Rabid is a 1977 independent body horror film written and directed by David Cronenberg. An international co-production of Canada and the United States, the film stars Marilyn Chambers in the lead role, supported by Frank Moore, Joe Silver, and Howard Ryshpan. Chambers plays a woman who, after being injured in a motorcycle accident and undergoing a surgical operation, develops an orifice under one of her armpits that hides a phallic/clitoral stinger she uses to feed on people's blood. Those she bites become infected, and then feed upon others, spreading the disease exponentially. The result is massive chaos, starting in the Quebec countryside, and ending up in Montreal. Rabid made $1 million in Canada, making it one of the highest-grossing Canadian films of all time. A remake of the same name, directed by Jen and Sylvia Soska, was released in 2019.

Plot
Rose and her boyfriend Hart get into a motorcycle accident in the Quebec countryside, caused by a van parked in the middle of the road. While Hart suffers a broken hand, a separated shoulder and a concussion, Rose is severely injured and burned by the incident. They are both transported to the nearby Keloid Clinic for Plastic Surgery, where head doctor Dan Keloid decides to perform a radical new procedure on Rose. He uses morphogenetically neutral grafts to her chest and abdomen in the hope that it will differentiate and replace the damaged skin and organs. One month later, Hart is released while Rose remains in a coma.

Rose abruptly awakens from her coma screaming, prompting patient Lloyd Walsh to calm her down and hold her hand, but she pierces his skin as she holds him. When asked, Lloyd cannot remember anything afterwards and the doctor does not know what caused the injury on his right arm; it is only known that his blood is not clotting from the wound and he cannot feel anything on his right side. While Keloid transfers him to Montreal General Hospital for further evaluation, his experimental procedures on Rose have caused a mutation in her body that made her able to only subsist on human blood. A new organ resembling a red stinger emerges from a small orifice below Rose's armpit; it pierces her victims and draws their blood. One night, Rose leaves the clinic to feed upon a nearby cow's blood, which makes her vomit. A drunken farmer tries to attack her, but she pierces and feeds on him before calling Hart to pick her up.

The next day, the farmer turns into a pale zombie-like monster and attacks a waitress at a nearby diner. Lloyd discharges himself from the clinic. While taking a taxi to the airport, he begins foaming at the mouth and attacks the driver. The car crashes into the freeway before a nearby truck kills them both. At the clinic, Keloid is infected by Rose's stinger and attacks from within, which causes panic. During this time, Rose escapes from the hospital despite calling Hart to come to her aid, and hitchhikes rides from various people to Montreal. She infects one of the truck drivers, causing the driver to attack his colleague. Hart and Keloid's business partner, Murray Cypher, while searching for Rose, meet up with police chief Claude LePointe and public health officials in talks about an upcoming epidemic. During this time, Hart witnesses an officer become infected before being shot by uninfected police officers. He calls Rose's friend Mindy and asks her to keep Rose in her apartment if she appears until he can come over. Rose arrives in the city and stays in Mindy's apartment.

While Mindy watches a television broadcast detailing a new strain of rabies now all over Montreal, Rose goes to a sex cinema and infects a leering patron. Mindy notices an infected woman while riding the subway and attempts to avoid eye-contact. The rabid woman attacks a nearby passenger by biting off part of his ear in a bloody frenzy, culminating in a panic of fleeing passengers. LePointe, while riding in a limousine with local health officials, is attacked by two infected crewmen who use a jackhammer through the vehicle door and drag the driver out to feed on him. The other official and LePointe, forced to leave their driver behind, escape by driving in reverse. With the infection becoming worse in the city, and the standard rabies treatment having no effect, Dr. Royce Gentry advises a shoot-to-kill policy to prevent future infections. As Christmas approaches, martial law is declared within Montreal, and the doctor works on developing a cure. The Canadian Army sets up road blocks to check for infected people, and a convoy of NBC-suited soldiers ride into the city to assist the authorities with body disposal.

Murray and Hart arrive at the former's home and as Hart drives away in Murray's car, Murray calls for his wife, but there is no answer. Murray wanders into his baby's nursery where he finds what is left of his baby and is attacked by his infected wife. Hart goes into the deserted city to search for Rose. An infected civilian jumps onto Hart's car before being shot, and the bio-warfare suited soldiers spray disinfectant on his car before permitting him to continue driving.

Mindy watches a report which says that a possible carrier of the infection may be immune and has been traced back to the Keloid Clinic. Rose walks into the room and feeds on Mindy. Hart finds Rose in the act and tries to reason with her about treatment, but she refuses to believe him and is in denial that she is responsible for the epidemic that has now claimed many people. He chases her in the apartment, but he is rendered unconscious and she infects a man waiting in the apartment lobby. When Hart awakens, Rose brings the newly infected man to his apartment and locks herself inside the room before calling Hart about her plan; she wants to test Hart's accusation and see if the man turns infected or not. While Hart frantically tells her to leave the apartment and hopelessly sits at the receiver, the infected man awakens and attacks Rose. The next morning, Rose's corpse is found by NBC-suited soldiers in an alleyway and they dump her in a garbage truck.

Cast

Production
Cinépix requested another film from David Cronenberg following the success of Shivers. Criticism from Robert Fulford about the Canadian Film Development Corporation's funding of Shivers made it more difficult for Cronenberg to gain funding for his films. The CFDC funded the film through cross-collateralization with Convoy, which was never completed, to avoid a direct connection.

Initially titled Mosquitoes Cronenberg had difficulty writing the script due to the broader nature of the film's city setting compared to Shivers which took place in one apartment complex. At one point he told John Dunning that "John, I just woke up this morning and realized this is nuts. Do you know what this movie's about? This woman grows a cock thing in her armpit and sucks people's blood through it. It's ridiculous! I can't do this. It's not going to work".

The film was shot from 1 November to 5 December 1976, on a budget of $530,000 (), with $200,000 coming from the CFDC. According to Cronenberg, at the time, the only CFDC films that had turned a profit were the two that he had made for the corporation, Shivers and Crimes of the Future. Cronenberg's editing decisions to tighten and reduce the film's runtime produced criticism such as his removal of a scene, which he regretted cutting, explaining the development of the armpit orifice.

Cronenberg wanted Sissy Spacek to play the lead character after seeing her performance in Badlands. However, Dunning rejected her citing her freckles and her Texan accent. Marilyn Chambers was suggested by Ivan Reitman. Reitman heard that Chambers was looking for a mainstream role and had existing name recognition. Cronenberg agreed to cast her, even though he had not seen her best-known movie, Behind the Green Door. Cronenberg would later say that he had been impressed by Chambers and her work ethic during the filming of Rabid. Spacek would star in the hit film Carrie; Cronenberg included a poster for that movie in the background of a scene in Rabid.

Release
The film was distributed by Cinépix in Canada and released on 8 April 1977, in Montreal. It was released theatrically in the United States by New World Pictures in 1977.

Box office
Rabid grossed $100,000 in the first ten days after opening in Montreal. The film was one of the highest-grossing Canadian films of all time, making $1 million in Canada.

Critical reception
Variety called Rabid "an extremely violent, sometimes nauseating, picture". Les Wedman of the Vancouver Sun  described the movie's story as "dreadful" and criticized the film for "relying heavily on shocking special effects" as opposed to suspense. He opined that, with the exception of Joe Silver, "there isn't a decent performance in the movie."

Conversely, Time Out called the film "far better staged" than Shivers, and concluded, "None of the other recent apocalypse movies has shown so much political or cinematic sophistication."

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 78% of 27 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.3/10.

Home media
Warner Home Video released Rabid on VHS in 1983. In 2000, it was released on DVD by New Concorde Home Entertainment. E1 Entertainment put out a Special Edition DVD in 2004. The film was rereleased on DVD and Blu-ray for Region B by Arrow Video on February 16, 2015. Scream Factory released the movie on Blu-ray on November 22, 2016.

Remake

A remake of the film, directed by Jen and Sylvia Soska and starring Laura Vandervoort as Rose, was released on December 13, 2019.

Related works
A novelization by Richard Lewis was published in 1978.  Faber and Faber released the screenplay in 2002 in a collection of the scripts for Cronenberg's first four feature films.

References

Works cited

Bibliography

External links
 Rabid info, trivia and photos

1977 films
1977 horror films
1977 independent films
1970s science fiction horror films
American body horror films
American independent films
American science fiction horror films
American vampire films
American zombie films
Canadian body horror films
Canadian independent films
Canadian science fiction horror films
Canadian vampire films
Canadian zombie films
English-language Canadian films
Films about viral outbreaks
Films directed by David Cronenberg
Films produced by John Dunning
Films set in Montreal
Films shot in Montreal
New World Pictures films
Films about plastic surgery
Films set in a movie theatre
Films set in hospitals
Canadian Armed Forces in films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
1970s Canadian films

Rabid (1977 film)


Jadranska ili Apulijska ploča je mala tektonska ploča koja primarno nosi kontinentalnu koru koja se odvojila od Afričke ploče uz veliki transformni rasjed u Kredi. Naziv Jadranska ploča obično se rabi kada je riječ o sjevernome dijelu ploče. Ovaj dio ploče je bio deformiran tijekom alpske orogoneze, kada se Jadranska ploča sudarila s Euroazijskom pločom.

Smatra se da se Jadranska ploča i dalje kreće neovisno od Euroazijske ploče u smjeru sjever-sjeveroistok s malom tendencijom okretanja u smjeru suprotnom od kazaljke na satu. Rasjed koji razdvaja te dvije ploče zove se Perijadranski lineament. Studije pokazuju da osim deformiranja, Euroazijska kontinentalna kora se zapravo podvukla ispod Jadranske ploče, što je neuobičajna pojava kod tektonike ploča. Oceanska kora Afričke ploče se također podvlači ispod Jadranske ploče na zapadnoj i južnoj obali Italije, stvarajući bermu (nasip ili uzdignuće), koja se sastoji od različitih ostataka i koja se diže s morskog dna te nastavlja uz kopno. Ovo podvlačenje je također odgovorno i za postojanje vulkana u južnoj Italiji.

Istočni dio Apeninskog poluotoka, Primorska, Istra, Malta i Jadransko more nalaze se na Jadranskoj ploči. Mezozoičke sedimentne stijene odložene na ploču uključuju vapnence koje tvore Južne vapnenačke Alpe.

Izvori

Litosferne ploče
Jadransko more

Jadranska ploča


المدرسة التتشية وهي من مدارس بغداد القديمة، ولقد ورد ذكرها في ترجمة الحسن بن محمد الصنعاني المتوفي عام 650هـ، حيث كان مدرساً فيها، وكذلك ولي التدريس فيها الشيخ شمس الدين الحارثي، المتوفي عام 675هـ، وذكر ابن خلكان في كتاب الوفيات إنها منسوبة إلى الأمير تتش بن ألب أرسلان أحد أمراء السلاجقة المتوفي عام 487هـ، وهي تقع قرب المدرسة النظامية في بغداد،  كما ذكرها ابن الجوزي البغدادي في كتاب المنتظم في تاريخ الملوك والأمم في ذكر حوادث عام 564هـ، حيث قال: (وفي صفر سنة 564هـ، جلس ابن الشاشي للتدريس في المدرسة التتشية على شاطئ دجلة، بباب الأزج التي كانت بيد يوسف الدمشقي وحضر عندهُ جماعة من أرباب المناصب).

مصادر

آثار ونصب تذكارية عراقية
مدارس عربية

المدرسة التتشية


Ana Maria Pacheco (Goiânia, Goiás,1943) é uma escultora, pintora e gravadora brasileira. Vive na Inglaterra, Reino Unido, desde 1973, onde consolidou sua carreira artística.

