Jean Sibelius skrev et stort antal musikalske værker fordelt på mange klassiske musikalske genrer. Nedenstående er en Værkliste for Jean Sibelius.

Orkesterværker
 Kullervo, symfoni for sopran- og barytonsolister, mandskor og orkester, opus 7, cirka 75 min (1892)
 En saga, tonedigt, opus 9, cirka 18 min (1892/1902)
 Karelia-suite, opus 11, cirka 15 min (1893/94)
 Lemminkäinen-suite (Fire legender fra Kalevala, deriblandt Tuonelas svane), opus 22, cirka 45 min (1896/97)
 Finlandia, tonedigt, opus 26, cirka 8 min (1899/1900)
 Symfoni nr 1 i e-mol, opus 39, cirka 36 min (1899/1900)
 Symfoni nr 2 i D-dur, opus 43, cirka 45 min (1902/03), tilegnet Axel Carpelan
 Valse triste, opus 44:1, cirka 5 min (1903/04)
 Violinkoncert i d-mol, opus 47, cirka 33 min (1904/05)
 Pohjolas dotter, symfonisk fantasi, opus 49, cirka 12 min (1906)
 Pelléas och Mélisande, opus 46, cirka 30 min (1905) (Skuespilsmusik til dramaet med samma navn af Maurice Maeterlinck)
 Symfoni nr 3 i C-dur, opus 52, cirka 30 min (1907)
 Nattlig ritt och soluppgång, symfonisk fantasi, opus 55, cirka 15 min (1908)
 Symfoni nr 4 i a-mol, opus 63, cirka 35 min (1911)
 Symfoni nr 5 i Ess-dur, opus 82, cirka 32 min (1915/16/19)
 Symfoni nr 6 (i d-mol), opus 104, cirka 27 min (1923)
 Symfoni nr 7 (uden pauser eller skarpe grænser mellem satserne) i C-dur, opus 105, cirka 21 min (1924)
 Tapiola, tonedigt, opus 112, cirka 18 min (1926)
 Andante festivo for strygekorkester, cirka 5 min (komponeret for strygekvartet i 1922, arrangeret for strygeorkester i 1938)
 Stormen (opus 109) musik til stykket Stormen

Kammermusik
 Fuga for Martin Wegelius for strygekvartet (1889)
 Strygekvartet i a-mol (1889)
 Suite (også Trio) i A-dur for violin, viola og cello (1889). Violinstemmen til satserne 4 og 5 er gået tabt.
 Sonat i F-dur för violin och piano (1889)
 Tempo di valse (fis-moll, Lulu-valsen) for cello och piano (1889)
 Strygekvartet i B-dur, opus 4 (1890)
 Adagio (d-moll) for strygekvartet (1890)
 Pianokvintet i g-mol (1890)
 Pianokvartet i c-mol (også i C-dur) (1891)
 Duo for violin og viola (1891–92)
 Pianosonate i F-dur, opus 12 (1893)
 Rondo for viola og piano (1893)
 Malinconia, opus 20 for cello og piano (1900)
 Ödlan for soloviolin og strygekvintet, opus 8 (1909)
 Strygekvartet i d-mol (Voces intimae), opus 56, cirka 29 min (1909)
 Cantique (Laetare anima mea) for violin eller cello og piano, opus 77:1 (1915), arrangement af værket for violin eller cello og orkester fra 1914.
 Devotion (Ab imo pectore) for violin eller cello og piano, opus 77:2. (1915), arrangement af værket for violin eller cello og orkester fra samme år.
 Fyra stycken for violin (eller cello) og piano, opus 78 (1915–17)
 Seks stykker for violin og piano, opus 79 (1915–17)
 Sonatine i E-dur for violin og piano, opus 80 (1915)
 Fem stykker for violin og piano, opus 81 (1915–18)
 Novellette for violin og piano, opus 102 (1922)
 Cinq danses champêtres for violin og piano, opus 106 (1924)
 Scène d'amour for violin og piano, opus 71 (1925). Arrangement af Scaramouche-pantomimemusikken fra 1913.
 Fire stykker for violin og piano, opus 115 (1929)
 Auf der Heide (På heden)
 Ballade
 Humoresque
 Die Glocken (Klokkerne)
 Tre stykker for violin og piano, opus 116 (1929)

Pianomusik
 Tema og variationer i D-dur (1886)
 Au crépuscule (1887)
 A Betsy Lerche (1889)
 Seks impromptun, opus 5 (1890–93)
 Sonate i F-dur, opus 12 (1893)
 Ti pianostykker, opus 24 (1895–1903)
 Marche triste (1899)
 Finlandia for piano, opus 26 (1900)
 Kavaljeren (1900)
 Arrangement af seks finske folkeviser for piano (1903)
 Kyllikki, tre lyriske stykker, opus 41 (1904)
 Pelléas og Mélisande, suite for piano, opus 46 (arrangement af orkestersuiten uden nr 2a) (1905)
 Belsazars gæstebud, suite for piano, opus 51 (arrangement af orkestersuiten) (1907)
 Pan og Echo for piano, opus 53a (arrangement af orkesterværket) (1907)
 10 stykker, opus 58 (1909)
 Tre sonatiner, opus 67. To rondino (1912)
 To rondino, opus 68 (1912)
 Pensées lyriques, opus 40 (1912–16)
 Bagatelles, opus 34 (1913–16)
 Fire lyriske stykker, opus 74 (1914)
 Cinq morceaux, opus 75 (1914–19)
 Seks stykker, opus 94 (1914–19)
 Treize morceaux, opus 76 (1911–19)
 Cinq morceaux, opus 85 (1916–17)
 Seks bagateller, opus 97 (1920)
 Huit petits morceaux, opus 99 (1922)
 Suite caractéristique for piano, opus 100 (arrangement af værket for harpe og strygere (1922)
 Five Romantic Compositions, opus 101 (1924)
 Five Characteristic Impressions, opus 103 (1924)
 Five Esquisses, opus 114 (1929)
 Rakkaalle Ainolle (Til den kære Aino) for firehændigt piano (1931)

Solosange
 En vise, tekst af Baeckman (1888)
 Serenade, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1888)
 Orgier, tekst af Lars Stenbäck (1888–89)
 Skogsrået, tekst af Viktor Rydberg (1888–89)
 Hjärtats morgon, opus 13:3, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1890)
 Likhet, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1890)
 Syv solosange med tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg, opus 13 (1891–92)
 Under strandens granar (1892)
 Kyssens hopp (1892)
 Hjärtats morgon (1891)
 Våren flyktar hastigt (1891)
 Drömmen (1891)
 Till Frigga (1892)
 Jägargossen (1891)
 Sju solosånger, opus 17 (1891–1904)
 Se'n har jag ej frågat mera, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1891–92)
 Sov in!, tekst af Karl August Tavaststjerna (1891–92)
 Fågellek, tekst af Karl August Tavaststjerna (1891)
 Vilse, tekst af Karl August Tavaststjerna (1898/1902)
 En slända, tekst af Oscar Levertin (1904)
 Illalle, tekst af Aukusti Valdemar Forsman (= Koskimies) (1898)
 Fem julesange, opus 1 (1897–1913)
 Nu står jul vid snöig port, tekst af Zacharias Topelius (1913)
 Nu så kommer julen, tekst af Zacharias Topelius (1913)
 Det mörknar ute, tekst af Zacharias Topelius (1897)
 Julevise: Giv mig ej glans, ej guld, ej prakt, tekst af Zacharias Topelius (1909)
 On hanget korkeat, nietokset, tekst af Wilkku Joukahainen (1901)
 Sången om korsspindeln, nr 4 fra Kung Kristian II, opus 27:4, pianoarrangement med sangtekst (1898)
 Segelfahrt, tekst af Johannes Öhquist (1899)
 Souda, souda sinisorsa, tekst af Aukusti Valdemar Forsman (= Koskimies) (1899)
 Seks sange, opus 36 (1899–1900)
 Svarta rosor, tekst af Ernst Josephson (1899)
 Men min fågel märks dock icke, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1899)
 Bollspelet vid Trianon, tekst af Gustaf Fröding (1899)
 Säv, säv, susa, tekst af Gustaf Fröding (1900)
 Marssnön, tekst af Josef Julius Wecksell (1900)
 Demanten på marssnön, tekst af Josef Julius Wecksell (1900)
 Fem sange, opus 37 (1900–02)
 Den första kyssen, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1900)
 Lasse liten, tekst af Zacharias Topelius (1902)
 Soluppgång, tekst af Tor Hedberg (1902)
 Var det en dröm, tekst af Josef Julius Wecksell (1902)
 Flickan kom ifrån sin älsklings möte, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1901)
 Lastu lainehilla, tekst af Ilmari Calamnius (1902)
 Fem sange, opus 38 (1903–04)
 Höstkväll, tekst af Viktor Rydberg (1903)
 På verandan vid havet, tekst af Viktor Rydberg (1903)
 I natten, tekst af Viktor Rydberg (1903)
 Harpolekaren och hans son, tekst af Viktor Rydberg (1904)
 Jag ville, jag vore i Indialand, tekst af Gustaf Fröding (1904)
 Les trois soeurs aveugles for sangstemme og piano, opus 46, arrangement af nr 4 i musikken for Pelléas och Mélisande (1905)
 Seks sange, opus 50 (1906)
 Lenzgesang (Vårsang), tekst af A. Fitger
 Sehnsucht (Længsel), tekst af Emil Rudolf Weiss
 Im Feld ein Mädchen singt, tekst af Margarete Susman
 Aus banger Brust, tekst af Richard Dehmel
 Die stille Stadt, tekst af Richard Dehmel
 Rosenlied, tekst af Anna Ritter
 Erloschen, tekst af Georg-Busse Palma (1906)
 To sange, opus 35 (1907–08)
 Jubal, tekst af Ernst Josephson
 Teodora, tekst af Bertel Gripenberg
 Seks sange, opus 72 (1907–15)
 Vi ses igen, tekst af Viktor Rydberg (1914). Tabt
 Orions bälte, tekst af Zacharias Topelius (1914). Tabt
 Kyssen, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1915)
 Kaiutar, tekst af Larin-Kyösti (1915)
 Der Wanderer und der Bach (Vandreren og bækken), tekst af Martin Gref (1915)
 Hundra vägar, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1907)
 Otte sange til tekster af Ernst Josephson, opus 57 (1909)
 Älven och snigeln (Floden og sneglen)
 En blomma stod vid vägen (En blomst stod ved vejen)
 Kvarnhjulet (Møllehjulet)
 Maj Jag är ett träd (Jeg er et træ, oprindeligt: Det kala trädet)
 Hertig Magnus (Hertug Magnus)
 Vänskapens blomma (Venskabets blomst)
 Näcken To sange til akkompagnement af guitar eller piano til William Shakespeares skuespil "Trettondagsafton" (Helligtrekongersaften), opus 60. Svensk oversættelse af Carl August Hagberg. (1909)
 Kom nu hit, död Hållilå, uti storm och i regn Hymn to Thaïs, the Unforgettable, tekst af Arthur H. Borgström (1909)
 Vänskapens blomma, tekst af Ernst Josephson; en anden komposition end opus 57:7 (1909)
 Otte sange, opus 61 (1910)
 Långsamt som kvällskyn, tekst af Karl August Tavaststjerna
 Vattenplask, tekst af Viktor Rydberg
 När jag drömmer, tekst af Karl August Tavaststjerna
 Romeo, tekst af Karl August Tavaststjerna
 Romans, tekst af Karl August Tavaststjerna
 Dolce far niente, tekst af Karl August Tavaststjerna
 Fåfäng önskan, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg
 Vårtagen, tekst af Bertel Gripenberg
 Luonnotar, opus 70, arrangement af tonedigtet for sangstemme og piano (1915)
 Arioso, opus 3, arrangement for sangstemme og piano (1911)
 Seks sange, opus 86 (1916–17)
 Vårförnimmelser, tekst af Karl August Tavaststjerna (1916)
 Längtan heter min arvedel, tekst af Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1916)
 Dold förening, tekst af Carl Snoilsky (1916)
 Och finns det en tanke, tekst af Karl August Tavaststjerna (1916)
 Sångarlön, tekst af Carl Snoilsky (1916)
 I systrar, I bröder, I älskande par!, tekst af Mikael Lybeck (1917)
 Seks sange, opus 88 (1917)
 Blåsippan, tekst af Frans Michael Franzén
 De bägge rosorna, tekst af Frans Michael Franzén
 Vitsippan, tekst afv Frans Michael Franzén
 Sippan, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg
 Törnet, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg
 Blommans öde, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg
 Seks sange til tekster af Johan Ludvig Runeberg, opus 90 (1917)
 Norden Hennes budskap Morgonen Fågelfängaren Sommarnatten Vem styrde hit din väg? Mummon syntymäpäivänä, tekst af ukendt (1919)
 Små flickorna, tekst af Hjalmar Procopé (1920)
 Narciss, tekst af Bertel Gripenberg (1925)
 Siltavahti for sangstemme og piano, arrangement af sang for mandskor (1928)

