Biserica evanghelică din Șmig este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Șmig, comuna Alma.

Localitatea
De la prima atestare, 1317, satul Șmig (germ. Schmiegen, mag. Somogyom) este menționat în forma possesio Sumugun
(1317), terra seu possesio Symyg (1325), Sumugy (1352)[1],
possesio Sumugyon (1389) Somog (1392), Somogu (1395)[2],
Somogyon (1587-1589 – în Adatok a dezsma fejedelemségkori
adminisztráción jahóz – Date cu privire la administrarea dijmelor pe timpul principatului, Cluj, 1945), Smig (1733 – în conscriptia Klein), Somogyon (1760-1762 – în conscripția Buccow), Smiegen (1850 – în Statistica Transilvaniei din
1830 și 1850), Somogyom, Schmiegen, Smig (1854 - în Buletinul Guberniului Provinciale pentru Marele Principat Transilvania).

Așezarea era numită de sași Schmiegen, probabil cu semnificația a șerpui, a îndoi,
a mlădia, datorită văii care se îndoaie ca un șarpe printre șirurile de dealuri.

Biserica evanghelică

Sașii din Șmig au construit în Evul mediu o biserică, azi monument istoric, a cărei vechime coboară dincolo de granițele secolului al XIV-lea. Unii cercetători consideră ca prima biserică a fost realizată în secolul al XIV-lea, ea fiind refăcută în secolul următor. Pentru această interpretare pledează un document datat 1390, care amintește de parochialis ecclesie beatae Mariae virginis de Somogyom. Ultima intervenție substanțială asupra lăcașului de cult datează din anul 1846.

Realizată în stil gotic târziu, biserica fostă Sfânta Maria are formă simplă și este compusă din navă și cor. Prezintă însă o serie de particularități care-i dau autenticitate. Aceste tipuri de construcții se găsesc peste tot în lumea sașilor acolo unde constructorii mici și fără pretenții le-au înălțat. Portalul principal al fațadei de vest și cel de pe peretele sudic, terminate în arc frânt, constituie tot ce au putut realiza mai bun meșterii pietrari din această zonă. Interesant este că, în ciuda proporțiilor reduse ale bisericii, nu s-a știrbit nimic din înălțimea navei. Nava este întărită la exterior printr-o succesiune de contraforți în trepte, doi perpendiculari pe colțurile fațadei principale și câte doi pe fiecare latură. Pe peretele sudic s-au practicat două ferestre înalte și înguste, terminate în arc frânt, care valorifică armonios și simetric spațiul dintre contraforții exteriori. Corul poligonal are patru ferestre similare cu cele ale navei, terminate în arc frânt. Rozetele din partea superioară a ferestrelor corului apar în adevărata lor splendoare ornamentală, fără a sancționa în vreun fel restul construcției. Dimpotrivă, modalitatea lor de realizare oferă bisericuței din Șmig o formă superioară. Corul este neobișnuit de mic la interior, dar boltit ingenios.

Amplasarea lui mai jos decât de obicei a dus la apariția unui arc de cerc extins care îl separă de navă. Includerea unor contraforți în interiorul navei era necesară datorită extinderii bolții.

Pictura murală, care împodobea pereții interiori ai edificiului, a fost scoasă la iveală o dată cu renovarea. Din 1515-1520 datează altarul bisericii evanghelice din Șmig, aflat o vreme în patrimoniul Muzeului din Sighișoara. Din 1956 se află la Muzeul Național de Artă din București.

El se compune dintr-un scrin central, încadrat de două tablouri fixe, două aripi fixe, două canaturi mobile și o predelă. Scrinul conține o figură de Madonă zveltă, drapată cu o mantie dispusă în două grupuri de falduri, pornind de la brațul stâng pe care ține pruncul. Astfel, liniile converg către micul Isus. Caracteristic este că faldurile lungi, dominante, sunt întrerupte, în diferite puncte, de jocul cutelor mărunte, ecouri ale modului de realizare a drapajului din faza manierismului . Pe tablourile din jurul scrinului sunt identificabili: Sfânta Ana, Sfântul Gheorghe, Sfânta Margareta și regele Ștefan. Laturile interioare ale canaturilor poartă scenele Bunavestirea, Nașterea și Închinarea magilor. În exterior și pe laturile fixe sunt zugrăvite opt scene din Patimi: Cina, Muntele măslinilor, Biciuirea, Încoronarea cu spini, Ducerea crucii, Răstignirea, Luarea de pe cruce și Învierea. Pe predelă este reprezentată Despărțirea lui Isus de Maria, scenă așezată într-un peisaj bogat, copiat după o stampă a lui Albrecht Dürer. Interiorul bisericii găzduiește acum un altar realizat în 1909, care a înlocuit altarul din secolul al XVI-lea. În cor se află piatra funerară a lui Ioannis Tordai, cu inscripție în limba latină.

La sud de biserică se găsește un turn clopotniță din lemn, în care se păstrează două clopote medievale databile în secolul XVI. Ele sunt adevărate capodopere artistice pentru puterea de producție din acea vreme. Pe unul dintre ele s-a scris în relief, cu majuscule O rex gloriae veni cum. Tot la sud de lăcașul de cult se află clădirea fostei școli confesionale evanghelice, azi biserică greco-catolică, și casa parohială construită, în 1871, de meșterul Johann Gunn, cu sprijinul Asociației Gustav Adolf, așa cum reiese de pe placa aflată pe fațada vestică. Dintr-un inventar al bisericii luterane, reiese că, în 30 noiembrie 1928, parohia deținea în lăcașul de cult o strană, 14 bănci, patru lustre, un harmonium, un potir și un pahar iar în școală trei bănci, o hartă și patru tablouri.

Pastorii care au slujit în biserica evanghelică din această comunitate în primul secol de la reforma religioasă sunt vag cunoscuți. Documentele păstrate amintesc de Johann Zingeli, prin anul 1675, Johann Czekelius - 1681, Michael Weber - 1694 și Michael Henrici - 1708. Acesta din urmă a murit în acest an - 1708. După această dată, șirul lor este cunoscut cu certitudine. Lui Michael Henrici îi urmează Johann Fabritius, care activează la biserica din Șmig în perioada 1708-1711, după ce anterior a fost diacon. Predicatorul Daniel Heinrichius vine la biserica evanghelică din Șmig în anul 1711 și rămâne până la moartea sa, survenită în anul 1744. Este urmat de Thomas Gutt I (1744-1759) și Thomas Gutt al II-lea (1759-1769). În perioada următoare pastori ai bisericii evanghelice au fost Johann Bell1770-1775), Stefan Schuster (1775-1776), Stefan Seivert (1776-1783). Daniel Schmidt, care își începe activitatea în comunitatea evaghelică în 1784 și rămâne în Șmig până în 1817. După el, activează perioade mai scurte Michael Zenn (1817-1823) și Johann Keltermann (1823-1830). Următorii doi s-au aflat în fruntea comunității evanghelice până la moartea lor: Martin Caspari (1830–23.07.1853) și Michael Jobi (1853-05.09.1867). Ultimii doi pastori care și-au legat numele de Șmig sunt Johann Schuster (1867-1881) și Andreas Mild (1881-1901). Cel din urmă a activat înainte de a veni la Șmig în Giacăș și Mediaș. Ca filie a parohiilor din Bratei și apoi din Dârlos, comunitatea evanghelică din Șmig a fost păstorită în perioada interbelică de preoții Michael Orendi și Martin Bucholzer. Epitrop a fost Wilhelm Seiler, iar curator Gustav Müller.

Note

[1] Documente
privind Istoria României C. Transilvania, veacul XIV, vol.
I (1301-1320), p. 272; vol. II, p.  146,
p. 365; vol. III p. 288, p. 571. Documentul din anul 1317, care reprezintă
prima atestare documentară a satelor Alma și Șmig, este datat eronat în 1314,
în volumul citat.

[2] Csánki Dezsö, Magyarország Történelmi földrajza a
Hunyadiak Korában, vol. V, p. 893.

Bibliografie
Dorin Pintilie, Mariana Pintilie, Comuna Alma - studiu monografic complex, Editura Eurodidact, Cluj-Napoca, 2014, ISBN 978-973-7709-84-4

Vezi și
 Șmig, Sibiu

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Sibiu
Biserici evanghelice de confesiune augustană din România
Biserici din județul Sibiu
Biserici din secolul al XV-lea din România

Biserica medievală din Șmig


George Bass (født 30. januar 1771, død efter 5. februar 1803) var en skibslæge i den britiske flåde kendt for sine opdagelsesrejser i Australien.

Tidlige år
Bass blev født 30. januar 1771 ved Aswarby, en landsby nær Sleaford i det britiske grevskab Lincolnshire, som søn af landbrugsforpagter George Bass og en lokal skønhed ved navn Sarah Newman. Hans far døde i 1777, da Bass var 6 år. Han gik på Boston Grammar School og lærte senere medicin på hospitalet i Boston i Lincolnshire. Da han var 18, blev han optaget som medlem i selskabet for kirurger, Company of Surgeons, i London. I 1794 gik han ind i Royal Navy (den britiske flåde) som kirurg.

Han ankom til Port Jackson og Sydney i New South Wales på HMS Reliance 7. september 1795.

Med på rejsen var også Matthew Flinders, John Hunter, Bennelong og hans assistent William Martin.

To rejser med Tom Thumb
Med på Reliance havde Bass medbragt en lille båd med en længde på 8 fod (2,4 meter) og en dæksbredde på 5 fod (1,5 meter). Han kaldte den Tom Thumb på grund af dens størrelse. I oktober 1795 sejlede Bass, Flinders og Martin med Tom Thumb ud af Port Jackson til Botany Bay og længere op af Georges River, end nogen bosætter tidligere havde været. Deres rapporter førte til bosættelsen Banks' Town.

I marts 1796 sejlede de samme tre ud på en ny tur i en lignende båd, som de også kaldte Tom Thumb. På denne tur sejlede de ned af kysten til Lake Illawarra, som de navngav Tom Thumb Lagoon. De opdagede og udforskede også Port Hacking.

Senere samme år opdagede Bass godt land nær Prospect Hill, fandt bortløbent kvæg fra First Fleet og gjorde et forgæves forsøg på at krydse Blue Mountains.

Rejse med hvalbåd til Western Port

I 1797, denne gang uden Flinders, sejlede Bass i en åben hvalbåd med en seks mand stor besætning til Cape Howe, det sydøstligste punkt i Australien. Herfra sejlede han mod vest langs kysten af, det der i dag er, regionen Gippsland i Victoria til Western Port næsten helt til der, hvor Melbourne ligger i dag. Han var overbevist, om at et stræde adskilte det australske hovedland fra det allerede kendte Van Diemen's Land (nu Tasmanien) på grund af det kraftige tidevand og de store sydvestlige dønninger ved Wilsons Promontory.

Bass udforskede området omkring Kiama og gjorde mange notater om floraen og naturfænomenet Kiama Blowhole. Han beskrev geologien omkring blæsehullet og bidrog til at forklare fænomenet.

