The Battle class were a class of destroyers of the British Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN), named after naval or other battles fought by British or English forces. Built in three groups, the first group were ordered under the 1942 naval estimates. A modified second and third group, together with two ships of an extended design were planned for the 1943 and 1944 estimates. Most of these ships were cancelled when it became apparent that the war was being won and the ships would not be required, although two ships of the third group, ordered for the RAN, were not cancelled and were subsequently completed in Australia.

Seven Battles were commissioned before the end of World War II, but only  saw action, with the British Pacific Fleet.

"1942" or "Early Battle" class
The first years of World War II had shown that British destroyers were ill-equipped to deal with concentrated air attacks, and the Royal Navy suffered heavy losses as a result. In 1941 urgent consideration of the problem led to a naval staff requirement for a new class of large fleet destroyer with High Angle (HA) twin guns and an HA control system. It was decided that this main armament would be set forward in a superfiring configuration for all guns to engage one target. Arcs of fire were increased by setting the bridge structure further aft than normal. The proposed anti-aircraft (AA) armament were eight 40/60 mm guns in twin mountings set atop the middle and after deck houses to give all around, overlapping arcs of fire. These were to be supplemented by 20 mm guns positioned variously around the ship. Eight  torpedo tubes were to be carried in two quadruple mounts. A/S armament called for two depth charge rails and four depth charge throwers to be fitted. A new feature was the first use of stabilisers in a destroyer, allowing a steady platform for AA gunnery.

With these parameters accepted, a sketch design was approved in the autumn of 1941 and orders for sixteen ships (two flotillas) were placed under the 1942 programme. Considerably larger than the standard fleet destroyer, these ships were seen as a replacement for the  which had already suffered many losses. With a length of  they were two feet longer than the Tribals and with a beam of  were just over three feet wider. It was decided to abandon the usual alphabetical naming of destroyer flotillas and name these ships after famous land and sea battles, thus these ships became known as the 1942 Battle class.

Orders and construction
The first ten ships were ordered on 27 April 1942. These comprised Barfleur, Trafalgar and St Kitts (with Swan Hunter, Wallsend); Armada, Solebay and Saintes (with Hawthorn Leslie); Camperdown and Finisterre (with Fairfield, Govan); and Hogue and  (with White, Cowes).

The remaining six ships were ordered on 12 August 1942. These comprised Gabbard (with Swan Hunter); Gravelines and Sluys (with Cammell Laird); and Cadiz, St James and Vigo (with Fairfield, Govan). The order for Hogue and Lagos was moved from Whites to Cammell Laird on the same date.

Modifications
The placing of orders did not stop design work but by this time plans were too far advanced for big changes to be considered, although some design changes were made to the armament. One change, incorporated with protection against air-attack in mind, was the decision to standardise on the 4.5-inch gun for the main armament rather than the low angle 4.7 inch that was the usual destroyer gun and only effective against surface targets. The four 4.5 inch guns, fitted in two Mk IV turrets, were capable of high angle fire against aircraft and were controlled from a Director Control Tower (DCT) fitted with radar. Another alteration made whilst building was the fitting of a 4-inch gun on a gundeck abaft the funnel. It was also decided that the twin 40/60 mm guns would be fitted on Hazemeyer Mark IV mountings fitted with Radar Type 282. These would be mounted side by side on the middle gundeck between the torpedo tubes and en-echelon atop the after deckhouse. Due to delays in completion, the plans for 20 mm guns were altered and eventually four single 40/60 mm guns in Mk VII mountings were fitted, one forward of the bridge structure behind 'B' gun, one on either bridge wing and one aft on the quarterdeck.

Experience in the Pacific, against the Japanese, pointed to the limited usefulness of the 4 inch gun abaft the funnel and only the first ships completed, Barfleur, Armada, Trafalgar, Camperdown, Hogue and Lagos were fitted with the gun. In all other ships the gun was replaced by two single 40/60 mm Mk VII giving a total of 14 Bofors, the heaviest light AA armament of any British destroyer and heavier than that carried in many cruisers. In time, all the ships fitted with the 4 inch gun had them removed and replaced with the two single 40/60 mm Mk VII Bofors

All ships were completed with a lattice foremast, instead of the pole mast shown in the original plans. This enabled the ships to carry the latest radar and various IFF transponders and receivers on the foremast. Typical radar fit when built was the "cheese" of Type 293 target indication at the masthead, Radar Type 291 air warning on the mainmast and the twin nacelles Radar Type 275 fire control on the Mk. VI director.

Service
Delays in completion of these ships was caused, as in other classes, by the late delivery of the Mk VI DCTs and fire control systems. Barfleur was launched first in November 1943 and was completed by Swan Hunter in mid 1944 but by August her DCT had still not been delivered. Barfleur ran trials in September and was commissioned but had to return to the Tyne to await delivery and fitting of her director and fire control system. Other ships were similarly affected, Trafalgar spending many months laid up in the Tyne in 1944.

It was intended that the first eight ships would form the 19th Destroyer Flotilla with the British Pacific Fleet in the Far East, but only Barfleur made it to the Pacific in time to take part in operations against Japan. Barfleur was in Tokyo Bay during the Japanese surrender ceremony on 3 September 1945 and after the war she was joined by Armada, Trafalgar, Hogue, Lagos and Camperdown. In 1947 all six ships returned home and went into reserve.

The other two other ships destined for the 19th Flotilla, Solebay and Finisterre were retained in home waters, Finisterre became gunnery training ship for the Portsmouth Command and Solebay leader of the 5th Destroyer Flotilla, Home Fleet, which consisted of six ships of the second flotilla, Cadiz, Gabbard, St. James, St. Kitts,  (see below) and . The other two ships of the second flotilla Gravelines and Vigo going straight into reserve upon completion.

The ships of the second flotilla saw a change in the light AA armament. The tri-axially stabilised Dutch "Hazemeyer" mountings with their Radar Type 282 were regarded as unreliable and were replaced by an Admiralty designed Stabilised Tachymetric Anti Aircraft Gun (STAAG) mount. The Hazemeyer's Radar Type 282 was metric and operated through a pair of Yagi antennae and could therefore only supply target range. The British design used Radar Type 262 centimetric radar with a small spinning dish aerial, which gave range and bearing and was capable of "locking on" to a target and could train and elevate the guns as the target moved. The British design was more complicated than the Dutch design and weighed a massive  each (compared with the Hazemeyer's ). This meant that only two mountings could be installed, to keep the top hamper within acceptable limits. These were fitted to the top of the after deckhouse. The middle gundeck, between the torpedo tubes, was left empty. The mountings proved even less reliable than the ones they replaced and led to three ships Saintes, Camperdown and Trafalgar eventually having them replaced by Mk V "utility" mountings, each controlled by a Simple Tachymetric Director (STD) mounted on the top of the gun crew shelter. A further refinement saw the removal of the depth charge equipment and single 40/60 mm Bofors gun from the quarterdeck, to be replaced by a Squid ahead throwing depth charge mortar. The after deckhouse was extended to contain a mortar handling room. This eventually became standard for all of the 1942 Battles.

A variation occurred when Saintes was completed with a 4.5 inch RP 41 Mark VI turret in the "B" gun position. Commissioned in September 1946 into the 5th Destroyer Flotilla Saintes spent most of the time in independent trials of the new gun. Upon completion of trials Saintes paid off and was refitted with the standard Battle class armament before being laid up.

Saintes recommissioned in 1949 when, as D3 and with Armada, Vigo and Gravelines, they replaced  and the V class as the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla, Mediterranean Fleet. Barfleur replaced Gravelines in the 3rd Flotilla but no major changes took place until 1953. The appearance of the Darings at this time spelled the demise of the 5th Destroyer Flotilla, and after the Coronation Review all six ships went into reserve. Only two, Solebay and St. Kitts. saw further service with the Royal Navy. In 1956 Saintes headed home for a major refit at Rosyth, her crew transferring to Armada. Vigo also returning to home waters to replace Finisterre as gunnery training ship at Portsmouth. By late 1956 only four ships remained operational. Armada, Barfleur and St. Kitts with the 3rd Destroyer Squadron (as they were now called) and Vigo as Portsmouth Command gunnery training ship. All the other ships were either in reserve or refitting. Most had the fire control system updated and new ASDIC fitted and those that still had the quarterdeck AA gun had it replaced by the Squid A/S mortar.

In 1957, the Ch-class destroyers of the 1st Destroyer Squadron were replaced by the newly refitted Solebay, Hogue and Lagos. Prior to 1960, Hogue filmed for destroyer night attack scenes used in the film Sink the Bismarck!. Initially serving with the Mediterranean Fleet, in 1959 the squadron deployed to the Far East, where Hogues career came to an abrupt end. While participating in a night-time exercise with other navies off Ceylon on 25 August, Hogue collided with the Indian light cruiser , which rammed Hogue, crushing the destroyer's bow, killing a sailor and wounding three others. She was towed to Singapore where she was laid up until scrapped in 1962. Upon the return home of the remaining ships in 1960 Hogue was replaced in the squadron by Finisterre.

In 1957 a newly refitted Camperdown, which had been in reserve since returning from the Far East with the 19th Destroyer Flotilla ten years previously, was brought back into service to relieve St. Kitts in the 3rd Destroyer Squadron. The following year Saintes having finished her major refit at Rosyth resumed command of the 3rd Squadron, relieving Barfleur in the Mediterranean. Five years later St. Kitts was broken up at Sunderland; Barfleur was laid up for several years before being broken up at Dalmuir in 1966.

One other Battle was given a new lease of life. Trafalgar also laid up in 1947 was refitted and commissioned in 1958 as leader of the 7th Destroyer Squadron. She continued in service, alternating between the Home and Mediterranean Fleets until she finally paid off in 1963. In 1970 she arrived at Dalmuir to be broken up.

Gravelines  and St. James also commenced refit at Devonport in 1958 but these were stopped a few months later. Both ships were sent to the breakers in 1961.

In 1957 Cadiz and Gabbard were sold to Pakistan and renamed Khaibar and Badr. Khaibar was lost to a missile attack in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.

Sluys ended 13 years in the Devonport reserve when she was sold to Iran in 1966. Renamed  she completed a three-year refit at Vosper Thornycroft at Southampton. Her profile was radically altered. She was given a new, plated foremast to carry the parabolic aerial of a Plessey AWS 1 long range search radar. A fully enclosed bridge replaced the usual "open sundeck" above the forward superstructure. She retained her 4.5 inch main armament, but these were now controlled by a modern radar and fire control system. Her AA armament now consisted of four single 40/60 mm guns and a quadruple Sea Cat missile launcher on the after end of a new deckhouse which stretched from just aft of the funnel to the quarterdeck. She commissioned in 1970 as a training ship. During 1975/6 she was refitted at Cape Town and fitted with surface-to-surface missile launchers. During a later refit carried out by the Russians, her main gunnery radar and control systems were again modernised, although she retained her original guns and the Sea Cat system was replaced by a modern Russian surface-to-air missile system. She was still in existence in the early 1990s although believed to be non-operational.

In 1960 the 1st and 3rd Destroyer Squadrons were amalgamated to form a new 1st Destroyer Squadron. As a result, Lagos and Armada paid off into reserve, Armada being broken up at Inverkeithing in 1965 and Lagos at Bo'ness in 1967.

The new 1st Destroyer Squadron completed a very busy final two-year commission before finally paying off in May 1962. Solebay became Portsmouth harbour training ship until being scrapped at Troon in 1967. Finisterre remained in Chatham reserve until being broken up at Dalmuir in 1967. Camperdown was laid up in the Hamoaze at Devonport for many years until finally being sent to the breakers yard at Faslane in 1970.

Now only Saintes remained. On paying off in 1962, a volunteer towing crew from her last commission took her to Rosyth, where she went into reserve. Here she was used as the training ship for Artificer Apprentices from  who kept her engines and machinery in full working order. She was eventually replaced by the frigate  in 1972 and she too headed for the breakers yard at Cairn Ryan, the last of the Royal Navy's 1942 Battle class destroyers.

"1943" or "Later Battle" class
Even after the orders for the earlier, 1942 Battle class had been placed much discussion was still taking place within the naval staff about the final design. There was much debate about the type and disposition of the main armament. In some quarters it was felt that the two main turrets should be distributed one forward and one aft. Many reasons were given for this, but the most logical seems to have been preventing a single hit from disabling both guns. An argument was put forward in some quarters that these ships were underarmed for their size, and there was a call for a third turret to be mounted aft.

Admiral Andrew Cunningham, whilst taking passage in the 1942 Battle-class ship , was rather unflattering in his description of these ships saying that they were "too large" and "had every damned weapon and gadget except guns". Modern naval architects feel this is unfair as the role of destroyers had changed since the admiral commanded a destroyer at the battle of Jutland. The original role of the destroyers was torpedo attack on enemy ships, but their role in the late 1940s was to protect the fleet (and themselves) from aircraft and submarines. The Battle class were probably better at this task than any other Second World War British destroyer.

A further criticism, not just of the Battle-class design, but of British destroyers generally, was of the main machinery layout. Until 1936 all destroyers were laid out with three boiler rooms, as the naval staff considered this the minimum requirement for battle damage survivability. In 1936 the head of the destroyer section of the Constructors Department came up with a radical new design for the J class. This included a new system of longitudinal framing to both ease construction and increase the integral strength of the ships. It also called for a two-boiler layout with both boilers fitted back to back, allowing them to vent up a single large funnel. This decreased the ships silhouette and gave improved firing arcs for the anti-aircraft armament. This layout and hull design proved very effective and made for good-looking ships. The J-class design was used in all following destroyer designs until the advent of the  and  classes. However, the boiler-room layout was a continuing source of criticism, as a single well-placed hit could cripple a ship completely.