 Korværker
 Tanke, se hur fågeln svingar, for blandet kor, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg. Komponeret 1888.
 Upp genom luften, for blandet kor og piano, tekst af P.D.A. Atterbom. Komponeret 1888.
 Ensam i dunkla skogarnas famn, for blandet kor, tekst af Emil von Quanten. Komponeret 1888.
 Hur blekt är allt, for blandet kor, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg. Komponeret 1888.
 När sig våren åter föder, for blandet kor, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg. Komponeret 1888.
 Ack, hör du fröken Gyllenborg, folkevisearrangement for blandet kor. Komponeret 1888-89.
 Vi kysser du fader min fästmö här?, for damekor og piano, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Komponeret 1889-90.
 Venematka 1893 (Se også opus 18).
 Työkansan marssi, for blandet kor, tekst af J.H. Erkko. Komponeret 1893.
 Soitapas sorea neito, för tenor og blandet kor; tekst fra Kanteletar. Komponeret 1893-94.
 Rakastava, sarja, for mandskor.
 Miss' on kussa minun hyväni Eilaa, eilaa Hyvää iltaa lintuseni Käsi kaulaan, lintuseni. Tekst fra Kanteletar. Komponeret 1894. Arrangement for mandskor og strygeorkester, arrangement for blandet kor, 1898.
 Laulun mahti, for mandskor; arrangement af en ballade af Jāzeps Vītols. Komponeret 1895.
 Op. 21 Hymn (Natus in curas) for mandskor; tekst af Fridolf Gustafsson. Komponeret 1896.
 Työkansan marssi, for blandet kor, tekst af J.H. Erkko. Komponeret 1897. Arrangemang för barnkör 1913(?).
 Op. 23 Sånger för blandet kor fra Promotionsmusiken 1897. Arrangeret 1898.
 Me nuoriso Suomen Tuuli tuudittele Oi toivo, toivo sä lietomieli Montapa elon merellä Sammuva sainio maan a Soi kiitokseksi Luojan, 6b Tuule, tuuli, leppeämmin Oi lempi, sun valtas ääretön on Kuin virta vuolas Oi kallis Suomi, äiti verraton To arrangementer af italienske sange: Oh! Caroli og Trippole, Trappole for blandet kor og instrumenter. Komponeret 1897-98
 Kuutamolla, for mandskor. Komponeret 1898.
 Carminalia, arrangement af tre latinske sange for børnekor og piano eller harmonium. Komponeret 1898
 Ecce novum gaudium Angelus emittitur In stadio laboris Op. 18 Sex sånger för manskör Sortunut ääni, tekst fra Kanteletar. Komponeret 1898. Arrangement for blandet kor 1898.
 Terve kuu, tekst fra Kalevala. Komponeret 1901.
 Venematka, tekst fra Kalevala. Komponeret 1893. Arrangement for blandet kor 1914.
 Saarella palaa, tekst fra Kanteletar. Komponeret 1895. Arrangement for blandet kor 1898.
 Metsämiehen laulu, tekst af Aleksis Kivi. Komponeret 1899.
 Sydämeni laulu, tekst af Aleksis Kivi. Komponeret 1898. Arrangement for blandet kor 1904.
 Min rastas raataa, for blandet kor, tekst fra Kanteletar. Komponeret 1898.
 Isänmaalle for blandet kor, tekst af Paavo Cajander. Komponeret 1900. Arrangemang för manskör 1908.
 Kotikaipaus, for damekor, tekst af Walter von Konow. Komponeret 1902.
 Till Thérèse Hahl, for blandetd kor, tekst af Nils Wasastjerna. Komponeret 1902.
 Veljeni vierailla mailla, for mandskor, tekst af Juhani Aho. Komponeret 1904.
 Ej med klagan, for blandet kor, tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg. Komponeret 1905.
 Kansakoululaisten marssi, for børnekor, tekst af 'Onnen Pekka' (pseudonym) Komponeret 1910.
 Cantata (Herlige gåver), for damekor; tekst af Walter von Konow. Komponeret 1911.
 Op. 65a Män från slätten och havet, for blandet kor, tekst af Ernst V. Knape. Komponeret 1911.
 Op. 65b Klockmelodin i Berghälls kyrka. Arrangement for blandet kor af klokkemelodien i Berghälls kirke 1912. Tekst af Julius Engström; også med finsk tekst: Päättyy työ, joutuu yö (Heikki Klemetti). Pianoarrangement (Klokkemelodien i Berghälls kirke) 1912.
 Uusmaalaisten laulu (Sang for folket i Nyland) for mandskor eller blandet kor, tekst af Kaarlo Terhi. Komponeret 1912.
 Three Songs för American Schools Autumn Song; tekst af Richard Dixon;
 The Sun Upon the Lake Is Low; tekst af Walter Scott;
 A Cavalry Catch; tekst af Fiona McLeod. For kor og piano. Komponeret 1913.
 Op. 84 Fem sånger för manskör Herr Lager och Skön fager, tekst af Gustav Fröding. Komponeret 1914.
 På berget, tekst af Bertel Gripenberg. Komponeret 1915.
 Ett drömackord, tekst af Gustav Fröding. Komponeret 1915.
 Evige Eros, tekst af Bertel Gripenberg. Komponeret 1915.
 Till havs, tekst af Jonathan Reuter. Komponeret 1917.
 Drömmarna, for blandet kor, tekst af Jonatan Reuter. Komponeret 1917.
 Fridolins dårskap, for mandskor, tekst af Erik Axel Karlfeldt. Komponeret 1917.
 Jone havsfärd, for mandskor; tekst af Erik Axel Karlfeldt. Komponeret 1918.
 Brusande rusar en våg, for mandskor, tekst af Gösta Schybergson. Komponeret 1918.Ute hörs stormen, for mandskor; tekst af Gösta Schybergson. Komponeret 1918.
 Op. 91b Partiolaisten marssi for piano, tekst af Jalmari Finne. Komponeret 1918. Arrangement for blandet kor och orkester 1918, arrangement for blandet kor og piano 1921, arrangement for to damestemmer og piano (The World Song of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts) 1951-52.
 Likhet, for mandskor; tekst af Johan Ludvig Runeberg. Komponeret 1922.
 Three liturgical works För Palmsöndagen; liturg og orgel.
 För Alla helgons dag eller begravelse, liturg, kor og orgel.
 För kristen ungdom, liturg, forsamling (kor) og orgel. Tekst fra Bibelen. Komponeret 1925.
 Koulutie, för blandad kör, tekst af Veikko Antero Koskenniemi. Komponeret 1924.
 Skolsång, för blandad kör, tekst af Nino Runeberg. Komponeret 1925.
 Skyddskårsmarsch, för manskör, piano ad lib., tekst af Nino Runeberg. Komponeret 1925.
 Op. 108 Två sånger för manskör Humoreski, tekst af Larin Kyösti. Komponeret 1925.
 Ne pitkän matkan kulkijat, tekst af Larin Kyösti. Komponeret 1925.
 Den höga himlen, for blandet kor eller orgel. Komponeret 1927, baseret på hans Frimurermusik op. 113 sats 11 (Suur' olet Herra), tekst af Jacob Tegengren.
 Siltavahti, for mandskor; tekst af Wäinö Sola. Komponeret 1928. Arrangement for solostemme (med piano) 1928.
 Jouluna, för blandad kör, tekst af August Verner Jaakkola (anden tekst af Väinö Ilmari Forsman: Nyt seimelle pienoisen lapsen). Komponeret 1929.
 Viipurin lauluveikkojen kunniamarssi, to forskellige arrangementer, begge for mandskor; tekst af Eero Eerola. Den første fra 1920, den anden til samma tekst fra 1929.
 Karjalan osa'', for unisone mandsstemmer og piano, tekst af A. Nurminen. Komponeret 1930.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Yhtenäistetty Jean Sibelius: Teosten yhtenäistettyjen nimekkeiden ohjeluettelo. 2013. [E komplet liste over værker på finsk og engelsk.]

Sibelius, Jean

Værkliste for Jean Sibelius


Elma küllemesi Prodosphaera Ieucotricha adlı mantar türünün neden olduğu bitki hastalığı.

Hastalık, filizlenmeden (gözlerin kabarmasından) hemen sonra yeni sürgünlerde, yapraklarda, özellikle yaprakların alt yüzeyinde, çiçek ve çiçek tomurcuklarında, sürgün uçlarında beyaz unlu bir tabaka şeklinde görülür. Hastalıklı yapraklar gelişemez, yavaş yavaş kahverengi bir renk alır, daha sonra büzülüp kıvrılır ve kururlar. Çiçek taç yaprakları ise, yeşil bir renk alır, gelişemez, cılızlaşır ve sonunda kururlar.

Hastalığın ilkbahar ve yaz aylarında, gelecek yılın tomurcuklarına bulaşmaması için ilaç uygulanır. İlâçlamaya, gözlerin patlama devresinden (filizlenmeden) hemen sonra başlanmalıdır. Sürgünün büyümesi ve gelişmesi nihayete erinceye kadar (tahminen Temmuzun ilk haftasında biter) 7-10 günlük muntazam aralıklarla ilâçlamaya devam edilir. Hastalığa karşı yalnız kimyevi mücadele değil, bunun yanında toprak bakımı, gübreleme, bilhassa potas çok önemlidir. Ağaçlar birbirlerine çok yakın dikilmeyip böylece iyi bir hava dolaşımı mümkün kılınmalıdır. Kış budamalarında son göz 2-3 yan göz dahil hasta dallar kesilmelidir. Gözlerin kabarmağa başlamasından sonra, çiçekten önce küllemeye tutulmuş sürgünler atılmalıdır, hatta yazın ikinci enfeksiyon sonunda ortaya çıkan küllemeli sürgünler de kesilmelidir.

Bitki hastalıkları

Elma küllemesi


Masakazu Yoshioka (født 9. marts 1995) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub V-Varen Nagasaki.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masakazu Yoshioka


Aceasta este o listă de procurori români:

 Ioan Amarie
 Sergiu Andon
 Mircea Andrei
 Silviu Barbu
 Barbu Bellu
 Alina Bica
 Emil Bobu
 Vladimir Bodescu
 Grigore Mithridate Buiucliu
 Nicolae Corodeanu
 Petru Dobra
 Dem I. Dobrescu
 Fotin Enescu
 Nicolae Gane
 Ștefan Dimitrie Grecianu
 Constantin Hamangiu
 Marius Iacob
 Gheorghe Iancu
 Gábor Kozsokár
 Grigore Lăpușanu
 Alexandru Lele
 Monica Macovei
 Titu Maiorescu
 Gheorghe Mironescu
 Ștefan Mitroi
 Ioan Moldovan
 Daniel Morar
 Mihnea Motoc
 Leon Negruzzi
 Norica Nicolai
 Alexandru Odobescu
 Cristian Panait
 Alexandru Pantea
 Alexandru Papiu-Ilarian
 Ilie Picioruș
 George Pomuț
 Constantin Sărățeanu
 Aurel Sava
 Ștefan Somodi
 Gheorghe Șpaiuc
 Constantin I. Stoicescu
 Marcel Sâmpetru
 Tudorel Toader
 Doru Țuluș
 Jean Nicolae Uncheșelu
 Doru-Viorel Ursu
 Dan Voinea
 Alexandru D. Xenopol
 Aurel Zegreanu

 Procurori generali ai României
 Augustin Alexa
 Ilie Botoș
 Nicolae Cochinescu
 Mircea Criste
 Joița Tănase
 Laura Codruța Kövesi
 Nicolae Popovici (jurist)
 Gheorghe Robu
 Anton Tatu Jianu
 Alexandru Voitin
 Dimitrie Volanschi

Note

Listă de procurori români


A prosecutor is a legal representative of the prosecution in states with either the common law adversarial system or the civil law inquisitorial system. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case in a criminal trial against the defendant, an individual accused of breaking the law. Typically, the prosecutor represents the state or the government in the case brought against the accused person.

