En arquitectura, construcción y arqueología, opus es un término latino (literalmente traducido por 'obra') que designa el modo en que se disponen los materiales en un aparejo o en albañilería, generalmente aplicado a elementos arquitectónicos romanos, si bien puede tener también un uso más amplio.

Tipología

Opus isodomum. Técnica de ensamblaje de un muro en el que los sillares son de igual altura.
 Opus africanum. Técnica de construcción utilizada en África del Norte durante la Antigüedad, de la época púnica a la romana. Se caracteriza por la alternancia de sillares y ladrillos dispuestos horizontalmente con pilares de piedra verticales.
 Opus arcuatum. Estructura vertical de sustentación formada por una sucesión de arcos que se dispone en un solo orden o en varios órdenes superpuestos.
 Opus caementicium (de caementum, 'piedra sin tallar, escombros'). Aparejo hecho de mortero y de piedras de todo tipo (escombros, por ejemplo) y que tiene el aspecto del hormigón.
 Opus compositum. Véase opus mixtum.
 Opus craticium (de craticius, 'emparrillado, enrejado'). Técnica de construcción de los muros en la época romana similar al entramado de madera.
 Opus incertum. Aparejo realizado con sillares de tamaño y forma irregulares.
 Opus insertum. Aparejo formado por hiladas de sillares que son todos de la misma altura. Véase aparejo isódomo.
 Opus latericium (de later, 'ladrillo crudo'). Aparejo romano hecho con ladrillos crudos, dejados secar al sol.
 Opus mixtum, compositum o vagecum. Combina diferentes aparejos en un mismo muro. Se mezcla opus reticulatum y opus latericium en los ángulos y lados, y opus vittatum y opus testaceum en el resto de la estructura.
 Opus monspelliensis. Aparejo que se utilizó principalmente en época romana en la región de Montpellier. Alterna hiladas de sillares anchos y estrechos.
 Opus piscatum. Aparejo realizado disponiendo ladrillos o piedras planas inclinadas a unos 45 °, que cambian de sentido en cada capa sucesiva.
 Opus quadratum. Técnica romana de construcción mural que utiliza bloques de piedra paralelepipédicos (los más grandes, de 70 × 40 × 40 cm) en hiladas de sillares horizontales.
 Opus reticulatum. Aparejo hecho de pequeños sillares romboidales, de unos 15 cm de lado, puestos haciendo una especie de red o ajedrezado. La forma precedente, con piezas más irregulares, es conocida como opus casi reticulatum.
 Opus sectile (literalmente, 'obra cortada'). Realizado con plaquetas de mármol o de piedras de color, a veces de vidrios de color, cortadas y juntadas de manera que constituyan un dibujo menudo figurativo, haciendo una especie de mosaico.
 Opus signinum. Mortero romano impermeable hecho con una mezcla de cal, agua, arena de río, polvo de barro y, a veces, puzolana.
 Opus siliceum, o aparejo poligonal. Técnica constructiva antigua, utilizada en la Italia central entre los siglos VI y I aC y también en otras épocas, caracterizada por la superposición de grandes bloques de piedra, apenas cortados, a veces de grandes dimensiones, unidos sin mortero: es el propio peso de las piedras lo que asegura la estabilidad de la estructura.
 Opus spicatum (de spica, 'espiga'). Realizado con ladrillos o piedras planas colocadas inclinadas y dispuestas alternativamente en forma de espiga. La junta entre las capas sucesivas no es horizontal y rectilínea como en el opus piscatum, sino que hace zig-zag.
 Opus tessellatum (de tessella, 'cubo, dado'). Es la forma corriente de mosaico romano.
 Opus testaceum (de testa, 'ladrillo cocido'). Aparejo romano hecho con ladrillos cocidos al horno. Este término a menudo se utiliza como sinónimo de opus latericium, aunque la diferencia entre uno y otro es el uso de ladrillos crudos (later) y cocidos (testae).
 Opus vagecum (literalmente, 'obra mezclada'). Véase opus mixtum.
 Opus vermiculatum (de vermiculus, 'gusano'). Técnica antigua de mosaico que forma líneas sinuosas, propias del dibujo figurativo.
 Opus vittatum (literalmente, 'obra con vetas'). Aparejo romano antiguo hecho de pequeños sillares rectangulares, dispuestos en hiladas regulares alternas.

Construcción
Elementos arquitectónicos de la Antigua Roma

Opus (construcción)


Al-Arish, () er en by i Egypten på Sinaihalvøen cirka 150 km øst for Port Said. Byen er administrativ hovedstad for guvernementet Sina ash-Shamaliyya. Den er inddelt i fire distrikter, kismer, med i alt 141.595 indbyggere (2006), hvoraf 138.195 bor i selve byen.

Byen var besat af israelsk militær mellem 1967 og 1979. Efter genforeningen med Egypten er byen blevet et knudepunkt for landesvejstrafikken og handelen mellem de to lande. I byen ligger der et arkæologisk museum.

Henvisninger

Eksterne kilder

Byer i Egypten

Al-Arish


Alfred Eisenstaedt (6. prosinca 1898. – 23. kolovoza 1995.) je bio Amerikanac podrijetlom iz Njemačke, bavio se fotografiranjem i fotoreportom. Počeo je svoju karijeru prije Drugog svjetskog rata u Njemačkoj, nakon selidbe u Ameriku počela su isticanja kao fotografer u časopisu Life Magazine, koje su koristile preko 90 njegovih slika kao pozadinu i preko 2,500 objavljenih fotografija.

Među najpoznatijama pozadinama je uslikao na Dan pobjede Japana (eng. V-J Day) na Time Square u New Yorku tokom proslave, pokazivajući "bujnog Američkog mornara koji ljubi medicinsku sestru u plesnom zanosu"

Eisenstaedt je bio "...Poznat po svojoj sposobnosti da uhvati nezaboravne slike važnih ljudi, uključujući državnika, filmske zvijezde i umjetnike".

Fotografi
Životopisi, Njemačka
Životopisi, SAD

Alfred Eisenstaedt


ෂේලි (Shelly ) යන නාමයෙන්ද හදුන්වනු ලැබු ෂර්වුඩ් වෝෂ්බර්නි (29 නොවැම්බර් -1911 සිට අප්‍රේල් 2000) ඇමෙරිකානු කායික මානව විද්‍යාඥයෙකු වු අතර ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික මානවයන්ගේ ස්වභාවික වාසස්ථාන පිළිබදව පරික්ෂණ පැවැත්වු මුලික විද්‍යාඥයා ද වේ. ආදි මානවයාගේ හැසිරිම් රටා පිළිබඳව ඔහු ඉදිරිපත් කල තර්ක මිනිසාගේ පරිණාමය පිළිබඳ නව තොරතුරු බොහොමයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළේය.

චරිත කතාව

මැසවුසේට් ප්‍රාන්තයේ කේම්බ්‍රිජ් ප්‍රදේශයේ උපත ලැබු වෝන්බර්න්ගේ දෙමව්පියන් හෙන්රි වෝෂ්බර්න් සහ ඊඩික් වෝෂ්බර්න් වේ. පියා එවකට කෙම්බ්‍රිජ් හි පිහිටි Episcopal Theologcal පාසැලෙන් පිඨාධිපතිවරයා විය. කුඩා කල සිටම වෝෂ්බර්න් හට ස්වභාවික පරිසරය පිළිබදව කැමැත්තක් තිබුණි. පාසල් නිවාඩු දිනයන්හිදි ඔහු හවාඩ සරසවියේ තුලනාත්මක සත්ත්ව විද්‍යා කෞතුකාරගයට ගොස් එහි ඇති කෞතුක භාණ්ඩ නීරික්ෂණය කිරිමේ කටයුතු වල නියැලුණි.

1935 දී වෝෂ්බර්න් හාවඩ් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ මානව වේදය පිළිබද උපාධියක් ද පළමු වසරේදි ඔහු දකුණු ආසියාවේ පිහිටි Asiatic Promative Expedition නම් වු සත්ත්ව විද්‍යා ගවේෂණ ස්ථානය සහය වන්නෙක් ලෙස කටයුතු කලේය. මෙහිදි ඔහු සතුන් පිළිබද ඉ‍ගෙන ගත් තුලනාත්මක ව්‍යුහ විද්‍යාව, තුලනාත්මක මනෝවිද්‍යාව, සත්ත්ව සංචරණ විද්‍යාව සහ පාෂාණීය ධාතු විද්‍යාව පසු කලක ඔහුට මානවායගේ පරිණාමය පිලිබද ගවේෂණය කිරීමේදි බෙහෙවින් වැදගත් විය.

1939 දී හෙන්රියට් පීස් (Henrietle Pease) හාවිවහ වු වොෂ්බර්න් හට ෂර්වුඩ් හා ස්ටැන් නම් දරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු විය. හාවඩ් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන් නික්ම ගිය පසු වෝෂ්බර්න් කොලොම්බියානු ශල්‍යවෙද්‍යවරුන්ගේ සහ වෛද්‍යවරුන්ගේ පාසැලේ ව්‍යුහය විද්‍යා මාහාචාර්යයවරයෙකු ලෙස සම්බන්ධ විය. ඔහු එහි වසර 8 ක කාලයක් සේවය ක‍ළේය. ඉන්පසු 1947 -1948 කාලය දක්වා විකාගෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ මානව විද්‍යා මහාචාර්යවරයෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළේය. ඉන්පසු ටික කලක් ඔහු එහි අංශ ප්‍රධෂානි ලෙසද සේවය ක‍ළේය. බර්ක්ලි වල කැලිෆෝනියා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ වෙත ඔහු මහචාර්යය ධුරයක් කරා ඉන්පසු ඔහු ගියේය. ඔහුගේ විශ්‍රාම යෑම තෙක් එනම් 1979 දක්වා ඔහු එහි රැදුනේය. ඔහු එම විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ 1975 වසරේ දී හොදම මහාචාර්යවරයා ලෙස පිදුම් ලැබුවේය. 2000 වසරේදී යස අවුරැදු 88 දී බර්කිලිහි දි ඔහු මරණට පත් විය.

සටහන්

| Sherwood Washburn
|}
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ෂර්වුඩ් විල්බර්ස් (Shared Western)


Gnosall es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Stafford, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Gnosall tiene una superficie de 37,77 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Gnosall tenía 4877 habitantes (49,83% varones, 50,17% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 129,12 hab/km². El 19,77% eran menores de 16 años, el 73,06% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 7,18% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 40,42 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 21,08% estaban solteros, el 64,99% casados, y el 13,93% divorciados o viudos.

Según su grupo étnico, el 99,38% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,29% mestizos, el 0,21% asiáticos, el 0,06% negros, y el 0,06% de cualquier otro salvo chinos. La mayor parte (97,4%) eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,13% de la población, mientras que el 1,48% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. El cristianismo era profesado por el 82,53%, el budismo por el 0,08%, el hinduismo por el 0,18%, el judaísmo por el 0,06%, el islam por el 0,21%, y cualquier otra religión, salvo el sijismo, por el 0,12%. El 10,7% no eran religiosos y el 6,11% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 1975 hogares con residentes, 50 vacíos, y 3 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Staffordshire
Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Gnosall


Paramys ist eine ausgestorbene Gattung der Nagetiere aus dem Eozän Nordamerikas, Europas und Asiens. Sie gehört zu den frühesten bekannten Nagetieren und wird den Ischyromyidae zugeordnet.

Merkmale
Paramys entsprach in Größe und Aussehen etwa den heute lebenden Hörnchen. Die Beine waren dabei sowohl für ein Leben auf dem Erdboden wie in den Bäumen angepasst und besaßen gut ausgebildete Krallen, wobei die Vorderbeine denen moderner baumlebender Arten und die Hinterbeine denen von bodenlebenden Arten glichen. Es wird daher angenommen, dass Paramys Generalist war und in beiden Lebensräumen lebte.

Wie andere Nagetiere besaß auch Paramys jeweils ein Paar Nagezähne im Ober- und im Unterkiefer. Die Backenzähne hatten hügelige Kronen und nicht die gefurchte Struktur wie bei heutigen Nagetieren.

