Tim Myers (17 de septiembre de 1990) es un futbolista neozelandés que juega como defensor en el Three Kings United.

Carrera

Comenzó las inferiores en el Nelson Suburbs, donde los ojeadores del Waitakere United se interesaron por él y le propusieron un contrato. Myers terminó las inferiores en la franquicia neozelandesa y finalmente debutó en 2008. Con el Waitakere consiguió cinco veces el Campeonato de Fútbol de Nueva Zelanda. En 2015 pasó al Team Wellington. Ese mismo año se desvinculó del club y firmó con el Three Kings United.

Clubes

Selección nacional
Participó con la selección Sub-17 de Nueva Zelanda en la Copa Mundial de 2007. El torneo no fue nada positivo para el seleccionado neozelandés que perdió en todas sus presentaciones y no pudo convertir goles. Los dos partidos en los que jugó Myers finalizaron 5-0 a favor de  y 7-0 para . Con la , fue convocado para la Copa de las Naciones de la OFC 2012 en reemplazo de Winston Reid.

Disputó con el seleccionado Sub-23 los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012.

Partidos y goles internacionales

Palmarés

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Perfil de Tim Myers en ceroacero.es
Perfil de Tim Myers en transfermarkt.co.uk

Futbolistas de Nueva Zelanda
Futbolistas de Nueva Zelanda en la Copa de las Naciones de la OFC 2012
Futbolistas de Nueva Zelanda en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-17 de Nueva Zelanda
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-20 de Nueva Zelanda
Futbolistas del Waitakere United
Futbolistas del Team Wellington
Futbolistas del Three Kings United
Nacidos en Auckland

Tim Myers


Fernando Moner (født 30. december 1967) er en tidligere argentinsk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Argentina

Fernando Moner


John Peter Petrucci (12 Temmuz 1967), Amerikan bir gitarist, besteci ve albüm yapımcısıdır. Dream Theater grubunun gitaristidir

Aksak ritim ve poli ritim çalması en büyük ve belirgin özelliğidir. Genellikle soloları hızlıdır. Çocukluk arkadaşı John Myung (bass) ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Berklee Müzik Okulunda tanıştığı Mike Portnoy (davul) ile birlikte Dream Theater grubunu kurmuştur. Gruba daha sonra liseden arkadaşı klavyeci Kevin Moore katılmıştır. Grup progressive rock ve progressive metal türünde müzik yapmaktadır. Kendisine ait olan 1995 yılında yapılan 'Rock Discipline' adlı bir de eğitim DVD'si yapmıştır. Joe Satriani ve Steve Vai ile birlikte 6 kez G3 World Tour'a katılmıştır.

Ekipmanı
John Petrucci, gitar olarak kendi imza modeli olan Ernie Ball Music Man JP ve Majesty serisi gitarları kullanmaktadır. Music Man'e geçmeden önce Ibanez tarafından üretilen JPM serisi gitarları kullanmaktaydı. Gitarlarında DiMarzio tarafından üretilen kendi imza serisi olan Crunch Lab - Liquifire, Illuminator, Sonic Extacy ve Rainmaker - Dreamcatcher setlerini kullanmaktadır. Ayrıca Mesa/Boogie tarafından üretilen JP-2C+ imza serisi amfileri ve yine Mesa/Boogie tarafından üretilen kabinleri kullanmaktadır, bu amfi daha önceden kullandığı Mesa/Boogie Mark IIC+ modelinin John Petrucci için özelleştirilmiş yeni bir versiyonudur. Tel olarak Ernie Ball tellerini, pena olarak Jim Dunlop tarafından kendisi için özel üretilen Trinity, John Petrucci Flow ve John Petrucci Jazz III penalarını kullanır. tc electronics ve Jim Dunlop tarafından üretilen imza serisi pedallarını kullanır.

Diskografi

Dream Theater ile
When Dream and Day Unite (1989)

Images and Words (1992)

Live at the Marquee (1993, canlı)

Awake (1994)

A Change of Seasons (1995)

Falling Into Infinity (1997)

Once In A Livetime (1998, canlı)

Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory (1999)

Live Scenes from New York (2001, canlı)

Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence (2002)

Train of Thought (2003)

Live at Budokan (2004, canlı)

Octavarium (2005)

Score (2006, canlı)

Systematic Chaos (2007)

Greatest Hit (...and 21 Other Pretty Cool Songs) (2008, derleme)

Chaos in Motion (2008, canlı)

Black Clouds & Silver Linings (2009)

A Dramatic Turn of Events (2011)

Dream Theater (2013)

Live at Luna Park (2013, canlı)

Breaking the Fourth Wall (2014, canlı)

The Astonishing (2016)

Distance Over Time (2019)

Distant Memories - Live in London (2020, canlı)

A View from the Top of the World (2021)

Solo Albümleri
Suspended Animation (2005)

Terminal Velocity (2020)

Liquid Tension Experiment ile
Liquid Tension Experiment (1998)

Liquid Tension Experiment 2 (1999)

Liquid Tension Experiment 3 (2021)

Jordan Rudess ile
An Evening with John Petrucci and Jordan Rudess (2000)

G3 ile
G3: Live in Tokyo (2005)

Dış bağlantılar

1967 doğumlular
Amerikalı erkek gitaristler
Berklee College of Musicte öğrenim görenler
Dream Theater üyeleri
Yaşayan insanlar

John Petrucci


Georg Wellhausen (* 9. Mai 1898 in Gießen; † 23. Juli 1987 in Hamburg) war ein deutscher Architekt.

Leben
Wellhausen begann mit 15 Jahren eine Lehre im Architekturbüro von Hans Meyer und 1916 ein Architekturstudium an der Baugewerkschule Darmstadt. Im gleichen Jahr meldet er sich als Freiwilliger in den Ersten Weltkrieg und wurde an der Westfront eingesetzt. Nach Kriegsende nahm er sein Studium wieder auf, ab 1920 als Meisterschüler von Arthur Wienkoop.

Beruflicher Werdegang
1922 hatte Wellhausen in Düsseldorf seine erste Anstellung im Architekturbüro von Karl Wach, wo er unter anderem als Bauleiter den Bau der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf betreute. 1925 wurde Wellhausen Mitarbeiter im Bauamt der Ruhrknappschaft in Bochum, erst als Bauleiter, ist aber auch an Entwurf und Ausführung von Krankenhäusern der Ruhrknappschaft beteiligt.

1929 wechselte Wellhausen in die Bauabteilung der Rhenania-Ossag-Mineralölwerke in Düsseldorf, der heutigen Shell AG. Mit dem Umzug der Hauptverwaltung ging er 1930 nach Hamburg, wo er an dem Aufbau der Tankstellenorganisation arbeitete. Für Shell entwickelte er Bautypen von Tankstellen, die sich durch Verzicht auf übermäßige Werbebeschilderung harmonisch in das jeweilige Ortsbild einfügen sollten.

Er nahm auch an Wettbewerben teil, bei denen er mehrfach ausgezeichnet und 1939 mit dem Bau eines HJ-Heims in Hamburg-Bergedorf beauftragt wurde. Wegen des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde der Bau nicht mehr ausgeführt. 1940 wurde Wellhausen zum Militärdienst eingezogen und als Wetterdienstassistent auf dem Fliegerhorst Ludwigslust stationiert.

Um sich an den unter Konstanty Gutschow durchgeführten Planungen für die Neugestaltung Hamburgs zu beteiligen, wurde Wellhausen 1941 vom Militärdienst freigestellt und gründete in Hamburg ein eigenes Architekturbüro. Als freier Mitarbeiter von Gutschow erstellte er Bebauungspläne, Gutachten und Wettbewerbsentwürfe und war mit Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen kriegsbeschädigter Gebäude beschäftigt, die durch das ebenfalls von Gutschow geleitete Amt für kriegswichtigen Einsatz koordiniert werden.

Nach Ende des Krieges wurde Wellhausen 1946 mit dem Wiederaufbau der Hamburger Börse beauftragt.

1952 wurde Wellhausen mit der Erstellung eines Bebauungsplanes für die Insel Helgoland beauftragt. Er nahm die dichte Bebauung historischer Strukturen auf, die der starken Windbelastung folgten. Bei den Hummerbuden orientierte er sich 1954 an skandinavischen Vorbildern. Charakteristisch sind die asymmetrischen Giebelprofile, die zur besseren Belichtung der engen Gassen verwendet wurden.

In Hamburg baute Wellhausen Bauten wie die Norddeutsche Bank oder das Victoria-Haus. Er zählte hier neben Werner Kallmorgen, Bernhard Hermkes und Ferdinand Streb zu wichtigen Architekten des Wiederaufbaus. Ab Mitte der fünfziger Jahre wird er zum favorisierten Architekten des Iduna-Versicherungskonzerns in Hamburg und entwarf zahlreiche Geschäftshäuser in und um Hamburg, deren Erscheinung durch die Verkleidung mit weißen Keramiksteinen geprägt wird.

Mit der Aufnahme seines Sohnes Michael als Partner wandelte Georg Wellhausen das Büro 1967 in eine Partnerschaft um, die zwei Jahre später um seine Tochter Gabriele erweitert wurde. Aufgrund einer weitgehenden Erblindung zog sich Georg Wellhausen 1970 von der aktiven Mitarbeit im Büro zurück.

Wettbewerbe
 1928 Neubau des Landesfinanzamtes und des Polizeipräsidiums in Düsseldorf: 3. Preis Georg Wellhausen, Bochum-Weitmar, und Hugo Behrendt, Bochum

Literatur
 Jan Lubitz: Baumeister einer pragmatischen Moderne. Der Architekt Georg Wellhausen. In: Architektur in Hamburg, Jahrbuch 2005, S. 162–173.
 Ralf Lange: Hamburg. Wiederaufbau und Neuplanung 1943–1963. Königstein 1994.
 Volker Roscher: Georg Wellhausen (1898–1987). In: Der Architekt, Jahrgang 1987, Heft 10, S. 460.

Weblinks
 Porträt im Hamburgischen Architekturarchiv mit Fotografien
 Architekten-Porträt Georg Wellhausen

Einzelnachweise

Architekt (Deutschland)
Architekt im Nationalsozialismus
Architekt (Hamburg)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Deutscher
Geboren 1898
Gestorben 1987
Mann

Georg Wellhausen


Musik i behandling af cerebral paretiske børn er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1967 instrueret af Henrik Fog-Møller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1967


රම්බොඩ උමං මාර්ගය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දිගම උමං මාර්ගයයි. ගම්පොළ - නුවර එළිය මහා මාර්ගයේ පිහිටා ඇති මෙය රම්බොඩ කපොල්ලට විකල්ප මාර්ගයක් වශයෙන් ඉදි කරන ලද්දකි. උමග මීටර 225  දිගකින් හා මීටර 7  පළලකින් හා ධාවන මං තීරු දෙකකින් සමන්විතය. රම්බොඩ කපොල්ල හා රම්බොඩ ඇල්ල  මේ උමං මාර්ගය ආසන්නයේ පිහිටා ඇත.

මධ්‍යම පළාතේ ගම්පොළ - නුවරඑළිය(B 13), ගම්පොළ - නාවලපිටිය(A 5) මාර්ග සංවර්ධනය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් මාර්ග සංවර්ධන අධිකාරිය විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ව්‍යාපෘතියක ප්‍රථිඵලයක් වශයෙන්, මෙම උමං මාර්ගයේ වැඩ කටයුතු 2006 ජූනි  අරඹන ලද අතර 2008 පෙබරවාරි වන විට එහි වැඩ කටයුතු නිම විය.

2008 පෙබරවාරි මස 24 වැනිදා ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජනාධිපති මහින්ද රාජපක්‍ෂ මහතා විසින් මෙම උමං මාර්ගය විවෘත කරන ලදී.
2008 මාර්තු දෙවන දින මෙම උමං මාර්ගය මහ ජනතාව වෙනුවෙන් විවෘත විය.

මෙම මහා මාර්ග සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘතියට, ජපන් ජාත්‍යන්තර සහයෝගිතා බැංකුව හරහා ජපන් රජය විසින් ජපන් යෙන් මිලියන 3,078 ක(ආසන්න වශයෙන් රුපියල් බිලියන 3.1 ක) අරමුදලක් සපයා ඇත. උමං මාර්ගය සඳහා පමණක් වැය වූ මුදල රුපියල් මිලියන  200 කි.

