Jane Dormer (født 6. januar 1538 i Eythrope, Waddesdon, død 13. januar 1612) var en engelsk hofdame og protege hos dronning Maria I af England.

Hun var datter af adelsmanden Sir William Dormer og Mary Sidney. Hun giftede sig 1558 med Gómez Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba, hertug af Feria.

Liv og gerning
Jane Dormer levede under sin opvækst nær hoffet og var en tid som barn kong Edvard VI's legekammerat. Da hun blev ni år, blev hun indsat i Maria Tudors husholdning og forblev siden der som hofdame. Dormer var katolik, beskrives som en skønhed og blev tidligt en vellidt favorit hos Maria. Hun modtog et frieri fra Edward Courtenay, men trolovedes i stedet efter dronningens ønske i 1554 med den spanske udsending Gómez Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba, hertug af Feria. Brylluppet blev dog udskudt til lige efter Marias død. Jane Dormer anses for at have haft en del indflydelse ved det engelske hof på grund af sin stilling som monarkens personlige ven og favorit.

I 1558 efterfulgtes Maria af Elisabeth I af England, og året efter emigrerede Dormer sammen med sin ægtefælle, sin kollega Susan Clarencieux og et antal engelske katolikker, munke og nonner til Spanien.

I Spanien blev Jane Dormer en central figur i en koloni af engelske katolikker. Hun havde en brevveksling med både Elisabeth, paven og engelske katolikker, hun støttede genindførelsen af katolicismen i England og tog sig af englændere i udlandet. Hun var respekteret for sin politiske indsigt og blev i 1592 overvejet til stillingen som guvernør i Flandern. Efter ægtefællens død i 1571 forvaltede hun hans gods.

Noter
 Nadine Akkerman, Birgit Houben: The Politics of Female Households: Ladies-in-Waiting Across Early Modern Europe; Brill, Leiden 2013;

Katolikker fra Storbritannien
Hofdamer
Personer fra Buckinghamshire
Briter i 1500-tallet
Briter i 1600-tallet

Jane Dormer


El Partido Libertario, también conocido como Libertarian Party UK (o LPUK), es un partido político libertario del Reino Unido. El partido se describe a sí mismo como "Mayoritariamente en el ámbito minarquista" y fue fundado el 1º de enero del 2008 bajo la guía de Patrick Vessey, quien lo registro con la comisión electoral el 21 de noviembre de 2007. El 17 de septiembre del año 2008 Patrick Vessey renunció como líder del partido y fue remplazado por Ian Parker-Joseph. El 28 de noviembre de 2010, Andrew Withers fue elegido líder del partido.

Según las cuentas de la comisión electoral, el partido tenía 314 miembros para el final del 2008, y una entrada de £3,395. Para diciembre del 2009 el partido contaba con 500 miembros.

El partido participó en las Elecciones generales del Reino Unido de 2010.

Andrew Withers fue elegido como concejal independiente en Clevedon, North Somerset.

Visión política
La plataforma política del partido libertario refleja como en su nombre la visión del libertarismo, favoreciendo los mercados mínimamente regulados, mercados laissez-faire y fuertemente el derecho a la libertad individual. Las principales políticas son bajar los impuestos sobre los ingresos y la reducción de la "cinta roja" en los negocios. Sus políticas sociales incluyen restricciones mínimas a la libertad de expresión, la descentralización del sistema educativo, y la introducción del sistema de voucher escolar. El partido favorece la salida de la Unión Europea y una reforma a la membresía a las Naciones Unidas por una política exterior de no intervención. En el sistema de salud, el partido cree en la descentralización del Servicio Nacional de Salud y la "migración del sistema monopólico del estado a un sistema basado en seguros".

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Partidos libertarios
Partidos políticos de Reino Unido
Partidos políticos fundados en 2008

Partido Libertario (Reino Unido)


(18676) Zdeňkaplavcová, denumire internațională (18676) Zdenkaplavcova, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
18676 Zdeňkaplavcová este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Petr Pravec. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,61 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 4,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 18001-19000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

18676 Zdeňkaplavcová


Club Sportivo Luqueño (eller bare Sportivo Luqueño) er en paraguayansk fodboldklub fra byen Luque. Klubben spiller i landets bedste liga, Primera División de Paraguay, og har hjemmebane på stadionet Estadio Feliciano Cáceres. Klubben blev grundlagt den 1. maj 1921, og har siden da vundet to mesterskaber, heraf de to første der nogensinde blev uddelt, i henholdsvis 1951 og 1953. Det er den eneste klub til at vinde landets mesterskab, der ikke kommer fra Asunción.

Titler
 Paraguayansk mesterskab (2): 1951, 1953

Kendte spillere

Danske spillere
  Ingen

Eksterne henvisninger

 Klubbens officielle hjemmeside

Fodboldklubber i Paraguay
Etableret i 1921

Sportivo Luqueño


En la mitología griega, Licas fue un griego del ejército de Ulises, muerto por los habitantes de Temesa, por haber violado a una doncella de esta localidad, adonde había ido a parar la flota griega llevada por una borrasca.

Las calamidades que como castigo a su crimen afligieron a los de Temesa, les hicieron consultar el oráculo de Apolo, que les aconsejó desagraviar el espíritu de Licas, erigiendo un templo en su honor y sacrificándole todos los años una doncella. Cumplido el mandato, cesaron todos los males y muchos años después, con ocasión del sacrificio de la doncella, un púgil que allí se hallaba, llamado Eutimo, que obtuvo victorias en las 74.ª, 76.ª y 77.ª olimpiadas, se propuso salvarla luchando con el demon de Licas. Se apareció el espectro de éste, aceptando el reto y siendo vencido, por lo que, despechado, se precipitó en el mar. Eutimo se casó con la doncella libertada y los de Temesa colmaron de honores al vencedor.

Otras fuentes dan al marinero que mataron los de Temesa el nombre de Polites.

Referencias

Pausanias, Descripción de Grecia VI,6,4-11.
Estrabón VI,1,5.

Personajes de la mitología griega

Licas (demon de Temesa)


Amitriptyline, sold under the brand name Elavil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, a variety of pain syndromes such as neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, migraine and tension headaches. Due to the frequency and prominence of side effects, amitriptyline is generally considered a
second-line therapy for these indications.

The most common side effects are dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, and weight gain. Of note is sexual dysfunction, observed primarily in males. Glaucoma, liver toxicity and abnormal heart rhythms are rare but serious side effects. Blood levels of amitriptyline vary significantly from one person to another, and amitriptyline interacts with many other medications potentially aggravating its side effects.

Amitriptyline was discovered in the late 1950s by scientists at Merck and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 81st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Amitriptyline is indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder and neuropathic pain and for the prevention of migraine and chronic tension headache. It can be used for the treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children older than 6 after other treatments have failed.

Depression
Amitriptyline is effective for depression, but it is rarely used as a first-line antidepressant due to its higher toxicity in overdose and generally poorer tolerability. It can be tried for depression as a second-line therapy, after the failure of other treatments. For treatment-resistant adolescent depression or for cancer-related depression amitriptyline is no better than placebo, however the number of treated patients in both studies was small. It is sometimes used for the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease, but supporting evidence for that is lacking.

Pain
Amitriptyline alleviates painful diabetic neuropathy. It is recommended by a variety of guidelines as a first or second line treatment. It is as effective for this indication as gabapentin or pregabalin but less well tolerated. Amitriptyline is as effective at relieving pain as duloxetine. Combination treatment of amitriptyline and pregabalin offers additional pain relief for people whose pain is not adequately controlled with one medication, and is safe. Amitriptyline in certain formulations may also induce the level of sciatic-nerve blockade needed for local anaesthesia therein. Here, it has been demonstrated to be of superior potency to bupivacaine, a customary long-acting local anaesthetic.

Low doses of amitriptyline moderately improve sleep disturbances and reduce pain and fatigue associated with fibromyalgia. It is recommended for fibromyalgia accompanied by depression by Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany and as a second-line option for fibromyalgia, with exercise being the first line option, by European League Against Rheumatism. Combinations of amitriptyline and fluoxetine or melatonin may reduce fibromyalgia pain better than either medication alone.

There is some (low-quality) evidence that amitriptyline may reduce pain in cancer patients. It is recommended only as a second line therapy for non-chemotherapy-induced neuropathic or mixed neuropathic pain, if opioids did not provide the desired effect.

Moderate evidence exists in favor of amitriptyline use for atypical facial pain. Amitriptyline is ineffective for HIV-associated neuropathy.

In multiple sclerosis it is frequently used to treat painful paresthesias in the arms and legs (e.g., burning sensations, pins and needles, stabbing pains) caused by damage to the pain regulating pathways of the brain and spinal cord.

Headache
Amitriptyline is probably effective for the prevention of periodic migraine in adults. Amitriptyline is similar in efficacy to venlafaxine and topiramate but carries a higher burden of adverse effects than topiramate. For many patients, even very small doses of amitriptyline are helpful, which may allow for minimization of side effects. Amitriptyline is not significantly different from placebo when used for the prevention of migraine in children.

Amitriptyline may reduce the frequency and duration of chronic tension headache, but it is associated with worse adverse effects than mirtazapine. Overall, amitriptyline is recommended for tension headache prophylaxis, along with lifestyle advice, which should include avoidance of analgesia and caffeine.

Other indications
Amitriptyline is effective for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; however, because of its side effects, it should be reserved for select patients for whom other agents do not work. There is insufficient evidence to support its use for abdominal pain in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders.

Tricyclic antidepressants decrease the frequency, severity, and duration of cyclic vomiting syndrome episodes. Amitriptyline, as the most commonly used of them, is recommended as a first-line agent for its therapy.

Amitriptyline may improve pain and urgency intensity associated with bladder pain syndrome and can be used in the management of this syndrome. Amitriptyline can be used in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children. However, its effect is not sustained after the treatment ends. Alarm therapy gives better short- and long-term results.

In the US, amitriptyline is commonly used in children with ADHD as an adjunct to stimulant medications without any evidence or guideline supporting this practice. Many physicians in the UK (and the US also) commonly prescribe amitriptyline for insomnia; however, Cochrane reviewers were not able to find any randomized controlled studies that would support or refute this practice. Similarly, a major systematic review and network meta-analysis of medications for the treatment of insomnia published in 2022 found little evidence to inform the use of amitriptyline for insomnia.

Contraindications and precautions
The known contraindications of amitriptyline are:

 History of myocardial infarction
 History of arrhythmias, particularly any degree of heart block
 Coronary artery disease
 Porphyria
 Severe liver disease (such as cirrhosis)
 Being under six years of age
 Patients who are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or have taken them within the last 14 days

Amitriptyline should be used with caution in patients with epilepsy, impaired liver function, pheochromocytoma, urinary retention, prostate enlargement, hyperthyroidism, and pyloric stenosis.

In patients with the rare condition of shallow anterior chamber of eyeball and narrow anterior chamber angle, amitriptyline may provoke attacks of acute glaucoma due to dilation of the pupil. It may aggravate psychosis, if used for depression with schizophrenia, or precipitate the switch to mania in those with bipolar disorder.

CYP2D6 poor metabolizers should avoid amitriptyline due to increased side effects. If it is necessary to use it, half dose is recommended. Amitriptyline can be used during pregnancy and lactation when SSRIs have been shown not to work.

Side effects
The most frequent side effects, occurring in 20% or more of users, are dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, and weight gain (on average 1.8 kg). Other common side effects (in 19% or more) are headache problems (amblyopia, blurred vision), tachycardia, increased appetite, tremor, fatigue/asthenia/feeling slowed down, and dyspepsia.

A literature review about abnormal movements and amitriptyline found that this drug is associated with various movement disorders, particularly dyskinesia, dystonia, and myoclonus. Stuttering and restless legs syndrome are some of the less common associations.

