Festival dalmatinskih klapa Omiš 1969. bila je glazbena manifestacija klapskog pjevanja u Omišu u Hrvatskoj. Festival se održao 27. srpnja 1969. godine.

Natjecale su se sljedeće muške klape:
 Klapa Dalmacijacement, Vranjic, Ljubo Stipišić
 Klapa Jadera, Zadar
 Klapa Jedinstvo, Split, Ljubo Stipišić
 Klapa Lučica, Split, Duško Tambača
 Klapa Mostar-Abrašević, Mostar, Ilija Vasilj
 Klapa Prijatelji mora, Sarajevo, Zdenko Tadić
 Klapa Sloboda, Vranjic
 Klapa Split, Split, Ljubo Stipišić
 Klapa Srdela, Makarska, Joško Buble
 Klapa Sućurani, Kaštel Sućurac
 Klapa Trogir, Trogir, Ljubo Stipišić
 Klapa Varošani, Split, Antun Milatić

Napomene:

Nagrade

Večer novih skladbi
Zlatna plaketa autoru najuspješnije skladbe
 Skladba "Bistro more" - Glazba i tekst: Živan Pačić; izvela Klapa Trogir

Plaketa za najbolju izvedbu:
 Klapa Split, za skladbu "Pjesma Baškoj vodi" - glazba i tekst: Smiljan Radić

Zlatna plaketa publike:
 Skladba "Ja i moja Ane", glazba i tekst: Milorad Vučetić; izvela Klapa Jedinstvo, Split

Završna večer klapa

1. Nagrada stručnog žirija - zlatni štit s grbom Grada Omiša:
 Klapa Jedinstvo, Split

2. Nagrada stručnog žirija - srebrni štit s grbom Grada Omiša:
 Klapa Srdela, Makarska
 Klapa Trogir, Trogir

3. Nagrada stručnog žirija - brončani štit s grbom Grada Omiša:
 Klapa Dalmacijacement, Vranjic

1. Nagrada publike - zlatni omiški leut
 Klapa Trogir, Trogir

2. Nagrada publike - srebrni omiški leut
 Klapa Prijatelji mora, Sarajevo

3. Nagrada publike - brončani omiški leut
 Nagrada nije dodijeljena

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

1969

Festival dalmatinskih klapa – Omiš 1969.


In music notation, a sixty-fourth note (North American), or hemidemisemiquaver or semidemisemiquaver (British), sometimes called a half-thirty-second note, is a note played for half the duration of a thirty-second note (or demisemiquaver), hence the name. It first occurs in the late 17th century and, apart from rare occurrences of hundred twenty-eighth notes (semihemidemisemiquavers) and two hundred fifty-sixth notes (demisemihemidemisemiquavers), it is the shortest value found in musical notation.

Sixty-fourth notes are notated with a filled-in oval notehead and a straight note stem with four flags. The stem is drawn to the left of the notehead going downward when the note is above or on the middle line of the staff. When the notehead is below the middle line the stem is drawn to the right of the notehead going upward. A single 64th note is always stemmed with flags, while two or more are usually beamed in groups.

A similar, but rarely encountered symbol is the sixty-fourth rest (or hemidemisemiquaver rest, shown in figure 1) which denotes silence for the same duration as a sixty-fourth note.

Notes shorter than a sixty-fourth note are very rarely used, though the hundred twenty-eighth note—otherwise known as the semihemidemisemiquaver—and even shorter notes, are occasionally found.

See also
 List of musical symbols

References

Sources

 "The listener is right to suspect a Baroque reference when a double-dotted rhythmic gesture and semihemidemisemiquaver triplets appear to ornament the theme" (112).

Further reading
Taylor, Eric. The Associated Board Guide to Music Theory (Part 1) (England: The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (Publishing) Ltd, 1989) Chapter 3 (Continuing with Rhythm), pp. 15–20.

Note values

Sixty-fourth note


Bekmanija (lat. Beckmannia), rod korisnih jednogodišnjih biljka ili trajnica iz porodice travovki

Postoje dvije vrste rasprostranjenih po Euroaziji i Sjevernoj Americi. U Hrvatskoj je jedna vrsta, rigasta bekmanija (Beckmannia eruciformis), trajnica raširena Europom i Azijom.

Vrste
 Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host
 Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald

Izvori

Poodinae

Bekmanija


Vojo Dimitrijević (Sarajevo, 12. svibnja 1910. – Sarajevo, 12. kolovoza 1980.), bio je bosanskohercegovački slikar i jedan od osnivača Collegium Artisticuma.

Životopis
Vojo Dimitrijević je rođen 12. svibnja 1910. godine u Sarajevu. U Beogradu je 1936. godine završio Državnu umjetničku školu, a potom posjećuje atelje Andre Lota u Parizu. Uz Oskara Danona, Anu Rajs i Jahiela Fincija jedan od osnivača grupe Collegium Artisticum 1939. godine, koja i danas djeluje i čini značajnu gradsku točku u oblasti kulture i umjetnosti u Sarajevu. Značaj ove znamenite skupine ističe se u osobitom društvenopolitičkom kontekstu Kraljevine Jugoslavije uoči Drugog svjetskog rata. Dimitrijević je 1945. učestvovao u osnivanju Udruge likovnih umjetnika Bosne i Hercegovine, te Škole likovnih umjetnosti u Sarajevu u kojoj je radio kao ravnatelj i profesor. Bio je dio društva najznačajnijih bosanskohercegovačkih umjetnika: Mice Dimitrijević, Ismeta Mujezinovića, Danijela Ozme i Romana Petrovića.

Umro je u Sarajevu, 12. kolovoza 1980. godine. U Sarajevu jedna ulica nosi njenovo ime, a ispred Akademije likovnih umjetnosti u Sarajevu nalazi se postament bez biste koja je ukradena 2012. godine. Godine 2010. u Umjetničkoj galeriji Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu, upriličena je velika retrospektivna izložba i time je obilježen umjetnikov stoti rođendan.

Stvaralaštvo
Opus mu se razvijao u rasponu od socijalno angažiranog slikarstva, preko geometrijske apstrakcije sve do konceptualnih slikarskih praksi bliskih donekle analitičkom i procesualnom slikarstvu. Zbog svog osebujnog, stilski nehomogenog opusa, Vojo Dimitrijević je bio izložen brojnim raspravama struke i politike. Rano napuštanje ideoloških motiva i priključenje avangardnim stremljenjima priskrbilo mu je i epitet "izdajnika revolucije".

Djela
 Kraj peći, ulje na platnu, 1930.
 Španija, ulje na platnu
 Portret slikara Ismeta Mujezinovića, ulje na platnu, 1939.
 Ulica pod snijegom, ulje na platnu, 1951.
 Život u kući radnika, linorez
 Fašizam caruje
 Bolničarka Rava previja ranjenika, crtež ugljenom

Nagrade
 1956. - Šestotravanjska nagrada grada Sarajeva;
 1962. - Dvadesetsedmojulska nagrada;
 1964. -Nagrada Vlade NR BiH;
 1970. - Nagrada AVNOJ-a;

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Godišnjica smrti Voje Dimitrijevića

Bosanskohercegovački slikari
Životopisi, Sarajevo

Vojo Dimitrijević


Olaylar

 1299 - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nu, Oğuzlar'ın Kayı boyuna mensup Osman Gazi; Söğüt ve Domaniç civarında, Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti'nin obası ve kendisine uçbeyliği olarak tahsis ettiği bölgede bağımsızlık ilan ederek kurmuştur.
 1605 - Cervantes'in Don Kişot adlı romanı ilk kez yayımlandı. Romanın 2. bölümü ise tam 10 yıl sonra basılacaktır.
 1685 - Viyana'da ilk kafe Johannes Diodato tarafından açıldı.
 1819 - Simón Bolívar, Kolombiya Cumhuriyeti'ni ilan etti.
 1851 - Şirket-i Hayriye kuruldu.
 1852 - Sand River Antlaşması ile Birleşik Krallık, Transvaal'deki (Güney Afrika) Boer kolonilerinin bağımsızlığını kabul etti.
 1875 - Karaköy-Beyoğlu arasındaki Tünel işletmeye açıldı. Tünel, 1863'te Londra'da hizmete giren yeraltı toplu taşıma sistemlerinden sonra inşa edilen dünyanın en eski 2. yeraltı toplu taşıma sistemidir.
 1904 - Anton Çehov'un yazdığı Vişne Bahçesi adlı oyun, ilk kez Moskova Sanat Tiyatrosu'nda sahnelendi.
 1909 - Fenerbahçe ile Galatasaray ilk kez karşılaştı; FB:0, GS:2
 1917 - ABD, Virgin Adaları karşılığında Danimarka'ya 25 milyon dolar ödedi.
 1923 - Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın İzmit'te düzenlediği ilk basın toplantısı, sabaha karşı sona erdi.
 1929 - Elzie Crisler Segar tarafından yaratılan Temel Reis (Popeye) karikatürü, ilk kez bir gazetede yayımlandı.
 1934 - Revü yıldızı Josephine Baker, İstanbul'a geldi.
 1942 - Ankara'da ekmek karneye bağlandı.
 1944 - Monte Cassino Savaşı: II. Dünya Savaşı'nın en uzun ve kanlı çarpışmalarından biri başladı.
 1945 - SSCB ve Polonya birlikleri Varşova'ya girdi.
 1946 - BM Güvenlik Konseyi ilk toplantısını yaptı.
 1955 - Nükleer enerjiyle çalışan ilk denizaltı olan, ABD'ye ait "USS Nautilus (SSN-571)" suya indirildi.
 1960 - Yahya Kemal Müzesi açıldı. Müze Fatih Külliyesi'nin Baş Kurşunlu Medresesi'nde bulunuyor.
 1961 - Kongo Başbakanı Patrice Lumumba öldürüldü.
 1964 - Londra Konferansı'nda Kıbrıs Türk toplumunu temsil eden Rauf Denktaş konuştu. Rauf Denktaş, federal yönetime gidilmezse, ayrı bir hükûmet kuracaklarını açıkladı.
 1966 - Bir Amerikan B-52 bombardıman uçağı, İspanya üzerinde bir yakıt tanker uçağı ile yakıt ikmali sırasında çarpıştı ve dört hidrojen bombasını Palomares köyü civarına düşürdü. "Palomares Olayı" olarak hatırlanan olay sonrası, çevrede radyasyon kirliliği oluştu.
 1971 - Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Rektörü Erdal İnönü'nün evinin önüne dinamit atıldı.
 1973 - Ferdinand Marcos, Filipinler'in "ömür boyu" Başkanı oldu.
 1974 - Resmî olarak son Anadolu parsı öldürüldü.1
 1981 - Sakarya'da komünist militanlar Ramazan Yukarıgöz, Ömer Yazgan, Erdoğan Yazgan ve Mehmet Kambur; mensubu oldukları komünist örgüte para bulmak için giriştikleri kuyumcu soygununda kuyumcunun oğlu Hasan Kahveci'yi ve polis memuru Mustafa Kılıç'ı öldürdü, emniyet kuvvetlerine ve halka ateş açtı, polis otosunu taradı.
 1981 - Devlet Başkanı Orgeneral Kenan Evren, Gaziantep'te halka seslendi: "Biliyorsunuz: Yalancı devrimciler, 'Tek yol devrim!' diye ortaya atıldılar; duvarlara, şuraya buraya yazdılar. Evet, devrim vardır ama bu tek yol Atatürk devrimidir! Onun yoludur. Atatürk'ün koyduğu ilkeler komünizme de faşizme de kapalıdır."
 1984 - Dolandırıcılıktan yargılanan Abidin Cevher Özden (Banker Kastelli) beraat etti.
 1984 - Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nde Yerel Seçim Yasası kabul edildi.
 1987 - Bülent Ecevit, Siyasi Partiler Kanunu'na aykırı davranmaktan 11 ay 20 gün hapse mahkûm edildi. 12 Eylül darbesinden sonra Bülent Ecevit hakkında 80, Süleyman Demirel hakkında 55 dava açılmıştı.
 1990 - Sosyaldemokrat Halkçı Parti (SHP) milletvekillerinin hazırladıkları Güneydoğu Anadolu Araştırma Raporu açıklandı.
 1990 - Yazar Aziz Nesin, kendisine "vatan haini" dediği gerekçesiyle Cumhurbaşkanı Kenan Evren aleyhine tazminat davası açtı.
 1991 - 2. Körfez Savaşı, müttefik uçaklarının Irak ve Kuveyt'teki hedefleri vurmalarıyla başladı. Irak, misilleme olarak İsrail'e 8 adet Scud füzesi yolladı.
 1992 - İrlanda Cumhuriyet Ordusu (IRA), Kuzey İrlanda'da Protestanlara ait bir binayı bombaladı, 7 işçi öldü.
 1994 - Güney Kaliforniya'da 6,7 büyüklüğünde bir deprem meydana geldi: 61 kişi öldü, 20 milyar dolar hasar olduğu tahmin ediliyor.
 1994 - 21 Ocak'ta fırlatılması planlanan ilk Türk uydusu Türksat 1A'yı taşıyacak Arien füzesi arızalandı. Fırlatma işlemi 10 gün ertelendi.
 1995 - Avrupa Parlamentosu, Saharov Ödülü'nü cezaevinde bulunan eski DEP milletvekili Leyla Zana'ya verdi.
 1995 - Japonya'nın Osaka-Kobe bölgesinde 7,2 büyüklüğünde bir deprem meydana geldi: 6 binden fazla kişi öldü.
 2000 - İstanbul'da bir villaya operasyon düzenlenmesi sonucunda çıkan çatışmada, Hizbullah'ın elebaşısı Hüseyin Velioğlu ölü ele geçirildi. Genişletilen operasyonda, mezar evler ortaya çıkarıldı ve çok sayıda Hizbullah mensubu yakalandı.
 2003 - Bugün gazetesi yayın hayatına başladı.
 2005 - İstanbul'da 97 şehit asker ailesi ve malul gaziye Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Övünç Madalyası ve Beratı verildi.
 2006 - Adalet Bakanı Cemil Çiçek, Mehmet Ali Ağca'nın tahliye kararının, yazılı emir yoluyla bozulması istemini içeren başvurusunu Yargıtay'a gönderdi.
 2007 - Kuzey Kore'nin nükleer denemesi üzerine Chicago Üniversitesindeki sembolik Kıyamet Günü Saati 11:55'e ayarlandı. (12 Kıyamet demektir) Saat, soğuk savaş boyunca 18 kez değiştirilmiştir.
 2012 - KKTC'nin kurucu Cumhurbaşkanı Rauf Denktaş, son yolculuğuna uğurlandı. Kıbrıs'taki Selimiye Camii'nde kılınan cenaze namazı ardından top arabasına yüklenen naaşı, gökkuşağının altından geçerek Cumhuriyet Parkı'ndaki anıt mezara defnedildi.

