Helle Faber Søndergaard, også kendt som Helle Faber, (født 15. november 1966 i Herning) er en dansk filmproducer og indehaver af produktionsselskabet made in copenhagen.

Karriere
Helle Faber er uddannet journalist på Danmarks Journalisthøjskole i 1991 og arbejdede efterfølgende på Danmarks Radio frem til 2003. Fra 1991-1996 arbejdede hun på ungdomsprogrammet P4 i P1 og efterfølgende på blandt andet DR Nyheder, før hun begyndte at producere dokumentarprogrammer.

I 2003 blev hun ansat som producent på Bastard Film og var på et tidspunkt også medejer af selskabet, inden det blev opkøbt af Monday Media Aps i 2009. Det var hos Bastard Film, at hendes karriere inden for filmproduktion blev grundlagt. I 2010 forlod hun Monday og etablerede sit eget produktionsselskab den 1. oktober 2010, hvor hun fungerer som producer og kreativ direktør.

Som producer står hun bag mere end 30 dokumentarfilm, hvoraf flere har høstet dansk og international anerkendelse på blandt andet Sundance Film Festival, IDFA, DOC NYC, Robert og Bodil.

Filmografi
 2017 - En fremmed flytter ind - instuktør: Nicole N. Horanyi, drama-dokumentar
 2017 - Mon de kommer om natten/The Wait - instruktør: Emil Langballe, dokumentarfilm
 2016 - Dem vi var - instruktør: Sine Skibsholt, dokumentarfilm.
 2015 - Motley's Law - instruktør: Nicole N. Horanyi, dokumentarfilm, vinder af Grand Jury Prize Award ved NYC DOC 2015 og AWFJ - Alliance of Women Film Journalists' EDA Award for bedste dokumentarfilm instrueret af en kvinde ved IDFA 2015.
 2015 - Josefines bondegård - instruktør: Emil Langballe, dokumentarserie.
 2014 - Krigerne fra Nord/Warriors from the North - instruktører: Søren Steen Jespersen og Nasib Farah, dokumentarfilm, vinder af Best Mid-Lenght Documentary på Hot Docs 2015 og Students Award på One World IFF 2015.
 2014 - Et civiliseret land - instruktør: Nanna Frank Møller, dokumentarfilm.
 2013 - Født til at kæmpe/Light Fly, Fly High - instruktør: Beathe Hofseth og Susann Østigaard
 2012 - Lyssky chokolade - instruktør: Miki Mistrati
 2012 - Putins kys/Putin's Kiss - instruktør: Lise Birk Pedersen
 2009 - Næsten voksen - flere instruktør, dokumentarserie i syv afsnit
 2007 - Verden i Danmark - instruktør: Max Kestner, dokumentarfilm

Priser og nomineringer
 2017: Robert for årets lange dokumentarfilm for Dem vi var
 2017: Billedbladets TVGuld for Dem vi var
 2017: Bedste dokumentar TVFestival for Dem vi var
 2015: Bedste middellange dokumentarfilm, Hotdocs for Warriors from the North
 2015: Student Award, One World FF for Warriors from the North
 2014: Student Award, One World FF for Putin's Kiss
 2013: Bodil for Putin's Kiss i kategorien Bedste dokumentarfilm
 2013: Students Jury Prize One World FF for Putin's Kiss
 2012: Bedste dokumentarfilm, Copenhagen TV Festival for Putin's Kiss
 2012: World Cinema Cinematographer Award ved Sundance FF for Putin's Kiss
 2012: Special Mentioning Nordic Panorama for Putin's Kiss
 2009: Bedste dokumentarfilm, Copenhagen TV Festival for Little Miss Grown Up
 2009: Robert for årets korte dokumentarfilm for afsnittet "Lille voksen" fra serien Næsten voksen
 2008: Cinema for Peace, Berlin for Enemies of Happiness
 2008: Robert for årets korte dokumentarfilm for Verden i Danmark
 2008: Valgt til Input Johannesburg, 12 Drawings
 2007: World Cinema Prize, Sundance, USA for Enemies of Happiness, derudover 8 internationale priser
 2006: Silver Wolf, IDFA, Amsterdam, for Enemies of Happiness
 2004: Valgt til Input Barcelona Honour Killings'
 2001: Årets program for The Mission on Nørrebro''

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Filmfolk fra Danmark
Filmproducere fra Danmark

Helle Faber


Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth (February 12, 1884 – February 20, 1980) was an American writer and socialite. She was the eldest child of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt and his only child with his first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt. Longworth led an unconventional and controversial life. Her marriage to Representative Nicholas Longworth III, a Republican Party leader and 38th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, was shaky, and her only child, Paulina, was from her affair with Senator William Borah.

Childhood

Alice Lee Roosevelt was born in the Roosevelt family home at 6 West 57th St. in Manhattan, New York on February 12, 1884. Her mother, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, was a Boston banking heiress. Her father, Theodore, was then a New York State Assemblyman. As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, Alice was a descendant of the Schuyler family.

Two days after her birth, in the same house, her mother died of undiagnosed kidney failure. Eleven hours earlier that day, Theodore's mother, Martha Stewart "Mittie" Bulloch, had also died, of typhoid fever.

Theodore was rendered so distraught by his wife's death that he could not bear to think about her. He almost never spoke of her again, would not allow her to be mentioned in his presence, and even omitted her name from his autobiography. Therefore, his daughter Alice was called "Baby Lee" instead of by her first name. She continued this practice late in life, often preferring to be called "Mrs. L" rather than "Alice."

Seeking solace, Theodore retreated from his life in New York and headed west, where he spent two years traveling and living on his ranch in North Dakota. He left his infant daughter in the care of his sister Anna, known as "Bamie" or "Bye." Letters to Bamie reveal Theodore's concern for his daughter. In one 1884 letter, he wrote, "I hope Mousiekins will be very cunning, I shall dearly love her."

Bamie had a significant influence on young Alice, who would later speak of her admiringly: "If auntie Bye had been a man, she would have been president." Bamie took her under her watchful care, moving Alice into her book-filled Manhattan house, until Theodore married again.

After Theodore married Edith Kermit Carow on December 2, 1886, Alice was raised by her father and stepmother. Through this marriage, Alice had five half-siblings: Theodore III (Ted), Kermit, Ethel, Archie, and Quentin. Theodore remained married to Edith until his death in 1919. During much of Alice's childhood, Bamie was a remote figure who eventually married and moved to London for a time. As Alice later became more independent and came into conflict with her father and stepmother, Aunt "Bye" provided needed structure and stability. Late in life, she said of her aunt: "There is always someone in every family who keeps it together. In ours, it was Auntie Bye."

Relationship with stepmother

There were tensions in the relationship between young Alice and her stepmother Edith, who had known her husband's previous wife and made it clear that she regarded her predecessor as a beautiful, but insipid, childlike fool. Edith once angrily told her that if Alice Hathaway Lee had lived, she would have bored Theodore to death.

Continuing tension with her stepmother and prolonged separation and limited attention from her father created a young woman who was independent, outgoing, and self-confident. When her father was Governor of New York, he and his wife proposed that Alice attend a conservative school for girls in New York City. In response, Alice wrote, "If you send me I will humiliate you. I will do something that will shame you. I tell you I will."

In later years, Alice expressed admiration for her stepmother's sense of humor and stated that they had shared similar literary tastes. In her autobiography Crowded Hours, Alice wrote of Edith Carow, "That I was the child of another marriage was a simple fact and made a situation that had to be coped with, and Mother coped with it with a fairness and charm and intelligence which she has to a greater degree than almost any one else I know."

Father's presidency

Following the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley in Buffalo, her father took office, an event that she greeted with "sheer rapture." Alice became a celebrity and fashion icon at age 17, and at her social debut in 1902 she wore a gown of what became known as "Alice blue", sparking a color trend in women's clothing, and a popular song, "Alice Blue Gown."

Public conduct
Alice was the center of attention in the social context of her father's presidency, and she thrived on the attention, even as she chafed at some of the restrictions such attention placed on her. In this, Alice resembled her father. She later said of Theodore, "He wants to be the bride at every wedding, the corpse at every funeral, and the baby at every christening." Her outspokenness and antics won the hearts of the American people, who nicknamed her "Princess Alice."

Alice was known for breaking many social norms of her era. The Journal des débats in Paris noted that in 15 months Alice Roosevelt had attended 407 dinners, 350 balls, and 300 parties. One paper alleged that she had stripped down to her lingerie at a drunken orgy held at a Newport, Rhode Island, mansion, and danced atop a table, a story that proved to be false. She smoked cigarettes in public, rode in cars with men, stayed out late partying, kept a pet snake named Emily Spinach (Emily after her spinster aunt and Spinach for its green color) in the White House, and was seen placing bets with a bookie.

On May 11, 1908, Alice amused herself in the Capitol's gallery at the House of Representatives by placing a tack on the chair of an unknown but "middle-aged" and "dignified" gentleman. Upon encountering the tack, "like the burst of a bubble on the fountain, like the bolt from the blue, like the ball from the cannon," the unfortunate fellow leapt up in pain and surprise while she looked away.

Once, a White House visitor commented on Alice's frequent interruptions to the president's office, often to offer political advice. The exhausted president commented to his friend, author Owen Wister, after she interrupted their conversation for the third time and he threatened to throw her "out the window", "I can either run the country or I can attend to Alice, but I cannot possibly do both."

Tour of Asia

In 1905, Alice, along with her father's Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, led the American delegation to Japan, Hawaii, China, the Philippines, and Korea. It was the largest such diplomatic mission thus far, composed of 23 congressmen (including her future husband Nicholas Longworth), seven senators, diplomats, officials, and businessmen.

During the cruise to Japan, Alice jumped into the ship's swimming pool fully clothed, and coaxed Congressman William Bourke Cockran to join her in the water. Putting a romantic spin on the story, newspapers reported it was Longworth, to whom Alice was engaged. Years later Bobby Kennedy would chide her about the incident, saying it was outrageous for the time, to which the by-then-octogenarian Alice replied that it would only have been outrageous had she removed her clothes. In her autobiography, Crowded Hours, Alice made note of the event, pointing out that there was little difference between the linen skirt and blouse she had been wearing and a lady's swimsuit of the period.

Married life

In December 1905, after returning to Washington from their diplomatic travels, Alice became engaged to Nicholas Longworth III, a Republican U.S. House of Representatives member from Cincinnati, Ohio, who ultimately would rise to become Speaker of the House. Alice would become 22 years old in two months. The two had traveled in the same social circles for several years, but their relationship solidified during the Imperial Cruise. A scion of a socially prominent Ohio family, Longworth was 14 years her senior and had a reputation as a Washington D.C. playboy.

Their wedding took place in February 1906 and was the social event of the season. It was attended by more than a thousand guests with many thousands gathered outside hoping for a glimpse of the bride. She wore a blue wedding dress and dramatically cut the wedding cake with a sword (borrowed from a military aide attending the reception). Immediately after the wedding, the couple left for a honeymoon that included a voyage to Cuba and a visit to the Longworths in Cincinnati. This was followed by travels to England and the Continent which included having dinners with King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, Georges Clemenceau, Whitelaw Reid, Lord Curzon, and William Jennings Bryan. They bought a house at 2009 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., in Washington, D.C., now the headquarters of the Washington Legal Foundation.

