American International Group, Inc. (AIG) is an American multinational finance and insurance corporation with operations in more than 80 countries and jurisdictions. As of 2022, AIG  employed 26,200 people. The company operates through three core businesses: general insurance, life & retirement, and a standalone technology-enabled subsidiary. General Insurance includes Commercial, Personal Insurance, U.S. and International field operations. Life & Retirement includes Group Retirement, Individual Retirement, Life, and Institutional Markets.
AIG is the title sponsor of the AIG Women's Open golf tournament. In 2023, for the sixth consecutive year, DiversityInc named AIG among the Top 50 Companies for Diversity list.

AIG's corporate headquarters are in New York City and the company also has offices around the world. AIG serves 87% of the Fortune Global 500 and 83% of the Forbes 2000. AIG was ranked 60th on the 2018 Fortune 500 list. According to the 2016 Forbes Global 2000 list, AIG is the 87th largest public company in the world. On December 31, 2017, AIG had $65.2 billion (~$ in ) in shareholder equity.

During the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the Federal Reserve bailed the company out for $180 billion and assumed controlling ownership stake, with the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission correlating AIG's failure with the mass sales of unhedged insurance. AIG repaid $205 billion (~$ in ) to the United States government in 2012.

History

1919–1945: early years

AIG was founded December 19, 1919 when American Cornelius Vander Starr (1892–1968) established a general insurance agency, American Asiatic Underwriters (AAU), in Shanghai, China.  Business grew rapidly, and two years later, Starr formed a life insurance operation.  By the late 1920s, AAU had branches throughout China and Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia.  In 1926, Starr opened his first office in the United States, American International Underwriters Corporation (AIU).  He also focused on opportunities in Latin America and, in the late 1930s, AIU entered Havana, Cuba. The steady growth of the Latin American agencies proved significant as it would offset the decline in business from Asia due to the impending World War II. In 1939, Starr moved his headquarters from Shanghai, China, to New York City.

1945–1959: international and domestic expansion

After World War II, American International Underwriters (AIU) entered Japan and Germany, to provide insurance for American military personnel. Throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, AIU continued to expand in Europe, with offices opening in France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. In 1952, Starr began to focus on the American market by acquiring Globe & Rutgers Fire Insurance Company and its subsidiary, American Home Fire Assurance Company.  By the end of the decade, C.V. Starr's general and life insurance organization included an extensive network of agents and offices in over 75 countries.

1959–1979: reorganization and specialization

In 1960, C.V. Starr hired Maurice R. Greenberg, known as Hank, to develop an international accident and health business. Two years later, Greenberg reorganized one of C.V. Starr's U.S. holdings into a successful multiple line carrier. Greenberg focused on selling insurance through independent brokers rather than agents to eliminate agent salaries. Using brokers, AIU could price insurance according to its potential return even if it suffered decreased sales of certain products for great lengths of time with very little extra expense. In 1967, American International Group, Inc. (AIG) was incorporated as a unifying umbrella organization for most of C.V. Starr's general and life insurance businesses.  In 1968, Starr named Greenberg his successor. The company went public in 1969.

The 1970s presented many challenges for AIG as operations in the Middle East and Southeast Asia were curtailed or ceased altogether due to the changing political landscape. However, AIG continued to expand its markets by introducing specialized energy, transportation, and shipping products to serve the needs of niche industries.

1979–2000: new opportunities and directions

During the 1980s, AIG continued expanding its market distribution and worldwide network by offering a wide range of specialized products, including pollution liability and political risk.  In 1984, AIG listed its shares on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).  Throughout the 1990s, AIG developed new sources of income through diverse investments, including the acquisition of International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC), a provider of leased aircraft to the airline industry.  In 1992, AIG received the first foreign insurance license granted in over 40 years by the Chinese government. Within the U.S., AIG acquired SunAmerica Inc. a retirement savings company managed by Eli Broad, in 1999.

2000–2012: further expansion and decline

Growth

The early 2000s saw a marked period of growth as AIG acquired American General Corporation, a leading domestic life insurance and annuities provider, and AIG entered new markets including India. In February 2000, AIG created a strategic advisory venture team with the Blackstone Group and Kissinger Associates "to provide financial advisory services to corporations seeking high level independent strategic advice". AIG was an investor in Blackstone from 1998 to March 2012, when it sold all of its shares in the company. Blackstone acted as an adviser for AIG during the 2007–2008 financial crisis.

In March 2003 American General merged with Old Line Life Insurance Company.

In the early 2000s, AIG made significant investments in Russia as the country recovered from its financial crisis. In July 2003, Maurice Greenberg met with Putin to discuss AIG's investments and improving U.S.-Russia economic ties, in anticipation of Putin's meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush later that year."

