Tol es la isla más grande y poblada del grupo de las islas Faichuk, en el estado de Chuuk, Estados Federados de Micronesia. Situada en el oeste de la Laguna de Truk, está rodeada de las islas más pequeñas de Paata (Pata), Polle, Wonei (Onei), Beguets Fata, y Ulalu.

El punto más alto en Tol, es el Monte Winipat (439 m), que además es el punto más alto en el estado de Chuuk. El bosque que rodea a este pico es el hábitat de algunas especies endémicas.

Véase también
 Geografía de los Estados Federados de Micronesia
 Geografía de Oceanía

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización

Islas del estado de Chuuk
Municipios del estado de Chuuk

Isla Tol


Duygudurum bozuklukları ruhsal bozukluk ve davranışsal bozukluğun bir grup koşulundan herhangi biridir. Bu, Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (APA) ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) tarafından kullanılan bir başlıktır. Önceki yıllarda "Duygulanım (Affektif) Bozuklukları" başlığı ile tanımlanmaktaydı. Ancak "duygulanım" ve "duygudurum" sözcüklerinin tanımları değiştikten sonra bu bozukluk grubu duygudurum bozuklukları başlığı olarak nitelendirilmektedir.

Bir duygudurum bozukluğu kişinin genel duygudurumundaki bir bozulma, dış şartlara ve durumlara göre uygunsuz bir duygudurum halidir. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği'nin 4. Ruhsal Bozukluklar Tanı ve İstatistiksel El kitabına göre (DSM-IV); 3 ana duygudurum bozukluğu tanımlanmıştır.
Minör depresif bozukluk
Majör depresif bozukluk
Bipolar bozukluk

Duygudurum bozuklukları
Afektif spektrum
 Tip I bipolar bozukluk
 Tip II bipolar bozukluk
 Siklotimik bozukluk
 Başka türlü adlandırılamayan bipolar bozukluk
 Çocuklarda bipolar bozukluk
 Hipomani
 Mani
 Karışık duygusal durum

 Depresif duygudurumu
 Majör depresif bozukluk
 Distimi
 Mevsimsel duygulanım bozukluğu
 Atipik depresyon
 Melankolik depresyon
 Majör depresif dönem
 Çocukluk ve ergenlikte depresyon
 Şizoaffektif bozukluk

Bulgu
 Delüzyon
 Depresyonun ayırıcı tanıları
 Duygusal düzensizlik
 Anhedoni
 Disfori
 İntihar düşüncesi
 Halüsinasyon
 Ruh hali değişimi
 Uyku bozuklukları
 Hipersomniya
 İnsomnia
 Psikoz
 Psikotik depresyon
 Yarışan düşünceler
 Duygusal küntlük

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Duygu
 Hipotalamus-hipofiz-adrenal aks
 Duygusal küntlük

Duygudurum bozukluğu


Slug invasion er en animationsfilm fra 2012 instrueret af Morten Helgeland og Casper Wermuth efter manuskript af Uri Kranot.

Handling
Da dagen gryer over en norsk forstadshave, sættes scenen for en blodig krig mellem en sulten snegl og en ordentlig ældre dame. Alle kneb gælder i sult og krig!

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2012

Slug invasion


A refrigerant is a working fluid used in the refrigeration cycle of air conditioning systems and heat pumps where in most cases they undergo a repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated due to their toxicity, flammability and the contribution of CFC and HCFC refrigerants to ozone depletion and that of HFC refrigerants to climate change.

Refrigerants are used in a direct expansion (DX) system to transfer energy from one environment to another, typically from inside a building to outside (or vice versa) commonly known as an "air conditioner" or "heat pump". Refrigerants can carry per kg 10 times more energy than water and 50 times more than air.

Refrigerants are controlled substances due to high pressures , extreme temperatures ( to over ), flammability (A1 class non-flammable, A2/A2L class flammable and A3 class extremely flammable/explosive) and toxicity (B1-low, B2-medium & B3-high), as classified by ISO 817 & ASHRAE 34.

Refrigerants must only be handled by qualified/certified engineers to the relevant classes of refrigerant eg in the UK C&G 2079 if A1 class PLUS C&G 6187-2 if A2/A2L & A3 class refrigerants.

History

The first air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases, such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, or propane, that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked.

In 1928 Thomas Midgley Jr. created the first non-flammable, non-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas, Freon (R-12). The name is a trademark name owned by DuPont (now Chemours) for any chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), or hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant. Following the discovery of better synthesis methods, CFCs such as R-11, R-12, R-123 and R-502 dominated the market.

Phasing out of CFCs

In the early 1980s, scientists discovered that CFCs were causing major damage to the ozone layer that protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation, and to the ozone holes over polar regions. This led to the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 which aimed to phase out CFCs and HCFC but did not address the contributions that HFCs made to climate change. The adoption of HCFCs such as R-22, and R-123 was accelerated and so were used in most U.S. homes in air conditioners and in chillers from the 1980s as they have a dramatically lower Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) than CFCs, but their ODP was still not zero which led to their eventual phase-out.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) such as R-134a, R-143a, R-407a, R-407c, R-404a and R-410a (a 50/50 blend of R-125/R-32) were promoted as replacements for CFCs and HCFCs in the 1990s and 2000s. HFCs were not ozone-depleting but did have global warming potentials (GWPs) thousands of times greater than CO2 with atmospheric lifetimes that can extend for decades. This in turn, starting from the 2010s, led to the adoption in new equipment of Hydrocarbon and HFO (hydrofluoroolefin) refrigerants R-32, R-290, R-600a, R-454B, R-1234yf, R-514A, R-744 (), R-1234ze and R-1233zd, which have both an ODP of zero and a lower GWP. Hydrocarbons and  are sometimes called natural refrigerants because they can be found in nature.

The environmental organization Greenpeace provided funding to a former East German refrigerator company to research alternative ozone- and climate-safe refrigerants in 1992. The company developed hydrocarbon mixes such as isopentane and isobutane, propane and isobutane, or pure isobutane, called "Greenfreeze", but as a condition of the contract with Greenpeace could not patent the technology, which led to their widespread adoption by other firms. Policy and political influence by corporate executives resisted change however, citing the flammability and explosive properties of the refrigerants, and DuPont together with other companies blocked them in the U.S. with the U.S. EPA.

Beginning on 14 November 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency restricted the sale, possession and use of refrigerants to only licensed technicians, per rules under sections 608 and 609 of the Clean Air Act. In 1995, Germany made CFC refrigerators illegal.

In 1996 Eurammon, a European non-profit initiative for natural refrigerants, was established and comprises European companies, institutions, and industry experts.

In 1997, FCs and HFCs were included in the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change.

In 2000 in the UK, the Ozone Regulations came into force which banned the use of ozone-depleting HCFC refrigerants such as R22 in new systems. The Regulation banned the use of R22 as a "top-up" fluid for maintenance from 2010 for virgin fluid and from 2015 for recycled fluid.

Addressing greenhouse gases
With growing interest in natural refrigerants as alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, in 2004, Greenpeace worked with multinational corporations like Coca-Cola and Unilever, and later Pepsico and others, to create a corporate coalition called Refrigerants Naturally!. Four years later, Ben & Jerry's of Unilever and General Electric began to take steps to support production and use in the U.S. It is estimated that almost 75 percent of the refrigeration and air conditioning sector has the potential to be converted to natural refrigerants.

In 2006, the EU adopted a Regulation on fluorinated greenhouse gases (FCs and HFCs) to encourage to transition to natural refrigerants (such as hydrocarbons). It was reported in 2010 that some refrigerants are being used as recreational drugs, leading to an extremely dangerous phenomenon known as inhalant abuse.

From 2011 the European Union started to phase out refrigerants with a global warming potential (GWP) of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100-year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO2) such as the refrigerant HFC-134a (known as R-134a in North America) which has a GWP of 1526. In the same year the EPA decided in favour of the ozone- and climate-safe refrigerant for U.S. manufacture.

A 2018 study by the nonprofit organization "Drawdown" put proper refrigerant management and disposal at the very top of the list of climate impact solutions, with an impact equivalent to eliminating over 17 years of US carbon dioxide emissions.

In 2019 it was estimated that CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs were responsible for about 10% of direct radiative forcing from all long-lived anthropogenic greenhouse gases. and in the same year the UNEP published new voluntary guidelines, however many countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment.

From early 2020 HFCs (including R-404a, R-134a and R-410a) are being superseded: Residential air-conditioning systems and heat pumps are increasingly using R-32. This still has a GWP of more than 600. Progressive devices use refrigerants with almost no climate impact, namely R-290 (propane), R-600 (isobutane) or R-1234yf (less flammable, in cars). In commercial refrigeration also  (R-744) can be used.

Requirements and desirable properties
A refrigerant needs to have: a boiling point that is somewhat below the target temperature (although boiling point can be adjusted by adjusting the pressure appropriately), a high heat of vaporization, a moderate density in liquid form, a relatively high density in gaseous form (which can also be adjusted by setting pressure appropriately), and a high critical temperature. Extremely high pressures should be avoided.

The ideal refrigerant would be: non-corrosive, non-toxic, non-flammable, with no ozone depletion and global warming potential. It should preferably be natural with well-studied and low environmental impact. Newer refrigerants address the issue of the damage that CFCs caused to the ozone layer and the contribution that HCFCs make to climate change, but some do raise issues relating to toxicity and/or flammability.

Common refrigerants

Refrigerants with very low climate impact
With increasing regulations, refrigerants with a very low global warming potential are expected to play a dominant role in the 21st century, in particular, R-290 and R-1234yf. Starting from almost no market share in 2018, low GWPO devices are gaining market share in 2022.

Most used

Banned / Phased out

Other

Refrigerant reclamation and disposal

Coolant and refrigerants are found throughout the industrialized world, in homes, offices, and factories, in devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, central air conditioning systems (HVAC), freezers, and dehumidifiers. When these units are serviced, there is a risk that refrigerant gas will be vented into the atmosphere either accidentally or intentionally, hence the creation of technician training and certification programs in order to ensure that the material is conserved and managed safely. Mistreatment of these gases has been shown to deplete the ozone layer and is suspected to contribute to global warming.

With the exception of isobutane and propane (R600a, R441a and R290), ammonia and CO2 under Section 608 of the United States' Clean Air Act it is illegal to knowingly release any refrigerants into the atmosphere.

Refrigerant reclamation is the act of processing used refrigerant gas which has previously been used in some type of refrigeration loop such that it meets specifications for new refrigerant gas. In the United States, the Clean Air Act of 1990 requires that used refrigerant be processed by a certified reclaimer, which must be licensed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the material must be recovered and delivered to the reclaimer by EPA-certified technicians.

Classification of refrigerants

Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of absorption or extraction of heat from the substances to be refrigerated:
 Class 1: This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change (typically boiling), using the refrigerant's latent heat.
 Class 2: These refrigerants cool by temperature change or 'sensible heat', the quantity of heat being the specific heat capacity x the temperature change. They are air, calcium chloride brine, sodium chloride brine, alcohol, and similar nonfreezing solutions. The purpose of Class 2 refrigerants is to receive a reduction of temperature from Class 1 refrigerants and convey this lower temperature to the area to be cooled.
 Class 3: This group consists of solutions that contain absorbed vapors of liquefiable agents or refrigerating media. These solutions function by nature of their ability to carry liquefiable vapors, which produce a cooling effect by the absorption of their heat of solution. They can also be classified into many categories.

R numbering system

The R- numbering system was developed by DuPont (which owned the Freon trademark), and systematically identifies the molecular structure of refrigerants made with a single halogenated hydrocarbon. ASHRAE has since set guidelines for the numbering system as follows:

R-X1X2X3X4

X1 = Number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds (omit if zero)
X2 = Number of carbon atoms minus 1 (omit if zero)
X3 = Number of hydrogen atoms plus 1
X4 = Number of fluorine atoms

Series
 R-xx	Methane Series
 R-1xx	Ethane Series
 R-2xx	Propane Series
 R-4xx	Zeotropic blend
 R-5xx	Azeotropic blend
 R-6xx	Saturated hydrocarbons (except for propane which is R-290)
 R-7xx	Inorganic Compounds with a molar mass < 100
 R-7xxx	Inorganic Compounds with a molar mass ≥ 100

Ethane Derived Chains
 Number Only	Most symmetrical isomer
 Lower Case Suffix (a,b,c,etc.)	indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers

Propane Derived Chains
 Number Only	Most symmetrical isomer
 2nd Lower Case Suffix (a,b,c,etc.)	Indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers
 a Suffix	Cl2 central carbon substitution
 b Suffix	Cl2F central carbon substitution
 c Suffix	F2 central carbon substitution
 d Suffix	Cl, H central carbon substitution
 e Suffix	F, H central carbon substitution
 f Suffix	H2 central carbon substitution

HFOs
 x Suffix	Cl substitution on central atom
 y Suffix	F substitution on central atom
 z Suffix	H substitution on central atom
 a Suffix	=CCl2 methylene substitution
 b Suffix	=CClF methylene substitution
 c Suffix	=CF2 methylene substitution
 d Suffix	=CHCl methylene substitution
 e Suffix	=CHF methylene substitution
 f Suffix	=CH2 methylene substitution

Blends
 Upper Case Suffix (A,B,C,etc.)	Same blend with different compositions of refrigerants

Miscellaneous
 R-Cxxx Cyclic compound
 R-Exxx Ether group is present
 R-CExxx	Cyclic compound with an ether group
 R-4xx/5xx + Upper Case Suffix (A,B,C,etc.)	Same blend with different composition of refrigerants
 R-6xx + Lower Case Letter	Indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers
 7xx/7xxx + Upper Case Letter	Same molar mass, different compound
 R-xxxxB#	Bromine is present with the number after B indicating how many bromine atoms
 R-xxxxI#	Iodine is present with the number after I indicating how many iodine atoms
 R-xxx(E)	Trans Molecule
 R-xxx(Z)	Cis Molecule

For example, R-134a has 2 carbon atoms, 2 hydrogen atoms, and 4 fluorine atoms, an empirical formula of tetrafluoroethane. The "a" suffix indicates that the isomer is unbalanced by one atom, giving 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane. R-134 (without the "a" suffix) would have a molecular structure of 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane.