In order to find a solution to these criticisms, it was originally planned that 32 ships (four flotillas) of an improved design would be built under the 1943 and 1944 Naval Estimates and that there would be changes in both armament and layout in the later ships. It was expected that the 4.5-in RP41 BD Mk VI turret, tested by Saintes from 1946/48, would be available to arm the later ships. Ultimately 26 ships were ordered. These formed two distinct groups, plus two ships of an expanded design.

The first 16 ships (two flotillas) were ordered in early 1943. They were based on a slightly widened version of the 1942 ships. They were to be fitted with the American Type 37 DCT which was now becoming available and which would be equipped with the British Radar Type 275 fire control set and Medium Range System (MRS) 9 fire control system. In an attempt to counter the criticisms that the ships were underarmed for their size, and were incapable of engaging a target right aft, a single 4.5 inch gun on a standard Mk V mounting would be positioned on the original 4 inch gun deck abaft the funnel. In the event, these guns failed to provide a solution as they were restricted to firing on either beam because the midship positioning meant their arc of fire was fouled by the ships fore and aft superstructure. The ships' AA armament was reduced to eight 40/60 mm Bofors, two twin STAAG Mk. II mountings on top of the after deckhouse, one twin Mk. V on the middle deckhouse controlled by an STD mounted on top of the gun crew shelter, and a single mounting Mk. VII on either bridge wing. All ships would be fitted with a Squid Anti-submarine mortar on the quarterdeck and ten 21-inch torpedo tubes in two quintuple mountings.

The last flotilla of eight ships and two ships of an expanded design were ordered under the 1944 estimates. The first eight ships were to be fitted with two twin 4.5-inch guns forward in the new RP41 Mk VI turrets. These turrets offered improved ammunition handling and a faster rate of fire due to their semi-automatic breech action and it was thought that this was sufficient to preclude the fitting of the single gun amidships. The bridge structure was raised as earlier trials in Saintes had noted that the higher profile of the Mk VI turret obstructed visibility forward. The AA armament was increased in these ships as the weight saved by dispensing with the single 4.5-inch gun amidships meant that a third twin STAAG could be fitted together with five single 40/60 mm guns giving a total of eleven light AA guns.

The two extended ships were intended to bury all criticisms of the design once and for all. The hull dimensions were increased, adding  in length and  to the beam. This allowed for a third twin 4.5-in Mk VI turret to be mounted aft. The main reason for the increase in length, however, was the planned change in the mechanical layout of these ships. Since the inception of the J class, the boilers had been concentrated together, an arrangement which allowed a reduced hull length. However, plans drawn up for the smaller Weapon class showed that this reduction was, in fact, minimal, so a decision was made to employ a unit arrangement for the propulsion machinery in these ships, based on the same lines as proposed for the Weapon class.

Orders and construction
Twenty-four ships (plus two of an enlarged/extended design) were included in the 1943 Programme. Six were ordered on 10 March 1943, with names commemorating land, as well as sea, battles: Agincourt and Alamein (from Hawthorn Leslie); Aisne and Albuera (from Vickers, Tyne); and Barrosa and Matapan (from John Brown, Clydebank).

Fifteen ships were ordered on 24 March 1943:Corunna, Oudenarde and River Plate (from Swan Hunter); Dunkirk, (original) Malplaquet and St Lucia (from Stephen); Belle Isle and Omdurman (from Fairfield); Jutland, Mons and Poictiers (from Hawthorn Leslie; Poictiers is the spelling used for Poitiers at the time of the battle); and Namur, Navarino, San Domingo and Somme (from Cammell Laird).

Five ships were ordered on 5 June 1943: Talavera and Trincomalee (from John Brown); Waterloo and Ypres (from Fairfield); and Vimiera (from Cammell Laird). The last two were the extended design and would eventually be built as the Daring Class.

Service
Although all of the ships were laid down between late 1943 and mid 1945 they, like previous members of the class, were plagued by delays in the provision of equipment. As a result, few had been launched by the end of hostilities and it became obvious that not all of them would be required. As a result, in September 1945, the Admiralty ordered work stopped on sixteen of the ships. As a result, seven ships, Mons, Omdurman, Somme, River Plate, St. Lucia, San Domingo and Waterloo, were broken up on the slipway. A further five, Belle Isle, Navarino, Poictiers, Talavera and Trincomalee were scrapped immediately upon launching. The uncompleted hulls of four ships, Albuera, Jutland, Namur and Oudenarde were laid up with the possibility that they could be completed at a later date. This policy was adopted with other classes of ship, notably cruisers and carriers, some of which were completed up to fourteen years after the end of the war. Although consideration was given to completing these vessels in 1950, it was never done and they were all scrapped between 1957 and 1961.

The two extended ships, Vimiera and Ypres were not scrapped at this time but eventually became a part of the Daring class, programme authorised in 1946. The original order was for sixteen ships, but construction was a long drawn out affair and eventually the Admiralty cancelled eight of the ships. At this time Vimiera, which had been renamed Danae was scrapped but Ypres was finally commissioned into the Royal Navy as .

This left a flotilla of eight ships, Agincourt, , Alamein, Barrosa, Corruna, Dunkirk, Jutland (ex-Malplaquet) and Matapan to be completed for service in the Royal Navy and, as with other ships built after the end of hostilities, work proceeded at a very slow pace. The first ship Agincourt was laid down in December 1943 but not completed until the end of June 1947. Alamein, laid down less than three months behind her sister ship, was not completed until May 1948.

It was originally intended that all eight ships would form the 4th Destroyer Flotilla, but by 1947 the post-war manning crisis had reached its peak and so Alamein, Barrosa, Corunna and Matapan went into reserve. This left only Agincourt, Aisne, Jutland (the original Malplaquet which had been renamed Jutland after launching) and Dunkirk in service.

1948, however, saw all but Matapan back in service with the Home Fleet, but just over a year later another reduction took place. In 1950 a decision was made to pay off several destroyers in the Home and Mediterranean Fleets and replace them with s. Dunkirk, Barrosa and Alamein paid off into reserve and Aisne and Jutland were temporarily laid up for nearly a year.

In 1951 the 4th Destroyer Squadron was back in business. Consisting of Agincourt, Aisne, Jutland and Corunna and converted to General Service Commissions the squadron deployed between the Home and Mediterranean Fleets for the next few years. In 1953 Barrosa replaced Jutland and in 1957 Aisne was replaced by Alamein. In March 1959 there was a collision in the Bay of Biscay between Barrosa and Corunna. The following month the 4th Squadron was disbanded. Alamein went into reserve and was broken up at Blyth in 1964. Agincourt, Aisne, Barrosa and Corunna were placed in dockyard hands for conversion to radar pickets.

In 1958 Jutland and Dunkirk recommissioned as part of the 7th Destroyer Squadron. Led by the 1942 Battle Trafalgar, the squadron completed two General Service Home / Mediterranean Fleet deployments before Jutland paid off into reserve in 1961. She was broken up at Blyth in 1965. Dunkirk did a further two-year General Service deployment with the squadron before paying off in 1963. She was broken up at Faslane in 1965.

Aircraft Direction Conversion
As early as 1944 it had been suggested that the 1943 Battle class could be fitted with a long range early warning radar fitted to a mast amidships, albeit at the expense of some of the torpedo tubes and AA armament. The idea was not taken up at the time but in the early post war years a need was identified for a Fast Air Detection Escort (FADE). These ships would accompany the fleet and detect, identify and track potential targets and direct friendly aircraft to engage them, a role known as Aircraft Direction (A/D).

A new frigate, the Type 61, was designed to carry out this role, however, it became clear that with a top speed of only  these ships would not be able to keep up with a carrier group. Consideration was therefore given to converting existing ships to carry out this role with carrier groups. The latest long range radar available at that time was the Type 965. The Radar Type 965 came with two aerial configurations, the AKE-1, known as "the bedstead", and the AKE-2, known as "the double bedstead". The AKE-1 weighed in at almost two tons and the AKE-2 at a massive four tons. It soon became clear that only a large ship, like a "Battle" class destroyer would be able to carry such a load.

In 1955 a decision was made to convert four Battle class ships to Fast Air Detection Escorts, although the work was not started until 1959. The four ships chosen for conversion were Agincourt, Aisne, Barrosa and Corunna. On completion of the conversions only the hull, engines, funnel, forward superstructure and main armament remained of the original ships. A huge new lattice foremast was fitted immediately abaft the bridge. The base of this mast straddled the entire width of the ship and was surmounted by a large 4 ton Type 965 AKE-2 double bedstead aerial, with a Type 293Q mounted on a platform below. All torpedo tubes and light AA armament were removed and a large deckhouse containing generators and radar offices was built abaft the funnel. A new lattice mainmast carried a Radar Type 277Q height finder and an array of ESM and DF aerials. The after deckhouse was extended and a GWS 21 Sea Cat SAM system was mounted on top. The ships retained the Squid A/S mortar on the quarterdeck.

The conversions of  Corunna at Rosyth Dockyard and Aisne at Chatham Dockyard were completed in 1962 and both ships joined the 7th Destroyer Squadron in the Mediterranean. On completion of her refit at Portsmouth, Agincourt joined the 5th DS in home waters. Corunna, however, ended up further afield. On completion of her refit at Devonport she joined the 8th Destroyer Squadron in the Far East. These arrangements were short lived as, in 1963, the Admiralty reorganised the frigate and destroyer squadrons into escort squadrons. Each escort squadron comprised a mix of ships of varying type in order to provide an increased capability within each group.

Corunna transferred to the 21st Escort Group which included a deployment to the Far East from September 1964 to August 1965. On returning home she began a refit at Rosyth in September 1965 and on completion in 1967 went into operational reserve at Portsmouth where she remained until put on the disposal list in 1972. In 1974 she was towed from Portsmouth to Sunderland for breaking but was then towed to Blyth and broken up in 1975.

Aisne transferred to the 23rd Escort Group and after a short spell joined 30th Escort Group in January 1964 and served in the Mediterranean from April to September 1964 and in the Far East from September to December 1964 and from July to December 1965. She recommissioned in January 1966 and served in the Far East from August 1966 to April 1967. In December 1967 she was sent to the West Indies, returning in March 1968. She paid off in August of that year and was broken up at Inverkeithing in 1970.

Agincourt spent four and a half years rotating between Home and Mediterranean waters, first as part of the 5th DS and then, after the reorganisation into Escort Squadrons, with 23ES and 27ES. Reduced to reserve at Portsmouth in October 1966 she was put on the disposal list in 1972. She was broken up at Sunderland in 1974.

Barrosa transferred to the 24ES and, apart from two spells at home between July 1966 and August 1967 and July to September 1968, spent all of her life as a radar picket serving in the Far East. She paid off into reserve at Devonport in December 1968. In 1971 she joined her sister ships at Portsmouth and was put on the disposal list in 1972. She was used as a stores hulk at Portsmouth until being towed to Blyth to be broken up in 1978.

The short life of these ships after their conversion was due to changes in defence policy made by the Labour Government which came to power in 1964. The decision to run down the carrier fleet, together with the withdrawal of British forces from the Far East, reduced the need for fast air direction ships. Moreover, the general purpose frigates then being built, such as the Leander class, were fitted with Type 965 radar and modern operations rooms, so they could replace the converted 'Battles' in most circumstances.

Armament summary
 2 × twin 4.5 in guns QF Mark III on mount BD Mk. IV
 1 × quad Sea Cat GWS-20 Surface-to-air missile system
 2 × 20 mm Oerlikon guns
 1 × Squid A/S mortar

HMS Matapan
Laid up on completion of her trials in 1947, having carried out only 150 hours steaming, the need to replace Verulam as Sonar Trials Ship for the Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment at Portland saw the conversion and eventual commissioning of Matapan. In 1971 Matapan was towed to Portsmouth to begin her conversion to sonar trials ship. She was stripped of all armament and the forecastle deck was extended right to the stern to provide increased space to accommodate scientists and trials equipment, plus a large Sick Bay. She was fitted with a second funnel for the exhausting of fumes from the extra generators required to power the sonar equipment. A plated foremast carried radar and communications aerials, and a new fully enclosed bridge was fitted. A new after deckhouse, which ran from the after funnel to the quarterdeck was fitted with a helicopter landing deck on the top. Her refit took two years but she finally commissioned in 1973. After 24 years in the Devonport reserve Matapan had finally found a role in the navy of the seventies. Her trials period lasted for five years, with a major deployment to the United States in 1976, working with US Navy submarines, much of the work of this vessel remains classified. She paid off at Portsmouth in 1977 and was broken up at Blyth in 1978.

"1944" or "Australian Battle" class

The original building programme for the 1943 ships included provision for the later ships, the third flotilla, to be armed with the new 4.5-inch Mark VI turret. Although these ships were cancelled by the Admiralty two ships of this type had been ordered by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in Australia in 1945. Neither of these ships were cancelled and both ships were laid down in 1946, although, like the building programme in Britain, progress was slow. The first of the two ships, , was not completed by HMA Dockyard at Williamstown until 1950, and sister ship , built at Cockatoo Island Dockyard in Sydney, was not completed until the following year. The only difference between these ships and those planned for the Royal Navy was a distinctive funnel cowl fitted to both ships.

Tobruk remained in service until 1960 when she was placed in reserve after being damaged in a friendly-fire accident. Anzac had her STAAG mountings removed at about this time and continued in service as a training ship. She was further modified for this role in 1966 when 'B' turret was removed and replaced by a deckhouse. Another deckhouse was built aft. She was laid up in 1974. Both ships were broken up in 1975.