Doğumlar
 1501 - Leonhart Fuchs, Alman doktor ve botanikçi (ö. 1566)
 1504 - V. Pius, 1566-1572 yılları arasında papalık yapmıştır (ö. 1572)
 1600 - Pedro Calderón de la Barca, İspanyol şair, oyun yazarı, asker ve din adamı (ö. 1681)
 1612 - Thomas Fairfax, İngiliz İç Savaşında parlamento ordusunda komutan ve Oliver Cromwell'in silah arkadaşı (ö. 1671)
 1647 - Elisabeth Hevelius, ilk kadın astronomlardan biri (ö. 1693)
 1706 - Benjamin Franklin, Amerikalı bilim insanı ve siyasetçi (ö. 1790)
 1732 - II. Stanisław August Poniatowski, Polonya'nın son kralı (ö. 1798)
 1771 - Charles Brockden Brown, Amerikalı romancı ve gazeteci (ö. 1810)
 1783 - Pedro Gual Escandón, Venezuelalı avukat, politikacı ve diplomat (ö. 1862)
 1784 - Philippe Antoine d'Ornano, Fransız asker ve politikacı (ö. 1863)
 1789 - Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna, İtalyan bibliyograf, rahip ve hukukçu (ö. 1868)
 1800 - Caleb Cushing, ABD devlet adamı ve diplomat (ö. 1879)
 1820 - Anne Brontë, İngiliz romancı (ö. 1849)
 1834 - August Weismann, Alman biyolog (ö. 1914)
 1837 - Vasili Radlof, Rus doğu bilimci (ö. 1918)
 1857 - Wilhelm Kienzl, Avusturyalı besteci (ö. 1941)
 1858 - Tomás Carrasquilla, Kolombiyalı yazar (ö. 1940)
 1860 - Douglas Hyde, İrlandalı siyasetçi ve şair (ö. 1949)
 1863 - David Lloyd George, İngiliz politikacı (ö. 1945)
 1863 - Konstantin Stanislavski, Rus tiyatro oyuncusu, yönetmen ve Moskova Sanat Tiyatrosu'nun kurucusu (ö. 1938)
 1867 - Carl Laemmle, Alman asıllı Amerikalı film yapımcısı (ö. 1939)
 1871 - David Beatty, İngiliz Kraliyet Donanması amirali (ö. 1936)
 1880 - Mack Sennett, Kanadalı film yapımcısı ve yönetmen (ö. 1960)
 1884 - Sergei Gorodetsky, Rus şair (ö. 1967)
 1885 - Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, Nazi Almanyası döneminde Heer generali (ö. 1968)
 1886 - Glenn L. Martin, Amerikalı havacılık öncüsü (ö. 1955)
 1889 - Ralph H. Fowler, İngiliz fizikçi ve astronom (ö. 1944)
 1893 - Ernst Arnold Egli, İsviçre kökenli mimar ve şehir plancısı (ö. 1974)
 1899 - Al Capone, İtalyan asıllı Amerikalı mafya lideri ve Dünyanın en ünlü gangsteri (ö. 1947)
 1901 - Aron Gurwitsch, Litvanya asıllı Amerikalı filozof (ö. 1973)
 1905 - Guillermo Stábile, Arjantinli futbolcu (ö. 1966)
 1911 - George Stigler, Amerikalı iktisatçı ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1991)
 1921 - Cavit Orhan Tütengil, Türk sosyolog ve akademisyen (ö. 1979)
 1922 - Betty White, Amerikalı oyuncu, komedyen, şarkıcı ve yazar (ö. 2021)

 1925 - Selçuk Yaşar, Türk iş insanı
 1927 - Eartha Kitt, Amerikalı siyah sahne ve sinema oyuncusu (ö. 2008)
 1929 - Dick Alban, Amerikalı futbol oyuncusu (ö. 2006)
 1929 - Jay Garner, Amerikalı oyuncu ve komedyen
 1931 - James Earl Jones, Amerikalı oyuncu (Shakespeare'in Othello'sundaki performansıyla ünlü)
 1933 - Dalida, İtalyan şarkıcı (ö. 1987)
 1937 - Alain Badiou, Fransız filozof
 1939 - Hristodulos, Hukuk ve İlahiyat mezunu olup, Yunanistan Kilisesi başpiskoposluğu yapmış ruhani (ö. 2008)
 1939 - Maury Povich, Amerikalı seslendirme sanatçısı ve oyuncu
 1940 - Naohiro Ikeda, Japon voleybol oyuncusu (ö. 2021)
 1940 - Tabaré Vázquez, Uruguaylı siyasetçi (ö. 2020)
 1940 - Umur Bugay, Türk senarist, oyuncu, yönetmen ve yazar (ö. 2019)
 1942 - Muhammed Ali, Amerikalı boksör (ö. 2016)
 1943 - René Préval, Haitili agronomist ve siyasetçi (ö. 2017)
 1944 - Françoise Madeleine Hardy, Fransız şarkıcı
 1944 - Ann Oakley, İngiliz toplumbilimci ve yazar
 1947 - David Choby, Amerikalı piskopos (ö. 2017)
 1948 - Davíð Oddsson, İzlandalı politikacı
 1949 - Anita Borg, Amerikalı bilgisayar bilimci (ö. 2003)
 1949 - Andy Kaufman, Amerikalı komedyen ve oyuncu (ö. 1984)
 1949 - Mick Taylor, İngiliz şarkıcı, şarkı sözü yazarı ve gitarist (John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers ve The Rolling Stones)
 1954 - Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Robert F. Kennedy'nin oğlu ve John F. Kennedy'nin yeğeni olan Amerikalı çevre avukatı ve yazar
 1955 - Pietro Parolin, İtalyan kardinali
 1956 - Faruk Çelik, Türk siyasetçi
 1956 - Damian Green, Britanyalı siyasetçi
 1956 - Paul Young, Amerikalı müzisyen
 1957 - Steve Harvey, Amerikalı radyo ve televizyon sunucusu
 1958 - Klaus Täuber, Alman profesyonel futbolcu (ö. 2023)
 1959 - Müfit Kayacan, Türk oyuncu ve tiyatro yönetmeni
 1962 - Jim Carrey, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1963 - Kai Hansen, Alman Metal müzik gitaristi ve vokalisti
 1964 - Russell Doig, İskoç futbolcu
 1964 - Michelle Obama, Amerikalı avukat ve ABD'nin 44. Başkanı Barack Obama'nın eşi
 1968 - Svetlana Masterkova, Rus atlet
 1969 - Naveen Andrews, İngiliz aktör
 1969 - Tarık Mengüç, Türk şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1969 - Lukas Moodysson, İsveçli senarist ve yönetmen
 1969 - Tiësto, Hollandalı DJ ve prodüktör
 1970 - Genndy Tartakovsky, Amerikalı animatör, çizgi dizi senaristi ve yapımcısı
 1970 - Molly Bryant, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1971 - Kid Rock, Amerikalı rapçi ve şarkı yazarı
 1971 - Sylvie Testud, Fransız oyuncu
 1972 - Levan Varşalomidze, Gürcü siyasetçi
 1972 - Yelda Reynaud, Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu
 1973 - Cuauhtémoc Blanco, Meksikalı futbolcu
 1974 - Yang Chen, Çinli millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1975 - Freddy Rodríguez, Amerikalı sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1975 - Coco Lee, Çinli-Amerikalı şarkıcı-söz yazarı, müzik yapımcısı, dansçı ve aktris (ö. 2023)
 1978 - Ricky Wilson, İngiliz şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1980 - Zooey Deschanel, Amerikalı şarkıcı, şarkı sözü yazarı ve aktris
 1982 - Dwyane Wade, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1983 - Álvaro Arbeloa, İspanyol eski futbolcu
 1984 - Calvin Harris, İskoç şarkı yazarı, DJ ve prodüktör
 1984 - Tim Sebastian, Alman futbolcu
 1984 - Filip Hološko, Slovak futbolcu
 1985 - Simone Simons, Hollandalı müzisyen ve söz yazarı
 1988 - Andrea Antonelli, İtalyan motosiklet yarışçısı (ö. 2013)
 1988 - Héctor Moreno, Meksikalı futbolcu
 1991 - Daniel Rodic, Alman oyuncu
 1992 - Julien Crampon, Fransız oyuncu
 1993 - Ömer Çiçek, Türk futbolcu
 1994 - Reina Ueda, Japon şarkıcı ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1997 - Jake Paul, Amerikalı YouTuber, boksör ve internet ünlüsü

Ölümler
 356 - Antonios, Hristiyan manastır sisteminin babasıdır (d. 251)
 395 - I. Theodosius, Roma İmparatoru (d. 347)
 1041 - I. Mesud, Gazne Devleti sultanı (d. ?)
 1345 - Martino Zaccaria, 1314 - 1329 Sakız Adası Dükü
 1468 - İskender Bey, Arnavutların ulusal kahramanı (d. ?)
 1567 - Sampiero Corso, Korsikalı soylu, özgürlük savaşçısı ve halk kahramanı (d. 1497)
 1598 - I. Fyodor, Rus Çarı (d. 1557)
 1686 - Carlo Dolci, İtalyan ressam (d. 1616)
 1705 - John Ray, İngiliz doğabilimci ve bitki bilimci (d. 1627)
 1751 - Tomaso Albinoni, İtalyan besteci (d. 1671)
 1784 - Yosa Buson, Japon şair ve ressam (d. 1716)
 1834 - Giovanni Aldini, İtalyan fizikçi (d. 1762)
 1863 - Horace Vernet, Fransız ressam ve grafik sanatçısı (d. 1769)
 1880 - Antoine Agénor de Gramont, Fransız diplomat ve devlet adamı (d. 1819)
 1884 - Hermann Schlegel, Alman ornitolog ve herpetolojist (d. 1804)
 1886 - Abdüllatif Suphi Paşa, Osmanlı devlet adamı ve yazar (d. 1818)
 1890 - Władysław Taczanowski, Polonyalı bilim insanı (d. 1819)
 1893 - Rutherford B. Hayes, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 19. Başkanı (d. 1822)
 1898 - Charles B. Stoughton, Amerikalı subay ve alay komutanı (d. 1841)
 1903 - Ignaz Wechselmann, Macar mimar ve hayırsever (d. 1828)
 1911 - Francis Galton, İngiliz bilim insanı (d. 1822)
 1932 - Ahmet Derviş, Türk asker ve Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı komutanlarından (d. 1881)
 1933 - Louis Comfort Tiffany, Amerikalı sanatçı ve tasarımcı (d. 1848)
 1934 - Karl Fritsch, Avusturyalı botanikçi (d. 1864)
 1942 - Walter von Reichenau, Alman subay ve Nazi Almanyası mareşali (d. 1884)
 1944 - Sait Köknar, Türk tiyatro sanatçısı (d. 1901)
 1946 - I. Benjamin, İstanbul Ortodoks Patrikhanesinin, 266. Ekümenik Patriği (d. 1871)
 1954 - İsmail Habib Sevük, Türk eğitimci ve edebiyat tarihçisi (d. 1892)
 1954 - Leonard Eugene Dickson, Amerikalı matematikçi (d. 1874)
 1957 - Ratip Aşir Acudoğlu, Türk heykeltıraş (Menemen'de Kubilay Anıtı'nı yapan) (d. 1898)
 1958 - Mustafa Şekip Tunç, Türk akademisyen ve Türkiye'de modern psikolojinin kurucusu (d. 1886)
 1961 - Patrice Lumumba, Kongo DC'nin ilk Başbakanı (d. 1925)
 1985 - Muzaffer Hacıhasanoğlu, Türk yazar (d. 1924)
 1987 - Hadi Hüsman, Türk siyasetçi ve eski Gümrük ve Tekel Bakanlarından (d. 1904)
 1991 - V. Olav, 1957'den ölümüne kadar Norveç kralı (d. 1903)
 1996 - Şoför İdris, Türk işçi önderi ve TKP'li sendikacı (d. 1914)
 1996 - Božidarka Kika Damjanović-Marković, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Yugoslavya'da faaliyet yürüten siyasi aktivist, Yugoslav Partizanları komutan, direnişçi, ulusal kahraman (d. 1920)

