ගුවන් තරණ නීතිය

පියසැරිය ගුවන් සංචාරය සහ ඒ හා සබැඳි ව්‍යාපාරික කාරණාවන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් අදාල වන්නාවූ නීතියේ ශාඛාව ගුවන් තරණ නීතිය ලෙසින් හැඳින්වේ. එයට අයත්වන සමහර කලාපයන් අද්මිරාල්ති නීතිය සමඟ සමපාත වන අතර ගුවන් සංචාරයේ ස්වභාවය අනුව බොහෝ අවස්ථාවන්හිදී ගුවන් තරණ නීතිය ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියට අදාල වන්නක් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබේ. කෙසේවෙතත් ගුවන් සේවාවන්හි ව්‍යාපාරික පැතිකඩ සහ ඒවායේ නියාමනයද ගුවන් තරණ නීතියට ඇතුලත් වෙයි. එක්සත් ජනපදය තුල පියසැරි පිලිබඳ ව්‍යවහාරික පැතිකඩ පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ පෙඩරල් ගුවන් තරණ පාලක මණ්ඩලය විසිනි. ජාත්‍යන්තර විෂය ක්ෂේත‍්‍රයේදී ජාත්‍යන්තර සිවිල් ගුවන් තරණ සංවිධානය පොදු රීති සපයන අතර ගුවන් තරණ නීතිය අදාල වනතාක් දුරකට ජාත්‍යන්තර කාරණාවන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් මැදිහත් වෙයි. එය එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ විශේෂ නියෝජිතායතනයකි.

එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සහ බොහෝ යුරෝපීය රටවල ගුවන් තරණ නීතිය පෙඩරල් හෝ රාජ්‍ය මට්ටමේ කාරණයක් ලෙස සලකනු ලබන බැවින් එය නියාමනය කිරීමද පෙඩරල් හෝ රජ්‍ය මට්ටමින් සිදුවේ. එක්සත් ජනපදය තුල ගුවන් තරණය සම්බන්ධ කාරණාවන් ජනපදයන්ට පාලනය කළ නොහැකි අතර ඒ සම්බන්ධයෙන් අදාල වන්නේ පෙඩරල් නීතීන්ය. උදාහරණයක් ලෙෂ මෑතකදී නිව්යෝර්ක් හි මගීන්ගේ අයිතිවාසිකම් පිලිබඳ පනත අධිකරණය විසින් ප‍්‍රතික්ෂේප කරනු ලැබීම දැක්විය හැක. එයට හේතුව ලෙස දක්වනු ලැබුයේ ගුවන් තරණය සම්බන්ධ නියාමනයන් පෙඩරල් රජයේ කරුණක් ලෙස සාම්ප‍්‍රදායිකව සලකනු ලැබීමයි. කෙසේ වෙතත් එක්සත් ජනපදය ගුවන් තරණ නීතිය අද්මිරාල්ති නීතිය තරම්ම පෙඩරල් රජයේ කරුණක් ලෙස සලකනු ලබන බව ප‍්‍රකාශ කළ නොහැක්කේ එරට ආණ්ඩුක‍්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව අද්මිරාල්ති කටයුතු පරිපාලනය සම්බන්ධයෙන් විවිධානයන් දක්වා සිටියද ගුවන් තරණ නීතිය සම්බන්ධ ප‍්‍රතිපාදන එයට ඇතුලත්ව නොතිබීම හේතුවෙනි. පෘථිවියේ වායුගෝලයෙන් ඔබ්බෙහි කාරණාවන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් අදාල වන්නාවූ අභ්‍යවකාශ නීතිය සාපේක්‍ෂව නව නීති ක්ෂේත‍්‍රයක් වන අතර අභ්‍යවකාශ විෂයට අදාල සඟරාවන්ගේ සහ ශාස්ත‍්‍රඥයින්ගේ සහය දැනටමත් ඊට ලැබී ඇත. බලාපොරොත්තු වියහැකි පරිද්දෙන්ම අභ්‍යවකාශ නීතියේ වැඩි කොටසක් ගුවන් තරණ නීතිය හා බැඳී පවතී.

එමෙන්ම රාජ්‍ය නිෂ්පාදනයන්හි වගකීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වන නීතිය බොහෝ අවස්ථාවන්හි පෙඩරල් නීතිය විසින් අතික‍්‍රමණය කරනු ලබන අතර ගුවන් තරණ නිෂ්පාදකයින් සිය නිෂ්පාදනයන්හි දෝෂයන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔවුන් අනිවාර්යයෙන්ම වගකිව යුතු බවට සැලකෙනු ඇත.

නීතිය
ගුවන් තරණ නීතිය

ගුවන් තරණ නීතිය


Mehmed Dželaludin Kurt (Mostar, 1877. – 1944.), hrvatski kulturni djelatnik iz Bosne i Hercegovine, prevoditelj, pravnik.

Životopis
Rođen u Mostaru. U rodnom gradu završio mekteb, ruždiju i medresu. Šerijatsku sudijsku školu završio u Sarajevu. Odluka hrvatsko-slavonske Zemaljske vlade 1892. godine da se "svršenicima sarajevske šerijatske sudačke škole dozvoli upis na Pravni fakultet i polaganje državnih ispita" omogućila mu je upis studije prava u Zagrebu. Bio je drugi musliman među Hrvatima koji je iskoristio to pravo. Prvi je bio njegov studijski kolega Osman Nuri Hadžić. Toj odluci pridonio je Ante Starčević i Hrvatska stranka prava. Prvi poslijeosmanski muslimanski intelektualni naraštaj privukao je Starčevićev liberalni nacionalizam, doktrinarno oporbenjaštvo, turkofilija i izrazita sklonost prema islamu. Kurt je u Zagrebu počeo objavljivati prepjeve i prevode s turskog i perzijskog jezika. Objavljivao ih je u književnom listu Pobratim pod pseudonimom Hafiz Mostari. U Zagrebu je Bio je odbornik i opunomoćenik Hrvatskog potpornog društva Napredak za Hrvatsku i Slavoniju. Pripadao je skupini modernih hrvatskih muslimana kao Safvet-beg Bašagić, Osman Nuri Hadžić, Mehmed Dželaluddin Kurt i drugi koji su bili protivnici panislamizma i vezivanja sudbine muslimana za tursku carevinu. Shvaćali su nužnost promjena, vidili dekadenciju begovata koji se grčevito protivio promjenama i školovanju svoje djece, svjedočili su tragičnosti iseljavanja muslimanskih Hrvata koji su se iseljavali u njima potpuno stranu Tursku, zemlju čiji službeni jezik nisu znali. Kurt se kao obrazovani musliman služio pisanjem svojeg drugog imena Dželaluddin dvostrukim suglasnikom "d" – tzv. geminatom koji su koristili obrazovani muslimani koji su donekle znali arapski ili turski jezik.

Hrvatsko potporno društvo za potrebne đake srednjih i visokih škola iz Bosne i Hercegovine je odmah po konstituiranju 14. rujna 1902. počelo raditi. Radi skupljanja članova po provincijama i prikupljanja članirine, obratilo se mnogim pojedincima, društvima i ustanovama, te svim Hrvatima pojedinačno i preko tiska. Mehmed Dželaludin Kurt je već 1. studenoga 1902. postavljen za povjerenika. Kurt se pokazao sposobnim. Učlanio je u kratkom razdoblju 31 utemeljitelja i 108 ostalih članova, uglavnom uglednih hrvatskih domoljuba.
Kurt je prikupio zbirku epsko-lirskih narodnih pjesama Hrvatske narodne ženske pjesme (muslimanske) koju je posvetio Anti Starčeviću.  U predgovoru naveo da je Vuk Karadžić krivotvorio i prisvajao iz muslimanskog hrvatskog narodnog blaga.

Kurt se oženio u bogatu obitelj Hadžić. Dijete im je umrlo kao novorođenče. Krajem prvog svjetskog rata, 1918., ostao je udovac kad mu je umrla mlada supruga od sušice.

Nakon uspostave Kraljevine SHS i supruzine smrti 1918. godine povukao se iz javnog života. Radio je kao odvjetnik Sarajevu sve do smrti.

Izvori

Hrvatski kulturni djelatnici iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Hrvatski prevoditelji iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Životopisi, Mostar
Životopisi, Sarajevo

Mehmed Dželaludin Kurt


Events from the year 1833 in Canada.

Incumbents
Monarch: William IV

Federal government
Parliament of Lower Canada: 14th
Parliament of Upper Canada: 11th

Governors
Governor of the Canadas: Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer
Governor of New Brunswick: Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet
Governor of Nova Scotia: Thomas Nickleson Jeffery
Civil Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
Governor of Prince Edward Island: Murray Maxwell
Governor of Upper Canada: John Colborne

Events
September – William Lyon Mackenzie returns from the United Kingdom.
September 19 – Military riot at Montreal.
November 13 – Meteor showers at Niagara, Ontario.
November to December – William Lyon Mackenzie expelled three times and re-elected twice.
Royal William, formerly operating between Quebec and Halifax, becomes first steamship to cross Atlantic.

Births

April 22 – John Waldie, politician (died 1907)
July 7 – Henry Joseph Clarke, lawyer, politician and 3rd Premier of Manitoba (died 1889)
September 3 – Byron Moffatt Britton, politician, lawyer and lecturer (died 1920)
September 15 – Alexander Roberts Dunn, first Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross (died 1868)
October 13 – Edward Blake, politician and 2nd Premier of Ontario (died 1912)
November 24 – Antoine Labelle, priest and settler (died 1891)
December 10 – George Haddow, politician and merchant (died 1919)

Deaths
March 3 – James Bardin Palmer, land agent, lawyer, office holder, and politician (born 1771)
November 20 – Joel Stone, founder of Gananoque, Ontario (born 1749)

References

Canada
Years of the 19th century in Canada
1833 in North America

1833 in Canada


جورج فيلبس بوند (1825 – 1865) فلكي أمريكي ابن وليم كرانتش بوند، وكانت عظم الأعمال الفلكية مشتركة بينهما مرصد هارفرد 1859.

أهم أعماله
اكتشف القمر الثامن لزحل، ونبذ نظرية الحالة الصلبة لحلقات ذلك الكوكب، ثم نبذت نظريته له صور نادرة للقمر، كما رسم الخرائط السماوية، وقام بتعيين زوايا اختلاف المنظر للنجوم، وقياسات النجوم المزدوجة، واستخدام التصوير للمقارنة بين لمعان الكواكب، وأعطي أدق وصف لمذنب دوناتي الذي شوهد 1858.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

خريجو جامعة هارفارد
فلكيون أمريكيون
مكتشفو أقمار
مواليد 1825
مواليد في ماساتشوستس
موظفو جامعة هارفارد
وفيات 1865
وفيات بسبب السل في القرن 19
وفيات في كامبريدج (ماساتشوستس)
حاصلون على ميدالية ذهبية في الجمعية الفلكية الملكية
وفيات السل في ماساتشوستس

جورج فيلبس بوند


المفتش ميغوري أو جوزو ميغوري  هي شخصية في أنمي المحقق كونان هو مفتش رئيس الشرطة في منطقة بيكا، من المعروف عنه أنه لا يزيل القبعة عن رأسه بسبب حادث تعرض له في السابق أثناء تأدية عمله بقسم الشرطة. ويساعده كونان في حل العديد من القضايا العالقة، إما عن طريق تلميحات مفيدة أو عن طريق تخدير كوغورو موري والتـحدث بدلا عنه.