The same numbers are used with an R- prefix for generic refrigerants, with a "Propellant" prefix (e.g., "Propellant 12") for the same chemical used as a propellant for an aerosol spray, and with trade names for the compounds, such as "Freon 12". Recently, a practice of using abbreviations HFC- for hydrofluorocarbons, CFC- for chlorofluorocarbons, and HCFC- for hydrochlorofluorocarbons has arisen, because of the regulatory differences among these groups.

Refrigerant safety
ASHRAE Standard 34, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, assigns safety classifications to refrigerants based upon toxicity and flammability.

Using safety information provided by producers, ASHRAE assigns a capital letter to indicate toxicity and a number to indicate flammability.  The letter "A" is the least toxic and the number 1 is the least flammable.

See also
 Brine (Refrigerant)
 Section 608

References

Sources

IPCC reports
 (pb: ). Fifth Assessment Report - Climate Change 2013

Other

External links
 US Environmental Protection Agency page on the GWPs of various substances
 Green Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies
 International Institute of Refrigeration

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

Industrial gases

Refrigerant


السَّوَّاغ أو السِّوَاغ (Excipient) السواغات هي جميع المواد المُضافة إلى الجرعة الدوائية جنباً إلى جنب المادة الفعالة (API) ، والتي تم إضافتها إما للمساعدة في تعزيز الثباتية والتوافر البيولوجي للدواء أثناء التخزين والاستخدام، أو في تحديد الجرعة المناسبة والمنتج النهائي.

خصائص السواغات المثالية.
تتراوح السواغات من المواد الخاملة والبسيطة إلى المواد النشطة والمعقدة التي يصعب وصفها. تقليدياً، كانت السواغات في كثير من الأحيان بسيطة هيكلياً، خاملة بيولوجياً، وذات أصل طبيعي، مثل الذرة والقمح والسكر والمعادن. تم تطوير العديد من السواغات الجديدة والمتزايدة التعقيد مع ظهور أنظمة جديدة لتكوين تركيبات الأدوية وتطويرها. الطبيعة الخاملة وغير المؤذية للسواغات لم تعد ميزة معينة في تركيبات الأدوية. العديد من السواغات هي مواد سامة محتملة عند الجرعات العالية في الحيوانات، على الرغم من أنها آمنة في الاستخدام البشري عند الجرعات العلاجية، بما في ذلك السواغات الشائعة الاستخدام مثل الدكسترين الحلقي، ديكستران والبولي إيثيلين جليكول.

تصنيف السواغات حسب استخدامها الصيدلاني

المحليات
 أسبسلفام البوتاسيوم Acesulfame potassium
 الأسبارتام Aspartame
 السوربيتول Sorbitol
 الفركتوز Fructose
 الغلوكوز السائل Liquid Glucose
 الغليسيرين Glycerin
 محلول الماليتول Maltitol Solution
 مانيتول Mannitol
 السكرين Saccharin
 صوديوم سكرين Saccharin Sodium
 سيكلامات الصوديوم Sodium Cyclamate
 السكروز Sucrose
 السكر المنضغط Compressible Sugar
 السكر المربى Confectioner's Sugar
 الكزيليتول Xylitol
سكرالوز Sucralose

الممدات
 كربونات الكالسيوم Calcium Carbonate
 فوسفات ثنائية الكالسيوم Dibasic Calcium Phospherate Dihydrate
 فوسفات ثلاثية الكالسيوم Tribasic Calcium Phosphate
 كبريتات الكالسيوم calcium sulfate
 اللاكتوز Lactose
السليولوز دقيق التبلور Microcrystalline cellulose
 كربونات المغنيزيوم Magnesium Carbonate
 أوكسيد المغنيزيوم Magnesium Oxide
 مالتوديكسترين Maltodextrin
 مانيتول Mannitol
 البولي ميثاكريلات Polymethacrylates
 كلوريد البوتاسيوم Potassium Chloride
 كلوريد الصوديوم Sodium Chloride
 السوربيتول Sorbitol
 النشاء Starch
 النشاء المعدّل Pregelatinized Starch
 السكروز Sucrose
 السكر المنضغط Compressible Sugar
 السكر المربى Confectioner's Sugar
 الكرات السكرية Sugar Spheres
 التالك Talc
 الزيت النباتي المهدرج، نموذج "1" Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil, Type 1

المفككات
 حمض الألجينيك (حمض الألجيني) Alginic Acid
 كاربوكسي مثيل سللوز الكالسيوم Carboxymethylcellulose Calcium
 السللوز دقيق التبلور Microcrystalline Cellulose
 السيللوز الناعم Powdered Cellulose
 كروس كارميلوز الصوديوم Croscarmellose Sodium
 كروسبوفيدون Crospovidone
 صمغ الغوار ( الجاكوار ) Guar Gum
 سيلكات المغنيزيوم والألمينيوم Magnisium Aluminum Silicate
 المثيل سيللوز Methyl cellulose
 بولاكريلين البوتاسيوم Polacrilin Potassium
 الإيروزيل
 ألجينات الصوديوم Sodium Alginate
 غليكولات النشاء الصودي Sodium Starch Glycolate
 النشاء Starch
 النشاء المعدّل Pregelatinized Starch
 ثاني أوكسيد الكربون Carbon Dioxide

العوامل الرابطة
 الصمغ العربي Acacia
 حمض الألجينيك (حمض الألجيني) Alginic Acid
 البنتونايت Bentonite
 كاربومير Carbomer
 كاربوكسي مثيل سللوز الكالسيوم Carboxymethylcellulose Calcium
 كاربوكسي مثيل سللوز الصوديوم Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium
 السللوز دقيق التبلور Microcrystalline Cellulose
 السيللوز الناعم Powdered Cellulose
 الديكسترين Dextrin
 إثيل سيللوز Ethyl Cellulose
 الجيلاتين Gelatin
 الغلوكوز السائل Liquid Glucose
 صمغ الغوار ( الجاكوار ) Guar Gum
 هيدروكسي إيتيل السللوز Hydroxyehtyl Cellulose
 هيدروكسي بروبيل السيللوز Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
 هيدروكسي بروبيل مثيل السيللوز Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose
 سيلكات المغنيزيوم والألمينيوم Magnisium Aluminum Silicate
 مالتوديكسترين Maltodextrin
 المثيل سيللوز Methyl cellulose
 البولي ميثاكريلات Polymethacrylates
 البوفيدون Povidone
 ألجينات الصوديوم Sodium Alginate
 النشاء Starch
 النشاء المعدّل Pregelatinized Starch
 صمغ الكثيراء Tragacanth
 الزيت النباتي المهدرج، نموذج "1" Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil, Type 1
 صمغ الكزانثان Xanthan Gum
 الزاين Zein
 السكروز Sucrose
 الماء Water
 الكحول Alcohol

العوامل المزلقة
 فوسفات ثلاثية الكالسيوم Tribasic Calcium Phosphate
 شمعات الكالسيوم Calcium stearate
 زيت الخروع المهدرج Hydrogenated Castor Oil
 السيللوز الناعم Powdered Cellulose
 غليسيريل مونوسيترات Glyceryl Monostearate
 غليسيريل بالميتوستيرات Glyceryl Palmitostearate
 شمعات المغنيزيوم Magnesium Stearate
 ثلاثي سيلكات المغنيزيوم Magnesium Trisilicate
 زيت البارافين Mineral Oil
 الزيت المعدني الخفيف Light Mineral Oil
 البولي إتيلين غليكول Polyethylene Glycol
 الإيروزيل
 بنزوات الصوديوم Sodium Bezoate
 لوريل سلفات الصوديوم Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
 فومارات ستيريل الصوديوم Sodium Stearyl Fumarate
 النشاء Starch
 نشاء الذرة العقيم Sterilizable Maize Starch
 حمض الشمع Stearic Acid
 التالك Talc
 الزيت النباتي المهدرج، نموذج "1" Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil, Type 1
 سيترات الزنك Zinc Stearate

الملونات

المنكهات
 حمض الليمون Citric Acid Monohydrate
 الإثيل مالتول Ethyl Maltol
 الإثيل فانيللين Ethyl Vanillin
 الفركتوز Fructose
 حمض الفوماريك Fumaric acid
 حمض المالئيك Malic Acid
 مالتول Maltol
 المينثول Minthol
 الفانيلين Vanillin

الملبسات
 الزاين Zein
 الشمع ذو التبلور الدقيق Microcrystalline Wax
 شمع الخرنوبا Carnauba Wax
 ثنائي أكسيد التيتانيوم Titanium Dioxide
 حمض الطرطريك Tartaric Acid
 السكر المربى Confectioner's Sugar
 السكروز Sucrose
 الشيلاك Shellac
 الغول عديد الفينيل Polyvinyl Alcohol
 البولي ميثاكريلات Polymethacrylates
 المثيل سيللوز Methyl cellulose
 هيدروكسي بروبيل متيل سلفات فتالات Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Phthalate
 هيدروكسي بروبيل مثيل السيللوز Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose
 هيدروكسي بروبيل السيللوز Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
 هيدروكسي إيتيل السللوز Hydroxyehtyl Cellulose
 الغلوكوز السائل Liquid Glucose
 الجيلاتين Gelatin
 إثيل سيللوز Ethylcellulose
 فتالات أسيتات السيللوز Cellulose Acetate Phthalate
 كاربوكسي مثيل سللوز الصوديوم Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium

العوامل المدمصة

المحلات والمواد المساعدة على الانحلال
 الماء Water
إيثانول Ethanol
 بنزالكونيوم كلورايد Benzalkonium Chloride
 بنزيل بنزوات Benzyl Benzoate
 زيت الذرة Corn Oil
 زيت بذرة القطن Cottonseed Oil
 السيكلوديكسترينات Calcium Carbonate
 الدي إيثل فثالات Diethyl Phthalate
 الغليكوفورول Glycofurol
 إيزوبروبيل الكحول Isopropyl Alcohol
 إيزوبروبيل ميرستات Isopropyl myrstate
 إيزوبروبيل بالميتات Isopropyl Palmitate
 الغليسيريدات الثلاثية متوسطة السلسلة Medium Chain Triglycerides
 البولوكسامير Poloxamer
 البولي إتيلين غليكول Polyethylene Glycol
 ايترات البولي أوكسي إيثلين ألكيل Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ethers
 مشتقات زيت الخروع البولي أوكسي إتيلينية Polyoxyethylene Castor Oil Derivatives
 استرات الحموض الدسمة مع السوربتان البولي أوكسي إتيليني Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters
 ستيرات البولي أوكسي إتيلين Polyoxyethylene Stearates
 استرات السوربيتان مع الحموض الدسمة
 زيت الصويا Soybean Oil
 حمض الشمع Stearic Acid

الملدنات
 بنزيل بنزوات Benzyl Benzoate
 دي بوتيل سباكيت Dibutyl sebacate
 الدي إيثل فثالات Diethyl Phthalate
 أغوال الفازلين واللانولين
 البولي إتيلين غليكول Polyethylene Glycol
 ثلاثي أستيل الغلسيرين Triacetin
 تري إيتيل سيترات Triethyl Citrate

السواغات الزيتية والأسس المرهمية
 زيت الكانولا Canola Oil
 زيت الذرة Corn Oil
 زيت بذرة القطن Cottonseed Oil
 زيتات الإثيل Ethyl Oleate
 اللانولين Lanolin
 اللانولين الغولي Lanolin Alcohols
 اللانولين المائي Hydrous Lanolin
 زيت البارافين Mineral Oil
 زيت البارافين الخفيف Light Mineral Oil
 البارافين Paraffin
 زيت الفول السوداني Peanut Oil
 الفازلين Petrolatum
 البولي إتيلين غليكول Polyethylene Glycol
 زيت السمسم Sesame Oil
 زيت الصويا Soybean Oil
 أسس التحاميل Suppository Bases

باعثات الإرذاذ
 البوتان Butane
 ثاني أوكسيد الكربون Carbon Dioxide ( مزحزح للهواء )
 كلورودي فلوروإيثان Chlorodifluoroethane
 كلورودي فلوروميثان Chlorodifluoroethane
 ثنائي كلورورباعي فلوروالإيتان Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
 ثنائي كلوروثنائي فلوروالإيتان
 دي فلوروإيثان Difluoroethane
 الدي مثيل إيثر Dimethyl Ether
 الإيزوبوتان Isobutane
 النيتروجين Nitrogen ( مزحزح للهواء )
 أوكسيد الآزوت Nitrous oxide
 البروبان Propane
 رباعي فلورو الأيتان Tetraflouroethane
 تري كلورومونوفلوروميتان Trichloromonofluoromethane