Lebensweise
Fossilien von Paramys wurden wie die anderer früher Nagetiere vor allem in Kohle oder kohlehaltigen Fundstätten gefunden. Sie lebten demnach in sumpfigen Habitaten und tropischen Regenwäldern.

Systematik
Die Gattung Paramys wird der ausgestorbenen Familie der Ischyromyidae zugeordnet. Diese gehört aufgrund der Zahnmorphologie zu den Hörnchenverwandten.

Insgesamt besteht die Gattung derzeit aus 11 fossilen Arten:
 P. adamus
 P. atavus
 P. copei
 P. delicatior
 P. delicatus
 P. excavatus
 P. hunti
 P. nini
 P. pycnus
 P. simpsoni
 P. taurus

Belege

Weblinks
 Gattungsporträt im Denver Museum of Nature and Science.

Ausgestorbenes Nagetier
Hörnchenverwandte
Sciuromorpha

Paramys


Mario Draghi (Rim, 3. rujna 1947.) talijanski je ekonomist i bivši Predsjednik vlade Republike Italije od 13. veljače 2021. do 22. listopada 2022. Ranije je obnašao dužnosti predsjednika Europske središnje banke između 2011. i 2019. te predsjednika Odbora za financijsku stabilnost od 2009. do 2011. i guvernera Banke Italije od 2005. do 2011. godine.

Draghi je prethodno radio u Goldman Sachsu od 2002. do 2005. godine. Godine 2014. proglašen je 8. najmoćnijom osobom na svijetu po izboru Forbesa. Časopis Fortune 2015. ga je rangirao kao drugog najvećeg svjetskog vođu. U svibnju 2019. Paul Krugman opisao ga je kao "[vjerojatno] najvećeg središnjeg bankara modernog doba".

Rani život i obrazovanje
Mario Draghi je rođen u Rimu. Njegov otac Carlo, također ekonomist, radio je u Banci Italije od 1922. godine, kasnije u Institutu za industrijsku obnovu (talijanski: Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale - IRI) i na kraju Banca Nazionale del Lavoro. Njegova majka Gilda Mancini bila je apotekarka. Mario je najstarije od troje djece, ima sestru Andreinu koja radi kao povjesničarka umjetnosti i brata Marcella koji je poduzetnik. Studirao je na Institutu Massimiliano Massimo i diplomirao na Sveučilištu La Sapienza pod mentorstvom Federica Caffèa sa svojim radom pod nazivom "Ekonomska integracija i promjene tečaja" (talijanski: "Integrazione economica e variazione dei tassi di cambio"). Potom je 1976. godine doktorirao na području ekonomskih znanosti na Massachusetts Institute of Technology, s radom pod naslovom "Eseji o ekonomskoj teoriji i primjene", pod mentorstvom Franca Modiglianija i Roberta Solowa.

Karijera
Draghi je radio kao redoviti profesor na Fakultetu političkih znanosti Cesare Alfieri Sveučilišta u Firenci od 1981. do 1994. godine i član je Instituta za politiku na Vladinoj školi John F. Kennedy na Sveučilištu Harvard (2001.).

Od 1984. do 1990. bio je talijanski izvršni direktor u Svjetskoj banci. Godine 1991., na inicijativu tadašnjeg ministra Guida Carlija, postao je generalni direktor talijanske riznice i obnašao je tu dužnost do 2001. Tijekom svog rada u riznici, predsjedavao je odborom koji je revidirao talijansko korporativno i financijsko zakonodavstvo i izradio zakon koji uređuje talijanska financijska tržišta. Također je bivši član uprave nekoliko banaka i korporacija (Eni, Institut za industrijsku obnovu, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro i IMI).

Draghi je tada bio potpredsjednik i izvršni direktor investicijske banke Goldman Sachs International i član upravnog odbora za cijelu tvrtku (2002. – 2005). Radio je na europskoj strategiji i razvoju tvrtke s velikim europskim korporacijama i vladama. Nakon otkrića izvantržišnih swapova koje je Grčka koristila uz pomoć Goldman Sachsa, rekao je da "ne zna ništa" o ovom poslu i da "nema nikakve veze" s njim. Dodao je da su "sporazumi između grčke vlade i Goldman Sachsa bili sklopljeni prije [njegovog] pridruživanja [tvrtci]."

Draghi je povjerenik Instituta za napredne studije na sveučilištu Princeton u New Jerseyu, a također i Instituta Brookings u Washingtonu.

U svojstvu guvernera Banke Italije bio je član Upravnog i Općeg vijeća Europske središnje banke i član Upravnog odbora Banke za međunarodna poravnanja. Obnaša dužnost i guvernera Italije u odborima guvernera Međunarodne banke za obnovu i razvoj i Azijske banke za razvoj.

U prosincu 2005. Draghi je imenovan guvernerom Talijanske banke a u travnju 2006. izabran je za predsjednika Foruma za financijsku stabilnost. Ova organizacija je promijenila naziv u Odbor za financijsku stabilnost u travnju 2009. u ime G20, okupljajući predstavnike vlada, središnjih banaka i državnih nadzornih institucija i financijskih tržišta, međunarodnih financijskih institucija, međunarodnih udruga regulatornih tijela i nadzora i odbora stručnjaka središnjih banaka. Cilj joj je promicati međunarodnu financijsku stabilnost, poboljšati funkcioniranje tržišta i smanjiti sistemski rizik razmjenom informacija i međunarodnom suradnjom između supervizora.

Dana 5. kolovoza 2011. napisao je, zajedno s bivšim guvernerom ECB-a, Jean Claudeom Trichetom, pismo talijanskoj vladi u kojem zahtijeva provedbu niza ekonomskih reformi koje bi hitno trebale biti provedene u Italiji.

Dana 13. veljače 2021. Mario Draghi je izabran za predsjednika vlade Republike Italije.

Europska središnja banka

Kandidatura

Draghi se često spominjao kao potencijalni nasljednik Jean-Claudea Tricheta, čiji je mandat predsjednika Europske središnje banke završavao u listopadu 2011. Tada je u siječnju 2011. godine njemački tjednik Die Zeit izvijestio, pozivajući se na visoko rangirane političare u Njemačkoj i Francuskoj, da je "malo vjerojatno" da će Draghi biti izabran za Trichetova nasljednika. Međutim, u veljači 2011. situacija se dodatno zakomplicirala kada je izviješteno da glavni njemački kandidat Axel Weber ne prihvaća kandidaturu, oživljavajući tako vjerojatnost izbora ostalih kandidata.  Dana 13. veljače 2011., pomoćni urednik Financial Timesa Wolfgang Münchau napisao je da je Draghi najbolji kandidat za tu poziciju. Nekoliko dana kasnije The Economist je napisao da bi "sljedeći predsjednik druge najvažnije svjetske središnje banke trebao biti Mario Draghi". Dana 20. travnja 2011. Wall Street Journal izvijestio je da je " Wolfgang Schäuble, njemački ministar financija, bio otvoren prema ideji da gospodin Draghi bude predsjednik ECB-a". Nekoliko dana kasnije njemački list Bild priklonio se izboru Draghija definirajući ga "najviše njemačkim od svih preostalih kandidata". Suprotno prijašnjim signalima iz francuskog establišmenta, 25. travnja objavljeno je da predsjednik Nicolas Sarkozy vidi Draghija kao punopravnog i adekvatnog kandidata za taj posao.

Dana 17. svibnja 2011. Vijeće Europske unije - zasjedajući kao Ecofin - usvojilo je preporuku o nominiranju Draghija za predsjednika ECB-a. Europski parlament i ECB odobrili su a europski čelnici potvrdili su njegovo imenovanje 24. lipnja 2011. godine. Draghi je počeo voditi instituciju sa sjedištem u Frankfurtu kad je Trichetu istekao neobnovljivi osmogodišnji mandat 31. listopada 2011. Draghijev mandat trajao je od 1. studenog 2011. do 31. listopada 2019. kad ga je na toj poziciji naslijedila francuska ekonomistica i pravnica Christine Lagarde. Iako je Francuska dugo podržavala Draghijevu kandidaturu, suzdržala se od imenovanja do pred sam kraj, inzistirajući da Lorenzo Bini Smaghi, talijanski dužnosnik u šestočlanom odboru ECB-a, ustupi svoje mjesto u odboru francuskom predstavniku.

Tijekom kandidature izražena je i zabrinutost zbog Draghijevog prošlog zaposlenja u investicijskoj banci Goldman Sachsu Pascal Canfin (europarlamentarac) ustvrdio je da je Draghi sudjelovao u swao transakcijama za europske vlade, posebno grčke, pokušavajući prikriti ekonomski status svojih zemalja. Draghi je na saslušanjima za nominaciju za Europski parlament 2011. odgovorio da su dogovori "poduzeti prije mog pridruživanja Goldman Sachsu [i] nisam imao nikakve veze s njima".

Predsjedavanje, gašenje dužničke krize u Eurozoni i rečenica "whatever it takes..."

U prosincu 2011. Draghi je nadgledao trogodišnji program zajma ECB-a europskim bankama u iznosu od 489 milijardi EUR (640 milijardi USD). Program je bio približno iste veličine kao i Američki program za pomoć u nevolji (2008.), premda je i dalje mnogo manji od ukupnog američkog odgovora, uključujući kupnju imovine od strane Federalnih rezervi i druge mjere tog doba. Draghijev ECB također je promptno "ukinuo dva bezumna povećanja kamatnih stopa koja je učinio njegov prethodnik... Trichet [i] ... pojačao kupnju obveznica onih zemalja eurozone koje su u dužničkoj krizi", napisao je komentator Steve Goldstein sredinom siječnja 2012. U to su vrijeme "Draghi i svi njegovi kolege (odluka je bila jednoglasna) odlučili ne smanjiti cijenu zajmova iz privatnog sektora [ispod 1% postignutih "ukidanjem"], čak i kada su predviđanja pada inflacije ispod ciljane vrijednosti od 2% do kraja godine."

Krajem veljače 2012., pod njegovim predsjedanjem pokrenut je drugi, nešto veći krug zajmova ECB-a europskim bankama, nazvan operacija dugoročnog refinanciranja (LTRO), usporedivu s ubrizgavanjem sredstava mjerama kvantitativnog popuštanja od strane FED-a u SAD-u i Instrumenta za kupnju imovine Banke Engleske.

U srpnju 2012., usred obnovljenog straha od dužničke krize u eurozoni, Draghi je u panel raspravi pred novinarima izrekao rečenicu po kojoj će njegov mandat ostati upamćen: da je ECB "... spreman učiniti sve što je potrebno za očuvanje eura. I vjerujte mi, bit će dovoljno." Ova je izjava smirila financijska tržišta i dovela do pada prinosa na obveznice (pada troškova zaduživanja) za zemlje eurozone, posebno za Španjolsku, Italiju i Francusku. U svjetlu sporog političkog napretka u rješavanju krize eurozone, Draghijeva se izjava smatra glavnom prekretnicom u rješavanju krize eurozone.

U travnju 2013. Draghi je odgovorio na pitanje u vezi s prednostima i nedostacima članstva u eurozoni da "Ova pitanja formuliraju ljudi koji uvelike podcjenjuju što euro znači za Europljane, za euro područje. Oni znatno podcjenjuju politički kapital koji je uložen u euro."

Godine 2015., u nastupu pred Europskim parlamentom, Draghi je rekao da je budućnost eurozone ugrožena ako se zemlje članice djelomično ne odreknu neovisnosti i ne stvore više paneuropskih vladinih institucija. "Još nismo dosegli fazu prave monetarne unije", rekao je predsjednik središnje banke Mario Draghi u govoru Europskom parlamentu u Bruxellesu. "Neuspjeh zemalja eurozone da usklade svoje ekonomije i stvore jače institucije", rekao je, "riskira se pretvoriti u dugoročni neuspjeh monetarne unije kad se ona suoč s jakim ekonomskim šokom". Gospodin Draghi često je pozivao vlade eurozone da učine više na poboljšanju svojih gospodarskih performansi, na primjer preinakom restriktivnih propisa o radu.