مراجع

شخصيات المحقق كونان
شخصيات أنمي ومانغا ذكور
شخصيات خيالية ظهرت في 1994
ضباط شرطة خياليون
محققو شرطة خياليون
يابانيون خياليون

جوزو ميغوري


Europamesterskabet i håndbold for mænd 2022 var den 15. udgave af EM i håndbold for mænd arrangeret af European Handball Federation. Slutrunden med deltagelse af 24 hold blev spillet i Ungarn og Slovakiet.

Mesterskabet var endnu engang præget af coronaviruspandemien og en række spillere var løbende forhindret i at deltage i kampe pga. positive tests.

På trods af hjemmebane og store forhåbninger om en god slutrunde kom  ikke videre fra indledende runde. , ,  og  kvalificerede sig til semifinalerne. Bronzevinderne fra sidste EM, , var meget tæt på at kvalificere sig til semifinalerne, men tabte den sidste og afgørende kamp til Sverige med ét mål efter at have været foran med fire med seks minutter tilbage af kampen.

Finalen kom til at stå mellem de forsvarende mestre fra  og VM-sølvvinderne fra 2021, , der vandt efter en tæt kamp med 27-26. Verdensmestrene fra 2021, , vandt bronzekampen 35-32 over OL-guldvinderne fra .

Budrunde

Tidslinje for budrunde
Tidslinje for budrunde var som følgende:
 1. maj 2017: Nationer, somviser interesse for værtskab, sender deres bud ind.
 1. juli 2017: Budmanuler blev sendt til de interesserede nationer.
 1. november 2017: Deadline for endelig bud og at sende ansøgningsdokumentation ind til EHF.
 15. december 2017: Ansøgninger vil blive godkendt ved EHF executive committee i Hamborg.
 20. juni 2018: Afsløringen af værtsnation(er) blev afsløret ved EHF Euro 2022 ved 14th ordinary EHF congress i Glasgow, Skotland.

Bud
Følgende lande havde på forhånd udtrykt interesse for at være værter for mesterskabet:
 ,  &
 ,  &
 ,  &

  &

Da deadlinen for de endelige bud var over, havde de følgende sendte deres ansøgninger ind:
 ,  &
  &
  &

Spillesteder

Lodtrækning
Lodtrækningen blev afholdt 6. maj 2021 i Budapest.

Seedningen

Dommere
De 18 dommerpar, blev annonceret 10. september 2021.

Indledende gruppespil

Gruppe A

Gruppe B

Gruppe C

Gruppe D

Gruppe E

Gruppe F

Mellemrunde

Gruppe I

Gruppe II

Slutspil

Femteplads

Semifinaler

Bronzekamp

Finalekamp

Rangering og statistik

All-Star
All-star holdet og MVP blev annonceret 30. januar 2022.

Top målscorer

Kilde:

Referencer

Håndbold i 2022
2022 (mænd)
Håndbold i Ungarn
Håndbold i Slovakiet

EM i håndbold 2022 (mænd)


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Ľuboriečka enthält das eine nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützte Objekt in der Gemeinde Ľuboriečka im Okres Veľký Krtíš.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Luboriecka


Agrilus latipalpis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Jendek, 2007.

Referências

latipalpis

Agrilus latipalpis


Los germanodactílidos (Germanodactylidae) son una familia de pterosaurios dentro del suborden Pterodactyloidea. Aunque su situación exacta y sus miembros son materias de  controversia, recientes estudios han sugerido que contiene tres géneros: Germanodactylus, Normannognathus y Tendaguripterus. Otros análisis los han situado dentro del clado mayor Dsungaripteroidea, aunque también han sido encontrados como miembros de la superfamilia Ctenochasmatoidea.

Referencias

Germanodactylidae


The Territory of Michigan was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from June 30, 1805, until January 26, 1837, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Michigan. Detroit was the territorial capital.

History and government
The earliest European explorers of Michigan saw it mostly as a place to control the fur trade. Small military forces, Jesuit missions to Native American tribes, and isolated settlements of trappers and traders accounted for most of the inhabitants of what would become Michigan.

Early government in Michigan
After the arrival of Europeans, the area that became the Michigan Territory was first under French and then British control. The first Jesuit mission, in 1668 at Sault Saint Marie, led to the establishment of further outposts at St. Ignace (where a mission began work in 1671) and Detroit, first occupied in 1701 by the garrison of the former Fort de Buade under the leadership of Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac. Soon after their arrival, his troops erected Fort Pontchartrain du Detroit and a church dedicated to Saint Anne, the mother of the Virgin Mary. As part of New France, the upper Great Lakes had first been governed from Michilimackinac, then Detroit; this was essentially a military regime that reported to the governor-general at Quebec. Its role was to supply the needs of the fur traders and discourage any settlements not directly supportive of that effort. After the surrender of Montreal in 1760, British troops under Robert Rogers occupied Detroit and its dependent posts. In 1763, Pontiac's Rebellion saw the fall of Fort Michilimackinac to the northern tribes, and a lengthy siege of Fort Detroit. The siege was lifted in 1764, and rule under a British lieutenant-governor at Detroit followed soon thereafter.

Due to the Quebec Act of 1774, Michigan was governed during the Revolution as part of the Province of Quebec. Although the 1783 Treaty of Paris gave the fledgling United States a claim to what is now Michigan, British policy was to hold on to Detroit and its dependencies at all costs. In 1784, Baron von Steuben would be sent to Canada by the Congress of the Confederation in a diplomatic capacity to address the question of Detroit and the Great Lakes, but Frederick Haldimand, the Governor of Quebec, refused to provide a passport, and negotiations collapsed before they had begun. Starting in 1784, the British administered their Michigan holdings as part of the District of Hesse along with what is now Western Ontario; in 1791 the Province of Quebec was split into Lower Canada (today's Province of Quebec) and Upper Canada (Ontario), and the districts of Upper Canada were renamed the next year, with the Hesse District designated as the Western District.

In addition to the British remaining in the region, several states also held competing claims on the future state of Michigan. In 1779, Virginia established Illinois County with boundaries that encompassed all of the land east of the Mississippi River, north of the Ohio River and west of the Appalachian Mountains. For all practical purposes, however, the county government never exercised actual control beyond an area limited to a few old French settlements along the major rivers. The overwhelming majority of the northwestern lands were controlled by the native tribes. New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts also claimed portions of what was to become Michigan, but were even less able to enforce their pretensions, given Britain's control of the Great Lakes and the hostility of the tribes.

Virginia surrendered its claim to lands north and west of the Ohio River effective March 1, 1784. Coincidentally (or not), this was the same day that the findings of a Congressional committee on the western lands, chaired by Thomas Jefferson since the previous October, were reported. Jefferson's recommendations became the basis for the Land Ordinance of 1784, which established that new states equal in all respects to the founding thirteen would be erected in the territory, that they would forever be a part of the United States, and that their governments would be republican in form. The Land Ordinance of 1785 would go further by establishing a procedure for land sales in the new territory.  However, the Ohio River remained an effective boundary between the United States and the Northwest tribes for a few more years.

The other states with claims in the Northwest eventually followed Virginia's example, and in 1787, the Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance, which created the Northwest Territory. The first settlement under the Northwest Ordinance was at Marietta (Ohio) in 1788.

The region that became Michigan was initially unorganized territory and essentially remained under British control; that did not stop Arthur St. Clair, the first Governor of the Northwest Territory, from establishing a structure of government for the area, if only on paper. Knox County was established on June 20, 1790 with boundaries that included the western half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and roughly the middle third of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. In 1792, the boundaries of Hamilton County were expanded to include the eastern portions of Michigan not included in Knox County.

American claims to Michigan were frustrated by Britain's refusal to evacuate the forts at Detroit, Mackinac and elsewhere. Britain's tacit support for the Northwest tribes during the Northwest Indian War was dependent on Detroit remaining out of American hands. But the position of the British and their allies in the Northwest deteriorated after the signing of Jay's Treaty and the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, and after negotiations, the British evacuated Detroit on July 11, 1796. The United States had finally established a presence in Michigan. Fort Mackinac was turned over soon after but Drummond Island remained as part of Canada until 1828.

Beginnings of American rule
By proclamation of acting governor and territorial secretary Winthrop Sargent, the "first" Wayne County was established from Knox and Hamilton counties on August 15, 1796, and included most of the area that later became the Michigan Territory, as well as portions of what are now Ohio and Indiana.

In 1800, the western half of the Lower Peninsula and most of the Upper Peninsula were attached to the Indiana Territory when it was established as a separate government from the Northwest Territory. Wayne County was thereby reduced to the remainder of the two peninsulas, and continued under the government of the Northwest Territory. St. Clair County, another Indiana Territory county, was also expanded at this time to include the western portion of the Upper Peninsula and a small sliver of the Lower Peninsula along the shore of Lake Michigan.

When Ohio was admitted as a state in early 1803, the eastern half of Michigan was incorporated into the Indiana Territory. One of the first acts taken that year by the Indiana government under William Henry Harrison was to reorganize Wayne County under Indiana law, adding territory from Knox and St. Clair counties. Michigan's first county now encompassed all of the Lower Peninsula, much of the Upper Peninsula, and those portions of today's Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin that drained into Lake Michigan.  In many respects, the change from the government of the Northwest Territory to that of the Indiana Territory had little effect on Wayne County's limited operations. By Governor Harrison's proclamation of January 11, 1803, the courts of Wayne County—common pleas, orphans, and quarter sessions—kept their organization under the new territorial government, with almost identical composition.

But the logistics of government went from difficult to almost impossible, with the mail between Detroit and the capital at Vincennes being routed at one point through Warren in northeastern Ohio. The deciding factor may have come when an election was called by Governor Harrison for September 11, 1804, to decide whether Indiana Territory (which by this time was responsible for not only the settlements in Michigan, Wisconsin and Illinois, but the newly acquired District of Louisiana as well) should progress to the second stage of territorial government. But word failed to reach Detroit until after the date had passed, and the settlers of Michigan petitioned Congress in December 1804, asking that Wayne County be set off as an independent territory.

Organization

Michigan Territory was established by an act of the United States Congress on January 11, 1805, effective June 30 of that year. The act defined the territory as "all that part of the Indiana Territory, which lies North of a line drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of lake Michigan, until it shall intersect lake Erie, and East of a line drawn from the said southerly bend through the middle of said lake to its northern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States." A historical marker at a roadside park, approximately three miles east of Naubinway at , commemorates the northernmost point of Lake Michigan, which is located approximately one mile west of the park.

The first territorial governor, William Hull, abolished Wayne County and established new districts of his own making, which proved to be short-lived. Lewis Cass became governor in 1813 and promptly undid Hull's work and re-established a third incarnation of Wayne County that included all lands within Michigan Territory that had been ceded by Indians through the 1807 Treaty of Detroit.