In November 2004, AIG reached a $126 million (~$ in ) settlement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Justice Department partly resolving a number of regulatory matters, and the company needed to continue to cooperate with investigators continuing to probe the sale of a non-traditional insurance product.

Accounting scandal

In 2005, AIG became embroiled in a series of fraud investigations conducted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, U.S. Justice Department, and New York State Attorney General's Office. Greenberg was ousted amid an accounting scandal in February 2005. The New York Attorney General's investigation led to a $1.6 billion fine for AIG and criminal charges for some of its executives.

On May 1, 2005, investigations conducted by outside counsel at the request of AIG's Audit Committee and the consultation with AIG's independent auditors, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP resulted in AIG's decision to restate its financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2003, 2002, 2001 and 2000, the quarters ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2004, and 2003 and the quarter ended December 31, 2003.
On November 9, 2005, the company was said to have delayed its third-quarter earnings report because it had to restate earlier financial results, to correct accounting errors.

Expansion to the credit default insurance market

Martin J. Sullivan became CEO of the company in 2005. He began his career at AIG as a clerk in its London office in 1970. AIG then took on tens of billions of dollars of risk associated with mortgages. It insured tens of billions of dollars of derivatives against default, but did not purchase reinsurance to hedge that risk. Secondly, it used collateral on deposit to buy mortgage-backed securities. When losses hit the mortgage market in 2007–2008, AIG had to pay out insurance claims and also replace the losses in its collateral accounts.

AIG purchased the remaining 39% that it did not own of online auto insurance specialist 21st Century Insurance in 2007 for $749 million. With the failure of the parent company and the continuing recession in late 2008, AIG rebranded its insurance unit to 21st Century Insurance.

On June 11, 2008, three stockholders, collectively owning 4% of the outstanding stock of AIG, delivered a letter to the Board of Directors of AIG seeking to oust CEO Martin Sullivan and make certain other management and Board of Directors changes. This letter was the latest volley in what The Wall Street Journal called a "public spat" between the company's board and management on one hand, and its key stockholders and former CEO Maurice Greenberg on the other hand.

On June 15, 2008, after disclosure of financial losses and subsequent to a falling stock price, Sullivan resigned and was replaced by Robert B. Willumstad, Chairman of the AIG Board of Directors since 2006. Willumstad was forced by the US government to step down and was replaced by Ed Liddy on September 17, 2008. AIG's board of directors named Bob Benmosche CEO on August 3, 2009, to replace Liddy, who earlier in the year announced his retirement.

2008 liquidity crisis and government bailout

In late 2008, the federal government bailed out AIG for $180 billion, and technically assumed control, because many believed its failure would endanger the financial integrity of other major firms that were its trading partners--Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Bank of America and Merrill Lynch, as well as dozens of European banks. In January 2011, the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission issued one of many critical governmental reports, deciding that AIG failed and was rescued by the government primarily because its enormous sales of credit default swaps were made without putting up the initial collateral, setting aside capital reserves, or hedging its exposure, which one analyst considered a profound failure in corporate governance, particularly its risk management practices. Other analysts believed AIG's failure was possible because of the sweeping deregulation of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, including credit default swaps, which effectively eliminated federal and state regulation of these products, including capital and margin requirements that would have lessened the likelihood of AIG's failure.

Illustrating the danger of an AIG bankruptcy, a September 17, 2008, CNN Money article stated, "But in AIG's case, the situation is even more serious. The company is much larger and complex than Lehman Brothers and its assets hitting the market all at once would likely cause worldwide chaos and send values plummeting. Experts question whether there are even enough qualified buyers out there to digest the company and its subsidiaries."

AIG had sold credit protection through its London unit in the form of credit default swaps (CDSs) on collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) but by 2008, they had declined in value.  AIG's Financial Products division, headed by Joseph Cassano in London, had entered into credit default swaps to insure $441 billion worth of securities originally rated AAA. Of those securities, $57.8 billion were structured debt securities backed by subprime loans. As a result, AIG's credit rating was downgraded and it was required to post additional collateral with its trading counter-parties, leading to a liquidity crisis that began on September 16, 2008, and essentially bankrupted all of AIG. The New York United States Federal Reserve Bank (led by Timothy Geithner who would later become Treasury secretary) stepped in, announcing creation of a secured credit facility, initially of up to $85 billion to prevent the company's collapse, enabling AIG to deliver additional collateral to its credit default swap trading partners. The credit facility was secured by the stock in AIG-owned subsidiaries in the form of warrants for a 79.9% equity stake in the company and the right to suspend dividends to previously issued common and preferred stock. The AIG board accepted the terms of the Federal Reserve rescue package that same day, making it the largest government bailout of a private company in U.S. history.