Armament summary
2 × twin QF 4.5 inch /45 (113 mm) Mark V guns in 2 twin mountings UD Mark VI
3 × twin 40 mm Bofors mounts "STAAG" Mk. II
6-7 × single 40 mm Bofors mount Mk. VII
2 × quintuple tubes for 21 in torpedoes Mk. IX
1 × Squid A/S mortar

Ships in class

See also

List of ship classes of the Second World War

References

Publications

 D.K. Brown, Nelson to Vanguard, Chatham Publishing (2000)
 Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995
 G. Moore, The 'Battle' Class destroyers in Warship 2002–2003, Conway's Maritime Press
 M. Critchley, British Warships Since 1945, Part 3, Destroyers
 L. Marriott, Royal Navy Destroyers Since 1945

Destroyer classes
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Ship classes of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy

Battle-class destroyer


Ziştovi (, trk: Sviştov, trl: Svištov), Bulgaristan'ın kuzeyinde bir şehirdir. Tuna Nehrinin güneyinde Veliko Tırnovo ilinde bulunur.

Bulgaristan'ın en büyük Tuna limanlarından biridir ve bir kültür merkezidir. Bulgarlar tarafından Sviştov olarak adlandırılmıştır.

1393 yılında fethedilerek Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na katılmıştır. 1787-91 Osmanlı-Avusturya Savaşı'nı sonlandıran Ziştovi Antlaşması'nın imzalanmasına sahne olmuştur (4 Ağustos 1791). Şehir üzerindeki Türk denetimi 1878 yılında özerk Bulgaristan Prensliği'nin kurulmasıyla fiilen, anılan ülkenin 1908 yılında bağımsızlığını ilan etmesiyle hukuken sona ermiştir.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Ziştovi

Ziştovi


Elisabeth Munksgaard (1924 – 13. november 1997) var en dansk historiker og kurator på afdelingen for forhistorie på Nationalmuseet i København, fra 1962 til hun blev pensioneret 1990. Hun var anerkendt som en af de fremmeste eksperter i Danmark inden for kunst i den sene jernalder (germansk jernalder) og vikingetid.

Munksgaards arbejde omhandlede flere forskellige aspekter af Danmarks forhistorie. I 1974 udgav hun værket Oldtidsdragter, der kom til at blive et autoritativt værk i de følgende årtier inden for skandinavisk beklædning. Over tid udviklede hende ideer sig til en særlig type kjortel i 1000-tallet for Knud den Store, og en rekonstruktion af denne blev afsløret umiddelbart inden hendes pensionering i 1990, og som betegnes som "finalen" på hendes karriere. I 1984 identificerede Munksgaard desuden Tjele hjelmfragmentet som værende en del af den eneste kendte vikingehjelm fra Danmark, i stedet for det saddelspænde, som man havde troet i 130 år.

Bibliografi
 Skattefund fra jernalderen (1970)
 Oldtidsdragter (1974)

Referencer

Litteratur

Historikere fra Danmark
Ansatte ved Nationalmuseet
Alumni fra Københavns Universitet
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark

Elisabeth Munksgaard


Cantillana, İspanya'nın güneybatı köşesinde bulunan özerk bölge Endülüs'ün, Sevil eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2002 yılındaki sayıma göre nüfusu, 8,999'dur.

Dış bağlantılar

Cantillana


Le ministère des Affaires spirituelles, éducatives et médicales est issu de la section ou du département "des Cultes et de l'Instruction publique" qui existe de décembre 1808 à novembre 1817 et qui était rattaché au ministère de l'Intérieur.

La création d'un ministère distinct commence au début de novembre 1817 avec le point III du décret du roi Frédéric-Guillaume III au ministère d'État.

Le terme « ministère de l'éducation » n'est pas utilisé dans les discours officiels. Il existe avec des noms et des responsabilités changeants jusqu'en 1945.

Historique et tâches
Le ministère a la tutelle de l'État sur les églises, est responsable du système scolaire et universitaire prussien et se voit progressivement confier la responsabilité de l'administration médicale de l'État jusqu'en 1849, dont le ministère de l'Intérieur est auparavant responsable. Pour cette tâche, le ministère s'appuie sur la députation (royale scientifique) pour la médecine créée en 1808, qui est fusionnée avec le ministère en 1849.

Le portefeuille du ministère comprend également l'Académie royale des sciences de Prusse, les académies d'art, les musées, la Bibliothèque royale de Berlin, l'Observatoire de Berlin, le jardin botanique, l' et l'Institut météorologique prussien de Berlin.

À l'époque du Kulturkampf, le ministère de l'Éducation joue un rôle central dans le conflit avec l'Église catholique. En réponse aux mesures disciplinaires prises par le Saint-Siège contre les opposants à l'infaillibilité pontificale proclamée au Concile de 1870 , le Département des affaires ecclésiastiques catholiques du ministère vote un grand nombre de lois restreignant les droits de l'Église jusqu'en 1874, interdisant l'ordre des Jésuites et le retirant les fonds publics de l'église. Après la fin du conflit, Adalbert Falk démissionne de son poste de ministre de l'Éducation en 1879.

Après l'extension du bâtiment de service en 1879 par un nouveau bâtiment au 4, Unter den Linden (aujourd'hui au 69) d'après les plans de  sous la direction d'Adolf Bürckner dans le style classique tardif, une extension est ajoutée en 1903 au bâtiment principal au 68, Wilhelmstraße 68, conçue par , en raison du besoin croissant d'espace. Après le transfert des tâches administratives médicales au ministère de l'Intérieur en 1910, la dénomination du ministère change en conséquence. En 1918, après la révolution, le ministère est à nouveau rebaptisé ministère des Sciences, des Arts et de l'Éducation nationale. Pour le ministère du milieu des années 1920, la science, l'art et l'éducation incluent le nouveau média qu'est la radio ; En 1928, le ministère fonde le Centre de recherche sur la radiodiffusion pour explorer les possibilités multimédias (qui ne sont pas encore connues à l'époque).

Développement après 1933
1933 à 1945
Après l'arrivée au pouvoir des nationaux-socialistes, Bernhard Rust, Gauleiter du , est nommé ministre prussien de l'Éducation par intérim. La nomination immédiate est possible parce que depuis la « grève prussienne » en 1932, un commissaire du Reich est chargé des affaires du gouvernement prussien et que le gouvernement hitlérien a donc un accès direct à l'État de Prusse.

Après le transfert de la responsabilité des affaires artistiques au ministère de l'Éducation du peuple et de la Propagande du Reich, le ministre prussien de l'éducation Rust est nommé ministre du Reich pour la science, l'éducation et l'instruction publique, le 1er mai 1934. La base du ministère du Reich nouvellement créé est le ministère prussien de l'Éducation, dont les fonctionnaires gèrent également les affaires du Reich. Au début de 1935, le nom du ministère est changé en conséquence et l'autorité fonctionne désormais sous le nom de ministère du Reich et de la Prusse pour les sciences, l'éducation et l'instruction publique (en abrégé : ministère de l'Éducation du Reich / REM). Le 1er octobre 1938, la référence à la Prusse est supprimée et le ministère est finalement rebaptisé Ministère des sciences, de l'éducation et de l'instruction publique du Reich. Au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'ensemble immobilier est détruit à l'exception de l'aile est de la cour et des parties du couloir de liaison au bâtiment d'extension.

1945 à 1989
Après la fin de la guerre et la fondation de la République démocratique allemande (RDA), le bâtiment de la Wilhelmstraße est reconstruit et utilisé par le ministère de l'Éducation publique jusqu'à la chute du communisme en 1989.

Après la réunification, la propriété est réaménagée.

Bibliographie
 Das preußische Kultusministerium als Staatsbehörde und gesellschaftliche Agentur (1817–1934), mit Beiträgen von Bärbel Holtz, Christina Rathgeber, Hartwin Spenkuch, Reinhold Zilch. 6 Bände. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2009 ff. (= Acta Borussica. Neue Folge, 2. Reihe: Preußen als Kulturstaat, hrsg. im Auftrag der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften von Wolfgang Neugebauer).

Voir aussi
 Liste des ministres prussiens de l'Éducation

Liens externes

 Zentralblatt für die gesamte Unterrichtsverwaltung in Preußen in der Bibliothèque de recherche sur l'histoire de l'éducation

Références

Prusse
Ministère prussien

Ministère prussien des Affaires spirituelles, éducatives et médicales


El cerro de la Cuchara se encuentra en el Estado de Guerrero y forma parte de la Sierra Madre del Sur, en México.
Con una altitud de 3 550 metros sobre el nivel del mar, es visible desde muchos lugares costeros. Desde la cima se puede apreciar un bello paisaje ya que su localización permite la vista al puerto de Ixtapa Zihuatanejo.

Las montañas más cercanas al Cerro de la Cuchara son el Cerro La Cruz, Cerro Cantera, Cerro del Mono de Oro, Cerro El Águila, Cerro Infiernillo y el Cerro San Cristóbal.

Véase también
Cerro Blanco (Texas)
Cerro Catiray
Cerro Charrúa
Cerro Chovoreca

Referencias

Tresmiles de México
Montañas del estado de Guerrero
Sierra Madre del Sur

Cerro de la Cuchara


Karl Friedrich Max von Müller (Hannover, 16. lipnja 1873. -  Braunschweig, 11. ožujka 1923.) je bio njemački kapetan i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata zapovijedao je lakom krstaricom SMS Emden.

Obitelj
Karl von Müller je rođen 16. lipnja 1873. u Hannoveru pruskoj vojničkoj obitelji. Njegov djed Georg Müller je bio bojnik u pruskoj vojsci, dok mu je otac Hugo u pruskoj vojsci dostigao čin pukovnika. Müllerova majka Charlotte Müller rođena Bennigsen kći je hannoverskog generala Karla von Bennigsena, te je također potjecala iz vojničke obitelji. Karl je bio najmlađe dijete u obitelji jer su Hugo i Charlotte Müller osim njega imali i starijeg Richarda rođenog 1869., te kćer Elfriede koja je rođena 1871. godine. U lipnju 1920. sklopio je brak s Juttom von Hanstein s kojom je imao dvije kćeri i to Elfridu koja je rođena 1921. godine i Karlu rođenu 1923. godine. Nakon Müllerove smrti njegova udovica i kćeri su od ožujka 1934. koristile prezime Müller-Emden.

Vojna karijera
Müller je srednju školu pohađao u Hannoveru i Kielu. Nije bio dobar učenik, te je imao probleme u učenju latinskog, francuskog i engleskog tako da je morao primati i privatnu poduku. U travnju 1888. počinje pohađati vojnu školu u Plönu, da bi se u travnju iduće 1889. godine premjestio u kadetsku školu u Gross-Lichterfeldeu u blizini Berlina. U travnju 1891. počinje pohađati Pomorsku školu u Kielu. Tijekom 1891. služi na školskom brodu Stosch, te potom na školskoj korveti Gneisenau. U srpnju 1894. promaknut je u čin poručnika, a tijekom te godine služi i na topničkom trenažnom brodu Mars. Nakon toga se kao signalni časnik nalazi na službi na oklopnjači SMS Baden, te potom na SMS Sachen. Od rujna 1895. služi na jedrenjaku SMS Moltkeu koji se nalazio na Sredozemlju, da bi nakon toga od travnja 1896. bio na službi na neoklopljenom krstašu SMS Gefion. U listopadu 1896. premješten je na torpedni školski brod Blücher na kojem se nalazi do travnja 1897. kada je raspoređen na aviso SMS Blitz. Potom od siječnja 1898. ponovno služi na torpednom školskom brodu SMS Blücher. U travnju 1898. premješten je na neoklopljeni krstaš SMS Schwalbe koji se nalazio u Njemačkoj Istočnoj Africi. Tijekom službe u Africi obolio je od malarije, koji zdravstveni problemi će ga pratiti i u njegovoj daljnjoj karijeri. Nakon povratka u Njemačku, u kolovozu 1900. premješten je na službu na kopno gdje služi u 1. pomorskom inspektoratu u Kielu.

U studenom 1902. imenovan je drugim topničkim časnikom na bojnom brodu SMS Kaiser Wilhelm II koji je bio zapovjedni brod princa Henrika Pruskog. Od listopada 1903. pohađa Pomorsku akademiju u Kielu, zajedno s kasnijim zapovjednikom njemačke mornarice Erichom Raederom. Nakon završetka iste, u listopadu 1904., raspoređen je na mjesto drugog topničkog časnika na bojnom brodu SMS Kaiser Friedrich III. Na navedenom bojnom brodu služi do rujna 1905. kada je premješten na bojni brod SMS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse na kojem služi idućih godinu dana, do listopada 1906., kada je raspoređen na službu kao stožerni časnik u zapovjedništvo flote. U prosincu 1908. unaprijeđen je u čin kapetana korvete, da bi u rujnu 1909. raspoređen u središnji odjel ministarstva mornarice kojim je rukovodio Alfred von Tirpitz. Navedenu dužnost obnaša do prosinca 1912. kada je imenovan zapovjednikom lake krstarice SMS Emden koja se u sastavu Istočnoazijske eskadre nalazila u njemačkoj koloniji Tsingtao. Müller je Njemačku napustio u travnju 1913. parobrodom Königin Luise, te 29. svibnja 1913. preuzima zapovjedništvo nad SMS Emdenom. Ubrzo nakon preuzimanja dužnosti u kolovozu 1913. sudjeluje u bombardiranju pobunjenih tvrđava na rijeci Jangce i oko Nankinga za što je i odlikovan.

Prvi svjetski rat
Na početku Prvog svjetskog rata Müller se sa SMS Emdenom nalazio u Tsingtaou. Iz Tsingtaoa je isplovio 31. srpnja 1914., te je već 4. kolovoza presreo ruski parobrod Rjasan. Na istom je bilo više ženskih preplašenih putnica, te je Müller navedeni, sada zarobljeni brod, prepratio u Tsingtao, što je bio prvi njemački pomorski trofej u Prvom svjetskom ratu. Müller je ubrzo ponovno isplovio iz Tsingtaoa, te se na Marijanskim otocima našao s glavninom Istočnoazijske eskadre kojom je zapovijedao Maximilian von Spee. Tijekom konferencije na otoku Pagan, Müller je predložio da se jedna laka krstarica odvoji od eskadre, te uputi u Indijski ocean kako bi remetila trgovačke putove na njemu, te istodobno skrenula pozornost s glavne eskadre koja se uputila prema domovini. Navedeni plan je prihvaćen, te je provedba istog povjerena Mülleru i SMS Emdenu.