Alice publicly supported her father's Bull Moose presidential candidacy in the 1912 presidential election, while her husband stayed loyal to his mentor, President William Howard Taft, and was running for reelection on the Republican ticket. Nicholas Longworth narrowly lost his House seat that year to Democratic challenger Stanley E. Bowdle.

During that election cycle, Alice appeared on stage with her father's vice presidential candidate, Hiram Johnson, in Longworth's own district. Longworth lost by about 105 votes and she joked that she was worth at least 100 votes (meaning she was the reason he lost). However, Nicholas Longworth was elected again in 1914 and stayed in the House for the rest of his life.  Alice's campaign against her husband caused a permanent chill in their marriage.

During their marriage, Alice carried on numerous affairs. It was general knowledge in D.C. that she had a long, ongoing affair with Senator William Borah.  When Alice's diaries were opened to historical research they indicated that Borah was the father of her daughter, Paulina Longworth (1925–1957).

Alice was renowned for her "brilliantly malicious" humor, even in this sensitive situation, since she had originally wanted to name her daughter "Deborah," as in "de Borah." And according to one family friend, "everybody called her [Paulina] 'Aurora Borah Alice.'"

Post-Roosevelt presidency

When it came time for the Roosevelt family to move out of the White House, Alice buried a Voodoo doll of the new First Lady, Nellie Taft, in the front yard. Later, the Taft White House barred her from her former residence—the first but not the last administration to do so. During Woodrow Wilson's administration (which barred her in 1916 for a bawdy joke at Wilson's expense), Alice worked against the entry of the United States into the League of Nations.

During the Great Depression, when she, like many other Americans, found her fortunes reversed, Alice appeared in tobacco advertisements to earn money. She also published an autobiography, Crowded Hours. The book sold well and received rave reviews. Time praised its "insouciant vitality."

Alice's wit could have political effects on friend and foe alike. When columnist and cousin Joseph Wright Alsop V claimed that there was grass-roots support for Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie, the Republican hope to defeat FDR in 1940, she said yes, "the grass roots of 10,000 country clubs." During the 1940 presidential campaign, she publicly proclaimed that she'd "rather vote for Hitler than vote for Franklin for a third term." Alice demolished Thomas Dewey, the 1944 opponent of her cousin Franklin, by comparing the pencil-mustached Republican to "the bridegroom on the wedding cake." The image stuck and Governor Dewey lost two consecutive presidential elections.

Paulina Longworth married Alexander McCormick Sturm, with whom she had a daughter, Joanna (b. July 9, 1946). Alexander died in 1951. Paulina herself died in 1957 from an overdose of sleeping pills.

Not very long before Paulina's death, she and Alice had discussed the care of Joanna in case of such an event. Alice fought for and won the custody of her granddaughter, whom she raised. In contrast to Alice's relationship with her daughter, she doted on her granddaughter, and the two were very close. In an article in American Heritage in 1969, Joanna was described as a "highly attractive and intellectual twenty-two-year-old" and was called "a notable contributor to Mrs. Longworth's youthfulness.... The bonds between them are twin cables of devotion and a healthy respect for each other's tongue. 'Mrs. L.,' says a friend, 'has been a wonderful father and mother to Joanna: mostly father.'"

Political connections

From an early age, Alice was interested in politics. When advancing age and illness incapacitated her Aunt Bamie, Alice stepped into her place as an unofficial political adviser to her father. She warned her father against challenging the renomination of William Howard Taft in 1912.

Alice took a hard-line view of the Democrats and in her youth sympathized with the conservative wing of the Republican Party. She supported her half-brother Theodore Roosevelt Jr. when he ran for governor of New York in 1924. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president in 1932, Alice publicly opposed his candidacy. Writing in the Ladies' Home Journal in October 1932, she said of FDR, "Politically, his branch of the family and ours have always been in different camps, and the same surname is about all we have in common..... I am a Republican..... I am going to vote for Hoover..... If I were not a Republican, I would still vote for Mr. Hoover this time."

Although Alice did not support John F. Kennedy in the 1960 election, she became very enamored of the Kennedy family and "learned how amusing and attractive Democrats could be." She developed an affectionate, although sometimes strained, friendship with Bobby Kennedy, perhaps because of his relatively thin skin. When Alice privately made fun of his scaling the newly named Mount Kennedy in Canada, he was not amused. She admitted to voting for President Lyndon Johnson over Senator Barry Goldwater in 1964 because she believed Goldwater was too mean.

Alice developed a genuine friendship with Richard Nixon when he was vice president. In 1957 he served as a pallbearer at Paulina's funeral. When he returned to California after Dwight Eisenhower's second term and his loss in the 1960 presidential election, she kept in touch and did not consider his political career to be over. Alice encouraged Nixon to reenter politics and continued to invite him to her famous dinners. Nixon returned these favors by inviting her to his first formal White House dinner and to the 1971 wedding of his daughter Tricia Nixon.

Later life

In 1955, Alice fell and suffered a broken hip. In 1956, she was diagnosed with breast cancer, and though she successfully underwent a mastectomy at the time, cancer was found in her other breast in 1970, requiring a second mastectomy.

Alice was a lifelong member of the Republican Party, but her political sympathies began to change when she became close to the Kennedy family and Lyndon Johnson. She voted Democratic in 1964 and was known to be supporting Bobby Kennedy in the 1968 Democratic primary.

After Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1968, Alice again supported her friend Richard Nixon in the 1968 and 1972 elections, just as she had done in his 1960 campaign against John F. Kennedy. She was recorded in a telephone conversation with Nixon in the Nixon White House tapes sharply criticizing the 1972 Democratic nominee George McGovern. Nixon called her "the most interesting [conversationalist of the age]" and said, "No one, no matter how famous, could ever outshine her."

She remained cordial with Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford, but a perceived lack of social grace on the part of Jimmy Carter caused her to decline to ever meet him, the last sitting president in her lifetime. In the official statement marking her death, President Carter wrote "She had style, she had grace, and she had a sense of humor that kept generations of political newcomers to Washington wondering which was worse—to be skewered by her wit or to be ignored by her."

Death
After many years of ill health, Alice died in her Embassy Row house on February 20, 1980, eight days after her 96th birthday, of emphysema and pneumonia, with contributory effects of a number of other chronic illnesses. She is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C. She is the longest-lived child of a US President.

Wit
Of her quotable comments, Alice's most famous found its way onto a pillow on her settee: "If you can't say something good about someone, sit right here by me." To Senator Joseph McCarthy, who had jokingly remarked at a party "Here's my blind date. I am going to call you Alice," she sarcastically said "Senator McCarthy, you are not going to call me Alice. The truckman, the trashman and the policeman on my block may call me Alice, but you may not." She informed President Lyndon B. Johnson that she wore wide-brimmed hats so he couldn't kiss her. When a well-known Washington senator was discovered to have been having an affair with a young woman less than half his age, she quipped, "You can't make a soufflé rise twice."  She said in a 60 Minutes interview with Eric Sevareid, televised on February 17, 1974, that she was a hedonist.

Citations

General bibliography

Books
 Brough, James. Princess Alice: A Biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Boston: Little, Brown. 1975.
 Caroli, Betty Boyd. The Roosevelt Women. New York: Basic Books, 1998.
 Cordery, Stacy A. Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. New York: Viking, 2007.
 Felsenthal, Carol. Princess Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1988.
 Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. Crowded Hours (Autobiography). New York: Scribners. 1933.
 Miller, Nathan. Theodore Roosevelt: A Life. William Morrow, 1992,

 Teichmann, Howard. Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1979.
 Wead, Doug. All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. New York: Atria Books, 2004.

Articles
 Marquis James (pseud. Quid), "Princess Alice" , The New Yorker 1/2 (February 28, 1925): 9–10. (Profile.)

Further reading

External links

 New York Times book review of Conversations with Mrs. L in August 1981
 Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt: "Alice Roosevelt Longworth"

 Alice Roosevelt Longworth portrait in the 1920s by Nickolas Muray
 Interview with Dr. Stacy Cordery author of Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker

1884 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
American autobiographers
American socialites
American women non-fiction writers
Bulloch family
Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery
Children of presidents of the United States
Children of vice presidents of the United States
Deaths from emphysema
Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C.
New York (state) Republicans
Roosevelt family
Schuyler family
Spouses of Ohio politicians
Washington, D.C., Republicans
Women autobiographers
Writers from New York City
Longworth family
Children of Theodore Roosevelt

Alice Roosevelt Longworth


Gerald Lawrence Schroeder dit Gerald Schroeder, né le 20 février 1938 à New York, est un physicien israélien d'origine américaine, chercheur et enseignant, spécialisé dans les domaines du judaïsme et de la science.

Biographie
Gerald Schroeder est né le 20 février 1938 à New York. Il est le fils de Herman Lincoln Schroeder et de Dorothy Illman.

Études
Gerarld Schroeder reçoit en 1959, un Bachelor of Science en 1961, puis un Master of Science  et un Philosophiæ doctor (Ph.D.) du Massachusetts Institute of Technology, en 1964.

Recherche et enseignement
De 1964 à 1969, il enseigne en Israël. En 1970-1971, il est chercheur au Massachusetts Institute of Technology. En 1972, il devient  directeur scientifique à Ocean Technology. En 1973-1974, il est scientifique senior à l'Institut Weizmann de Rehovot. De 1974 à 1990, il est scientifique invité à Maagan Michael en Israël. En 1990, il est maître assistant au Volcani Institute en
Israël. En 1993, il est scientifique invité à l'Université Tufts, Medford, Massachusetts. Il est professeur au Aish Hatorah College of Jewish Studies à Jérusalem, depuis 1993.

Œuvres
  Genesis and the Big Bang. 1990,
  The Science of God: The Convergence of Scientific and Biblical Wisdom. 1997,
  The Hidden Face of God: Science Reveals the Ultimate Truth. 2002, .
  God According to God: A Physicist Proves We've Been Wrong About God All Along. 2009, .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1938
Naissance à New York
Étudiant du Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Physicien américain du XXe siècle
Physicien américain du XXIe siècle
Physicien israélien du XXe siècle
Physicien israélien du XXIe siècle
Philosophe juif
Judaïsme orthodoxe
Judaïsme et science
Article dont une information diffère dans l'infobox

Gerald Schroeder


Nicolas Tribolet, né le  à Neuchâtel et décédé le  dans la même ville, est un militaire et homme politique de la principauté de Neuchâtel.

Biographie
Nicolas Tribolet, fils du notaire Maurice Tribolet et d'Esabeau Chambrier, est né le 18 février 1649 à Neuchâtel. En 1663, à l'âge de quatorze ans, il devient mercenaire au service de la France. Il poursuit cette activité pendant 30 ans, jusqu'à devenir capitaine du régiment d'Erlach en 1692. En 1701, il est nommé membre du Conseil d'État. Trois ans plus tard, il devient également inspecteur des milices.

Il joue un rôle important lorsque la princesse Marie de Nemours meurt sans héritier et que le Tribunal des Trois-États doit choisir son successeur, au cours du Procès de 1707. En raison de l'absence d'un gouverneur nommé par le souverain, c'est en effet lui qui préside ce tribunal. À ce titre, l'acte d'investiture de Frédéric Ier de Prusse en tant que prince de Neuchâtel est publié en son nom. Une fois que le Tribunal a rendu sa sentence, c'est également lui qui remet le sceptre à Ernst von Metternich, l'ambassadeur du roi.