العوامل الاستحلابية والمعلقة ورافعات اللزوجة والمثبتة
 الصمغ العربي Acacia
 الألبومين Albumin
 حمض الألجينيك (حمض الألجيني) Alginic Acid
 اسكوربيل بالميتات Ascorbyl Palmitate
 البنتونايت Bentonite
 كاربومير Carbomer
 كاربوكسي مثيل سللوز الكالسيوم Carboxymethylcellulose Calcium
 كاربوكسي مثيل سللوز الصوديوم Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium
 السللوز دقيق التبلور Microcrystalline Cellulose
 السيللوز الناعم Powdered Cellulose
 الكحول السيتوستيريلي Cetostearyl alcohol
 الكوليسترول Cholesterol
 السيكلوديكسترينات Calcium Carbonate
 الديكسترين Dextrin
 ثنائي إيتانول أمين Diethanolamine
 إثيل سيللوز Ethylcellulose
 الجيلاتين Gelatin
 الغليسيرين Glycerin
 غليسيريل مونو أوليات Glyceryl Monooleate
 غليسيريل مونوسيترات Glyceryl Monostearate
 صمغ الغوار ( الجاكوار ) Guar Gum
 هيدروكسي إيتيل السللوز Hydroxyehtyl Cellulose
 هيدروكسي بروبيل السيللوز Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
 هيدروكسي بروبيل مثيل السيللوز Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose
 إيزوبروبيل ميرستات Isopropyl myrstate
 إيزوبروبيل بالميتات Isopropyl Palmitate
 كاؤولين #اللانولين Lanolin
 اللانولين الغولي Lanolin Alcohols
 اللانولين المائي Hydrous Lanolin
 الليستين Lecithin
 سيلكات المغنيزيوم والألمينيوم Magnisium Aluminum Silicate
 محلول الماليتول Maltitol Solution
 مالتوديكسترين Maltodextrin
 الغليسيريدات الثلاثية متوسطة السلسلة Medium Chain Triglycerides
 المثيل سيللوز Methyl cellulose
 مزيج زيت البارافين مع أغوال اللانولين Mineral Oil and Lanoline Alcohols
 مونو إيثانول أمين Monoethanolamine
 حمض الزيت Oleic Acid
 البولوكسامير Poloxamer
 البولي إتيلين غليكول Polyethylene Glycol
 ايترات البولي أوكسي إيثلين ألكيل Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ethers
 مشتقات زيت الخروع البولي أوكسي إتيلينية Polyoxyethylene Castor Oil Derivatives
 استرات الحموض الدسمة مع السوربتان البولي أوكسي إتيليني olyoxyethylene Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters
 ستيرات البولي أوكسي إتيلين Polyoxyethylene Stearates
 الغول عديد الفينيل Polyvinyl Alcohol
 البوفيدون Povidone
 بروبيلين كربونات Propylene Carbonate
 البروبيلن غليكول Propylene Glycol
 البروبيلن غليكول ألجينات Propylene Glycol Alginate
 الإيروزيل
 ألجينات الصوديوم Sodium Alginate
 لوريل سلفات الصوديوم Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
 فوسفات أحادية الصوديوم Monobasic Sodium Phosphate
 السوربيتول Sorbitol
 حمض الشمع Stearic Acid
 السكروز Sucrose
 صمغ الكثيراء Tragacanth
 تري إيتانولامين Triethanolamine
 الشمع الاستحلابي سالب التشرد Amionic Emulsifying Wax
 الشمع ذو التبلور الدقيق Microcrystalline Wax
 الشمع الاستحلابي غير الشاردي Nonionic Emulsifying Wax
 الشمع الأبيض White Wax
 الشمع الأصفر Yellow Wax
 صمغ الكزانثان Xanthan Gum

العوامل الحافظة
 الكحول Alcohol
 بنزالكونيوم كلورايد Benzalkonium Chloride
 بنزيثانيوم كلورايد Benzethonium Chloride
 حمض البنزوئيك Benzoic Acid
 الكحول البنزيلي Benzyl Alcohol
 برونوبول Bronopol
 بوتيل بارابين Butylparaben
 السيتريميد Cetrimide
 كلورهكسيدين Chlorhexidine
 كلوروبوتانول Chlorobutanol
 كلوروكريزول Chlorocresol
 الكريسول Cresol
 الإثيل بارابين Ethylparaben
 الغليسيرين Glycerin
 إيميد البولة Imidurea
 مثيل بارابن Methylparapin
 الفينول Phenol
 فينوكسي إيثانول Phenoxyethanol
 الغول الإيتيلي الفينيلي Phenylethyl Alcohol
 خلات فنيل الزئبق Phenylmercuric Acetate
 بورات فنيل الزئبق Phenylmercuric Borate
 نترات فنيل الزئبق Phenylmercuric Netrate
 بوتاسيوم صوربات Potassium Sorbate
 البروبيلن غليكول Propylene Glycol
 البروبيل بارابن Propylparaben
 بنزوات الصوديوم Sodium Bezoate
 بروبيونات الصوديوم Sodium Propionate
 حمض الصوربيك Sorbic Acid
 التيمروزال Thimerosal

مضادات الأكسدة
 فيتامبن E Alpha Tocopherol
 فيتامين C Ascorbic Acid
 اسكوربيل بالميتات Ascorbyl Palmitate
 بوتيل هيدروكسي أنيزول Butylated Hydroxyanisole
 بوتيل هيدروكسي تولوين Butylated Hydroxytoluene
 حمض الفوماريك Fumaric acid
 حمض المالئيك Malic Acid
 البروبيل غالات Propyl Gallate
 صوديوم أسكوربات Sodium Ascorbate
 ميتا بيسلفيت الصوديوم Sodium Metabisulphite

العوامل المبللة
 السيتريميد Cetrimide
 دوكسات الصوديوم Docusate Sodium
 الغليسيرين Glycerin
 غليسيريل مونو أوليات Glyceryl Monooleate
 استرات الحموض الدسمة مع السوربتان ( البولي أوكسي إتيليني )Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters
 الغول عديد الفينيل Polyvinyl Alcohol
 البروبيلن غليكول Propylene Glycol
 لوريل سلفات الصوديوم Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
 السوربيتول Sorbitol

مراجع

سواغات
صناعة دوائية
صيدلة

سواغ


Royal Rumble 2009 a fost a 29-a ediție a Royal Rumble, un eveniment pay-per-view de wrestling profesionist, produs de World Wrestling Entertainment. A avut loc pe data de 25 ianuarie 2009, de pe Joe Louis Arena din Detroit, Michigan. Tema oficială a fost "let it Rock" de Kevin Rudolf.

Rezultate
 Dark Match: Jimmy Wang Yang l-a învins pe Paul Burchill
 Wang Yang l-a numarat pe Burchill.
 Jack Swagger l-a învins pe Matt Hardy păstrându-și campionatul ECW Championship (15:25)
 Swagger l-a învins pe Matt după un "Swagger Bomb".
 Melina a învins-o Beth Phoenix câștigând campionatul Women's Championship (6:02)
 Melina a numărato pe Beth cu un "Roll-Up".
 John Cena l-a învins pe John Bradshaw Layfield (cu Shawn Michaels) păstrându-și campionatul WWE World Heavyweight Championship (15:31)
 Cena l-a numărat pe JBL după un "Attitude Adjustment".
 În timpul luptei, Shawn Michaels a intervenit, atacândui pe ambi cu un "Sweet Chin Music".
 Edge l-a învins Jeff Hardy într-un No Desqualification Match câștigand campionatul WWE Championship (23:24)
 Edge l-a numărat pe Jeff după o lovitură cu un scaun din partea lui Matt Hardy.
 Inițial, lupta se aștepta să fie o luptă normală, dar înainte de intrarea lui Edge, Vickie Guerrero a schimbat luptă într-un DQ Desqualification Match.
 În timpul luptei Chavo Guerrero si Vickie Guerrero a-u intervenit în favoarea lui Edge.
 Ca urmare, Matt a devenit heel.
 Randy Orton a castigat meciul Royal Rumble 2009 (58:39)
 Orton l-a eliminat în sfârșit pe Triple H câștigând meciul

2009 în sport
Wrestling
Evenimente pay-per-view WWE

Royal Rumble (2009)


Usûlî (? - 1538/39), Divan edebiyatı şairi, mutasavvıf.

Vardar Yenicesi'nde doğmuştur. Şeyh İbrahim Gülşenî'ye bağlanmıştır. Eserleri, hayattayken beğenilmiş, ismi duyulmuştur. Fakir bir hayat yaşasa da gururlu ve onurlu olduğu, insanlara hâlini bildirmediği bilinir. 1538-1539 yıllarında öldüğü sanılmaktadır.

Eserlerinde ilk göze çarpan tasavvufi görüşleridir. Ayrıca dili zamanın göre çok düzgündür. Fazla eser bırakmamıştır. Genel olarak ünlü şairler ve otoriteler tarafından yetenekli bulunmakla birlikte yeteneklerini pek geliştiremediği belirtilmiştir.

Eserlerinden Örnek
Hâtırum cem'iyyetin itdi perîşân ayrılık
Ayrılık kıldı bana dünyâyı zindân ayrılık

Kaynakça
 Muallim Naci, Esâmî, s. 61

Dış bağlantılar
 Hiclâl Demir, Çağlarını Eleştiren Dîvan Şairleri: Hayretî - Usûlî - Hayalî; Türk Edebiyatı Bölümü, Bilkent Üniversitesi, Ankara; Haziran 2001.

Divan edebiyatı şairleri

Usûlî


Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (İbranice: אברהם אבן עזרא, Abenezra olarak da bilinir.) (1092 veya 1093-1167), orta çağ'ın en seçkin Musevilerinden biriydi. Felsefe, astronomi, astroloji, tıp, şiir, dilbilim dallarında çok bilgiliydi. Büyük, bilge, hayran olunan doktor olarak adlandırılırdı. Müslüman egemeliği altındaki Tudela'da doğdu. Yahudilerle yerli halk arasında çıkan sıkıntılar yüzünden Yahudilerin cezalandırılmasıyla 1140 dan önce yurdunu terk etmek zorunda kaldı ve durmadan dolaştı. Kuzey Afrika, Mısır, Filistin, İtalya, Güney Fransa, Kuzey Fransa, İngiltere yaşayacak yer ararken ki durakları oldu.

Ay'daki Abenezra Krateri onun ismini taşımaktadır. Ayrıca Avrupa'nın ilk satranç kuralları izahı da ona dayanmaktadır.

1090'larda doğanlar
1167 yılında ölenler
İspanyol astrologlar
Endülüslüler
Yahudi yazarlar
Yahudi filozoflar
Sefarad Yahudileri
1080'lerde doğanlar
Kitâb-ı Mukaddes yorumcuları
Yahudi şairler

Abraham ibn Ezra


Karabaş ötleğen (Sylvia atricapilla), ötleğengiller (Sylviidae) familyasından
Avrupa ve Afrika'nın kuzeybatısından Asya'nın orta kesimlerine kadar dağılım gösteren ötleğen türü.

Özellikleri
Uzunluğu 14 cm, tüyleri üst bölümlerinde kahverengimsi, alt bölümlerinde ve yüzünde bozdur. Erkeğin tepesinde siyah, dişinin tepesinde kızılımsı kahengi geniş bir leke bulunur.

Yaşam alanı ve dağılımı

Ormanlık ve çalılık yerlerde, park ve bahçelerde görülen güzel ötüşlü kuşlardır. Türkiye'de Akdeniz Bölgesi'nin güney ve güneybatı kesimlerinde kışın çok az sayıda görülen bu kuşlar yazın Karadeniz ve Marmara bölgelerinin geniş yapraklı ormanlarında, göç sırasında hemen hemen her yerde görülür.

Dış bağlantılar

Ötleğengiller
Türkiye'deki kuşlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Karabaş ötleğen


අශ්වාජානීයයා යනු,  තුරඟ තරග සඳහා උන් භාවිතය නිසාම අතිශයින් ප්‍රචලිත අශ්ව වරිගයකි. ඕනෑම නුමුහුම් අශ්වයන් වරිගයක් හැඳින්වීමට අජානීය යන පදය සමහරවිට යෙදුනද, තාක්ෂණික වශයෙන් එයින් දැක්වෙන්නේ  අජානීය වරිගයයි.

අශ්වාජානීයයා


David Chester Gibbons (born 14 April 1949) is an English comics artist, writer and sometimes letterer. He is best known for his collaborations with writer Alan Moore, which include the miniseries Watchmen and the Superman story "For the Man Who Has Everything". He was an artist for 2000 AD, for which he contributed a large body of work from its first issue in 1977.

Early life
Gibbons was born on 14 April 1949, at Forest Gate Hospital in London, to Chester, a town planner, and Gladys, a secretary. He began reading comic books at the age of seven. A self-taught artist, he illustrated his own comic strips. Gibbons became a building surveyor but eventually entered the UK comics industry as a letterer for IPC Media. He left his surveyor job to focus on his comics career.

British comics work
Gibbons's earliest published work was in British underground comics, starting with The Trials of Nasty Tales, including the main cover illustration, and continuing in cOZmic Comics produced by Felix Dennis.

IPC Comics
Gibbons entered the British comics industry by working on horror and action titles for both DC Thomson and IPC. One of his earlier works was a 12-part comic-series titled Year of the Shark Men for DC Thomson's The Wizard magazine, in April 1976 – July 1976. When the science-fiction title 2000 AD was set up in the mid-1970s, Gibbons contributed artwork to the first issue, Prog 01 (February 1977), and went on to draw the first 24 instalments of Harlem Heroes, one of the founding (and pre-Judge Dredd) strips.

Midway through the comic's first year he began illustrating Dan Dare, a cherished project for Gibbons who had been a fan of the original series and artist Frank Hampson who, alongside Frank Bellamy, Don Lawrence and Ron Turner are well-liked and inspirational artists to Gibbons, whose "style evolved out of [his] love for the MAD magazine artists like Wally Wood and Will Elder".

Working on early feature Ro-Busters (after Starlord merged with 2000 AD), Gibbons became one of the most prolific of 2000 AD'''s earliest creators, contributing artwork to 108 of the first 131 Progs/issues. He returned to the pages of "the Galaxy's Greatest Comic" in the early 1980s to create Rogue Trooper with writer Gerry Finley-Day and produce an early run on that feature, before handing it over to a succession of other artists. He illustrated a handful of Tharg's Future Shocks shorts, primarily with author Alan Moore.