Seu trabalho é influenciado pela herança brasileira e muitas vezes se concentra em temas sobre vida e morte, com elementos fantásticos abordando questões de gênero, incorporando-os em narrativas autorreferenciais desdobradas em seu trabalho.  O trabalho de Pacheco é exibido internacionalmente em museus e galerias. A artista soma vários prêmios acumulados ao longo de sua carreira.

Vida
Entre 1960 e 1964,  estudou Escultura e Música na Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás e na Universidade Federal de Goiás. Posteriormente, fez pós-graduação em Música e Educação na Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, em 1965. Entre 1966 e 1973, ensinou e lecionou nessas instituições antes de se mudar para Londres em 1973 para estudar na Slade School of Art com uma bolsa do British Council instituição onde permaneceu até 1975. Entre 1985 e 1989, Pacheco foi a primeira mulher no cargo de Diretora do Departamento de Belas Artes na Escola de Belas Artes de Norwich (Norwich School of Art) . Recebeu a Ordem do Rio Branco do governo brasileiro em 1999. Em 2002, Pacheco recebeu o título de Doutora Honoris causa em Filosofia pela East Anglia University em parceria com a Norwich School of Art. Ela foi nomeada Fellow da University College London em 2003.

Carreira
O trabalho de Pacheco muitas vezes aborda temas que exploram a fantasia e o sobrenatural. Exemplos regulares incluem lendas brasileiras, mitologia, misticismo cristão e sátira medieval. A sua obra é também uma reflexão sobre a humanidade, explicando que a sua "arte mostra-nos o quão vulneráveis somos". Ela afirma que sua maior influência é O Aleijadinho.

Pacheco é mais conhecida por suas esculturas policromadas e projetos de instalação com figuras esculpidas em madeira. Como as exibidas recentemente no Festival Internacional de Artes de Galway na Irlanda em 2022. Um exemplo são as peças Man and his Sheep e Dark Night of the Soul, 1999, criado durante sua residência na National Gallery, Londres, como resposta ao The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian por os irmãos Piero del Pollaiuolo e Antonio Pollaiuolo.

Pacheco produziu uma grande figura em calcário amarelo para o Festival Nacional de Jardins de Stoke-on-Trent de 1986.

Pacheco foi a primeiro escultora selecionada para ocupar a vaga de Associate Artist da National Gallery de Londres entre 1997 e 2000. A exposição Ana Maria Pacheco: New Painting and Sculpture percorreu parte do Reino Unido entre de 29 de Setembro de 1999 a 9 de Janeiro de 2000.

Em 2015, o trabalho de Pacheco foi exibido em quatro exposições simultâneas em Norwich. As exposições foram curadas por Keith Roberts para a Norfolk Contemporary Art Society em associação com a Pratt Contemporary.

Dispersing the Night foi uma exposição na Catedral de Salisbury com curadoria de Jacquiline Creswell em associação com Pratt Contemporary, que incluiu o trabalho de Pacheco. A exposição foi inaugurada em 23 de julho de 2017. Foi nesta exposição que o trabalho de Pacheco Be Aware foi exibido pela primeira vez publicamente.

Exposições

 1983 Galeria Ikon, Birmingham
 1989 Galeria Artsite e  St John's Catholic Church, Bath - Escultura, Pintura, Desenho e Gravuras. Exposição viajou para Cornerhouse, Manchester; Galeria de Arte de Wolverhampton; Galeria de Arte da Cidade de Worcester; Catedral de Worcester; Centro de Artes Metropole, Folkestone; Galeria de Exposições Milton Keynes; Galeria Print Studio em Glasgow
 1991 Some Exercise of Power (Algum Exercício de Poder), Museu de Arte Moderna, Oxford. Viajando para Camden Arts Centre, Londres
 1992 Trondhjems Kunstforening, Trondheim, Noruega
 1992 Trilogia: Escultura e Gravuras, Catedral de Winchester
 1993 Oslo Kunstforening
 1994 Museu do Castelo de Norwich, Norfolk
 1994 The Gas Hall, Museu e Galeria de Arte de Birmingham, Birmingham
 1995 Ormeau Baths Gallery, Belfast, Irlanda do Norte
 1995 Fundação Cass Sculpture, Chichester
 1996 The Trout Gallery, Weiss Center for the Arts at Dickinson College, Pensilvânia, Estados Unidos
 1997 The Old Jail Arts Center, Albany, Texas, Estados Unidos
 1999 Kilkenny Arts Festival, Irlanda
 1999 National Gallery, Londres. A exposição percorreu a Wolverhampton Art Gallery, Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, Swansea; Galeria de Arte Whitworth, Manchester; Galeria de Arte Mappin, Sheffield
 2001 Museu Ashmolean, Oxford
 2002 Dark Night of the Soul (Noite escura da alma), Galerias Salander-O'Reilly, Nova York
 2003 Land of No Return, Galerias Salander-O'Reilly, Nova York
 2004 Museu e Galeria de Arte de Brighton, Brighton
 2004-2010 Hayward Touring: Uma exposição itinerante organizada pela Hayward Gallery for Arts Council England
 2007 Museu de Arte Danforth, Framingham, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos
 2008 Festival de Música e Artes de Aldeburgh
 2008 Wallspace em All Hallows on the Wall, Londres
 2010 Igreja de São João, Waterloo
 2011 Galeria Studio 3, Universidade de Kent em Canterbury
 2012 The Longest Journey at Salisbury Cathedral (North Transept), Salisbury International Arts Festival
 2012-2013 Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
 2013 Festival de Artes de Edimburgo, Capelania Católica de St Albert
 2015 Shadows of the Wanderer; Cathedral of St John the Baptist - Studies of Heads (John the Baptist I & III) [(Sombras do Andarilho; Catedral de São João Batista - Estudos de Cabeças (João Batista I e III)], The Gallery at Norwich University of the Arts ; Catedral de Norwich
 2015-2017 Enchanted Garden (Jardim Encantado), Museu do Castelo de Norwich
 2016 Shadows of the Wanderer, Catedral de Chichester
 2017 Dispersando a Noite, Catedral de Salisbury
 2017 Festival Internacional de Artes de Galway, Irlanda
 2022 Galway International Arts Festival, Irlanda

Prêmios e Honrarias

 1970 Primeiro Prêmio, Bienal de Goiás. Selecionada para representar o Brasil na Bienal Internacional de Arte de São Paulo
 1973 Bolsa do British Council para a Slade School of Fine Art, Londres
 1985-89 Diretora da Escola de Belas Artes, Norwich School of Art, Norfolk
 1986 Convidada para Burgdorfer Bildhauer-Symposion, Suíça - The Human Image of Today
 1997-2000 Nomeada 4th Associated Artist, National Gallery London
 1999 Ordem do Rio Branco do Governo Brasileiro
 2002 Doutorado Honoris causa, Universidade de East Anglia
 2002 Doutorado Honoris causa, Universidade de Artes de Norwich
 2003 Fellow da University College London
 2012 Comenda da Ordem do Mérito Anhanguera, do Estado de Goiás, Brasil
 2015 Prêmio Mário Pedrosa de Artista Contemporâneo da Associação Brasileira de Críticos de Arte

Referências

 ADLER, Kathleen. "O Poder da Imaginação". Art Quarterly, Outono de 2007
 SZIRTES, Jorge. "Exercício de Poder: A Arte de Ana Maria Pacheco". 1994 Lund Humphries
 CAREY, Frances. "As Estampas de Ana Maria Pacheco". Print Quarterly, V, setembro de 1988, pp. 272-283

Leitura adicional

 KOCIEJOWSKI, Marius . God's Zoo: Artists, Exiles, Londoners (Carcanet, 2014) contém um capítulo biográfico "A Jornada de Ana Maria Pacheco ao Submundo, ou Infortúnios de uma Sardinha".

Ligações externas

 https://www.anamariapacheco.co.uk/
 Pratt Contemporary, a galeria representativa de Pacheco
 1999 exposição itinerante do trabalho de Pacheco
 Noite Escura da Alma (exposição) ; Museu Danforth, Framingham, Massachusetts, 9 de novembro de 2007 a 3 de agosto de 2008. Recuperado em 7 de dezembro de 2013.

Escultores de Goiás
Mulheres artistas do Brasil
Artistas contemporâneos

Ana Maria Pacheco


Staré este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Michalovce din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 782 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Staré este atestată documentar din 1273.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Staré


Gausel Station (Gausel holdeplass) er en jernbanestation på Jærbanen, en del af Sørlandsbanen, der ligger i bydelen Gausel i Stavanger i Norge. Stationen består af to spor med en øperron imellem med adgang via en kort gangtunnel. Der er bus til og fra erhvervsområdet i Forus i myldretiden.

Den nuværende station er den anden i Gausel. Den første åbnede som trinbræt 1. november 1904 og blev opgraderet til holdeplads 14. juni 1920. Den blev gjort ubemandet 1. juni 1957, og i 1966 blev den nedlagt. Den nuværende station blev etableret en halv kilometer derfra i forbindelse med, at der blev anlagt dobbeltspor mellem Stavanger og Sandnes. Den åbnede 13. december 2009. For at lette adgangen til stationen blev der bygget en ny rundkørsel på den nuværende Fylkesvei 44.

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Jærbanen
Etableret i 2009

Gausel Station


Student activism or campus activism is work by students to cause political, environmental, economic, or social change. In addition to education, student groups often play central roles in democratization and winning civil rights.

Modern student activist movements span all ages, races, socio-economic backgrounds, and political perspectives. Some student protests focus on the internal affairs of an institution (like disinvestment); others tackle wars or dictatorships. Student activism is most often associated with left-wing politics.

Early examples
Student activism at the university level is nearly as old as the university itself.

Students in Paris and Bologna staged collective actions as early as the 13th century, chiefly over town and gown issues.

Student protests over broader political issues also have a long pedigree. In Joseon Dynasty Korea, 150 Sungkyunkwan students staged an unprecedented demonstration against the king in 1519 over the Kimyo purge.

By country

Argentina

In Argentina, as elsewhere in Latin America, the tradition of student activism dates back to at least the 19th century, but it was not until after 1900 that it became a major political force. in 1918 student activism triggered a general modernization of the universities especially tending towards democratization, called the University Revolution (Spanish: revolución universitaria). The events started in Córdoba and were accompanied by similar uprisings across Latin America.

Australia

Australian students have a long history of being active in political debates. This is particularly true in the newer universities that have been established in suburban areas.

For much of the 20th century, the major campus organizing group across Australia was the Australian Union of Students, which was founded in 1937 as the Union of Australian University Students. The AUS folded in 1984. It was replaced by the National Union of Students in 1987.

Bangladesh

Student politics of Bangladesh is reactive, confrontational and violent. Student organizations act as the armament of the political parties they are part of.  Over the years, political clashes and factional feuds in the educational institutes killed many, seriously hampering the academic atmosphere. To check those hitches, universities have no options but go to lengthy and unexpected closures. Therefore, classes are not completed on time and there are session jams.

The student wings of ruling parties dominate the campuses and residential halls through crime and violence to enjoy various unauthorized facilities. They control the residential halls to manage seats in favor of their party members and loyal pupils. They eat and buy for free from the restaurants and shops nearby. They extort and grab tenders to earn illicit money. They take money from the freshmen candidates and put pressure on teachers to get an acceptance for them. They take money from the job seekers and put pressures on university administrations to appoint them.

