The European Union has a number of relationships with foreign states. According to the European Union's official site, and a statement by Commissioner Günter Verheugen, the aim is to have a ring of countries, sharing EU's democratic ideals and joining them in further integration without necessarily becoming full member states.

EFTA and EEA
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was created to allow European countries to partake in a free trade area with less integration as within the European Communities (later European Union). Most of the countries initially in EFTA have since joined the EU itself, so only four remain outside, Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Switzerland.

The European Economic Area (EEA) agreement allows Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein to have access to the EU's internal market and vice versa. The four basic freedoms (goods, services, people, and capital) apply. However, some restrictions on fisheries and agriculture take place.

Norway

Norway is a member of the EEA, therefore it participates in the single market, and most EU laws are made part of Norwegian law. Norway has signed the Schengen treaty, which means border checks are no longer made.

Iceland

Like Norway, Iceland joined the EEA, and is considered part of the European Single Market. Iceland has also signed the Schengen treaty. In 2009 Iceland applied to join the Union but the application was controversial and the Icelandic government withdrew it in 2015.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein joined the EEA in 1995 and participates in the European Single Market.

Switzerland

The Swiss referendum to join the EEA in 1992 failed, so Swiss products do not participate in the European Single Market. However the country negotiated two series of bilateral agreements with the Union. The first series, Bilateral Agreements I, consists of seven bilateral agreements and was signed in 1999 (entry into force in 2001), the main part being Free Movement of Persons (full text of the agreement). The second series, Bilateral Agreements II, relates to nine areas and was signed in 2004 (entered into full force on 30 March 2005) and includes the Schengen treaty and the Dublin Convention (full text of the agreement) (official press release).

Eurozone-related

There are four European microstates which are neither EU member-states nor full eurozone members, but nevertheless use and mint the euro as their legal currency under official agreements with the EU. All of them previously used the national currencies of their larger neighbours, Italy, France and Spain, which have since all become eurozone-members.

 : San Marino is not a member state of the EU, but had a special agreement with Italy to mint a limited number of its own lira coins. There is an agreement to mint its own euro coins (limited) which are legal tender in the eurozone.
 : The Vatican City is not part of the EU, but had a special agreement with Italy to mint a limited number of its own lira coins. There is an agreement to mint its own euro coins (limited) which are legal tender in the eurozone.
 : Monaco is not a member state of the EU, it had a special agreement with France to mint its own franc coins. There is an agreement to mint its own euro coins (limited), which are legal tender in the eurozone.
 : Andorra is not part of the EU. In the 20th century, both the French franc and Spanish peseta were used and accepted in Andorra, but the peseta was more widespread There is an agreement to mint its own euro coins (limited) which are legal tender in the eurozone.

In addition, two dependent territories outside of the EU use the euro as their currency under agreements with the EU, though without minting their own euro coins:
  is not a part of the EU, but there is an agreement with the EU to use euro as its currency, though without minting own euro coins. The French franc was used there before.
  is not a part of the EU, but there is an agreement between the United Kingdom and the EU to use euro as its currency, though without minting own euro coins. The Cypriot pound was used there before.

Some other countries unilaterally decided to use the euro as their de facto currency without having currently a formal agreement with the EU.

Customs unions
Certain countries and territories are in customs union with the EU. These are:
: relations between the Principality of Monaco and the EU are primarily conducted through France. Through that relationship Monaco directly participates in certain EU policies, including being an integral part of the EU customs territory and VAT area.
 (excluding agricultural products; since 1996)
 (excluding agricultural products; since 1991)
 (signed in 1991 and in force since 2002)
 are partially part of the European Union Customs Union in three domains: VAT, agriculture and fisheries.

European Union free trade agreements

The EU has concluded free trade agreements with many countries in the world, and is negotiating with more through the Stabilisation and Association Process, Eastern Partnership, Association Agreements and Economic Partnership Agreements.

European Neighbourhood Policy

Covers Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestinian Authority, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, and Russia (through the formation of common spaces).

According to the European Union's official site, the objective of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is to share the benefits of the EU's 2004 enlargement with neighbouring countries. It is also designed to prevent the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours. The vision is that of a ring of countries, drawn into further integration, but without necessarily becoming full members of the European Union. The policy was first outlined by the European Commission in March 2003. The countries covered include all of the Mediterranean shores of Africa and Asia, as well as the European CIS states (with the exception of Russia and Kazakhstan) in the Caucasus and eastern Europe. Russia insisted on the creation of the four EU–Russia Common Spaces instead of ENP participation. Kazakhstan's Foreign Ministry has expressed interest in the ENP . Some MEPs also discussed Kazakhstan's inclusion in the ENP.

The European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI), came into force in 2014. It is the financial arm of the European Neighbourhood Policy, the EU's foreign policy towards its neighbours to the East and to the South. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes.
The ENI, effective from 2014 to 2020, replaces the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument – known as the ENPI.

The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership or Barcelona Process is a wide framework of political, economic and social relations between member states of the EU and countries of the Southern Mediterranean. It was initiated on 27–28 November 1995 through a conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, held in Barcelona. Besides the 27 member states of the European Union, the remaining "Mediterranean Partners" are all other Mediterranean countries without Libya (which has had 'observer status' since 1999). Since the establishment of the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument in 2007 (see below) the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership initiative will become fully a part of the wider European Neighbourhood Policy. The Association Agreements signed with the Mediterranean states aim at establishing of a Euro-Mediterranean free trade area.

Financial cooperation and assistance programmes

For the 2000–2006 budgetary period

CARDS programme
CARDS, short for "Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation", was established on 5 December 2000 through Council regulation Number 2666/2000.

Its scope is the Western Balkans countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia). The programme's wider objective is to support those nations in the Stabilisation and Association Process.

TACIS programme
The TACIS programme, established in 1991, was a programme of technical assistance that supports the process of transition to market economies for the 11 CIS countries and Georgia. Until 2003, Mongolia was also included in the programme but is now covered by the ALA programme.

MEDA programme
The MEDA programme was the principal financial instrument for the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, offering technical and financial support measures to accompany the reform of economic and social structures in the Mediterranean partner countries.

The first MEDA programme was established for the period of 1995–1999. In November 2000, a new regulation established MEDA II for the period of 2000–2006.

ACP programme

ACP stands for "Africa, Caribbean and Pacific". The programme applies to 71 countries, among which are all African nations with the exception of the Mediterranean countries of northern Africa (covered by the MEDA programme above). The ACP is currently covered by the Cotonou Agreement, which replaces the Lomé Convention.

External links: ACP Countries at official EU site

ALA programme
ALA, standing for "Asia and Latin America" is a programme for financial aid and cooperation with those regions.

For the 2007–2013 budgetary period
 ENPI, standing for "European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument". This is a financial instrument that covers the ENP countries. Russia is also covered by ENPI (it chose not to participate in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and opted for the formally different, but practically similar EU–Russia Common Spaces. Because of this is the "Partnership" part of ENPI). ENPI therefore merges the former MEDA (as all of its current beneficiaries are ENP states) and the European part of the former TACIS structure. The ENPI Info Centre was launched in January 2009 by the European Commission to highlight the relationship between the EU and its Neighbours.
 The Pre Accession Instrument replaces the former Enlargement programmes Phare, SAPARD and ISPA and CARDS (current CARDS beneficent states were moved to the Enlargement policy segment as "potential candidate countries").
 The Development Cooperation and Economic Cooperation Instrument covers all countries, territories and regions that are not eligible for assistance under either the PAI or ENPI (Asia, including Central Asia, Latin America, Africa, Caribbean and Pacific). Thus it will replace ALA, ACP and the rest of TACIS.
 Horizontal instruments, that cover countries regardless of their region, are:
 the Instrument for Stability, a new instrument to tackle crises and instability in third countries and address trans-border challenges including nuclear safety and non-proliferation, the fight against trafficking, organised crime and terrorism.
 Food aid is added to the Humanitarian Aid instrument.
 the Macro Financial Assistance will remain unchanged.

Economic variation
Below is a table and three graphs showing, respectively, the GDP (PPP), the GDP (PPP) per capita and the GDP (nominal) per capita for some of the third countries that the European Union has relations with. This can be used as a rough gauge to the relative standards of living among member states.

The table is sorted by GDP (PPP) per capita to show the relative economic development level of the different countries. Reference values for the EU average, highest and lowest are included.

Source: CIA World Factbook , IMF

See also
List of the largest trading partners of the European Union
European Association for Evolutionary and Political Economy
European Union Association Agreement
European Union free trade agreements
EU-Russia Common Spaces
Free trade areas in Europe
Special member state territories and the European Union
Yugoslavia and the European Economic Community
Southeast Europe Transport Community
 EU Neighbourhood Info Centre
 EU Neighbourhood Library

References

External links
 The European Economic Area (EEA) – Overview
 European Neighbourhood Policy
 EU External Relations
EU Neighbourhood Info Centre

Economic
Economy of the European Union

Third-country economic relationships with the European Union


F353 Herluf Trolle var en dansk fregat. Fregatten var søsterskib til F352 Peder Skram og var bygget under det dansk-amerikanske cost-sharing-program af 8. maj 1959.

Strøg kommando sidste gang den 4. januar 1988 og udgik af flådens tal i 1990. Solgt på auktion i 1992 og senere ophugget.

Referencer

Fregatter fra Danmark

F353 Herluf Trolle


Kaside (Arapça: قصيدة), genellikle din ve devlet büyüklerini övmek amacıyla yazılan bir şiir formudur. Ancak kaside biçiminin şiirin farklı konuları için de kullanıldığı vakidir. Kaside sanatı, öncelikli olarak Araplar tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Kaside, klasik Arap şiirinin en yüksek hali kabul edilmektedir. Eski Arap edebiyatında kasideler birkaç farklı dahili kısımdan oluşacak şekilde nazmedilmiştir.

Türk edebiyatına 13. yüzyılda Araplardan geçmiş bir nazım şeklidir. Türk edebiyatında Kaside şairlerine kaside-gü (kaside söyleyen), kaside-sera ya da kaside-perdaz (kaside yazan) denir.

Özellikleri

 Nazım birimi beyittir.
 Beyit sayısı en az 15-30-33 ile en çok 99 arasında değişir.
 Kasidenin ilk beyitine "matla beyit", son beyitine "makta beyit" denir.
 Şâir kasidesi içinde matlayı tekrar ederse tecdid-i matla denir.
 Matlayı birden çok tekrar ederse bu zat-ül metali veya zül metalidir.
 Şairin mahlasının bulunduğu beyite taç beyit denir.
 Kasidenin en güzel beyiti beyt-ül kasid olarak isimlendirilir.
 Aruz ölçüsüyle yazılır.
 Kafiye düzeni gazelle aynıdır. Yani aa,ba,ca,da,ea,fa ... Ancak gazelden daha uzun bir nazım şeklidir.

İsimlendirilmesi

Konularına göre

Kasidenin methiye bölümünden bahsedilene göre kasideler sınıflandırılır.

 Allah'ın birliğinden bahsediliyorsa tevhid,
 Konusu Allah'a yakarış ise münacaat,
 Muhammed'i övmek amacıyla yazılmışsa naat,
 Devlet büyüklerini övmek için yazılmışsa methiye,
 Birini yermek için yazılmışsa hicviye,
 Birinin ölümü anlatılmışsa mersiye adını alır.

Başlangıcına göre

Kaside, nesip (teşbib) bölümünde anlatılana göre isimler alır. Baharın tasviri yapılıyorsa: Bahariye, Kışın tasviri yapılıyorsa: Şitaiye, Temmuzun tasviri yapılıyorsa: Temmuziye, Ramazanın tasviri yapılıyorsa: Ramazaniye, Atın tasviri yapılıyorsa: Rahşiye, Hamamın tasviri yapılıyorsa: Hamamiye vb.

Redifine göre

Kaside, redifindeki harf ya da kelimeye göre isimler alır. Lamiyye, su kasidesi, Kerem kasidesi, Güneş kasidesi gibi

Kasidenin Bölümleri

Nesip (Teşbib)

 Kasidenin ilk bölümüdür, şiir yönünden en ağır bölümdür.
 Genelde 15-20 beyit olur.
 Şair bu bölümde betimleme yapar. Kadın, kış, at, bahar vs. Bu bölüm, mevsim betimlemesi içeriyorsa teşbib adını alır. Diğer durumlarda nesip denir.
 Ramazan tasvirleri yapılır.