Gibbons was known, by sight but not by name, to readers of the short-lived IPC title Tornado. Whereas 2000 AD was said to be "edited" by the alien Tharg, Tornado was "edited" by superhero Big E, who as alter-ego Percy Pilbeam worked on the magazine. These characters appeared in photographic form within the comic, with Gibbons posing as both Big E and Pilbeam for the entire 22-issue run of Tornado before it was subsumed into 2000 AD.

Doctor Who
Gibbons departed from 2000 AD briefly in the late 1970s/early 1980s to become the lead artist on Doctor Who Weekly/Monthly, for which magazine he drew the main comic strip from issue No. 1 until No. 69, missing only four issues during that time.

The Doctor Who Storybook 2007 (released Christmas 2006) features a story called "Untitled" which includes the name Gibbons in a list of great artists of Earth history.

American comics work

1980s
Gibbons was one of the British comic talents identified by Len Wein in 1982 for American publisher DC Comics: he was hired primarily to draw "Green Lantern Corps" backup stories within the pages of Green Lantern. Gibbons's first DC work was on the Green Lantern Corps story in Green Lantern No. 161 (February 1983), with writer Todd Klein, as well as the concurrently released "Creeper" two-part backup story in The Flash #318–319. Gibbons drew the lead story in The Brave and the Bold No. 200 (July 1983) which featured a team-up of the Batmen of Earth-One and Earth-Two. With Green Lantern No. 172 (Jan. 1984), Gibbons joined writer Wein on the main feature while continuing to illustrate the backup features. In issue No. 182, Wein and Gibbons made architect John Stewart, who had been introduced previously in issue No. 87, the title's primary character. Ceding the "Tales of the Green Lantern Corps" backup features to various other individuals from No. 181, Gibbons last issue with Wein was issue No. 186 (March 1985). Gibbons returned to pencil the backup story "Mogo Doesn't Socialize" with Alan Moore in issue No. 188.

While Marvel Comics reprinted some of Gibbons's Marvel UK Doctor Who work, Eclipse Comics reprinted some of his Warrior work and Eagle reprinted various Judge Dredd tales, Gibbons continued to produce new work almost exclusively for DC throughout the 1980s. For the 1985 Superman Annual No. 11, Gibbons drew the main story "For the Man Who Has Everything", again written by Alan Moore.

During 1985 and 1986, Gibbons's artwork graced the pages of several issues of both DC's Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe and Marvel's The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition. He was one of the contributors to the DC Challenge limited series and in December 1986, he contributed to Harrier Comics' Brickman No. 1 alongside Kevin O'Neill, Lew Stringer and others. Between May and August 1988, he contributed covers to The Phantom miniseries, inked Kevin Maguire's pencilled contribution to Action Comics No. 600, and produced the cover to Action Comics Weekly No. 601.

Watchmen

He is best known in the US for collaborating with Alan Moore on the 12-issue limited series Watchmen, now one of the best-selling graphic novels of all time, and the only one to feature on Times "Top 100 Novels" list. Gibbons's artwork in Watchmen is notable both for its stark utilisation of the formulaic comicbook nine-panel grid layout, as well as for its intense narrative and symbolic density, with some symbolic background elements suggested by Moore, others by Gibbons.

Initially pitched by Moore to use the Charlton Comics characters which had been purchased by DC Comics, Watchmen was re-tooled to feature new, analogue characters when it became clear that the story would have significant and lasting ramifications on its main players. Gibbons believes that his own involvement likely came about after the idea was already in its early initial stages. He recalls that he had:

To complement the story, Gibbons remembers working on rough character designs which ultimately changed little in their final appearance from "the descriptions that Alan had provided," trying to come up with "a classic superhero feel but be a little bit stranger ... a sort of operatic look ... an Egyptian kind of a look."

Gibbons lettered Watchmen and it was his lettering style that later served as one of two reference sources used by Vincent Connare when creating the controversial font Comic Sans in 1994. Gibbons has commented that "It's just a shame they couldn't have used just the original font, because it's a real mess. I think it's a particularly ugly letter form."

Comics historian Les Daniels noted that Watchmen "called into question the basic assumptions on which the super hero genre is formulated". DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz observed in 2010 that "As with The Dark Knight Returns, Watchmen set off a chain reaction of rethinking the nature of super heroes and heroism itself, and pushed the genre darker for more than a decade. The series won acclaim...and would continue to be regarded as one of the most important literary works the field ever produced."

Gibbons returned to Watchmen in 2008, producing the behind-the-scenes book Watching the Watchmen to tie into the release of the 2009 film. Watching the Watchmen is his take on the creation of the seminal work, and features a number of rarely seen pieces of artwork including sketches and character designs, as well as "stuff," he says "that I just don't know why I kept but I'm really pleased I did." Gibbons stated that "I'm basically thrilled with the movie, you know; it's been in the making for years. There have been proposals to make it – some I was excited about, some I was less excited about. But I think the way that it finally has been made is just great. I honestly can't imagine it being made much better."

1990s

From the start of the 1990s, Gibbons began to focus as much on writing and inking as on drawing, contributing to a number of different titles and issues from a variety of companies. Particular highlights included, in 1990, Gibbons writing the three-issue World's Finest miniseries for artist Steve Rude and DC, while drawing Give Me Liberty for writer Frank Miller and Dark Horse Comics. He penned the first Batman Versus Predator crossover for artists Andy and Adam Kubert (Dec. 1991 – Feb. 1992), and inked Rick Veitch and Stephen R. Bissette for half of Alan Moore's 1963 Image Comics series (1993).

Rejoining Frank Miller in mid-1994 on Martha Washington Goes to War, the following year Gibbons wrote the Elseworlds title Superman: Kal for José Luis García-López, melding Arthurian legends to the Superman mythos in an "out-of-continuity" tale set in an alternate DC Universe. In Marvel Edge's Savage Hulk No. 1 (Jan 1996), Gibbons wrote, penciled, inked, coloured and lettered "Old Friends", a version of the events of Captain America No. 110 from the point of view of the Hulk. In 1996 and 1997, Gibbons collaborated with Mark Waid and Jimmy Palmiotti on two issues of the Amalgam Comics character "Super-Soldier," a character born from the merging of the DC and Marvel Universes after the events of the 1996 intercompany crossover DC vs. Marvel/Marvel vs. DC.

Among many other covers, one-shots and minor works, Gibbons worked with Alan Moore again briefly on the latter's Awesome Entertainment Judgment Day miniseries, providing (variant) covers to all three issues, on the first issue of Kitchen Sink Press's The Spirit: The New Adventures revival and within the pages of the Alan Moore Songbook. He designed the logo for Oni Press in 1997. In 1999 he penciled and inked Darko Macan's four-issue Star Wars: Vader's Quest miniseries.

2000s
Gibbons was one of the artists on the Superman and Batman: World's Funnest one-shot written by Evan Dorkin and in December 2001 Gibbons collaborated with Stan Lee on Just Imagine... Stan Lee creating Green Lantern.

Gibbons wrote Captain America issues #17–20 (Nov. 2003 – Jan. 2004) for artist Lee Weeks. In 2005, he drew covers for JSA, as well as producing the complete original graphic novel The Originals, a black and white graphic novel which he scripted and drew. Published by Vertigo, the work is set in the near future, but draws heavily on the imagery of the Mods and Rockers of the 1960s.

He wrote The Rann–Thanagar War six-issue limited series for DC Comics, one of four lead-ins to the company-wide "Infinite Crisis" storyline, and returned to the Green Lantern Corps with the five-issue Green Lantern Corps: Recharge (Nov. 2005 – March 2006), co-written with Geoff Johns, which spun off into an ongoing, Gibbons-written series in August 2006.

Gibbons was involved in two series released by DC/WildStorm when DC acquired American rights to the IPC stable of characters. He provided cover artwork for the flagship title, Albion, the six-issue limited series written by Leah Moore and her husband, John Reppion and co-plotted by her father, Alan Moore. Gibbons wrote the Albion spin-off Thunderbolt Jaxon (April–Sept. 2006), with art by John Higgins.

Gibbons provided covers for three issues of writers Kurt Busiek and Fabian Nicieza's run on Action Comics (issues #841–843) and co-penciled (with Ethan van Sciver) the Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps issue as part of the "Sinestro Corps" story arc. He contributed to the ongoing Green Lantern Corps title on issues #18–20 (May–July 2007). Gibbons and Ryan Sook produced a Kamandi serial for Wednesday Comics in 2009. In the late 2000s, he provided new alternative covers to IDW Publishing's reprints of his Marvel UK Doctor Who comics.

2010s
On 9 April 2011 Gibbons was one of 62 comics creators who appeared at the IGN stage at the Kapow! convention in London to set two Guinness World Records, the Fastest Production of a Comic Book, and Most Contributors to a Comic Book. With Guinness officials on hand to monitor their progress, writer Mark Millar began work at 9am scripting a 20-page black and white Superior comic book, with various artists appearing on stage throughout the day to work on the pencils, inks, and lettering. The artists included Gibbons, Frank Quitely, John Romita Jr., Jock, Adi Granov, Doug Braithwaite, Ian Churchill, Olivier Coipel, Duncan Fegredo, Simon Furman, David Lafuente, John McCrea, Sean Phillips and Liam Sharp, who all drew a panel each, with regular Superior artist Leinil Yu creating the book's front cover. The book was completed in 11 hours, 19 minutes, and 38 seconds, and was published through Icon on 23 November 2011, with all royalties being donated to Yorkhill Children's Foundation.

In 2014 he was appointed the UK's first Comics Laureate, to act as an ambassador for comic books and their potential to improve literacy.

Gibbons drew the 1950s variant cover for Action Comics No. 1000 (June 2018).

Work in other media
Works other than comics include providing the cartoon strip on the inside sleeve of Jethro Tull's 1976 album Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!, background art for the 1994 computer game Beneath a Steel Sky and the cover to K, the 1996 debut album by psychedelic rock band Kula Shaker. In 1988, he did the cover art of album The Madness. In 2007, he served as a consultant on the film Watchmen, which was adapted from the book, and released in March 2009.Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars – Director's Cut (2009) featured hand drawn art by Dave Gibbons.

Awards
Wins
1986 Inkpot Award
1987 Jack Kirby Award for Best New Series for Watchmen with Alan Moore
1987 Jack Kirby Award for Best Writer/Artist (Single or Team) for Watchmen with Alan Moore
2018 Harvey Award Hall of Fame inductee

Nominations
1986 Jack Kirby Best Single Issue nomination for Superman Annual No. 11 (1985) with Alan Moore
1987 Jack Kirby Best Single Issue nomination for Watchmen No. 1 with Alan Moore
1987 Jack Kirby Best Single Issue nomination for Watchmen No. 2 with Alan Moore