උමං මාර්ග
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි
රම්බොඩ උමඟේ භූ ගෝලීය පිහිටීම - විකිමැපියා

රම්බොඩ උමඟ


The Treaty of Knäred (, ) was signed on 21 January 1613 and ended the Kalmar War (1611–1613) between Denmark-Norway and Sweden. The peace negotiations came about under an English initiative. The peace was guaranteed by King James I of England and VI of Scotland.

The treaty was named after the village of Knäred in Halland, where it was signed at a border bridge in what was then the Danish Halland. The peace meant that the kingdoms restored the conquests made during the war. Under the terms of the treaty, Sweden would give back Jemtland and Herjedalen to Norway.
Denmark-Norway would give back Borgholm, Kalmar and Öland.

As a result, Sweden also had to pay the Älvsborg Ransom of one million Rixdollars for the return of the fortress of Älvsborg. The ransom was paid by 1619.

A memorial stone over the site was erected between Knäred and Markaryd in 1925 by the Halland Art Museum (Hallands konstmuseum).

See also
 Dominium maris baltici
 List of Danish wars
 List of Swedish wars
 List of treaties

References

External links
Hallands Konstmuseum website

Knared
Knared
Knared
Knared
1613 in Denmark
1613 treaties
Treaties of the Swedish Empire
Treaties of Denmark–Norway
1613 in Sweden

Treaty of Knäred


Comandamentul IV Teritorial a fost o structură militară de tip teritorial cu misiuni de asigurare a mobilizării și de generare a forțelor de rezervă pentru unitățile din compunerea Corpului IV Armată. Comandamentul avea în subordine cercurile de recrutare: Piatra Neamț, Bacău, Roman, Fălticeni, Iași, Vaslui, Dorohoi și Botoșani. La mobilizare și pe toată perioada războiului, comandamentul trebuia să asigure completarea efectivelor unităților active din  Diviziei 7 Infanterie, Diviziei 8 Infanterie  și Diviziei 14 Infanterie. Totodată, comandamentul înființa la război următoarele unități de rezervă:  Regimentul 55 Infanterie,  Regimentul 67 Infanterie,  Regimentul 54 Infanterie,  Regimentul 56 Infanterie,  Regimentul 53 Infanterie,  Regimentul 65 Infanterie,  Regimentul 69 Infanterie,  Regimentul 77 Infanterie și  Regimentul 24 Artilerie.

La decretarea mobilizării din 14/27 august 1916, comandantul comandamentului, generalul de brigadă Paraschiv Vasilescu a fost mutat comandant al Diviziei 14 Infanterie iar în funcția de comandant al Comandamentului IV Teritorial a fost numit generalul de divizie (rz.) Alexandru Lambrino. În subordinea sa au intrat nou înființatele Comandamente Teritoriale ale Diviziilor 7 și 82 Infanterie, comandate de generalii de brigadă (rz.) Haralambie Cruțescu și Romulus Boteanu.

În anul 1917 la comanda comandamentului s-a aflat generalul de divizie Radu Radianu, iar Comandamentele Teritoriale ale Diviziilor 7 și 8 Infanterie au fost comandate de generalul de brigadă Matei Castriș și generalul de brigadă Constantin Petala.

Note

Bibliografie
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român'', vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Corpul IV Armată

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Comandamentul IV Teritorial (1916-1918)


Dolapdere Big Gang, yerli ve yabancı şarkıları kanun, darbuka, klarnet, keman gibi sazlarla alaturka tarzda yorumlayan Türk müzik grubudur.

Hakkında
Grup ilk olarak enstrümantal bir proje olarak kurulmuştur. Grubu oluşturan altı Dolapdereli İsmet Uraş, Samet Uraş, Ceyhun Darıcı, Semih Bekem, Volkan Kırıkkulak ve Şükrü Tırkış Seda Sayan, İbrahim Tatlıses, Bülent Ersoy, Kibariye gibi ünlü şarkıcıların arkasında çalmıştır. Rock şarkılarını Roman havasıyla yorumlama fikri ise grubun eski menajeri Önder Ulugür'e aittir. Ulugür ve grup üyesi Bekem askerde aynı orkestrada çalmış ve bu fikrin temelleri orada atılmıştır. Bekem, daha sonra çocukluk arkadaşlarına bu teklifi götürmüştür.

Emir Yeşil (Vokal), Gökay SÜNGÜ (müzik yönetmeni, Klavye), İrfan Keçebaşoğlu (bas gitar), Mustafa Olgan (kanun), Yusuf Çalkan (keman, ud), Hasan Gözetlik (klarnet, trompet, trambon), Memduh Akatay (perküsyon) ve Hüseyin Ceylan'dan (perküsyon) oluşan nihai hali Gökay SÜNGÜ ve Önder ULUGÜR tarafından oluşturulmuştur. Sonraları gruba "Su Sonia Herring" gruba dahil olmuştur. Çıkan ilk albümleri sekiz hafta boyunca listelerde bir numara olarak büyük bir başarıya imza atmıştır. Grup, toplamda dört albüm çıkarmış, Türkiye ve dünyada üç yüz elliden fazla konser vermiştir. Grup Coca Cola, Microsoft, Belvedere Vodka, Hürriyet, Petrol Ofisi Air, Efes, International Press Institute ve Fenerbahçe gibi büyük markaların organizasyonlarında yer almıştır. Dünya çapında İtalya, Almanya, Rusya, Fransa, Kıbrıs, Azerbaycan, Fas, Güney Afrika, Avustralya ve Japonya'da da birçok kez konser vermişlerdir.

Local Strangers

Genel olarak Dolapdere'li dokuz müzisyenden oluşan "Dolapdere Big Gang", 2006 yılında Yakartop Müzik'ten yayınlanan ilk albümleri Local Strangers'la müzik dünyasına iddialı bir giriş yapmışlardır. Dünyaca ünlü pop ve rock şarkılarını Türk sazlarıyla alaturka bir yorumla icra eden grup, ilk albümüyle hem yurt içinde hem de yurt dışında sesini büyük kalabalıklara duyurmuştur. Dolapdere Big Gang diğer gruplardan farkını şöyle anlatmaktadır:

Just Feel

İlk albümleri Local Strangers'la bir yıl içinde seksenden fazla konser veren Dolapdere Big Gang, ilk albümlerinin yayınlanmasından bir yıl sonra 17 Aralık 2007'de Just Feel adını verdikleri ikinci albümlerini çıkarmışlardır. Bu kez tamamen farklı müzisyenlerin klasikleşmiş şarkılarını yorumlayan Dolapdere Big Gang, böylelikle yeni ve farklı tarzda şarkıları "Dolapdere sound"'una uyarlamışlardır.Local Strangers</ref>

15 şarkının yer aldığı albümde grup, klasikleşmiş yabancı şarkıların alaturka yorumlarının yanı sıra, ilk defa kendi bestelerine de yer vermiştir. Aykut Sütoğlu ve Gökay Süngü'nün bestesine, grubun vokali Emir Yeşil tarafından İngilizce sözler yazılmıştır ve "Oh! Life" ortaya çıkmıştır. Albümde İsveçli müzik grubu Europe'un şarkısı "The Final Countdown"'u Işın Karaca, Helldorado'nun fenomen olan hiti "A Drinking Song" isimli şarkıyı ise Teoman seslendirmiştir.

Just Feel albümü, normal CD versiyonun yanı sıra çok özel bir "Special Edition Box"la birlikte piyasaya sürülmüştür. Koleksiyonerler ve grubun hayranları için sınırlı sayıda üretilen "Special Edition Box"ın içinde yeni albüm Just Feel'in yanı sıra grubun ilk albümü Local Strangers da yer almıştır. Ayrıca Dolapdere Big Gang için özel tasarlanmış duvar saati, 2008 takvimi, kitap ayıracı ve magnet de grubun sevenlerine yeni yıl sürprizi olarak setin içine eklenmiştir.

Art-İst
Grup, on üç şarkıdan oluşan üçüncü albümleri Art-İst'i 2010 yılında çıkarmıştır.  Hüsnü Şenlendirici ve Ercan Irmak gibi usta müzisyenler bir yana; İngiliz müzik grubu Candyrock , İsrailli şarkıcı Sharone Eliya ve "'Türkiye hakkında tek bildiğim Dolapdere Big Gang'" diyen seksenler ikonu Boy George albüme katkıda bulunmuştur.

Bu albümde Boy George gibi ünlülerin vokal olarak yer almasını grup bir röportajda şöyle açıklamıştır: "Londra'da yaşayan Max Mehmet adlı dostumuzun aracılığı ile bize ulaşan Boy George, bizimle beraber bir şarkı yapmak istediğini belirtmiş. 80'leri sallayan 'Karma Chameleon' adlı şarkısını düzenleyip, onun müzik yönetmeni John Themis'e gönderdik. Ardından şarkıyı Londra'da seslendirip bize geri gönderdi. Benzer şekilde gerçekleşen Candy Rock Band ile 'Are You Gonna Go Away', 'We'll Rock You& I Love Rock'n Roll' ve 'Naughty Girl'ü yaptık. Muhteşem vokal partisyonlarının yanı sıra süper enerjileri ile 'Art-ist'e çok şey kattılar."

Üyeleri

Gökay Süngü (Piyano, Klavye)

1985 İstanbul doğumlu olan Süngü, müzik hayatına önce babasından, sonra da özel bir sanat okulundan piyano eğitimi alarak başladı.Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bölümü'nde öğrenci olan Süngü; Hem Türkiye'den Hem Dünyadan birçok sanatçı ve grupların stüdyo çalışmalarında müzik yönetmeni olarak çalışmasının yanı sıra canlı performanslarında da yer aldı.Grupta keyboard çalmanın yanı sıra, grubun müzik direktörlüğüne de yapıyor.Ayrıca 2012 yılında kurduğu The Soul Production  adındaki firmasıyla kendi yaptığı müzik prodüksiyonlarının  prodüktörlüğünü yapmaktadır.

Mustafa Olgan (Kanun)

1983 İstanbul doğumlu olan Mustafa Olgan, müziğe 5 yaşında ritm çalarak başladı. Kanunla 11 yaşında tanıştı. Hindistan'da hint müziği üzerine eğitim aldı. Halen Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Sanat Tasarım Fakültesi Türk Müziği Bölümü 2. sınıf öğrencisi olan Olgan, Funda Arar, Deniz Seki, Zeynep Dizdar, Ümit Sayın, Nalan, Özcan Deniz, Nev gibi müzisyenlere kanunuyla eşlik etti.

Yusuf Çalkan (Keman)

Balıkesir'in Susurluk ilçesinde 1984 yılında doğan Yusuf Çalkan, müzik eğitimine klasik batı müziği eğitimi veren özel bir sanat okulunda başladı. Bununla yetinmeyerek, Mustafa Keser'in sanat okulunda eğitimine devam eden Çalkan, başarısını aynı okulda özel keman dersleri vererek, Mustafa Keser'e sahnede de eşlik ederek kanıtladı. Türkiye'de pek çok sanatçı ve grupla aynı sahneyi paylaşan Yusuf Çalkan, birçok sanatçının albümüne de müzik yönetmeni olarak imza attı.

Memduh Akatay (Perküsyon)

Grubun en genç üyesi olan Memduh Akatay 1990 İzmir doğumlu. Ritm ustası Mehmet Akatay'ın yeğeni, yine ritm ve perküsyon ustası Hamdi Akatay'ın oğlu olan Memduh Akatay, perküsyon çalmayı amcası ve babasından öğrendi. Bugüne kadar Hüsnü Şenlendirici, Anjelika Akbar, Mercan Dede, Ajda Pekkan ve Sezen Aksu gibi ünlü sanatçılara sahnede ve albümlerinde eşlik etti.

İrfan Keçebaşoğlu (Bas)

Şu anda Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Sanat Tasarım Fakültesi Caz Bölümü 1. sınıf öğrencisi olan İrfan Keçebaşoğlu 1986 Çorum doğumlu. Keçebaşoğlu'nun müziğe başlaması enstrüman yapımcısı olan babası sayesinde oldu. Babasından bağlama çalmasını öğrenen müzisyen ortaokulda gitar, lisede bas gitar çalmaya başladı. Antalyalı olan müzisyen İstanbul öncesinde Antalya'da çeşitli pop ve rock gruplarında bas gitar çaldı.

