Ampullariidae, whose members are commonly known as apple snails, is a family of large freshwater snails that includes the mystery snail species.  They are aquatic gastropod mollusks with a gill and an operculum. These snails simultaneously have a gill and a lung as functional respiratory structures, which are separated by a division of the mantle cavity. This adaptation allows these animals to be amphibious. Species in this family are considered gonochoristic, meaning that each individual organism is either male or female.

Systematics and taxonomy
Ampullariidae belongs to the superfamily Ampullarioidea, and is also its type family. It comprised two subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, which followed the classification proposed by Berthold (1991), including Ampullariinae Gray, 1824, and Afropominae Berthold, 1991. The current classification accepted by WoRMS includes Ampullariinae and Pomaceinae Starobogatov, 1983.

Genera
Ampullariidae are probably of Gondwanan origin, and the diversification of Ampullariidae started probably after the separation of the African and South American continental plates. The sister group of Ampullariidae has not been clearly identified yet. A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of 6 genera belonging to Ampullariidae was proposed by Jørgensen and colleagues in 2008.

There are nine extant genera in the family Ampullariidae:

 Subfamily Ampullariinae Gray, 1824
 tribe Ampullariini
 Ampullaria Lamarck, 1799 – type genus of the subfamily Ampullariinae., This genus is not treated as a valid extant genus Ampullariidae and is considered a synonym of Pila Röding, 1798 . nomenclatorical details about Ampullaria
 Forbesopomus Bequaert & Clench, 1937
 Lanistes Montfot, 1810
 Pila Röding, 1798
 tribe Sauleini
 Saulea Gray, 1868 – type genus of the tribe Sauleini

Afropominae
 Afropomus Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927 – type genus of the subfamily Afropominae, with the only species Afropomus balanoidea (Gould, 1850). It is treated by WoRMS as belonging to the subfamily Ampullariinae.

 Subfamily Pomaceinae Starobogatov, 1983
 Asolene d'Orbigny, 1838
 Felipponea (Dall, 1919)
 Marisa J. E. Gray, 1824
 Pomacea Perry, 1810

Unassigned to a subfamily
 † Carnevalea Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016
 † Doriaca Willmann, 1981
 † Euphepyrgula G.-X. Zhu, 1980
 † Mesolanistes Yen, 1945
 † Pictavia Cossmann, 1925
 Pomella Gray, 1847: synonym of Pomacea Perry, 1810
 † Pseudoceratodes Wenz, 1928
 † Sudanistes Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2017

Synonyms
 Effusa Jousseaume, 1889: synonym of Pomacea Perry, 1810 (junior synonym)
 PomellaGray, 1847: synonym of Pomacea Perry, 1810
 Ampullaria Lamarck, 1799: synonym of Pila Röding, 1798
 Ampullarius Montfort, 1810: synonym of Pila Röding, 1798 (invalid: unjustified emendation of Ampullaria)
 Ampulloidea d'Orbigny, 1841: synonym of Asolene d'Orbigny, 1838 (unnecessary substitute name for Asolene)
 † Ampullopsis Repelin, 1902 : synonym of Pila Röding, 1798 (junior subjective synonym)
 Ceratodes Guilding, 1828: synonym of Marisa (gastropod) Gray, 1824 (junior objective synonym of Marisa)
 Subfamily Lanistinae Starobogatov, 1983: synonym of Ampullariidae Gray, 1824
 Leroya Grandidier, 1887: synonym of Lanistes Montfort, 1810
 Limnopomus Dall, 1904: synonym of Pomacea Perry, 1810
 Meladomus Swainson, 1840: synonym of Lanistes Montfort, 1810
 Pachychilus Philippi, 1851: synonym of Pila Röding, 1798 (unjustified emendation of Pachylabra)
 Pachylabra Swainson, 1840: synonym of Pila Röding, 1798 (unnecessary nom. nov. pro Pachystoma Guilding, 1828)
 Pachystoma Guilding, 1828: synonym of Pila Röding, 1798
 Pomus Gray, 1847: synonym of Pila Röding, 1798
 Tribe Sauleini Berthold, 1991: synonym of Ampullariidae Gray, 1824
 Turbinicola Annandale & Prashad, 1921: synonym of Pila Röding, 1798

Distribution
The genera Asolene, Felipponea, Marisa, and Pomacea are New World genera that are native to South America, Central America, the West Indies and the Southern United States. The genera Afropomus, Lanistes, and Saulea are found in Africa. The genus Pila is native to both Africa and Asia.