Draghi je 10. ožujka 2016. izazvao val polemika o konceptu "novca od helikoptera " nakon što je na tiskovnoj konferenciji izjavio da smatra da je taj koncept "vrlo zanimljiv":

"Zapravo nismo razmišljali ni razgovarali o novcu od helikoptera. To je vrlo zanimljiv koncept o kojem sada raspravljaju akademski ekonomisti u raznim krugovima. Ali još uvijek nismo proučavali taj koncept. Prima facie, očito uključuje složenost, kako računovodstvenu tako i pravnu, ali naravno pod ovim pojmom "novac od helikoptera" može podrazumijevati mnogo različitih stvari, pa to moramo vidjeti."

Kriza talijanske vlade 2021.
Između prosinca 2020. i siječnja 2021. pojavile su se tenzije unutar talijanske vladajuće koalicije, dok su premijer Giuseppe Conte i bivši premijer Matteo Renzi zauzeli suprotne stavove o upravljanju pandemijom COVID-19 u Italiji, kao i o njezinim dubokim ekonomskim posljedicama. Dana 13. siječnja Renzi je najavio ostavku dvoje ministara u vladi iz svoje stranke Italia Viva, što je izazvalo krah vlade Contea. Dana 26. siječnja, nakon dana neuspješnih pregovora s političkim strankama, Conte je predsjedniku Mattarelli predao ostavku na mjesto premijera.
Dana 2. veljače 2021., nakon neuspjelih konzultacija između stranaka o formiranju nove vlade, predsjednik Mattarella najavio je da će pozvati Draghija u palaču Kvirinal, s namjerom da mu da zadatak da formira tehnokratsku vladu. Sljedećeg dana Draghi je prihvatio zadatak formiranja nove vlade i započeo konzultacije sa stranačkim čelnicima. Draghi je brzo osigurao potporu lijevog centra Demokratske stranke (PD), centrističke Italije Vive (IV), ljevičarske Slobodne i jednake (LeU) i drugih malih liberalnih i centrističkih stranaka. Nakon početnog odgađanja, Matteo Salvini, čelnik desničarske Lige, i Silvio Berlusconi, čelnik desnog centra Forza Italia, zajednički su najavili da će i oni podržati Draghija. Konačno, 11. veljače, članstvo u Pokretu pet zvijezda (M5S) odobrilo je stranačku podršku Draghiju, s 59,3% članova stranke koji su glasali za ulazak u novu vladu.

Premijer Italije 2021. - danas
Draghi je 12. veljače predstavio članove svog kabineta, u kojem su bili predstavnici svih gore navedenih političkih stranaka, kao i brojni neovisni i tehnokrati. Sljedeći dan Draghi je položio prisegu kao novi premijer. Draghijev je kabinet opisan kao vlada nacionalnog jedinstva u brojnim vijestima nakon njegove objave.
Draghiju je 17. veljače izglasao povjerenje u Senatu, s 262 glasa za, 40 protiv i 2 suzdržana. Sljedećeg je dana dobio daljnje glasovanje o povjerenju u Zastupničkom domu s 535 glasova za, 56 protiv i 5 suzdržanih; ta je marža predstavljala jednu od najvećih ikad većinskih u povijesti Talijanske Republike. Tijekom svog prvog govora na mjestu premijera u oba doma talijanskog parlamenta, Draghi je izjavio da će Italija nastala nakon pandemije COVID-19 morati proći razdoblje obnove slično Italiji nakon Drugog svjetskog rata i da će to biti odgovornost njegove vlade da započne ovaj proces. Također je naglasio da će njegova vlada zauzeti snažno proeuropsko stajalište, te naglasio važnost ostanka Italije u Eurozoni.

Kritika
Draghi je član Grupe tridesetorice koju je osnovala Zaklada Rockefeller. Iz tog razloga optužen je za sukob interesa u poziciji predsjednika ESB-a. Draghi je s više strana bio kritiziran jer se njegov nekadašnji rad u Goldman Sachsu vidi kao sukob interesa.

Počevši od 2013. godine, Draghi je kritiziran u kontekstu skandala oko banke Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena (MPS) koja je sklapala vrlo rizične poslove.

Nagrade

 Počasno priznanje za statistiku 2009. (Sveučilište u Padovi)
 2010. počasni magistar poslovne administracije (Vicenza, zaklada CUOA)
 2013. počasna diploma iz politologije (Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Rim)
 Počasni doktorat 2017. (Sveučilište u Tel Avivu)
 Počasni doktorat ekonomije iz 2018. (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa)
 Počasna diploma iz prava 2019. (Sveučilište u Bologni))
 Počasna diploma iz ekonomije 2019. ( Katoličko sveučilište Svetog srca, Rim)
 2020. Papa Franjo imenovao ga je redovnim članom Papinske akademije društvenih znanosti.

Izvori

Daljnje čitanje

 Bahaa Monir, DEFLACIJA EUROPE: IMAGINATIVNI RIZIK I IZMIŠLJENE POLITIKE (Kako predsjednik Mario Draghi gleda na negativne kamatne stope, kvantitativni program ublažavanja i deflaciju u Europi.) - ORCA Forex

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil (uključuje fotografiju)  na mrežnoj stranici Europskog instituta za korporativno upravljanje.
 Europska središnja banka mrežne stranice
 Mario Draghi - 100 najutjecajnijih ljudi na svijetu: 2012.  časopis TIME

Predsjednici talijanske vlade
Predsjednici Europske središnje banke

Mario Draghi


Filmhøjskolen Møn er en dansk folkehøjskole i Stege på Møn, som har fokus på tekstforfatning, lyddesign og filminstruktion.

Eksterne henvisninger
Filmhøjskolen Møns hjemmeside
 Filmhøjskolen Møn på Højskolernes Hus' hjemmeside

Etableret i 2017
Folkehøjskoler i Danmark
Møn

Filmhøjskolen Møn


Leivur Hansen (født 13. maj 1951 i Tórshavn) er en færøsk journalist og politiker (T). Næstældst blandt syv søskende, søn af Bertha og Hans Carli Hansen (død i 1968).

Han er uddannet journalist fra Danmarks Journalisthøjskole i Århus i 1984. Han var journalistisk medarbejder og senere ansvarshavende redaktør på det republikanske talerør "14. september" 1970-1980. I 1984 kom han på radioen Útvarp Føroya som journalistisk programmedarbejder, og i 1989 blev han TV-journalist. Hansen har været vært for flere produktioner hos Sjónvarp Føroya, både aktuelt- og underholdningsprogrammer. I 2007 var han vært for Færøernes første talkshow, Leivssjóð, et ordspil på det engelske liveshow. Han var kommunikationsdirektør (2009-2012) for elselskabet SEV, hvor han tidligere har vært bestyrelsesformand 2005–2008. 2012-2013 journalist på Dimmalætting. Arbejder i dag som freelance-journalist.

Hansen var medlem af kommunalbestyrelsen i Tórshavn 1989–2008 og borgmester i 1997–2000. Han var formand for den færøske kommunale låne-og garantifond 1997-2005. Han var endvidere bestyrelsesmedlem ved Føroya Handilsskúli og Tórshavns tekniske skole 1997–2002, næstformand i Kommunusamskipan Føroya 1998–2000, formand for havnestyret i Tórshavn 2005–2008 samt bestyrelsesmedlem i kommunernes arbejdsgiverforening 2007–2008.

Hansen var bestyrelsesmedlem i roklubben Havnar Róðrarfelag fra 1970-1973, bestyrelsesmedlem i den færøske idrætsforbunds (ISFs) roafdeling 1971-1974 og medstifter af fodboldklubben Fram i 1975, hvor han også var formand 1978-1980. Fram skiftede senere navn til FC Hoyvík og igen senere til Giza Hoyvík. I 2019 blev navnet igen ændret til FC Hoyvík. Medlem af FC Hoyvik's bestyrelse fra maj 2022.

Leivur Hansen er gift med pædagog Anna Maria Hansen. De har tre børn.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Leivur Hansen hos Tjóðveldi

Journalister fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Tjóðveldi
Borgmestre fra Færøerne
Kommunalbestyrelsesmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Personer fra Thorshavn

Leivur Hansen


Sarsenterska biskupija (Ecclesia Sarsenterensis) je ranokršćanska biskupija na području nekadašnje rimske Dalmacije, na teritoriji današnje Bosne i Hercegovine i Hrvatske.

Istraživanja su pokazala da se na području nekadašnje rimske Dalmacije do održavanja Salonitanskog metropolitanskog sinoda 530. g. nalazilo devet ranokršćanskih dijeceza: Salonitanska, Jadertinska, Arbenska, Epitaurska, Skardonitanska, Naronitanska, Bistoenska, Kataritanska te Senienska. Tijekom održavanja sinoda 533. g. utemeljene su još tri: Sarsenterska, Mukuritanska i Ludroenska.

Za biskupa Sarsenterske biskupije je izabran svećenik Paulin (in Sarsentero Paulinum Presbiterum), koji je, kao već posvećeni biskup, također supotpisao akte ovoga sabora.  Saborski su oci istom prilikom odredili i granice njegove jurisdikcije,
Ovom su se biskupijom bavili brojni autori, najčešće u okviru drugih pitanja kasnoantičke, odnosno ranosrednjovjekovne povijesti. Za središte su smatrali Aržano, oko Konjica, Mostara (Žitomislići, Potoci, Cim),  kod Imotskog.

U najnovije se vrijeme došlo do spoznaje da se sjedište sarsenterskog biskupa treba tražiti na stolačkom području a njegova biskupija u istočnoj Hercegovini i na sjeverozapadnom dijelu Dubrovačkog primorja. Ako je suditi po tragovima ranokršćanskih sakralnih objekata sa šireg stolačkog područja, jasno je da je rano kršćanstvo na stolačkom području cvalo. To je i bio preduvjet za uspostavu novih biskupija. U široj regiji donje Neretve samo su Narona i antičko naselje iz Stoca (Diluntum) imali odlike urbanog naselja. U skladu s crkvenom praksom kasnoantičkog doba koja nije dopuštala osnivanje biskupija osim u mjestima koja nisu narušavala dostojanstvo biskupâ, najlogičnije je i središte Sarsenterske biskupije dovesti u svezu s antičkim naseljem u Stocu.

Sarsenterska biskupija, tijekom Avarske najezde, preseljenjem njenog biskupa u stonsku župu (parochia Stantino) postaje Stonskom, odnosno Zahumskom biskupijom, ime dobivši po kneževini u čijem se sastavu našla. Zajedno s preživjelim segmentima Naronitanske biskupije, najzaslužnija je za kristijanizaciju zahumskih prostora u nadolazećim vremenima.

Godine 2009. obnovnjena je kao naslovna biskupija, a trenutni je naslovni biskup Petar Rajič, apostolski nuncij u Latviji, Estoniji i Litvi.

Izvori
 Radoslav Dodig - Ante Škegro, Akti crkvenih sinoda održanih 530. i 533. u Saloni, Povijesni prilozi, 35 (2008.) 18:
 Ante Škegro, Bestoenska biskupija u svjetlu dosadašnjih istraživanja, Zbornik o Pavlu Anđeliću, Sarajevo 2008, 111-141;
 Ante Škegro NOVE SPOZNAJE O NEKIM RANOKRŠĆANSKIM DIJECEZAMA NA ISTOČNOJADRANSKIM PROSTORIMA

Vanjske poveznice
(eng.) Sarsenterensis, Catholic Hierarchy

Katoličanstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini
Katoličanstvo u Hrvatskoj

Sarsenterska biskupija


Moritz Hagemann (født 3. marts 1810 nær ved Rendsborg, Holsten, død 10. eller 19. marts 1884 i Östanå, Skåne) var en dansk godsejer og fabrikant.