Idućih tjedana Müller je počeo potapati britanske i savezničke trgovačke brodove koji su u stotinama bez pratnje plovili Indijskim oceanom. Uspio je u potpunosti poremetiti plovidbu, te su protiv njega upućene znatne britanske, francuske i ruske snage sa zadatkom njegovog zaustavljanja. Müller je bio poznat po izrazitom korektnom i džentlmenskom postupanju prema protivnicima. Pazio je na civilne žrtve tako da je tijekom njegovog djelovanja od Emdenovih topova poginulo svega pet britanskih mornara tijekom bombardiranja naftnih postrojenja u Madrasu. Müller je 28. listopada 1914. uspješno napao Peneng, te je tom prilikom potopio ruski krstaš Žemčug, te francuski razarač Mousquet.

Nakon uspjeha kod Penenga, Müllera i njegovu laku krstaricu tražila su 72 saveznička broda, ali ih je Müller usprkos takvoj potrazi uspio izbjeći. Odlučio je napasti Kokosove otoke, te tamo uništiti radio stanicu koja se tamo nalazila i koordinirala potragu za njim. Pred Kokosove otoke došao je 9. studenog 1914., te je, s obzirom na to da oko njih nije bilo britanskih brodova, odlučio da na glavni otok iskrca 50-ak mornara pod zapovjedništvom njegovog prvog časnika Hellmutha von Mückea sa zadatkom uništenja radio stanice. Radio stanica je međutim, prije uspjela poslati poruku koju je primila laka krstarica HMS Sydney koja se nalazila na udaljenosti 52 nautičke milje (96 km) od otočja. Emden je presreo poruku, ali je pogrešno procijenio da se britanski brod nalazi udaljen 250 nautičkih milja (460 km), te da ima dovoljno vremena da uništi radio stanicu i pobjegne. U 9,00 sati primijećen je najprije dim, a zatim i HMS Sydney tako da nije bilo vremena da se Mückova ekspedicija vrati na brod. Müller je sa SMS Emdenom pokušao pobjeći, ali je u dvosatnoj bitci prisiljen nasukati brod, te se predati.

Müller je s ostatkom posade prebačen na Maltu gdje se zatočen u tvrđavi Verdala. U listopadu 1916. odvojen je od svoje posade, te prebačen je u Englesku u zarobljenički logor za njemačke časnike. Iz istog je u rujnu 1917. putem podzemnog tunela zajedno s još 21 zarobljenikom pokušao pobjeći, ali je uhvaćen, te osuđen na 56 dana strogog zatvora. Uvjeti u Engleskoj i zarobljeničkom logoru pogoršali su njegovo zdravstveno stanje, tako da je upućen u Nizozemsku u sklopu humanitarne razmjene zarobljenika. Iz Nizozemske je 23. rujna 1918. otpušten u Njemačku. Tijekom internacije u Nizozemskoj odlikovan je ordenom Pour le Mérite.

Poslije rata
Nakon povratka u Njemačku, Müller je promaknut u čin kapetana bojnog broda. Nekoliko mjeseci obnašao je dužnost načelnika općeg odjela u ministarstvu mornarice, da bi 11. siječnja 1919. na vlastiti zahtjev bio umirovljen. Preselio se u Braunschweig, te je odbio napisati knjigu o svojem ratnom putu i uspjesima. Počeo se baviti i politikom, te je na listi Njemačke nacionalne narodne stranke izabran u parlament Slobodne države Braunschweig. Početkom 1923. obolio je od upale pluća, te je od posljedica navedene bolesti preminuo 11. ožujka 1923. godine u 50. godini života u Braunschweigu gdje je i pokopan.

Müller je još za života proglašen počasnim građaninom Braunschweiga i Emdena. Također, u navedenim gradovima, kao i Hannoveru postoje ulice koje nose njegovo ime. Po njemu je nazvana i vojarna u Emdenu u kojoj je do listopada 1997. smještena 11. bojna njemačke vojske.

Vanjske poveznice
     Karl von Müller na stranici Historynet.com
     Karl von Müller na stranici Bordgemeinschaft der Emdenfahrer.de
     Karl von Müller na stranici Personenlexikon.net

Njemački vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Njemački mornarički zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu

Karl von Müller


Hvalfjörður (på dansk «Hvalfjord»), er en fjord som ligger i den vestre del af Island mellem Mosfellsbær og Akranes. Fjorden er ca. 30 km lang og 5 km bred.

Navnet Hvalfjörður kommer fra det store antal hvaler der tidligere fandtes, og blev jagtet, der. Frem til 1980'erne befandt en af de største hvalfangststationer på Island sig i denne fjord. Tidligere blev der også drevet sildefiskeri i stort omfang i fjorden.

Under 2. verdenskrig havde britiske og amerikanske styrker en marinebase i fjorden. En af kajerne der blev bygget af den amerikanske marine, blev senere taget i brug af hvalfangstselskabet Hvalur, indtil kommerciel hvalfangst blev stoppet i 1980'erne.

Indtil udgangen af 1990'erne måtte rejsende med bil køre en 62 km lang omvej rundt fjorden, langs Hringvegur, for at begive sig fra Reykjavík til Borgarnes. I 1998 åbnede den undersøiske tunnel Hvalfjarðargöng for trafik, noget som forkortede rejsetiden med ca. en time. Tunnelen er ca. 5,8 km lang og dens laveste punkt er 165 muh.

En ulempe ved tunnelen er at de rejsende går glip af den inderste del af fjorden, hvor landskabet består af en interessant blanding af vulkanske fjelde og grøn vegetation om sommeren. Ved Botnsá kan man for eksempel se lupiner, forskellige blomsterarter og mose, såvel som små skove bestående af birk og nåletræer. Området fremstår som et godt eksempel på skovplantning – et projekt som har stået på på Island i en del år.

En tursti til et af de højeste vandfald på Island, Glymur, starter inderst i fjorden.

Se også
 Islands geografi

Eksterne henvisninger

 Billeder (1/2) (Islandsk)
 Billeder (2/2) (Islandsk)

Fjorde i Island

Hvalfjörður


الاِرْتِجَاع أو التغذية الراجعة أو العكسية أو التغذية المرتدة أو مردودة (جمعها: مردودات)  في المجالات الطبية أو بعض المجالات العلمية الأخرى) هي عملية يُمَرَّرُ فيها جزءٌ من إشارةِ الخرج لنظام معين (بشكل راجع) إلى الدخل الخاص بنفس النظام. وغالبا ما تستخدم هذه الطريقة للتحكم في الأداء الديناميكى للنظام. أو هي معلومات حول ردود الفعل على المنتج، وأداء الشخص لمهمة، وما إلى ذلك والتي تستخدم كأساس للتحسين. المردودات هي رد فعل أو معلومات تحدث نتيجة لأفعال أو سلوك يقوم به فرد أو مجموعة. في سياق التعلم والتطوير، تعتبر المردودات الإيجابية والسلبية أمرًا بالغ الأهمية. توفر المردودات إحساسًا بالمشاركة والتفاعل، وتسمح للمتعلمين بتولي مسؤولية تعلمهم. وتُظهر المردودات الفعالة للمتعلمين مستوى أدائهم الحالي، وتتيح لهم معرفة ما يتعين عليهم القيام به للوصول إلى مستوى أعلى.

المردودات في التواصل
تُعَرَّف المردودات في الاتصال على أنها الاستجابة التي يمتلكها المتلقي على الرسالة التي سُلِّمَت إليها. وتُظهر المردودات الفعالة للمرسل مستوى أدائهم الحالي.

ثلاثة مكونات أساسية تشكل عملية الاتصال الأساسية:

 المرسل
 الرسالة
 المتلقي

المتلقي ليس مجرد مستقبل سلبي للرسالة.عندما يتلقى المستلم الرسالة، فإنه يتفاعل بطريقة أو بأخرى. رد الفعل من تلقي الرسالة يسمى مردودة.

يمكن أن تكون هذه المردودات عبارة عن:

 خفية وغير لفظية (تغيير ضربات القلب، وتغير التنفس، وتعبيرات الوجه، والإيماءات)
 شفهي (أسئلة ، تعليقات)
 مكتوب (بريد إلكتروني ، نص، أو رد إلكتروني)

أهمية المردودات
المردودات هي جزء أساسي من عملية الاتصال. إنه يمثل الحلقة المفقودة في حلقة المرسل والمستقبل ، وتجنيد استجابة من المتلقي إلى المرسل.

لذلك ، تنتهي عملية الاتصال ثنائي الاتجاه بمردودات.

بعض الأسباب التي تجعل المردودات مهمة:

 تُظهر المردودات ما إذا كان المستلم قد تلقى الرسالة وما إذا كانت الرسالة قد فُهِّمَت بنفس الشروط على النحو المقصود من قبل المرسل.
 تشير المردودات إلى مستوى الاتصال الفعال بين الطرفين.
 المردودات هي مهارة اتصال قيّمة تساعد في تحسين العلاقات الإنسانية.
 كونه المكون الأخير للتواصل، تساعد المردودات على كسر حواجز الاتصال بين المرسل والمتلقي.
 المردودات هي أداة ممتازة للتعلم المستمر.
 المردودات البناءة تحفز المرسل.

انظر أيضاً

 ارتجاع سلبي
 تقييم الأداء
 تغذية راجعة في التعليم
 ارتجاع صوتي
 ارتجاع عصبي
 ارتجاع ضوئي
 ارتجاع مريئي
 سيرفو درايف

مراجع

اتصالات
تغذية راجعة إلكترونية
علم النفس
نظرية التحكم

ارتجاع


Ovo je 26. izdanje hrvatskog vaterpolskog prvenstva. Svih devet momčadi koje su nastupale u Jadranskoj ligi išlo je u doigravanje za naslov prvaka Hrvatske. Svoj drugi uzastopni i ukupno trinaesti naslov nadmoćno je osvojio dubrovački Jug.

Sudionici
 prema plasmanu u A-1 i A-2 ligi u Jadranskoj ligi
 Jug Croatia Osiguranje – Dubrovnik
 Mladost – Zagreb
 Primorje Erste Banka – Rijeka
 Mornar Brodospas – Split
 Jadran – Split
 OVK POŠK – Split
 Medveščak – Zagreb
 Zadar 1952 – Zadar,
 Solaris – Šibenik

 Raspored i rezultati
 – domaća utakmica za klub1
 – gostujuća utakmica za klub1

 Četvrtzavršnica
 Prve utakmice

 Druge utakmice Ukupni rezultat je Mladost 37:6 Medveščak.Ukupni rezultat je Jug 32:10 Solaris.Ukupni rezultat je Primorje 20:17 OVK POŠK.Ukupni rezultat je Mornar 26:24 Jadran ST. Poluzavršnica
 Prve utakmice

 Druge utakmice Ukupni rezultat je Mladost 22:16 Primorje.Ukupni rezultat je Jug 29:11 Mornar. Završnica

 Prva utakmica

 Druga utakmica

 Treća utakmica Ukupni rezultat je Jug 3:0 Mladost. Konačni poredak

 Najbolji strijelci
 13 golova
  Felipe Perrone (Jug CO)
 Zvonimir Anđelić (Medveščak)
 11 golova
 Kristian Lipar (Solaris)
 10 golova
 Luka Lončar (Jug CO)
 Marko Macan (Jug CO)
 Antun Goreta (Mornar BS)
  Cosmin Alexandru Radu (Primorje EB)
 Andrija Vlahović (Mladost'')

Poveznice
 1. B vaterpolska liga – sezona 2016./17.
 3. HVL 2017.
 Hrvatski vaterpolski kup 2016.
 Jadranska vaterpolska liga 2016./17.
 LEN Liga prvaka 2016./17.

Izvori
 hvs.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske – seniori 2016./17.

Vanjske poveznice
 hvs.hr

2016-17

Prvenstvo Hrvatske u vaterpolu 2016./17.


Emma Christine Matthiasen (født 2. november 1890 i Kristiania, død 8. maj 1975 i København) var en norsk-dansk billedhugger.

Hun tilbragte megen tid i Danmark, og var derfor påvirket af den danske samtidskunst. Den danske indflydelse blev fremhævet i samtidig  omtale af hendes kunstneriske arbejde:

Familie
Matthiasen var datter af institutleder Wictor Wiggo Matthiasen (1843-1915) og Caspara Louise Christophersen (1855-1932). Hun var gift med den danske pianist Uno Browall.

Kunstnerisk virksomhed
Matthiasen blev uddannet ved Statens Håndverks- og Kunstindustriskole og kunstakademiet i Kristiania (Oslo). Derefter studerede hun yderligere i København under Einar Utzon Frank fra 1919 til 1927. Utzon-Frank havde i denne periode to andre norske studerende, Anne Grimdalen og Asbjørg Borgfeldt.

Emma Matthiasen fik sin debut som kunstner i 1920 på Charlottenborg Forårsudstilling i København. I 1921 debuterede hun på den norske efterårsudstilling. I 1922 lavede hun en portrætbuste af forfatteren Gunnar Larsen, der blev købt af Nasjonalmuseet for kunst, arkitektur og design i Oslo. I 1927 blev portrættet af drengen Hans Jacob støbt i bronze; busten blev samme år købt af Nasjonalgalleriet. To år senere lavede hun en bronzeportræt af Else Lorentzen som Nasjonalgalleriet købte med midler fra Benneches legat. I værket Norsk kunsthistorie (Gyldendal, 1983) fremhæves portrættet af Else Lorentzen:

I krigsårene 1940-45 opholdt Matthiasen sig igen i Danmark. Hun foretog også kortere studierejser til Italien og Grækenland i 1924, 1925 og 1926. I 1950 besøgte hun Paris. Hun boede i perioder i Danmark, indtil sin død i 1975.

