منتخب النرويج. في الأدوار الإقصائية شارك بديلا أمام تشيلي، الدنمارك، وهولندا والتي انتهت بانتصارات برازيلية أما في المباراة النهائية فإن دخول دينيلسون بديلا لم يساعد منتخب السامبا في تفادي الخسارة من منتخب فرنسا بنتيجة 0/3.

تم استدعاء دينيلسون مجددا للمشاركة في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2002 التي أقيمت في كوريا الجنوبية واليابان معا. شارك دينيلسون بديلا في أول مباراتين أمام تركيا والصين وانتهتا بالفوز 2/1 و4/0 على التوالي بينما غاب عن المباراة الثالثة أمام منتخب كوستاريكا. في الأدوار الإقصائية شارك بديلا مجددا أمام منتخب بلجيكا التي انتهت بالفوز 2/0 ثم غاب أمام منتخب إنجلترا وعاد للمشاركة بديلا أمام تركيا التي انتهت بالفوز 1/0 وأخيرا شارك بديلا للمرة الأخيرة في بطولات كأس العالم أمام منتخب ألمانيا في المباراة النهائية التي انتهت بالفوز 2/0.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فيتنام
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ساو باولو (ولاية)
إسبان متجنسون
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في السعودية
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في اليونان
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في فيتنام
لاعبو الدوري الأمريكي لكرة القدم
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفيتنامي
لاعبو المنتخبات الفائزة بكأس العالم
لاعبو بالميراس
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو ريال بيتيس
لاعبو ساو باولو
لاعبو فلامينغو
لاعبو كأس العالم 1998
لاعبو كأس العالم 2002
لاعبو كأس القارات 1997
لاعبو كأس كونكاكاف الذهبية 1998
لاعبو كرة القدم البرازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برازيليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم فازوا بكوبا أمريكا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فيتنام
لاعبو كرة قدم من ولاية ساو باولو
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 1997
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 2001
لاعبو منتخب البرازيل تحت 20 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب البرازيل لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي النصر (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي دالاس
لاعبو نادي كافالا
لاعبون فائزون بكأس القارات
مواليد 1977

دينيلسون دي أوليفيرا أراوجو


بايت فايت  لعبة متصفح لا تحتاج إلى تحميل، من تصميم غيم فورج. تدعم اللعبة اللغة العربية وطريقة لعبها تشبه لعبتي ترافيانِ وناروتو أرينا.

قصة اللعبة
صراع بين مصاصي الدماء والمستذئبين لقرون عديدة، ومهمتك هي القضاء عليهم.

طريقة اللعب
على عكس بعض الألعاب الأخرى، لعبة بايت فايت لا تتطلب تحميلها على الجهاز، يمكن لعبها من المتصفح مباشرة، من خلال الدخول لموقعهم الرسمي للعبة.  ويتعين على اللاعب اختيار عرقه من المستذئبين أو مصاصي الدماء، ولكل عرق خصائص تميزه عن الآخر.

مصاصي الدماء: هم مخلوقات مظلمة ومتوحشة تمص دماء ضحاياهم بعد الانقضاض عليهم بمُكر وبسرعة البرق.

المستذئبين: لصوص ماكرين لا يعرفون الرحمة أو يؤثر فيهم ألم.

معلومات عن اللعبة
بايت فايت - لعبة من نوع تقمص الأدوار وتلعب بشكل كامل على المتصفح.

تفصيل خصائص اللعبة:-
 ذهبك: هذا الذهب الذي جمعته أثناء لعب اللعبة يزيد إن فزت في المعركة ويقل إن خسرت ويكون 50 عند بداية اللعبة.
 الإحصائيات: هو ترتيبك باللعبة (حسب الغنيمة).
 حجارة شيطانية: يمكن استخدام هذه الحجارة لتطوير مستواك أو شراء بعض الأسلحة ولكي تشتري هذه الأسلحة يتطلب منك أن تمتلك (فيزا كرت أو بطاقات جوجل بلاي).
 هذه الصورة تبين مستواك باللعبة: كلما تقدمت خبرتك باللعبة أكثر زاد مستواك أكثر.
 التدريب: هنا أيضا يمكنك زيادة مستواكم وقوتكم باللعبة.
 هذه الصورة تبين إحصاءاتك في اللعبة:
 هو عدد الأشخاص الذين دخلوا وصلة الصيد وكلما زادوا زاد الذهب الذي تملكه.
 مجموعة الغنائم التي حصلت عليها كلما زاد عدد الأشخاص الذين دخلوا الرابط زاد عدد الغنائم.
 مجموع المعارك التي خضتها باللعبة.
 عدد انتصاراتك بالمعارك.
 عدد خساراتك بالمعارك.
 تعادلاتك بالمعارك.
 الذهب المسروق: وهو الذهب الذي تحصل عليه عند هجومك على شخص في اللعبة.
 خسارتك من الذهب: وهو الذهب الذي خسرته عندما هاجم عليك أحد الخصوم.
 الاضرار المسببة: هي مجموع الاضرار التي تسببت بها.
 نقاط الحياة المفقودة: نقاط حياتك التي خسرتها.

هنا بعض خصائص اللعبة:
 الصفحة الرئيسية.
 مجموع الرسائل التي تملكها.
 المخبأ (هذا مخبأك باللعبة وكلما قمت بتطويره تزداد قوتك ويصبح من الصعب على العدو ايجادك).
 هنا يمكنك العمل لكسب الذهب وبيع الأشياء ويمكنك شراء الأسلحة أيضا.

