André Kuipers (; born 5 October 1958) is a Dutch physician and ESA astronaut. He became the second Dutch citizen, third Dutch-born and fifth Dutch-speaking astronaut upon launch of Soyuz TMA-4 on 19 April 2004. Kuipers returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TMA-3 11 days later.

Kuipers is the first Dutch astronaut to return to space. On 5 August 2009, Dutch minister of economic affairs Maria van der Hoeven, announced Kuipers was selected as an astronaut for International Space Station (ISS) Expeditions 30 and 31. He was launched to space on 21 December 2011 and returned to Earth on 1 July 2012.

Personal life and education

André Kuipers was born on 5 October 1958 in Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. He graduated from high school in Amsterdam in 1977, and received a medical degree from the University of Amsterdam in 1987. He is married and has three daughters and a son.

When interviewed about his youth, Kuipers stated that he dreamed of becoming an astronaut ever since he was a teenager. His dreams became reality when he was selected to the European Astronaut Corps in 1998.

Space flight experience

Kuipers has flown two space missions: first the DELTA mission in 2004. In May 2009, he served as the backup of Belgian astronaut Frank de Winne, who later became the Expedition 21 commander, during the later part of his six-month mission. On 21 December 2011, Kuipers was launched for his second spaceflight PromISSe on Expedition 30 and Expedition 31. He returned to Earth on 1 July 2012.

DELTA Mission

Launch and docking
Using the Soyuz TMA-4, mounted atop a Soyuz-FG rocket, Kuipers and his fellow cosmonauts Gennady Padalka (Russia) and Michael Fincke (USA) rocketed towards the ISS in the early morning of 19 April 2004. The spacecraft flawlessly docked to the ISS two days later.

Experiments
As part of his DELTA mission, Kuipers conducted 21 experiments in orbit on a wide range of subjects: physiology, biology, microbiology, medicine, technological development, physics and Earth observation. One of the experiments in the field of technological development was related to the development of more energy-efficient lighting. The so-called Arges project, of which Kuipers' experiment formed a part, was commissioned by Eindhoven University of Technology and Philips Electronics. Maybe the best-known experiment involved plant growth: Seeds in Space. Kuipers cooperated with primary school children in the Netherlands to compare results of plant growth from orbit with those from Earth.

Landing

Padalka and Fincke remained on board the ISS for six months, as the Expedition 9 crew.

Kuipers returned to Earth nearly eleven days after launch on 30 April, joined by departing ISS crew members Alexander Kaleri (Russia) and Michael Foale (US), who thereby ended their six-month stay on board the ISS.

Expedition 30/31

On 26 November 2008, Dutch minister of economic affairs Maria van der Hoeven pushed for a second, six-month mission for Kuipers in 2011. In the same speech, she said she would support the ISS project with an extra "few" million euros.

After a call with ESA director general Jean-Jacques Dordain on 4 August 2009, Maria van der Hoeven confirmed on 5 August that Kuipers would be making a second space flight, starting in December 2011. Kuipers was the first astronaut to be selected for ISS Expeditions 30 and 31. Kuipers launched on 21 December 2011 on the Soyuz TMA-03M flight with his two fellow crew members Cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko from the Russian Space Agency Roscosmos, and Don Pettit from NASA. They arrived at the station on 23 December 2011 when their Soyuz docked to the Rassvet module on the Russian side.  They returned to Earth on 1 July 2012, when their Soyuz TMA-03M touched down in the steppe of Kazakhstan.

Honours
 Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau (17 May 2004, Netherlands)
 Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (15 October 2012, Netherlands)
 Honorary citizen of Haarlemmermeer (15 October 2012, Netherlands)
 Honorary doctorate of the University of Amsterdam (8 January 2013, Netherlands)
 Recipient of the Order of Friendship (3 July 2013, Russian Federation)
 King of Arms at the inauguration of King Willem-Alexander, 2013

References

External links

 Kuipers' biography, ESA
 Spacefacts biography of André Kuipers

1958 births
Living people
Physicians from Amsterdam
Dutch astronauts
Physician astronauts
ESA astronauts
University of Amsterdam alumni
Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
21st-century Dutch physicians
Dutch-speaking astronauts

André Kuipers


An Cypripedium guttatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Olof Swartz. An Cypripedium guttatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cypripedium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cypripedium

Cypripedium guttatum


During the 1948 Palestine war, on February 29 and again on March 31, the military coaches of the Cairo-Haifa train were mined by the Jewish militant group Lehi.

On February 29, Lehi mined the train north of Rehovot, killing 28 British soldiers and wounding 35. No civilians were hurt. One or more bombs laid on the track were detonated from a nearby orange grove. Lehi took credit for the bombing of the British train claiming it was revenge for the Ben Yehuda Street Bombing in Jerusalem. The train was the normal daily passenger express to which four military coaches had been attached.

On March 31, the train was mined again near Binyamina, a Jewish town near Caesarea, killing 40 persons and wounding 60. The casualties were all civilians, mostly Arabs. Although there were some soldiers on the train, none were injured. The Palestine Post and The New York Times attributed the attack to Lehi.

Background
The attacks on the train line had begun in 1947. On April 22, 1947, the train was mined outside Rehovot, the bombing killed five British officers, two Arab adults and a 3-year old, Gilbert Balladi.

On May 15, 1947, the train track was bombed seven times south of Lydda. Two British army lieutenants were killed, two others seriously wounded and five other hurt in one bombing between Acre and Haifa. One commuter was injured when the engine and two cars were derailed by another bomb earlier in the day. Three crew-men were injured when their freight train was derailed in another bombing. Three railroad bridges were damaged in the attacks. Lehi reportedly called in warnings.

On August 9, 1947, Irgun bombed a British troop train north of Lydda, killing the Jewish engineer.

On September 29, 1947, the train was bombed by Irgun twenty miles south of Haifa. The engine, coal car and two cabin cars were derailed, one person was hospitalized.

Notes

References
 'Cairo-To-Haifa Train Mined 28 British Soldiers Killed And 35 Wounded, Stern Gang Claims Responsibility For Attack', The Times, Monday, March 1, 1948; pg. 4; Issue 51008; col A.
 'Cairo-Haifa Train Mined Again 40 Killed And 60 Wounded, Problem Of Preserving Sanctity Of Jerusalem', The Times, Thursday, April 1, 1948; pg. 4; Issue 51034; col A.
 Dana Adams Schmidt, '40 Arabs Are Slain In Mining of Train: 60 More Are Injured In Blast Near Haifa - Derailment is Laid to Stern Group', The New York Times, 1 April 1948.
 '40 Arabs Killed, 60 Injured, In Train Blast', Palestine Post, April 1, 1948; page 1.
 Unknown Soldiers The Operation Book of Lehi, Yaakov Banai, 1987.

1948 Arab–Israeli War
Mass murder in 1948
Explosions in 1948
Massacres in Mandatory Palestine
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
Train bombings in Asia
Zionist political violence
February 1948 events in Asia
March 1948 events in Asia

Cairo–Haifa train bombings 1948


English Bazar (en bengalí: ইংরেজবাজার ) es una ciudad de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de Malda, en el estado de Bengala Occidental.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 32  a 356 km de la capital estatal, Calcuta, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 181 707 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bengala Occidental

English Bazar


Josef Limburg (* 10. Juli 1874 in Hanau; † 20. Dezember 1955 in Berlin-Charlottenburg) war ein deutscher Bildhauer und Medailleur.

Leben
Josef Limburg besuchte bis 1894 die Königliche Zeichenakademie in Hanau. Von 1894 bis 1895 war er Schüler von Victor Tilgner in Wien, von 1895 bis 1900 studierte er bei Ernst Herter, Anton von Werner und Gerhard Janensch an der Königliche Akademie der Künste zu Berlin. 1923 erwarb er eine Villa in der Bahnhofstraße in Berlin-Lichterfelde. Dort wohnte er bis zu seinem Lebensende. Dort befand sich nach seinem Tod 1955 bis etwa 1965 (Abbruch der Villa und Neubebauung) zeitweilig die Josef-Limburg-Gedächtnisstätte. Der Verbleib der ausgestellten Plastiken ist unklar. Sein Grab befindet sich auf dem Alten Friedhof der Domgemeinde Sankt Hedwig.

Werke
Limburg erhielt 1899 ein Stipendium der "Dr. Paul Schultze-Stiftung" und 1900 der "Michael-Beer-Stiftung". Mit dem Rom-Preis der Berliner Akademie der Künste hielt er von 1900 bis 1902 in Rom in der Villa Strohl-Fern auf. Dort schuf er eine Kolossalbüste des Papstes Gregor XIII. für das Collegium Germanicum.

Bekannte Werke von ihm sind die Bronzestatuen von Maria, Josef und den Engeln in der Herz-Jesu-Kirche in Berlin sowie die zwei Engel aus Stein am Eingang des Alten St.-Hedwig-Friedhofes in Berlin, wo er begraben wurde. Bekannt war auch die nahezu lebensgroße Bronzeplastik (Halbrelief) des Gefallenen-Denkmals des ehemaligen Leib-Kürassier-Regiments Nr. 1 (Schlesisches) in Breslau, Schlesien (heute Wrocław, Polen), das im Juli 1924 eingeweiht und der Stadt übergeben wurde. Der Verbleib der Denkmalsplastik ist unklar; der bei der Ausschreibung eingereichte Bronze-Miniaturentwurf befindet sich in Privatbesitz.

Bibliographie
Limburg schrieb folgende Werke:
 Josef Limburg und seine Bildwerke. Wolter, 1914.
 Christliche Bildwerke und Tagebuchblätter aus der Schaffenszeit. Gesellschaft für Christliche Kunst, 1927.

Weblinks

 Josef Limburg auf ballestrem.de (private Webseite)

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

Bildhauer (Deutschland)
Medailleur
Deutscher
Geboren 1874
Gestorben 1955
Mann

Josef Limburg


Humbert II may refer to:

Humbert II of Savoy, Count of Savoy, 1080–1103
Humbert II of Viennois, Dauphin of the Viennois, 1333–1349
Umberto II of Italy, sometimes Humbert II, (1904–1983), of the House of Savoy, King of Italy

Humbert II


Masaaki Takada (født 26. juli 1973) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yokohama Flügels og Vissel Kobe.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masaaki Takada


Zdenko Kolacio (Sušak, 1912. – Zagreb, 1987.), hrvatski arhitekt, urbanist i esejist.

Životopis
Rođen na Sušaku, gdje je i završio gimnaziju. Diplomirao je arhitekturu u Zagrebu, a u Rijeci je  osnovao Urbanistički institut, čiji je bio čelnik do 1956. godine. Životni put odveo ga je u Zagreb, gdje je osnovao Urbanistički zavod grada u kojem je proveo skoro 15 godina.