A less common side effect of amitriptyline is urination problems (8.7%).

Amitriptyline-associated sexual dysfunction (occurring at a frequency of 6.9%) seems to be mostly confined to males with depression and is expressed predominantly as erectile dysfunction and low libido disorder, with lesser frequency of ejaculatory and orgasmic problems. The rate of sexual dysfunction in males treated for indications other than depression and in females is not significantly different from placebo.

Liver tests abnormalities occur in 10–12% of patients on amitriptyline, but are usually mild, asymptomatic and transient, with consistently elevated alanine transaminase in 3% of all patients. The increases of the enzymes above the 3-fold threshold of liver toxicity are uncommon, and cases of clinically apparent liver toxicity are rare; nevertheless, amitriptyline is placed in the group of antidepressants with greater risks of hepatic toxicity.

Amitriptyline prolongs the QT interval. This prolongation is relatively small at therapeutic doses but becomes severe in overdose.

Overdose

The symptoms and the treatment of an overdose are largely the same as for the other TCAs, including the presentation of serotonin syndrome and adverse cardiac effects. The British National Formulary notes that amitriptyline can be particularly dangerous in overdose, thus it and other TCAs are no longer recommended as first-line therapy for depression.
The treatment of overdose is mostly supportive as no specific antidote for amitriptyline overdose is available. Activated charcoal may reduce absorption if given within 1–2 hours of ingestion. If the affected person is unconscious or has an impaired gag reflex, a nasogastric tube may be used to deliver the activated charcoal into the stomach. ECG monitoring for cardiac conduction abnormalities is essential and if one is found close monitoring of cardiac function is advised. Body temperature should be regulated with measures such as heating blankets if necessary. Cardiac monitoring is advised for at least five days after the overdose. Benzodiazepines are recommended to control seizures. Dialysis is of no use due to the high degree of protein binding with amitriptyline.

Interactions
Since amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline are primarily metabolized by cytochromes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 (see Amitriptyline#Pharmacology), the inhibitors of these enzymes are expected to exhibit pharmacokinetic interactions with amitriptyline. According to the prescribing information, the interaction with CYP2D6 inhibitors may increase the plasma level of amitriptyline. However, the results in the other literature are inconsistent: the co-administration of amitriptyline with a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor paroxetine does increase the plasma levels of amitriptyline two-fold and of the main active metabolite nortriptyline 1.5-fold, but combination with less potent CYP2D6 inhibitors thioridazine or levomepromazine does not affect the levels of amitriptyline and increases nortriptyline by about 1.5-fold; a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor fluoxetine does not seem to have a significant effect on the levels of amitriptyline or nortriptyline. A case of clinically significant interaction with potent CYP2D6 inhibitor terbinafine has been reported.

A potent inhibitor of CYP2C19 and other cytochromes fluvoxamine increases the level of amitriptyline two-fold while slightly decreasing the level of nortriptyline. Similar changes occur with a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C19 and other cytochromes cimetidine: amitriptyline level increases by about 70%, while nortriptyline decreases by 50%. CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole elevates amitriptyline level by about a quarter. On the other hand, cytochrome P450 inducers such as carbamazepine and St. John's Wort decrease the levels of both amitriptyline and nortriptyline

Oral contraceptives may increase the blood level of amitriptyline by as high as 90%. Valproate moderately increases the levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline through an unclear mechanism.

The prescribing information warns that the combination of amitriptyline with monoamine oxidase inhibitors may cause potentially lethal serotonin syndrome; however, this has been disputed. The prescribing information cautions that some patients may experience a large increase in amitriptyline concentration in the presence of topiramate. However, other literature states that there is little or no interaction: in a pharmacokinetic study topiramate only increased the level of amitriptyline by 20% and nortriptyline by 33%.

Amitriptiline counteracts the antihypertensive action of guanethidine. When given with amitriptyline, other anticholinergic agents may result in hyperpyrexia or paralytic ileus. Co-administration of amitriptyline and disulfiram is not recommended due to the potential for the development of toxic delirium. Amitriptyline causes an unusual type of interaction with the anticoagulant phenprocoumon during which great fluctuations of the prothrombin time have been observed.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Amitriptyline inhibits serotonin transporter (SERT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET). It is metabolized to nortriptyline, a stronger norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, further augmenting amitriptyline's effects on norepinephrine reuptake (see the Table on the right).

Amitriptyline additionally acts as a potent inhibitor of the serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, the α1A-adrenergic, the histamine H1 and the M1-M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (see the Table on the right).

Amitriptyline is a non-selective blocker of multiple ion channels, in particular, voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.3, Nav1.5, Nav1.6, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8, voltage-gated potassium channels Kv7.2/ Kv7.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.1/KCNE1, and hERG.

Mechanism of action
Inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine transporters by amitriptyline results in interference with neuronal reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Since the reuptake process is important physiologically in terminating transmitting activity, this action may potentiate or prolong activity of serotonergic and adrenergic neurons and is believed to underlie the antidepressant activity of amitriptyline.

Inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake leading to increased concentration of norepinephrine in the
posterior grey column of the spinal cord appears to be mostly responsible for the analgesic action of amitriptyline. Increased level of norepinephrine increases the basal activity of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, which mediate an analgesic effect by increasing gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission among spinal interneurons. The blocking effect of amitriptyline on sodium channels may also contribute to its efficacy in pain conditions.

Pharmacokinetics
Amitriptyline is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (90–95%). Absorption is gradual with the peak concentration in blood plasma reached after about 4 hours. Extensive metabolism on the first pass through the liver leads to average bioavailability of about 50% (45%-53%). Amitriptyline is metabolized mostly by CYP2C19 into nortriptyline and by CYP2D6 leading to a variety of hydroxylated metabolites, with the principal one among them being (E)-10-hydroxynortriptyline (see metabolism scheme), and to a lesser degree, by CYP3A4.

Nortriptyline, the main active metabolite of amitriptyline, is an antidepressant on its own right. Nortriptyline reaches 10% higher level in the blood plasma than the parent drug amitriptyline and 40% greater area under the curve, and its action is an important part of the overall action of amitriptyline.

Another active metabolite is (E)-10-hydroxynortriptyline, which is a norepinephrine uptake inhibitor four times weaker than nortriptyline. (E)-10-hydroxynortiptyline blood level is comparable to that of nortriptyline, but its cerebrospinal fluid level, which is a close proxy of the brain concentration of a drug, is twice higher than nortriptyline's. Based on this, (E)-10-hydroxynortriptyline was suggested to significantly contribute to antidepressant effects of amitriptyline.

Blood levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline and pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline in general, with clearance difference of up to 10-fold, vary widely between individuals. Variability of the area under the curve in steady state is also high, which makes a slow upward titration of the dose necessary.

In the blood, amitriptyline is 96% bound to plasma proteins; nortriptyline is 93–95% bound, and (E)-10-hydroxynortiptyline is about 60% bound.
Amitriptyline has an elimination half life of 21 hours, nortriptyline – 23–31 hours, and (E)-10-hydroxynortiptyline - 8–10 hours. Within 48 hours, 12-80% of amitriptyline is eliminated in the urine, mostly as metabolites. 2% of the unchanged drug is excreted in the urine. Elimination in the feces, apparently, have not been studied.

Therapeutic levels of amitriptyline range from 75 to 175 ng/mL (270–631 nM), or 80–250 ng/mL of both amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline.

Pharmacogenetics
Since amitriptyline is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, genetic variations within the genes coding for these enzymes can affect its metabolism, leading to changes in the concentrations of the drug in the body. Increased concentrations of amitriptyline may increase the risk for side effects, including anticholinergic and nervous system adverse effects, while decreased concentrations may reduce the drug's efficacy.

Individuals can be categorized into different types of CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 metabolizers depending on which genetic variations they carry. These metabolizer types include poor, intermediate, extensive, and ultrarapid metabolizers. Most individuals (about 77–92%) are extensive metabolizers, and have "normal" metabolism of amitriptyline. Poor and intermediate metabolizers have reduced metabolism of the drug as compared to extensive metabolizers; patients with these metabolizer types may have an increased probability of experiencing side effects. Ultrarapid metabolizers use amitriptyline much faster than extensive metabolizers; patients with this metabolizer type may have a greater chance of experiencing pharmacological failure.

The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium recommends avoiding amitriptyline in patients who are CYP2D6 ultrarapid or poor metabolizers, due to the risk for a lack of efficacy and side effects, respectively. The consortium also recommends considering an alternative drug not metabolized by CYP2C19 in patients who are CYP2C19 ultrarapid metabolizers. A reduction in starting dose is recommended for patients who are CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers and CYP2C19 poor metabolizers. If use of amitriptyline is warranted, therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to guide dose adjustments. The Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group also recommends selecting an alternative drug or monitoring plasma concentrations of amitriptyline in patients who are CYP2D6 poor or ultrarapid metabolizers, and selecting an alternative drug or reducing initial dose in patients who are CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers.

Chemistry

Amitriptyline is a highly lipophilic molecule having an octanol-water partition coefficient (pH 7.4) of 3.0, while the log P of the free base was reported as 4.92. Solubility of the free base amitriptyline in water is 14 mg/L.
Amitriptyline is prepared by reacting dibenzosuberane with 3-(dimethylamino)propylmagnesium chloride and then heating the resulting intermediate product with hydrochloric acid to eliminate water.

History
Amitriptyline was first developed by the American pharmaceutical company Merck in the late 1950s. In 1958, Merck approached a number of clinical investigators proposing to conduct clinical trials of amitriptyline for schizophrenia. One of these researchers, Frank Ayd, instead, suggested using amitriptyline for depression. Ayd treated 130 patients and, in 1960, reported that amitriptyline had antidepressant properties similar to another, and the only known at the time, tricyclic antidepressant imipramine. Following this, the US Food and Drug Administration approved amitriptyline for depression in 1961.

In Europe, due to a quirk of the patent law at the time allowing patents only on the chemical synthesis but not on the drug itself, Roche and Lundbeck were able to independently develop and market amitriptyline in the early 1960s.

According to research by the historian of psychopharmacology David Healy, amitriptyline became a much bigger selling drug than its precursor imipramine because of two factors. First, amitriptyline has much stronger anxiolytic effect. Second, Merck conducted a marketing campaign raising clinicians' awareness of depression as a clinical entity.

Society and culture

English folk singer Nick Drake died from an overdose of Tryptizol in 1974.

Senteni Masango, wife of Swaziland King Mswati, died on 6 April 2018 after overdosing on amytriptyline capsules.

In the 2021 film The Many Saints of Newark, amitriptyline (referred to by the brand name Elavil) is part of the plot line of the movie.

Generic names
Amitriptyline is the English and French generic name of the drug and its , , and , while amitriptyline hydrochloride is its , , , and . Its generic name in Spanish and Italian and its  are , in German is , and in Latin is . The embonate salt is known as amitriptyline embonate, which is its BANM, or as amitriptyline pamoate unofficially.

Prescription trends
Between 1998 and 2017, along with imipramine, amitriptyline was the most commonly prescribed first antidepressant for children aged 5–11 years in England. It was also the most prescribed antidepressant (along with fluoxetine) for 12 to 17-year olds.

Research
The few randomized controlled trials investigating amitriptyline efficacy in eating disorder have been discouraging.

References

Further reading

External links

Alpha-1 blockers
Alpha-2 blockers
Dibenzocycloheptenes
Dimethylamino compounds
Dopamine antagonists
H1 receptor antagonists
Muscarinic antagonists
Serotonin receptor antagonists
Sigma agonists
Sodium channel blockers
Tricyclic antidepressants
TrkB agonists
World Health Organization essential medicines
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Orphan drugs

Amitriptyline


Memet Nuri Demirağ (1886, Divriği, Sivas - 13 Kasım 1957, İstanbul), Türk iş insanı ve siyasetçi.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları inşaatının ilk müteahhitlerindendir. Türkiye'nin 10000 kilometrelik demiryolu ağının 1250 km'lik bölümünün inşasını gerçekleştirmiş ve bu nedenle kendisine Mustafa Kemal Atatürk tarafından "Demirağ" soyadı verilmiştir. Cumhuriyet döneminin sayılı zenginleri arasına girmiş ve hayırseverliği ile tanınmış bir iş insanıdır.