Brazil
On August 11, 1937, the União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE) was formed as a platform for students to create change in Brazil. The organization tried to unite students from all over Brazil. However, in the 1940s the group had aligned more with socialism. Then in the 1950s the group changed alignment again, this time aligning with more conservative values. The União Metropolitana dos Estudantes rose up in replacement of the once socialist UNE. However, it was not long until União Nacional dos Estudantes once again sided with socialism, thus joining forces with the União Metropolitana dos Estudantes.

The União Nacional dos Estudantes was influential in the democratization of higher education. Their first significant feat occurred during World War II when they successfully pressured Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas to join the side of the Allies.

In 1964, UNE was outlawed after elected leader João Goulart was disposed of power by a military coup. The military regime terrorized students in an effort to make them subservient. In 1966, students began protesting anyway despite the reality of further terror.

All the protests led up to the March of the One Hundred Thousand in June 1968. Organized by the UNE, this protest was the largest yet. A few months later the government passed Institutional Act Number Five which officially banned students from any further protest.

Canada

In Canada, New Left student organizations from the late 1950s and 1960s became mainly two: SUPA (Student Union for Peace Action) and CYC (Company of Young Canadians). SUPA grew out of the CUCND (Combined Universities Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) in December 1964, at a University of Saskatchewan conference. While CUCND had focused on protest marches, SUPA sought to change Canadian society as a whole. The scope expanded to grass-roots politics in disadvantaged communities and 'consciousness raising' to radicalize and raise awareness of the 'generation gap' experienced by Canadian youth. SUPA was a decentralized organization, rooted in local university campuses. SUPA however disintegrated in late 1967 over debates concerning the role of working class and 'Old Left'. Members moved to the CYC or became active leaders in CUS (Canadian Union of Students), leading the CUS to assume the mantle of New Left student agitation.

In 1968, SDU (Students for a Democratic University) was formed at McGill and Simon Fraser Universities. SFU SDU, originally former SUPA members and New Democratic Youth, absorbed members from the campus Liberal Club and Young Socialists. SDU was prominent in an Administration occupation in 1968, and a student strike in 1969. After the failure of the student strike, SDU broke up. Some members joined the IWW and Yippies (Youth International Party). Other members helped form the Vancouver Liberation Front in 1970. The FLQ (Quebec Liberation Front) was considered a terrorist organization, causing the use of the War Measures Act after 95 bombings in the October Crisis. This was the only peacetime use of the War Measures Act.

Since the 1970s, PIRGs (Public Interest Research Groups) have been created as a result of Student Union referendums across Canada in individual provinces. Like their American counterparts, Canadian PIRGs are student directed, run, and funded. Most operate on a consensus decision making model. Despite efforts at collaboration, Canadian PIRGs are independent of each other.

Anti-Bullying Day (a.k.a. Pink Shirt Day) was created by high school students David Shepherd, and Travis Price of Berwick, Nova Scotia, and is now celebrated annually across Canada.

In 2012, the Quebec Student Movement arose due to an increase of tuition of 75%; that took students out of class and into the streets because that increase did not allow students to comfortably extend their education, because of fear of debt or not having money at all. Following elections that year, premier Jean Charest promised to repeal anti-assembly laws and cancel the tuition hike.

Chile

From 2011 to 2013, Chile was rocked by a series of student-led nationwide protests across Chile, demanding a new framework for education in the country, including more direct state participation in secondary education and an end to the existence of profit in higher education. Currently in Chile, only 45% of high school students study in traditional public schools and most universities are also private. No new public universities have been built since the end of the Chilean transition to democracy in 1990, even though the number of university students has swelled. Beyond the specific demands regarding education, the protests reflected a "deep discontent" among some parts of society with Chile's high level of inequality. Protests have included massive non-violent marches, but also a considerable amount of violence on the part of a side of protestors as well as riot police.

The first clear government response to the protests was a proposal for a new education fund and a cabinet shuffle which replaced Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín and was seen as not fundamentally addressing student movement concerns. Other government proposals were also rejected.

China

Since the defeat of the Qing Dynasty during the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860), student activism has played a significant role in the modern Chinese history.

Fueled mostly by Chinese nationalism, Chinese student activism strongly believes that young people are responsible for China's future. This strong nationalistic belief has been able to manifest in several forms such as pro-democracy, anti-Americanism and pro-communism.

In 1919, the May Fourth Movement saw over 3,000 students of Peking University and other schools gather together in front of Tiananmen and demonstrate. It is regarded as an essential step of the democratic revolution in China, and it had also given birth to Chinese Communism.

During the 1927-1937 Nanjing decade, student activism played an outsized role.

While nationalist Anti-American movements led by some students and intellectuals during the Chinese Civil War were instrumental in winning enough support for the CCP in urban areas to prevail, there remained lots of polarization on campuses in the late 1940's with a wide range of views. Ironically, America's influence in post-war China, designed to prevent Soviet influence appears to have backfired for the United States as some Chinese students were sensitive to any overt foreign influence after the Japanese occupation.

In 1989, the Tiananmen Square protests, led by students, inspired ended in a brutal government massacre of thousands, damaging the reputation of the Chinese Communist Party as it moved towards a more repressive approach to speech and dissent.

Czech Republic
Jan Palach and Jan Zajíc's protests against the end of the Prague Spring used self-immolation.

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Student activism played an important, yet understudied, role in Congo's crisis of decolonisation. Throughout the 1960s, students denounced the unfinished decolonisation of higher education and the unrealised promises of national independence. The two issues crossed in the demonstration of June 4, 1969. Student activism continues and women such as Aline Mukovi Neema, winner of 100 Women BBC award, continue to campaign for political change in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Eastern Europe and the post-Soviet Union states

During communist rule, students in Eastern Europe were the force behind several of the best-known instances of protest. The chain of events leading to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution was started by peaceful student demonstrations in the streets of Budapest, later attracting workers and other Hungarians. In Czechoslovakia, one of the most known faces of the protests following the Soviet-led invasion that ended the Prague Spring was Jan Palach, a student who committed suicide by setting fire to himself on January 16, 1969. The act triggered a major protest against the occupation.

Student-dominated youth movements have also played a central role in the "color revolutions" seen in post-communist societies in recent years.

Of the color revolutions, the Velvet Revolution of 1989 in the Czechoslovak capital of Prague was one of them. Though the Velvet Revolution began as a celebration of International Students Day, the single event quickly turned into a nationwide ordeal aimed at the dissolution of communism. The demonstration had turned violent when police intervened. However, the police attacks garnered nationwide sympathy for the student protesters. Soon enough multiple other protests unraveled in an effort to breakdown the one party communist regime of Czechoslovakia. The series of protests were successful; they broke down the communist regime and implemented the use of democratic elections in 1990, only a few months after the first protest.

Another example of this was the Serbian Otpor! ("Resistance!" in Serbian), formed in October 1998 as a response to repressive university and media laws that were introduced that year. In the presidential campaign in September 2000, the organisation engineered the "Gotov je" ("He's finished") campaign that galvanized Serbian discontent with Slobodan Milošević, ultimately resulting in his defeat.

Otpor has inspired other youth movements in Eastern Europe, such as Kmara in Georgia, which played an important role in the Rose Revolution, and PORA in Ukraine, which was key in organising the demonstrations that led to the Orange Revolution. Like Otpor, these organisations have consequently practiced non-violent resistance and used ridiculing humor in opposing authoritarian leaders. Similar movements include KelKel in Kyrgyzstan, Zubr in Belarus and MJAFT! in Albania.

Ethiopia
Student movements in Ethiopia in the late 1960s, during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, included debates about the social sciences and social change and played a significant role in political opposition to Haile Selassie, which led to the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution. Student activism played a role in both socially progressive aspects of the revolution and in human rights violations. Student activism and their use of the social sciences played a role in the 1991 fall of the following government, the Derg, and in the implementation of the rule of  Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front during the following three decades.

France

In France, student activists have been influential in shaping public debate. In May 1968 the University of Paris at Nanterre was closed due to problems between the students and the administration. In protest of the closure and the expulsion of Nanterre students, students of the Sorbonne in Paris began their own demonstration. The situation escalated into a nationwide insurrection.

The events in Paris were followed by student protests throughout the world. The German student movement participated in major demonstrations against proposed emergency legislation. In many countries, the student protests caused authorities to respond with violence. In Spain, student demonstrations against Franco's dictatorship led to clashes with police. A student demonstration in Mexico City ended in a storm of bullets on the night of October 2, 1968, an event known as the Tlatelolco massacre. Even in Pakistan, students took to the streets to protest changes in education policy, and on November 7 two college students died after police opened fire on a demonstration. The global reverberations from the French uprising of 1968 continued into 1969 and even into the 1970s.

Germany

In 1815 in Jena (Germany) the "Urburschenschaft" was founded. That was a Studentenverbindung that was concentrated on national and democratic ideas.
In 1817, inspired by liberal and patriotic ideas of a united Germany, student organisations gathered for the Wartburg festival at Wartburg Castle, at Eisenach in Thuringia, on the 300th anniversary of Martin Luther's 95 theses.

In May 1832 the Hambacher Fest was celebrated at Hambach Castle near Neustadt an der Weinstraße with about 30,000 participants, amongst them many students. Together with the Frankfurter Wachensturm in 1833 planned to free students held in prison at Frankfurt and Georg Büchner's revolutionary pamphlet Der Hessische Landbote that were events that led to the revolutions in the German states in 1848.

The White Rose society in Nazi Germany lasted from 1942-1943, during which students mailed anti-nazi leaflets around the country until the leaders were caught and executed.

In the 1960s, the worldwide upswing in student and youth radicalism manifested itself through the German student movement and organisations such as the German Socialist Student Union. The movement in Germany shared many concerns of similar groups elsewhere, such as the democratisation of society and opposing the Vietnam War, but also stressed more nationally specific issues such as coming to terms with the legacy of the Nazi regime and opposing the German Emergency Acts.

Greece
Student activism in Greece has a long and intense history. Student activism in the 1960s was one of the reasons cited to justify the imposition of the dictatorship in 1967. Following the imposition of the dictatorship, the Athens Polytechnic uprising in 1973 triggered a series of events that led to the abrupt end of the regime's attempted "liberalisation" process under Spiros Markezinis, and, after that, to the eventual collapse of the Greek junta during Metapolitefsi and the return of democracy in Greece. Kostas Georgakis was a Greek student of geology, who, in the early hours of 19 September 1970, set himself ablaze in Matteotti square in Genoa as a protest against the dictatorial regime of Georgios Papadopoulos. His suicide greatly embarrassed the junta, and caused a sensation in Greece and abroad as it was the first tangible manifestation of the depth of resistance against the junta. The junta delayed the arrival of his remains to Corfu for four months citing security reasons and fearing demonstrations while presenting bureaucratic obstacles through the Greek consulate and the junta government.

Hong Kong (SAR of China)

Hong Kong Student activist group Scholarism began an occupation of the Hong Kong government headquarters on 30 August 2012. The goal of the protest was, expressly, to force the government to retract its plans to introduce Moral and National Education as a compulsory subject. On 1 September, an open concert was held as part of the protest, with an attendance of 40,000. At last, the government de facto struck down the Moral and National Education.

Student organizations made important roles during the Umbrella Movement. Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) made decisions on the Hong Kong political reform on 31 August 2014, which the Nominating Committee would tightly control the nomination of the Chief Executive candidate, candidates outside the Pro-Beijing camp would not have opportunities to be nominated. The Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism led a strike against the NPCSC's decision beginning on 22 September 2014, and started protesting outside the government headquarters on 26 September 2014. On 28 September, the Occupy Central with Love and Peace movement announced that the beginning of their civil disobedience campaign. Students and other members of the public demonstrated outside government headquarters, and some began to occupy several major city intersections.