Djela
Brojni urbanistički planovi te mnoštvo spomenika i obilježja. Autor je brojnih stručnih tekstova. Knjigu eseja Vizije i ostvarenja (Mladost, Zagreb) objavio je 1978. godine.

Ističu mu se djela:
 spomenici unutar Spomen-parka Šubićevca, uz Kostu Angelija Radovanija
 groblje u Komletincima, uz Dušana Džamonju
 urbanistički projekt Novog Zagreba, uz njega Mirko Maretić, Josip Uhlik
 skulptura "Skulptura i prostor" u Parku skulptura Dubrova u Labinu

Nagrade i priznanja
Dobitnik niza nagrada i priznanja. Ističu se:
 nagrada Saveza arhitekata Hrvatske »Viktor Kovačić« za životno djelo
 Nagrada Vladimir Nazor 1978. godišnja nagrada, s Igorom Emilijem
 Nagrada Vladimir Nazor 1984. za životno djelo

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Arhitekti i graditelji u Hrvatskoj
Dobitnici nagrade Vladimir Nazor
Urbanisti
Životopisi, Rijeka
Sušak

Zdenko Kolacio


هذه قائمة كاملة بالولايات الأمريكية والمناطق والجزر التابعة لها مرتبة من حيث المساحة الكلية، مساحة الأرض ومساحة المياه. مساحة المياه المذكورة يدخل في نطاقها المجارى المائية والبحيرات و البحيرات العظمى والمياه الإقليمية.

ترتيب الولايات حسب المساحة

جغرافيا الولايات المتحدة
قوائم تقسيمات الولايات المتحدة
قوائم متعلقة بالولايات المتحدة
قوائم متعلقة بجغرافيا الولايات المتحدة
قوائم مرتبة لتقسيمات البلدان
ولايات الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية

قائمة الولايات الأمريكية حسب المساحة


Draco melanopogon es una especie de lagarto de la familia Agamidae. Se disitribuye por el sudeste de Asia: sur de Tailandia, oeste de Malasia, Indonesia y Singapur. Es una especie ovípara. Es miembro del género Draco, cuyas especies tienen la capacidad de planear gracias a unas extensiones de la piel entre sus patas delanteras y su cuerpo.

Referencias

Agaminae

Draco melanopogon


Moratorium (from Late Latin morātōrium, neuter of morātōrius, "delaying"), may refer to:

Law
Moratorium (law), a delay or suspension of an activity or a law

Music
"Moratorium", a song by Alanis Morissette on her album Flavors of Entanglement
"Moratorium", a song by Band-Maid on their album Just Bring It

Protests
 Black Moratorium, January 1972 Indigenous rights protest in Australia
Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam, demonstrations against the Vietnam War held in the United States and Australia in 1969

Other uses
2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium, a six-month suspension following a catastrophic oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
Debt moratorium, delay allowed in repayment of debts
July Moratorium, a period with limited activity in the National Basketball Association (NBA) before their salary cap is announced
Moratorium (entertainment), the practice of suspending sales of home videos by the distributors
United Nations moratorium on the death penalty, 2007/8 resolutions of the UN

Moratorium


Özal aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Hacı Ali Özal Kahramanmaraş eski belediye başkanı
 Mehmet Özal, Türk millî grekoromen güreşçi
 Mehmet Rüştü Özal Konya eski belediye başkanı
 Özal Ailesi, Türk siyaset hayatında etkili olmuş bir aile
İbrahim Reyhan Özal, Siyasetçi
 Korkut Özal, Siyasetçi
 Semra Özal, Turgut Özal'ın eşi
 Tevfik Ahmet Özal, Siyasetçi
 Turgut Özal, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 8. Cumhurbaşkanı
 Yusuf Bozkurt Özal, Siyasetçi

Özal


Crtaći papir je bezdrvan, bijeljen, dobro keljen, gladak, visoka opaciteta (slabe prozirnosti). Crtaći papir i karton izrađeni su od drvne celuloze i otpadnog tekstilnog materijala. Samo školski crtaći papiri imaju primjese drvenjače. Dobro su keljeni, vrlo otporni na brisanje, neznatne su glatkoće, a neki tehnički papiri i papiri za umjetničke slike mogu imati vrlo zrnatu površinu. Razlikuje se papir za crtanje ugljenom, kredom, akvarelom, temperom i uljem, crtaći papir za školsku upotrebu i za crtanje perom. U tehničke svrhe upotrebljava se crtaći papir za radioničke nacrte, prozirni ili transparentni crtaći papir, naravni paus papir, uljni paus pair i paus platno.

Grafički papir

Među grafičkim papirima razlikuju se papiri za pisanje, za crtanje i za tisak. Između prvih dviju vrsta nema veće razlike u načinu proizvodnje i svojstvima. Od papira za pisanje posebno se traži da su prikladni za pisanje tintom, to jest da se tinta ne razlijeva. To svojstvo, koje je danas sve manje važno, postiže se dodavanjem keljiva, u prvom redu prirodnih smola, u papirnu masu prilikom proizvodnje. Najveći dio proizvedenog papira služi kao tiskovni papir (papir za tisak). Pri tom se razlikuje tisak teksta (knjige, novine, časopisi) od tiska ilustracija (plakati, prospekti, reprodukcije), pa se prema tome u tiskarstvu upotrebljava mnogo različitih vrsta papira. Tako se za knjige luksuznih izdanja primjenjuje vrlo kvalitatan bezdrvni papir, koji za ilustracije mora biti još posebno gladak i zatvorenih pora. S druge strane, novinski papir (roto papir) i papir za jeftine časopise sadrži i do 90% drvenjače, a često i mnogo tvari dobivenih preradom starog papira.

Podjela papira

Stoljećima se papir izrađivao uglavnom na isti način i njegovo tradicionalno područje upotrebe nije se mnogo proširivalo. Međutim, naglim razvojem industrijske proizvodnje i načina života i rada u zadnje vrijeme veoma se povećala proizvodnja papira i proširila područja njegove primjene. Proizvodi industrije papira danas su vrlo mnogobrojni i raznoliki te se mogu klasificirati prema različitim kriterijima, na primjer prema sirovinama od kojih je papir proizveden, gramaturi, doradi i glatkoći površine, i tako dalje. Papiri mogu biti neobojeni, bijeli ili obojeni, prozirni, djelomično prozirni ili potpuno neprozirni, najčešće su jednoslojni, različitih debljina, ali se proizvode i višeslojni papiri, kartoni i ljepenke.

Prema upotrijebljenim sirovinama
Prema upotrijebljenim sirovinama razlikuje se više vrsta papira. Skoro sve uobičajene vrste papira u najširoj upotrebi pretežno su građene od drvne celuloze, dakle od celuloze dobivene preradom drvne mase. Rjeđe se upotrebljavaju papiri od celuloze biljaka koje inače služe za dobivanje tekstilnih vlakana. Danas sve više raste potražnja za primjenu papira od sintetskih polimernih vlakana i anorganskih vlakana (staklenih i drugih).

S obzirom na kvalitetu
S obzirom na kvalitetu najviše je od svih celuloznih papira cijenjen takozvani bezdrvni papir. To je papir proizveden od čiste bijeljene ili nebijeljene celuloze bez primjesa drvenjače. Svi ostali papiri proizvedeni od celuloze s primjesom drvenjače jesu srednjefini papiri. Takvi su papiri zbog prisutnog lignina slabije kvalitete, a mnogi s vremenom požute i postaju krti. Mnogi omotni papiri i kartoni osim celuloze i drvenjače sadrže i polucelulozu te papirštinu dobivenu preradom otpadnog i starog papira. Najlošije je kvalitete smeđa ljepenka, koja se uglavnom proizvodi samo od starog papira i sadrži mnogo drvenjače.

Prema gramaturi
Prema gramaturi (takozvanoj površinskoj masi) razlikuju se:
 lakši papiri (od 10 do 60 g/m2),
 srednje teški papiri (od 60 do 120 g/m2),
 polukartoni (od 150 do 200 g/m2),
 kartoni (od 200 do 600 g/m2) i
 ljepenke (više od 600 g/m2).

Kartoni

Kartoni su krući i čvršći od papira, mogu biti različito površinski obrađeni i sastoje se od jednog ili više slojeva (dupleks karton, tripleks karton). U višeslojnim kartonima pojedini se slojevi proizvode od različitih sirovina i različitih su svojstava. Sloj koji će prilikom upotrebe kartona služiti kao vanjski ili gornji sloj obično je gladak, svjetliji i izrađen od kvalitetnije sirovine. Kartoni se veoma mnogo primjenjuju za pakiranje (ambalažni materijal), rjeđe za pisanje ili za tisak.

Ljepenka

Ljepenka je deblja i veće površinske mase od kartona. Čvrsta granica između kartona i ljepenke nije određena, no najčešće se ljepenkom nazivaju proizvodi s gramaturom većom od 600 g/m2. Ponekad se, međutim, dorađeni proizvodi od kvalitetnijih sirovina nazivaju kartonima bez obzira na veću gramaturu i debljinu. Prema upotrijebljenim sirovinama razlikuju se bijela i smeđa ljepenka, koje se izrađuju od bijele ili smeđe drvenjače bez dodataka, zatim siva ljepenka (nekeljena) od miješanih papirnih otpadaka, miješana ljepenka od miješanog starog papira i žute slamne celuloze i slamna ljepenka samo od žute slamne celuloze. Površina ljepenke može biti dorađena keljenjem, impregniranjem i slično.

Prema doradi i obradi površina
Za mnoga je područja upotrebe papira bitan način njegove dorade i obrade površine. Po izlasku iz papirnog stroja na papirnu se traku mogu po potrebi nanositi različita sredstva koja papiru daju posebna svojstva. Prema tome se razlikuju papiri s neobrađenom površinom, površinski keljeni papiri, papiri s pokrivenom površinom (na primjer škrobom, umjetnim smolama, pigmentima, plastičnim masama (kao što je polietilen i tako dalje), impregnirani papiri (na primjer voštani papir) i tako dalje.

Prema glatkoći površine
Papiri se razlikuju i prema glatkoći svoje površine. Većina papira prolazi kroz strojni kalander još u sklopu papirnog stroja, pa se po glatkoći površine ocjenjuju kao strojnoglatki papir. Mnogo veća glatkoća površine papira postiže se satiniranjem, to jest obradom na superkalanderu. I pri satiniranju postoji gradacija, pa se tako razlikuju zagasito (mat) satinirani, polusatinirani i oštro (sjajno) satinirani papiri. Ponekad se proizvode papiri s neravnom površinom. To mogu biti profilirani i gravirani papiri, zatim papiri s naboranom površinom i slično.