Ecology
Apple snails are exceptionally well adapted to tropical regions characterized by periods of drought alternating with periods of high rainfall. This adaptation is reflected in their life style; they are moderately amphibious. They have an operculum which enables the snail to seal the shell entrance to prevent drying out while they are buried in the mud during dry periods.

One of the more typical adaptations of apple snails is branchial respiration. The snail has a system comparable to the gills of a fish (at the right side of the snail body) to breathe under water as well as a lung (at the left side of the body) to respire air. This lung/gill combination expands the action radius of the snail in search for food. It is part of the snail's natural behaviour to leave the water when the food supply below the surface becomes inadequate.

Several apple snail genera (Pomacea, Pila and Asolene/Pomella) deposit eggs above the waterline in calcareous clutches and can be recognized by the light pink color they resemble. This remarkable strategy of aquatic snails protects the eggs against predation by fish and other aquatic inhabitants. Another anti-predator adaptation in the apple snail genera Pomacea and Pila, is the tubular siphon, used to breathe air while submerged, reducing vulnerability to attacking birds.
The apple snail's usual enemies are the birds limpkin and snail kite.

Apple snails inhabit various ecosystems: ponds, swamps and rivers. Although they occasionally leave the water, they spend most of their time under water. Unlike the pulmonate snail families, apple snails are not hermaphroditic, but gonochoristic; i.e. they have separate sexes.

Human use

As a common aquarium animal

Apple snails are popular aquarium pets because of their attractive appearance and size. When properly cared for, some apple snail species can reach  diameter. Apple snails include species that are the biggest living freshwater snails on Earth.

The most common apple snail in aquarium shops are Pomacea bridgesii and Pomacea diffusa, (both called mystery snails or spike-topped apple snails, among other things). These species come in different colours from brown to albino or yellow and even blue, purple, pink, and jade, with or without banding. Another common apple snail is Pomacea canaliculata; this snail is bigger, rounder and is more likely to eat aquatic plants, which makes it less suitable for most aquaria. This species can also have different shell and body colours. The "giant ramshorn snail" (Marisa cornuarietis) although not always recognized as an apple snail due to its discoidal shape, is also a popular aquatic pet. Occasionally, the Florida apple snail (Pomacea paludosa) is found in the aquarium trade and these are often collected in the wild from ditches and ponds in Florida. The giant Pomacea maculata is rarely used as an aquarium species.

Apple snails are often sold under the name "golden (ivory, blue, black...) mystery snail" and they are given incorrect names like Ampullarius for the genus instead of Pomacea and wrong species names like gigas instead of maculata.

Temperature
The optimal aquarium water temperature for apple snails is between . Apple snails are more active and lively in the higher part of this temperature range. In these higher temperatures, the snails tend to eat, crawl and grow faster. At the lower end of the temperature range, , the snails may become inactive.

As a pest
In the 1980s, Pomacea canaliculata was introduced in Taiwan to start an escargot industry. It was thought that such food culture could provide valuable proteins for farmers, who primarily live on a rice diet. However, the snails did not become a culinary success. Additionally the imported snails (like the native apple snail population, Pila) were able to transfer a parasite called Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm). This parasite can infect humans if snails are eaten that have not been thoroughly cooked first.

Instead of becoming a valuable food source, the introduced snails escaped and became a serious threat to rice production and the native ecosystems. During the 1980s the introduced snails rapidly spread to Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Hong Kong, southern China, Japan and the Philippines.

Hawaii experienced the same introduction of Pomacea for culinary purposes, and its taro industry is now suffering because of it.