Türkiye'de ilk uçak fabrikasının kuruluşu, ilk sigara kağıdı üretimi, ilk yerli paraşüt üretimi gibi ilkleri gerçekleştiren, İstanbul Boğazı üzerine köprü yapılması, Keban'a büyük bir baraj yapılması düşüncelerini ilk kez gündeme getiren kişidir. (bkz. Keban Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali) Özellikle havacılık sanayisinde başarıları ile anılır.

Millî Kalkınma Partisi'nin kurucusudur.

Hayatı
1886 yılında Sivas'ın Divriği kasabasında doğdu. Bu kasabanın eşrafından Mühürdarzade Ömer Bey'in oğludur, annesinin adı Ayşe Hanım'dır. Babasını henüz üç yaşında iken kaybetmiş, annesinin himaye ve teşvik kanadı altında otodidakt olarak yetişmiştir.

Ortaöğrenimini Divriği Rüştiye Mektebi'nde tamamladıktan sonra okuldaki başarısı nedeniyle öğretmen yardımcısı olarak bir süre kendi okulunda görev yaptı. 1903'te Ziraat Bankası'nın açtığı memurluk sınavını kazanarak Kangal kazasındaki şubeye, bir yıl sonra ise Koçgiri (Zara) Şubesi'ne atandı. 1906-1909 arasında Erzurum vilayetinde kıtlık yaşanmıştı. Nuri Bey, 1909'da depolarda bırakılan buğday ve tahılları kişisel inisiyatifini kullanarak halka uygun bedelle sattı. Bu yüzden hakkında soruşturma açıldı ve aklandı.

1910'da Maliye Bakanlığı'nın sınavını kazandı ve maliye memuru oldu. Beyoğlu Gelirler Müdürlüğü'nde memur olarak İstanbul'a atandı. Kısa süre sonra Hasköy Mal Müdürü oldu. Maliyenin her kademesinde çalıştı. Bir yandan da Maliye Mekteb-i Âlisi'nde gece derslerine katılarak yüksek öğrenimini yaptı. 1918'de maliye müfettişi oldu. Beyoğlu ve Galata dolaylarında görev yaparken I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan yenik çıkmış bir devletin memuru olarak bazı hakaretlere maruz kaldı. Bu hakaretleri sindiremediği için istifa etti.

Mesude Hanım ile evlenen Nuri Bey'in bu evlilikten Galip ve Kayı Alp adlı iki oğlu, Mefkure, Şukufe, Süveyda, Süheyla, Gülbahar ve Turan Melek adlarında kızları oldu. Drexel Üniversitesi biyomedikal mühendisliği bölümü kurucusu Profesör Doktor Banu Onaral torunudur.

İlk yerli sigara kâğıdı
Maliye müfettişliğini bıraktıktan sonra ticaret yapmanın yollarını arayan Nuri Bey, 1918'de yabancıların tekelinde olan sigara kağıdı işine girdi. Eminönü'de küçük bir dükkânda ilk Türk sigara kağıdı yapımını başlattı. Ürettiği sigara kağıdına "Türk Zaferi" adını verdi. Türk Zaferi sigara kâğıtları Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nı vermekte olan Türk halkı tarafından büyük ilgi gördü. Nuri Bey, bu ilk girişiminden büyük kazanç elde etti..

Millî Mücadele yılları
Mehmet Nuri Bey, millî mücadele döneminde İstanbul'da sigara üretimi ve ticaretle uğraşırken bir yandan da Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti'nin Maçka Şubesi'ni yönetti.

Demiryolu inşaatı
Kurtuluş Savaşı'ndan bağımsız bir devlet olarak çıkan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, ülkenin ulaşım sorununa demiryolları ile el atmıştı; amaç, en kısa sürede demiryolu ağını genişletmekti. 1926'da Samsun-Sivas demiryolu yapımını üstlenen Fransız şirketi işi bırakınca ilk etapta yapılacak yedi kilometrelik kısım için açılan ihaleye giren Mehmet Nuri Bey, çok düşük bir fiyat vererek ihaleyi aldı. İşin geri kalan kısmı da denenmek üzere kendisine verildi. Tapu dairesinde mühendis olan kardeşi Abdurrahman Naci Bey'i de memuriyetinden istifa ettirip kendisine ortak yapan Mehmet Nuri Bey artık Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin ilk demiryolu müteahhidi olmuştu. Kardeşi ile birlikte çalışarak Samsun-Erzurum, Sivas-Erzurum ve Afyon-Dinar hattını, 1012 kilometrelik demiryolunu bir yıl gibi kısa bir sürede tamamladı. Çok dağlık ve kayalık arazide balyozlarla dağları delerek tünel açmak zorunda kalmalarına rağmen işlerini zamanında tamamladılar. Başarılarından ötürü 1934 yılında Atatürk kendisine ve kardeşi Abdurrahman Naci Bey'e Demirağ soyadı verdi.

İnşaat işleri
Nuri Bey, demiryolu yapımı sürerken çeşitli büyük inşaat projelerine de başladı. Karabük Demir Çelik, İzmit Selüloz, Sivas Çimento ve Bursa Merinos tesislerini, Eceabat Havalimanı'nı, Haliç kenarında İstanbul Hal Binası'nı inşa etti.

Boğaz Köprüsü projesi
1931 yılında İstanbul Boğazı'na köprü inşası projesini başlattı. Yurtdışından uzmanlar getirerek incelemeler yaptırdı; San Francisco'daki Golden Gate Köprüsü ile aynı sistemde bir köprü inşa etmeleri için Golden Gate'i inşa eden firmayla anlaştı. Tüm hazırlıkları bitmiş olan projeyi 1934'te cumhurbaşkanı Atatürk'e sundu. Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından beğenilse de proje hükümetten onay alamadı ve proje gerçekleşmedi. Bu, Nuri Demirağ'da çok büyük bir hayal kırıklığı yarattı.

Siyasî yaşamı
Nuri Demirağ, THK aleyhine açtığı davasını kaybettikten sonra, Türkiye'de adalet kavramının gelişmesi için tek partili yönetim anlayışının değiştirilerek çok partili demokratik düzenin getirilmesi gerektiğine inanmıştı. Bu düşünceyle siyasete atıldı. 1945 yılında Türkiye'nin ilk muhalefet partisi olan Millî Kalkınma Partisi'ni kurdu. Parti, 1946 ve 1950 seçimlerinde meclise giremedi. 1954 seçimlerinde Demokrat Parti'den adaylığını koyarak Sivas milletvekili oldu. Çölleşme, tarım ve hayvancılıkta gerileme, enerji, barajlar, köprüler, limanlar hakkında çalışmalar yaptı.

13 Kasım 1957'de İstanbul'da şeker hastalığı nedenle hayatını kaybetti. Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Uçak fabrikası ve gök okulu

Devrin en zengin iş insanı olan Demirağ, 1936 yılında uçak fabrikasını kurma girişimine başladı. O yıllarda ordunun uçak ihtiyacı halktan ve zengin işadamlarından toplanan bağışlarla karşılanmaktaydı. Kendisinden uçak satın almak için başlatılan bir bağış kampanyasına katılması istendiğinde "Benden bu millet için bir şey istiyorsanız, en mükemmelini istemelisiniz. Mademki bir millet tayyaresiz yaşayamaz, öyleyse bu yaşama vasıtasını başkalarının lütfundan beklememeliyiz. Ben bu uçakların fabrikasını yapmaya talibim" sözleriyle karşılık vermişti.

Fabrikayı memleketi Divriği'de kurmayı planlamıştı. Ancak öncelikle İstanbul'da bir deneme atölyesi kurulacaktı. Bu amaçla Çekoslovak bir şirketle anlaştı. İstanbul'da Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa İskelesi'nin yanında atölye binası inşa edildi (Deniz Müzesi'nin solunda bulunan büyük sarı bina). Deneme uçuşlarını yapabilmek için Yeşilköy'deki Elmas Paşa Çiftliği'ni satın aldı ve üzerinde büyük bir uçuş sahası, hangarlar ve uçak tamir atölyesini yaptırdı. Uçuş sahası, Avrupa'nın en büyük havalimanı olan Amsterdam Havalimanı büyüklüğünde idi. Bu alan, günümüzde Uluslararası İstanbul Atatürk Havalimanı olarak kullanılır.

Uçakları kullanacak Türk pilotların yetişmesi için bir havacılık okulu kurmak gerekiyordu. Pistin bulunduğu arazide Gök Okulu kuruldu. Okul, 1943 yılında kadar 290 pilot yetiştirdi. Yeşilköy'deki Gök Okulu'ndan önce Divriği'de de bir Gök Ortaokulu açtı. Sivas'ın hiçbir ilçesinde ortaokul yokken açılmış bu okulda öğrencilerin tüm masrafları karşılanıyor; öğrenciler havacılığa özenmeleri için İstanbul'a getirtilip uçuş dersleri veriliyordu.

Beşiktaş'taki uçak fabrikasında üretilecek uçak ve planörlerin planını Türkiye'nin ilk uçak mühendislerinden Selahattin Reşit Alan çizdi. 1936'da ilk tek motorlu uçak üretildi ve Nu.D-36 adı verildi. 1938'de Nu.D-38 adlı çift motorlu altı kişilik yolcu uçağı yapıldı. NuD-38, 1944 yılında Dünya havacılığı yolcu uçakları A sınıfına alındı. İlk uçak siparişini 1938 yılında Türk Hava Kurumu (THK) verdi.

Nuri Demirağ, havacılık alanında çalışmalarına 1939'da Türkiye'nin ilk yerli paraşüt üretimini gerçekleştirerek devam etti. 1941'de tamamen Türk yapımı ilk uçak İstanbul'dan Divriği'ye uçtu. Nuri Demirağ'ın oğlu ve Gök Okulu'nun ilk mezunlarından olan Galip Demirağ, bu uçuşta pilot idi.

THK tarafından sipariş edilen 65 planör kısa sürede teslim edildikten sonra; NuD-36 adlı 24 eğitim uçağı tamamlanmış, deneme uçuşları İstanbul'da gerçekleşmişti.

Uçak fabrikasının kapanması

Türk Hava Kurumu tarafından sipariş edilen 65 planör kısa sürede teslim edildikten sonra Nu. D-36 modelinden 24 eğitim uçağı tamamlanmış, deneme uçuşları İstanbul'da yapılmıştı. THK'nın siparişi olan ve test uçuşları sonrasında İstanbul'dan Eskişehir'e uçan uçakların teslimi için yetkililer tarafından bir kez daha test uçuşu yapılması talep edildi. Bu uçuş sırasında, uçakların planlarını da çizmiş olan mühendis Selahattin Reşit Alan iniş yaparken, çevredeki hayvanların havaalanına girmemesi için pist kenarına açılmış hendeğe düştü ve vefat etti. "Depoya benzin konulmasının unutulması" türünden bir mazeret arayışında olan THK, bu kazayı gerekçe göstererek siparişini iptal etti.

Nuri Demirağ mahkemeye verdiği THK ile yıllar süren bir hukuk mücadelesine girdi. Farklı bilirkişilerin uçakları sözleşmeye uygun imal edildiği ve uçuş için yeterli oldukları yönünde raporlarına rağmen mahkeme THK lehine sonuçlandı. Ayrıca, Nuri Demirağ'ın fabrikasında imal edilen uçakların yurt dışına satılmasını yasaklayan bir kanun çıkarıldı. İspanya, İran ve Irak'tan alınan siparişlerle bağlantısı yapılmış ve imal edilmiş uçakların ihracı engellendi.