Han blev 1830 student i Kiel, hvor han drev rets- og statsvidenskabelige studier ved universitetet, og købte 1838 godset Udmark (Ohrfeld) ved Kappel. Han var 1839-53 distriktsdeputeret for det 1. angelske godsdistrikt og 1840 medlem af den slesvigske stænderforsamling. Under oprøret 1848 viste Hagemann åbent sin troskab mod Danmark, sendte det indkaldte mandskab fra egnen nordpå og bar dansk kokarde. Han blev derfor 1852 landkommissær i Slesvig og fik politiforvaltningen i det nævnte godsdistrikt samt udnævntes til etatsråd. 1859 blev han kongevalgt medlem af Rigsrådet og stemte 1863 for Novemberforfatningen. 1864 blev Hagemann afsat fra sine embeder, men blev boende i Slesvig som dansk undersåt indtil 1869; da solgte han sit gods. Han blev Ridder af Dannebrog.

Han købte 1872 fabrikken Östanå Pappersbruk i Skåne og døde her 19. marts 1884. Han fik opført et mausoleum, hvor følgende indskrift er at læse:

Kilder
 S.A. Sørensen:

Personer i Dansk Biografisk Leksikon
Etatsråder fra Danmark
Godsejere fra Slesvig og Holsten
Personer fra Rendsborg
Stænderdeputerede fra Slesvig
Medlemmer af Rigsrådet (1855-1866)
Jurister fra Tyskland
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Riddere af Dannebrog
Erhvervsfolk fra Sverige

Moritz Hagemann


Laccident de camion du Chiapas est survenu le , lorsqu'un accident de la circulation s'est produit dans l'État mexicain du Chiapas lorsqu'un camion de fret transportant plus de 180 migrants s'est renversé. Au moins 55 personnes ont été tuées et plus d'une centaine ont été blessées.

Contexte
Ces dernières années, l'État du Chiapas, situé au sud du Mexique, qui borde le Guatemala, a connu une forte augmentation du nombre de migrants d'Amérique centrale de passage pour tenter d'atteindre les États-Unis. Les autorités mexicaines découvrent régulièrement que des migrants sont entassés dans des véhicules lors de leur passage clandestin à travers le pays, dont 600 migrants de 12 pays découverts à l'arrière de deux camions à Veracruz en novembre 2021.

L'accident est l'incident le plus meurtrier impliquant des migrants traversant le Mexique depuis le massacre de San Fernando en 2010, lorsque 72 migrants ont été tués par balles par des membres du cartel de la drogue de Los Zetas dans l'État de Tamaulipas, au nord du pays.

Accident
Le , un camion de fret a quitté le Guatemala pour Veracruz, transportant plus de 150 migrants dans son conteneur de fret. La plupart des migrants venaient du Guatemala, comme l'a confirmé l'ambassadeur du Guatemala au Mexique, Mario Búcaro . Cependant, Jordán Rodas, le plus haut responsable des droits humains du Guatemala, a déclaré qu'il est possible qu'environ 200 migrants aient été entassés dans le conteneur du véhicule.

Le conducteur a perdu le contrôle du véhicule sur l' entre Chiapa de Corzo et la capitale de l'État, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, à environ  de Tuxtla, vers  heure locale. Selon des témoins et des survivants, le camion roulait à des vitesses excessives et s'est renversé en circulant dans un virage. Il s'est écrasé dans la base d'un pont piétonnier en acier et son conteneur de fret a été brisé. Le survivant Celso Pacheco, un migrant guatémaltèque, a déclaré que le camion semblait avoir perdu le contrôle sous le poids de sa cargaison humaine.

Les secouristes qui sont arrivés pour la première fois sur les lieux ont fait remarquer qu'ils avaient vu des migrants qui se trouvaient dans la caravane fuyant l'accident, craignant d'être arrêtés par des agents d'immigration et par la suite expulsés. Un certain nombre d'entre eux étaient ensanglantés et boitaient, ayant subi de nombreuses blessures. Les habitants ont déclaré aux médias que le conducteur du camion avait fui par le Río Grijalva peu de temps après l'accident. Le consul guatémaltèque à Tuxtla Gutiérrez a aidé à transférer les blessés vers les hôpitaux de la région.

Victimes
Au moins 55 personnes sont mortes et 105 autres ont été blessées. La plupart des victimes seraient des migrants d'Amérique centrale du Guatemala et du Honduras, bien que la nationalité exacte de chaque victime n'ait pas encore été confirmée. Alejandro Martín, un responsable des pompiers, a confirmé la présence de plusieurs mineurs parmi les morts.

Le gouverneur du Chiapas, Rutilio Escandón, a déclaré que 49 personnes sont mortes sur les lieux et cinq autres alors qu'elles recevaient des soins médicaux. Luis Manuel Moreno, chef du bureau de la défense civile de l'État du Chiapas, a déclaré qu'environ 21 des blessés étaient grièvement blessés et ont été transportés dans des hôpitaux voisins. 24 autres personnes voyageant dans le véhicule sont indemnes.

Conséquences
Peu de temps après avoir appris la nouvelle, le président Andrés Manuel López Obrador a tweeté que l'accident était  et qu'il . Le secrétaire aux Affaires étrangères, Marcelo Ebrard, a également exprimé ses condoléances et annoncé que les ministères des Affaires étrangères des pays touchés avaient été contactés.

Le gouverneur Rutilio Escandón a également déploré la tragédie et a assuré via Twitter qu'il avait donné des instructions pour apporter . Il a ajouté que .

L' du Mexique a déclaré qu'il offrirait un logement et des visas humanitaires aux survivants et que les autorités aideraient à identifier les morts et couvriraient les frais funéraires ou le rapatriement de leurs restes dans leur pays d'origine.

Notes et références

Décembre 2021
2021 au Mexique
Accident de la route
Histoire du Chiapas

Accident de camion du Chiapas


لا وقت للحب فيلم مصري إنتاج عام 1963م، من إخراج صلاح أبو سيف.

قصة الفيلم

تدور أحداث الفيلم خلال الفترة التي وقعت فيها حادثة حريق القاهرة في عام 1952، حيث يتعرف حمزة المهندس والعضو المتطوع بالحرس القومي على مدرسة تدعى فوزية، وبعد اندلاع الحريق، يحاول الإنجليز القبض على كافة المتطوعين في الحرس القومي، فيختبيء حمزة لدى أحد أصدقائه، وتساعده فوزية بكل ما تملك، وتحاول هي الأخرى تشكيل خلية خاصة بها من أجل ضرب القوات الإنجليزية في منطقة القنال.

تمثيل

 رشدي أباظة.
 فاتن حمامة.
 إبراهيم فوزي.
 صلاح جاهين.
 عبد الله غيث.
 أحمد توفيق.
 بدر نوفل.
 عصت محمود.
 خيري القليوبي.
 عبد العزيز مكيوي.
 حسن حسني.

أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام أحمد توفيق
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1963
أفلام حسن حسني
أفلام رشدي أباظة
أفلام فاتن حمامة
أفلام عبد الله غيث
أفلام تقع أحداثها في القاهرة
أفلام تقع أحداثها في 1952

لا وقت للحب (فيلم)


Martigny
 Martigny, Aisne
 Martigny, Manche
 Martigny, Seine-Maritime
 Martigny-Courpierre
 Martigny-le-Comte
 Martigny-les-Bains
 Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux
 Martigny-sur-l'Ante

Martigny (dezambiguizare)


Aksiomska shema, vrsta sheme. To je formula koja sadrži varijable metajezika i postaje aksiomom kada joj se varijable instanciraju s ispravno sastavljenim formulama u formalnom jeziku.

Da bismo izbjegli da dospijemo u govorenje o svim svojstvima, aksiom iskazujemo kao aksiomsku shemu. U protivnom nas to vodi izvan granica logike prvoga reda i što zahtijeva teoriju svojstava. Sve rečenice koje imaju oblik aksiomske sheme su aksiomi. Ima ih beskonačno mnogo.

Izvori

Logika

Aksiomska shema


Maccabi Haifa FC (İbranice: מ.כ. מכבי חיפה), İsrail'in Hayfa şehrinin futbol takımı. Ülkesinde 12 lig, 5 kupa şampiyonluğu bulunmaktadır. 1955'te açılan Kiryat Eliezer Stadyumu'nun 2014 yılında yıkılmasının ardından, iç saha maçlarını Hapoel Hayfa takımıyla beraber Sammy Ofer Stadyumu'nda oynamaya başlamıştır.

İki kez Şampiyonlar Ligi gruplarında boy gösteren ancak bir sonraki tura hiç çıkamayan İsrail ekibi, 2009-10 sezonundaki performansıyla Deportivo La Coruña'nın ardından turnuva tarihinin bir sezonda hiç gol atamayan ikinci takımı olmuştur. 2002-03 sezonunda ilk kez mücadele ettiği Şampiyonlar Ligi grup aşamasında Olympiakos ve Manchester United'ı evinde 3-0 ile geçtiği maçlar en farklı galibiyetleri olurken yine aynı sezon İngiltere'deki 5-2'lik Manchester United ve 2009-10 sezonundaki 3-0'lık Bayern Münih maçlarında en en farklı mağlubiyetlerini almıştır.

UEFA Kupası'nda en başarılı sezonunu direkt katıldığı 2006-07'de geçirmiştir. Birbiriyle tek maç yapan 5 takımın olduğu grup aşamasında 4 maçta 7 puan toplayarak grubu 2.sırada bitrimiş ve sonraki tura çıkmaya hak kazanmıştır. Son 32 turunda eşleştiği CSKA Moskova'yı 0-0 ve 1-0 ile geçerek bu turnuvada geldiği en yüksek tur olan son 16'da mücadele etmeye hak kazanmıştır. O sezon Sevilla'ya finalde kaybedecek Espanyol'la evinde oynadığı maçta golsüz berabere kalmasına karşın İspanya'da aldığı 4-0'lık yenilgiyle turnuvaya veda etmiştir. UEFA Kupası'nda önceki yıllarda 5 kez aldığı bu 4-0'lık sonuç, Avrupa maçlarındaki en farklı mağlubiyetlerinin skoruyken, en farklı galibiyeti ise Azerbaycan ekibi Xäzär Länkäran FK karşısında deplasmanda aldığı 8-0'lık sonuçtur.

UEFA Sıralaması

Yaniv Katan 72 maçla takımın Avrupa Kupaları'nda en fazla forma giyen oyuncusuyken Alon Mizrahi attığı 15 gol ile en fazla gol atan oyuncusudur.

Güncel kadro

Başarılar
 Ligat ha'Al: 13
 1983-84, 1984-85, 1988-89, 1990-91, 1993-94, 2000-01, 2001-02, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2008-09, 2010-11, 2020-21
 Lig Artzit: 2
 1965-66, 1974-75
 Israel Kupası: 5
 1962, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1998

Dış bağlantılar
 Maccabi Haifa FC Resmî site

Kaynakça
<div class="reflist2" style="height: 220px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px" >

Futbol
İsrail'deki futbol kulüpleri
1913'te Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kurulan oluşumlar
1913'te kurulan futbol kulüpleri

Makkabi Hayfa (futbol takımı)


es un barrio de la ciudad de Osaka, en la prefectura de Osaka, Japón. En julio de 2019 tenía una población estimada de 77.166 habitantes y una densidad de población de 16.524 personas por km². Su área total es de 4,67 km².

Demografía
Según datos del censo japonés, la población de Fukushima ha aumentado en los últimos años.

Referencias

Barrios de Osaka

Fukushima-ku (Osaka)


මිනිසා විසින් දෙවියන් උදෙසා පුදපූජා කිරිම සඳහා යොදාගන්නා ස්ථාන දේවාල වේ.

හින්දු දේවාල

සිංහල දේවාල
{{main|සිංහල දේවාගම}

මිනිසුන් මුලා කරන ඉස්ථනයක් ලෙස දේවාල දැක්විය හැක. දෙවියන් විකුණමින්, දේව ආරූ ඩ වලින් සාස්ථාර කියන බව පවසා මුදල් ගසා කාන අය ඕනෑ තරම්ය.