Omsejling af Tasmanien med skibet Norfolk
I 1798 fik Bass sin teori bekræftet, da han sammen med Flinders sejlede rundt om Van Diemen's Land med skibet Norfolk. På rejsen nåede de Derwent Rivers udmunding, som var opdaget og navngivet af kaptajn John Hayes i 1793. Byen Hobart blev grundlagt her i 1803 på grundlag af Bass' rapport. Da de kom tilbage til Sydney, anbefalede Flinders til guvernør John Hunter, at strædet mellem Van Diemen's Land og hovedlandet blev kaldt Bass Strait.

"Det var kun en rimelig anerkendelse til min gode ven og kompagnon," skrev Flinders, "for den ekstreme fare og udmattelse han havde udsat sig selv for, da han sejlede derned i en hvalbåd, og de korrekte vurderinger af forskellige tegn på, at der eksisterede en bred åbning mellem Van Diemen's Land og New South Wales."

Bass var en entusiastisk naturhistoriker og botaniker og han sendte nogle af sine indsamlede planter til Sir Joseph Banks i London. "I løbet af de fjorten uger rejsen varede, indsamlede jeg disse få planter i Van Diemen's Land, som jeg ikke kendte fra New South Wales," skrev han til Banks, "og som jeg tillader mig at sende til Dem til inspektion." Han blev gjort til æresmedlem af Society for Promoting Natural History (Selskabet til Fremme af Naturhistorie), som senere blev til Linnean Society. Nogle af hans opdagelser blev offentliggjort i andet bind af David Collins' An Account of the English colony in New South Wales. Bass var også den første, som beskrev det australske pungdyr, vombatten

Ægteskab og forretninger
8. oktober 1800 blev George Bass gift med Elizabeth Waterhouse i Saint James's Church, Westminster. Hun var søster til kaptajn Henry Waterhouse, som Bass tidligere havde sejlet med. I januar 1801 sejlede Bass tilbage til Sydney uden sin kone. De skrev herefter sammen, men Bass kom aldrig hjem igen.

Bass havde sammen med nogle venner investeret omkring £10.000 i den kobber-beklædte brig Venus og en last med varer til at sælge i New South Wales. Bass sejlede med som ejer og leder. (Blandt hans indflydelsesrige venner og medinvestorer var chefkirurgen i den britiske koloni på Norfolk Island, Thomas Jamison, som senere blev generallæge i New South Wales.)

Da de passerede gennem Bass Strait, noterede han det blot som Bass Strait som enhver anden geografisk lokalitet. Det virker, som Flinders' levnedsskildrer Ernest Scott bemærkede, som om Bass' naturlige beskedenhed gjorde, at han ikke følte noget behov for at skrive "opdaget af mig" eller "opkaldt efter mig".

Da Bass kom frem, fandt han, at der var rigeligt med varer i kolonien, og han var ude af stand til at sælge lasten. Guvernør Philip Gidley King havde et meget stramt budget og kunne ikke købe lasten, heller ikke med 50% rabat. King gav dog Bass en kontrakt til at hente saltet flæsk på Tahiti. Der var fødevaremangel i Sydney på denne tid, og priserne var høje. Der var masser af svin på Selskabsøerne og Bass fik en kontrakt på 6 pence for et pund svinekød. King skulle betale 12 pence i Sydney, men det var stadig en profitabel handel for Bass. Sammen med sin partner Charles Bishop sejlede Bass fra Sydney i Venus til Dusky Sound i New Zealand, hvor de brugte 14 dage på at samle jern fra vraget af kaptajn Bramptons gamle skib Endeavour. Jernet blev lavet til økser, som de byttede for svinekød på Tahiti. De var tilbage i Sydney november 1802.

I januar 1803 ansøgte Bass den britiske konge om eneretten på fiskeri syd for en linje tværs over New Zealands Sydø fra Dusky Sound til Otago Harbour, hvor byen Dunedin ligger i dag. Området omfattede Antipodes Islands, som Bass kendte fra sin svoger Waterhouse, der havde opdaget øgruppen. Han havde store forventninger til dette, men før han hørte, at hans anmodning var blevet afvist, var han sejlet mod syd fra Sydney og kom aldrig tilbage. Bass og Flinders havde begge Sydney som base på denne tid, men de var ikke i byen på samme tid.

Sidste rejse
Det vides ikke, hvad der skete med Bass. Han sejlede ud med Venus 5. februar 1803, og hverken han eller besætningen blev set igen. Hans plan var at sejle til Tahiti og måske til de Spanske kolonier i Chile for at købe fødevarer.

Der har været mistanke om, at Bass også kunne have planlagt at smugle varer til Chile. Spanske skibe og købmænd havde eneret på salg af varer til de spanske kolonier, men i kolonierne var efterspørgslen efter varer større end det, de spanske købmænd kunne levere. Varerne var også pålagt høje skatter, så priserne var meget høje. Derfor var der en omfattende men illegal handel med udenlandske skibe. Port Jackson og Sydney blev af nogle historikere i det 19. århundrede beskrevet som en smuglerbase. (Storbritannien havde ikke det bedste forhold til Spanien, så myndighederne greb ikke ind).

Bass havde stadig mange af de varer, som han havde fragtet til Sydney i 1801, og han kan have været fristet til at prøve at sælge dem i Chile. To af hans sidste breve hentyder til planer, som han ikke kunne afsløre. I alle tilfælde sejlede han i 1803 med et diplomatisk brev fra guvernør King, som bekræftede hans bona fides, og at hans eneste formål i Chile ville være at købe forsyninger.

Da mange måneder gik uden, at man hørte noget, var guvernør King og Bass' venner i Sydney nødsaget til at acceptere, at han havde været ude for en ulykke. I januar 1806 blev Bass registreret som tabt til søs af Admiralitetet i England. Senere samme år fik hans kone Elizabeth tildelt en enkepension med virkning fra den dag hans kontrakt med King udløb i juni 1803. (Bass havde betalt til pensionsfonden af sin løn.)

Spekulationer om Bass' skæbne
Der har været mange spekulationer om Bass' skæbne. En af dem, som tilskrives William Campbell fra briggen Harrington, hævder at Bass blev taget til fange af spanierne i Chile og sendt til sølvminerne. Skibet Harrington var involveret i smugling og vendte tilbage til Sydney omkring tre måneder efter Bass' afsejling. Denne historie stammer dog fra en rapport af William Fitzmaurice fra 1811. Der er gode optegnelser om Campbell i 1803 og i 1805, hvor han opbragte et spansk skib, men Bass bliver ikke nævnt. (tre måneder synes også for kort tid til at Bass kan nå til Chile og Harrington derefter tilbage til Sydney.)

En anden ting, der tæller mod den sydamerikanske historie, er at alle britiske fanger i Chile og Peru blev løsladt i 1808 og vendte tilbage til Europa. Hvis Venus''' besætning havde været tilfangetaget, var der ingen af de 25, som overlevede.

Den danske eventyrer Jørgen Jürgensen skrev om Bass i sin selvbiografi i 1835. Han hævdede, at Bass havde forsøgt at gennemtvinge en handel med våbenmagt i Chile, men var blevet taget til fange. Jürgensen har sandsynligvis mødt Bass, men hans beretning er næsten med sikkerhed opdigtet. Jürgensons erindringer er underholdende men ofte langt fra virkeligheden.

Hverken en søgning i spanske arkiver i 1903 af den lærde Pascual de Gayangos eller en søgning i peruvianske arkiver i 2003 af historikeren Jorge Ortiz-Sotelo fandt Bass nævnt nogen steder. Hans skæbne forbliver et mysterium.

 Anerkendelse

I 1963 udgav Australia Post et frimærke med George Bass og igen i 1998 sammen med Matthew Flinders.

En rekonstruktion af hans rejse med hvalbåden blev gennemført på 200-året for Bass' rejse. Den blev ledet af Bern Cuthbertson i den 9 meter lange Elizabeth og ankom til Western Port 5. januar 1998. ved samme lejlighed blev der opsat en mindeplade ved siden monumentet for Bass og Flinders ved Flinders.

En række geografiske og administrative lokaliteter er opkaldt efter Bass:
 Bass, Victoria (by)
 Bass Highway (Tasmanien)
 Bass Highway (Victoria)
 Bass Hill, New South Wales
 Bass Point
 Bass Strait
 Division of Bass, Tasmanien (føderal)
 Division of Bass, Tasmania (stat)
 Bass River

 Referencer

 Litteratur
 Miriam Estensen, The Life of George Bass'', Allen and Unwin, 2005,
 Keith Macrae Bowden: George Bass 1771–1803: His Discoveries, Romantic Life and Tragic Disappearance. – London, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1952

 The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders, R.N. af Ernest Scott

Eksterne henvisninger
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/authors/search/?query=Bass,+George

Opdagelsesrejsende fra Storbritannien
Europæisk opdagelse af Australien
Briter i 1700-tallet

George Bass


Schiappacasse es un apellido que puede referirse a:

 Aldo Schiappacasse (1961-), presentador de televisión y comentarista deportivo chileno;
 Nicolás Schiappacasse (1999-), futbolista uruguayo.

Schiappacasse


African socialism or Afrosocialism is a belief in sharing economic resources in a traditional African way, as distinct from classical socialism. Many African politicians of the 1950s and 1960s professed their support for African socialism, although definitions and interpretations of this term varied considerably. These politicians include Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Modibo Keita of Mali, among others.

Origins and themes
As many African countries gained independence during the 1960s, some of these newly formed governments rejected the ideas of capitalism in favour of a more afrocentric economic model. Leaders of this period professed that they were practising "African socialism".

Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Modibo Keita of Mali, Léopold Senghor of Senegal, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Sékou Touré of Guinea, were the main architects of African Socialism according to William H. Friedland and Carl G. Rosberg Jr., editors of the book African Socialism.

Common principles of various versions of African socialism were: social development guided by a large public sector, incorporating the African identity and what it means to be African, and the avoidance of the development of social classes within society. Senghor claimed that "Africa's social background of tribal community life not only makes socialism natural to Africa but excludes the validity of the theory of class struggle," thus making African socialism, in all of its variations, different from Marxism and European socialist theory.

African socialism became an important model of economic development for countries such as Ghana, Guinea, Senegal and Tanzania. While these countries used different models of African Socialism, a common thread of African Socialism emerged. This common thread was the desire for political and economic autonomy, self reliance, the Africanisation of business and civil service, Pan-Africanism and non-alignment.

History
The first influential publication of socialist thought tailored for application in Africa occurred in 1956 with the release of Senegalese intellectual Abdoulaye Ly's Les masses africaines et l'actuelle condition humaine.

Women and African Socialism
African Socialism proved to have mixed results for participating women. While some improvements were made from pre-developmental periods in the quality of life for women under African Socialism, setbacks and reflections of past gender hierarchies still persisted.

In Ghana, newfound independence did not create a restructuring of old gender roles. Households were the building blocks of agricultural production and were almost exclusively headed by male workers. Accrued resources were then disproportionately controlled by household heads, under the assumption that subordinate women did not have to do as much work.