Girizgâh

 Nesip bölümünden methiye bölümüne geçerken söylenen ve basamak görevinde olan beyitlerdir.
 Şair bu bölümde övgüye başlayacağını haber verir.
 1-2 beyitten oluşur.

Rahîl

 Rahîl, şairin çölde devesi veya atıyla çıktığı yolculuğu anlattığı kısımdır.

Methiye

 Kasidenin sunulduğu kişinin övüldüğü bölümdür.
 Şiir yönü çok zayıf, dil yönü diğer bölümlere göre çok ağırdır.
 Bu bölümde abartılı bir anlatım göze çarpar.
el-Mutenebbî, el-Ahtal ve Hassân b. Sâbit önemli methiye şairlerindendir.

Tegazzül
 Gazel söyleme anlamına gelir, bütün kasidelerde yoktur.
 Şair zaman zaman monotonluğunu kırmak için kasidenin içinde,aynı ölçü ve uyakla gazeller yazar.

Fahriye

 Şairin kendini övdüğü bölümdür.
 Nefi'nin bazı kasideleri sadece fahriyeden oluşur.
Alkame b. Abade'nin şiirlerinde Fahriye bölümlerine rastlamak mümkündür.

Taç beyit

 Şairin kendisi hakkındaki yeni düşüncelerini söylediği bölümdür.
 İki üç beyit bulunur.
 Taç şairin isminin geçtiği beyittir.

Dua

 Kasidenin son bölümüdür.
 Birkaç beyit olur.
 Şair burada övdüğü kişinin başarılı, uzun ömürlü, talihinin iyi olması yönünde dua eder.

Kaside ve tarihsel önemi

Kasideler, sosyal ve kültür tarihi araştırmacısı için önemli bir belge ve bilgi kaynağı olarak değerlendirilebilirler. Resmî tarihi vesikalar kadar, edebî metinlerin de tarih araştırmacısı için önemli bir belge olduğunu ispatlayacak mühim kaynaklar arasındadır.

Kasideler, ideal devlet adamı profili çizme, sosyal ve ekonomik konularda devrin özelliklerini yansıtma, sosyal hayatın değişik sahnelerini anlatma, tarihî şahsiyetlerin biyografik bilgilerine katkıda bulunma, siyasal ve kültürel tarihin pek çok değişik safhası için yazılmış edebi eserlerdir. Namık Kemal'in Hürriyet Kasidesi buna örnek verilebilir.

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
Esat Ayyıldız, "'Alkame b. 'Abede el-Fahl ve İki Kasidesi" . İSTEM / 36 (Aralık 2020): 389-415 . https://doi.org/10.31591/istem.836393

Esat Ayyıldız, Klasik Arap Şiirinde Rahîl Bölümleri , Muasır Filoloji ve Edebiyat Tetkikleri, İksad Publishing House, 2020, s. 5-34.

Kaynakça

Dış kaynaklar

 Pala, İskender (1999 27.bas. 2016), Ansiklopedik Divan Şiiri Sözlüğü, İstanbul:Kapı Yayınları, ISBN 9758950218, Sayfa
 Dilçin, Cem (1983) Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi, Ankara:Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları ISBN 9789751604897
 İpekten, Haluk (1994, 14.bas.2011), Eski Türk Edebiyatı Nazım şekilleri ve Arûz, İstanbul:dergâh Yayınları, ISBN 9759953539
 Muallim Nâci, (haz. M. A. Yekta Saraç), (2004) Edebiyat Terimleri: Istılahât-ı Edebiyye, İstanbul:
 Tural, Sadık Kemal (ed.) (2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006), Türk Dünyası Edebiyat Terimleri ve Kavramları Ansiklopedik Sözlüğü 5 Cilt, Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları,  ISBN 3990000025722
 İsen, Mustafa; Macit, Mahsun; Horata, Osman; Kılıç, Filiz; ve Aksoyak, İ. Hakkı, (2002) Eski Türk Edebiyatı El Kitabı, İstanbul:Grafiker Yayınları ISBN 9786054512232

Dış bağlantılar

 Pala, İskender, (2010) "Kaside. Türk Edebiyatı ", Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. c.24 say. 564-566 Online:

Beyitlerle kurulan Divan nazımı
Türlerine göre Divan nazımı

Kaside


T-cell surface antigen CD2 ist ein Oberflächenprotein.

Eigenschaften
CD2 bindet an LFA-3 (CD58) und CD48/BCM1 und vermittelt Zelladhäsion zwischen T-Zellen und anderen Zelltypen. CD2 ist an der Aktivierung von T-Zellen beteiligt. Der cytoplasmatische Bereich leitet eine Signaltransduktion weiter, wodurch es zu einer Verstärkung der Sekretion von Interferon-gamma und Interleukin 8 und der Bildung von Tumornekrosefaktor führt. CD2 ist glykosyliert und besitzt Disulfidbrücken.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Zelladhäsionsprotein
Codiert auf Chromosom 1 (Mensch)

CD2


The Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia (), commonly known as the Georgian Orthodox Church or the Orthodox Church of Georgia, is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in full communion with the other churches of Eastern Orthodoxy. It is Georgia's dominant religious institution, and a majority of Georgian people are members. The Orthodox Church of Georgia is one of the oldest churches in the world. It asserts apostolic foundation, and that its historical roots can be traced to the early and late Christianization of Iberia and Colchis by Andrew the Apostle in the 1st century AD and by Saint Nino in the 4th century AD, respectively. As in similar autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian churches, the church's highest governing body is the holy synod of bishops. The church is headed by the Patriarch of All Georgia, Ilia II, who was elected in 1977.

Eastern Orthodox Christianity was the state religion throughout most of Georgia's history until 1921, when the country, having declared independence from Russia in 1918, was conquered by the Red Army during the Soviet invasion of Georgia, becoming part of the Soviet Union. The current Constitution of Georgia recognizes the special role of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the country's history, but also stipulates the independence of the church from the state. Government relations are further defined and regulated by the Concordat of 2002.

The Georgian Orthodox Church is the most trusted institution in Georgia. According to a 2013 survey, 95% respondents had a favorable opinion of its work. It is highly influential in the public sphere and is considered Georgia's most influential institution.

History

Origins

Traditions regarding Christianity's first appearance in Iberia and Colchis
According to Georgian Orthodox Church tradition, the first preacher of the Gospel in Colchis and Iberia (modern-day Western and Eastern Georgia) was the apostle Andrew, the First-called. According to the official church account, Andrew preached across Georgia, carrying with him an acheiropoieta of the Virgin Mary (an icon believed to be created "not by human hand"), and founded Christian communities believed to be the direct ancestors of the church. However, modern historiography considers this account mythical, and the fruit of a late tradition, derived from 9th-century Byzantine legends about the travels of St. Andrew in eastern Christendom. Similar traditions regarding Saint Andrew exist in Ukraine, Cyprus and Romania. Other apostles claimed by the church to have preached in Georgia include Simon the Canaanite (better known in the West as Simon the Zealot), said to have been buried near Sokhumi, in the village of Anakopia, and Saint Matthias, said to have preached in the southwest of Georgia, and to have been buried in Gonio, a village not far from Batumi. The church also claims the presence in Georgia of the Apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus, coming north from Armenia..

Conversion of Iberia

The propagation of Christianity in present-day Georgia before the 4th century is still poorly known. The first documented event in this process is the preaching of Saint Nino and its consequences, although exact dates are still debated. Saint Nino, honored as Equal to the Apostles, was according to tradition the daughter of a Roman general from Cappadocia. She preached in the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia (also known as Kartli) in the first half of the 4th century, and her intercession eventually led to the conversion of King Mirian III, his wife Queen (later Saint) Nana and their family. Cyril Toumanoff dates the conversion of Mirian to 334, his official baptism and subsequent adoption of Christianity as the official religion of Iberia to 337. From the first centuries C.E., the cult of Mithras, pagan beliefs,  and Zoroastrianism were commonly practiced in Georgia. However, they now started to gradually decline, even despite Zoroastrianism becoming a second established religion of Iberia after the Peace of Acilisene in 378, and more precisely by the mid-fifth century.

The royal baptism and organization of the church were accomplished by priests sent from Constantinople by Constantine the Great. Conversion of the people of Iberia proceeded quickly in the plains, but pagan beliefs long subsisted in mountain regions. The western Kingdom of Lazica was politically and culturally distinct from Iberia at that time, and culturally more integrated into the Roman Empire; some of its cities already had bishops by the time of the First Council of Nicea (325).

Expansion and transformation of the church
The conversion of Iberia marked only the beginnings of the formation of the Georgian Orthodox Church. In the following centuries, different processes took place that shaped the church, and gave it, by the beginning of the 11th century, the main characteristics that it has retained until now. Those processes concern the institutional status of the church inside Eastern Christianity, its evolution into a national church with authority over all of Georgia, and the dogmatic evolution of the church.

Autocephaly

In the 4th and 5th centuries, the Church of Iberia was strictly subordinated to the Apostolic See of Antioch: all of her bishops were consecrated in Antioch before being sent to Iberia. Around 480, "[i]n an attempt to secure K'art'velian support and to acknowledge local support of the empire, the Byzantine government recognized – and perhaps itself instigated – the change in status of the K'art'velian chief prelate from archbishop to catholicos".

"According to the Antiochene canonist and patriarch Theodore Balsamon (1140–95), 'When the Lord Peter was the Holy Patriarch of the great and godly city of Antioch, the Synod decided to make the Church of Iberia autocephalous.' The patriarch he refers to must be Peter the Fuller (ca. 488). Even so, the church in Iberia did not gain complete independence from the mother church of Antioch." The church remained subordinate to the Antiochian Church; the Catholicos could appoint local bishops, but until the 740s, his own election had to be confirmed by the synod of the Church of Antioch, and even after the 8th century, annual payments were made to the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch. "This situation of continuing canonical dependence was altered after the 11th century, when the catholicos of Mtskheta spread out his jurisdiction over western Georgia. Since then, the head of the Autocephalous Church of Georgia has been the catholicos-patriarch of all Georgia, and the church has been fully independent in its domestic and foreign affairs, with the exception of the period between 1811 and 1917. Melchisedek I (1010–33) was the first catholicos-patriarch of all Georgia."

However, other sources state that the autocephaly was given to the Church at other dates. Ronald Roberson gives 467 for the year the Church became autocephalous. The Encyclopedia Britannica states that the autocephaly of the Church "was probably granted by the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno (474–491) with the consent of the patriarch of Antioch, Peter the Fuller." Other sources indicate 484 for the year the Church became autocephalous. Rapp states that "Fully-fledged autocephaly [of the Georgian Church] would not be achieved [...] until the Arab conquest or later."

Territorial expansion and birth of a national church

At the beginnings of the church history, what is now Georgia was not unified yet politically, and would not be until the beginnings of the 11th century. The western half of the country, mostly constituted of the kingdom of Lazica, or Egrisi, was under much stronger influence of the Byzantine Empire than eastern Iberia, where Byzantine, Armenian and Persian influences coexisted. Such division was reflected in major differences in the development of Christianity.

In the east, from the conversion of Mirian, the church developed under the protection of the kings of Iberia, or Kartli. A major factor in the development of the church in Iberia was the introduction of the Georgian alphabet. The impulse for a script adapted to the language of the local people stemmed from efforts to evangelize the population. A similar dynamic led to the creation of the Armenian alphabet. The exact origin of the script is still debated, but must have happened in the second half of the 4th century or the early 5th century. The introduction of monasticism, and its tremendous development, in Iberia in the 6th century encouraged both foreign cultural inputs and the development of local written works.  From that moment, together with translations of the Bible, ecclesiastical literature in Georgian was produced in Iberia, most prominently biographies of saints, such as the "Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik" and the "Martyrdom of Saint Abo". Many of the saints from the first centuries of the church were not ethnic Georgians (Shushanik was an Armenian princess, Abo an Arab), showing that the church had not yet acquired a strictly national character.

This changed only during the 7th century, after the wide political and cultural changes brought about by the Muslim conquests. This new menace for local culture, religion, and autonomy, and the difficulties to maintain constant contact with other Christian communities, led to a drastic cultural change inside the church, which became for the first time ethnically focused: it evolved into a "Kartvelian Church". The bishops and Catholicos were now all ethnic Georgians, as were the saints whose "Lives" were written from that period.