During the War of 1812, following General Isaac Brock's capture of Detroit on August 16, 1812, the Michigan Territory was at least nominally a part of the Province of Upper Canada. On August 24, Colonel Henry Proctor proclaimed the continuation of civil government under existing laws with Proctor acting as Governor and Chief Justice Augustus B. Woodward acting as Secretary. On February 4, 1813, Proctor suspended civil government and imposed martial law.

When Indiana (1816) and Illinois (1818) joined the Union, remnants of their territories were joined to Michigan Territory. An area equal to 30 townships was also transferred from Michigan Territory to Indiana to allow that state access to Lake Michigan. Soon afterward, the federal government rapidly began signing treaties with local Indian tribes and acquiring their lands.

In 1818, a general assembly referendum was held to determine whether a majority of the territory's freeholders favored the creation of a general legislative assembly to replace the system of governors and judges in effect at the time, as provided for by the Northwest Ordinance. The election was called by Territorial Governor Lewis Cass, and results showed a majority opposed changing the system of government.

In 1824, the Michigan Territory graduated to the second grade of territorial status, and the government's power was transferred from the Governor and a handful of judges to the people. The people elected 18 to the Legislative Council, of which nine were approved by the President, and it first sat in council on June 7, 1824. This council was expanded from nine members to 13 in 1825, with the 13 being chosen by the President from a field of 26.

The Erie Canal opened in 1825, allowing settlers from New England and New York to reach Michigan by water through Albany and Buffalo.

In 1834, all of the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase that were as yet unallocated and lay east of the Missouri River (generally, the Dakotas, Iowa and the western half of Minnesota) were attached to the Michigan Territory, an area that was officially characterized as "north of Missouri and east of the Missouri and White Earth Rivers." At this point, Michigan Territory included what is now the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and a large portion of the Dakotas.

Meanwhile, in 1835, the Toledo War was fought with Ohio because Michigan Territory wanted to retain the disputed "Toledo Strip." The Toledo area of Ohio was finally surrendered in exchange for the western section of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

Slavery was forbidden in the territory under the Northwest Ordinance, but British and French residents in Michigan were permitted to retain possession of slaves already owned at the time the territory became organized. Census records show that the slave population in the territory numbered 24 in 1810 and 32 in 1830.  It is believed that those counted as slaves were, in many cases, Indians rather than blacks.

On July 3, 1836, in preparation for Michigan statehood, the Wisconsin Territory was organized from Michigan Territory, consisting of the present states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and the eastern portion of the Dakotas. Michigan became a state on January 26, 1837, and included the Upper Peninsula  as part of the resolution to the conflict over the Toledo Strip, which had blocked Michigan statehood for several years. The western border of the Upper Peninsula was marked at the Montreal River on the Lake Superior shoreline and the Menominee River on the coast of Lake Michigan. Detroit remained the capital until March 17, 1847 when Lansing was chosen as a replacement. The population of Michigan at the time of statehood is estimated to have been about 200,000, which was well above the Northwest Ordinance's minimum requirement of 60,000.

Territorial acquisition
The area that became Michigan had been British territory, and was ceded to the United States in 1783, although the native peoples of the area had not ceded control to either the British or Americans for most of the territory by 1783. The majority of it was gained by cession, coerced or otherwise. The people who resided in Michigan before American settlement were the Ottawa, the Potawatomi, Ojibwa and the Wyandot. Treaties ceding the land were signed between 1795 (the Treaty of Greenville) and 1842 (the Treaty of La Pointe). Other notable treaties were Governor Hull's treaty of 1808, the Treaty of Saginaw in 1819, the two Treaties of Chicago (1821 and 1833), the Carey Mission in 1828 and the Treaty of Washington in 1836 and a later treaty of January 14, 1837.

Territorial subdivisions

Wayne County, Michigan, originally part of the vast Northwest Territory, was eventually whittled down into its current size by the separation of several tracts: Monroe in 1817, Michilimackinac County (later called Mackinac) and Macomb counties in 1818, St. Clair and St. Joseph counties in 1820 and Washtenaw County in 1822. The first township organization was Detroit, in Wayne County, in 1802.

Also organized in 1818 were two counties that survive in present-day Wisconsin. Crawford was set up to govern the settlements on the upper Mississippi River from its seat at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, while Brown performed a similar function for the settlements around Green Bay. These would become part of the Wisconsin Territory in 1836.

Oakland County, Michigan was created in 1819, and over time was subdivided into all or parts of Genesee, Lapeer, Sanilac, Shiawassee and Saginaw counties. Saginaw County would be split further into eight separate counties, three of which (Isabella, Arenac and Midland) were established during the territorial period.

Lenawee County was created in 1822 from what had been Indian lands, and Hillsdale County was separated from it in 1829. Other parts of Lenawee were turned into Cass and Berrien. Branch also sprung fully formed from Michigan Territory in 1829.

Chippewa County was created from Michilimackinac County in 1826.

Kalamazoo County, established 1829 from St. Joseph County, was the dominant tract in Western Michigan and was divided and subdivided into many other counties: Allegan, Barry, Calhoun, Eaton, Ionia, Montcalm, Kent, Ottawa and Clinton (some created during the territorial period, others split off later).

Jackson and Ingham were created in 1829 from Washtenaw; Isabella was created from parts of Saginaw and Midland counties in 1831. Gratiot County was also established in 1831, with land from Saginaw and Clinton counties.

Seven of the 12 counties created in 1829 were named for members of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet, and one was named for Jackson himself.

Iowa County, with its seat at Mineral Point, was established in 1829 and transferred to the Wisconsin Territory in 1836.

Michigan Territory briefly governed lands west of the Mississippi, after the statehood of Missouri left the area north of the new state as unorganized territory; this comprised what is now Iowa and that part of Minnesota west of the river. Such was the case until 1834, when that area was placed under the government of Michigan Territory. Dubuque and Des Moines counties were created in 1834, and transferred to the Wisconsin Territory in 1836 upon its organization.

Milwaukee County was established in 1834 and was also transferred to Wisconsin Territory two years later.

Territorial population

These census numbers do not include most Native Americans, defined in the U.S. Constitution as "Indians not taxed" (Article I, Sec. 2). Under the Northwest Ordinance, a territory could apply for statehood once it had surpassed 60,000 inhabitants.

The 1830 United States census reported the following population counts for 13 counties in present-day Michigan and 3 in Wisconsin. The boundaries of counties at that time differed significantly from present-day boundaries. The 1810 United States census was reported in terms of four Civil Districts of a single Wayne County: Michilimackinac, Detroit, Erie, and Huron. The 1810 population shown in the table for Mackinac County is that reported for Michilimackinac Civil District, for Macomb County that reported for Huron Civil District. for Monroe County that reported for Erie Civil District, and for Wayne County that reported for Detroit Civil District.

Territorial officers

Governors

Secretaries

Supreme Court
From 1805 through 1823, Territorial Supreme Court Justices were appointed by the U.S. president, with consent of the U.S. Senate. Their terms had no fixed limits. In 1823, the U.S. Congress passed an act reorganizing territorial government and setting a four-year term of office for justices.

Congressional delegates

In 1819, Michigan Territory was given the authority to elect a Congressional delegate.

See also

Historic regions of the United States
History of Michigan
Michigan Territory Militia
Territorial evolution of the United States
Territorial Road (Michigan)
Toledo War
U.S. territories

References

External links
Act Dividing Indiana Territory, 1805 (the law that created the Michigan Territory)
 Michigan.gov: Important Dates in Michigan's Quest for Statehood
 Bay County Map History: Michigan Territory to Present

States and territories disestablished in 1837
Pre-statehood history of Iowa
Pre-statehood history of Michigan
Pre-statehood history of Minnesota
Pre-statehood history of North Dakota
Pre-statehood history of Wisconsin
Pre-statehood history of South Dakota

Michigan Territory


Pam Brady é uma roteirista, produtora de televisão e dubladora estado-unidense, mais conhecida por seu trabalho com os criadores de South Park, Trey Parker e Matt Stone.

Carreira
Brady escreveu e dirigiu a série animada de TV, Neighbors from Hell, que estreou em junho de 2010 na TBS.

Brady começou a colaborar com o criador de Arrested Development, Mitch Hurwitz, para criar um programa de televisão estrelado por Maria Bamford. A série, Lady Dynamite, foi lançada na Netflix em 20 de maio de 2016.

Em 2022, foi lançado o filme The Bubble, que ela coescreveu com o diretor Judd Apatow.

Futuros projetos de Brady incluem uma série animada cocriada por ela e Ramy Youssef para o Amazon Prime Video, e um filme musical da tirinha belga Os Smurfs para a Nickelodeon Animation e a Paramount Animation.

Filmografia

Televisão

 The John Larroquette Show (1993) - (roteirista)
 South Park (1997–1999) - (roteirista)
 Just Shoot Me! (1999–2000) - (roteirista)
 Mr. Wong (2000) - (roteirista, co-criadora e dubladora)
 Go Fish (2001) - (roteirista, desenvolvedora)
 The Loop (2006–2007) - (roteirista, co-criadora)
 Neighbors from Hell (2010) - (roteirista, co-criadora)
 Lady Dynamite (2016–2017) - (roteirista, co-criadora)

Filmes

 South Park: Maior, Melhor e Sem Cortes (1999) - roteirista com Trey Parker e Matt Stone
 Team America: World Police (2004) - roteirista com Parker e Stone
 Hot Rod (2007)
 Hamlet 2 (2008) - roteirista com Andrew Fleming
 The Bubble (2022) - roteirista com Judd Apatow
 Filme musical sem título de Os Smurfs (2025)

Ligações externas

Roteiristas dos Estados Unidos
Produtores de televisão dos Estados Unidos
Roteiristas de comédia dos Estados Unidos
Roteiristas de televisão dos Estados Unidos

Pam Brady


Lorenzo Crisetig (Cividale del Friuli, Provincia de Udine, Italia, 20 de enero de 1993), es un futbolista italiano. Juega de centrocampista y su equipo actual es  la Reggina 1914 de la Serie B de Italia.

Selección nacional
Ha sido internacional con la selección de fútbol de Italia en las categorías sub-16, , sub-18, sub-19,  y .

Participaciones en Eurocopas

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Perfil y estadísticas

Futbolistas del Inter de Milán
Futbolistas del Spezia Calcio 1906
Futbolistas del Football Club Crotone
Futbolistas del Cagliari Calcio
Futbolistas del Bologna Football Club 1909
Futbolistas del Frosinone Calcio
Futbolistas del Benevento Calcio
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Mirandés en los años 2020
Futbolistas de la Urbs Sportiva Reggina 1914
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-16 de Italia
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-17 de Italia
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-18 de Italia
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-19 de Italia
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-20 de Italia
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-21 de Italia
Nacidos en Cividale del Friuli

Lorenzo Crisetig


Nikolaj Ivanovič Noskov (ruski: Николай Иванович Носков) (Gagarin, Rusija, 12. siječnja 1956.), ruski je pjevač i bivši pjevač hard rock sastava Gorky Park.