Yurt içi ve yurt dışından sipariş alamayan fabrika 1944 yılında kapandı. Beşiktaş'taki uçak fabrikası ile Yeşilköy'deki Gök Okulu, 1944 yılında dönümü 15 lira üzerinden kamulaştırıldı. Bu bedelin üçte biri vergi olarak kesildikten sonra bakiyesi, devletin parasının olmadığı gerekçesiyle 20 yıl vadeye bağlandı ve fiilen ödenmedi. THK ve yurt dışından gelen siparişler üzerine imal edilmiş uçaklar ve makineler hurdacıya satıldı. THK daha sonra Fransa'da kullanımdan kaldırılan Henrio uçaklarını ithal etti. Gelen eski model uçaklar kısa süre sonra hurdaya atıldı.
Nuri Demirağ'ın davayı kaybettikten sonra hükûmet üyeleri ve cumhurbaşkanı İsmet İnönü'ye mektuplar yazarak yanlışlığın düzeltilmesi için yaptığı girişimler başarısız oldu; fabrika tekrar açılamadı.

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
 1947: Nuri Demirağ Kimdir?, Kenan Matbaası, Ziya Şakir
 1957: Nuri Demirağ Hayat ve Mücadeleleri, Nu.D Matbaası, Necmettin Deliorman
 2007: Nuri Demirağ: Türkiye'nin Havacılık Efsanesi, Ötüken Neşriyat, Dr. Fatih Dervişoğlu
 2015: Nuri Demirağ: Uzun İnce Bir Yolda Bitmeyen Şarkımız'', H. Caner Akkurt

Dış bağlantılar
 Deniz Harp Okulu Pusula Dergisi / Nuri Demirağ ve İlk Gök Okulu
 Nuri Demirağ Kimdir?
 NUuri Demirağ'ın NUD38 ve NUD36 Tayyareleri

1886 doğumlular
1957 yılında ölenler
Divriği doğumlular
İstanbul'da ölenler
TBMM 10. dönem Sivas milletvekilleri
Türk sanayiciler
Türkiye'deki siyasi parti genel başkanları
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Millî Kalkınma Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler

Nuri Demirağ


El Palacio de los Mur se sitúa al sur de Formigales. Es una compleja mansión que perteneció al Barón de Formigales, emparentado con el linaje de los Mur.

Descripción
Esta casa torreada presenta tres volúmenes: la torre adosada al sur del cuerpo principal, el volumen central de tres alturas que sirve de nexo entre los otros dos edificios y aloja acceso y matacán y un tercer bloque unido transversalmente, todavía sin reformar y que presenta una puerta adintelada sobre la que se distinguen restos de un antiguo matacán.

La Torre
En el lado oeste del conjunto se erige una torre de 5 alturas (dos de ellas levantadas en la última reforma), de planta cuadrada.
La torre presenta diferentes facturas y posee numerosas aspilleras y saeteras. Se cubre con tejado a cuatro aguas, colocado en la última restauración, adosada a esta torre se encuentra una escalera con husillo circular.

Interior
La puerta principal da acceso a zaguán abovedado que comunica con las diferentes estancias colindantes y el jardín. En el interior se conservan los orificios para atrancar las puertas y una pequeña aspillera que hacia las funciones de mirilla para controlar  la puerta principal.

Historia
En el S/XV era muy influyente el linaje de los Mur, sirva como ejemplo que en 1518 Juan de Mur, señor de Formigales, asistió en Zaragoza a las Cortes para Jurar a Carlos I y su madre doña Juana la Loca.

Este monumento declarado Bien de Interés Cultural presentaba hace unas décadas un aspecto ruinoso hallándose en la actualidad en avanzado estado de restauración.

Enlaces externos

 Sistema de Información del Patrimonio Cultural Aragonés
 Ruta de los BICs en Sobrarbe
 Románico aragonés

 Noticia sobre restauración del palacio

Notas y referencias

Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Huesca
Formigales
Casas torreadas del Alto Aragón

Palacio de los Mur (Formigales)


The Great Blizzard of 1888, also known as the Great Blizzard of '88 or the Great White Hurricane (March 11–14, 1888), was one of the most severe recorded blizzards in American history. The storm paralyzed the East Coast from the Chesapeake Bay to Maine, as well as the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Snow fell from  in parts of New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and sustained winds of more than  produced snowdrifts in excess of . Railroads were shut down and people were confined to their homes for up to a week. Railway and telegraph lines were disabled, and this provided the impetus to move these pieces of infrastructure underground. Emergency services were also affected during this blizzard.

Storm details

The weather was unseasonably mild just before the blizzard, with heavy rains that turned to snow as temperatures dropped rapidly. On March 12, New York City dropped from  to , and rain changed to snow at 1am. The storm began in earnest shortly after midnight on March 12 and continued unabated for a full day and a half. In a 2007 article, the National Weather Service estimated that this nor'easter dumped as much as  of snow in parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts, while parts of New Jersey and New York had up to . Most of northern Vermont received from  to .

Drifts averaged , over the tops of houses from New York to New England, with reports of drifts covering three-story houses. The highest drift was recorded in Gravesend, Brooklyn at .  of snow fell in Saratoga Springs, New York;  in Albany, New York;  in New Haven, Connecticut; and  in New York City. The storm also produced severe winds;  wind gusts were reported, although the highest official report in New York City was , with a  gust reported at Block Island. On March 13, New York City recorded a low of , the coldest so late in the season, with the high rising to only .

Impacts
In New York, neither rail nor road transport was possible anywhere for days, and drifts across the New York–New Haven rail line at Westport, Connecticut, took eight days to clear. Transportation gridlock as a result of the storm was partially responsible for the creation of the first underground subway system in the United States, which opened nine years later in Boston.  The New York Stock Exchange was closed for two days. A full two day closure would not occur again until Hurricane Sandy in 2012.

Similarly, telegraph infrastructure was disabled, isolating Montreal and most of the large northeastern U.S. cities from Washington, D.C. to Boston for days.  Following the storm, New York began placing its telegraph and telephone infrastructure underground to prevent their destruction.

Fire stations were immobilized, and property loss from fire alone was estimated at $25 million (equivalent to $ million in ).
The blizzard resulted in the founding of the Christman Bird and Wildlife Sanctuary located near Delanson, New York.

From the Chesapeake Bay through the New England area, more than 200 ships were either grounded or wrecked, resulting in the deaths of at least 100 seamen. More than 400 people died from the storm and the ensuing cold, including 200 in New York City alone. Efforts were made to push the snow into the Atlantic Ocean. Severe flooding occurred after the storm due to melting snow, especially in the Brooklyn area, which was susceptible to flooding because of its topography.

Not all areas were notably affected by the Blizzard of 1888; an article in the Cambridge Press published five days after the storm noted that the "fall of snow in this vicinity was comparatively small, and had it not been accompanied by a strong wind it would have been regarded as rather trifling in amount, the total depth, on a level, not exceeding ten inches".

Roscoe Conkling, an influential Republican politician, died as a result of the storm.

On 1 October 1888, an article appeared in the first issue of the National Geographic Society magazine about the great blizzard. It was written by Edward Everett Hayden and described the blizzard and the courageous and successful struggle, told by boat-keeper Robert Robinson, of the crew from the pilot-boat Charles H. Marshall, No. 3.

Pictures

References

Further reading

 "The Great Storm of March 11 to 14, 1888", National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1889 (audio) Accessed April 17, 2012

External links

 NOAA: Major winter storms Accessed April 17, 2012
  Blizzard 1888, US Government images Accessed April 17, 2012
 National Snow and Ice Data Center: "Have Snow Shovel, Will Travel" Accessed April 17, 2012
 http://cslib.cdmhost.com/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15019coll17  Connecticut State Library Blizzard of 1888 Photographic Collection

Blizzards in the United States
Nor'easters
Blizzard, 03-04
Blizzard, 03-04
1888 disasters in the United States
Blizzard, 1888-03-04
Blizzard, 1888-03-04
Blizzard, 1888-03-04
Blizzard, 1888-03-04
Blizzard, 1888-03-04
Blizzard, 1888-03-04
Blizzard, 1888-03-04
Blizzard, 03-04
Blizzard, 03-04
Blizzard, 1888-03-04
Blizzard, 04
Blizzard, 1888-03-04
Blizzard, 1888-03-04
Blizzard, 1888-03-04

Great Blizzard of 1888


Assimilation is a sound change in which some phonemes (typically consonants or vowels) change to become more similar to other nearby sounds. A common type of phonological process across languages, assimilation can occur either within a word or between words.

It occurs in normal speech but becomes more common in more rapid speech.  In some cases, assimilation causes the sound spoken to differ from the normal pronunciation in isolation, such as the prefix in- of English input pronounced with phonetic [m] rather than [n]. In this case, [n] becomes [m] since [m] is more phonetically similar to [p]. In other cases, the change is accepted as canonical for that word or phrase, especially if it is recognized in standard spelling: implosion pronounced with [m], composed of in- + -plosion (as in explosion).

English "handbag" (canonically ) is often pronounced  in rapid speech because the  and  sounds are both bilabial consonants, and their places of articulation are similar. However, the sequence - has different places but similar manner of articulation (voiced stop) and is sometimes elided, which sometimes causes the canonical  phoneme to assimilate to  before the . The pronunciations  or  are, however, common in normal speech.

In contrast, the word "cupboard", although it is historically a compound of "cup"  and "board" , is always pronounced , never *, even in slow, highly-articulated speech.

Like in those examples, sound segments typically assimilate to a following sound, but they may also assimilate to a preceding one. Assimilation most commonly occurs between immediately adjacent-sounds but may occur between sounds that are separated by others.

Assimilation can be synchronic, an active process in a language at a given point in time, or diachronic, a historical sound change.

A related process is coarticulation in which one segment influences another to produce an allophonic variation, such as vowels becoming nasalized before nasal consonants () when the soft palate (velum) opens prematurely or  becoming labialized as in "boot"  or "ball"  in some accents. This article describes both processes under the term assimilation.

Concept
The physiological or psychological mechanisms of coarticulation are unknown, and coarticulation is often loosely referred to as a segment being "triggered" by an assimilatory change in another segment. In assimilation, the phonological patterning of the language, discourse styles and accent are some of the factors contributing to changes observed.

There are four configurations found in assimilations:
Between adjacent segments.
Between segments separated by one or more intervening segments.
Changes made in reference to a preceding segment
Changes made in reference to a following segment

Although all four occur, changes in regard to a following adjacent segment account for virtually all assimilatory changes and most of the regular ones. Assimilations to an adjacent segment are vastly more frequent than assimilations to a nonadjacent one. Those radical asymmetries might contain hints about the mechanisms involved, but they are not obvious.

If a sound changes with reference to a following segment, it is traditionally called "regressive assimilation". Changes with reference to a preceding segment are traditionally called "progressive". Many find those terms confusing, as they seem to mean the opposite of the intended meaning. Accordingly, a variety of alternative terms have arisen, not all of which avoid the problem of the traditional terms. Regressive assimilation is also known as right-to-left, leading, or anticipatory assimilation. Progressive assimilation is also known as left-to-right, perseveratory, preservative, lagging, or lag assimilation. The terms anticipatory and lag are used here.

Occasionally, two sounds (invariably adjacent) may influence each other in reciprocal assimilation. When such a change results in a single segment with some of the features of both components, it is known as coalescence or fusion.

Assimilation occurs in two different types: complete assimilation, in which the sound affected by assimilation becomes exactly the same as the sound causing assimilation, and partial assimilation, in which the sound becomes the same in one or more features but remains different in other features.

Tonal languages may exhibit tone assimilation (in effect tonal umlaut), but sign languages also exhibit assimilation when the characteristics of neighbouring cheremes may be mixed.