Genera Marisa, Pila and Pomacea (except Pomacea diffusa and native Pomacea paludosa) are already established in the US, and are considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest which could negatively affect agriculture, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that these genera be given top national quarantine significance in the US.

Nevertheless, apple snails are considered a delicacy in several regions of the world, and they are often sold in East and Pacific Asian markets for consumption.

As a bio-control agent
Pomacea and Marisa species have been introduced to Africa and Asia in an attempt to control other medically problematic snails in the family Planorbidae: Bulinus species and Biomphalaria species, which serve as intermediate hosts for trematoda parasites. These parasites can cause swimmers itch and schistosomiasis, a disease that affects over 200 million people in tropical regions. One of the species introduced as bio-agent is Marisa cornuarietis; this snail competes with other snails and also directly preys on other species.

As food
In Veracruz, Mexico, there is a subspecies of apple snail known as Pomacea patula catemacensis Baker, 1922. This subspecies is endemic to Lake Catemaco. This large snail is locally known as "tegogolo" and is prized as a nutritious food item, with approximately 12 grams of protein per 100 grams of apple snail flesh according to the apple snail nutritional information. They are also low in fat and high in minerals. Only wild or specifically cultured apple snails are fit for human consumption; those found in domestic aquaria may be unsuitable.

References

Further reading

External links

 Applesnail website
 Apple Snail in Thailand

Oxfordian first appearances
Extant Late Jurassic first appearances
Taxa named by John Edward Gray

Ampullariidae


Paul Henry Calvert, AO (born 19 January 1940) is a former Australian politician who served as a Senator for Tasmania from 1987 to 2007, representing the Liberal Party. He was President of the Senate from 2002 to 2007.

Early life
Born into a long established farming family based outside Hobart, Calvert still runs a property in Tasmania. He was active in local government, serving as Warden (the title later changed to Mayor) of the City of Clarence, on Hobart's eastern shore.  He was also President of the Royal Agricultural Society of Tasmania.

Politics
In 1987 he was elected to the Australian Senate, after declining an invitation by the former Liberal Premier of Tasmania, Robin Gray, to run for the House of Assembly after a successful career in local government and agri-politics.  He was re-elected in 1990, 1996 and 2001.

In 1997 Calvert became the government's Senate Whip.  He became president following Margaret Reid in 2002, and was re-elected in 2005.  Early in his presidency he tackled the archaic five department structure of the Australian Parliament, and achieved a streamlining to 3 departments – one for each Chamber and one looking after joint services.

On 7 August 2007 Calvert announced his intention to resign his position as President of the Senate on 14 August and to resign as a Senator for Tasmania before the Senate resumed on 10 September. He was succeeded as Senate President by South Australian Liberal Senator Alan Ferguson.  He formally resigned as a Senator on 29 August 2007.

Later life and honours
In 2008 he was appointed a member of the Governing Council of Old Parliament House in Canberra. As part of the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours list, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia.

References
Notes

Sources
Paul Calvert, Senate Biography

1940 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Presidents of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for Tasmania
Officers of the Order of Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians

Paul Calvert (politician)


Phénoménologie de la perception é uma obra do filósofo francês Maurice Merleau-Ponty publicada em 1945, no qual o autor expõe sua tese da "primazia da percepção". O trabalho estabeleceu Merleau-Ponty como o filósofo preeminente do corpo e é considerado uma importante declaração do existencialismo francês.

Resumo

Merleau-Ponty tenta definir a fenomenologia, que segundo ele ainda não recebera uma definição adequada. Ele afirma que a fenomenologia contém uma série de contradições aparentes, que incluem o fato de que ela tenta criar uma filosofia que seria uma ciência rigorosa, ao mesmo tempo em que oferece uma explicação do espaço, do tempo e do mundo como as pessoas os experimentam. Merleau-Ponty nega que tais contradições possam ser resolvidas pela distinção entre as visões do filósofo Edmund Husserl e as do filósofo Martin Heidegger, comentando que Sein und Zeit de Heidegger (1927) "surge de uma indicação dada por Husserl e não passa de um relato explícito do 'natürlicher Weltbegriff' ou do 'Lebenswelt' que Husserl, no final de sua vida, identificou como o tema central da fenomenologia, com o resultado que a contradição aparece na própria filosofia husserliana".