However, economic crises in the 1980s saw the women of agricultural households adopt new strategies for reviving local welfare, such as replacing imported products with local goods and migrant male labor with their own. The increased presence of these women in the socialist workforce elevated their position in the community and granted them a say in rural production. Groups of working women began receiving their own plots of land from community leaders, and their contributions became recognized under the rural basis of Ghanaian socialism. Nonetheless, women who were not granted land often had to beg or receive permission from male landowners such as husbands or fathers. Without access to this land, local wives and daughters could not collect wild bush fruits or shea nuts, both crucial to financial welfare.

After the introduction of Ujamaa to Tanzanian life in the late 1960s, strict gender roles became commonplace and were celebrated as a pillar of nuclear family. Despite efforts of development policy to purge Tanzanian government of European influence, the reinforcement of nuclear family tradition and arrangement of women into the role of domestic house-maker reflected the practice of Christian colonizers before them.

This was likely because newfound independence saw a political focus on stability in the early developmental stages of Tanzania's government. Urban, working-class men unsure of the new government were seen as the greatest threat to national stability, and were provided improved salaries and access to housing which bolstered their position as household heads, and pushed women further into reproductive labor roles. Many of the goals surrounding Tanzanian women's rights movements were nonetheless met, including improvements in education, employment, and political opportunities. Regardless, the slow but sure subversion of women's rights movements in Tanzania saw women pushed further back into households, and female governmental leaders deposed for a number of trivial offenses. Still, Tanzanian villagization is recalled positively by many Tanzanian women, as it often provided the opportunity to live closer to kin, and commit to more stable marriage practices. Post WWII, pre-development economy had previously resulted in widespread serial monogamy, or the precarious and temporary marrying and remarrying which was seen as more survival strategy than romantic or reproductive endeavor. After resolving the discomfort of villagization, many women found advantage in their placement. For many Tanzanians, the crux of detriment towards women's rights came with the structural adjustment of Ujamaa economic policies in the 1980s.

Across nearly all socialist states in Africa, women's participation in politics did not face much improvement. In Senegal, Policies such as the "Code de la Famille" promised improvements for women's legal protections, but represented a set of laws that women were more subjects to than authors of. In many cases, such reforms were only introduced because of lobbying by wives of well placed politicians. Symbolic representation via educated "femmes phares", or beacon women, was introduced with the one party system, and a set of quotas for women's political participation in the 1980s. Still, both concessions were more a result of male political competition than progressive movements for women's rights. Even those women who were granted public office enjoyed little influence compared to male colleagues of similar position. These developments reflected the predicament faced by eastern European women who received positions in symbolic organs of communist puppet-states. Real political power seemed to flow from the "inner circle" of such states. Power which was visible to the public in African nations was typically held by heads of state who were able to dominate and retain their position in a political monopoly.

African conferences for national liberation and socialism saw great participation from feminist organizations, but very little attention given to feminist issues. Nonetheless, developments were made with the unity of eastern feminist groups, but discourse with their western counterparts. With socialism and anti-colonialism at the forefront of African feminist issues, the question of how male leaders would make economic development benefit all members of a household was paramount, but one that was not taken seriously in conferences. Instead, feminist organizations were forced to drive international change on their own, often starting with the double standards and hypocrisies that could be found in their relations with other feminist groups. While feminists in Egypt were criticized for undemocratic practices in their developing government, countries like Britain seemed to escape scrutiny for its imperialist tendencies and improper treatment of its territories.

Relations to the Soviet Union
In the early 1960s, at the height of the Cold War, Soviet Union based Africanists grappled with the concept of African Socialism and its legitimacy within the Marxist–Leninist theory. Leading Soviet Africanist, Professor Ivan Potekhin argued that African Socialism could not exist because there could be no varieties of true Marxist–Leninist socialism. There was not one monolith perspective on whether socialism existed in Africa. It was commonly believed that Africa could have its unique road to socialism but not its own form.

Soviet African Specialists recognized countries such as Guinea, Mali, and Ghana as closer to true Marxist–Leninist socialism. Ahmed Sékou Touré (1961), Modibo Keïta (1963) and Kwame Nkrumah (1962) were honored with Lenin Peace Prizes. Countries such as Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire were considered 'reactionary' and prone to collaboration with the imperialist powers.

Policies that were generally viewed as favorable by the Soviets were: economic independence, the creation of a national monetary system, a strong state sector economy, a state bank, state control over exports and transports, mutual assistance programs and common land ownership.

African Socialists argued in favor of a distinctive form of socialism because they believed that socialism had its roots in pre-colonial African society. According to them, African society was a classless society, characterized by a communal spirit and democracy on the basis of government through discussion and consensus. The main objective was to unite African people in this idealized image of the traditional pre-colonial society.

Soviet Africanists did not agree that African society had a traditional classless society.

African Socialist Kwame Nkrumah said, 'African socialism is designed as an evolving African tradition. As such it is socialism of a special brand. And although African socialism may show some organizational resemblance to Communism, it differs from the Marxist socialist approach on vital points. Thus, African socialism rejects the doctrine of the economic class struggle and the inevitability of revolution. The economic class divisions of Europe thought parallel in African society, and the Marxist idea of a world-wide proletarian revolution is rejected in favour of peaceful national and international unification. Equally important, African socialism disapproves of the anti-religious sentiments of Marxism; after all, religion in traditional African society had been basic to social cohesion, and so religion should function today.'

Variants

Ujamaa

The concept, or political ideology of Ujamaa, formed the basis of Julius Nyerere's autarkic social and economic developmental policies in Tanzania after Tanganyika gained independence from its colonial power Britain in 1961 and its union with Zanzibar to form Tanzania in 1964. The word Ujamaa comes from the Swahili word for extended family or familyhood and is distinguished by several key characteristics, namely that a person becomes a person through the people or community. Julius Nyerere's perceived African socialism as being embedded within African culture largely due to its communitarian model, a feature of African lifestyle that had been severely changed during the period of colonisation, and therefore took it upon himself to reestablish it.

Julius Nyerere went further in his idea of community living by rejecting the idea of multiparty politics for a young nation establishing itself like Tanganyika. His solution was single party rule because 'this unity is our greatest strength in the struggle against poverty, as well as against any outside enemies.

In 1967, President Nyerere published his development blueprint, which was titled the Arusha Declaration, in which Nyerere pointed out the need for an African model of development. That formed the basis of Tanzania's political vision for the years to come. Julius Nyerere partly based his declaration on the People's Republic of China as he had close contacts with them. Inspired by the Chinese experience of collectivisation under Mao, Tanzania followed a strategy of social equality and autarky.

Tanganyika was a very poor and rural country when it became independent in 1961. On Tanganyika's independence, Julius Nyerere declared that the country had three development problems: poverty, disease and ignorance. Nyerere also decided that rural development would take priority due to the fact that the country was largely rural.

Tanzania's rural areas were reorganised in autonomous communities on the basis of voluntary adhesion wherein the distribution of goods and living conditions were aimed to be as equal as possible. All decisions had to be reached by consensus within the village. The economy was reorganised with the purpose of valuing agricultural output, on the other hand the economic model worked on the assumption that peasants were able to pay back their loans.

The Ujamaa village policy was generalised in 1969, only to become obligatory in 1974 which broke the traditional principle of autonomous rule over the village. Nyerere's regime nonetheless remained less authoritarian than those of Nkrumah or Sékou Touré as for instance although a one-party system existed within Tanzania, elections could be disputed between two candidates. In spite of belonging to the same party this form of political confrontation allowed the direct competition of ideas within the party.

By 1975 65% of the rural community had been regrouped in so-called Ujamaa villages. The economic targets set by the Arusha Declaration had not been met and living conditions for poor farmers had not improved in the meantime. To add to Julius Nyerere's concerns, bureaucratic inefficiencies hampered effective distribution of resources and clear directives. Ujamaa is ultimately considered to be a political failure and Nyerere himself retired from the political scene in 1985.
According to the BBC, "while he united his nation and made major advances in the fields of health and education," Julius Nyerere's African socialist "Ujamaa" collectives "proved disastrous for Tanzania's economy".

In 1977 when Nyerere took control of the Tanzanian economy, Nyerere realised that the economy had performed badly in agriculture and industry. Nyerere said 'the truth is that the agriculture results have been very disappointing' and that 'almost all our industry plants are running well below capacity; sometimes less than 50% of what could be produced with existing machinery is actually being manufactured and put to the market.'

However, by the late 1970s, Ujamaa had been abandoned since there was no incentives for peasants to exert themselves so rewards could not be reaped from their labour. Nyerere's Ujamaa ideology unraveled further during the early 1980s as corruption, failings in maintaining social services and failing to provide basic consumer goods for the rural majority. This undermined Ujamaa's legacy.

By the end of his political tenure, 96% of children had gone to primary school, 50% of them being girls. Female life expectancy had grown from 41 to 50.7 years between 1960 and 1980 and maternal mortality rates dropped from 450 per 100,000 births to under 200 by 1973.

Julius Nyerere – "The Basis of African Socialism"
Julius Nyerere also wrote widely about Ujamaa in his essay entitled "The Basis of African Socialism". This essay was published in a TANU pamphlet in April 1962 and he argues that wealth distribution is the factor that separates capitalist and socialist countries. He also argues that the capitalist idea of gaining personal wealth has a wider community effect, because the pursuit of personal wealth indicates that one does not trust the social system of one's country. Nyerere believes that when a society cares about the people and that person wants to work, then the individual should not have to stress about their living situation.

Traditional African society also plays a big role for Nyerere with the creation of Ujamaa. In traditional African society, both wealthy and poor people were treated equally. For example, when natural disasters such as famine occurred, everyone was affected regardless of personal wealth. This is because resources such as food were a community asset so, if they were a member of the community, food would be provided to them.

Nyerere also acknowledges that capitalism was a product brought over by European nations through colonialism. Capitalism had a long-term impact on African society since the desire to compete and gain personal wealth increased in popularity amongst the general population. However, Nyerere believes that this only becomes a problem when this wealth is used to exploit people.

Therefore, the rejection of capitalist attitudes is a necessary progress in the journey of rejecting colonial ideals and rule. At the top of the Nyerere's list is the rejection of individual ownership of land because the concept of buying a piece of land and charging rent is exploitative since landlords do not need to work to earn their living. He proposes that TANU government should revert to the traditional ways of landholding by providing everyone with a piece of land with the condition that the land is used.

Finally, Nyerere ends the essay by emphasising the importance of unity to break from colonialism and the importance of merging traditional African living with African socialism.

Ubuntu
The ancient Ubuntu philosophy of South Africa recognizes the humanity of a person through their interpersonal relationships. The word comes from the Zulu and Xhosa languages. Ubuntu believes in a bond that ties together all of humanity and the fact that a human being is of a high value. According to Archbishop Desmond Tutu, A man with ubuntu is open and accessible to others, confirming of others, doesn't feel debilitated that others are capable and great, for he or she has a legitimate confidence that originates from realizing that he or she has a place in a more noteworthy entire and is decreased when others are mortified or reduced, when others are tormented or abused.

Harambee
Harambee is a term that originated among natives, specifically Swahili porters of East Africa; the word harambee traditionally means "let us pull together". It was taken as an opportunity for local Kenyans to self-develop their communities without waiting on government. This helped build a sense of togetherness in the Kenyan community but analysts state that it has brought about class discrepancies because some individuals use this as an opportunity to generate wealth.