Životopis

Rane godine
Rođen 12. siječnja 1956. godine u gradu Gzhatsku, danas znanome kao Gagarin, Nikolaj Noskov se rodio u radničkoj sovjetskoj obitelji. Njegov je otac Ivan radio u mesnoj industriji dok se njegova majka Jekaterina bavila mljekarskim i građevinskim zanatom. Noskov je stekao svoje prve glazbene dojmove kada je u svojem djetinjstvu slušao narodnu glazbu sviranu na tradicionalnim ruskim instrumentima te uz koju je ponekad pjevala njegova majka. Kada mu je bilo osam godina, Noskov i njegova obitelj preselili su se u veći grad - Čerepovec. Noskov je tamo pohađao i završio školu te odslužio vojni rok.

Željan istraživanja glazbenoga svijeta, Noskov je svojevremeno pokušavao naučiti svirati bajan harmoniku, no što je bio stariji sve se više počeo koncentrirati na pjevanje; u početku u školskom zboru te kasnije kao solist, osvajajući svoju prvu nagradu na lokalnome natjecanju u pjevanju s četrnaest godina. Kao glavni pjevač školskoga sastava, nastupao je pjevajući hitove grupa kao što su The Beatles i Creedence Clearwater Revival, sve se više približavajući valu rock'n'roll glazbe.

Noskov, koji je samouki glazbenik, svira gitaru, klavir i bubnjeve. Dok je bio u vojsci svirao je i trubu. Noskov nikad nije pohađao nikakvu glazbenu akademiju, iako se svojedobno prijavio za upis u glazbenu akademiju Gnessin. Također je i samostalno naučio čitati note.

Kada je došao u Moskvu Noskov se priključio nekolicini moskovskih glazbenih sastava kao što su Rovesniki (Vršnjaci) i Nadezhda (Nada), no niti s jednim od njih nije ostao dugo vremena.

Suradnja s Tuhmanovim i rad u Gorky Parku
Godine 1980. Noskov je upoznao Davida Tuhmanova, skladatelja kojeg se u to doba u SSSR-u svrstavalo među najnaprednije. Tuhmanov je odlučio osnovati hard rock grupu u kojoj bi Noskov bio pjevač, no Moskva, grupa koja se izrodila iz tog plana, nije dugo postojala; nakon nekoliko koncerata i albuma NLO rad sastava prekinule su vlasti i novinari, koji su smatrali da je zvuk sastava bio previše žestok za tadašnje sovjetske slušatelje. No iako je projekt bio neuspješan, Noskov je stekao svoje prvo iskustvo u studijskome radu.

Nakon osam godina pjevanja u raznim moskovskim restoranima i klubovima, Noskovu je u život ušao sastav Park Gorkogo iliti Gorky Park, čiji je osnivač bio Stas Namin. Sastav i Novskog povezali su zajednički interesi za zapadnjačku rock scenu. Nakon festivala na kojem su nastupali kao predgrupa sastavu Scorpions, Gorky Park je potpisao ugovor s diskografskom kućom Polygram Records. Ubrzo nakon toga Gorky Park je počeo sa snimanjem svog prvog istoimenog albuma, pod nadzorom producenta Brucea Fairbairna. Sastav je albumom pokušao osvojiti američku publiku, priklanjajući se svojim ruskim korijenima te istovremeno svirajući hard rock i heavy metal, što se pokazalo uspješnim. Pjesma "Bang" koju je napisao Noskov te cjelokupni album uspeli su se na visoke pozicije glazbenih ljestvica na radiju i MTV-u te je album u Danskoj dostigao čak i zlatnu nakladu. Gorky Park i Noskov uskoro su krenuli na promidžbenu turneju po Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama.

No zbog financijskih i obiteljskih razloga te prenapregnutih glasnica Noskov je napustio sastav 1990. godine. Ulogu pjevača i basista u sastavu preuzeo je Aleksandar Minkov.

Samostalna karijera
Noskov je, nakon što je napustio Gorky Park, 1994. godine započeo samostalnu karijeru. Njegovu su karijeru obilježile velike stilističke promjene u kojima se očitovala izmjena glazbenog stila hard rocka u staloženije art rock balade. Noskov je prestao pjevati na engleskome jeziku nakon objave svojeg prvog albuma Mother Russia te je, kako bi se približio ruskoj publici, počeo pjevati na ruskome jeziku. U pogledu ponovnog ujedinjenja s Gorky Parkom Noskov je komentirao:

... kad je bila moja godišnjica, ja sam bio taj koji je ponovo okupio Gorky Park – no bez Marshala ... I kad sam počeo pjevati "Bang", odjednom sam se osjećao udaljenim od te pjesme ... Osjećao sam da mi uopće ne dotiče srce. Završio sam s pjevanjem i upitao se: zbog čega sam to učinio? Nešto iz mog prošlog života, spontano, neke strane riječi ...

Privatni život
Nikolaj se 1991. vjenčao svojom djevojkom Marinom te zajedno imaju kćer Katerinu. Krajem 2015. godine, Nikolaj je postao djed, pošto je Katerina rodila unuka Miroslava.

Diskografija

Studijski albumi s Moskvom
 N.L.O (1982.)
Studijski albumi s Gorky Parkom
 Gorky Park (1989.)

Samostalni studijski albumi
 Mother Russia (1995.)
 Blaž (1998.)
 Stekla i beton (2000.)
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Small-claims courts have limited jurisdiction to hear civil cases between private litigants. Courts authorized to try small claims may also have other judicial functions, and go by different names in different jurisdictions. For example, it may be known as a county or magistrate's court. These courts can be found in Australia, Brazil, Canada, England and Wales, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Greece,
New Zealand, Philippines, Scotland, Singapore, South Africa, Nigeria and the United States.

Purpose and operation
The jurisdiction of small-claims courts typically encompasses private disputes that do not involve large amounts of money. The routine collection of small debts forms a large portion of the cases brought to small-claims courts, as well as evictions and other disputes between landlords and tenants, unless the jurisdiction is already covered by a tenancy board.

A small-claims court generally has a maximum monetary limit to the amount of judgments it can award, often in the thousands of dollars/pounds. By suing in a small-claims court, the plaintiff typically waives any right to claim more than the court can award. The plaintiff may or may not be allowed to reduce a claim to fit the requirements of this venue. 'Court shopping'—where a plaintiff reduces the damage claim amount to have a trial in a court that otherwise does not have jurisdiction—is strictly forbidden in some states. For example, if a plaintiff asserts damages of $30,000 in hopes of winning an award of $25,000 in small-claims court, the court dismisses the case because the court does not have jurisdiction to hear cases in which asserted damages exceed the court's maximum amount.

Thus, even if the plaintiff is willing to accept less than the full amount, the case cannot be brought to small-claims court. To bring the case to small-claims court, the plaintiff must prove that actual damages are within the court's jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, a party who loses in a small-claims court is entitled to a trial de novo in a court of more general jurisdiction and with more formal procedures.

The rules of civil procedure, and sometimes of evidence, are typically altered and simplified to make the procedures economical. A usual guiding principle in these courts is that individuals ought to be able to conduct their own cases and represent themselves without a lawyer. Rules are relaxed but still apply to some degree. In some jurisdictions, corporations must still be represented by a lawyer in small-claims court. Expensive court procedures such as interrogatories and depositions are usually not allowed in small-claims court, and practically all matters filed in small-claims court are set for trial. Under some court rules, should the defendant not show up at trial and not have requested a postponement, a default judgment may be entered in favour of the plaintiff.

Trial by jury is seldom or never conducted in small-claims courts; it is typically excluded by the statute establishing the court.  Similarly, equitable remedies such as injunctions, including protective orders, are seldom available from small-claims courts.

Separate family courts may exist to hear simple cases in family law. For reasons having more to do with history than with the sort of case typically heard by a small-claims court, most US states do not allow domestic relations disputes in small-claims court.

Winning in small-claims court does not automatically ensure payment in recompense of a plaintiff's damages. This may be relatively easy, in the case of a dispute against an insured party, or extremely difficult, in the case of an uncooperative, transient, or indigent defendant. The judgment may be collected through wage garnishment and liens.

Most courts encourage parties with disputes to seek alternative dispute resolution, if possible, before filing suit.  For example, the Superior Court of California, Santa Clara provides guidelines for resolving disputes out of court. Both parties can agree on arbitration by a third party to settle their dispute outside of court, though while small-claims court judgments can still be appealed, arbitration awards cannot.

History

 The Mayor's and City of London Court is the successor to the several medieval courts in the City of London, one being the Court of Conscience for recovery of small debts. This was a type of equity court. A similar Court of Conscience was established by charter in some ancient boroughs in Ireland; this was emulated in others, without legal sanction until regularised by the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840.

By region

Australia
Small claims are handled differently by each state and territory, with most relying on tribunals while others have a minor claims division of their respective magistrates court:
 Australian Capital Territory: ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal has jurisdiction over civil disputes involving amounts up to $25,000
 New South Wales: The Small Claims Division of the Local Court of New South Wales hears civil claims up to $20,000, while the General Division  hears civil disputes between $20,000 and $100,000 in value.
 Northern Territory: Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal has jurisdiction over small claims, which involve amounts up to $25,000
 Queensland: Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal deals with minor civil disputes, which involve amounts up to $25,000
 South Australia: Magistrates Court of South Australia hears a minor claim, which is up to $25,000 in value
 Victoria: Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal
 Western Australia: Magistrates Court of Western Australia hears a minor case, which involves a claim up to $10,000

Belgium

In Belgium, the justices of the peace (, , ) function as the small claims courts in the country's judicial system; they stand at the bottom of the Belgian judicial hierarchy and only handle civil cases. There is a justice of the peace in each judicial canton of Belgium, of which there are 187 in total as of 2017. The justices of the peace have original jurisdiction over cases in which the disputed amount does not exceed 5,000 euro (as of September 2018), except for the matters over which another court or tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction. In addition, the justices of the peace have original jurisdiction over a number of matters irrespective of the disputed amount, such as cases involving the renting or leasing of real estate, evictions, easement, land consolidation, consumer credit or unpaid utility bills. The justices of the peace also have original jurisdiction in certain aspects of family law, most notably legal guardianships for incapacitated seniors, and the involuntary commitment of the mentally ill to psychiatric facilities. The judgments made by the justices of the peace can, with some exceptions, be appealed to the tribunals of first instance.

Brazil
Small claim courts in Brazil were established by Law No. 9,099/1995 and Article One of such law states that they shall be organized by both Federal Judiciary and State Judiciary. Therefore, there are Federal Small Claim Courts (single noun Juizado Especial Federal), as well as Small Claim Courts that are part of a state's judiciary structure. The Small Claim Courts that belong to a State's Judiciary are subdivided into two types of courts: the Special Civil Court (Juizado Especial Cívil, shortened as JEC) and the Special Criminal Court (Juizado Especial Criminal, shortened as Jecrim). Under Article Three of Law No. 9,099/1995, Civil Claims involving an amount up to 40 (forty) monthly minimal wages or R$24,880.00 (October 2012), which correspond to roughly US$12,440.00, may be filed before a Special Civil Court, as well as small claims involving landlords and some claims set by Article 275, II, of the Code of Civil Procedure. Special Criminal Courts, on the other hand, may process claims involving small criminal offences, which, under Article 60 of Law No. 9,099/1995 are those either set by the Contraventions Law (Decree No. 3,688/1941) or those where the penalty does not surpass 02 (two years). As per Article 54, there are no court fees for the Small Claim Courts. However, if an appeal is filed, court fees shall be applied.