Il meurt le 9 mai 1733 à Neuchâtel.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
Maurice de Tribolet, La famille de Tribolet, bourgeois de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel : 1898, p. 76-79.

Articles connexes

 Histoire du canton de Neuchâtel
 Procès de 1707

Naissance à Neuchâtel
Décès à Neuchâtel
Naissance en février 1649
Décès en mai 1733
Conseiller d'État neuchâtelois
Militaire neuchâtelois
Décès à 84 ans

Nicolas Tribolet


وادي الجاموس هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى الهضبات. تقع بين بلدة ببنين وبلدة القرقف تالف فيها المجلس البلدي لأول مرة بالاتخابات البلدية الأخيرة تالف المجلس البلدي من 6 أعضاء وقد فاز براسة البلدية الشيخ خضر عبد القادر عكاري.

أهم معالمها
 معهد الامام البخاري للتعليم الشرعي.
 ضريح ولي الله الشيخ حسين محمد الرفاعي.

عائلاتها
المصري - الرفاعي - المرعبي - القرحاني - سيور - السيد - الراوي - وضحة - الجمال - الشيخ -الأحمد - العبوشي - عكاري - عيد - الحلال - الدريعي - بوعمر - السلخ - الرستاوي - مسلماني - ضناوي - وهيب - إسماعيل - شابوب - سعيد - عبد الفتاح - توفيق - الأشقر - عبد القادر - عمر.

السكان
يقدر عدد السكان المسجلين بحوالي 4500 نسمة يقيمون بمعظمهم في البلدة ويتوزعون على نحو 500 منزلاً معظمها منازل صغيرة ومتواضعة نظراُ لحالة السكان الاقتصادية الصعبة، وينتمي السكان إلى المذهب السني.

الناخبون
بلغ عدد الناخبين المسجلين في انتخابات العام 2004 نحو 2200 ناخب مقارنة بـ 1879 ناخباً في العام 2000.

المؤسسات الرسمية
في البلدة مجلس بلدي مؤلف من 15 عضواً انشئ بموجب القرار الرقم 560 تاريخ 30 ايلول 2003 حيث شهدت البلدة في ايار 2004 أول انتخابات بلدية، ونالت هذه البلدية عائدتها من الصندوق البلدي المستقل عن العام 2002 وبلغت نحو 286 مليون ليرة كما يوجد في البلدة مختاران ومجلس اختياري مؤلف من 3 أعضاء.

المؤسسات التربوية
تتوفر في البلدة ثلاث مؤسسات تربوية حكومية وخاصة: مدرسة وادي الجاموس المختلطة المتوسطة الرسمية: عدد طلابها 720 طالباً مدرسة المقاصد الخيرية الإسلامية الابتدائية (تابعة لجمعية المقاصد الخيرية الإسلامية) عدد طلابها 360 طالباً معهد البخاري للعلوم الشرعية الإسلامية، وهو معهد لتعليم الدين الإسلامي.

الحياة الاقتصادية
ترتكز الحياة الاقتصادية أساساً على الزراعة خصوصاً الزراعة في البيوت المحمية نظراً لتوفر المساحات الصالحة للزراعة ووجود يد عاملة. ونظراً للمشاكل التي يتعرض لها القطاع الزراعي لا سيما العوامل الطبيعية والمنافسة. يعيش المزارعون حياة حاجة وفقر. يوجد في البلدة 40 مؤسسة تجارية وحرفية.

مشاكل البلدة
تعاني من مشاكل عديدة في مقدمها غياب المياه من الشبكة العامة إذ انقطعت منذ العام 1978 فيعمد الأهالي إلى شراء المياه أو الاستعانة بمياه عين البلدة التي يقال أنها ملوثة، اما الآبار الارتوازية التي تم حفرها فمعظمها غير صالح للشرب. كما ترتفع في البلدة نسبة الامية بالرغم من وجود مدرستين، وتصل إلى نحو 40% من الذين هم فوق ال 50 سنة، وحالة الفقر والامية أحدثت نمواً كبيراً في حجم الأسرة التي يتراوح عدد معظمها ما بين 10-12 فرداً. ويصل عدد من الأسر إلى 17 فرداً.

قرى لبنان

وادي الجاموس


Banks (n. 16 iunie 1988 sub numele Jillian Rose Banks) este o cântăreață, compozitoare și muziciană americană.

Banks a început să scrie și compună cântece încă din adolescență, însă primele sale melodii au ajuns să fie ascultate de public de-abia în 2013, când interpreta a publicat câteva dintre ele în mediul virtual, sub forma unor EP-uri. Compozițiile sale au atras atenția reprezentanților casei de discuri Harvest Records, care i-au oferit un contract, iar în 2014 Banks a lansat primul său album de studio, numit Goddess; discul a primit recenzii favorabile și a activat în clasamentele din Europa. Ulterior, tânăra interpretă avea să concerteze alături de binecunoscutul The Weeknd pe parcursul turneului său american. Banks și-a consolidat cariera prin lansarea albumelor  The Altar (2016) și III (2019), ambele bine primite de critici și public

Viața și cariera

1988 — 2013: Copilăria și începuturile în muzică
Jillian Rose Banks s-a născut pe 16 iunie 1988 în Orange County, California, însă familia sa avea să se mute la scurt timp în Los Angeles; ea a copilărit în Tarzana, una dintre suburbiile din San Fernando Valley. Banks a început să scrie și să compună cântece de la vârsta de cincisprezece ani, odată ce a învățat să cânte la o claviatură primită de la un prieten după divorțul părinților săi. Conform spuselor sale, muzica a reprezentat un mod de exprimare pentru ea încă de la o vârstă fragedă: "erau momente în care mă simțeam singură și fără ajutor. Nu știam în ce fel să exprim ceea ce simțeam. Apoi am primit acea claviatură drept cadou. Nu era una de calitate, însă am început să mă joc cu ea și diverse melodii au început să prindă viață ... mă simțeam ca și cum o greutate mi-era ridicată de pe umeri". După absolvirea studiilor liceale, Banks a studiat psihologia la University of Southern California (USC), unde a aprofundat tema copiilor ai căror părinți au divorțat.

În timpul studiilor la USC, Banks a continuat să compună cântece și a făcut cunoștință cu DJ Yung Skeeter, care s-a oferit s-o impresarieze și ulterior a prezentat-o casei de discuri britanice Good Years Recordings. Reprezentanții acesteia i-au oferit susținere, iar primul său cântec, intitulat "Before I Ever Met You", avea să fie publicat în februarie 2013 pe SoundCloud; melodia a stârnit interesul DJ-ului Zane Lowe, care a difuzat-o la postul BBC Radio 1. În martie 2013, Banks a lansat un prim disc EP, numit Fall Over, material ce i-a făcut pe editorii publicației Billboard s-o catalogheze pe tânăra interpretă drept "o scriitoare magnetică, cu niște cântece ce creează obsesii". În toamna aceluiași an, Banks publică un al doilea EP, intitulat London, care a fost bine primit de criticii de specialitate.

Cântecele sale au stârnit rapid interesul diferitelor publicații de profil muzical, iar Banks avea la scurt timp să fie propusă de BBC pe lista Sound of 2014. De asemenea, MTV a nominalizat-o la categoria "Debutul anului", Shazam a inclus-o pe lista "Artiști de urmărit în 2014", iar iTunes și Spotify au numit-o printre "Noii artiști de luat în seamă pentru 2014". Articole pozitive au venit și din partea unor publicații cu renume precum The Boston Globe, Fuse sau The Huffington Post, iar Vogue i-a dedicat lui Banks un editorial în care a scris despre cântecele sale că "transpun perfect sentimentul de a fi pierdut și fără putere în această lume".

La finele lui 2013, Banks a cântat în deschiderea concertelor susținute de interpretul canadian The Weeknd în America de Nord și Regatul Unit.

2014: Primul album: «Goddess»

La începutul lui 2014, Banks a declarat că aproape a terminat înregistrările primului său album de studio; ea a spus următoarele: "simt că mai am câteva lucruri de pus la punct astfel încât să mă simt comfortabil și fericită, înainte de a lansa acest album". De asemenea, ea a pus la dispoziția fanilor un disc single, "Brain", pentru ca aceștia să-și poată face o idee asupra direcției muzicale abordate pe viitorul album. În aprilie ea a anunțat titlul albumului, Goddess, dar și data publicării sale, 9 septembrie 2014. Pe parcursul verii, Banks a lansat alte două single-uri, "Drowning" și "Beggin for Thread", iar ambele au fost primite cu căldură de către criticii de specialitate. Entuziasmul stârnit de muzica sa i-a deschis ușile pentru a concerta la festivaluri de renume, precum Coachella, Bonnaroo sau Open'er Festival. Mai mult, în intervalul mai-iunie Banks a susținut o serie de concerte în Canada și Statele Unite. Debutul tinerei artiste la televiziunea americană a avut loc în august 2014, în emisiunea moderată de Jimmy Kimmel, unde a interpretat două dintre piesele de pe primul său album.

Albumul de debut al interpretei – Goddess, a fost lansat la data de 9 septembrie 2014, sub reprezentarea casei de înregistrări Harvest Records. Materialul conține paisprezece cântece aparținând genurilor R&B alternativ, indie pop, trip hop și electropop, iar Banks a participat la scrierea tuturor melodiilor incluse pe el. Discul a primit recenzii favorabile din partea criticilor de specialitate, care l-au numit "complex și plin de încredere, un material de debut ce iese în evidență". Goddess a debutat pe locul 12 în clasamentul Billboard Hot 100 și a fost comercializat în peste 120.000 de exemplare în America. De asemenea, albumul a obținut clasări bune și în alte teritorii, precum Canada, Elveția, Australia, Regatul Unit, Noua Zelandă sau Germania. Pentru a promova LP-ul, Banks a filmat videoclipuri pentru șase dintre piesele de pe album, dintre acestea remarcându-se "Drowning" (care a activat în Billboard Rock Digital Songs), "Beggin for Thread" (cu clasări în Billboard Alternative Songs, dar și în topurile din Austria și Germania), respectiv "Waiting Game" (care a pătruns în clasamentele din Regatul Unit). Câteva melodii de pe Goddess au fost incluse pe coloana sonoră a diverse seriale sau filme precum Divergent sau Anatomia lui Grey.

La finele lui 2014 Goddess avea să fie numit unul dintre albumele anului de publicații precum Rolling Stone, The Guardian sau The Huffington Post.

2015 — 2018: Era «The Altar» și evoluția muzicală

În ultimele două luni ale anului 2015, Banks a cântat în deschiderea concertelor susținute de interpretul canadian The Weeknd în America de Nord, pe parcursul turneului acestuia, numit The Madness Fall Tour. De asemenea, la începutul lui noiembrie ea a lansat un nou disc single, intitulat "Better", descris astfel de către publicația Nylon: "[cântecul] te face să te simți precum martorul unei tragedii, însă are acel «ceva» frumos de la care nu-ți poți îndepărta privirea." Piesa a beneficiat și de un videoclip oficial, primit cu entuziasm de presa de specialitate. Totuși, "Better" a avut clasări modeste în clasamentele de specialitate și nu a fost inclus pe cel de-al doilea album al artistei. Banks a continuat să compună și să înregistreze cântece până la începutul lui iunie 2016, moment când a anunțat că a încheiat sesiunile de înregistrare pentru noul album.

