Francisco Sebastián Carvajal y Gual, sometimes spelled Carbajal (December 9, 1870 – September 30, 1932) was a Mexican lawyer and politician who served briefly as president in 1914, during the Mexican Revolution. In his role as foreign minister, he succeeded Victoriano Huerta as president upon the latter's resignation.

Biography
Born in 1870 in Campeche, Carvajal studied jurisprudence. He occupied important positions in the administration of President Porfirio Díaz. On May 3, 1911, Díaz named him as his representative at the peace conference with constitutionalist rebel Francisco I. Madero. In 1913, after Victoriano Huerta had seized power from Madero, Huerta named him president of the Supreme Court. Later (10 July 1914), Huerta named him to the cabinet as foreign minister. When Huerta resigned on 15 July, Carvajal was legally next-in-line to the presidency.

During his month-long presidential term, he oversaw the transfer of power to Venustiano Carranza and his Constitutionalist Army under the terms of the Teoloyucan Treaties. Carvajal left office on August 13, 1914; Carranza gained de facto control of the executive the following year, despite not being formally elected to the Presidency until 1917.

Carvajal left for the United States. In New Orleans, he met and married Louise Martin. They had one child, Francisco Carvajal, on October 19, 1918. He returned to Mexico City in 1922 to take up his legal profession again and died there on September 20, 1932.

See also

List of heads of state of Mexico

Notes

References

 "Carvajal, Francisco", Enciclopedia de México, vol. 6. Mexico City, 1996, .
 García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, v. 2. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984.
 Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, .

External links
 Short biography

Presidents of Mexico
People of the Mexican Revolution
Mexican diplomats
Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation justices
Mexican Secretaries of Foreign Affairs
Politicians from Campeche City
1870 births
1932 deaths

Francisco S. Carvajal


Alannah Myles (née Byles; born December 25, 1958) is a Canadian singer-songwriter who has won both a Grammy and a Juno Award for the song "Black Velvet". The song was a top-ten hit in Canada; it was also a number one hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1990.

Early life
Myles was born Alannah Byles on Christmas Day 1958 in Toronto, Ontario. She is the daughter of William Douglas Byles, who was a pioneer in the Canadian broadcasting industry and was inducted into the Canadian Association of Broadcasters' Hall of Fame in 1997. She is the second of five children. Raised by her parents in Ontario, Myles spent her childhood composing and learning music. Myles began writing songs around age 9, and performed in a songwriting group for the Kiwanis Music Festival in Toronto at age 12.

Career
At the age of 18, she began performing solo gigs in southern Ontario, eventually meeting Christopher Ward, a recording artist and songwriter with Warner Music Group. With Ward's help, she formed her own band and performed cover versions of rock and blues songs, while polishing her own material.

Myles changed her surname from Byles at the age of 19, after deciding to pursue a career in entertainment. Appearances in TV commercials paid for music demos that led to numerous rejections in Canada, until she recorded masters for three songs; "Who Loves You" and a video demo for "Just One Kiss", directed by photographer Deborah Samuel. With matched financing from her songwriting collaborator, MuchMusic (City TV) and program director Christopher Ward, she signed her first record contract with Atlantic Records in 1987.

Myles was featured in several TV and film productions as a guest host and actor prior to becoming a recording artist. She appeared in a 1984 episode of the television series The Kids of Degrassi Street, in which she played the role of an aspiring singer and single mother. In 1989 she appeared in an episode of War of the Worlds, which aired only three weeks after the release of her self-titled debut album.

Myles was a candidate to be the original host of FashionTelevision, as shared by Jeanne Beker on the Reinvention of the VJ podcast, hosted by Erica Ehm. Beker suggested that Ward was lobbying for Myles to get the role on the new TV program. Beker would eventually become the program's first host.

In late 1987, Warner Music Canada's director of artists and repertoire (A&R), Bob Roper, sent Myles's three-song video package to all of Warner Music Group's US affiliates, which garnered a contract for seven or eight years from Atlantic Records (WMG), given by head of A&R Tunc Erim and Atlantic label founder Ahmet Ertegun. Myles left her acting career, co-wrote and recorded the remainder of her first album with Christopher Ward and producer David Tyson. In 1989, Atlantic Records released her self-titled debut album, and Myles toured internationally for 18 months. Her first album was awarded the Diamond Award for sales of over one million units; she is the only Canadian debut artist to attain that award. Her first album was reported to have sold more than six million copies internationally.

In May 1989, Warner Music in Canada released Alannah Myles, which produced four Top 40 hits, including "Love Is", "Lover Of Mine", "Still Got This Thing" and her number-one classic rock hit, "Black Velvet". Atlantic Records' 1989 debut album release was ineligible for Grammy nominations until the early 1990 US single release "Black Velvet" became a number-one hit, claiming ASCAP's most played song on radio for 1989 and 1990. By 2005, it had received ASCAP Millionaire Award for over four million radio airplays. "Black Velvet" won Myles the Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Performance in 1991 and three Juno Awards.

In 1992, Myles was nominated for a second Grammy award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for her second CD Rockinghorse. "Song Instead Of a Kiss", written and composed by Myles, Nancy Simmonds, and Canadian poet Robert Priest, was a 60-piece orchestrated ballad that reached number one on several radio stations around the globe but was met with little response in America, whose audiences were accustomed to "that slow southern style" of "Black Velvet". The album, released that year, included the other hit singles "Our World, Our Times", and "Sonny, Say You Will". Myles received a Grammy nomination for Rockinghorse and several global awards, including a Juno and Much Music's People's Choice Award for "Our World, Our Times".

In 1991, Myles sang "O Canada" at a Major League Baseball game at Skydome in Toronto. It was broadcast on CBS Sports.

In 1995, Myles released her final album on Atlantic Records before being released from the label, granting Warner/Atlantic a Best Of CD after only three records. The A-lan-nah album, which contained no Top 40 singles, included two tracks which made it into the Top 100, namely "Family Secret" and "Blow Wind, Blow".

In 1997, she terminated her eight-record contract with Atlantic Records with the help of her then-manager Miles Copeland III, who immediately signed her to his own Ark 21 Records. On Ark 21, she released A Rival, which contained the Top 40 hit "Bad 4 You", written and recorded by Myles, Desmond Child, and Eric Bazilian at Copeland's Castle songwriting retreat at Grand Brassac, France. The A Rival album agreement with Miles Copeland III, Ark 21 Records was successfully terminated in 2014 with 100% copyright reversions returned to Alannah Myles by 2015 and re-released on Myles's independently owned label, Fascinate inc.

After the release of A Rival, Myles released two Best Of compilations, in 1998 and 2001, and both featuring two new songs, and then left Ark 21 Records. She maintained a low profile for almost a decade but gigged around Canada and Europe during this time. In 2001, Myles duetted with Saga frontman Michael Sadler on a cover of Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush's "Don't Give Up", released as a B-side to the Saga single "Money Talks". In 2004, she released a cover of "I Can't Stand the Rain", with Jeff Healey on guitar, for a Tina Turner tribute album What's Love? A Tribute to Tina Turner.

In February 2005, together with the Swedish band Kee Marcello's K2, Myles participated in the third semi-final of Melodifestivalen, the Swedish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2005. Their selection, "We Got It All", scored very few points and finished seventh out of eight songs, yet it managed to dominate the leading newspaper and media headlines in Sweden.

Myles' first new solo release in a decade was an Elvis Tribute EP, released on iTunes in August 2007, to commemorate the 30th anniversary of Elvis' death. The EP features a re-recording of her signature song "Black Velvet", as well as two new songs. All three of them were later included on her next album.

In April 2008, Myles released her fifth studio album, Black Velvet, which featured a new recording of her song of the same name, in addition to 10 new studio recordings. Myles financed and co-produced the album.

In early 2008, Myles released the CD Black Velvet on Linus Entertainment, which resulted in a staggered release internationally while the indie label merged with Canada's True North Records, followed by a video for the song "Trouble" featuring a jug band performance. "Trouble" was awarded an 'Honourable Mention' as a finalist in the blues category at the 2009 International Songwriting Contest. Myles won the 15th annual USA Songwriting Competition for both Best Rock/Alternative Song as well as grand prize finalist for a selection, written and composed jointly with Nancy Simmonds for her Black Velvet CD, titled "Give Me Love".

Myles' song "Black Velvet" was one of four selected to be covered on the CBC Television reality television show Cover Me Canada.

After terminating a six-year lease with Canadian indie label Linus Entertainment in August 2013, Myles' Black Velvet album was retitled 85bpm, repackaged for her 25th anniversary with new images photographed by fellow Canadian Deborah Samuel. A newly recorded song written by Anne Peebles, produced by Michael Borkosky, "Can't Stand the Rain" was added to 85bpm, featuring a solo played by Canadian guitarist Jeff Healey, re-released on Myles' independently owned label, Fascinate inc., digitally distributed by Tunecore.com, with audio CDs and a 25th anniversary live concert DVD, both distributed by Amazon.com in the US.

Discography

 Alannah Myles (1989)
 Rockinghorse (1992)
 A-lan-nah (1995)
 A Rival (1997)
 Black Velvet (2008)
 85 BPM (2014)

Awards and nominations

See also
 Canadian rock
List of diamond-certified albums in Canada
Music of Canada

References

External links

 Alannah Myles biography on Rolling Stone

1958 births
Living people
Juno Award for Single of the Year winners
Grammy Award winners
Canadian contraltos
Canadian women rock singers
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of Irish descent
Singers from Toronto
Juno Award for Album of the Year winners
Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year winners
Canadian women singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters
Atlantic Records artists
20th-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian women singers
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2005
20th-century Canadian singer-songwriters
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters

Alannah Myles


Mand falder er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2015 instrueret af Anne Regitze Wivel.