Hüseyin Ceylan (Perküsyon)

Çanakkale Biga'da 1985 yılında doğdu. Müziğe çok küçük yaşlarda amcasından aldığı klavye dersleriyle başladı. Bir süre sonra ritm çalışmayı seçerek, darbukaya geçti. Kendi imkânlarıyla çalışmaya devam eden Ceylan, daha sonra Biga Belediye Orkestrası'ndan dersler almaya başladı. Aynı orkestrayla çeşitli konserlere katıldı ve 2001 yılında mezun oldu. Profesyonel olarak çalışmaya başladıktan sonra; Babazula, İlhan Erşahin ve Mercan dede gibi ünlü sanatçı ve gruplarla birlikte oldu.

İsmet Örsçüler (Klarnet)

Eski üyeler
Emir Yeşil (Vokal)

1981 doğumlu olan Emir Yeşil'in, müzik kariyeri Özel Doğuş Lisesi'nde gitar çalarak başladı. Aynı zamanda Beyoğlu Hayal Kahvesi'nde sahne alan Puzzle (grup) adlı grubun da solisti olan Yeşil, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi'nde caz eğitimi aldı. Bir yıl boyunca İskender Paydaş'ın asistanlığını yapan Yeşil, bu esnada Emre Altuğ, Cengiz Baysal ve Raci Pişmişoğlu gibi müzisyenlere vokal de yaptı.

İsmail Peşluk (Perküsyon)

Balıkesir Gönen'de 1982 yılında doğdu. Çok küçük yaşlarda darbukayla tanışarak, çalmaya başladı. 13 yaşında İstanbul'a gelerek, ritm üzerine özel dersler aldı. Aynı yıllarda çeşitli orkestralarda görev almaya başladı. Mercan Dede, Sibel Can gibi sanatçılarla uzun yıllar çalıştı. Birçok ünlü sanatçıyla Türkiye'yi yurt dışındaki projelerde temsil etti. Dolapdere Big Gang grubuyla çalışmaya 2006 yılında başladı.

Aykut Sütoğlu (Klarnet, Trompet)

Aykut Sütoğlu, 1989 Balıkesir doğumlu. MSÜ Devlet Konservatuvarı'nda trompet eğitimi alan müzisyen, Mercan Dede, İlhan Erşahin, Muazzez Ersoy, Nez, Transglobal Underground, Mirc Geber gibi ünlü sanatçılara albümlerinde ve canlı performanslarında eşlik etti. Genç yaşına rağmen dünyanın en ünlü festivallerinde sahne alan Sütoğlu, Türkiye'yi yurt dışında da temsil ediyor.

Hasan Gözetlik (Trombon,Trompet,Klarnet)
Levent Yıldırım (Perküsyon)
Ergün Şenlendirici (Klarnet)

Diskografi
 Local Strangers (2006)
 Just Feel (2007)
 Art-İst (2010)
 Remixes (2011)

Dış bağlantılar

 MySpace'de Dolapdere Big Gang
 Facebook'ta Dolapdere Big Gang
 Twitter'da Dolapdere Big Gang
 Instagram'ta Dolapdere Big Gang
The Soul Production

Kaynakça

2006'da kurulan müzik grupları
Türk müzik grupları

Dolapdere Big Gang


AFL sezona 1966. je bila sedma po redu sezona AFL lige američkog nogometa. Završila je 1. siječnja 1967. utakmicom između pobjednika istočne divizije Buffalo Billsa i pobjednika zapadne divizije Kansas City Chiefsa u kojoj su pobijedili Chiefsi rezultatom 31:7 i tako osvojili svoj prvi naslov prvaka AFL-a. Dva tjedna kasnije, Chiefsi su u prvoj utakmici između prvaka AFL i NFL lige, Super Bowlu I, bili poraženi od Green Bay Packersa rezultatom 35:10.

Kao njena deveta momčad, od ove sezone su se ligi priključili Miami Dolphinsi.

Poredak po divizijama na kraju regularnog dijela sezone

Napomena: * - ušli u doigravanje, % - postotak pobjeda, P± - postignuti/primljeni poeni

Doigravanje

Prvenstvena utakmica AFL-a

 1. siječnja 1967. Buffalo Bills - Kansas City Chiefs 31:7

Super Bowl

 15. siječnja 1967. Green Bay Packers - Kansas City Chiefs 35:10

Nagrade za sezonu 1966.

 Najkorisniji igrač (MVP) - Jim Nance, running back, Boston Patriots

Statistika po igračima

Najviše jarda dodavanja: Joe Namath, New York Jets - 3379
Najviše jarda probijanja: Jim Nance, Boston Patriots - 1458
Najviše uhvaćenih jarda dodavanja: Lance Alworth, San Diego Chargers - 1383

Izvori

1966

AFL sezona 1966.


Susana Alimivna Jamaladinova, poznatija pod umjetničkim imenom Jamala (Oš, 27. kolovoza 1983.), ukrajinska pjevačica, filmska glumica i tekstopiskinja krimkotatarskog  i armenskog podrijetla, najpoznatija kao pobjednica Pjesme Eurovizije 2016. kao druga Ukrajinka kojoj je to pošlo za rukom. Pobijedila je s pjesmom 1944. koja govori o masovnom protjeravanju Tatara s Krima 1944. Također, pobijedila je s najvećim brojem bodova u povijesti natjecanja. Prva je pjevačica islamske vjerosipovijesti koja je osvojila Eurosong.

Rođena je 1983. u gradu Ošu u Kirgistanu, tada još dijelu Sovjetskoga saveza. Otac joj je bio Krimski Tatar, a majka Armenka. Očevi preci bili su prisilno protjerani s Krima u republike SSSR-a u Središnjoj Aziji prema Staljinovoj naredbi, iako su se borili na strani Sovjeta u Drugom svjetskom ratu. S obitelji se na Krim vratila 1989. godine.

Ukrajinski predsjednik Petro Porošenko odlikovao ju je naslovom Narodnog umjetnika Ukrajine za osvajanje Eurosonga.

Izvori

Poveznice
 Ukrajina na Pjesmi Eurovizije

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice  na jamalmusic.com

Životopisi, Kirgistan
Eurovizijski izvođači
Ukrajinski pjevači
Ukrajinski filmski glumci
Tekstopisci

Jamala


Richmond es una estación en las líneas Richmond–Fremont y Richmond–Millbrae del Metro de San Francisco y en las líneas Capital Corridor, San Joaquins, Coast Starlight y California Zephyr en Amtrak. La estación se encuentra localizada en 1700 Nevin Way en Richmond, California. La estación Richmond fue inaugurada el 29 de enero de 1973.  El Distrito de Transporte Rápido del Área de la Bahía es la encargada por el mantenimiento y administración de la estación.

Descripción
La estación Richmond cuenta con 2 plataformas centrales y 5 vías, 3 para Amtrak y 2 para BART. La estación también cuenta con 624 de espacios de aparcamiento.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del AC Transit: Rutas 70, 71, 72M, 74, 76, 376 (local); 608, 684, 674, 667, 668, 675, 684 (lunes a viernes solamente); 800 (All Nighter)Golden Gate Transit: Ruta 42 Richmond Medical Center route BART-Kaiser Shuttle

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Richmond

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1973
Richmond
Estaciones de la línea Richmond–Fremont
Estaciones de la línea Richmond–Millbrae
Terminales del Metro de San Francisco
Transporte del condado de Contra Costa

Estación Richmond


لوسين مولر ، من مواليد 3 سبتمبر 1934، لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم فرنسي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم في عام 1959 و1966، وشارك معهم في 16 مباراة وسجل 3 أهداف. ومن أشهر الأندية التي دربها نادي برشلونة الذي دربة لمدة عام 1978/ 1979 .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من الراين الأسفل (إقليم فرنسي)
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بيستشويلير
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون من الراين الأسفل
فرنسيون من أصل ألماني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو برشلونة
لاعبو تولوز
لاعبو رانس
لاعبو ريال مدريد
لاعبو ستراسبورغ
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1960
لاعبو كأس العالم 1966
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من ألزاس
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم
مدربو الدوري الإسباني
مدربو ريال سرقسطة
مدربو ريال مايوركا
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
مدربو نادي برشلونة
مدربو نادي كاستييون
مدربو نادي موناكو
مواليد 1934

لوسيان مولر


Particulă se poate referi la:

Fizică și chimie
 Particulă
 Particulă elementară
 Particulă subatomică
 foton, (vezi Dualismul corpuscul-undă).
 Particulă alfa
 Particulă beta
 Particulă, component al fazei dispersate dintr-o suspensie coloidală.
 Particule în suspensie

Lingvistică
 Particulă (gramatică), un element de limbă invariabil.

Legături externe

Particulă (dezambiguizare)


Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov (; 14 September 1891 – 20 March 1983) was a Soviet mathematician, who was one of the creators of modern analytic number theory, and also a dominant figure in mathematics in the USSR. He was born in the Velikiye Luki district, Pskov Oblast. He graduated from the University of St. Petersburg, where in 1920 he became a Professor. From 1934 he was a Director of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics, a position he held for the rest of his life, except for the five-year period (1941–1946) when the institute was directed by Academician Sergei Sobolev. In 1941 he was awarded the Stalin Prize. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1942. In 1951 he became a foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Letters in Kraków.

Mathematical contributions

In analytic number theory, Vinogradov's method refers to his main problem-solving technique, applied to central questions involving the estimation of exponential sums.  In its most basic form, it is used to estimate sums over prime numbers, or Weyl sums.  It is a reduction from a complicated sum to a number of smaller sums which are then simplified.  The canonical form for prime number sums is

With the help of this method, Vinogradov tackled questions such as the ternary Goldbach problem in 1937 (using Vinogradov's theorem), and the zero-free region for the Riemann zeta function. His own use of it was inimitable; in terms of later techniques, it is recognised as a prototype of the large sieve method in its application of bilinear forms, and also as an exploitation of combinatorial structure. In some cases his results resisted improvement for decades.

He also used this technique on the Dirichlet divisor problem, allowing him to estimate the number of integer points under an arbitrary curve.  This was an improvement on the work of Georgy Voronoy.

In 1918 Vinogradov proved the Pólya–Vinogradov inequality for character sums.

Personality and career

Vinogradov served as director of the Mathematical Institute for 49 years. For his long service he was twice awarded the order of The Hero of the Socialist Labour. The house where he was born was converted into his memorial – a unique honour among Russian mathematicians. As the head of a leading mathematical institute, Vinogradov enjoyed significant influence in the Academy of Sciences and was regarded as an informal leader of Soviet mathematicians, not always in a positive way: his anti-Semitic feelings led him to hinder the careers of many prominent Soviet mathematicians.

Although he was always faithful to the official line, he was never a member of the Communist Party and his overall mindset was nationalistic rather than communist. This can at least partly be attributed to his origins: his father was a priest of the Russian Orthodox Church.  Vinogradov was enormously strong: in some recollections it is stated that he could lift a chair with a person sitting on it by holding the leg of the chair in his hands. He was never married and was very attached to his dacha in Abramtsevo, where he spent all his weekends and vacations (together with his sister Nadezhda, also unmarried) enjoying flower gardening. He had friendly relations with the president of the Russian Academy of Sciences Mstislav Keldysh and Mikhail Lavrentyev, both mathematicians whose careers started in his institute.

References

Bibliography
Selected Works, Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, .
Vinogradov, I. M. Elements of Number Theory. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003, .
Vinogradov, I. M. Method of Trigonometrical Sums in the Theory of Numbers. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2004, .
Vinogradov I. M. (Ed.) Matematicheskaya entsiklopediya. Moscow: Sov. Entsiklopediya 1977. Now translated as the Encyclopaedia of Mathematics.