 التاجر: هنا تجدون كل ما تحتاجونه. لديكم تحت تصرفكم الأسلحة والمعدات والمشروبات السحرية. يرجى التأكد من أن لديكم ما يكفي من الذهب. صاحب المتجر لا يبيع بالدَيْن.
 المقبرة: في هذا المكان يمكنكم العمل لكسب الذهب والخبرة.., والحب والتقدم نحو الأفضل
 الحانة: في هذا المكان يقوم البائع بإعطائك مهمة وعليك تنفيذها وإذا نجحت بالمهمة تحصل على بعض الذهب.
 السوق: هنا ستجد أسلحة وبضائع عرضها لاعبون اخرون
 متجر الفودو: هذا المتجر لشراء الحجارة الشيطانية (ملاحظة شرائها يتطلب بطاقة فيزا كارت أو بطاقات جوجل بلاي)
 صيد: هنا يمكنكم الهجوم على البشر لربح الغنيمة + الذهب. أيضا إذا كنت مصاص دماء يمكنك الهجوم على المذؤوبين. والعكس.
 متجر الفودو (هنا يمكنك شراء الحجارة الشيطانية).
 في هذا المكان يمكنك إنشاء قبيلة ودعوة اصدقائك للانضمام لها أو يمكنك الانضمام إلى قبيلة أخرى (عند صنعك قبيلة يمكنك بناء قلعة لحمايتك).
 قائمة الأصدقاء: وهي قائمة اصدقائك باللعبة.
 الملاحظات: هنا يمكنك كتابة ملاحظاتك التي ترغب بالعودة لها لاحقا.
 الاعدادات: هنا يمكنك تعديل ملفك الشخصي (كتغيير البريد - الاختباء - إضافة عمرك) وبعض الأمور الأخرى التي يمكنك التعديل عليها في الملف الشخصي.
 المنتدى: وهو المنتدى الخاص باللعبة يمكنك نشر استفساراتك وسيتم الرد عليك من قبل مشرفين اللعبة.
 يمكنك البحث عن عضو أو عشيرة.
 اكتب تقديم شكوى أو اقتراح وسيتم الرد عليك.
 تسجيل الخروج من اللعبة.

مراجع

ألعاب المتصفح
ألعاب إنترنت كثيفة اللاعبين
ألعاب فيديو 2006

بايت فايت


An Trichotosia klabatensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schltr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Trichotosia klabatensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichotosia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sulawesi. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trichotosia

Trichotosia klabatensis


Johan Frederik Hansen (født 3. juni 1810 i København, død 19. februar 1873 på Frederiksberg) var en dansk forstmand og kreditforeningsdirektør.

Forstmand
Han var søn af vildthandler senere brændevinsbrænder Peder Hansen (ca. 1771-1822) og Ane Marie Diebel (død tidligst 1824). Han blev 1832 dimitteret som forstkandidat fra universitetet i Kiel og tiltrådte det følgende forår en forstlig studierejse, der varede 2½ år, til Tyskland, Østrig, Schweiz, Frankrig og Italien. På rejsen tog han forsteksamen ved Det sachsiske Akademi i Tharandt. Efter sin hjemkomst berejste han en del af Sjællands skove, og i de følgende år, 1836-42, var han optaget af assistent- og planlægningsarbejder samt af statstilsyn med private skove. 1842 tiltrådte Hansen pladsen som forstdocent, der var blevet ledig ved L.S. Fallesens død 1840; 1844 blev han medlem af Forst-Eksaminationskommissionen og 1848 titulær professor. 15. april 1844 ægtede Hansen (i Helligåndskirken) sin forgængers enke, Nicoline Christiane Fallesen (født Smith 15. april 1814 i Hald ved Randers, død 7. marts 1899 i København). Efter at have virket som forstdocent i over 30 år fratrådte han ved nytår 1873 denne virksomhed og døde kort efter.

Allerede tidligt havde Hansen omfattet planlægningen, "det forstlige Indretningsvæsen", med særlig interesse, og læren om skovbrugets økonomi, industrilæren, blev senere hans yndlingsfag: Han ydede på dette område noget særdeles betydeligt både som lærer og som forfatter. I ''Et Afsnit af Læren om Skovbrugets Økonomi» (udgivet efter forfatterens død 1877) viser han sig at indtage en mæglende stilling mellem de to partier, der både her i landet og i Tyskland stredes om skovbrugets økonomiske formål. Desværre var Hansen som forstdocent lønnet så knapt, at han måtte
søge forskellig anden sysselsættelse; han var blandt andet formand i Kreditforeningen af Grundejere i de danske Østifter fra foreningens stiftelse til sin død. 1847-50 forestod han reguleringen af de store vandløb i Københavns Amt, og 1845-51 var han formand for Tiendekommissionen i samme område. Hans mangesidige virksomhed må, vistnok i forbindelse med en mærkelig mangel på trang til at producere, bære skylden for, at han ikke nåede at få udgivet noget større arbejde.

Hansen var gennemgående afholdt af sine elever, mens hans optræden over for kolleger ofte var præget af en vis stivhed, der bragte ham til at indtage en temmelig isoleret stilling, især efter 1863, da man, meget mod hans ønske, havde flyttet skovbrugsundervisningen fra Den polytekniske Læreanstalt til Landbohøjskolen.

Kreditforeningsarbejde
Fra sin studierejse havde J.F. Hansen indgående kendskab til driften af kreditforeninger, og efter at det hjemlige lovgrundlag i 1850 var kommet på plads, var han blandt hovedmændene bag stiftelsen af Kreditforeningen af Grundejere i de danske Østifter 1851, og han blev med det samme formand for foreningens direktion. Han havde tænkt sig at bruge sit otium på dette, men døde altså kort efter sin pensionering. Med en så lang tjenestetid som direktør er det ikke for meget sagt, at Hansens forstandige ledelse af Østifternes Kreditforening var uvurderlig for udviklingen af kreditforeningssystemets solide udvikling hertillands.

Han er begravet på Assistens Kirkegård.