Banks lansează cel de-al doilea album de studio al său, numit The Altar, pe 30 septembrie 2016. Discul, creat în compania unor producători precum Tim Anderson sau Al Shux, oameni cu care artista a colaborat și în vederea înregistării primului său album, este o colecție de doisprezece cântece aparținând stilului R&B alternativ. Interpreta a participat la scrierea tuturor pieselor, iar printre temele abordate se numără "auto-descoperirea, feminitatea, dar și cunoașterea propriilor forțe și vulnerabilități." Albumul a primit recenzii favorabile din partea criticilor de specialitate, care au apreciat "încrederea în propriile forțe artistice" de care dă dovadă Banks, diversitatea discului, dar și "evoluția sa ca și compozitoare". The Altar a debutat pe locul 17 în clasamentul Billboard Hot 100 și s-a clasat în top 25 în ierarhiile de profil din Canada, Noua Zeelandă, Australia și Regatul Unit.

Pentru a promova albumul The Altar, Banks a lansat mai multe discuri single pe parcursul anului 2016. Printre acestea se numără "Fuck with Myself", "Gemini Feed" sau "Trainwreck", cântece care au beneficiat și de videoclipuri oficiale. De asemenea, melodiile "Mind Games" și "To the Hilt" au primit statutul de single-uri promoționale și au fost lansate în mediul virtual. Artista a publicat în primăvara lui 2017 un nou cântec, numit "Crowded Places", care a fost inclus pe coloana sonoră a serialului Girls, produs de HBO. Banks a concertat intens în Europa, America de Nord și Oceania pe parcursul lui 2017, sub egida turneului The Altar; seria de concerte a inclus și apariții la binecunoscutele festivaluri Lollapalooza și Coachella.

2019 — prezent: Albumul «III»
Într-un interviu acordat revistei Marie Claire Italia în decembrie 2018, Banks a dezvăluit că a înregistrat peste 45 de cântece pentru cel de-al treilea album de studio al său. Campania de promovare a noului album a fost demarată prin single-urile "Gimme" și "Look What You're Doing to Me", lansate la finalul primåverii. Cel de-al treilea album al său, intitulat III, a fost lansat pe 12 iulie 2019, iar Banks l-a descris drept o mårturie a transformării sale dintr-o fată naivă și romantică într-o femeie înțeleaptă. Albumul a primit recenzii favorabile din partea criticilor de specialitate și a activat în clasamentele de specialitate din țările anglofone. Promovarea albumului s-a făcut prin lansarea pe single a baladei "Contaminated", dar și prin susținerea unui turneu în Europa și America de Nord.

Influențe și stil muzical

Banks scrie și compune muzică din adolescență și spune că acest lucru a ajutat-o să-și exprime emoțiile. Ea le numește pe Fiona Apple și Lauryn Hill ca fiind cele mai mari influențe muzicale, iar muzica sa abordează genuri precum indie pop, trip hop și electropop. Totuși, stilul muzical abordat de Banks a fost descris de către criticii de specialitate drept R&B alternativ, cu trimiteri la muzica unor artiști precum The Weeknd sau Aaliyah. Într-o recenzie oferită albumului Goddess, Tshepo Mokoena de la The Guardian spune că Banks "își expune prin muzică toate emoțiile, iar felul său crud și răzbunător de a interpreta aduce aminte de Fiona Apple, în special când își folosește registrele acute". Billboard spune despre vocea sa că "are o vulnerabilitate fragilă ce aduce aminte de cântărețe precum Feist sau Erykah Badu". Neil Yeung de la AllMusic crede că odată cu lansarea discului The Altar, "Banks și-a dezvoltat semnificativ glasul", iar Shahzaib Hussain observă o "maturizare în rolul de compozitor, ce înalță melancolia senzuală pe care o avea încă de la debut".

Discografie

Albume de studio
 Goddess (2014)
 The Altar (2016)
 III (2019)

Discuri EP
 Fall Over (2013)
 London (2013)

Distincții
2013 – locul 3 în topul Sound of 2014, realizat de BBC;
2014 – nominalizată la categoria "Debutul anului" de MTV;
2014 – Goddess este numit unul dintre albumele anului de publicații precum Rolling Stone, The Guardian sau The Huffington Post.

Note

Legături externe
  Site oficial
  Profilul cântăreței pe site-ul YouTube
  Profilul interpretei pe site-ul allmusic

Nașteri în 1988
Cântărețe americane din secolul al XXI-lea
Cântărețe de muzică pop
Cântărețe de muzică indie
Cântărețe de muzică indie pop
Cântăreți în limba engleză
Americani în viață

Banks (cântăreață)


There is no position of Attorney General of the United Kingdom, as England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have different legal systems.

The term Attorney General when used in the United Kingdom may refer to:

 Attorney General for England and Wales
 Advocate General for Scotland
 Attorney General for Northern Ireland

Attorney General may also refer to historic positions which no longer exist:

 Attorney-General for Ireland, until 1921, of which the now Northern Ireland formed a part.
 Lord Advocate, until 1999, the former position for the top legal advisor on Scots law.

Separately, there are largely ceremonial roles of:
 Attorney-General of the Duchy of Cornwall
 Attorney-General of the Duchy of Lancaster

Attorney General of the United Kingdom


Quercyrail est une association française basée à Cajarc, dans le département du Lot, qui a géré le musée touristique de chemin de fer anciens de 1993 à 2003. Le nom est composé des termes Quercy, nom historique de la région de Cahors, et rail (rail, au sens large « chemin de fer ») réunis. Outre de nombreux bénévoles, l'association comptait également plusieurs salariés permanents.

Histoire
L'association est fondée en 1984 sous le nom de « Regiorail ». L'objectif est de maintenir en service la pittoresque ligne ferroviaire Cahors - Capdenac le long du Lot, sur laquelle les circulations voyageurs régulières de la SNCF sont supprimées à la fin de l'année 1980, et qui n'est plus utilisée que par des trains de marchandises. Le , l'association organise la première visite avec un ensemble d'autocars loués à la SNCF. Une unité multiple diesel de la série X 2800 avec une remorque autorail XR-6000, le tour est effectué via Capdenac, Rocamadour et Brive-la-Gaillarde à Cahors.

Les revenus des premières manifestations permettent à l'association d'acquérir sa propre locomotive en novembre 1985. Le choix s'est porté sur le modèle X 2425 de la série X 2400 et la remorque Decauville XR 8232. Suivi en 1986 par l'acquisition de la rame automotrice RGP2 X 2709. Avec leur acquisition, il n'était plus nécessaire de louer des véhicules à la SNCF.

Le , un train à vapeur avec une locomotive 141 TD 740 du Limousin, circule sur la ligne Cahors – Capdenac. Des voyages similaires ont été effectués annuellement jusqu'en 2003 le jour de la fête nationale française. En 1989, la SNCF arrête le trafic de fret sur l'itinéraire. En 1990, l'association fait arrêter le démantèlement des installations, qui avait déjà commencé.

Début 1990, les écluses du Lot, hors service depuis 1926, sont réparées afin de pouvoir proposer un trafic touristique avec des pénichettes sur le fleuve. Après de longues négociations, le ministère des transports autorise l'association en 1992 à exploiter des trains-musées sur la ligne ferroviaire parallèle. En 1993, il conclut un accord avec la SNCF et les conseils départementaux du Lot et de l'Aveyron. La ligne est confiée aux deux services qui, à leur tour, confie à Quercyrail sa maintenance et son exploitation. Les gares de Cahors et Capdenac sont autorisées à être approchées par les trains-musée de l'association, l'entretien des barrières et des signaux lumineux aux passages à niveau reste géré par la SNCF. Cela créé le plus long chemin de fer musée du pays. Après des travaux de réparation effectués par des bénévoles, le trafic touristique reprend entre Cahors et Cajarc en . En plus des voyages en train, des voyages combinés train/bateau ainsi que des randonnées, des séjours touristiques et gastronomiques liés aux voyages en train sont proposés.

Entre mai et octobre 1993, 47 trains ont circulé sur l'itinéraire ; trois ans plus tard, 120 trains transportent  passagers. En 2003, environ  passagers sont transportées. En 1997, un autre autorail diesel, l'"Caravelle" X 4511 est acheté, il s'avère plus adapté au trafic touristique en raison des grandes fenêtres.

Suivi du X 4519, du "Picasso" X 3825 peu de temps après, d'un petit locotracteur, deux draisines et plusieurs wagons de marchandises.

En 1997, le Truffadou, deuxième musée touristique ferroviaire, est construit dans le Quercy. Cette année-là, la ligne Cahors – Capdenac est transférée à la société d'infrastructure Réseau ferré de France (RFF), tandis que le contrôle technique reste à la SNCF. Au printemps 2002, lors de la construction de l'autoroute A20 sur le Lot, l'itinéraire de fret est utilisé pour le transport de parties du pont. Les responsables de la société d'exploitation de l'autoroutes du Sud de la France (ASF) utilisent à plusieurs reprises les véhicules de Quercyrail pour inspecter le chantier, difficilement accessible par la route.

Le 28 décembre 2003, Quercyrail effectue pour la dernière fois la liaison Cahors-Capdenac. Afin d'obtenir l'autorisation d'exploitation pour 2004, la SNCF a demandé le remplacement préalable de 1 000 traverses, mais les coûts estimés à environ 100 000 euros dépassent les moyens financiers de l'association. Depuis, l'itinéraire n'est plus utilisé par les trains. Le 9 juin 2011, il est fermé par RFF et désormais partiellement démantelé.

L'association essaie de préserver le tronçon Cajarc – Saint-Cirq-Lapopie long d'environ 16 km, la végétation est régulièrement enlevée par des bénévoles. En 2018, Quercyrail tente de reprendre l'exploitation ferroviaire avec de nouveaux véhicules légers et cherchait des partenaires pour le financer. En 2019, des négociations ont lieu avec l'administration municipale de Cajarc concernant l'utilisation du hangar à locomotives. L'autorail « Picasso » du club est à rénover.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chemin de fer touristique
 Chemin de fer touristique du Haut Quercy

Liens externes
 Site officiel

Chemin de fer touristique en France
Culture dans le Lot

Quercyrail


ආර්මේනියානු දින දසුන  ආර්මේනියාවේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික දින දසුන වෙයි.  ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම පැමිණීමට පෙර කාල පර්ච්ඡේදයෙහිදී, පැරණි ආර්මේනියාවෙහිදී එය භාවිතා කෙරිණි .  පුරාතන ඊජිප්තියානු ආකෘතියෙහි ක්‍රමයම පදනම් කර ගත් සූර්ය දින දසුනක් වන මෙය, අධික අවුරුදු නීතියක්  නොමැති, නියත 365-දින වසරක් සහිතය. මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙසින්, මෙය සහ  ජූලියානු දින දසුන අතර අනුරූපතාවය කාලය සමග සෙමින් වෙනස් වෙයි (ක්‍රිව 1320 ජනවාරි 1 දිනදී වසර 769,  ක්‍රිව 1320 දෙසැම්බර් 31 දිනදී වසර 770 සහ,  ක්‍රිව 1582 ඔක්තොම්බර් 27 = ග්‍රෙගෝරියානු නොවැම්බර් 6 දිනදී වසර 1032 ආදි වශයෙන්). වසරෙහි පළමු මාසය,  නාවසාඩ් අනුරූප වන්නේ උත්තර අර්ධගෝලයෙහි වසන්ත සෘතුව ඇරඹීම හා  බවක් සමහරක් මූලාශ්‍ර වෙතින් දක්වන නමුදු, මෙය සත්‍ය වූයේ 9 වන සියවසෙහි සිට 10 වන සිය වස දක්වා පමණි.