India

The Assam Movement (or Assam Agitation) (1979–1985) was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam. The movement, led by All Assam Students Union (AASU) and the 'All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad' (AAGSP), developed a program of protests and demonstration to compel the Indian government to identify and expel illegal, (mostly Bangladeshi), immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people.

The Jadavpur University of Kolkata have played an important role to contribute to the student activism of India. The Hokkolorob Movement (2014) stirred many around the world. It took place after the alleged police attack over unarmed students inside the campus demanding the fair justice of a student who was molested inside the campus. The Movement finally led to the expulsion of the contemporary Vice Chancellor of the university, Mr. Abhijit Chakraborty, who allegedly ordered the police to do open lathicharge over the students. Some anti-social goons were also involved in the harassment of the students.

Indonesia

Indonesia is often believed to have hosted "some of the most important acts of student resistance in the world's history". University student groups have repeatedly been the first groups to stage street demonstrations calling for governmental change at key points in the nation's history, and other organizations from across the political spectrum have sought to align themselves with student groups.  In 1928, the Youth Pledge (Sumpah Pemuda) helped to give voice to anti-colonial sentiments.

During the political turmoil of the 1960s, right-wing student groups staged demonstrations calling for then-President Sukarno to eliminate alleged Communists from his government, and later demanding that he resign.  Sukarno did step down in 1967, and was replaced by Army general Suharto.

Student groups also played a key role in Suharto's 1998 fall by initiating large demonstrations that gave voice to widespread popular discontent with the president in the aftermath of the May 1998 riots. High school and university students in Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Medan, and elsewhere were some of the first groups willing to speak out publicly against the military government. Student groups were a key part of the political scene during this period. Upon taking office after Suharto stepped down, B. J. Habibie made numerous mostly unsuccessful overtures to placate the student groups that had brought down his predecessor. When that failed, he sent a combined force of police and gangsters to evict protesters occupying a government building by force.  The ensuing carnage left two students dead and 181 injured.

Iran

In Iran, students were at the forefront of protests both against the pre-1979 secular monarchy and, in the 2000s and 2010s, against the theocratic islamic republic. Both religious and more moderate students played a major part in Ruhollah Khomeini's opposition network against the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In January 1978 the army dispersed demonstrating students and religious leaders, killing several students and sparking a series of widespread protests that ultimately led to the Iranian Revolution the following year. On November 4, 1979, militant Iranian students calling themselves the Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam seized the US embassy in Tehran holding 52 embassy employees hostage for a 444 days (see Iran hostage crisis).

In the July 1999 Iranian student riots, liberal students clashed with the Iranian government. Several people were killed in a week of violent confrontations that started with a police raid on a university dormitory, a response to demonstrations by a group of students of Tehran University against the closure of a reformist newspaper. Akbar Mohammadi was given a death sentence, later reduced to 15 years in prison, for his role in the protests. In 2006, he died at Evin prison after a hunger strike protesting the refusal to allow him to seek medical treatment for injuries suffered as a result of torture.

At the end of 2002, students held mass demonstrations protesting the death sentence of reformist lecturer Hashem Aghajari for alleged blasphemy.

In June 2003, several thousand students took to the streets of Tehran in anti-government protests sparked by government plans to privatise some universities.

In the May 2005 Iranian presidential election, Iran's largest student organization, The Office to Consolidate Unity, advocated a voting boycott. After the election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, student protests against the government has continued. In May 2006, up to 40 police officers were injured in clashes with demonstrating students in Tehran. At the same time, the Iranian government has called for student action in line with its own political agenda. In 2006, President Ahmadinejad urged students to organize campaigns to demand that liberal and secular university teachers be removed.

In 2009, after the disputed presidential election, a series of student protests broke out, which became known as the Iranian Green Movement. The violent measures used by the Iranian government to suppress these protests have been the subject of widespread international condemnation. As a consequence of hash repression, "the student movement entered a period of silence during Ahmadinejad's second term (2009–2013)".

During the first term of Hassan Rouhani in office (2013-2017) several groups endeavored to revive the student movement through rebuilding student organizations.

After Mahsa Amini died on September 16, 2022, massive nationwide protests erupted throughout Iran, with schoolgirls playing a historically central role.

Israel
In Israel the students were amongst the leading figures in the 2011 Israeli social justice protests that grew out of the Cottage cheese boycott.

Japan

Japanese student movement began during the Taishō Democracy, and grew in activity after World War II. One such event was the Anpo Protests, which occurred in 1960, in opposition to the Anpo treaty. In the subsequent student uprising in 1968, leftist activists barricaded themselves in universities, resulting in armed conflict with the Japanese police force. Some wider causes were supported including opposition to the Vietnam War and apartheid, and for the acceptance of the hippie lifestyle.

Malaysia
Since the amendment of Section 15 of the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 (UUCA) in 1975, students were barred from being members of, and expressing support or opposition to, any political parties or "any organization, body or group of persons which the Minister, after consultation with the Board, has specified in writing to the Vice-Chancellor to be unsuitable to the interests and well-being of the students or the University." However, in October 2011, the Court of Appeal ruled that the relevant provision in Section 15 UUCA was unconstitutional due to Article 10 of the Federal Constitution pertaining to freedom of expression.

Since the act prohibiting students from expressing "support, sympathy or opposition" to any political party was enacted in 1971, Malaysian students have repeatedly demanded that the ban on political involvement be rescinded. The majority of students are not interested in politics because they are afraid that the universities will take action against them. The UUCA (also known by its Malaysian acronym AUKU) not however been entirely successful in eliminating student activism and political engagement.

In Kuala Lumpur on 14 April 2012, student activists camped out at Independence Square and marched against a government loan program that they said charged students high interest rates and left them with debt.

The largest student movement in Malaysia is the Solidariti Mahasiswa Malaysia (SMM; Student Solidarity of Malaysia). This is a coalition group that represents numerous student organizations. Currently, SMM is actively campaigning against the UUCA and a free education at primary, secondary and tertiary level.

Mexico

During the protests of 1968, Mexican military and police killed an estimated 30 to 300 students and civilian protesters. This killing is known as in the Tlatelolco massacre, and took place on October 2, 1968, in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in the Tlatelolco section of Mexico City. The events are considered part of the Mexican Dirty War, when the government used its forces to suppress political opposition. The massacre occurred 10 days before the opening of the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

More recent student movements include Yo Soy 132 in 2012. Yo Soy 132 was a social movement composed for the most part of Mexican university students from private and public universities, residents of Mexico, claiming supporters from about 50 cities around the world. It began as opposition to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) candidate Enrique Peña Nieto and the Mexican media's allegedly biased coverage of the 2012 general election. The name Yo Soy 132, Spanish for "I Am 132", originated in an expression of solidarity with the original 131 protest's initiators. The phrase drew inspiration from the Occupy movement and the Spanish 15-M movement. The protest movement was self-proclaimed as the "Mexican spring" (an allusion to the Arab Spring) by its first spokespersons, and called the "Mexican occupy movement" in the international press.

Following the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping, students responded nationally in protest from marches to destruction of property. Through social media, hashtags such as #TodosSomosAyotzinapa spread and prompted global student response.

Norway
Similar to the students of Sweden, many student activists have emerged in Norway to protest climate change. While Norway is commonly viewed as a model country when it comes to combating climate change, students in Norway say there's more to be done. Though the country has put forth many internal climate combating initiatives, students worry over the country's exportation of oil and gas.

Pakistan
Historically throughout Pakistan, university students have led protests against dictatorships and militant regimes. In the 1960s, the National Student Federation and the Peoples student federation worked together to protest against their current militant regime. That regime was run by General Ayub Khan, the second president of Pakistan.

In 2012, Malala Yousafzai was shot by the Taliban when standing up for the right of girls in Pakistan to receive an education. Surviving the attack, Yousafzai continued on as an activist for women's education. She has since written two books stressing the importance of girl's education not only in her home of Pakistan, but also around the world. Her first book, I Am Malala, details her own experience; while her second book, We Are Displaced, details the lives of girls she met from refugee camps. In 2014, she became the youngest person to receive a Nobel Peace Prize. She was 17 years of age upon accepting the award.

Philippines
Student activism in the Philippines saw a surge during the Ferdinand Marcos regime in the late 1960s and early 1970s during the First Quarter Storm before the declaration of Martial Law. Until today, student activism continues for various causes such as for free education, corruption within the government, and extrajudicial killings. Some groups that lead these protests are the League of Filipino Students (LFS), National Union of Students of the Philippines (NUSP), Anakbayan, and Kabataan Party-List.

Russia

, , and  have all had extensive student activist movements.

South Africa
In the 1970s, students in South Africa contributed to the movement against the apartheid. On June 16, 1976, students congregated in what would come to be known at the Soweto Uprising. Here, they led a peaceful protest in response to the Bantu Education Act of 1953. In an attempt to break apart the protest, police met the students with violence and force. The violence that ensued during the uprising led many to sympathize with the protesting students. The exposed nature of the apartheid caused an international abhorrence leading to its deconstruction.

South Korea

Sweden
In 2018, Greta Thunberg caught international attention when she began missing classes to protest climate change. What began as sitting outside Sweden's parliament with fliers in hand, quickly became an international student movement. On March 15, 2019, students from more than 130 countries skipped school for the global climate strike.

Taiwan
The Sunflower Student Movement in 2014 advocated for independence from China and some of its leaders went on to form the pro-democracy New Power Party in 2015.

The Anti Black Box Movement in 2015 challenged opaque education reforms and reformers.

Thailand
The overthrow of Thai leader Field Marshall Thanom Kittikachorn was primarily led by students. Called the October 14, 1973 Uprising, students were successful in overthrowing his military dictatorship and restoring democracy. In addition to Thanom, they also overthrew deputy Field Marshall Praphas Charusathien. After Thanom was overthrown he was forced into exile, but in 1976 returned to become a monk. Although he swore to stay out of politics, the presence of him caused student protests to begin again. On October 6, 1976, many protestors died at the hands of right-wing militants that had torn through Thammasat University.

Left-wing students are now known to protest any Thanom-styled regime.

Students played a very important role in the ongoing 2020 Thai protests. Students from many parts of Thailand are participating in a series of pro-democracy movements against Thai government under Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-o-cha. One instance saw a debate between students and Education Minister Nataphol Teepsuwan who used to be a part of the anti-democratic People's Democratic Reform Committee that called for Prayuth to staged 2014 Thai coup d'état.

Uganda
Uganda has the second youngest population in the world, with rising numbers of university students seeking improved employment opportunities. Over the last 100 years since the establishment of the first Ugandan university, these students have been especially politically engaged. The structure of the university government system encourages political action, as student leadership positions are viewed as extensions of government elections and parties. During British colonialism and independence, students have played a crucial role in protesting government leadership with varied success.

Ukraine

United Kingdom

Student political activism has existed in U.K since the 1880s with the formation of the student representative councils, precursors of union organisations designed to present students interests. These later evolved into unions, many of which became part of the National Union of Students (NUS) formed in 1921. However, the NUS was designed to be specifically outside of "political and religious interests", reducing its importance as a centre for student activism. During the 1930s students began to become more politically involved with the formation of many socialist societies at universities, ranging from social democratic to Marxist–Leninist and Trotskyite, even leading to Brian Simon, a communist, becoming head of the NUS.