Examples

Anticipatory assimilation to an adjacent segment
Anticipatory assimilation to an adjacent segment is the most common type of assimilation by far, and typically has the character of a conditioned sound change, i.e., it applies to the whole lexicon or part of it.
For example, in English, the place of articulation of nasals assimilates to that of a following stop (handkerchief is pronounced , handbag in rapid speech is pronounced ).

In Italian, voiceless stops assimilated historically to a following :
 Latin  "eight" > It.
 Latin  "bed" >
 Latin  – pronounced  "under" >

Italian otto, letto and sotto are examples of historical restructuring: otto and letto no longer contain /kt/ pronounced [tt], and sotto is no longer the structure /bt/ subject to the partial assimilation of devoicing of /b/ and full assimilation to produce [tt]. Over time, phonetic [tt] as a frequent assimilation of /kt/ and /bt/ was rather reinterpreted as reflecting /tt/. The structural sequence /kt/ is now all but absent in Italian, since all items in popular speech underwent the same restructuring, /kt/ > /tt/. On the rare occasion that Italian /kt/ is encountered, however, the same assimilation that triggered the restructuring can occur at the phonetic level. For example, the medical term ictus 'stroke', a relatively recent direct borrowing from Latin, is usually pronounced [ˈiktus] in deliberate speech, but [ˈittus] is frequent in more casual registers.

 Latin ictus > Italian ictus, pronounced either [ˈiktus] or [ˈittus]

Affrication in English
There has been a notable change recognized across a variety of English dialects regarding the pronunciation of the  and  consonant clusters. Starting around the mid-20th century, the alveolar stop in  has slowly been replaced by a post-alveolar affricate instead, resulting in the all-postalveolar consonant clusters  and . This phenomenon also occurs in , resulting in the all-postalveolar consonant cluster . The affrication of  has been seen in American English, British English, Australian English, and New Zealand English. It is suspected that this change has occurred due to assimilation.

One of the first papers that discussed the affrication of  is "Pre-School Children's Knowledge of English Phonology" by Charles Read, published in 1971. The study discussed in this paper focuses on how children in pre-school analyze the phonetic aspect of language in order to determine the proper spelling of English words. Read noticed that many of the children involved in the study misspelled words that began with , spelling words like troubles and dragon as "chribls" and "jragin", respectively. In a different test, Read also found that many of the children believed that words like train and chicken both started with .

Anticipatory assimilation at a distance
Anticipatory assimilation at a distance is rare and usually merely an accident in the history of a specific word.
Standard Slovene  (a toponym) > Slovene dialect
Slovene  >  (a mountain ridge)

However, the diverse and common assimilations known as umlaut in which the phonetics of a vowel are influenced by the phonetics of a vowel in a following syllable, are common and in the nature of sound laws. Such changes abound in the histories of Germanic languages, Romance, Insular Celtic, Albanian, and many others.

For example, in the history of English, a back vowel became front if a high front vowel or semivowel (*i, ī, j) was in the following syllable, and a front vowel became higher unless it was already high:
 Proto-Germanic  "mice" > Old English   > Modern English mice
 PGmc  "better" > OE
 PGmc  "feet" > OE  > ME feet

On the other hand, Proto-Germanic  and  >  respectively before  in the following syllable (Germanic a-mutation) although that had already happened significantly earlier:
PGmc  > OE
PGmc  > OE

Another example of a regular change is the sibilant assimilation of Sanskrit in which if there were two different sibilants as the onset of successive syllables, a plain  was always replaced by the palatal :
 Proto-Indo-European - "beard" > Skt. -
 PIE - "gray" > Skt. - "rabbit"
 PIE - "husband's mother' > Skt. -

Lag assimilation to an adjacent segment
Lag assimilation to an adjacent segment is tolerably common and often has the nature of a sound law.

Proto-Indo-European  becomes  in both Germanic and Italic:  "hill" > PreLat.  > Lat. ; > PGmc  > OE   > hill. The enclitic form of English is, eliding the vowel, becomes voiceless when adjacent to a word-final voiceless nonsibilant: it is , that is  > it's , that's .

In Polish,  regularly becomes  after a voiceless obstruent:
  'flower', pronounced , instead of
  'face', pronounced , instead of

This does not apply across word boundaries, so that the placename Grodzisk Wielkopolski is pronounced , not . In that context,  patterns with other voiced obstruents.

Because of a similar process, Proto-Indo-Iranian  became  in Avestan: Old Avestan  'horse' corresponds to Sanskrit

Lag assimilation at a distance
Lag assimilation at a distance is rare and usually sporadic (except when part of a broader change, as for the Sanskrit - example, above): Greek  > Lat.  "lily".

In vowel harmony, a vowel's phonetic features are often influenced by those of a preceding vowel. For example, most Finnish case markers come in two forms, with  (written ) and  (written ), depending on whether the preceding vowel is back or front. However, it is difficult to know where and how in the history of Finnish an actual assimilatory change took place. The distribution of pairs of endings in Finnish is not the operation of an assimilatory innovation, but it is probably the outbirth of such an innovation long ago.

In the opposite direction, in umlaut, a vowel is modified to conform more closely to the vowel in the next syllable.

Coalescence (fusion)

Coalescence is a phonological situation whereby adjacent sounds are replaced by a single sound that shares the features of the two originally adjacent sounds. In other words, coalescence is a type of assimilation whereby two sounds fuse to become one, and the fused sound shares similar characteristics with the two fused sounds. Some examples in English include 'don't you' -> /dəʊnt ju/ -> [dəʊntʃu]. In this instance, /t/ and /j/ have fused to [tʃ]. /tʃ/ is a palato-alveolar sound; its palatal feature is derived from /j/ while its alveolar is from /t/. Another English example is 'would you' -> /wʊd ju/ -> [wʊdʒu]. There are examples in other languages, such as Chumburung where  /ɪ̀wú ɪ̀sá/ -> /ɪ̀wúɪ̀sá/ becomes [ɪ̀wɪ́sá] - 'three horns'. In this case, /ɪ/ is retained in the coalescence and the rising tone on /u/ appears on the coalesced sound.

There are two major types of coalescence: reductive and unreductive. Reductive coalescence is the type of coalescence where sound segments are reduced after fusion is made. For example, in Xhosa, /i - lˈalaini/ becomes /e - lˈoleni/ (side). The /a-i/ segment in the first form reduces to /e/. On the other hand non-reductive coalescence have no reduction in sound segments even though there is evidence of fusion. For example, in Shona,  [v_á] [tengesa] (they sell) becomes [ku] [téngésá] (to sell). Here, the original sound does not reduce with respect to sound segments even though the rising tone on the vowels in the coalesced form indicates the fusion of /á/ to the vowels.

See also
 Assibilation
 Phonological history of English consonant clusters
 Co-articulated consonant
 Consonant harmony
 Crasis
 Deletion (phonology)
 Dissimilation
 Epenthesis
 Labialization
 Palatalization
 Pharyngealization
 Secondary articulation
 Velarization

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.

Phonetics

Assimilation (phonology)


O transrealismo é uma modalidade literária que mistura as técnicas de incorporação de elementos fantásticos usados na ficção científica com as técnicas de descrição de percepções imediatas do realismo naturalista. Embora combine os pontos fortes das duas abordagens, é em grande parte uma reação às suas fraquezas percebidas. O transrealismo aborda o escapismo e a desconexão com a realidade da ficção científica, proporcionando uma caracterização superior por meio de recursos autobiográficos e simulação de conhecidos do autor. Ele aborda o cansaço e os limites do realismo usando elementos fantásticos para criar novas metáforas para a mudança psicológica e para incorporar a percepção do autor de uma realidade superior na qual a vida está inserida. Uma possível fonte para esta realidade superior são os modelos cada vez mais estranhos do universo apresentados na astrofísica teórica.

Seu principal proponente e figura de destaque é o autor de ficção científica Rudy Rucker. Rucker cunhou o termo "transrealismo" depois de ler A Scanner Darkly, de Philip K Dick, descrito como "autobiografia transcendental", e expôs os princípios do transrealismo em um pequeno ensaio intitulado "A Transrealist Manifesto" em 1983. Rucker aplicou muitos desses princípios em seus contos e romances, notadamente White Light e Saucer Wisdom. Damien Broderick identificou alguns outros autores que em algum momento utilizaram tropes transrealistas para incluir Martin Amis, Margaret Atwood, Iain Banks, John Barth, JG Ballard, John Calvin Batchelor, Jonathan Carroll, Philip K. Dick especialmente, Karen Joy Fowler, Lisa Goldstein, James Morrow, Thomas Pynchon, Joanna Russ e James Tiptree Jr.

Damien Broderick argumenta que um estado de percepção (denominado transrealidade) que é divertidamente contrário à realidade consensual é um pré-requisito para escrever uma ficção transrealista eficaz. O ponto de vista necessário é lúdico no sentido de que o autor não precisa acreditar literalmente na interpretação fantástica da percepção e pode sustentá-la e solapá-la por meio de referência à ciência especulativa. Um exemplo disso pode ser visto no blog de Rucker, onde ele discute uma experiência em um terminal de aeroporto. Em um ensaio de 2014, Damien Walter argumentou que a ficção científica e outras literaturas estavam convergindo cada vez mais, e que a recusa de enredo e personagens "arquetípicos" no transrealismo "é para ser desconfortável, dizendo-nos que nossa realidade é, na melhor das hipóteses, construída, no pior inexistente".

A postura do transrealismo contra a realidade consensual o identifica como uma literatura pós-moderna semelhante ao surrealismo e cobrindo praticamente o mesmo terreno que a literatura slipstream. O transrealismo pode ser considerado um subconjunto de slipstream, dependendo de como o último termo é definido, ou como Broderick postula, slipstream pode ser quase a mesma coisa que transrealismo. Broderick também argumenta que a abordagem da literatura oferecida pela ficção científica como um todo, incluindo tanto o transrealismo quanto o slipstream, torna-se mais crucial à medida que a sociedade possivelmente se aproxima de uma singularidade tecnológica.

 Broderick, Damien (2000). Transrealist Fiction: Writing in the Slipstream of Science. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Ligações externas

 O Manifesto Transrealista
 Transrealismo no Wikcionário

Subgêneros da ficção científica
Transrealismo
Realismo

Transrealismo (literatura)


මානව සම්පත් කළමනාකරණයට කි‍්‍රයාවලි කිහිපයක් අඩංගුවේ. එකට ගත්කළ ඉහත සඳහන් ඉලක්කය ලංකර ගැනීමට යොදා තිබේ. මෙම කි‍්‍රයාවලි මානව සම්පත් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවකින් ඉටු කළ හැක. නමුත් සමහර කාර්යයන් ඉන් බාහිරව ලබාගත හැකි අතර එය වෙනත් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවල කළමනාකරුවන් විසින්ද යොදාගත හැක.
	සේවා බලකාය සැලසුම් කිරීම
	බඳවා ගැනීම (සමහර විට ආකර්ෂණය හා තෝරා ගැනීම සේ තවදුරටත් බෙදීම).
	ඇතුළත් කරගැනීම සහ මගපෙන්වීම.
	නිපුණතා කළමනාකරණය
	පුහුණුවීම් සහ සංවර්ධනය.
	සේවක පරිපාලනය.
පඩිනඩිවලට වන්දි ගෙවීම.
	කාලය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම.
	ගමන් කළමනාකරණය කිරීම (මෙය සමහරවිට ගණකාධිකාරී අංශය විසින්).
	වේතන ගෙවීම.
	සේවක ප‍්‍රතිලාභ පරිපාලනය.
	සේවකයින්ට යන වියදම සැලසුම් කිරීම.
	කාර්යඵල ඇගයීම.