Matthiasen blev en anerkendt kunstner, der har modtaget en række offentlige og private udsmykningsopgaver. Hun modellerede en bronzemedalje, der markerede geolog Christopher Waldemar Brøggers 80-års fødselsdag i 1931. Hun var en af de kunstnere, der i en konkurrence blev valgt til udsmykningsarbejde i det nye rådhus, som blev gennemført i 1937-1938. I 1945, blev Matthiasens buste af arkitekt Arnstein Arneberg afsløret i Oslo-rådhus. Senere fik hun til opgave at udforme 17 små relieffer i bronze til rådhusets sydlige balkons loft. Disse relieffer blev færdig i 1950, og forestiller havfruer, havmand, fugl og fisk. Da snedker og billedskærer Hans Holst i 1951 fyldte 60 år, blev der skabt en medalje i bronze med portræt af Matthiasen, og indgraveret og præget af Øivind Hansen. Både medaljen, som markerede Holsts jubilæum, og en medalje med portræt af professor Gunnar Rudberg fra 1930, blev købt af Nasjonalgalleriet i Oslo i 1951.

Matthiasens buste af Elias Kræmmer (Anthon B. Nilsen) blev afsløret i Svelvik i 1955 i forbindelse med hundredeårsjubilæet for hans fødsel.

I 1955 blev Matthiasens portræt af politikeren Aldor Ingebrigtsen (1888-1952) afsløret i Televerkets bygning i Tromsø. To år senere blev hendes monument over Ingebrigtsen rejst på hans gravsted i Tromsø kirkegård; arbejdet var bestilt af Nord-Troms Arbeiderparti. I 1960 blev hendes mindesmærke for borgmester Alfred Hansen afsløret i Bruparken i Tromsdalen.

I 1961 blev hendes skulptur Havfruen placeret på Slattum i Nittedal. I 1963 købte Molde kommune skulpturen Mor med den lille dreng, som blev placeret i Alexandria park. Pigeportrættet Duck blev modelleret i 1942, men først støbt i bronze i 1967, efter at Nasjonalgalleriet havde købt det af kunstneren i 1966.

Bruvik kirke har et portalrelief udformet af Matthiasen. Hun har udført flere udsmykningsarbejder i og ved norske kirker; et granitrelief, som repræsenterer ærkeenglen Mikael, flankeret af apostlen Johannes og profeten Moses er i Glemmen nye kirke i Fredrikstad. I 1966 afsløredes ved Bakkebø kirke i Egersund. hendes monument over Leiv Tveit, der var grundlægger af og direktør for Bakkebø institution for psykisk udviklingshæmmede børn og unge. En granitgruppe udført af Matthiasen findes på Bragernes kirkegård i Drammen. Hun har også portrætteret skuespilleren Tore Segelcke.

Emma Matthiasen blev selv portrætteret af billedhuggeren Hanna Jessen.

Legetøj og livredningsdukke
I 1950'erne og 1960'erne blev Emma Matthiasen engageret af Åsmund S. Lærdal til at modellere legetøjdukker for hans virksomhed i Stavanger.

Lærdal var kvalitetsbevidst, og knyttede til sig flere andre fremtrædende kunstnere til at udforme forskellige produkter for hans virksomhed, der begyndte som et forlag, derefter legetøjsproducent, for til sidst at ende som udvikler og producent af livredningsudstyr. Da livredningsdukken, som senere fik navnet Resusci Anne, var på vej til at få sit visuelle udtryk, besluttede Lærdal at basere dukkens ansigt på en dødsmaske af en pige der druknede sig i Seinen i Paris i 1800-tallet. Han engagerede Matthiasen til at modellere dukkeansigtet med dødsmasken som udgangspunkt.

Priser og udmærkelser
 1917: Enkedronning Josephines legat
 1924-1925: Houens legat
 1927: Henrichsens legat
 1928: Mohrs legat
 1937: Benneches legat
 1950: Røwdes legat
 1952: Statens rejselegat
 1952: legat fra Fondet for dansk-norsk samarbejde
 1955: legat fra Statens kunstfond
 1957: Statens rejselegat
 1964: Oslo bys kulturstipend
 1974 – : Staten legat til ældre fortjente kunstnere

Hverv
Emma Matthiasen blev et antal gange i 1930'erne, 1940'erne og 1950'erne, valgt til bestyrelsen i Kunstnernes Hus i Oslo, som repræsentant for billedhuggerne. I 1950'erne var hun medlem af den kunstnerjury, der udvalgte værker til at indgå i "Den offisielle finske utstilling" i Oslo. Medlemmerne af juryen og andre norske billedhuggere, var også repræsenteret på udstillingen, og Matthiasen deltog med fem skulpturer.

Noter

Kilder
 Artikelen er oversat fra den norsksprogede Wikipedia

Eksterne henvisninger

Billedhuggere fra Norge
Personer fra Oslo

Emma Matthiasen


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Aarhus Havnebad er et offentligt badeanlæg i Aarhus Havn. Anlægget, der også blot kaldes Havnebadet, ligger i bassin 7 på Aarhus Ø. Havnebadet kan rumme 650 badegæster.

Det 2.600 m2 store Aarhus Havnebad består af et 50 meter bassin (2,5 meter dybt), et børnebassin med skrå bund (0,3 meter dybt), et bassin til juniorer (0,9 meter dybt) og et springbassin (4 meter dybt) med udspringsplatform. Derudover rummer badeanlægget blandt andet to saunaer til henholdsvis damer og herrer, fire toiletter samt et handicaptoilet og udendørsbrusere.

Rundt langs kanten af havnebadet et niveau over bassinerne er et promenadedæk, som er åbent døgnet rundt hele året. Om sommeren (1. juni til 31. august) er der adgang til alle bassiner, omklædning, toiletter samt udendørsbrusere mandag-søndag kl. 10.00-18.00. Fra 1. september til 31. maj er der kun adgang til springbassinet, saunaer, omklædning og toiletter lørdage og søndage kl. 08.00-12.00. I åbningstiden er der livreddere til stede. Efter ønske fra Tryg Fonden indførtes i sommeren 2019 af sikkerhedshensyn en begrænsning på maksimalt 350 badegæster i bassinområdet.

Havnebadet blev til takket været en donation på 40 millioner kroner fra Købmand Herman Sallings Fond. Badeanlægget er tegnet af Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) i samarbejde med Gehl Architects, Kilden og Mortensen, CASA og Moe. Opførslen har Aarhus Kommune stået for, og har desuden selv brugt 18,6 millioner kroner på at sikre badevandskvaliteten og beskytte selve havnebadet mod vind og bølger ved at etablere en spunsvægs-konstruktion omkring havnebadet.

Spunsvæggen var ikke oprindeligt en del af havnebadets konstruktion, men det viste sig, at bølgerne i bassin 7 til tider bliver så store, at havnebadet ikke ville kunne holde til det. Bølgerne er ligeledes en af grundene til, at en separat sektion med en kunstig strand, som var en del af havnebadets oprindelige design, først kom på plads i bassin 7 i marts 2022.

Galleri

Referencer

Aarhus Ø
Idrætsanlæg i Aarhus
Svømmebade

Aarhus Havnebad


زهوفتنيفي (Жовтневе) هي مدينة في مقاطعة سومسكا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4110 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

جوفتنيفي


E هو حرف من حروف الأبجدية السيريلية. وهو شكل مطابق للحرف الروماني E، في بلغارية، المقدونية، صربية، الأوكرانية يسمى هذا الحرف «ئي». وقد أخذ هذا الحرف من الحرف اليوناني إبسيلون (Ε, ε).

في البيلاروسية والروسية، يسمى هذا الحرف «ئي» ويمثل حرف علة تذوقي. وهو يعدل الحرف الذي قبله وهو لا يختلف عن بعض اللغات كالبلغارية والأوكرانية. الأوكرانية تستعمب الحرف Є لتُمثل حرف Е التذوقي.

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 E
 إبسيلون

حروف سيريلية
حروف مصوتة

Е


Lotte Lenya (født Karoline Wilhelmine Blamauer;18. oktober 1898, død 27. november 1981) var østrigsk skuespiller og sanger.

Opvækst
Allerede i en alder af atten tog hun kunstnernavnet Lotte Lenya. Hun kom fra en arbejderklassefamilie, havde en vanskelig opvækst og vidste, hvad fattigdom var. Som seks-årig, arbejdede hun på cirkus som en akrobat og linedanser. Dette betød, at hun senere i sit liv altid så op til cirkuskulturen - et lille grin i en cirkuspræstation kunne betyde katastrofe.

Tidlig karriere
Efter at hun var færdig med "Mittelschule" (Realskole) drog hun til Zürich. Der tilbragte hun timer med at spille teater og danse ballet. Fra 1912 arbejdede hun som lærling og dansede derefter på det lokale teater. Men hun stillede tidligt danseskoene for at satse på skuespillet. Zürich havde få muligheder for dette, så hun drog til Berlin i 1920 og fik arbejde på Otto Kirchners "Shakespeare teater". I denne ubetydelige teatergruppe spillede hun både små og store roller og lærte teatret fra bunden. Gennem venskabet med dramatiker Georg Kaiser mødte hun komponisten Kurt Weill i 1924. De to giftede sig i 1926.

Det første samarbejde mellem Kurt Weill og Bertolt Brecht resulterede i musicalen Mahagonny og Lenya sang i forestillingen i Baden-Baden i 1927. I 1920'ernes opsætning spillede hun rollen som Jenny, men hun blev glemt i programbogen til den første forestilling. Hun medvirkede også i filmatiseringen af G. W. Pabst fra 1931. En anden højdepunkt i Berlin var Opera Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny (1931). I 1932 spillede hun dette show i Wien, hvor hun mødte tenor Otto Pasetti. På grund af de politiskeproblemer i Tyskland i 1933 emigrerede de til Schweiz. I juni 1933 udførte både Lenya og Pasetti premieren i Paris af balletten Die sieben Todsünden af Weill og Brecht. Pasetti og Lenya blev kærester allerede i 1932 og Lenya blev skilt fra Weill i 1934. Weill tog derefter til Paris, mens Lenya og Pasetti bosatte sig ved den franske riviera.

Mellem karriere
I 1935 blev Lenya og Weill genforenet i London og de emigrerede til USA. Lenya sang på natklubber i New York og gik på en teaterturne over USA, mens Weill udviklede musicals med Maxwell Anderson og Ira Gershwin. Hun medvirkede også i kompositionerne af Maxwell Anderson, en af de mest succesrige dramatikere i 1930'erne. Efter Weills operette The Firebrand of Florence floppede i 1945, lod hun sig pensionere som skuespiller. En skuespiller med udenlandsk accent havde ingen god mulighed for at få succes.

Efter Weill døde i 1950 tog hun initiativ til at øge interessen for hans musik, herunder etablering af "Kurt Weill Foundation for Music". Hendes anden mand, George Davis, overtalte hende til at vende tilbage til scenen. Hun spillede Jenny i Twilight Opera. Denne gang i en engelsk version på Broadway, og med så stor succes som i slutningen af 1920'erne i Berlin. I midten af 1950'erne vendte hun tilbage til Tyskland, herunder Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny, tolvtone operaen, Die sieben Todsünden, og mange andre. Sammenlignet med de første optagelser i 1930 var stemmen blevet dybt ind i alt-registret, og hun kunne ikke længere synge sangene i sin oprindelige lyse tone. Dirigent for optagelserne var Wilhelm Brückner-Rüggeberg, som blandt andet skulle omsætte rollen som Jenny i operaen Mahagonny til Lenya. I 1966 medvirkede Lotte Lenya i Broadway premieren på musicalen Cabaret skrevet af Fred Ebb og John Kander.

Sen karriere
I de senere år var Lotte Lenya berømt som en filmskuespiller i Hollywood. Hun spillede med Vivien Leigh og Warren Beatty i filmen Mrs. Stones romerske forår fra 1961. Dette gav hende en nominering til både en Golden Globe og en Oscar. Hun blev særlig kendt i rollen som ex-KGB-officer Rosa Klebb i James Bond-filmen Agent 007 jages (1963).

Død
I 1978 havde hun sine sidste forestillinger. På det tidspunkt var hun allerede syg af kræft, som hun til sidst døde af. Hun er begravet ved siden af Weill i Haverstraw, New York.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Østrig
Sangere fra Østrig
Personer fra Wien
Østrigere i 1800-tallet
Østrigere i 1900-tallet
Pseudonymer
James Bond-skurke
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere
Personer døde af kræft

Lotte Lenya


الفصة البرميلية أو قُرْقَيش نوع نباتي يتبع جنس الفصة من الفصيلة البقولية. اسمه العلمي .

الموئل والانتشار
موطنها بلاد الشام ومصر والمغرب العربي والقوقاز وتركيا وقبرص وكل مناطق حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط.

الوصف النباتي

الساق والأوراق
الفصة البرميلية نبات حولي، موبر كثيراً بوبر منبطح، ساقه صاعدة أو مفترشة. الأوراق مركبة من ثلاث وريقات موبرة على الوجهين بوبر منبطح (على العلوي الوبر قليل ومتناثر). الوريقات مسننة في نصفها أو قسمها العلوي بأسنان منشارية أو بأسنان عريضة غائرة نوعاً ما لتصبح الحافة محززة قليلاً، وقد يتواجد عليها النوعين من الأسنان بشكل متناوب، أما شكلها فيتراوح من البيضوي أوالقلبي المعكوس حتى شبه المعيني أو المثلثي، وغالباً ما تكون ذات قمة مقصوصة. الأذينات مزغبة، محززة حتى ثلثها خاصة في النصف السفلي وقمتها بشكل سن طويل.