ආර්මේනියානු දින දසුන


Festgræs (Hierochloë odorata) er en 25-60 centimeter høj, flerårig plante i græs-familien. Arten er udbredt i Nordvest-, Central- og Østeuropa til Vestsibirien samt i Island, Grønland og det nordøstlige Nordamerika. I Danmark er den temmelig sjælden på fugtige enge og langs bredden af søer og vandløb på kalkrig bund. Festgræs blomstrer i april og maj med 3-blomstrede småaks med gennemskinnelige yderavner, der ofte er violet anløbne. Den kan optræde i store bestande på grund af vegetativ formering ved sin krybende jordstængel.

Vellugt
Festgræs er vellugtende og blev tidligere strøet ved kirkedøren på højtidsdage, så dens duft kunne sprede sig.

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

 M. Skytte Christiansen: Græsser i farver. Politikens Forlag. København 1977. .
 Arne og Anna-Lena Anderberg: Den virtuella floran, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet

Græs-familien

Festgræs


Diese Liste gibt den Fortschreibungsstand vom 4. August 2020 wieder und enthält 20 Baudenkmäler.

Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Buch am Wald

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Berbersbach

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Gastenfelden

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Hagenau

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Leimbachsmühle

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Schönbronn

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Traisdorf

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler

Buch am Wald

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Buch am Wald

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

!
Buch Am Wald
Baudenkmaler Buch Am Wald

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Buch am Wald


São Servácio (; ; ; ) (nascido na Armênia, falecido em Maastricht, tradicionalmente em 13 de maio de 384) foi bispo de Tongeren — latim: Atuatuca Tungrorum, a capital dos tungros — . Servácio é o santo padroeiro da cidade de Maastricht e das cidades de Schijndel e Grimbergen. Ele é um dos Santos do Gelo. Seu dia de festa é 13 de maio.

História

Um diplomata muito viajado e um oponente determinado do arianismo, a presença de Servácio é registrada em vários sínodos e concílios da igreja. Em 343, Sarbatios - textos gregos que traduzem v como b - esteve presente no Concílio de Sárdica (moderna Sófia). Nos debates, Servácio representou a visão trinitária, que colidiu com a visão ariana da maioria dos bispos orientais. De acordo com Sulpício Severo, Servácio novamente denunciou eloquentemente o arianismo no Concílio de Rimini em 359.

Quando Atanásio, o principal oponente do arianismo, foi exilado para Trier (em 336 ou 343), ele pode ter se encontrado com Servácio, porque ambos fizeram campanha contra bispos e padres arianos na região.

De acordo com uma lenda medieval, Servácio participou de um Concílio de Colônia em 346, testemunhando que Eufrates, bispo de Colônia, "negava a divindade de Jesus Cristo, isso aconteceu até na presença de Atanásio, bispo de Alexandria". Eufrates era historicamente conhecido como opositor do arianismo e ao lado de Atanásio e Servácio participou do Concílio de Sardica. A lenda, compilada em Trier, provavelmente visava reduzir o status da igreja de Colônia, com a qual Trier estava em conflito pela predominância eclesiástica.

Depois que o co-imperador Constante I foi assassinado em 350, Servácio foi enviado ao imperador romano Constâncio II em Edessa, capital da Mesopotâmia armênia, como enviado do usurpador Magnêncio para representar o falecido Constante como um tirano e opressor indigno, na esperança de obter o reconhecimento de Magnêncio por Constâncio como co-regente. A missão falhou e a guerra civil resultante terminou com a morte de Magnêncio em 353. A missão pode ser vista como um sinal da alta posição de Servácio.

Servácio e os Hunos
Uma fonte importante sobre a vida de São Servácio, embora não uma fonte contemporânea, é Glória dos Confessores e História dos Francos de Gregório de Tours. Em seu relato do final do século VI, Gregório escreve sobre Aravatius (identificado pela maioria dos estudiosos como Servácio), que era bispo de Tongeren e morreu em Maastricht. Segundo o bispo e historiador franco, Aravatius viveu na época em que os hunos ameaçaram Tongeren (século V), o que não corresponde às datas do século IV dos sínodos mencionados acima. Nem sempre está claro quanto do relato de Gregory é história e quanto é ficção. Gregório descreve como Aravatius, durante uma vigília no túmulo de São Pedro em Roma, teve uma visão na qual a destruição de Tongeren foi prevista (por causa de sua pecaminosidade). Pedro então entregou as Chaves do Céu a Aravatius, transferindo-lhe o poder de perdoar pecados. Segundo Gregório, Aravatius retornou a Tongeren, trouxe as relíquias de seus antecessores para Maastricht, onde morreu e foi sepultado ao longo da estrada romana, perto da ponte.

Como bispo, Servácio pode ter sido o fundador de várias igrejas cristãs primitivas na diocese de Tongeren. Dois prováveis candidatos são a Basílica de Nossa Senhora em Tongeren e a Basílica de Nossa Senhora em Maastricht. No caso de Tongeren, esta afirmação tradicional foi apoiada por escavações na década de 1980, que revelaram sob a igreja medieval restos de uma igreja do século IV, possivelmente a catedral original da diocese. As origens da igreja de Maastricht de Nossa Senhora permanecem incertas, uma vez que nunca foram realizadas escavações no interior desta igreja. Em outra igreja de Maastricht, no entanto, a Basílica de São Servácio, escavações na década de 1990 revelaram os restos de uma igreja do século VI (construída pelo bispo Monulph e descrita por Gregório de Tours como um magnum templum), com no centro uma igreja romana tardia estrutura, possivelmente o túmulo de Servácio.

Lenda

Ao longo dos séculos, as lendas se acumularam em torno da figura histórica do bispo de Tongeren. Duas primeiras vitae ( biografias ) colocam o nascimento de Servácio na Armênia e fazem dele um primo de João Batista e, portanto, um parente distante de Jesus (nenhum deles foi mencionado por Gregório de Tours).

Por volta de 1075, o padre francês Jocundus foi contratado pelo capítulo de São Servácio para escrever outra Vita sancti Servatii. Jocundus também é o autor do Miracula sancti Servatii, uma continuação da vita, descrevendo todos os milagres que aconteceram após a morte de Servácio. Segundo alguns historiadores, ambas as obras foram compostas para acabar com as dúvidas sobre a genealogia de Servatius e sua descendência armênia. Essas dúvidas foram levantadas no Conselho de Mainz em 1049. Quando os enviados do imperador bizantino chegaram ao Concílio de Mainz, confirmando os relatos de um certo Alagrecus que havia testemunhado que Servatius era armênio, e afirmando que sua terra natal era Fenuste, a sudeste de Damasco, isso ajudou a apagar algumas dúvidas, mas o parentesco de Servatius com Jesus nunca foi confirmado por um concílio oficial.

No final do século XII, o poeta Henric van Veldeke escreveu uma nova lenda de São Servácio, baseada nos relatos anteriores de Gregório de Tours e Jocundus, aos quais acrescentou vários outros milagres, enfatizando a santidade de São Servácio. A obra é considerada uma das primeiras obras da literatura holandesa, embora tenha sido escrita em limburguês, o mais divergente dos 4 principais dialetos que compõem o holandês médio.

No século 17, os bolandistas tentaram separar alguns dos fatos e mitos em torno de Servácio. Eles conseguiram calcular a data exata de sua morte (13 de maio de 384), que por muito tempo foi aceita como um fato histórico.

Legado

Em Maastricht
Segundo a tradição, os restos mortais do santo estão enterrados na Basílica de São Servácio em Maastricht, onde se encontram numa cripta que data do século VI. Seu túmulo tem sido um local de peregrinação por muitos séculos. Visitantes famosos incluem Carlos Magno, Carlos V (Santo Imperador Romano), Filipe II da Espanha e o Papa João Paulo II. Em Maastricht, a Igreja Ortodoxa Oriental pertencente ao Exarcado Russo do Patriarcado Ecumênico de Constantinopla também é dedicada a São Servácio. A Sint Servaasbrug, a ponte mais antiga sobre o rio Meuse em Maastricht, recebeu o nome de São Servácio. O nome 'Servaas' foi um nome popular em Maastricht e arredores por muitos séculos.

O baú relicário dourado do século XII na Basílica de São Servácio, contendo as relíquias do santo, é uma grande obra de arte Mosan e ficou conhecido como o 'Baú da Aflição' (holandês: Noodkist), pois era carregado pela cidade em tempos de sofrimento. Uma peregrinação com as relíquias de São Servácio e outros santos ocorre a cada sete anos: a Peregrinação das Relíquias de Maastricht (em holandês: Heiligdomsvaart). O Noodkist é normalmente guardado no Tesouro da Basílica de São Servácio, junto com a chamada 'Servatiana' (objetos que estão associados ao santo, como seu cajado de peregrino, seu báculo, sua cruz peitoral, seu cálice, seu patena e uma chave simbólica para o céu).

Em outro lugar
Outras igrejas históricas na Holanda, Bélgica, França e Alemanha foram dedicadas ao santo, por exemplo, as igrejas colegiadas da Abadia de Grimbergen e da Abadia de Quedlinburg. No Tesouro de Quedlinburg guardam-se importantes relíquias de São Servácio. Em muitas igrejas ao redor do mundo, relicários, estátuas, vitrais, retábulos e pinturas de Servácio são reverenciados. A Igreja de São Servácio em Kampung Sawah, Indonésia, recebeu as relíquias de Servácio de Maastricht em sua data de fundação em 6 de outubro de 1996. Desde então, altamente infundido pela cultura Betawi, o festival em homenagem às relíquias é celebrado anualmente pelos paroquianos da igreja.

Uma escultura de madeira de meados do século XV de Memelia (o ancestral que liga Servácio a Jesus) com o infante Servácio em seus braços (identificável pelo infante usando uma mitra de bispo) no Vendsyssel Historiske Museum em Hjørring, Dinamarca, é iconograficamente tão semelhante a esculturas da Madona com o Menino, que foi por muito tempo mal atribuída.

No Sri Lanka, o St. Servatius' College foi construído por volta de 1897 por um padre belga, Padre Augustus Standard, na margem do rio Nilwala em Pallimulla, Matara.