However, it was not until the 1960s that student activism became important in British universities. The Vietnam war and issues of racism initiated a focus on other local frustrations, such as fees and student representation. In 1962, the first student protest against the Vietnam War was held, with CND. However, student activism did not begin on a large scale until the mid-1960s. In 1965, a student protest of 250 students was held outside Edinburgh's American embassy and the beginning of protests against the Vietnam war in Grovesnor square. It also saw the first major teach-in in Britain in 1965, where students debated the Vietnam War and alternative non-violent means of protest at the London School of Economics, sponsored by the Oxford Union.

In 1966 the Radical Student Alliance and Vietnam Solidarity Campaign were formed, both of which became centres for the protest movement. However, the first student sit-in was held at the London School of Economics in 1967 by their Students' Union over the suspension of two students. Its success and a national student rally of 100,000 held in the same year is usually considered to mark the start of the movement. Up until the mid-1970s student activities were held including a protest of up to 80,000 strong in Grosvenor Square, anti-racist protests and occupations in Newcastle, the breaking down of riot control gates and forced closure of the London School of Economics, and Jack Straw becoming the head of the NUS for the RSA.  However, many protests were over more local issues, such as student representation in college governance, better accommodation, lower fees or even canteen prices.

Student protests erupted again in 2010 during the Premiership of David Cameron over the issue of tuition fees, higher education funding cuts and withdrawal of the Education Maintenance Allowance.

During the wave of School Strikes for Climate in 2019, student strikes saw up to 300,000 school children on the streets in the UK, at protests organised by a network of local groups of youth climate activists. Umbrella campaign groups such as Scottish Youth Climate Strike in Scotland, Youth Climate Association Northern Ireland in Northern Ireland, and UK Student Climate Network in England and Wales, made demands to respective governments and local authorities on the back of these protests and achieved some successes, and continue to campaign for climate justice.

United States

In the United States, student activism is often understood as a form of youth activism that has been most notable in its role in nonviolent protests of civil rights.

Some of the first well documented, directed activism occurred on the campuses of black institutions like Fisk and Howard in the 1920s. At Fisk, students' concerns surrounding disciplinary rules designed to undermine black identity coalesced into demands for the resignation of President Fayette Avery McKenzie. Spurred by alum W.E.B. Du Bois' 1924 commencement speech, the students ignored the 10 p.m. curfew to protest, and staged subsequent walkouts. After a committee found Mckenzie's abilities and handling of the unrest poor, he resigned on April 16, 1925. Events at Fisk had wide repercussions, as black students elsewhere began to question the repressive status quo of the postwar black university.

In the 1930s, the American Youth Congress lobbied the US Congress against war and racial discrimination and for youth programs. It was heavily supported by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.

Perhaps the most notable and accomplished student groups in US History were the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Atlanta Student Movement, predominantly African American groups that won passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

The Free Speech Movement in 1964–65 at UC Berkeley used mass civil disobedience to overturn restrictions on on-campus political activities. The Free Speech Movement was the first US student movement that became a focus of scholarly attention into student activism.

The largest student strike in American history took place in May and June 1970, in response to the Kent State shootings and the American invasion of Cambodia. Over four million students participated in this action.

The Disinvestment from South Africa movement involved many universities, starting with the University of California, Berkeley, where student activism helped it to become the first institution to disinvest completely from companies implicated in and profiting from apartheid.

In the 1990s, the popular education reform movement has led to a resurgence of populist student activism against standardized testing and teaching, as well as more complex issues including military/industrial/prison complex and the influence of the military and corporations in education.

Major contemporary campaigns include work for funding of public schools, against increased tuitions at colleges or the use of sweatshop labor in manufacturing school apparel (e.g. United Students Against Sweatshops), for increased student voice throughout education planning, delivery, and policy-making (e.g. The Roosevelt Institution), and to raise national and local awareness of the humanitarian consequences of the Darfur Conflict. Antiwar activism has also increased leading to the creation of the Campus Antiwar Network and the refounding of SDS in 2006.

In February 2018 after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, many students began to organise rallies and protests against gun violence. A huge series of protests including the March for Our Lives (MFOL) followed, drawing millions of protesters and notably attacking the NRA as well as US gun laws. A number of student activists such as X González who helped lead the protests quickly garnered media attention for their action. Later, these students created MFOL, a non-profit 501(c)(4) organization. A number of other students have followed their lead and created other youth organizations, including Team Enough, which is being overseen by the Brady Campaign, and Students Demand Action, which is being overseen by Everytown for Gun Safety.

Recent youth activism around youth voter turnout includes efforts like EighteenX18, an organization started by actress Yara Shahidi of ABC's Blacki-sh devoted to increased voter turnout in youth; OneMillionOfUs, a national youth voting and advocacy organization working to educate and empower 1 million young people to vote which started by Jerome Foster II.

Climate change has also been an issue for youth activists in the United States, including This is Zero Hour, an environmentally-focused youth organization started by Jamie Margolin.

See also

 Intergenerational equity
 International Students Day
 Jeltoqsan
 LGBT Student Movement
 List of social movements
 Student government political party
 Youth empowerment
 Youth participation
 Youth rights
 Youth suffrage
 Youth voice

Organizations
 180/Movement for Democracy and Education
 Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
 Australian Student Environment Network
 Baloch Students Organization
 Canadian Federation of Students
 Dwight Hall Socially Responsible Investment Fund
 Energy Action Coalition
 European Students' Union
 Federation of Student Nationalists
 Kerala Students Union
 The Freechild Project
 Idealist on Campus, a program of Action Without Borders
 Kyoto Now!
 Muslim Students' Association
 National Students Federation
 National Students Union of India
 National Youth Rights Association
 New York Public Interest Research Group
 North American Students of Cooperation
 People & Planet
 Secular Student Alliance
 Student/Farmworker Alliance
 Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
 Students Coalition Against War
 Students for a Free Tibet
 Students for Justice in Palestine
 Students for Sensible Drug Policy
 Students' Federation of India
 United States Student Association

References

Further reading
 Still the Earth Jumps Back: Student Uprisings Then and Now Santa Barbara, CA, SBDisorientation Collective, 2006.
 Guide to Social Change Led By and With Young People Olympia, WA: CommonAction, 2006.
 Student activists become more media-savvy by David Linhardt, The New York Times (NYTimes.com).
 History of Student Activism from Campus Compact.
 Student Activism at Gettysburg College from Gettysburg College Musselman Library
 Women's Protest at Gettysburg College, 1965–1975 from Gettysburg College Musselman Library
 Andrews, William. "Dissenting Japan: A History of Japanese Radicalism and Counterculture, from 1945 to Fukushima." London: Hurst, 2016.
 Brax, Ralph S. "The first student movement." Port Washington, NY : Kennikat Press, 1980.
 Carson, Claybourne. "In Struggle, SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s." Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press., 1981
 Cohen, Robert. "When the old left was young." New York : Oxford University Press, 1993.
 Fletcher, Adam. (2005) "Meaningful Student Involvement Series." HumanLinks Foundation.
 Kreider, Aaron ed. "The SEAC Organizing Guide." Student Environmental Action Coalition, 2004.
 Loeb, Paul.  "Generation at the Crossroads: Apathy and Action on the American Campus."  New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press, 1994.
 McGhan, Barry. "The Student Movement: Where do you stand?" Time Magazine, 1971.
 Sale, Kirkpatrick. "SDS: Ten Years Towards a Revolution." New York, Random House, 1973.
 Students for a Democratic Society. "Port Huron Statement." Author, 1962.
 Vellela, Tony.  "New Voices: Student Activism in the 80s and 90s."  Boston, MA: South End Press, 1988.
 Manabu Miyazaki; Toppamono: Outlaw. Radical. Suspect. My Life in Japan's Underworld (2005, Kotan Publishing, )
 Student Movements in India, An AICUF Publication, Chennai 1999
Deka, Kaustubh "From Movements to Accords and Beyond : The critical role of student organizations in the formation and performance of identity in Assam" Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 2013

External links
 University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Vietnam Era Ephemera This collection contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. They reflect the social environment and political activities of the youth movement in Seattle during that period.
 Campus Activism (Networking site with resources for student activists)
 Dosomething.org (Youth Activism Social Networking site)

Activism
Social movements

Student activism


David Drake () este un autor american de literatură științifico-fantastică si de fantezie. Un veteran al războiului din Vietnam care a lucrat ca avocat, acum este un scriitor în genul științifico-fantastic militar.

Biografie
A studiat la Duke University School of Law, Universitatea Statului Iowa.

Lucrări (selecție)

Seria ARC Riders
 Cu Janet Morris.
Serie asemănătoare cu Time Patrol (Poul Anderson).
 ARC Riders (1995)
 The Fourth Rome (1996)

Seria Belisarius
 Cu Eric Flint
Belisarius a fost numit comandantul unei armate bizantine/persane combinate pentru a invada India. Aici, în Malwa, Belisarius caută adevăratul său dușman, entitatea misterioasă cunoscută sub numele de Link, o inteligență artificială care folosește corpurile umane ca dispozitiv interactiv.
 An Oblique Approach (1998)
 In the Heart of Darkness (1998)
 Destiny's Shield (1999)
 Fortune's Stroke (2000)
 The Tide of Victory (2001)
 The Dance of Time (2006)

Seria The Books of the Elements
 The Legions of Fire (2010)
 Out of the Waters (2011)
 Monsters of the Earth (2013)
 Air and Darkness (2015)

Seria Crisis of Empire
 An Honorable Defense (1988) — cu Thomas T. Thomas
 Cluster Command (1989) — cu  William C. Dietz
 The War Machine (1989) — cu  Roger MacBride Allen
 Crown of Empire (1994) — cu Chelsea Quinn Yarbro