External links

 Vinogradov memorial
 Memoirs of colleagues
 DOC PDF Memoirs of his opponent academician Sergei Novikov
 Vinogradov in Abramtsevo, memoirs

1891 births
1983 deaths
People from Velikoluksky District
People from Velikoluksky Uyezd
Soviet mathematicians
Russian mathematicians
Number theorists
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Academic staff of Perm State University
Academic staff of Tomsk State University
Academic staff of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Russian scientists

Ivan Vinogradov


The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was a body under the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) tasked with overseeing the outcomes of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development/Earth Summit. It was replaced in 2013 by the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, which meets both under the General Assembly every four years and the ECOSOC in other years.

The CSD was established in December 1992 by General Assembly Resolution A/RES/47/191 as a functional commission of the UN Economic and Social Council, implementing a recommendation in Chapter 38 of Agenda 21, the landmark global agreement reached at the June 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development/Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

CSD 1
CSD 1, the first or "Organizational" session of the CSD, was held in New York in June 1993. The Organizational Session focused on a broad range of organizational and administrative issues, reflected in topics of the commission's documents :

Budget implications of draft decisions
Establishing a provisional agenda and a multi-year programme of work
National reporting on implementation of Agenda 21
Information exchange: UN System and donors
UNCED follow-up: international organizations and UN coordination
Coordination of development data
Progress in environmentally sound technology transfer
Government information on financial commitments
Urgent and major emergent issues
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and Agenda 21 implementation
UNEP and Agenda 21 implementation
Future work
Guidelines for national reporting
Integrating sustainable development into the UN system

CSD 5

In its Fifth Session, the principal focus of the CSD was to prepare for the Five-Year Review of the 1992 Earth Summit, which took the form of the 19th Special Session of the General Assembly, held at UN Headquarters in New York.

CSD 10/World Summit on Sustainable Development

For its Tenth Session the CSD served as the Preparatory Committee for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, in December 2002.

See the full article World Summit on Sustainable Development

CSD 12

The Twelfth Session of the CSD is the first substantive session since the Johannesburg Summit - CSD-11 was an organizational session that focused on establishing priorities and an agenda for the second ten-year cycle of the commission. Text below in "quotes" is from the introductory note from the chair - H.E. Børge Brende, Norwegian Minister of the Environment  to a description of the organization of work during CSD-12

"The first three days of CSD-12 will serve as the preparatory meeting for the ten-year review of the Barbados Programme of Action (BPoA) for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.

The bulk of CSD-12 will focus on water, sanitation and human settlements. "The decision of CSD-11 to focus its first Implementation Cycle on Water, Sanitation and Human Settlements bears testimony to the sense of urgency the international community ascribes to these issues."

"Today, water-borne diseases kill a person every ten seconds, the overwhelming majority children, and roughly one in two Sub-Saharan Africans and three in five South Asians lack adequate sanitation. The total number of people living in slums is close to 930 million and is growing at an accelerated rate."

"The CSD-12 Review Session will feature a number of "firsts". Thematic reviews will feature interactive discussions and will be introduced through keynote presentations, panel discussions and moderated debates. Major Group representatives will join Ministers in interactive dialogues during the High-Level Segment."

CSD 16
The chair was H.E. Francis Nhema, Zimbabwe's Minister of Environment and Tourism.

CSD 18
The 18th session took place in New York in May 2010, focusing on transport, chemicals, waste management, mining, and the ten-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production patterns (SCP).

CSD 19
The 19th session took place in May 2011, as part of the policy cycle from the previous year. No agreement was reached in the negotiations and they eventually collapsed.

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development
CSD 20 was suspended from its normal rotation, planned in 2012 because the General Assembly had resolved to hold the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio as the 20th anniversary to the original conference. United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development would focus on two themes:
 Green economy within the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.
 Institutional framework for sustainable development.
With the objectives:
 Securing renewed political commitment to sustainable development.
 Assessing the progress and implementation gaps in meeting already agreed commitments.
 Addressing new and emerging challenges.

CSD 20
Member states decided in resolution 67/203 of 21 December 2012 that the CSD would have its last session immediately prior to the convening of the first meeting of the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in order to ensure a smooth institutional transition. CSD-20 took place in the morning of 20 September 2013.

See the full article United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.

UNFCCC
CBD

References

External links
 Commission on Sustainable Development
 UN DESA - Division for Sustainable Development
 Sustainable Development Issues Network
 Stakeholder Forum

United Nations Economic and Social Council
International sustainability organizations
United Nations development policy
Organizations established in 1992

Commission on Sustainable Development


ER Vulpeculae (ER Vul) es una estrella variable en la constelación de Vulpecula.
Su magnitud aparente media es +7,36 y se encuentra a 170 años luz del sistema solar.

Características
ER Vulpeculae es una estrella binaria cercana cuyas componentes son enanas amarillas de tipo espectral G0V y G5V respectivamente.
La estrella de tipo G0V tiene una temperatura efectiva de 6000 K y su masa es apenas un 2% mayor que la masa solar.
Con un radio un 60% más grande que el del Sol, rota con una velocidad igual o mayor de 90 km/s.
Su acompañante, algo más fría, tiene una temperatura de 5514 K y una masa un 3% inferior a la del Sol.
Es ligeramente más pequeña que su compañera y gira sobre sí misma con una velocidad de rotación proyectada de 80 km/s.

El período orbital de esta binaria es de sólo 0,6981 días (16,75 horas), siendo la órbita prácticamente circular (ε = 0,02).
Su edad se estima en 8700 millones de años y presenta una baja metalicidad, aproximadamente la mitad de la que tiene el Sol.

Variabilidad

ER Vulpeculae es una binaria eclipsante y variable W Ursae Majoris, así como también es una variable RS Canum Venaticorum.
Su brillo oscila entre magnitud +7,27 y +7,49.
Las componentes poseen cromosferas activas, emitiendo una cantidad de energía significativa como rayos X.
Su luminosidad en rayos X es de 0,69×1022 W.
Asimismo, es brillante y activa como radiofuente.

Referencias

Enanas amarillas
Estrellas binarias
Estrellas variables
Variables RS Canum Venaticorum
Constelación de Vulpecula

ER Vulpeculae


Meal Arapça kökenli bir kelimedir, "meydana gelen netice", "mana", "anlam", "sonuç" anlamlarına gelir. Kur'an mealleri Kur'an'ı oluşturan sure ve ayetlerin tümünün Arapça dışında bir dile yazarın anladığı mana üzerinden aktarımıdır ve bu açıdan tercüme'den farklıdır. Türkçe meallere ana metinde yer almayan eklemeler (sıklıkla parantez içerisinde) yapılır ve bu eklemelerin esas metinde bulunmadığını okuyucunun anlaması beklenir. Ancak bunun genel kural olmadığı da bilinmelidir.

Meal, yazarın kastettiği düşünülen anlam üzerinden yapılan bir çeviri işlemidir ve anlam çeviri yapanın bilgi birikimi veya tercihleri ile de ilgilidir. Mealen sözü dini kullanımda "yani demek istiyor ki..." gibi bir anlama gelir ve asli metne mutlak sadakati dışlayan bir çalışmadır. Dini literatürde, hadis ve Kur'an tercümelerinde sıklıkla başvurulan bir yöntemdir.

Kur'an dilinin yer yer arkaik bir dil olması, coğrafya ve bölgenin dönemsel antropolojik verileri bilinmeden ve bitki-hayvan yayılımı hakkında ön bilgiye sahip olunmadan yapılan keyfi tercümeler, mütercimleri Vakıa 28-29 da cennette inananlara vadedilenlerde geçen sdr'i kiraz, tlh' harflerini muz olarak çevirmeye kadar götürmüştür. Tercümelerde verilen anlamlar yabancı dillerde de tamamen tutarsız ve birbirleri ile uyumsuzdur. Oysaki doğal kaynak olarak bir uzakdoğu Asya meyvesi olan muz İslami metinlerde  9. yy.dan itibaren görülmeye başlanıyor.

Orijinal metne sadık kalmadan yapılan meal çalışmalarının bir diğer sebebi orijinal metinde geçen ifadelerin meal yazarı tarafından kabul edilemez bulunmasıdır. Bunun örneğine "O gün يُكْشَفُ عَنْ سَاقٍ ; bacak açılır ve secdeye çağrılırlar ama güç yetiremezler" (Kalem 42.) ayetinin tercümesinde rastlanabilir. Mealcilerin "paçaların tutuştuğu" şeklinde çevirdiği ifade, bir hadisle birlikte eski tanrı heykelleri gözden geçirildiğinde daha anlamlı hale gelmektedir. Çünkü bu yapılarda, sağ ayağı önde ve bir baldırı açık olan heykel, bu heykelin bir tanrı heykeli olduğunun kanıtı olarak yorumlanmaktadır. Yazar bacak açılır ifadesini paçaların tutuşması olarak çevirmeyi tercih etmiştir. (Ayrıca bkn; İbrahimî dinlerde Tanrı)

Meal çalışmalarını günümüzde Namaz, oruç tesettür gibi Müslüman davranışları açısından önemli hale getiren bir konu, ayetlerin yazıldığı dönemde ifade ettikleri anlamların, daha sonra geliştirilen fıkıh mezhepleri çerçevesinde yeniden şekillendirilmiş olmasıdır. Kendilerine Kur'an Müslümanları adını veren dini gruplar kur'anın bu şekilde yapılmış olan tercümelerini şiddetle reddederler. Bu guruplara göre örtünme ve ibadetlerle ilgili tavsiyeler, mealler ve hadislerle ağırlaştırılan dini yükümlülüklere dönüşmüşlerdir.

Tarihçe
Kur'an yazılırken, yakın ulus/kâvimlere tebliğ amaçlı olarak çeviriler hazırlanıyor ve elçiler gönderiliyordu.  Aynı zamanda değişik dillere sahip uluslar Müslüman olduklarında Kur'anı kendi dillerine çeviriyordu. Örneğin İranlı Selman Kur'an'ı Farsçaya çevirmişti. İlk tercümeler Farsça ve Türkçe dillerindeydi. Batı'da Latince olarak tercümenin tarihi 1143'tür. Bu tercüme 1543'te basılmıştır.

Günümüze ulaşan en eski elyazması Türkçe meâl Şirazlı Hacı Devletşah oğlu Muhammed'in istinsah ettiği (1333) meâlidir ve Türk-İslam Eserleri Müzesi'ndedir. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi'ndeki bir nüsha Harezm Türkçesinde yapılmıştır.

Günümüzde meal çalışmaları bilimsel veya toplumsal anlayışın gelişme ve değişmesi paralelinde de değişikliklere uğramaktadır. Örneğin suresi meallerinde Alak kelimesi ile ilgili olarak verilen mealler. Eski meallerde kan pıhtısı olarak verilen bu kelime insanın gelişim aşamalarından birisinin kan pıhtısı olmadığı bilgisi ile birlikte değişime uğramış ve kelimeye tefsir ve meallerde embriyonun rahim duvarına tutunması ile bağlantılı mucizevi atıflar da yapılmak suretiyle embriyo veya "asılıp tutulan şey" anlamları verilmiştir.

Yine suresine ismini veren Tarık kelimesi geleneksel anlamına göre halk arasında Zühre, çoban yıldızı, sabah veya akşam yıldızı olarak da bilinen venüstür. Bazıları ise bu kelimeye mucizevi bir anlam yüklemiş ve onun radyoteleskopların icadı ile 1960'larda keşfedilen nötron yıldızlarını (pulsar) anlattığını ileri sürmüşler ve o şekilde tercüme etmişlerdir.

Mütercim

Kur'an meâli yazarlarına mütercim adı verilir.

Kur'an'daki âyetlerin bir kısmı anlamı açık, hüküm ihtivâ eden âyetler olmakla beraber, bazı âyetler ise yoruma açık âyetlerdir. Bu Âl-i İmrân Sûresi'nin yedinci âyetinde belirtilmektedir.

Kur'ân meâl veya tercümelerini hazırlayanların belirli dini kaygılardan uzak şekilde, sadece sosyal bilimlerin ve din bilimlerinin ışığında, filoloji, antropoloji, dinler tarihi, mitoloji gibi donanımlara sahip olarak tercüme yapmaları Kur'an'ın anlaşılması konusuna objektif katkılar sunması açısından değerli bilgiler sunabilir.