Prosecutor as a legal professional
Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a law degree, and are recognised as suitable legal professionals by the court in which they are acting. This may mean they have been admitted to the bar, or obtained a comparable qualification where available - such as solicitor advocates in England and Wales.

They become involved in a criminal case once a suspect has been identified and charges need to be filed. They are employed by an office of the government, with safeguards in place to ensure such an office can successfully pursue the prosecution of government officials. Multiple offices exist in a single country, especially in those countries with federal governments where sovereignty has been bifurcated or devolved in some way.

Since prosecutors are backed by the power of the state, they are subject to special professional responsibility rules in addition to those binding all lawyers. For example, in the United States, Rule 3.8 of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct requires prosecutors to "make timely disclosure to the defense of all evidence or information that tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offense." Not all U.S. states adopt the model rules; however, U.S. Supreme Court cases and other appellate cases have ruled that such disclosure is required. Typical sources of ethical requirements imposed on prosecutors come from appellate court opinions, state or federal court rules, and state or federal statutes (codified laws).

Directors of public prosecutions
In most Commonwealth Nations, the head of the prosecuting authority is known as the director of public prosecutions (DPP) and is appointed, not elected. A DPP may be subject to varying degrees of control by the attorney general, a formal written directive which must be published.

In Australia, the Offices of the Director of Public Prosecutions institute prosecutions for indictable offences on behalf of the Crown. At least in the case of very serious matters, the DPP will be asked by the police, during the course of the investigation, to advise them on sufficiency of evidence, and may well be asked to prepare an application to the relevant court for search, listening device or telecommunications interception warrants.

More recent constitutions, such as South Africa's, tend to guarantee the independence and impartiality of the DPP.

Common law jurisdictions

Australia
Prosecutors in Australia come in a few distinct species. Prosecutors of minor criminal cases in lower courts are Police Sergeants with a traineeship in prosecution and advocacy lasting approximately 1 year in duration, although they may hold law degrees. Crown Prosecutors are always lawyers, and typically barristers, and they represent the State or Commonwealth in serious criminal cases in higher courts, County Court and above. Aside from Police prosecutors and Crown prosecutors, government agencies have the authority to appoint non-lawyers to prosecute on their behalf, such as the RSPCA Inspectors.

Canada
In Canada, public prosecutors in most provinces are called Crown Attorney or Crown Counsel. They are generally appointed by the provincial Attorney-General.

England and Wales
The prosecution landscape in England and Wales is highly varied, meaning that a 'prosecutor' can refer to a number of different individuals and roles.

Types of prosecutor
The primary prosecutor in the jurisdiction is the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) which is led by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP). The CPS prosecutes on behalf of the Crown and also takes forward prosecutions originating from police investigations. While the DPP must be a suitably qualified lawyer under s71 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990, the DPP does not take on cases themselves and instead plays an administrative and leadership role. In this way, while the DPP may be referred to as a 'prosecutor' the individual in the role would not take any cases to court. The DPP is appointed by the Attorney General and the Attorney General also has a supervisory authority as the 'sponsor' of the CPS, however, the CPS is an independent body and the Attorney General cannot direct particular prosecutions. Unlike in the United States of America and other jurisdictions, the Attorney General is not a prosecutor in England and Wales. Rather, the role is a political office of the chief legal advisor to the executive.

Crown Prosecutors are lawyers who work for the CPS. They are responsible for researching, advising police investigations, preparing cases for trial and sometimes presenting the case at trial. These lawyers may also be referred to as 'prosecutors'. A number of other bodies have authority to bring prosecutions in England and Wales include the Serious Fraud Office (SFO), Service Prosecuting Authority and Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). These organisations and their legal representatives may be called 'prosecutors.' This is the same for any person, organisation or their representatives during a private prosecution.

Finally, when cases are brought to trial a barrister, or solicitor with higher rights of audience, may present the case before a magistrate, judge or jury. In these instances, referring to the 'prosecutor' would refer to the lawyer conducting the case during trial. In most serious offences, the CPS or other prosecuting authority will instruct a barrister to represent them. In the most serious cases this may be a King's Counsel, and barristers may work in teams with a leader directing 'juniors'.  Unlike in the United States, these prosecuting barristers will work on a case-by-case basis and so may also engage in defence work - they will not be employed to solely undertake prosecution advocacy.

The approach of the CPS to prosecutions
Crown Prosecutors are bound by a strict code of conduct, known as the Code for Crown Prosecutors, which governs how cases are charged and trials conducted. This fundamental code is supported by a range of other policies, most notably the Director's Guidance on Charging. The first stage in prosecuting a case is deciding to charge the suspect - it is this process which begins the prosecution. The CPS have authority to decide whether a person is charged in all offences, though the police may charge all summary offences, and either-way offences when there is an anticipated guilty plea and the nature of the offence is suitable for sentence in magistrates' court.

In order to charge the circumstances must meet the Full Code Test. In some urgent cases, a lower Threshold Test can be applied to get a charge quickly, but the Full Code Test must then be applied at the earliest opportunity. The Full Code Test has two stages, both parts are equal and must be met before a prosecution can be brought.

The Threshold Test must be kept under proactive and continuous review, and should only be used in rare and urgent circumstances.

Prosecutions by other government agencies
State investigative agencies such as the SFO and FCA, alongside independent prosecutors like the Service Prosecuting Authority, may all bring prosecutions themselves without using the CPS. Nevertheless, these prosecutors will follow the standards set by the Code of Crown Prosecutors alongside their own prosecution policies, which may deal with issues specific to the types of crime they engage with.
There may at times be a confusion as to which agency is responsible for having brought a prosecution. Which agency is prosecuting may effect whether an offence can be properly tried - as not all agencies can investigate and prosecute all offences. In R. v Stafford Justices ex parte Customs and Excise Commissioners (1991) 2 All ER 201 it was found by the court that a prosecution is instituted by the police only when they have investigated, arrested and brought the arrested person to the custody officer. A case is not instituted by the police simply because a custody officer at a police station charges the suspect. Applying the same principle, proceedings are instituted by another prosecuting agency when they have been solely responsible for the investigation and arrest of the suspect, even though the suspect is taken to the police station to be charged by a custody officer.

The CPS advise that a case should probably be conducted by another prosecuting authority if any of the following factors apply:

 the police did not conduct the majority of the investigation;
 the police were only involved in overseeing a search, effecting an arrest or assisting other investigators in the conduct of an interview;
 the other authority is in possession of all the main exhibits;
 someone other than a police officer is named on the charge sheet as the person accepting the charge or as the officer in the case.

Prosecutions requiring special consent
Prosecutions under certain acts require the consent of the Attorney General or DPP before they can proceed. In practice the following types of consent may be required:

The range of offences which require consent is wide, a list of the offences can be found at Annex 1 - Consents to Prosecute.

Private prosecutions

In England and Wales there is a statutorily protected common law right for any person to institute a private prosecution. This right is retained by s6(1) Prosecution of Offenders Act 1985.  Some organisations regularly use private prosecutions on a large scale to achieve an institutional goal, for example the vast majority of prosecutions under the Animal Welfare Act 2006 are prosecuted by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) as private prosecutions. The Post Office has also recently under taken a wide array of private prosecutions against post masters, leading to a subsequent scandal in which these prosecutions have widely come to be seen as a miscarriage of justice. The RSPCA have come under strong criticism for lacking sufficient independence to act as a prosecutor from the independent 'Wooler' review; the Environmental, Food and Rural Affairs Committee and the Justice Select Committee, given they also investigate the offences and campaign politically for animal rights.

The ongoing issues with private prosecutions outlined above has led to the Justice Select Committee calling for a closer examination of the process and regulation by government.

It is usually practically difficult for an individual to bring a private prosecution given the high cost - estimated by the Ministry of Justice at £8,500 on average. Even if a private prosecutor is not legally qualified, they must meet the usual legal requirements lawyers must undertake including the Criminal Procedure Rules and appropriate disclosure standards.

DPP's power to take over private prosecutions
The DPP has authority to take over any prosecution instituted by another person or organisation, and to discontinue the prosecution if they see fit. The CPS have set out public guidance on when they will take over a prosecution, this indicates that the CPS should take over and continue with the prosecution if the papers clearly show all of the following:

 the evidential sufficiency stage of the Full Code Test is met; and
 the public interest stage of the Full Code Test is met; and
 there is a particular need for the CPS to take over the prosecution.

The final consideration is designed to cover the situation where, for whatever reason, the investigative authorities with which the CPS usually deals have not brought the case to the CPS' attention and yet it is a case that merits the prosecution being conducted by a public prosecuting authority rather than by a private individual.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, most crimes are prosecuted by a Police Prosecutor, an employee of the New Zealand Police. The most serious crimes - about 5% of all crimes - is outsourced to a lawyer working at private law firm known as a Crown prosecutor.

Scotland
Though Scots law is a mixed system, its civil law jurisdiction indicates its civil law heritage. Here, all prosecutions are carried out by Procurators Fiscal and Advocates Depute on behalf of the Lord Advocate, and, in theory, they can direct investigations by the police. In very serious cases, a Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute or even the Lord Advocate, may take charge of a police investigation. It is at the discretion of the Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute, or Lord Advocate to take a prosecution to court, and to decide on whether or not to prosecute it under solemn procedure or summary procedure. Other remedies are open to a prosecutor in Scotland, including fiscal fines and non-court based interventions, such as rehabilitation and social work. All prosecutions are handled within the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service. Procurators fiscal will usually refer cases involving minors to Children's Hearings, which are not courts of law, but a panel of lay members empowered to act in the interests of the child.

United States
The United States is the only country in the world where citizens elect prosecutors.

The director of a prosecution office is known by any of several names depending on the jurisdiction, most commonly district attorney. Other names include state's attorney, state attorney, county attorney, and commonwealth's attorney.

The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual or a corporation suspected of breaking the law, initiating and directing further criminal investigations, guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders, and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings.

The titles of prosecutors in state courts vary from state to state and level of government (i.e. city, county, and state) and include the terms District Attorney in New York, California, Texas, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Georgia, Nevada, Wisconsin, Oregon, and Oklahoma;  City Attorney in California cities (typically prosecute only minor and misdemeanor offenses) Commonwealth's Attorney in Kentucky and Virginia; County Attorney in Nebraska, Minnesota, and Arizona; County Prosecutor in New Jersey, Ohio, and Indiana; District Attorney General in Tennessee; Prosecuting Attorney in Arkansas, Hawaii, Idaho, Michigan, Washington, and West Virginia (as well as in Missouri where cities additionally use  "City Attorneys" to prosecute on their behalf); State's Attorney in Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, North Dakota, and Vermont; State Prosecutor; Attorney General in Delaware and Rhode Island; and Solicitor in South Carolina. Prosecutors are most often chosen through local elections, and typically hire other attorneys as deputies or assistants to conduct most of the actual work of the office. United States Attorneys are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. They represent the federal government in federal court in both civil and criminal cases. Private attorneys general can bring criminal cases on behalf of private parties in some states.

Prosecutors are required by state and federal laws to follow certain rules. For example, the government must disclose exculpatory evidence to the defense; must disclose matters affecting the credibility of prosecution witnesses, such as an agreement to dismiss the witness's own charges in exchange for their testimony; must not destroy potentially useful evidence in bad faith; and must not use false testimony to secure a conviction. Failure to follow these rules may result in a finding of prosecutorial misconduct, although a 2013 investigation found that actual discipline for prosecutorial misconduct was lacking.