ඊජිප්තු දේවාල

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 පල්ලි
 පන්සල්
 දෙවියෝ

දේවාල

දේවාල


Brent Scowcroft (; March 19, 1925August 6, 2020) was a United States Air Force officer who was a two-time United States National Security Advisor, first under U.S. President Gerald Ford and then under George H. W. Bush. He served as Military Assistant to President Richard Nixon and as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in the Nixon and Ford administrations. He served as Chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, and advised President Barack Obama on choosing his national security team.

Early life and education

Scowcroft was born March 19, 1925, in Ogden, Utah, the son of Lucile (née Ballantyne) and James Scowcroft, a grocer and business owner. He was a descendant of early 19th-century British immigrants from England and Scotland, along with immigrants from Denmark and Norway. He elaborated upon his relationship with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in a 1999 oral history: "I have close personal ties to some of the church leadership. They would not consider me a good Mormon. I don't live by all of the rules the Mormons like—I like a glass of wine and a cup of coffee. But yes, I do consider myself a Mormon. It's part of a religious and a cultural heritage."

Scowcroft received his undergraduate degree and commission in the United States Army Air Forces from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in June 1947. With the establishment of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947, his commission transferred to the USAF. Scowcroft subsequently earned an MA (1953) and PhD (1967) in international relations from Columbia University.

Career

Having envisioned life as a fighter pilot following World War II, Scowcroft completed his pilot training in October 1948 following his commissioning as an Air Force Second Lieutenant in 1947 and received his Air Force Command Pilot Wings. However, on January 6, 1949, while on flight training with a North American P-51 Mustang, his aircraft experienced engine trouble after taking-off from Grenier Army Airfield, causing the plane to crash-land. Although his injuries were not critical, Scowcroft assumed that he would never fly again and considered another career within the Air Force. He served in a variety of operational and administrative positions from 1948 to 1953. In the course of his military career, he held positions at the Joint Chiefs of Staff, headquarters of the United States Air Force, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. His other assignments included: faculty positions at the United States Air Force Academy and the United States Military Academy, and Assistant Air Attaché in the American Embassy in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

As a senior officer, General Scowcroft was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, and served in the Long Range Planning Division, Directorate of Doctrine, Concepts and Objectives from 1964 to 1966. He next attended the National War College at Fort McNair, followed by assignment in July 1968 to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. In September 1969, he was reassigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the Directorate of Plans as Deputy Assistant for National Security Council Matters. In March 1970 he joined the Joint Chiefs of Staff organization and became the Special Assistant to the Director of the Joint Staff.

Scowcroft was appointed Military Assistant to the President in February 1972; and was reassigned as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in January 1973. He was promoted to lieutenant general on August 16, 1974, and retired from active duty at that rank on December 1, 1975. He had, just a month earlier, during the Halloween Massacre, become the United States National Security Advisor (for him, the first time), replacing Henry Kissinger. Scowcroft's continued service in the Air Force would have been contingent on reconfirmation of his rank by the Senate, a distinction that National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster elected to pursue in 2018.

His military decorations and awards included the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster and the Air Force Commendation Medal.

On the 24th anniversary of the USS Liberty incident (in 1991), approximately 50 Liberty survivors, including Captain William McGonagle, were invited to the White House to meet with President George H.W. Bush in a meeting set up by former Congressmen Paul Findley and Pete McCloskey. After waiting for over 2 hours, President Bush waved at them as he passed by in his limousine, but did not meet with them in person. Many of the survivors were reportedly disheartened and disappointed with this. Instead, Scowcroft and White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu greeted them. Rear Admiral Thomas A. Brooks, who had spoken out in favor of Liberty survivors previously, presented them with a Presidential Unit Citation that had been signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson but never awarded. Former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, a longtime Liberty advocate, was also in attendance. This meeting was objected to by the Anti-Defamation League.

Before joining the Bush administration, Scowcroft was vice chairman of Kissinger Associates. He had a long association with Henry Kissinger, having served as his assistant when Kissinger was the National Security Adviser under Richard Nixon, from 1969.

Scowcroft was long sought after as a respected, professional and largely apolitical or nonpartisan expert (within the standards of fellow White House veterans) and chaired and served on a number of policy advisory councils, including the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control, the President's Commission on Strategic Forces, the President's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management, the Defense Policy Board, and the President's Special Review Board (Tower Commission) investigating the Iran–Contra affair. He also served on the Guiding Coalition of the nonpartisan Project on National Security Reform. He was appointed Co-Chair of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future from 2010 to 2012 alongside Lee Hamilton.

On the morning of September 11, 2001, Scowcroft was in an E-4B aircraft, also known as the National Airborne Operations Command Center (NAOC), on the taxiway, waiting to takeoff for Offutt Air Force Base, when the first hijacked airliner hit the World Trade Center (WTC). Scowcroft's aircraft was en route to Offutt when the second hijacked airliner struck the WTC. Scowcroft was involved in observing the command and control operations of both President George W. Bush in Florida, and Vice President Dick Cheney, who was at the White House.

Scowcroft was the founder and president of The Forum for International Policy, a think tank. He was also president of The Scowcroft Group, an international business consulting firm. He was co-chair, along with Joseph Nye, of the Aspen Strategy Group. He was a member of the Inter-American Dialogue, Trilateral Commission, and the Council on Foreign Relations and a board member of the Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Atlantic Council.

Scowcroft was a leading Republican critic of American policy towards Iraq before and after the 2003 invasion, which war critics in particular have seen as significant given Scowcroft's close ties to former President George H. W. Bush. He drew attention for reports of remarks critical of Bush – which he did not deny when reported by The Washington Post citing his view that "Bush is 'mesmerized' by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, that Iraq was a 'failing venture' and that the administration's unilateralist approach has harmed relations between Europe and the United States." Despite his public criticism of the decision to invade, Scowcroft continued to describe himself as "a friend" of the Bush administration. He also strongly opposed a precipitous withdrawal, arguing that a pull-out from Iraq before the country was able to govern, sustain, and defend itself "would be a strategic defeat for American interests, with potentially catastrophic consequences both in the region and beyond".  Scowcroft went on to stress that the U.S. must "secure the support of the countries of the region themselves. It is greatly in their self-interest to give that support.. unfortunately, in recent years they have come to see it as dangerous to identify with the United States, and so they have largely stood on the sidelines."

He backed the invasion of Afghanistan as a "direct response" to 9/11 terrorism, a war that would go on to last about 20 years.

President George H. W. Bush presented him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991. In 1993, he was created an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. In 1988, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 2005, Scowcroft was awarded the William Oliver Baker Award by the Intelligence and National Security Alliance.

In 1998, he co-wrote A World Transformed with George H. W. Bush. This book described what it was like to be in the White House during the end of the Cold War, as the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s. Notably, both figures explained why they didn't go on to Baghdad in 1991: "Had we gone the invasion route, the United States could conceivably still be an occupying power in a bitterly hostile land." In 1994, Scowcroft co-authored the opinion-editorial "The Time for Temporizing is Over" urging President Bill Clinton to order a preemptive strike on North Korea's Yongbyon nuclear facility unless it readmitted International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors.

His discussions of foreign policy with Zbigniew Brzezinski, led by journalist David Ignatius, were published in a 2008 book titled America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy.

Scowcroft was a member of the Honorary Council of Advisors for U.S.-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce (USACC). Critics have suggested that Scowcroft was unethical in his lobbying for the Turkish and Azeri governments because of his ties to Lockheed Martin and other defense contractors that do significant business with Turkey.
He was also a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute, and served on the Advisory Board for Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs and for America Abroad Media.

Scowcroft endorsed Hillary Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 United States presidential election.

Evaluation
Scholarly evaluations of Scowcroft's performance have been generally favorable. For example Ivo Daalder and I. M. Destler  quoting other scholars, conclude:

"Brent Scowcroft was in many ways the ideal national security adviser—indeed, he offers a model for how the job should be done." His "winning formula" consisted of gaining the trust of the key principals of U.S. foreign policymaking, establishing "a cooperative policy process at all levels," one both transparent and collegial, and keeping an "unbreakable relationship with the president," thanks to their close friendship and mutual respect. The result was that Scowcroft "proved to be an extraordinarily effective national security adviser" in comparison with others who have held the office, particularly in light of the difficult and transformative period in which he held office.Other evaluations from colleagues and national security veterans in both parties echo similar points.

In a largely laudatory obituary, The New York Times noted "his appeal for public service was a classic reminder of a less partisan age, when presidents often reached out to experienced talent, regardless of party loyalties."

The Atlantic Council provided an assessment, with quotes from several experts after Scowcroft's death, that noted "Looking back on his time working with Scowcroft in the Nixon administration, former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger explained that 'in a period when America was tearing itself apart,' Scowcroft's 'steadiness had a calming influence then as did his faith in his country's ultimate purposes.' Former US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates argued that what 'set Brent apart as National Security Advisor was that he played fair…he did not take advantage of his close relationship with the president to disadvantage others.' John Deutch, former Director of Central Intelligence, recalled that "Brent had the ideal temperament to lead the country. He was smart, deceptively articulate with a calm demeanor that often masked his strategic thinking.'"

Scowcroft award
Scowcroft was the inspiration and namesake for a special presidential award begun under the George H. W. Bush administration. According to Gates, the award is given to the official "who most ostentatiously falls asleep in a meeting with the president". According to Gates, the president "evaluated candidates on three criteria. First, duration—how long did they sleep? Second, the depth of the sleep. Snoring always got you extra points. And third, the quality of recovery. Did one just quietly open one's eyes and return to the meeting, or did you jolt awake and maybe spill something hot in the process?" According to Bush himself, the award "gives extra points for he/she who totally craters, eyes tightly closed, in the midst of meetings, but in fairness a lot of credit is given for sleeping soundly while all about you are doing their thing." Scowcroft had gained a reputation for doing such things to the extent that it became a running gag.

Personal life
Scowcroft married Marian Horner in 1951. His wife, a Pennsylvania native, was trained as a nurse at St. Francis School of Nursing in Pittsburgh and graduated from Columbia University. They had one daughter, Karen Scowcroft. Marian Horner Scowcroft, a diabetic, died on July 17, 1995, at George Washington University Hospital.

In March 1993, when Scowcroft was given an honorary KBE by Queen Elizabeth II, his daughter was also received by the Queen.

Death
On August 6, 2020, Scowcroft died at his home in Falls Church, Virginia, at age 95.  On January 29, 2021, Scowcroft was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Honors
   Air Force Pilot Badge
    Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge
   Presidential Service Badge
  Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with three bronze oak leaf cluster
  Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster
 Presidential Medal of Freedom (1991)
 Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service (2016)
 Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Military version (KBE) (1993)
 Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 3rd Class (2006)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2009)
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2016)

Honorary degrees

See also

 History of the United States National Security Council 1989–1992

References

Further reading
 Daalder, Ivo H., and I. M. Destler. In the Shadow of the Oval Office: Profiles of the National Security Advisers and the Presidents They Served—From JFK to George W. Bush. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009. .
 Sparrow, Bartholomew H. "Realism's Practitioner: Brent Scowcroft and the Making of the New World Order, 1989–1993." Diplomatic History, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2010, pp. 141–175. .
 Sparrow, Bartholomew. The Strategist: Brent Scowcroft and the Call of National Security (2015)

Primary sources
 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, and Brent Scowcroft. America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy. New York: Basic Books, 2008.  / .
 Bush, George H.W., and Brent Scowcroft. A World Transformed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. .
 Deutch, John, and Arnold Kanter, Brent Scowcroft. "Saving NATO's Foundation." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 6, November/December 1999, pp. 54–67. .
 Perry, William James, and Brent Scowcroft, Charles D. Ferguson. U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy. Independent Task Force Report, No. 62. Council on Foreign Relations, April 2009. .
 Scowcroft, Brent. "A World in Transformation." The National Interest, No. 119, Special Issue: Crisis of the Old Order, May/June 2012, pp. 7–9. .
 Scowcroft, Brent. "Don't Attack Saddam." Wall Street Journal, August 15, 2002, p. A12.
 Scowcroft, Brent. "Foreword." Burrows, Mathew J. Global Risks 2035: The Search for a New Normal. Atlantic Council, September 2016. .
 Scowcroft, Brent. "Getting the Middle East Back on Our Side." New York Times, January 4, 2007.