Prema namjeni i području upotrebe
Navedeni načini razlikovanja i razvrstavanja različitih vrsta papira, kartona i ljepenki skupno se odrazuju u njihovoj podjeli prema namjeni i području upotrebe. Prema tom se kriteriju mnogobrojni proizvodi industrije papira mogu svrstati u 4 velike grupe: grafički papiri, omotni papiri, kartoni i ljepenke, sanitarni papiri i tehnički (i specijalni) papiri.

Grafički papir
Među grafičkim papirima razlikuju se papiri za pisanje, za crtanje i za tisak. Između prvih dviju vrsta nema veće razlike u načinu proizvodnje i svojstvima. Od papira za pisanje posebno se traži da su prikladni za pisanje tintom, to jest da se tinta ne razlijeva. To svojstvo, koje je danas sve manje važno, postiže se dodavanjem keljiva, u prvom redu prirodnih smola, u papirnu masu prilikom proizvodnje.

Najveći dio proizvedenog papira služi kao tiskovni papir (papir za tisak). Pri tom se razlikuje tisak teksta (knjige, novine, časopisi) od tiska ilustracija (plakati, prospekti, reprodukcije), pa se prema tome u tiskarstvu upotrebljava mnogo različitih vrsta papira. Tako se za knjige luksuznih izdanja primjenjuje vrlo kvalitatan bezdrvni papir, koji za ilustracije mora biti još posebno gladak i zatvorenih pora. S druge strane, novinski papir (roto papir) i papir za jeftine časopise sadrži i do 90% drvenjače, a često i mnogo tvari dobivenih preradom starog papira.

Omotni papir
Omotni papiri, kartoni i ljepenke proizvode se uglavnom od starog papira (u prosjeku stari papir čini oko 80% sirovine), ali i od poluceluloze, sulfitne i sulfatne celuloze. Od omotnih se papira traži velika čvrstoća na kidanje, otpornost prema savijanju, dobra rastezljivost i neprobojnost. Kao materijal za pakiranje (ambalažu), papir se upotrebljava više od bilo kojeg drugog konkurentnog materijala.

Sanitarni papir
Iako je udjel sanitarnih papira u ukupnoj proizvodnji industrije papira relativno malen, njihova se upotreba posljednjih godina mnogo povećala. Osim toaletnog papira, proizvode se danas i mnoge vrste sanitarnog papira, koje kao materijal u različitim područjima primjene potiskuju tekstil (papirnati ručnici, maramice, ubrusi, stolnjaci, krevetne presvlake u bolnicama).

Tehnički i specijalni papir
U upotrebi je mnoštvo tehničkih i specijalnih papira najrazličitijih svojstava i namjena. U takve se papire ubrajaju filtarski papiri, kondenzatorski papiri, papiri za izolaciju i oblaganje kabela, za izradu etiketa, tapeta, dekoracija, papiri za precrtavanje i kopiranje, sirovi fotografski papiri, indikatorski i cigaretni papiri, i tako dalje.

Izvori

Papir
 Tiskarstvo

Crtaći papir


STS-95 was a Space Shuttle mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 29 October 1998, using the orbiter Discovery.  It was the 25th flight of Discovery and the 92nd mission flown since the start of the Space Shuttle program in April 1981. It was a highly publicized mission due to former Project Mercury astronaut and United States Senator John H. Glenn Jr.'s return to space for his second space flight. At age 77, Glenn became the oldest person to go into space, a record that remained unbroken for 23 years until 82-year-old Wally Funk flew on a suborbital flight on Blue Origin NS-16, launching on 20 July 2021, which in turn was broken by William Shatner at age 90 on 13 October 2021. Glenn, however, remains the oldest person to reach Earth orbit. This mission is also noted for inaugurating ATSC HDTV broadcasting in the U.S., with live coast-to-coast coverage of the launch. In another first, Pedro Duque became the first Spaniard in space.

The mission's objectives involved investigating life-sciences experiments, using the SpaceHab module to perform these experiments on Senator Glenn. Scientific objectives on this mission were not limited to furthering an understanding of the human body, but also to increase astronomical understanding with regards to the Sun, and how it affects life on Earth. The Spartan 201 spacecraft was released by the crew, flying free from the Shuttle, studying the acceleration of the solar wind that originates in the Sun's solar corona. The mission lasted just under ten days, with Discovery completing its voyage by landing at the Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility.

The launch was rare in that the official launch weather forecast provided by the 45th Weather Squadron was 100 percent for favorable weather for launch as well as the Shuttle Landing Facility.

Bill Clinton became the second sitting U.S. president to witness a crewed space launch, joined by his wife Hillary on the roof of the Launch Control Center, and the only one to witness a Space Shuttle launch (President Richard Nixon witnessed the launch of Apollo 12).

Crew

Crew seating arrangements

Mission highlights

The primary objectives included conducting a variety of science experiments in the pressurized Spacehab module, the deployment and retrieval of the Spartan free-flyer payload, and operations with the HST Orbital Systems Test (HOST) and the International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (IEH) payloads carried in the payload bay.

Spacehab
The Spacehab module flown on STS-95 was provided by Spacehab, Inc., a private company. The Spacehab system provided additional pressurized workspace for experiments, cargo and crew activities. Spacehab modules supported various Shuttle science missions along with several of the joint Shuttle-Mir missions.

For STS-95, a single-module Spacehab flew in the forward portion of Discovery's payload bay, with the crew gaining access to the module through the airlock tunnel system. A variety of experiments sponsored by NASA, the Japanese Space Agency (NASDA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) focused on life sciences, microgravity sciences and advanced technology during the flight.

Spartan
The Spartan 201-5 free-flyer was deployed and retrieved using the Shuttle's mechanical arm. It was designed to investigate physical conditions and processes of the hot outer layers of the Sun's atmosphere, or solar corona. While deployed from the Shuttle, Spartan gathered measurements of the solar corona and solar wind. NASA expected that information collected during this mission would lead to a much better understanding of the solar winds that directly influence orbiting satellites and weather conditions on Earth which in turn impact television and phone communications. This was the fifth flight for the Spartan payload; it originally flew on the STS-56 mission in April 1993.
On its previous mission, STS-87 in November 1997, Spartan developed problems shortly after being deployed from the Shuttle and had to be brought back into the Shuttle's payload bay by spacewalk. These problems were due with the attitude control system for fine pointing toward solar targets, and Spartan was cleared for use again on STS-95. Its mission was to successfully perform the same experiments from the previous year.

HOST
The Hubble Space Telescope Orbital Systems Test (HOST) platform carried experiments to validate components planned for installation during the third Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission and to evaluate new technologies in an earth orbiting environment. There were four experiments on the HOST platform. The NICMOS Cooling System allowed for zero-g verification of a reverse turbocharged Brayton cycle cooler, which allowed for longer life operation than the dewar system used on Hubble at the time. The HST 486 computer allowed for the identification of any radiation-susceptible parts in the DF-224 replacement computer to be carried on the third servicing mission, and demonstrate hardware and software responses to Single Event Upsets (SEUs). A solid state recorder compared on-orbit operation of the flight-spare solid state recorder with the unit installed in Hubble. A fiber optic line test used the same 4 kbit/s data stream that was sent to the orbiter's Payload Data Interrogator (PDI) and routed to a laptop computer for post-flight comparison.

IEH
The International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (IEH) payload involved a half dozen different experiments mounted on a support structure which was carried in Discovery's payload bay. The six experiments that made up the IEH payload were the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (SEH) payload, which obtained EUV and FUV fluxes that are required when studying the Earth's upper atmosphere; an Ultraviolet Spectrograph Telescope for Astronomical Research (UVSTAR) payload designed to measure EUV fluxes which could be used to form images of extended plasma sources (ex. Jupiter, hot stars, etc.); the STAR-LITE payload which made observations of extended and diffused astrophysical targets; the CONCAP-IV payload designed to grow thin films via physical vapor transport; the Petite Amateur Navy Satellite (PANSAT) payload which was managed by the Department of Defense Space Test Program, and involved a small deployable satellite that stored and transmitted digital communications to PANSAT ground stations; and a Getaway Special (GAS) payload.

Medical experiments on Glenn
According to the New York Times, Glenn "won his seat on the shuttle flight by lobbying NASA for two years to fly as a human guinea pig for geriatric studies", which were named as the main reasons for his participation in the STS-95 mission. This series of experiments conducted on Glenn during the mission was sponsored by NASA and the National Institute on Aging, and based on the fact that the aging process and a space flight experience share a number of similar physiological responses. The investigations were expected to gather information which may provide a model system to help scientists interested in understanding aging. Some of these similarities include bone and muscle loss, balance disorders and sleep disturbances. Shortly before the flight, researchers learned that Glenn had to be disqualified from another of the flight's two main priority human experiments (about the effects of melatonin) because he did not meet one of study's medical conditions; he still participated in two other experiments about sleep monitoring and protein use.
Data provided from Glenn during this mission was compared to data obtained from Glenn's Friendship 7 orbital mission in 1962.

Trivia

Glenn was the oldest person, and the third sitting member of Congress, to fly into space. He was preceded by U.S. Senator from Utah Jake Garn (STS-51-D) and U.S. Representative (later Senator) from Florida Bill Nelson (STS-61-C). At the time, Glenn was Ohio's senior or ranking Senator. Other astronauts who later entered politics include Harrison Schmitt (Apollo 17), later U.S. Senator from New Mexico, Jack Swigert (Apollo 13), who was elected to Congress in the state of Colorado but died before being sworn in, and U.S. Senator from Arizona Mark Kelly (STS-108, STS-121, STS-124, and STS-134).

In a reprise of his first space flight, while in orbit, Glenn was greeted again by the citizens of Perth and Rockingham in Australia. They left their private and municipal lights on while the Discovery passed overhead, just like they did during his Friendship 7 flight.

This is the first mission wherein a Space Shuttle orbiter (Discovery in this mission) uses NASA's meatball insignia on its markings. It replaced the worm logotype that all orbiters had. Endeavour, Atlantis, and Columbia would follow in their respective missions of STS-88, STS-101, and STS-109. Space Shuttle orbiters Enterprise and Challenger didn't have this change, for Enterprise became the property of The Smithsonian in 1985 and Challenger was destroyed in 1986.

Crew award
The crew of STS-95 was awarded the Space Foundation's Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award in 1999. The award is given annually to an individual or organization that has made significant contributions to public awareness of space programs.

Anomalies
The drag chute door detached and fell from the orbiter at main engine ignition. There was some concern that the drag chute could deploy prematurely prior to touchdown, and the decision was made not to use the chute during landing rollout. Wheel brakes and speedbrakes were sufficient to bring Discovery to a stop on Runway 33 at the Shuttle Landing Facility.

An RCS leak venting from a thruster on the left-hand OMS pod was observed in orbit. An isolation valve was used to disable the jet. Attitude control was maintained by system redundancy; there were 44 jets located around the orbiter.