වෘත්තීන්

මානව සම්පත් කළමනාකරණයේදී ලබාගත හැකි වෘත්තීන් විවිධාකාරය. සාමාන්‍යකරණයට ලක්වූ මානව කළමනාකරණ රැකියාවන් තිබේ. ඊට මානව සම්පත් සහකරු දැක්විය හැක. එමගින්ම සමහර වෘත්තීන්, සේවා නියුක්තිය, බඳවාගැනීම සහ ස්ථානගතකිරීම ඊට අඩංගුවේ. මෙම රැකියාවලට සම්මුඛ පරීක්ෂණ මගින් තෝරනු ලැබේ.

ඊ  ඕ ඊ (ඊක්වල් ඔපර්චුනිට් එම්ප්ලෝයිමන්ට්-  සම අවස්ථා සේවා නියුක්තිය) විශේෂඥයින් හෝ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලීය බඳවා ගන්නන් විසින් මෙම පත්වීම්වලට තෝරාගනු ලැබේ. වන්දි සහ ප‍්‍රතිලාභ කාර්යයන් කෙරෙන්නේ වන්දි විශ්ලේෂකයින් මගිනි. ඊට අමතරව වේතන පරිපාලකයින් සහ වන්දි පරිපාලකයින් විසින්ද මෙය ඉටු කෙරේ.

වෘත්තිමය සංවිධාන
මානව සම්පත් කළමනාකරණයේ වෘත්තිමය සංවිධාන තිබේ. ඊට මානව සම්පත් කළමනාකරණ සමාජය, වරලත් සේවක සංවර්ධන ආයතනය සී අයි පී ඞී සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර පොදු කළමනාකරණ සමිතිය සහ කැනේඩියානු ජාත්‍යන්තර සේවක කළමනාකරණ සමිතිය අයත්වේ.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Resource_Management#Business_practice

මානව සම්පත් කළමනාකරණයහි සමාගම් පරිචිය


Tifanfaya er en børnefilm instrueret af Annette K. Olesen efter manuskript af Nikolaj Scherfig.

Handling
Lille, klodsede og altid kejtede og uheldige Tifanfaya får en sær start på sit forældreløse liv. Onkel Brutus og tante Mathilde tager sig af hende. Men med bagtanke. Tifanfaya bor nemlig i et slot, som tante Mathilde meget gerne vil have helt for sig selv. Men tumpede Tifanfaya bliver røverbanden Hajdukkernes dronning, og med røverbanden sætter hun sig op mod den onde stedmoder og vinder både slot og dronningerige.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1998
Børnefilm fra Danmark

Tifanfaya


An Indosasa longispicata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni W.Y.Hsiung ngan Chi Son Chao. An Indosasa longispicata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Indosasa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Indosasa

Indosasa longispicata


In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Womb Realm (, Traditional Chinese: 胎蔵界; Pinyin: Tāizāngjiè; Rōmaji: taizōkai) is the metaphysical space inhabited by the Five Compassion Buddhas. The Womb Realm is based on the Mahavairocana Tantra. The name of the mandala derives from chapter 2 of the sutra, where it is said that the buddha Mahāvairocana revealed the mandala's secret teachings to his disciple Vajrasattva from his "womb of compassion".  In other translations, the term Matrix Realm or Matrix Mandala is used.

The Womb Realm is a very popular subject for mandalas, and along with the Diamond Realm (vajradhātu) Mandala forms the Mandala of the Two Realms.  This mandala, along with the Diamond Realm, form the core of Chinese Tangmi and Japanese Tendai and Shingon Buddhist rituals, including abhisheka "initiation". In this ritual, new initiates are blindfolded and asked to toss a flower upon a mandala.  Where the flower lands helps decide which Buddhist figure the student should devote themselves to.

In traditional Tangmi and Shingon halls, the Womb Realm Mandala is hung on the east wall, symbolizing the young stage of Mahāvairocana. In this setting, the Diamond Realm Mandala is hung on the west wall symbolizing the final realization of Mahāvairocana.

Womb Realm map

Center Eight Petal Hall

Vairocana is depicted in regal attire wearing a jewelled crown in the center of an eight-petaled lotus. Four Buddhas, representing the four directions, are depicted directly above, below, left, and right of Vairocana. The Buddha of the East, Ratnaketu, is illustrated on the top, the Buddha of the South, Samkusumita-raja to the right, the Buddha of the West, Amitabha, to the bottom, and the Buddha of the North, Divyadundubhimeganirghoṣa (Amoghasiddhi), to the Left. Four bodhisattvas, Samantabhadra, Manjushri, Guanyin, and Maitreya, are illustrated between the Buddhas, clockwise.

Vajras are illustrated between the petals of nine deities and symbolize the knowledge or wisdom (jnana) that crush illusions.

Four vases containing a lotus and a three-pronged Vajra, are placed at the corners of the Center Hall. The hall is marked off by a five-colored boundary path with each color referring to one of the five buddhas, knowledges, directions, roots, conversions, syllables, elements, and forms.

See also
Garbha
Dhatu
Vajradhatu

References

Further reading

External links
Mandala of the Womb World Japan, Kamakura period, 13th - 14th century Dharmapala Thangka Centre
The Diamond and Womb World Mandalas Dharmapala Thangka Centre
Flying Mountains and Walkers of Emptiness: Toward a Definition of Sacred Space in Japanese Religions History of religions 1982

Buddhist philosophical concepts
Shingon Buddhism

Womb Realm


An Trisetella hoeijeri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Alexander Charles Hirtz. An Trisetella hoeijeri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trisetella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Trisetella

Trisetella hoeijeri


Adopt a Highway est un film américain réalisé par Logan Marshall-Green, sorti en 2019.

Synopsis
Un homme qui a passé 21 ans en prison pour possession de marijuana trouve un bébé abandonné dans une benne à ordures.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Adopt a Highway
 Réalisation : Logan Marshall-Green
 Scénario : Logan Marshall-Green
 Musique : Jason Isbell
 Photographie : Pepe Avila del Pino
 Montage : Claudia Castello
 Production : Jason Blum, Greg Gilreath, Ethan Hawke, Ryan Hawke, Adam Hendricks et John H. Lang
 Société de production : Divide/Conquer, Blumhouse Productions, Under the Influence et Tang Media Partners
 Pays :
 Genre : Drame
 Durée : 81 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :
 :  (Internet)

Distribution
 Ethan Hawke : Russell Millings
 Chris Sullivan : Orankle
 Christopher Heyerdahl : Jim
 Elaine Hendrix : Diane Spring
 Mo McRae : Wilson
 Betty Gabriel : Deeks
 Anne-Marie Johnson : Tracy Westmore
 William Stanford Davis : Hatty
 Milauna Jackson : lé détective Minardi
 Diane Gaeta : Becca
 Loni Love : Cher
 Dohn Norwood : Cato
 Rich Ceraulo Ko : l'officier Marshall
 Heidi Sulzman : le détective Gladden
 Dione Kuraoka : Lisa Chang
 Tyson Sullivan : Richard
 Della Atherton : Beverly
 Everly Sucher : Ella
 Savannah Sucher : Ella

Accueil
Le film a reçu un accueil mitigé de la critique. Il obtient un score moyen de 53 % sur Metacritic.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2019
Film dramatique américain
Film de Blumhouse Productions

Adopt a Highway


Post hoc ergo propter hoc (Latin: "efter dette, derfor på grund af dette") er en logisk fejlslutning der siger at "Fordi begivenhed Y efterfulgte begivenhed X, så må begivenhed Y været sket på grund af begivenhed X". Dette forkortest oftest til post hoc fejlslutning.

En logisk fejlslutning af varianten tvivlsomme årsager, er det subtilt anderledes en fejlslutningen cum hoc ergo propter hoc ("med dette, derfor på grund af dette"), i hvilken to begivenheden sker simultant eller den kronologiske orden er uvæsentlig eller ukendt.

Post hoc er en specielt tillokkende fejl fordi korrelation udadtil virker til at angive kausalitet. Fejlen ligger i en konklusion baseret kun på tidspunktet for begivenhederne, i stedet for at inkorporere andre faktorer der potentielt kan være ansvarlige for resultatet, der kan udelukke sammenhængen.

Et simpelt eksempel er "hanen galer kort før solopgang; derfor er det hanen der får solen til at stå op."

Mønster
Formen på post hoc fejlslutningen vises sådan her:
 A skete, derefter skete B.
 Derfor, var A skyld i B.

Når B er uønsket er dette mønster ofte kombineret med den formelle fejlslutning "benægt antecedenten", hvilket antager at den omvendte logik holder: At undgå A vil forhindre B.

Eksempler
 En lejer flytter ind i en lejlighed, og bygningens fyr går i stykker. Udlejeren giver lejeres indflytning skylden for fejlen. En begivenhed fulgte blot en anden, i manglen på kausalitet.
 Den brasilianske fodboldspiller Pelé siges at have givet skylden for et fald i sin præstation på at have givet en fan en specifik spillertrøje; efter at have fået trøjen tilbage forbedrede han sin præstation. Tabet af trøjen blev givet som årsag til hans formdyk, og tilbagekomsten af den som årsagen til at hans form blev bedre. Men man fandt senere ud af at trøjen ikke var den originale trøje.

Se også
 Apofeni
 Cargokult
 Bekræftelsesbias
 Korrelation giver ikke kausalitet
 Antage konklusioner
 Magisk tænkning
 Overtro

Referencer

Fejlslutning

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc


The street layout of Seattle is based on a series of disjointed rectangular street grids. Most of Seattle and King County use a single street grid, oriented on true north.  Near the center of the city, various land claims were platted in the 19th century with differently oriented grids, which still survive today. Distinctly oriented grids also exist in some cities annexed by Seattle in the early 20th century, such as Ballard and Georgetown. A small number of streets and roads are exceptions to the grid pattern.

Street grid layout

Most streets in Seattle run either north–south or east–west. However, this orientation does not prevail in one of the oldest and densest parts of the town, bounded by Elliott Bay to the west, Broadway to the east, Yesler Way to the south, and Denny Way to the north. That exceptional area includes all of the Downtown Central Business District (CBD), the northernmost part of the Pioneer Square neighborhood south of the CBD, First Hill east of the CBD, and Belltown and the Denny Regrade north of the CBD.

The grid is oriented 32 degrees west of north in the southern portion of that exceptional area, and 49 degrees west of north in the northern portion. The two portions are divided by a line that runs along Stewart Street (or its right-of-way) from Alaskan Way on the Central Waterfront east to 3rd Avenue, then along Olive Way from 3rd Avenue to 7th Avenue, and along Howell Street from 7th Avenue to Denny Way.

Origins
These three grid patterns (due north, 32 degrees west of north, and 49 degrees west of north) are the result of a disagreement between David Swinson "Doc" Maynard, whose land claim lay south of Yesler Way, and Arthur A. Denny and Carson D. Boren, whose land claims lay to the north (with Henry Yesler and his mill soon brought in between Denny and the others): Denny and Boren preferred that their streets follow the Elliott Bay shoreline, while Maynard favored a grid based on the cardinal directions for his (mostly flat, mostly wet) claim. All three were competing to have the downtown built on their land. Denny prevailed in what would become the central business district, but it was Maynard's grid that ended up being extended throughout the city and into all of King County (60 miles east to west). Several cities in King County, such as Renton, Kirkland, and North Bend, have their own naming system and grid in the center of town, but Maynard's Pioneer Square–based grid officially covers the entire county.

Addressing
Street addresses in Seattle (and throughout much of King County) follow a uniform numbering plan. On roads that run north and south [generally called an Avenue], odd numbered addresses are on the west side and even numbered addresses are on the east side. On roads that run east and west [generally called a Street], odd numbered addresses are on the south side and even numbered addresses are on the north side. The address is based on its location relative to the grid (not relative to the location of the beginning of each separate road, or its nearest intersection) with the last two digits consecutively incrementing with the grid and the leading digits designating the location on the grid.