 1997 - Clyde Tombaugh, Amerikalı gök bilimci (Plüton'u keşfeden) (d. 1906)
 1998 - Gökhan Semiz, Türk müzisyen, söz yazarı, besteci, tiyatro sanatçısı ve Grup Vitamin solisti (d. 1969)
 1999 - Ergun Balcı, Türk gazeteci
 2000 - Eugène Ehrhart, Fransız matematikçi (ö. 1906)
 2000 - Hüseyin Velioğlu, Türk Hizbullah örgütü ve İlim grubunun siyasi lideri (d. 1952)
 2002 - Peter Adamson, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1930)
 2002 - Camilo José Cela, İspanyol yazar (d. 1916)
 2003 - Richard Crenna, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1926)
 2005 - Virginia Mayo, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1920)
 2005 - Yıldırım Gencer, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1936)
 2005 - Zao Ziyang, Çin Komünist Partisi (ÇKP) Merkez Komitesi eski Genel Sekreterlerinden (d. 1919)
 2007 - Art Buchwald, Amerikalı politik mizahçı ve Pulitzer Ödülü sahibi gazeteci (d. 1925)
 2008 - Bobby Fischer, Amerikalı satranç ustası (d. 1943)
 2010 - Erich Segal, Amerikalı yazar, senarist ve eğitimci (d. 1937)
 2012 - Johnny Otis, Amerikalı blues müzisyeni ve şarkıcısı (d. 1921)
 2013 - Mehmet Ali Birand, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1941)
 2014 - Beliğ Beler, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1925)
 2014 - Suchitra Sen, Hint oyuncu (d. 1931)
 2015 - Fatin Hamama, Mısırlı aktris ve yönetmen (d. 1931)
 2015 - Origa, Rus şarkıcı (d. 1970)
 2015 - Greg Plitt, Amerikalı oyuncu, model ve vücut geliştirme sporcusu (d. 1977)
 2016 - Rıza Ehadi, İranlı eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1962)
 2016 - Blowfly, Amerikalı müzisyen, şarkıcı-besteci, rapçi, komedyen ve yapımcı (d. 1939)
 2016 - Gottfried Honegger, İsviçreli grafiker (d. 1917)
 2016 - Carina Jaarnek, İsveçli şarkıcı (d. 1962)
 2016 - Sherron Mills, Eski Amerikan basketbol oyuncusu (d. 1971)
 2017 - Philip Bond, Britanyalı oyuncu (d. 1934)
 2017 - Alenka Goljevšček, Slovenyalı oyun yazarı (d. 1933)
 2017 - Daniel Vischer, İsviçreli siyasetçi (d. 1950)
 2018 - Jessica Falkholt, Avustralyalı genç kuşak oyuncu (d. 1988)
 2018 - Jerzy Gros, Polonyalı uzun mesafe koşucusu atlet (d. 1945)
 2018 - Simon Shelton, İngiliz oyuncu ve dansçı (d. 1966)
 2019 - Vicente Alberto Álvarez Areces, İspanyol politikacı (d. 1943)
 2019 - Babikir İvadullah, Sudanlı Arap kökenli siyasetçi ve eski başbakan (d. 1917)
 2019 - Windsor Davies, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1930)
 2019 - Daniel C. Striepeke, Amerikalı makyaj sanatçısı ve kostüm tasarımcısı (d. 1930)
 2019 - Reggie Young, Amerikalı country-rock müzisyeni (d. 1936)
 2020 - Pietro Anastasi, Eski İtalyan millî futbolcu (d. 1948)
 2020 - Rahşan Ecevit, Eski Başbakan Bülent Ecevit'in eşi, Demokratik Sol Parti ile Demokratik Sol Halk Partisi'nin kurucusu ve ilk başkanı (d. 1923)
 2020 - Derek Fowlds, İngiliz oyuncu ve sunucu (d. 1937)
 2020 - Terence Hallinan, Amerikalı hukukçu ve siyasetçi (d. 1936)
 2020 - Khagendra Thapa Magar, Nepalli kısa boyu ile bilinen rekortmen (d. 1992)
 2020 - Morimichi Takagi, Japon profesyonel beyzbol oyuncusu ve teknik direktör (d. 1941)
 2021 - Nikolay Antoşkin, Sovyet-Rus yüksek rütbeli asker ve siyasetçi (d. 1942)
 2021 - Jacques Bral, Fransız film yapımcısı, yönetmeni, ressam ve senarist (d. 1948)
 2021 - Joevana Charles, Seyşelli siyasetçi (d. 1955)
 2021 - Barbara Gronemus, Amerikalı siyasetçi ve çiftçi (d. 1931)
 2021 - Sammy Nestico, Amerikalı besteci ve aranjör (d. 1924)
 2022 - Jackie Fisher, eski İngiliz profesyonel futbolcu (d. 1925)
 2022 - Armando Gama, Angola asıllı Portekizli şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (d. 1954)
 2022 - Michel Subor, Fransız aktör (d. 1935)
 2023 - Ümit Hassan, Türk bilim insanı (d. 1943)

Tatiller ve özel günler

0117
17

17 Ocak


As competições de skate nos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 2022 em Assunção, Paraguai, estão programadas para serem realizadas entre 1 e 2 de outubro de 2022 no Skatepark do Parque Olímpico de Assunção.

Calendário

Resumo de medalhas

Quadro de medalhas

Medalhistas

Participação
Nove nações participarão dos eventos de patinação sobre rodas dos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 2022.

Ver também
 Patinação sobre rodas nos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 2022

Referências

Eventos dos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 2022
Jogos Sul-Americanos

Skate nos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 2022


Im Gefecht bei Döbeln besiegten am 12. Mai 1762 preußische Truppen unter Prinz Heinrich von Preußen ein österreichisches Korps. Auf preußischer Seite waren als hohe Militärs zusätzlich beteiligt: Generalleutnant Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, Generalleutnant Hans Wilhelm von Kanitz, Generalleutnant Joachim Friedrich von Stutterheim und Oberst Friedrich Wilhelm Gottfried Arnd von Kleist (Auch aufgrund seiner Verdienste während des Gefechtes bei Döbeln wurde Kleist am 19. Mai 1762 zum Generalmajor befördert.)

Ausgangslage
Im Zuge von Truppenbewegungen gegen die bei Döbeln und Nossen (Katzenhäuserstellung) unter Prinz Heinrich von Preußen stehenden Einheiten, rückten österreichische Kräfte unter Andreas Hadik von Futak (General der Kavallerie) bei denkbar schlechter Wetterlage von Südosten bis etwa an die Freiberger Mulde vor. In diesem Zusammenhang besetzte ein starkes österreichisches Korps unter dem jungen Prinz Albert von Sachsen, er hatte hier sein erstes eigenes Kommando erhalten, ab dem 14. November 1761 auch die südlichen Anhöhen bei Döbeln. Die in der Stadt liegenden Preußen zogen sich deshalb auf die nördlichen Hügel vor der Stadt zurück.

Direkt über das im Tal liegende Döbeln hinweg, beschossen sich die gegnerischen Artilleriestellungen zwischen dem 14. und 15. November mit einer zeitweise heftigen Kanonade. Im Ort selbst wurde dabei kein großer Schaden angerichtet. Als ziviles Opfer war Schuhmacher Nikolaus Wetzig zu beklagen, in dessen Haus am Staupitzberg (heute Terrassenstraße 3) eine österreichische Kanonenkugel einschlug. Diese riss ihm beide Beine ab und er verstarb am 18. November 1761.

Nachdem von preußischer Seite mit einer Zerstörung von Döbeln gedroht worden war, kam es zu Verhandlungen. Geführt wurden diese durch Oberst von Kleist für Preußen und Oberst von Gemmingen (k.k. Infanterie-Regiment "Wied-Runkel") für die österreichische Seite.
Nach einer Übereinkunft der beiden Kriegsparteien, wurde Döbeln schließlich als neutrales Gebiet betrachtet und nach dem 15. November 1761 jeder Verkehr über die Freiberger Mulde unterbunden.

Die Truppen bezogen Ende November in den umliegenden Orten Winterquartier und es kam bis zum 12. Mai 1762 nur noch gelegentlich zu kleineren militärischen Zwischenfällen. Mit großem Aufwand wurden ab November 1761 auf beiden Seiten des Flusses umfangreiche Feldbefestigungen errichtet und den Oberbefehl des Kampfabschnittes auf österreichischer Seite übernahm Generalfeldwachtmeister Reichsfreiherr Johann Anton Franz von Zedtwitz, der unmittelbare Vorgesetzte von Zedtwitz war Generalfeldzeugmeister Graf Macquire in Freiberg.

Die Lage an der Freiberger Mulde drohte im Frühjahr 1762 für Preußen unhaltbar zu werden, denn die Reichsarmee bei Chemnitz strebte die Vereinigung mit der bei Dresden und Dippoldiswalde stehenden österreichischen Hauptarmee an. Prinz Heinrich von Preußen hätte diesen überlegenen Kräften wohl das Feld überlassen müssen und weitere gegnerische Operationen in Richtung Wittenberg waren zu erwarten. Um in einem Präventivschlag zwischen diese Kräfte vorzustoßen, musste Prinz Heinrich zunächst einmal die zwischen Döbeln und Nossen befindlichen österreichischen Stellungen an der Freiberger Mulde überwinden. Als günstig erschien ihm dafür der Abschnitt bei Döbeln.

Der österreichische Oberbefehlshaber in Sachsen, Feldmarschall Johann Baptist Graf Serbelloni, hatte Truppen an Feldmarschall Leopold Joseph Graf Daun nach Schlesien abgeben müssen, deshalb waren die im Herbst 1761 bezogenen Stellungen personell ausgedünnt worden. Um seine Schlagkraft weiter zu gewährleisten, wollte General von Zedtwitz seine Truppen bei Döbeln enger konzentrieren. Wie auch die Forderung nach ausreichender Verstärkung, wurde ihm das nicht genehmigt. Da man in der österreichischen Führung davon ausging, dass die starken Stellungen bei Tageslicht nicht angegriffen werden würden und nach einer Alarmierung durch Vorposten die Zeit zur Formierung ausreichend wäre, sollte Zedtwitz seine Feldbefestigungen nur in der Nacht voll besetzen und am Morgen in die Quartiere abrücken lassen. Auf genau diese Verhältnisse baute die preußische Angriffsplanung.

Gefechtsverlauf

Der Plan sah vor, die Freiberger Mulde am 12. Mai 1762 auf einer etwa 8 Kilometer langen Front ab 7:00 Uhr überraschend zu überschreiten. Zu diesem Zweck gingen die preußischen Truppen bereits am Abend des 11. Mai auf der rechten Muldenseite verdeckt in Stellung. Durch Artillerie unterstützt, würden im Raum Döbeln die Generäle Kanitz und Stutterheim mit Linien-Infanterie in zwei Kolonnen vorrücken. In einer Zangenbewegung sollten an den Flügeln General von Seydlitz von Technitz und Oberst von Kleist von Mahlitzsch aus den Gegner mit Kavallerie und Infanterie umfassen und zum Rückzug zwingen.

Am linken Flügel der Kolonne Kleist hatte diese Aktion jedoch eine Stunde zu früh begonnen, da die österreichischen Vorposten die Preußen gesehen hatten und es zu einem Schusswechsel kam. Nachdem man das im preußischen Stab bemerkt hatte, wurde der verfrühte Angriff schließlich an der ganzen Muldenlinien vorgetragen.

Die überraschten Österreicher gaben ihre Verschanzungen auf und gingen zum Rückzug und schließlich zur Flucht über. Eine effektive Verteidigung gegen die äußerst schnell vorrückenden Preußen war nicht mehr möglich. Nur bei Ziegra wurde der Kolonne Seydlitz aus den Feldbefestigungen handfester Widerstand entgegengesetzt, der jedoch durch eine großräumige Umgehung bald überwunden wurde.