In the western half of Georgia, ancient Colchis, which had remained under stronger Roman influence, local churches were under jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and were culturally and linguistically Hellenistic. Bishops from the port cities took part in ecumenical councils, from the Council of Nicea (325) together with those from the Byzantine territories. From the 6th century, those churches, whose language remained Greek, were headed by a metropolitan in Phasis. The integration of the Black sea coastal regions into what came to be known as Georgia was a long process. A first step came with the Arab invasions of the 7th and 8th centuries, which mostly affected Iberia. Refugees, among them noblemen such as Archil of Kakheti, took shelter in the West, either in Abkhazia or Tao-Klarjeti, and brought there their culture. Such movements led to the progressive merge of western and eastern churches under the latter, as Byzantine power decreased and doctrinal differences disappeared. The western Church broke away from Constantinople and recognized the authority of the Catholicos of Mtskheta by the end of the 9th century. Political unification under the Bagrationi dynasty consolidated this evolution by the end of the 10th century: in a single, unified Kingdom of Georgia, there would be a unified Georgian Church.

Relations with the Armenian and Byzantine churches
During the first centuries of Christianity, the South Caucasus was culturally much more united than in later periods, and constant interactions between what would become the Georgian and Armenian churches shaped both of them. The Armenian Church was founded two decades earlier, and, during the 4th century, was larger and more influential than the Church in Iberia. As such, it exerted strong influence in the early doctrine of the church. The influence of the Church of Jerusalem was also strong, especially in liturgy. The Georgian-Armenian ecclesial relationship would be tested after the Council of Chalcedon (451), whose christological conclusions were rejected by the Armenian Church and important portions of the Church of Antioch, as well as the Coptic Church based in Alexandria.

At first, the Catholicoi of Iberia chose the anti-Chalcedonian camp together with the Armenians, even though diversity of opinions was always present among the clergy, and tolerated by the hierarchy. The king of Iberia, Vakhtang Gorgasali, who sought an alliance with Byzantium against the Persians, accepted the Henotikon, a compromise put forward by the Byzantine Emperor Zeno in 482. Such conciliation was attempted again at the First Council of Dvin in 506, and the status quo was preserved during the 6th century.

Around 600 however, tensions flared between the Armenian Apostolic Church and the church in Iberia, as the Armenian Church attempted to assert prominence in the Caucasus, in both hierarchical and doctrinal matters, whereas the Catholicos of Mtskheta, Kirion I, leaned towards the Byzantine, Chalcedonian side of the debate, as Iberia was once again seeking imperial support against the Sassanid Empire, who had abolished the Kingdom in 580. The Third Council of Dvin, in 607, sanctioned the rupture with the Armenian Church.

The following centuries confirmed the Byzantine orientation of the Georgian Church, and its estrangement from the Armenian Church. Confessional disputes remained impossible to overcome, and were a staple of theological literature in both areas. The integration of western and eastern Georgian churches from the 9th century also sealed the Orthodox nature of the Georgian Church, as Byzantine liturgy and cultural forms spread to the detriment of traditional Oriental practice.

Georgian Church during the Golden Age of Georgia
Between the 11th and the early 13th centuries, Georgia experienced a political, economical and cultural golden age, as the Bagrationi dynasty managed to unite western and eastern halves of the country into a single kingdom. To accomplish that goal, kings relied much on the prestige of the Church, and enrolled its political support by giving it many economical advantages, immunity from taxes and large appanages. At the same time, the kings, most notably David the Builder (1089–1125), used state power to interfere in church affairs. In 1103, he summoned the council of Ruisi-Urbnisi, which condemned Armenian Miaphysitism in stronger terms than ever before, and gave unprecedented power, second only to the Patriarch, to his friend and advisor George of Chqondidi. For the following centuries, the Church would remain a crucial feudal institution, whose economical and political power would always be at least equal to that of the main noble families.

Cultural influence of Christianity in Medieval Georgia

During the Middle Ages, Christianity was the central element of Georgian culture. The development of a written Georgian culture was made possible by the creation of the Georgian alphabet for evangelization purposes. Monasticism played a major role in the following cultural transformation. It started in Georgia in the 6th century, when Assyrian ascetic monks, known as the Thirteen Assyrian Fathers, settled in Iberia and founded a series of monasteries, most notably David Gareja. They were soon joined by local monks, which led to the creation of significant works of hagiographic literature in Georgian, such as the "Life of Saint Nino" and the "Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik". The golden age of Georgian monasticism lasted from the 9th to the 11th century. During that period, Georgian monasteries were founded outside the country, most notably on Mount Sinai, Mount Athos (the Iviron monastery, where the Theotokos Iverskaya icon is still located), and in Palestine. The most prominent figure in the history of Georgian monasticism is judged to be Gregory of Khandzta (759–861), who founded numerous communities in Tao-Klarjeti.

Specific forms of art were developed in Georgia for religious purposes. Among them, calligraphy, polyphonic church singing, cloisonné enamel icons, such as the Khakhuli triptych, and the "Georgian cross-dome style" of architecture, which characterizes most medieval Georgian churches. The most celebrated examples of Georgian religious architecture of the time include the Gelati Monastery and Bagrati Cathedral in Kutaisi, the Ikalto Monastery complex and Academy, and the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Mtskheta.

Outstanding Georgian representatives of Christian culture include Peter the Iberian (Petre Iberieli, 5th century), Euthymius of Athos (Ekvtime Atoneli, 955–1028), George of Athos (Giorgi Atoneli, 1009–1065), Arsen Ikaltoeli (11th century), and Ephrem Mtsire, (11th century). Philosophy flourished between the 11th and 13th century, especially at the Academy of Gelati Monastery, where Ioane Petritsi attempted a synthesis of Christian, aristotelician and neoplatonic thought.

Division of the church (13th–18th centuries)
The Mongol invasions in the 13th century and Tamerlane in the 14–15th century greatly disrupted Georgian Christianity. The political unity of the country was broken several times, and definitely in the 1460s. Churches and monasteries were targeted by the invaders, as they hosted many treasures. As a result of those devastations, many fell into disrepair or were abandoned. In the western half of Georgia, the Catholicate of Abkhazia was established following the Mongol rule. It seceded from the Mtskheta see as the Kingdom disintegrated, and the western Catholicos thereafter assumed the title of Patriarch. This rival seat, based first in Pitsunda, then at the Gelati Monastery near Kutaisi, subsisted until 1795. During those times, contacts with the Catholic Church increased, first as a way to liberate itself from meddling by the Byzantine Church, then to find stronger allies against invaders. Between 1328 and the early 16th century, a Catholic bishop had his see in Tbilisi to foster those contacts. However, formal reunion with Rome never happened, and the church remained faithful to Eastern Orthodoxy.

In the next centuries, Georgia, weakened and fragmented, fell under the domination of the Ottoman and successive Persian (Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar) Empires: mostly, the Ottomans ruled the West of the country, the Persians the East, while generally allowing autonomous Georgian kingdoms to subsist under their control. With the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Georgian Christians had lost their traditional recourse against Muslims, and were left to themselves.

New martyrs were canonized by the church after each invasion, most notably Queen Ketevan of Kakheti, who was tortured to death in 1624 for refusing to renounce Christianity on the orders of Abbas I of Persia (Shah-Abbas). Not all members of the royal families of Kartli and Kakheti were so faithful to the church, though. Many of them, to gain Persian favor, and win the throne over their brothers, converted to Islam, or feigned to, such as David XI of Kartli (Daud Khan). Other noblemen, such as Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, left the weakened local church for Catholicism, as missionaries were bringing the printing press and western culture to Georgia around 1700. Only the emergence of a strong Orthodox power, the Russian Empire, could reinforce during the 18th century the status and prestige of the Church among the elites, and the shared Orthodoxy was a potent factor in the calls for Russian intervention in the Caucasus, to liberate Georgia from Muslim domination.

Under Russian and Soviet rule

In 1801, the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia) was occupied and annexed by the Russian Empire. On 18 July 1811, the autocephalous status of the Georgian Church was abolished by the Russian authorities, despite strong opposition in Georgia, and the Georgian Church was subjected to the synodical rule of the Russian Orthodox Church. From 1817, the metropolitan bishop, or exarch, in charge of the church was an ethnic Russian, with no knowledge of the Georgian language and culture. The Georgian liturgy was suppressed and replaced with Church Slavonic, ancient frescoes were whitewashed from the walls of many churches, and publication of religious literature in Georgian heavily censored. The 19th century was a time of decline and disaffection, as the church buildings often fell into disrepair, and the trust of people in the institution was diminished by its Russification and corruption. Calls for autocephaly became heard again only after the intellectual national revival that started in the 1870s; the local clergy made such calls during the 1905 revolution, before being repressed again.

Following the overthrow of the Tsar Nicholas II in March 1917, Georgia's bishops unilaterally restored the autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church on 25 March 1917. These changes were not accepted by the Russian Orthodox Church. After the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921, the Georgian Orthodox Church was subjected to intense harassment. Hundreds of churches were closed by the atheist government and hundreds of monks were killed during Joseph Stalin's purges. The independence of the Georgian Orthodox Church was finally recognized by the Russian Orthodox Church on 31 October 1943: this move was ordered by Stalin as part of the war-time more tolerant policy towards Christianity in the Soviet Union. New anti-religious campaigns took place after the war, especially under Nikita Khrushchev. Corruption and infiltration by the security organs were also plaguing the church. First signs of revival can be seen from the 1970s, when Eduard Shevardnadze, then secretary of the Georgian SSR's Communist Party, adopted a more tolerant stance, and new Patriarch Ilia II could from 1977 renovate derelict churches, and even build new ones. At the same time, nationalist dissidents such as Zviad Gamsakhurdia emphasized the Christian nature of their struggle against Communist power, and developed relations with Church officials that would come to fruition after 1989.

Present-day status

On 25 January 1990, the Patriarch of Constantinople recognized and approved the autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church (which had in practice been exercised or at least claimed since the 5th century) as well as the Patriarchal honour of the Catholicos. Georgia's subsequent independence in 1991 saw a major revival in the fortunes of the Georgian Orthodox Church.

The special role of the church in the history of the country is recognized in the Article 9 of the Constitution of Georgia; its status and relations with the state were further defined in the Constitutional Agreement, or Concordat, signed by President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze and Patriarch Ilia II on 14 October 2002. The Concordat notably recognizes church ownership of all churches and monasteries, and grants it a special consultative role in government, especially in matters of education.

Many churches and monasteries have been rebuilt or renovated since independence, often with help from the state or wealthy individuals. The church has enjoyed good relations with all three Presidents of Georgia since independence was restored. However, tensions subsist within the Church itself regarding its participation in the ecumenical movement, which Patriarch Ilia II had endorsed (he served as head of the World Council of Churches between 1977 and 1983). Opposition to ecumenism was fueled by fears of massive proselytizing by Protestant denominations in Georgia. In 1997, faced with open dissension from leading monks, Ilia II rescinded church participation in international ecumenical organizations, though he stopped short of denouncing ecumenism as "heresy". Opposition against Protestant missionary activity has remained strong in contemporary Georgia, and even led to episodes of violence. Separatism in Abkhazia has also affected the church: the Eparchy of Sukhumi, regrouping Abkhaz clergy, proclaimed in 2009 its secession from the Georgian Orthodox Church to form a new Abkhazian Orthodox Church; this move remained however unrecognized by any other orthodox authorities, including the Russian Orthodox Church. The relations with the neighboring Armenian Apostolic Church have also been uneasy since independence, notably due to various conflicts about church ownership in both countries. 83.9% of Georgia's population identified themselves as Orthodox in the 2002 census. In 2002, it was reported that there were 35 eparchies (dioceses) and about 600 churches within the Georgian Orthodox Church, served by 730 priests. The Georgian Orthodox Church has around 3,600,000 members within Georgia (no sources attempt to count members among the Georgian diaspora).