Notas

Fontes e referências

 P.C. Boeren, Jocundus, biographe de saint Servais. Nijhoff, The Hague, 1972
 L. Jongen Heinrich (ed.), and Kim Vivian, Richard H. Lawson and Ludo Jongen (transl.)The Life of Saint Servatius: A Dual-language Edition of the Middle Dutch 'legend of Saint Servatius' by Heinrich Von Veldeke and the Anonymous Upper German 'life of Saint Servatius'. Mellen Press, 2005,

Ligações externas

 'Saint Servatius' on www.livius.org
 Official site of the Basilica of Saint Servatius
 Catholic Online:Saint Servatius

Santos da Armênia
Ano de nascimento desconhecido
Santos dos Países Baixos
Santos da Bélgica
Santos do século IV
Mortos em 384

Servácio de Tongeren


Damnatio memoriae, Latince bir deyim olup, tam olarak anlamı hatıranın lanetlenmesi ya da hatıradan çıkartma olgusudur. Onursuzlaştırmanın bir formu olup, Roma Senatosu'ndan vatan hainleri ya da Roma Devleti'nin itibarıyla oynayanlar için çıkartılabilir.

Açıklama
Bir ifade ve yaptırım olarak Damnatio Memoriae'nin anlamı, kişinin asla var olmamış gibi tüm izlerinin kentin kamusal onuruna uygun olarak Roma'nın yaşamından çıkartılmasıdır; sosyal görünüşün özellikle vurgulandığı, "civis romanus" olmanın saygınlık ve gururunun vatandaş olmanın temel gereksinimi olduğu bir şehirde bu, belki de en ağır cezaydı.

Uygulaması
En bilinen uygulamaları, sevilmeyen İmparator'ların ölümü üzerine cezalandırılmasıydı. Senato Caligula'nın hatırasını mahkûm etmek istedi ancak bu Claudius tarafından engellendi. Nero bir devlet düşmanı olarak ilan edildi ama ardından muazzam bir cenaze ile onore edildi, bu yüzden de durumu belli değildir. Benzer şekilde Domitian ve Commodus Roma Senatosu tarafından mahkûm edildiler. Commodus'un ölümünün hemen ardından, Roma'nın ve kurumlarının Commodus hayatta iken onun onuruna değiştirilen isimleri düzeltilerek eski adları geri verildi. Diğer dikkat çekici örneklerse, kardeşi Caracalla tarafından damnatio memoriae'ye mahkûm edilen Geta ve Senato tarafından mahkûm edilen Elagabalus'tur.

Bu cezaya mahkum edilen Roma İmparatorları'nın, heykelleri kırılır ya da başları halefleriyle yer değiştir ve isimleri kamu binalarından silinirdi.

Diğer topluluklardaki benzer uygulamalar

 18. sülalenin kafir Firavun'u Akhenaten'ın Kartuş'u (cartouche) halefi tarafından bozulmuştu. Aynı sülalenin erken döneminde firavun III. Thutmose'nin tek başına saltanatında üvey annesi Hatşepsut benzer saldırıya uğramıştır. Her halukârda, Mısır'ın taç giymiş kralının sadece kabartma ve heykelleri saldırıya uğradı. Kraliçe olarak ona ait hiçbir betimleme zarar görmedi, (Kampanya oğlunun ardından kral naibi olan bir kraliçe tarafından sona erdirildi) bu durumda bunun tam olarak bir damnatio memoriae olduğu söylenemez.
 Artemis Tapınağı'nı yakan Herostratus meşhur olmuştu. Efesli yöneticiler onu adının bir daha asla tekrarlanmamasına karar verdiler.
 55. Venedik Dükü Marino Faliero, başarısız bir askeri darbeden dolayı damnatio memoriae ile cezalandırıldı.
 Damnatio memoriae'''nin daha modern bir örneği ise Büyük Temizlik sırasında Josef Stalin'in muhaliflerine ait portrelerin, kitapların, insanların silindiği resimlerin ve diğer izlerin kaldırılmasıdır. Nikita Kruşçev Sovyetler Birliği liderliğine geldiğinde Stalin'in kendisi de bazı propaganda filmlerinden çıkarılmıştır.
 Damnatio memoriae nin modern konseptlerinden bir örnekte, George Orwell'in ünlü distopik roman'ı Bindokuzyüzseksendört'' te "unperson"ların (görmezden gelinen kişilerin) "buharlaştırılması"'dır; "yoktu; hiç var olmadı". ("He did not exist; he never existed".)

Ayrıca bakınız

Damnatio ad bestias

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar
 "The Commissar Vanishes" — Yezhov Stalin'le olan resminden silindi.

Damnatio memoriae


بلدية كاودايل ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة كاستيلون التي تقع في منطقة بلنسية، في شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 697 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2006).

أعلام
 أنطونيو بونت

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلديات كاستيلون

كاودايل


Ahmetler şu anlamlara gelebilir;
 Ahmetler, Manavgat : Antalya ili Manavgat ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Ahmetler, Pazaryeri : Bilecik ili Pazaryeri ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ahmetler, Bolu : Bolu ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ahmetler, Biga : Çanakkale ili Biga ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ahmetler, Ayvacık : Çanakkale iliAyvacık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ahmetler, Kiraz : İzmir ili Kiraz ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Ahmetler, Kofçaz : Kırklareli ili Kofçaz ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ahmetler, Ovacık : Karabük ili Ovacık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ahmetler, Demirci : Manisa ili Demirci ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Ahmetler, Fatsa : Ordu ili Fatsa ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Ahmetler, Eşme : Uşak ili Eşme ilçesine bağlı köy

Ahmetler


Nahija Hirbnafsah ()  je sirijska nahija u okrugu Hama u pokrajini Hama. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 54.592 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Hirbnafsah.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Hama

Hirbnafsah (nahija)


Dragan Bošnjak (Kanjiža, 19. listopada 1956. – Kanjiža, 27. ožujka 2019.), bio je srbijanski nogometaš.

Igračka karijera
Rođen je u Kanjiži 1956. godine. Počeo u Spartaku iz Subotice, nastavio u Vojvodini. Igrao za Dinamo iz Zagreba od 1979. do 1984. godine. S Dinamom je 1981./82. osvojio naslov prvaka. Odigrao dvije utakmice u Kupu europskih prvaka protiv Sportinga. S Dinamom je došao do naslova osvajača Kupa maršala Tita 1979./80. i do finala Kupa maršala Tita.1981./82. Igrao je 1985. godine u vinkovačkom Dinamu. Karijeru je 1987. godine nastavio u Španjolskoj, u Figueresu, a zaključio 1988. godine u matičnom Spartaku.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Weltfussball Profil
 Profil nat PlayerHistory

Srbijanski nogometaši
Nogometaši Dinama

Dragan Bošnjak


Gary Bruce Bettman (born June 2, 1952) is an American sports executive who serves as the commissioner of the National Hockey League (NHL), a post he has held since February 1, 1993. Previously, Bettman was a senior vice president and general counsel to the National Basketball Association (NBA). Bettman is a graduate of Cornell University and New York University School of Law. Bettman was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2018.

He oversaw the expansion of the NHL's footprint across the United States, with eight new teams added during his tenure, bringing the NHL to 32 teams as of the start of the 2021–22 season. In May 2014, Bettman was named "sports executive of the year" by the SportsBusiness Journal and SportsBusiness Daily. In 2016, Bettman was inducted as a member of the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

Bettman's tenure in the NHL has been controversial. He has often been criticized for attempting to give the game a mass appeal, and for expanding the league into non-traditional hockey markets such as the Sun Belt at the expense of the more traditional markets in Canada and the Northern United States. Bettman has also been a central figure of three labor stoppages, including the 2004–05 NHL lockout that saw the entire season canceled. These controversies have made him unpopular with many fans around the league.

Education and family
Bettman was born to a Jewish family in Queens, New York.  He studied industrial and labor relations at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he was a brother of the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity, and graduated in 1974. After receiving a Juris Doctor degree from New York University School of Law in 1977, Bettman joined the New York City law firm of Proskauer Rose Goetz & Mendelsohn.

Bettman lives with his wife, Shelli, and their three children Lauren, Jordan, and Brittany. He is a resident of Saddle River, New Jersey.  His half-brother Jeffrey Pollack is also a sports executive and has served as President of the XFL since 2018.

NBA
Bettman joined the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1981, serving mainly in the marketing and legal departments.  Bettman rose to third in command of the NBA, spending many years as the league's general counsel and senior vice president.  Bettman played a key role in the development of the soft salary cap system implemented and agreed by the NBA in 1983, a system it continues to use today.

NHL commissioner
On December 12, 1992, Bettman was elected as the first commissioner of the National Hockey League (NHL). He took office on February 1, 1993; until July 1 he served alongside Gil Stein, who served as the NHL's final president.  The owners hired Bettman with the mandate of selling the game in the U.S. market, ending labor unrest, completing expansion plans, and modernizing the views of the "old guard" within the ownership ranks.

Expansion, relocation and realignment
When Bettman started as commissioner, the league had already expanded by three teams to 24 starting with the 1991–92 season, and two more were set to be announced by the expansion committee: the Florida Panthers and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, who would begin play in 1993–94. Led by Bettman, the league focused expansion and relocation efforts during the rest of the 1990s on the American South, working to expand the league's footprint across the country. The Nashville Predators (1998), Atlanta Thrashers (1999), Minnesota Wild (2000), and Columbus Blue Jackets (2000) completed this expansion period, bringing the NHL to 30 teams. In addition, four franchises relocated during the 1990s under Bettman: The Minnesota North Stars to Dallas (1993), the Quebec Nordiques to Denver (1995), the original Winnipeg Jets to Phoenix (1996), and the Hartford Whalers to North Carolina (1997).

This move towards southern markets was heavily criticized as well, however, with fans in Canada and the Northern United States lamenting the move away from "traditional hockey markets". Critics have also accused Bettman of having an "anti-Canadian" agenda, citing the relocation of the franchises in Quebec City and Winnipeg and his apparent refusal to help stop it, along with the aborted sale of the Nashville Predators in 2007 to interests that would have moved the team to Hamilton, Ontario. Jim Balsillie accused Bettman of forcing the Predators to end negotiations with him to purchase the team. Bettman was satirized in this vein as the character "Harry Buttman" in the 2006 Canadian movie Bon Cop, Bad Cop.

However, Bettman also championed the Canadian assistance plan, a revenue sharing agreement that saw American teams give money to help support the four small-market Canadian teams—Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, and Vancouver—throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s.

The results of expanding to southern markets has been mixed. There has been significant growth in the sport of hockey at the grassroots level with children in the U.S. South playing the game in increasing numbers.

However, some of these southern teams have not been financially successful. The Phoenix Coyotes eventually filed for bankruptcy in May 2009, after incurring several hundred million dollars of losses since their 1996 move from Winnipeg. Under Bettman, the league then took control over the team later that year in order to stabilize the club's operations and then resell it to a new owner who would be committed to stay in the Phoenix market. It took several years for the League to find a viable ownership group.

After joining the league in 1999, the Atlanta Thrashers suffered financial losses and ownership struggles, while appearing in the playoffs only one time. In 2011 they were sold to True North Sports and Entertainment, who then relocated the team to Winnipeg, a stark reversal of the league's attempts to expand into the southern markets.

During the late 1990s round of expansion, the league revised its four-division alignment into one containing six divisions that eventually each contained five teams. At the time, seventeen of the league's thirty teams were based in the Eastern Time Zone, meaning that the two westernmost such teams (Detroit Red Wings and Columbus Blue Jackets) were compelled to compete in the Western Conference, which gave a large proportion of their road games an unfavorably late start on local television. There were other grievances with the alignment—for example, the Dallas Stars, being in the Central Time Zone, were not pleased to be in the same division as the Coyotes and the three Californian teams.