Kwame Nkrumah and Nkrumahism
Nkrumahism was the political philosophy of Ghana's first post-independence president Kwame Nkrumah. As one of the first African political leaders, Nkrumah became a major figure in the left-wing pan-African movement. In his piece A declaration to the colonial peoples, Nkrumah called on Africans to "...affirm the right of all colonial peoples to control their own destiny." and that "All colonies must be free from foreign imperialist control, whether political or economic.". His focus on economic and political freedom would prove to be a fundamental part of his overarching political philosophy, combining the nationalist independence movement in his home country of Ghana along with left-wing economic thought.

A major figure in the Ghanaian independence movement, Nkrumah came to power shortly after Ghana gained its independence in 1957. Once in power, he began a series of infrastructural and economic development plans designed to stimulate the Ghanaian economy. $16 million was designated to be used to build a new town in Tema to be used as an open seaport for Accra and the eastern region of the country. The government designed a new plan to tackle issues surrounding illiteracy and lack of access to education, with thousands of new schools being built in rural areas.

Determined to industrialize the country rapidly, Nkrumah set out to modernize Ghana's economy in order to better compete with the West. In turn, his government embarked on a strategy of slowly increasing the amount of government-controlled firms in the country while simultaneously putting restrictions on privately owned companies operating in Ghana. By 1965, the state-controlled 50% of the insurance industry within the country, 60% of all bank deposits were deposited at state-run banks, 17% of the country's sea-bound cargo was handled by state-run firms, 27% of all industrial production was either produced by state-run firms or firms in which the state-controlled a considerable portion and 35% of the country's total imports were handled by the government.

Nkrumah also pushed for Ghana to become an international advocate for the spread of socialism and pan-Africanism throughout the newly independent African states. As the first African colonial state to be granted independence, Ghana became an inspiration to many of the nascent left-wing independence movements throughout the continent. In 1958, Nkrumah helped found the Union of Independent African States, a political union between Ghana, Mali, and Guinea. Though the union was short-lived, the proposed political organization marked the first attempt at regional unity among newly established African republics.

Nkrumah was also instrumental in pushing Ghana towards the major Communist powers, including the USSR and the PRC. In 1961, he made his first official visit to Moscow, receiving an honorary degree from the University of Moscow. In a speech given in Accra given in front of a visiting Soviet delegation in 1963, Nkrumah said, "We in Ghana have formally chosen the socialist path and we will build a socialist society... Thus our countries, the Soviet Union and Ghana, will go forward together."

Nkrumah also used the Eastern bloc to expand Ghana's economy by establishing state owned enterprises. In 1962, a Ghanaian newspaper reported that out of the sixty-three foreign agreements signed in 1961, forty-four of the agreements were with East European countries focusing on trade, payments and scientific, technical, and cultural co-operation. There was also five agreements with China and another five with Yugoslavia.

Léopold Sédar Senghor and the Socialist Party of Senegal
Léopold Senghor was the founder of the Socialist Party of Senegal and the first President of the country. An important figure not only in the political development of the country, but Senghor was also one of the leading figures in the Négritude movement, which informed much of his political thought. Senghor would come to embody a new form of African socialism that rejected many of the traditional Marxist modes of thinking that had developed in post-independence Africa.

Born into an upper-middle-class family, Senghor was able to take advantage of the French educational system that was afforded to many of Africa's educated colonial elite. However, these schools did little to teach African students about their native culture, instead favoring policies of assimilation into mainstream French life. As Senghor once put it the French wanted "bread for all, culture for all, liberty for all; but this liberty, this culture, and this bread will be French." Excelling in his primary education, Senghor enrolled in the University of Paris.

After graduating and serving in the French Army during the Second World War, Senghor began a career as a poet in Paris, releasing his first book, Chants d'ombre (Shadow Songs)  in 1945 and Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malagache de lengue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in 1948. Both pieces were instrumental in developing the bulk of the emerging Négretude movement, which Senghor hoped would represent the "sum total of the values of the civilization of the African world.".

His work highlighted the vast inequalities in French colonial society and looked at the unique experience of the thousands of Africans living under French rule. In his piece The Challenge of Culture in French West Africa, Senghor called on Africans to "develop a culture based on the strengths of local tradition that was also open to the modern European world".

Senghor was initially not a supporter of an independent Senegal, worrying that the small African country would have little chance as an independent nation. Instead, he advocated for an interconnected relationship similar to that of Paris and France's provinces. In his piece, Vues sure l'Afrique noir, ou s'assumiler non être assimilés (Views on Black Africa, or To Assimilate, Not Be Assimilated), Senghor advocated for popularly elected Senegelese representatives and an executive in Paris, French economic funds to help with Senegalese development, and the inclusion of African cultural and linguistic education in the French educational system.

In 1958, referendums were held in all of the French African colonies on the future of the colonial possessions. The debate was between full on independence and joining the French community, a sort of association of former French colonies that would allow countries like Senegal to become independent, but still maintain an economic and diplomatic relations with the French government. Senghor supported the yes side of the vote and Senegal voted 97% in favor of the association.

When Senegal became a fully independent country in 1960, Senghor was elected to the presidency. After a failed coup led by his Prime Minister in 1962, the Senghor government moved to abolish the post, which was approved by 99% in referendum. The vote substantially strengthened the power of the President, who no longer had to compete with the Prime Minister for executive power.

The Socialist Party compounded its control of Senegalese politics in 1966 when it was declared the country's only legal party, with Senghor as its leader. The one-party system would stay in place until Senghor decided to liberalize the country's election laws by allowing for a 3 party system, with one socialist, one liberal, and one communist party being allowed to contest elections.

As president, Senghor represented a moderated version of African Socialism that didn't align with the more radical interpretations seen in other newly independent African states. Unlike other ex-colonies, Senegal remained closely aligned with the French government. They retained the French Franc as the national currency and Senghor was known to consult the French government before making any major foreign policy decisions. He allowed French advisors and companies to remain in Senegal, including in government and educational posts. When asked about nationalizing French companies, Senghor responded that it would be to "kill the goose that laid the golden egg". His government invested heavily in both education and the public sector, investing 12-15 billion francs and 6 to 9 billion francs in both sectors respectively. He also sought to give more power to the underdeveloped Senegalese countryside which he did by instituting price protections on peanut crops and allowing for rural representation when making decisions on agricultural policy.

See also
Third Worldism
Pan-Africanism
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Arab socialism
Melanesian socialism
Ubuntu
Uhuru Movement
Ujamaa
Harambee
Third International Theory
Sankarism

Notes

References

 Bismarck U. Mwansasu and Cranford Pratt, Towards Socialism in Tanzania, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1979.
 Fenner Brockway, African Socialism, The Bodley Head, London, 1963.
 Ghita Jonescu and Ernest Gellner, Populism, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1969.
 Ngau, P. M. (1987). Tensions in Empowerment: The Experience of the "Harambee" (Self-Help) Movement in Kenya. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 35(3), 523–538.
Ng'ethe, N. (1983). POLITICS, IDEOLOGY AND THE UNDERPRIVILEGED: THE ORIGINS AND NATURE OF THE HARAMBEE PHENOMENON IN KENYA. Journal of Eastern African Research & Development, 13, 150–170.
 Paolo Andreocci, Democrazia, partito unico e populismo nel pensiero politico africano, in Africa, Rome, n. 2–3, 1969.
 Peter Worsley, The Third World, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1964.
 William H. Crawford and Carl G. Rosberg Jr., African Socialism, Stanford University press, California, 1964.
 Ngau, P. M. (1987). Tensions in Empowerment: The Experience of the "Harambee" (Self-Help) Movement in Kenya. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 35(3), 523–538.
 Ng'ethe, N. (1983). POLITICS, IDEOLOGY AND THE UNDERPRIVILEGED: THE ORIGINS AND NATURE OF THE HARAMBEE PHENOMENON IN KENYA. Journal of Eastern African Research & Development, 13, 150–170.
 Smith, J. H. (1992). [Review of Review of The Harambee Movement in Kenya: Self-Help, Development and Education among the Kamba of Kitui District, by M. J. D. Hill]. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30(4), 701–703.
 Yves Bénot, Idélogies des Indepéndances africaines, F. Maspero, Paris, 1969.

Politics of Africa
African and Black nationalism
Socialism in Africa
Left-wing politics in Africa
African philosophy

African socialism


El API del MS DOS o MS-DOS API es un API usado originalmente en MS-DOS/PC-DOS, y más adelante por otros sistemas DOS. La mayoría de las llamadas al DOS API invocan la interrupción de software 21h (INT 21h). Llamando la INT 21h con un número de subfunción en el registro de procesador AH y otros parámetros en otros registros, se pueden invocar varios servicios del DOS. Los servicios del DOS incluyen la entrada por teclado, salida por pantalla, acceso a archivos de disco, ejecutar programas, la asignación de memoria, y otras cosas. Las subfunciones proporcionadas en el primer lanzamiento del MS-DOS en 1981 fueron fuertemente orientadas a la compatibilidad con el CP/M. Un importante mejora del DOS API (influenciada parcialmente por ciertos conceptos de Unix) fue realizada para el lanzamiento del MS-DOS 2.0 de 1983, agregando numerosas nuevas subfunciones para manejar la entrada/salida de archivos usando las "handles" (manejadores) abstractos y soporte para sub-directorios. En estas nuevas subfunciones, los strings son generalmente terminados por un byte NUL (ASCIIZ). En la versión MS-DOS 3.1 (lanzada en 1985), varias subfunciones fueron añadidas para manejar redes. En la versión MS-DOS 4, fueron introducidas llamadas para manejar la memoria expandida de acuerdo a la especificación de Lotus-Intel-Microsoft.

Hay varias implementaciones del DOS API, incluyendo PC-DOS, MS-DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS, PTS-DOS, y otros. El DOS API está basado en el BIOS, y las rutinas del DOS con frecuencia internamente accesan a llamadas de interrupción del BIOS

DOS extenders junto con DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) extienden el DOS API al modo protegido de 16 bits o de 32 bits. El API del MS DOS es parcialmente dependiente en el código x86, por lo tanto el DOS no puede ser portado a otras arquitecturas de procesador.

El API del MS DOS y Windows

Las versiones 1.0 a 3.1 de Microsoft Windows eran los shells gráficos que corrían en MS-DOS y confiaban en el API del MS DOS (aunque usando su propio API para los programas de Windows). Windows 9x también estaba basado en el DOS, pero utilizó una versión personalizada del MS-DOS, principalmente como cargador de arranque. No usaba mucho el API del MS DOS después de cargarse. Sin embargo, Windows 9x proporcionó el DOS API a los programas que corrían dentro de una ventana shell de comandos. Versiones anteriores de Windows 9x (al menos a través de la primera edición de Windows 98) también podían cargarse en una simple interfaz de línea de comandos "Modo DOS" sin el GUI y sin servicios de sistema de Windows, para correr programas puros de DOS. Las versiones del DOS de Windows 9x (numeradas 7.0 en adelante) incluyen varias nuevas subfunciones de servicio para manejar el nombres de archivo largos (LFNs). Estas subfunciones LFN del DOS no fueron incluidos en Windows NT, pero estaban en versiones posteriores como Windows XP.