Povestiri
 "Denkirch" in Travellers by Night (1967), Balefires (2007)
 "Lord of the Depths" in Dark Things (1971)
 "Arclight" in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (April 1973)
 "Contact!" in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact (October 1974), Body Armor: 2000 (1986)
 "Under the Hammer" in Galaxy Science Fiction (October 1974), Hammer's Slammers (1979)
 "The Butcher's Bill" in Galaxy Science Fiction (November 1974), Combat SF (1975), Hammer's Slammers (1979), Combat SF (1981), Hammer's Slammers (1987)
 "Something Had to Be Done" in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (February 1975), The Year's Best Horror Stories: Series IV (1976), From the Heart of Darkness (1983), 100 Vicious Little Vampire Stories (1995)
 "Ranks of Bronze" in Galaxy Science Fiction (August 1975), There Will Be War (1983), Vettius and His Friends (1989)
 "But Loyal to His Own" in Galaxy Science Fiction (October 1975), Hammer's Slammers (1979)
 "Awakening" in Nameless Places (1975)
 "Children of the Forest" in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (November 1976), The Year's Best Horror Stories: Series V (1977), From the Heart of Darkness (1983), Balefires (2007)
 "Blood Debt" in The 4th Mayflower Book of Black Magic Stories (1976), From the Heart of Darkness (1983)
 "Firefight" in Frights (1976), From the Heart of Darkness (1983)
 "The Hunting Ground" in Superhorror (1976), From the Heart of Darkness (1983)
 "Nation Without Walls" in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact (July 1977)
 "The Last Battalion" in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact (September 1977)
 "The Barrow Troll" in Savage Heroes (1977), Whispers (1977), The World Fantasy Awards Volume Two (1980), From the Heart of Darkness (1983), Vettius and His Friends (1989), Balefires (2007)
 "Smokie Joe" in More Devil's Kisses (1977), Terrors (1982), From the Heart of Darkness (1983), Balefires (2007)
 "Best of Luck" in The Year's Best Horror Stories: Series VI (1978), From the Heart of Darkness (1983)
 "Caught in the Crossfire" in Chrysalis 2 (1978), Hammer's Slammers (1979), Caught in the Crossfire (1998)
 "Cultural Conflict" in Destinies (January/February 1979), Hammer's Slammers (1979)
 "The Predators" in Destinies (October/December 1979)
 "Hangman" in Hammer's Slammers (1979), Supertanks (1987)
 "The Red Leer" in Whispers II (1979), From the Heart of Darkness (1983), Balefires (2007)
 "Standing Down" in Hammer's Slammers (1979)
 "Underground" in Destinies (February/March 1980)
 "Men Like Us" in Omni (May 1980), From the Heart of Darkness (1983)
 "The Automatic Rifleman" in Destinies (Fall 1980), From the Heart of Darkness (1983)
 "Goddess" in Tales from the Vulgar Unicorn (1980), Sanctuary (1982)
 "Than Curse the Darkness" in New Tales of the Cthulhu Mythos (1980), From the Heart of Darkness (1983), Balefires (2007)
 "Travellers" in Destinies (Winter 1981)
 "King Crocodile" in Whispers III (1981), Vettius and His Friends (1989)
 "The Dancer in the Flames" in From the Heart of Darkness (1983), Whispers IV (1983)
 "Votary" in The Face of Chaos (1983)
 "Out of Africa" in From the Heart of Darkness (1983), Horrorstory: Volume 4 (1990)
 "Code-name Feirefitz" in Men of War (1984)
 The Guardroom in Afterwar (1985)
 The Great Beer Shortage with Janet Morris in Far Frontiers Vol. VI (Fall 1986)
 "The Tank Lords" in Far Frontiers Vol. VI (Fall 1986), Hammer's Slammers (1987), Call to Battle (1988)
 "The Hand of Providence" in Heroes in Hell (1986)
 "'Cause I Served My Time in Hell" in Rebels in Hell (1986)
 "The Interrogation Team" in Warrior (1986), Caught in the Crossfire (1998)
 "The Fool" in Whispers VI (July 1987)
 "Bargain" in Masters in Hell (1987)
 "Learning Curve" in Angels in Hell (1987)
 "Liberty Port" in Alien Stars IV: Freelancers (1987)
 "Springs Eternal" in Crusaders in Hell (1987)
 "Wisdom" in Crusaders in Hell (1987)
 "Rescue Mission" in The Fleet (1988)
 "Safe to Sea" in Spacefighters (1988)
 "When the Devil Drives" in The Fleet: Counterattack (1988)
 "Dreams in Amber" in Vettius and His Friends (1989)
 "Killer" with Karl Edward Wagner in Vettius and His Friends (1989)
 "Exile" in Prophets in Hell (1989)
 "Elfin Pipes of Northworld" in The New York Review of Science Fiction (December 1990)
 "Looking Forward: Excerpt from Northworld: Justice" in Amazing Stories (March 1992)
 "Looking Forward: Excerpt from The Sharp End" in Amazing Stories (October 1993)
 "Cannibal Plants From Heck" in Alien Pregnant By Elvis (1994)
 "Airborne All the Way!" in Magic, the Gathering: Tapestries (1995)
 "To Bring the Light" in Locus (August 1996)
Această poveste o prezintă pe Flavia Herosilla, o femeie bine educată care trăiește în Imperiul Roman. Ea se uită la o procesiune condusă de împăratul Filip Arabul - când izbucnește o furtună bruscă. La fel ca Padway (din "Lest Darkness Fall"), ea este trimisă înapoi în timp cu o lovitură de trăsnet, în cazul ei la începuturile Romei în jurul anului 751 î.Hr. Spre deosebire de Padway, care a încercat să schimbe istoria, Flavia încearcă pur și simplu să se asigure că fondarea Romei va avea loc la timp și că legendele pe care le știe se vor împlini. Dar există un detaliu pe care vrea să-l schimbe. Legendele spun că în ziua înființării Romei, Romulus l-a ucis pe fratele său Remus - și în timp ce se asigura că Roma va fi fondată, Flavia Herosilla se îndrăgostește de Remus ...
 "The Waiting Bullet" in Locus (August 1996)
 "A Grand Tour" in More than Honor (1998)
 "The Immovable Object" in Caught in the Crossfire (1998)
 "With the Sword He Must Be Slain" in Armageddon (1998)
 "A Very Offensive Weapon" in All the Way to the Gallows (1995)
 "The Tradesmen" in Grimmer Than Hell (2000)
 "A Death in Peacetime" in The Complete Hammer's Slammers Volume 1 (2005)
 "Dragon, the Book" in Catfantastic V (1999)

Note

Legături externe

David Drake's web site

David Drake at Fantastic Fiction

Nașteri în 1975
Nașteri pe 24 septembrie
Scriitori americani de literatură științifico-fantastică
Americani în viață
Scriitori americani de literatură fantastică
Scriitori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori americani din secolul al XXI-lea

David Drake


Başören, Adana ilinin Ceyhan ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Eski adı Çinkoluören olan yerleşim yeri, günümüzde Başören adıyla köy statüsünü sürdürmektedir.

Coğrafya ve ulaşım
Adana il merkezine 39 km, Ceyhan ilçesine 26 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Altyapı bilgileri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Yerelnet

Ceyhan'ın mahalleleri

Başören, Ceyhan


Fairwood bezeichnet verschiedene geografische Orte:

in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Fairwood (Maryland), CDP
 Fairwood (Virginia)
 Fairwood (Washington)

in Südafrika:
 Fairwood (Gauteng), Vorort von Johannesburg

Fairwood bezeichnet folgendes Unternehmen:
 Fairwood Holdings, Ltd.

Fairwood


A haltija (haltia) is a spirit, gnome, or elf-like creature in Finnish mythology that guards, helps, or protects something or somebody. The word is possibly derived from the Gothic haltijar, which referred to the original settler of a homestead—although this is not the only possible etymology. It can also be derived from the Finnish verb hallita, which means 'to rule', 'to command', 'to master'.

The word is also used in modern Finnish to mean, depending on the context, holder, occupant, lord, master, owner-occupier, occupier, possessor, bearer, or owner.

There are many different kinds of haltijas. There are, for example water haltijas and forest haltijas. Even graveyards have their own haltijas (kalman väki, "death folk").

Human settlements also have haltijas. One type is the tonttu or maan haltija (land haltija). The tonttu is the Finnish version of the Swedish tomte. The Finnish tonttu and the Swedish tomte are related to the words tontti (Finnish) and tomt (Swedish), which both mean building lot and building site. (Later, such local spirits are also referred to as a tomtegubbe ["old man of the homestead"] in Swedish). The kotihaltija (home elf, home gnome) is the tonttu who lives in every home. He takes care of the house, and it is important to treat him with respect. The saunatonttu lives in the sauna and protects it but also makes sure that people do not behave improperly in it. Joulutonttu is Finnish for Christmas elf. Unlike the Christmas elves in some countries, the Finnish joulutonttu doesn't have pointy ears.

There are even personal haltijas, which are protective spirits that are part of the plural human soul in Finno-Ugric animism. Haltijas are not like Christian angels, but have some resemblances to other  spirit guide type forces found in indigenous folklore worldwide.

In Estonian mythology a similar being is called haldjas, whereas the term used in Estonian for a holder, master, or owner-occupier is haldaja.

Haltija is sometimes written as haltia. Nowadays this more old-fashioned spelling often refers to the elves in Tolkien's books or other fantasy literature.

Folk and power
Some haltijas are divided into races or folks, which are called väki. Väki is a polysemic term, and has been used in multiple conflicting meanings, and assigning only one definition to it is not consistent with the source material. Väki means either "strength/power" or "group/corps (of people)" (e.g.  väkiviina "strong liquor" vs. sotaväki "the military"), of which the meaning of "power" is etymologically older. The meaning of väki meaning "folk" is the result of the anthropomorphication of abstract concepts like "kalman väki", the power of dead spirits. It does not constitute a separate supernatural force like mana, but is a generic concept for "potency" or "power", including and not separately distinguishing magical potency. There are different kind of väkis of haltijas, like veden väki (water folk) or metsän väki (forest folk). In this context, the word väki can refer to them as a folk, their magical powers, or usually both at the same time. For example, if someone gets sick while swimming, this could be caused by väki of water that become attached to a person. In this sense väki is more like a magical power emanating from water that can make people ill, but it can also mean that haltijas (spirits) are attached to a person. In comparison, if someone goes fishing, they can ask for väki of water to bring fish by calling individual haltijas belonging to that väki by their names, wherein väki is understood more as a folk.

Some väkis of haltijas:
Väki of forest (metsän väki) means haltijas of forest. Their leader is Tapio, the king of the forest. It also means magical powers of the forest.
Väki of water (veden väki) means haltijas of water. Their leader is Ahti, the king of the sea. Veden väki is also the magical power of water that can make people sick or heal them.
Väki of woman (naisen väki) is usually understood as special magical powers of women.
Väki of death (kalman väki) means ghosts and spirits, but also the magical power that can be found in a graveyard. This power can make people ill and it can also be used against other people.
Väki of fire: (tulen väki) means spirits of fire, but also the destructive forces of fire and healing power of warm air, for example in a sauna.
Väki of mountain (vuoren väki) usually means the haltijas of hills and big stones.
Väki of wood (puun väki) means the race of haltijas of trees, and also the power of wooden material, which can cause pain if you are hit by a wooden object.
Väki of iron (raudan väki) means haltijas of iron. They can hurt people who are hit by bladed weapons. Väki of iron can also be commanded to heal the wounds they have given.

Haltija väkis of different environments and materials were thought to be in conflict with each other. For example, when wood is burned, it is an assault in which väki of fire is beating väki of wood. Väki of fire can be used to scare other väki away. For example, if you were made ill by väki of water, that attached to you while you were swimming, this väki and the illness could be removed in sauna, which had many väki of fire.

See also

 Brownie (Scotland and England)
 Domovoi (Slavic)
 Dwarf
 Elf
 Gnome
 Kikimora
 Kobold
 Lares (Roman)
 Satyr (Greek)
 Sprite
 Tomte (Swedish)
 Vættir and Landvættir (Norse and Germanic)

References

Elves
Fairies
Finnish legendary creatures
Tutelary deities
Estonian legendary creatures
Nature spirits

Haltija


tr je Unix naredba, obično dostupna na svim *nix operacijskim sustavima kao naredba sustava. Služi za transliteraciju odnosno transformaciju ulaznih podataka prema zadanim pravilima. Osim raznih Unixa i *nix sustava, tr kao naredbu odnosno operator imaju i programski jezici Perl i Ruby.

Primjeri

tr 'abc' 'jkm'
Gornja naredba će zamijeniti svako slovo a,b,c u ulaznom nizu s j,k,m.
tr 'a-d' 'jkmn'
Kad se radi o slovima u nizu nije nužno navoditi svako slovo, nego se može navesti samo početak i kraj raspona slova te između ta dva znaka napisati crtica.

Nepostojeću rot13 naredbu možemo dobiti kombinacijom Unix naredbi alias i tr na sljedeći način:

alias rot13="tr A-Za-z N-ZA-Mn-za-m"

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/tr.html

Unix naredbe

Tr


The National Space Institute was a space advocacy group, the first of its kind, established by  Wernher von Braun to help maintain the public's support for the United States space program.  It has since merged, in 1987, with the L5 Society founded by fans of the Space Colonization and Industrialization work of Gerard K. O'Neill, to become the present-day National Space Society.