Prosecutors are also tasked with seeking justice in their prosecutions. "The United States Attorney," explained the U.S. Supreme Court, is the representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of a sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as its obligation to govern at all, and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done. As such, he is in a peculiar and very definite sense the servant of the law, the two-fold aim of which is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suffer. He may prosecute with earnestness and vigor—indeed, he should do so. But, while he may strike hard blows, he is not at liberty to strike foul ones. It is as much his duty to refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use every legitimate means to bring about a just one.

Prosecutors in some jurisdictions have the discretion to not pursue criminal charges, even when there is probable cause, if they determine that there is no reasonable likelihood of conviction. Prosecutors may dismiss charges in this situation by seeking a voluntary dismissal or nolle prosequi.

In Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the Commonwealth.  In California, Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, and New York, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the People.  In the remaining states, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the State.

Civil law jurisdictions
Prosecutors are typically civil servants who possess a university degree in law and additional training in the administration of justice. In some countries, such as France and Italy, they are classed as judges.

Belgium
In Belgium, the Senior Crown prosecutor (Procureur du Roi/Procureur des Konings in trial courts and Procureur Général/Procureur-Generaal in appellate courts) is supported by subordinate Crown prosecutors (substituts/substituten). They open preliminary investigations and can hold a suspect in custody for up to 48 hours. When necessary, a Crown prosecutor will request an examining judge (juge d'instruction/onderzoeksrechter) be appointed to lead a judicial inquest. With a judge investigating, Crown prosecutors do not conduct the interrogatories, but simply lay out the scope of the crimes which the judge and law enforcement forces investigate (la saisine). Like defense counsel, Crown prosecutors can request or suggest further investigation be carried out.
The Crown prosecutor is in charge of policy decisions and may prioritize cases and procedures as need be.

During a criminal trial, prosecutors must introduce and explain the case to the trier of fact, i.e., judges or jury. They generally suggest a reasonable sentence which the court is not obligated to follow; the court may decide on a tougher or softer sentence.

Crown prosecutors also have a number of administrative duties.  They may advise the court during civil actions.

Under Belgian law, judges and prosecutors are judicial officers with equal rank and pay.

The Minister of Justice can order a criminal investigation but cannot prevent one (droit d'injonction positive/positief injunctierecht).

Brazil

In Brazil, the public prosecutors form a body of autonomous civil servants—the Public Ministry (Ministério Público)—working both at the federal and state level.

Members of the Federal Prosecution Service are divided in three ranks, according to the jurisdiction of the courts before which they officiate.
Federal Prosecutors (Procuradores da República) officiate before single judges and lower courts, Federal Circuit Prosecutors (procuradores regionais da República) before federal appellate courts, and Associate Federal Prosecutors General (subprocuradores gerais da República) before superior federal courts. The Prosecutor General of the Republic (Procurador Geral da República) heads the federal body, and tries cases before the Brazilian Supreme Court.

At the state level, the career is usually divided in state prosecutors (promotores de Justiça) who practice before the lower courts and state apellate prosecutors (procuradores de Justiça) who practice before the state courts of appeals. There are also military prosecutors whose career, although linked to the federal prosecutors, is divided in a manner similar to state prosecutors.

In Brazil the prosecutors' main job is to promote justice, as such they have the duty of not only trying criminal cases, but, if during the trial, they become convinced of a defendant's innocence,  requesting the judge to acquit him. The prosecutor's office has always the last word on whether criminal offenses will or will not be charged, with the exception of those rare cases in which Brazilian law allows for private prosecution. In such cases, the prosecutor will officiate as custos legis, being responsible to ensure that justice is indeed carried out.

Although empowered by law to do so, prosecutors conduct criminal investigations only in major cases, usually involving police or public officials' wrongdoings. Also, they are in charge of external control over police activity and requesting the initiation of a police investigation.

The power of individual prosecutors to hold criminal investigations was controversial and, although massively supported by judges, prosecutors and the general population, it was contested before the Supremo Tribunal Federal, but in 2015, this Court decided favorably to its power (RGE n. 593.727-MG).

According to a 2012 law, the chief of police (delegado de polícia), as the police authority, is responsible for conducting the criminal investigation in Brazil by means of a police investigation (inquérito policial) or other procedure provided by law that has the purpose of ascertaining the circumstances, materiality, and authorship of criminal offenses. Similar provisions are found in the Code of Criminal Procedure and in article 144 of the federal constitution.

Beside their criminal duties, Brazilian prosecutors are among those authorized by the Brazilian constitution to bring action against private individuals, commercial enterprises, and the federal, state and municipal governments, in the defense of minorities, the environment, consumers, and the civil society in general.

France

In France, the Office of the Prosecutor includes a Chief Prosecutor (Procureur de la République in trial courts and procureur général in appellate courts or the Supreme Court) and his deputies and assistants (avocats généraux and substituts). The Chief Prosecutor generally initiates preliminary investigations and, if necessary, asks that an examining judge (juge d'instruction) be assigned to lead a formal judicial investigation. When an investigation is led by a judge, the prosecutor plays a supervisory role, defining the scope of the crimes being examined by the judge and law enforcement forces. Like defense counsel, the chief prosecutor may petition or move for further investigation. During criminal proceedings, prosecutors are responsible for presenting the case at trial to either the bench or the jury. Prosecutors generally suggest advisory sentencing guidelines, but the sentence remains at the court's discretion to decide, to increase or reduce as it sees fit. In addition, prosecutors have several administrative duties.

Prosecutors are considered magistrates under French law, as in most civil law countries. While the defense and the plaintiff are both represented by common lawyers, who sit (on chairs) on the courtroom floor, the prosecutor sits on a platform as the judge does, although he doesn't participate in deliberation. Judges and prosecutors are trained at the same school, and regard one other as colleagues.

Germany
In Germany, the Staatsanwalt ("state attorney") is a life-tenured public official in the senior judicial service belonging to the same corps as judges. The Staatsanwalt heads pre-trial criminal investigations, decides whether to press a charge or drop it, and represents the government in criminal courts. The Staatsanwalt not only has the "professional responsibility" not to withhold exculpatory information, but is also required by law to actively determine such circumstances and to make them available to the defendant or the defense attorney. If the Staatsanwalt is not convinced of the defendant's guilt, the state attorney is required to plead against or in favor of the defendant according to the prosecutor's own assessment. Prosecution is compulsory if the prosecutor has sufficient evidence to convict.

Italy
In Italy, a Prosecutor's Office is composed of a Chief Prosecutor (procuratore capo) assisted by deputies (procuratori aggiunti) and assistants (sostituti procuratori). Prosecutors in Italy are judicial officers just like judges and are ceremonially referred to as Pubblico Ministero ("Public Ministry" or P.M.).

Italian Prosecutors officiate as custos legis, being responsible to ensure that justice is indeed carried out. They are obligated under the Constitution to initiate preliminary investigations once they are informed or take personal notice of a criminal act—notitia criminis—or receive a bill of complaint. They can direct investigations or conduct them through orders and directives given to (judicial) police detectives, who can make their own parallel investigations in coordination with the Prosecutor. If enough evidence has been gathered in order to proceed, the prosecution is compulsory and it must move from preliminary investigations to initiate trial proceedings. At trial, the prosecuting attorney has to handle the prosecution but has an overarching duty to promote justice. In practice, this duty means that prosecutors are prohibited from withholding exculpatory evidence and must request that the judge acquit the defendant if, during the trial, the prosecutor becomes convinced of the defendant's innocence, or agrees that there is no evidence that proves his guilt beyond any reasonable doubt.

In appellate courts, the Office of the Prosecutor is called Procura Generale and the Chief Prosecutor the Procuratore Generale (PG). The Procuratore Generale presso la Corte di Cassazione is the Chief General Prosecutor before the Corte di Cassazione, the Supreme Court of Italy.

Prosecutors are allowed during their career to act in the other's stead, but a recent ruling by the Italian Constitutional Court stated that prosecutors, who wish to become judges, must relocate to another region and are prohibited to sit or hear trials that they themselves initiated.

Japan

In Japan,  are professional officials who have considerable powers of investigation, prosecution, superintendence of criminal execution and so on. Prosecutors can direct police for investigation purposes, and sometimes investigate directly. Only prosecutors can prosecute criminals in principle, and prosecutors can decide whether to prosecute or not. High-ranking officials of the Ministry of Justice are largely prosecutors.

Poland
The highest-ranking prosecutor office of the Prokuratura in Poland is the Prokurator Generalny (General Prosecutor)—chief of the Prokuratura Krajowa (National Public Prosecutor's Office). The GP has 5 deputies. Structure of Public Prosecution in Poland is 4-level:
Prokuratura Krajowa — National Public Prosecutor's Office --> prokuratury regionalne — provincial public prosecutor's offices (11) --> prokuratury okręgowe — regional public prosecutor's offices (45) --> prokuratury rejonowe — district public prosecutor's offices (358).
Apart from a brief period between 2010 and 2016, the position of Public Prosecutor General has been held concurrently by the Minister of Justice.

South Korea
Prosecutors are public officials who are members of the Prosecutor's Office.

Prosecutors can conduct crime investigations directly or indirectly. They are responsible for the entire process of investigations and court prosecutions. Since Korean modern law was designed after civil law, the role of Korean prosecutors is similar or identical to that of European equivalents in commanding investigations, determining indictable cases and prosecuting process. A prosecutor has the power to prohibit a defendant or an accused individual from departing the Republic of Korea via an  "international hold".

Sweden
In Sweden, public prosecutors are lawyers who work out of the Swedish Prosecution Authority () and direct police investigations of serious crimes. For all criminal cases, public prosecutors decide arrests and charges on behalf of the public and are the only public officers who can make such decisions.  Plaintiffs also have the option of hiring their own special prosecutor (enskilt åtal). The exception is cases concerning crimes against the freedom of the press for which the Chancellor of Justice acts as the prosecuting attorney. In court, the prosecutor is not necessarily in an adversarial relationship to the defendant, but is under an obligation to investigate and present information that may incriminate or exhonerate the defendant. The prosecutor is not a judicial officer, nor do they participate in the private deliberations of the court.

Public prosecutors are the only public officers who can decide to appeal cases to appellate courts. Otherwise, appeals are initiated by defense counsel, the plaintiff, their representatives, and other parties to the case (målsäganden). When a case has been decided by an appellate court, the right to appeal to the Supreme Court passes from the case's prosecutor to the Prosecutor-General ().

Socialist law jurisdictions

A Public Procurator is an office used in Socialist judicial systems which, in some ways, corresponds to that of a public prosecutor in other legal systems, but with more far-reaching responsibilities, such as handling investigations otherwise performed by branches of the police. Conversely, the policing systems in socialist countries, such as the Militsiya of the Soviet Union, were not aimed at fulfilling the same roles as police forces in Democratic countries.

People's Republic of China

A Public Procurator is a position in the People's Republic of China, analogous to both detective and public prosecutor. Legally, they are bound by Public Procurators' Law of the People's Republic of China. According to Article 6, the functions and duties of public procurators are as follows:

Supervise the enforcement of laws according to law.
Public prosecution on behalf of the State.
Investigate criminal cases directly accepted by the People's Procuratorates as provided by law.
Other functions and duties as provided by law.

Vietnam

The Supreme People's Procuracy is the highest office of public procurators in Vietnam.

Institutional independence

In many countries, the prosecutor's administration is directly subordinate to the executive branch (e.g., the US Attorney General is a member of the President's cabinet). In some other countries, such as Italy or Brazil, the prosecutors are judicial civil servants, so they have the same liberties and independence that judges traditionally enjoy.

In other countries, a form of private prosecution is available, meaning persons or private entities can directly petition the courts to hold trial against someone they feel is guilty of a crime, should the prosecutor refuse to indict.

Private prosecution

In the early history of England, victims of a crime and their family had the right to hire a private attorney to prosecute criminal charges against the person alleged to have injured the victim. In the 18th century, prosecution of almost all criminal offences in England was private, usually by the victim. In Colonial America, because of Dutch (and possibly French) practice and the expansion of the office of attorney general, public officials came to dominate the prosecution of crimes. However, privately funded prosecutors constituted a significant element of the state criminal justice system throughout the nineteenth century. The use of a private prosecutor was incorporated into the common law of Virginia, but is no longer permitted there. Private prosecutors were also used in North Carolina as late as 1975. Private prosecution has been used in Nigeria, but the practice is being phased out.