Canada
All provinces have procedures for small claims in Canada. In general, there are two different models. In most provinces, including British Columbia, Alberta, and New Brunswick, small-claims courts operate independently of the superior courts. In other jurisdictions, the small-claims court is a branch or division of the superior court. In Ontario, the Small-Claims Court is a branch of the Superior Court of Justice, and in Manitoba, the Small-Claims Court is under the jurisdiction of the Court of the King's Bench.

Small-claims cases are heard by judges of the Provincial Court in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, by judges or deputy judges of the Superior Court of Justice in Ontario, and by Hearing Officers in Manitoba.

Small-claims courts are meant to provide an easier and less expensive path to resolve disputes than the higher courts. Small-claims court procedure is regulated both by provincial legislation and rules in most provinces. The small-claims procedure is simplified with no strict pleadings requirements and no formal discovery process, and parties' costs may be limited.

Monetary limits for small-claims courts in Canada vary by province:

In general, disputes involving title to land, slander, libel, bankruptcy, false imprisonment, or malicious prosecution must be handled in a superior court and cannot be determined in small-claims courts.

European Union
A European Small Claims Procedure for cross-border claims under the Brussels regime as an alternative to national procedures was established on 1 January 2009, processing claims with values up to 2,000 EUR, increased to 5,000€ on 14 July 2017 and current

Hong Kong
The Small Claims Tribunal (Chinese: 小額錢債審裁處) was established to provide a procedure for the speedy and inexpensive resolution of small claims. Situated at the West Kowloon Law Courts Building, the Small Claims Tribunal deals with monetary claims not exceeding HK$75,000. It has exclusive jurisdiction to deal with such claims. The Small Claims Tribunal does not have jurisdiction to deal with labour disputes, possession of land, alimony maintenance, libel/defamation claims and claims made by money lenders. As the Small Claims Tribunal does not have the power to grant injunctive relief, if a claimant seeks such relief, the case will be transferred to the District Court.

The Chief Magistrate (currently Victor So Wai-tak) is the Court Leader of the Small Claims Tribunal and is responsible for the administration of the Tribunal.

Cases in the Small Claims Tribunal are heard by Adjudicators (Chinese: 審裁官) appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of the independent Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission (JORC). Cases may also be heard by Deputy Adjudicators (Chinese: 暫委審裁官) appointed on a temporary basis by the Chief Justice. A person who has practised for at least 5 years as a barrister, advocate, solicitor or judicial officer in Hong Kong or another common law jurisdiction is eligible to be appointed as an Adjudicator or Deputy Adjudicator. In practice, a number of Permanent Magistrates are assigned to sit as Adjudicators in the Small Claims Tribunal.

The fee to file a claim in the Small Claims Tribunal varies between HK$20 and HK$120 depending on the amount claimed.

When a claim is filed at the Tribunal Registry, the claimant will be given Form 3 which states the date of the call-over hearing (which must take place no later than 60 days after the claim is filed). At the call-over hearing, the Tribunal Officer will interview both parties, identify the issues in dispute and explore if a settlement can be reached. If the dispute cannot be settled, the Tribunal Officer will give directions for the filing of further documents (defence, counterclaim, reply, witness statements, other supporting documents etc.) and will adjourn the case until another date for a mention hearing.

At the mention hearing, the Adjudicator will check if the parties have complied with the previous directions and may also give further directions in preparation for trial. The Adjudicator may also actively explore with parties if they are willing to settle. If a settlement cannot be reached and the case is ready for trial, the Adjudicator will fix a trial date.

A party may apply to the Tribunal for adjournment of a hearing date. However, as the aim of the Small Claims Tribunal is to handle and dispose of disputes within a reasonable time, the Tribunal will generally only allow an application for adjournment if it is supported by a good reason and if it is a short adjournment. The Tribunal is expected to manage cases actively.

Hearings in the Small Claims Tribunal are conducted in an informal manner. Parties act in person and are not permitted to be legally represented. The rationale is that small claims should be resolved without incurring substantial expenses in retaining legal services and also that an unrepresented litigant should not fear the imbalance of power caused by a lawyer representing the other side. This ensures that there is a level playing field for all parties. However, a party is permitted to consult a lawyer for advice, including a lawyer who is present in the courtroom during the hearing as an observer, as long as the lawyer does not effectively conduct the case by giving directions to the party on steps to take during the hearing and questions to ask the witnesses. If a party is a corporation and one of its employees is a lawyer, that employee is allowed to represent the corporation in the proceedings in the Small Claims Tribunal. A party may also apply to the Small Claims Tribunal for leave for another person (who is not a lawyer) to act as their representative in conducting the case.

The claimant bears the burden of proof and has the primary responsibility to prepare and produce evidence in support of their case. However, the Adjudicator is under a statutory obligation to inquire into any matter considered relevant to a claim, whether or not it has been raised by a party. The Adjudicator may therefore invite the parties to comment on matters or direct them to produce evidence or documents relating to matters considered to be important. As the Adjudicator has an 'active inquisitorial role', the adjudicator should direct the parties to produce specific documents/evidence if such documents/evidence would have a bearing on the legal analysis of the dispute. The Adjudicator is not under a duty to summon witnesses to fill in the gaps in the evidence/case put forward by a party, but if a witness who may be important has not been called by a party and the Adjudicator has not explained to the parties the potential significance of that witness, the Adjudicator should not solely rely on the failure to call that witness to disbelieve a party's case. The Adjudicator may put questions to the parties and witnesses, and invite the parties to make submissions. However, the duty to inquire does not mean that the Adjudicator should take over the role of an adviser or advocate for a party, as the Adjudicator must remain neutral and impartial.

Rules of evidence do not apply in the Small Claims Tribunal, which may receive any evidence that it considers to be relevant. The Small Claims Tribunal will decide how to receive evidence based on considerations of proportionality, costs and common sense. A party may request discovery of documents from the other party if such documents exist, are/were in that party's possession, are relevant to the dispute and are necessary to obtain to deal fairly with the dispute between the parties. The Small Claims Tribunal can receive hearsay evidence, but it should consider why the witness concerned is not called to give oral evidence and whether the hearsay evidence is credible.

The Small Claims Tribunal has a discretion to award to the successful party any reasonable expenses necessarily incurred by and any loss of salary or wages suffered in attending the hearings. The costs order is not meant to be punitive.

The Adjudicator will give the decision orally or in writing at the end of the trial or as soon as possible thereafter. If the decision is delivered orally, the Adjudicator is required to reduce it to writing within 14 days. When reducing the oral decision in writing, the Adjudicator may expand on the oral decision by giving fuller written reasons for judgment as long as they are consistent with the original determination and factual findings. The Adjudicator is under a duty to analyse the material points in the evidence of the case and to give reasons as to why a particular conclusion or decision has been reached. The Adjudicator should explain their belief or disbelief in the evidence given by a witness. The Adjudicator should not give further written reasons to perfect or improve on the written reasons for decision which have already been given, in particular after one party has made an application to the Court of First Instance of the High Court for leave to appeal.

After the Adjudicator has delivered the decision/order, a party may request within 7 days by filing Form 8C and paying a fee of HK$61 that the adjudicator review the decision. When conducting the review of the decision/order, the Adjudicator may re-open and re-hear the claim wholly or in part, may call or hear fresh evidence, and may accordingly confirm, vary or reverse the decision/order. Parties wishing to adduce new evidence at the review stage are required to give cogent reasons explaining why such evidence had not been adduced at trial and show that such evidence is material/relevant to the dispute. The Adjudicator is required to give adequate reasons for the review decision.

Regardless of whether the Adjudicator has conducted a review of the decision/order, a party may appeal to the Court of First Instance of the High Court against a decision/order of the Small Claims Tribunal. However, it is necessary first to apply for leave to appeal from the Court of First Instance by filing Form 9 and paying a fee of HK$61 within 7 working days of the Small Claim Tribunal's decision/order by showing that it involves a point of law that is arguable or exceeded the Tribunal's jurisdiction. When applying for leave to appeal, a party may be legally represented in the Court of First Instance. The leave to appeal application will be heard before a High Court Judge at an ex parte oral hearing, which is attended only by the party applying for leave to appeal and not the other party/parties. Instead of an oral hearing, regardless of whether the applicant is legally represented or acting in person, the High Court Judge may direct that the ex parte application for leave to appeal be determined by way of paper disposal (in which case, the applicant files written submissions and the Judge hands down a decision at a later date). If the Court of First Instance refuses to grant leave to appeal, its decision is final and not susceptible to further appeal. The ex parte leave to appeal procedure means that the successful party in the Small Claims Tribunal only has to spend time and incur costs in resisting an appeal if the other party has been able to persuade the High Court Judge that he/she has an arguable ground of appeal. However, in some cases, the High Court Judge may direct that the leave to appeal hearing take place inter partes (in the presence of all the parties, not just the applicant).

If leave to appeal is granted, the appellant should file a Notice of Originating Motion and pay a fee of HK$1,045. All the parties (who may be legally represented) will then attend the appeal hearing before a High Court Judge. The Court of First Instance is not bound to allow the appeal merely because there was a misdirection or improper admission or rejection of evidence by the Small Claims Tribunal, unless the Court is of the view that substantial wrong or miscarriage was thereby occasioned. If the appeal is allowed, and if the appellant is legally represented while the respondent acts in person as he/she cannot afford legal representation, the Court has a discretion not to order that the unsuccessful respondent pay the costs incurred by the successful appellant in bringing the appeal if it would cause 'undue hardship' to the unsuccessful respondent and if the respondent had not put forward a claim or a defence in bad faith and had not misbehaved in conducting the proceedings in the Small Claims Tribunal. In principle, if the appeal is allowed, the Court of First Instance will remit the case back to the Small Claims Tribunal for a re-trial if it is necessary to make new/further factual findings, even if the amount claimed is small. However, the Court of First Instance may decline to order a re-trial even if it considers that the Small Claims Tribunal made an error of law if it would be disproportionate bearing in mind the amount claimed.

Ireland
The "small claims court" is an informal name for the District Court when operating under its Small Claims Procedure court rules. The Courts of Conscience of boroughs in the Republic of Ireland were superseded under the Courts of Justice Act, 1924 by the District Court, which operates throughout the state. Small claims cases were processed in the same manner as other summary judgments of the District Court until 1991, when a separate "small claims procedure" was first specified. The current District Court small claims procedure rules date from 2007, with amendments down to 2009. The European Small Claims Procedure is used where one party is in another EU member state.

Kenya
The Kenyan Small Claims Court was established in 2016 (formally launched on 26 April 2021 at Milimani Law Courts) under section 4 of the Small Claim Act No.2 of 2016. This court is a subordinate court as per Article 169(1) (d) of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 and its geographical jurisdiction covers sub-counties or any other units of decentralization under the Constitution.
Each Small Claims Court is presided over by an adjudicator appointed by the Judicial Service Commission. The Chief Justice can also designate any qualified person to act in as an adjudicator (section 6(1) and (2). To qualify under section 8 for appointment to be an adjudicator, a person must:
a) be an advocate of the High Court of Kenya with three years of legal experience, or
b) be trained as a paralegal at the Kenya School of Law.
The court deals with civil cases provided for under section 12 which arise from:
a) a contract for sale and supply of goods or services;
(b) a contract relating to money held and received;
(c) liability in tort in respect of loss or damage caused to any property or
for the delivery or recovery of movable property;
(d) compensation for personal injuries; and
(e) set-off and counterclaim under any contract.
Though the court's pecuniary jurisdiction is limited to KES 1,000,000 (approximately US$10,000), Section 12(4) gives the Chief Justice the power to review that limit to any amount he thinks fit via a Gazette notice.