Tercüme, tefsir ve meal

Tercüme bir metnin hiçbir yorum katmadan diğer dile aktarılmasıdır. Kur'an'ın tercüme edilebilir olup olmadığı uzun tartışmaların konusu olmuştur. Uygulamada ise meal denilen yarı tercüme anlatımlar tercih edilmiştir. Meâl Kur'an ayetlerinin yorumlu tercümesi, tefsir ise ayrıntılı açıklamasıdır. Meal yazarları, birebir tercümedeki metne cümlelerdeki anlatım bozukluklarının giderilmesi, kapalı anlatımlar, cümle düşüklükleri, kelimelerin tam karşılığının meal yapılan dilde bulunmaması, birebir tercümenin sakıncalı bulunması veya kendi anlayışını (mezhep, tarikat, cemaat) dikte etmek, cemaat liderini Mesih veya Mehdi ilan etmek gibi amaçlarla etimolojik anlam kaydırma, ekleme veya öne çıkartma gibi uygulamalar yapar ve yalın tercümeden kaçınırlar. Bu çalışmalarda çok sayıda bir diğerinin anlayışını suçlayan yaklaşımlar görmek olasıdır. Bu çerçevede anlayış ve uygulamalardaki farklılaşmaların dini metinlere, ayrıca şeriat uygulamalarına; abdest, namaz, tesettür, mut'a, hac vb. ibadetlere yansıdığı görülmektedir. Günümüzde ise Kur'andan bilim ve bilimsel mucizeler türetmek amacıyla benzer uygulamaların yapıldığı sıklıkla ileri sürülmektedir.

Türkiye'de basılan meâllerin birçoğunda sayfa orta alanı Arapça metin, sayfa kenarları ise sırası ile Arapça metnin okunuşu ve hemen altında anlamı şeklindedir.

Tefsirlerde ise ayetlerin tek veya grup olarak  meallerinin sonuna eklenen açıklama bölümleri bulunur.

Kur'an meallerinde günümüzde orijinal metnin yanında Türkçe metin verilir. Bazıları kelime kelime çeviri yapmakta, bazıları nüzul sebepleri ve tarihsel bilgileri sunmaktadır. Bir kısmı güncel fıkhi ve siyasi meseleleri dipnotlarla vermekte, bir kısmı şiir söyleyişiyle sunmaktadır. Meallerin dili 1900'lerden beri değişen Türkçeye paralel olarak değişmiştir.

Türkçe meâller
Matbû meallerin bazıları sadece meâl, bazıları ise meâl ve tefsirdir.

Diğer dillerdeki meâller

Kaynakça

 Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı
 Kur'ân Mealleri Araştırmaları - 27 farklı meâl
 Mekteb-i Suffa

Meal

Kur'an mealleri


An Pescatoria coronaria in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Pescatoria coronaria in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pescatoria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Pescatoria

Pescatoria coronaria


Havekost er en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Schwarzenbek-Land i den sydvestlige del af Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg. Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg ligger i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Havekost ligger fem kilometer nord for Schwarzenbek og ca. 27 km øst for Hamborg. Fra 1887 til 1976 havde Havekost station på jernbanen mellem Schwarzenbek og Bad Oldesloe.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg

Havekost (Lauenburg)


Den arabiske oryx (Oryx leucoryx) er et dyr i underfamilien hesteantiloper af skedehornede pattedyr. Det er den mindste af oryxerne  med en skulderhøjde på omkring 1 m og en vægt omkring 70 kg. Pelsen er næsten lysende hvid, og undersiden og benene er brune. Sorte striber kan forekomme, hvor hoved og hals mødes og forskellige steder på hovedet. Begge køn har lange, lige eller let kurvede horn på 50-75 cm.

Den arabiske oryx lever i ørken- eller steppelandskaber på Den Arabiske Halvø. Den var uddød i vild tilstand i begyndelsen af 1970'erne, men overlevede i fangenskab, og siden begyndelsen af 1980'erne er den genudsat med held. I 1986 blev den på IUCN's Rødliste klassificeret som moderat truet, men i 2011 blev den omklassificeret til sårbar. Det estimeredes det år, at der fandtes omkring 1.000 individer i vild tilstand samt 6-7.000 i fangenskab fordelt over hele verden.

Dyrene lever i flokke på normalt mellem to og femten individer af begge køn, men der er rapporteret om flokke på op imod 100 dyr. De hviler normalt om dagen og indtager derfor typisk føde om natten. Den arabiske oryx lever primært af græsarter, men kan også tage for sig af en række andre plantearter. Flokkene har en god sans for kommende regn og kan vandre i store områder for at udnytte regnen og det græs, der kommer frem i den forbindelse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dyr fra Arabien
Heste- og sabelantiloper

Arabisk oryx


Gehnbach ist der Name folgender Orte:
 Gehnbach (Gemeinde Andrichsfurt), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Andrichsfurt, Bezirk Ried im Innkreis, Oberösterreich

Gehnbach ist der Name folgender Gewässer:
 Gehnbach (Rohrbach), rechter Nebenfluss des Rohrbachs im Saarland

Gehnbach


Nádson Rodrigues de Souza (født 30. januar 1982) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Brasiliens fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Nádson Rodrigues de Souza


STS-42 was a NASA Space Shuttle Discovery mission with the Spacelab module. Liftoff was originally scheduled for 8:45 EST (13:45 UTC) on January 22, 1992, but the launch was delayed due to weather constraints. Discovery successfully lifted off an hour later at 9:52:33 EST (14:52:33 UTC). The main goal of the mission was to study the effects of microgravity on a variety of organisms. The shuttle landed at 8:07:17 PST (16:07:17 UTC) on January 30, 1992, on Runway 22, Edwards Air Force Base, California. STS-42 was the first of two flights in 1992 of Discovery, the second of which occurred during STS-53, which launched on December 2, 1992. The mission was also the last mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery to have a seven-member crew until STS-82, which was launched on February 11, 1997.

Crew

Crew seating arrangements

Crew notes
The crew of STS-42 included West Germany's first astronaut, Ulf D. Merbold, who was making his second spaceflight, and Canada's first female astronaut, Roberta L. Bondar. In order to allow around-the-clock monitoring of experiments, the astronauts were divided into a red team and a blue team. Manley Lanier "Sonny" Carter Jr., was originally assigned to fly as mission specialist 3 for this mission, but died 7 months prior the launch in a plane crash. David Hilmers was then chosen to replace him.

Mission highlights

STS-42 was launched on January 22, 1992, 9:52:33 a.m. EST. The launch was delayed by one hour due to weather constraints. The launch weight was .

Discovery carried into orbit the International Microgravity Laboratory-1 (IML-1), a pressurized crewed Spacelab module, to explore in depth the complex effects of weightlessness on living organisms and materials processing. The international crew, divided into Red and Blue teams, conducted experiments on the human nervous system's adaptation to low gravity and the effects of microgravity on other life forms such as shrimp eggs, lentil seedlings, fruit fly eggs and bacteria. Low gravity materials processing experiments included crystal growth from a variety of substances such as enzymes, mercury iodine and a virus. Other payloads included 10 Get Away Special (GAS) canisters, a number of middeck payloads, two Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) experiments, and an Australian developed ultraviolet telescope Endeavour. Middeck payloads included Gelation of SOLS: Applied Microgravity Research (GOSAMR), Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP) and the Radiation Monitoring Experiment (RME-III).

The mission landed on January 30, 1992, 8:07:17 a.m. PST, Runway 22, Edwards Air Force Base, California, after being extended by a day for continued scientific experimentation. The rollout distance was . The orbiter returned to Kennedy Space Center on February 16, 1992. The landing weight was .

Mission insignia
The four stars in the lower blue field and two stars in the upper blue field of the insignia symbolize the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence. The single gold star above the horizon on the right is in honor of astronaut Manley Lanier "Sonny" Carter Jr., who was killed in the crash of Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 in Brunswick, Georgia while on a commercial airplane traveling for NASA. Carter was originally assigned as a mission specialist on STS-42 at the time of his death.

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 Destiny in Space, 1994 documentary primarily focused on STS-42
 Nikon NASA F4
 Outline of space science
 Space Shuttle

References

External links

 NASA mission summary
 STS-42 Press Kit
 STS-42 Video Highlights

Space Shuttle missions
Edwards Air Force Base
Spacecraft launched in 1992

STS-42


Untergrochlitz ist ein Stadtteil von Greiz im Landkreis Greiz in Thüringen.

Lage
Untergrochlitz liegt im ländlichen Raum südwestlich von Greiz im Tal des Untergrochlitzer Bachs. Dieser entwässert über den Quirlbach in die Weiße Elster. Parallel verläuft eine Ortsverbindungsstraße mit Anschluss an die Bundesstraße 94, die im Süden weiter nach Moschwitz führt. Direkt östlich liegen Obergrochlitz und die Schleuße.

Geschichte
Am 23. Mai 1449 wurde das Dorf Grochlitz erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Die Gemeinde wurde am 1. Oktober 1922 nach Greiz eingemeindet. 2012 lebten 105 Einwohner im Ortsteil.

Persönlichkeiten
 Friedrich Beck (* 1927 in Untergrochlitz) – Archivar und Historiker

Literatur
 Ulf Meyer: Familienbuch Caselwitz mit Moschwitz, Obergrochlitz, Untergrochlitz, Dölau und Rothenthal (Landkreis Greiz), Thüringen 1617 bis 1800. Leipzig: AMF 2012 (= Mitteldeutsche Ortsfamilienbücher der AMF 71)
 Ulf Meyer: Familienbuch Caselwitz II mit Moschwitz, Obergrochlitz, Untergrochlitz, Dölau und Rothenthal (Landkreis Greiz), Thüringen 1800 bis 1945. Leipzig: AMF 2016 (= Mitteldeutsche Ortsfamilienbücher der AMF 95)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Greiz
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Greiz)
Geographie (Greiz)
Ersterwähnung 1449

Untergrochlitz


Palota este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Medzilaborce din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 196 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Medzilaborce.

Istoric
Localitatea Palota este atestată documentar din 1330.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Palota, Medzilaborce


Italiensk spurv (Passer italiae) er en fugleart, der lever i Italien, på Korsika, Sicilien og Kreta.

Noter
  Netfugl.dk
  Avibase - the world bird database

Spurve
Italiens fugle

Italiensk spurv


Wilbraham est une ville du Comté de Hampden dans l'État du Massachusetts, devenue un faubourg de Springfield.

Elle a été incorporée en 1763.

Sa population était de  en 2020.

Période coloniale
Les terres sur lesquelles Wilbraham s'est édifiée Wilbraham avaient été achetées en 1636 par William Pynchon (fondateur de Springfield) à la tribu des Pocomtuc : elles s'étendaient en 1674 de la vallée du Connecticut à Springfield, jusqu'au pied de la chaîne des monts Wilbraham. Wilbraham a été fondée en 1730 par Nathaniel Hitchcock, en même temps que Hampden (Massachusetts), pour former le 4e District de Springfield. Hitchcock y édifia un chalet en rondins, le long de l'actuelle Main St. Hunting, comme relai de bûcherons.

Les Indiens ne faisaient qu'y chasser et pêchaient dans la Chicopee River. Il y avait une carrière de stéatite sur Glendale Road : on trouve parfois encore des pointes de flèche taillées dans ce minéral. Les peupliers qui bordaient la Chicopee faisaient d'excellents canoës : deux pirogues monoxyles ont été découvertes au cours des dernières décennies. Les indiens Pocomtuc appelaient l'endroit Minnechaug, qu'on peut traduire par « verger» . On trouve un récit de ces Indiens dans un poème de Chauncey E. Peck, Minneola (1904).

Plusieurs miliciens de Wilbraham ont participé à la campagne britannique de Nouvelle-France puis à la Guerre d'indépendance américaine, en tant qu'artilleurs du Hampshire Regiment.

Un foyer du Méthodisme
La Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy est l'un des plus vieux lycées privés de l'Eglise méthodiste aux Etats-Unis. Fondée par des pasteurs de Nouvelle Angleterre en 1818 à Newmarket (New Hampshire), elle fut transplantée à Wilbraham en 1825. Son premier proviseur, le Dr. Wilbur Fisk, qui y officia jusqu'en 1831, devint ensuite  président de l'Université Wesleyenne du Connecticut.