Some mnemonics are helpful here:
 STreets run eaST and weST
 aveNueS run North and South
 EveN numbered addresses are on the East and North side of the road (which is likely called a street or avenue)

The name 32nd Avenue NE applies to several physically discontinuous street segments running along approximately the same line of the grid. One of these segments runs from NE 75th Street to NE 80th Street, crossed only by NE 77th Street; its two blocks are the 7500 block and the 7700 block. Buildings on that street between 75th and 77th would have four-digit addresses beginning with 75; buildings above 77th would have four-digit addresses beginning with 77. If there is such an address as 7764 32nd Avenue NE, then it is on the east side of the street rather far up the 7700 block, and if there is a 7765 it will be approximately across the street from 7764.

North of the ship canal in Seattle, and north of NE 140th St in East King County, grid numbers are spread in increments by 20 per mile (which works out to one numerical block per minute when walking at 3 miles per hour). In much of the rest of King County (south of NE 140th St, and east of 68th Ave NE at the north end of Lake Washington), grid numbers are spread in increments 16 per mile (which works out to 10 per kilometer). Due to the regular spacing of street numbers, approximate distances between two points on the grid can be easily calculated.

A few older cities within King County have their own distinct numbering plan, centered on their own historic downtown areas, including much of Renton and historic parts of Kirkland. In Kirkland, streets and avenues run perpendicular to the usual King County designations. In Renton (east of I-405), avenues are named for Washington State communities and arranged in alphabetical order (Aberdeen, Blaine, Camas, etc.).

In Seattle, the names of the twelve streets in the heart of the central business district are paired by their first letters. From south to north, they are: Jefferson, James, Cherry, Columbia, Marion, Madison, Spring, Seneca, University, Union, Pike, Pine. One way to remember the order of the street pairs is with the mnemonic "Jesus Christ Made Seattle Under Protest" (or "Pressure") (JCMSUP).

Only one street in Seattle, Madison Street, runs uninterrupted from the salt water of Puget Sound in the west to the fresh water of Lake Washington in the east. The unusual orientation and contiguous nature of this street dates back to a time when it was a direct route to a cross-lake ferry between Madison Park and Houghton on the east side of Lake Washington. A cable car once operated on Madison Street from downtown Seattle to the ferry terminal at Madison Park, and the ferry route constituted an almost linear continuation of the street across the lake. Other historical cable cars ran along Yesler Way, Jackson Street, Queen Anne Avenue—"The Counterbalance", and 1st Avenue-2nd Avenue).  No street, excluding Interstate 5 and State Route 99—both freeways in whole or in part—runs without interruption from the northern to the southern city limits.  This is largely the result of Seattle's topography. Split by the Duwamish River and the Lake Washington Ship Canal, containing four lakes within the city limits, and boasting deep ravines and at least seven hills there are few more-or-less straight routes where such a road could reasonably be built, even allowing for the short bridge or two.

Directionals

Seattle and King County make systematic use of directionals (such as N for north or NE for northeast) in street names, although residents often omit the directionals when describing addresses in their own neighborhoods. To a lesser degree, street types such as avenue and street are also used systematically. As a rule, "streets" run east–west (or, in and near downtown, northeast–southwest), and "avenues" run north–south (or, in and near downtown, northwest–southeast).  A road, boulevard, way, or thoroughfare with any other type designation may run in any direction. The land boundaries of the district laid out according to the Denny and Boren plats that follow the shoreline are all "Ways" (Denny Way, Yesler Way, Broadway).

Furthermore:
 "Streets" and other east–west thoroughfares prefix the directional; for example NE 45th Street.
 "Avenues" and other north–south thoroughfares suffix the directional; for example 15th Avenue NE, University Way NE.
 A mnemonic for directionals is that the general direction of a thoroughfare is the direction nearer its name or number; for example NE 45th Street runs generally east (and west), while University Way NE runs generally north (and south).
 "Places" are usually cul-de-sacs or dead-ends and run in any direction.
 In most sections of the city, the same directional is used for both of these purposes; the exceptions are immediately east and north of the downtown area, and the lack of any directionals in the downtown area itself.

Seattle is divided into ten sections, each with a different combination of directionals.

North of the Lake Washington Ship Canal are the following sections: west of 1st Avenue NW, the NW section; between 1st Avenue NW and 1st Avenue NE, the N section; east of 1st Avenue NE, the NE section.

South of the canal but north of Denny Way are the following sections: west of Queen Anne Avenue N, the W section; between Queen Anne Avenue N and a border defined by Eastlake Avenue E (south of E Nelson Place) and Lake Union (north of E Nelson Place), the Avenue N section, in which avenues are suffixed N and in which streets have no prefix; east of the Eastlake Avenue E–Lake Union border, the E section.

South of Denny Way but north of Yesler Way are two sections: east of Broadway from Yesler Way north to Union Street, east of Minor Avenue from Union Street north to Pike Street, and east of Melrose Avenue from Pike Street north to Denny Way, the E Street section, streets are prefixed E and avenues have no suffix; to the west of this border, the downtown section, no directionals are used.

South of Yesler Way are two sections: east of the waterfront and (south of the Duwamish Waterway) east of 1st Avenue S, the S section; and west of 1st Avenue S, the SW section. Within the Seattle city limits there is no SE section; however, the non-Seattle SE section contains all of the southeastern suburbs and the rest of southern King County, including Mercer Island, parts of Renton, and Bellevue south of Main Street, Sammamish south of E Main Street, and other locations within the county.

Arterials defined
The city defines Principal, Minor, and Collector arterials:
 Principal arterials serve as the principal route for the movement of traffic through the city. These connect interstate freeways to major activity centers, to minor and collector arterial streets and directly to destinations, as well as interneighborhood traffic.
 Minor arterials are generally located on neighborhood boundaries except when necessary to provide adequate service to traffic generators located within neighborhoods.
 Collector arterials are typically located within neighborhood boundaries and serve small group of stores, schools, small apartment complexes, and residential land uses.
 Access Streets are residential and commercial side streets.

See also
Seattle neighborhoods for articles on individual neighborhoods, including information on thoroughfares.

References

Bibliography
 . Shows the landscape carved by the Vashon Glacier some 14,000 years ago.
 . (First link shows a slightly longer excerpt of the article than JSTOR.)
 .
 .
 .
 .

 . Online selection from Karl Samson (2006), Frommer's Seattle 2006 [Title incremented annually each January], Wiley, .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Further reading
"Metro Memories scrapbook" on official King County site, page "created on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of Metro, 2003".

External links
 Joe Thompson, Cable Car Lines in the Pacific Northwest, self-published, describes several former Seattle cable car lines and includes old postcard images.

Geography of Seattle

Seattle metropolitan area

Street layout of Seattle


Otto von Oelhafen, vollständiger Name Otto Emil Georg Sixtus von Oelhafen (* 8. Juni 1886 in Würzburg; † 13. März 1952 in München) war ein deutscher Offizier, zuletzt SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Polizei im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Er war u. a. vertretungsweise Polizeipräsident in München und Befehlshaber der Ordnungspolizei (BdO) im Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Dort leitete er Massenmord-Aktionen gegen Juden.

Biografie bis 1933
Nach dem Volksschulbesuch in München besuchte Oelhafen von 1896 bis 1899 ein humanistisches Gymnasium in Bamberg. Nach Beendigung der Schule schlug er die Laufbahn als Berufsoffiziers in der Bayerischen Armee ein und trat zunächst dem Kadettenkorps in München bei. Von dort trat er dann im Juli 1906 in das 2. Feldartillerie-Regiment "Horn" in Würzburg über. Nach dem knapp einjährigen Besuch der Kriegsschule München schloss er im Februar 1907 seine Ausbildung zum Offizier ab. Im Rang eines Leutnants absolvierte er von Oktober 1909 bis Juli 1910 die Artillerie- und Ingenieur-Schule in München.

Am Ersten Weltkrieg nahm er ab August 1914 als Adjutant der I. Abteilung seines Stammregiments zunächst als Oberleutnant teil. Vom März 1915 bis November 1917 war er Batterieführer beim 20. Feldartillerie-Regiment und kommandierte anschließend bis Ende März 1918 die II. Abteilung. Oelhafen, seit September 1916 zum Hauptmann befördert, war ab Ende März 1918 Führer der 4. Batterie des Regiments und gehörte dem Regimentsstab an. Im Mai 1918 kam Oelhafen zur 84. Landwehr-Brigade, wurde kurz darauf zum Stab des Artillerie-Kommandeurs Nr. 125 und im Juni 1918 zum Stab des Artillerie-Kommandeurs Nr. 129 versetzt.

Nach Kriegsende war er von November 1918 bis Januar 1919 zunächst wieder bei seinem Stammregiment und danach beim 12. Feldartillerie-Regiment eingesetzt. Im Frühjahr 1919 kommandierte er die Freiwilligen-Batterie von Oelhafen im Freikorps Würzburg, welche in Würzburg Erhebungen von Spartakisten niederschlug. Ab Juni 1919 war er beim in Bamberg stationierten Reichswehr-Artillerie-Regiment 23 eingesetzt, das gegen im März 1920 gegen Aufständische in Hof und Suhl vorging. Von 1920 bis 1922 gehörte er dem Deutschvölkischen Schutz- und Trutzbund in Bamberg an.

Nach der Entlassung aus der Armee wechselte er Anfang Oktober 1920 in den Polizeidienst und war zunächst als Polizeihauptmann bei der Landespolizei Bayern in Bamberg beschäftigt. Zunächst war er Hundertschaftsführer sowie Adjutant und gehörte von 1926 bis 1931 dem Stab der Landespolizei in Bamberg an. Danach wechselte er als Abschnittskommandeur der Schutzpolizei nach München.

Nationalsozialismus
Nach der Machtübergabe an die Nationalsozialisten war Oelhafen von Anfang Juni 1933 bis Ende September 1937 im Rang eines Polizeioberstleutnants Kommandeur der Schutzpolizei München und in Personalunion zusätzlich ab Anfang Juli 1934 nach der Ermordung August Schneidhubers im Zuge des Röhm-Putsches vertretungsweise bzw. stellvertretender Münchner Polizeipräsident. Von Anfang Oktober 1937 bis Ende Mai 1938 fungierte er im Rang eines Obersts der Schutzpolizei als Kommandeur der Schutzpolizei Dresden und danach bis Anfang Dezember 1939 zunächst in Vertretung und später offiziell als Inspekteur der Ordnungspolizei (IdO) Sachsen.

Im Zuge des Anschlusses von Österreich war er Führer der Polizeigruppe 8 und war danach bis Ende April 1938 als IdO für Steiermark, Kärnten und Osttirol zuständig. Nach der Besetzung des Sudetenlandes war er von Anfang Oktober 1938 bis Anfang Dezember 1938 Kommandeur des Polizei-Regiments 1 und BdO im Abschnitt "Nord-Böhmen" in Aussig.

Anfang Mai 1937 trat Oelhafen in die NSDAP (Mitgliedsnummer 4.736.616) ein. Am 20. April 1939 wurde Oelhafen auf seinen Antrag hin in die SS (SS-Nr. 327.493) als SS-Standartenführer aufgenommen, wo er im April 1940 zum SS-Oberführer, im April 1941 zum SS-Brigadeführer und schließlich im Dezember 1941 bis zum SS-Gruppenführer aufstieg.

Zweiter Weltkrieg
Nach Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges war er ab Anfang Januar 1940 IdO im Wehrkreis I mit Dienstsitz in Königsberg. Im Oktober 1940 wurde er zum Generalmajor der Polizei befördert. Anfang Mai 1941 folgte er Jürgen von Kamptz als BdO beim Reichsprotektor in Böhmen und Mähren mit Dienstsitz in Prag nach und wurde in dieser Funktion durch Paul Riege Anfang September 1941 abgelöst.