Nigeria
Small Claims court in Nigeria is similar to the ones in the United States and England. They are specially designated courts that hear and determine debt recovery cases of a small and liquidated debt.
The small claims courts were introduced in Lagos Nigeria in April 2018 by the former Chief Judge of Lagos State Justice Opeyemi Oke .
It is not clear if it was a world bank initiative or as a Lagos State Judiciary reform as the time of establishing the courts coincided with the PEBEC and world bank motive to improve the ease of doing business in Nigeria through seamless debt recovery court procedure.
At the establishment ceremony, 15 magistrates courts across the five magisterial districts of Lagos were designated as small claims court. The five magisterial districts include Lagos Island, Ikeja, Yaba, Badagry and Ikorodu.

The Kano State Judiciary followed in Lagos' steps and established its Small Claims Court on 24 January 2019 having similar jurisdiction as the Lagos State Small Claims Court. Five Courts were designated as Small Claims Courts and are located in Gwammaja, Gyadi-Gyadi, Nomansland and Dawakin Tofa.

The small claims courts are presided over by magistrates who hear and determine cases on debt claims not exceeding five million Naira.
It encompasses the routine collection of small debts, evictions and other disputes between landlords and tenants, as well as breach of contracts and simple torts. To institute a small claims matter, either the defendant or the claimant must be residing or doing business within the judicial division of the court.

Singapore
Similar to the UK, small-claims can be handled in Singapore through State Courts of Singapore.

United Kingdom
The rules and procedures differ for the different countries of the United Kingdom. While Britain was a member of the European Union, the European Small Claims Procedure for cross-border claims also applied.

England and Wales
England and Wales does not have a separate small claims court. They are usually dealt with in the County Court after being allocated to the small claims track of the County Court system. Small claims take place under a modified set of rules.  Low-value cases, including most non-personal-injury cases up to £10,000, are usually assigned to the small claims track, producing a small claims action in the County Court. These cases are heard by district judges under an informal procedure.

An important difference between small claims and other civil claims is that the parties are usually unable to recover their legal costs, regardless of who wins or loses. For this reason, most individuals and businesses involved in small claims deal with them without legal representation. The winning party will, however, generally be able to recover the following costs, fee and expenses from the losing party:
 fixed costs on commencement;
 court fees;
 expenses reasonably incurred by the winner and his/her witnesses in travelling to/from a hearing or in staying away from home for the purposes of attending a hearing;
 loss of earnings or loss of leave for the winner and his/her witnesses due to attending a hearing or staying away from home for the purpose of attending a hearing (capped at £95 per day for each person);
 expert fees (capped at £750 for each expert)

The separate small claims procedure was first introduced for claims up to £75 in 1973. This flowed from the statutory power of judges to order arbitration. The limit was raised to £1,000 in 1991, £3,000 in 1996, £5,000 in 1999 and £10,000 in 2013. The limit is only a guideline. The court may allocate a case to the small claim track where the claim is over the guideline if it is considered that the case is simple enough that it is an appropriate way of disposing of the matter. A Money Claim Online service is available for larger, but still simple, claims.

Northern Ireland

The small claims process allows certain types of claims not exceeding £3,000 to be decided informally by the County Court.

Scotland
In Scotland small claims are handled by a process called simple procedure, subject to a limit of £5,000.

United States
The movement to establish small-claims courts typically began in the early 1960s, when justice of the peace courts were increasingly seen as obsolete, and officials felt it desirable to have such a court to allow people to represent themselves without legal counsel. In New York State, small claims courts were established in response to the 1958 findings of Governor Thomas E. Dewey's Tweed Commission on the reorganization of the state judiciary. Since then, the movement towards small-claims courts has led to their establishment in most U.S. states.

There is no equivalent to a small-claims court in the federal court. (Note that Congress has set the jurisdictional minimum for diversity jurisdiction cases at greater than $75,000). Magistrate judges are authorized to handle certain preliminary matters. Since the year 2010, the costs of filing fees have increased in almost every state court system. Filing fees typically range from US$15 to $150, depending on the claim amount. The alternative to small claims court include less expensive, faster online dispute resolution and settlement services, where potential litigants settle their disputes at a lower cost without requiring or involving any adjudicative process.

Greece

In Greece they are called "Ειρηνοδικεία" or "Πταισματοδικεία" (Justices of Peace or Small-Claims Courts). They have only one judge.

According to Article 14 of the Civil Code (Jurisdiction of Magistrates' Courts and Single-Member Courts of First Instance due to an amount), the following are under its jurisdiction:

 All differences that can be valued in money and the value of their object does not exceed the amount of twenty thousand (20,000.00) euros.
All main or incidental differences from a lease agreement, as well as the differences of article 601 of the Civil Code, since in all these cases the agreed monthly rent does not exceed six hundred (600.00) euros
 The differences between the owners of floors or apartments from the relationship of the apartment ownership and the differences between the managers of property by floors and the owners of floors and apartments concerning common costs, as long as the value of their object does not exceed the amount of twenty thousand (20,000) euros.
According to Article 15 of the Civil Code (Extraordinary jurisdiction of a magistrate's court without discrimination of value) the jurisdiction of the magistrate's courts is subject to the jurisdiction of the magistrate's courts regardless of the value of the subject of the dispute
 The differences from purchased land concerning the delivery of the use of the lease or its performance for any reason,
 Disputes concerning damage to trees, vines, fruits, seeds, roots and general plants, caused by illegal grazing of animals or in any other way,
 The differences arising from the provisions of articles 1003 to 1009, 1018 to 1020 and 1023 to 1031 of the Civil Code, as well as those referring to damages caused by their violation,
 Disputes concerning the determination of distances imposed by laws and regulations or local customs for planting trees or plantations or for erecting fences or digging ditches;
 The disputes concerning the obstruction of the free use of roads and paths, as well as the damages caused by this obstruction,
 Disputes concerning the use of running water or the prevention of its use,
 The differences arising from the provisions of articles 834 to 839 of the Civil Code,
 The disputes concerning claims of the persons referred to in articles 834 and 839 of the Civil Code or their universal successors, against their clients or their universal successors,
 The differences from a contract of carriage of persons by any means, for the claims that the carriers or agents or their universal successors have from it;
 The disputes concerning the claims of the associations and cooperatives against their members or their universal successors, for the contribution owed to them, as well as the disputes concerning the claims that the members or the universal successors have against the associations and cooperatives  them for monetary or other benefits,
the disputes concerning the demands of lawyers or their universal successors for their fees and expenses, if it concerns their services in trials in the Magistrates' Court or in the Criminal Court,
 Disputes relating to the rights or compensation or costs of witnesses examined in any court or to arbitrators, and those relating to the rights or compensation or costs of interpreters, bailiffs and bailiffs, however appointed, and registrars  successors of all these,
 The differences arising from the sale of animals, due to actual defects or lack of agreed properties.

Magistrates' courts are also responsible for issuing payment orders and rent payment orders for a claim within their jurisdiction, while from 1 March 2013  they are now responsible for the publication of wills,  the issuance of inheritance certificates  as well as for the registration or removal of a mortgage pre-notification.

Classes
Some jurisdictions offer classes in small-claims court procedures. As such courts are open to the public, attendance at a few sessions may be useful to a person involved in a case, whether as plaintiff or defendant.

In popular culture

Several small-claims proceedings have appeared on television in court shows. However, the settings in these programs are not truly courts of law: even though they attempt to give off the appearance as such, they are merely forms of arbitration. Such shows include The People's Court, Judge Judy, Judge Joe Brown, Judge Mathis, etc., all of which feature retired judges as the arbitrator.

See also
 Allocation questionnaire – form used in English civil courts to decide whether to allocate a case to the small-claims track
 Amount in controversy
 De minimis

References

Courts by type

Small claims court


Las Primarias del Partido Republicano de 2012 en Pensilvania se hicieron el 24 de abril de 2012. Las Primarias del Partido Republicano fueron una Primarias, con 72 delegados para elegir al candidato del partido Republicano para las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2012.  En el estado de Pensilvania estaban en disputa 72 delegados en la cual Mitt Romney ganó.

Elecciones

Resultados

Véase también
 Primarias presidenciales del Partido Republicano de 2012

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Destino 2012 en Univision (en español)
 Calendario de las Primarias en Pensilvania (en inglés)
 Primarias y Primarias en CNN (en inglés)
 Candidatos a las Primarias (en inglés)

2012
Pensilvania


In multivariable calculus, an initial value problem (IVP) is an ordinary differential equation together with an initial condition which specifies the value of the unknown function at a given point in the domain. Modeling a system in physics or other sciences frequently amounts to solving an initial value problem. In that context, the differential initial value is an equation which specifies how the system evolves with time given the initial conditions of the problem.

Definition
An initial value problem is a differential equation
  with   where  is an open set of ,
together with a point in the domain of

called the initial condition.

A solution to an initial value problem is a function  that is a solution to the differential equation and satisfies

In higher dimensions, the differential equation is replaced with a family of equations , and  is viewed as the vector , most commonly associated with the position in space. More generally, the unknown function  can take values on infinite dimensional spaces, such as Banach spaces or spaces of distributions.

Initial value problems are extended to higher orders by treating the derivatives in the same way as an independent function, e.g. .

Existence and uniqueness of solutions

The Picard–Lindelöf theorem guarantees a unique solution on some interval containing t0 if f is continuous on a region containing t0 and y0 and satisfies the Lipschitz condition on the variable y.
The proof of this theorem proceeds by reformulating the problem as an equivalent integral equation. The integral can be considered an operator which maps one function into another, such that the solution is a fixed point of the operator. The Banach fixed point theorem is then invoked to show that there exists a unique fixed point, which is the solution of the initial value problem.

An older proof of the Picard–Lindelöf theorem constructs a sequence of functions which converge to the solution of the integral equation, and thus, the solution of the initial value problem. Such a construction is sometimes called "Picard's method" or "the method of successive approximations". This version is essentially a special case of the Banach fixed point theorem.

Hiroshi Okamura obtained a necessary and sufficient condition for the solution of an initial value problem to be unique.  This condition has to do with the existence of a Lyapunov function for the system.

In some situations, the function f is not of class C1, or even Lipschitz, so the usual result guaranteeing the local existence of a unique solution does not apply. The Peano existence theorem however proves that even for f merely continuous, solutions are guaranteed to exist locally in time; the problem is that there is no guarantee of uniqueness. The result may be found in Coddington & Levinson (1955, Theorem 1.3) or Robinson (2001, Theorem 2.6). An even more general result is the Carathéodory existence theorem, which proves existence for some discontinuous functions f.

Examples
A simple example is to solve  and .  We are trying to find a formula for  that satisfies these two equations.