Depuis 1971, ce lycée a fusionné avec Monson Academy, autre ancien établissement dont la fondation remonte à 1804, pour former Wilbraham & Monson Academy. Plusieurs élèves de Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy, dont le pasteur Jason Lee, ont participé à l'expansion du méthodisme dans l'ouest (Mission Willamette en Orégon) au cours de la première moitié du .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Comté de Hampden
Town au Massachusetts

Wilbraham (Massachusetts)


Onagreae, tribus vrbolikovki, dio potporodice Onagroideae. Pripada mu 12 rodova., tipični je pupoljka (Oenothera), sa preko 220 vrsta jednogodišnjeg, dvogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica i polugrmova iz Amerike

Ime je došlo po rodu Onagra, sinonim za Oenothera.

Rodovi i broj vrsta
 Chylismia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray (16 spp.)
 Oenothera L. (223 spp.)
 Eulobus Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray (4 spp.)
 Taraxia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray (4 spp.)
 Clarkia Pursh (42 spp.)
 Gayophytum A. Juss. (9 spp.)
 Chylismiella (Munz) W. L. Wagner & Hoch (1 sp.)
 Eremothera (P. H. Raven) W. L. Wagner & Hoch (7 spp.)
 Camissonia Link (14 spp.)
 Neoholmgrenia W. L. Wagner & Hoch (2 spp.)
 Camissoniopsis W. L. Wagner & Hoch (14 spp.)
 Tetrapteron (Munz) W. L. Wagner & Hoch (2 spp.)

Izvori

Vrbolikovke

Onagreae


Angelfish was a short-lived early-1990s Scottish alternative rock group originating from Edinburgh, Scotland, formed as a side-project to Scottish group Goodbye Mr Mackenzie, after keyboardist and backing vocalist Shirley Manson was signed as a solo artist to circumvent the Mackenzies' existing record contract. Angelfish released a single self-titled studio album, Angelfish, and two singles of which the first was an EP for minor college radio hit "Suffocate Me".

The music video for "Suffocate Me" was aired once by MTV during 120 Minutes, where it was seen by Garbage co-founder Steve Marker.  Manson was asked to join Garbage and accepted. The Angelfish side-project was dissolved, while Goodbye Mr Mackenzie continued for another two years without Manson.

Discography

Albums

Singles and EPs

References

External links
 Official Website Goodbye Mr. Mackenzie & Angelfish
 Angelfish on MySpace

Scottish alternative rock groups
British dream pop musical groups

Angelfish (band)


Protoplanet je prethodnik planeta koji obično nastaje iz diska prašine i plina nakon formiranja zvijezde. Kod protoplaneta se stvaraju uvjeti za diferenciranu unutrašnjost.

U slučaju Sunčevog sustava, smatra se da su sudari planetesimala stvorili nekoliko stotina planetarnih embrija. Takvi su embriji bili slični Ceresu i Plutonu s masama od oko 10 22 do 10 23 kg i bili su promjera nekoliko tisuća kilometara. Tijekom stotina milijuna godina sukobili su se jedan s drugim. Točna sekvenca po kojoj su se planetarni embriji sudarili radi okupljanja planeta nije poznata, ali misli se da bi početni sudari zamijenili prvu "generaciju" embrija drugom generacijom koja se sastoji od manjeg ali većeg embrija. Oni bi se zauzvrat sudarili u stvaranju treće generacije manje, ali čak i većih zametaka. Na kraju je ostala samo nekoliko zametaka koji su se sudarili kako bi dovršili pravilno sastavljanje planeta.

Rani protoplaneti imale su više radioaktivnih elemenata, čija se količina vremenom smanjivala zbog radioaktivnog raspada. Grijanje zbog radioaktivnosti, udara i gravitacijskog tlaka rastopilo je dijelove protoplaneta kako su narasli prema planetima. U otopljenim zonama njihovi teži elementi potonuli su u središte, dok su se lakši elementi uzdizali na površinu. Takav je postupak poznat kao planetarna diferencijacija. Sastav nekih meteorita pokazuje da se u nekih asteroida ta diferencijacija razlikovala.

Vrste planeta
Protoplaneti

Protoplanet


وادي تليلات إحدى بلديات ولاية وهران. تقع جنوب ولاية وهران، لها حدود مع بلدية البرية  شرقًا وحي التوميات غربًا وسيق شمالًا وزهانة جنوبًا.

مراجع

بلديات ولاية وهران

وادي تليلات


In mathematics, the Jacobi elliptic functions are a set of basic elliptic functions.  They are found in the description of the motion of a pendulum (see also pendulum (mathematics)), as well as in the design of electronic elliptic filters. While trigonometric functions are defined with reference to a circle, the Jacobi elliptic functions are a generalization which refer to other conic sections, the ellipse in particular. The relation to trigonometric functions is contained in the notation, for example, by the matching notation  for . The Jacobi elliptic functions are used more often in practical problems than the Weierstrass elliptic functions as they do not require notions of complex analysis to be defined and/or understood. They were introduced by . Carl Friedrich Gauss had already studied special Jacobi elliptic functions in 1797, the lemniscate elliptic functions in particular, but his work was published much later.

Overview

There are twelve Jacobi elliptic functions denoted by , where  and  are any of the letters , , , and . (Functions of the form  are trivially set to unity for notational completeness.)  is the argument, and  is the parameter, both of which may be complex. In fact, the Jacobi elliptic functions are meromorphic in both  and . The distribution of the zeros and poles in the -plane is well-known. However, questions of the distribution of the zeros and poles in the -plane remain to be investigated.

In the complex plane of the argument , the twelve functions form a repeating lattice of simple poles and zeroes. Depending on the function, one repeating parallelogram, or unit cell, will have sides of length  or  on the real axis, and  or  on the imaginary axis, where  and  are known as the quarter periods with  being the elliptic integral of the first kind. The nature of the unit cell can be determined by inspecting the "auxiliary rectangle" (generally a parallelogram), which is a rectangle formed by the origin  at one corner, and   as the diagonally opposite corner. As in the diagram, the four corners of the auxiliary rectangle are named , , , and , going counter-clockwise from the origin. The function  will have a zero at the  corner and a pole at the  corner. The twelve functions correspond to the twelve ways of arranging these poles and zeroes in the corners of the rectangle.

When the argument  and parameter  are real, with ,  and  will be real and the auxiliary parallelogram will in fact be a rectangle, and the Jacobi elliptic functions will all be real valued on the real line.

Since the Jacobian elliptic functions are doubly periodic in , they factor through a torus – in effect, their domain can be taken to be a torus, just as cosine and sine are in effect defined on a circle. Instead of having only one circle, we now have the product of two circles, one real and the other imaginary. The complex plane can be replaced by a complex torus. The circumference of the first circle is  and the second , where  and  are the quarter periods. Each function has two zeroes and two poles at opposite positions on the torus. Among the points  there is one zero and one pole.

The Jacobian elliptic functions are then doubly periodic, meromorphic functions satisfying the following properties:
 There is a simple zero at the corner , and a simple pole at the corner .
 The complex number  is equal to half the period of the function ; that is, the function  is periodic in the direction , with the period being . The function  is also periodic in the other two directions  and , with periods such that  and  are quarter periods.

Notation

The elliptic functions can be given in a variety of notations, which can make the subject unnecessarily confusing.  Elliptic functions are functions of two variables.  The first variable might be given in terms of the amplitude , or more commonly, in terms of  given below. The second variable might be given in terms of the parameter ,  or as the elliptic modulus , where , or in terms of the modular angle , where . The complements of  and  are defined as  and . These four terms are used below without comment to simplify various expressions.

The twelve Jacobi elliptic functions are generally written as  where  and  are any of the letters , , , and . Functions of the form  are trivially set to unity for notational completeness. The "major" functions are generally taken to be ,  and  from which all other functions can be derived and expressions are often written solely in terms of these three functions, however, various symmetries and generalizations are often most conveniently expressed using the full set. (This notation is due to Gudermann and Glaisher and is not Jacobi's original notation.)

Throughout this article, .

The functions are notationally related to each other by the multiplication rule: (arguments suppressed)

from which other commonly used relationships can be derived:

The multiplication rule follows immediately from the identification of the elliptic functions with the Neville theta functions

Also note that:

Definition in terms of inverses of elliptic integrals

There is a definition, relating the elliptic functions to the inverse of the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind.  These functions take the parameters  and  as inputs. The  that satisfies

is called the Jacobi amplitude:

In this framework, the elliptic sine sn u (Latin: sinus amplitudinis) is given by

and the elliptic cosine cn u (Latin: cosinus amplitudinis) is given by

and the delta amplitude dn u (Latin: delta amplitudinis)

In the above, the value  is a free parameter, usually taken to be real such that , and so the elliptic functions can be thought of as being given by two variables,  and the parameter . The remaining nine elliptic functions are easily built from the above three (, , ), and are given in a section below.

In the most general setting,  is a multivalued function (in ) with infinitely many logarithmic branch points (the branches differ by integer multiples of ), namely the points  and  where . This multivalued function can be made single-valued by cutting the complex plane along the line segments joining these branch points (the cutting can be done in non-equivalent ways, giving non-equivalent single-valued functions), thus making  analytic everywhere except on the branch cuts. In contrast,  and other elliptic functions have no branch points, give consistent values for every branch of , and are meromorphic in the whole complex plane. Since every elliptic function is meromorphic in the whole complex plane (by definition),  (when considered as a single-valued function) is not an elliptic function.

However, the integral inversion above defines a unique single-valued real-analytic function in a real neighborhood of  if  is real. There is a unique analytic continuation of this function from that neighborhood to . The analytic continuation of this function is periodic in  if and only if  (with the minimal period ), and it is denoted by  in the rest of this article.

Jacobi also introduced the coamplitude function:
.

The Jacobi epsilon function can be defined as

and relates the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind to the incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind (with parameter ):

The Jacobi epsilon function is not an elliptic function. However, unlike the Jacobi amplitude and coamplitude, the Jacobi epsilon function is meromorphic in the whole complex plane (in both  and ).

The Jacobi zn function is defined by

It is a singly periodic function which is meromorphic in . Its minimal period is . It is related to the Jacobi zeta function by

Note that when , that  then equals the quarter period .

Definition as trigonometry: the Jacobi ellipse

 are defined on the unit circle, with radius r = 1 and angle  arc length of the unit circle measured from the positive x-axis. Similarly, Jacobi elliptic functions are defined on the unit ellipse, with a = 1.  Let

then:

For each angle  the parameter

(the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind) is computed.
On the unit circle (),  would be an arc length.
The quantity  is related to the incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind (with modulus ) by

and therefore is related to the arc length of an ellipse. Let  be a point on the ellipse, and let  be the point where the unit circle intersects the line between  and the origin .
Then the familiar relations from the unit circle:

read for the ellipse:

So the projections of the intersection point  of the line  with the unit circle on the x- and y-axes are simply  and . These projections may be interpreted as 'definition as trigonometry'. In short:

For the  and  value of the point  with
 and parameter  we get, after inserting the relation:

into:  that:

The latter relations for the x- and y-coordinates of points on the unit ellipse may be considered as generalization of the relations  for the coordinates of points on the unit circle.

The following table summarizes the expressions for all Jacobi elliptic functions pq(u,m) in the variables (x,y,r) and (φ,dn) with

Definition in terms of Jacobi theta functions

Jacobi theta function description

Equivalently, Jacobi's elliptic functions can be defined in terms of his theta functions. If we abbreviate  as , and  respectively as  (the theta constants) then the theta function elliptic modulus k is . We define the nome as  in relation to the period ratio. We have

where  and .

Edmund Whittaker and George Watson defined the Jacobi theta functions this way in their textbook A Course of Modern Analysis:

Jacobi zn function

The Jacobi zn function can be expressed by theta functions as well:

where  denotes the partial derivative with respect to the left bracket entry:

and so on.

The following definition of the Jacobi zn function is identical to the now mentioned formulas:

In a successive way the amplitude sine sn can be generated as follows:

Comparison between sums and products

The reduced elliptic integral of first kind shall be defined as follows again:

And the reduced elliptic nome shall be defined after this pattern:

The brothers Peter and Jonathan Borwein also gave these two following formulas for the amplitude sine in their work π and the AGM on page 60 ff:

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This defining formula, which results directly from the inner substitution , applies analogously to the cd function:

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These formulas are based on Whittaker and Watson's definition of theta non-zero value functions.