Windows NT y los sistemas basados en él (ej. Windows XP y Windows Vista) no están basados en MS-DOS, pero usan una máquina virtual, NTVDM, para manejar el DOS API. NTVDM trabaja haciendo correr un programa del DOS en el Modo 8086 virtual (una emulación del Modo real dentro del modo protegido disponible en 80386 y procesadores más recientes). DOSEMU para Linux usa un acercamiento similar.

Servicios comunes del DOS

Algunas llamadas de funciones INT 21h. El número de la llamada se pasa a través de AH:

Sistemas operativos que soportan el API del MS DOS

 MS-DOS - la más extensa encarnación
 PC-DOS - Versión de IBM
 DR-DOS - Clon de Digital Research
 ROM-DOS - Versión en ROM
 FreeDOS - De fuente abierta libre
 Microsoft Windows - 1.x, 2.x, 3.x, y 9x fueron basados en el DOS

Programas con soporte para el API del MS DOS

 NTVDM.EXE para Windows NT
 DOSEMU para Linux
 DOSBox

Referencias

 wustl.edu - Description of MS-DOS services
 The New Peter Norton Programmer's Guide to the IBM PC & PS/2 by Peter Norton and Richard Wilton, Microsoft Press, 1987 ISBN 1-55615-131-4.
 ctyme.com - INT Calls by function
 antionline.com - Programming example code

Véase también

 MS DOS
 IBM PC DOS
 Llamadas de interrupción del BIOS
 DOS/4GW
 DOS MZ ejecutable

Enlaces externos

 DOS INT 21h - DOS Function Codes
 DOS Function Reference
 INT 21h

DOS
Tecnología de sistema operativo
Arquitectura x86
Interrupciones

API del MS DOS


2 dage i Kabul 1980 er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1980 instrueret af Ib Makwarth.

Handling

Den 25. februar 1980 forlangte præsident Jimmy Carter, at alle sovjetiske tropper skulle være ude af Afghanistan inden 2 dage. Instruktøren Ib Makwarth rejste med et filmhold ned for at filme begivenhederne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Afghanistans historie
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1980

2 dage i Kabul 1980


Up with People (UWP) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Up with People stages song and dance performances promoting themes such as multiculturalism, racial equality, and positive thinking.

History

Archives
The UWP Archives is housed at the University of Arizona Special Collections library. The archives include materials from the Up with People organization, the International Alumni Association, as well as the personal papers of the UWP Founder and Chairman Emeritus J. Blanton Belk and his wife Elizabeth "Betty" Belk. Select materials from the UWP archives are accessible on the Up with People digital collection hosted on the University of Arizona Special Collections website.

1960s
UWP was born out of a split from Moral Re-Armament. In 1965, J. Blanton Belk dedicated his energies to creating an organization for young adults that enabled them to interact with the world through positivity and music. He created Up with People (UWP) to bring people together for the common good regardless of ideology, political affiliation, ethnicity, race, or religious affiliation. Up with People was officially incorporated as a "501(c)(3)   nonprofit, apolitical, non-sectarian international educational organization" in 1968 under the leadership of Belk.

1970s
UWP traveled and performed their musical show across several countries. Notable events were performances at the Indianapolis 500, the Cotton Bowl, the White House, Super Bowl X, and the People's Republic of China.

1980s
UWP continued their musical tour, performing at Super Bowls XIV, XVI, and XX, the Jerash Festival, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, U.S. President George H.W. Bush's inauguration in Washington, D.C., and Berlin to celebrate the fall of the Berlin Wall. This is also the first decade in which Up with People introduced a named show called Beat of the Future in 1985.

1990s
UWP toured throughout the 1990s, performing at events at the Washington Monument, the Freedom Festival in Philadelphia, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development's Earth Summit, and the first Celebration of Peace event with Colin Powell in Denver, Colorado.

2000s
UWP suspended touring operations temporarily at the end of 2000 until 2004, relaunching the program with a more academic focus and their current program aspects of travel, volunteer service, performing arts, and leadership development with the sub-brand Worldsmart Leadership Program. Two years after its relaunch, the sub-brand was removed, leaving the program branded solely as Up with People again. Notable touring appearances during the 2000s were the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, the United Nations Culture of Peace Forum at the UN Headquarters, the 400th Anniversary of Bermuda, and the 119th Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California.

2010s
UWP continued their program with a more comprehensive focus on travel, performance, volunteering, and leadership development. Notable performances during the 2010s were performing for Queen Silvia of Sweden at the Mentor Foundation Gala, Washington, DC; the 122nd Tournament of Roses Parade; and the 100th Anniversary of Kiwanis International in Indianapolis, Indiana. Camp Up with People was also started during this decade in 2011.

2020s
Up with People hired former director Vernon C. Grigg III as the president and CEO after the retirement of Dale Penny. Grigg was succeeded by Seema Srivastava as CEO in 2022.

Super Bowl performances

In the 1970s, Up with People began to make frequent appearances at the Super Bowl; the group performed in five Super Bowl halftime shows between 1976 and 1986 (with Grambling State University Marching Band being the only other group having that many returns to the Super Bowl halftime show with its six appearances), and performed at the pre-game show of Super Bowl XXV in 1991. By the 1990s, the style of halftime performance they helped define during the 1970s and 1980s (which centered on themed, musical-style spectacles which aimed to "fill the field") were frequently lambasted by critics for being too dated and not in touch with modern popular culture, leading organizers to shift toward popular musicians for future halftime shows.

UWP "On Tour" program
The On Tour program is open to participants ages 17–29. Each group, after training in Denver, travels to nearly 20 communities across two or three continents, per semester, spending about one week in each community. Each week, they live with a local host family, participate in service projects, learn about various cultures through educational workshops, and perform in Up with People's musical stage production. Programs begin in January or July of each year. The program is broken into the four main aspects of travel, volunteer service, performing arts, and education/professional development.

Related and affiliated organizations

Up with People International Alumni Association
Up with People has an alumni group/professional networking organization that goes by the name: the Up with People International Alumni Association (UWPIAA). It was formed in 1988 and is also a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. The alumni body is composed of over 20,000 members from over 100 countries. They host a reunion event for previous travelers once a year.

Camp Up with People
Camp Up with People is a 3-week-long sleep-away summer camp in Virginia for ages 13–17 years old. The curriculum has a similar structure to the Up with People touring program, focusing on the arts, leadership, and volunteer service. It also incorporates standard camp activities such as ropes courses. The main notable difference is that the camp occurs only in one U.S. location instead of traveling like the tour program.

Up with People, Jr.
Up with People, Jr. is a program of Up with People composed of week long summer day camps for ages 8–12 years old. The camps occur in multiple countries such as the United States, Canada, and Belgium. They focus on teaching arts and crafts, international culture, interpersonal skills, and leadership; ultimately ending in a short musical performance by the campers.

Common Beat
Common Beat is an organization started in Japan by Han Chuson. Chuson traveled as a student in Up with People, took the UWP show 'A Common Beat' to Japan, translated it, and performed it there. This grew into the current annual program which has had over 1500 participants since its inception. Common Beat also consistently provides scholarships to Japanese young adults so they may participate in the Up with People program.

References in culture
Music critics cite Up with People as a stylistic influence for R.E.M's tongue-in-cheek "Shiny Happy People" and the corresponding music video due to its over-the-top and colorful musical spectacle. The Simpsons parodied the group as "Hooray for Everything," a group of "clean-cut young go-getters," that performs ridiculous songs such as a cover of "Get Dancin" dedicated as a "salute to the Western hemisphere, the greatest hemisphere in the world." The TV show Cheers had a character, Loretta, who sang with the fictional group "The Grinning Americans" (a favorite group of another character, Cliff, and his mother). The creators of The Book of Mormon, a musical that satirizes the latter-day saint movement cited Up with People as an inspiration for the cartoonishly joyous style of several of the songs in their musical performance, which sends up the clean-cut image of Mormon culture.

Notable alumni

Elizabeth Birch (born September 2, 1956), attorney and former corporate executive who chaired the board of directors of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force from 1992-1994 and served as the executive director of the Human Rights Campaign, the nation's largest LGBT organization, from January 1995 until January 2004, travelled one year with UWP in her high school years.

Frank Gatson Jr. traveled with Up with People, and he is known for being the creative director for En Vogue, Brandy, Rihanna, Jennifer Lopez, and Beyoncé. He has also choreographed videos, routines and live performances for artists including Michael Jackson, TLC, Kelly Rowland, Fifth Harmony, Destiny's Child, Toni Braxton, and Usher.

Anya Adams is an Up with People alumna and is known for her role as director and assistant director for TV shows Black-ish, The Mindy Project, Community, CSI Miami, and Body of Proof.

NBC News correspondent Tom Costello of The Today Show, NBC Nightly News, MSNBC, and CNBC traveled with Up with People. He is quoted as saying "For me, the gap year was a big year of growing up, and I changed profoundly."

Dutch documentary film director, writer, and photographer Koen Suidgeest traveled in 1988. He is known for his films Karla's Arrival, Casting, Out & About, Solo, and Girl Connected as well as his book Why I Cry on Airplanes and his 2015 TED Talk.

Bermudian singer and actress Candace Furbert traveled in Up with People. She is known for performing in London's West End Theatre and her roles in Book of Mormon, Shrek, Dream Girls, Tina, and more.

Director Jon Lawrence Rivera (who has directed theater performances such as Carla, Moscow, All Soul's Day, Red Hat & Tales, and more) traveled with Up with People in 1981 to 16 states and 13 countries. He was quoted as saying "It was an amazing experience," and "It gave me the feeling that whatever you want to do, you can do."

Discography

References

External links

 Up with People Archive at the University of Arizona Special Collections Library
 Up with People Digital Collection at the University of Arizona Special Collections Library

Civic and political organizations of the United States
Organizations based in Denver
Organizations established in 1965
1965 establishments in Colorado
Non-profit organizations based in Colorado
Youth organizations based in Colorado

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41. breddegrad kan henvise til:

 41. nordlige breddekreds
 41. sydlige breddekreds

41. breddegrad


El Hyundai i40 es un automóvil de turismo del segmento D diseñado para el mercado europeo por el fabricante coreano Hyundai. Es un cinco plazas con motor delantero transversal y tracción delantera, disponible con carrocerías sedán de cuatro puertas y familiar de cinco puertas. Tiene entre sus rivales a los Citroën C5, Ford Mondeo, Hyundai Sonata, Honda Accord, Kia Optima, Mazda 6, Peugeot 508, Renault Laguna, Renault Talisman, Škoda Superb, Subaru Legacy y Toyota Avensis

El i40 se presentó en el Salón del Automóvil de Ginebra de 2011 para sustituir el Hyundai Sonata en el mercado europeo. En otras regiones países ambos modelos se venden en paralelo, siendo el Sonata más grande y mejor equipado. El i40 se fabricaba en la planta de Ulsan en Corea del Sur. Su producción finalizó en 2019.

Los motores gasolina del i40 son un 1,6 litros de 135 CV y un 2,0 litros de 177 CV, mientras que el motor Diesel es un 1,7 litros disponible en variantes 115 y 137 CV. Se ofrecía con caja de cambios manual de seis marchas y automática de seis o siete marchas.