Bibliography

UK publishers
Titles published by various British publishers include:2000 AD (IPC Media/Fleetway):Harlem Heroes (a, with Tom Tully, in #1–24, 1977) collected in The Complete Harlem Heroes (tpb, 320 pages, Rebellion Developments, 2010, )Dan Dare (a):
 "Legion" (with Gerry Finley-Day, in #28–33, 1977)
 "Greenworld" (with Gerry Finley-Day and Brian Bolland, in #34–35, 1977)
 "Star Slayer" (with Gerry Finley-Day, in #36–51, 1977–1978)
 "Doppelganger" (with Jack Adrian, in #52–55, 1978)
 "Waterworld" (with Jack Adrian, in #56–60, 1978)
 "Ice Planet" (with Gerry Finley-Day, in #64–66, 1978)
 "Garden of Eden" (with Jack Adrian, in #67–72, 1978)
 "Mutiny!" (with Jack Adrian, in #73–78, 1978)
 "The Doomsday Machine, Parts 6–7" (with Nick Landau, Roy Preston and Garry Leach, in #84–85, 1978)
 "Servant of Evil!" (with Tom Tully, in #100–107, 109–118, 1979)
 "Traitor" (with Tom Tully, in #119–126, 1979)Ro-Busters (a, with Pat Mills):
 The Complete Ro-Busters (tpb, 336 pages, Rebellion, 2008, ) includes:
 "Death on the Orient Express!" (in #86–87, 1977)
 "Just Routine!" (in #91, 1978)
 "The Terra-Meks!" (in #98–101, 1978–1979)Judge Dredd (a):
 The Complete Case Files Volume 1 (tpb, 336 pages, 2005, ) includes:
 "The Neon Knights" (with Pat Mills, in #29, 1977)
 The Complete Case Files Volume 2 (tpb, 320 pages, 2006, ) includes:
 "Outlaw" (with John Howard and Brian Bolland, in No. 87, 1978)
 The Complete Case Files Volume 3 (tpb, 240 pages, 2006, ) includes:
 "Dredd and the Mob Blitzers" (with John Howard, in #130, 1979)ABC Warriors: "Cyboons" (a, with Pat Mills, in #130–131, 1977)Ro-Jaws' Robo-Tales (a):
 "The Revolt of the Tick Tock Monkey-Bomb!" (with Gary Rice, in No. 157, 1980)
 "The Dating Game" (with Alan Moore, in No. 176, 1980)
 "The Tidy-Up Droid" (with Gary Rice, in No. 181, 1980)
 "Tomorrow Brings Doom!" (with Gary Rice, in No. 183, 1980)
 "Night of the Werebot" (with Gary Rice, in No. 184, 1980)
 "Spirit of Vengeance" (with Gary Rice, in No. 196, 1981)Rogue Trooper:
 Tales of Nu-Earth Volume 1 (tpb, 400 pages, 2010, ) includes:
 "Future War" (a, with Gerry Finley-Day, in #228–232, 234–235, 239–240 and 249–250, 1981–1982)
 "The War Machine" (w, with William Simpson, in #650–653, 667–671 and 683–687, 1989–1990)
 "Remembrance Day" (a, with John Tomlinson, in Prog 2000, 1999)Tharg's Future Shocks (a, with Alan Moore):
 The Complete Alan Moore Future Shocks (tpb, 208 pages, Rebellion, 2011, ) includes:
 "Return of the Thing!" (in #265, 1982)
 "Skirmish!" (in #267, 1982)
 "The Wild Frontier!" (in #269, 1982)
 "The Disturbed Digestions of Doctor Dibworthy" (in #273, 1982)
 "Chronocops" (in #310, 1983)
Marvel UK:Hulk Comic #1: "The Incredible Hulk" (a, with Steve Moore, 1979)Doctor Who Magazine (a):
 Doctor Who: The Iron Legion (tpb, 164 pages, 2004, ) collects:
 "The Iron Legion" (with Pat Mills and John Wagner, in #1–8, 1979)
 "City of the Damned" (with Pat Mills and John Wagner, in #9–16, 1979–1980)
 "The Star Beast" (with Pat Mills and John Wagner, in #19–26, 1980)
 "The Dogs of Doom" (with Pat Mills and John Wagner, in #27–34, 1980)
 "The Time Witch" (with Steve Moore, in #35–38, 1980)
 Doctor Who: Dragon's Claw (tpb, 164 pages, 2005, ) collects:
 "Dragon's Claw" (with Steve Moore, in #39–45, 1980)
 "The Collector" (with Steve Moore, in #46, 1980)
 "Dreamers of Death" (with Steve Moore, in #47–48, 1980–1981)
 "The Life Bringer" (with Steve Moore, in #49–50, 1981)
 "War of the Words" (with Steve Moore, in #51, 1981)
 "Spider-God" (with Steve Moore, in #52, 1981)
 "The Deal" (with Steve Parkhouse, in No. 53, 1981)
 "End of the Line" (with Steve Parkhouse, in #54–55, 1981)
 "The Free-Fall Warriors" (with Steve Parkhouse, in #56–57, 1981)
 "The Neutron Knights" (with Steve Parkhouse, in No. 60, 1982)
 Doctor Who: The Tides of Time (tpb, 288 pages, 2005, ) includes:
 "The Tides of Time" (with Steve Parkhouse, in #61–67, 1982)
 "Stars Fell on Stockbridge" (with Steve Parkhouse, in #68–69, 1982)Warrior #1: "A True Story" (a, with Steve Moore, Quality Communications, 1982)Brickman #1: " The Brickman Caper" (a, with Lew Stringer, Mike Collins and Kevin O'Neill, Harrier, 1986)
Knockabout:Outrageous Tales from the Old Testament: "Sodom and Gomorrah" (w/a, anthology graphic novel, tpb, 64 pages, 1987, )Seven Deadly Sins: "Gluttony" (w, with Lew Stringer, 1989)AARGH! #1: "Just Waiting" (w/a, Mad Love, 1988)A1 #1: "Survivor" (a, with Ted McKeever, Atomeka, 1989)

DC Comics
Titles published by DC Comics and its various imprints include:
Green Lantern:Green Lantern:
 Tales of the Green Lantern Corps (a):
 Volume 1 (tpb, 160 pages, 2009, ) includes:
 "Storm Brother" (with Robin Snyder, in v2 No. 161, 1983)
 "Apprentice" (with Todd Klein, in v2 No. 162, 1983)
 "Hero" (with Todd Klein, in v2 No. 164, 1983)
 "Green Magic, Test of Will!" (with Todd Klein, in v2 #165–166, 1983)
 "Successor" (with Todd Klein, in v2 No. 167, 1983)
 Volume 2 (tpb, 144 pages, 2010, ) includes:
 "Deeter & Dragons!" (with Todd Klein, in v2 #171, 1983)
 "Scavenger" (with Todd Klein, in v2 #172, 1984)
 "Progress!" (with Joey Cavalieri, in v2 No. 173, 1984)
 "Enemy Lines!" (with Todd Klein, in v2 #179–180, 1984)
 "Mogo Doesn't Socialize" (with Alan Moore, in v2 No. 188, 1985)
 Green Lantern (a, with Len Wein, in v2 #172–176, 178–183 and 185–186, 1984–1985)
 Sinestro Corps War (a):
 Tales of the Sinestro Corps (hc, 200 pages, 2008, ; tpb, 2009, ) includes:
 "The Greatest Once, the Greatest Again" (with Geoff Johns, in Sinestro Corps Special, 2008)
 "Despotellis Spreads Fear" (with Geoff Johns, co-feature, in v4 No. 18, 2007)
 "Never Alone Again" (with Geoff Johns, co-feature, in v4 No. 19, 2007)
 "The Fear Within" (with Geoff Johns, co-feature, in v4 No. 20, 2007)Just Imagine Stan Lee with Dave Gibbons Creating Green Lantern (a, with Stan Lee, Michael Uslan and José Luis García-López, one-shot, 2001)Green Lantern Corps: Recharge (w, with Geoff Johns and Patrick Gleason, 2005–2006) collected as tpb, 160 pages, 2006, Green Lantern Corps v2 (w/a, with Patrick Gleason, 2006–2007) collected in:
 To be a Lantern (collects #1–6, tpb, 144 pages, 2007, )
 The Dark Side of Green (includes #7–13, tpb, 168 pages, 2007, )
 The Sinestro Corps War, Volume 1 (includes #14–15, hc, 176 pages, 2008, ; tpb, 2009, )
 The Sinestro Corps War, Volume 2 (includes #16–17, hc, 192 pages, 2008, ; tpb, 2009, )The Flash #318–319: "The Creeper" (a, with Carl Gafford, co-feature, 1983)
Batman:The Brave and the Bold #200: "Smell of Brimstone, Stench of Death!" (a, with Mike W. Barr, 1983)Christmas with the Super-Heroes #2: "And in the Depths" (w, with Gray Morrow, 1989)Batman vs. Predator #1–3 (w, with Andy Kubert, 1991–1992) collected as Batman vs. Predator (tpb, 128 pages, 1993, )Batman: Black & White:
 Volume 2 (tpb, 176 pages, 2003, ) includes:
 "The Black and White Bandit" (w/a, in Gotham Knights No. 12, 2001)
 Volume 3 (tpb, 288 pages, 2008, ) includes:
 "Fat City" (w, with Michael McMahon, in Gotham Knights No. 18, 2001)Legion of Super-Heroes (a):The Curse (hc, 544 pages, 2011, ) includes:
 "Whatever Gods There be..." (with Paul Levitz and Keith Giffen, in Annual No. 2, 1983)Teenage Revolution (tpb, 200 pages, 2005, ) includes:
 "Confession" (with Mark Waid, in v5 No. 4, 2005)The Omega Men #33: "Vega: Demon with the Healing Hand" (a, with Steve Parkhouse, 1985)
Superman:Superman (a):
 Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow? (hc, 128 pages, 2009, ) includes:
 "For the Man Who Has Everything..." (with Alan Moore, in Annual #11, 1985)
 "Superman: The Dailies 2002 – Super-Commander Kent – In the 7th Millennium!" (with Mark Schultz, in The Adventures of Superman No. 600, 2002)Superman: Kal (w, with José Luis García-López, graphic novel, tpb, 59 pages, 1995, )Heroes Against Hunger (a, with Len Wein, one-shot, 1986)DC Challenge #5: "Thunderbolts and Lightning" (a, with Mike W. Barr and Mark Farmer, 1986)Watchmen (a, with Alan Moore, 1986–1987) collected as tpb, 334 pages, 1987, ; hc, 464 pages, 2005, World's Finest #1–3 (w, with Steve Rude, 1990) collected as WF (tpb, 160 pages, 1993, ; hc, 176 pages, 2008, )The Big Book of Little Criminals: "Frank 'Dasher' Abbandando—Murder Inc.'s Fastest Killer" (a, with Carl Sifakis, Paradox Press, 1996)Super Soldier: Man of War: "Deadly Cargo" (a, with Mark Waid, one-shot, 1997)The Dome: Ground Zero (w, with Angus McKie, graphic novel, tpb, 64 pages, Helix, 1998, )Legends of the DC Universe 80-Page Giant: "Lights, Camera and Too Much Action" (a, with James Robinson, 1998)Fanboy #2: ""Higher Education" with... Fanboy" (a, with Mark Evanier, among other artists, 1999) collected in tpb, 144 pages, 2001,
America's Best Comics:Tom Strong, Book One (hc, 208 pages, 2000, ; tpb, 2001, ) includes:
 "The Big Heat?" (a, with Alan Moore, in #6, 2000)Greyshirt: Indigo Sunset (tpb, 224 pages, 2003, ) includes:
 "The Butt Kicks Back!" (w, with Rick Veitch, in No. 5, 2002)Superman and Batman: World's Funnest: "Last Imp Standing!" (a, with Evan Dorkin, among other artists, one-shot, 2000)Orion #4: "Tales of the New Gods: Ashes, Ashes, We All Fall Down..." (a, with Walt Simonson, 2000) collected in O: The Gates of Apokolips (tpb, 144 pages, 2001, )DC Comics Presents: The Atom: "Ride a Deadly Grenade!" (w, with Pat Oliffe, one-shot, 2004)JSA #67: "The Autopsy" (a, with Geoff Johns, 2005) collected in JSA: Lost (tpb, 208 pages, 2005, )Rann-Thanagar War (w, with Ivan Reis, 2005):Rann-Thanagar War (collects #1–6, tpb, 144 pages, 2006, )Infinite Crisis Companion (includes Infinite Crisis Special, tpb, 168 pages, 2006, )Thunderbolt Jaxon #1–5 (w, with John Higgins, Wildstorm, 2006) collected as Thunderbolt Jaxon (tpb, 128 pages, 2007, )Wednesday Comics #1–12: "Kamandi" (w/a, 2009) collected in Wednesday Comics (hc, 200 pages, 2009, )DC Universe: Legacies #3: "Powers & Abilities" (inks, with Len Wein and José Luis García-López) and "Snapshot: Resurgence!" (a, with Len Wein, co-feature); #4: "The Next Generation" (inks, with Len Wein and José Luis García-López) collected in DCU:Legacies (hc, 336 pages, 2011, ; tpb, 2012, )

Vertigo
Titles published by DC Comics' Vertigo imprint include:Gangland #1: "The Bear" (w/a, 1998) collected in Gangland (tpb, 112 pages, 2000, )Strange Adventures #1: "Riddle of the Random Realities!" (w/a, 1999)Hellblazer (w):Vertigo: Winter's Edge #3: "Another Bloody Christmas" (w/a, 2000) collected in City of Demons (tpb, 128 pages, 2011, )Hellblazer #250: "Happy New Fucking Year"  (with Sean Phillips, 2009)Weird Western Tales #1: "Serial Hero" (w/a, 2001)War Story: Screaming Eagles (a, with Garth Ennis, one-shot, 2002) collected in War Stories Volume 1 (tpb, 240 pages, 2004, )The Originals (w/a, graphic novel, hc, 160 pages, 2004, )DMZ #50: "Decade Later, Lower Manhattan" (a, with Brian Wood, 2010) collected in DMZ: M.I.A. (tpb, 128 pages, 2011, )The Unexpected: "The Great Karlini" (w/a, one-shot, 2011)

Marvel Comics
Titles published by Marvel and its various imprints include:Marvel Fanfare #41: "...Perchance to Dream" (a, with Walt Simonson, 1988)Harvey Kurtzman's Strange Adventures: "The Super Surfer" (a, with Harvey Kurtzman, graphic novel, 79 pages, Epic, 1990, )Sensational She-Hulk #50: "He's Dead?!" (a, with John Byrne, among other artists, 1993)The Savage Hulk: "Old Friends" (w/a, one-shot, Marvel Edge, 1996)Super-Soldier: "Secret of the K-Bomb" (a, with Mark Waid, one-shot, 1996)Ultimate Spider-Man Super Special (a, with Brian Michael Bendis, 2002) collected in Ultimate Marvel Team-Up (hc, 448 pages, 2002, )Captain America #17–20 (w, with Lee Weeks, 2003–2004) collected as Captain America Lives Again! (tpb, 112 pages, 2004, )The Secret Service #1–7 (a, with Mark Millar, Icon, 2012)

Dark Horse Comics
Titles published by Dark Horse include:The Life and Times of Martha Washington in the Twenty-First Century (hc, 600 pages, 2009, ) collects:Give Me Liberty (a, with Frank Miller, 1990–1991) also collected as Give Me Liberty (tpb, 216 pages, 1992, )Martha Washington Goes to War #1–5 (a, with Frank Miller, 1994) also collected as MWGTW (tpb, 144 pages, 1996, )Happy Birthday, Martha Washington (a, with Frank Miller, one-shot, 1995)Martha Washington Stranded in Space (a, with Frank Miller, one-shot, 1995)Martha Washington Saves the World #1–3 (a, with Frank Miller, 1997–1998) also collected as MWSTW (tpb, 112 pages, 1999, )Martha Washington Dies: "2095" (a, with Frank Miller, one-shot, 2007)Andrew Vachss' Hard Looks #1: "Dumping Ground" (w/a, with Andrew Vachss, 1992) collected in Hard Looks (tpb, 144 pages, 1994, )Another Chance to Get It Right (a, with Andrew Vachss, among other artists, graphic novel, 1992)Aliens: Salvation (w, with Mike Mignola, one-shot, 1993) collected in Aliens: Salvation and Sacrifice (tpb, 112 pages, 2001, )Star Wars:Vader's Quest (a, with Darko Macan, 1999) collected as SW:VQ (tpb, 96 pages, 2000, )Chewbacca No. 2 (a, with Darko Macan, Jan Duursema and Dusty Abell, 2000) collected in SW:C (tpb, 96 pages, 2001, )9-11 Volume 1: "Zero Degrees of Separation" (a, with Randy Stradley, graphic novel, tpb, 196 pages, 2002, )Dark Horse Presents #3: "Treatment" (w/a, 2011)