These formulas apply to the cosine amplitude:

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According to the Whittaker-Watson product formulas, this formula also applies to the delta amplitude function:

With a Hyperbolic secant sum is a definition possible for the Delta Amplitudinis:

The elliptic nome and its series

Elliptic integral and elliptic nome

Since the Jacobi functions are defined in terms of the elliptic modulus , we need to invert this and find  in terms of . We start from , the complementary modulus. As a function of  it is

Let us define the elliptic nome and the complete elliptic integral of the first kind:

These are two identical definitions of the complete elliptic integral of the first kind:

An identical definition of the nome function can me produced by using a series. Following function has this identity:

Since we may reduce to the case where the imaginary part of  is greater than or equal to  (see Modular group), we can assume the absolute value of  is less than or equal to ; for values this small the above series converges very rapidly and easily allows us to find the appropriate value for . By solving this function after q we get this result:

This table shows numbers of the Schwarz integer sequence A002103 accurately:

Kneser integer sequence

The German mathematician Adolf Kneser researched on the integer sequence of the elliptic period ratio in his essay Neue Untersuchung einer Reihe aus der Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen and showed that the generating function of this sequence is an elliptic function. Also a further mathematician with the name Robert Fricke analyzed this integer sequence in his essay Die elliptischen Funktionen und ihre Anwendungen and described the accurate computing methods by using this mentioned sequence. The Kneser integer sequence Kn(n) can be constructed in this way:

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Executed examples:

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The Kneser sequence appears in the Taylor series of the period ratio (half period ratio):

Schellbach Schwarz integer sequence

The mathematician Karl Heinrich Schellbach discovered the integer number sequence that appears in the MacLaurin series of the Elliptic Nome function. This scientist constructed this sequence A002103 in his work Die Lehre von den elliptischen Integralen und den Thetafunktionen in detail. Especially on page 60 of this work a synthesis route of this sequence is written down in his work. Also the Silesian German mathematician Hermann Amandus Schwarz wrote in his work Formeln und Lehrsätze zum Gebrauche der elliptischen Funktionen in the chapter Berechnung der Grösse k on pages 54 to 56 that integer number sequence down. This Schellbach Schwarz number sequence Sc(n) (OEIS: A002103) was also analyzed by the mathematicians Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass and Louis Melville Milne-Thomson in the 20th century.  The mathematician Adolf Kneser determined a synthesis method for this sequence based on the following pattern:

The Schellbach Schwarz sequence Sc(n) is entered in the online encyclopedia of number sequences under the number A002103 and the Kneser sequence Kn(n) is entered under the number A227503. Adolf Kneser researched on this integer sequence in his essay Neue Untersuchung einer Reihe aus der Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen and showed that the generating function of this sequence is an elliptic function. Also Robert Fricke analyzed this integer sequence in his essay Die elliptischen Funktionen und ihre Anwendungen and described accurate computing methods by using this sequence. Following table contains the Kneser numbers and the Schellbach Schwarz numbers:

In the following, it will be shown as an example how the Schellbach Schwarz numbers are built up successively. For this, the examples with the numbers Sc(4) = 150, Sc(5) = 1707 and Sc(6) = 20910 are used:

And this sequence creates the MacLaurin series of the elliptic nome in exactly this way mentioned above:

Definition in terms of Neville theta functions

The Jacobi elliptic functions can be defined very simply using the Neville theta functions:

Simplifications of complicated products of the Jacobi elliptic functions are often made easier using these identities.

Jacobi transformations

The Jacobi imaginary transformations

The Jacobi imaginary transformations relate various functions of the imaginary variable i u or, equivalently, relations between various values of the m parameter. In terms of the major functions:

Using the multiplication rule, all other functions may be expressed in terms of the above three. The transformations may be generally written as . The following table gives the  for the specified pq(u,m). (The arguments  are suppressed)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Jacobi Imaginary transformations
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="4"|q
|-
! c
! s
! n
! d
|-
!rowspan="6"|p
|-
! c
| 1 || i ns || nc || nd
|-
! s
| −i sn || 1 || −i sc || −i sd
|-
! n
| cn || i cs || 1 || cd
|-
! d
| dn || i ds || dc || 1
|}

Since the hyperbolic trigonometric functions are proportional to the circular trigonometric functions with imaginary arguments, it follows that the Jacobi functions will yield the hyperbolic functions for m=1. In the figure, the Jacobi curve has degenerated to two vertical lines at x = 1 and x = −1.

The Jacobi real transformations

The Jacobi real transformations yield expressions for the elliptic functions in terms with alternate values of m. The transformations may be generally written as . The following table gives the  for the specified pq(u,m). (The arguments  are suppressed)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Jacobi real transformations
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="4"|q
|-
! c
! s
! n
! d
|-
!rowspan="6"|p
|-
! c
|  || ||  ||
|-
! s
| ||  ||  ||
|-
! n
|  ||  ||  ||
|-
! d
|  ||  ||  ||
|}

Other Jacobi transformations

Jacobi's real and imaginary transformations can be combined in various ways to yield three more simple transformations
. The real and imaginary transformations are two transformations in a group (D3 or anharmonic group) of six transformations. If

is the transformation for the m parameter in the real transformation, and

is the transformation of m in the imaginary transformation, then the other transformations can be built up by successive application of these two basic transformations, yielding only three more possibilities:

These five transformations, along with the identity transformation (μU(m) = m) yield the six-element group. With regard to the Jacobi elliptic functions, the general transformation can be expressed using just three functions:

where i = U, I, IR, R, RI, or RIR, identifying the transformation, γi is a multiplication factor common to these three functions, and the prime indicates the transformed function. The other nine transformed functions can be built up from the above three. The reason the cs, ns, ds  functions were chosen to represent the transformation is that the other functions will be ratios of these three (except for their inverses) and the multiplication factors will cancel.

The following table lists the multiplication factors for the three ps functions, the transformed ms, and the transformed function names for each of the six transformations. (As usual, k2 = m, 1 − k2 = k12 = m′ and the arguments () are suppressed)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Parameters for the six transformations
!Transformation i||||||cs'||ns'||ds'
|-
! U
| 1              || m                || cs || ns || ds
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! I
| i              || m′    || ns || cs || ds
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! IR
| i k           || −m′/m || ds || cs || ns
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! R
| k              || 1/m              || ds || ns || cs
|-
! RI
|i k1|| 1/m′  || ns || ds || cs
|-
! RIR
| k1  || −m/m′ || cs || ds || ns
|-
|}

Thus, for example, we may build the following table for the RIR transformation. The transformation is generally written  (The arguments  are suppressed)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ The RIR transformation
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="4"|q
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! c
! s
! n
! d
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!rowspan="6"|p
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! c
|1|| k' cs || cd || cn
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! s
| sc|| 1 || sd || sn
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! n
| dc ||  ds || 1 || dn
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! d
| nc ||  ns || nd || 1
|}

The value of the Jacobi transformations is that any set of Jacobi elliptic functions with any complex-valued parameter m can be converted into another set for which 0 ≤ m ≤ 1 and, for real values of u, the function values will be real.

The Jacobi hyperbola

Introducing complex numbers, our ellipse has an associated hyperbola:

from applying Jacobi's imaginary transformation to the elliptic functions in the above equation for x and y.

It follows that we can put . So our ellipse has a dual ellipse with m replaced by 1-m. This leads to the complex torus mentioned in the  Introduction. Generally, m may be a complex number, but when m is real and m<0, the curve is an ellipse with major axis in the x direction. At m=0 the curve is a circle, and for 0<m<1, the curve is an ellipse with major axis in the y direction. At m = 1, the curve degenerates into two vertical lines at x = ±1. For m > 1, the curve is a hyperbola. When m is complex but not real, x or y or both are complex and the curve cannot be described on a real x-y diagram.

Minor functions

Reversing the order of the two letters of the function name results in the reciprocals of the three functions above:

Similarly, the ratios of the three primary functions correspond to the first letter of the numerator followed by the first letter of the denominator:

More compactly, we have

where p and q are any of the letters s, c, d.

Periodicity, poles, and residues

In the complex plane of the argument u, the Jacobi elliptic functions form a repeating pattern of poles (and zeroes). The residues of the poles all have the same absolute value, differing only in sign. Each function pq(u,m) has an "inverse function" (in the multiplicative sense) qp(u,m) in which the positions of the poles and zeroes are exchanged. The periods of repetition are generally different in the real and imaginary directions, hence the use of the  term "doubly periodic" to describe them.

The Jacobi amplitude and the Jacobi epsilon function are quasi-periodic:

where  is the complete elliptic integral of the second kind with parameter .

Also
.

The double periodicity of the Jacobi elliptic functions may be expressed as:

where α and β are any pair of integers. K(·) is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind, also known as the quarter period. The power of negative unity (γ) is given in the following table:

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! c
! s
! n
! d
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!rowspan="6"|p
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! c
|0||β || α + β || α
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! s
|β || 0 || α || α + β
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! n
| α + β || α || 0 || β
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! d
| α || α + β || β || 0
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When the factor (−1)γ is equal to −1, the equation expresses quasi-periodicity.  When it is equal to unity, it expresses full periodicity. It can be seen, for example, that for the entries containing only α when α is even, full periodicity is expressed by the above equation, and the function has full periods of 4K(m) and 2iK(1 − m).  Likewise, functions with entries containing only β have full periods of 2K(m) and 4iK(1 − m), while those with α + β have full periods of 4K(m) and 4iK(1 − m).

In the diagram on the right, which plots one repeating unit for each function, indicating phase along with the location of poles and zeroes, a number of regularities can be noted: The inverse of each function is opposite the diagonal, and has the same size unit cell, with poles and zeroes exchanged. The pole and zero arrangement in the auxiliary rectangle formed by (0,0), (K,0), (0,K′) and (K,K′) are in accordance with the description of the pole and zero placement described in the introduction above. Also, the size of the white ovals indicating poles are a rough measure of the absolute value of the residue for that pole. The residues of the poles closest to the origin in the figure (i.e. in the auxiliary rectangle) are listed in the following table:

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|+ Residues of Jacobi elliptic functions
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="4"|q
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! width="40pt"|c
! width="40pt"|s
! width="40pt"|n
! width="40pt"|d
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! height="40pt" |c
|  ||1||||
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! height="40pt" |s
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! height="40pt" |n
|||1|| ||
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! height="40pt" | d
| -1 || 1 ||  ||
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When applicable, poles displaced above by 2K or displaced to the right by 2K′ have the same value but with signs reversed, while those diagonally opposite have the same value. Note that poles and zeroes on the left and lower edges are considered part of the unit cell, while those on the upper and right edges are not.

Special values

Lemniscatic values

The Values along with the modulus  are called lemniscatic values:

Values for the thirds of the integral K:

Values for the fifths of the integral K:

For the corresponding Pythagorean opposites these formulas are valid:

Values for the sevenths of the integral K:

For the corresponding Pythagorean opposites these formulas are valid:

Important identities:

Setting  gives the lemniscate elliptic functions  and  in this way:

Setting  gives the lemniscate elliptic functions  and  in the following way:

Equianharmonic values

The Values along with the modulus  and  are called equianharmonic values or also values of the Equianharmonic Case:

The flower marks the Elliptic lambda star function!

Elementary functions

When  or , the Jacobi elliptic functions are reduced to non-elliptic functions:

For the Jacobi amplitude,  and  where  is the Gudermannian function.

In general if neither of p, q is d then .

Identities

Addition theorems

The functions satisfy the two square relations in dependency of the modulus  in Legendre form:

From this we see that (cn, sn, dn) parametrizes an elliptic curve which is the intersection of the two quadrics defined by the above two equations. We now may define a group law for points on this curve by the addition formulas for the Jacobi functions

By only treating the functions sn and cd, the following pair of addition theorems can be established in which the two theorems are antisymmetric to each other:

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The Jacobi epsilon and zn functions satisfy a quasi-addition theorem:

Double angle formulae can be easily derived from the above equations by setting x = y. Half angle formulae are all of the form:

where:

Half Angle formula

These three formulas describe the halving theorem:

And the theorem of the arithmetic mean is described by this formula:

K formulas

Half K formula

Third K formula

Also this equation leads to the sn-value of the third of K:

These equations lead to the other values of the Jacobi functions:

On the basis of that now mentioned quartic equation we can a simplified formula by using the solution algorithm for the General case of the quartic equation. This parametrized formula can be generated in that way:

The Pythagorean opposite gives that formula successively:

These two now mentioned formulas are valid for all real values of x, the criterion  is fulfilled in both equations.