Handling
Hvad sker der, når en verdenskunstner pludselig mister sine naturgivne evner? Filminstruktøren Anne Wivel har fulgt sin ven, maleren Per Kirkeby, på nært hold, efter at han faldt og slog hovedet. Han havde tidligere overvundet følgerne af en hjerneblødning og to blodpropper, men faldet for to år siden resulterede i en hjerneskade, der forhindrer ham i at arbejde. Han har ikke bare mistet sin førlighed, men også evnen til at genkende farver og sågar sine egne kunstværker. Udover at fotografere er Anne Wivel også til stede som samtalepartner og følger Per Kirkeby, som kæmper for at vende tilbage, idet han samtidig erkender sine manglende fremskridt. For ham synes der at være lang vej tilbage, for kunsten er jo ikke blot et spørgsmål om at kunne male noget kønt og vellykket, det væsentlige ligger i overskridelsen af den gode smag. Det er dette hug, maleren savner.

I filmen møder vi foruden kunstneren, hans hustru, venner og samarbejdspartnere, men dens absolutte hovedperson er Per Kirkeby i et usædvanligt åbent møde med filminstruktøren Anne Wivel og hendes kamera. Alt - fra hverdagens genoptræning til følelsesladede indsigter - lægges nøgternt frem.

Medvirkende

 Per Kirkeby

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2015

Mand falder


Boca da Mata es un municipio brasileño del estado de Alagoas. Su población estimada en 2004 era de  habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Alagoas

Boca da Mata


A Batalha de Maaten al-Sarra foi uma batalha travada entre o Chade e a Líbia em 5 de setembro de 1987 durante a Guerra dos Toyotas. A batalha tomou a forma de um ataque surpresa do Chade contra a Base Aérea Líbia de Maaten al-Sarra, com o objetivo de remover a ameaça do poder aéreo líbio, que já havia frustrado o ataque chadiano à Faixa de Aouzou em agosto. Foi o primeiro confronto realizado em território líbio desde o início do conflito chadiano-líbio, o ataque foi totalmente bem-sucedido, causando um alto número de baixas líbias e reduzidas baixas chadianas, contribuindo também para o cessar-fogo definitivo assinado em 11 de setembro entre os países beligerantes.

Ver também
 Batalha de Aouzou

Referências

Notas

Conflitos em 1987
Conflito entre Chade e Líbia

Batalha de Maaten al-Sarra


An Ficinia arenicola in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni T.H.Arnold ngan Gordon-gray. An Ficinia arenicola in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ficinia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 F. a. arenicola
 F. a. erecta

Mga kasarigan

Ficinia

Ficinia arenicola


Jacqueline Landau (født 24. maj 1967) er en dansk/fransk filminstruktør og manuskriptforfatter, der har skrevet og instrueret en række kort-, novelle- og ungdomsfilm. Derudover har hun arbejdet som tv-tilrettelægger, dokumentarinstruktør, tv-producer og musicalinstruktør i mange år.

Blandt hendes mest kendte værker er Show Night Las Vegas, dokumentarfilmen Kontrasten og novellefilmen 4Reality. Ved New York City International Film Festival i USA blev sidstnævnte i 2013 nomineret som bedste udenlandske spillefilm, mens Sebastian Jessen, blev nomineret til bedste mandlige hovedrolle og Mathilde Norholt vandt prisen som bedste kvindelige birolle.

Øvrigt
Skønheden & udyret - I 1998 var Jacqueline Landau den første kvinde i Danmark der kørte Classic Race i motorcykler.

Arkitekt: I 2000 tegnede & byggede hun en villa på Sylager 13, 2970 Hørsholm.

Udvalgt Filmografi
 Living on Earth - Musikvideo - 2015 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwy6Pd-X4kU
 4reality - Novellefilm - 2013 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fIR-8ZihEo
 Judgement - Kortfilm - 2012 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGlhEu0QQ0w
 Borderline - Kortfilm - 2011 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oXxCtJdy1I
 De små valg - Kortfilm - 2009 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hepTR8nWWM
 Springflower-Kortfilm - 2008
 Den røde taske - Kortfilm - 2006 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NC1JHpEFwM8&t=25s
 Loneliness  - Kortfilm - 2004
 Shownight Las Vegas- Musical  - 2006
 Kontrasten- Dokumentarfilm  - 1998 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xqMeArCZ-o
 Could World - Musikvideo  - 1996
 Resterne efter Ceausescu - Domkumentarfilm  - 1996
 Nødhjælp til Polen- Domkumentarfilm  - 1995

En nat i byen- Kortfilm  - 1994

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige filminstruktører fra Danmark
Manuskriptforfattere fra Danmark

Jacqueline Landau


O Voo Turkish Airlines 634 foi um voo doméstico de passageiros programado do Aeroporto de Istambul Atatürk para o Aeroporto de Diarbaquir no sudeste da Turquia. Em 8 de janeiro de 2003, às 20h19min EET (18h19min UTC), a aeronave que operava o voo, um British Aerospace 146, atingiu o solo na aproximação final aproximadamente 900 metros (3.000 pés) abaixo da cabeceira da pista durante condições climáticas adversas. Na colisão seguinte com um declive, ocorreu um incêndio pós-acidente, matando 75 dos 80 ocupantes, incluindo os dois pilotos.

Aeronave e tripulação
A aeronave envolvida no acidente era um British Aerospace 146 de 1993, com número de série do fabricante E3241. De propriedade da Trident Jet (Dublin) Limited, estava equipado com quatro motores turbofan Lycoming LF507-1F e foi entregue à companhia aérea em março de 1994. Na época do acidente, havia acumulado um total de 20 000 horas de voo em um total de 17 000 ciclos de voo.

A tripulação era composta por dois pilotos e três comissários de bordo. O capitão era Alaaddin Yunak, ex-piloto da Força Aérea Turca de 34 anos, ingressou na Turkish Airlines em 1995 e acumulou 6 309 horas de voo no total. O primeiro oficial era Ismail Altug Ulusu, de 33 anos, ingressou na Turkish Airlines em 1998 e, desde então, registrou 2 052 horas de voo no total.

Acidente
O voo 634 partiu do Aeroporto Atatürk de Istambul às 18h43min EET (16h43min UTC) para o voo de quase duas horas para Diarbaquır, no sudeste da Turquia. Aproximadamente uma hora de voo e 40 milhas náuticas (70 km). O voo 634 partiu do Aeroporto Atatürk de Istambul às 18h43min EET (16h43min UTC) para o voo de quase duas horas para Diarbaquır, no sudeste da Turquia. Aproximadamente uma hora de voo e 40 milhas náuticas (70 km) do aeroporto de destino, a tripulação contatou o controle de aproximação do Aeroporto de Diarbaquir, que liberou o voo para aproximar do aeroporto pelo sul para a pista 34 usando alcance omnidirecional VHF; um tipo de curto sistema de radionavegação de longo alcance que permite que as aeronaves com uma unidade receptora determinem sua posição e permaneçam no curso, e instruiu a tripulação a descer até 2.700 m (9.000 pés). O boletim meteorológico retransmitido à tripulação pelo controlador afirmou que não havia ventos e visibilidade de 3 500 metros (1,9 nmi).

Quando o voo estava a 8 milhas náuticas (15 km) da pista 34 e a uma altitude de 5.000 pés (1.500 m), o controle de tráfego aéreo instruiu a tripulação a continuar a aproximação e reportar assim que estabelecessem contato visual com a pista. A tripulação atendeu ao chamado e preparou a aeronave para o pouso, acionando o trem de pouso e estendendo os flaps. Continuando a descida, a aeronave atingiu sua altitude mínima de descida (MDA) de 2.800 pés (850 m); a altitude mais baixa para a qual a descida é autorizada na aproximação final ou durante manobras círculo-terra em execução de um procedimento padrão de aproximação por instrumentos onde nenhum glideslope eletrônico é fornecido; mas ambos os pilotos disseram que ainda não tinham referência visual à pista ou seu sistema de iluminação de aproximação por causa do nevoeiro espesso. Um piloto discerniu algumas luzes à distância, mas não tinha certeza do que exatamente elas pertenciam.

No entanto, violando os procedimentos padrão, o capitão decidiu continuar a aproximação até 1,6 km da pista e desceu mais 500 pés (150 m) e além, bem abaixo do MDA. A 1 milha (1,6 km) da cabeceira da pista e a uma altitude de 200 pés (60 m), o sistema de aviso de proximidade do solo (GPWS) começou a disparar alarmes sonoros. Oito segundos depois, a tripulação decidiu abortar o pouso e iniciou uma arremetida, mas antes de poder executar o comando atingiu o solo com a superfície inferior da fuselagem e o trem de pouso às 20h19min EET (18h19min UTC), 900 metros (3 000 pés) fora da cabeceira da pista 34 e 30 metros (100 pés) fora daluzes de aproximação a uma velocidade de cerca de 131 nós (243 km/h).

A aeronave deslizou no chão por cerca de 200 metros (660 pés) enquanto começava a se desintegrar. Eventualmente, atingiu um declive, partiu-se em três grandes pedaços, explodiu e pegou fogo; a maioria dos corpos e partes dos destroços foram queimados. Os detritos estavam espalhados em uma área de cerca de 800 metros quadrados (8 600 pés quadrados).

O impacto matou instantaneamente os dois pilotos, os três comissários de bordo e 69 dos 75 passageiros. Seis passageiros sobreviveram, um dos quais, no entanto, mais tarde sucumbiu aos ferimentos no hospital.