Inaugural HDTV broadcast
The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch during the live coverage of the lift-off. The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast. The broadcast was made possible by the Harris Corporation, which sponsored the equipment necessary for transmitting and receiving the broadcast. The broadcast was hosted by former CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite, and former Gemini/Apollo-era astronaut Pete Conrad.

Wake-up calls
NASA had begun a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen and often has a particular meaning to an individual member of the crew, or it is somehow applicable to their situation.

Mission insignia
The STS-95 mission insignia was designed by the crew, and evokes the scientific, engineering and historic elements of the flight.
It depicts a stylized blue Space Shuttle with yellow, red, and blue streamers coming from its stern that represent the global benefits of the mission's science experiments and the solar science objectives of the Spartan satellite. A small Mercury space capsule is depicted orbiting the Shuttle, and the red streamer extends up towards the center of the Shuttle to form a "7". The capsule and the number seven are in reference to Glenn's historic association with the Mercury Seven astronauts and their spacecraft: all of the crewed Mercury spacecraft had "7" as part of their name. The mission payloads—microgravity material science, medical research for humans on Earth and in space, and astronomy—represent three major scientific fields and are symbolized in the insignia by rocket plumes.

See also

 John H. Glenn Jr.
 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 Mercury-Atlas 6
 Outline of space science

References

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-95 Video Highlights

Spacecraft launched in 1998
Space Shuttle missions
John Glenn

STS-95


Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a white powder that is insoluble in water. ZnO is used as an additive in numerous materials and products including cosmetics, food supplements, rubbers, plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, lubricants, paints, sunscreens, ointments, adhesives, sealants, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, semi conductors, and first-aid tapes. Although it occurs naturally as the mineral zincite, most zinc oxide is produced synthetically.

History
Zinc compounds were probably used by early humans, in processed and unprocessed forms, as a paint or medicinal ointment, but their composition is uncertain. The use of pushpanjan, probably zinc oxide, as a salve for eyes and open wounds, is mentioned in the Indian medical text the Charaka Samhita, thought to date from 500 BC or before. Zinc oxide ointment is also mentioned by the Greek physician Dioscorides (1st century AD). Galen suggested treating ulcerating cancers with zinc oxide, as did Avicenna in his The Canon of Medicine. It is used as an ingredient in products such as baby powder and creams against diaper rashes, calamine cream, anti-dandruff shampoos, and antiseptic ointments.

The Romans produced considerable quantities of brass (an alloy of zinc and copper) as early as 200 BC by a cementation process where copper was reacted with zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is thought to have been produced by heating zinc ore in a shaft furnace. This liberated metallic zinc as a vapor, which then ascended the flue and condensed as the oxide. This process was described by Dioscorides in the 1st century AD. Zinc oxide has also been recovered from zinc mines at Zawar in India, dating from the second half of the first millennium BC.

From the 12th to the 16th century zinc and zinc oxide were recognized and produced in India using a primitive form of the direct synthesis process. From India, zinc manufacture moved to China in the 17th century. In 1743, the first European zinc smelter was established in Bristol, United Kingdom. Around 1782 Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau proposed replacing lead white pigment with zinc oxide.

The main usage of zinc oxide (zinc white) was in paints and as an additive to ointments. Zinc white was accepted as a pigment in oil paintings by 1834 but it did not mix well with oil. This problem was solved by optimizing the synthesis of ZnO. In 1845, Edme-Jean Leclaire in Paris was producing the oil paint on a large scale, and by 1850, zinc white was being manufactured throughout Europe. The success of zinc white paint was due to its advantages over the traditional white lead: zinc white is essentially permanent in sunlight, it is not blackened by sulfur-bearing air, it is non-toxic and more economical. Because zinc white is so "clean" it is valuable for making tints with other colors, but it makes a rather brittle dry film when unmixed with other colors. For example, during the late 1890s and early 1900s, some artists used zinc white as a ground for their oil paintings. All those paintings developed cracks over the years.

In recent times, most zinc oxide was used in the rubber industry to resist corrosion. In the 1970s, the second largest application of ZnO was photocopying. High-quality ZnO produced by the "French process" was added to photocopying paper as a filler. This application was soon displaced by titanium.

Chemical properties
Pure ZnO is a white powder, but in nature it occurs as the rare mineral zincite, which usually contains manganese and other impurities that confer a yellow to red color.

Crystalline zinc oxide is thermochromic, changing from white to yellow when heated in air and reverting to white on cooling. This color change is caused by a small loss of oxygen to the environment at high temperatures to form the non-stoichiometric Zn1+xO, where at 800 °C, x = 0.00007.

Zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide. It is nearly insoluble in water, but it will dissolve in most acids, such as hydrochloric acid:
ZnO  +  2 HCl   →   ZnCl2  +  H2O
Solid zinc oxide will also dissolve in alkalis to give soluble zincates:
ZnO  +  2 NaOH  +  H2O   →   Na2[Zn(OH)4]

ZnO reacts slowly with fatty acids in oils to produce the corresponding carboxylates, such as oleate or stearate. When mixed with a strong aqueous solution of zinc chloride, ZnO forms cement-like products best described as zinc hydroxy chlorides. This cement was used in dentistry.

ZnO also forms cement-like material when treated with phosphoric acid; related materials are used in dentistry. A major component of zinc phosphate cement produced by this reaction is hopeite, Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O.

ZnO decomposes into zinc vapor and oxygen at around 1975 °C with a standard oxygen pressure. In a carbothermic reaction, heating with carbon converts the oxide into zinc vapor at a much lower temperature (around 950 °C).
ZnO  +  C   →   Zn(Vapor)  +  CO

Physical properties

Structure
Zinc oxide crystallizes in two main forms, hexagonal wurtzite and cubic zincblende.  The wurtzite structure is most stable at ambient conditions and thus most common. The zincblende form can be stabilized by growing ZnO on substrates with cubic lattice structure. In both cases, the zinc and oxide centers are tetrahedral, the most characteristic geometry for Zn(II).  ZnO converts to the rocksalt motif at relatively high pressures about 10 GPa.  The many remarkable medical properties of creams containing ZnO can be explained by its elastic softness, which is characteristic of tetrahedral coordinated binary compounds close to the transition to octahedral structures.

Hexagonal and zincblende polymorphs have no inversion symmetry (reflection of a crystal relative to any given point does not transform it into itself). This and other lattice symmetry properties result in piezoelectricity of the hexagonal and zincblende ZnO, and pyroelectricity of hexagonal ZnO.

The hexagonal structure has a point group 6 mm (Hermann–Mauguin notation) or C6v (Schoenflies notation), and the space group is P63mc or C6v4. The lattice constants are a = 3.25 Å and c = 5.2 Å; their ratio c/a ~ 1.60 is close to the ideal value for hexagonal cell c/a = 1.633. As in most group II-VI materials, the bonding in ZnO is largely ionic (Zn2+O2−) with the corresponding radii of 0.074 nm for Zn2+ and 0.140 nm for O2−. This property accounts for the preferential formation of wurtzite rather than zinc blende structure, as well as the strong piezoelectricity of ZnO. Because of the polar Zn−O bonds, zinc and oxygen planes are electrically charged. To maintain electrical neutrality, those planes reconstruct at atomic level in most relative materials, but not in ZnO – its surfaces are atomically flat, stable and exhibit no reconstruction. However, studies using wurtzoid structures explained the origin of surface flatness and the absence of reconstruction at ZnO wurtzite surfaces in addition to the origin of charges on ZnO planes.

Mechanical properties
ZnO is a wide-band gap semiconductor of the II-VI semiconductor group. The native doping of the semiconductor due to oxygen vacancies or zinc interstitials is n-type.

ZnO is a relatively soft material with approximate hardness of 4.5 on the Mohs scale. Its elastic constants are smaller than those of relevant III-V semiconductors, such as GaN. The high heat capacity and heat conductivity, low thermal expansion and high melting temperature of ZnO are beneficial for ceramics. The E2 optical phonon in ZnO exhibits an unusually long lifetime of 133 ps at 10 K.

Among the tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors, it has been stated that ZnO has the highest piezoelectric tensor, or at least one comparable to that of GaN and AlN. This property makes it a technologically important material for many piezoelectrical applications, which require a large electromechanical coupling. Therefore, ZnO in the form of thin film has been one of the most studied resonator materials for thin-film bulk acoustic resonators.

Electrical and optical properties
Favourable properties of zinc oxide include good transparency, high electron mobility, wide band gap, and strong room-temperature luminescence. Those properties make ZnO valuable for a variety of emerging applications: transparent electrodes in liquid crystal displays, energy-saving or heat-protecting windows, and electronics as thin-film transistors and light-emitting diodes.

ZnO has a relatively wide direct band gap of ~3.3 eV at room temperature. Advantages associated with a wide band gap include higher breakdown voltages, ability to sustain large electric fields, lower electronic noise, and high-temperature and high-power operation. The band gap of ZnO can further be tuned to ~3–4 eV by its alloying with magnesium oxide or cadmium oxide. Due to this large band gap, there have been efforts to create visibly transparent solar cells utilising ZnO as a light absorbing layer. However, these solar cells have so far proven highly inefficient.

Most ZnO has n-type character, even in the absence of intentional doping. Nonstoichiometry is typically the origin of n-type character, but the subject remains controversial. An alternative explanation has been proposed, based on theoretical calculations, that unintentional substitutional hydrogen impurities are responsible. Controllable n-type doping is easily achieved by substituting Zn with group-III elements such as Al, Ga, In or by substituting oxygen with group-VII elements chlorine or iodine.

Reliable p-type doping of ZnO remains difficult. This problem originates from low solubility of p-type dopants and their compensation by abundant n-type impurities. This problem is observed with GaN and ZnSe. Measurement of p-type in "intrinsically" n-type material is complicated by the inhomogeneity of samples.

Current limitations to p-doping limit electronic and optoelectronic applications of ZnO, which usually require junctions of n-type and p-type material. Known p-type dopants include group-I elements Li, Na, K; group-V elements N, P and As; as well as copper and silver. However, many of these form deep acceptors and do not produce significant p-type conduction at room temperature.

Electron mobility of ZnO strongly varies with temperature and has a maximum of ~2000 cm2/(V·s) at 80 K. Data on hole mobility are scarce with values in the range 5–30 cm2/(V·s).

ZnO discs, acting as a  varistor, are the active material in most surge arresters.

Zinc oxide is noted for its strongly nonlinear optical properties, especially in bulk. The nonlinearity of ZnO nanoparticles can be fine-tuned according to their size.

Production

For industrial use, ZnO is produced at levels of 105 tons per year by three main processes:

Indirect process
In the indirect or French process, metallic zinc is melted in a graphite crucible and vaporized at temperatures above 907 °C (typically around 1000 °C). Zinc vapor reacts with the oxygen in the air to give ZnO, accompanied by a drop in its temperature and bright luminescence. Zinc oxide particles are transported into a cooling duct and collected in a bag house. This indirect method was popularized by Edme Jean LeClaire of  Paris in 1844 and therefore is commonly known as the French process. Its product normally consists of agglomerated zinc oxide particles with an average size of 0.1 to a few micrometers. By weight, most of the world's zinc oxide is manufactured via French process.