Structure

Holy Synod

The Georgian Orthodox Church is managed by the Holy Synod, headed by the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia. The Holy Synod is the collective body of bishops of the church. In addition to the Patriarch, the Synod comprises 38 members, including 25 metropolitan bishops, 5 archbishops and 7 simple bishops. As of 2012, the following bishops are members of the Holy Synod, in such hierarchical order:
 Metropolitan of Kutaisi and Gelati: Calistratos (Margalitashvili)
 Metropolitan of Chiatura and Sachkhere: Daniel (Datushvili)
 Metropolitan of Western Europe: Abraham (Garmeliya)
 Metropolitan of Tianeti and Pshav-Khevsureti: Tadeos (Ioramashvili)
 Metropolitan of Manglisi and Tsalka: Anania (Japaridze)
 Metropolitan of Margveti and Ubisi: Vakhtang (Akhvledani)
 Metropolitan of Tsilkani and Dusheti: Zosimas (Shioshvili)
 Metropolitan of Tqibuli and Terjola: Giorgi (Shalamberidze)
 Metropolitan of Urbnisi and Ruisi: Job (Akiashvili)
 Metropolitan of Alaverdi: David (Makharadze)
 Metropolitan of Nekresi: Sergios (Chekurishvili)
 Metropolitan of Shemokmedi: Joseph (Kikvadze)
 Metropolitan of Nikozi and Tskhinvali: Isaiah (Chanturia)
 Metropolitan of Borjomi and Bakuriani: Seraphim (Jojua)
 Metropolitan of Nikortsminda: Elise (Jokhadze)
 Metropolitan of Poti and Khobi: Grigori (Berbichashvili)
 Metropolitan of Akhalkalaki and Kumurdo: Nikoloz (Pachuashvili)
 Metropolitan of Akhaltsikhe and Tao-Klarjeti: Theodore (Chuadze)
 Metropolitan of Khoni and Samtredia: Saba (Gagiberiya)
 Metropolitan of Batumi, Lazeti, North America and Canada: Dimitri (Shiolashvili)
 Metropolitan of Vani and Baghdati: Anton (Buluhiya)
 Metropolitan of Zugdidi and Tsaishi: Gerasimos (Sharashenidze)
 Metropolitan of Samtavisi and Gori: Andria (Gvazava)
 Metropolitan of Chkondidi and Martvili: Petre (Tsaava)
 Metropolitan of Senaki, Chkhorotsqu and Australia: Shio (Mujiri)
 Archbishop of Tsageri and Lentekhi: Stepan (Kalaidzhishvili)
 Archbishop of Bodbe: David (Tikaradze)
 Archbishop of Stepantsminda and Khevi: Iegudiel (Tabatadze)
 Archbishop of Rustavi and Marneuli : Ioane (Gamrekeli)
 Archbishop of Dmanisi, Agarak-Tashiri, Great Britain and Ireland: Zenon (Iaradzhuli)
 Bishop of Mestia and Upper Svaneti: Ilarion (Kitiashvili)
 Bishop of Gurjaani and Velistsikhe: Euthymos (Lezhava)
 Bishop of Ninotsminda and Sagarejo: Luka (Lomidze)
 Bishop of Skhalta: Spiridon (Abuladze)
 Bishop of Bolnisi: Ephrem (Gamrekelidze)
 Bishop of Dedoplistsqaro and Hereti: Melchisedek (Khachidze)
 Bishop of Gardabani and Martqopi: Jacob (Iakobishvili)
 Bishop of Surami and Khashuri: Svimeon (Tsakashvili)

Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia

The first head bishop of the Georgia Church to carry the title of Patriarch was Melkisedek I (1010–1033). Since 1977, Ilia II (born in 1933) has served as the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia and Archbishop of Mtskheta and Tbilisi. Here is a list of the Catholicos-Patriarchs since the church restored autocephaly in 1917:
 Kyrion II (1917–1918)
 Leonid (1918–1921)
 Ambrose (1921–1927)
 Christophorus III (1927–1932)
 Callistratus (1932–1952)
 Melchizedek III (1952–1960)
 Ephraim II (1960–1972)
 David V (1972–1977)
 Ilia II (1977–Present)

See also
 Secularism and irreligion in Georgia
 Christianity in Georgia
 Culture of Georgia
 Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholics
 Georgian Catholic Church
 Georgian churches in Armenia
 Religion in Georgia
Eparchies of the Georgian Orthodox Church

References

Works cited

External links
 Official Web Site of the Patriarchate of the Orthodox Church of Georgia
 Georgian-language Web Site regarding Georgian Orthodoxy
 Georgian Orthodox Church – Encyclopædia Britannica
 Georgian Orthodox Churches in USA
 Article on the Georgian Orthodox Church by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website
The Orthodox Church of Georgia and the Ecumenical Movement, article from the peer-review journal: http://eprints.iliauni.edu.ge/9925/1/Tinikash-Ecumenism-Georgia-%5BOffprint%5D.pdf
 Open database - Territoriality of the Georgian Orthodox Church

Eastern Orthodoxy by country
National churches
Christianity in Georgia (country)
State churches (Christian)

Georgian Orthodox Church


وائِل نُور (24 أبريل 1961 – 2 مايو 2016) هوَ مُمثل مصري حاصل على دبلوم مَعهد السكرتارية، ثُمَ التحق بالمعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية. بَرع في أداء دور الشاب الشقي في أفلامه، وكانَ مِنَ المُمكن أن يسد فراغاً تركه المُمثل حسن يوسف إلا أن الظروف الاجتماعية والفنية لم تُساعده خاصةً وأنَّ المُخرجين أسندوا له دور الشاب الفاسِد أو الشارب الخارج عن القانون في مُعظم أفلامه، وكانت لَهُ صلة وثيقة بالفنان عبد الله محمود وَالفنان أحمد سلامة. غابَ وائِل نور عن الساحة الفنية السينمائية لِفترة قبل أن يعود مرةً أُخرى بفيلم الليلة الكبيرة، وفي 2 مايو 2016 تُوفي وائِل نور على إثر جلطة قلبية حَدثت لَه داخل مَنزله في الإسكندرية.

من أشهر أعماله
 فيلم عالم وعالمة.
 فيلم الاحتياط واجب.
 فيلم الأوغاد
 فيلم سنوات الخطر.
 فيلم البيه البواب.
 فيلم السجينتان.
 فيلم خيال العاشق.
 فيلم مراهقون ومراهقات.
 فيلم الجبلاوي.
 فيلم توت توت
 مسرحية المدرسين والدروس الخصوصية.
 مسرحية الجنزير.
 حالة تلبس (فيلم)
 مسلسل (رد قلبي)
 مسلسل يوم عسل يوم بصل
 مسلسل شباب رايق جدا
 مسلسل السجين.
 مسلسل العرضحالجي.
 مسلسل السوق.
 مسلسل ذئاب الجبل.
 مسلسل شيكورونة.
 مسلسل زواج بدون ازعاج
 مسلسل على باب الوزير
 مسلسل صابر يا عم صابر.
 مسلسل المصراوية.
 مسلسل البخيل وأنا.
 مسلسل حساب السنين.
مسلسل المال والبنون.
 مسلسل البخيل وانا.
 مسلسل ترويض الشرسة مع الفنانة اثار الحكيم
 مسلسل نقل مخ مع الفنان حسين فهمي
 مسلسل شباب رايق جدا مع الفنان مدحت صالح.
 مسلسل شقة فيصل مع كريم محمود عبد العزيز.
 مسلسل حلم ابن السبيل.

الوفاة
تُوفيَ وائل نور مَساء يوم الاثنين المُوافق 2 مايو 2016 عن عمر يناهز 55 عاماً نَتيجة تعرضه لجلطة كبيرة في الشِريان التاجي للقَلب مما أدى للوفاة.، وَقد عثر عليه داخل منزله بالإسكندرية.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من القاهرة
ممثلون مصريون
مواليد 1380 هـ
مواليد 1961
وفيات 1437 هـ
وفيات 2016
وفيات ناجمة عن الأمراض القلبية الوعائية في مصر
أشخاص من شبرا

وائل نور


Louise er en dansk kortfilm fra 2005 instrueret af Carlos Oliveira og efter manuskript af Carlos Oliveira og Anton Carey Bidstrup.

Handling
Mette er offer for en pigebandes overfald. To år efter opsøger hun Louise, som hun mener bærer skylden for Mettes forandrede liv. Louise skal undskylde overfor Mette. Men vil hun?

Medvirkende

 Laura Christensen, Mette
 Stephanie León, Christine
 Sarah Boberg, Mor
 Didde Jelstrup, Louise

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2005

Louise (film)


Frankenstein Created Woman este un film de groază din 1967, al patrulea din seria Hammer. Este regizat de Terence Fisher. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Peter Cushing ca Baronul Frankenstein și Susan Denberg ca noua sa creație.

Filmul a avut un buget de 140.000 £.

Distribuție
Peter Cushing - Baron Frankenstein
Susan Denberg - Christina
Thorley Walters - Doctor Hertz
Robert Morris - Hans
Peter Blythe - Anton
Derek Fowlds - Johann
Duncan Lamont - Prizonier (tatăl lui Hans)
Barry Warren - Karl
Alan MacNaughtan - Kleve
Peter Madden - Chief of Police
Philip Ray - Mayor
Ivan Beavis - Landlord
Colin Jeavons - Priest
Bartlett Mullins - Bystander
Alec Mango - Spokesman

Note

Legături externe

 Frankenstein Created Woman A review and analysis of the Hammer Studios film

Vezi și
 Listă de filme de groază din 1967
 Listă de filme britanice din 1967
 Listă de filme cu Frankenstein

Filme din 1967
Filme britanice
Filme în limba engleză
Filme cu Frankenstein
Filme Hammer Film Productions
Filme regizate de Terence Fisher

Frankenstein Created Woman


Los cuatro rústicos (en italiano, I quatro rusteghi) es una ópera cómica en tres actos con música de Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari sobre texto de Luigi Sugana y Giuseppe Pizzolato basada en la obra de Carlo Goldoni I rusteghi. La ópera está en dialecto veneciano (de ahí que se titule "quatro" en lugar de "quattro"). Se estrenó en el Hoftheater en Múnich el 19 de marzo de 1906.

Historia
La obra se estrenó en los Estados Unidos por la Ópera de Nueva York el 19 de octubre de 1951. Es la obra larga más exitosa de Wolf-Ferrari, aún se representa con regularidad. En las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo 6 representaciones en el período 2005-2010, siendo la más representada de las óperas de Wolf-Ferrari.

Personajes

Argumento
La acción se desarrolla en la Venecia del . Cuatro maridos rústicos intentan en vano mantener el orden con sus mujeres. Las mujeres deciden enseñar a sus maridos una lección permitiendo que la hija de Lunado, Lucieta, viera a Filipeto, el hijo de Maurizio, antes de su matrimonio arreglado, incluso aunque los hombres se lo hayan prohibido.

Referencias
Notas

Fuentes
 Anderson, James, The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta Wings Books, 1993 ISBN 0-517-09156-9
Licencia

Enlaces externos
 Notas, discografía y libreto (italiano / español) en Kareol

Óperas basadas en piezas de teatro
Óperas de Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1906
Obras de ficción ambientadas en el siglo XVIII
Óperas estrenadas en Múnich

Los cuatro rústicos


Kuruluş
11 Aralık 1954'te İstanbul'da kuruldu. 1954 yılında Türk Mühendis ve Mimar Odaları Birliği Kanunu'nun yürürlüge girmesinin ardından Türk Gemi Mühendisleri Cemiyeti tarafından kurulan Türkiye'nin ilk Mühendislik Meslek Odası 'dır.

Üyeler
Odanın kendi bünyesinde tanımladığı meslek disiplinleri

Mesleki etkinlikte bulunan tüm,
Gemi Insaati Mühendis ve Yüksek Mühendisleri,
Gemi Makinalari Mühendis ve Yüksek Mühendisleri,
Gemi Insaati ve Makinalari Mühendis ve Yüksek Mühendisleri,
Gemi Insaati ve Deniz Mühendis ve Yüksek Mühendisleri,
Deniz Teknolojisi Mühendis ve Yüksek Mühendisleri,
Gemi Konstrüksiyonu Mühendis ve Yüksek Mühendisleri üye olabilir.