الأزهار
الأزهار صفراء عددها من 1-2 زهرة وأحياناً 3 أزهار؛ محور النورة بطول المعلاق الورقي أو أقصر قليلاً وينتهي بسفا ؛ العلم بيضوي مقلوب ؛ الكأس الزهري مزغب بشدة ومسنن بأسنان تكون غالباً أطول من الأنبوب.

القرون والثمار
القرون الناضجة جرداء (الخضراء موبرة نوعاً ما) مشوكة، اسطوانية أو مخروطية مقطوعة من الأعلى، ذات نسج صلبة. تتشكل القرون من 4 (3.5)- 6 لفات مضغوطة بشدة ومتداخلة، وحواف هذه اللفات تتألف من ثلاثة أجزاء الأوسط منها (خط الالتحام الظهري) بارز لمستوى أعلى من مستوى الحدين العلوي والسفلي للحافة مشكلاً معهما أخدودين على طول محيط الحافة لكنهما مع النضج يمتلئان بالنسج. على هذه الحواف يخرج بزاوية من القائمة حتى المنفرجة صفان من الأشواك المكتظة أو المتباعدة، الغير خطافية، ذات قاعدة سميكة مغموسة في نسج الحافة(مقطعها العرضي في القاعدة دائري أو متطاول) والتي إما أن تكون مخروطية طويلة أو قصيرة ؛ هذه الأشواك يمكن أن تنطبق على جسم القرن كلياً كما يمكن أن تتقوس باتجاهه. البذور كلوية أو بيضوية- إهليلجية، صفراء إلى صفراء- مسمرة.

مرادفات للاسم العلمي

مصادر

الحياة النباتية في الوطن العربي
بقولية
علم الجينوم
فصة
نباتات أذربيجان
نباتات أرمينيا
نباتات أوكرانيا
نباتات البرتغال
نباتات البوسنة والهرسك
نباتات الجبل الأسود
نباتات الشام
نباتات المغرب العربي
نباتات اليونان
نباتات إسبانيا
نباتات إيطاليا
نباتات تركيا
نباتات جورجيا
نباتات سلوفينيا
نباتات صربيا
نباتات فرنسا
نباتات قبرص
نباتات كرواتيا
نباتات لبنان وسوريا
نباتات مالطا
نباتات مجنسة في أستراليا
نباتات مقدونيا
نباتات وادي النيل
نماذج نباتية

فصة برميلية


Durante el Imperio Romano, los circunceliones o circumcelliones (del latín circum cellas, los que van de granja en granja), han sido un grupo complejo donde los historiadores no se han puesto de acuerdo en su significado, aunque probablemente, hayan sido un poco de todo, a lo largo de sus diversas etapas de existencia desde finales del  o primeros del  hasta mediados del .

En un principio, para unos, por su denominación, eran los trabajadores temporeros que se movían por el Norte de África prestando sus servicios en época de cosecha o para la recolección de aceituna. Para otros estudiosos su nombre provenía del hecho de estar rondando constantemente las poblaciones, granjas o almacenes para apoderarse, mediante ataques armados, de todo lo que pudiesen. Y finalmente, para otros, y por lo que serían más conocidos históricamente, fueron bandas de extremistas herejes cristianos, siempre en el Norte de África que aparecerían entre principios y mediados del .

Donatistas
Los circunceliones fueron donatistas del Norte de África en el , sin poder precisar si fueron los donatistas los que decidieron atraerlos o serían ellos los que se acercasen a los enemigos de la Iglesia oficial. Los circunceliones eran llamados así porque andaban alrededor de las casas, en las ciudades y aldeas bajo pretexto de vengar las injurias, reparar las injusticias y restablecer la igualdad entre los hombres.

Se llamaban a sí mismos agonistici o "soldados de Cristo", y San Agustín los consideraba ladrones y peores que los bárbaros. Fueron a un tiempo antirromanos y anticatólicos.

Las provincias africanas eran víctimas de una inseguridad crónica... Entre estas gentes [las cuadrillas de obreros agrícolas que migraban cada año de finca en finca en tiempo de cosecha y planteaban graves problemas de policía interior] debieron de reclutarse los circunceliones, más bien obreros agrícolas que no bandidos ni merodeadores. Su alzamiento, de acuerdo con muchos testimonios (Optato de Mileva, San Agustín), tomó aspecto de reivindicación social. Con gran rapidez su movimiento se vinculó con la protesta donatista... Finalmente, acaso se sumara al conjunto otro elemento: la resistencia de algunos ambientes indígenas a la civilización romana, pues los jefes insurgentes parecen surgir de medios bereberes.

Ponían en libertad a los esclavos sin el consentimiento de sus patronos, declaraban solventes a los deudores y cometían mil desórdenes. Makide y Faser fueron los jefes de estos bandidos entusiastas. Al principio llevaban palos que llamaban palos o bastones de Israel, por alusión a los que los israelitas debían tener en la mano al comer el cordero pascual. Después usaron armas para oprimir a los católicos. Donato los llamaba los jefes de los santos y ejercía por su medio venganzas horribles.

Un falso celo de martirio les impulsó a darse la muerte; los unos se precipitaron desde lo alto de las rocas o se arrojaron al fuego, otros se degollaron. Los obispos, no estando en disposición de contener por sí solos estos excesos de furor, se vieron obligados a implorar la autoridad de los magistrados. Se enviaron soldados a los parajes en que acostumbraban a reunirse los días de mercado público. Hubo muchos muertos de entre ellos, los cuales fueron honrados como mártires por los demás. Las mujeres imitaron la barbarie de los circunceliones. Se vieron muchas que, a pesar de su embarazo, se arrojaron por los precipicios. Véase San Agustín, Baronio, Prateolo, Filastro, etc.

Véase también
 Bagaudas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 The Circumcellions en la Rotten Library. Consultado el 23 de enero de 2012.
 Catholic Encyclopedia s.v. 'Agonistici'. Consultado el 23 de enero de 2012.
 Diccionario de teología, Nicolas Sylvestre Bergier, 1845

Heterodoxia cristiana en el siglo IV
Movimientos sociales
África romana
Antigüedad tardía

Circunceliones


භූගෝල විද්‍යා සංවර්ධනය යනු පොළොව මත වෙසෙන මිනිසාගේ ජීවන තත්ත්වය හා ක්‍රියාකාරකම් පිළිබඳ පෘථිවියේ භූගෝල ශාස්ත්‍රය යටතේ අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමයි. මෙහිදී සංවර්ධනය යනු මිනිසුන්ගේ ජිවිත වලට බලපාන වෙනස් වීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියකි. මේ වෙනස ඉවසා දරා සිටින මිනිසුන්ගේ ජීවන තත්ත්වයේ වැඩි දියුණුවක් සිදුවේ. "කෙසේ වුවද සංවර්ධනය සෑම අවස්ථාවක දීම නියත ක්‍රියාවලියක් නොවේ," අසංවර්ධනය සංවර්ධනය කරා ගෙන ගිය ගෝලීය ආර්ථික බලයන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගන්ඩර් ෆැනක් විස්තර කළේ ඒ අයුරිනි. මෙය ඔහුගේ රඳා පැවැත්මේ මතයෙන් ආවරණය වී ඇත.

භූගෝලීය සංවර්ධනයේ දී, භූගෝලී ශාස්ත්‍ර ඥානය අනුව සංවර්ධනයට ඇති අවකාශ පිළිබඳව විවිධ ක්‍රමවේද හදාරයි. ආර්ථික, දේශපාලන හා සමාජ සාධක දෙස බැලීමේදී සංවර්ධනය මැනීමට හැක්කේ කවර ගුණාංගවලින් ද යන්න සොයා ගැනීමට ඔවුන් උත්සාහ දරති. වෙසෙසින්ම ඔවුන් තේරුම් ගැනීමට ප්‍රයත්න දරන්නේ  භූගෝලීය හේතුන් හා වෙනස්වන සංවර්ධනයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයන්ය. එම අධ්‍යයනවලදී සංසන්දනය කරනුයේ ආර්ථික වශයෙන් වඩා සංවර්ධිත රටවල් (MADC) හා ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ඌන සංවර්ධිත(LEDC) රටවල්ය. අතිරේක වශයෙන් රටවල් ඇතුළත වෙනස්කම්ද සලකා බලනු ලැබේ.

සංවර්ධනය වන භූගෝලීය විද්‍යාවේදී තිරසර සංවර්ධනය ගැනද අධ්‍යයනය කෙරෙනුයේ අනාගත පරම්පරාවටත් ඔවුන්ගේ අවශ්‍යතාවයන් සපුරා ගැනීමට ඉඩකඩ සැලසිය යුතු බැවිනි.

සටහන්

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|Development geography
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භූගෝල විද්‍යාව

භූගෝල විද්‍යා සංවර්ධනය


المولدي زليلة اشتهر بكنية عم خميّس ولد يوم 27 ديسمبر 1917 ببلدة أولاد يانق بجزيرة قرقنة ودفن بها يوم 11 جوان 2009 ، هو شاعر ومناضل تونسي.

حياته
عمل كناسا بشركة السكك الحديدية وانتمى إلى الحزب الحر الدستوري الجديد في الثلاثينات ثم تطوع في الجندية سنة 1937 ليغادرها في مطلع العام الموالي 1938. ثم تطوع في الجيش الفرنسي قبل أن يفر منه، انتمى في الأربعينات إلى الحزب الشيوعي التونسي. وبرز من خلال مساهمته في حرب فلسطين، ثم تحول بعد الاستقلال إلى فرنسا، حيث اشتغل عاملا يوميا، وقد أصدر جريدة باللهجة الدارجة سماها العامل التونسي قبل أن تتبناها مجموعة برسبكتيف اليسارية ويطلق اسم الجريدة على تلك المجموعة. وقد عرف بعد ذلك في الأوساط اليسارية من خلال القصيدة التي كتبها حول الهجرة.

أشهر قصيدة
أشهر ما كتب المولدي زليلة قصيدة بابور الهجرة التي اشتهرت ببابور زمر، ويعالج فيها قضية الهجرة، وقد غناها له الهادي قلة. تقول كلماتها:

 بابور الهجرة

بابور زمّر خش البحر

عطى بالظهر

لارض الوطن عز الوكر

بابور زمّر خش الغريڨ

سالك طريق

ڤدا أرض غربة تشيح الريڨ

عاطي بظهره لوجه الصديڨ

و ڤلب الرفيڨ

وجوه الاهالي طافية صفر هم وكدر

بابور زمّر بالصوت عالي

عل الوطن جالي

يحمل شباب عالشعب غالي

ڤداه اليدين ترعش تشالي

دمع الأهالي

يلذع ويجرح شبح النظر

حرڨ الشفر

بابور زمّر خاشش لبحره

ڤدا أرض برة

لسماء صافية عاطي ظهره

يحمل شباب من أرض خضراء

لحياة مرة

كما يحمل الواد وڤت المطر

عتوڨ الشجر

بابور زمّر هج مالوطن

في مثيل سن

يڤص الموج ڤص الجبن

عل البحر أزرڨ خلـّف كفن

خلـّى السفن

عالشط ترعش خايفة الخطر

هاج البحر ماج البحر

بابور سافر عل العين غاب

تحت الضباب

محشي معبي بخير الشباب

وسڤوه للاجنبي بلا حساب

مثل الدواب

الفرڨ بينه وبين البڤر

جواز السفر

مراجع

شعراء تونسيون
مواليد 1917
وفيات 1430 هـ
وفيات 2009

المولدي زليلة


ගලගොඩ අත්තේ ඥාණසාර යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කොළඹ අගනුවර පදනම් කොට ගනිමින් පිහිටුවනු ලැබූ සිංහල බෞද්ධ ජාතිකවාදී සංවිධානයක් වන බොදු බල සේනා සංවිධානයේ වත්මන් මහ ලේකම් පදවිය දරනු ලබන  භික්ෂුවයි.  මුස්ලිම් විරෝධී මතවාදයන් හේතුවෙන් ජාතිවාදියෙකු වශයෙන් උන්වහන්සේ දැඩි විවේචනයකට ලක් වී ඇති අතර එම සංවිධානයද අන්තවාදී සංවිධානයක් බවට සමහරු චෝදනා කරති.

ගිහි ජීවිතය
1975 මාර්තු මස 4 වැනිදා කරන්දෙණියේ ගලගොඩඅත්ත ග්‍රාමයේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරන් තිදෙනෙක් සහ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරියක් ඇතුලු පස්දෙනෙකුගෙන් යුතු පවුලක බාලයා ලෙස උපත ලැබුවේ ය.  මව වලවේ දුරගේ ගුණවතී ය. උන්වහන්සේ පැවිදි වීමට පෙර නම නුවන්සිරි කුමාර විය.  පහ ශ්‍රේණිය දක්වා ගමේ පාසල වන යක්කටුව කනිටු විදුහලෙන් ඉගෙනුම ලබා පසු ව බන්දුල සේනාධීර විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළත් විය. උන්වහන්සේ ගලගොඩඅත්තේ ඥානසාර නමින් පැවිදි වූයේ එහි හත්වැනි ශ්‍රේණියේ  සිසුවකු ලෙස ඉගෙනුම ලබමින් සිටිය දී ය.

පැවිදි ජීවිතය
ඉන්පසු ගාල්ලේ වතුරවිල ආරන්‍ය සේනාසනයේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ උන්වහන්සේ අනුරාධපුරයේ සාරානන්ද පිරිවෙනින් සහ කොළඹ විද්‍යෝදය සරසවියෙන් ද ඉගෙනුම ලැබී ය. කැලණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන් බුදුදහම පිළිබද වැඩිදුර හදාරා ශාස්ත්‍රවේදී උපාධියක් සහ එම්. බී. ඒ. උපාධියක් ද ලබාගත්හ. උන්වහන්සේ කලුපලුවැව පිරිවෙනෙහි විද්‍යාලාධිපතිවරයෙක් වශයෙන් සේවය කළේ ය.

ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය

සිරගත වීම
2017 ජුනි මස පොලිස් අපරාධ මර්දන කොට්ඨාසය සති ගණනක් සෙවුම් කිරීමෙන් අනතුරු ව ඥානසර හිමියන් ව අත්අඩංගුවට ගත්තේ ය. ඒ වැලිකඩ සේව කළ පොලිස් නිළධාරියකුගේ රාජකාරියට බාධා කිරීමේ චෝදනා මත ය. ප්‍රකාශයක් ලබා දීම සදහා පොලිස් ස්ථානයකට පැමිණි අවස්ථාවක එසේ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් උන්වහන්සේ ව පසුව ඇප පිට මුදාහරිණු ලැබුවේ ය.

උසාවියට අපහාස කිරීමේ චෝදනාවක් මත වසර 6ක සිරදඩුවමක් ලැබූ උන්වහන්සේ වසර 2 කට ආසන්න කාලයකින් පසු ව 2019 මැයි මස 23 දින ජනාධිපති සමාව මත නිදහස් කරනු ලැබිණ.

ආශ්‍රිතය නාමාවලිය

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු

ගලගොඩ අත්තේ ඥාණසාර හිමි


حروف العربية في اليونيكود.

علامات الترقيم والزخارف

 U+060C : "علامة "الفاصلة"
 U+060D : "فاصل التاريخ"
 U+060E : "بداية البيت"
 U+060F : "المصراع"
 U+066D ٭: "نجمة خماسية"
 U+06DD : "نهاية الآية "
 U+06DE : "علامة بدء ربع الحزب"
 U+06E9 : "علامة موضع السجدة"
 U+FD3E ﴾: "قوس مزخرف"
 U+FD3F ﴿: "قوس مزخرف"

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
 U+FDF0 : أحد علامات الوقف في القرآن وتعني الوصل أولى "صلے"
 U+FDF1 : أحد علامات الوقف في القرآن وتعني الوقف أولى "قلے"
 U+FDF2 : لفظ الجلالة "الله"
 U+FDF3 : كلمة "أكبر"
 U+FDF4 : كلمة "محمد"
 U+FDF5 : كلمة "صلعم"
 U+FDF6 : كلمة "رسول"
 U+FDF7 : كلمة "عليه"
 U+FDF8 : كلمة "وسلم"
 U+FDF9 : كلمة "صلى"
 U+FDFA : عبارة ""
 U+FDFB : عبارة "جل جلاله"
 U+FDFC : كلمة "ريال"
 U+FDFD : عبارة "بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم"

جداول حروفات

المراجع

حوسبة اللغة العربية
صناديق يونيكود

الخط العربي في يونيكود


| fæðingardagur  =
| fæðingarstaður =
| dauðadagur     =
| dauðastaður    = ,
| orsök_dauða    =
| verðlaun       =
| þekkt_fyrir    =
| stjórnmálaflokkur =
| starf          = Kvikmyndaleikstjóri
| trú            =
| maki           =
| börn           =
| foreldrar      =
| undirskrift    =
}}

Ólöf Birna Torfadóttir (f. 13. september 1990) er íslenskur kvikmyndaleikstjóri. Ólöf útskrifaðist af handrits- og leikstjórnarbraut Kvikmyndaskóla Íslands árið 2016. Fyrsta kvikmynd Ólafar í fullri lengd er Hvernig á að vera klassa drusla (2021). Ólöf stofnaði framleiðslufyrirtækið MyrkvaMyndir árið 2019.

Kvikmyndir

 Gæs (2015) (Stuttmynd)
 Emilía í Æviskógi (2015) (Stuttmynd)
 Porta (2015) (Stuttmynd)
 Byrði sögunnar (2015) (Heimildarmynd, stuttmynd)
 Stefanía (2016) (Stuttmynd)
 Síðasta sumar (2016) (Stuttmynd)
 Millenium lausnir (2017) (Stuttmynd)
 Litte rock (2018) (Stuttmynd)
 Klofin (2018) (Stuttmynd)
 Everything Nice (2019) (Stuttmynd)
 Hvernig á að vera klassa drusla (2021)

Tilvísanir

Tenglar

Íslenskir kvikmyndaleikstjórar
Fólk fætt árið 1990

Ólöf Birna Torfadóttir


Ashura is the tenth day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar.

Ashura  may also refer to:
 King Ashura, character from Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle
 Baron Ashura, a character from Mazinger Z
 Asura (Buddhism) or Ashura
 Ashura Hara, the stage name of Susumu Hara (1947–2015), a Japanese professional wrestler
 Ashura (film), a 2005 Japanese film
 Ashoura (missile), Iranian missile
 Ashura in Algeria, a day of celebration in Algeria

See also
 Achoura, a 2018 horror film
 Ahura, divine beings in Zoroastrianism
 Ashur (disambiguation)
 Achour (disambiguation)
 Asherah, ancient Semitic religion fertility goddess
 Ashure or Noah's Pudding, a dessert served on the 10th day of Islamic month of Muharram
 Asura (disambiguation), group of Hindu deities
 Asur (disambiguation)

Ashura (disambiguation)


الشارة عبارة عن علامة أو رمز يدل على جهاز للحكومة أو هيئة قضائية وتدل على السلطة أو المرتبة.

انظر أيضًا
 شعار

مراجع

شارات
علوم التاريخ المساعدة
نفوذ اجتماعي وسياسي

شارة


Wild Obsession prvi je studijski album njemačkog heavy metal gitarista Axela Rudija Pella. Diskografska kuća Steamhammer objavila ga je 1. prosinca 1989.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

 Axel Rudi Pell

 George Hahn – klavijature
 Volker Krawczak – bas-gitara (na pjesmi "Call Her Princess"), vokal (zborovi)
 Thomas Smuszynski – bas-gitara (na pjesmama 1., 2., 7., 10.), vokal (zborovi)
 Jörg Deisinger – bas-gitara (na pjesmama 3., 4., 5., 8.)
 Jörg Michael – bubnjevi
 Axel Rudi Pell – gitara, produkcija
 Charlie Huhn – vokal, akustična gitara (na pjesmi "Slave of Love")

 Dodatni glazbenici

 Rüdiger König – klavijature (dodatne), vokal (zborovi)
 Bon Giorno – vokal (zborovi)
 Michael Böhler – vokal (zborovi)
 Roland Hag – vokal (zborovi)
 Herbert Dreger – vokal (zborovi)
 Frank Mono – vokal (zborovi)

 Ostalo osoblje

 Ulli Pösselt – produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miks
 Cedric Beatty – miks
 Manni Struck – miks
 Peter Wolf – mastering
 Michael Albers – naslovnica
 Karsten Keikus – fotografije

Izvori

Albumi Axela Rudija Pella
Albumi iz 1989.

Wild Obsession


Sekizbinlikler, deniz seviyesinden ölçüldüğünde yüksekliği 8.000 m'yi geçen 14 dağa verilen isimdir. Bu dağların hepsi Asya'daki Himalaya ve Karakurum silsileleri içerisinde yer alırlar.

Bütün on dört sekizbinliğe çıkan ilk kişi Reinhold Messner'dir. Bunu 16 Ekim 1986'da başarmıştır. Bir sene sonra, 1987'de Jerzy Kukuczka bütün sekizbinliklere tırmanan ikinci dağcı olmuştur ve günümüzde toplam 29 kişi bunu başarabilmiştir. Bütün sekizbinliklere tırmanmak çok riskli bir iştir ve bunu yapmaya çalışan en az dört kişi ölmüştür.

Sekizbinliklerin listesi

 Not: Bahsedilen dağlar tartışmalı Keşmir alanında bulunmaktadır. Bu alanda aynı zamanda Hindistan da hak iddia etmektedir.

Bütün sekizbinliklere tırmanmış olan tırmanıcılar

Dış bağlantılar
 everestnews.com sitesinden tırmanışçıların listesi
 Sekizbinlik dağlara ve dağcılara adanmış bir site
 Avusturyalı ilk çıkış

Kaynakça

Sekizbinlik


الطيبة إحدى قرى محافظة إربد تتبع إداريا للواء الطيبة. يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 24834 نسمة وفقا لإحصاء عام 2020.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في لواء الطبية
قرى الأردن
قرى محافظة إربد

الطيبة (إربد)


Leuronectes es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Dytiscidae.

Especies seleccionadas
Leuronectes andinus	(Guignot 1958)
Leuronectes curtulus	Regimbart 1899
Leuronectes darlingtoni	Gueorguiev 1971
Leuronectes gaudichaudii	(Laporte 1835)
Leuronectes humilis	Sharp 1882
Leuronectes labratus
Leuronectes muelleri	(Kirsch 1865)
Leuronectes parallelus	Sharp 1882

Referencias

 ;  2009: Phylogenetic relationships of Leuronectes Sharp (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Agabinae) based on larval morphology and chaetotaxy. Insect systematics & evolution, 40: 209-228.
 Sharp 1882 Trans. R. Dublin Soc., 2, 546.

Enlaces externos

 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Agabinae

Leuronectes


Dronning Bustamente er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1991 instrueret af Malene Kirkegaard Nielsen.

Handling
Videoen søger at vise nogle billeder af et menneskes indre eksil og erkendelsen af de ubevidste årsager til dette eksil.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1991

Dronning Bustamente


Leuconitocris microphthalma é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae.  Foi descrito por Stephan von Breuning em 1950, originalmente sobe o género Nitocris.  É conhecida a sua existência na Serra Leoa e a República Democrática do Congo.

Subespecie
 Leuconitocris microphthalma microphthalma (Breuning, 1950)
 Leuconitocris microphthalma rossii (Téocchi, 1992)

Referências

Leuconitocris
Coleópteros descritos em 1950

Leuconitocris microphthalma


An Ornithocephalus falcatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wilhelm Olbers Focke. An Ornithocephalus falcatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ornithocephalus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ornithocephalus

Ornithocephalus falcatus


Der Central-Cebu-Nationalpark liegt 18 km westlich von Cebu City, der Hauptstadt der Provinz Cebu, auf der Insel Cebu auf den Philippinen. Es wurde ursprünglich am 15. September 1937 auf einer Fläche von 153,93 km² mit Inkrafttreten der Proklamation 202 als Naturschutzgebiet eingerichtet. Am 27. März 1971 wurde er mit Inkrafttreten der Proklamation 835-A um seinen Schutzstatus auf einen Nationalpark erweitert, die Fläche jedoch auf 118,94 km² verkleinert. Seit 2007 ist er Teil des Naturparks Central Cebu Protected Landscape, der gemäß den Richtlinien des National Integrated Protected Areas Systems (NIPAS) eingerichtet wurde. Er umfasst den Sudlon-Nationalpark, die Kotkot- und Lusaran River Watershed Forest Reserves und umfasst eine Fläche von 283,12 km². Ihn umgeben zwei Pufferzonen von 1,28 und 6,6 km².

Die Flora des Nationalparks ist sehr vielfältig und umfasst 200 Pflanzen- und Baumspezies, die endemisch in den Central Visayas sind.
Die Fauna im Nationalpark umfasst eine Reihe von seltenen Tierarten wie der Philippinen-Röhrennasenflughund (Nyctimene rabori), den Rotsteißkakadu (Cacatua haematuropygia), den Rotnackenliest (Todiramphus winchelli), den Schieferkopfbülbül (Ixos siquijorensis), den Cebuschama (Copsychus cebuensis) und den Vierfarben-Mistelfresser (Dicaeum quadricolor).

Siehe auch
Biodiversität der Philippinen
Nationalparks auf den Philippinen

Weblinks

 Der Central-Cebu-Nationalpark als Teil des Central Cebu Protected Landscape (PDF; 94 kB)

Nationalpark in Asien
Nationalpark auf den Philippinen
Cebu

Central-Cebu-Nationalpark


La iglesia colegiata de Santa María, o simplemente Santa María de Orgaña, es una iglesia románica situada en el núcleo de Orgaña, documentada por primera vez el año 993.

Santa María de Orgaña es conocida especialmente por haber sido el lugar donde se encontró el texto de las Homilías de Organyà que son consideradas uno de los documentos literarios más antiguos escritos en lengua catalana.

Historia

La primera constancia documental de esta iglesia data del año 993. Posteriormente y tras un gran incendio, se reconstruyó y consagró de nuevo el año 1057. El año 1090 consta la consagración como canónica agustiniana. En el año 1855, tras la desamortización de Madoz, pasó a ser la iglesia parroquial de Orgaña.

Entre la segunda mitad del  y la primera mitad del , la iglesia constaba de una sola nave con ábside trilobulados y un cimborrio del que se conservan la traza y restos de estilo románico visibles desde el espacio de bajo cubierta. Durante el  se construyó un claustro adosado a la fachada sur del que todavía se pueden ver los arcos apuntados y que ocupaba el espacio de la actual plaza de la Iglesia.

Entre los siglos  y  se amplió la iglesia con la construcción de la nave lateral sur mientras que la nave lateral norte, la cubierta y el campanario actual no se edificaron hasta el período de los siglos -.

En 1904 el Dr. Joaquín Miret descubrió las Homilías de Organyà en los archivos parroquiales de esta iglesia.

Descripción

Los elementos de Santa María de Orgaña que más destacan son la fachada principal o de poniente con la puerta de acceso decorada con arquivoltas, el ojo de buey decorado con los mismos motivos que la puerta, la galería de arcadas superior y el campanario de planta rectangular, así como los motivos de arcuaciones y lesenas del ábside de la fachada este.