Direct process
The direct or American process starts with diverse contaminated zinc composites, such as zinc ores or smelter by-products. The zinc precursors are reduced (carbothermal reduction) by heating with a source of carbon such as anthracite to produce zinc vapor, which is then oxidized as in the indirect process. Because of the lower purity of the source material, the final product is also of lower quality in the direct process as compared to the indirect one.

Wet chemical process
A small amount of industrial production involves wet chemical processes, which start with aqueous solutions of zinc salts, from which zinc carbonate or zinc hydroxide is precipitated. The solid precipitate is then calcined at temperatures around 800 °C.

Laboratory synthesis

Numerous specialised methods exist for producing ZnO for scientific studies and niche applications. These methods can be classified by the resulting ZnO form (bulk, thin film, nanowire), temperature ("low", that is close to room temperature or "high", that is T ~ 1000 °C), process type (vapor deposition or growth from solution) and other parameters.

Large single crystals (many cubic centimeters) can be grown by the gas transport (vapor-phase deposition), hydrothermal synthesis, or melt growth. However, because of the high vapor pressure of ZnO, growth from the melt is problematic. Growth by gas transport is difficult to control, leaving the hydrothermal method as a preference. Thin films can be produced by chemical vapor deposition, metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, electrodeposition, pulsed laser deposition, sputtering, sol–gel synthesis, atomic layer deposition, spray pyrolysis, etc.

Ordinary white powdered zinc oxide can be produced in the laboratory by electrolyzing a solution of sodium bicarbonate with a zinc anode. Zinc hydroxide and hydrogen gas are produced. The zinc hydroxide upon heating decomposes to zinc oxide:

 Zn + 2 H2O → Zn(OH)2 + H2

 Zn(OH)2 → ZnO + H2O

ZnO nanostructures
Nanostructures of ZnO can be synthesized into a variety of morphologies including nanowires, nanorods, tetrapods, nanobelts, nanoflowers, nanoparticles etc. Nanostructures can be obtained with most above-mentioned techniques, at certain conditions, and also with the vapor–liquid–solid method. The synthesis is typically carried out at temperatures of about 90 °C, in an equimolar aqueous solution of zinc nitrate and hexamine, the latter providing the basic environment. Certain additives, such as polyethylene glycol or polyethylenimine, can improve the aspect ratio of the ZnO nanowires. Doping of the ZnO nanowires has been achieved by adding other metal nitrates to the growth solution. The morphology of the resulting nanostructures can be tuned by changing the parameters relating to the precursor composition (such as the zinc concentration and pH) or to the thermal treatment (such as the temperature and heating rate).

Aligned ZnO nanowires on pre-seeded silicon, glass, and gallium nitride substrates have been grown using aqueous zinc salts such as zinc nitrate and zinc acetate in basic environments. Pre-seeding substrates with ZnO creates sites for homogeneous nucleation of ZnO crystal during the synthesis. Common pre-seeding methods include in-situ thermal decomposition of zinc acetate crystallites, spincoating of ZnO nanoparticles and the use of physical vapor deposition methods to deposit ZnO thin films. Pre-seeding can be performed in conjunction with top down patterning methods such as electron beam lithography and nanosphere lithography to designate nucleation sites prior to growth. Aligned ZnO nanowires can be used in dye-sensitized solar cells and field emission devices.

Applications
The applications of zinc oxide powder are numerous, and the principal ones are summarized below. Most applications exploit the reactivity of the oxide as a precursor to other zinc compounds. For material science applications, zinc oxide has high refractive index, high thermal conductivity, binding, antibacterial and UV-protection properties. Consequently, it is added into materials and products including plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, rubber, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesive, sealants, concrete manufacturing, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, etc.

Rubber industry
Between 50% and 60% of ZnO use is in the rubber industry. Zinc oxide along with stearic acid is used in the sulfur vulcanization of rubber. ZnO additives also protect rubber from fungi (see medical applications) and UV light.

Ceramic industry
Ceramic industry consumes a significant amount of zinc oxide, in particular in ceramic glaze and frit compositions. The relatively high heat capacity, thermal conductivity and high temperature stability of ZnO coupled with a comparatively low coefficient of expansion are desirable properties in the production of ceramics. ZnO affects the melting point and optical properties of the glazes, enamels, and ceramic formulations. Zinc oxide as a low expansion, secondary flux improves the elasticity of glazes by reducing the change in viscosity as a function of temperature and helps prevent crazing and shivering. By substituting ZnO for BaO and PbO, the heat capacity is decreased and the thermal conductivity is increased. Zinc in small amounts improves the development of glossy and brilliant surfaces. However, in moderate to high amounts, it produces matte and crystalline surfaces. With regard to color, zinc has a complicated influence.

Medicine
Zinc oxide as a mixture with about 0.5% iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) is called calamine and is used in calamine lotion. Historically the mineral calamine is a mixture of the oxides zincite and hemimorphite. When mixed with eugenol, zinc oxide eugenol is formed, which has applications as a restorative and prosthodontic in dentistry.

Powdered zinc oxide has deodorizing and antibacterial properties. ZnO is added to cotton fabric, rubber, oral care products, and food packaging. Enhanced antibacterial action of fine particles compared to bulk material is not exclusive to ZnO and is observed for other materials, such as silver. This property results from the increased surface area of the fine particles.

Zinc oxide is used in mouthwash products and toothpastes as an anti-bacterial agent proposed to prevent plaque and tartar formation, and to control bad breath by reducing the volatile gases and volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in the mouth. Along with zinc oxide or zinc salts, these products also commonly contain other active ingredients, such as cetylpyridinium chloride, xylitol, hinokitiol, essential oils and plant extracts.

Zinc oxide is widely used to treat a variety of skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, itching due to eczema, diaper rash and acne. It is used in products such as baby powder and barrier creams to treat diaper rashes, calamine cream, anti-dandruff shampoos, and antiseptic ointments. It is often combined with castor oil to form an emollient and astringent, zinc and castor oil cream, commonly used to treat infants.

It is also a component in tape (called "zinc oxide tape") used by athletes as a bandage to prevent soft tissue damage during workouts. Zinc oxide is also often added into sunscreens.

Zinc oxide can be used in ointments, creams, and lotions to protect against sunburn and other damage to the skin caused by ultraviolet light (see sunscreen). It is the broadest spectrum UVA and UVB absorber that is approved for use as a sunscreen by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and is completely photostable. When used as an ingredient in sunscreen, zinc oxide blocks both UVA (320–400 nm) and UVB (280–320 nm) rays of ultraviolet light. Zinc oxide and the other most common physical sunscreen, titanium dioxide, are considered to be nonirritating, nonallergenic, and non-comedogenic. Zinc from zinc oxide is, however, slightly absorbed into the skin.

Many sunscreens use nanoparticles of zinc oxide (along with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide) because such small particles do not scatter light and therefore do not appear white. The nanoparticles are not absorbed into the skin more than regular-sized zinc oxide particles are, and are only absorbed into the outermost layer of the skin but not into the body.

Food additive

Zinc oxide is added to many food products, including breakfast cereals, as a source of zinc, a necessary nutrient. Zinc sulfate is also used for the same purpose. Some prepackaged foods also include trace amounts of ZnO even if it is not intended as a nutrient.

Pigment

Zinc oxide (zinc white) is used as a pigment in paints and is more opaque than lithopone, but less opaque than titanium dioxide. It is also used in coatings for paper. Chinese white is a special grade of zinc white used in artists' pigments. The use of zinc white as a pigment in oil painting started in the middle of 18th century. It has partly replaced the poisonous lead white and was used by painters such as Böcklin, Van Gogh, Manet, Munch and others. It is also a main ingredient of mineral makeup (CI 77947).

UV absorber
Micronized and nano-scale zinc oxide provides strong protection against UVA and UVB ultraviolet radiation, and are consequently used in sunscreens, and also in UV-blocking sunglasses for use in space and for protection when welding, following research by scientists at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

Coatings
Paints containing zinc oxide powder have long been utilized as anticorrosive coatings for metals. They are especially effective for galvanized iron. Iron is difficult to protect because its reactivity with organic coatings leads to brittleness and lack of adhesion. Zinc oxide paints retain their flexibility and adherence on such surfaces for many years.

ZnO highly n-type doped with aluminium, gallium, or indium is transparent and conductive (transparency ~90%, lowest resistivity ~10−4 Ω·cm). ZnO:Al coatings are used for energy-saving or heat-protecting windows. The coating lets the visible part of the spectrum in but either reflects the infrared (IR) radiation back into the room (energy saving) or does not let the IR radiation into the room (heat protection), depending on which side of the window has the coating.

Plastics, such as polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), can be protected by applying zinc oxide coating. The coating reduces the diffusion of oxygen through PEN. Zinc oxide layers can also be used on polycarbonate in outdoor applications. The coating protects polycarbonate from solar radiation, and decreases its oxidation rate and photo-yellowing.

Corrosion prevention in nuclear reactors

Zinc oxide depleted in 64Zn (the zinc isotope with atomic mass 64) is used in corrosion prevention in nuclear pressurized water reactors. The depletion is necessary, because 64Zn is transformed into radioactive 65Zn under irradiation by the reactor neutrons.

Methane reforming
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is used as a pretreatment step to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from natural gas following hydrogenation of any sulfur compounds prior to a methane reformer, which can poison the catalyst.  At temperatures between about , H2S is converted to water by the following reaction:
H2S + ZnO → H2O + ZnS

Electronics

ZnO has wide direct band gap (3.37 eV or 375 nm at room temperature). Therefore, its most common potential applications are in laser diodes and light emitting diodes (LEDs). Moreover, ultrafast nonlinearities and photoconductive functions have been reported in ZnO. Some optoelectronic applications of ZnO overlap with that of GaN, which has a similar band gap (~3.4 eV at room temperature). Compared to GaN, ZnO has a larger exciton binding energy (~60 meV, 2.4 times of the room-temperature thermal energy), which results in bright room-temperature emission from ZnO. ZnO can be combined with GaN for LED-applications. For instance, a transparent conducting oxide layer and ZnO nanostructures provide better light outcoupling. Other properties of ZnO favorable for electronic applications include its stability to high-energy radiation and its ability to be patterned by wet chemical etching. Radiation resistance makes ZnO a suitable candidate for space applications. ZnO is the most promising candidate in the field of random lasers to produce an electronically pumped UV laser source.

The pointed tips of ZnO nanorods result in a strong enhancement of an electric field. Therefore, they can be used as field emitters.