Detroit and Columbus were fierce opponents of Balsillie's bids for a team in Hamilton (proposals which would have seen another team added to the Eastern Time Zone) but also strong backers of Winnipeg's bid for the Thrashers, largely since this took the franchise out of the Eastern Time Zone and thus provided them a path to be realigned into the Eastern Conference. Following intense negotiations brokered by Bettman among the owners and with the players, the NHL reverted to a four-division alignment in time for the 2013–14 season, with two divisions of seven teams each for the West and two divisions containing the sixteen remaining Eastern Time Zone teams for the East.

An expansion occurred in the summer of 2017, with Las Vegas, Nevada, gaining the league's 31st team, the Vegas Golden Knights. Bettman later explained that the NHL's new divisional alignment precluded the adding of more franchises in the Eastern Time Zone, at least for the time being.

The most recent expansion occurred on December 4, 2018, with the announcement that Seattle would be the league's 32nd team. The Seattle Kraken started in the 2021–22 NHL season. Bettman chose Seattle as it is one of the fastest growing cities.

Labor unrest
Although Bettman was tasked with putting an end to the NHL's labor problems, the league has locked out its players three times during Bettman's tenure.

1994–95 lockout
The 1994–95 lockout lasted 104 days, causing the season to be shortened from 84 to 48 games.  A key issue during the lockout was the desire to aid small-market teams. Led by Bettman, the owners insisted on a salary cap, changes to free agency, and arbitration in the hopes of limiting escalating salaries. The union instead proposed a luxury tax system. The negotiations were at times bitter, with Chris Chelios famously issuing a veiled threat against Bettman, suggesting that Bettman should be "worried about [his] family and [his] well-being", because "Some crazed fans, or even a player [...] might take matters into their own hands and figure they get Bettman out of the way."

Last-ditch negotiations saved the season in January 1995. And while the owners failed to achieve a full salary cap, the union agreed to a cap on rookie contracts, changes to arbitration, and restrictive rules for free agency that would not grant a player unrestricted free agency until he turned 31.  The deal was initially hailed as a win for the owners.

2004–05 lockout
By the end of the deal in 2004, the owners were claiming that player salaries had grown far faster than revenues, and that the league as a whole lost over US$300 million in 2002–03.

As a result, on September 15, 2004, Bettman announced that the owners again locked the players out prior to the start of the 2004–05 season. Five months later, Bettman announced the cancellation of the entire season:

The NHL therefore became the first North American professional sports league to cancel an entire season because of a labor stoppage, and the second league to cancel a postseason (the first being Major League Baseball, which lost its postseason in 1994 due to a strike).

As in 1994, the owners' position was predicated around the need for a salary cap. In an effort to ensure solidarity amongst the owners, the league's governors voted to give Bettman the right to unilaterally veto any union offer as long as he had the backing of just eight owners. The players initially favored luxury tax system, and a 5% rollback on player salaries—later increased to 24 percent. As the threat of a canceled season loomed, the players agreed to accept a salary cap, but the two sides could not come to terms on numbers before the deadline expired.

Following the cancellation of the season, negotiations progressed quickly, as a revolt within the union led to National Hockey League Players Association president Trevor Linden and senior director Ted Saskin taking negotiations over from executive director Bob Goodenow. Goodenow would resign from the NHLPA in July 2005.  By early July, the two sides had agreed to a new collective bargaining agreement. The deal featured a hard salary cap, linked to a fixed percentage of league revenues, a 24% rollback on salaries, and free agency beginning after seven years of service.  After being panned as one of the worst managers in business in 2004 for canceling the season, Bettman was lauded as one of the best in 2005 for his role in bringing "cost certainty" to the NHL.

2012–13 lockout
The 2012–13 NHL lockout lasted from September 15, 2012, to January 19, 2013, after the owners and players failed to agree on a new collective bargaining agreement. The owners' original offer retained the framework established following the 2004–05 NHL lockout but made numerous changes to player salary and movement rights, including reducing the players' share of hockey-related revenues from 57 percent to 46 percent, introducing term limits on contracts, eliminating salary arbitration, and changing free agency rules. As the deadline for a work stoppage approached, the union unsuccessfully challenged the league's ability to lock out players of the Calgary Flames and Edmonton Oilers (appealing to the Alberta Labour Relations Board), and the Montreal Canadiens (appealing to the Quebec Labour Relations Board).

After unsuccessful negotiations, the NHL and NHLPA agreed to mediation under the auspices of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service on November 26. The sides met with mediators on November 28 and 29, but the mediators quit after that point, determining they could not make any progress reconciling the two parties' demands, and thus both sides were on their own again. After talks broke down again in December, rumors leaked that the NHLPA planned on filing a "disclaimer of interest" (a quicker, less formal way to dissolve the player's union, compared with decertification)
and, with collective bargaining no longer in effect, pursuing an antitrust lawsuit against the NHL. The NHL responded on December 14 by filing a class action suit with the U.S. District Court in New York seeking to establish that its lockout was legal. Included in the lawsuit was a request for all existing player contracts to be "void and unenforceable", should the NHLPA be dissolved, resulting in all NHL players becoming free agents. The league also filed an unfair labor practice charge with the National Labor Relations Board, stating that the union had been negotiating in bad faith and that its threat to disclaim interest was a negotiating ploy that violated the collective bargaining process. In a vote conducted from December 17 to 21, the players authorized the union's executive board to file a disclaimer of interest until January 2, 2013, though it did not proceed with the filing.

On January 6, 2013, a tentative deal was reached on a new collective bargaining agreement to end the lockout. The terms included a limit of eight years on contract extensions and seven years on new contracts, a salary floor of US$44 million and a salary cap of US$60 million (a two-year transition period allowed teams to spend up to US$70.2 million in the deal's first season, prorated for the season length, and up to a salary cap of US$64.3 million in the second season), a maximum 50-percent variance in the salaries over the course of a contract, mandatory acceptance of arbitration awards under US$3.5 million, no realignment, and an amnesty period to buy out contracts that did not fit under the salary cap. After the union ratified the deal, the lockout ended.

A 48-game regular season schedule was then played, starting on January 19, 2013, and ending on April 28, 2013, with no inter-conference games. Despite the lockout, the average attendance for the season was 17,768, up 2.6 percent from the previous year, while TV ratings in both Canada and the United States also increased.

Television
Bettman quickly accomplished one of his stated goals, signing a five-year, $155 million deal with the Fox Broadcasting Company to broadcast NHL games nationally in the U.S. beginning in the 1994–95 season.  The deal was significant, as a network television contract in the United States was long thought unattainable during the presidency of John Ziegler.  The Fox deal is perhaps best remembered for the FoxTrax puck, which while generally popular according to Fox Sports, generated a great deal of controversy from longtime fans of the game.

Canadians were also upset as the league gave preference to Fox ahead of CBC for scheduling of playoff games, as Pat Hickey of the Montreal Gazette wrote that the schedule was "just another example of how the N.H.L. snubs its nose at the country that invented hockey and its fans."  The controversy repeated itself in 2007, as CBC was once again given second billing to Versus's coverage of the playoffs.

Despite falling ratings, Bettman negotiated a five-year, $600 million deal with ABC and ESPN in 1998. It was the largest television contract the NHL ever signed. The $120 million per year that ABC and ESPN paid for rights dwarfed the $5.5 million that the NHL received from American national broadcasts in 1991–92.

The NHL's television fortunes faded after the ABC/ESPN deal. In 2004, the league could manage a revenue sharing deal with only NBC, with no money paid up front by the network. Also, coming out of the lockout, ESPN declined its $60 million option for the NHL's cable rights in 2005–06. While wishing to retain the NHL, it stated the cost was overvalued.  However, Bettman was able to negotiate a deal with Comcast to air the NHL on the Outdoor Life Network channel, which was later renamed Versus in 2006. The three-year deal was worth $207.5 million.  Bettman was heavily criticized for the move to Versus, as detractors argued that the league lost a great deal of exposure since moving to the much smaller network. The TV deal with Versus was later extended through the 2010–11 season.

In January 2011, Comcast acquired NBC Universal, and then in April of that year Bettman negotiated a new 10-year deal with the merged media company, worth nearly $2 billion. Comcast/NBC also announced that both Versus and NBC would increase their number of games. In signing this new TV deal, Bettman rejected offers from ESPN and others. Reaction to this new TV deal was  mixed, noting that the NHL still lacked the exposure that ESPN could provide, while at the same time acknowledging that ESPN might not devote as much attention and promotion as Comcast/NBC would since the former was committed to various other sports properties. Comcast/NBC then renamed Versus as the NBC Sports Network on January 2, 2012.

On November 26, 2013, Bettman announced that the NHL had sold twelve seasons' worth of exclusive Canadian national broadcast rights to Rogers Media, who would broadcast games across its numerous platforms, including Sportsnet, Sportsnet One, and City, at a price of CAD$5.2 billion. Hockey Night in Canada would continue on the CBC for the next four seasons, but under a sub-licensing deal the public broadcaster would give Rogers free airtime to air the broadcasts. CBC would be allotted time during the broadcasts to promote its other programming. These moves left Bell Media and its TSN networks shut out of NHL broadcasts except for its regional properties.

XM Satellite Radio
Bettman hosts an hour-long weekly radio show on NHL Home Ice (XM 204). The show provides fans with an opportunity to speak directly with the commissioner and voice any questions, comments, or concerns related to ice hockey.

NHL at the Olympic Games
The NHL first participated in ice hockey at the Olympic Games in the 1998 tournament in Nagano. The hockey tournament has since become one of the biggest and most profitable events at the Olympics. Bettman spoke at the World Hockey Summit in 2010, and stated that being in the Olympics was a "mixed bag" for the NHL, and its experiences outside of North America tended not to be positive. He gave a list of issues that he wanted to see resolved in consultation with the National Hockey League Players' Association, which included more control over marketing and promotion, timing of games being televised in North America, the hiatus in the NHL regular season schedule, ability for NHL team executives to access their players, travel concerns, and risk of injuries.

Salary
For the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season, Bettman received $8.8 million in total compensation by the NHL. By 2013–14, his salary had increased to $9.5 million, according to the  NHL's filings with the Internal Revenue Service.

For the 2008–09 season, Bettman was paid $7.23 million, of which $5,529,490 was his base salary.  It was $3.77 million prior to the 2004–05 lockout.

Public perception

Bettman's controversial decisions, as well as presiding over three labor stoppages, have made him unpopular among many NHL fans. He is regularly booed in various arenas around the league, ranging from his appearances at the yearly NHL Entry Draft to his annual presentation of the Stanley Cup to the league champions at the end of the playoffs. When asked if the booing ever bothers him, Bettman said, "Not doing this job, no. You're always going to have critics. What I've always told people: If I take the ice and it's completely silent, then I'll know I'm in trouble."

In another interview, he replied that he says to himself, "You know what, [the fans] got an opinion. We may not agree on everything, but they care, and I'll take that." Still, writers such as Adam Proteau of The Hockey News and James O'Brien of NBC Sports' Pro Hockey Talk have advocated that someone else should hand out the Cup instead of Bettman so that the incessant booing does not spoil the ceremony. In 2013, the sports blog Grantland stated that Bettman's Cup presentations have "evolved into one of the most awkward traditions in all of sports".