Die preußischen Truppen machten in dieser Situation viele Gefangene, zumal die Kolonne Kleist letztlich den Österreichern ihre Rückzugsmöglichkeiten nach Süden abgeschnitten hatte. Unter den Gefangenen befand sich auch der österreichische Oberbefehlshaber General von Zedtwitz, der mit seinen Stabswachen bei Littdorf den Einheiten Kleists in die Hände gefallen war.

Gegen 9:00 Uhr konnte Prinz Heinrich bei Knobelsdorf sammeln lassen, er zog mit seinen Truppen am 13. Mai 1762 in Richtung Hainichen ab.

Auswirkungen
Auf österreichischer Seite war man im ersten Moment so bestürzt, dass Serbelloni mit der Hauptmacht nach Böhmen abmarschieren wollte und Kaiserin Maria Theresia sah ihre Truppen in Sachsen sogar besiegt und meinte, sie selbst wäre "völlig durcheinander".
Obwohl man das Korps Zedtwitz durch seine eigenen Entscheidungen geschwächt hatte, wurde durch die österreichische Führung bereits in den Folgetagen die umfassende Niederlage bei Döbeln allein dem Versagen des Generals von Zedtwitz zugeschrieben.

Mit dem siegreichen Vorstoß bei Döbeln war das preußische Hauptziel erreicht, die Vereinigung von Reichsarmee und Österreichern konnte verhindert werden. Diese militärische Aktion eröffnete außerdem erfolgreich den preußischen Feldzug des Jahres 1762 in Sachsen und bereitete den Boden für das letzte Treffen des Krieges, die Schlacht bei Freiberg am 29. Oktober 1762.

Siehe auch
 Schlesische Kriege
 Liste von Kriegen
 Liste von Schlachten

Literatur/Quellen
 Ralph Gundram: Das Gefecht bei Döbeln am 12. Mai 1762 und seine Bedeutung für die militärische Situation in Sachsen am Ende des Siebenjährigen Krieges, in: Sächsische Heimatblätter 4/5 2002, S. 248–261
 Ralph Gundram: Das Gefecht bei Döbeln am 12. Mai 1762, aus der Reihe: Denkmale. Landkreis Mittelsachsen. Frankenberg 2012 (36 Seiten) herausgegeben zum 250. Jahrestag

Weblinks
 Gefecht bei Döbeln unter www.regionalgeschichte-doebeln.de
 Karte des Gefechts bei Döbeln, um 1850, digitale Sammlung ULB Darmstadt

Dobeln
Dobeln, Gefecht bei
Konflikt 1762
Döbeln
Dobeln
Dobeln

Gefecht bei Döbeln


2023 ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පළාත් පාලන මැතිවරණය යනු, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේහි 17වන පළාත් පාලන මැතිවරණය වන අතර, 2023 මාර්තු 9 දිනදී පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන 340කට සභිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගැනීමට ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයන් සුදුසුකම් ලබයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ නෙරපා හැරීමට තුඩු දුන් පෙර වසරේ විරෝධතාවලින් පසුව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැවැත්වෙන පළමු මැතිවරණය මෙය වනු ඇත.

පසුබිම
2018 වසරේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැවති අවසන් පළාත් පාලන මැතිවරණයේදී අලුතින් පිහිටුවන ලද ශ්‍රී ලංකා පොදුජන පෙරමුණ 40%ක ඡන්ද ප්‍රතිශතයක් ලබා ගනිමින් බහුතර ආසන සංඛ්‍යාවක් දිනා ගන්නා ලදී.හිටපු ජනාධිපති මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් ශ්‍රී ලංකා පොදුජන පෙරමුණ පසුව 2019 සහ 2020 දී පිළිවෙළින් ජනාධිපතිවරණය සහ පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණ ජයග්‍රහණය කර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාලක පක්ෂය බවට පත්වනු ඇත.

මීළඟ පළාත් පාලන මැතිවරණය මුලින් පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතව තිබුණේ පෙර වසරේ එනම් 2022 වසරේදීය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ථික අර්බුදය හේතුවෙන් එවකට ජනාධිපති ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ විසින් මැතිවරණය කල් දමන ලදී. එම හේතුව නිසාම මැතිවරණය නැවත කල් දමන බවට බොහෝ අනුමාන පළ වූ අතර, බොහෝ විරුද්ධ පක්ෂ කියා සිටියේ නින්දා සහගත පරාජයක් අත්විඳීමෙන් වැළකීමට එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකා පොදුජන පෙරමුණ නියමිතව තිබූ මැතිවරණය හිතාමතාම කල් තබන බවයි.  ශ්‍රී ලංකා මැතිවරණ කොමිෂන් සභාව පසුව මාර්තු 9 මැතිවරණය පවත්වන දිනය ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය.

නාම යෝජනා
සමගි ජන බලවේගය පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී මුජිබර් රහ්මාන් පළාත් පාලන මැතිවරණයට තරග කිරීම සඳහා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය. රහුමාන් පැවසුවේ තමන් කොළඹ නගරාධිපති ධුරයට තරග කරන බවයි.

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

2023

2023 ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පළාත් පාලන මැතිවරණය


Marquess of Exeter is a title that has been created twice, once in the peerage of England and once in the peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation came in the peerage of England in 1525 for Henry Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon. For more information on this creation, which was forfeited in 1538, see Earl of Devon.

History
The title is chiefly associated with the Cecil family, descended from the courtier Sir Richard Cecil of the parish of Stamford Baron St Martin in Northamptonshire. His only son, Sir William Cecil, was a prominent statesman and served as Secretary of State, Lord High Treasurer and Lord Privy Seal. In 1571 he was created Baron Burghley, in the County of Northampton, in the Peerage of England. His son from his second marriage to Mildred Cooke, Sir Robert Cecil, was created Earl of Salisbury in 1605 and is the ancestor of the Marquesses of Salisbury. Lord Burghley was succeeded by his son from his first marriage to Mary Cheke, Thomas, the second Baron. He represented Stamford, Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire in the House of Commons, served as Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire and as President of the Council of the North and was also a distinguished soldier. In 1605 Thomas Cecil was created Earl of Exeter in the Peerage of England (on the same day his half-brother was created Earl of Salisbury).

Thomas was succeeded by his eldest son William Cecil, the second Earl. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire. Lord Exeter married as his first wife Elizabeth, 16th Baroness de Ros. Their son William succeeded his mother in the barony at the age of one. However, he died childless during his father's lifetime (when the barony was inherited by his cousin Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland). Lord Exeter had no other sons and was succeeded by his nephew, the third Earl. He was the son of Sir Richard Cecil, second son of the first Earl. He represented Peterborough in the Short Parliament. His son, the fourth Earl, was Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Earl. He sat as Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire.

His son, the sixth Earl, represented Rutland in Parliament and served as Lord Lieutenant of Rutland. His second son, the eighth Earl (who succeeded his elder brother), briefly represented Stamford in the House of Commons. His eldest son, the ninth Earl, was Member of Parliament for Rutland and also Lord Lieutenant of that county. He was childless and was succeeded by his nephew, the tenth Earl. He was the son of Thomas Chambers Cecil, second son of the eighth Earl.

Creation as Marquess
Lord Exeter represented Stamford in Parliament for sixteen years. In 1801 he was created Marquess of Exeter in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

His son, the second Marquess, was a Tory politician and notably served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and Lord Steward of the Household. He was succeeded by his son, the third Marquess. He was a Conservative politician and held office as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household and Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. His eldest son, the fourth Marquess, represented Northamptonshire North in the House of Commons and served briefly as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household under his kinsman Lord Salisbury. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Marquess. He was a Colonel in the Royal Field Artillery and served as Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire.

His eldest son, the sixth Marquess, was a Conservative politician and prominent athlete and sports official. He won the 400-metre hurdles at the 1928 Summer Olympics and was later President of the International Amateur Athletic Federation and Vice-President of the International Olympic Committee. Lord Exeter also represented Peterborough in the House of Commons and served as Governor of Bermuda. He died without surviving male issue and was succeeded by his younger brother, the seventh Marquess. He was proprietor of a cattle ranch at 100 Mile House, British Columbia, in Canada. In 1954 he became head of the Emissaries of Divine Light, an obscure religious group.  the titles are held by his only son, the eighth Marquess, who succeeded in 1988. He operates the ranch; from 1988 to 1996 he also headed the Emissaries of Divine Light.

Another member of the Cecil family was the naval commander Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon (a title which became extinct on his death in 1638). He was the third son of the first Earl of Exeter. Also, Lord William Cecil, third son of the third Marquess, married Mary, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney. Their grandson William succeeded in the barony in 1919. Another member of this branch of the family is Vice-Admiral Sir Nigel Cecil. The champion racehorse trainer Sir Henry Cecil was the son of Henry Cecil, a younger brother of the third Baron. Lord John Joicey-Cecil, fourth son of the third Marquess, was Conservative Member of Parliament for Stamford.

The marquessate of Exeter is the senior marquessate in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Marquesses also hold the title of hereditary Grand Almoner and Lord Paramount of Peterborough.

The ancestral home of the Marquesses of Exeter is Burghley House, near Stamford, Lincolnshire; it is now run by a trust founded by the family. Former properties include Cecil House in London and Exeter House, Derby. The traditional burial place of the Cecils of Burghley House and the Marquesses of Exeter is the Burghley Chapel in St Martin's Church, Stamford.

Marquess of Exeter, first creation (1525)

 Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter, 2nd Earl of Devon (attainted 1538, executed 1539); for his family, see Earl of Devon.

Barons Burghley (1571)
 William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (1521–1598)
 Thomas Cecil, 2nd Baron Burghley (1542–1623) (created Earl of Exeter in 1605)

Earls of Exeter (1605)
Other titles (1st Earl onwards): Baron Burghley (Eng 1571)
 Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter (1542–1623)
 William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter (1566–1640)
 David Cecil, 3rd Earl of Exeter (c. 1600–1643)
 John Cecil, 4th Earl of Exeter (1628–1678)
 John Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter (c. 1648–1700)
 John Cecil, 6th Earl of Exeter (1674–1721)
 John Cecil, 7th Earl of Exeter (c. 1700–1722)
 Brownlow Cecil, 8th Earl of Exeter (1701–1754)
 Brownlow Cecil, 9th Earl of Exeter (1725–1793)
 Henry Cecil, 10th Earl of Exeter (1754–1804) (created Marquess of Exeter in 1801)

Marquesses of Exeter, second creation (1801)
Other titles (1st Marquess onwards): Baron Burghley (Eng 1571), Earl of Exeter (Eng 1605)
 Henry Cecil, 1st Marquess of Exeter (1754–1804)
 Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter (1795–1867)
 William Alleyne Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Exeter (1825–1895)
 Brownlow Henry George Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter (1849–1898)
 William Thomas Brownlow Cecil, 5th Marquess of Exeter (1876–1956)
 David George Brownlow Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter (1905–1981)
 (William) Martin Alleyne Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter (1909–1988)
 (William) Michael Anthony Cecil, 8th Marquess of Exeter (b. 1935)

Notes:
The heir apparent is the present holder's son Anthony John Cecil, Lord Burghley (b. 1970).
The heir apparent's heir presumptive is his fourth cousin (Hugh) William Amherst Cecil, 5th Baron Amherst of Hackney (b. 1968), who is descended from the third son of the third Marquess.
His heir is his only son Jack William Cecil (b. 2001)

Family tree

Line of succession

 William Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Exeter (1825–1895)
 Brownlow Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter (1849–1898)
 William Cecil, 5th Marquess of Exeter (1876–1956)
  (William) Martin Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter (1909–1988)
 (William) Michael Cecil, 8th Marquess of Exeter (b. 1935)
(1). Anthony John Cecil, Lord Burghley (born 1970)
Lord William Cecil (1854–1943)  m.  Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney (1857–1919)
William Amherst Cecil (1886–1914)
 William Cecil, 3rd Baron Amherst of Hackney (1912–1980)
 William Cecil, 4th Baron Amherst of Hackney (1940–2009)
 (2, 1). (Hugh) William Cecil, 5th Baron Amherst of Hackney (born 1968)
(3, 2).Jack William Amherst Cecil (born 2001)
(4, 3).Anthony Henry Amherst Cecil (born 1947)
(5, 4). Henry Edward Amherst Cecil (born 1976)
(6, 5).  George William Amherst Cecil (born 2009)
(7, 6).  Thomas Anthony Amherst Cecil (born 1981)
Henry Kerr Auchmuty Cecil (1914–1942)
male issue in succession
Alexander James Amherst Burnett of Leys (b. 1973)
male issue in succession
Henry Richard Amherst Cecil (1943–2013)
male issue in succession
David Henry Amherst Cecil (1943–2000)
male issue in succession
Thomas James Amherst Cecil (1887–1955)
Barclay James Amherst Cecil (1913–1987)
male issue in succession
John Francis Amherst Cecil (1890–1954)
George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil (1925–2020)
male issue in succession
William Amherst Vanderbilt Cecil (1928–2017)
male issue in succession
Henry Mitford Amherst Cecil (1893–1962)
Sir Oswald Nigel Amherst Cecil (1925–2017)
male issue in succession
Lord John Pakenham Joicey-Cecil (1867–1942)
Edward Wilfred George Joicey-Cecil (1912–1985)
male issue in succession

See also
 Viscount Wimbledon
 Marquess of Salisbury
 Baron de Ros
 Baron Rockley
 Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
 Baron Quickswood
 Baron Amherst of Hackney

Notes

References

 Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

!
Extinct marquessates in the Peerage of England
Marquessates in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1525
Noble titles created in 1801
People from Peterborough
Stamford, Lincolnshire

People from Northamptonshire (before 1974)

Marquess of Exeter


زناتة قبيلة أمازيغية تستوطن بشمال إفريقيا ومواطنها الأصلية ما بين بلاد غدامس بغرب ليبيا إلى بلاد سوس مرورا بجبال طرابلس والأوراس وضواحي افريقية والمغرب الأقصى والأوسط. وكانت طريقتهم في الحياة تعتمد على الترحال أساساً، ويتميزون عن باقي قبائل الأمازيغ بلهجتهم الزناتية الفريدة. وهم أصل العديد من السلالات الحاكمة في بلاد المغرب، مثل المرينيين، والزيانيون، وبني يفرن، أو الوطاسيون.