Türkiye merkezli mühendislik kuruluşları
TMMOB
1954'te kurulan kuruluşlar

Gemi Mühendisleri Odası


هذه قائمة بالأداب العالمية بحسب لغات الشعوب

 الأدب العربي
 الأدب الفرنسي
 الأدب الألماني
 الأدب الإسباني
 الأدب الإنجليزي
 الأدب الروسي
 الأدب الهندي
 الأدب الإيطالي
 الأدب التركي
 الأدب النمساوي
 الأدب الهولندي
 الأدب الصيني
 الأدب الياباني
 الأدب العبري
 الأدب الإسكندنافي
 الأدب الفارسي
 الأدب اليوناني
 الأدب اللاتيني

قوائم أدبية

قائمة الآداب العالمية


The city of Warri is an oil hub within South-South Nigeria and houses an annex of the Delta State Government House. Warri City is one of the major hubs of the petroleum industry in Nigeria. Warri and her twin city, Uvwie are the commercial capital of Delta State with a population of over 311,970 people in 2006. The city is the indigenous territory of Urhobo, Itsekiri and Ijaw people.

Warri shares boundaries with Uvwie to the east, Udu to the south east, Ogbe-ijoh to the south, and other communities in Warri South LGA to the west. Due to its rapid population growth and linked roads, the city and its border towns e.g. Uvwie, Udu merged into a conurbation collectively referred as "Warri"

Warri sits on the bank of Warri River which joined Forcados River and Escravos River through Jones Creek in the lower Niger Delta Region. The city has a modern seaport which serves as the cargo transit point between the Niger River and the Atlantic Ocean for import and export.

Warri served as the capital of the colonial Warri Province during the early 1900s when this part of Delta State was under the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria.

Warri City is native to three monarchs, namely;

• The Olu of Warri (itsekiri)

• The Ovie of Agbarha-Ame (Urhobo)

• The Orosuen of Okere-Urhobo (Urhobo)

History

Etymology
The name 'WARRI' was first associated with the Itsekiri ancestral capital town of Ode Itsekiri which the locals also refer to as 'Iwerre'. A mispronunciation of Iwerre by several European explorers probably resulted in various names like AWERRI, OUWERI, WARRE, WARREE, etc. The British eventually anglancised it as WARRI

British Advent pre Warri City
British colonialism effectively took off in the Western Niger Delta with the proclamation of the Oil Coast Protectorate by Great Britain in June 1885. British colonial administration was carried out through local chiefs like Nana Olomu of Ebrohimi in Benin River. This administration was effectively restricted to Benin River and its environs as the British were content with conducting trade with the people of the hinterlands through the Itsekiri as middlemen

Creation of Warri City
The British decided to move the seat of the administration of the Niger Coast Protectorate from the capital Ode-Itsekiri (Warri or Iwerre) to the uplands to have effective control of the hinterlands. In order to achieve this, the British in 1906 took a lease of a new trading station opened in 1898 on virgin lands for Alexander Miller Brothers Limited of Liverpool at the mouth of the Okere Creeks. This new trading station was also named WARRI after the capital Ode-Itsekiri so the Itsekiris dubbed Ode-Itsekiri BIG WARRI in order to differentiate Ode-Itsekiri from the new trading station.

Demographic
Its inhabitants are predominantly Christians of different denominations, and some practice a mixture of African traditional religions like most of Southern Nigeria. The city is known nationwide for its unique Pidgin.

Climate
The area is characterised by a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) with a mean annual temperature of  and an annual rainfall amount of . High temperatures are typically between . The climate is monsoonal and marked by two distinct seasons: the dry season and the rainy season. The dry season lasts from about November to April and is significantly marked by the cool "harmattan" dusty haze from the north-east trade winds. The rainy season spans May to October with a brief drier spell in August, but it frequently rains even in the dry season. The surrounding region is predominantly rainforest, tending to swamplands in some areas. The vegetation is rich in timber trees, palm trees, as well as fruit trees.

Economy and infrastructure
There is the Warri Refinery and Petrochemicals located at Ekpan, Uwvie and Ubeji, Warri proportionately  with the majority of international and local oil companies operating in Nigeria having their operational offices close by.
One of the nation's major seaports is sited within Ugbuwangue, Warri.

Due to conflict in the late 90s, especially in 1999, most oil companies fled the town and nearby regions.

Security
Warri is garrisoned by the Amphibious Infantry battalion (Effurun Army Base) located in Effurun, a twin city to Warri and is administratively under the Brigade HQ in Port Harcourt.

The Nigerian Navy operates from its facilities in Warri.

The 61 Nigerian Air force Detachment also operates from its facilities in Jeddo, close to Warri.

Sports
Warri has an international stadium with a capacity of 30,000 which is the home of Warri Wolves football club, which has hosted two editions of the African Women Football Championship in 2002 and 2006 respectively and was in contention as one of the venues to be used for the FIFA Under-17 World Cup in Nigeria in 2009. The stadium was used to host the African Youth Athletics Championship (AYAC) in 2013.

Warri Wolves, a professional football team based in Warri plays in the Nigeria National League. Their prominent former players include Best Ogedegbe, Wilson Oruma, Efe Ambrose, Victor Ikpeba and Ekigho Ehiosun.

Manufacturing and raw materials
The economic base of the city lies in the presence of a refinery and other oil and gas companies.
Also, there is the steel company, Delta Steel Company, which is located in Ovwian–Aladja area of Udu. The Beta Glass Plant is located nearby, outside the town of Ughelli, where the land is rich in silica and silicates, raw materials required for the manufacture of glass, ceramics and cement.
The Transcorp Power Distribution, one of Nigeria's power generating stations, is also located at Ughelli, which is just 15 minutes away by car.

Transport

Rail
In 1991, construction started on a standard gauge railway from the steel mills at Ajaokuta to the port of Warri, about 275 km away. By 2006, the standard gauge lines had reached 329 km in length, but the final 27 km Warri section is still incomplete. In 2010, work recommenced to complete that final section to Warri. The rail line was officially inaugurated in September 2020.

Road
Major road networks within Warri Metropolis has been improved upon by the state government to improve the image of the city. Transportation within the city is mainly by bus and tricycle. The federal government has completed the Warri-Benin Road road expansion project and major parts of the East-West Road Project which will connect Warri-Uyo.

Air
There are several helipads in oil company yards, like Shell yard Ogunu and in Escavos and Focados.

Sea
Movement of goods by sea is through the Nigerian Ports Authority (Delta Ports) at which is mainly for export and import of goods by major companies. Also located on the main Warri riverside are markets and jetties used by local traders, which act as a transit point for local transport and trade. There are local boats that are used for moving from one location to another.

Educational institutions

Primary schools
Primary schools in Warri are:
 Agbassa Primary School, Warri.
 Alderstown School for the Deaf

 Edjeba Estate School, Edjeba, Warri
 Ogunu Primary School, Ogunu, Warri
 HillTop
 Isibovbe Primary school, Okurode Urhobo
 Ikengbuwa Primary School, Warri
 Omatsola Primary School, Warri
 Elder's Town Primary School, Warri
 International Unity School (IUS)
 Kids Compute Academy
 Lakeland School, Ogunu, Warri
 Mowoe Primary School, Warri
 Nana Primary School, Warri
 NNPC Staff Primary School
 Ogiame Primary School, Warri
 Ojojo Primary School, Warri
 SNAPS
 Twin Fountain Group of Schools

Secondary schools
Secondary schools are also in numbers in the city of Warri. These include:
 Dore Numa College, Warri
 Hussey College Warri

 Cambridge International School
 Classical International School, Warri
 College of Commerce, Warri
 College of Education Demonstration Secondary School, Warri
 Delta Secondary School, Warri
 Dom Domingos College, Warri
 Eagles Height School, Ajamimogha, Warri
 Essi College, Warri
 Federal Government College, Ekurede Urhobo, Warri
 Nana College, Warri
 Twin Fountain Group of Schools
 Ubeji Grammar School, Ubeji
 Uwangue College, Warri
 Yonwuren College, Warri

Higher institutions
There are various tertiary institutions within and outside the city, the following are the institutions situated in the city of Warri
College of Education at Edjeba, Warri
The Delta State Nursing School, Ogunu, Warri
Eagle Heights University, Omadino, Warri

Tourism
There are various tourist sites to visit while in Warri:

 Red Mangrove swamp
 Falcorp Mangrove Park / Mini Zoo, Ijala, Behind Warri Refinery.
 Warri Township Stadium
 Shell club, Ogunu
 Warri Port, Ugbuwangue, Warri

Notable people
Notable Nigerian ministers from Warri include Ayo Oritsejafor and Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin.
Charity Ogbenyealu Adule, footballer
Emomotimi Guwor Speaker Delta State House Of Assembly
Kingsley Otuaro former deputy governor of Delta State
Demas Akpore (1928–1993), first elected Deputy Governor of Bendel State (1979–1983)
Erigga, musician
Nedum Onuoha, footballer
Ayo Oritsejafor, former CAN President
Ozoz Sokoh, food writer

See also
 Abraka
 Asaba, Delta
 Agbassa
 Delta State
 Effurun
 Eku, Delta
 Ughelli
 Railway stations in Nigeria

References

Local Government Areas in Delta State
Port cities and towns in Nigeria
Cities in Delta State
Cities in Nigeria

Warri


Åsa Larsson (født 28. juni 1966) er en svensk forfatterinde af kriminalromaner. Selvom hun er født i Uppsala, voksede hun op i Kiruna i det allernordligste Sverige. Inden hun blev forfatter på heltid var hun skatteadvokat, et erhverv hun deler med heltinden fra hendes romaner, Rebecka Martinsson. Hendes første Rebecka Martinsson roman Solstorm blev tildelt de svenske kriminalforfatteres pris som bedste debutroman. Den blev udgivet i Storbritannien med titlen The Savage Altar og kom på kandidatlisten til Duncan Lawrie International Dagger. Hendes anden Rebecka Martinsson roman, Det blod som spillts, vandt 2004 prisen for bedste svenske kriminalroman. Til offer åt Molok , hendes femte Rebecka Martinsson roman vandt samme pris i 2012.

Hun er barnebarn til den olympiske skiløber Erik August Larsson.

Kildehenvisninger

Personer fra Uppsala
Krimiforfattere fra Sverige

Åsa Larsson


Jason Bourne este un film american din 2016 regizat de Paul Greengrass. Este scris de Greengrass și Christopher Rouse. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Matt Damon, Tommy Lee Jones, Alicia Vikander, Vincent Cassel, Julia Stiles și Riz Ahmed. A avut premiera în România pe 29 iulie 2016.

Este al cincilea film din seria de filme Bourne, fiind o continuare directă a filmului Ultimatumul lui Bourne (2007).

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Matt Damon - Jason Bourne/David Webb
 Tommy Lee Jones - Robert Dewey
 Alicia Vikander - Heather Lee
 Vincent Cassel - Asset, asasin  Blackbriar
 Julia Stiles - Nicolette "Nicky" Parsons
 Riz Ahmed - Aaron Kalloor
 Ato Essandoh - Craig Jeffers
 Scott Shepherd - Edwin Russell
 Bill Camp - Malcolm Smith
 Vinzenz Kiefer - Christian Dassault, un hacker
 Gregg Henry - Richard Webb

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și

Filme din 2016
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Paul Greengrass
Filme cu spioni
Filme Universal Pictures
Filme Captivate Entertainment
Filme The Kennedy/Marshall Company
Jason Bourne
Filme bazate pe opera lui Robert Ludlum
Filme thriller din anii 2010
Filme de acțiune din anii 2010

Jason Bourne (film)


Olivia Ausoni (* 20. April 1923 in Villars-sur-Ollon; † 15. Mai 2010 in Chesières) war eine Schweizer Skirennfahrerin. Sie wurde dreifache Schweizer Meisterin, erzielte mehrere Siege und Podestplätze bei internationalen Rennen und nahm an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1948 und 1952 sowie den Weltmeisterschaften 1950 teil.

Biografie
Ausoni belegte bei den Schweizer Meisterschaften 1942 in Grindelwald den zweiten Platz in der Abfahrt der Juniorinnen. Kurz darauf nahm sie im Team Schweiz II am Ski-Länderwettkampf Frankreich-Schweiz in Wengen teil, bei dem sie jeweils Siebte in Abfahrt, Slalom und Kombination wurde und mit ihrem Team den zweiten bzw. dritten Platz unter den beiden schweizerischen und einer französischen Mannschaft belegte. Im Januar 1943 startete sie beim schwedisch-schweizerischen Freundschaftstreffen in Engelberg, bei dem allerdings die Schweizer Damen unter sich waren, da im Gegensatz zu den Herren keine Schwedinnen die Reise mitgemacht hatten. Ausoni siegte in der Abfahrt und wurde Dritte im Slalom. Von 1943 bis 1946 fuhr Ausoni bei den Schweizer Meisterschaften – nun in der Elite-Klasse startend – mehrmals unter die schnellsten drei. Unter anderem erreichte sie 1945 den zweiten Platz in der Kombination hinter Antoinette Meyer.