Resposta imediata
Como o local do acidente estava dentro dos limites do aeroporto, as equipes de busca e resgate do 2º Comando da Força Aérea Tática estacionada na Base Aérea de Diarbaquir, que incluía dois helicópteros, foram rapidamente mobilizadas. No entanto, nenhum dos helicópteros pôde participar dos esforços de resgate por causa do denso nevoeiro, que, segundo relatos de testemunhas oculares, às vezes ficava abaixo de um metro. Numerosos caminhões de bombeiros e ambulâncias foram mobilizados para extinguir o incêndio pós-acidente e resgatar as vítimas.

Investigação
A investigação sobre o acidente foi realizada pela Direção Geral de Aviação Civil da Turquia (DGCA). Ambos os gravadores de voo – o gravador de voz da cabine (CVR) e o gravador de dados de voo (FDR), foram encontrados intactos e foram enviados aos laboratórios da Turkish Airlines para análise.

De acordo com os registros, o capitão Yunak e o primeiro oficial Ulusu foram devidamente treinados, qualificados e experientes. Descansaram o suficiente antes de se apresentarem ao serviço no dia do acidente. Testes de drogas e álcool retornaram como resultados negativos.

Os investigadores também voltaram sua atenção para a aeronave, mas não conseguiram detectar nenhuma anormalidade. Todas as verificações de manutenção foram concluídas corretamente. Um exame minucioso dos motores revelou que eles estavam operando normalmente no momento do acidente. A aeronave estava devidamente configurada para pouso; os flaps e o trem de pouso estavam estendidos corretamente e o altímetro estava ajustado corretamente e o sistema de alerta de proximidade do solo (GPWS) também produzia alarmes que podiam ser facilmente ouvidos nas gravações da caixa negra.

As equipes de busca e resgate que imediatamente correram para o local para responder ao acidente relataram nevoeiro espesso no local do acidente e reclamaram da falta de visibilidade que, de acordo com seu relato, às vezes chegava a 1 metro (3 pés). Isso contradiz claramente o boletim meteorológico que o controlador de tráfego aéreo do Aeroporto de Diarbaquır transmitiu à tripulação minutos antes do acidente. Segundo eles, o fogo não podia ser visto até chegar ao local.

A análise do FDR e do CVR revelou que no momento em que a aeronave atingiu o solo estava a uma proa de 339° (noroeste, alinhada com o eixo da pista) e 900 metros (3.000 pés) além da cabeceira da pista. 34 em um ângulo de inclinação positivo de cinco graus. O piloto automático foi acionado até pouco tempo antes do acidente.

Relatório Final
A investigação foi concluída cerca de dois anos depois, em abril de 2005, e concluiu que:

A Turkish Airline Pilots Association afirmou que um sistema de pouso por instrumentos pode ter evitado o acidente.

Ver também

 Lista de acidentes aéreos

Ligações externas

Acidentes e incidentes aéreos de 2003
Turkish Airlines 634
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos na Turquia
2003 na Turquia
Acidentes e incidentes da Turkish Airlines

Voo Turkish Airlines 634


An Juncus scabriusculus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Juncus scabriusculus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Juncus

Juncus scabriusculus


An Poa hachadoensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elisa G. Nicora. An Poa hachadoensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa hachadoensis


Hagrold (fl. 944–954), également désigné sous le nom de Hagroldus, Harold, et Harald, est un puissant chef Viking du  qui règne sur  Bayeux. C'est apparemment un païen de Scandinavie, et il semble s'être installé en Normandie à l'époque de la mort du comte de Rouen Guillaume  Longue-Épée . Son intervention peut être replacée dans le cadre d'une aide aux Normands contre l'intrusion de l'autorité franque, ou à l'inverse dans le cadre de l'exploitation des Normands.

Contexte
Après le meurtre de  Guillaume comte de Rouen, dont le fils et successeur, Richard n'est encore qu'un enfant les Francs en profitent pour tenter de rétablir leur autorité sur leurs voisins Normands. En 944, selon la chronique contemporaine des  Annales de Flodoard et l' Historiae de Richer de Reims, du fait de la confusion en Normandie,  autorise Hugues, duc des Francs à prendre le contrôle de la ville de Bayeux. Bien que le duc ait procédé à l'assaut de la colonie scandinave qui l'occupe, avant qu'il en prenne le  contrôle, le roi revient sur sa promesse, et Hugues doit quitter la région

Intervention
Selon les  Annales  et  Historiae , Hagrold capture Louis en 945, ensuite Hugues obtient finalement la libération du roi par des négociations. Le fait que Hagrold soit décrit comme controlant Bayeux dans ces récits suggère qu'il a mené avec succès la défense de la ville l'année précédente. Il était clairement un personnage considérablement puissant pour avoir non seulement pris le pouvoir mais résisté à l'agression franque. À ce stade de l'histoire, avant même l'assassinat de Guillaume, le pouvoir comital normand ne s'étendait guère au-delà que la périphérie de Rouen. Hagrold—apparemment un païen de Scandinavie— semble avoir gouverné Bayeux comme son domaine personnel, et était apparemment indépendant des Francs et des Normands. La situation politique au Danemark à cette époque aurait probablement contribué à une telle situation  en Normandie, et pourrait expliquer la présence de Hagrold là-bas. Les vagues successives de colons scandinaves en Basse-Normandie au cours de cette période ont probablement contribué à la faiblesse du pouvoir comital.

Il est possible qu'après la mort de Guillaume, Hagrod ait pris le contrôle de certaines parties du Cotentin avec un soutien étranger, et qu'il ait étendu son autorité à Bayeux. D'autre part, Hagrold peut avoir agi dans le cadre de l'aide aux Normands de Rouen pour s'opposer aux Francs. Bien qu'il ait probablement défendu Bayeux contre Louis et Hugues en 944, la capture de Louis par Hagrold les années suivantes suggère qu'il s'est porté volontaire pour aider Hugues contre le roi. Les affiliations religieuses jouées semblent avoir joué un rôle dans les alignements politiques de la Normandie du . Selon les Annales, de nombreux païens de Scandinavie sont arrivés en Normandie en 943, conduisant certains Normands à revenir du christianisme au paganisme. Longtemps après le floruit d'Hagrold, l'autorité laïque et ecclésiastique normande à Bayeux est restée précaire. Hagrold apparaît dans les archives jusqu'en 954, lorsque Richard et Hugues sont mentionnés pour avoir attaqué Bayeux.

Le sort ultérieur d'Hagrold est incertain. Une possibilité est que lui et sa famille se soient retirés dans la région de la mer d'Irlande et que ses descendants soient les Meic Arailt, une lignée qui contestait le contrôle de cette région à la branche Meic Amlaíb des Uí Ímair. Toutefois, les témoignages relatifs aux Meic Arailt semblent indiquer que cette famille - représentée à la deuxième génération par Gofraid mac Arailt et Maccus mac Arailt - n'était qu'une branche de l'Uí Ímair eux-mêmes.

Interprétations postérieures
Si les récits historiques de Flodoard sont généralement fiables, il n'en est pas de même de l'interprétation des faits du  par Dudon. Dans la Gesta Normannorum du  de ce dernier, Hagrold est dépeint comme un roi danois arrivé en Normandie pour aider le jeune Comte de Rouen pendant sa minorité. L'utilisation de Hagrold par Dudon dans ce contexte semble être une tentative d'expliquer la présence de Vikings païens farouchement indépendants en Normandie sans compromettre le mythe d'un État normand cohésif et d'une religion normande. Comme Dudon, Guillaume de Jumièges, dans son Gesta Normannorum ducum du , identifie Hagrold avec un roi danois, et le confond avec le souverain homonyme contemporain de ce dernier, Haraldr Gormsson, roi du Danemark. Selon Gesta Normannorum ducum, Haraldr/Hagrold est venu en Normandie après avoir été expulsé du Danemark par son fils, Sven à la Barbe fourchue. En réalité, il n'y a aucune preuve que Haraldr soit jamais allé en Normandie. Au lieu de cela, des sources telles que les textes du  Encomium Emmae et Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum déclarent qu'il a demandé l'aide des Slaves.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Sources primaires

Sources secondaires

Personnalité danoise du Xe siècle
Date de décès incertaine (Xe siècle)
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom
Chef viking

Hagrold


American University (AU eller American) er et privat forskningsuniversitet i Washington, D.C. i USA, der ligger i Tenleytown-kvarteret i den nordvestlige del af Washington, D.C.

Universitet blev etableret på baggrund af, at George Washington i slutningen af det 18. århundrede havde skrevet om sin drøm om, at et nationalt universitet skulle etableres i landets hovedstad, og lidt under et århundrede senere blev drømmen realiseret. Universitetet blev grundlagt den 5. december 1892 ved lov vedtaget af den amerikanske kongres og senere navngivet "The American University" ved lov af den 24. februar 1893, da omkostningerne ved etableringen blev godkendt af præsident Benjamin Harrison.

Universitetet havde i 2015 mere end 13.000 studerende og mere end 850 fuldtidsansatte. Universitetet har 7 fakulteter: School of International Service, College of Arts and Sciences, Kogod School of Business, School of Communication, School of Professional & Extended Studies, School of Public Affairs og Washington College of Law. Fakulteterne er konsekvent rangeret blandt de højeste indenfor de amerikanske ranglister over bedste universiteter i verden. Særligt School of International Service er den største af sin slags i USA og blev rangeret nummer 8 for kandidatuddannelser og nummer 9 for bacheloruddannelser i verden i 2016 ifølge Foreign Policy.

Universitetet er ydermere igennem mange år blevet rangeret som en af de "mest politisk aktive" skoler i USA [5]. Alumner har opnået høje stillinger i nuværende og tidligere amerikanske regeringer, ligesom flere er blevet ledere indenfor film, tv og medier. Alumner omfatter blandt andet Jordan Belfort, David Gregory, Gary Cohn, Jennifer Palmieri, Loretta Sanchez, Barry Levinson, Judy Sheindlin, Neil Cavuto og Alisyn Camerota.