Bruce L. Benson's To Serve and Protect lauds the role of private prosecutors, often employed by prosecution associations, in serving the needs of crime victims in England. Libertarian theory holds that public prosecutors should not exist, but that crimes should instead be treated as civil torts. Murray Rothbard writes, "In a libertarian world, there would be no crimes against an ill-defined 'society,' and therefore no such person as a 'district attorney' who decides on a charge and then presses those charges against an alleged criminal."

See also
 Public procurator
 Public prosecutor's office
 Magistrats Européens pour la Démocratie et les Libertés (European Association of Judges and Public Prosecutors).

References

Bibliography
 Gad Barzilai. The Attorney General and the State Prosecutor: Is Institutional Separation Warranted? (Jerusalem: The Israel Democracy Institute, 2010). The Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel 2012 (English)
 Hugo Nigro Mazzilli. Regime Juridico do Ministério Público, 5ª edição, São Paulo: Saraiva, 2001.
 Raoul Muhm, Gian Carlo Caselli (Hrsg.), Die Rolle des Staatsanwaltes Erfahrungen in Europa–Il ruolo del Pubblico Ministero Esperienze in Europa–Le role du Magistrat du Parquet Expériences en Europe–The role of the Public Prosecutor Experiences in Europe, Vecchiarelli Editore Manziana (Roma) 2005
 Raoul Muhm, "The role of the Public Prosecutor in Germany" in The Irish Jurist, Volume XXXVIII, New Series 2003, The Law Faculty, University College, Dublin LARCHIVIO - Finance Journal
 Erick Maurel, Paroles de procureur (Paris: Gallimard, 2008),

External links

 Prosecutor.info indexes almost 2,900 prosecutor web sites throughout the US and other countries.
 ProsecutorTips.com Free trial advocacy tips for prosecutors and trial
 Burnley Law Firm Summaries of Recent U.S. Criminal Law Decisions
 CCPE Consultative Council of European Prosecutors
 L'Archivio  "diritto – history"
 IAP International Association of Prosecutors
 Private Prosecution in UK Edmonds Marshall McMahon Leading Private Prosecutors

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Prosecutor


Le Mariage de Balzaminov (, Jenitba Balzaminova) est un film soviétique réalisé par Konstantin Voïnov, sorti en 1964.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Женитьба Бальзаминова
 Titre français : Le Mariage de Balzaminov
 Réalisation : Konstantin Voïnov
 Scénario : Konstantin Voïnov d'après les pièces de théâtre Prazdnichny son do obeda, Za chem poydyosh, to i naidyosh et Dve sobaki derutsya, tretya - ne pristavai d'Alexandre Ostrovski
 Photographie : Gueorgui Kouprianov
 Musique : Boris Tchaïkovski
 Pays d'origine : URSS
 Format : Couleurs - 35 mm - Mono
 Genre : comédie
 Durée : 85 minutes
 Date de sortie : 1964

Distribution
 Gueorgui Vitsine : Balzaminov
 Lioudmila Chagalova : Pavla Balzaminova
 Lidia Smirnova : Akoulina Krasavina
 Ekaterina Savinova : Matriona
 Janna Prokhorenko : Kapotchka Nitchkina
 Lioudmila Gourtchenko : Oustinka
 Tamara Nosova : Nitchkina
 Nikolaï Krioutchkov : Neouiedenov
 Rolan Bykov : Loukian Tchebakov
 Inna Makarova : Anfisa Pejionova
 Nadejda Roumiantseva : Raisa Pejionova
 Tatiana Konioukhova : Khimka
 Nonna Mordioukova : Domna Belotelova

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film soviétique sorti en 1964
Comédie soviétique
Film tourné dans l'oblast de Vladimir
Adaptation d'une pièce de théâtre russe au cinéma
Film tiré d'une œuvre de Alexandre Ostrovski
Film tourné à Souzdal

Le Mariage de Balzaminov


Harold Cromer (* 22. Januar 1921 in New York; † 8. Juni 2013) war ein amerikanischer Stepptänzer und Choreograph, auch bekannt als "Stumpy" aus dem Comic-Stepptanz-Duo "Stump und Stumpy".

Leben
Harold Cromer hatte keine formale Ausbildung, sondern lernte seine Bühnenfertigkeiten autodidaktisch. Er arbeitete an der Seite von Ethel Merman, Bert Lahr und Betty Grable in dem Broadway-Hit Du Barry was a Lady. Nach seiner Tätigkeit am Broadway zog es Cromer zu den Vaudeville Bühnen, wo er seine Stepptanzfähigkeiten erarbeitete und erweiterte; das brachte ihm eine Rolle im Ronald-Reagan-Musical This is the Army ein. Er wurde bekannt für seine Auftritte in Moke und Poke und Stump und Stumpy. Cromer trat in The Greatest Show of Stars auf, wo er mit Chubby Checker, Fats Domino, Duane Eddy, Frankie Avalon sowie anderen Persönlichkeiten gearbeitet hat. Er kehrte im Jahr 1978 mit der Show The American Dance Machine zurück an den Broadway. Mit dieser Show absolvierte Harold auch eine erfolgreiche internationale Tournee.

Weblinks

 dctapfestival.com Abgerufen am 17. März 2012

Einzelnachweise

Musicaldarsteller
Tänzer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Stepptänzer
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1921
Gestorben 2013
Mann

Harold Cromer


John Craufurd (vers 1725-1764) est un officier et homme politique de l'armée britannique qui siégea à la Chambre des communes entre 1761 et 1764.

Jeunesse
Craufurd était le septième fils de Patrick Craufurd de Drumsoy. Il rejoint l'armée comme enseigne dans le Somerset Light Infantry en 1738. Il devint capitaine en 1743, major en 1747 et lieutenant-colonel en 1749 sous les ordres du général Pulteney.

Carrière militaire
En 1759, Craufurd fut choisi pour être colonel du 85th Regiment of Foot levé par Lord Bath, pour Lord Pulteney le fils du général Pulteney. Il fut colonel du régiment de 1759 à 1763. En 1759, il entreprit une tournée de recrutement pour le régiment dans le nord de l'Angleterre. En partance pour York il la présente ainsi "je rencontrerai Lord Northumberland et quelques autres qui sont zélés pour servir le corps d'infanterie. De là, j'irai à Newcastle, où j'ai des amis, et apporterai avec moi des recommandations appropriées à Sir Walter Blackett, M. Ridley et d'autres ".

Il devient général de brigade en 1760 et participe à la prise de Belle-Île en mars 1761. De 1762 à 1763, il sert au Portugal. Il devient colonel du 3rd Foot en 1763.

Carrière parlementaire
Craufurd sembla utiliser sa tournée de recrutement dans le Nord en 1759 dans un autre but. Il poursuitvait ses ambitions parlementaires. John Calcraft, agent régimentaire du 85th Foot, écrivit à Craufurd en septembre : « J'approuve fortement votre plan de Newcastle ainsi que vos intentions de Berwick, et je pense qu'avec vous le secret est nécessaire là-bas à l'heure actuelle quant aux intentions électorales, même si je ferais tout Je pourrais m'y conformer et éviter la présente déclaration publique. » Plus tard, Craufurd, à l'invitation du maire, des bourgeois et d'une majorité d'hommes libres, sécurisa son ambition électorale à Berwick-upon-Tweed et fut élu. Il a été réélu sans opposition comme député de Berwick lors des élections générales de 1761. Ses responsabilités militaires et autres l'ont tenu à l'écart du Parlement, et il a été dit que "Craufurd n'a jamais parlé à la Chambre, bien qu'il ait souvent menacé de le faire". .

La vie plus tard
Craufurd devint également lieutenant-gouverneur de Berwick en avril 1764, apparemment « jusqu'à ce que Guise (le gouverneur) meure ». Il était un palliatif après la mort de John Barrington. Il devint également lieutenant-gouverneur de Minorque en juin 1764. Il mourut célibataire à Minorque le 2 août 1764.

Références

Décès en 1764

John Craufurd (général)


Hotimir Tivadar (Maribor, 12. srpnja, 1975.) slovenski je jezikoslovac i fonolog.

Životopis
U Lipovcima u Prekomurju je proveo svoju mladost. Osnovnu školu je pohađao u Beltincima, gimnaziju u Murskoj Soboti. 1993. godine unatoč položenom prijemnom ispitu na Pravnom fakultetu u Ljubljani je počeo studirati slovenski jezik na Filozofskome fakultetu.

Nakon četverogodišnjeg studija otišao je na jednosemestralni studij u Češku. Bio je na Odsjeku za češki jezik i književnost te Fonetskom institutu u Pragu, gdje je završio instrumentalni dio svoje disertacije. Nakon diplomiranja je bio stalni asistent za fonetiku na Odsjeku za slovenski književni jezik i stilistiku.

Danas živi u Ljubljani.

Znanstvena, jezikoslovna i fonološka djela
Tivadar je istraživač na području slovenskog jezika i jezikoslovlja. Njegovi znanstveni interesi uključuju fonetiku, govor, radijski govor i akustičnu fonetiku. Bavi se retorikom i govorništvom, pravopisom, pravopisom, reakreditacijom studijskih programa i analizom slovenskih pravopisnih tekstova. Aktivan je u pisanju znanstvenih i stručnih članaka.

Surađuje i Fonetskim institutom u Pragu U sklopu fonetskih istraživanja i fakultetom u Toruńu u Poljskoj, elektrotehničkim fakultetom u Ljubljani i Katedrom za fonetiku u Zagrebu. Osim fonetskog područja surađuje i Centrom za slovenski jezik kao drugi ili strani jezik i bavi se prekomurskim jezikom.

U godinama 1999., 2003., 2010. i 2013. sudjelovao je na Konferenciji o istraživanju govora u Zagrebu i na Međunarodnoj fonetskoj konferenciji Komisije za fonetiku i fonologiju u Pragu, Skoplju, Ljubljani i Toruńu. Član je Međunarodne komisije za fonetiku i fonologiju slavenskih jezika u Međunarodnom slavističkom odboru i Slavističkog društva Slovenije.

Vanjske poveznice
 red. prof. dr. Hotimir Tivadar - Filozofska fakulteta (egyetemi honlap)
 (INTERVJU) Hotimir Tivadar: "Slovenci imamo svoj jezik zelo radi" (vestnik.si)

Slovenski znanstvenici
Slovenski jezikoslovci
Prekomurci

Hotimir Tivadar


Johann Engelhorn ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Johann Christoph Engelhorn (1818–1897), deutscher Verleger
 Johann Conrad Engelhorn (1769–1827), deutscher Bierbrauer und Essigsieder

Johann Engelhorn


Muzej betinske drvene brodogradnje otvoren je 14. kolovoza 2015. s ciljem očuvanja i prenošenja znanja o tradicijskoj drvenoj brodogradnji. Priča o brodogradnji smještena je u kontekst vremena u kojem se razvila, temeljena na materijalnim povijesnim izvorima, te, u najvećoj mjeri, na kazivanjima brodograditelja i mještana Betine. Muzej betinske drvene brodogradnje spada u etnografske muzeje jer njeguje vrijedna saznanja o načinu života na otoku i opisuje mjesne običaje vezane uz brodogradnju, ali i u tehničke zbog svoje usredotočenosti na principe tradicijske drvene brodogradnje te očuvanja znanja o umijeću gradnje Betinska gajeta najprepoznatljivijeg tipa drvenog broda građenog u betinskim brodogradilištima.

Muzej njeguje i oživljava stara znanja i vještine, te potiče očuvanje i vrednovanje kulturne baštine otoka Murtera. Mjesna luka s privezanim drvenim brodovima – leutima, gajetama, kaićima svojevrstan je Muzej na otvorenom. Najveći broj uređenih drvenih brodova na Jadranu sa svojom tradicijskom armom (brodskom opremom) prezentacijski su dio Muzeja betinske drvene brodogradnje.