Hæder
Foreningen lod ham i 1876 hædre ved at lade Theobald Stein udføre en marmorbuste af ham, som tidligere stod i forhallen til Realkredit Danmarks hus på Jarmers Plads. Stein havde allerede i 1871 udført et reliefportræt. Hansen er også afbildet på Jørgen Sonnes frise på Thorvaldsens Museum, og der findes et litografi fra 1858 efter fotografi. Han var blevet Ridder af Dannebrog 1869 og Dannebrogsmand 1872.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer i Dansk Biografisk Leksikon
Forstmænd fra Danmark
Titulære professorer fra Danmark
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra København
Riddere af Dannebrog
Kreditforeningsdirektører fra Danmark

J.F. Hansen (forstdocent)


Survivor 4 (2023.) (hrv. Opstanak), četvrta je sezona Survivor Hrvatska. Prijave za sezonu započele su tijekom završnice prethodne sezone. Ovo je druga sezona u kojoj su se mogli prijaviti kandidati i izvan Hrvatske. Sezona serijala krenula je s prikazivanjem 6. ožujka 2023. na hrvatskome televizijskome kanalu Nova TV. U Srbiji je emisija krenula s prikazivanjem isti dan na kanalu Nova S.

Proizvodnja
United Group otvorila je prijave za četvrtu sezonu 1. lipnja 2022. Show se prikazivao na TV kanalima: Novoj TV u Hrvatskoj, Novoj S u Srbiji, Novoj BH u Bosni i Hercegovini i Novoj M u Crnoj Gori. Srbijanske kuće izvješćivale su o srbijanskim i crnogorskim natjecateljima, dok su hrvatske i bosanskohercegovačke o hrvatskim i bosanskohercegovačkim natjecateljima. Kada se prikazuje u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori, Bojan Perić je primarni voditelj. Kada se prikazuje u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini, Mario Mlinarić je primarni voditelj. Međutim, oboje se pojavljuju u emisiji bez obzira na zemlju.

Survivor plus
Nakon epizode petkom svakoga tjedna na kanalu Nova S u Srbiji prikazuje se popratna emisija pod nazivom Survivor plus. Vodi je srbijanska televizijska voditeljica Danijela Buzurović, a gledateljima daje uvid u trenutke koji se događaju na otoku, a koji nisu prikazani u epizodama.

Pravila natjecanja
Natjecatelji su podijeljeni u dva plemena. Svako pleme ima svoje ime, zastavu i određenu boju, a početni zadatak je izgraditi sklonište od materijala koje nađu u okruženju u kojemu se nalaze, ali i od sredstava koja dobivaju kao nagradu tijekom natjecanja. Ovisno o godišnjem dobu u kojem se nalaze, dobivaju i minimalan broj predmeta za preživljavanje – najčešće su to noževi, kante za vodu i pitka voda. Vatru također moraju paliti na različite načine, no postoji mogućnost  osvajanja sredstava za paljenje uspješnim izvršavanjem zadataka.

Pred plemenima se nalaze različiti izazovi koji iziskuju i tjelesni i psihički napor, a svi imaju isti cilj – osvojiti imunitet i spasiti se od izbacivanja iz showa. Natjecatelji često moraju prolaziti kroz testove izdržljivosti, ekipnoga rada, ali prije svega snage volje. No, bit će i onih kojima je draže pokazati koliko su snalažljivi u prikupljanju namirnica i kuhanju hrane.

Postoje dvije vrste izazova: Nagrada i Imunitet. U nagradnom izazovu natjecatelji se bore osvojiti »luksuzne« stvari koje im nisu nužne za osnovni život, ali olakšavaju boravak i čine ga ugodnijim, poput šibica, kremena, kraćih putovanja dalje od kampa...

U izazovu Imunitet natjecatelji se bore za zaštitu od izbacivanja, koje se događa na posebnoj svečanosti, a koju izvodi »Plemensko vijeće«.
Kada u natjecanju ostane manji broj kandidata, dolazi do spajanja plemena i od toga trenutka borba za rješavanje zadataka postaje pojedinačna.
Ipak, sama igra puna je iznenađenja i preokreta pa tako postoji mogućnost razmjene članova prije ujedinjenja plemena, nekad slučajnim izborom, a nekad pregovorima dvaju kapetana plemena.
Kako bi se igra dodatno usložnila, postoji i skriveni idol koji daje imunitet, a natjecatelj ga treba pronaći. To je maleni predmet koji se uklapa u ambijent zemlje u kojoj se nalaze, a obično je skriven blizu kampa. U pojedinom ciklusu samo jedan natjecatelj smije tražiti imunitet.

Kada igrač pronađe predmet, može ga iskoristiti u različite svrhe poput cjenkanja s drugim igračima za savez ili, pak, oko glasovanja za izbacivanje. Predmet ga štiti od izbacivanja, ali samo do određene razine igre. Natjecatelj može birati hoće li pokazati skrivenoga idola drugima. U svakomu slučaju, ostali natjecatelji ne mogu ukrasti ili na bilo koji drugi način prisvojiti predmet toga određena natjecatelja.

Natjecatelji

Sažetak sezone
Epizode se emitiraju pet dana u tjednu. Dvije epizode posvećene su dvama izazovima za nagradu, a ostale tri epizode posvećene su izazovima imuniteta, plemenskim vijećima, zajedno s izazovima imuniteta pojedinca za pleme koje gubi. Posljednja epizoda svakog tjedna posvećena je eliminacijskom dvoboju koji odlučuje tko će biti eliminiran.