Campus
American University har to campusser, der er geografisk adskilt. Begge campusser bliver både brugt til undervisning og kollegier til de studerende. Hovedcampus ligger på Massachusetts Avenue og Tenley Campus ligger på Nebraska Avenue.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside

Noter

Universiteter i USA
Universiteter i Washington D.C.

American University


Robin Wright (born 1966) is an American film actress.

Robin Wright may also refer to:
 Robin Wright (author) (born 1948), American journalist, author and foreign affairs analyst
 Robin Wright (rugby union) (1885–1958), Irish rugby international

Robin Wright (disambiguation)


Béal Átha an Ghaorthaidh [] (anglisiert: Ballingeary) ist ein Dorf im Tal des Flusses An Laoi (anglisiert: River Lee) im Westen der Grafschaft Cork, Irland. Es umfasst die Townlands Drom an Ailigh und An Chill Mhór und liegt in der Gaeltacht von Múscraí Thiar (anglisiert: West Muskerry). Die Umgangssprache ist wie im benachbarten Baile Bhuirne der Munster-Dialekt des Irischen. Offiziellen Status hat deshalb nur der irische Name Béal Átha an Ghaorthaidh.

In Béal Átha an Ghaorthaidh befindet sich das Sommercollege Coláiste Mhumhan. Hier verbringen zahlreiche Schüler aus ganz Irland ihre Sommerferien, um ihre Irischsprachkenntnisse zu vertiefen, während sie bei muttersprachlichen Familien untergebracht sind.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im County Cork

Béal Átha an Ghaorthaidh


Die Regions Morgan Keegan Championships 2012 waren ein Tennisturnier, welches vom 20. bis zum 26. Februar 2012 in Memphis stattfand. Es war Teil der ATP World Tour 2012 und wurde in der Halle auf Hartplatz ausgetragen. In der gleichen Woche wurden in Marseille die Open 13 sowie in Buenos Aires der Copa Claro gespielt. Diese zählten jedoch im Gegensatz zu den Regions Morgan Keegan Championships, welche zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 500 gehörten, nur zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 250.

Der Titelverteidiger im Einzel, Andy Roddick, schied bereits in der ersten Runde aus. Turniersieger wurde Jürgen Melzer, der im Endspiel Milos Raonic schlagen konnte.

Im Doppel verteidigten Maks Mirny und Daniel Nestor ihren Titel aus dem Vorjahr durch einen Finalsieg gegen Ivan Dodig und Marcelo Melo erfolgreich.

Das Teilnehmerfeld der Einzelkonkurrenz bestand aus 32 Spielern, jenes der Doppelkonkurrenz aus 16 Paaren.

Qualifikation
Die Qualifikation fand vom 18. bis 19. Februar 2012 statt. Ausgespielt wurden vier Qualifikantenplätze, die zur Teilnahme am Hauptfeld des Turniers berechtigten.

Folgende Spieler hatten die Qualifikation überstanden und spielten im Hauptfeld des Turniers:

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks und Quellen
 Offizielle Homepage des Turniers

Turnier der ATP World Tour 2012
Tennisturnier in Memphis (Tennessee)


Hamilton, Kanada'nın Ontario eyâletinde, Ontario Gölü'nün güneybatı kıyısında yer alan bir kenttir. 662.401 nüfuslu kent, Ontario'nun en büyük üçüncü, tüm Kanada'nın ise en büyük dokuzuncu kentsel alanını oluşturur.

Geleneksel olarak çelik ve ağır sanayi üzerine gelişen kent ekonomisi, son dönemde sağlık ve bilim sektörleri üzerine evrilmektedir. Hamilton, televizyon ve film endüstrisinin yoğunlaştığı, birçok kayıt stüdyosuna ve sanat galerisine sahip bir kenttir.

Kentte McMaster Üniversitesi (McMaster University) bulunmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ontario

Dış bağlantılar
 Hamilton Kenti resmi sitesi
 McMaster Üniversitesi resmi sitesi

Hamilton, Ontario


Die Universitat de Vic (UVIC) ist eine private, staatlich anerkannte Universität mit Sitz im katalanischen Vic.

Die Hochschule wurde 1997 gegründet. Vorläufer war eine Schule, die 1599 durch Philipp III. ins Leben gerufen wurde. Nach dem Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg ließ Philipp V. alle Universitäten in Katalonien verbieten. 1749 wurde das Priesterseminar von Vic gegründet. Ein Versuch die Universität Vic 1849 wieder zu begründen scheiterte. 1977 wurde das Lehrerseminar Escuela Universitaria de Maestros «Jaume Balmes» als Ableger der Universität Barcelona gegründet, es folgten 1979 die Eumo Editorial und 1984 die Eumogràfic. Nach verschiedenen Zusammenlegungen erfolgte am 21. Mai 1997 die Beschlussfassung der Universität Vic durch das katalanische Parlament. Träger der Hochschule ist die Fundació Universitària Balmes.

Rektoren waren:
 1997–2002: Ricard Torrents i Bertrana
 2002–2006: David Serrat i Congost
 2006–2010: Assumpta Fargas i Riera
 2010–2018: Jordi Montaña i Matosas
 2018: Joan Masnou Suriñach
 2019–heute: Josep Eladi Baños

Fakultäten
 Facultat de Ciències i Tecnologia
 Facultat d'Educació, Traducció i Ciències Humanes
 Facultat d'Empresa i Comunicació
 Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i el Benestar
 Facultat de Medicina
 BAU, Escola Superior de Disseny (assoziiert)
 Escola d'Alta Direcció i Administració

Lage
Die Gebäude der Universität verteilen sich auf die beiden Campus Miramarges () und Torre dels Frares () im Nordwesten von Vic.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Universitäten in Spanien

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseiten

Einzelnachweise

Vic
Vic
Gegründet 1997
Vic

Universität Vic


() est un film dramatique italien écrit et réalisé par Silvio Amadio et sorti en 1959.

Le film est présenté en première au  Festival international du film de Berlin (1959).

Synopsis

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Titre français :
 Réalisation : Silvio Amadio
 Scénario : Gino De Santis, Carlo Romano, Silvio Amadio
 Histoire : Silvio Amadio, Luciano Vincenzoni
 Photographie : Luciano Trasatti
 Montage : Luciano Cavalieri
 Directeur artistique : Franco Lolli
 Musique : Bruno Canfora
 Pays d'origine : Italie
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : noir et blanc
 Genre : drame
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 Allemagne de l'Ouest :  (Berlin International Film Festival)
 Allemagne de l'Ouest :
 France :

Distribution

 Massimo Girotti : le commandant
 Folco Lulli : le maître d'équipage
 Jean-Marc Bory : le lieutenant
 Alberto Lupo : le radiotélégraphiste
 Horst Frank : le jeune marié
 Piero Lulli : le voyou
 Giancarlo Sbragia : l'hydrophoniste
 Nino Dal Fabbro : le mécanicien
 Giorgio Cerioni : le matelot Ferito
 Enrico Salvatore : un matelot
 Alberto Barberini : un matelot (non crédité)

Notes et références

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1959
Film dramatique italien
Film réalisé par Silvio Amadio
Film en italien
Film italien en noir et blanc
Film de guerre italien
Film de guerre en milieu sous-marin

Les Loups dans l'abîme


Otok Egmont (također poznat kao Atol Egmont,) je nenaseljeni atol pod upravom Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva. Ovaj atol je jedan od rijetkih nastalih koraljnih atola koji čine otočje Chagos, Britanski teritorij Indijskog oceana.

Ovaj mali atol nalazi se manje od 10 km južno od jugozapadnog ruba potopljenog koraljnog grebena Veliki Chagos. Njegova ukupna površina, uključujući lagunu i rubni koraljni greben, je 29 km2. Ukupna površina kopna je oko 4 km2. Najbliži otok je otok Danger na obali Great Chagos, manje od 30 km sjeverno.

Dva su prolaza u lagunu duž sjevernog ruba, Fausse Passe na sjeveroistoku i širi prolaz na sjeverozapadu. Otoci Egmont jedno su od omiljenih mjesta za sidrenje putujućih nautičara koji prolaze kroz Chagos.

Otoci
Najveći otok je "Île Sud-Est" (Istočni Egmont), na kojem se nalazilo naselje, površine 1,5 km². Dok je "Île Lubine" slične veličine, ostali su otočići manji. Svi su otoci prekriveni kokosovim drvećem. Svi pojedinačni otoci nalaze se na južnom rubu koraljnog grebena. To su, od jugoistoka prema sjeverozapadu:

 Île Sud-Est (Jugoistočni o.)
 Île Takamaka (Takamaka)
 Île Carre Pate (Kvadratni o.)
 Île Lubine (Lubine)
 Île Cipaye (Cipaye)
 Île aux Rats (O. štakora)

Zapadno od Ile aux Rats nalazio se otočić poznat kao "Otočić sa štakorima" () koji se u međuvremenu spojio s Ile aux Rats. Ile Cipaye se također piše 'Sipaille' i 'Cipaille'. Isle Carre Pate također se piše 'Carpathe'. Na nekim pomorskim kartama Ile Takamaka se piše kao 'Tattamucca'.

Povijest
Ile Sudest, najveći otok, prvi put je naseljen u drugoj polovici 18. stoljeća, u vrijeme kada su ostale atole Chagosa naselili Francuzi.

Zapovjednik Robert Moresby napravio je pregled ovog atola i ucrtao ga na kartu 1838. godine. U to je vrijeme na ovom atolu bila plantaža kokosa. Izgrađen je nasip koji je povezivao otoke i izvršeno je vraćanje izgubljenog zemljišta. S vremenom su se neki od otoka međusobno spojili.

Otoci Egmont više nisu bili naseljeni u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća, u vrijeme kada su Chagosanci ili Ilois iseljeni s Chagosa.