تسمية
أصل تسمية زناتة من صيغة جانا التي هي اسم سلف القبيلة. ولتحويل الاسم السليم إلى اسم عام، يضيفون «ت» في النهاية، والذي يشكل جانات في المفرد وجاناتن في الجمع. ونطق هذه الجيم ليس من مخرج الجيم في اللغة العربية بل تنطق بين الجيم والشين وأميل إلى السين، ويقرب للسمع منها بعض الصفير فأبدلوها ب الزاي، والذي يعطي زانات. ثم، من خلال الاستخدام المتكرر، يتم إضافة «ة» في النهاية لجعله باترونيك وآخر في البداية لتسهيل النطق، وبالتالي الحصول على زناتة.

نسب
يتفق النسابة والمؤرخون على أن قبائل زناتة من ولد جانا وإليه نسبهم، وأمّا جانا فقال أبو محمد بن حزم وابن خلدون وابن عذاري وأبو المجد المغيلي وغيرهم: هو جانا بن يحيى بن صولات بن ورتناج بن ضريس بن سقفو بن جنذواذ بن غيلان بن مادغيس بن هرك بن هرسك بن كراد بن مازيغ. ويقول القلقشندي: هو جانا بن يحيى بن صولات بن ورسيك بن ضري بن زحيك بن مادغيس ابن بربر. ويرى الادريسي وأبو عبد الله بن محمد التلمساني وابن أبي زرع أن جانا هذ هو ابن ضريس وضريس هو جالوت الذي قتله داود عليه السلام ابن لوى بن نفجا ابن لوى الأكبر بن برا بن قيس بن الياس بن مضر، فهم في أول نسبهم عرب صرح وإنما تبربروا بالمجاورة والمحالفة للبرابر من المصاميد.

فروع

ترجع شعوب زناتة إلى ثلاثة من ولد جانا وهم ورسيك وفرني والديرت، ومنهم تفرعت كل القبائل الزناتية وهي:

بني ورسيك
ومنهم بنو يصليتن وهم أبناء يصليتن بن مسر بن زكريا بن وارديرن بن ورسيك، وينقسمون الى عدة قبائل :

 مغراوة وجدهم مغراو بن يصلتين ومنهم بني يلنت، بني زنداك، بني ورى، الأغواط، ريغة، بني سعيد، بني ورميغان ورتزمير.
 بنو يفرن وجدهم يفرن بن يصليتن ومنهم مرنجيصة وبني واركوا.
 بنو يرنيان ومنهم بني وطاط.
 بنو واسين وينقسمون لقسمين
 بنو ورتاجن بن ماخوخ ومنهم بنو مرين
 بنو محمد ومنهم بنو يادين واليه ينتسب بنو عبد الواد وبنو توجين وبنو مصاب ومنهم بنو راشد.

ومنهم كذلك بنو دمر بن وارديرن بن ورسيك، وينتسب اليهم:

 بنو ورنيدين وهم بنو ورنيدين بن وانتن بن وارديرن بن دمّر، وشعوبهم بني ورتاتين وبني كزرول وبني تقورت.
 ورغمة

بنو انش بن وارديرن بن ورسيك، ودخلو مع بنو دمر وأخدوا نسبهم، ومنهم:

 بنو برزال
 بنو يطفت
 بنو سمغان
 وبنو يصدرين

بني فرني
ويتفرع منها خمسة فروع:
 ورقلا ومنهم بني واكين
 مجاصة
 نمالة
 صبرة
 يزمريتن

بني الديرت
ويتفرع منها ثلاتة فروع:
 جراوة
 تاجرت
 وانتن وهم بنو واسين وينقسمون لقسمين
 بنو ورتاجن بن ماخوخ ومنهم بنو مرين.
 بنو محمد ومنهم بنو يادين واليه ينتسب بنو عبد الواد وبنو توجين وبنو مصاب ومنهم بنو راشد.
 مسارة
ومن زناتة كذلك فروع اخرى لم يحدد نسبها كاملا ومنهم : بنو ورتنيص وينقسمون لقبيلتين غمرة وبني وجديجن،وكذلك منهم يجفش، بني تيسات، بني ورسيغن، بني تغرض وتحليلة.

شعب
هم رحل ومستقرين في نفس الوقت، وهم بناة المدن. يقول رشيد بيليل « أنه سيكون من الخطأ القول إن زناتة رحل فقط، لأنهم مؤسسو المدن »، والذي يؤكد ذلك كتابات ابن خلدون. لقد حقق هذا الشعب أكبر تغيير في بلاد المغرب، جزء كبير من زناتة يحدد ثقافيا مع العرب كما ذكر بويتيرون،

هم على حد سواء العربية والبربرية المتحدثين.قيل فيهم أنهم بنو: زناتة واسمه جانا بن يحيى بن صلوات بن ورتناج بن ضرى بن سفكو بن قيدواد بن شعبا بن مادغيس بن هود بن هرسق بن كداد بن مازيغ، وقيل أنهم بنو:

وقيل:

وقال في العبر:

الموقع الحالي
في المنطقة المغاربية، تتركز أصول زناتة من طرابلس إلى طنجة. بالإضافة إلى المغرب الكبير، والتي تمثل كتلة بشرية كبيرة على نطاق سكان المغرب الكبير.

مصادر

أفارقة متنقلون
أمازيغ تونس
الأمازيغ في الجزائر
تاريخ الجزائر
تاريخ تونس
تلمسان
قبائل أمازيغية
قبائل ليبيا
مجموعات عرقية في المغرب
أمازيغ في المغرب

زناتة (قبيلة)


HMS Birmingham was a Type 42 destroyer laid down by Cammell Laird and Company, Limited, at Birkenhead on 28 March 1972, launched on 30 July 1973 by Lady Empson, wife of Sir Derek Empson and commissioned on 3 December 1976. She was named for the city of Birmingham, England.

Birmingham was also one of the first ships together with Ardent that served in the Persian Gulf on the Armilla patrol that protected oil supplies during the Iran–Iraq War in 1980. She was also the first ship to replenish a Sea Dart missile at sea.
Birmingham spent much of her service as Fleet Contingency Ship and spent considerable time in the post-Falklands conflict patrol role. In 1984 she patrolled the Falklands and acted as a radar picket ship along with the frigates  and . In 1985 she took part in Standing Naval Force Mediterranean, calling at Gibraltar, Palma de Mallorca, Naples, & Messina. After a refit at Rosyth dockyard, she returned to Portsmouth in 1988 for sea trials and re-acceptance to the fleet. Commanded by Roy Clare, Director of the Maritime Museum in London (2006-7), her first deployment post-refit was a tour to the Persian Gulf region, returning in March 1989.

In July 1990, whilst on deployment as part of the West Indies Guard Ship, Birmingham, supported by RFA Oakleaf was ordered to sail from Florida to Trinidad in response to the Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt, in which Islamist fundamentalists had taken hostages. However, as the Birmingham arrived the hostages were released.

Birmingham paid off at Portsmouth on 10 December 1999. In early January 2000 under her own power, she sailed to Devonport where, for the next two months, she was stripped of usable equipment. In May 2000 she was towed back to Portsmouth where she was sold for scrap,  leaving under tow for Spain on 20 October 2000.

References

Cold War destroyers of the United Kingdom
History of Birmingham, West Midlands
Ships built on the River Mersey
1973 ships
Type 42 destroyers of the Royal Navy

HMS Birmingham (D86)


Hemorheology, also spelled haemorheology (from Greek 'αἷμα, haima 'blood' and rheology, from Greek ῥέω rhéō, 'flow' and -λoγία, -logia 'study of'), or blood rheology, is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements of plasma and cells. Proper tissue perfusion can occur only when blood's rheological properties are within certain levels. Alterations of these properties play significant roles in disease processes. Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99.9% of the cellular elements) and mechanical properties of red blood cells. Red blood cells have unique mechanical behavior, which can be discussed under the terms erythrocyte deformability and erythrocyte aggregation. Because of that, blood behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid. As such, the viscosity of blood varies with shear rate. Blood becomes less viscous at high shear rates like those experienced with increased flow such as during exercise or in peak-systole. Therefore, blood is a shear-thinning fluid. Contrarily, blood viscosity increases when shear rate goes down with increased vessel diameters or with low flow, such as downstream from an obstruction or in diastole.  Blood viscosity also increases with increases in red cell aggregability.

Blood viscosity

Blood viscosity is a measure of the resistance of blood to flow. It can also be described as the thickness and stickiness of blood. This biophysical property makes it a critical determinant of friction against the vessel walls, the rate of venous return, the work required for the heart to pump blood, and how much oxygen is transported to tissues and organs. These functions of the cardiovascular system are directly related to vascular resistance, preload, afterload, and perfusion, respectively.

The primary determinants of blood viscosity are hematocrit, red blood cell deformability, red blood cell aggregation, and plasma viscosity. Plasma's viscosity is determined by water-content and macromolecular components, so these factors that affect blood viscosity are the plasma protein concentration and types of proteins in the plasma. Nevertheless, hematocrit has the strongest impact on whole blood viscosity. One unit increase in hematocrit can cause up to a 4% increase in blood viscosity. This relationship becomes increasingly sensitive as hematocrit increases. When the hematocrit rises to 60 or 70%, which it often does in polycythemia, the blood viscosity can become as great as 10 times that of water, and its flow through blood vessels is greatly retarded because of increased resistance to flow. This will lead to decreased oxygen delivery. Other factors influencing blood viscosity include temperature, where an increase in temperature results in a decrease in viscosity. This is particularly important in hypothermia, where an increase in blood viscosity will cause problems with blood circulation.

Clinical significance
Many conventional cardiovascular risk factors have been independently linked to whole blood viscosity.

Anemia can reduce blood viscosity, which may lead to heart failure.
Furthermore, elevation of plasma viscosity correlates to the progression of coronary and peripheral artery diseases.

Normal level

In pascal-seconds (Pa·s), the viscosity of blood at 37 °C is normally 3 × 10−3 to 4 × 10−3, respectively 3 - 4 centipoise (cP) in the centimetre gram second system of units.

Blood viscosity can be measured by viscometers capable of measurements at various shear rates, such as a rotational viscometer.

Blood viscoelasticity

Blood is a viscoelastic fluid, meaning that it possesses both viscous and fluid characteristics. The viscous component arises primarily through the viscosity of blood plasma, while the elastic component arises from deformation of the red blood cells. As the heart contracts, mechanical energy is transferred from the heart to the blood; a small part of the energy is dissipated by the viscosity of the suspension, another part is stored as elastic energy in the red blood cells, and the remaining energy is used to drive blood circulation and is thus converted to kinetic energy. Viscoelastic fluids make up a larger class of fluids called non-Newtonian fluids.

The red blood cells occupy about half of the volume of blood and possess elastic properties.  This elastic property is the largest contributing factor to the viscoelastic behavior of blood. The large volume percentage of red blood cells at a normal hematocrit level leaves little room for cell motion and deformation without interacting with a neighboring cell.  Calculations have shown that the maximum volume percentage of red blood cells without deformation is 58% which is in the range of normally occurring levels. Due to the limited space between red blood cells, it is obvious that in order for blood to flow, significant cell to cell interaction will play a key role.  This interaction and tendency for cells to aggregate is a major contributor to the viscoelastic behavior of blood. Red blood cell deformation and aggregation is also coupled with flow-induced changes in the arrangement and orientation as a third major factor in its viscoelastic behavior. Other factors contributing to the viscoelastic properties of blood is the plasma viscosity, plasma composition, temperature, and the rate of flow or shear rate. Together, these factors make human blood viscoelastic, non-Newtonian, and thixotropic.