Other US publishers
Titles published by various American publishers include:Power Comics #1–4 (a, with Don Avenell, Norman Worker and Brian Bolland, Eclipse, 1988)Breakthrough: "Boss" (w/a, anthology graphic novel, tpb, 80 pages, Catalan Communications, 1990, )Ray Bradbury Chronicles #2: "Come into My Cellar" (w/a, Byron Preiss Visual Publications, 1992) collected in The Best of Ray Bradbury: The Graphic Novel (tpb, 160 pages, 2003, )
Kitchen Sink:Legends of Arzach No. 3 (a, with Jean-Marc Lofficier, among other artists, 1992) collected in Visions of Arzach (hc, 64 pages, 1993, )The Spirit: The New Adventures No. 1 (a, with Alan Moore, 1998) collected in Will Eisner's The Spirit Archives Volume 27 (hc, 232 pages, 2009, )Mr. Monster Attacks! #1: "Wish You Were Here" (a, with Michael T. Gilbert, Tundra Publishing, 1992)Beneath a Steel Sky (w/a, Computec Verlag, 1994)Negative Burn #25: "Chiaroscuro" (a, with Alan Moore, Caliber, 1995) collected in Alan Moore's Songbook (tpb, 64 pages, 1998, )OMNI Comix #3: "T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: Cold Warriors Never Die" (a, with George Caragonne, Tom Thornton and Paul Gulacy, Penthouse Comix, 1995)Broken Sword: The Smoking Mirror (w/a, one-shot, Revolution, 2010)Rocketeer Adventures #4: "A Day at the Beach" (w, with Scott Hampton, IDW Publishing, 2011) collected in Rocketeer Adventures Volume 1 (hc, 128 pages, 2011, )

Covers only2000 AD No. 81, 127, 175, 187, 194, 205, 207, 241, 549, 1387, Annual '81 and '84 (IPC Media/Fleetway/Rebellion Developments, 1978–2004)Doctor Who #1–19 (Marvel, 1984–1986)Axel Pressbutton No. 2 (Eclipse, 1984)Amazing Heroes No. 97, 173 (Fantagraphics Books, 1986–1989)2000 AD Presents vol. 1 No. 7 (Quality, 1986)Rogue Trooper #1–2, 5, 8 (Quality, 1986–1987)The Comics Journal No. 116 (Fantagraphics Books, 1987)2000 AD Presents vol. 2 No. 15 (Quality, 1987)The Transformers No. 133 (Marvel UK, 1987)Action Comics No. 601, 841–843, 1000,  Annual No. 3 (DC Comics, 1988–2018)Adventures of Superman No. 440, 447 (DC Comics, 1988)The Phantom #1–4 (DC Comics, 1988)Dragon's Claws #7–10 (Marvel UK, 1989)Cheval Noir  No. 32 (Dark Horse, 1992)Ray Bradbury Chronicles No. 1 (Byron Preiss Visual Publications, 1992)1963 No. 1 (Image, 1993)Hardcase No. 1 (Malibu, 1993)The Malibu Sun No. 26 (Malibu, 1993)Dark Horse Presents  #100.4 (Dark Horse, 1995)Judgment Day (Awesome, 1997)Marvel Universe No. 2 (Marvel, 1998)Gangland No. 4 (Vertigo, 1998)Whiteout No. 3 (Oni Press, 1998)Transmetropolitan #16–18 (Vertigo, 1998–1999)Martin Mystery #1–3 (Bonelli, 1999)Supermen of America No. 1 (DC Comics, 1999)Secret Origins of Super-Villains 80-Page Giant No. 1 (DC Comics, 1999)Silver Age: Teen Titans No. 1 (DC Comics, 2000)Rising Stars No. 9 (Top Cow, 2000)Astounding Space Thrills No. 4 (Day One, 2000)Just a Pilgrim: Garden of Eden No. 4 (Black Bull, 2002)Batman: Gotham Knights No. 31 (DC Comics, 2002)JSA #70–71 (DC Comics, 2005)Albion (Wildstorm, 2005–2006)Northlanders No. 3 (Vertigo, 2008)Dan Dare No. 7 (Virgin, 2008)The Boys No. 28 (Dynamite, 2009)Blackest Night: Tales of the Corps No. 1 (DC Comics, 2009)DC Universe: Legacies No. 4 (DC Comics, 2010)The CBLDF Presents Liberty Annual '10 (Image, 2010)The Authority No. 27 (Wildstorm, 2011)Wildcats No. 28 (Wildstorm, 2011)Turf No. 5 (Image, 2011)Pigs No. 5 (Image, 2011)Supercrooks'' No. 1 (Icon, 2012)

References

External links

 Dave Gibbons at 2000 AD online

 Dave Gibbons at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
 Dave Gibbons at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

1949 births
Comic book letterers
Eisner Award winners for Best Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team
Eisner Award winners for Best Writer/Artist
English comics artists
English comics writers
English graphic novelists
Harvey Award winners for Best Artist or Penciller
Inkpot Award winners
Living people
Marvel Comics writers
DC Comics people
Role-playing game artists
Underground cartoonists
Harvey Award winners
20th-century English artists
21st-century English artists
21st-century English writers
21st-century English male writers
20th-century English writers
20th-century English male writers

Dave Gibbons


Samuel Noah Kramer, (d. 28 Eylül 1897 Kiev-Rusya, ö. 26 Kasım 1990) dünyanın önde gelen Asur bilimcilerinden ve dünya çapında tanınmış Sümer ve Sümer dili uzmanı.

1919'da ailesiyle birlikte ABD'ye yerleşti; Temple Üniversitesi ve Pennsylvania Üniversitesi'nde eğitim gördü. Sümer dili ve edebiyatı üzerine uzmanlaştığı kariyerine, 1930-31'de Irak'a yaptığı önemli yolculukla adım attı. Bu sırada Sümer tabletlerinin kazı ve çözme çalışmalarını yürüttü. 1950'de Pennsylvania Üniversitesi müzesinin tablet koleksiyonlarından sorumlu oldu.

Son olarak İsrail'deki Bar-Ilan Üniversitesi bünyesinde kurulan "Asuroloji ve Eski Yakın Doğu Enstitüsüne" Kramer'in adı verilmiştir.

Eserleri
 Sümerler: Tarihleri, Kültürleri ve Karakterleri
 Sümerlerin Kurnaz Tanrısı Enki
 Sümer Mitolojisi
 Tarih Sümer'de Başlar (Türkçeye ilk defa Muazzez İlmiye Çığ tarafından çevrilmiştir.)

Dış bağlantılar
 Samuel Noah Kramer kişisel sitesi

1897 doğumlular
1990 yılında ölenler
Yahudi asıllı Amerikalılar
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı tarihçileri
Sümerologlar
Kiev doğumlular
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres üyeleri
Asurologlar

Samuel Noah Kramer


هابكيدو. (بالهانغول 합기도 وبالهانجا 合氣道)، هو فن قتالي كوري.

الثلاثة مبادئ الأساسية
تتكون الكلمة «هابكيدو» من ثلاثة مقاطع:

 Hap - هاب: تعني مع بعض أو معا.
 Ki - كي: تعني الطاقة، الطاقة الداخلية خصوصا.
 Do - دو: تعني طريقة أو أسلوب الحياة.

فتعني الهابكيدو بذلك «معا لتكون الطاقة الداخلية أسلوبا للحياة» أو «أسلوب للطاقة».

اختلفت الحكايات عن مؤسس هذا الفن العريق، وأرجحها أن مؤسس رياضة الهابكيدو هو السيد: تشوي يونغ سول، وقد تدرب علي فن القتال الياباني دايتو ريو أيكي جوجيتسو، حيث أنه من المعروف من أن السيد تشوي كان قد أُرسل لليابان عندما كان صغيرًا، وعاد إلى كوريا بفنه الاساسي، وقد تبناه الأستاذ الكبير الأكثر شهرة في اليابان وهو السيد تاكيدا سوكاكو، والذي تدرب تحت يده الاستاذ الكبير مؤسس الايكيدو، موريهيه أويشيبا، وكان زميل تدريب لمؤسس الهابكيدو. ومن جهة أخرى تطور فن الهابكيدو في كوريا تطورًا هائلًا، حيث كانت البداية تحمل اسما مختلفا لهذا الفن العريق حيث دمجت تقنيات الجودو والركلات الخاصة بفن التاي كون وخلافه لنري ما نعرفه حاليا باسم فن الهابكيدو، والذي تأثرت قليلًا باللفنون القتالية الصينية، إذ يُهتم الهابكيدو بضرب نقاط الضعف والمفاصل الحساسة في جسم الإنسان من خلال الدفاع، أي أنه فن قتال يدمج بين الدفاع والهجوم، ويتميز الهابكيدو بضرباته المباشرة القوية فهو لا يميل الي الاستعراض ويعتمد علي الضربات القصيرة والصد المباشر، وهو أسلوب دفاعي هجومي في المقام الأول يلجأ الي استخدام الركلات الامامية والجانبية في بناء معظم هجماته. ويتمتع الهابكيدو بتنوع كبير في اللكمات، ففي حين أن معظم فنون القتال تستخدم من ثلاث إلى خمس لكمات، نجد أن الهابكيدو تمتلك 25 لكمة متنوعة، وتعتمد على كسر المفاصل وضرب الأماكن الحساسة، كما أتاح استخدام الرأس في الهجوم على الرغم من منع استخدام ضربات الرأس لخطورتها وآثارها الضارة علي اللاعبين. وقد أنشئ الاتحاد الدولي للهابكيدو في عام 1956، وفي عام 2001 بلغ عدد المسجلين به 25,000 لاعب، ومن أشهر خبراء هذا الفن: سن مون كوان وموكيم موهونج.

أما الفرق بين الهابكيدو والآيكيدو أن الهابكيدو لعبة هجومية دفاعية، عكس الايكيدو الدفاعية، فلاعب الآيكيدو نادرًا مايبذل جهدًا كبيرًا في إضعاف خصمه، ويكون الهجوم فيها حسب الموقف، كما أن الهابكيدو تستخدم الضرب بالرجل عكس الآيكيدو التي لايستخدم فيها اللاعب أطرافه السفلية إلا عند الضرورة، كما أن الهابكيدو كورية بينما الآيكيدو يابانية، وأيضًا تعتمد الآيكيدو على الرمي، على عكس الهابكيدو.

قواعد رئيسية
الشخص الممارس ل«الهاب كيدو» يسعى إلى استخدام المبادئ الثلاثة في المعارك ;هذه المبادئ هي:

 مبدأ التوافق وهو مبدأ عدم المقاومة والمصاحبة.
 مبدأ الدائرة وهو مبدأ يدعو إلى استخدام الحركات الدائرية.
 مبدأ السيولة مثل الماء حيث يجب أن يتكيف معه الممارس ل«الهاب كيدو» دون توقف.

مراجع

فنون القتال المختلطة
فنون قتال كورية
هاب كيدو

هابكيدو


1880 සෙන්පති හෙන්රි ස්ටීල් ඕල්කට්තුමන් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී . 1961 වර්ෂය දක්වා ආනන්ද, නාලන්ද, ධර්මරාජ, රාහුල, මලියදේව ඇතුළු බෞද්ධ පාසල් 417ක් පාලනය කරනු ලැබුවේද පරමවිඥානාර්ථ බෞද්ධ සමාගමයි.

1961 රජයට පාසල් පවරා ගැනීමේදී ඇති කර ගන්නා ලද එකඟතාවට අනුව අධ්‍යාපන කටයුතුවලින් බැහැර වන්නා වූ සමාගමට අයිතිව තිබූ සියලුම පාසල්වල අයිතිය යළි හිමි වන්නේද පරමවිඥානාර්ථ බෞද්ධ සමාගමටයි.