U periodu 1972.–73. britanske oružane snage su izvele podvodnu ekspediciju na Egmontsko otočje . Predvođena vođom Sqn-a "Dickiejem" Birdom RAF-a, bila je to prva ekspedicija takve vrste u Chagosu. Alan Baldwin RN bio je zamjenik voditelja, a znanstveni rad se odvijao pod vodstvom dr. Davida Bellamyja. Njegov je cilj bio proučavanje formiranja i rasta koraljnih grebena, kao i flore i faune otoka. RFA Gold Ranger odveo je članove ekspedicije iz atola Gan, atol Addu, na atol Egmont, a nakon što je istraživanje završeno, RFA Stromness ih je vratio u Gan. Nakon uspjeha, iduće je godine poduzeta druga ekspedicija na otok Danger.

Izvori

The Indian Ocean Pilot
British Hydrographic Services. Admiralty Charts. Maps in the Chagos Archipelago.
British Indian Ocean Territory, The World Factbook

Vanjske poveznice

Chagos Islands coral collections
The molluscan fauna of Chagos (Indian Ocean) and an analysis of its broad distribution patterns

Otoci otočja Chagos
Atoli

Egmont (atol)


La rue Paul Bossu (en néerlandais : Bossustraat) est une rue bruxelloise de la commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre qui va de la rue Père Eudore Devroye  à la rue Saint-Hubert sur une longueur totale de 120 mètres.

Historique et description

Le nom de la rue vient d'un soldat cavalier de deuxième classe Paul Gaspard Louis Leonard BOSSU, né le  à Mouscron, blessé au combat et décédé en son domicile de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre le  des suites de ses blessures lors de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il était étudiant lors de son entrée en service le .

Situation et accès

Inventaire régional des biens remarquables

Voir aussi
 Liste des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Liens externes
 Commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Notes et références

 La Chanson des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre de Jean Francis. Louis Musin Éditeur – Bruxelles 1975

Rue à Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Rue Paul Bossu


An Sarcochilus argochilus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Lloyd Jones ngan Mark Alwin Clements. An Sarcochilus argochilus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sarcochilus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Queensland. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sarcochilus

Sarcochilus argochilus


The Informbiro period was an era of Yugoslavia's history following the Tito–Stalin split in mid-1948 that lasted until the country's partial rapprochement with the Soviet Union in 1955 with the signing of the Belgrade declaration. After World War II in Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia's new leadership under Josip Broz Tito pursued a foreign policy that did not align with the Eastern Bloc. Eventually, this led to public conflict, but the Yugoslav leadership decided not to acquiesce to Soviet demands, despite significant external and internal pressures. The period saw the persecution of the political opposition in Yugoslavia, resulting in thousands being imprisoned, exiled, or sent to forced labour. 100 Yugoslav citizens were seriously wounded or killed between 1948 and 1953 while some sources claim 400 victims during the existence of Goli otok prison camp. The purges included a significant number of members of Yugoslavia's security apparatus and its military.

This break with the Eastern Bloc caused significant economic difficulties for Yugoslavia as the country relied on trade with the USSR and Soviet allies. Economic pressures within the country led to reforms that would ultimately result in the introduction of socialist self-management and increased decentralisation of the country through constitutional amendments formalising the reforms.

The United States saw the rift between the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia as an opportunity during the Cold War to fragment the Eastern Bloc further and consequently provided economic and military aid, loans, and diplomatic support to the country. The new foreign policy circumstances led Tito to end Yugoslav support of Communist forces in the Greek Civil War and concluded the Balkan Pact, an agreement of cooperation and defence with Greece and Turkey.

The period had an impact on Yugoslavia's contemporary art and popular culture, as artists were encouraged to seek inspiration in the wartime struggle of the Yugoslav Partisans and the construction of new infrastructure. Decades later, a great many literary works and films covered the era's events.

The descriptor "Informbiro period" arose from the Communist Information Bureau, an organisation initiated by Stalin that had aimed to reduce divergence among communist governments.

Background

Relations between Joseph Stalin and Josip Broz Tito were often strained during World War II as the Soviet Union and the Yugoslav Partisans, a resistance movement established following Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, pursued divergent interests other than defeating the Axis powers and promoting Communist ideas. Nonetheless, Soviet advisers arrived in Yugoslavia in the autumn of 1944 and promised economic and military assistance—specifically arms and aid to the defence industry. By February 1947, little aid had arrived. In September 1947, when the Soviets formed the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties, also known as the Cominform, they insisted on headquartering it in the Yugoslav capital of Belgrade, expanding their agents' access to Yugoslavia.

After the war, Stalin and Tito, and by extension the USSR and Yugoslavia, had increasingly divergent objectives and priorities in the areas of foreign relations, economic policies, and even in ideological approaches to the development of a Communist society. Despite these conflicting objectives, Stalin supported Yugoslav policy towards Albania, which treated it like a Yugoslav satellite state. The Soviet–Yugoslav relations took a significant turn to worse when Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed a friendship and mutual assistance treaty in Bled in August 1947. The agreement, calling for greater integration between the two countries, was negotiated without consulting the USSR, leading Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov to denounce it. The conflict gradually grew until 1948 when it culminated in the Tito–Stalin split—pitting Yugoslavia against the USSR, supported by the rest of the Eastern Bloc through the Cominform, in the period of conflict or at least tense relations with all pro-Western Yugoslav neighbours, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Following the military conquests of Trieste and a part of Carinthia in the final days of World War II, Tito pressed territorial claims against Austria—specifically Carinthia and Burgenland hoping for a corridor to Czechoslovakia—and against Italy in the Julian March area, including Trieste. The immediate vicinity of the city was organised as the Free Territory of Trieste under divided military administration by Yugoslavs and Western Allies, while the latter controlled the city itself. Following the Tito–Stalin split, the Soviets withdrew their support for Yugoslavs in further resolution of the Trieste dispute, and switched from backing Yugoslavia in favour of Austria. Since 1947, Yugoslavia provided increasing aid to the Democratic Army of Greece (Δημοκρατικός Στρατός Ελλάδας, Dimokratikós Stratós Elládas, DSE) in the Greek Civil War. Even after Stalin obtained assurances from Yugoslav leadership that the aid would cease, Tito informed Nikos Zachariadis of the Communist Party of Greece that the DSE could count on further help.

Cominformist purges

Persecution of internal enemies

In the immediate aftermath of the Tito–Stalin split, the leadership of the ruling Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ) was faced with uncertainty over personal loyalty. Interior minister Aleksandar Ranković noted it was impossible to know who to trust and that one's closest comrades may now be the enemy. Even as Tito and Stalin exchanged letters which led to their open split in early 1948, Tito called for action against central committee member Sreten Žujović and former minister of industry Andrija Hebrang. Žujović was the only person openly supporting Stalin when the central committee discussed Stalin's direct accusations and who was his source of information. Tito alleged Hebrang was the main source for Soviet mistrust and tasked Ranković with charging him. Ranković fabricated charges that Hebrang became an Ustaše spy during his captivity in 1942 and that the Soviets subsequently blackmailed him using that information as leverage. Both Žujović and Hebrang were apprehended within a week. There were numerous victims of persecution beyond Žujović and Hebrang. Real or perceived supporters of Stalin were termed "Cominformists" or "ibeovci" as a pejorative initialism based on the first two words in the official name of the Cominform. Thousands were imprisoned, killed, or exiled.

In response to the situation in the country, Ranković established a special anti-Cominform staff in the State Security Administration (Uprava državne bezbednosti, UDB) consisting of his deputy, and nominal head of the UDB, Svetislav Stefanović Ćeća, Veljko Mićunović, Jovo Kapičić, Vojislav Biljanović, Mile Milatović, and Jefto Šašić as the head of the Counterintelligence Service (Kontraobaveštajna služba, KOS).

In 1948–51 alone, 55,663 KPJ members were registered as Cominformists, or 19.52% of the 1948 party membership. However, in the same period, the membership was augmented by the introduction of more than half a million new members. The number and proportion of Cominformists in the KPJ membership varied substantially by federal constituent republics and regions, and as by ethnicity. More than half the members were registered in Serbia proper, while the highest proportion relative to the total population was found in Montenegro.

Such high numbers of Cominformists in Serbia in absolute terms, and in Montenegro in relative terms compared to its population, are explained by the Russophilia traditionally observed there. The origins of this sentiment are linked to Imperial Russian aid in 1804–1815 during the Serbian Revolution coinciding with the 1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War, and subsequently, diplomatically as the Principality of Serbia gained diplomatic recognition in 1830. The sentiment was reinforced in Montenegro since the Russian Empire acted, or was perceived to have acted, to protect the Principality of Montenegro against the Ottoman Empire in the mid-18th century. By extension, this support was given to the USSR.

The exact number of those arrested remains uncertain, but in 1983, Radovan Radonjić stated that 16,288 were arrested and convicted, including 2,616 belonging to various levels of the KPJ leadership. According to Ranković, 51,000 people were killed, imprisoned or sent to forced labour. A majority of them were sentenced without a trial. Prisoners were held at numerous sites including actual prisons, as well as prison camps in Stara Gradiška and the repurposed Ustaše concentration camp in Jasenovac. A special-purpose prison camp was built for Cominformists on the uninhabited Adriatic islands of Goli Otok and Sveti Grgur in 1949.

Purge of the military and security apparatus

The secret police themselves were among organisations targeted by purges. Yugoslav sources indicate that 1,722 UDB servicemen and officers were convicted. Particularly wide-ranging purges were carried out against the UDB in Sarajevo after all of the UDB personnel of Sarajevo's second district declared their support for the Cominform. Their action was echoed by UDB chiefs in Mostar and Banja Luka. At least seventeen UDB officers holding the rank of Lieutenant Colonel or higher in high-profile positions in the federal bodies or in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro were arrested, and several UDB officers escaped to Romania.