Aluminium-doped ZnO layers are used as transparent electrodes. The components Zn and Al are much cheaper and less toxic compared to the generally used indium tin oxide (ITO). One application which has begun to be commercially available is the use of ZnO as the front contact for solar cells or of liquid crystal displays.

Transparent thin-film transistors (TTFT) can be produced with ZnO. As field-effect transistors, they do not need a p–n junction, thus avoiding the p-type doping problem of ZnO. Some of the field-effect transistors even use ZnO nanorods as conducting channels.

Zinc oxide nanorod sensor
Zinc oxide nanorod sensors are devices detecting changes in electric current passing through zinc oxide nanowires due to adsorption of gas molecules. Selectivity to hydrogen gas was achieved by sputtering palladium clusters on the nanorod surface. The addition of palladium appears to be effective in the catalytic dissociation of hydrogen molecules into atomic hydrogen, increasing the sensitivity of the sensor device. The sensor detects hydrogen concentrations down to 10 parts per million at room temperature, whereas there is no response to oxygen. ZnO have been used as immobilization layers in immunosensors enabling the distribution of antibodies across the entire region probed by the measuring electric field applied to the microelectrodes.

Piezoelectricity
The piezoelectricity in textile fibers coated in ZnO have been shown capable of fabricating "self-powered nanosystems" with everyday mechanical stress from wind or body movements.

In 2008 the Center for Nanostructure Characterization at the Georgia Institute of Technology reported producing an electricity generating device (called flexible charge pump generator) delivering alternating current by stretching and releasing zinc oxide nanowires. This mini-generator creates an oscillating voltage up to 45 millivolts, converting close to seven percent of the applied mechanical energy into electricity. Researchers used wires with lengths of 0.2–0.3 mm and diameters of three to five micrometers, but the device could be scaled down to smaller size.

In form of a thin film ZnO has been demonstrated in miniaturised high frequency thin film resonators, sensors and filters.

Li-ion battery and supercapacitors
ZnO is a promising anode material for lithium-ion battery because it is cheap, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly. ZnO has a higher theoretical capacity (978 mAh g−1) than many other transition metal oxides such as CoO (715 mAh g−1), NiO (718 mAh g−1) and CuO (674 mAh g−1). ZnO is also used as an electrode in supercapacitors.

Safety
As a food additive, zinc oxide is on the U.S. FDA's list of generally recognized as safe, or GRAS, substances.

Zinc oxide itself is non-toxic; it is hazardous, however, to inhale zinc oxide fumes, such as generated when zinc or zinc alloys are melted and oxidized at high temperature. This problem occurs while melting alloys containing brass because the melting point of brass is close to the boiling point of zinc. Exposure to zinc oxide in the air, which also occurs while welding galvanized (zinc plated) steel, can result in a malady called metal fume fever. For this reason, typically galvanized steel is not welded, or the zinc is removed first.

In sunscreen, formulations that combined zinc oxide with other petrochemical UV absorbers, it was found that zinc oxide caused the photodegradation of small-molecule petrochemical UV absorbers, which exhibited toxicity in embryonic zebrafish assays.

See also

 Depleted zinc oxide
 Zinc oxide nanoparticle
 Gallium(III) nitride
 List of inorganic pigments
 Zinc
 Zinc oxide eugenol
 Zinc peroxide
 Zinc smelting
 Zinc–air battery
 Zinc–zinc oxide cycle
 ZnO nanostructures

References

Cited sources

Reviews

External links

Zincite properties
International Chemical Safety Card 0208.
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.

Zinc white pigment at ColourLex

Amphoteric compounds
Antipruritics
Ceramic materials
Corrosion inhibitors
II-VI semiconductors
Inorganic pigments
Nonlinear optical materials
Oxides
Piezoelectric materials
Sunscreening agents
Wurtzite structure type
oxide

Zinc oxide


Stojan Matić (Nebljusi, kod Donjeg Lapca, 1915. – Donji Lapac, 27. veljače 1942.), sudionik Travanjskog rata i Narodnooslobodilačke borbe i narodni heroj Jugoslavije.

Životopis

Rođen je 1915. godine u Nebljusima kraj Donjeg Lapca u siromašnoj seljačkoj obitelji. Nakon završetka osnovne škole u svom rodnom mestu odlazi u Bihać gdje je pohađao gimnaziju. Gimnaziju je pohađao pod teškim uvjetima jer se morao sam uzdržavati. Podučavajući slabije đake uspio je ne samo osigurati sebi egzistenciju već i izdvojiti nešto za majku, koja nije imala dovoljno sredstava za život. Nakon završene gimnazije kako se nije mogao sam dalje školovati odlazi na Vojnu akademiju, koju završava s odličnim uspjehom. Vojno školovanje nastavio je u zrakoplovnoj školi za izviđače. Ujedno se upisuje na Pravni fakultet kao izvanredni student kojeg nije završio.

U Travanjskom ratu pao je u njemačko zarobljeništvo kod Doboja poslije kapitulacije Kraljevine Jugoslavije, no pobjegao je nakon nekoliko dana i vratio se u svoje rodno mjesto. Među prvima u svom selu povezuje s organizatorima ustanka i priprema ustanak u svom i okolnim selima. Članovi ustaničkog štaba u Donjem Lapcu i u Srbu bili su članovi Kominističke partije Nikola Vidaković, Dušan Mileusnić, Đoko Jovanić i Milan Šijan, te Stojan Matić koji jedini nije bio član Partije kao bivši jugoslavenski časnik. Stojan je organizirao napad na oružničku stanicu u Nebljusima. Nakon toga se sastaje s Markom Oreškovićem Krntijom, koji ga je predložio za zapovjednika bataljona gerilskih odreda za Liku. Zapovjednikom je postao 23. kolovoza 1941., a sredinom siječnja 1942. primljen je za člana Komunističke partije Jugoslavije.

U kolovozu 1941. oko 300 partizana, od kojih je polovina bila bez oružja, razbija kod Užljebića znatno nadmoćnije ustaške snage koje su iz Bihaća nadirale preko Drenovače na oslobođeni teritorij, prisiljava ih na odstupanje te zarobljava nekoliko puškomitraljeza i jedan teški mitraljez.

Napad na Boričevac vodili su Đoko Jovanić, Gojko Plovina (vođa ustanka), Stojan Matić i Tomislav Popović. Polovina je prethodno obavijestio Boričevljane po svom rođaku Nikoli Polovini da napuste selo jer neće moći kontrolirati bijes i mržnju pobunjenih Srba. Pokolj u Boričevcu iskorišten za pokušaj smjene Matića s čela Lapačkog odreda. Marko Orešković, politički komesar Ličke grupe partizanskih odreda, pa politički komesar Glavnog stožera Hrvatske, koji je ustanku trebao dati pravo ideološko usmjerenje, osudio je "gerilce" koji su "klali žene, djecu", iako su se seljaci tamo predali.

Smrtno je ranjen u organiziranom napadu partizanskih jedinica na talijanski garnizon u Donjem Lapcu 27. veljače 1942. godine. Na tom mjestu je i podlegao ranama, kao zapovjednik Lapačkog bataljona, koji je poslije Stojanove smrti nosio njegovo ime.

Ukazom predsjednika FNRJ Josipa Broza Tita, 27. studenog 1953. godine proglašen je narodnim herojem.

Izvori

Narodni heroji Jugoslavije
Hrvatski komunisti

Stojan Matić


Trepan may refer to:
Trepanning, the medical procedure
Trepan (drill bit), a type of drill bit
Trepan (grape), another name for the Spanish wine grape Trepat
Trepan Records, a record label

See also
Trepanation (disambiguation)
Trepang (disambiguation)
Trephine

Trepan


Diana Salazar Méndez (Ibarra, 5 de junho de 1981) é uma jurista e advogada equatoriana, que atualmente exerce o cargo de Procuradora-Geral do Estado.

Trabalho no Ministério Público
Iniciou sua carreira como amanuense em 2001. Em 2006, passou a ocupar o cargo de secretária, posteriormente ascendeu a promotora em 2011. Em 2016, assumiu o caso FIFA Gate no Equador e processou Luis Chiriboga Acosta sob a acusação de lavagem de dinheiro. Durante seu trabalho como promotora, em 2017, encontrou dez evidencias para processar o então vice-presidente Jorge Glas, o que fez com que seu nome fosse replicado em diversos meios de comunicação de âmbito nacional. Em 19 de fevereiro de 2018, foi nomeada pelo presidente do Equador, Lenín Moreno, como diretora da Unidade de Análise Financeira e Econômica, unidade vinculada ao Ministério de Economia e Finanças.

Em 2019, foi nomeada Procuradora-Geral do Estado, após a análise do concurso de mérito e oposição convocado pelo Conselho de Participação Cidadã e Controle Social Transitório, no qual obteve a pontuação de 88,17 pontos: 49 no mérito, 10 na prova escrita e 28.17 na audiência oral. A esta avaliação foi acrescido um ponto para ação afirmativa por ser afrodescendente. Obtendo a pontuação mais alta para ocupar o referido cargo, tornando-se a primeira afro-equatoriana a exercer tal função.

Atualmente também faz parte do Tribunal Permanente de Arbitragem de Haia, desde janeiro de 2020, cargo que exerce sem prejuízo das funções de procuradora-geral.

Juristas do Equador
Advogados do Equador

Diana Salazar Méndez


Herrendoppel der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1988.

Das Finale bestritten die topgesetzten Ken Flach und Robert Seguso aus den Vereinigten Staaten gegen die Spanier Sergio Casal und Emilio Sánchez Vicario, welches Flach und Seguso knapp in fünf Sätzen gewannen. Das Spiel um Platz 3 wurde nicht ausgetragen, die beiden Halbfinalteams erhielten jeweils die Bronzemedaille.

Setzliste

Hauptrunde

Viertelfinale, Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Weblinks
 Draw auf ATPworldtour.com (englisch)

Tennis-Herrendoppel
1988
Tennisturnier in Seoul
Tennisturnier 1988

Olympische Sommerspiele 1988/Tennis/Herrendoppel


Svijet

Događaji

Osnivanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Događaji

 Općina Rab se odrekla feudalnog davanja tzv. "dohotka".

Osnivanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pravo u 1944.


Dasypogon hookeri, drvolika trajnica s jugozapada Zapadne Australije

Jedna je od tri vrste u rodu Dasypogon. Naraste od pola pa do tri metra visine. Opisana je 1843.

Izvori

Dasypogonaceae
Endemska flora Australije
Flora Zapadne Australije

Dasypogon hookeri


Axion (pleme), indijansko pleme iz grupe Unami Delawaraca
 Axion (sin Fegeja), sin Fegeja, iz grčke mitologije
 Axion (sin Prijama), sin Prijama, kralja Troje
 Axion (robna marka), robna marka tvrtke Colgate-Palmolive
 Axion (rod kukaca), rod kukaca iz porodice Coccinellidae.