External links

 Arlington National Cemetery

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1925 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American writers
American Latter Day Saints
American people of Danish descent
American people of English descent
American people of Norwegian descent
American people of Scottish descent
Atlantic Council
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
International Republican Institute
Members of the Inter-American Dialogue
Military personnel from Utah
Nixon administration personnel
Political realists
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 3rd Class
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
United States air attachés
United States Air Force generals
United States Deputy National Security Advisors
United States Military Academy alumni
United States National Security Advisors
United States presidential advisors
Utah Republicans
Writers from Ogden, Utah
United States Army Air Forces officers

Brent Scowcroft


قائمة بطولات دورة رولان غاروس لعام 1987:

الكبار

فردي رجال

 إيفان ليندل هزم  ماتس ويلندر, النتيجة:7-5, 6-2, 3-6, 7-6

فردي سيدات

 شتيفي غراف هزمت  مارتينا نافراتيلوفا, النتيجة:6-4, 4-6, 8-6

زوجي رجال
 أندرياس جارايد و روبرت سيجوسو هزما  جاي فورجيت و يانيك نواه, النتيجة:6-7, 6-7, 6-3, 6-4, 6-2

زوجي سيدات
 مارتينا نافراتيلوفا و بام شرايفر هزمتا  شتيفي غراف و غأبريلا ساباتايناي, النتيجة:6-2, 6-1

زوجي مختلط
 بام شرايفر و إيميليو سانشيز هزما  لوري ماكنايل و شيروود ستيوارت, النتيجة:6-3, 7-6(4)

مراجع

باريس في 1987
أحداث مايو 1987 الرياضية في أوروبا
أحداث يونيو 1987 الرياضية في أوروبا
الجائزة الكبرى للتنس في 1987
دورات رولان غاروس
دورة فرنسا المفتوحة حسب السنة
رياضة فرنسية في 1987
كرة المضرب في 1987
كرة مضرب فرنسية في 1987

دورة فرنسا المفتوحة 1987


Bistricë je rijeka u Albaniji. Duga je 25 km. Izvire na Syri i kaltëru, još poznatom kao Plavo oko, a ulijeva se u Jonsko more.

Literatura
 Sjöberg, Örjan. "A Contribution to the Geography of Hydro-Electric Power Generation in Albania", Osterreichische Osthefte [Vienna], 29, No. 1, 1987, 5-27.
 Mevlan Kabos; Eshref Pumo; Farudin Krutaj. "Gjeografia fizike e Shqipërisë : në dy vëllime", Qendra e Studimeve Gjeografike (Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë), 1990–1991, 112. OCLC 38055712

Vanjske poveznice

 Zemljopis

Rijeke u Albaniji
Jonski slijev (Balkanski poluotok)

Bistricë


La famille Dubosc de Pesquidoux est une famille subsistante d'ancienne bourgeoisie française.

Histoire
Cette famille a été admise au sein de l'association Réunion de la noblesse pontificale en 1985.

Liens de filiation entre les personnalités notoires

Postérité
Plusieurs appellations ont été attribuées dans des lieux en France en souvenir de Joseph Dubosc de Pesquidoux :
 À Agen (Lot-et-Garonne), Impasse Joseph de Pesquidoux () ;
 À Aire-sur-l'Adour (Landes), Rue Joseph de Pesquidoux () ;
 À Auch (Gers), Rue de Pesquidoux () ;
 À Mont-de-Marsan (Landes), Rue Joseph de Pesquidoux () ;
 À Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) :
 Rue Joseph de Pesquidoux () et à proximité ;
 Plaine Pesquidoux (), au 98 Avenue de Buros ;
 À Saint-Gaudens (Haute-Garonne), Rue Joseph de Pesquidoux () ;
 À Savigny-lès-Beaune (Côte-d'Or), Rue Joseph de Pesquidoux () ;
 À Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), Rue Joseph de Pesquidoux () ;
 À Villeneuve-de-Marsan (Landes), Rue Joseph De Pesquidoux ().

Notes et références

Pour approfondir

Bibliographie
 Gustave Chaix d'Est-Ange, Dictionnaire des familles françaises anciennes ou notables à la fin du , tome 14, page 282 Dubosc de Pesquidoux

Articles connexes
 Liste de familles subsistantes d'ancienne bourgeoisie française
 Liste des familles françaises subsistantes de la noblesse pontificale
 Noblesse pontificale

Famille Dubosc de Pesquidoux

Famille Dubosc de Pesquidoux


Yedi kirli kelime (Seven dirty words), George Carlin'in 1972 albümü Class Clown'da (sınıf soytarısı) "televizyon'da söyleyemeyeceğiniz yedi kelime" isimli monologunda kullandığı kelimelerdir. Şu an, bu kelimelerin genelde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin halk kanallarında ve özellikle AM/FM radyo istasyonlarında kullanılması uygun değildir, genelde sansürlenir. Carlin'in orijinal yedi kelimesi şunlardır:

 shit ()
 piss ()
 fuck ()
 cunt ()
 cocksucker ()
 motherfucker ()
 tits ()

Carlin'in bu sözlerin birkaçı radyo ve televizyonda çeşitli seviyelerde kullanılmıştır. "Tits" (memeler) kelimesi, 1990'da yayımlanan The Trials of Rosie O'Neill isimli dizinin ilk bölümünde ilgi çekerek yayımlanmıştır. "Piss" (işe) kelimesi, 1990'lı yılların sonundan itibaren gerek tek başına gerekse bir cümle içinde kullanılmıştır (örn: piss-off : dellendirmek). "Shit" (b*k) kelimesi bazı olaylarda kullanılmıştır. Örneğin Chicago Hope'un bir bölümünde, dizinin prodüktörü "fuck" (s*kmek) kelimesi ile flört ederken benzerini kullanmıştır. NCIS'in "Bete Noire" isimli bölümünde, karakter ilk kelime sansürlenerek "fucking bastard" (s*ktiğimin piçi) kelimesini kullanmıştır. Carlin'in bu listeye eklediği diğer bir kelime "fart" (os*rmak) da sıkça kullanılmaktadır.

FCC'nin müstehcenlik üzerine kuralları
Carlin'in monologu üzerine olan davada, yargıtay Pacifica'ya gece saat 10:00 pm ile sabah 06:00 am arasında çocukların uyanık olmadığını öngörerek hak tanımıştır. Bu doğrultuda FCC sabah 6 ile akşam 10 arasında yayımlanan şovlarla ilgilenmeye başladı. FCC hiçbir zaman spesifik olarak hangi kelimelerin kullanılmayacağını söylemedi, ama nasıl bir tutum sergilenmesi gerektiğine değin önerilerde bulundu. Yedi kirli kelime bunun üzerine televizyonlarda yayımlanması uygun görülmemiş ve televizyon ya da radyo kanalları kendiliğinden bir "bip" sesiyle bu kelimeleri ve benzeri kelimeleri sansürlemektedirler. Orijinal yedi kirli kelime'nin birçoğu sansürlenirken, tits (memeler) ve piss (işemek) genelde artık uygun saatlerde kabul edilen kelimeler haline gelmiştir.

FCC çoğu zaman cümlenin manasından o kelimenin müstehcen olup olmadığını yargılamayı öngörmüştür. Bu da birçok tartışma yaratmıştır, örneğin FCC Ocak 2003'te yayımlanan Golden Globe Awards'da U2 grubunun solisti Bono'nun cümle manasında bu kelimeyi kullanması uygun görülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda da cinsel organı veyahut da cinsel birleşmeyi temsil etmediğini kararlaştırmış ve uygun görmüştür. FCC daha sonra bu kararından vazgeçmiş, ama Bono'ya herhangi bir ceza talebinde bulunmamıştır.

Uygun olmayan ve müstehcen arasındaki farklılık oldukça zordur, lakin Amerika'nın İfade Özgürlüğü kapsamındaki ilk anayasa kuralında tam olarak bu açıklanmamıştır. Buna benzer olarak, hakaret olarak argo kelimenin veyahut da cümlenin yer, cümle ve izleyicisine göre değiştiği görülmektedir.

Son yıllarda, mektup kampanyaları Amerika'daki halk gruplarının ilgisini televizyonda uygun olmayan olaylara çekmiştir. Bazen, binlerce şikayet FCC tarafından alınmış, özellikle çocukların sorgulanabilir materyallerle belli saatlerde karşılaşmasının tahmin edilmesi önerilmiştir.

FCC direkt olarak televizyon kanalını hedef almaz. Sadece bu televizyon kanalını yayımlayan sunucuculara yönelir. Birçok televizyon stüdyosunun sunucularına sahip olması dolayısıyla, bu sunucular doğrudan olmasa da cezalandırır.

"Yedi kirli kelime" ve kablolu televizyon
FCC'nin uygun olmayan kuralları hiçbir zaman kablolu televizyon ya da uydu radyoları kapsamaz. 1934'te kabul edilen Communications Act ve 1996'da kabul edilen Telecommunications Act anlaşmaları gereğince, üyelik gerektiren servislerde, kablolu televizyon, uydulu televizyon ve gösterim başına ödeme yapılan televizyonlarda bir yaptırımı yoktur.

FCC bunun yerine Adalet Mahkemesi'ne başvurmuş ve Kongre'ye uygun olmayan yayımların kablolu televizyonda gösterimi
1973'te yayımlanan sonraki albümü Occupation: Foole (Meslek: Deli), benzer bir rutini "Pis kelimeler" olarak tanımlamış ve aynı listeyi ve benzer temalardaki sözcükleri sunmuştur. Bu versiyonu Pacifica radyosunun WBAI istasyonu tarafından yayınlanmış, Amerika'nın Danıştay'ına F.C.C. v. Pacifica Foundation (1978) davasına sebep vermiştir. Bu dava sonunda da Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyonlarında ve radyolarında kabul edilen ifade özgürlüğü'ne uygun kelimeler belirlenmiştir.

Tarihi

1973'te komedyen George Carlin'in "Pis kelimeler" isimli kayıtlı monoloğu, 7 değişik müstehcenlik içeriyordu. The Pacifica radyo istasyonunun WBAI-FM kanalı, sansürsüz olarak bu yılın 30 Ekim tarihinde yayınladı. Araba kullanan biri yayım kuruluşunu Federal Communications Commisson (FCC) 'u şikayet etti, çünkü çocuğu da bu yayımı dinliyordu.

Yapılan şikayet üzerine, FCC Pacifica'dan bir cevap istedi ve şikayeti yayını durdurmak için isteğini ilan etti. İlan da spesifik olarak bu kelimeler kullanılmadı, ancak WBAI'e gelen uyarıda "olay üzerine gelişen şikayette, komisyonumuz kongre tarafından bize tanınan hakları uygulayıp uygulamama konusunda tartışacaktır" lafını kullanır.

Pacifica bu karara karşı gelir ve yerel yargı tarafından da haklı bulunur. FCC bunun üzerine Supreme Court (Yargıtay)'a başvurur ve FCC haklı bulunur. (F.C.C. v. Pacifica Foundation 438 U.S. 726 (1978))

Bu karar ile resmi olarak Amerika radyolarında uygun olmayanların kuralları belirli olmuştur. Devam eden davalarda, Yargıtay bu kelimelerin bazı koşullarda açıklanabileceği savunulmuştur, özellikle çocukların dinleyiciler olması beklenmediği anlarda.

Carlin daha sonra orijinal listesindeki bu kelimelere şunları eklemiştir.

 fart (osurmak)
 turd (b*k)
 twat (a*cık)

1972'de Milwaukee'deki Summerfest'de sunduğu "Yedi ölümcül kelime" sunumuyla Carlin müstehcenlik yüzerinden tutuklanmıştır.
Anayasa'ya aykırı bulunmamıştır. Kablolu televizyona üye olunması gerektiği için, kullanıcıların yayımlara karşı gelmesi halinde üyeliklerinin geleceğini seçebilecekleri öngörülmüştür.