When the red cells are at rest or at very small shear rates, they tend to aggregate and stack together in an energetically favorable manner. The attraction is attributed to charged groups on the surface of cells and to the presence of fibrinogen and globulins. This aggregated configuration is an arrangement of cells with the least amount of deformation. With very low shear rates, the viscoelastic property of blood is dominated by the aggregation and cell deformability is relatively insignificant. As the shear rate increases the size of the aggregates begins to decrease. With a further increase in shear rate, the cells will rearrange and orient to provide channels for the plasma to pass through and for the cells to slide. In this low to medium shear rate range, the cells wiggle with respect to the neighboring cells allowing flow. The influence of aggregation properties on the viscoelasticity diminish and the influence of red cell deformability begins to increase.  As shear rates become large, red blood cells will stretch or deform and align with the flow. Cell layers are formed, separated by plasma, and flow is now attributed to layers of cells sliding on layers of plasma. The cell layer allows for easier flow of blood and as such there is a reduced viscosity and reduced elasticity. The viscoelasticity of the blood is dominated by the deformability of the red blood cells.

Maxwell model
Maxwell Model concerns Maxwell fluids or Maxwell material. The material in Maxwell Model is a fluid which means it respects continuity properties for conservative equations :  Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids. Maxwell model is made to estimate local conservative values of viscoelasticity by a global measure in the integral volume of the model to be transposed to different flow situations. Blood is a complex material where different cells like red blood cells are discontinuous in plasma. Their size and shape are irregular too because they are not perfect spheres. Complicating moreover blood volume shape, red cells are not identically distributed in a blood sample volume because they migrate with velocity gradients in direction to the highest speed areas calling the famous representation of the Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect, aggregate or separate in sheath or plug flows described by Thurston. Typically, the Maxwell Model described below is uniformly considering the material (uniform blue color) as a perfect distributed particles fluid everywhere in the volume (in blue) but Thurston reveals that packs of red cells, plugs, are more present in the high speed region, if y is the height direction in the Maxwell model figure, (y~H) and there is a free cells layer in the lower speed area (y~0) what means the plasma fluid phase that deforms under Maxwell Model is strained following inner linings that completely escape from the analytical model by Maxwell.

In theory, a fluid in a Maxwell Model behaves exactly similarly in any other flow geometry like pipes, rotating cells or in rest state. But in practice, blood properties vary with the geometry and blood has shown being an inadequate material to be studied as a fluid in common sense. So Maxwell Model gives trends that have to be completed in real situation followed by Thurston model  in a vessel regarding distribution of cells in sheath and plug flows.

If a small cubical volume of blood is considered, with forces being acted upon it by the heart pumping and shear forces from boundaries.  The change in shape of the cube will have 2 components:
 Elastic deformation which is recoverable and is stored in the structure of the blood.
 Slippage which is associated with a continuous input of viscous energy.
When the force is removed, the cube would recover partially.  The elastic deformation is reversed but the slippage is not.  This explains why the elastic portion is only noticeable in unsteady flow.  In steady flow, the slippage will continue to increase and the measurements of non time varying force will neglect the contributions of the elasticity.

Figure 1 can be used to calculate the following parameters necessary for the evaluation of blood when a force is exerted.
Shear Stress:

Shear Strain:

Shear Rate:

A sinusoidal time varying flow is used to simulate the pulsation of a heart. A viscoelastic material subjected to a time varying flow will result in a phase variation between  and  represented by . If , the material is a purely elastic because the stress and strain are in phase, so that the response of one caused by the other is immediate. If  = 90°, the material is a purely viscous because strain lags behind stress by 90 degrees. A viscoelastic material will be somewhere in between 0 and 90 degrees.

The sinusoidal time variation is proportional to . Therefore, the size and phase relation between the stress, strain, and shear rate are described using this relationship and a radian frequency,  were  is the frequency in Hertz.

Shear Stress:

Shear Strain:

Shear Rate:
The components of the complex shear stress can be written as:

Where  is the viscous stress and  is the elastic stress.
The complex coefficient of viscosity  can be found by taking the ratio of the complex shear stress and the complex shear rate:

Similarly, the complex dynamic modulus G can be obtained by taking the ratio of the complex shear stress to the complex shear strain.

Relating the equations to common viscoelastic terms we get the storage modulus, G', and the loss modulus, G".

A viscoelastic Maxwell material model is commonly used to represent the viscoelastic properties of blood.  It uses purely viscous damper and a purely elastic spring connected in series. Analysis of this model gives the complex viscosity in terms of the dashpot constant and the spring constant.

Oldroyd-B model

One of the most frequently used constitutive models for the viscoelasticity of blood is the Oldroyd-B model. There are several variations of the Oldroyd-B non-Newtonian model characterizing shear thinning behavior due to red blood cell aggregation and dispersion at low shear rate. Here we consider a three-dimensional Oldroyd-B model coupled with the momentum equation and the total stress tensor.  A non Newtonian flow is used which insures that the viscosity of blood  is a function of vessel diameter d and hematocrit h. In the Oldroyd-B model, the relation between the shear stress tensor B and the orientation stress tensor A is given by:

where D/Dt is the material derivative, V is the velocity of the fluid, C1, C2, g,  are constants. S and B are defined as follows:

Viscoelasticity of red blood cells

Red blood cells are subjected to intense mechanical stimulation from both blood flow and vessel walls, and their rheological properties are important to their effectiveness in performing their biological functions in the microcirculation. Red blood cells by themselves have been shown to exhibit viscoelastic properties. There are several methods used to explore the mechanical properties of red blood cells such as:
 micropipette  aspiration
 micro indentation
 optical tweezers
 high frequency electrical deformation tests
These methods worked  to characterize the deformability of the red blood cell in terms of the shear, bending, area expansion moduli, and relaxation times. However, they were not able to explore the viscoelastic properties. Other techniques have been implemented such as photoacoustic measurements. This technique uses a single-pulse laser beam to generate a photoacoustic signal in tissues and the decay time for the signal is measured. According to the theory of linear viscoelasticity, the decay time is equal to the viscosity-elasticity ratio and therefore the viscoelasticity characteristics of the red blood cells could be obtained.

Another experimental technique used to evaluate viscoelasticity consisted of using Ferromagnetism beads bonded to a cells surface. Forces are then applied to the magnetic bead using optical magnetic twisting cytometry which allowed researchers to explore the time dependent responses of red blood cells.

 is the mechanical torque per unit bead volume (units of stress) and is given by:

where H is the applied magnetic twisting field,  is the angle of the bead's magnetic moment relative to the original magnetization direction, and c is the bead constant which is found by experiments conducted by placing the bead in a fluid of known viscosity and applying a twisting field.

Complex Dynamic modulus G can be used to represent the relations between the oscillating stress and strain:

where  is the storage modulus and  is the loss modulus:

where  and  are the amplitudes of stress and strain and  is the phase shift between them.

From the above relations, the components of the complex modulus are determined from a loop that is created by comparing the change in torque with the change in time which forms a loop when represented graphically.  The limits of  - d(t) loop and the area, A, bounded by the  - d(t) loop, which represents the energy dissipation per cycle, are used in the calculations. The phase angle , storage modulus G', and loss modulus G'' then become:

where d is the displacement.

The hysteresis shown in figure 3 represents the viscoelasticity present in red blood cells.  It is unclear if this is related to membrane molecular fluctuations or metabolic activity controlled by intracellular concentrations of ATP. Further research is needed to fully explore these interaction and to shed light on the underlying viscoelastic deformation characteristics of the red blood cells.

Effects of blood vessels
When looking at viscoelastic behavior of blood in vivo, it is necessary to also consider the effects of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The viscosity of blood has a primary influence on flow in the larger arteries, while the elasticity, which resides in the elastic deformability of red blood cells, has primary influence in the arterioles and the capillaries. Understanding wave propagation in arterial walls, local hemodynamics, and wall shear stress gradient is important in understanding the mechanisms of cardiovascular function. Arterial walls are anisotropic and heterogeneous, composed of layers with different bio-mechanical characteristics which makes understanding the mechanical influences that arteries contribute to blood flow very difficult.

Medical reasons for a better understanding
From a medical standpoint, the importance of studying the viscoelastic properties of blood becomes evident. With the development of cardiovascular prosthetic devices such as heart valves and blood pumps, the understanding of pulsating blood flow in complex geometries is required. A few specific examples are the effects of viscoelasticity of blood and its implications for the testing of a pulsatile Blood Pumps. Strong correlations between blood viscoelasticity and regional and global cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass have been documented.

This has also led the way for developing a blood analog in order to study and test prosthetic devices.  The classic analog of glycerin and water provides a good representation of viscosity and inertial effects but lacks the elastic properties of real blood. One such blood analog is an aqueous solution of Xanthan gum and glycerin developed to match both the viscous and elastic components of the complex viscosity of blood.

Normal red blood cells are deformable but many conditions, such as sickle cell disease, reduce their elasticity which makes them less deformable. Red blood cells with reduced deformability have increasing impedance to flow, leading to an increase in red blood cell aggregation and reduction in oxygen saturation which can lead to further complications. The presence of cells with diminished deformability, as is the case in sickle cell disease, tends to inhibit the formation of plasma layers and by measuring the viscoelasticity, the degree of inhibition can be quantified.

History

In early theoretical work, blood was treated as a non-Newtonian viscous fluid. Initial studies had evaluated blood during steady flow and later, using oscillating flow. Professor George B. Thurston, of the University of Texas, first presented the idea of blood being viscoelastic in 1972.  The previous studies that looked at blood in steady flow showed negligible elastic properties because the elastic regime is stored in the blood during flow initiation and so its presence is hidden when a flow reaches steady state.  The early studies used the properties found in steady flow to derive properties for unsteady flow situations.  Advancements in medical procedures and devices required a better understanding of the mechanical properties of blood.

Constitutive equations

The relationships between shear stress and shear rate for blood must be determined experimentally and expressed by constitutive equations.  Given the complex macro-rheological behavior of blood, it is not surprising that a single equation fails to completely describe the effects of various rheological variables (e.g., hematocrit, shear rate).  Thus, several approaches to defining these equations exist, with some the result of curve-fitting experimental data and others based on a particular rheological model.
 Newtonian fluid model where has a constant viscosity at all shear rates. This approach is valid for high shear rates () where the vessel diameter is much bigger than the blood cells.
 Bingham fluid model takes into account the aggregation of red blood cells at low shear rates. Therefore, it acts as an elastic solid under threshold level of shear stress, known as yield stress.
 Einstein model where η0 is the suspending fluid Newtonian viscosity, "k" is a constant dependent on particle shape, and H is the volume fraction of the suspension occupied by particles. This equation is applicable for suspensions having a low volume fraction of particles. Einstein showed k=2.5 for spherical particles.

 Casson model where "a" and "b" are constants; at very low shear rates, b is the yield shear stress. However, for blood, the experimental data can not be fit over all shear rates with only one set of constants "a" and "b", whereas fairly good fit is possible by applying the equation over several shear rate ranges and thereby obtaining several sets of constants.

 Quemada model where k0, k∞ and γc are constants. This equation accurately fits blood data over a very wide range of shear rates.

Other characteristics

The Fåhraeus effect

The finding that, for blood flowing steadily in tubes with diameters of less than 300 micrometres, the average hematocrit of the blood in the tube is less than the hematocrit of the blood in the reservoir feeding the tube is known as the Fåhræus effect.  This effect is generated in the concentration entrance length of the tube, in which erythrocytes move towards the central region of the tube as they flow downstream.  This entrance length is estimated to be about the distance that the blood travels in a quarter of a second for blood where red blood cell aggregation is negligible and the vessel diameter is greater than about 20 micrometres.

The Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect

As the characteristic dimension of a flow channel approaches the size of the particles in a suspension; one should expect that the simple continuum model of the suspension will fail to be applicable.  Often, this limit of the applicability of the continuum model begins to manifest itself at characteristic channel dimensions that are about 30 times the particle diameter: in the case of blood with a characteristic RBC dimension of 8 μm, an apparent failure occurs at about 300 micrometres.  This was demonstrated by Fåhraeus and Lindqvist, who found that the apparent viscosity of blood was a function of tube diameter for diameters of 300 micrometres and less when they flowed constant-hematocrit blood from a well-stirred reservoir through a tube. The finding that for small tubes with diameters below about 300 micrometres and for faster flow rates which do not allow appreciable erythrocyte aggregation, the effective viscosity of the blood depends on tube diameter is known as the Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect.

See also
 Alfred L. Copley
 Blood hammer
 Biorheology, the study of flow properties(rheology) of biological fluids.
 Hemodynamics
 Hyperviscosity syndrome
 Rouleaux, is a configuration that RBC aggregates take.

References

Blood
Blood tests
Hematology
Non-Newtonian fluids
Rheology

Hemorheology


El Ermitaño es un volcán que se encuentra en territorio chileno, con una altura de 6146 , en la región de Atacama, el volcán es opacado por las otras cumbres de la región, como nevado Ojos del Salado, cerro Vicuñas, entre otros.