Im Januar 1947 erzielte Ausoni bei den erstmals seit acht Jahren wieder durchgeführten SDS-Rennen in Grindelwald den zweiten Platz im Slalom und den dritten Rang in der Kombination. Von Anfang Februar bis Anfang April desselben Jahres nahm sie zusammen mit fünf anderen Schweizer Skifahrern und -fahrerinnen unter Leitung des Mannschaftsführers Arnold Glatthard an einer Reise in die Vereinigten Staaten teil, wo die Gruppe an mehreren Wettkämpfen teilnahm. Dabei gelangen Ausoni in ihrer stärksten Disziplin, dem Slalom, drei Siege: Sie wurde in Snowbasin bei Salt Lake City, Utah, US-amerikanische Meisterin im Slalom (in der Kombination wurde sie Zweite) und gewann die Slaloms des Silver Dollar Derbys bei Reno, Nevada, und des Far West Kandahar am Mount Hood bei Portland, Oregon.

Im Februar 1948 war Ausoni eine von sieben Schweizer Skirennfahrerinnen bei den Olympischen Winterspielen in St. Moritz. Mit Platz 17 im Slalom, Platz 24 in der Abfahrt und Platz 26 in der Kombination war sie allerdings die jeweils schlechtestplatzierte Schweizer Teilnehmerin. Dass sie dennoch zur nationalen Spitze gehörte, bewies Ausoni drei Wochen später bei den Schweizer Meisterschaften am selben Ort, als sie Schweizer Meisterin im Slalom wurde und zudem den zweiten Platz in der Abfahrt und den dritten Rang in der Kombination belegte. Im Jahr darauf wurde sie jeweils Dritte in Abfahrt und Kombination der Schweizer Meisterschaften in Gstaad.

1950 gehörte Ausoni dem Schweizer Team der Weltmeisterschaften 1950 in Aspen an. Als 11. des Slaloms und 15. des Riesenslaloms belegte sie Platzierungen im Mittelfeld, doch die Abfahrt beendete sie nicht. Beim anschliessenden Harriman Cup in Sun Valley wurde sie jeweils Neunte in Abfahrt, Slalom und Kombination. 1951 feierte Ausoni ihre nächsten grossen Erfolge bei den Schweizer Meisterschaften, als sie in Adelboden Meisterin im Slalom und in der Kombination und jeweils Zweite im Riesenslalom sowie der Abfahrt in der Damen-Elite-Klasse wurde. Bei den SDS-Rennen erreichte sie im selben Jahr als Dritte des Riesenslaloms erneut einen Podestplatz. Bei ihrem letzten Grossereignis, den Olympischen Winterspielen 1952 in Oslo, wurde Ausoni Zehnte im Slalom. In den anderen Disziplinen startete sie nicht.

Die an der Alzheimer-Krankheit leidende Ausoni wurde am 15. Mai 2010 an ihrem Wohnort Arveyes als vermisst gemeldet und drei Tage später im benachbarten Chesières tot aufgefunden.

Erfolge

Olympische Winterspiele
(zählten zugleich als Weltmeisterschaften)
 St. Moritz 1948: 17. Slalom, 24. Abfahrt, 26. Kombination
 Oslo 1952: 10. Slalom

Weltmeisterschaften
 Aspen 1950: 11. Slalom, 15. Riesenslalom

Weitere Erfolge
 Schweizer Meisterin im Slalom 1948 und 1951 sowie in der Kombination 1951
 Freundschafts-Treffen Schweden-Schweiz in Engelberg 1943: 1. Abfahrt, 3. Slalom
 SDS-Rennen in Grindelwald 1947: 2. Slalom, 3. Riesenslalom
 US-amerikanische Meisterschaften in Snowbasin 1947: 1. Slalom
 Silver Dollar Derby in Reno 1947: 1. Slalom
 SDS-Rennen in Grindelwald 1951: 3. Riesenslalom

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Alpiner Skirennläufer (Schweiz)
Schweizer Meister (Ski Alpin)
US-amerikanischer Meister (Ski Alpin)
Olympiateilnehmer (Schweiz)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1948
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1952
Teilnehmer einer Alpinen Skiweltmeisterschaft
Schweizer
Geboren 1923
Gestorben 2010
Frau

Olivia Ausoni


Entocolax može označavati:
 Entocolax (alga) Reinsch 1875, rod crvenih algi u razredu Florideophyceae
 Entocolax (Animalia) Voigt, 1888, rod puževa u porodici Eulimidae

Entocolax


Josée Boileau est une journaliste, une auteure et une chroniqueuse dans L'Actualité, La Presse canadienne, le Journal de Montréal, à Ici Radio-Canada Première et au Devoir, où elle a été également éditorialiste, directrice de l'information et rédactrice en chef de 2009 à 2016.

Biographie
Josée Boileau a grandi à LaSalle avec son frère et sa sœur. Diplômée en droit, en journalisme et en science politique de l'Université de Montréal, de l'Université du Québec à Montréal et de l'Université Paris III-Sorbonne, elle devint journaliste au quotidien La Presse en 1986, La Presse canadienne en 1987 et Le Devoir en 1989.

Entre 2011 et 2016, Josée Boileau est lauréate du prix Judith-Jasmin de la Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec, du prix « femme de mérite » de la Fondation Y des femmes et du prix Hélène-Pedneault de la Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal pour l'avancement des femmes dans la société québécoise.

Elle est mère de quatre enfants.

Publications
 2016 : Lettres à une jeune journaliste
 2017 : Avec le recul
 2019 : J'ai refait le plus beau voyage
 2020 : Ce jour-là: Parce qu'elles étaient des femmes

Distinctions
 2011 : Prix Judith-Jasmin de la Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec
 2011 : Prix « femme de mérite » de la Fondation Y des femmes
 2016 : Prix Hélène-Pedneault de la Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal
 2017 : Prix Pierre-Vadeboncoeur de la Confédération des syndicats nationaux

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Le Devoir
 Prix Judith-Jasmin

Liens externes

Naissance en 1962
Journaliste québécois
Femme de lettres québécoise
Chroniqueur québécois
Étudiant de l'Université de Montréal
Étudiant de l'Université du Québec à Montréal
Étudiant de l'université Sorbonne-Nouvelle
Écrivain canadien du XXIe siècle

Josée Boileau


M. J. Bassett es una escritora y directora de cine británica. Su primer largometraje fue Deathwatch, de 2002.

Biografía
M. J. nació y se crio en Newport, en Shropshire, en West Midlands, Reino Unido, donde fue educada en la escuela media de Adams. Bassett de niña quería ser un veterinario de vida silvestre en África. A la edad de 16 años, dejó la escuela y se convirtió en asistente de un director de cine sobre vida silvestre, donde iba a pasar 18 meses de aprendizaje en fotografía y la cinematografía.

Después de un tiempo como asistente, decidió volver a la escuela, con la esperanza de conseguir un grado de zoología. Una vez de regreso en la escuela, Bassett escribió a una variedad de productores de televisión en busca de trabajo como presentadora de la naturaleza. Con el tiempo, Bassett fue contactada por Janet Street Porter, después de que comenzó a trabajar como presentadora en el programa de niños Get Fresh en la que presentó segmentos de la naturaleza.

Después de Scally TV produjo varios cortometrajes para la televisión abierta. Al mismo tiempo, trabajó en guiones de largometraje para tratar de captar la atención de los productores. Después de un período de años, finalmente consiguió atención con un guion titulado No Man's Land. Muchos estudios ofrecieron comprar el guion, pero Bassett estaba decidida a dirigir su película. Con el tiempo, una empresa aceptó y la película fue retitulada Deathwatch.

Trabajó en Silent Hill: Revelation 3D y Saint Mary's, que se estrenó en 2012.

Carrera

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Michael Bassett
 Blog oficial
 Ficha en IMDb
 Películas de Michael en Film Affinity

Directores de cine del Reino Unido
Directores de cine de terror
Guionistas de cine del Reino Unido
Personas trans del Reino Unido
Directores de cine transgénero

Michael J. Bassett


St. Michael ist die Kirche des Pfrontener Ortsteils Steinach. Sie ist eine Filiale der Pfarrkirche St. Nikolaus in Pfronten-Berg.

Geschichte
Der Pfrontener Ortsteil Steinach wird 1398 zum ersten Mal genannt. Es ist zu vermuten, dass es schon damals dort ein Gotteshaus gegeben hat. Auch das Patrozinium St. Michael weist auf ein hohes Alter der Kirche hin.

Die Grundmauern dieser Kirche konnten 1968 beobachtet werden, als der Fußboden erneuert wurde. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der Bau durchgehend die Breite des jetzigen Chorraumes hatte und fast zweimal so lang war. Langhaus und Chor trennte ein nach innen vorspringender Bogen. Ein alter Estrich wurde in 48 cm Tiefe aufgedeckt und auch die Brüstungen der früher schmäleren Fenster lagen um 1 m tiefer.

Bau
Die Kirche erhielt ihr heutiges Aussehen 1781, als sie vom Baumeister Joseph Anton Geisenhof und Zimmermeister Johann Georg Hörmann, beide aus Pfronten-Meilingen, um 7 Schuh (ca. 2,10 m) verbreitert und um 12 Schuh (ca. 3,60 m) verlängert wurde. Nur 1947 ist die Kirche noch einmal um den Emporenteil vergrößert worden, wobei sie einen rückwärtigen Eingang erhielt und die beiden seitlichen Türen zugesetzt wurden.

Die Kirche hat einen Chor, der nach einem Joch dreiseitig geschlossen ist. Das Langhaus gliedern drei Fensterachsen. Ein massiver Kirchturm erhebt sich im nördlichen Chorwinkel. Im Untergeschoss befand sich ursprünglich unter einem Kreuzrippengewölbe die Sakristei. Sie war sehr klein und eng, so dass 1803 auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite eine geräumigere Sakristei angebaut wurde.

Ausstattung
Der gesamte elegante Stuck der Kirche dürfte von Johann Sigmund Hitzelberger stammen. Seine Signatur findet sich auf einer Stuckvase. Von den beiden Deckenfresken, die der Pfrontener Franz Sales Stapf (1743–1810) im Jahre 1781 gemalt hat, ist nur noch die Krönung Mariens im Chor erhalten. Sein Fresko im Langhaus wurde 1897 vom Pfrontener Karl Keller (1825–1904) durch eine Himmelfahrt Mariens übermalt. Auch dieses Gemälde wurde später übertüncht, ist aber inzwischen wieder freigelegt worden.

Schon zuvor, 1835, hatte sich der Zeitgeschmack stark verändert. In einem Schreiben an das Landgericht Füssen berichtet die Gemeindeverwaltung Pfronten, dass in der Steinacher Kirche "die Gemälde verdorben seien, das Ganze ziemlich unanständig und verdorben aussehen würde und erhebliche Reparaturen sowohl am Altar und den Gemälden vorgenommen werden müssten." So kam es 1835 zur Neukonstruktion des Hauptaltares durch den Pfrontener Maler und Bildhauer Franz Osterried (1808–1863). Von ihm stammte auch das Altarblatt, das den Hl. Michael darstellte. Bereits ein Jahr später sind von Osterried auch die beiden Seitenaltäre neu gestaltet worden.

Der Hochaltar von Osterried stand aber nicht lange in St. Michael. 1898 beschaffte der Pfrontener Pfarrherr Dr. Ludwig Kohnle (1856–1930) in München einen Neurokoko-Hochaltar. Außerdem erwarb er eine Pietà, die um 1500 in Unterfranken oder am Mittelrhein gefertigt wurde und die noch die Originalfassung trägt. Die Pietà wurde anstelle eines Altarbildes aufgestellt.