Rearrange the equation so that  is on the left hand side

Now integrate both sides with respect to  (this introduces an unknown constant ).

Eliminate the logarithm with exponentiation on both sides

Let  be a new unknown constant, , so

Now we need to find a value for .  Use  as given at the start and substitute 0 for  and 19 for

this gives the final solution of .

Second example
The solution of

can be found to be

Indeed,

Notes

See also
 Boundary value problem
 Constant of integration
 Integral curve

References

Boundary conditions

el:Αρχική τιμή
it:Problema ai valori iniziali
sv:Begynnelsevärdesproblem

Initial value problem


මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අනුව උප බෙදීම්

දේශපාලනික බෙදීම්
 පළාත්
 පළාත් පාලන කොට්ඨාස

පරිපාලනමය බෙදීම්

 පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක
 ප්‍රාදේශීය මහලේකම් බල ප්‍රදේශ
 ග්‍රාම නිලධාරී කොට්ඨාශ (තුලාන)

මැතිවරණ බෙදීම්
 මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක

අධ්‍යාපන සේවා බෙදීම්
 පළාත්
 අධ්‍යාපන කලාප
 අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය

සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා බෙදීම්
 පළාත්
  සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා දිස්ත්‍රික්ක
 සෞඛ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය නිලධාරී කොට්ඨාශ
 පවුල් සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා කොට්ඨාශ

සිවිල් නීති අනුව බෙදීම්
 පහතරට: සාමාන්‍ය (රෝම ලන්දේසී හා ඉංග්‍රීසි) සිවිල් නීතිය පමණක් බලපාන ප්‍රදේශය
 උඩරට: සිංහල සාම්ප්‍රදායික සිවිල් නීතිය බලපාන ප්‍රදේශය
 තෙන්නමරාචිචි සහ වඩමාරච්චි: දෙමළ ජාතිකයන් සඳහා තේසවලාමෙයි නීතිය බලපාන ප්‍රදේශය

රෙජිස්ට්‍රාර් කලාප
ඉඩම්, උප්පැන්න, විවාහ සහ මරණ ලියාපදිංචි කරන්නාවූ කලාපවේ. මේවා ලක්දිව පැරණි දේශපාලන සහ පරිපාලන කලාප වලට අනුරූපී වේ.

උඩරට
කෝරළ හත්පත්තු වලට බෙදේ

පහතරට
කෝරළ පත්තු වලට බෙදේ

තෙන්නමරාචිචි සහ වඩමාරච්චි

ස්වභාවික ලක්‍ෂණ අනුව උප බෙදීම

භූ ගෝලීය බෙදීම්

ගොඩබිම
 ලංකා දූපත
 වෙනත් දූපත්

මුහුද
 අභ්‍යන්තර ජල ප්‍රදේෂ
 රාෂ්ඨීය මුහුද
 යාබද මුහුද
 පරම ආර්ථික මුහුද

ලංකා දූපතේ භූ විශමතා කලාප
 වෙරළබඩ තැන්න
 අභ්‍යන්තර තැන්න සහ ශේෂ කඳු
 සබරගමු කඳුවැටිය
 ගල්ඔය කඳු
 මධ්‍ය කඳුකරය

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උප බෙදීම්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උප බෙදීම්


The Efficeon  (stylized as efficēon) processor is Transmeta's second-generation 256-bit VLIW design released in 2004 which employs a software engine Code Morphing Software (CMS) to convert code written for x86 processors to the native instruction set of the chip. Like its predecessor, the Transmeta Crusoe (a 128-bit VLIW architecture), Efficeon stresses computational efficiency, low power consumption, and a low thermal footprint.

Processor
Efficeon most closely mirrors the feature set of Intel Pentium 4 processors, although, like AMD Opteron processors, it supports a fully integrated memory controller, a HyperTransport IO bus, and the NX bit, or no-execute x86 extension to PAE mode. NX bit support is available starting with CMS version 6.0.4.

Efficeon's computational performance relative to mobile CPUs like the Intel Pentium M is thought to be lower, although little appears to be published about the relative performance of these competing processors.

Efficeon came in two package types: a 783- and a 592-contact ball grid array (BGA). Its power consumption is moderate (with some consuming as little as 3 watts at 1 GHz and 7 watts at 1.5 GHz), so it can be passively cooled.

Two generations of this chip were produced. The first generation (TM8600) was manufactured using a TSMC 0.13 micrometre process and produced at speeds up to 1.2 GHz. The second generation (TM8800 and TM8820) was manufactured using a Fujitsu 90 nm process and produced at speeds ranging from 1 GHz to 1.7 GHz.

Internally, the Efficeon has two arithmetic logic units, two load/store/add units, two execute units, two floating-point/MMX/SSE/SSE2 units, one branch prediction unit, one alias unit, and one control unit. The VLIW core can execute a 256-bit VLIW instruction per cycle, which is called a molecule, and has room to store eight 32-bit instructions (called atoms) per cycle.

The Efficeon has a 128 KB L1 instruction cache, a 64 KB L1 data cache and a 1 MB L2 cache. All caches are on die.

Additionally, the Efficeon CMS (code morphing software) reserves a small portion of main memory (typically 32 MB) for its translation cache of dynamically translated x86 instructions.

Products

 Elitegroup A532 (was also sold as IRu Stilo 1715L, Fudita Smart TM1000)
 Microsoft FlexGo Computer (first generation)
 Orion Multisystem Cluster Workstation
 Sharp Actius MM20, MP30, MP70G
 Sharp Mebius Muramasa PC-MM2, PC-CV50F

References

External links
Transmeta Microprocessor Technology
Efficeon TM8600 Product Sheet
Efficeon TM8300/8600 Product Brief
Efficeon TM8800 Product Sheet

Embedded microprocessors
Very long instruction word computing
X86 microprocessors
VLIW microprocessors
X86 microarchitectures

Transmeta Efficeon


Maricruz Delgado, Prison Break dizisinde Camille Guaty'nin canlandırdığı karakterin ismidir.Şu an dizide kendisi hamile olup, Amerika'da yaşamaktadır. Fernando Sucre 'nin yaşam kaynağı,en büyük aşkıdır.

Büyük Kaçış karakterleri
Kurgusal kadın karakterler

Maricruz Delgado


An Isachne henryi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni S.R.Sriniv. ngan Puthenpurayil Viswanathan Sreekumar. An Isachne henryi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isachne

Isachne henryi


Union de la patrie peut faire référence à :
 Union de la patrie (), parti politique estonien fondé en 1995 et disparu en 2005 en fusionnant dans le parti Union de la patrie et Res Publica.
 Union de la patrie et Res Publica (), parti politique estonien fondé en 2005, devenu en 2018 le parti Isamaa.
 Union de la patrie (), parti politique lituanien fondé en 1993 et disparu en 2008 en fusionnant dans le parti Union de la patrie - Chrétiens-démocrates lituaniens.
 Union de la patrie - Chrétiens-démocrates lituaniens (), parti politique lituanien fondé en 2008.

Voir aussi

Union de la patrie


Rosalie Cunningham debitantski je studijski album britanske rock-glazbenice Rosalie Cunningham. Diskografske kuće Cherry Red Records i Esoteric Antenna objavile su ga 26. srpnja 2019.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Album je dobio pozitivne kritike. James Christopher Monger dao mu je četiri zvjezdice od pet u recenziji za AllMusic i napisao je: "Cunningham je poznata kao pokretačka sila [skupine] Ipso Facto i prethodno spomenute londonske acid rock-grupe Purson; njezin se stil, koji je sama nazvala "vodviljsko-karnivalskom psihodelijom", promijenio s godinama, no i danas svjedočimo njezinoj kazališnoj karizmatičnosti i sposobnosti osmišljavanja originalnih aranžmana koji se nikad ne pretvaraju u pastiš. Kao samostalna glazbenica Cunningham je pretočila svoj glamurozni stil u ozbiljnije pjesme, no one su i dalje raznolike." Jednaku je ocjenu albumu dao i Robert Davis u recenziji za Sputnikmusic, koji je izjavio: "Debitantski samostalni uradak Rosalie Cunningham zaista je šarmantan. Iako su pjesme istraživački nastrojene i prožimaju ih različiti utjecaji, i dalje je očito da je cijeli taj album najviše nadahnut slatkim zvukovima kasnih šezdesetih. Međutim, na to se nitko ne žali zato što je zahvaljujući produkciji visoke kvalitete i divnim izvedbama prepunim osjećaja riječ o najboljoj zbirci njezinih pjesama do danas." Četiri zvjezdice od njih pet dao mu je i Glenn Astarita u recenziji za All About Jazz, koji je komentirao: "Nakon raspada Pursona, hvaljene skupine koju je osnovala, britanska pjevačica, gitaristica i klavijaturistica Rosalie Cunningham izdiže se kao upečatljiva ličnost na debitantskom albumu mješavinom klasičnoga psihodeličnog rocka i ostalih srodnih žanrova – uz dašak smionosti kao iz kabareta. Zahvaljujući tekućim zidovima zvuka, različitim taktovima i živahnim temama koji se najčešće pojavljuju u melodičnim pripjevima, melodramatična razigranost [Rosalie] Cunningham i njezina nepopustljiva strast izviru iz svake pjesme od početka do kraja."

Zasluge

Glazbenici
 Rosalie Cunningham – vokal, gitara, bas-gitara, klavijatura, udaraljke, produkcija, miksanje, snimanje, umjetnička direktorica
 Ross Wilson – bas-gitara, gitara, bubnjevi, udaraljke, snimanje
 Mark Stonell – klavijatura
 Samuel Thompson – bubnjevi
 Teddy Trower – bubnjevi
 Geraldine McEwan – violina
 Catherine Rice – violina
 Dastardly Dashing Darius of Dudley – naracija

Ostalo osoblje
 David Holmes – tonska obrada
 Ed Deegan – miksanje
 Tom di Capite – omot albuma
 Sister of Sinister – fotografija
 Howard Rankin – fotografija
 Henry Gorse – fotografija

Izvori

Albumi iz 2019.
Britanski glazbeni albumi

Rosalie Cunningham (album)


Det grønne brud - en film om Eva Sørensen er en dansk portrætfilm fra 1983 instrueret af Ole Henning Hansen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Dokumentarfilm om den danske billedhugger Eva Sørensen, der bor og arbejder i Italien, hvor hendes foretrukne materiale findes, nemlig grøn granit.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1983


El Barrio cristiano ( Ha'Rova Ha'Notzrí, Harat al-Nasarí) es uno de los cuatro barrios de la Ciudad Antigua de Jerusalén. Se ubica en la parte noroeste de la ciudad y es el segundo más antiguo de los cuatro barrios (musulmán, cristiano, armenio y judío). Generalmente es el primero en ser visitado, pues se encuentra justo detrás de la Puerta de Jaffa, la entrada tradicional de los peregrinos a la ciudad. Contiene aproximadamente cuarenta sitios sagrados del cristianismo, entre ellos la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro, considerado el sitio más sagrado para los cristianos.

El barrio se extiende desde la Puerta Nueva, al norte, a lo largo del muro oeste hasta la Puerta de Jaffa - Muro de las Lamentaciones en el sur, bordeando los barrios judío y armenio, así como la Puerta de Damasco en el este, donde bordea con el barrio musulmán.