Playing upon those perceptions, 2006 Canadian movie Bon Cop, Bad Cop cast Rick Howland as "Harry Buttman", a Gary Bettman parody, a hockey league commissioner who wants to move Montreal's hockey team to Houston.

In April 2017, Bettman announced that the NHL would not be taking part in the 2018 Winter Olympics, a decision that was confirmed in November 2017 and was widely unpopular among players.

Honors
On May 21, 2014, Bettman was named "Sports Executive of the Year" by the SportsBusiness Journal and SportsBusiness Daily at the publications' annual Sports Business Awards event in New York. At the same ceremony, the NHL was named "Sports League of the Year", the second time in four years the NHL had been so honored. The 2014 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic was named "Sports Event of the Year". Bettman said, "It's almost an out-of-body experience. This time of year, I'm normally presenting a trophy and getting booed. To receive one and get applause is really quite novel."

CBS Sports hockey writer Chris Peters said, "There's no question the game has grown throughout the United States with participation in the sport at an all-time high, in addition to rising revenues for the NHL itself. The game is also reaching its best exposure through its TV deal with NBC Sports. That could be one of Bettman's crowning achievements. The remarkable thing about the NHL is that it remains incredibly strong, if not stronger coming out of two lockouts in the last decade. Gary Bettman…may not be perfect…but (he) is a good leader for the NHL and probably deserves some recognition for it."

In 2016, Bettman was inducted as a member of the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

, Bettman is the longest-serving active commissioner in professional sports.

In November 2018, he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

In January 2023, Bettman was the recipient of SportsBusiness Journal's Lifetime Achievement award.

References

External links
 CBC Sports Online
 The Sports E-Cyclopedia

1952 births
Living people
American sports businesspeople
Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations alumni
Jewish American sportspeople
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
National Basketball Association league office executives
National Hockey League commissioners
New York University School of Law alumni
People from Saddle River, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Queens, New York
Proskauer Rose people
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
21st-century American Jews

Gary Bettman


La gare de Zaporijia-I, (ukrainien : Запоріжжя I) est une gare ferroviaire ukrainienne située à proximité du centre-ville de Zaporijia.

Situation ferroviaire

Histoire
La gare est construite en 1873 pour la Lozova-Sevastopol Railway, puis reconstruite en 1954. Elle se tsitue au 6D de l'Avenue Sobornyi.

Service des voyageurs

Accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Transport ferroviaire en Ukraine
 Liste de gares en Ukraine

Liens externes

Gare dans l'oblast de Zaporijjia
Gare
Gare mise en service en 1873

Gare de Zaporijia-I


The French commission Stasi is a commission set up to reflect upon the application of the laïcité principle. Named after the chair Bernard Stasi, ombudsman of the (French) Republic (médiateur de la République) since 1998, and consisting of 20 members, it was set up by the President Jacques Chirac on 3 July 2003. It reported its conclusions on 11 December 2003.   The Report denounces "Islamism" as deeply opposed to the mainstream interpretations of French culture. It is portrayed as a dangerous political agenda that will create a major obstacle for Muslims to comply with French secularism or "laïcité ".

Overview

Jacques Chirac established the commission to reflect upon the principle of laïcité and its application in France. He appointed Bernard Stasi to oversee the commission. During this time, the commission interviewed various representatives from different groups, for example religious leaders such as Cardinal Lustiger, intellectuals such as Régis Debray and Patrick Weil as well school headteachers, political leaders, equal-rights groups and social groups (for example the Ni Putes Ni Soumises).

The commission emerged from public debates concerning the place of the hijab in French public life in relation to the principles of laïcité, in particular whether it was appropriate in state schools. In addition the commission sought to more clearly define the application of laïcité in the workplace, public services and public spaces. To this end the Stasi Commission lead to the introduction of the French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools. Despite this apparent resolution to the questions concerning laïcité, the controversy surrounding the wearing of the hijab and the media attention paid to it has meant that it remains a source of disagreement within the political class.

In response to the commission's report Jacques Chirac called for the French public to unite around the principle of laïcité.

Principles

The report espouses two key stances that emerge from the history of secularism in France: state neutrality in regard to religion and freedom of thought particularly in relation to freedom of worship. The report also acknowledges that tensions arise between these two principles particularly in the spheres of the army, prisons, hospitals and education.

The Commission also called for the incorporation of 'accomodements raisonables' or reasonable accommodation into the principles of laïcité for problems that are not covered by the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State.

References

Secularism in France
Islamic clothing controversy in Europe
Law about religion in France
2003 in France
2003 in religion
Freedom of religion

Stasi Commission


Life in a Beautiful Light er det tredje album fra den skotske singer-songwriter Amy MacDonald. Det blev udgivet 11. juni 2012. Førstesinglen, "Slow It Down", blev udgivet 20. april 2012. Macdonalds officielle hjemmeside bekræftede at albummet ville blive udgivet 13. april 2012. Indholdet på albummet blev bekræftet af Universal Music samme dage.

Spor

Hitlister

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Amy MacDonald-album
Album fra 2012

Life in a Beautiful Light


14969 Willacather este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
14969 Willacather este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Lime Creek de Robert Linderholm. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,29 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 3,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 14001-15000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

14969 Willacather


كازالي مونفيراتو  مدينة إيطالية بمقاطعة ألساندريا في إقليم بييمونتي . بتعداد قاطنيها البالغ أكثر من 36,000 ساكن تكون ثانية مدن المقاطعة بعد العاصمة ألساندريا.

السكان

في سنة 1861 بلغ عدد السكان  نسمة، وتطور العدد ليصل في سنة 2011 لـ  نسمة.

توأمة
لكازالي مونفيراتو اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 بسكارا
 ترنافا
 وينشتات
 جيروكاستر
 مانتوفا

أعلام

 كارلو كوزيو
 أسكانيو سوبريرو
 جيوفاني الرابع، ماركيز مونفيراتو
 ليو ليفي
 أوغو كافالليرو

معرض صور

مراجع

بلديات مقاطعة ألساندريا
مدن وبلدات في بييمونتي
بلدات ومدن رومانية في إيطاليا

كازالي مونفيراتو


Duygu, bireyin ruh hâlinde biyokimyasal (içsel) ve çevresel tesirlerle etkileşiminden doğan kompleks psikofizyolojik bir değişimdir. Kişiye özgü sağlık duyusunu belirleyen temel faktör olup, insanın günlük yaşamında merkezi bir rol oynar. Bu yüzden pek çok bilim dalı ve sanat biçimi tarafından araştırılmıştır. Duyguların sayısı ve sınıflandırılması konusu tartışmalıdır.

Etnograflar, her dilde aynı olmayan kültürlere özgü duyguları tanımlamışlar ve bunlar  kültüre özgü duygu kavramları olarak adlandırılmıştır. Duygular her dilde ve kültürde farklı ifade edilmektedir. Taşıdığı değer farklılaşmakta, ifade sayısı azalmakta ya da artmaktadır.  Bazı dillerde sadece basit ayrımlar varken bazı dillerde duygu ifade ayrımları binlerle ifade edilmektedir. Duygusal ifade ayrımlarına hâkim olan kişilerin topluluk psikolojisinde etkinlikleri artmakta, anlaşılabilme yetilerindeki gelişimlerle daha hızlı ilerleme kaydedebilmekte ve buna bağlı olarak duygusal ayrımların eğitsel entegrasyonu yoğun olan ülkelerde ilerleme daha hızlı olmakta. Duygu ayrımında rekor kırabilecek diller Farsça, Arapça, Çince gibi diller olmasına karşın bu dillerin konuşulduğu ülkelerin eğitsel yoğunlukları az olduğu için başarılı olma oranları çok düşük olan ülkelerdir.

İşlevi
Kişisel gelişimde önemli rol oynayan duygu dağarcığını geliştirmek için her dilde kullanılan farklı hislerin ifadesi, derecelendirmeler arasındaki doyum farklarının ve hatta karışımlarının bilinmesi için bu ifadeler ayrımlarıyla incelenmelidir. Duygu ve doyum hâllerinde bulunan kişilere takılan sıfatlar konusu da incelenerek duygu konusu kişilikte gelişir.

Kaynakça

Duygu


Die Schwarzbandbarbe (Striuntius lateristriga) ist ein Süßwasserfisch aus der Familie der Karpfenfische (Cyprinidae). Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von der Malaiischen Halbinsel über Singapur bis zu den Großen und Kleinen Sunda-Inseln. Das Art-Epitheton lateristriga kommt aus dem lateinischen und bedeutet "Seitenstreifen" ("lateraliter" = seitlich, "striga" = Strich, Streifen).

Merkmale
Die Schwarzbandbarbe wird 18 Zentimeter lang. Ihr Körper ist gattungstypisch für Barbodes-Arten. Mit zunehmendem Alter werden die Tiere immer hochrückiger. Farblich sind die Schwarzbandbarben aufgrund des großen Verbreitungsgebietes sehr variabel. Jüngere Fische sind in der Regel farbenprächtiger. Die Grundfarbe ist gelblich bis hellbraun. Der Rücken ist grünlichbraun bis grünlich orange, die Seiten goldgelb, rötlich oder bläulich schimmernd, der Bauch ist orange bis silbrig. Hinter dem Kopf und unter der Rückenflosse befindet sich je eine blauschwarze breite Querbinde, die aber die Körperunterseite nicht mehr erreicht. Ein oft zickzackförmiges Längsband, das sich bis auf die mittleren Flossenstrahlen der Schwanzflosse erstreckt, zeigt sich auf der hinteren Körperhälfte. Oberhalb des Afterflossenbeginns liegt ein schwarzer Fleck. Die Flossen sind rötlich und besitzen einen hellen Rand. Die Fische besitzen zwei Bartelpaare. Männchen sind intensiver gefärbt und bekommen im Alter einen massigen Kopf.

 Flossenformel: Dorsale: 4/8; Anale: 3/5; Pectorale: 1/14–15; Ventrale: 1/8.
 Schuppenformel: mLR 23.

Lebensweise
Die Schwarzbandbarbe kommt vor allem in klaren, durch Steine und Felsen gegliederten Bergbächen vor, oft auch unterhalb von Stromschnellen oder Wasserfällen. Sie ernährt sich von Würmern, kleinen Krebstieren, Insekten und deren Larven und pflanzlichem Material. Laichende Weibchen legen bis zu 1000 farblose bis hellgelbe Eier in einzelnen Schüben von etwa 50 Eiern. Die Fischlarven schlüpfen nach etwa 30 Stunden und schwimmen nach 5 bis 6 Tagen frei.

Systematik
Die Schwarzbandbarbe wurde 1842 durch den französischen Zoologen Achille Valenciennes unter der Bezeichnung Barbus lateristriga erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Später wurde sie den Gattungen Barbodes oder Puntius zugeordnet. Die Schwarzbandbarbe ist jedoch nicht sehr nah mit den Arten dieser Gattungen verwandt, sondern die Schwesterart der Bartellosen Linienbarbe (Striuntius lineatus) und wurde im August 2020 deshalb in die Gattung Striuntius gestellt, die vorher monotypisch war.

Literatur
 Günther Sterba: Süßwasserfische der Welt, Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-89350-991-7.
 Axel Zarske: Barbus lateristriga. In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): Das große Lexikon der Aquaristik. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9, S. 132.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Karpfenfische

Schwarzbandbarbe