Historia curiosa
El territorio de El Ermitaño y otras cumbres, es conocido por ser el lugar por donde el descubridor de Chile, Diego de Almagro, ingresó al país.

En cuanto a su historia deportiva, cabe destacar su primera ascensión,  obra de Sergio Kunstmann, Pedro Rosende, Heinz Koch y Etienne Viau, el 20 de noviembre de 1967. La segunda ascensión por la expedición polaca de 1972, que realizó además, el primer ascenso al Cerro El Solo.

Temporada adecuada
Los mejores meses para ascender al volcán son entre enero y abril, septiembre y diciembre.
Se parte en Copiapó como punto de partida.

Véase también
 Seismiles de Salta
 El Ermitaño en Andeshandbook

Referencias

Seismiles andinos de Chile
El Ermitanzzzo

Volcán El Ermitaño


Cem Bölükbaşı (Istambul, 9 de fevereiro de 1998) é um piloto turco e ex-piloto de simulador que competiu pela última vez no Campeonato de Fórmula 2 da FIA pela Charouz Racing System.

Bölükbaşı começou a correr de motocross aos 5 anos de idade e venceu o campeonato turco um ano depois. Iniciando sua carreira profissional em e-sports em 2017, ingressou na G2 Esports FA Racing e competiu em várias séries de eSports da Fórmula 1 . Ele também venceu o campeonato inaugural da Fórmula Renault Esport Series em 2020.

Voltando aos carros reais em maio de 2019, Bölükbaşı começou a correr na GT4 European Series e fez sua estreia em monopostos em outubro do mesmo ano na Eurocopa de Fórmula Renault. Ao longo dos primeiros meses de 2021, ele competiu no Campeonato Asiático de F3 e terminou como vice-campeão na classificação de estreantes. Ele competiu em tempo parcial no Campeonato de Eurofórmula Open de 2021 e venceu duas vezes. Depois de testar carros de Fórmula 2 no final de 2021, ele foi escolhido para pilotar no Campeonato de Fórmula 2 de 2022 com o Charouz Racing System, de onde saiu antes do término da temporada.

Vida pessoal
Cem descobriu sua paixão pela velocidade quando tinha apenas 6 anos, quando seu pai o levou para a pista de motocross. Ele começou a competir no motocross aos 5 anos e venceu o Campeonato Turco aos 6.

Em 2022, Bölükbaşı disse que seu piloto de Fórmula 1 favorito é Fernando Alonso, afirmando que se interessava pelo piloto espanhol "como pessoa e pelos seus movimentos na pista".

Carreira

e-sports
No final de 2017, foi selecionado para ingressar na G2 Esports FA Racing, na qual disputaria diversas competições de simulador ao longo de 2018. Bölükbaşı correu pela McLaren na Fórmula 1 eSports Series 2017, onde terminou em quinto na classificação com 35 pontos e conquistou uma vitória. Na Fórmula 1 eSports Series 2018, se transferiu para a Toro Rosso e participou de 4 das 10 corridas, terminando em 12º com 32 pontos. Na Fórmula 1 eSports Series 2019, ele participou de 9 das 12 corridas, terminando em 21º com 4 pontos. Durante os lockdowns de 2020, Bölükbaşı competiu em várias corridas virtuais, incluindo a vitória no campeonato inaugural da Fórmula Renault Esport Series.

GT4
Em maio de 2019, a Borusan Otomotiv Motorsport anunciou que Bölükbaşı correria na GT4 European Series 2019. Em seu primeiro ano, ele conseguiu um segundo lugar na rodada de Misano e terminou o campeonato na décima-sétima posição. Em 2020, ele participou da categoria em tempo integral, conseguindo três poles positions, vencendo três corridas e terminou a temporada em 2º lugar.

Categorias de base
Bölükbaşı fez sua estreia na Fórmula na Eurocopa de Fórmula Renault de 2019 com a M2 Competition. Ele correu apenas na rodada de Hockenheim, terminando em 16º na corrida 1 e abandonando na segunda corrida.

Em janeiro de 2021, a BlackArts Racing anunciou que Bölükbaşı pilotaria pela equipe no Campeonato Asiático de F3 de 2021. Ele marcou pontos em 13 das 15 corridas e com o melhor resultado da corrida em quinto, terminou em nono na classificação geral.

Ele também correu na temporada de 2022, desta vez com o Evans GP. Bölükbaşı abandonou todas as três corridas na primeira rodada, e o acidente sofrido na corrida 3 causou grandes danos à traseira de seu carro. O dano não pôde ser reparado até a segunda rodada na semana seguinte, fazendo com que ele perdesse as três corridas. No início de fevereiro, pouco antes da terceira rodada, Bölükbaşı anunciou que não correria mais nesta categoria, pois suas chances de obter pontos da Superlicença da FIA eram mínimas.

Eurofórmula

Em 3 de julho de 2021, foi anunciado que Bölükbaşı se juntaria ao Euroformula Open Championship 2021 com a Van Amersfoort Racing. Ele fez sua estreia na série durante a quarta rodada em Hungaroring. Ele venceu a primeira corrida da rodada, tornando-se o primeiro piloto de e-sports a vencer uma corrida em categorias de fórmula. Bölükbaşı também terminou em terceiro na segunda corrida. A terceira corrida foi disputada em pista molhada e ele terminou na sétima colocação.

Na rodada de número 5, em Ímola, ele se classificou em terceiro. Na corrida 1, ele estava em segundo lugar antes de cometer um erro a três voltas do fim e terminar em terceiro. Na corrida 2, ele largou em quarto, com as posições entre os 6 primeiros se invertendo. Ele ficou em terceiro após a largada, mas depois foi ultrapassado por Jak Crawford, e terminou a corrida em 4º lugar. Bölükbaşı começou a corrida 3 em 7º, mas colidiu com o companheiro de equipe Rafael Villagómez, fazendo com que ambos abandonassem.

A 6ª rodada foi no Red Bull Ring, onde Bölükbaşı largou a corrida 1 na quarta posição. Ele caiu para quinto na largada, e permaneceu ali até o final da corrida. No entanto, ele foi promovido de volta ao 4º lugar após uma penalidade para Reshad de Gerus. Ele começou a corrida 2 em terceiro e terminou em segundo atrás de Nazim Azman. Ele terminou a corrida final da rodada em 6º lugar. Na sétima rodada, em Monza, largou a corrida 1 em décimo, e terminou na terceira colocação, além de conseguir a volta mais rápida. A corrida 2 foi disputada em condições de chuva e Bölükbaşı terminou em segundo lugar. Na corrida 3, ele cruzou a linha primeiro, mas recebeu uma penalidade de três segundos por cortar uma curva, o que o rebaixou para segundo.

Na 8ª rodada do Circuito de Barcelona-Catalunha, Bölükbaşı se classificou na pole e liderou a corrida até a chegada, vencendo sua segunda corrida na categoria. Na corrida 2, ele largou em sexto e subiu para quarto após a largada, terminando a corrida nessa posição. Ele largou a corrida 3 em quinto e também terminou em quarto lugar. Bölükbaşı terminou a temporada em quinto na classificação geral, apesar de ter perdido as três primeiras rodadas.

Fórmula 2
Em 14 de outubro de 2021, Bölükbaşı testou carros de Fórmula 2 pela primeira vez no Circuito de Brno, pilotando um Dallara GP2/11 que foi usado na GP2 Series de 2011 a 2016 e no Campeonato de Fórmula 2 da FIA em 2017. Ele dirigiu um carro de Fórmula 2 pela primeira vez em uma sessão oficial durante o teste pós-temporada de 2021 com a Van Amersfoort Racing em 18 de dezembro de 2021, terminando em 22º e último. Em 12 de janeiro de 2022, foi oficialmente anunciado que ele iria competir no Campeonato de Fórmula 2 de 2022 como piloto da equipe Charouz Racing System.

Para a primeira rodada no Barém, a que seria a sua primeira na categoria, Bölükbaşı se classificou em vigésimo. Durante a corrida curta, ele ganhou duas posições na largada. Mais tarde, ele ultrapassou mais dois carros e terminou em 14º, também à frente de Marcus Armstrong e Théo Pourchaire, que abandonaram a corrida. Na corrida principal, Bölükbaşı ganhou uma posição na largada e ficou na 19ª colocação. Ele parou no início da volta 9 e estabeleceu a volta mais rápida várias vezes. Ele chegou a 12º graças ao undercut, mas foi ultrapassado por pilotos com pneus mais novos. Após uma queda no final da corrida, Bölükbaşı fez um pitstop sob o safety car e dois outros pilotos com problemas no pitlane o ajudaram a voltar para o 12º lugar. No reinício, porém, Bölükbaşı girou e terminou a corrida na 15ª posição. Durante a sessão de treinos da 2ª rodada em Jeddah, Bölükbaşı colidiu com a barreira. Ele foi hospitalizado para exames de rotina, o que resultou na perda da qualificação. Posteriormente, foi determinado que ele havia sofrido uma concussão e foi declarado inapto para a corrida. Charouz retirou-o do evento. Durante o primeiro dia do teste de Fórmula 2 da temporada no Circuito de Barcelona, Bölükbaşı colidiu com uma parede de concreto. Ele perdeu o resto dos testes e voou de volta para a Turquia, onde foi revelado que ele tinha uma costela quebrada. Ele foi substituído por David Beckmann para a próxima rodada em Ímola.

Bölükbaşı voltou a correr na rodada de Barcelona. Ele se classificou em 21º lugar. Na Sprint Race, Bölükbaşı ganhou cinco posições na primeira volta e subiu para 16º, mas caiu para 18º no decorrer da corrida. Na Feature Race, Bölükbaşı voltou a fazer uma boa primeira volta e ganhou sete posições. Após contato entre Jehan Daruvala e Ayumu Iwasa, ele subiu para 12º. Ele entrou nos boxes após o safety car para trocar os pneus, mas fez um pit stop lento, terminando a corrida em 20º lugar. Na rodada de Mônaco, Bölükbaşı se classificou em 21º originalmente, mas começou a corrida de velocidade em 18º. Ele ganhou 6 posições na primeira volta. Ele teve um pequeno contato com Richard Verschoor no final da corrida, mas conseguiu terminar em 12º. Ele deveria largar em 20º na corrida especial, mas Roy Nissany e Liam Lawson parando no grid na volta de apresentação o promoveram para 18º. Ele ganhou mais duas posições na volta 1. Mais tarde, ele foi ultrapassado por Verschoor, que o deixou cair para 17º. Depois que alguns pilotos pararam, Bölükbaşı ficou em décimo. Ele parou sob o safety car de Amaury Cordeel e saiu em 15º. Após vários abandonos após o safety car, Bölükbaşı terminou a corrida em 11º.

Durante a rodada de Bacu, Bölükbaşı se classificou na 21ª colocação. Na corrida de velocidade, ele alcançou a 19ª colocação na volta 10. Após batidas e safety cars, ele rodava em 12º no reinício da corrida a uma volta do fim. Ralph Boschung e Calan Williams fizeram contato na parte de trás, e Bölükbaşı não conseguiu evitar o carro de Williams, levando-o a desistir, mas ainda assim foi classificado em 18º ao completar mais de 90% da corrida. Na corrida seguinte, Bölükbaşı alcançou a 15ª colocação após a 1ª volta. Na volta 12, enquanto corria na 16ª colocação, foi atingido por Roy Nissany, e colidiu com as barreiras, fazendo com que ambos os pilotos deixassem a corrida. Nissany foi penalizado por causar a colisão e recebeu uma penalidade de três posições no grid para o evento seguinte. Bölükbaşı recebeu uma multa de 5.000 euros depois que seu pai teve uma "troca verbal acalorada" e tentou uma agressão física em Nissany e seu treinador depois que ele chamou Bölükbaşı de "idiota" após a colisão pelo rádio da equipe. Na rodada de Silverstone, Bölükbaşı se classificou em vigésimo. A corrida 1 foi disputada em meio à chuva. Ele alcançou a 19ª colocação no final da primeira volta, onde também terminou a corrida. Na corrida especial, Bölükbaşı estava em 14º lugar durante o safety car, depois quis fazer um pitstop cedo, mas teve dificuldade em gerenciar os pneus e terminou em 18º.

Na rodada de Spielberg, Bölükbaşı se classificou em 13º. Na sprint, ele começou a ter problemas com os freios após a volta 2. Mais tarde, ele parou e saiu 5 voltas atrás dos líderes, onde terminou a corrida. Na corrida do domingo, ele fez contato com Liam Lawson, fazendo com que ele quebrasse sua asa dianteira e fosse para o box precocemente. Ele não voltou à pista e não terminou a corrida. Na rodada Le Castellet, ele se classificou em 22º e último. Bölükbaşı largou com o pneu macio e subiu para o 13º lugar na primeira volta, permanecendo nessa posição até a volta 18, quando cometeu um erro na última curva e perdeu duas posições, terminando a corrida em 15º. Na corrida 2, ele ganhou uma posição na largada, contudo, nos estágios finais, ele entrou nos boxes e se retirou da competição. Em Budapeste, Bölükbaşı se classificou em 16º, mas foi ultrapassado na largada da Sprint. Na volta 15, ele fez o pit stop para o pneu macio e cruzou a linha de chegada na 17ª colocação, mas uma penalidade sofrida por Richard Verschoor o promoveu de volta ao 16º lugar. Na corrida 2, ele alcançou a 13ª colocação na volta 1, e posteriormente ultrapassou Liam Lawson e Logan Sargeant, porém, acabou finalizando a corrida em 13º lugar.