Founding
In its earliest stages of formation in June 1974, NSI was first known as the "National Space Association", but was renamed from "Association" to "Institute" in April 1975. Von Braun was the NSI's first president, but shortly became chairman, with journalist and former ABC-TV 20/20 host Hugh Downs as president. Charles C. Hewitt was the first executive director.

Downs later recalled the beginning of the organization:

At the first annual meeting of the organization, in July 1975, von Braun said:

Initial members serving on the NSI board of directors and governors were a veritable "Who's Who" list that included comedian and entertainer Bob Hope, singer/songwriter John Denver, oceanographer Jacques-Yves Cousteau, "Original 7" Project Mercury astronaut and Senator John H. Glenn Jr., Apollo 8 astronaut Frank Borman, Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins, Michael DeBakey, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry and actress Nichelle Nichols.

Toward the end of 1975, von Braun commented on the state of the general public's interest in the space program.

Relationship with Omni magazine
After some years of publishing a newsletter that became known as INSIght, the Institute entered into an arrangement with the publishers of Omni magazine whereby all members except life members would receive that magazine as part of their membership. Omni editor Ben Bova joined the NSI board, then became vice president and finally succeeded Downs as president. He continued as president after the Omni arrangement was discontinued and an agreement was made with Palmer Publications to make their monthly general space interest magazine Space World the official NSI member magazine.

When von Braun died in June 1977, Hugh Downs became Chairman of the Board and, after a time, Ben Bova assumed the presidency.  After Hewitt departed in 1980, Courtney Stadd served for a period as General Manager.  The Institute was then led until 1984 by executive director Mark R. Chartrand, followed by Glen P. Wilson.

Merger
Under Bova and Wilson, the arrangements for merger with the L5 Society were concluded, and the name change to National Space Society was announced in advance of the merger, with vague explanations to the members. Since the merger, it has been claimed that the name change took place upon the merger, but the historical record to the contrary is clear.  Following the merger, Wilson was succeeded by his assistant, Lori Garver. The merged organization has continued to use the NSS name and logo after a joint membership vote was taken in 1987 to determine whether or not to change it to the "Space Frontier Society."

A more complete history of the National Space Institute is contained in a series of articles published in the November/December 1994 issue of Ad Astra, the magazine of the NSS.

See also
Space advocacy

Notes

External links
L5 News Archive
A Brief History of the L5 Society
NSS Chapters Story
NSS Worldwide
NSSA History - The 70's
NSSA History - The 80's
NSSA History - The 90's
NSSA History - The Present
National Space Society Official web site.
Ad Astra Online Online edition of magazine
National Space Society Chapters Network Resources for NSS chapters, members and space activists.

Space science organizations
Space advocacy organizations
Institutes based in the United States
Scientific organizations based in the United States
Space colonization
1974 in science
Organizations established in 1974
Organizations disestablished in 1987
1974 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1987 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
Wernher von Braun

National Space Institute


Bilgisayarcılık, seslerin çoğaltılması ve video sektöründe optik disk (İngilizce: Optical disc) düz, çembersel, genellikle polikarbonat bir disktir ve bunun üstündeki veriler depolanmış olarak çıkıntılar halinde içerisindeki düz bir yüzeyde bulunmaktadır. Bu verilere genellikle, disk üzerindeki özel bir maddenin (çoğunlukla alüminyum) bir lazer diyot vasıtasıyla ışıma yaptırılmasıyla erişilir. Çıkıntılar yansıyan lazer ışığının biçimini bozar.

David Paul Gregg video kaydı için bir analog optik disk geliştirdi ve 1961, 1969 tarihlerinde patentini aldı. ABD'deki özel kârı #4,893,297 , ilk olarak dolduruluşu 1968 ve yayılışı 1990 olmakla birlikte birlikte 2007 yılına kadar Pioneer'ın ana kazanç kaynağı olacaktı. Sabit Diskler, veri depolanması amacı ile kullanılan manyetik kayıt ortamlarıdır
Bu CD, DVD ve Blu-ray Disc gibi sistemleri de kapsamaktadır. Gregg'in şirketi Gauss Electorphysics, MCA(Amerika Müzik İşbirliği) ile 1960'larda Gregg'in patentleriyle birlikte uzun süre kazandı.

Paralel olarak ve olasılıka, AB.'deki kuruluşlardan ilham alarak, küçük bir grup fizikçi 1969'da Hollanda, Eindhoven'daki Phillips Araştırma biriminde ilk optik video disk tecrübelerine başladılar. 1975'te Philips ve MCA güçlerini birleştirmeye karar verdi. Çok sonraları 1978'de, uzun süredir beklenen lazerdisk Atlanta'da tanıtıldı. MCA diskleri ve Phillips de oynatıcıları verdi. Bu tamamen teknik ve ticari bir başarısızlığa dönüştü, ve bir süre sonra Phillips/MCA birleşmesi sona erdi. Japonya'daki ve ABD'deki Pioneer DVD lerin gelişine kadar videodiskte başarılı oldu.

Philips ve Sony1979'da dijital işitsel disk geliştirmek için bir konsorsiyuma girdi. Bunun sonucunda da çok başarılı bir şekilde kompakt disk'i 1982'te tanıttı.

Optik depolama standartlarının geliştirilmesi, OSTA (optik depolama teknoloji kurumu) tarafından devralındı.

Bir optik disk üzerindeki bilginin depolanması, art arda devamlı bir sarmal yol üzerinde en içten en dışa doğru yapılır.

Optik yazıcılar, verileri medyanın Lacquer adı verilen, genellikle medyanın etiketi olan üst kısmına işlerler.

ODD'nin açılımı 'Optik Disk Sürücüleri'dir.

Birinci nesil optik diskler

Optik diskler ilk olarak müzik ve yazılım depolamak için kullanıldı. Lazerdisk biçimi analog videoyu sakladı, fakat VHS'ye karşı zorlu bir savaşta mücadele etti.
 Kompakt Disk (CD)
 Lazerdisk
 Manyetik-optik disk

İkinci nesil optik diskler

İlk nesil optik diskler TV-kalitesinde dijital video gibi büyük boyutlarda veriyi saklamak için yapıldı.
 Minidisk
 DVD
 Dijital Çokkatmanlı Disk
 Acele Dijital Video (DIVX)
 VeriOynatma
 Fluorescent Çokkatmanlı Disk
 GD-ROM
 Faz-Değişimli Çift
 Evrensel araç diski

Üçüncü nesil optik diskler

Asıl üçüncü nesil optik diskler şu an geliştirme aşamasında. Onlar, yüksek keskinlikte (HD) video ve olağanüstü büyük video oyunları için en uygunu olacaklar.

 Mavi-Lazer (Blu-ray) Disk
 Geliştirilmiş Çokyönlü Disk
 İlerletilmiş Çokyönlü Disk
 Holografik Çokyönlü Disk
 HD DVD
 Ultra Yoğunluklu Optik
 Veri İçin Profesyonel Disk
 Çokyönlü Çokkatmanlı Disk

İptal Edilenler
Burada yazan disklerin geliştirilmesi durdurulmuştur ve üretimden kalkmıştır.

 HD DVD

Optik Disk Kayıt Teknolojileri

CD ve DVD kaydediciler ,CD-ROMlar ve DVD'ler gibi optik disklere hükmetmek için çeşitli teknolojilere geçen bir geçmiş sahibi olmuşlardır. Bunlar genellikle patentli ve geriye dönük uyumlu değildir.

Kayıt modları

Optik diskler, Disk Öncelikli (Disc AT Once), Hat Öncelikli (Track At Once) veya Bölüm Öncelikli (Section At Once) kaydedilebilirler (örneğin bir disk için çoklu yazım bölümü), veya paket yazımı (packet writing) modları. Her mod farklı amaca hizmet eder:

 Disc At Once: bir geçişte diskin bütünü yazılır; birçok disk kopyalanacağı zaman tercih edilir.
 Track At Once: Tracklar arasında boşluk bırakılarak yazar; Ses CD'leri için kullanılır
 Session At Once: Bir CD'de çoklu bölüm oluşturarak yazar ve bitirir; genellikle Ses CD'lerini ve evrensel (bilinmiş) yazılımları desdeklemez.
 Paket yazımı: talep doğrultusunda veri yazar (Aşağıya bakın)

 Aşırıkaydetme
(Overburn)Aşırıkaydetme veri kaydetmenin normal büyüklük sınırının geçilme işlemidir. Birçok disk üreticisi kaydedilebilir bir diskin dış kenarında küçük bir yiv fazlalığı payı bırakır. Bu ön-fazlalık, 90 saniyelik dijital sessizlik dolgusu sağlayarak, audio CD oynatıcı okuma kafasının aşırı arama yapmasına tolerans sağlaması için tasarlandı.

Ön-fazlalığa kayıt yapmak bazı CD kaydedici ve yazılım yetkilendirme kombinasyonlarıyla mümkün olabilir. Diskin tutabileceği gerçek veri miktarı eninde sonunda kaydedilebilir iletişim verisine ve biraz da çeşitli disk markalarına bağlı. Ön-fazlalık, hesaplamalar ile birlikte %10 toplam disk kapasitesidir.

Hemen hemen tüm CD-ROM sürücüleri ön-fazlalıktan okuma yeteneğine sahiptir. Bu nedenle yazılım yayıncıları yazılımlarını, paketleme maliyetini düşürmek için büyük boyutlu kompakt diskler halinde sipariş göndermeye benzer şekilde sipariş gönderme gereği duyarlar. Çok büyük diskler kopyalama koruma formunda da kullanılırlar. Çünkü çok büyük disklerin kopyasını kaydetmek daha zordur.

CD kaydetme yazılımı içerisindeki aşırıkaydetme seçenekleri bir de standart olmayan 90 ve 99 dakikalık boşluklara yazmak için kullanılır ki bunlar şu an içerisinde veri yapıları şeklinde mevcut olan ATIP böyle boyutların belirlenmesine müsaade etmez.

 İlerleyememe Tampon Koruması
(Buffer underrun protection)

İlerleyememe tampon koruması, kayıt sırasında eğer kaydedici kaydetme tamponundaki verileri tüketirse oluşur. İlk lazer kalkar, kendini durduramaz ve kusursuz bir şekilde devam eder; bu nedenle ilerleyememe tarafından zorunlu kılınan durdurmak, disk üzerindeki verinin geçersiz olmasını sağlayabilir, ve bu yüzden kararsızdır. Tampon genellikle göreceli olarak daha yavaş bir kaynaktan doldurulur, sabit disk veya başka bir CD/DVD olabilir. Aynı zamana rastlayan diğer görevlerden gelen ağır bir anaişlemci veya bellek yüklemesi, kapasitesi küçük olan tamponun tükenmesine yol açabilir. Buyüzen ilerleyememe tampon koruması yalnızca çeşitli CD/DVD kaydedici satıcıları tarafından uygulanır. Bu teknikle birlikte belirli bir zaman için lazer gerçekten yazmayı durdurabilir ve tampon yeniden dolduğunda devam edebilir. Başarılı kayıtlar arasındaki boşluk, aşırı kısadır.

İlerleyememe tampon koruması tekniklerinden beri bu teknikler tescilli ve satıcıya özeldir, teknik detayları değişkendir. Bununla birlikte birçok satıcı iki temel yaklaşımdan biri ya da diğerini kullanır. Bazı CD yazıcılar ilerleyememe tampon olayı meydana geldikten sonra yazmaya devam etme kabiliyetine sahiptir. Fakat donanımın böyle bir kabiliyeti olmasa bile neredeyse şimdiki marketlerdeki bütün CD yazıcılar, yavaş hızlarda kayıt yapma kabiliyetine sahiptir. Birçok CD-kaydetme yazılımı araçları, gidememe tampon olayını, monitöründe tamponun durumunu izleyerek önler ve tamponda verinin tükenmemesi için kaydediciyi gerektiği kadar yavaşlatır. Donanımın gidememe olayından sonra yazmaya kabiliyeti olsa bile, en güvenlisi önlemin başarısız olma durumunda, geriadım olarak bunu hesaba katmaktır.