Características
El Barrio Cristiano se creó alrededor de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro, que se encuentra situada en el corazón del mismo. Alrededor de ella se pueden encontrar más edificios religiosos. No cuenta con una gran cantidad de casas, además de las concentradas en la parte sureste, cerca de la Puerta de Jericó; y las opciones para vivir dentro del barrio son limitadas, especialmente con los modernos intentos del gobierno israelí por crear asentamientos judíos dentro del barrio. En su lugar hay gran cantidad de edificios religiosos y educativos para los visitantes y residentes, como la Escuela Luterana y la Escuela de St. Pierre.

Los edificios cristianos están repartidos a lo largo del barrio. Además de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro, que ocupa la mayor superficie en el barrio, destacan por su superficie el Patriarcado greco-ortodoxo de Jerusalén de la Iglesia Ortodoxa de Grecia, el monasterio Franciscano, San Salvador y el Patriarcado Latino de Jerusalén.

El barrio también cuenta con tiendas de recuerdos, cafeterías, restaurantes y hoteles. Las tiendas están concentradas en su mayoría en la calle del mercado, calle de David, y junto al Camino Cristiano. Algunos de los hoteles (como el Casa Nova y el hotel Católico Griego) fueron construidos por las iglesias para alojar a los visitantes, aunque también hay hoteles privados.

También hay pequeños museos como el del Patriarcado Griego Ortodoxo. En la parte suroeste del barrio hay una piscina llamada "piscina de Hezkiyahuy" que se utilizó para depositar agua para el abastecer al área.

Mejoras del barrio
En el , diversos países europeos intentaron aumentar su influencia en Jerusalén, dando lugar a la construcción de diferentes obras en el barrio. Las autoridades otomanas intentaron bloquear la influencia europea introduciendo reglas para la compra de tierra, sin embargo, intervenciones de los líderes de los países europeos (como Guillermo II de Alemania y Francisco José de Austria) dieron pie a la construcción de algunos edificios para las autoridades religiosas de sus países respectivos.

Al final del  ya no había tierra disponible en el barrio para construir. En el mismo período se abrió el Canal de Suez y muchos cristianos viajaron a la Tierra Sagrada. Esto llevó a una competición entre las potencias europeas para presentarse e incrementar su influencia en Jerusalén. Francia construyó hospitales, un monasterio y hostales para visitantes en la parte externa del barrio - área conocida como Área Francesa. Antes de los franceses, los rusos se asentaron en la Misión Rusa.

Los cristianos no podían cruzar desde fuera de los muros de la Ciudad Vieja directamente en el Barrio Cristiano, para ello tenían que utilizar la Puerta de Jaffa o la de Nablus. En 1898 los otomanos aceptaron la solicitud europea y crearon una puerta nueva en los muros de la ciudad, llamada "Puerta Nueva".

Edificios de importancia
En el barrio cristiano de Jerusalén destacan la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro; considerada el lugar más sagrado del cristianismo y el más importante centro de peregrinación cristiana, la Iglesia de Juan Bautista, Iglesia Luterana del Redentor, la Catedral de Alexander Nevsky, y la Iglesia del Salvador. Se encuentran también el Monasterio de San Salvador y el Monasterio del Sultán; además de la Mezquita de Omar. También de este barrio es el mercado de Muristán.

Referencias

 David Croyanker' "Jerusalem - an architectural point of view", Keter Publishings, 1996.

Cristiano

Barrio cristiano de Jerusalén


Madredeus, Fado ile modern folk müziğini birleştiren Portekizli müzik grubu.

Grup, Teresa Salgueiro (vokal), Pedro Ayres Magalhães ve José Peixoto (klasik gitar), Fernando Júdice (akustik bas) ve Carlos Maria Trindade (synthesizer)'dan oluşmaktadır.

Çalışmalarını, "Portekiz kökenlerine bağlılığını koruyan müzikal fanteziler" olarak tanımlayan Madredeus, saudade şarkılarının yorumcusu olarak değerlendiriliyor. Saudade Portekiz kültürüne özgü, uzaktaki bir yere, kişiye ya da geçmişte kalan anlara duyulan, "mutluluk verici özlem" şeklinde de açıklanabilecek, sıla hasreti, huzursuzluk ve arzuyla bezenmiş bir kavram olarak tanımlanıyor.

Topluluğun performanslarında, sahnedeki kadın şarkıcı bir şeyin beklentisi içerisinde, huzursuz zihninde canlanan fantezilerden oluşan şarkılarını söylerken, diğer müzisyenler sahnenin başka bir loş köşesinde enstrümanları veya sözleriyle ona eşlik ederler. Şarkılar ve müzikal temalar, şarkıcının kelimelerine ve esinlenebileceği her konuya göre değişiklik gösterir. Portekizce konuşma macerası olarak da tanımlanabilecek Madredeus, uluslararası sanat çevrelerinde evrensel bir kültür değeri olarak kabul edilmiş durumdadır. İlk albümü 1987'de yayınlanan ve çalışmaları gerçek bir müzik atölyesi olarak değerlendirilen topluluk, kariyerinin başından itibaren canlı performanslarını, müzikal şiir resitali atmosferinde gerçekleştirmiştir. Mekân olarak tiyatro, park gibi sakin yerlerin seçildiği performanslarında, dinleyicilerin metropollerin karmaşasından uzakta tam bir sessizlik içinde gösteriyi izlemeleri amaçlanır..

Madredeus Wim Wenders'in Lisbon Story filminin müziklerini yapmıştır.

Diskografi

 Os Dias da MadreDeus (1987)
 Existir (1990)
 Lisboa (1992, live in Lisbon)
 O Espirito da Paz (1994)
 Ainda (1995, Lisbon Story film müziği)
 O Paraíso (1997)
 O Porto (1998, live at Porto)
 Antologia (2000, seçmeler)
 Movimento (2001)
 Euforia (2002)
 Electronico (2002)
 Um Amor Infinito (2004)
 Faluas do Tejo (2005)
 Essência  (2012)

Videolar
 O Navio (The Ship): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfVlzgZRWFo&feature=related
 O Pomar das Laranjeiras (The Orange-tree Orchard): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R66UVTHv1o4&feature=related
 Adeus (Good-bye): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLwrjQkytfc&feature=related
 Coisas Pequenas (Small Things): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vZpw6SlK5A&feature=related
 O Mar (The Sea): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSe35k04UWc&feature=related
 O Paraíso (Paradise): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WT4yrqpHvjE&feature=related
 Vem (Come): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40CpthZMudI&feature=related

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmi sitesi
 Resmi olmayan fan sitesi

Portekizli müzisyenler
Portekizli müzik grupları
Fado

Madredeus


Balıklıçeşme, Çanakkale ilinin Biga ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, kurulduğundan beri günümüzdeki adını taşımaktadır. 1880 yılında 93 Harbi'nden sonra göç eden muhacirler tarafından 80 hane olarak kurulan Balıklıçeşme, 2 Kasım 1991 tarihinde belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüştü. Kasabanın belediye statüsü, nüfusunun 2000 kişinin altına düşmesi üzerine 2013 yılında sona erdi.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çanakkale il merkezine 90 km, Biga ilçe merkezine 17 km uzaklıktadır. Köy, Biga-Çanakkale karayolu üzerinde olup Biga'nın kuzeybatısında bulunmaktadır.

İklim
Genel olarak Marmara iklimi görülen köyde; yazları sıcak, kışları ise soğuk ve yağışlı geçmektedir. Yağış yılda ortalama 650–850 mm. arasında olup, % 85'i kışın ve ilkbaharda düşmektedir. Genellikle yazlar kurak geçtiği köyde yağış oranı da 20 mm.'ye kadar düşmektedir. Kışın karlı günlerin sayısı ise 15-20 gün arasındadır. En soğuk günler Ocak ve Şubat aylarında görülmektedir. Isı kışın ortalama 5 derece olup, -9 dereceye kadar düşebilmektedir. Yazın ortalama 25 derece olan sıcaklığın, Ağustos ayında 37-39 dereceye kadar çıktığı görülmektedir. Ortalama nem oranı, 30 ile 85 arasında değişmektedir. Nispi nem oranı % 71'dir. Rüzgarsız günler pek az olduğu köyde, özellikle kuzey yönden esen Yıldız ile kuzeydoğu'dan esen Lodos rüzgarları nemli olup, yağışlara neden olmaktadır.

Nüfus

Yönetim

Belediye başkanlığı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Biga belde ve köyleri
6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler

Balıklıçeşme, Biga


An Kampochloa brachyphylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Clayton. An Kampochloa brachyphylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kampochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kampochloa

Kampochloa brachyphylla


La formación de imágenes hiperespectrales consiste en recopilar y procesar información a lo largo de todo el espectro electromagnético. La formación de imágenes espectrales divide el espectro en muchas bandas. Esta técnica de dividir las imágenes en bandas puede extenderse más allá de lo visible. De aquí surge la técnica de formación de imágenes hiperespectrales.

Los Ingenieros construyen sensores y sistemas de procesamiento para la aplicación de este método de visión en la agricultura, la mineralogía, la física, y la vigilancia. Los sensores hiperespectrales miran a los objetos usando una vasta porción del espectro electromagnético. Ciertos objetos dejan unas huellas únicas a lo largo de todo el espectro electromagnético catalogándolos como si de huellas dactilares se tratara. Estas 'huellas dactilares' que se conocen como firmas espectrales permiten la identificación de los materiales que componen un objeto analizado. Por ejemplo, una firma espectral para el petróleo ayuda a mineralogistas a encontrar nuevos campos de petróleo.

Adquisición y análisis

Los sensores hiperespectrales recopilan información como un conjunto de imágenes. Cada imagen representa un rango del espectro electromagnético también conocido como banda espectral. Estas imágenes se combinan y forman una imagen tridimensional hiperespectral, un cubo de datos, para el procesamiento y análisis.

Los cubos hiperespectrales son generados a partir de sensores aerotransportados, tales como el Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) de la NASA, o a partir de satélites como Hyperion de la NASA. Sin embargo, para muchos estudios de desarrollo y validación, son usados sensores de mano.

Proyectos novedosos

En los últimos años, hemos visto como centros tecnológicos como ANFACO-CECOPESCA han desarrollado proyectos de i+D con esta tecnología enfocados a la predicción de parámetros físico-químicos y la clasificación de parámetros categóricos en matrices alimentarias, hasta el punto de desarrollar equipos para su implementación en industria.

Véase también
Teledetección

Referencias

Espectroscopia
Ciencia de materiales
Óptica
Percepción remota
Vigilancia

Hiperespectral


إحدى كليات جامعة الجبل الغربي ومقرها مدينة غريان، وهي تضم الأقسام التالية:
 قسم المرحلة العامة
 قسم الهندسة الكهربائية والإلكترونية
 قسم الهندسة المدنية
 قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية والصناعية
 قسم هندسة الموارد الطبيعية
 قسم الهندسة المعمارية

المراجع

جامعة الجبل الغربي
كليات الهندسة العربية

كلية الهندسة بجامعة الجبل الغربي (غريان)