Sažetak prema epizodama postavljenim na online stranici Nova TV:

Bilješke
  Nagrada, ili više njih, ostvarene su u jednoj emitiranoj epizodi.
  Imunitet je osvojen u jednoj emitiranoj epizodi.
  Imunitet je osvojen u jednoj emitiranoj epizodi te vrijedi u dvije epizode zbog toga što je pleme izgubilo imunitet.
  Ovo glasovanje je bilo za osobu koju žele spasiti od izbacivanja.

Zanimljivosti
 Prvi promotivni materijali za novu sezonu objavljeni su 21. veljače 2023., nekoliko tjedana prije početka prikazivanja showa.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
survivor.hr
Survivor NOVA TV
Survivor NOVA S

Televizijske emisije na NOVA TV-u
Reality show

Survivor 4 (2023.)


ملكي صادق أو ملكيصادق هو ملك مدينة القدس أو شاليم أو أورشاليم وذكر في الإنجيل في العهد القديم والعهد الجديد. وملكي صادق هي كلمة كنعانية معناه «ملك البر». شخصية ملكي صادق بقيت بعض الشيء مبهمة وغامضة وخاصة أنه لم يذكر بشكل واضح من هو الملك صادق وخاصة أنه لم يكن يهوديا وكان تقيا ومؤمنا بالله. وذكر في العهد القديم حينما استقبل النبي إبراهيم عند رجوعه من كسرة كدر لعومر والملوك الذين معه (سفر التكوين 18:14-20). وفي العهد الجديد ذكره بولس الرسول في رسالته إلى العبرانيين «مشبهه بابن الله»، «على شبه ملكي صادق»، «على طقس ملكي صادق» (عب17،15,3:7)

المصادر

- موقع الإنجيل العربي

- موقع سانت تكلا

أشخاص من القدس
الرسالة إلى العبرانيين
إبراهيم
تاريخ القدس القديم
سام
شخصيات من العهد الجديد
شخصيات من سفر التكوين
قديسون في الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية الشرقية
قديسون مسيحيون من العهد القديم
قديسون من الأراضي المقدسة
ملوك الكتاب العبري
ملوك توراتيون

ملكي صادق


Four ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Glatton.

 The first  was a 56-gun fourth rate, originally an East Indiaman purchased in 1795 and converted. Participated in the 1797 Battle of Camperdown, and the 1801 Battle of Copenhagen.  Converted to a water depot in 1814 and sunk as a breakwater in 1830.
 The second  was an  launched in 1855 and broken up in 1864.
 The third  was a turret ship launched in 1871 and sold 1903.
 The fourth  was a coast defence ship, originally the Norwegian Bjørgvin, purchased in 1915 and accidentally blown up in September 1918.

References

Royal Navy ship names

HMS Glatton


كأس لويجي برلوسكوني، هي بطولة ودية أسسها رجل الأعمال ورئيس نادي إيه سي ميلان سيلفيو برلسكوني تخليدا لذكرى والده لويجي برلسكوني ويجب أن يكون الفريق المنافس من الفرق التي حصلت على دوري أبطال أوروبا. تقام البطلو على أياد سان سيرو في ميلانو. أقيمت البطولة للمرة الأولى في 23 أغسطس 1991 بين إيه سي ميلان ويوفنتوس حتى يومنا هذا ماعد البطولات التي أقيمت من عام 1992 و1994 وكانت مع إنتر ميلان، بايرن ميونخ وريال مدريد.فاز إيه سي ميلان إحدى عشر مرة ويوفنتوس ثماني مرات.
.

النهائي

إجمالي الفوز

الهدافين

 لاعب في التشكيلة الحالية، أو لاعب لفريق آخر (إذا كان المتقاعد)

** اللاعبون ذو الأسماء الغماقة ما زالو يلعبون

إيه سي ميلان
تأسيسات سنة 1991 في إيطاليا
منافسات كرة قدم في إيطاليا
يوفنتوس

كأس لويجي برلوسكوني


ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයෙකු සහ නළුවෙකු ද වේ. සිංහල සිනමාවට ඔහු පිවිසෙනුයේ 1977දී ය. සිංහල චිත්‍රපට උදෙසා සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයෙකු ලෙස චිත්‍රපට 532ක සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කොට ඇත. ඒ අතර සිංහල සිනමාවේ සටන් කලාව උදෙසා වෙනසක් කරමින් ප්‍රථම වරට කණ්ඩායම් සටන් සම්ප්‍රදාය ගෙන ආවේ ද ඔහු ය. ටෙඩී රඟපෑ සෑම චිත්‍රපටයකම පාහේ සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂක වූයේ ද ඔහුය. ඔහු විසින් සිනමාව උදෙසා සටන් නළුවන් දෙදහසක් පමණ සිනමාව හරහා බිහි කර ඇත.