Support for the Soviets within the Yugoslav Army ranks is difficult to determine. Low-end estimates indicate that 10–15% of the army's personnel favoured the Soviet position. Yugoslav sources estimate the number of military members arrested is in a range from 4,153 officers and soldiers put forward by Radonjić, to 7,000 imprisoned officers estimated by Milovan Đilas. The purge included 22 officers in the presidential guard regiment reporting directly to Tito, including Momčilo Đurić, wartime commander of the Yugoslav Partisan Supreme Headquarters escort battalion.

Forty-nine Yugoslav Army graduates of the Voroshilov, the Frunze, and other Soviet military academies were deemed potential Soviet supporters. Many of those attending such academies in the USSR at the time of the Tito–Stalin split never returned to Yugoslavia.

The split particularly affected the Air Force. Almost all Air Force officers had Soviet training, and some of them fled the country in air force planes. The defectors included Major General Pero Popivoda, who was the head of the air force operational service. Batajnica, Zemun, and Pančevo airbases near Belgrade saw several attacks by groups of saboteurs, while the Zemun airbase commander and his deputy fled to Romania.

Opposition and resistance

Attempted coup
In the immediate aftermath of the split, there was at least one failed attempt of a military coup d'état supported by the Soviets. Colonel General Arso Jovanović, who was chief of Tito's wartime Supreme Headquarters and later the chief of the General Staff of the Yugoslav Army headed it, supported by Major General Branko Petričević Kadja and Colonel Vladimir Dapčević. Border guards killed Jovanović near Vršac while he was attempting to flee to Romania, Petričević was arrested in Belgrade, and Dapčević was arrested just as he was about to cross the Hungarian border.

Émigrés and infiltrators
Tito faced opposition from a group of émigrés—Yugoslav nationals who were out of the country at the time of the split. According to Yugoslav sources, the group consisted of 4,928 people including 475 specifically chosen military and civilian experts sent to the USSR and elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc for training, and comparably few defectors. Initially, the Yugoslav ambassador to Romania, Radonja Golubović, led them. In addition to Golubović, the group included diplomats posted to Hungary, Sweden, Norway, and the United States. By late 1949, Popivoda was established as the undisputed leader of the exiled opposition, and the group named itself the League of Yugoslav Patriots for the Liberation of the Peoples of Yugoslavia from the Yoke of the Tito-Ranković Clique and Imperialist Slavery.

Soviet authorities organised the émigrés along several lines. They supported the publication of several newspapers advocating anti-Titoist efforts, the most influential being Za socijalističku Jugoslaviju (For Socialist Yugoslavia) and Nova borba (New Struggle). Radio Free Yugoslavia aired daily propaganda broadcasts from Bucharest. Various non-military experts were trained for a future takeover of the government, while military personnel were organised into four international brigades deployed to Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria near their Yugoslav borders, and an air force unit was set up in the Ural Mountains. The international brigades included thousands of personnel drawn from various Eastern Bloc countries touted as volunteers.

The Soviet allies blockaded their borders with Yugoslavia—where 7,877 border incidents took place. By 1953, Soviet or Soviet-backed incursions resulted in the killing of 27 Yugoslav security personnel. More than 700 agents are thought to have crossed the border into Yugoslavia—160 of whom were captured and 40 killed in combat.

Insurrections
The Yugoslav security apparatus also faced armed insurrection in several areas—most notably in Montenegro. As a result, an entire UDB division was deployed to Montenegro in the summer and autumn of 1948 to combat the insurrection led by former secretary of the KPJ organisation Ilija Bulatović, in the town of Bijelo Polje. In addition to the KPJ organisation there, large segments or entire organisations in Kolašin, Berane, Cetinje, Nikšić, Bar, and Danilovgrad voiced support for the Cominformists. A special task force, headed by Komnen Cerović, was added to the Montenegrin government to persecute the insurgents. They suppressed the rebellion but only temporarily. In 1949, Cerović's force took out insurgent strongholds in the Monetenegrin part of Sandžak. Further uprisings took place in the Zeta River valley and the area between the republic's capital, Titograd and Nikšić. Ultimately, the insurgents failed.

Two more insurrections, led by ethnic Serb veterans of the Partisan forces and former army officers, took place in the areas of Kordun, Lika, Banovina in Croatia, and just across the federal unit's border in Bosnia and Herzegovina where rebellion centered on the city of Cazin in 1950. In the Cazin area, the bulk of the insurgents were actually Muslim peasants. The motivation for the twin rebellions appears more diverse, including real or perceived inadequate appreciation of the  wartime efforts of the rebellion leaders, promises to abolish various taxes, and the restoration of King Petar II to the throne. Yugoslav authorities captured ten infiltrators, including eight former Chetniks, coming from Austria to support the rebels. The insurrections were put down quickly, and Yugoslav authorities ascribed them to Cominformism. Also, a likewise unsuccessful, small-scale rebellion took place in Slovenia at the same time.

Impact on Yugoslav policies

Economic development until mid-1948
Prior to 1948, the Yugoslav economy relied on state-controlled trade of agricultural products and raw materials to the USSR in exchange for processed goods and machinery. Overall shortages of machinery and local shortages of labour—especially skilled experts—plagued the economy. As the conflict with Stalin progressed, Yugoslavia decided to become self-sufficient and develop its military capabilities, which led to greater budget expenditures for infrastructure and personnel, and the establishment of research and development institutions. To offset the lack of machinery, third shifts were introduced in factories. Authorities mobilised, under threat of imprisonment, those not otherwise employed, and peasants not actively doing agricultural work, to work in mines extracting coal or ores for export, or at construction sites. Food and fuel were stockpiled for the military, leading to market shortages.

Turning to the United States for aid
By June 1948, Yugoslavia reached an agreement with the United States, allowing Yugoslav authorities to access their gold reserves held in the United States. At the same time, Yugoslavia announced it would like to trade with the West. Yugoslavia first requested assistance from the United States in summer 1948. In December, Tito announced strategic raw materials would be shipped to the West in return for increased trade.

In February 1949, the US decided to provide Tito with economic assistance and, in return, the US would demand Tito to cut support to the DSE when the internal situation in Yugoslavia allowed such a move without endangering his position. Ultimately, Secretary of State Dean Acheson took the position that the Yugoslav five-year plan must succeed if Tito was to prevail against Stalin and that, regardless of the nature of his regime, Tito was in the United States' interest. In October 1949, Yugoslavia received backing by the United States and won its bid for a seat on the United Nations Security Council, despite Soviet opposition.

Economy following the rift with the USSR

The Soviet-led blockade of Eastern Bloc trade with Yugoslavia came into effect gradually and remained incomplete until 1949. It first took the form of stoppage of oil from Albania, Hungary and Romania, but purchases from Allied authorities in the Free Territory of Trieste offset this. Trading with the United States began in 1948 when Yugoslavia purchased a steel blooming mill, fifteen oil drills, industrial mixers required to set up a tire production facility, five mobile repair workshops and several thousand tractor tires in exchange for various minerals and ores. By the end of the year, it concluded trade agreements with several West European countries.

The Export–Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) approved its first loan in late August 1949, when the Soviet blockade took full effect. It reflected the decision to "keep Tito afloat" made in February. The United States switched to full support by September. Soon, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank approved loans as well, albeit requiring Yugoslavia to use them to repay pre-war debts to Britain, France, Italy and Belgium. The United States pressured Belgium to accept payment in kind instead of cash.

By the end of the year, stocks of grain, fertilisers, and agricultural machinery were running very low. At the same time, export income declined by 36% requiring the extension of rationing. Consequently, a $20 million Ex-Im Bank loan was used to buy food in October 1950, and the United States sent nearly twice the amount of food as aid in November. In late December, President Harry S. Truman signed the 1950 Yugoslav Emergency Assistance Act granting $50 million worth of food. This aid helped Yugoslavia overcome poor harvests of 1948, 1949 and 1950, but there would be almost no economic growth before 1952.

In 1950, Yugoslav authorities sought to combat unsustainable labour practices and improve production efficiency through the introduction of compulsory employment contracts and the reduction of labour quotas while maintaining production goals, and requiring factories to balance goods, available cash, and labour through workers' councils. The system would later become known as "self-management". The push to increased efficiency led to lay-offs of workers deemed less productive—including women, the elderly and even maintenance crews, which did not actually produce anything—resulting in a sharp rise in unemployment.

Decentralisation and constitutional reform

Even though Soviet and Cominform propaganda drew attention to inequalities in the economic development of various parts of Yugoslavia alleging restoration of capitalism, and national oppression of the underdeveloped nations, the clash between strict centralisation and decentralisation appeared as a conflict between the political principle and economic priorities. There was a proposal led by Ranković in 1949 to introduce oblasts as an intermediate-level administrative bodies designed to reduce power of federal republics, but it was dismissed by the KPJ central committee following Slovene objections. In 1952, Deputy Prime Minister Edvard Kardelj drafted constitutional amendments to reflect the reality of the economic reforms of 1950–51 leading to a debate which would extend for more than a year. The 1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments established an additional legislative chamber composed of representatives of socially-owned economic operators who debated and voted on all economic matters—including the budget. Furthermore, it sought to reflect the economic power of each constituent republic, giving a majority to Slovenia and Croatia if strictly applied, while ensuring equal representation of each federal unit in the assembly to counterbalance this.

Ultimately, the KPJ accepted decentralisation and rebranded itself as the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Savez komunista Jugoslavije, SKJ) at its sixth congress held in Zagreb in 1952 to reflect the prevailing spirit. The constitutional amendments, adopted on 13 January 1953, were only the second step in a series of five constitutional reforms reflecting the social development of Communist-ruled Yugoslavia, but the principles introduced in 1953 were retained all the way to socialist Yugoslavia's final constitution adopted in 1974.