Yine de, 2005 yılı itibarıyla FCC'ye üyelik doğrultusunda radyo ve televizyon izleyen kişiler şikayetlerde bulunmuştur ve büyük çoğunluğunu kırsal kesimde yaşayanlar oluşturmaktadır. Bu ve benzeri öneriler Randy Short tarafından American Family Association tarafından da sunulmuştur.

Bazı kablo kanallarında bulunan televizyon kanalları Standards & Practices'in kendiliğinden sansür uygulayan programlarına, reklamcıların talepleri karşısında uymuştur. Ancak belli bir mecburiyet yoktur, örnek olarak Comedy Central'da yayımlanan South Park dizisinin "It Hits the Fan" isimli bölümününde 162 kez shit (bok) kelimesi kullanılmıştır, bunun için de bölümün köşesine ne kadar söylendiğini gösteren bir sayaç yerleştirilmiştir. Aynı seri, "tits" ve "piss" de başlıca olmak üzere yedi kirli kelimenin tamamını ve benzerlerini kullanmaktadır. Comedy Central ayrıca hafta sonları gece 1 am'den sonra "Secret Stash" altında 18 yaş üstü filmleri yayımlanmaktadır. (South Park:Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) ve Kevin Smith'in Clerks'i (1994)  ya da George Carlin'in ve Richard Pryor'un performansları gibi. Çıplaklık görüntüleri ancak, buğlu olarak gösterilmektedir.

Popüler kültürde yedi kirli kelime
 Blink 182 grubunun Family Reunion isimli parçasında George Carlin'in on kelimelik versiyonundaki tüm kelimeleri kullanmıştır.
 SpongeBob SquarePants çizgi dizisinin "Sailor Mouth" bölümünde, SpongeBob ve Patrick 13 kelimelik söylenmemesi gereken kelimeler listesindeki 11'inci kelimeyi söylemiş, bir yunusun anırmasıyla sansürlenmiştir. Squidwark bunun üzerine, "7 kelime demek istedin değil mi?" diye sorar, Mr. Krabs de cevap olarak "Denizciysen hayır, heh-heh." der.
 The Simpsons'ın bir bölümünde Krusty the Klown George Carlin'ı temsil eden biri tarafından tazminat davası açılacağına değin aranır. Cevap olarak, "Hadi ama, benim "Televizyon'da söyleyemeceğiniz yedi kelime" tamamen senin "Televizyon'da söyleyemeyeceğiniz kelime" den farklıydı. Öyleyse hırsızım, öylemiyim? Peki, özür dilerim!" der.
 That '70s Show'da Eric George Carlin'in kaydını dinler ve listesinde onaylar. Dizinin devamında, Eric Donna'nın patronuna listedeki kelimelerin numarasını vererek hakaret eder.
 South Park'ın It Hits The Fan isimli bölümünde; Stan, Eric, Kyle ve Kenny yedi eski taşın önüne gelir ve her taş küfürlü bir kelimeyi temsil eder. Listede shit (sıç) ve fuck (s*k) olmasına rağmen; tamamen aynı değildi, çünkü kelimelerden biri Eric Cartman'ın nefret ettiği bir Tayland yemeği mee krob idi.

Dış bağlantılar
 Yedi Kirli Kelime'nin Senaryosu
 F.C.C. v. Pacifica Foundation Davası

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri medyası
Aşağılayıcı terimler
1972'de televizyon
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde sansür

Yedi kirli kelime


Teorem o dovoljnim uvjetima za konvergenciju niza jedan je od temeljnih teorema iz matematičke analize. Koristi se u dokazivanju svojstava nizova, ali i redova.

Njegov iskaz glasi:

 Svaki ograničen i monoton niz  realnih brojeva je konvergentan.

Dokaz
Pretpostavimo, bez smanjenja općenitosti, da je niz  rastući. Kako je on po pretpostavci i ograničen, skup  je odozgo ograničen pa po aksiomu potpunosti ima supremum u skupu , odnosno postoji
. Po definiciji supremuma vrijedi  za svaki  te za svaki  postoji  (za neki ) takav da je . Kako niz  raste, za  dobivamo
, odnosno . Odavde zaključujemo da je niz  konvergentan i . Dokaz se, dakle, provodi analogno za padajući niz.

Izvori

Matematika


Julian Fernando Casablancas (born August 23, 1978) is an American musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist of the rock band The Strokes, with whom he has released six studio albums since their founding in 1998. Casablancas released a solo studio album, Phrazes for the Young, in 2009, and has released two albums with the experimental rock band The Voidz.

A native New Yorker, he was born to businessman John Casablancas. His mother Jeanette Christiansen married a man who introduced him to the band The Doors, introducing him to rock music. He met bassist Nikolai Fraiture at the age of six, and attended a Swiss boarding school where he met guitarist Albert Hammond Jr. He did not complete high school, but received a GED.

After meeting guitarist Nick Valensi and drummer Fab Moretti at Manhattan's Dwight School, the group began experimenting with music together. After adding Hammond Jr., The Strokes were formed. Their debut album Is This It was critically acclaimed, and launched Casablancas and the band to rock stardom. Casbalancas was the primary songwriter and creative voice behind the band's early albums, including 2003's Room on Fire and 2005's First Impressions of Earth. After a six-year hiatus, The Strokes released Angles in 2011 and Comedown Machine in 2013 with the band taking a more collaborative approach to these projects. Casablancas would not record another record with the band until 2020's Grammy-winning The New Abnormal, the first such nomination or win for the band.

During a five-year hitaus for the band, Casablancas released his debut solo album, Phrazes for the Young. That same year he founded the independent record label Cult Records, which has represented artists The Growlers, Rey Pila and Karen O.

Since 2013, he has been the frontman of experimental rock band the Voidz. The band has released two studio albums, Tyranny (2014) and Virtue (2018). The band represents an ambition of Casablancas to make less commercial music and explore new themes.

Early life
Julian Fernando Casablancas was born in New York City on August 23, 1978, the son of American-Spanish businessman John Casablancas, the founder of Elite Model Management, and Jeanette Christiansen (née Christjansen), a Danish model and the 1965 Miss Denmark who later became an artist. When Casablancas was eight, his parents divorced. He once stated that he wanted to be closer to his father, which "translated into teenage rebelliousness". His mother later married Ghanaian painter Sam Adoquei, who helped shape Casablancas' early musical taste by exposing him to music such as The Doors, which was markedly different from the mostly Phil Collins-influenced music he listened to as a child. He has several half-siblings, including an elder sister from his father's first marriage, and three other siblings from his father's third marriage.

Casablancas met future Strokes bassist Nikolai Fraiture when they were six years old, while both were attending the bilingual French school Lycée Français de New York. When he was 13, his father sent him to the Institut Le Rosey boarding school in Switzerland, to improve his grades, where he met future Strokes guitarist Albert Hammond, Jr. He later returned to New York and attended Dwight School with two other future Strokes bandmates: guitarist Nick Valensi and drummer Fabrizio Moretti. He never finished high school, but took a GED and continued to take music classes at Five Towns College, which he later said was the first time he enjoyed himself in class.

Career

The Strokes (1998–present)

Upon meeting future guitarist Nick Valensi and drummer Fab Moretti at Dwight School in Manhattan, the three began to play music together. He reconnected with guitarist Albert Hammond Jr. when the latter moved to New York. The band was formed in 1998 when Hammond was accepted into the band, with Casablancas as the lead vocalist and main songwriter and Nikolai Fraiture on bass.

The band began rehearsing a fourteen-song set which included "Alone, Together", "Barely Legal", "Last Nite", "The Modern Age", "New York City Cops", "Soma", "Someday", "Take It or Leave It" and "This Life" (an early version of "Trying Your Luck"). Most of these songs now feature different lyrics. A demo sent to the newly reformed Rough Trade Records in the UK sparked interest there, leading to their first release via the website of the UK magazine NME, who gave away a free mp3 download of "Last Nite" a week prior to the physical release as part of The Modern Age EP in 2001. The EP sparked a bidding war among record labels, the largest for a rock and roll band in years. Shortly after, the Strokes' critically acclaimed debut album Is This It was released.

The band has received the highest of praise for Is This It, and it set the stage for what people expected to "save rock" in the new millennium. Though some would argue that such statements left unreasonably sized shoes to fill, the Strokes are still highly recognized as one of the most influential garage rock bands of the early 2000s, paving the way for many new alternative bands to come.

However, the group found it difficult to replicate their early critical success. In an excerpt from Lizzie Goodman's Meet Me in the Bathroom: Rebirth and Rock and Roll in New York City, 2001–2011 – named after the Strokes' track – Strokes guitarist, Albert Hammond Jr., comments, "With Room on Fire [2003], people were giving us shit because they said we were sounding too much the same. With the third album [First Impressions of Earth], we were getting shit that we don't sound like Room on Fire. We got fucked by the same thing twice!"

After the release of the two other albums and several major tours, the band took a five-year break, then returned with their fourth album Angles in 2011. The five-year hiatus was said to be the result of conflicting solo projects, sobriety issues, and unspoken emotions. The Strokes' drummer Fab Moretti said the band struggled to process such "subconscious volcanic emotions", partly because they were still "children" at the time.

Although their creative processes has been critiqued by outside observers as "a democracy under a dictator", Casablancas stated in 2010 that the band was moving "more in the direction of everyone being equal." Commenting on Casablancas' creative process, guitarist Nick Valensi has said, "his ear is so sharp. He's the one with the ear for detail in this band. Creatively, he is a force to be reckoned with." The 2011 release, Angles, is said to reflect the beginning of the more collaborative nature of the band's creative process.

The album release was followed by several headlining appearances at musical festivals, including Reading, Coachella, Lollapalooza and Austin City Limits. The band released Comedown Machine in 2013, as their last album under the contract with long-time label RCA, for which they did no promotion. The band released an EP, Future Present Past, on Casablancas' own label Cult Records in 2016.

In December 2018, it was announced that the band would headline at Bilbao BBK Live in 2019, kicking off their global comeback. Numerous dates for festivals and shows were subsequently announced, including a show at the Governors Ball Music Festival, marking the band's return to New York City.

Starting May 14, 2019, the Strokes teased some new songs, starting with "The Adults are Talking", live at The Wiltern in Los Angeles, suggesting that the Strokes might release a new album. On December 31, 2019, at Brooklyn NYE, they performed "Ode to the Mets" as an offer from Casablancas to sing live instead of singing songs from Angles as requested by fans. "I don't remember Angles. What's Angles?" Casablancas responded before suggesting that the band play the new song and later confirming the release of a new project.

The band released the album The New Abnormal in April 2020, though work on the album started as early as 2016.  The album won the band their first Grammy Award, receiving the award for Best Rock Album.  The album received positive reviews from critics, suggesting that the band came back with more maturity and better cohesion among the bandmates.

Solo projects (2009–present)

As a solo artist, Casablancas set out with an intention to say what was on his mind, both musically and lyrically. Speaking on his experience as a solo artist versus releasing music with the Strokes, the singer has put it simply, "it's like touring with me or with five of me," meaning that each member has their own opinionated state of mind. While such statements raised much concern for the relations between the band members, Casablancas says that in pursuit of a solo career, he is protecting the integrity of the [Strokes] vibe. In having a musical project separate from the Strokes, he is able to "chase down any idea [he] wants", which he would refrain from doing with the band.

His first solo album, Phrazes for the Young (inspired by the Oscar Wilde book "Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young"), was released on November 2 in the UK and November 3, 2009, in the United States. Recorded in Omaha, Nebraska, and New York, the album was produced by Jason Lader, with additional production from Bright Eyes' Mike Mogis. The album was strongly influenced by new wave and electronica, with Casablancas utilizing synthesizers for many songs. He discussed his new influences by saying "I would've gone weirder with the music, but I wanted to be smart. I didn't want people to say, 'Okay, this is his weird abstract thing,' and dismiss the album. I worked too hard on it for that to happen... I wanted to be crazy original and bridge the gap between traditional music and modern music."