İyi ki bugünün kullanıcıları için çoğu CD-kaydedici donanımı ve yazılımı gidememe tampon problemleri konusunda öncekilerden çok daha başarılı. Bir de sabit sürücü ve ana işlemci hızları son 10 yılda optik sürücülerden çok daha büyük bir oranda arttı, böylece bugünkü birçok sistem optik sürücülerle uyum konusunda daha iyi. 1990'ların başlarında bir CD ye kayıt her zaman biraz riskli bir çalışmaydı –birisinin ağ bağlantısı kopar, arka zeminde çalışan bir program engellenir, vs.-, CD'ye kaydetmeye başlamadan önce ve kayıt işlemi sırasında bir şey yapmamaya çok dikkat etmek lazım. Hatta bütün önlemlerle birlikte kullanışsız bir "ortam" (coaster) yapmak sıkıntı veren ortaklıklardandır. Bugün CD'ye kaydetmek çok daha güvenilirdir.

Bu probleme karşı başka bir koruma yolu ise, yeniden kaydedilebilir araçlar (CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM) kullandığımızda UDF dosya sistemini kullanırız ki bu veriyi tek ve güncellenmiş adres tablosuna başvurarark daha küçük "paketler" halinde organize eder, bu yüzden daha küçük yarıklar halinde kayıt yapılır.

 Paket yazımı Paket yazımı', optik diskleri disketlerle benzer bir usulde kullanmamızı sağlayan bir teknolojidir. Paket yazımı tek-yazımlık ve yeniden-yazılabilir araçlarla da kullanılabilir.

DirectCD ve InCD'yi de içeren birkaç rekabet edici ve uyumsuz paket yazımı disk biçimi geliştirilmişti. Önerilen standartlar Universal Disk Format (Evrensel Disk Biçimi) ve onun önerilen uzantısı Mount Rider (Hayvan Binicisi)dir.

Belli Başlı Patentli Teknolojiler

BurnProof
"YazımGeçirmez", ilerleyememe tampon koruması için Plextor tarafından geliştirilen patentli bir teknolojidir.
SafeBurn
"GüvenliYazma", ilerleyememe tampon koruması için Yamaha Corporation (Yamaha Anonim Şirketi) tarafından geliştirilen patentli bir teknolojidir.
Power Burn
"Güçlü Yazım", ilerleyememe tampon koruması için Sony tarafından geliştirilen patentli bir teknolojidir.

Özellikleri

 İlerleyememe tampon koruması: Tampon ilerleyememesi olduğunda ,sürücü yazmayı geçici olarak durdurur. Sürücü bitiş noktasını ve tamanlamayı aklında tutar ve tampon belleğe yeterli veri geldiği zaman derhal yazmaya devam eder.
 Şok ve titreşimden doğan hatalara karşı koruma: Power Burn'ün Şoka dayanıklılık teknolojisi ,alet hareket ettirildiği zaman yazmayı duraklatır ve sürücü kararlı hale gelince yazmaya devam eder. Bu hareketli ortamlarda çalışılmasına imkân tanır.
 Yazım koşullarını en iyi şekilde kullanmak : Sürücü her bireysel aracı belirler ve yazma hızı, lazer gücü ve yazma stratejisi gibi bütün anahtar yazma koşullarını en iyi şekilde kullanır.
JustSpeed
"SadeceHız", yazma hızını yerleştirilen ortama(media) otomatik olarak uyarlar.

Uzun Ömürlülük

Dükkândan alınmış 'yeniden kaydedilebilir'/'yeniden yazılabilir' optik ortam, üzerindeki/içindeki rengi değiştirmek için optik sürücüler için de lazer kullanır, oysa fabrika-üretimli optik ortam daha kalıcı kalıp/görüntü kullanır. Bu yüzden veri saklama sadece geçici dükkândan alınmış optik ortam olarak fabrika üretimli optik ortam ile karşılaştırılır. Birisi mutlaka aile fotoğraflarını ve videolarını (veya diğer bilinmeyen önemli verileri) tek optik ortamda saklamaya dikkat ederken, optik ortam beklediği kadar uzun olmayabilir.

İyi alternatifler ilave olarak, bir kişinin kullandığı ortamı diğer ortam teknolojileri ile yedeklemek ve/veya istikarsız-olmayan bellek teknolojilerine yatırmaktır.

Veri depolama
Disk sürücüler
Optoelektronik

Optik disk


أبوكاليبس (يونانية Ἀποκάλυψις : رفع الغطاء) هي عبارة تدل على إعطاء أشخاص مختارين أشياء خفية لمعظم البشر؛ المصطلح الدارج لها عند العرب هو «كشف الحجاب». تدل الكلمة اليوم عادة على نهاية العالم وهي اختصار عبارة تعني كشف نهاية العصر.

انظر أيضاً
 يسوع: النبي الأبوكاليبسي من الألفية الجديدة

مراجع

أنواع أدبية مسيحية
ظاهرة الرعب
عبارات مسيحية

أبوكاليبس


معكرونة الثوم بالزيت  هي وصفة لطبخ طبق الباستا التقليدي في إيطاليا يقال بأن مصدره إقليم أبروتسو الإيطالي وهو ذو شعبية واسعة في إيطاليا. يستخدم في صنعه الثوم المقلي بزيت الزيتون وأيضا الفلفل الأحمر إضافة إلى البقدونس
ويضيف البعض الطماطم الطازج إلى الزيت بعد قلي الثوم فيه.

انظر أيضاً
 معكرونة
 مطبخ إيطالي

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

مطبخ إيطالي
مطبخ نابولي

معكرونة الثوم بالزيت


الفصة المنجلية أو البرسيم الأصفر نبات معمر يتبع لجنس الفصة من الفصيلة البقولية. اسمه العلمي .

البيئة والانتشار
موطنه بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي وتركيا والقوقاز وكل مناطق أوروبا من اليونان والبلقان إلى إسبانيا والبرتغال وشمالاً من إيرلندا وبريطانيا إلى فنلندا وروسيا. تنتشر حاليا في كل أنحاء العالم.

الوصف النباتي
كبقية أنواع الفصة، تتكون ورقة الفصة المنجلية من ثلاث وريقات.

مرادفات للاسم العلمي

مصادر

أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
بقولية
الحياة النباتية في الوطن العربي
فصة
نباتات أذربيجان
نباتات أرمينيا
نباتات ألبانيا
نباتات ألمانيا
نباتات أيرلندا
نباتات إسبانيا
نباتات إيطاليا
نباتات البرتغال
نباتات البوسنة والهرسك
نباتات الجبل الأسود
نباتات الدنمارك
نباتات السويد
نباتات الشام
نباتات المجر
نباتات المغرب العربي
نباتات النرويج
نباتات النمسا
نباتات اليونان
نباتات بريطانيا
نباتات بلجيكا
نباتات بلغاريا
نباتات بولندا
نباتات تركيا
نباتات تشيكيا
نباتات جورجيا
نباتات روسيا البيضاء
نباتات روسيا
نباتات رومانيا
نباتات سلوفاكيا
نباتات سلوفينيا
نباتات سويسرا
نباتات صربيا
نباتات فرنسا
نباتات فنلندا
نباتات كرواتيا
نباتات لاتفيا
نباتات لبنان وسوريا
نباتات ليتوانيا
نباتات مقدونيا
نباتات مولدوفا
نباتات هولندا
نباتات وصفت في 1753

فصة منجلية


دي جي ماكس بورتبل (DJ Max Portable) هي لعبة إيقاعية من تطوير ونشر استديو بنتافيجين، صدرت حصريًا لجهاز بلايستايشن بورتبل في عام 2006 في كوريا واليابان فقط.

طريقة اللعب
ديجي ماكس هي لعبة إيقاعية تتطلب من اللاعب ضغط الزر المناسب في الوقت المناسب حسب إيقاع الأغنية، تصنف صعوبة الأغنية من 1 إلى أقصى مستوى صعوبة 13. وتقدم اللعبة عدة طرق أيضا للعب، 4 أزرار 4B، و6 أزرار 6B، وأخيرًا 8 أزرار 8B.

انظر أيضًا
 جيتار هيرو
 دي جي ماكس بورتبل 2

مراجع

ألعاب بلاي ستيشن بورتبل
ألعاب بلاي ستيشن بورتبل الحصرية
ألعاب بنتافيجين
ألعاب دي جي ماكس
ألعاب فيديو إيقاعية
ألعاب فيديو 2006
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في كوريا الجنوبية

دي جي ماكس بورتبل


Erasmus Rönesans edebiyatçısı
 Erasmus Programı Avrupa Birliği Öğrenci/Öğretim Elemanı/Personel Değişim Programı

Erasmus (anlam ayrımı)


Reostalar, iki uçlu ayarlanabilen dirençlerdir. Bu iki uçtan birbirine bağlı olan kayıcı uç, üzerinde gezdirilerek direnç değeri değiştirilir.

Reostaların da karbon tipi ve telli tipleri vardır. Sürekli direnç değişimi yapan reostalar da bulunur.

Reosta olarak adlandırılan değişken dirençler akımın şiddetini istenilen değere ayarlamayı sağlar.

Reostanın başlıca kullanım alanları:

Laboratuvarlarda etalon direnç olarak, yani direnç değerlerinin ayarlanmasında ve köprü metodunda direnç ölçümlerinde, değişken direnç gerektiren devre deneylerinde, örneğin diyot ve transistor karakteristik eğrileri çıkarılırken giriş, çıkış gerilim ve akımlarının değiştirilmesinde vb. değişken direnç gerektiren pek çok işlemde kullanılır.

Reostalar genellikle elektrikli sobaların ayar düğmelerinde kullanılır. Bir elektrikli ısıtıcının sıcaklığını düşürmek için düğmesini kıvırdığımızda reostanın kabloları (veya telleri) uzar. Direnç artarak elektrik enerjisi yavaş bir şekilde gelir. Ama sıcaklığını yükselttiğimizde reostanın kabloları kısalır. Direnç azalır ve elektrik enerjisi hızlı bir şekilde sobaya ulaşır. Böylece sobanın sıcaklığı artar. Evlerde bulunan ayarlanabilen elektrik düğmeleri de birer reostadır. Isıtıcılar dışında çamaşır, bulaşık makineleri vb. elektronik eşyalarda kullanılır.
Elektronik devre elemanları

Reosta


Diksonijevke (lat. Dicksoniaceae nom. cons.), porodica papratnica koja je dobila ime po rodu listopadnog i vazdazelenog drveća, diksonija (Dicksonia). Postoji tridesetak priznatih vrsta unutar 3 roda.

Rodovi
 Genus Calochlaena  (Maxon) M.D. Turner & R.A. White • 5 spp
 Genus Dicksonia  L'Hér. • (32 spp.)
 Genus Lophosoria  C. Presl • 2 spp

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Cyatheales

Diksonijevke


Backbench may refer to:

 Backbencher, an elected politician in a parliamentary system who is not a cabinet member
 Backbench (comics), a Canadian political comic strip
 Backbencher (magazine), Indian youth magazine

Backbench (disambiguation)


An Vanilla polylepis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Vanilla polylepis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vanilla, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Vanilla

Vanilla polylepis