Nach dem Unternehmen Barbarossa war Oelhafen von September 1941 bis Oktober 1942 BdO in der Ukraine mit Dienstsitz Kiew. Oelhafen war in der Ukraine auch maßgeblich als Täter am Holocaust beteiligt: So leitete er im November 1941 den Massenmord von Juden in Rivne, da das Einsatzkommando 5 der Einsatzgruppe C noch nicht einsatzfähig war. In Zusammenarbeit mit dem örtlichen Gebietskommissar Werner Beer stellte er aus den Polizeibataillonen 69, 315, 320, der Ostkompanie und einigen Angehörigen des Einsatzkommandos 5 ein Mordkommando auf, das bei Sosenki über 17.000 Juden umbrachte. Im Dezember 1941 wurde er zum Generalleutnant der Polizei und SS-Gruppenführer befördert. Er leitete von Anfang September 1942 bis zum 10. Oktober 1942 den "Bandenbekämpfungsstab" beim Höheren SS- und Polizeiführer (HSSPF) Ukraine. Sein Nachfolger als BdO Ukraine wurde Adolf von Bomhard.

Von Oktober 1942 bis Anfang Februar 1944 war er IdO bzw. später BdO bei dem HSSPF Süd im Wehrkreis VII mit Dienstsitz München. Danach schied er aus dem Polizeidienst aus.

Nachkriegszeit
Inwiefern Oelhafen nach Kriegsende interniert und entnazifiziert wurde, ist unbekannt. Er wurde jedoch im Rahmen der Nürnberger Prozesse als Zeuge am 5. und 28. Mai 1947 verhört. Später lebte er in Lichtenfels.

Literatur
 Dienstaltersliste der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP. Stand vom 9. November 1944. Hrsg. SS-Personalhauptamt, Reichsdruckerei, Berlin 1944, S. 11. Nr. 113.
 Andreas Schulz, Günter Wegmann, Dieter Zinke: Die Generale der Waffen-SS und der Polizei. Lammerding-Plesch. Biblio-Verlag. 2003. ISBN 978-3-7648-2375-7.

Weblinks
 Bayerische Landesbibliothek Online: Staatsminister, leitende Verwaltungsbeamte und (NS-)Funktionsträger in Bayern 1918 bis 1945 – Oelhafen, Otto v.

Einzelnachweise

Hauptmann (Bayern)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Freikorps-Mitglied
Polizist der Ordnungspolizei
Polizeipräsident (München)
NSDAP-Mitglied
SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Polizei
Mitglied im Deutschvölkischen Schutz- und Trutzbund
Täter des Holocaust
Person (deutsche Besetzung der Ukraine 1941–1944)
Person (Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren)
Zeuge in den Nürnberger Prozessen
Deutscher
Geboren 1886
Gestorben 1952
Mann

Otto von Oelhafen


'Türkiye'de judo', 1960'lı yıllarda tanınmaya başlamıştır.

1962 yılında, güreş antrenörü [Halil Yüceses] Japonya'da judo eğitimi aldıktan sonra dönüşünde Kuleli Askeri Lisesinde görev alarak Judonun temellerini ülkemizde atmaya başladı.Bundan sonra Kuleli Askeri Lisesi judo takımı; Mitatpaşa stadındaki 19 ve 27 Mayıs gösterilerinde tribünleri dolduran halkımıza yaptıkları gösterilerle bu spor dalının sevilmesini sağlamıştır.  Eminönü Denizcilik Lokali ve Fatih Güreş Kulübü'nde Olcay Şen'le ilk judo çalışmasını başlattı. Daha sonra Üsküdar Anadolu Kulübü'nde Halil Yüceses ile birlikte Namık Ekin, Olcay Şen bu çalışmalara devam etti.

Judo sporu 1964 yılında önce Güreş Federasyonuna bağlandı, 1966 yılında ise bağımsız bir federasyon oldu. Judo Federasyonunun kurulmasının, ilk başkanlığına da Hakkı Isıgöllü'nün atanmasının ardından 1967'de ilk Türkiye Şampiyonası düzenlendi. 1969-1979 yılları arasında Judo ve Tekvando, 1980-1990 arasında ise Judo ve Karate Federasyonu olarak faaliyetlerini yürüten federasyon, 1990 yılından itibaren Judo Federasyonu adı altında hizmet verdi. Cihat Uskan bu federasyonların başkanlığını yaptı.

1968 yılında Fransız Michel Novovitch'in Türkiye'ye antrenör olarak gelmesiyle modern judo başladı. 1969 yılında Japon Kültür Derneği'nin girişimiyle Vaseda Üniversitesi'nden Yoşimura Türkiye'ye gelerek, Kodokan'ın stilinin benimsenmesine yardımcı oldu. 1968'de Federasyon Başkanı Cihat Uskan yönetiminde Türkiye'de judo temel teknikleri üzerine ilk eserler Namık Ekin, millî takım elemanları ve Tercüman yazarı Kaya Muzaffer Ilıcak ile hazırlandı. Judonun gelişmesinde rol oynayan judo posterleri federasyon tarafından hazırlanarak ülke çapında dağıtıldı.

Bu dönemde İstanbul başta olmak üzere birçok ilde judo kulüpleri açılmaya başlandı. Ahmet Berkol Ökten, İstanbul Kadıköy'de ilk judo salonunu (Dojo Samurai) açtı. Akabinde Feridun Yenisey İstanbul Üniversitesi bünyesinde (Mediko-Sosyal), Mehmet Emin Sebik Beylerbeyi'nde, Namık Ekin Fındıkzade'de (Dojo Bushido), İbrahim Çabıtkan Karagümrük'te (Altınay Güreş Kulübü), Gündüz Atik ise Beyoğlu'nda, Taksim-Şişli Spor Kulübü Salonu'nda (Dojo Kenji Kai) judo öğretilerini başlattılar. Gündüz Atik ve Gürbüz Tansever, Sultanahmet Amerikan Dersanesi'nde (YMCA) ve ilk kez olarak Trakya'da (Ömer Erol'la beraber) Kumburgaz ve Silivri'de judo çalışmaları yürüttü. Süheyl Yeşilnur ve Cüneyt Yeşilnur kardeşler ise Fatih'te judo çalışmalarında bulundu.

27/28 Mart 1970 tarihlerinde Avusturya'nın Linz kentinde yapılan Leonding Turnuvası'na katılmak için oluşturulan ilk millî takımda aşağıdaki sporcular yer aldı:

Türkiye'de judo


An Carex mitrata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adrien René Franchet. An Carex mitrata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. m. aristata
 C. m. mitrata

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex mitrata


{{තොරතුරුකොටුව රට
|native_name         =
|conventional_long_name   = Republic of Finland
|common_name         = ෆින්ලන්ඩ්
|image_flag         = Flag_of_Finland.svg
|image_coat         = Coat of arms of Finland.svg
|image_map = EU-Finland.svg
|map_caption =
|national_anthem = (Finnish)<small>(Swedish)"Our Land"</small>
|official_languages     = Finnish, Swedish
|regional_languages     = Saami
|demonym           = Finns, Finnish
|capital           = හෙල්සින්කි
|latd=60 |latm=10 |latNS=N |longd=024 |longm=56 |longEW=E
|largest_city        = capital
|religion          = Lutheran
|government_type       = Parliamentary republic
|leader_title1        = ජනාධිපති
|leader_title2        = අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය
|leader_title3        =
|leader_name1        = Tarja Halonen
|leader_name2        = Jyrki Katainen
|leader_name3        =
|accessionEUdate       = January 1, 1995
|area_rank          = 64th
|area_magnitude       = 1 E11
|area_km2          = 338,424
|area_sq_mi         = 130,596
|percent_water        = 10
|population_estimate     = 5,359,538
|population_estimate_rank  = 111th
|population_estimate_year  = 2010
|population_census        = 5,180,000
|population_census_year   = 2000
|population_density_km2   = 16
|population_density_sq_mi  = 40
|population_density_rank   = 201st
|GDP_PPP           = $179.598 billion
|GDP_PPP_rank        =
|GDP_PPP_year        = 2009
|GDP_PPP_per_capita     = $33,556
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank   =
|GDP_nominal         = $238.128 billion
|GDP_nominal_rank      =
|GDP_nominal_year      = 2009
|GDP_nominal_per_capita   = $44,491
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|sovereignty_type      = ස්වාධීනත්වය
|sovereignty_note      = රුසියානු අධිරාජ්‍යයෙන්
|established_event1     = Autonomy|established_event2     = Declared
|established_event3     = Recognized
|established_date1      = March 29, 1809|established_date2      = December 6, 1917
|established_date3      = January 4, 1918
|HDI             =  0.959
|HDI_rank          = 12th
|HDI_year          = 2007
|HDI_category        = very high
|FSI             = 18.5
|FSI_year          = 2007
|FSI_rank          = 176th
|FSI_category        = Sustainable
|Gini            = 26.9
|Gini_year          = 2000
|Gini_category        = low
|currency          = Euro (€)¹
|currency_code        = EUR
|country_code        =
|time_zone          = EET
|utc_offset         = +2
|time_zone_DST        = EEST
|utc_offset_DST       = +3
|drives_on          = right
|cctld            = .fi, .ax ²
|calling_code        = 358
|footnote1          = Before 2002: Finnish markka
|footnote2          = The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other යුරෝපියානු සංගමය member states.
}}

ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානු රටක් වන පින්ලන්තය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 338 424ක් පමන විශාල රටකි.

ෆින්ලන්තය උතුරු යුරෝපයේ පිහිටි නෝර්සික් රටකි. ෆින්ලන්තය බටහිරින් ස්වීඩනයටද, උතුරින් නෝර්වේ රාජ්‍යයටද, නැගෙනහිරින් රුසියාවටද, දකුණින් එස්කෝනියාවටද මායිම් වේ. අගනුවර වන්නේ හෙල්සින්තිය. ජනගහනය මිලියන 5.4 ක් වන අතර යුරෝපයේ වර්ගඵලයෙන් 8 වන විශාලම රටයි. එහි භාෂාව වන්නේ ෆිනිෂ්ය. දෙවන නිල භාෂාව වන්නේ ස්වීඩන්ය. තවත් උපභාෂා 342 ක් ඇත. මිලියනයක් පමණ ජනතාව හෙල්සින්කි වල ජීවත් වෙති. අනෙක් ප්‍රධාන නගර වන්නේ ටෙමිපේ, ටර්කු, ඕලු, ජ්වැස්ක්ලා කූපියෝ සහ ලාමිවල වේ.1955 යුරෝපානු සංගමය හා යුරෝ‍සෝන් සංගමය ආරම්භයේ සිට සාමාජිකත්වය දරයි. මෙහි කාර්මීකරණය මෑතක සිදුවූවකි. 1950 තෙක් කෘෂිකර්මය පැවතුණි. ඉන්පසු ආර්ථිකය වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1970 සිට 1990 කාලයේ සුභ සාධන රාජ්‍යයක් විය. සාර්ථක රජයන් විසින් මෙහි ආර්ථික පද්ධතිය පුද්ගලීකරණය සහ ආදායම් කැපීම සිදුකරන ලදී.

 ආශ්‍රිත

 List of Finland-related topics
 Outline of Finland

 සටහන්

 මූලාශ්‍ර

 භාහිර සබැඳි

 Finland at the Encyclopædia Britannica Finland. The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency.
 Finland profile from the BBC News
 Key Development Forecasts for Finland from International Futures

සිතියම්

Northern European countries
Members of the Nordic Council
Member states of the European Union
Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean
එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සාමාජික රාජ්‍ය
Member states of NATO
Post–Russian Empire states
Republics
States and territories established in 1917
Swedish-speaking countries and territories
Fennoscandia
යුරෝපය තුළ රටවල්
Christian states
OECD members
යුරෝපා රටවල්

ෆින්ලන්තය