Foreign relations and defence cooperation

Perception of Soviet threat and military aid

Even though the Yugoslavs initially avoided asking for military aid, believing it would be a pretext for a Soviet invasion, it is unclear whether the USSR planned any military intervention in response to the Tito–Stalin split. Hungarian Major General Béla Király, who defected to the United States in 1956, claimed that there were such plans, but research carried out in the 2000s demonstrated his claims were false. Regardless of any Soviet plans, Yugoslavs believed an invasion was likely and planned accordingly. It would appear from a message from Stalin to Czechoslovak president Klement Gottwald in 1948 that his aim was the isolation and decline of Yugoslavia.

Following a shift of United States policy to "all-out support" for Yugoslavia, on 17 November 1949, the National Security Council pledged to help Yugoslavia defend against invasions. By 1951, Yugoslav authorities became convinced that a Soviet attack was inevitable and Yugoslavia joined the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP). Shortly before Yugoslavia joined the MDAP, the Yugoslav military held an exercise near Banja Luka in 1951 which hosted US observers, including the Chief of Staff of the United States Army General J. Lawton Collins. In November, the United States provided aid under the MDAP and successfully persuaded the British and French to sell arms to Yugoslavia. The United States provided a large quantity of military hardware; the bulk of the equipment was given to the Army. The Yugoslav Air Force was particularly low on equipment in 1951, but within two years it received 25 Lockheed T-33As, and 167 Republic F-84 Thunderjets. In view of the defence cooperation, the United States Forces in Austria proposed a plan for joint American-Yugoslav defence against Soviet advances from Hungary to Austria through Slovenia, but such plans were never approved. By the mid-1950s, the military aid provided by the United States amounted to a half a billion dollars.

Alliance with Greece and Turkey

In 1952, as Greece and Turkey joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the US ambassador approached the Yugoslav ambassador to Turkey in Ankara and suggested strengthening military ties between Yugoslavia with Greece and Turkey. The idea was discussed through 1952 at various levels, with all three countries expressing interest in cooperation, although Yugoslavia employed the most cautious approach to an alliance.

In February 1953, Yugoslav, Greek and Turkish foreign ministers signed the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in Ankara, later also known as the Ankara Agreement, formalising an agreement to cooperate in defence matters. A military alliance agreement building on the Ankara Agreement was signed by the three in Bled on in August 1954, but it did not attach Yugoslavia to NATO. Instead, it allowed Yugoslavia to retain an independent policy. Tito signed this pact to bolster the defense of Yugoslavia against a potential Soviet military invasion. It also made the option of Yugoslavia's NATO membership more plausible at its time. Under this pact, any potential Soviet invasion of Yugoslavia could also lead to NATO intervention to help defend Yugoslavia due to the NATO memberships of Greece and Turkey. However, the foreign policy disagreements between the three countries in the pact eventually crippled the alliance itself, thus ending the possibility of Yugoslavia's NATO membership.

Rapprochement with the USSR

Stalin's death in March 1953 resulted in a reduction of Soviet pressure against Yugoslavia. In turn, within months, Tito moved to halt further SKJ reforms advocated most vocally at that point by Milovan Đilas. His expulsion from the SKJ in early 1954 was seen as a favourable development by the new Soviet leadership. As a sign of normalisation of mutual relations, the USSR and Yugoslavia exchanged ambassadors and re-established economic relations by the end of 1953.

On 1 July 1954, as signing of the Bled agreement was imminent, a Soviet ambassador delivered Nikita Khrushchev's message to Tito indicating an urgent desire to restore relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia. Khruschev and Nikolai Bulganin visited Yugoslavia where they expressed regret over the disruption of the Soviet-Yugoslav relations and promised to rebuild them on new foundations. They signed the Belgrade Declaration recognising Yugoslav socialism as a legitimate variant of the political system, and the Cominform was dissolved in 1956. The United States saw the visit as a setback to their defence cooperation with Yugoslavia, but noted it was the Soviets who backed down and appeared to have accepted Tito's terms of cooperation. In that light, they continued to view Yugoslavia as a Cold War asset of value to US policy. Still, US aid was reduced as Yugoslav cooperation with the Eastern Bloc increased.

In light of the new situation on the ground, the United States Congress sought to eliminate aid to Yugoslavia altogether to cut costs, but President Dwight Eisenhower opposed the idea fearing Yugoslavia might be unable or unwilling to maintain independence and forced to turn completely to the USSR. US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles met with Tito at the Brijuni Islands in November 1955 and was able to confirm to Eisenhower that Yugoslavia would keep its distance from the Eastern Bloc. Yugoslavia's independence was further supported through aid, thus denying the USSR a strategic position in Southeast Europe and preventing the consolidation of the Eastern Bloc. This led Eisenhower to declare Yugoslavia "one of our greatest victories of the Cold War".

In art and popular culture

In the immediate aftermath of the Tito–Stalin split, Yugoslav artists were encouraged to cover topics thought more fitting to the glorification of the ideology touted by the KPJ. In response, themes such as various aspects of then recent wartime struggle and contemporary construction of important infrastructure became popular among artists. The encouragement took the form of preferential treatment in the selection of works for various state-sponsored exhibitions. The policy was abandoned in the early 1950s in favour of Modernism and proclaimed artistic freedom. The break with the USSR also led to abandoning the monumentalist architecture style in favour of designs found in the West. The overall design of the new KPJ central committee building was changed to give the structure the appearance of an American skyscraper in an effort to contrast it from the Stalinist architecture. The same approach was applied to the Assembly of Slovenia and the Zagreb Assembly buildings. The split with the Eastern Bloc opened the country to Western popular culture and the revival of Yugoslav comics. There were also two early examples of treatment of the break with the USSR and the Cominform in Yugoslav cinema. Both are satirical works filmed in 1951. One is Tajna dvorca I. B. (The Secret of the I.B. Castle), a ballet pantomime written by Fadil Hadžić and directed by Milan Katić, while the other is Walter and Norbert Neugebauer's cartoon Veliki miting (The Big Meeting).

The period of the purges following the Tito–Stalin split was more extensively covered by Yugoslav writers, playwrights, and filmmakers since 1968 when Dragoslav Mihailović wrote his novel Kad su cvetale tikve (When the Pumpkins Blossomed) and especially in the 1980s. Particularly notable literary works were written by Puriša Đorđević, Ferdo Godina, Branko Hofman, Antonije Isaković, Dušan Jovanović, Dragan Kalajdžić, Žarko Komanin, Krsto Papić, Slobodan Selenić, Abdulah Sidran, Aleksandar Tišma, and Pavle Ugrinov contributing to what literary and social commentator Predrag Matvejević named the "Goli Otok literature" after the prison. In Yugoslavia, the period of purges following the 1948 Yugoslav–Soviet rift became referred to as the Informbiro period.

The Informbiro period was also revisited by Yugoslav plays and films especially in the 1980s. The most significant play on the topic was The Karamazovs by Dušan Jovanović which premiered in 1980. The most significant Yugoslav films on the topic are 1985 feature When Father Was Away on Business with its screenplay written by Sidran, and directed by Emir Kusturica; and Happy New Year '49, released a year later, written by Gordan Mihić and directed by Stole Popov. Other notable films dealing with the period are Evening Bells (1986) based on a novel by Mirko Kovač and directed by Lordan Zafranović, Dancing in Water (1986) written and directed by Jovan Aćin, and Balkan Spy (1984) co-directed by cinematographer Božidar Nikolić and playwright Dušan Kovačević.

Footnotes

References

Books

Journals

1940s in Yugoslavia
1950s in Yugoslavia
Political schisms
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations
Historical eras

Informbiro period


Alkandros (altgriechisch Ἄλκανδρος) ist der Name folgender Personen:
 Alkandros (Tyrann), Tyrann von Akragas

in der klassischen Mythologie:
 Alkandros (Lykier), lykischer Kämpfer im Trojanischen Krieg
 Alkandros (Sohn des Trophonios), schlägt Lykurgos ein Auge aus
 Alkandros (Genosse des Aeneas), von Turnus getötet
 Alkandros (Sohn des Munichos), Sohn des molossischen Königs Munichos und Seher

Alkandros


Grupo Financiero Banorte, S.A.B. de C.V., doing business as Banorte (Banco Mercantil del Norte) and as Ixe, is a Mexican banking and financial services holding company with headquarters in Monterrey and Mexico City. It is one of the four largest commercial banks of Mexico by assets and loans, and the largest retirement fund administrator.

Grupo Financiero Banorte operates its commercial bank under the brands Banorte and Ixe, offering savings accounts, credit cards, payday loans, mortgages, commercial loans and auto loans. Its performing loan portfolio was of US$35 billion in 2014. It also performs insurance, pension, leasing, and brokerage activities.

Banorte has 1,269 branches and 7,297 ATMs nationwide. It can also receive deposits through more than 5,200 commercial establishments, such as drug stores, convenience stores, and supermarkets.

Grupo Financiero Banorte is listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange, on the Latibex, and on the U.S. OTC securities market through ADRs. It is a constituent of the IPC, the main benchmark index of the Mexican Stock Exchange, and of the S&P Latin America 40, which includes leading, blue chip companies from Latin America.

History

Banorte is the primary subsidiary of Grupo Financiero Banorte, one of Mexico's largest and oldest financial institutions, which has been present in Mexico since 1899. The "Banorte" trademark is a well-known mark in Mexico. The web domain name "banorte.com" was created in 1998.

It is a Forbes Global 2000 company, with total consolidated assets of approximately $80 billion, more than 30 billion dollars in assets under management, 12,500 employees and 950 branches. It is the only major bank in Mexico not owned by any foreign group.