සමාගමේ ආරම්භක අනුශාසක මණ්ඩලය
මල්වතු හා අස්ගිරි මහා නායක හිම් වරු, හික්කඩුවේ ශ්‍රී සුමංගල මහා නායක හිමි, මොහොට්ටිවත්තේ ගුණානන්ද හිමි, පොතුවිල ඉන්ද්‍රජෝති හිමි, මුල්ලේරියාවේ ගුණරතන හිමි, තලාහේන්නේ අමරමෝලි හිමි, කොටුවෙිගොඩ ඥානානන්ද හිමි, හෙයියන්තුඩුවේ දේවමිත්ත නායක හිමි, බුලත්ගම ධර්මාලංකාර හිමි, වැලිතර අඹගහපිටියේ විමලසාර නායක හිමි, මිහිරිපැන්නේ ශ්‍රී සුමනතිස්ස නායක හිමි, දොඩන්දුවේ පියරතනතිස්ස නායක හිමි, වැලිගම ශ්‍රී සුමංගල නායක හිමි, රංදොඹේ ධර්මාලංකාර නායක හිමි, වස්කඩුවේ ශ්‍රී සුභූති නායක හිමි, දොම්පේ බුද්ධ රක්ඛිත හිමි, වැලිතර අඹගහපිටියේ අසභතිස්ස නායක හිමි, බුලත්ගම ශ්‍රී සුමනතිස්ස හිමි, අඹගහවත්තේ ශ්‍රී ඉන්ද්‍රාසභ හිමි, ශ්‍රී නන්දාරාමතිස්ස හිමී  සහ  අක්මීමන ධර්මාරාම හිමි

සමාගමේ මුල් සාමාජිකයෝ
ඇන්ඩරු පෙරේරා, සයිමන් ද සිල්වා, ඇස් තෙපානිස් පෙරේරා, දොන් අන්ද්‍රිස් ද සිල්වා බටුවන්තුඩාවී, ඩබ්ලිව්. ඇල්. විජේසේකර, කේ. ඇල්. දොන් චාල්ස්, ඇස් .පී. ධර්මගුණවර්ධන, දොන් කරෝලිස්, තීන් රොබට් ද සිල්වා, එච්. ඉසෙඩ්, ඒ. රාප්පක්‍ෂ, එච්. අමාරිස් ප්‍රනාන්දු, චාල්ස් ස්ටීවන් පෙරේරා, ජේම්ස් පෙරා ජයතිලක, රිචඩ් ඒඩ්රියන් මිරැන්ඩෝ, එඩේරියන් ද ආබෲ, යූ. ඩී. ඇස්. ගුණසේකර, එච්. කරෝලිස් පෙරා, ජෝන් එඩ්වඩ් ද සිල්ව, සී. ඩී. ජයසිංහ, රිචඩි ස්කානිවේල්, . ලුඩ්විස් පෙරේරා, පී. කරෝලිස් පෙරේරා, ඒබ්‍රහම් ජෝන් එඩ්වඩ් ද සිල්වා, සි. ඩී. ජයසිංහ, රිචඩ් ස්කානිව්වෙල්, පි. ලුවිස් පෙරේරා, පී. කරෝලස් පන්තා, ඒබ්‍රහම් පෙරේරා, දියෝනිස් ද සොයිසා, කරෝලිස් පෙරේරා, දොන් දාවිත් ද සිල්වා විජේසේකර, බුලත්සිංහලගේ කොම්පිස් කුරේ, බුලත්සිංහලගේ සවුදන් කුරේ, බුලත්සිංහලගේ හරමානිස් කුරේ, ඇම්. දොන් ඩේවිඩ්, අනගාරික ධර්මපාල, විලියම් ද ආබෲ, අත්පිස් පෙට්ඨා ධර්මගුණවර්ධන මොහන්දිරම්, ජේ. වෙත්තසිංහ, දොන් සලමොන් යසිරහ, චාල්ස් ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ද සිල්වා, ජෝන් ජේම්ස් තිඩීමන්, කොන්ඩිස් පිෂ්ට ජයවර්ධන, සී. මැතිව් ප්‍රනාන්දු, චාල්ස් මැන්දිස් අමරසේකර, අන්තෝනිස් ප්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රනාන්දු අබේරත්න විදාන මොහන්දිරම්, වලිමුනි ඒබ්‍රහම් මැන්දිස්, ඒබ්‍රහම් ද ලිවේරා, එඩ්වඩ් ද සිල්වා, ජේමිස් ද සොයිසා, දොන් මාතස් එදිරිවීර මුහන්දිරම්, චාල්ස් ද සිල්වා, ට්‍රික් කුරේ, ඒ බැස්ටියන් ප්‍රනාන්දු, දොන් ජොන් ප්‍රනාන්දු. ජොහානිස් ද මෙල්. ඇන්ඩා ප්‍රනාන්දු, වේරගම පුංචි බණ්ඩා සහ  ආනෝල්ඩ්ස් පෙරේරා ගුණසේකර අබේරත්න.

පරමවිඥානාර්ථ බෞද්ධ සංගමය


كيلوا زولديك أحد الشخصيات الرئيسية من أنمي القناص (Hunter X Hunter) وهو فرد من عائلة زولديك العائلة التي تشتهر بالقتل وتسكن علىٰ قمة جبل كوكورو (Kukurō)، وهو صديق غون المقرّب.

الشخصية
يتصف كيلوا بالبرود بسبب البيئة القاسية التي نشأ فيها، وأيضًا فهو كثير الشك والريبة ويتسم بالحذر وقلة الثقة، يجد كيلوا صعوبة في التعبير عن مشاعره لأنه تربّىٰ بمحيطٍ خالٍ من المشاعر، ومن صفاته أيضًا أنه وفي لأصدقائه ولديه جانب مرح من شخصيته، وهو يحب الشوكولاتا وألعاب الفيديو ويتقن الرماية بالسهم منذ أن كان في السادسة، وكان يخضع لتدريبات شديدة منذ نعومة أظافره مما جعله قويًا جدًا بالنسبة لعمره.

المظهر
يمتلك كيلوا شعرًا فضيًا فوضوي وبشرة شاحبة البياض، وعينان واسعتان باللون الأزرق الغامق، وفي نسخة 1999 قد تميل عيناه للون الأخضر.

يرتدي كيلوا عادة ملابس فضفاضة تتماشىٰ مع قميص ذي أكمام طويلة وداكن اللّون تحتها. تملك كلّ ملابسه العلوية ياقة عالية. أم ملابسه السّفلية، فهو يرتدي سروالًا قصيرًا فضفاضًا في المانغا ونسخة 2011 بينما منحته نسخة 1999 سروالا أقصر من ذلك بحيث تظهر ركبتيه. يرتدي كيلوا أيضًَا حذاءً قرمزيّ ظهر باللّون البني والأسود في نسخة 1999.

القصة
عندما بلغ سن الثانية عشر قام بطعن والدته وأخيه وهرب من المنزل ليخوض إمتحان الصيادين، وهنا التقىٰ بأول صديقٍ له وهو غون، والتقىٰ أيضًا كورابيكا وليوريو.

يعد كيلوا زولديك من العناصر ذات القوة والفعالية في سلسلة المانغا والأنمي المشهورة القناص، ويعود السبب إلىٰ الغموض الذي يسود عليه كما عائلته وتاريخه كفرد من عائلة زولديك فهو يُعرَف أينما ذهب بكونه قاتلًا محترفًا أو لصًا بارعًا بالرغم من عدم رغبته بذلك، فهو الفرد الوحيد الذي يعترف بالصداقة بشكل علني علىٰ عكس عائلته ويرفض أن يكون قاتلًا ويريد أن يختار مستقبه بنفسه. كما أن قدراته القتالية ومواهبه التي تجعله فردًا مميزًا في عائلته جعلته يختارونه وريثًا للعائلة.

المراجع

شخصيات القناص
شخصيات خيالية ذات قدرات كهربائية أو مغناطيسية
صيادون خياليون
قتلة متسلسلون خياليون
منفذو اغتيالات خياليون

كيلوا زولديك


Defender is a horizontally scrolling shooter video game developed by Williams Electronics in 1980 and released for arcades in 1981. A side-scrolling shooter, the game is set on either an unnamed planet or city (depending on platform) where the player must defeat waves of invading aliens while protecting astronauts. Development was led by Eugene Jarvis, a pinball programmer at Williams; Defender was Jarvis's first video game project and drew inspiration from Space Invaders and Asteroids. Defender was demonstrated in late 1980, before entering production in early 1981. It was distributed in Japan by Taito.

Defender was one of the most important titles of the golden age of arcade video games, selling over 55,000 units to become the company's best-selling game and one of the highest-grossing arcade games ever. Praise among critics focused on the game's audio-visuals and gameplay. It is frequently listed as one of Jarvis's best contributions to the video game industry and one of the most difficult video games. Though not the first game to scroll horizontally, it created the genre of purely horizontal scrolling shoot 'em ups. It inspired the development of other games and was followed by sequels and many imitations.

Several ports were developed for contemporary game systems, most of them by either Atari, Inc. or its software label for non-Atari platforms, Atarisoft.

Gameplay

Defender is a side-view, horizontally scrolling shooter set on the surface of an unnamed planet. The player controls a spaceship flying either to the left or right. A joystick controls the ship's elevation, and five buttons control its horizontal direction and weapons. The player starts with three "smart bombs", which destroy all visible enemies. As a last resort, the "hyperspace" button works as in Asteroids: the player's ship reappears in a random—possibly unsafe—location. Players are allotted three ships at the start of the game; another ship and smart bomb are awarded every 10,000 points (adjustable per machine). Two players can alternate turns.

The object is to destroy all alien invaders, while protecting astronauts on the landscape from abduction. Landers pick up humans and attempt to carry them to the top of the screen at which point they turn into fast-moving mutants. A captured human can be freed by shooting the lander, then catching the human before it falls to its death, and dropping it off on the ground.

Defeating the aliens allows the player to progress to the next level. Failing to protect the astronauts, however, causes the planet to explode and the level to become populated with mutants. Surviving the waves of mutants results in the restoration of the planet. A ship is lost if it is hit by an enemy or its projectiles, or if a hyperspace jump goes wrong (as they randomly do). After exhausting all ships, the game ends.

Development

Defender was Williams Electronics' first attempt at developing a new video game; the company's earlier game was a Pong clone. The popularity of coin-operated arcade games in 1979 spurred the company to shift its focus from pinball games to arcade games. The company chose Eugene Jarvis, who had a successful record of Williams pinball games, to head development. Larry DeMar, Sam Dicker, and Paul Dussault assisted Jarvis. At the time, Williams had a small staff and the management was unfamiliar with technology used for its electronic games. As a result, the staff was afforded a large amount of creative freedom.

Initial development
Space was a popular setting for video games at the time, and Jarvis felt the abstract setting would help obscure simple graphics that lacked realism. Initially, Jarvis spent 3–4 months developing color variations of Taito's Space Invaders and Atari's Asteroids. First inspired by Space Invaders, he created a similar game with new gameplay mechanics. After spending a few weeks on the design, however, the team abandoned the idea, believing it lacked enjoyment. Development then shifted to emulating Atari's Asteroids, but hardware differences between Asteroids and Defenders proposed specifications were problematic. Asteroids displays vector graphics on a special monitor, while the staff planned to use pixel graphics on a conventional monitor. The team experimented with recreating the game with pixel graphics, but also abandoned it because they felt the gameplay lacked enjoyment and visual appeal.

Believing their first attempts to be too derivative, the developers held brainstorming sessions. During a session, they agreed that one of Asteroidss favorable elements was its wraparound. They felt a game that allowed the player to fly off the screen would be exciting, and decided to create a game world larger than the screen displayed. The game's environment was made longer than the screen, with the visible area scrolling horizontally. Expanding on the idea, they envisioned a version of Space Invaders rotated 90 degrees. By changing the orientation of Space Invaders design, the ship moved up and down while flying horizontally. Large asteroids, an element from Asteroids, were then added to the game world, but were later removed because the staff felt it lacked enjoyment. Jarvis intended the screen to scroll only from left to right; fellow Williams employee Steve Ritchie, however, convinced him the game should be able to scroll in either direction.

After six months of development, the team felt the game had not made enough progress. They examined other games and concluded that survival was a necessary component to implement. To achieve this, they devised enemies to present a threat, the first of which was the "Lander". Jarvis enjoyed violent, action entertainment, and wanted the game to have those elements, but felt the action should have a reasonable objective. Inspired by the 1960s television show The Defenders, Jarvis titled the game Defender, reasoning that the title helped justify the violence. He added astronauts to expand on the space theme and give players something to defend while they shot enemies. The element of flying over a planetscape was added after a brainstorming session between Jarvis and Ritchie. The landscape is depicted as a line only a pixel wide, primarily because the hardware was not powerful enough to generate anything more detailed.

Later development
By July, development was behind schedule and Jarvis's superior began to pressure him to finish the game in time for a then-upcoming trade show, the AMOA, in September. Jarvis spent several weeks creating the astronauts, which his boss felt should be omitted if the process didn't speed up. The pressure frustrated him to the point he considered resigning. Around that time, a new programmer named Sam Dicker was hired. He assisted in programming the game and added visual and audio effects. For example, Dicker implemented a particle effect algorithm to generate unique explosions for destroyed enemies. The new elements re-invigorated Jarvis, who felt the project began to show promise.

Development then shifted focus to the enemies. Landers were given the ability to capture humans, and a new enemy was devised from the mechanic: "Mutants", captured humans that had turned hostile. The Mutants added a rescue element to the game that Jarvis believed made it more interesting to players and encouraged them to continue playing. The element of making a "comeback" from a dire situation was applied to the planet as well. Jarvis felt it mimicked the ups and downs of real life. "Bombers", enemies which release floating bombs on the screen, were added next. More enemies were added to create different gameplay elements. "Swarmers" and "Pods" were designed to attack the spaceship as opposed to the astronauts. "Baiters" were included to add pressure to the player by preventing them from lingering. The enemies quickly follow the spaceship to collide with it, and were based on a similar enemy in Asteroids.

By September, the game was still unfinished, and almost every Williams programmer assisted in meeting the deadline for the AMOA trade show. The evening before the trade show, the arcade cabinets were delivered for display. The developers, however, forgot to create an attract mode (an automated sequence designed to entice an audience to play) and high score system for the game, and began working on them that night, with DeMar coding the attract mode, Dussault and Dicker creating the high score table, and Jarvis doing playtesting and bug fixes. Early the next morning, the team created the final EPROM chips for the mode and installed them in a cabinet. The chips were put in backwards, causing an electrical short when the cabinet was turned on, so the team had to quickly burn a new set of EPROMs. Once the attract mode was operational, Jarvis and the team returned to their homes to prepare for the show. After the show, the developers expanded the game to allow users to play indefinitely. The display model featured five levels, which the team felt was more than enough because of the game's difficulty. Most Williams employees could not progress past the third level and Jarvis's score of 60,000 points seemed unbeatable to them. The developers decided it was best to be prepared for players that might exceed their expectations and added more levels that repeated.