පෙර අවධිය
1958දී මීගමුව හි උපත ලද ටෙඩී තම අධ්‍යාපන කටයුතු කොළඹ කේරි විද්‍යාලයෙන් සපුරා ගැනී ය. කුඩා කල සිට ම ආත්මාරක්ෂක සටන් ශිල්පය සඳහා යොමු වූ ටෙඩී කරාතේ, ජූඩෝ, ජිම්නාස්ටික්වල වැනි කායික ශක්තිය වඩවන ක්‍රියාකාරකම් කෙරෙහි යෙදවී ය. පාසල් අවධියේ බොක්සිං ක්‍රීඩාවට උනන්දුවක් දැක්වීය. කහ බළල්ලු, කරාටේ කීලස් චිත්‍රපට නැරඹීමෙන් ඔහු කරාතේ කෙරෙහි හිත යොමු විය. එම කල දී ම හෝප් නැව ලංකාවට පැමිණියේ ය. එවක ඔබ්සවර් පුවත්පතේ පළ වූ විවෘත ආරාධනය කර තුබූ විදෙස් මාෂල් ආර්ට්ස් (Martial Arts) පුහුණුකරුවන් විසින් පැවැත් වූ පාඨමාලාව කොළඹ වයි. එම්. බී. ශාලාවෙහි පැවැත්වී ය. එම ආරාධනය අනුව ටෙඩී එම පැවැත් වුණු පුහුණු පන්තියකට ගියේ ය. තව ද ටෙඩී වරාය අධිකාරිය අසල වූ වෙල්ගම මාස්ටර්ගේ කරතේ පන්තියට ද ගියේ ය. එහි දී ඔහු හට කීයකුෂන් කායි ශෛලිය ඉගෙනීමට හැකි විය. එම කල දී ම තෙන්නකෝන් මාස්ටර් යටතේ ජූඩෝ ක්‍රීඩාව හි ද නියැලුණේ ය. ජයවීර මාස්ටර් යටතේ ජිම්නාස්ටික් ඉගෙන ගනු ලැබීය. ටෙඩී ජාතික ජිම්නාස්ටික් සංගමයේ තේරීම් කමිටුවේ සභාපති ලෙස අවුරුදු 12ක් පුරා කටයුතු කරනු ද ලබයි. ඊට අමතරව ද ජිම්නාස්ටික් පුහුණුකරුවකු ලෙසින් ද සෙවය කරනු ලබයි.

එන්ටර් ද ඩ්‍රැගන් චිත්‍රපටය ජනප්‍රිය වූ සමයේ ඔහුගේ මිතුරෙක් වූ දේවින්ද මාක්ස් සමඟ උත්සවවල සටන් ජවනිකා ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ගියේ ය. ඔවුන්ගේ මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය ජනප්‍රිය වීම නිසාවෙන් දිනෙක ශාන්ත කුලතුංග නම් ඔහුගේ හිතවතෙකු විසින් කළුතර නගර ශාලවේ හි උත්සවයක් සංවිධානය කොට ඔවුන් හට ආරාධනා කරනු ලැබීය. 1976 දී එම උත්සවයට පැමිණ සිටි දයානන්ද රොඩ්රිගෝ විසින් ඔවුන් ගේ දක්ෂතා දැක චිත්‍රපටයක දර්ශනයකට පෙනී සිටීමට පැමිණෙන ලෙස ආරාධනා කිරී ය. ඒ වන විට ඔහු ජීවන ගංගා චිත්‍රපටය තිස්ස විජේසුරේන්ද්‍ර යොදවා රූගත කොට නිමා කර තිබිණ. එනමුදු ඔහු විසින් ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා වෙනුවෙන් ම සටන් ජවනිකාවක් එක් කරවා ටෙඩී සහ ශාන්ත කුලතුංග, දේවින්ද මාක්ස් තිදෙනාම ඒ චිත්‍රපටයට ඇතුල් කරනු ලැබීය.

පසුව ජීවන ගංගා චිත්‍රපටයේ හඬකැවීම්වලට සරසවි චිත්‍රාගාරයට ගිය අවස්ථාවේ දී එහිදි එතැන වූ අනෙක් හඬකැවීම් වලට එක් වූ ලෙනින් මොරායස්, දයානන්ද ජයවර්ධන වැනි නළුවන් හඳුනා ගැනීමට ඔහුට ඉඩ ලැබුණි. ඉන් පසු එක සැනින් චිත්‍රපට අටක රංගනය සඳහා ඔහුට ආරාධනා ලැබුණි. දයානන්ද රොඩ්රි ගේ ගේ අනූෂා චිත්‍රපටයෙන් සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරමින් සහ රංගනයෙන් මුලින්ම එක් වීමට හැකි වුණි.

සිනමාව
ටෙඩී 1977 දී සිනමාවට පැමිණියේ ය. ඒ වන විට ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ප්‍රනාන්දු, බන්දු මුණසිංහ, රොබින් ප්‍රනාන්දු ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සිටි සිනමාවේ නම් දැරූ සටන් නළුවන් වූයේ ය. එවක සටන් නළුවන් අතර තිරයේ දුෂ්ටකම් අතරේ ඉහළින් වැජඹුණු සේනාධීර රූපසිංහ, ඔස්වල්ඩ් ජයසිංහ, වොලී නානායක්කාර, ලයනල් දැරණියගල, තිස්ස විජේසුරේන්ද්‍ර වැනි නළුවන් රැසක් සමඟ ඔහු ද එදා කරට කර රංගනයේ නියැලිය.

ඔහු විසින් චිත්‍රපටයක භාවිත කරනු ලැබූ ශිල්ප ක්‍රමය බොහෝ දුරට බොලිවුඩ්, හොලිවුඩ් සිනමාවන්ට ද පරයා ගියේ ය. ඔහු සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූ චිත්‍රපට හි තාක්ෂණය එය තිරගත වන සමය හා ගැලපෙන සේ ඉදිරිපත් කර තිබුණි. එයට හොඳම උදාහරණයක් ලෙස හොලිවුඩ් හි නිපදවූ ඔන් බැක් චිත්‍රපටයේ යොදා ගත් තාක්ෂණය ඊට පෙර ඔහුගේ චිත්‍රපටයකට යොදා තිබුණි.

ඔහු සිනමාවට පැමිණි 1977ටත් පෙර සිට 2010 දක්වා සිනමාපට සඳහා භාවිත වූයේ දළ සේයා පටයන් ය. එදා කල සටන් දර්ශනයක් සඳහා ඔවුන් හට රිහසල් ගණනාවක් කර රූගත කිරීමට යොමු විය යුතුය. ටේක් එකට යෑමට කලිනුත් ද සැකයක් මතුවී නම් නැවතත් රිහසල් කළේ ය. බොහෝ විට ටේක් වන් හිදී එම දර්ශනය නිම වෙයි. ඊටත් අපහසු වුණහොත් ටේක් ටූ වලට ගිය ද ටේක් ත්‍රී වලට ගිය හොත් නම් විහිලුවට හෝ පසු දා පැමිණෙනකොට නෙගටිව් කෑන් එකක් ගෙන එන්න යැයි කියති.