It was established in 1889 as Banco Mercantil de Monterrey. In 1985 merged with Banco Regional del Norte to form Banco Mercantil del Norte (Banorte). In 1992, it was purchased from the Mexican Government by a group of investors headed by the Mexican businessman Roberto González Barrera. Over the next decade, Banorte transformed itself from a regional bank, based mainly in the northern Mexico, to one with nationwide coverage. In late 2001, Banorte acquired Bancrecer in US$125 million. Bancrecer had been taken over in 1999 by IPAB. Bancrecer had itself taken over another bank, Banco del Noroeste (Banoro), in 1997.

Banorte expanded their business lines to include leasing (Arrendadora Banorte) in 1990, and to warehousing and factoring services (Almacenadora Banorte and Factor Banorte) in 1991. In order to set up a financial group with full services Banorte wanted a securities company under its control, and Banorte acquired Casa de Bolsa Afin in July 1993. In 1997, Banorte established an alliance with the Italian insurance company Generali to offer insurance, pension funds, and Afore's services through their subsidiaries Afore Banorte-Generalli, Seguros Banorte-Generalli and Pensiones Banorte-Generalli.

Banorte has operations in New York (Banorte Securities) and Grand Cayman (Banorte Grand Cayman Branch).

Key numbers for fiscal year ending December 31, 2021 for Grupo Financiero Banorte:

 Total Assets: 1.6 trillion pesos (US$90 billion)Equity:  237 billion pesos (US$11 billion)Return on assets (ROA): 1.6%
 Return on average Equity (ROE): 15.3%

Money laundering involvement in US Operation Casablanca

Operation Casablanca was a three-year U.S. investigation of major Mexican banking institutions for laundering illicit drug profits. Mexican authorities were not informed about the investigation.

This operations led U.S. Customs agents to arrest 22 high-ranking and mid-level bankers from 12 of Mexico's largest banks when they traveled to the U.S. in mid-May, expecting to attend a banking conference. The investigation produced 160 indictments, including 3 Mexican banks and 26 Mexican bankers. Banorte was among the banks and bankers implicated in money laundry, according to the Operation Casablanca. From the June to July 1998 issue of Money Laundering Alert, Banorte was suspected to have laundered $7,323,103.51, and Banorte faced a civil penalty lawsuit under Title 18, USC Sec. 1956(b) and civil forfeiture action under Title 18, USC Secs. 981 & 984. On July 1, 1999, a U.S. federal judge in Los Angeles dismissed with "extreme prejudice" the forfeiture case against Banorte. No criminal charges were filed and U.S. authorities gave them back $1.4 million seized in the operation. Banorte had implemented anti-money laundering policies and procedures and had detected and closed money laundering accounts prior to Operation Casablanca. These policies and practices assisted Banorte in defending itself against the money laundering charges.

Banorte's entry to the US banking market

In 2006, Banorte acquired 70% of INB Financial Corp stock for $259 million.  INB Financial Corp is the holding company of Texas-based Inter National Bank. Banorte exercised its option to acquire the remaining 30% of INB Financial Corp stock for $146.6 million in 2009.  As of March 2013, Inter National Bank has $2.1 billion in assets and is the 19th largest Texas bank.

Sponsorship
As of 2020, Banorte has been the sponsor of the Mérida Marathon in Mérida, Mexico, a city in the state of Yucatan.

See also

List of companies traded on the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores
List of Mexican companies
Economy of Mexico

Sources
Grupo Financiero Banorte and Banorte USA
News, "Operation Casablanca"
Drug Trafficking in Mexico: A First General Assessment
Mexican bank, Banorte, challenges U.S. and prevails in Casablanca
Kroll's Notable Cases
Mexico bank gets back funds seized in U.S. sting
Citibank—The Confia Acquisition in Mexico
WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center
Adrian E. Tschoegl. "Foreign ownership in Mexican Banking: A Self- Correcting Phenomenon". The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, October 23, 2006.
Taeko Hoshino. Privatization of Mexico's public enterprises and the restructuring of the private sector. The Developing Economies, XXXIV-1 (March 1996)
www.greatplacetowork.com.mx
Banorte exchange rate

References

Banks of Mexico
Companies based in Monterrey
Banks established in 1899
Companies listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange
Mexican brands
Mexican companies established in 1899

Banorte


Optatissima Pax es una encíclica del Papa Pío XII sobre la prescripción de las oraciones públicas por la paz social y el mundo dada en Roma, junto a San Pedro, el 18 de diciembre de 1947, en el noveno año de su Pontificado.

Dos años después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la paz todavía está en equilibrio incierto. La gente está en suspenso y en varios países el conflicto de clases incitó el odio mutuo. El Papa considera que la crisis de la paz es seria. El sistema económico de muchas naciones han sido desplazados como resultado de los gastos militares y la destrucción relacionada con la guerra. Las personas que trabajan son explotadas e incitados en la discordia.

La paz sólo puede ser asegurada trabajando juntos en armonía, en cooperación y en el trabajo pacífico. Es deber de todos es darse cuenta de que la crisis mundial es grave. Todos, especialmente los ricos, deben poner el bien común por encima de su propia ventaja y beneficios. Es muy urgente, para reconciliar los corazones de los hombres. Vida pública y privada deben volver a Cristotan pronto como sea posible. El Papa pone mucha confianza en las oraciones de los niños inocentes, en la oración por la paz y la reconciliación.

Véase también
 Anexo:Encíclicas del papa Pío XII

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Optatissima Pax

Encíclicas de Pío XII
Iglesia católica en 1947

Optatissima Pax


Vâcip, Efâl-i mükellefinden sayılan İslam dini terimi. Arapça kökenli bir sözcük olan vâcip, İslam'da yapılması gereklilik ifade eden eylemleri tanımlamak için kullanılır. Türkçede dini bir mana içermeden sadece "yapılması gereken" manasında da kullanılır.

İslam dininin kutsal kitabı olan Kur'ân'da bulunmakla birlikte "açıkça emredilmiş" olmayan emirlerdir. "Açıkça emredilmek" tanımı emrin miktar, yer ve zaman gibi tamamlayıcı unsurlarının da tam olarak anlaşılır olmasının yanında muhataplarının da belli olmasını kapsar.   Bu özellikleri sağlamadığı halde bir emir olarak Kur'anda bulunan dini emirler için Hanefi mezhebinde daha alt düzey bir gereklilik ifadesi olarak "vacip" deyimi kullanılır. Örneğin Kurban kesme ibadeti Hanefi mezhebine göre vaciptir. Farklı fıkhi mezheplerin farklı vacip anlayışları vardır. İslam'ın fıkhi mezheplerinden olan  Şâfiî mezhebine göre vâcib denince farz (yapılması mutlak olarak emredilen) anlaşılır. Fakat diğer mezheplerin vâcibe bakış açısı çoğunlukla daha hafiftir. Hanefi mezhebinde vacip olarak tanımlanan hususlar diğer mezheplerde genellikle sünnet olarak tanımlanır.

Hanefilik'te
Hanefilerde genel görüşe göre vâcibin terk edilmesi, tahrîmen mekrûhtur. Yâni harama yakın mekrûhtur. Fakat haram değildir. Bu konuda da farklı mezhepler farklı görüşler beyan etmiştir. Bazı klasik İslam âlimlerine göre vacip olan eylem yapılmadığında kişinin tövbe etmesi gerekir. Eğer bu tövbeyi etmeden ölürse günah işlemiş olur ve azap görür. Ayrıca, İslam dininde çok önemli bir yeri olan namazın vâciblerinden birini bilerek yapmamak namazı bozmamakla beraber günâh olur. Fakat o namazı yeniden kılmak efdal olandır ama yeniden kılınmasa da namaz sahihtir. Namazın vaciplerinden bazıları ise şunlardır: Dört rekatlı namazlarda ilk oturuşu yapmak, hem bu oturuşta hem de son oturuşta tahiyyat duasını okumak, her fiili yerli yerinde ve istenilen asgari miktarda yapmak olan tadil-i erkana riayet etmek, namazın nihayetinde selam vermek. Vacip olan fiili unutarak yapmayan kişi namazın sonunda sehiv secdesi (unutma secdesi) yapar.

Hanefi Mezhebinde vacip olan eylemlerden bazıları şunlardır: Vitir namazı ve bayram namazlarını kılmak, bozulan bir nafile orucun kazasını tutmak, Haccda sa'y ve  veda tavafı  yapmak  hanefi mezhebinde vacip olan efallerdendir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Helal
 Haram
 Farz
 Sünnet
 Müstehap
 Mendup
 Mübah
 Mekruh
 Müfsid

İslam terimleri
Arapçadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Vacip


Die Scottish Open 1996 im Badminton fanden vom 20. bis zum 24. November 1996 in der Kelvin Hall in Glasgow statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=EE29FC77-1580-4259-9711-182A11476913

1996
Badminton 1996
Badmintonwettbewerb in Glasgow

Scottish Open 1996


වීරසිංහම් ශාලාව යාපනය පිහිටි මහජන ශාලාවක්/කාර්යාල ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් වේ. දිවයිනේ උතුරේ පවත්වන විවිධ සම්මන්ත්‍රණ, සමුළු හා සංස්කෘතික අංග සඳහා වීරසිංහම් ශාලාව යොදා ගනියි.

යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික් සමූපකාර සංගමයේ පළමු සභාපතිවරයා වූ වී. වීරසිංහම් මහතාගේ නමින් ගොඩනැගිල්ල නම් කොට තිබේ. ඔහු මනිපායි හින්දු විද්‍යාලයේ විදුහල්පතිවරයාද විය.

ආශ්‍රිත

වීරසිංහම් ශාලාව