Enlaces externos
Sitio oficial del Hyundai i40 para España

I40
Modelos de automóviles del segmento D

Hyundai i40


La bibliothèque de Myyrmäki () est une bibliothèque du quartier de Myyrmäki à Vantaa en Finlande.

Présentation
La bibliothèque est située dans la Myyrmäkitalo, à côté de la gare de Myyrmäki et du centre commercial Myyrmanni.
L'adresse de la bibliothèque est .

La bibliothèque de Myyrmäki est sur deux étages.
Au premier étage de Myyrmäkitalo) se trouve une salle de bibliothèque : un département adulte, un département enfants et jeunes, un département musique et un espace événementiel. Au deuxième étage, se trouvent une salle de presse et un espace de travail calme.

En 2017, la bibliothèque de Myyrmäki comptait environ 294 000 visiteurs pa ran, ce qui en faisait la deuxième plus grande bibliothèque municipale de Vantaa en termes de nombre de visiteurs.

Histoire
La bibliothèque Myyrmäki a été fondée en 1984, alors qu'elle était située dans les locaux de l'actuelle .
En 1987, la bibliothèque a été installée dans le centre commercial Isomyyri.
La bibliothèque fonctionne dans la Myyrmäkitalo depuis 1993.

Le musée d'art Artsi est aussi dans le même bâtiment.
Le bâtiment abritait autrefois le cinéma Kino Myyri, qui a été fermé en décembre 2020.

Groupement Helmet de bibliothèques
La bibliothèque d'Otaniemi fait partie du groupement Helmet, qui est un groupement de bibliothèques municipales d'Espoo, d'Helsinki, de Kauniainen et de Vantaa ayant une liste de collections commune et des règles d'utilisation communes.

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

 Bibliothèques Helmet

Liens internes

Myyrmäki
Myyrmäki

Bibliothèque de Myyrmäki


Ording Sogn (på tysk Kirchspiel Ording) er et sogn i det sydvestlige Sydslesvig, tidligere i Udholm Herred (Landskabet Ejdersted), nu i Sankt Peter-Ording Kommune i Nordfrislands Kreds i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

I Ording Sogn findes flg. stednavne:
 Brøsumsil
 Framshørn
 Nakhørn
 Ording

Litteratur
 Jens Peter Trap: Statistisk-topographisk beskrivelse af hertugdømmet Slesvig, Kjøbenhavn 1864, side 323

Eksterne henvisninger
 Skt. Peter-Ording og Tating Menighed / Kirchengemeinde St. Peter-Ording und Tating

Sogne i Sydslesvig

Ording Sogn (Ejdersted)


A Cachoeira do Vinte e Um (também chamada cachoeira do Bodão) é uma queda d'água e atração turística localizada no Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina na cidade brasileira de Lençóis, região central da Bahia.

Está localizada a cerca de quinze quilômetros da sede municipal. Seu acesso se dá por uma trilha bastante acidentada, o que requer preparo ao visitante.

O local foi palco para ações performáticas de artistas que, em algumas edições, exibiam em Lençóis a "Noite Performática do Vinte e Um" com o resultado dos trabalhos realizados na cachoeira, unindo diversas linguagens artísticas com a natureza.

Geografia de Lençóis
Cachoeira Vinte e Um
Hidrografia da Chapada Diamantina

Cachoeira do Vinte e Um


Der Ramselbruch ist ein Naturschutzgebiet mit einer Größe von 53,09 ha auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Hövelhof im Kreis Paderborn. Es wird mit der Nummer PB-023 geführt. Das Gebiet wurde erstmals bereits in den 1930er Jahren als Schutzfläche ausgewiesen und gehört damit zu den ältesten Naturschutzgebieten in Ostwestfalen-Lippe.

Lage
Der Ramselbruch liegt südöstlich des Hövelhofer Ortsteils Riege innerhalb der dem Teutoburger Wald vorgelagerten Sennelandschaft. Der Oberlauf der Ems führt rund 250 Meter südlich der Schutzfläche entlang. Die nur noch unregelmäßig befahrene Eisenbahnlinie Gütersloh-Verl-Hövelhof der Teutoburger Wald-Eisenbahn verläuft auf einer Strecke von rund 700 Metern durch den Ramselbruch oder bildet dessen Grenze.

Charakteristik
Die Schutzfläche des Ramselbruches bildet einen vielfältig strukturierten, vorwiegend feuchten Biotopkomplex. Neben den vorherrschenden sennetypischen Wald- und Gehölzbeständen im Kerngebiet finden sich im Gebiet auch kleinere Bachläufe, Heidemoorflächen, flachwellige und von Kiefern bestandene Binnendünen sowie am Südwestrand auch brachgefallene Feuchtwiesen und ein wohl aus einem verlandeten Teich entstandener Sumpfseggen-Sumpf.

Daneben finden sich zum Teil infolge von Entwässerungsmaßnahmen eher trocken ausgeprägte Erlen- und Birkenbruchwälder auf bis zu einem Meter starken Flachmoortorfen. Häufig stehen die Erlen auf Bulten. Feuchtere Bruchwaldreste finden sich vorrangig im Bereich eines aus einem Fischteich am Nordrand der Schutzzone abfließenden begradigten Baches, der in südwestliche Richtung durch den Ramselbruch zur Ems hin führt.

Flora
Innerhalb des kleinen Heidemoores finden sich mit dem Schmalblättrigen Wollgras (Eriophorum angustifolium) und dem Scheiden-Wollgras (Eriophorum vaginatum) zwei Arten von Wollgräsern. Innerhalb der Waldflächen kommen mehrere Arten von Torfmoos sowie der Sumpffarn (Thelypteris palustris) vor. Im Bereich der Binnendünen wachsen Heidegewächse wie die Besenheide (Calluna vulgaris) und die Preiselbeere (Vaccinium vitis-idaea).

Geschichte
Die Fläche des Ramselbruches, dessen im norddeutschen Raum häufiger vorkommender Name "Ramsel" als "sumpfige Niederung" gedeutet wird, liegt am südlichen Rand eines eiszeitlichen Moränenwalls. Die durch diese Gegebenheit entstandene lehmig-tonige Erdschicht führt zu einem Stau des Oberflächenwassers, wodurch die Bildung des Bruchwaldes zurückzuführen ist.

Die heutige Schutzfläche des Ramselbruches bestand ursprünglich aus zwei Teilen. Der westliche Teil wurde bereits im Jahr 1930 vom Naturschutzverein Münster angepachtet und im Jahr 1939 durch eine Verordnung des damaligen Regierungsbezirks Minden unter Schutz gestellt. Die erstmalige Verordnung zur Unterschutzstellung des Ostteils erfolgte im Jahr 1937. Im Jahr 1969 wurden beide Gebiete durch den nun zuständigen Regierungsbezirk Detmold zusammengelegt. Eine Erneuerung der Verordnung über den Landschaftsplan Senne erfolgte im Jahr 1983.

Neben dem Langenbergteich, den Kipshagener Teichen und dem Furlbachtal gehört der Ramselbruch damit zu den ältesten Schutzgebieten in der Senne.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Naturschutzgebiet im Kreis Paderborn
Geographie (Hövelhof)
Senne

Ramselbruch


Eternamente amándonos  (BR: Eternamente Apaixonados) é uma telenovela mexicana produzida por Silvia Cano para a TelevisaUnivision e foi exibida pelo Las Estrellas de 27 de fevereiro a 11 de agosto de 2023, substituindo Mi secreto e sendo sustituída por Nadie como tú.

A novela é uma versão da série de televisão turca criada por Teşrik-i Mesai, ¿İstanbullu Gelin, adaptada por Rossana Curiel, Juan Pablo Balcázar e Cecilia Piñeiro.

Protagonizada por Marcus Ornellas e Alejandra Robles Gil e antagonizada por Ana Bertha Espín, Juan Martín Jáuregui, Francisco Pizaña, Gema Garoa e Elizabeth Guindi e atuações estelares de Alfredo Gatica, Arantza Ruiz, David Caro Levy, Julia Urbini, Valentina Buzzuro, Patricio Jóse, Dalilah Polanco, Rossana Nájera e Alejandra Ley e os primeiros atores Diana Bracho, Claudia Ríos, Fermín Martínez, Otto Sirgo e Omar Fierro

Enredo
Paula Bernal e Rogelio Iturbide, duas pessoas com vidas muito diferentes, se apaixonam instantaneamente ao se conhecerem e se casam sem avisar a família de Rogelio, principalmente a matriarca da família, Martina Rangel. Quando Paula chega da Cidade do México à casa dos Iturbide, suas ideias de estilo de vida se chocam com as de Martina, uma mulher manipuladora acostumada a controlar o ambiente. Martina sacrificou sua felicidade para seguir os costumes da sociedade morelia e, sentindo-se ameaçada, declara guerra a Paula.

Elenco
 Alejandra Robles Gil - Paula Bernal Gómez de Iturbide
 Marcus Ornellas - Rogelio Iturbide Rangel
 Diana Bracho - Martina Rangel Vda. de Garibay / Vda. de Iturbide
 Ana Bertha Espín - Irma Ruvalcaba
 Juan Martín Jáuregui - Ignacio Cordero / Cristóbal Iturbide Ruvalcaba
 Francisco Pizaña - Fernando Iturbide Rangel
 Gema Garoa - Imelda Campos Ruvalcaba de Iturbide
 Alfredo Gatica - Fidel Fuentes
 Arantza Ruiz - Cecilia Escutia
 David Caro Levy - Marco Iturbide Rangel
 Valentina Buzzurro - Blanca Ortiz de Iturbide
 Patricio José Campos - Luis Iturbide Rangel
 Dalilah Polanco - Eva "Titi" Gómez de Fuentes
 Rossana Nájera - Érika Maldonado Ibarra
 Elizabeth Guindi - Beatriz Ruvalcaba de Campos
 Claudia Ríos - Micaela Cornejo
 Fermín Martínez - Honorio González
 Alejandra Ley - Felipa Contreras de Pacheco
 Santiago Zenteno - Melitón Pacheco
 Kaled Acab - Lucas Brown Maldonado / Lucas Iturbide  Maldonado
 Otto Sirgo - Gabriel Garibay Montero
 Julia Urbini - Andrea Garibay Sáenz
 Daniel Gama - Ulises Briceño
 Omar Fierro - Pedro Medina
 Pablo Valentín - Óscar
 Pía Sanz - Patricia Aranda "Tía Pato"
 Natalia Madera - Alejandra
 Erik Díaz - Ricardo
 Arena Ibarra - Jimena Ríos
 Paco Luna
 Leo Casta
 Clarisa González - Jennifer Torres
 Lesslie Apodaca
 Germán Gutiérrez - Hipólito Itúrbide
 Daniel Vidal
 Juan Sahagún - Rubén Campos
 Gerardo Santinez - Abel
 Gustavo Melgarejo - Armando Bedoya
 Zaira Navarro - Griselda
 Jonny Ontiveros - René
 Patricio Labastida - Sebastián
 Cecilia Ponce - Vanessa Sáenz
 Nubia Martí - Olimpia Lascurain
 Fernanda Borches - Cassandra Cantú de Cordero
 Diego Erice - Juan José Verástegui
 Montserrat Curis - Violeta Verástegui
 Eva Daniela - Martina Rangel de Iturbide (joven)
 Hans Gaitán - Gabriel Garibay Montero (joven)

Produção
Em 24 de novembro de 2022, Marcus Ornellas e Alejandra Robles Gil foram anunciados nos papéis principais. As filmagens começaram em 8 de dezembro de 2022.