ටෙඩී දුෂ්ට රංගනයෙන් අත් මිදුණ අවස්ථා ලෙස පෙරලිකාරයෝ, රන්දෙනිගල සිංහයා, සත්‍යා, දෙමෝදර පාලම, ජොලි හලෝ, ජොලි හලෝ 2, ලව් ඉන් ලන්ඩන්, අන්තිම රැය චිත්‍රපට ඒ ඒකාකාරී රැල්ලට වෙනසක් එක් කළේය.

ඔහුගේ එම සුවිසල් ගෝල පරපුරේ නම් දරූ පුද්ගලයන් ලෙස මාක් සැම්සන්, රාජු ගමගේ, සරත් සිල්වා, වසන්ත කුමාරවිල ඒ අතරින් ප්‍රධානයි. අලුත් පරපුරේ සටන් ශිල්පීන් ලෙස කුමාර තිලකරත්න, ජීවක ගමගේ. විරාජ් අසංක, රංගන තරංග යනාදීන් සඳහන් කළ හැක.

රජ දරුවෝ චිත්‍රපටයේ සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයා වූයේ ද ටෙඩී ය. සනත් ගුණතිලක හට සටන් කියා දුන්නේ ඔහු වුවද එක් ජවනිකාවක් රූගත කිරීමේ දි සනත් ගැසූ පහරකින් ඔහුගේ නාස්පොල්ල කැඩී ගියේ ය.

විදෙස් සිනමාව
ටෙඩී විසින් සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ චිත්‍රපට අතර විදෙස් චිත්‍රපට, ඉංග්‍රීසි චිත්‍රපට 22 ක්, පකිස්තාන් චිත්‍රපට 14 ක්, ඉන්දියන් දෙමළ සහ හින්දි චිත්‍රපට 12 ක සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කර ඇත. හොලිවුඩ් හා බොලිවුඩයේ ද සුපිරි නළුවන් හා කරට කර සටන් කළ නළුවන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ ටෙඩී ලංකාවේ රූ ගත කළ හවුල් චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදන කීපයක ම දායක වනු ලැබූවේ ය. එම චිත්‍රපටවල ලංකාවේ නියෝජනය ලෙස ටෙඩී සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණයේ නියමුවා වූයේ ය. වෝටර්, මිඩ්නයිට් චිල්රන්, බ්ලඩ් ස්පෝට්, ජංගල් හීට්, තී වැනි විදෙස් චිත්‍රපට රැසක් වෙනුවෙන් විශාල දායකත්වයක් ලබා දී ඇත.

හොලිවුඩ් හා බොලිවුඞ් හවුල් නිෂ්පාදනයන් හි නියමුවන් වූ සේන සමරසිංහ සහ චන්ද්‍රන් රත්නම්ගේ චිත්‍රපටවල ඔහු සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයා වූයේ ය. ඔහුට විදෙස් චිත්‍රපටවලට දායක වීමට හැකි වීම නිසාවෙන් විදෙස් සටන් තාක්ෂණයේ නවීණ ක්‍රම ගැන අවබෝධයක් ලබා ගැනීමට හැකි විය. තව ද බ්ලඩ් ස්පෝට් හි සටන් සඳහා සටන් ශිල්පීන් 15 ක් පමණ ලංකාවට පැමිණි අවස්ථාවේ දි ඒ අයගේ නිර්මාණශීලී අත්දැකිම් පවා එක පැත්තකින් ජීවිතයට එක් කර ගැනීමට ලැබුණා.

තී නම් දමිළ චිත්‍රපටයේ සටන් දර්ශන සඳහා ශ්‍රී ලංකාව පැමිණි අවස්ථාවක දි ටෙඩී එහි ද සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය සඳහා යොමු වීය. හාබර් හි අසල දි එම දර්ශනය ගැනීමට සූදානම් කිරීය. තී හි ප්‍රධාන නළුවා වූ රැජිනි කාන් දකුණු ඉන්දීය නළුවා හට විරුද්ධව දුෂ්ට චරිතයේ නියැලුනේ ය. එහිදී සටන් ජවනිකාව පෙර සූදානම් වත් දී නළුවා ආසන්නව පරයා යන පහර එල්ල කළේය. එහි දි එම පහර තමන් හට වැදෙතැයි කියා නළුවා බොහෝ සෙයින් බිය වූයේ ය. ඔහුට ද වඩා ඔහුගේ ආරක්ෂකයන් බිය වැදිණ. පසුව රූගත කිරිම් වලදී ද ආසන්න පහර එල්ල කිරීම් රූගත කිරීය. රැජිනි එම දර්ශනයට නිර්භීතව මුහුණ දුන්න ද ආරක්ෂයන්ට යම් සැනසීමක් ලබා ගත හැකි වූයේ එම සටන් ජවනිකාව ගත් පසුව ය.