Axion


Boreray may refer to:

An island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland:

Boreray, North Uist
Boreray, St Kilda

A domesticated animal:
Boreray sheep

Boreray


79241 Fulviobressan este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
79241 Fulviobressan este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la observatorul astronomic din Farra d'Isonzo. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 4,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 79001-80000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

79241 Fulviobressan


වංග ග්‍රන්ථ ( බෙංගාලි )  සිංහලයට පරිවරථනය කල ලේඛිකාවකි.

පරිවර්තිත ග්‍රන්ථ

 මාවතේ ගීතය
 අපරාජිත ජීවිතයක්
 අපූගේ ලෝකය
ඉසිවරයා
 ශ්‍රී කාන්ත
 ශ්‍රී කාන්ත හා රාජලක්‍ෂ්මී
 අරණකට පෙම් බැඳ
 රිදී කාසි අටදහසේ ගිරවා
 බින්දුගේ දරුවා
 ගෝරා
 ගෝදානය
 රවීන්ද්‍රනාථ ඨාකූර් සහ බෞද්ධ සංස්කෘතිය

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 විභූතිභූෂණ බන්ද්‍යොපාධ්‍යාය
ගත් කතුවරු
`ගත් කතුවරු - සිංහල

චින්තා ලක්‍ෂමී සිංහ ආරච්චි


Távora Portekiz'de Tabuaço belediyesine bağlı olan, 6,98 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 420 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Tabuaço'nun bucakları

Távora


Aurum er en kortfilm fra 2012 instrueret af James Barclay efter eget manuskript.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2012
Kortfilm fra Danmark
Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)

Aurum (film)


Der Jüdische Friedhof Imbshausen ist ein jüdischer Friedhof in Imbshausen, einem Ortsteil von Northeim, der Kreisstadt des Landkreises Northeim in Südniedersachsen. Er ist ein geschütztes Kulturdenkmal.

Der Friedhof, der von 1782 bis 1908 belegt wurde, befindet sich In der Furth / Judenkuhle. Es sind 32 Grabsteine dokumentiert: 28 (1941), 3 (1981), 1 (1986). Im Jahr 1951 wurden die Steine des Friedhofs zerschlagen und für den Bau eines Hauses verwendet.

Literatur
 Wilhelm Jürgens: Imbshausen (heute Northeim-Imbshausen). In: Herbert Obenaus (Hrsg. in Zusammenarbeit mit David Bankier und Daniel Fraenkel): Historisches Handbuch der jüdischen Gemeinden in Niedersachsen und Bremen. Band 1 und 2 (1668 S.), Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-753-5, Seite 899–903.
 Es liegt eine Teilabschrift von 23 Inschriften durch Gerhard Ballin aus dem Jahr 1941 vor.

Weblinks
 Jüdischer Friedhof im Denkmalatlas Niedersachsen
 Imbshausen. In: Übersicht über alle Projekte zur Dokumentation jüdischer Grabinschriften auf dem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; hier: Niedersachsen; abgerufen am 1. Juli 2012

Imbshausen
Baudenkmal in Northeim
Imbshausen

Jüdischer Friedhof (Imbshausen)


Toshio Matsuura (født 20. november 1955) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

|-
|1981||4||1
|-
|1982||2||0
|-
|1983||5||0
|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1986||3||1
|-
|1987||7||4
|-
!Total||22||6
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Toshio Matsuura


Patrick Gretsch (Erfurt, 7 de abril de 1987) é um ciclista alemão que foi profissional desde 2006 até 2016.

Palmarés

Estrada
 2008
 Tour de Thuringe, mais 1 etapa
 2.º no Campeonato Mundial Contrarrelógio sub-23

 2009
 3.º no Campeonato Mundial Contrarrelógio sub-23

 2010
 2.º no Campeonato da Alemanha Contrarrelógio

 2011
 1 etapa do ZLM Toer
 3.º no Campeonato da Alemanha Contrarrelógio
 1 etapa do USA Pro Cycling Challenge

 2012
 1 etapa da Volta à Andaluzia

 2013
 2.º no Campeonato da Alemanha Contrarrelógio

Pista
 2009
 Campeonato da Alemanha Perseguição

Resultados em Grandes Voltas e Campeonatos do Mundo

—: não participa
Ab.: abandono

Equipas
 Thüringer Energie Team (2006-2009)
 HTC (2010-2011)
 Team HTC-Columbia (2010)
 HTC-Highroad (2011)
 Team Argos-Shimano (2012-2013)
 AG2R La Mondiale (2014-2016)

Referências

Ligações externas

 Ficha de Patrick Gretsch em Sitiodeciclismo.net

Ciclistas da Alemanha
Naturais de Erfurt

Patrick Gretsch


The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to public relations:

Public relations practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public.

Nature of public relations
Public relations can be described as all of the following:
 Academic discipline – branch of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined (in part), and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong.
 Communication – activity of conveying information
 Marketing – process which creates, communicates, and delivers value to the customer, and maintains the relationship with customers.

Essence of public relations
 To create and sustain "shared meaning" or "common understanding" - NB this may be and usually is different from "shared beliefs"
 Propaganda: the general propagation of information for a specific purpose
 Psychological warfare:
 Psyops
 Public relations: techniques used to influence the publics' perception of an organization
 Publicity: PR techniques used to promote a specific product or brand
 Spin (public relations)
 Spin: both the objective of a PR campaign and the act of obtaining that objective

Public relations methods and approaches
 Airborne leaflet propaganda
 Astroturfing and Astroturf PR: fake grassroots
 Atrocity story
 Bandwagon effect
 Big lie
 Black propaganda
 Buzzword
 Card stacking
 Code word
 Communist propaganda
 Corporate image
 Corporate propaganda
 Cult of personality
 Demonization
 Disinformation: providing false information
 Dog-whistle politics
 Doublespeak
 Enterperience: fusing entertainment and experience together
 Euphemisms, as done deliberately to advance a cause or position (see also Political correctness)
 Factoid
 Fedspeak
 Front organization
 Glittering generality
 Homophobic propaganda
 Indoctrination
 Information warfare: the practice of disseminating information in an attempt to advance your agenda relative to a competing viewpoint
 Junk science
 Lesser of two evils principle
 Loaded language
 Marketing: commercial and business techniques
 Media bias
 Media manipulation: the attempt to influence broadcast media decisions in an attempt to present your view to a mass audience
 Misuse of statistics
 News management: PR techniques concerned with the news media
 News propaganda
 Newspeak
 Plain folks
 Propaganda film
 Public service announcement
 Revolutionary propaganda
 Self propaganda
 Social marketing: techniques used in behavioral change, such as health promotion
 Sound science
 Rebuttal: a type of news management technique
 Rhetoric
 Slogan
 Transfer (propaganda)
 Video news release
 Weasel Word
 White propaganda
 Yellow journalism

Theory of public relations
 Agenda-setting theory
 Framing (social sciences)
 Propaganda model: a model developed by Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman to explain how propaganda functions in democracies

History of public relations
 History of public relations

Historical uses of propaganda

By country
 Propaganda in India
 Propaganda in the People's Republic of China
 Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland
 Propaganda in the Republic of China
 Propaganda in Rwanda
 Propaganda in the Soviet Union
 Propaganda in the United States

Miscellany
 Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
 Department for Agitation and Propaganda
 Operation Mockingbird
 Propaganda during the Reformation
 Propaganda in the War in Somalia
 Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq
 Role of the media in the Yugoslav wars
 Socialist Propaganda League

World War II
 American propaganda during World War II
 British propaganda during World War II
 Propaganda in the Republic of China
 Soviet propaganda during World War II
 Walt Disney's World War II Propaganda Production

Britain

 List of British propaganda films of World War II
 Fougasse
 Ministry of Information

Nazi Germany

People
 Norman Baillie-Stewart (Radio broadcaster, 1939-1942)
 Robert Henry Best (Radio broadcaster, 1942)
 Elsa Bruckmann (Propagandist to industrialists)
 Hugo Bruckmann
 Franz Burri (Disseminator of Nazi propaganda in Switzerland)
 Otto Dietrich (Press chief)
 Constance Drexel (Radio broadcaster)
 Hermann Esser (First Nazi Chief of Propaganda)
 Arnold Fanck (Film director)
 Paul Ferdonnet (Radio broadcaster)
 Walter Frentz (Photographer and film producer)
 Hans Fritzsche (Holder of various posts in the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda)
 Walther Funk (State Secretary for the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, 1933–1938)
 Hermann Gauch
 Herbert Gerdes
 Karl Gerland
 Mildred Gillars
 Joseph Goebbels
 Hans F. K. Günther
 Eugen Hadamovsky
 Ernst Hanfstaengl
 Karl Hanke
 Thea von Harbou
 Veit Harlan
 Fritz Hippler
 Heinrich Hoffmann
 Raymond Davies Hughes
 Emil Jannings
 William Joyce
 Fred W. Kaltenbach (Radio broadcaster)
 Emil Kirdorf
 Fritz Julius Kuhn
 Johann von Leers
 Wolfgang Liebeneiner
 Lord Haw-Haw
 Horst von Möllendorff
 Martin James Monti
 Werner Naumann
 Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann
 Wilfred von Oven
 Leni Riefenstahl
 Alfred Rosenberg
 Fritz Rössler
 Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch
 Albert Speer
 Julius Streicher
 Eberhard Taubert

Organisations
 Charlie and his Orchestra
 Department of Film
 Gaubildstelle (Office of Slides)
 Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda or Propagandaministerium, or RNVP)

Campaigns and events
 Operation Himmler
 Nuremberg Rallies
 Sportpalast speech

Media

 The Eternal Jew (Fritz Hippler, 1940)
 Triumph of the Will (Leni Riefenstahl, 1935)

Films

Public relations organizations
 Ad Council
 Bureau of International Information Programs
 Institute for Propaganda Analysis
 Ministry of propaganda
 United States Information Agency
 Shared values initiative - Council of American Muslims for Understanding

Public relations media
 "Al Fateh"
 America's Army, video game produced by the U.S. government with the stated aim of encouraging players to become interested in joining the U.S. Army.