Der Steinacher Hochaltar ist noch ein weiteres Mal ausgewechselt worden. Das Bayerische Nationalmuseum besaß einen prächtigen Rokokoaltar, der aus der 1899 abgebrochenen Kapelle St. Johannes Nepomuk in Immenstadt stammte. Er wurde 1975 als Dauerleihgabe nach Steinach gebracht und bringt nun "durch seine stark ausschwingende Kontur, mit vorgestellten Freisäulen, große Bewegheit" in den Kirchenraum (Konrad-Schröppel). Wer diesen Altar hergestellt hat, lässt sich nicht einwandfrei klären. Wahrscheinlich wurde er von einem Oberallgäuer Schreiner gefertigt, denn die Altarplastik (Krönung Mariens durch die Heiligste Dreifaltigkeit) lässt sich zweifelsfrei der Hindelanger Eberhard-Werkstatt zuordnen. Im Aufbau ist der Altar aber eng verwandt mit einem kleineren Altar in Tannheim-Berg, der dem Pfrontener Bildhauer Joseph Stapf zugeschrieben wird. Das nährt die Vermutung, dass der jetzige Hochaltar in St. Michael seine Wurzeln auch in Pfronten hat.

Die beiden Seitenaltäre des Franz Osterried wurden 1947 ebenfalls entfernt und magazinisiert. An ihrer Stelle wurden an der Wand links die 1898 erworbene Pietà angebracht und rechts der Hl. Johannes Nepomuk, der zusammen mit dem Hochaltar aus Immenstadt nach Pfronten kam.

Noch aus der vorbarocken, alten Kirche stammt ein spätgotischer Hl. Michael mit Schwert und – als Seelenwäger – mit der Waage. Diese Figur bildet nun im Hochaltar das Zentrum der Kirche, deren Patron er ist. 1708 hat das Bildnis Johann Georg (Hansjörg) Stapf (1652–1731) aus Pfronten neu gefasst.

An den Wänden des Chores hängen zwei weitere wertvolle Figuren, links ein Hl. Johannes der Täufer und ihm gegenüber ein Hl. Magnus. Beide Figuren wurden auf Grund einer Signatur im Rücken des Hl. Johannes dem Johann Sigmund Hitzelberger zugeschrieben. Die Buchstaben "JH" kennzeichnen hier aber als Bildhauer den Johann Hops, dem die beiden Kunstwerke stilistisch einwandfrei zugeschrieben werden können. Von Hitzelberger tatsächlich geschnitzt ist dagegen wohl ein Kruzifix an der Südwand des Schiffes.

Zu erwähnen sind noch zwei sehr alte Glocken. Eine kleinere aus der 1. Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts hängt nun im Dachreiter von St. Koloman in Pfronten-Ösch. Sie ist die älteste Kirchenglocke im Altlandkreis Füssen. Rund 100 Jahre jünger ist die andere Glocke mit einer romanisierenden Kreuzigungsgruppe.

Literatur
 Annemarie und Adolf Schröppel: Pfrontener Kirchen und Kapellen und ihre Pfarrer, in: "Begegnung" (Pfarrbriefe der Gemeinde St. Nikolaus), gesammelte Artikel hrsg. vom Heimatverein Pfronten 2002 (Die fundierten Artikel liefern keine Quellenangaben, basieren aber im Wesentlichen auf die von 1674 bis 1825 zum großen Teil erhaltenen Kirchenrechnungen.)
 Anton H. Konrad/ Annemarie und Adolf Schröppel: Die Pfarrei Pfronten, Schwäbische Kunstdenkmale Heft 34, Weißenhorn 1986
 Gerhard Pfau: Die Renovierung der Kirche St. Michael in Steinach 1835 bis 1837. In: Rund um den Falkenstein, Mitteilungsblatt des Heimatvereins Pfronten Band 3 Heft 11 (2003), S. 349f
 Michael Petzet: Bayerische Kunstdenkmale – Stadt und Landkreis Füssen, Deutscher Kunstverlag, München 1960, S. 169

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Pfronten
Bauwerk in Pfronten
Baudenkmal in Pfronten
Pfronten
Pfronten, St. Michael
Kirchengebäude in Europa

St. Michael (Pfronten)


Túpac Huallpa, pravim imenom Auqui Huallpa Túpac († Jauja, listopad 1533.), sapa Inka (1533.) kojega su na vlast postavili konkvistadori na čelu s Franciscom Pizarrom nakon osvajanja Cuzca i ubojstva Atahualpe († 1533.). Bio je jedan od niza marionetskih vladara Inka koje su Španjolci postavljali na prijestolje kako bi lakše kontrolirali Inke.

Bio je mlađi sin kralja Huayne Capaca te Huáscarov brat i Atahualpin polubrat. Okrunjen je u velikoj svečanosti prema svim pravilima dvorskog ceremonijala, kako bi ga narod prihvatio kao istinski legitimnog vladara, što je Španjolcima omogućilo da kontrolom vladara imaju vlast i kontrolu nad čitavim carstvom. Krajem 1533. godine razbolio se od boginja i umro. Imao je više djece, no nasljedio ga je brat Manco Inca Yupanqui.

Inke
Vladari

Túpac Huallpa


Mehrfachakkreditierung (auch Nebenakkreditierung, Zusatzakkreditierung, Doppelakkreditierung, Zweitakkreditierung) ist ein Begriff der Diplomatie. Er bedeutet, dass ein Botschafter oder ein anderes Mitglied der diplomatischen Vertretung gleichzeitig in mehreren Staaten akkreditiert ist.

Begriff
Aus Kostengründen unterhalten nicht alle Staaten in jedem anderen Land Botschaften. Das Wiener Übereinkommen über diplomatische Beziehungen (WÜD) von 1961 eröffnet daher die Möglichkeit einer Mehrfachakkreditierung. Ein Botschafter oder ein anderes Mitglied des diplomatischen Personals einer Vertretung kann durch das Instrument der Mehrfachakkreditierung gleichzeitig in mehreren Ländern akkreditiert sein. Bereits seit dem 18. Jahrhundert war eine Mehrfachakkreditierung nach Völkergewohnheitsrecht möglich.

Rechtsgrundlage
In Artikel 5 des Wiener Abkommens über diplomatische Beziehungen heißt es

(1) Der Entsendestaat kann nach einer Notifikation an die beteiligten Empfangsstaaten die Beglaubigung eines Missionschefs oder gegebenenfalls die Bestellung eines Mitglieds des diplomatischen Personals für mehrere Staaten vornehmen, es sei denn, dass einer der Empfangsstaaten ausdrücklich Einspruch erhebt.

(2) Beglaubigt der Entsendestaat einen Missionschef bei einem oder mehreren weiteren Staaten, so kann er in jedem Staat, in dem der Missionschef nicht seinen ständigen Sitz hat, eine diplomatische Mission unter der Leitung eines Geschäftsträgers ad interim errichten.

Zulässigkeit
Eine Mehrfachakkreditierung ist nur zulässig, wenn der Entsendestaat sie notifiziert und keiner der beteiligten Staaten ausdrücklich widerspricht. So verweigert der Heilige Stuhl etwa die Doppelakkreditierung von Botschaftern, die in Italien akkreditiert sind. Das Verfahren der Nebenakkreditierung ist dasselbe wie bei einer Akkreditierung im Gastland, in dem der Botschafter seinen Sitz hat. Eine Mehrfachakkreditierung setzt daher voraus, dass der Botschafter sein Beglaubigungsschreiben dem Staatsoberhaupt des Empfangsstaates überreicht, in dem er nebenakkreditiert ist. Erst dann ist er auch formal in diesem Land akkreditiert.

Doppelakkreditierung und Mehrfachakkreditierung i. e. S.
Ist ein Botschafter in zwei Staaten akkreditiert spricht man von einer Doppelakkreditierung. So ist etwa der deutsche Botschafter in der Schweiz gleichzeitig für Liechtenstein akkreditiert. Ist ein Botschafter in mehr als zwei Staaten akkreditiert spricht man von einer Mehrfachakkreditierung (im engeren Sinne). So ist etwa der deutsche Botschafter in Trinidad und Tobago gleichzeitig in den karibischen Kleinstaaten Antigua und Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, St. Kitts und Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent und die Grenadinen sowie Suriname akkreditiert.

Diplomatische Praxis
Die Mehrfachakkreditierung kommt in der Praxis häufig vor. Von ihr machen vor allem kleinere Staaten Gebrauch, die über keinen großen diplomatischen Dienst verfügen. Sie unterhalten nur diplomatische Vertretungen in den wichtigsten Ländern der Erde, in Nachbarstaaten oder bei großen Handelspartnern. Ansonsten bedienen sie sich des Instruments der Mehrfachakkreditierung. So ist etwa der Botschafter von Suriname in Den Haag gleichzeitig in Deutschland nebenakkreditiert. Botschafter größerer Staaten sind häufig auch in Kleinstaaten mehrfachakkreditiert. Beispiele sind der deutsche Botschafter in Spanien für Andorra, der deutsche Botschafter in Frankreich für Monaco oder der deutsche Botschafter in Italien für San Marino.

Sammelvertretung
Zu unterscheiden ist die Mehrfachakkreditierung von der Sammelvertretung. Bei der Sammelvertretung akkreditieren zwei oder mehr Staaten dieselbe Person als Botschafter in einem Empfangsstaat. Diese Möglichkeit erlaubt Artikel 6 des Wiener Übereinkommens über diplomatische Beziehungen. Sie ist vor allem für Kleinstaaten attraktiv. Eine Sammelakkreditierung setzt voraus, dass die Entsendestaaten in einer besonderen Beziehung zueinander stehen. So vertreten etwa die Botschafter der Schweiz gleichzeitig das Fürstentum Liechtenstein in den meisten Staaten der Welt.

Literatur
 Knut Ipsen: Völkerrecht. Ein Studienbuch. 4., völlig neu bearbeitete Auflage. Beck, München 1999, ISBN 3-406-37115-9, S. 487.

Einzelnachweise

Diplomatisches Recht

Mehrfachakkreditierung


David Alan Gore (21 de agosto de 1953 – 12 de abril de 2012) foi um serial killer americano que confessou e foi sentenciado por seis assassinatos em Vero Beach e na Indian River County, na Flórida, nos anos de 1980. David foi executado via injeção letal em 2012, tendo ficado no corredor da morte do Estado da Flórida por 28 anos.

David tinha um comparsa, o seu primo Fred Waterfield, e os dois foram denominados de "primos assassinos".  Fred foi condenado por dois assassinatos e atualmente está cumprindo duas penas de prisão perpétua.

Em 1976 (antes de cometerem quaisquer assassinatos), a polícia prendeu e interrogou tanto David quanto Fred depois que Angela Hommell Austin (de 20 anos de idade) os acusou de estupra-la à mão-armada. Os irmãos insistiram que o sexo foi consensual e eles não foram processados por este caso. David perseguiu pelo menos mais quatro mulheres, que escaparam vivas.

Histórico
David Alan Gore nasceu em 21 de agosto de 1953, na Flórida. Quando ele era adolescente, ele foi despedido de seu primeiro emprego como atendente em um posto de gasolina depois que o seu chefe descobriu um buraco na parede que permitia a David espiar dentro do banheiro feminino. David se tornou auxiliar do delegado e usou o seu cargo para cometer alguns de seus crimes. David também trabalhou como zelador em um pomar de cítricos. O lugar tinha uma área isolada, que David usava para estuprar e assassinar suas vítimas.

Fred Waterfield nasceu em 29 de setembro de 1952 em Nova Jersey. Ele era um antigo jogador de futebol americano.

David e Fred tinham um trato, onde David iria localizar, seguir e seduzir potenciais vítimas para ele e Fred, em troca de pagamento em dinheiro de seu primo.

Vítimas

Hsiang Huang Ling e Ying Hua Ling
As duas primeiras vítimas de assassinato de David e Fred foram Ying Hua Ling (de 17 anos) e a sua mãe Hsiang Huang Ling (de 48 anos). Em 19 de fevereiro de 1981, David apresentou o seu distintivo de auxiliar da polícia a Ying Ling para atraí-la até a sua caminhonete, e após, ele a levou de para a casa dela. Lá, ele encontrou Hsiang Ling e sequestrou ambas. David alegou que a mãe, amarrada a uma árvore, sufocou lentamente até a morte, enquanto ele e Fred estupravam a sua filha. Os dois desmembraram ambas as mulheres e enfiaram partes de seus corpos em barris de óleo, aos quais eles enterraram.