O contrato de Bölükbaşı foi rescindido por mútuo acordo antes da rodada de Spa-Francorchamps, e ele foi substituído por Tatiana Calderón . Ele não conseguiu lugar em outra equipe, o que culminou em sua saída repentina da F2. Bölükbaşı afirmou que seu afastamento da Charouz e da categoria se deu por questões financeiras.

Conquistas no kart

Resumo da carreira de kart

Corrida

Resumo da carreira de esports

Resumo da carreira nas categorias Fórmula

† Como Bölükbaşı era um piloto convidado, ele não era elegível para marcar pontos.<br /> * Temporada ainda em andamento.

Resultados da Eurocopa de Fórmula Renault
( chave ) (As corridas em negrito indicam a pole position; as corridas em itálico indicam a volta mais rápida)

Resultados da Fórmula Regional Asiática
( chave ) (As corridas em negrito indicam a pole position) (As corridas em itálico indicam a volta mais rápida)

Resultados do Euroformula Open
( chave ) (As corridas em negrito indicam a pole position; as corridas em itálico indicam pontos para a volta mais rápida dos dez primeiros colocados)

Resultados do campeonato de Fórmula 2 da FIA
( chave ) (As corridas em negrito indicam a pole position) (As corridas em itálico indicam pontos para a volta mais rápida dos dez primeiros colocados)

Ligações externas
 Cem Bölükbaşı career summary at DriverDB.com

Nascidos em 1998
Pilotos de automóvel da Turquia
Pilotos do Campeonato de Fórmula Regional Asiática
Pilotos do Campeonato de Fórmula 2 da FIA
Naturais de Istambul

Cem Bölükbaşı


Indeksirana porodica skupova, kraće porodica skupova ili indeksirana familija skupova, kraće familija skupova, jest bijekcija s određenoga skupa indeksa na skup skupova koja se interpretira kao indeksirani skup skupova. Najčešće se ne navodi skup indeksa u praksi. U praksi se porodicu skupova jednostavno teorijski promatra kao skup skupova u kojoj svaki skup ima svoje ime, odnosno indeks. Da bi izbjegli naziv "skup skupova", neki autori upotrebljavaju naziv porodica skupova čak i kad ne misle na indeksiranost.

U primjeru gdje su A i I skupovi, i gdje je 𝒫(A) partitivni skup skupa A, to jest to je skup svih podskupova skpa A. Indeksirana porodica skupova (porodica, familija) je svaka funkcija za koju vrijedi f : I → 𝒫(A)  .

Vidi
tijelo skupova
skup indeksa

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Knjižnica Odjela za matematiku Sveučilišta J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Viša algebra II (sadržaj)

Teorija skupova

Indeksirana porodica skupova


Açık Piyasa İşlemleri
Merkez Bankası'nın dolaşımdaki para miktarını kontrol edebilmek amacıyla hazine bonosu, tahvil ve hisse senedi alım satımına gitmesidir.  Merkez Bankası'nın amacı, banka rezervleri ile oynayarak para arzını etkilemektir.  Bu durum, piyasada miktar ve fiyat olmak üzere iki etki meydana getirir. Merkez Bankası piyasadaki likidite fazlasını emmek için senet satar. Para darlığı çekildiğinde ise bu senetleri piyasadan satın alarak piyasadaki parayı bollaştırır.

Bankalararası Para Piyasası işlemleri de "Açık Piyasa İşlemleri" kapsamı içerisindedir. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası bünyesinde bu tür işlemler, Açık Piyasa İşlemleri ve Para Piyasası Müdürlükleri tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Kaynakça

Ekonomi terimleri

Açık piyasa işlemleri


Lake Pleshcheyevo () is a glacial lake in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. The historic town of Pereslavl-Zalessky is on the southeastern side of the lake.

The lake, which is part of Pleshcheyevo Ozero National Park, covers an area of over 51 km2, its length being  and its shoreline . Although it is  deep in the middle, the waters near the shore are quite shallow. The lake is well known for camping, swimming, fishing, and hot air ballooning.

History
The Primary Chronicle refers to the Lake of Kleshchin, which was a Meryan town on its shore. The major relic of Kleshchin is a legendary twelve-ton boulder, the "Blue stone", which was worshipped by pagans in centuries past, and is still a venue for celebrating Russian Orthodox holidays.

In 1688–1693, Peter the Great built his famous "funny flotilla" (i. e. training flotilla) on Lake Pleshcheyevo for his own amusement, including the so-called Peter's little boat, which would be considered one of the forefathers of the Russian fleet. The Botik (small boat) museum in Pereslavl-Zalessky chronicles the history of the first Russian fleet and keeps one of the original ship models.

In 1925, author Mikhail Prishvin spent a year at a research station near the lake and wrote up his observations of the landscape in his work The Springs of Berendey.

Fishing
The lake is noted for its associations with vendace, or "freshwater herring" (ryapushka in Russian). Pereslavl's coat of arms has two golden ryapushka on a black ground. This town was known in the Middle Ages for exporting smoked ryapushka, which was the favorite fish at the Tsars' table.

See also
List of lakes of Russia
Neva Yacht Club

References

External links

 First-Class Camping & Hiking

Pleshcheyevo
Pereslavl-Zalessky
Tourist attractions in Yaroslavl Oblast
Parks in Russia

Lake Pleshcheyevo


Aldachildo ist ein Dorf auf der Insel Lemuy, die im Süden Chiles in der Región de los Lagos der größeren Insel Chiloé im Osten vorgelagert ist.

Lage
Aldachildo, das an der Nordküste der hügeligen Insel Lemuy liegt, bildet mit acht anderen Ortschaften zusammen die Gemeinde (Comuna) Puqueldón mit 4160 Einwohnern (2002), deren Gebiet die gesamte Insel mit ihren 97 km² Fläche umfasst. Die Entfernung nach Puqueldón, dem größten Ort der Insel und Sitz der Gemeindeverwaltung, beträgt 10 km.

Sehenswertes
Aldachildo wird wegen seiner sehenswerten Holzkirche Iglesia Jesús Nazareno viel besucht. Die Kirche wurde 1910 in der Mitte des Dorfes nahe der Küste erbaut, um mit ihrem Turm den Seefahrern und Fischern eine Orientierungshilfe zu sein. Als Baumaterial diente hauptsächlich das widerstandsfähige Holz der Coihue-Südbuche, das selbst in dem feuchten Klima Südchiles nicht fault, doch auch Zypressen- und Lärchenholz wurden verwendet.

Gegen Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts bestanden bereits Pläne, die Kirche in Aldachildo zu schließen und sie durch einen modernen Neubau zu ersetzen. Am 10. August 1999 wurde sie zum Nationalen Kulturdenkmal erklärt, bevor sie im November 2000 in das Weltkulturerbe der UNESCO aufgenommen wurde. Renovierungen – vor allem im Bereich von Turm und Fassade – erfolgten 2005 und 2007.

Wie bei allen Holzkirchen der Inseln Lemuy und Chiloé üblich, wurden bei dem Bau der Kirche in Aldachildo keine Nägel aus Metall, sondern Nieten aus Holz verwendet, da Metall sehr knapp war. Die dreischiffige Kirche hat einen weithin sichtbaren Giebelreiter mit einem Zeltdach, der in drei Teile gegliedert ist. Wie für die Holzkirchen ihrer Art typisch, hat auch die Holzkirche in Aldachildo einen Portikus mit Bögen. In diesem Fall sind sieben Bögen vorhanden, von denen im Gegensatz zu vergleichbaren Kirchenbauten vier Rund- und nur drei Spitzbögen sind. Im Bereich des Portikus hat die Kirche in Aldachildo nur einen Eingang, der in das Mittelschiff führt, und nicht für jedes der drei Kirchenschiffe einen eigenen Eingang wie die meisten andern Holzkirchen auf Chiloé und Lemuy. Darin ähnelt sie der Kirche in Dalcahue auf Chiloé, die jedoch erheblich größer ist.

Im Innern der Kirche, das mit Schindeln aus Lärchenholz ausgekleidet ist, fallen im Mittelschiff die zahlreichen Malereien auf, die rote und gelbe Blumen darstellen. Die gewölbte Decke der Kirchenschiffe ist blau gehalten und mit Sternen verziert.

Verkehrsverbindungen und Infrastruktur
Die Insel Lemuy ist von Chonchi auf der größeren Insel Chiloé mit einer stündlich verkehrenden Fähre leicht zu erreichen, die Überfahrt dauert nur wenige Minuten.

Von Chulchuy, dem Fährhäfen Lemuys, sind alle Orte der Insel über Asphalt- bzw. Schotterstraßen gut zu erreichen. Aldachildo liegt an Endpunkt einer bei jedem Wetter befahrbaren Straße und ist 5 km von San Martín, dem Mittelpunkt der Insel, entfernt. Mehrmals am Tage verkehren Busse von und nach Aldachildo, einige Male täglich besteht sogar eine Direktverbindung nach Castro, der Hauptstadt der Provinz Chiloé. Der nächstgelegene Flughafen befindet sich in Puerto Montt auf dem chilenischen Festland.

Landwirtschaft – vor allem Viehzucht – und Fischerei sind die Haupterwerbsquellen der Bevölkerung der Insel Lemuy und damit auch von Aldachildo, das eines der ältesten Dörfer Lemuys ist. Um das Dorf herum liegen mehrere Farmen. Aldachildo verfügt über vier Geschäfte und eine moderne Schule. Vom Friedhof, der an einem Hügel im Osten des Dorfes angelegt wurde, bietet sich ein Rundblick über Aldachildo und seine Umgebung.

Weblinks

 Eintrag in der Welterbeliste der UNESCO (englisch) (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Chile
Chiloé-Archipel
Ort in Südamerika

Aldachildo


NGC 6061 est une vaste et lointaine galaxie lenticulaire située dans la constellation d'Hercule. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 6061 a été découverte par l'astronome américain Lewis Swift en .

NGC 6061 est une radiogalaxie à spectre continu (Flat-Spectrum Radio Source). Selon la base de données Simbad, NGC 6061 est une galaxie active qui contient un quasar.

À ce jour, trois mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble.

NGC 6061 fait partie du superamas d'Hercule. Steinicke utilise la désignation DRCG 34-... pour plusieurs galaxies du superamas d'Hercule. Cette désignation indique que ces galaxies figurent au catalogue des amas galactiques d'Alan Dressler. Le nombre 34 correspond au  du catalogue, soit Abell 2151, et les chiffres suivant 34 et le tiret indiquent le rang de la galaxie dans la liste.

Pour NGC 6061 la base de données NASA/IPAC utilisent les désignations suivantes :
 ABELL 2151:[D80] 134  pour le catalogue de Dressler ;
 ABELL 2151:[BO85] 004 pour le l'article de Butcher et Oemler ;
 ABELL 2151:[SPS89] 05 pour l'article de Slee, Perley et Siegman ;
 ABELL 2151:[ZBO89] O4 ou ABELL 2151:[ZBO89] R4 pour l'article de Zhao, Burns et Owen ;
 ABELL 2151:[CBW93] M pour l'article de Colless, Burstein et Wegner ;
 ABELL 2151:[MGT95] 157 pour l'article Maccagni, Garilli et Tarenghi ;
 ABELL 2151:[FBD2002] r02 pour l'article de Fasano, Bettoni et D'Onofrio.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 6061 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

6061
Constellation d'Hercule
Galaxie lenticulaire
Radiogalaxie
Galaxie active
Quasar
Objet céleste découvert en 1886
Objet céleste découvert par Lewis Swift

NGC 6061


مدينة مايانية قديمة تقع في محافظة بيتين في غواتيمالا 80كم شمال تيكال وكانت مركزا شعائريا من الحجم المتوسط مقارنة بتيكال ولكنها كانت مهمة عند الأثريين بسبب الحفريات التي قام بها أثريو جامعة كارنيجي في واشنطن مما وضع تسلسلا زمنيا للعهود الأولى للمايا وتم إيجاد العديد من المباني بها ومنها المعبد العملاق وبه أقنعة تعود لعهد حضارة أولمك، ومثل تيكال فالمباني ترجع إلى فترة 100 - 900 ثم بدأت تضمحل كغيرها من مدن المايا في السهول الجنوبية وهجرت.

مراجع

آثار حضارة المايا
أماكن مأهولة سابقا في غواتيمالا
المايا في الفترة الكلاسيكية
مواقع أثرية
مواقع أثرية في غواتيمالا

واكساكتون