Hardware
The game features amplified monaural sound and pixel graphics on a CRT monitor. A Motorola 6809 central processing unit handles the graphics and gameplay, while a Motorola 6800 microprocessor handles the audio. A pack of three AA batteries provide power to save the game's settings and high scores when the machine is unplugged from an electrical outlet. The cabinet artwork is stenciled on the wooden frame.

Development started by focusing on the game's hardware. The staff first debated what type of monitor to use: black-and-white or color. They reasoned that using advanced technology would better establish them as good designers and chose a color monitor. The developers estimated that the game would require 4 colors, but instead chose hardware that could display each pixel in 16 colors. At the time, the designers believed that was more than they would ever need for a game. The monitor's resolution is 320×256, an expansion from the then-industry standard of 256×256. The staff believed that the wider screen provided a better aspect ratio and would improve the game's presentation. Video games at the time relied on hardware to animate graphics, but the developers decided to use software to handle animation and programmed the game in assembly language. The switch allowed them to display more on-screen objects at a lower cost.

The game's control scheme uses a two-way joystick and five buttons. Jarvis designed the controls to emulate both Space Invaders and Asteroids simultaneously. The player's left hand manipulates the joystick similar to Space Invaders and the right hand pushes buttons similar to Asteroids. The button functions also use a similar layout to Asteroids, with the button to shoot projectiles and accelerate on the far right and left, respectively. Jarvis reasoned that players were accustomed to the control schemes of past games, and felt altering past designs would prove difficult for them.

Reception

Commercial performance
The game was slow to gain popularity, not attracting much attention at the 1980 AMOA show. In retrospect, Jarvis believed many passersby were intimidated by its complexity. The game was well-received in arcades, and crowds gathered around the cabinet during its first nights of play testing. The success spurred Williams to release a cocktail version as well. Defender eventually became Williams' best-selling arcade game, with over 55,000 units sold worldwide, and it became one of the highest grossing arcade games ever, earning over US$1 billion. , it has sold 70,000 arcade units and grossed  worldwide.

Six months after its release, the game was one of the top earners in the United States video game industry. On the 1981 arcade game charts, it topped the Play Meter arcade chart in August, and the RePlay arcade charts for most months between April and November. The annual Cash Box and RePlay arcade charts listed Defender as the second highest-grossing arcade game of 1981 in the United States, just below Pac-Man. The Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) later listed Defender among America's six highest-grossing arcade games of 1982.

Co-designer Larry Demar was surprised by the game's popularity. At the time of its release, Stan Jarocki, director of marketing at then-competitor Midway Manufacturing, described the game as "amazing".

In Japan, Defender was not as highly successful, but was a moderate success. It was tied with Turbo and Galaxian as Japan's 18th highest-grossing arcade video game of 1981.

The Atari VCS port sold over  copies, becoming the second best-selling Atari home video game of 1982 (just below the Atari version of Pac-Man). However, at least 68,993 copies of Defender were returned in 1983.

Reviews
Softline in 1983 wrote that it "remains one of the hardest arcade games ever developed. Initial attempts lasting less than ten seconds are not uncommon for novices". In his 1981 video game guide How to Master the Video Games Tom Hirschfeld reported "Mastering DEFENDER requires some perserverance, but most players find the effort worthwhile".

Ed Driscoll reviewed the Atari 2600 version of Defender (where, due to its graphical limitations, was reformatted to a city setting, rather than the planet setting of the original arcade version) in The Space Gamer No. 57. Driscoll commented that "all in all, if you want a good game for your Atari, this qualifies. Defender lovers have a few gripes, but I would recommend this one to any VCS owner". The port won the "Best Science Fiction/Fantasy Videogame" category in the 1983 Arcade Awards. Computer and Video Games later reviewed the game, giving it a 90% rating.

In 1983 Softline readers named the Atari 8-bit version fifth on the magazine's Top Thirty list of Atari programs by popularity. The magazine was more critical, stating that "the game's appeal does not justify its unreasonable cost" of being shipped on ROM cartridges. David H. Ahl of Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games said in 1983 that the Atari 5200 version was "a substantial challenge to the most seasoned space gamers". Computer Games magazine reviewed the IBM PC conversion, giving it a mixed review. They said the "action is very fast" but "it becomes boring after a short time."

Retrospective
In 1995, Flux magazine rated Defender 34th in its Top 100 Video Games. They lauded the game stating: "the ultimate side scrolling arcade shooter." Next Generation ranked the arcade version as number 13 on their 1996 "Top 100 Games of All Time", saying that its balanced difficulty makes gamers keep coming back for more instead of giving up. In 1996, GamesMaster listed the game number 5 in their "Top 100 Games of All Time", they described the game as "One of the greatest shoot-'em-ups of all time." In 1999, Next Generation listed Defender as number 23 on their "Top 50 Games of All Time", commenting that "despite exceptionally complicated controls, gamers fell in love at first sight. The difficulty is high but fair - when you die, it's always your fault, and that leaves you wanting one more chance to beat the game". In 2004, Defender was inducted into GameSpot's list of the greatest games of all time. In 2008, Guinness World Records listed it as the number six arcade game in technical, creative, and cultural impact. That same year, Retro Gamer rated the game number ten on their list of "Top 25 Arcade Games", citing it as a technical achievement and a difficult title with addictive gameplay. Also in 2008, Edge ranked Defender the sixth best game from the 1980s. The editors described its design as very "elegant" despite a lack of narrative and characters.

GameSpy's David Cuciz lauded Defenders challenging gameplay, commenting that it is representative of what other games should be. He described the graphics as "beautiful", citing the varied sprites and flashing explosions. Matt Barton and Bill Loguidice of Gamasutra stated the audio-visuals and gameplay's depth balanced the excessive difficulty. They praised the game's "catch and rescue" feature, as well as the mini-map. Cuciz also praised the mini-map, stating that the game is impossible without it and that it allows players to plan strategies. Author John Sellers praised the audio-visuals and the connection between the game's plot and gameplay.

GameDaily in 2009 rated Defender the ninth most difficult game, citing the attack and rescue gameplay. Author Steven L. Kent called it "one of the toughest games in arcade history". He also stated that novice players typically are able to play only a few seconds, and that enthusiasts saw proficiency at the game as a "badge of honor". David Cuciz echoed similar comments. Sellers described Defender'''s difficulty as "humbling", saying that few could play it with proficiency. He further stated that players would continue to play despite the difficulty. Author David Ellis attributes the game's success to its challenging design. Its difficulty is often attributed to its complex control scheme. Edge magazine called Defender "one of the most difficult-to-master" games, describing its controls as "daunting".

 Impact and legacy
Players have competed to obtain the highest score at the game and the longest play time on a single credit. Competitive playing for the longest play time was popularized by Mario Suarez from Atlantic City, who played Defender for over 21 and a half hours in 1982 at the Claridge Casino Hotel in Atlantic City. It was authenticated by the facility and the many witnesses that watched along with the press of Atlantic City; the media attention spurred other players to attempt the same feat. Expert players exploited software bugs to extend the length of their play time. Defender was the focus of the first Twin Galaxies video game contest. Players in 32 cities simultaneously competed on the weekend of April 3–4, 1982. Rick Smith was the victor with a score of 33,013,200 which took 38 hours. One bug, related to how the game keeps track of scoring, allows players to earn a large number of "extra lives". Players can then use the extra lives to leave the game unattended while they rest. Other bugs allow the ship to avoid damage from the enemies, also prolonging the length of play.Defender is considered the first side-scrolling shoot 'em up, predating Scramble by two months. Professor Jim Whitehead described Defender as a breakthrough title for its use of full 2D motion, multiple goals, and complex gameplay that provides players with several methods to play. James Hague of Dadgum Games called Defender a landmark title from the 1980s. Stearny said that the game's use of scrolling helped remove design limitations associated with the screen. Cuciz stated that Defenders use of scrolling introduced the "first true 'gaming environment'". He further said that though the game's mini-map feature had been introduced before, Defender integrated it into the gameplay in a more essential manner. Stearny described it as the most important space game in the early 1980s. He commented that its realism and technological advances pushed developers to create more popular games, citing Gorf and Phoenix as examples. Vince listed the game as a classic title that introduced new technology, specifically scrolling. Ellis stated that prior to Defender, companies designed video games to have a balanced challenge. They believed games should be easy enough to attract players, but difficult enough to limit play time to a few minutes; anything too challenging would dissuade players. Loguidice and Barton commented that Defenders success, along with Robotron: 2084, illustrated that video game enthusiasts were ready for more difficult games, which spurred developers to create more complex game designs.

Jarvis's contributions to the game's development are often cited among his accolades. Author John Vince considered him one of the originators of "high-action" and "reflex-based" arcade games, citing Defenders gameplay among other games designed by Jarvis. Ellis said that Jarvis established himself as an early "hard-core" designer with Defender. In 2007, IGN listed Eugene Jarvis as a top game designer whose titles (Defender, Robotron: 2084 and Smash TV) have influenced the video game industry. Barton and Loguidice stated that the game helped establish Williams and Jarvis as key figures in the arcade game industry. Sellers echoed similar comments. After the success of Defender, Williams expanded their business by building a new facility and hired more employees. Before the expansion, Jarvis could work in isolation. But the influx of people created an environment he was unhappy with. He left Williams along with DeMar to found their own development company, Vid Kidz. The company served as a consulting firm to Williams and developed two games for them.

 Remakes and sequels

The success of Defender prompted Williams to approach Vid Kidz, who originally wanted to create a new game. DeMar, however, suggested creating an enhanced version of Defender to meet Williams' four-month deadline. Vid Kidz titled the game Stargate, and developed it as a sequel to Defender. It features new elements and improved the original's performance. Some home ports of Stargate were released under the title Defender II for trademark purposes.

Williams released a Defender-themed pinball machine in 1982. It has many elements from the original game: sound effects, enemies, waves, and weapons. Williams produced fewer than 400 units.

Midway's 1991 Strike Force is an arcade update to Defender in the same way that Smash TV is an update to Robotron: 2084. Jarvis and DeMar assisted with the game, but it was not widely distributed.

Atari Corporation released Defender 2000 in 1995 for the Atari Jaguar. It was written by Jeff Minter, who had previously updated Tempest as Tempest 2000.Defender is included in the 1996 compilation Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits.

In 1997, Tiger Electronics released a handheld edition of Defender with a grayscale LCD screen, which doubles as a keychain ornament.

A 2002 remake, published simply as Defender, uses 3D graphics and a third-person viewpoint. It was released for the Xbox, GameCube, and PlayStation 2.

Influenced games and clones
Home games that copied Defenders design include Gorgon (1981) and Repton (1983) for the Apple II, Alien Defense (1981) for the TRS 80 Model III, Defender 64 (1983) and Guardian (1984) for the Commodore 64, Invasion of the Body Snatchas! (1983) for the ZX Spectrum, Dropzone (1984) for the Atari 8-bit family, and for the BBC Micro Defender (1982) was renamed to Planetoid (1984) to avoid litigation.  It influenced Jeff Minter's Andes Attack for the VIC-20 home computer, and later his bigravitational Sheep in Space.

Other games built upon the core concept of protecting people or vehicles along the ground in a horizontally scrolling world, such as Protector II for the Atari 8-bit family, Chopper Command for the Atari 2600, and Choplifter, all three of which were released in 1982.

Some later games were also influenced by Defender, like Datastorm (1989) for the Amiga and Fantasy Zone (1986) for arcades and a variety of home consoles.

 Cultural references
The game has been referenced in music: Lou Reed's song "Down At The Arcade" on his 1984 album New Sensations, Manilla Road's song "Defender" on their 1982 album Metal, Buckner & Garcia's song "The Defender" on their 1982 album Pac-Man Fever, and the Beastie Boys' song "Body Movin'" on their 1998 album Hello Nasty. Nerdcore rapper MC Chris mentions Defender in the chorus of his anthemic song "Never Give Up" from his 2008 album, MC Chris is Dead. Other artists to have used sound effects from Defender include Aphex Twin (on "Mt Saint Michel + Saint Michaels Mount" and "Bucephalus Bouncing Ball"), and Limp Bizkit (used to censor swearing on the clean version of "My Generation"). The game was featured prominently in the music video for the Sheena Easton song "Almost Over You".

Tim Waggoner's 2004 novel Hyperswarm is based on the video game.

The game is used as a running gag in the film Avengers: Infinity War, where Groot is playing the game despite being told not to.

In Ready Player One, the ship from Defender is referenced, mentioning its ability to jump into hyperspace.

In Wonder Woman 1984, in the Shopping Mall scene, there is a Defender machine visible inside the Amusement Centre.

In the fourth episode of season 3 of NewsRadio entitled "Arcade", station manager Dave's addiction to Defender as a teenager returns when the station gets a Defender arcade machine to replace an unused sandwich machine.

Defender is one of many classic arcade games that appear in the Midway Arcade World in Lego Dimensions'', as it is played in Gamer Kid's level "Retro Wreckage", both in the start of the level, as he is shown playing Defender on his phone while he has his headphones in and it is playable in Gamer Kid's world using the Arcade Machine vehicle, which is a part of Gamer Kid's Level Pack.

See also

 Golden age of arcade video games
 Midway Arcade Treasures
 Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits

Notes

References

External links
 Defender at Coinop.org

 Defender for the Atari 2600 at Atari Mania
 Defender for the Atari 8-bit family at Atari Mania

1981 video games
Adventure Vision games
Alien invasions in video games
Apple II games
Arcade video games
Atari 2600 games
Atari 5200 games
Atari 8-bit family games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
ColecoVision games
Commodore 64 games
VIC-20 games
CP/M games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Intellivision games
Midway video games
Mobile games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
SAM Coupé games
Assembly language software
TI-99/4A games
Video game franchises introduced in 1981
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the future
Video games set on fictional planets
Williams video games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
ZX Spectrum games

Defender (1981 video game)