වරෙක පකිස්තාන් චිත්‍රපටයක් වූ බේටාබ් අභියෝගාත්මක රංගනය නිසාම විටෙක අනතුරුවලට ද පවා පත් වූයේ ය. ලංකාවේ රූගත කළ එම චිත්‍රපටය රඟපෑමට ගොස් එක වරක දි ඔහුගේ කකුල කැඩුණේ ය. ඔහුට තිබු ජාවනිකාවේ පරිදි නානුඔයේ පාලමේ සිට ධාවනය වන කෝච්චියට පැන සටන් කිරීමට තිබුණි. ටෙඩී එම කෝච්චියේ රියදුරු හට විස්සට විතර වේගයෙන් කෝච්චිය ධාවනය කරන ලෙස පැවසූව ද කෝච්චියේ වේගය එන්න එන්න ම වැඩි වී ටෙඩීහට පැනීමට යෝජිත වූ ස්ථානය ලඟා වන විට එහි වේගය පනහ ද ඉක්මවා තිබුණි. කෙසේ හෝ ඉලක්කයට පිම්මක් පැන කෝච්චිය මත පතිත වුවද ඔහුගේ කකුලක ඇටය පිපිරුණි. පසුව සටන් ජවනිකාව නිම කළේ ය. පසුව ඔහුට බරපතළ වූ හෙයින් ඔහුව නානුඔය රෝහලට ඇතුළත් කරනු ලැබීය. එදින රෝහල් සේවය කාර්‍යක්ෂම වූ බැවින් ද ඔහු නළුවෙකු බව දැනගත් ඔහු පරීක්ෂා කල වෛද්‍යවරයා ඔහුගේ කකුලෙ හි එක්ස්-රේ (X-ray) එක පෙන්වා එහිදී ප්‍රතිකාර ලැබිය නොහැකි තත්ත්වයක සිටින බැව් දැනුම් දුන්නේ ය. කොළඹින් ප්‍රතිකාර ලබාගත හැකි බව දන්වා ටිකට් කපාගත් ඔහු හොරිවිල වෙද මහතාගෙන් මාස දෙකල් ප්‍රතිකාර ලබා සුව අතට පත් වූයේ ය. ඔහු රෝගාතුර වූ අතරවාරයේ සියලුම රූගත කිරීම් නිමවා ඔවුන් ටෙඩී ගැනවත් නොබලා ම පිටව ගොසින් තිබුණි.

ලොව ප්‍රකට නළුවකු වූ බෙන් කිංස්ලි සමඟ කොමන් මෑන් රඟපෑවේ ය. එහිදි අලුත්කඩේ උසාවිය පිටුපස වූ තට්ටු පහක බිල්ඩිමක සිට පාරට පනින්න තිබුණේ ය. මුලින් ඔහු සූදානම් වූයේ තට්ටු තුනකින් පැනීමට වුවද ඔහු තට්ටු පහෙන්ම පැනීමට තීරණය කළේ ය. පෙරදී පෙර සූදානම් හිදි නිවරදිව ම ආරක්ෂක මෙට්ටය මත පතිත වුවද රූගත කිරීමේ දි දුවගෙන ආ වේගයෙන්ම පැන බල්ටියක් ගසා බිමට ආවද ආරක්ෂක මෙට්ටය පැන කකුල වැදීම නිසාවෙන් ඔහුගේ කකුල් දෙකේම ඇට පුපුරා ගියේ ය.

ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර


Cristián Alejandro Pérez Oyarzo (Valdivia, ), conocido popularmente como Cristián «Chico» Pérez, es un disc jockey, locutor radial y conductor de televisión chileno.

Además de sus proyectos televisivos y radiales, Pérez se ha convertido en unos de los DJ más importantes del circuito nacional,  ya con 35 años de carrera. Fue el año 2000 cuando decide comenzar a explotar un producto inexistente en Chile, las fiestas de los años 80s, y con mucho éxito, tanto que después de 23 años sigue recorriendo Chile transformándose en un de los shows discotequeros más longevos del circuito y en el DJ ochentero más importante de Chile, eso sumado a su carrera como locutor radial que comenzó en 1991.

Biografía
Comenzó su carrera como DJ a los trece años en las fiestas de sus amigos. Dos años después en 1991, fue admitido en la radio San Sebastián de Valdivia, donde estuvo a cargo del programa Bajo Cuerdas.

En 1993 ingresó a la discoteca Scanners, también en Valdivia, a trabajar como disc jockey. Posteriormente, en 1997, fue invitado a participar como locutor y DJ de la naciente radioemisora Radioactiva, en Santiago. Durante los cuatro años que estuvo en esta estación, condujo los espacios More beats y Onda Radioactiva, al tiempo que hacía las "Fiestas Radioactiva" en diferentes lugares Chile y producía remixes para diversos sellos discográficos, entre los que destacan "Yo No Fui" para Pedro Fernández, "Tanta Pasión" de La Sociedad y el famoso "Carramix" que Pérez mezcló en 1998.

En el 2000, el Consorcio Radial de Chile lo llevó a fundar la emisora Los 40 Principales, donde animó el programa Salvados por la campana junto a Álvaro García. En este periodo, ambos recibieron una oferta para participar en el programa de televisión Buenos días a todos, lugar donde conoció a la periodista Jenniffer Warner.

Pérez y Warner condujeron posteriormente el programa de farándula SQP, emitido por Chilevisión. En el 2002, Cristián Pérez se retiró del Consorcio Radial de Chile para dedicarse completamente a SQP, hasta que en el año 2004 ingresó a Radio Pudahuel para animar la versión radial de SQP acompañado de Carola Julio e Ignacio Gutiérrez.

En septiembre de 2009 dejó SQP para conducir otro programa de farándula, En portada, de UCV Televisión, del cual se retiró en abril de 2011. En noviembre de 2011 asumió la animación del programa de espectáculos Alfombra roja, de Canal 13, junto a la periodista Lucía López. Alfombra Roja terminó mediados del 2014, sin embargo Pérez siguió contratado por Canal 13 hasta fines de 2015.

2011 sería el año del regreso de Cristián Pérez a Radioactiva, radio en la que fue uno de los primeros DJs desde su inicio en el '97. En su regreso condujo "El Sacajugos" programa que luego heredaría Pape Salazar con la salida de Pérez.

El 30 de enero de 2012, Cristián Pérez estrenó su programa Red Hot Chico Pérez en Radio Universo.