Julian Casablancas made his live solo debut for a private party for fashion brand Opening Ceremony in Tokyo, Japan. To celebrate the release of the EP, Casablancas performed a series of shows in October 2009 at The Downtown Palace Theatre in Los Angeles with his live show band, The Sick Six. Members of The Sick Six include Jeff Kite (keyboard), Nelson London (synthesizer), JP Bowersock (guitar), Danielle Haim (percussion) and Alex Carapetis (drums). Casablancas then toured with The Sick Six in Europe, United States, Australia and Japan from November 2009 until July 2010.

Casablancas composed the original song "I Like the Night" as part of his endorsement deal to represent Azzaro's new men's fragrance Decibel, dB. The Azzaro Decibel television commercial featuring Julian aired in France on September 1, 2011.

Casablancas also hosted a monthly music show Culture Void on Sirius XMU between May 2016 and February 2017, where the singer curated and shared some music across genres.

The Voidz (2013–present)

The Voidz, formerly known as Julian Casablancas + the Voidz, was formed in 2013. Along with Casablancas as lead vocalist, the band consists of Jeramy "Beardo" Gritter and Amir Yaghmai on guitar, Jacob "Jake" Bercovici on bass (as well as synthesizer), Alex Carapetis on drums and percussion, and Jeff Kite on keyboard. Wanting to earn a greater sense of respect as a band, rather than be perceived as a "side-project" of Julian's, the band officially changed their name from "Julian Casablancas + the Voidz" to simply "the Voidz" during an 'initiation' video on the band's YouTube page on December 8, 2017. Julian performed with Carapetis and Kite throughout the tour for his solo album, Phrazes for the Young. Through Carapetis, Casablancas met Gritter and Bercovici. Bercovici, having played music with Yaghmai for several of years, then connected him to Casablancas, forming what is now known as the Voidz.

Though the band's sound has not always been well received, the Voidz aim to "bridge the gap" between music that is both aggressive and complex. They share the goal of "representing things unseen" and "exploring [music] from the margins", as Jake [Bercovici] has said. Inspired by the complex nature of Middle Eastern music scales, Casablancas says he is more interested in "the in between notes" than the traditional seven note scale of Western music. The band is bound by a mutual love for powerful music that does not gain much attention in mainstream media, which is embodied in Julian's record company, Cult Records, as well. Casablancas says his work with the Voidz is simply an "evolution of the same mission" [as with the Strokes], but The Voidz are more aligned with the type of music with which he would like to experiment, moving forward. Though the Voidz remain a more active musical entity, both bands are still currently represented under Cult Records.

In June 2014, Casablancas announced he would be releasing the debut album Tyranny. The album was released on his own label Cult Records and coincided with his move to Upstate New York. On September 23, 2014, the album was released, followed by a tour in the United States and United Kingdom. The album features the 11-minute single "Human Sadness", a song whose demo was originally composed for the soundtrack of The Unseen Beauty, a short documentary film which profiled Casablancas' stepfather, artist Sam Adoquei. The group revealed dates for a South American tour in August 2017.

On March 30, 2018, The Voidz released their second album, titled Virtue. The album takes on a more political stance, dissecting universal concepts such as the paradox between what is perceived as "truth" and "lies", when taking multiple perceptual view points into consideration. The album features track, "Pyramid of Bones", which was featured on Adult Swim in April 2018, along with their single "Coul as a Ghoul" on the Adult Swim's Singles Program.

Collaborations
Casablancas, along with the Strokes, provided vocals on a cover of Marvin Gaye's "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)" with Joshua Homme on drums and Eddie Vedder on backup vocals. The cover was released in 2006 as the B-side to "You Only Live Once". Casablancas also provided bass guitar and backing vocals on Albert Hammond, Jr.'s "Scared" on his solo album Yours to Keep. He subsequently played a Casio guitar and provided backing vocals on "Sick, Sick, Sick" by Queens of the Stone Age.

In 2008, he recorded a song with Santigold (then known as Santogold) and Pharrell of N*E*R*D titled "My Drive Thru" for a Converse advertising campaign. During his solo phase, he recorded "Boombox" with Andy Samberg, Jorma Taccone, and Akiva Schaffer of The Lonely Island for their 2009 debut album Incredibad, and was featured in an SNL Digital Short for the same song. In addition, he also recorded "I Wish It Was Christmas Today", a festive song based on a Saturday Night Live skit made popular by Jimmy Fallon, Horatio Sanz, Chris Kattan and Tracy Morgan. Casablancas performed the song live on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on December 21, 2009, together with The Roots, Horatio Sanz and Jimmy Fallon. He also appeared in the 100th Digital Short, which aired on May 12, 2012.

Casablancas also collaborated with Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse on the song "Little Girl" on the 2010 album, Dark Night of the Soul, contributing the lyrics, lead and backing vocals, and guitar solo. Aside from vocal collaborations, he also contributed to the song "Forrest Gump" on Digitalism's sophomore album I Love You, Dude in 2011. The electronica duo initiated a collaboration with Casablancas through his manager, and Casablancas contributed 'a 30-second recording with him on guitar' via email.

Casablancas also lent his vocals to the title track, "Rave On", on a 2011 tribute album to Buddy Holly, Rave On Buddy Holly. In 2016, Casablancas contributed three specially recorded The Velvet Underground and Lou Reed covers – Venus in Furs, Run Run Run and White Light/White Heat, under the title White Light White Heat (rock n roll animal live era version) – to the HBO television series, Vinyl. The songs were subsequently released on various soundtracks to the series by Atlantic Records.

Casablancas worked with Daft Punk on their 2013 album Random Access Memories by contributing lyrics, vocals, and a guitar solo to their song "Instant Crush". The album won the 2013 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, with Casablancas as one of the co-recipients of the award. Another collaboration between Casablancas and Daft Punk written during the recording sessions of Random Access Memories was spoken about by Casablancas in several interviews following the album's release. This song "Infinity Repeating (2013 Demo)", also featuring the Voidz, would eventually release on the 10th anniversary edition of the album.

In April 2015, it was revealed that Casablancas had worked on a song with Savages' Jehnny Beth. The collaboration was later announced to be a cover of "Boy/Girl," a 1983 duet by Danish punk band Sort Sol and Lydia Lunch. The music video, directed by Warren Fu, was released on December 4, 2015. The 7" was released through both Cult Records and Pop Noire Records on December 18, 2015. Casablancas also wrote the song "Youth Without Love" for Har Mar Superstar's 2016 album Best Summer Ever, and is featured on "No One There", a song by Indian-born musician, Hammarsing Kharhmar (Exhibition).

In 2015, Julian also made an appearance on Leftöver Crack's album, Constructs of the State. His vocals can be heard on the song Vicious Constructs. The song is sung by both Casablancas and Leftöver Crack lead singer Stza Crack(Scott Sturgeon).

Cult Records
In 2009, Casablancas founded Cult Records, the creative imprint for his solo album Phrazes for the Young. The label signed a partnership agreement with Kobalt Label Services in 2014, which includes representation and product management, physical distribution across multiple territories, digital distribution through AWAL, marketing and sync licensing services. Cult currently represents The Growlers, Har Mar Superstar, Songhoy Blues, Rey Pila, Karen O, Promiseland, the Strokes, The Voidz, Exhibition and Cerebral Ballzy. The label has also released works of Albert Hammond Jr., The Virgins, Reputante, INHEAVEN, Exclamation Pony and Nelson London (C O L O R).

Casablancas served as a co-producer on Rey Pila's album released on Cult, The Future Sugar. In August 2016, Cult Records announced a new album with The Growlers, a Southern California-based band. It was also announced that Casablancas himself was producing the album, later known as City Club.

Musical influences and legacy
Casablancas cites The Doors as one of his earliest musical influences, though he specifies that he was influenced by their musical style rather than the public image of their vocalist and frontman Jim Morrison. He has also cited Lou Reed of The Velvet Underground as a major influence on his lyrics and singing style. He stated in a Rolling Stone interview, "The way Lou Reed wrote and sang about drugs and sex, about the people around him — it was so matter-of-fact. He could be romantic in the way he portrayed these crazy situations, but he was also intensely real. It was poetry and journalism." Additionally, he has stated that Bob Marley, Nirvana, and Pearl Jam are major influences on his work, even referring to the Pearl Jam song "Yellow Ledbetter" as the reason he started making music. He also, in agreement with several of his Voidz bandmates, named Stevie Wonder as a composer with a "next level mind".

Casablancas has served as inspiration for several other musicians including Alex Turner of the Arctic Monkeys and the painter Elizabeth Peyton. Courtney Love's song "But Julian, I'm a Little Bit Older Than You" from her debut solo album America's Sweetheart (2004) was written about Casablancas.

Personal life
In 2005, Casablancas married Juliet Joslin, who was the assistant manager of the Strokes at the time. Their son, Cal, was born in January 2010. Their second son, Zephyr, was born on March 27, 2015. The couple divorced in 2019. Casablancas maintained a teetotal lifestyle from 2009 until 2022, stating that he was once "hungover for five years" during his drinking days. He is a lifelong fan of the New York Mets, although he says the New York Jets' selection of Sam Darnold over Josh Allen in the 2018 NFL Draft inspired him to "quit sports".

In the early 2010s, Casablancas and his family moved to Upstate New York from Greenwich Village in Manhattan. As of 2020, Casablancas lives in Los Angeles.

Politics
Throughout the 2010s, Casablancas became increasingly vocal about his political interests and has said that "whoever's propaganda's the loudest" determines popularity within music and politics alike. He has overtly explored this link in his work with The Voidz, although he says the re-election of George W. Bush was what initially inspired his political interest. He named Oliver Stone, Chris Hedges, Noam Chomsky, Jesse Ventura, and Howard Zinn as political influences. He cites Martin Luther King Jr. as his favorite philosopher, and considers Paul Robeson a role model for politically engaged musicians.

In 2016, he interviewed Henry Giroux, with whom he discussed whether or not the average American understands their existing struggles and unresolved conflicts. In September 2018, he appeared on Lee Camp's show Redacted Tonight on Russian state-funded network RT America. The following month, Camp opened for The Voidz at a show in Houston, Texas. Casablancas endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, and on the eve of the 2020 New Hampshire primary, the Strokes performed in support of Sanders at the University of New Hampshire. That October, a few days before the 2020 United States elections, Rolling Stone announced and released the first episode of Casablancas's interview series, S.O.S. – Earth is a Mess. The show featured Democracy Now! host Amy Goodman and Andrew Yang as early guests, with Casablancas focusing much of his questioning on democratic reform and the influence of special interest groups on politics and the media; he interviewed Noam Chomsky in 2021 for the show.

On February 10, 2020, the Strokes performed a get-out-the-vote concert rally with 2020 presidential candidate and Vermont senator Bernie Sanders at the Whittemore Center Arena in Durham, New Hampshire. The Strokes performed their song "New York City Cops" which is a critique of New York City law enforcement and contains lyrics like "New York City cops, they ain't too smart", as they were being ushered off the stage by police.

In spring of 2021, Casablancas showed his support for the Boycott Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement.

On June 12, 2021, the Strokes held an in-person concert at New York's Irving Plaza to support New York City mayoral candidate Maya Wiley.

Discography
Solo discography

 Phrazes for the Young (2009)
With The Voidz

 Tyranny (2014)
 Virtue (2018)
With The Strokes

 Is This It (2001)
 Room on Fire (2003)
 First Impressions of Earth (2005)
 Angles (2011)
 Comedown Machine (2013)
 The New Abnormal (2020)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey
Hispanic and Latino American singers
American baritones
American male singer-songwriters
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American people of Danish descent
American expatriates in Switzerland
Singers from New York City
The Strokes members
Lycée Français de New York alumni
Grammy Award winners
21st-century American singer-songwriters
American people of Catalan descent
Cult Records artists
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

Julian Casablancas