Stalni postav
Muzej se nalazi u srcu kulturno – povijesne cjeline mjesta Betina. Stalni postav prikazuje cjelovitu priču o brodogradnji i upotrebi broda u Betini od samih početaka brodogradnje u 18. stoljeću do danas. U stvaranju stalnog postava glavna narativna vodilja pri interpretaciji muzejskih predmeta i edukacijskih pomagala bila je put od apstraktnijeg ka konkretnom i od jednostavnijeg prema složenijem. Muzejski prostor raspoređen je u šest izložbenih soba na tri etaže u dva krila zgrade i središnju galeriju. U jugoistočnom dijelu zgrade prikazano je kako je izgledao svakodnevni život kad je u njemu bio neizostavno ukorporiran brod. Poljoprivreda, ribarstvo, odlazak na prekomorske posjede ili svadbeni običaji bili su neostvarivi bez broda. Sjeverozapadni dio zgrade posvećen je brodograditeljskim umijećima, gdje nalazimo alate za crtanje brodskih linija, izradu broda i održavanje.

Muzej na otvorenom
U neposrednoj blizini zgrade Muzeja nalazi se muzej na otvorenom - lučica u kojoj je pedesetak tradicijskih drvenih brodova. Tu se nalaze gajete, leuti, kaići i lađe. najreprezentativniji od njih nalaze se u prvom redu, opremljeni u potpunosti tradicijskim jedriljem i opremom. Zimi su na stalnom vezu u lučici, a za ljetnih mjeseci sudjeluju u brojnim regatama na latinsko jedro i veslačkim regatama.

Betinski muzej na otvorenom sadrži najveći broj drvenih malih drvenim brodova brodova na jednom mjestu.

Posebno istaknuto mjesto u mjesnoj lučici ima gajeta Cicibela, ponos betinske brodogradnje i uspješne rekonstrukcije, zaštićena kao prva gajeta na popisu pokretnih kulturnih dobara RH.

Izvori
Muzej betinske drvene brodogradnje

Vanjske poveznice

Tehnički muzeji u Hrvatskoj
Brodogradnja u Hrvatskoj
Murter

Muzej betinske drvene brodogradnje


Cercion sau Coercion (εξαναγκασμός, in greacă, original) a fost regele cetății Eleusis. Acesta stătea în fața porților de la intrarea în cetate și îi silea pe toți cei ce doreau să intre sau să iasă la o lupta corp la corp. Făgăduise că va da tronul cetații celui care îl va învinge dar, îi ucisese pe toți cei care încercaseră. Tezeu a reușit să îl înfrângă, l-a legat de un car și l-a târât în jurul cetății. Astfel, Tezeu a devenit rege în Eleusis. Însă, acesta a părăsit cetatea după un timp, continuându-și călătoria spre cetatea Atena, promițând însă că se va întoarce.

Bibliografie

 Annalisa Izzo (adaptare text), Alexandru Macovescu (traducere in limba română) - Tezeu și firul Ariadnei, Editura Adevărul Holding, București, 2011

Vezi și

 Lista personajelor mitologice elene
 Listă de ființe fabuloase în mitologia greacă
 Mitologie greacă
 Tezeu

Mitologia greacă

Cercion


Brigitte Keppler (* 17. März 1919 in Berlin) ist eine deutsche Schauspielerin.

Leben
Keppler ist die Tochter des Schauspielers Ernst Keppler, der zunächst am Preußischen Staatstheater in Berlin engagiert war, nach der Machtergreifung Hitlers aber ins RMVP wechselte und Kulturfunktionär in der Theaterabteilung wurde.

Sie erlernte ihren Beruf an der Schauspielanstalt für Bühnennachwuchs von Lilly Ackermann in Berlin. Gefördert wurde sie vom Reichsdramaturgen Rainer Schlösser. 1940 gab sie als "Hermione" in einer Inszenierung von Hans Jüngsts Achill unter den Weibern am Theater Kiel ihr Bühnendebüt. Dort erhielt sie bis 1942 ebenfalls ihr erstes Engagement. Es folgten Bühnenstationen von 1942 bis 1944 am Deutschen Theater Lilli, von 1945 bis 1949 am Deutschen Nationaltheater in Weimar, von 1949 bis 1955 am Deutschen Theater Berlin sowie am Stadttheater Basel.

Bereits früh spielte sie im Fach der Charakterspielerin. Keppler verkörperte die "Natalie" in Heinrich von Kleists Prinz von Homburg 1941 in Kiel, die "Klara" in Friedrich Hebbels Maria Magdalene 1945 in Weimar, die Titelrolle in Gerhart Hauptmanns Rose Bernd 1946 in Weimar, die "Hanne Schäl" in Hauptmanns Fuhrmann Henschel 1948 in Weimar, die "Pauline Piperkarcka" in Hauptmanns Ratten 1948 in Weimar, die "Marie" in Shakespeares Was ihr wollt 1950/51 am DT Berlin und die Hexe in Goethes Faust 1955 am DT Berlin.

Daneben trat sie vereinzelt in Filmproduktionen auf, so beispielsweise in Slatan Dudows Drama Stärker als die Nacht. Für die DEFA wirkte sie auch als Synchronsprecherin bei verschiedenen Produktionen in Berlin mit.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1954: Stärker als die Nacht

Theater
 1950: Nikolai Gogol: Der Revisor – Regie: Wolfgang Langhoff (Deutsches Theater Berlin)
 1951: Alfred Kantorowicz: Die Verbündeten – Regie: Wolfgang Heinz (Deutsches Theater Berlin – Kammerspiele)
 1951: Juri Burjakowski: Julius Fucik – Regie: Wolfgang Langhoff (Deutsches Theater Berlin)

Literatur
 Herbert A. Frenzel, Hans Joachim Moser (Hrsg.): Kürschners biographisches Theater-Handbuch. Schauspiel, Oper, Film, Rundfunk. Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz. De Gruyter, Berlin 1956, , S. 349.

Weblinks

Anmerkungen

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Deutscher
Geboren 1919
Frau

Brigitte Keppler


Agostino Ricci ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Agostino Ricci (Astronom) (Augustinus Riccius), italienischer Astronom
 Agostino Ricci (Schriftsteller) (Augustinus Riccius; 1512–1564), italienischer Schriftsteller
 Agostino Ricci (General) (1832–1896), italienischer General

Agostino Ricci


STS-28 was the 30th NASA Space Shuttle mission, the fourth shuttle mission dedicated to United States Department of Defense (DoD) purposes, and the eighth flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. The mission launched on August 8, 1989, and traveled  during 81 orbits of the Earth, before landing on runway 17 of Edwards Air Force Base, California, on August 13, 1989. STS-28 was also Columbias first flight since January 1986, when it had flown STS-61-C, the mission directly preceding the Challenger disaster of STS-51-L. The mission details of STS-28 are classified, but the payload is widely believed to have been the first SDS-2 relay communications satellite. The altitude of the mission was between  and .

The mission was officially designated STS-28R as the original STS-28 designator belonged to STS-51-J, the 21st Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation for that mission contained the designator STS-28 throughout. As STS-51-L was designated STS-33, future flights with the STS-26 through STS-33 designators would require the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.

Crew

Crew seating arrangements

Mission summary

Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102) lifted off from Pad 39B, Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 8, 1989. The launch took place at 8:37:00 a.m. EDT.

During STS-28, Columbia deployed two satellites: USA-40 and USA-41. Early reports speculated that STS-28's primary payload was an Advanced KH-11 photo-reconnaissance satellite. Later reports, and amateur satellite observations, suggest that USA-40 was instead a second-generation Satellite Data System (SDS) relay, similar to those likely launched on STS-38 and STS-53. These satellites had the same bus design as the LEASAT satellites deployed on other shuttle missions, and were likely deployed in the same fashion.

The mission marked the first flight of a  human skull, which served as the primary element of "Detailed Secondary Objective 469", also known as the In-flight Radiation Dose Distribution (IDRD) experiment. This joint NASA/DoD experiment was designed to examine the penetration of radiation into the human cranium during spaceflight. The female skull was seated in a plastic matrix, representative of tissue, and sliced into ten layers. Hundreds of thermoluminescent dosimeters were mounted in the skull's layers to record radiation levels at multiple depths. This experiment, which also flew on STS-36 and STS-31, was located in the shuttle's mid-deck lockers on all three flights, recording radiation levels at different orbital inclinations.

During the flight, the crew shut down a thruster in the reaction control system (RCS) after receiving indications of a leak. An RCS heater also malfunctioned during the flight. Post-flight analysis of STS-28 discovered unusual heating of the thermal protection system (TPS) during re-entry, caused by an early transition to turbulent plasma flow around the vehicle. A detailed report identified protruding gap filler as the likely cause. This filler material was the same material that was removed during a spacewalk during STS-114, the Space Shuttle's post-Columbia disaster Return to Flight mission, in 2005.

The Shuttle Lee-side Temperature Sensing (SILTS) infrared camera package made its second flight aboard Columbia on this mission. The cylindrical pod and surrounding black tiles on the orbiter's vertical stabilizer housed an imaging system, designed to map thermodynamic conditions during reentry, on the surfaces visible from the top of the tail fin. Ironically, the camera faced the port wing of Columbia, which was breached by superheated plasma on its disastrous final flight, destroying the wing and, later, the orbiter. The SILTS system was used for only six missions before being deactivated, but the pod remained for the duration of Columbias career. Columbia's thermal protection system was also upgraded to a similar configuration as Discovery and Atlantis in between the loss of Challenger and STS-28, with many of the white LRSI tiles replaced with felt insulation blankets in order to reduce weight and turnaround time. One other minor modification that debuted on STS-28 was the move of Columbia's name from its payload bay doors to the fuselage, allowing the orbiter to be easily recognized while in orbit.

Columbia landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 9:37:08 a.m. EDT on August 13, 1989, after a mission lasting 5 days, 1 hour, 0 minutes, and 8 seconds. Because of a software glitch with the weight-on-wheels sensors installed on the landing gear, the crew was instructed to touch down on the runway as softly as possible. This instruction resulted in a touchdown airspeed of 154 knots, the slowest of the entire Shuttle program by a wide margin and barely above the Orbiter's stall speed

Gallery

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions

References

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-28 Video Highlights

Space Shuttle missions
Edwards Air Force Base
Spacecraft which reentered in 1989
Spacecraft launched in 1989
Department of Defense Space Shuttle missions
August 1989 events

STS-28


Der Egehøj () nordwestlich von Hemmed, östlich von Bonnerup in Norddjursland, in Jütland ist einer der wenigen rekonstruierten großen Grabhügel in Dänemark. Seine Rekonstruktion basiert auf der Ausgrabung von 1969–1972, die zeigte, dass der Hügel drei Bauphasen durchlief. Die Rekonstruktion bildet den letzten Bauabschnitt des Hügels in der Bronzezeit um etwa 1200 v. Chr. ab.

Phase 1
Der aus Rasenplaggen errichtete Hügel hat über 15 m Durchmesser und wurde von einer etwa einen Meter hohen Steineinfassung umgeben. Er enthielt einen für die Bronzezeit typischen Eichensarg, der eine Frau und als Grabbeigaben einen Dolch und eine Bronzenadel, sowie zwei Spiralgoldringe enthielt.

Phase 2
Etwa 1.000 v. Chr., während der zweiten Hügelbauphase erweiterte man den Hügel mit einer einen Meter dicken Torfschicht und fasste in wiederum mit großen Steinen ein. Diese Hügelphase wird durch den inneren der rekonstruierten Steinkreis markiert. An der südöstlichen Hügelseite – außerhalb der ursprünglichen Hügeleinfassung – wurde die die Erweiterung auslösende, etwa vier Meter lange Steinkiste entdeckt, die Leichenbrand enthielt.

Ansonsten blieb die Bestattungssitte beim Wechsel von der Körper- (die die Baumsargbestattung repräsentiert), zur Feuerbestattung gleich. In der Steinkiste lagen drei Doppelknöpfe aus Bronze, drei herzförmige Pfeilspitzen aus Feuerstein und mit Messingdraht umwickelte Lederstreifen, die die Pfeilspitze mit dem Pfeilschaft verbanden sowie zwei Bronzespiralen als Grabbeigaben. Die Steinkistenbestattung, die es bereits im Neolithikum gab, ist eine bronzezeitliche Übergangsform zwischen der Körperbestattung und den späteren Urnenbestattungen.