Seguindo Husserl, Merleau-Ponty tenta revelar a estrutura fenomenológica da percepção. Ele escreve que, embora a "noção de sensação ... pareça imediata e óbvia", ela é de fato confusa. Merleau-Ponty afirma que, porque as "análises tradicionais" o aceitaram, elas "perderam o fenômeno da percepção". Merleau-Ponty argumenta que, embora a sensação possa ser entendida como "o modo como sou afetado e a experiência de um estado de mim mesmo", não há nada na experiência que corresponda a "sensação pura" ou "um átomo de sentimento". Ele escreve que, "A suposta autoevidência da sensação não se baseia em nenhum testemunho de consciência, mas em um preconceito amplamente difundido". Sua tese central é a da "primazia da percepção". Ele critica a postura cartesiana de "cogito ergo sum" e expõe uma concepção diferente da consciência. O dualismo cartesiano corpo-mente é questionado como a forma primária de existir no mundo, e é finalmente rejeitado em favor de uma concepção intersubjetiva ou conceito dialético e intencional de consciência. O corpo é central para a explicação da percepção de Merleau-Ponty. Para ele, a capacidade de refletir vem de um terreno pré-reflexivo que serve de base para a reflexão sobre as ações.

A explicação de Merleau-Ponty sobre o corpo o ajuda a minar o que havia sido uma concepção de consciência de longa data, que gira em torno da distinção entre o para-si (sujeito) e em-si (objeto), que desempenha um papel central na filosofia de Jean-Paul Sartre , cujo Ser e nada foi lançado em 1943. O corpo está entre essa distinção fundamental entre sujeito e objeto, existindo ambiguamente como ambos. Na discussão de Merleau-Ponty sobre a sexualidade humana, ele discute a psicanálise. Merleau-Ponty sugere que o corpo "pode simbolizar a existência porque a traz à existência e a atualiza".

Bibliografia

Livros de 1945
Livros existencialistas

Phénoménologie de la perception


Mahmoud Khedri 'محمود خذري' (14 mars 1948 - 23 juillet 2021) était un homme politique algérien. Il a été ministre de l'Industrie de 2005 à 2007 et ministre des Relations avec le Parlement algérien de 2007 à 2014. Il a également été membre de l'Assemblée populaire nationale de 1997 à 2003.

Mahmoud Khedri est décédé de la COVID-19 le 23 juillet 2021, à l'âge de 73 ans.

Références

Liens externes

Professeur à l'université Constantine 1
Député algérien de la Ve législature
Ministre algérien des relations avec le Parlement
Naissance en mars 1948
Décès en juillet 2021
Mort de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 en Algérie
Décès à 73 ans
Ministre algérien de l'Industrie
Député algérien de la IVe législature
Personnalité chaouie

Mahmoud Khedri


El topónimo Patterson puede hacer referencia a varios lugares de Estados Unidos:

 Patterson, una ciudad en el estado de Arkansas;
 Patterson, una ciudad en el estado de California;
 Patterson, un municipio en el estado de Carolina del Norte;
 Patterson, una ciudad en el estado de Georgia;
 Patterson, un municipio en el estado de Illinois;
 Patterson, una ciudad en el estado de Iowa;
 Patterson, una ciudad en el estado de Luisiana;
 Patterson, un pueblo en el estado de Nueva York;
 Patterson, un municipio en el estado de Ohio;
 Patterson, una villa en el estado anterior;
 Patterson, un municipio y un lugar designado por el censo en el estado de Pensilvania.

Patterson


An Epidendrum chiquiribambense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eric Hágsater ngan Dodson. An Epidendrum chiquiribambense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum chiquiribambense


MBA (Okunuşu: embiey) (Master of Business Administration; İşletme Yönetimi Yüksek Lisansı), iş insanlarına yönelik olarak geliştirilmiş lisansüstü bir yeterlik derecesidir.