Audiência

* Teve um alcance de 5.6 milhões espectadores.

** Teve um alcance de 5.5 milhões espectadores.

Ligações externas

Telenovelas da Televisa
Telenovelas em espanhol
Telenovelas da Televisa da década de 2020
Programas de televisão do México que estrearam em 2023
Telenovelas do México

Eternamente amándonos


Atresi er manglende kanaldannelse i de naturlige legemsåbninger eller i tarmkanalen, under fosterudviklingen.

Som eksempel kan nævnes koanal atresi, som er en sjælden medfødt sygdom med aflukning af den bageste del af næsehulen mod næsesvælget. For omkring 7 % af børnene med atresi er det en del af det såkaldte CHARGE-syndrom (kolobom i øjet, hjertesygdom, atresi, retarderet vækst, genital abnormalitet og øredeformitet). Sygdommen optræder oftest tilfældigt hos 1:8000 af nyfødte. Lidt over halvdelen er dobbeltsidige og opdages derfor straks efter fødslen på grund af akut vejrtrækningsbesvær, hvor barnet kun kan få vejret, når det skriger. Ved ensidig atresi opdages denne først senere omkring 1-2 årsalderen. Atresi behandles med kirurgi.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

Therese Ovesen og Christian von Buchwald. Lærebog i Øre-næse-hals-sygdomme og hoved-hals-kirurgi 2. udgave. 2014. Munksgaard.
 Misdannelser i tarmkanalen på sundhedsguiden.dk
Medfødte misdannelser, deformiteter og kromosomafvigelser

Atresi


Victor Pop () a fost un zoolog român, unul dintre eminenții profesori ai facultății de științe naturale și geografie a Universității clujene Babeș-Bolyai, în cadrul căreia a desfășurat, timp de aproape 30 de ani o prodigioasă activitate didactică și științifică. A publicat în 1957-1962  primul curs universitar de zoologia vertebratelor din țara noastră în 1.136 de pagini. A fost unul dintre autorii manualului Zoologia vertebratelor (Editura Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 768 pagini).  Victor Pop și-a dedicat întreaga activitatea științifică studiului lumbricidelor și oligochetelor acvatice,  iar lucrările științifice asupra lor au avut o largă recunoaștere pe plan internațional.

Cursuri universitare
 1957 - Curs de zoologia Vertebratelor. Vol. I, Litografia Învățământului, Cluj, 608 p.
 1959 - Curs de zoologia Vertebratelor. Vol. II. Fasc.1, Reptile și păsări. Litografia Învățământului, Cluj, 608 p.
 1962 - Zoologia Vertebratelor. Vol. II, fasc. 1. Mamiferele, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 207 p.
 1964 - Zoologia Vertebratelor, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 768 p. (în colab. cu Z. Feider, Al. V. Grossu și Șt. Gyurko). Ediția a II-a în 1967, ediția a III-a în 1976.

Lucrări științifice publicare
 1941 - Zur Phylogenie und Systematik der Lumbriciden. Zoologische Jahrbücher (Systematik), 74: 487-522.
 1948 - Lumbricidele din Romania. Anal. Acad. R.P.Romania, Sect. Geol. Geogr. Biol., Ser. A, 1, 9: 1-124 (Romanian, French and Russian summary)
 1965 - Systematische Revision der Europäischen Branchiobdelliden (Oligochaeta). Zool. Jahrb. (Syst) 92: 2119-238

Note

Bibliografie
  Dan Munteanu, Victor V. Pop. In Memoriam - 110 ani de la nașterea profesorului Victor Pop (1903-1976). Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai. Biologia. Vol. LVIII, 2, 2013, (p. 19-30)
 100 years from the birth of Victor Pop Sr. (1903-1976), student of Oligochaete worms. In: Avances en taxonomia de lombrices de tierra / Advances in Earthworm Taxonomy (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Moreno, A.G. and S. Borges (eds.) Madrid: Editorial Complutense, 2004, pp. 14-24.
 Prof. Victor Pop (1903-1976). Annual Zoological Congress of "Grigore Antipa" Museum. 21-23 November 2012, Bucharest, Romania
 Victor Pop, Sr. (1903–1976). Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica – Editio Secunda. Dedicatio. Illinois Natural History Survey, 2015.

Nașteri în 1903
Decese în 1976
Zoologi români
Profesori români

Victor Pop (zoolog)


Olaylar
 961 - II. Otto, Alman Krallığı tahtına çıktı.
 1538 - Jean Calvin ve yandaşları Cenevre'den sürgün edildi. Kalvenizm'in kurucusu olan Fransız din adamı, 1541'de tekrar Cenevre'ye döndüğünde katı bir teokratik yönetim kurdu. 18 Mayıs 1564'te "Cenevre Diktatörü" olarak öldü.
 1647 - Alse Young adındaki bir kadın, Amerikan kolonilerinde cadılık suçlamasıyla idam edilen ilk şahıs olmuştur. Young, Hartford'ta asılarak idam edilmişti.
 1832 - Québec'te Asya kolerası salgını: Yaklaşık 6000 kişi öldü.
 1889 - Eyfel Kulesi'nin ilk asansörü halka açıldı.
 1894 - Rusya'nın son Çarı, II. Nikola taç giydi.
 1897 - Bram Stoker'ın dünyaca ünlü Dracula romanı basıldı.
 1926 - Millî Mücadele'ye katılmayan memurların görevlerine son verilmesine ilişkin kanun kabul edildi.
 1938 - Atatürk, Ankara'dan son kez ayrıldı.
 1938 - Amerikan Karşıtı Faaliyetleri İzleme Komitesi (HUAC) ilk oturumunu yaptı.
 1939 -  Hükümette iki bakan değişti. Fethi Okyar Adalet, Raif Karadeniz Gümrük ve Tekel Bakanı oldu.
 1946 - Belediye seçimleri, "Açık Oy Gizli Tasnif" şeklinde olduğu için olaylı geçti. CHP birinci parti oldu. İkinci olan Demokrat Parti ise, iktidarın seçimde yanlı davrandığı ve seçim güvenliği olmadığı gerekçesiyle konuyu mahkemeye taşıdıysa da sonuç alamadı.
 1957 - Abant'ta meydana gelen 7,1 büyüklüğündeki depremde 52 kişi öldü.
 1963 - İskenderun Gazeteciler Cemiyeti kuruldu.
 1966 - Denizli'de, Çelik Yeşilspor Gençlik ve Pamukkale Gençlik Kulüplerinin katılımlarıyla gerçekleşen Genel Kurul toplantısında, Denizlispor Profesyonel Futbol Kulübü kuruldu.
 1968 - Başbakan Süleyman Demirel, "düzeni değiştirmek isteyenler meczuptur, anarşisttir" dedi.
 1970 - Sovyetler Birliği yapımı Tupolev Tu-144 süpersonik uçağı, Mach 2 hızını aşabilen ilk ticari hava taşıt aracı oldu.
 1971 - Şair Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca tutuklandı.
 1971 - Sinema sanatçısı Yılmaz Güney gözaltına alındı.
 1972 - ABD ve SSCB arasında balistik füzelerin sınırlandırılması antlaşması imzalandı.
 1973 - Orhan Kemal Roman Ödülü'nü, "Büyük Gözaltı" romanıyla Çetin Altan aldı.
 1982 - Yılmaz Güney'in senaryosunu yazdığı ve Şerif Gören'in yönettiği Yol filmi, Cannes Film Festivali'nde Altın Palmiye ödülünü Costa Gavras'ın Kayıp (Missing) filmiyle paylaştı.
 1983 - 12 Eylül Darbesi'nin 46. idamı: 12 Aralık 1978'de paralarını gasbetmek amacıyla işçi Nusret Ateş'i başına keserle vurarak öldüren, diğer üç işçiyi de yaralayan Abdülaziz Kılıç idam edildi.
 1983 - Sosyal Demokrasi Partisi (SODEP) kuruldu; Genel Başkanlığa Erdal İnönü seçildi.
 1992 - Orhan Kemal Roman Ödülü'nü, "Köylüler" romanıyla Talip Apaydın aldı.
 1993 - Salman Rüşdi'nin Şeytan Ayetleri kitabını yayımlamaya başlayan Aydınlık gazetesi toplatıldı.
 1997 - Susurluk kazası'nın duruşmasında, kamyon şoförü Hasan Gökçe, 6 milyon 420 bin lira para cezası ile DYP Şanlıurfa Milletvekili Sedat Edip Bucak'ın ailesine 100 milyon lira manevi tazminat ödemeye mahkûm edildi.
 1999 - Danıştay Sekizinci Dairesi, başı açık görev yapmayı kabul etmeyen baş örtülü memurların, uyarı cezası verilmeden işten çıkarılmasına karar verdi.
 2003 - Ukrayna Havayolları'na ait bir uçak, Trabzon'un Maçka ilçesi yakınlarında düştü. İspanyol Barış Gücü askerlerini taşıyan uçakta, 62 asker ile 13 kişilik mürettebat öldü.
 2006 - 6.3 büyüklüğündeki Mayıs 2006 Cava Depremi meydana geldi. Depremde en az 5749 kişi öldü, 38.568 kişi yaralandı ve 600.000 kişi evsiz kaldı.
 2008 - Çin'de 148 kişinin ölümüne neden olan su taşkınları başladı.