Works about public relations and propaganda

Books
 Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky
 Propaganda by Edward Bernays
 Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes by Jacques Ellul
 Public Opinion by Walter Lippmann

Film
 Wag the Dog

See also

  (book)

External links

 Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management
 Stockholm Accords for Public Relations
 Russia (independent) Alliance for Public Relations

 1
Public relations
Public relations
Public relations

Outline of public relations


Hans Sturmberger (* 29. Jänner 1914 in Kirchdorf an der Krems; † 22. August 1999 in Linz) war ein österreichischer Historiker und Archivar.
__KEIN_INHALTSVERZEICHNIS__
Der Sohn eines Bäckermeisters besuchte das Stiftsgymnasium Kremsmünster, 1933 folgte die Reifeprüfung. Anschließend studierte er Geschichte und klassische Philologie. Besonders geprägt wurde er dabei durch Heinrich von Srbik, Hans Hirsch und Otto Brunner. Sturmberger wurde 1937 promoviert bei von Srbik mit einer Untersuchung zu Anton von Baldacci, einem Staatsmann aus dem Umfeld von Metternich. Im Juni 1939 legte er die Staatsprüfung am Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung ab. Von 1936 bis 1938 war er am Historischen Seminar der Universität Wien als Bibliothekar tätig. Er trat am 1. Juli 1938 in den Dienst des Oberösterreichischen Landesarchivs ein. Er wurde zu Beginn des Jahres 1940 zur Wehrmacht eingezogen. Im Krieg wurde er 1944 in Holland schwer verwundet und nach Wiedereintritt in den Dienst im Landesarchiv 1946 aus politischen Gründen entlassen. In den folgenden beiden Jahren erarbeitete Sturmberger das Register zum 10. Band des "Urkundenbuches des Landes ob der Enns". 1948 wurde er als "minderbelastet" wieder eingestellt. Im Jahr 1959 wurde er korrespondierendes Mitglied und seit 1969 ordentliches Mitglied der Südostdeutschen Historischen Kommission. Er wurde 1961 Direktor des Landesarchivs in Linz und blieb in dieser Funktion bis zu seinem Ruhestand im Jahr 1979. Wegen einer missglückten Operation war er in den letzten zwanzig Lebensjahren im sprachlichen Bereich beeinträchtigt. Er lebte deshalb sehr zurückgezogen und widmete sich der österreichischen Malerei des 19. Jahrhunderts.

Seine 1953 veröffentlichte Darstellung über Georg Erasmus von Tschernembl wurde zum Standardwerk für die frühneuzeitliche Geschichte Österreichs und Mitteleuropas. Die Arbeit brachte eine gründliche Neubewertung, in dem lange Zeit nur der "frivole Revolutionär" gesehen wurde. Seine 1957 veröffentlichte Arbeit zu Ferdinand II. brachte grundlegende Erkenntnisse zum Wesen des österreichischen Absolutismus. Sturmberger forschte über Personen, Probleme und Ereignisse im konfessionellen Zeitalter und über die Zeit von der Aufklärung bis zum Beginn demokratischer und parlamentarischer Formen in den 60er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts. Zur Synthese seiner Forschungen wurde dabei die Darstellung Der Weg zum Verfassungsstaat. Die politische Entwicklung in Oberösterreich 1762–1861. Im Jahr 1976 legte er eine umfassende Biographie zu Adam Graf Herberstorff vor.

Für seine Forschungen erhielt Sturmberger zahlreiche Ehrungen. Sturmberger wurde 1971 korrespondierendes Mitglied der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Honorarprofessor für neuere und österreichische Geschichte an der Universität Salzburg. Von der Republik Österreich wurde er mit dem Großen Ehrenzeichen und dem Ehrenkreuz für Wissenschaft und Kunst I. Klasse geehrt. Das Land Österreich verlieh ihm den Landeskulturpreis. Die Stadt Linz ehrte ihn mit der Wissenschaftsmedaille.

Schriften
 Land ob der Enns und Österreich. Aufsätze und Vorträge. Oberösterreichisches Landesarchiv, Linz 1979, ISBN 3-900313-30-X.
 Aufstand in Böhmen. Der Beginn des Dreißigjährigen Krieges. Oldenbourg, München u. a. 1959.
 Kaiser Ferdinand II. und das Problem des Absolutismus. Oldenbourg, München 1957.
 Georg Erasmus Tschernembl. Religion, Libertät u. Widerstand. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Gegenreformation und des Landes ob der Enns. Böhlau in Komm, Graz 1953.

Literatur
 Georg Heilingsetzer: In memoriam Hans Sturmberger. In: Südostdeutsches Archiv, Band 42/43, 1999/2000, S. 162–164.
 Georg Heilingsetzer: Zum 70. Geburtstag Hans Sturmbergers. In: Südostdeutsches Archiv, Band 26/27, 1983/84, S. 172–174.
 Georg Heilingsetzer: Hans Sturmberger †. In: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 109, 2001, S. 285–288.

Weblinks

 Veröffentlichungen von Hans Sturmberger im Opac der Regesta Imperii

Anmerkungen

Neuzeithistoriker
Archivar (Österreich)
Mitglied der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Träger des Großen Ehrenzeichens für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich (1952)
Träger des österreichischen Ehrenkreuzes für Wissenschaft und Kunst I. Klasse
Träger des Kulturpreises des Landes Oberösterreich
Österreicher
Geboren 1914
Gestorben 1999
Mann

Hans Sturmberger


Innipúkinn er tónleikahátíð í Reykjavík í byrjun ágúst. Hún var fyrst haldin um verslunarmannahelgi árið 2001 í Viðey. Hátíðin var stofnuð af Grími Atlasyni, Dr. Gunna og fleiri sem svar við þeim fjölda útihátíða sem almennt eru haldnar þessa helgi. Það sem gerir hátíðina sérstaka er að hún er ekki haldin í hagnaðarskyni eins og margar aðrar stórhátíðir heldur sinna stjórnendur henni í frítíma sínum.

Hátíðin féll niður vegna covid árin 2020 og 2021.

Tilvísanir
Stofnað 2001
Íslenskar tónlistarhátíðir
Reykjavík

Innipúkinn


Gheorghe Șandor (n. 1895, Voivozi – d. 1969, Voinești) a fost un delegat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Gheorghe Șandor,s-a născut în comuna Voivozi județul.Bihor în 1895. A fost agricultor și factor poștal. A decedat la Voinești în 1969.

Activitatea politică

Ca delegat al Cercului Săcuieni, Gheorghe Șandor a participat la Marea Adunarea Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1918.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1895
Decese în 1969
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Agricultori români

Gheorghe Șandor


مراحل إصدار البرمجيات هي المراحل التي يمر بها أي برنامج حاسوبي ابتداء من الفكرة وحتى طرح النسخة النهائية في الأسواق للاستخدام العام، حيث تتم العملية على مراحل من النسخة التجربية إلى المحسنة إلى الإصدار النهائي، وهي دورة تشمل أغلب البرامج التي تسوق سواء كانت برامج عامة أو خاصة. حيث تضمن دورة حياة إصدار البرامج الحصول على منتج مستقر وجاهز للاستخدام بدون مشاكل تتسبب في انهياره.

المرحلة قبل ألفا
تعتبر المرحلة الأولى في طرح البرمجيات وتكون في العادة كثيرة الأخطاء وغير سليمة وغالبا ما تكون لطرح ما سيكون عليه البرنامج والخصائص التي سيتمتع بها.

المرحلة ألفا
تعتبر هذه المرحلة مهمة للمختصين والمبرمجين بحيث تطرح هذه النسخة خصيصا لهم لإعطاء رأيهم ودراسة خصائصها ومشاكلها.

المرحلة بيتا
هي المرحلة التالية للبرامج التي تتجاوز المرحلة الأولى ألفا وتكون قد تجاوزت المشاكل الرئيسية، وتطرح على المستخدمين الآخرين لاستخدامها بشكل موسع ومعرفة نقاط الإخفاق فيها، وتعتبر أهم المراحل ففيها يكون التقييم وتتميز عن النسخة ألفا بأنها تشمل أغلب المميزات النهائية لكن بمشاكل أقل مع احتمال أقل للتسبب في انهيار النظام أو البرنامج، وتنشر هذه النسخة في العادة بالمجان أو بمبالغ قليلة للاستخدام الموسع والتقييم، وتصدر هذه النسخة عند إكمال المبرمجين إدخال معلومات أغلب مميزات البرنامج.

النسخة المرشحة Release Candidate
يتم اختصار تسميتها بـ RC ، ويمكن أن تكون هذه النسخة هي النهائية بحيث تسوق تحت ضمان، وتكون جاهزة للاستخدام والبيع بعد أن يتم تلافي كل الأخطاء الموجودة بالنسخة بيتا، وتكون هذه النسخة مستقرة بشكل جيد مما يسمح للمستخدمين العاديين باستخدامها بأمان أكثر.

النسخة المطروحة للتسويق Release To Manufacturing
تطرح هذه النسخة للتسويق وبشكل آمن تماما، تختصر تسميتها بـ RTM وتكون هذه النسخة نهائية بشكل شبه كامل، وعادة ما تطرح للبيع على الشبكة العالمية قبل طرحها على أقراص خاصة، ويمكن اعتبارها نسخة نهائية وكاملة.

النسخة النهائية
يطرح البرنامج في هذه المرحلة بشكل نهائي وخالي من الأخطاء على أقراص للبيع أو على الإنترنت.

مراجع

حوسبة

مراحل إصدار البرمجيات


Marinko Pejić (Sovići, Grude, 1943.), hrvatski bh. dužnosnik u BiH, matematičar, živi i radi u Sarajevu

Životopis
Rođen je u Sovićima. U rodnim Sovićima završio osnovnu školu. U Banjoj Luci završio gimnaziju, a u Sarajevu na Prirodno-matematičkom fakultetu završio je studijsku grupu matematika i fizika. Magistrirao i doktorirao na Odsjeku za pedagogiju i psihologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu.  Uoči velikosrpske agresije na BiH, obnašao dužnost potpredsjednika Općine Ilidža. Nakon početka agresije na BiH izabrani predsjednik HVO Sarajevo. Član je Hrvatskog društva za znanost i umjetnost Sarajevo, gdje je voditelj Odjela za prirodne znanosti. Član je Matice hrvatske, Sarajevo, predsjednik HNV BiH, član HVO Sarajevo i Hrvatskog društva matematičara Zagreb.

Izvori

Životopisi, Sarajevo
Hrvatski matematičari
HVO Sarajevo
Hrvatski političari u Bosni i Hercegovini
Životopisi, Sovići (Grude)

Marinko Pejić (HNV)


7, 6 ile 8 arasındaki tam ve asal sayıdır.

Matematikte 7
 6 sayısından sonra, 8 sayısından önceki sayıdır. 49 sayısının kareköküdür.
 1-10 grubunda çarpamayacağınız veya bölemeyeceğiniz tek sayıdır.

Bilimde 7

7, azotun element numarasıdır.

Televizyon ve beyaz perdede 7
 David Fincher'ın yönetip Brad Pitt ve Morgan Freeman'ın oynadığı 7 filminde; cinayet masasından iki dedektif bir seri katilin peşine düşer. Bu katil, cinayetleri dünyayı yedi ölümcül günahtan temizlemek için işlemektedir. Bu günahları işleyenlerden bir liste yapan katil, kendini tanrının görevlisi sayar ve kurbanlarını acımasızca öldürür.

7

7 (sayı)