El 28 de junio de 2012, Canal 13 estrenó la tercera temporada del programa Mi nombre es..., donde Pérez participó como imitador del cantante canadiense Michael Bublé, quedando seleccionado para la final.

En marzo de 2013 se integró a la nueva radio Top FM, donde condujo el espacio Top Music durante un año hasta el cierre de transmisiones de Top FM. Paralelamente en esta época, febrero de 2013, Pérez lanza Maxivinil, El Canal del Vinilo en Youtube. A agosto de 2023 el canal es unos de los más importantes a nivel latinoamericano en la lista de los canales que hablan de música y vinilos. Ya suma a esta fecha más de 700 capítulos y más de 13 millones y medio de vistas.

En 2014 paralelamente a su carrera en Radio y TV lanza un par de singles bajo el nombre de PREZ, proyecto electrónico unipersonal con el que lanzó 2 singles, "That Voice" y "Bizarre Love Triangle".

En Canal 13 estuvo con contrato vigente hasta diciembre de 2015, aunque el canal no lo usó por más de un año luego del final de Alfombra roja. Luego de eso recibe la oferta de La Red para conducir Así Somos, programa del que estuvo a cargo desde febrero de 2016. En febrero de 2018, salió tras no renovar contrato.

El año 2017 lanza La Retro Radio, radio online que programa solo retro hits (www.laretro.cl) siendo hoy una de las radios online más exitosas de Chile y en donde Pérez tiene un par de espacios como locutor.

El año 2021 es invitado a participar en el estelar de Chilevisión "Quién Es La Máscara" y comienza la conducción de "Amigos De Noche" en ADN Radio hasta febrero de 2023.

Desde julio de 2023 conduce "Neto" en 13cRadio de Canal 13 por el 102.1 dial de Santiago.

Filmografía

Programas de televisión

Radio
 Radio San Sebastián Valdivia 1992 - 1997
 Radioactiva 1997-2000
 40 Principales Chile 2000-2001
 SQP - Radio Pudahuel - 2004
 Radioactiva 2011
 Red Hot Chico Pérez - Radio Universo - 2012
 Top Music - Top FM - 2013
 Radio Universo 2017
 La Retro Radio 2018 - 2023
 Adn Radio 2021 - 2022
 13C Radio 2023

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio web oficial

Nacidos en Valdivia
Presentadores de televisión de Chile
Locutores de radio de Chile
Disc jockeys de Chile

Cristián Pérez


Vištytis (, , Yiddish: ווישטינעץ Vishtinets) is a small town in Marijampolė County, in southwestern Lithuania. It is the administrative centre of Vištytis elderate within Vilkaviškis District Municipality.

Geography
The town is situated on the northeastern shore of Lake Vištytis, close to the Russian border (Kaliningrad oblast).

The town has preserved its street structure and market square since the 18th century. Vištytis Regional Park is near the town.  Southwest are Vištytis hill fort, and in a nearby village Nebūtkiemis is big Vištytis stone, preserved geologic artifact.

History
Vištytis was established in the first half of the 16th century, on the border with the Duchy of Prussia. The first mention of the Višytis manor dates from 1538. Around it a settlement of Lithuanian, Polish, German and Russian inhabitants started to grow rapidly. On September 8, 1570 Sigismund II Augustus, in his capacity as Grand Duke of Lithuania, granted Vištytis city rights and coat of arms. It was the first town in the region.

In 1776 Vištytis lost its city rights, although some administration remained in the city, as it is known from the records in 1785 and 1790. Town representatives participated in the Great Sejm and succeeded in regaining city rights, although it did not get a royal privilege. That caused conflict with local elders, and the case was taken to the court. The outcome of the court is not clear, but the town preserved some of autonomy in the 19th century.

In the 19th century, a major industry in Vištytis was the manufacture of brushes. After the railroad line from Königsberg, East Prussia, to Russia was constructed in 1861 through Kybartai, some kilometers to the north, the town declined rapidly.  Beginning in the 1850s, a significant number of the town's Jews emigrated to Germany, the United States, and South Africa. In 1915, the town was devastated by Imperial Russian troops retreating after the Winter Battle of the Masurian Lakes.

After the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Lithuanian territory up to the border at Vištytis was occupied by Soviet forces. Immediately after the launch of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941, the town was conquered by Wehrmacht forces. During the Holocaust, all of Vištytis' Jews were murdered, mainly by local collaborators in the town. The exact number murdered is unclear; estimates range from 200 - 400 Jews (out of the town's general population of around 1000). First the men were shot, then the women - but, to save bullets, the Jewish children were killed by having their heads bashed against the trees in the town park. A memorial to the victims was later erected by the Soviets near a windmill called Grist Mill, but the plaque made no mention that those buried in the nearby fields were Jews. Later, a 'Jewish' tombstone was erected that clearly noted what happened.

Renewed city coat of arms were granted by the President of Lithuania on May 3, 1999.

Notable people

 Algimantas Kezys - Lithuanian priest and photographer
  - Lithuanian artist
  - Lithuanian singer
  - Lithuanian composer
  - Lithuanian composer
 Jurgis Tiškevičius - Lithuanian auxiliary bishop of Vilnius (1627–1633), bishop of Samogitia (1633–1649), and bishop of Vilnius (1649–1656).
  - born in Vištytis on 13 October 1898, medical doctor practicing in Kalisz, sportsman (three-time national champion in the high jump and javelin throw), officer of the Polish Army murdered at the age of 42 along with about 3900 other Polish P.O.W.s in the Soviet death camp in Kharkiv between April and May 1940, part of the Katyn massacre.
  - Lithuanian Army officer

References

Towns in Lithuania
Towns in Marijampolė County
Suwałki Governorate
Historic Jewish communities in Lithuania
Holocaust locations in Lithuania

Vištytis