Doğumlar
 1264 - Prens Koreyasu, Kamakura şogunluğunun yedinci şogunudur (ö. 1326)
 1478 - VII. Clemens, 19 Kasım 1523'den ölüm tarihi olan 25 Eylül 1534'e kadar papalık yapmıştır (ö. 1534)
 1564 - İmâm-ı Rabbânî, Hint İslâm âlimi ve tasavvuf önderi (ö. 1624)
 1566 - III. Mehmet, Osmanlı'nın 13. Padişahı (ö. 1603)
 1623 - William Petty, İngiliz iktisatçı, bilim insanı ve filozof (ö. 1687)
 1650 - John Churchill, İngiliz general (ö. 1722)
 1667 - Abraham de Moivre, bir Fransız matematikçidir (ö. 1754)
 1689 - Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, İngiliz yazar (Osmanlı toplumu üzerine ayrıntılı gözlemleriyle de bilinir) (ö. 1762)
 1863 - Bob Fitzsimmons, Yeni Zelanda'lı boksör (ö. 1917)
 1867 - Mary Teck, Birleşik Krallık Kraliçesi (ö. 1953)
 1874 - Henri Farman, İngiliz asıllı Fransız pilot ve mühendis (ö. 1958)
 1891 - Paul Lukas, Amerikalı oyuncudur (ö. 1971)
 1895 - Dorothea Lange, Amerikalı belge fotoğrafçısı (ö. 1965)
 1904 - Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, Türk şâir, yazar ve düşünür (ö. 1983)
 1907 - John Wayne, Amerikalı oyuncu ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1979)
 1909 - Matt Busby, İskoç futbolcu, teknik direktör (ö. 1994)
 1909 - Adolfo López Mateos, Meksikalı siyasetçi (ö. 1969)
 1912 - János Kádár, Macar devlet adamı, politikacı (ö. 1989)
 1912 - Jay Silverheels, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 1980)
 1913 - Peter Cushing, İngiliz oyuncu (ö. 1994)
 1914 - Frankie Manning, Amerikalı dansçı ve koreograftı (ö. 2009)
 1919 - Rubén González, Kübalı piyanist (Buena Vista Social Club grubunun üyesi) (ö. 2003)
 1920 - Peggy Lee, Amerikalı bir caz ve popüler müzik şarkıcısı, söz yazarı, besteci ve oyuncuydu (ö. 2002)
 1921 - Inge Borkh, Alman soprano ve opera sanatçısıdır (ö. 2018)
 1923 - James King Arness, Amerikalı western film oyuncusudur (ö. 2011)
 1925 - Alec McCowen, İngiliz tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu seslendirme sanatçısı (ö. 2017)
 1926 - Miles Davis, Amerikalı caz trompetçisi ve bestecisi (ö. 1991)
 1928 - Jack Kevorkian, Ermeni asıllı Amerikalı patolog, ressam, besteci, enstürmanist (ö. 2011)
 1931 - Tarık Dursun K., Türk yazar ve yayıncı (ö. 2015)
 1940 - Levon Helm, Amerikalı rock müzisyeni (ö. 2012)
 1943 - Maria do Céu Guerra, Portekizli oyuncu
 1944 - Can Gürzap, Türk sinema, tiyatro ve dizi oyuncusu, yazar ve eğitmen
 1946 - Mick Ronson, İngiliz gitarist, besteci ve yapımcı (ö. 1993)
 1948 - Stevie Nicks, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1949 - Ward Cunningham, Amerikalı bilgisayar programcısı
 1949 - Jeremy Corbyn, İngiliz siyasetçi
 1951 - Sally Ride, Amerikalı kadın astronot ve astrofizikçi (ö. 2012)
 1954 - Alan Hollinghurst, İngiliz yazar
 1954 - Wolfgang Sidka, Alman eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1954 - Lisbeth Zwerger, Avusturyalı çocuk kitabı illüstratörü
 1957 - Uğur Yücel, Türk oyuncu, yönetmen ve senarist
 1962 - Black sahne ismiyle İngiliz şarkıcı (ö. 2016)
 1964 - İlkay Akkaya, Türk müzisyen
 1964 - Lenny Kravitz, Amerikalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı, yapımcı ve aranjör
 1964 - Nazlı Tosunoğlu, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1966 - Helena Bonham Carter, İngiliz oyuncu
 1967 - Kristen Pfaff, Amerikalı bas gitarist (ö. 1994)
 1968 - Fernando León de Aranoa, ödüllü İspanyol yönetmen ve senarist
 1968 - Frederik, Danimarka tahtının varisi
 1971 - Matt Stone, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1973 - Magdalena Kožená, Çek mezzo-soprano
 1975 - Suat Suna, Türk pop şarkıcısı ve besteci
 1977 - Yonca Türkman, Türk tiyatrocu ve dizi oyuncusu (ö. 2022)
 1977 - Luca Toni, İtalyan futbolcu
 1979 - Mehmet Okur, Türk basketbolcu
 1981 - Anthony Ervin, Amerikalı yüzücü
 1981 - Eda-Ines Etti, Eston şarkıcı
 1982 - Monique Alexander, Amerikalı porno yıldızı ve çıplak model
 1982 - Hasan Kabze, Türk futbolcu
 1982 - Maya Petrova Rus hentbolcu
 1983 - Demy de Zeeuw, Hollandalı eski futbolcu
 1986 - Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey, İspanyol-Fransız kadın oyuncu
 1987 - Olcay Şahan, Türk eski millî futbolcudur
 1988 - Juan Cuadrado, Kolombiyalı millî futbolcu
 1988 - Dani Samuels, Avustralyalı atlet
 1989 - Tomáš Pekhart, Çek millî futbolcu
 1991 - Julianna Rose Mauriello, Amerikalı aktris
 1991 - Ah Young, Güney Koreli bir şarkıcı ve aktris
 1992 - Jenni Vähämaa, Fin buz patenci
 2008 - Emre Efe Ertürk,

Ölümler
 946 - I. Edmund, 939 yılından ölümüne kadar İngiltere Kralı (d. 921)
 1421 - Çelebi Mehmet, Osmanlı'nın 5. Padişahı (d. 1389)
 1512 - II. Bayezid, Osmanlı'nın 8. Padişahı (d. 1447)
 1552 - Sebastian Münster, Alman kartograf, kozmograf ve bilgin (d. 1488)
 1703 - Samuel Pepys, İngiliz yazar (d. 1633)
 1818 - Micheal Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Baltık Almanı bir mareşal ve Rus İmparatorluğu Savaş Bakanı'dır (d. 1761)
 1840 - Sidney Smith, bir İngiliz deniz subayıydı (d. 1764)
 1864 - Charles Sealsfield, Amerikalı gazeteci (d. 1793)
 1877 - Richard Hawes, Amerikalı politikacı (d. 1797)
 1883 - Abdülkadir Cezayiri, Cezayirli halk önderi, din adamı ve asker (d. 1808)
 1895 - Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Türk devlet ve bilim insanı, tarihçi, hukukçu ve şair (d. 1822)
 1908 - Mirza Gulâm Ahmed, Ahmedîlik dinî hareketinin kurucusu (d. 1835)
 1917 - Boris Drangov, Bulgar Albay ve savaş pedagogu (d. 1872)
 1933 - Jimmie Rodgers, Amerikalı country, blues ve halk müziği şarkıcısı (d. 1897)
 1943 - Edsel Ford, 1919 - 1943 arasında Ford Motor Company şirketinin başkanıydı (d. 1893)
 1944 - Christian Wirth, üst düzey Alman polis ve SS subayı (d. 1885)
 1948 - Theodor Morell, Alman doktor (d. 1886)
 1952 - Emilie Flöge, Avusturyalı moda tasarımcısı ve iş insanı (d. 1874)
 1955 - Alberto Ascari, Milan doğumlu İtalyan Formula 1 pilotu (d. 1918)
 1969 - Allan Lockheed, Amerikalı uçak tasarımcısı (d. 1889)
 1976 - Martin Heidegger, Alman varoluşçu filozof (d. 1889)
 1982 - Semra Ertan, zenofobi karşıtı Türk göçmeni işçi ve yazar (d. 1956)
 1990 - Emil Konopinski, Amerikalı çekirdek bilimci (d. 1911)
 1991 - İzzettin Ökte, Türk besteci ve tanbur sanatçısı (d. 1910)
 1995 - Doğan Kasaroğlu, Türk gazeteci, siyasetçi ve TRT Genel Müdürlerinden (d. 1933)
 1997 - Manfred von Ardenne, Alman araştırma ve uygulama fizikçisi ve mucit (d. 1907)
 2001 - Alberto Korda, Kübalı fotoğrafçı (d. 1928)
 2005 - Eddie Albert, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1906)
 2005 - Sangoulé Lamizana, Yukarı Voltalı (günümüzde Burkina Fasolu) asker ve siyasetçi (d. 1916)
 2005 - Ruth Laredo, Klasik Müzik tarzında çalan Amerikalı kadın piyanist (d. 1937)
 2008 - Sydney Pollack, Amerikalı yönetmen, yapımcı, oyuncu ve En İyi Yönetmen Akademi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1934)
 2012 - Orhan Boran, Türk radyo ve televizyon sunucusu ve oyuncu (d. 1928)
 2013 - Jack Vance, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1916)
 2015 - Vicente Aranda, İspanyol film yönetmeni, yapımcısı ve senarist (d. 1926)
 2016 - Dumitru Teoderescu, Romanyalı futbol direktörü (d. 1939)
 2017 - Toni Bertorelli, İtalyan oyuncu (d. 1948)
 2017 - Laura Biagiotti, İtalyan kadın modacı ve kozmetikçi (d. 1943)
 2017 - Zbigniew Brzezinski, Amerikalı politikacı (d. 1928)
 2018 - Alan Bean, Amerikan deniz subayı ve havacı, uçak mühendisi, test pilotu ve NASA astronotu (d. 1932)
 2018 - Pierre Bellemare, Fransız yazar, romancı, radyocu, televizyon sunucusu, televizyon yapımcısı, yönetmen ve oyuncu (d. 1929)
 2018 - Ted Dabney, Amerikalı elektronik mühendisi (d. 1937)
 2019 - Abdüllatif ez Zein, Lübnanlı siyasetçi (d. 1932)
 2019 - Eşref Kolçak, Türk televizyon ve sinema oyuncusu ve tiyatrocu (d. 1927)
 2019 - Stephen Thorne, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1935)
 2019 - Prem Tinsulanonda, Taylandlı emekli subay (d. 1920)
 2020 - Michael Athans, Yunan asıllı Amerikalı profesörü (d. 1937)
 2020 - Samvel Gasparov, Rus film yönetmeni ve kısa öykü yazarı (d. 1938)
 2020 - Richard Herd, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1932)
 2020 - Irmgard Hermann, Alman aktris ve yönetmen yardımcısı (d. 1942)
 2020 - İsmail Hakkı Karadayı, Türk orgeneral ve 22. Genelkurmay Başkanı (d. 1932)
 2020 - Vladimir Lopuhin, Rus ekonomist ve politikacı (d. 1952)
 2020 - Christian Mbulu, İngiliz futbolcu (d. 1996)
 2021 - Abdul Wahab Al-Dailami, Yemenli siyasetçi (d. 1938)
 2021 - Tarcisio Burgnich, İtalyan eski millî futbolcu (d. 1939)
 2021 - Arturor de Jesús Correa Toro, Kolombiyalı Roma Katolik piskopos (d. 1941)
 2021 - Heidi Ferrer, Amerikalı senarist ve aktris (d. 1970)
 2021 - Ben Kruger, Güney Afrikalı oyuncu ve yazar (d. 1957)
 2021 - Kay Lahusen, Amerikalı fotoğraf gazetecisi (d. 1930)
 2021 - Sureni Senarath, Sri Lankalı kadın tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1959)
 2022 - Ray Liotta, Amerikalı oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1954)
 2022 - Ciriaco de Mita, İtalyan siyasetçi (d. 1928)
 2022 - José Antolín Toledano, İspanyol sanayici ve iş insanı (d. 1936)
 2022 - Andy Fletcher, İngiliz müzisyen (d. 1961)
 2022 - Shin Il-ryong, Güney Koreli aktör ve girişimci (d. 1948)
 2022 - Enyu Todorov, Bulgar güreşçi (d. 1943)
 2022 - Alan White, İngiliz müzisyen (d. 1949)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Anneler Günü (Polonya)
Gürcistan Bağımsızlık Günü

Kaynakça

0526
26

26 Mayıs