Véase también
 Anexo:Bienes de interés cultural de la comarca de Alto Urgel (provincia de Lérida)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Expediente de declaración BCIN - Monumento histórico. Generalidad de Cataluña.

Iglesias de Cataluña del siglo X
Iglesias de Cataluña del siglo XI
Iglesias de Cataluña del siglo XV
Iglesias románicas de la provincia de Lérida
Iglesias renacentistas de Cataluña
Bienes culturales de interés nacional de la provincia de Lérida
Monumentos de la provincia de Lérida

Iglesia Colegiata de Santa María (Orgaña)


Der Grüne Edelscharrkäfer (Gnorimus nobilis) ist ein Käfer aus der Unterfamilie der Rosenkäfer (Cetoniinae) innerhalb der Blatthornkäfer (Scarabaeidae). Die Gattung Gnorimus ist in Europa mit drei Arten vertreten, die Art Gnorimus nobilis mit zwei Unterarten, wobei das Vorkommen der Unterart Gnorimus nobilis macedonicus auf Nordmazedonien beschränkt ist. In Mitteleuropa findet man noch den selteneren Veränderlichen Edelscharrkäfer.

Der Gattungsname Gnorimus von altgriechisch γνώριμος, 'gnōrimos' bedeutet 'berühmt'. Der Artname nobilis (lateinisch) bedeutet 'edel'.

Merkmale des Käfers
Der goldgrüne Käfer mit weißlichen Flecken wird leicht für einen kleinen Rosenkäfer wie etwa Cetonia aurata gehalten. Wenn er beim Wegfliegen die Deckflügel öffnet, zeigt er jedoch, dass er nicht in die Unterfamilie Cetoniinae gehört, denn deren Arten schieben zum Fliegen die Hinterflügel unter den geschlossenen Deckflügeln durch. Der Körper ist gedrungen und nur schwach gewölbt. Er erreicht eine Länge von fünfzehn bis achtzehn Millimetern. Die Grundfarbe variiert auf der Oberseite von metallisch grün mit mehr oder weniger intensivem Blaustich bis zu dunkel kupferbraun. Die Unterseite ist hell kupfrig bis schwarz. Halsschild und Flügeldecken können kleine weiße runde oder längliche scharfeckige Tomentflecke tragen. Die Seiten des Hinterleibs und das Pygidium sind ebenfalls goldgrün mit weißen meist größeren Flecken.

Der dicht punktierte Kopf (Abb. 3) mit den Mundwerkzeugen weist nach vorn (prognath). Oberlippe und Oberkiefer werden vom Kopfschild verdeckt. Der Kopfschild ist leicht quer gewölbt und am Vorderrand deutlich, an den Seitenrändern weniger deutlich aufgeworfen (Abb. 3). Sein Vorderrand ist breit ausgerandet, der Seitenrand ist an der Basis kurz hinter der Fühlereinlenkung ausgerandet. Die Oberkiefer sind scharf zugespitzt und leicht nach innen gebogen. Der Mahlzahn an der Basis des Oberkiefers ist deutlich gerieft. Die Innenlade der Unterkiefer ist ungeteilt und stumpf zugespitzt, die Außenlade länglich, hornig und ringsum behaart. Das Endglied des Kiefertasters ist länglich und verjüngt sich zur Spitze. Die Fühler sind zehngliedrig und enden in einer dreigliedrigen Keule aus nach vorn blätterartig verlängerten Fühlergliedern (Abb. 3). Die rundlichen Augen sind auf der Vorderhälfte durch einen schmalen stegförmigen Fortsatz des Außenskeletts geteilt (Abb. 3).

Der sehr fein punktierte Halsschild ist hinter der Mitte am breitesten, und verengt sich nach vorn auf fast Kopfbreite, nach hinten weniger. Er schließt nicht so eng an die Flügelbasis an wie bei den Rosenkäfern im engeren Sinn. Auf der Mitte des Halsschildes kann man einen Längseindruck erkennen.

Die Flügeldecken sind zerstreut runzelig punktiert, aber ohne Punktstreifen. Häufig haben sie seitlich zwei rundliche Flecke, dazwischen in Nähe der Naht einen kommaförmigen Fleck. Es können jedoch auch mehr oder weniger Flecke vorhanden sein. Längsrippen sind höchstens angedeutet. Die Flügeldecken sind hinter der Hälfte am breitesten, und nur etwa so lang wie gemeinsam breit. Hinten sind sie einzeln verrundet (Abb. 2). Sie lassen den stark gewölbten Analschild (Pygidium) unbedeckt. Der Absturz des Pygidiums weist symmetrisch zur Längsachse zwei flache Höcker auf, welche beim Weibchen stärker, beim Männchen kaum merkbar ausgeprägt sind (Abb. 2). Das Schildchen ist breiter als lang und hinten gerundet.

Die Vorderhüften sind einander genähert. Die Vorderschienen sind zum Graben spezialisiert (Abb. 1 VS). Sie tragen am Außenrand zwei spitze Zähne, am Innenrand einen Dorn. Die Lage dieser drei Elemente ist für die Systematik der Rosenkäfer bedeutend. Der eine Außenzahn sitzt am Ende des Außenrands, der zweite etwa auf der Höhe von zwei Dritteln der Schienenlänge. Der Dorn auf der Innenseite sitzt am Schienenende wenig über dem gegenüberliegenden Außenzahn. Die Mittelschienen sind beim Männchen stark und fast abknickend nach außen gebogen, um das Weibchen bei der Paarung umfassen zu können (Abb. 1 MSm). Beim Weibchen sind die Mittelschienen gerade (Abb. 1 Msw). Die Mittelschienen tragen etwas hinter der Mitte außen einen flachen Zahn, der durch die raspelartige Oberfläche und den quer liegenden Grat undeutlich zu erkennen ist. Die Außenseite der Hinterschienen trägt auf halber Höhe einen besser erkennbaren leistenartig verbreiterten Zahn (Abb. 1 HSw). Beim Männchen sind die Hinterschienen am Ende erweitert (Abb. 1 HSm). Mittel- und Hinterschienen enden bei beiden Geschlechtern scharfrandig gezackt und tragen zwei Dorne. Die Tarsen sind alle deutlich fünfgliedrig. Die ersten vier Glieder der Tarsen sind etwa gleich lang und tragen auf der Unterseite an der Spitze ein Borstenbüschel.

Die verwandte Art Gnorimus variabilis ist leicht unterscheidbar. Die Flügeldecken sind bei diesem nicht grünmetallisch, sondern schwarz, mit weißen Punktflecken. Außerdem unterscheidet sich die Form des Halsschild-Seitenrandes. Dieser ist bei Gnorimus variabilis seitlich schwach s-förmig (sinuat), bei Gnorimus nobilis einfach abgerundet.

Larve
Die Larve ist vom Typ der Engerlinge (Abb. 5).

Puppe
An der Puppe sind bereits die Extremitäten frei (Abb. 4).

Biologie
Die Imagines sind in Mitteleuropa in niederen Gebirgslagen von Mai bis Juli auf Blüten zu finden, deren Pollen sie fressen. Der Käfer ist ein Bewohner lichter Laubwälder und sonniger Waldränder. Er bevorzugt warme und trockene Hänge. Die Imagines sind auf Blüten von Holunder, Schneeball, Rosen, Spiersträuchern, Berberis und anderer Kräuter oder Sträucher zu finden, aber auch im Mulm der Bäume, in denen sich die Larve entwickelt (Buchen, Weiden, Obstbäume …).
Die Entwicklung erfolgt ähnlich wie beim Juchtenkäfer im Mulm von Baumhöhlen. Die Larve frisst dort an der Grenzschicht vom gesunden zum bereits verfaulten Holz. Deswegen ist die Art bevorzugt in ursprünglichen Laubmischwäldern mit vielen alten Bäumen und Totholz anzutreffen. In Lettland wurden als Brutbäume hauptsächlich Eichen, Linden, Eschen und Weiden festgestellt. Die Tiere besuchen dort beim Blütenbesuch hauptsächlich im Schatten stehende Pflanzen. Bevorzugt wird das Echte Mädesüß. Das Auftauchen der Käfer ist an die Blütezeit dieser Pflanze gekoppelt. Die Käfer verbleiben in unmittelbarer Nähe des Waldes. Bei Wind, Regen und Gewitter verlassen die Tiere die Blüten nicht. Die Entwicklung dauert in Lettland zwei Jahre, sonst werden zwei bis drei Jahre angegeben.

Gefährdung und Schutz
In Deutschland steht die Art als "gefährdet" auf der Roten Liste. Der Käfer wird in der Roten Liste von Sachsen-Anhalt ebenfalls unter der Kategorie 3 geführt.
In Lettland wird die Art als vom Aussterben bedroht geführt. Sie ist dort nur aus dem Nationalpark Slītere bekannt. Als Schutzmaßnahme wird außer dem bereits gültigen Verbot von Waldnutzungsmaßnahmen eine Wiesennutzung empfohlen, die den Erhalt des Mädesüß sichert. Auch die Information der Bevölkerung wird als Schutzmaßnahme gesehen. In Großbritannien ist die Art als gefährdet (Kategorie 2) eingestuft. Sämtliche Funde beziehen sich auf Obstbäume, weshalb ein besonderer Schutz traditionell betriebener Obstgärten empfohlen wird.

Verbreitung
Die Art ist in Süd- und Mitteleuropa verbreitet. Das Verbreitungsgebiet reicht bis ins südliche Nordeuropa. Die nördlichsten Funde stammen aus dem Nationalpark Slītere.

Literatur

 Gustav Jäger (Hrsg.): C. G. Calwer's Käferbuch. K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, 3. Auflage
 Edmund Reitter: Fauna Germanica, die Käfer des Deutschen Reiches II. Band, K.G.Lutz' Verlag, Stuttgart 1909

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Rosenkäfer

Grüner Edelscharrkäfer


රෝමානු රාජ්‍යයේ නඩත්තුව සහ සංවර්ධනයට අතිශයින් වැදගත් වූ   රෝමානු මාර්ග (ලතින් බසින්, වයේ - ඒකවචන වයා),  රෝමානු ජනරජයේ සහ රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යයේ විස්තාරණය සහ ඒකාබද්ධය අරමුණු කොට ගෙන ක්‍රිපූ 500 පමණ සිට තනන ලදි.  හමුදාවන්ගේ, නිලධාරින්ගේ, සහ සිවිල් වැසියන්ගේ ගමනාගමනය, සහ නිල සන්නිවේදනයන් සහ  වෙළෙඳ භාණ්ඩ ගොඩබිම තුල රැගෙන යෑමට මේවා කාර්යක්ෂම පහසුකම් සැපයීය.

ආශ්‍රිත

අධෝසටහන්

මාර්ග ලැයිස්තුව
රෝමානු මාර්ග
මාර්ග වර්ග

රෝමානු මාර්ග


Neven Elezović (Zadar, 10. veljače 1955.), hrvatski je matematičar i autor.

Životopis
Rodio se 10. veljače 1955. godine u Zadru. Osnovnu je školu pohađao u Zadru, gimnaziju u Splitu, a magistrirao je primijenjenu matematiku na PMF-u u Zagrebu 1981. gdje je i doktorirao 1985. godine. Nakon diplomiranja kratko je radio u Matematičkoj gimnaziji u Zagrebu, a potom se zaposlio u Zavodu za primijenjenu matematiku FER-a u zvanju asistenta, gdje je i radio do svoga umirovljenja 2021. godine.

Znanstveni i stručni rad
U svojemu bogatom stručnom radu, objavio je niz znanstvenih radova, većinom u priznatim svjetskim časopisima. Autor je nekoliko udžbenika i zbirki zadataka visokoškolske matematike, četiri gimnazijska udžbenika te više knjiga srednjoškolske matematike.

Održao je desetak predavanja na znanstvenim i stručnim skupovima.

Član je Hrvatskog matematičkog društva i Državnog povjerenstva za natjecanja iz matematike.

Bridž
Elezović je igrač bridža, o kojem je napisao knjigu Naučite bridž za deset dana (i deset noći) te je tako bridž jedno vrijeme bio izborni jednosemestralni kolegij na FER-u, no ukinut je jer je, po riječima samog Elezovića, studentima bio pretežak.

Nastupi na televiziji
Elezović je kao mladi student sudjelovao u kvizu Brojke i slova u ulozi jednog od voditelja.

Pred mirovinu, nekoliko puta se pojavio na televiziji gdje treba izdvojiti nastup u emisiji Dogmatica na Z1 televiziji 2018. i Projektu Velebit 2021. godine.

Izvori

Hrvatski matematičari

Neven Elezović


MIT eller mit har flere betydninger:
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı - Tyrkiske efterretningstjeneste

MIT (flertydig)


Politikens Trykkeri 1 er en film med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Politikens trykkeri og sætteri.Typografer i arbejde. Redaktionen samlet til møde. Man følger journalisten Peter Pen (Anker Kirkeby), som skal ud at rejse. Han forlader Politikens hus og tager en taxa. Går op i tog. Journalisten på sit kontor. Toget kører bort. Telefonen ringer ustandselig. Peter Pen hjemme privat, hvor han vartes op af en husbestyrerinde. Politikens kontor. Dame går op ad trappe og deler aviser ud. Den færdige avis kommer ud af trykkeriet. Dørskilt Peter Pen. Færdige aviser samles i bunker. Sætteri. Store papirvalser ankommer til Politikens gård. Nærbillede af seddel: "Politikens Julekoncert i aftes. Den historiske films premiere". Peter Pen forlader Politiken og tager en taxa.(Rækkefølgen af klip er ikke rigtig i forhold til den færdige film om Peter Pen).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1913

Trykkeri 1
Virksomhedsfilm fra Danmark

Politikens Trykkeri 1