To get x, we take the tangent of twice the arctangent of the modulus and then we take the cube root so that x appears.

And then we insert the generated value x into the right side of the balance of the shown parametrized equations.

In relation to this calculation algorithm, three examples are given below:

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|First example:

If we insert the value  into the fraction showed above, we get this result:

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|Second example:

If we insert the value  into the fraction showed above, we get this result:

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|Third example:

If we insert the value  into the fraction showed above, we get this result:

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Fifth K formula

Following equation has following solution:

To get the sn-values, we put the solution x into following expressions:

The t solution between zero and a half is this solution which has to be used for these expressions.

In relation to the now mentioned calculation algorithm, an important example are given below:

{| class = "wikitable"
|This equation of sixth degree is given:

The value  shall be entered in this example.

By entering this modulus value and multiplying the whole equation with the factor 4 we get that equation:

This is the solution of that equation for t that is located between zero and a half:

This solution t and the corresponding modulus k will be inserted into the formulas for the amplitude sine values:

By doing this, following results appear, that are mentioned already in the section of the special values:

By using the hyperbolic functions, these equivalent expressions can be produced:

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According to Abel–Ruffini theorem, it is completely impossible to set up elementary expressions for the amplitude sine values of the fifths of the complete first kind elliptic integral for the regular case of the elliptic modulus.

Relations between squares of the functions
Relations between squares of the functions can be derived from two basic relationships (Arguments (u,m) suppressed):

where m + m' = 1. Multiplying by any function of the form nq yields more general equations:

With q = d, these correspond trigonometrically to the equations for the unit circle () and the unit ellipse  (), with x = cd, y = sd and r = nd. Using the multiplication rule, other relationships may be derived. For example:

Representations of the function values via Theta functions

Given are the product definitions of the Jacobi Theta Nullwert Functions as the mathematicians Edmund Taylor Whittaker and George Neville Watson set them up:

Identities of thirds of the integral :

With the so-called theta zero-value functions of the elliptic noun of the module, many Jacobian function values can be represented:

Identities of the fifths of the integral :

The elementary combinations of theta zero-value functions and the elliptic nome are not sufficient for the representation of the Jacobian function values of left-hand parenthesis entries beyond rationally broken K-integrals. This requires the theta non-zero functions of the pattern described above.

Jacobi elliptic functions as solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential equations
The derivatives of the three basic Jacobi elliptic functions are:

These can be used to derive the derivatives of all other functions as shown in the table below (arguments (u,m) suppressed):

With the addition theorems above and for a given m with 0 < m < 1 the major functions are  therefore solutions to the following nonlinear ordinary differential equations:

  solves the differential equations  and
  solves the differential equations  and
  solves the differential equations  and

The Jacobi amplitude provides a non-trivial solution of the differential equation describing the exact motion of a simple pendulum. In particular,

A function which solves the above pendulum differential equation with initial angle  is

Lambert series expansion in terms of the nome

Let the nome be , ,  and let . Then the functions have expansions as Lambert series

when .

For the Jacobi amplitude,

where  and .

Bivariate power series expansions have been published by Schett.

Fast computation
The theta function ratios provide an efficient way of computing the Jacobi elliptic functions. There is an alternative method, based on the arithmetic-geometric mean and Landen's transformations:

Initialize

where .
Define

where .
Then define

for  and a fixed . If

for , then

as . This is notable for its rapid convergence. It is then trivial to compute all Jacobi elliptic functions from the Jacobi amplitude  on the real line.

In conjunction with the addition theorems for elliptic functions (which hold for complex numbers in general) and the Jacobi transformations, the method of computation described above can be used to compute all Jacobi elliptic functions in the whole complex plane.

Another method of fast computation of the Jacobi elliptic functions via the arithmetic–geometric mean, avoiding the computation of the Jacobi amplitude, is due to Herbert E. Salzer:

Let

Set

Then

as .

Approximation in terms of hyperbolic functions

The Jacobi elliptic functions can be expanded in terms of the hyperbolic functions.  When  is close to unity, such that  and higher powers of   can be neglected, we have:
 sn(u):
 cn(u):
 dn(u):
For the Jacobi amplitude,

Continued fractions

Assuming real numbers  with  and the nome ,  with elliptic modulus . If , where  is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind, then holds the following continued fraction expansion

Known continued fractions involving  and  with elliptic modulus  are

For , : pg. 374

For , : pg. 375

For , : pg. 220

For , : pg. 374

For , : pg. 375

Inverse functions

The inverses of the Jacobi elliptic functions can be defined similarly to the inverse trigonometric functions; if , . They can be represented as elliptic integrals, and power series representations have been found.

Map projection

The Peirce quincuncial projection is a map projection based on Jacobian elliptic functions.

See also
 Elliptic curve
 Schwarz–Christoffel mapping
 Carlson symmetric form
 Jacobi theta function
 Ramanujan theta function
 Dixon elliptic functions
 Abel elliptic functions
 Weierstrass elliptic functions
 Lemniscate elliptic functions

Notes

References

 Jonathan M. Borwein, Peter B. Borwein: Pi and the AGM. A study in analytical Number Theory and Computational Complexity. John Wiley & Sons, 1987.
 N. I. Akhiezer, Elements of the Theory of Elliptic Functions (1970) Moscow, translated into English as AMS Translations of Mathematical Monographs Volume 79 (1990) AMS, Rhode Island
 A. C. Dixon  The elementary properties of the elliptic functions, with examples (Macmillan, 1894)
 Alfred George Greenhill The applications of elliptic functions (London, New York, Macmillan, 1892)
 Edmund T. Whittaker, George Neville Watson: A Course in Modern Analysis. 4th ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990. pp. 469–470.
 H. Hancock Lectures on the theory of elliptic functions (New York, J. Wiley & sons, 1910)

  P. Appell and E. Lacour Principes de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques et applications (Paris, Gauthier Villars, 1897)
  G. H. Halphen Traité des fonctions elliptiques et de leurs applications (vol. 1) (Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1886–1891)
  G. H. Halphen Traité des fonctions elliptiques et de leurs applications (vol. 2) (Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1886–1891)
  G. H. Halphen Traité des fonctions elliptiques et de leurs applications (vol. 3) (Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1886–1891)
  J. Tannery and J. Molk 	Eléments de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques. Tome I, Introduction. Calcul différentiel. Ire partie (Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1893)
  J. Tannery and J. Molk  	Eléments de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques. Tome II, Calcul différentiel. IIe partie (Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1893)
  J. Tannery and J. Molk  	Eléments de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques. Tome III, Calcul intégral. Ire partie, Théorèmes généraux. Inversion (Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1893)
  J. Tannery and J. Molk  	Eléments de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques. Tome IV, Calcul intégral. IIe partie, Applications (Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1893)
  C. Briot and J. C. Bouquet Théorie des fonctions elliptiques (Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1875)
 Toshio Fukushima: Fast Computation of Complete Elliptic Integrals and Jacobian Elliptic Functions. 2012, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (国立天文台)
 Lowan, Blanch und Horenstein: On the Inversion of the q-Series Associated with Jacobian Elliptic Functions. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 48, 1942
 H. Ferguson, D. E. Nielsen, G. Cook: A partition formula for the integer coefficients of the theta function nome. Mathematics of computation, Volume 29, Nummer 131, July 1975
 J. D. Fenton and R. S. Gardiner-Garden: Rapidly-convergent methods for evaluating elliptic integrals and theta and elliptic functions. J. Austral. Math. Soc. (Series B) 24, 1982, p. 57
 Adolf Kneser: Neue Untersuchung einer Reihe aus der Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen. J. reine u. angew. Math. 157, 1927. pages 209 – 218

External links

Elliptic functions
Special functions

Jacobi elliptic functions


خالد بن صفوان القناص: شاعر عربي وبليغ ونحوي عباسي. من شعراء العصر العباسي الأول. مجهول المولد والوفاة. كان من رواد المربد. اشتهرت قصيدته النونية البليغة باللغة والتي هي السبب في شهرته. والمسمى بالعروس. والتي تحتوي على 78 بيتا

عُوجا عَلى طلل بِالقُفص خُلّاني أَقوى فقطّانه أرآلُ هِيقانِ

كَالدَيبُليّات أَو إِجل قَراهبة من بَين أَحمر يَرعاها وَثِيرانِ

شعراء العصر العباسي

خالد بن صفوان القناص


This is a list of geographical features in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany.

Mountains
 Harz
 Weserbergland

Rivers
 Aller
 Bode
 Elbe
 Ems
 Fulda
 Hunte
 Innerste
 Leine
 Neetze
 Oker
 Oste
 Werra
 Weser

Lakes
 Dümmer
 Steinhuder Meer
 Zwischenahner Meer

Islands
 Borkum
 East Frisian Islands

Miscellaneous
 East Frisia
 Emsland
 Frisia
 Harz National Park
 Hildesheim Börde
 Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park
 Lüneburg Heath
 Wadden Sea
 Wendland
 Teutoburg Forest

Cities
List of cities in Lower Saxony by population

Lower Saxony-related lists
Lower Saxony

List of places in Lower Saxony


Morihiro Saito (斉藤 守弘; 31. ožujka 1928. – 13. svibnja 2002.), japanski majstor borilačkih vještina. Izravni je učenik Moriheija Ueshibe. Nositelj je 9. Dana u aikidu.

Životopis
Morihiro Saito je počeo vježbati aikido kao učenik Moriheija Ueshibe 1946. godine u mjestu Iwama, prefektura Ibaraki, Japan. Prije nego što je započeo vježbati aikido, vježbao je Shito Ryu karate, judo i kendo. U Iwami, gdje je Saito sve vrijeme vježbao aikido, sudjelovao je u svim aspektima svakodnevnog života s O-Senseijem, te uz pomoć svoje obitelji brinuo o njemu 23 godine, sve do Ueshibine smrti 1969. godine. Zbog tako specifične situacije, Saito je bio u mogućnosti vježbati s Ueshibom, često i individualno. Vježbajući sa Saitom, O-Sensei je usavršavao tehnike, oplemenjivao i razvijao aikido. Zbog takvog iskustva, Morihiro Saito postao je važna osoba u razvojnom procesu aikida.

Morihiro Saito je bio shihan 9. Dan u Aikikai organizaciji. Često je putovao održavajući seminare, a u Iwami je vodio tradicionalni uchi-deshi program i vježbanja aikida, koja su pohađali njegovi učenici iz cijelog svijeta.

Morihei Ueshiba ga je opunomoćio da poslije njegove smrti nastavi voditi Iwama dojo, što je on prihvatio i vodio do svoje smrti 2002. godine.

Djela

 Takemusu Aiki, Volume 1: Katatedori, 1979.
 Takemusu Aiki, Volume 2: Koshinage, 1981.
 Traditional Aikido, Vol.1: Basic Techniques, 1973.
 Traditional Aikido, Vol.2: Advanced Techniques, 1973.
 Traditional Aikido, Vol.3: Applied Techniques, 1974.
 Traditional Aikido, Vol.4: Vital Techniques, 1974.
 Traditional Aikido, Vol.5: Training Works Wonders, 1976.
 Aikido: Its Heart and Appearance, 1975.
 Takemusu Aikido, Volume 1: Background and Basics, 1994.
 Takemusu Aikido, Volume 2: More Basics, 1996.
 Takemusu Aikido, Volume 3: Basics Concluded, 1996.
 Takemusu Aikido, Volume 4: Kokyunage, 1997.
 Takemusu Aikido, Volume 5: Bukidori & Ninindori, 2001.
 Takemusu Aikido Special Edition: Budo, 1999.

Citati

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Saitosensei.com

Japanske aikidoke
Japanske kendoke

Morihiro Saito