Judith Kay Daley
A terceira vítima dos assassinos foi Judith Daley (de 35 anos), uma moradora de Fort Pierce, que veio da Califórnia para visitar a Flórida. Em 15 de julho de 1981, David avariou o carro de Judith, que estava estacionado na praia, sem que ela notasse, e então ofereceu uma carona para o telefone público mais próximo. David levou Judith para uma área isolada e encontrou Fred lá, onde ambos os homens a violentaram. David alega que desovou o corpo de Judith em um pântano.

Uma semana depois do assassinato de Judith, David falhou em seduzir uma adolescente usando o seu distintivo. O pai da menina preencheu uma reclamação e David foi destituído de seu cargo. Dias depois, a polícia avistou David dentro do carro de uma mulher, no banco traseiro, portando um scanner da polícia, algemas e uma pistola. David foi processado por invasão de propriedade particular à mão armada e foi sentenciado a cinco anos de cadeia, mas foi solto mediante liberdade condicional em março de 1983.

Barbara Ann Byer e Angelica LaVallee
Em 20 de março de 1983, David e Fred encontraram as meninas Angelica LaVallee e Barbara Ann Byer (ambas com 14 anos) pedindo carona para Orlando e as abduziram. David e Fred as estupraram, mataram e desmembraram ambas as garotas. Esses foram os únicos dois crimes aos quais Fred foi processado, e ele foi sentenciado a duas penas de prisão perpétua por esses dois assassinatos.

Lynn Elliott e Regan Martin
As estudantes Lynn Elliott (de 17 anos) e Regan Martin (de 14 anos), da escola Vero Beach High School, estavam pedindo carona para a praia de Wabasso quando David e Fred as pegaram em 26 de junho de 1983. Eles levaram as garotas para uma casa de propriedade dos pais de David. Fred saiu em seguida, assustado por ter visto a sua irmã na rua durante o trajeto. David contou a polícia que ele compeliu e colocou as meninas em quartos separados antes de molestá-las.

Enquanto ele abusava de Regan, Lynn Elliot, que estava nua e com as mãos amarradas nas costas, escapou até a calçada da casa, até o momento em que ela perdeu o equilíbrio e caiu. De acordo com David: "Eu continuei correndo atrás dela até que ela escorregou e caiu, e então eu a alcancei". David contou a polícia que ele "começou a arrastá-la de volta e ela estava tentando resistir e lutar, então, eu a joguei no chão. Foi ai que eu atirei na cabeça dela".

David atirou nela duas vezes à queima-roupa, apenas para perceber que um garotinho da vizinhança que estava andando de bicicleta presenciou todo o incidente. O garotinho avisou a polícia, o que acarretou em uma perseguição de 90 minutos entre David e a força policial. A polícia prendeu David e resgatou Regan, que foi encontrada no sótão da casa nua, algemada e com fios elétricos amarrados nas pernas.

Em 7 de dezembro de 1983, David levou a polícia até os restos de três de suas seis vítimas de assassinato. Essas vítimas eram Barbara Ann Byer, Hsiang Huang Ling e sua filha Ying Hua Ling. Ele também admitiu ter matado três meninas e duas mulheres.

Linha do tempo
Em 10 de agosto de 1983, o júri condenou David por assassinato em primeiro grau com duas agravantes de sequestro e importunação sexual.

Em 6 de janeiro de 1984, o local do julgamento de David foi alterado da Vero Beach para St. Petersburg, na Flórida. Dois meses depois, em 16 de março de 1984, o júri o condenou por assassinato em primeiro grau e depois de 11 votos contra 1, ele recebeu a pena de morte.

Em 22 de agosto de 1985, a Suprema Corte confirmou a sentença de assassinato em primeiro grau e pena de morte.

Em 21 de janeiro de 1985, Fred Waterfield foi condenado pelos assassinatos de Barbara e Angélica, e recebeu duas penas de prisão perpétua consecutivas.

Em 3 de março de 1988, o governador Bob Martinez assinou o pedido de execução da pena de David.

Em 5 de julho de 2007, a Suprema Corte da Flórida confirmou a pena de morte de David.

Morte
David foi executado via injeção letal às 18:19 e uma terça feira, em 12 de abril de 2012, após esgotar todos os meios de recurso cabíveis. Enquanto David estava amarrado a uma maca na câmara mortuária do corredor da morte, ele disse: "Me desculpe. Eu tenho remorso...Eu não sou o homem que eu era naquela época. Eu não tenho medo da morte."

Ver também
 Lista de pessoas executados nos Estados Unidos em 2012
 Lista de pessoas executadas no Estado da Flórida
 Lista de serial killers dos Estados Unidos

[Categoria:Assassinos dos Estados Unidos]]

David Alan Gore


Giuseppe Maria Feroni (Florença, 30 de abril de 1693 - Roma, 15 de novembro de 1767) foi um cardeal do século XVIII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Florença em 30 de abril de 1693. Da opulenta e patrícia família dos marqueses de Bellavista. Filho do Marquês Fabio Feroni e Costanza della Stufa. Seu sobrenome também está listado como Ferroni; como Ferônio; e como Feronus.

Educação
Estudou no Collegio Clementino , Roma; depois, na Pontifícia Academia dos Nobres Eclesiásticos, Roma, 1711; e mais tarde, na Universidade La Sapienza , em Roma, onde obteve o doutorado in utroque iure , tanto em direito canônico quanto em direito civil, em 15 de janeiro de 1716..

Início da vida
Entrou na prelatura romana como protonotário participante apostólico em 16 de janeiro de 1716. Referendário dos Tribunais da Assinatura Apostólica de Justiça e da Graça, em 23 de janeiro de 1716..

Sacerdócio
Ordenado em 22 de outubro de 1719. Relator da SC do Bom Governo no pontificado do Papa Inocêncio XIII. Em 1722, foi nomeado relator da SC de Bom Governo, prelado da Reverendíssima Fábrica da basílica de São Pedro e da SC de Ritos. Nomeado cânone do capítulo da basílica patriarcal de Latrão pelo Papa Clemente XI. O Papa Bento XIII nomeou-o eleitor do Supremo Tribunal da Assinatura Apostólica da Graça em 1724. Consultor da SC dos Ritos. Secretário da SC da Imunidade Eclesiástica, 1728..

Episcopado
Eleito arcebispo titular de Damasco, em 10 de maio de 1728. Consagrado, em 30 de maio de 1728, no Altar da Confissão, basílica patriarcal do Vaticano, Roma, pelo Papa Bento XIII, auxiliado por Francesco Borghese, arcebispo titular de Traianópolis, e por Nicola Saverio Santamaria, bispo titular de Cirene. Assistente do Trono Pontifício, 4 de junho de 1728. Assessor da Suprema SC da Inquisição Romana e Universal, abril de 1737 a 1743. Cânone do capítulo da basílica patriarcal do Vaticano, 2 de dezembro de 1741. Secretário da SC dos Bispos e Regulares, setembro de 1743..

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 26 de novembro de 1753; recebeu o chapéu vermelho em 29 de novembro de 1753; e o título de S. Pancrazio, 10 de dezembro de 1753. Atribuído à SS. CC. do Santo Ofício, Propaganda Fide, Imunidade Eclesiástica, Bispos e Regulares. Abade de Ss. Leonardo, Barnaba ed Apolonia de Reggio, junho de 1754. Protetor dos Lugares Santos da Terra Santa desde fevereiro de 1756. Protetor da Congregação Beneditina de Vallombrosa em 10 de março de 1758, substituindo o cardeal Giovanni Antonio Guadagni. Participou do conclave de 1758, que elegeu o Papa Clemente XIII. Camerlengo do Sacro Colégio dos Cardeais, 28 de janeiro de 1760 até 16 de fevereiro de 1761. Prefeito da SC de Ritos e Cerimônias de 13 de agosto de 1761 até sua morte. Optou pelo título de S. Cecília, em 17 de dezembro de 1764. Protetora do Collegio Greco , de Roma, em 1765, sucedendo ao cardeal Giuseppe Spinelli. No outono de 1765, foi para Siena, onde foi abade commendatario da abadia de S. Galgano. Em 1766, foi nomeado protector do mosteiro de S. Marta, em Roma; e no ano seguinte, protetor do mosteiro de Cecília, em Roma. Ele tinha a habilidade de não fazer inimigos e era conhecido por todos na Cúria Romana como um dos gentios . Ele era extraordinariamente eloqüente..

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 15 de novembro de 1767, de distúrbios renais. Exposta na igreja de S. Cecília, em Roma, onde decorreu o funeral, com a participação do Papa e do Sagrado Colégio dos Cardeais; e sepultado em elegante monumento com o seu busto e honrosa inscrição, do lado esquerdo junto ao altar-mor, naquela mesma igreja (1) ..

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Bento XIV

Giuseppe Maria Feroni


A Academia Croata de Ciências e Artes (; , abreviada como HAZU) é a principal instituição científica e artística da Croácia. Foi fundada em 1861 pelo bispo Josip Juraj Strossmayer como Academia Iugoslava de Ciências e Artes e adotou seu nome atual em 1991, quando a Croácia se tornou independente. A academia é composta por membros renomados nas áreas de ciências naturais, ciências sociais, humanidades e artes. Seus objetivos incluem promover a excelência em pesquisa, apoiar a educação e a cultura, e preservar o patrimônio cultural croata. A academia é liderada por um presidente e possui várias divisões que realizam pesquisas em áreas específicas.

A HAZU é uma das mais antigas academias científicas e artísticas da Europa. Desde sua fundação, em 1861, passou por diversas mudanças em sua estrutura e nome, refletindo os eventos históricos e políticos que afetaram a região. Entre os membros da HAZU, estão muitos dos principais pesquisadores e artistas da Croácia, bem como alguns estrangeiros.

A HAZU é responsável por promover a excelência em pesquisa científica e artística, bem como por apoiar a educação e a cultura na Croácia. A academia também desempenha um papel importante na preservação do patrimônio cultural croata, através de sua atuação em áreas como arqueologia, história, literatura etc.

A academia começou em 1866 com dezeseis membros efetivos que cresceram para os atuais 160.

Mudanças de nome
A HAZU mudou de nome brevemente de "iugoslava" para "croata" entre 1941 e 1945 durante o regime títere do Estado Independente da Croácia. Foi novamente rebatizada "croata" em 1991 depois que a Croácia obteve sua independência da Iugoslávia.

Classes

A HAZU é dividida em nove classes:
ciências sociais
ciências matemáticas, físicas e químicas
ciências naturais
ciências médicas
ciências filológicas
literatura
belas artes
artes musicais e musicologia
ciências técnicas

Construções de Zagreb
Academias Nacionais de Ciências
Ciência e tecnologia na Croácia
Arquitetura neorromânica

Academia Croata de Ciências e Artes


قائمة ببطولات ويمبلدون لسنة 1951:

فردي رجال

 ديك سافيتت هزم  كين ماكجريجور . النتيجة: 6-4 6-4 6-4

فردي سيدات

 دوريس هارت هزمت  شيرلي فراي أيرفن. النتيجة: 6-1, 6-0

مراجع

أحداث يونيو 1951 الرياضية في المملكة المتحدة
أحداث يوليو 1951 الرياضية في المملكة المتحدة
أحداث يوليو 1951 الرياضية
أحداث يونيو 1951 الرياضية
كرة المضرب في 1951

أحداث 1951 الرياضية في لندن

بطولة ويمبلدون 1951


Dragan Dokić (Osijek, 25. siječnja 1951. – Zagreb, 25. veljače 2013.) bio je hrvatski akademski slikar i konzervator restaurator.

Diplomirao je na Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu 1978. Radni vijek započeo je u nekadašnjem Restauratorskom zavodu Hrvatske, kasnije Hrvatskom restauratorskom zavodu u Zagrebu. Od 1993. je bio zaposlen kao voditelj Restauratorskog centra muzeja Mimara, gdje je radio do smrti. Na Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu (na Odsjeku za restauriranje i konzerviranje umjetnina) radio je kao naslovni izvanredni profesor - vanjski suradnik. Bio je članom HDLU-a od 1979. godine. Sudionik je Domovinskog rata.

Izvori

Hrvatski slikari
Hrvatski konzervatori restauratori

Dragan Dokić