Phase 3
Der Hügel wurde (etwa 700 v. Chr.) mit einer dünnen Erdschicht bedeckt und mit einer neuen Einfassung (der äußere Steinkreis) versehen. Aus dieser Phase existieren sechs Urnengräber. Mit dem Leichenbrand wurden Bernsteinklumpen, ein Doppelknopf und verschiedene dünne Bronzeplatten gefunden.

Der Egehøj wurde 500 Jahre lang als Grabhügel verwendet. Er zeigt wie komplex die Struktur eines Hügels aus der Bronzezeit sein kann.

Die Siedlung
Südöstlich des Hügels wurden auf einer etwa 20 ha großen Fläche, von der 1.225 m² ausgegraben wurden, Siedlungsspuren gefunden. In der einer Grube konnten die Spuren von drei rechteckigen Häusern zwischen 18 und 21 m Länge und etwa sechs Meter Breite identifiziert werden. Eines der Häuser vom Egehøj wurde im Freilichtmuseum Hjerl Hede rekonstruiert. Die Haustypen, die Töpferware und die Feuersteinartefakte datierten die Häuser an den Beginn der Bronzezeit um 1700 v. Chr.

In 1980er Jahre ist die Siedlung am Egehøj erneut durch umfangreiche Ausgrabungen untersucht worden. Hier wurde eine der am besten erhaltenen Siedlungen aus der späten Jungsteinzeit und der frühen Bronzezeit freigelegt. Die Funde vom Egehøj sind im Djurslands Museum in Grenaa ausgestellt.

Literatur
 Nils Axel Boas: Bronze Age Houses at Hemmed Church, East Jutland. In: Journal of Danish Archaeology, Volume 8, Issue 1, 1989
 Kaare Lund Rasmussen: Radiocarbon Dates from Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlements at Hemmed, Højgård and Trappendal, Jutland, Denmark. In: Journal of Danish Archaeology, Volume 10, Issue 1, 1991

Weblinks
 Beschreibung dän. und Bilder
 Beschreibung dän. und Bilder

Archäologischer Fundplatz in Dänemark
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Europa
Hügelgrab
Archäologischer Fundplatz (Bronzezeit)
Bauwerk in Norddjurs Kommune
Grabbau in Dänemark
Geographie (Norddjurs Kommune)
Grabbau in Europa

Egehøj


باب حطة من أقدم أبواب المسجد الأقصى المبارك, يقع على سوره الشمالي بين بابي الأسباط وفيصل، جدد في الفترة الأيوبية زمن السلطان الملك المعظم شرف الدين عيسى عام 617هـ -1220م، ولا يعرف أول من بناه، وإن كان بعض العلماء قد قال إنه كان موجوداً قبل دخول بني إسرائيل إلى الأرض المقدسة، للآية الكريمة (وادخلوا الباب سجداً وقولوا حطة)، غير أنه لا يوجد دليل على أنه الباب المذكور في الآية.

هذا الباب بسيط البناء، محكم الصنعة، مدخله مستطيل، وتعلوه مجموعة من العلاقات الحجرية، كانت فيما مضى تستخدم لتعليق القناديل

انظر أيضا
 مقبرة باب الرحمة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 دليل المسجد الأقصى المبارك المصور

آثار فلسطين
أحياء القدس
أسوار وأبواب مدن
غجرية في فلسطين
غجرية في إسرائيل
قرى القدس
أسوار
نوار (غجر)

باب حطة


Pinky and The Brain er en amerikansk tegnefilmsserie, produceret af Steven Spielberg og Warner Brothers mellem 1995 til 1998. Serien omhandler de to laboratoriemus Pinky og Brain, som er blevet gensplejset af forskere i ACME's laboratorium. Det eneste de to mus laver er at prøve at erobre verdensherredømmet. Serien er en spinn-off af Animaniacs en tegneserie af samme producere. I løbet af serien kommer der efterligninger af andre film og filmkarakterer som er blevet tegnet, så som Forrest Gump og Gaddafi og Gomer Pyle Og mange flere kendte og kendte film karakterer.

Karakter
Pinky en høj hvid, mager, venlig men også snot dum mus, som sommetider er med til at Brains planer går i vasken. Pinky har blå øjne og store fortænder. Hans mest kendte "Ord/Lyd" er "Narf, Zort, Troz, Egant og Point" Hvilket ikke har nogen særlig betydning. Trods hans manglende kloghed så er Pinky en stor hjælp til Brain, og er faktisk evnefuld mht. overlevelse. På dansk lægger Torben Sekov stemme til Pinky.

Brain Er den kloge lille hvide mus med et stort hoved (Også bogstaveligt) Han er kun optaget i en ting, at erobre verdensherredømmet, og er faktisk ikke så klog igen. De fleste planer går i vasken da det jo er Brain der planlægger planerne. Siden Brain er så klog, kan han nemt slippe uden om ting med videnskabens hjælp, dog i et afsnit bliver han smidt i junglen af nogle (Green Peace) folk, og faktisk bliver han mere og mere bange. Brain har en fjende ved navn Snebold, som engang, var hans bedste ven. På dansk lægger Lars Thiesgaard stemme til Brain.

Snebold Er et brunt hamster, som er næsten lige så klog som Brain, engang var han bedste venner med Brain, men efter flere forsøg udført af forskere, gik der noget galt, de blev klogere og blev sindssyge på hver deres måde. Brain vil erobre verden, mens Snebold vil udrydde verdenen som hævn, og blev fjender da de to havde hver deres mål. Snebold optræder kun i 2 afsnit, hvor på den ene er der hvor Pinky og Brain bliver smidt i junglen og Snebold er jungle hersker i et begrænset område.

Danske Stemmer

 Torben Sekov – Brain
 Lars Thiesgaard – Pinky
 Henrik Koefoed
 Niels Weyde
 Pauline Rehné
 Peter Røschke

Eksterne henvisninger

Tegnefilm

Pinky and the Brain


منطقة السلمية منطقة سورية إدارية تتبع محافظة حماة ومركزها مدينة السلمية، وترتفع عن سطح البحر 475م واكتسبت أهميتها من الموقع الإستراتيجي وذلك لمجاورتها البادية وقربها من المعمورة، تحدث عنها ياقوت الحموي في كتابه معجم البلدان، وقد كانت المدينة مقرًا للدعوة الإسماعيلية. بلغ تعداد سكان المنطقة 186,337 نسمة حسب التعداد السكاني لعام 2004 وتعد واحدة من اكبر المناطق واهمهافي الجمهورية العربية السورية.

عنها
من أهم معالم منطقة السلمية الأثرية والتاريخية، مزار الخضر الذي يقع في الجهة الشمالية من المدينة وقد شيد فوق قمة جرداء وكان قديمًا عبارة عن دير للمسيحية وتحول إلى مسجد بعد الفتح الإسلامي، السور الذي شيده نور الدين الزنكي والذي أحاط بالمدينة، معبد زيوس المعروف اليوم باسم مقام الإمام إسماعيل، قلعة السلمية الذي يعود بناؤها إلى العهد اليوناني والروماني. ومن أشهر المثقفين الذين ينتمون إليها : الشاعر والأديب محمد الماغوط.

نواحي منطقة السلمية
ناحية مركز السلمية
ناحية بري الشرقي
ناحية السعن
ناحية صبورة
ناحية عقيربات

المراجع

منطقة السلمية

منطقة السلمية


Píla este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Žarnovica din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 139 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Píla este atestată documentar din 1534.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Píla, Žarnovica


Mellemnavn refererer til navne, som ikke en del af hverken fornavnet eller efternavnet. I Danmark, Norge og Sverige anvendes ofte navne der oprindeligt er efternavne, for eksempel ens mors pigenavn eller efternavnet på en anden nylig forfader (for eksempel en bedsteforælder).

Der er ikke noget krav til, at man skal have et mellemnavn, men mange har det, og det er sådan set muligt at have så mange mellemnavne, som man ønsker, selvom det dog ikke er særlig hyppigt forekommende, at folk antager mere end to mellemnavne. Såvel fornavne og mellemnavne adskiller sig derved fra efternavnet ved, at der ikke er nogen begrænsning for, hvor mange for- og mellemnavne, man kan have, mens man derimod kun kan have ét efternavn.

Før 1961 var der ikke nogen videre begrænsninger for, hvad man kunne antage som mellemnavne, hvorfor en del op gennem det 20. århundrede antog mellemnavne, som de ud fra en ren slægtsmæssig betragtning ikke havde noget forhold til, men juridisk blev mellemnavnet først fastslået som en del af navneloven af 17. maj 1961. En af de andre større ændringer i denne navnelov var at fastslå kvinders ret til eller mulighed for at bevare deres eget slægtsnavn efter indgåelse af ægteskab.

Med navneloven af 2005 blev der åbnet for, at ethvert egentligt mellemnavn, som man har adkomst til, tillige kan tages som efternavn, hvis man ønsker det, endvidere blev der i lovens §11. stk.1, nr. 4 givet mulighed for, at man kan tage et godkendt fornavn som mellemnavn. Et sådan mellemnavn taget efter §11. stk.1, nr. 4 kan dog ikke gives videre til andre familiemedlemmer, ligesom mellemnavnet heller ikke ved en senere lejlighed kan tages som efternavn.

Mellembogstav
Et mellembogstav er et forkortet mellemnavn. Hvis det fulde navn er for langt at vise på sundhedskort eller CPR-bevis, forkortes ekstra fornavne og mellemnavne til en bogstavforkortelse. Mellembogstaver er meget brugt i navne i USA, men også andre steder, uden at udbredelsen vist er nærmere undersøgt. Individuelt vælger nogle at forkorte det første navn, hvis det ikke er kaldenavnet; men forkortelsen kan så ikke kaldes et mellembogstav.

Referencer

Navne
Navneloven (Danmark) https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2019/767

Mellemnavn


Jayavarman VII, posthumous name of Mahaparamasaugata (, c. 1122–1218), was king of the Khmer Empire. He was the son of King Dharanindravarman II (r. 1150–1160) and Queen Sri Jayarajacudamani.
 He was the first king devoted to Buddhism, as only one prior Khmer king was a Buddhist. He then built the Bayon as a monument to Buddhism. Jayavarman VII is generally considered the most powerful of the Khmer monarchs by historians. His government built many projects including hospitals, highways, rest houses and temples. With Buddhism as his motivation, King Jayavarman VII is credited with introducing a welfare state that served the physical and spiritual needs of the  Khmer people.

Defeat of the Cham and coronation

In 1177 and again in 1178, the Cham invaded the Khmer Empire. In 1177, Champa King Jaya Indravarman IV launched a surprise attack on the Khmer capital by sailing a fleet up the Mekong River, across Lake Tonlé Sap, and then up the Siem Reap River, a tributary of the Tonle Sap.  The invaders pillaged the Khmer capital of Yasodharapura and put king Tribhuvanadityavarman to death. Also in 1178, when he was in his mid 50s,  Jayavarman came to historical prominence by leading a Khmer army that ousted the invaders, which included a naval battle depicted on the walls of the Bayon and Banteay Chmar.  Returning to the capital, he found it in disorder.  He put an end to the disputes between warring factions and in 1181 was crowned king himself.

Early in his reign, he probably repelled another Cham attack and quelled a rebellion of the vassal Kingdom of Malyang (Battambang).  He was greatly helped by the military skill of refugee Prince Sri Vidyanandana, who also played a part in the subsequent sacking and conquest of Champa (1190–1191).
His conquest of Champa made it a dependency of the Khmer Empire for thirty years. Jayavarman expanded Khmer control of the Mekong Valley northward to Vientiane and to the south, down the Kra Isthmus.

Public works and monuments

Over the 37 years of his reign, Jayavarman embarked on a grand program of construction that included both public works and monuments.  As a Mahayana Buddhist, his declared aim was to alleviate the suffering of his people.  One inscription tells us, "He suffered from the warts of his subjects more than from his own; the pain that affected men's bodies was for him a spiritual pain, and thus more piercing." This declaration must be read in light of the undeniable fact that the numerous monuments erected by Jayavarman must have required the labor of thousands of workers, and that Jayavarman's reign was marked by the centralization of the state and the herding of people into ever greater population centers.