İlk olarak 1902 yılında, ABD'deki Dartmouth College (Hanover, New Hampshire) bu dereceyi alan mezunlarını vermiştir. Bu program daha sonraları dünyadaki birçok üniversitede uygulanmaya başladı ve özellikle son 20-30 yıl içerisinde, dünya genelinde işletme dalında tercih edilen bir yeterlik haline gelmiştir.

Türkiye'de de üniversiteler İşletme yüksek lisans programlarına bu ismi vermeyi tercih etmektedirler.
Çalışanlara yönelik MBA programlarında Executive MBA, kısaca EMBA denir. MBA'in liselere uyarlanmış hali Türkiye'de t-MBA adı altında bazı özel liselerde uygulanmaktadır.

e-MBA :
Uzaktan eğitim şeklinde yapılan MBA çeşididir. Türkiye'de birçok vakıf üniversitesi ve bazı devlet üniversiteleri özellikle çalışma hayatında bulunanlara kolaylık sağlamak amacıyla e-MBA programları başlatmış bulunmaktalar.

e-MBA programında dersler internet üzerinden verilmektedir. Eğitim süresi 3 yarıyıldır. Altı yarıyıla kadar uzayabilir. Türkiye'de son yıllarda birçok üniversite e-MBA eğitimi vermeye başlamıştır. Okan Üniversitesi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Mersin Üniversitesi, Işık Üniversitesi, Maltepe Üniversitesi, Fatih Üniversitesi, Bilgi Üniversitesi ve Atılım Üniversitesi uzaktan MBA programı veren üniversitelerdir. Bu programların tamamı YÖK onaylı programlardır ve birçoğunun diplomaları normal MBA programlarından farklı değildir.

e-MBA programlarında dersler için okula gidilmez. Sadece final sınavları için okula gidilmesi gerekmektedir. Özellikle çalışan kişilerce, işlerini aksatmadan devam edilebilen bir eğitim olması sebebiyle çokça tercih edilmektedir.

Executive MBA:
Yönetici MBA anlamına gelir. Executive MBA öğrencileri, profesyonel iş deneyimine sahip kişilerden oluşmakta ve çok yoğun bir program takip edilmektedir. Belli bir sene yöneticilik deneyimine sahip olmayanlar bu programa kabul edilmezler. Öğrenciler çalışanlardan oluştuğu için bu program genelde akşamları, hafta sonları veya online olarak verilmektedir. Katılımcılar genelde çalıştıkları şirketlerin özel sorunları ve problemleri üzerine proje çalışması yürütürler. Executive MBA programları daha çok pratik ve uygulamaya yöneliktir.

Program 3 yarıyılda tamamlanır en çok 6 yarıyıla uzayabilir. Program bazı temel dersler ve dönem projesinden oluşmaktadır. Genel olarak programda okutulan dersler:
 İşletme yöneticiliği,
 Finansal Muhasebe,
 Pazarlama yönetimi,
 Örgütsel davranış,
 Stratejik yönetim,
 Finansal yönetim,
 Yönetim bilişim sistemleri,
 Lojistik ve tedarik zinciri yönetimi,
 Mali tablolar analizi,
 Uluslararası işletme yönetimi,
 Üretim yönetimi derslerinden oluşmaktadır.

MBA Ücretleri:
MBA eğitimi dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de oldukça popülerdir. Dersler çoğu zaman hem akademik hem de iş dünyasında söz sahibi olan kişilerce verilmektedir. Bu durum, MBA ücretlerini diğer yüksek lisans programlarına göre daha yüksek yapmaktadır.

Fakat bu eğitim için çok geniş bir fiyat aralığı vardır. Örneğin 6.000 TL - 40.000 TL arası bir fiyatlandırma söz konusudur. Üniversiteye, eğitim süresine, eğitim diline göre fiyatlar çok farklılık göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Boğaziçi Üniversitesi

Yüksek lisans
İş nitelikleri
Yönetim eğitimi

İşletme Yönetimi Yüksek Lisansı