Historians have identified many facets in Jayavarman's intensive building program.  In one phase, he focused on useful constructions, such as his famous 102 hospitals, rest houses along the roads, and reservoirs. Thereafter, he built a pair of temples in honor of his parents: Ta Prohm in honor of his mother and Preah Khan in honor of his father.

Finally, he constructed his own "temple-mountain" at Bayon and developed the city of Angkor Thom around it.  He also built Neak Pean ("Coiled Serpent"), one of the smallest but most beautiful temples in the Angkor complex, a fountain with four surrounding ponds set on an island in that artificial lake.

The Prah Khan inscription states that the King erected Buddha stone images, the Jayabuddhamahanatha, in twenty-three towns in different parts of his empire. Among those towns were Lavodayapura (modern Lopburi), Svarnapura, Sambukapattana, Srijayarajapuri (modern Ratchaburi), Srijayasimhapuri (modern Kanchanaburi) and Srijayavajrapuri (modern Phetburi), believed to have been situated more.

Ta Prohm
In 1186, Jayavarman dedicated Ta Prohm ("Ancestor Brahma") to his mother.  An inscription indicates that this massive temple at one time had 80,000 people assigned to its upkeep, including 18 high priests and 615 female dancers.

Angkor Thom and Bayon
Angkor Thom ("Grand Angkor" or "Angkor of Dham(ma)") was a new city centre, called in its day Indrapattha.  At the centre of the new city stands one of his most massive achievements—the temple now called the Bayon, a multi-faceted, multi-towered temple that mixes Buddhist and Hindu iconography. Its outer walls have startling bas reliefs not only of warfare but the everyday life of the Khmer army and its followers.  These reliefs show camp followers on the move with animals and oxcarts, hunters, women cooking, female traders selling to Chinese merchants, and celebrations of common foot soldiers.  The reliefs also depict a naval battle on the great lake, the Tonle Sap.

Popular icon
Jayavarman VII's bust has been a favorite of khmer households and a masterpiece of the National Museum for many years. The recent discovery of portions of the rest of his statue confirmed speculations about his spiritual aura as a sovereign.

Chronology

King Suryavarman (Sun Shield) II, builder of the great Angkor Wat, died in 1150.  He was succeeded by Dharanindravarman II, who ruled until 1160. Due to the absence of Jayavarman VII, Yashovarman II succeeded the throne, who was himself overthrown by Tribhuvanadityavarman (Protegee of the Sun of three worlds), assumed to be an usurper.  In 1177, the Chams, led by Jaya Indravarman IV, invaded and Angkor was sacked. Nonetheless, this date, not to mention the event itself, has been questioned by Michael Vickery, who doubts the reliability of the Chinese sources for this period.  In 1181 Jayavarman VII became king after leading the Khmer forces against the Chams.  Jayavarman VII then exacted vengeance against Champa in 1190, for the earlier raid in 1177.

Jayavarman died around 1218.  He was succeeded by Indravarman II, who died by 1243.  Indravarman was succeeded further by Jayavarman VIII, a Shivaite.  He embarked on the destruction or defacement of Jayavarman VII's Buddhist works. The niches all along the top of the wall around the city contained images of the Buddha, and most of these were removed.  This included the great statue of Buddha at Bayon, and the Buddha images in Angkor Thom, which were converted into linga.

Legacy
The history of the Khmer empire cannot be read in the manner of European patterns of kingship, inheritance or nationhood. The sons of a Khmer king did not necessarily inherit their father's thrones; Jayavarman VII himself had many sons, such as Suryakumara and Virakumara (the suffix kumara usually is translated as "prince", one of the king's sons), and Srindrakumaraputra, the crown prince who died before his father, but only Indravarman II inherited the throne.

Jayavarman VII built 121 "houses with fire" rest houses built every fifteen kilometers along raised highways for travellers, and 102 hospitals.  His was the "Buddhism of the Greater Vehicle".  However, Brahmans continued to play a "role at court", with Hrishikesa being made chief priest, with the title Jayamahapradhana.

He married Princess Jayarajadevi and then, after her death, married her sister Indradevi. The two women are commonly thought to have been a great inspiration to him, particularly in his strong devotion to Buddhism.

Though he had many sons, we know the names of only four, Suryakumara (mentioned in Ta Prohm), Virakumara (mentioned in Preah Khan), Srindrakumara (mentioned in Banteay Chhmar), and Tamalinda (later became a bhikku). He also be the father of Sikhara Mahadevi chief consorts of Pho Khun Pha Mueang that appear in Stele of Wat Sri choom Script of Sukhothai Historical Park.

In popular culture
 Jayavarman VII appears as downloadable content for the 4X video game Civilization VI, where he leads the Khmer civilization.

See also

 History of Cambodia
 List of monarchs of Cambodia

References
 Jean Boiselier: Refléxions sur l'art du Jayavarman VII., BSEI (Paris), 27 (1952) 3: 261–273.
 Georges Coedès: Un grand roi de Cambodge - Jayavarman VII., Phnom Penh 1935.
 Georges Coedès: Les hôpitaux de Jayavarman VII., BEFEO (Paris), 40 (1940): 344–347.
 Louis Finot: Lokésvara en Indochine, Paris: EFEO, 1925.
 Paul Mus: Angkor at the Time of Jayavarman VII., Bulletin de Société des Études Indochinoises (Paris), 27 (1952) 3: 261–273.
 Jan Myrdal/Gun Kessle: Angkor - An Essay on Art and Imperialism, New York 1970.
 Philippe Stern: Les monuments du style de Bayon et Jayavarman VII., Paris 1965.

A fictionalised account of the life of Jayavarman VII forms the basis of one thread of Geoff Ryman's 2006 novel The King's Last Song.

Notes

External links
 History of Jayavarman VII
 Article: Are Ancient Goddesses Actually 12th Century Khmer Queens?

|  style="width:25%; text-align:center;"|Preceded by:Tribhuvanadityavarman
|  style="width:25%; text-align:center;"|King of the Khmers1181–1218
|  style="width:25%; text-align:center;"|Succeeded by:Indravarman II

12th-century Cambodian monarchs
Cambodian Buddhist monarchs
Khmer kings
1120s births
1218 deaths
Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism
Khmer people
13th-century Cambodian monarchs

Jayavarman VII


Campbon ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Loire-Atlantique in der Region Pays de la Loire; sie gehört zum Arrondissement Saint-Nazaire und zum Kanton Blain (bis 2015: Kanton Savenay).

Nachbargemeinden von Campbon sind La Chapelle-Launay, Savenay, Bouvron, Quilly, Sainte-Anne-sur-Brivet, Pontchâteau und Prinquiau.

Geschichte
Campbon war Sitz der Châtellenie Coislin, die später zum Marquisat und zur Duché erhoben wurde.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Burgruine Campbon, 11. Jahrhundert, teilweise Monument historique
 Schloss Coislin
 Kapelle Saint-Victor
 Kapelle La Ducherais
Siehe auch: Liste der Monuments historiques in Campbon

Persönlichkeiten
 Pierre du Cambout de Coislin (1636–1706), Bischof von Orléans, Kardinal
 Henri Charles du Cambout (1665–1732), Duc de Coislin, Bischof von Metz
 Jean Rouaud (* 1952), Schriftsteller, geboren in Campbon

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes de la Loire-Atlantique. Flohic Editions, Band 2, Charenton-le-Pont 1999, ISBN 2-84234-040-X, S. 1245–1257.

Weblinks

Ort in Pays de la Loire

Campbon


Paravanul pinilor (Shōrin-zu byōbu) este o pereche de paravane pliabile cu șase panouri (byōbu) realizate de artistul japonez Hasegawa Tōhaku. Data exactă a paravanelor nu este cunoscută, dar au fost realizate în mod clar la sfârșitul secolului al XVI-lea, în perioada Momoyama, în jurul anului 1595. Paravanele sunt deținute de Muzeul Național din Tokyo și au fost desemnate ca făcând parte din Tezaurul Național al Japoniei în 1952.

Lucrarea de cerneală pe hârtie descrie o vedere a pinilor japonezi în ceață, cu părțile vizibile ale copacilor și părți ascunse, ilustrând conceptul de budism zen al ma (間) și evocând estetica japoneză wabi (侘) a simplității rustice. Se spune că acestea sunt primele picturi de mărimea lor care prezintă doar arborii ca obiect, deși o formă albă în partea dreaptă superioară a panoului stâng ar putea sugera un vârf de munte în fundal. Fiecare paravan măsoară 156,8 x 356 centimetri.

Fiecare dintre cele douăsprezece panouri cuprinde șase bucăți de hârtie îmbinate, dar piesele de sus și de jos sunt jumătate din dimensiunea obișnuită. Unele aspecte ale paravanelor sugerează că paravanul poate fi o lucrare pregătitoare: neobișnuit, dimensiunile hârtiei folosite în fiecare paravan sunt puțin diferite, iar îmbinările dintre foi nu sunt complet regulate; sigiliile pentru numele artiștilor "Hasegawa" și "Tōhaku" nu utilizează formele obișnuite. Arborii din partea extremă dreaptă a panoului drept sunt tăiați, sugerând că ordinea panourilor ar fi putut fi modificată sau că unele ar fi putut fi înlocuite.

Lucrarea este o dezvoltare a picturilor suibokuga realizate în tuș, folosind nuanțe închise și luminoase pe un suport de mătase sau hârtie. Acesta combină ideile naturaliste chinezești de pictură cu cerneală al lui Muqi Fachang cu teme din tradiția japoneză yamato-e, influențată de "cerneala stropită" (hatsuboku) a lui Sesshū Tōyō. Pictura folosește îndoiturile intenționate ale paravanului pentru a crea o perspectivă, cu ramurile îndreptate spre sau departe de spectator. Artistul Hasegawa Tōhaku a fost fondatorul școlii de artă japoneză Hasegawa.ref name="emuseum"/>

Note

Picturi japoneze
Picturi din secolul al XVII-lea

Shōrin-zu byōbu


පාවෝලා රැජින බෙල්ජියමේ හිටපු රජු වන ඇල්බට් රජතුමාගේ බිසව වේ.එතුමිය වත්මන් රජු වන පිලිප් රජතුමාගේ මව් බිසව වේ.

බෙල්ජියමේ පාවෝලා රැජින


Dans la culture japonaise, le  (en , « émotion humaine » ou « compassion ») est le sentiment qui complète et s'oppose à la notion de , ou obligation sociale. Au sens large, le ninjō est décrit comme le sentiment humain qui émerge inévitablement en réaction à l'obligation sociale. Le concept de ninjō est spécifique à la culture japonaise, cependant son importance au sein de celle-ci et l'existence ou non d'équivalents dans d'autres cultures est l'objet d'un débat au sein de la littérature nihonjinron qui compare la culture japonaise aux autres cultures.

Concept
Le mot  se traduit grossièrement par « sentiment humain » ou « émotion », et peut également être interprété comme un aspect spécifique de ces termes, par exemple la générosité ou la sympathie envers les faibles. L'illustration classique du  est celle d'un samouraï tombant amoureux d'une partenaire socialement inacceptable, telle qu'une personne de basse extraction ou d'un clan ennemi. En tant que membre fidèle de son clan, il est alors tiraillé entre l'obligation envers son seigneur féodal et ses sentiments personnels, la seule solution possible étant le  ou double suicide amoureux. Cette situation démontre à quel point le  est supérieur au  dans la pensée japonaise, ce dernier étant perçu comme susceptible d'affaiblir le dévouement d'un individu à son devoir.

Les commentateurs japonais comme étrangers ont rapproché cette opposition de la pièce de William Shakespeare Roméo et Juliette ou de l'Énéide. La question de savoir si les Japonais contemporains sont toujours plus sensibles à la notion de  que les Occidentaux, et continuent donc à se penser psychologiquement dans ces termes de conflit - est l'une de celles qui divisent les études japonaises () entre partisans et sceptiques de la spécificité japonaise.

Références

Articles connexes

Culture japonaise
Expression japonaise

Ninjō