In March 2009, AIG compounded public cynicism concerning the "too big to fail" firm's bailout by announcing that it would pay its executives over $165 million in executive bonuses. Total bonuses for the financial unit could reach $450 million, and bonuses for the entire company could reach $1.2 billion. Newly inaugurated President Barack Obama, who had voted for TARP as a Senator responded to the planned payments by saying "[I]t's hard to understand how derivative traders at AIG warranted any bonuses, much less $165 million in extra pay. How do they justify this outrage to the taxpayers who are keeping the company afloat?" Both Democratic and Republican politicians reacted with similar outrage to the planned bonuses, as did political commentators and journalists in the AIG bonus payments controversy.

AIG began selling some assets to pay off its government loans in September 2008 despite a global decline in the valuation of insurance businesses, and the weakening financial condition of potential bidders. In December 2009, AIG formed international life insurance subsidiaries, American International Assurance Company, Limited (AIA) and American Life Insurance Company (ALICO), which were transferred to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, to reduce its debt by $25 billion. AIG sold its Hartford Steam Boiler unit on March 31, 2009, to Munich Re for $742 million. On April 16, 2009, AIG announced plans to sell its 21st Century Insurance subsidiary to Farmers Insurance Group for $1.9 billion. In June 2009 AIG sold its majority ownership of reinsurer Transatlantic Re. The Wall Street Journal reported on September 7, 2009, that Pacific Century Group had agreed to pay $500 million for a part of AIG's asset management business, and that they also expected to pay an additional $200 million to AIG in carried interest and other payments linked to future performance of the business.

AIG then sold its American Life Insurance Co. (ALICO) to MetLife Inc. for $15.5 billion in cash and MetLife stock in March 2010. Bloomberg L.P. reported on March 29, 2010, that after almost three months of delays, AIG had completed the $500 million sale of a portion of its asset management business, branded PineBridge Investments, to the Asia-based Pacific Century Group. Fortress Investment Group purchased 80% of the interest in financing company American General Finance in August 2010. In September 2010 AIG sold AIG Starr and AIG Edison, two of its Japan-based companies, to Prudential Financial for $4.2 billion in cash and $600 million in assumption of third party AIG debt by Prudential. On November 1, 2010, AIG raised $36.71 billion from both the sale of ALICO and its IPO of AIA. Proceeds went to repay some of the aid it received from the government during the financial crisis.

AIG sold its Taiwanese life insurance company Nan Shan Life to a consortium of buyers for $2.16 billion in January 2011. Due to the Q3 2011 net loss widening, on November 3, 2011, AIG shares plunged 49 percent year to date. The insurer's board approved a share buyback of as much as $1 billion.

Nine years after the initial bailout, in 2017, the U.S. Financial Stability Oversight Council removed AIG from its list of too-big-to-fail institutions.

2012–2016: modern era
The United States Department of the Treasury announced an offering of 188.5 million shares of AIG for a total of $5.8 billion on May 7, 2012. The sale reduced Treasury's stake in AIG to 61 percent, from 70 percent before the transaction. Four months later, on September 6, 2012, AIG sold $2 billion of its investment in AIA to repay government loans. The board also approved a $5 billion stock repurchase of government-owned shares in AIA. The next week, on September 14, 2012, the Department of Treasury completed its fifth sale of AIG common stock, with proceeds of approximately $20.7 billion, reducing the Treasury's ownership stake in AIG to approximately 15.9 percent from 53 percent. Government commitments were fully recovered, and Treasury and the FRBNY to date had received a combined positive return of approximately $15.1 billion.

On October 12, 2012, AIG announced a five and a half year agreement to sponsor six New Zealand-based rugby teams, including the world champion All Blacks. The AIG logo and the Adidas logo, the league's primary sponsor, were displayed on the league's team jerseys.

The U.S. Department of the Treasury in December 2012 published an itemized list of the loans, stock purchases, special purpose vehicles (SPVs) and other investments engaged in with AIG, the amount AIG paid back and the positive return on the loans and investments to the government. The Treasury said that it and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York provided a total $182.3 billion to AIG, which paid back a total $205 billion, for a total positive return, or profit, to the government of $22.7 billion. In addition, AIG sold off a number of its own assets to raise money to pay back the government. On December 14, 2012, the Treasury Department sold the last of its AIG stock in its sixth stock sale for a total of approximately $7.6 billion. In total, the Treasury Department realized a gain of more than $22 billion from the sale of AIG common stock and $0.9 billion from the sale of AIG preferred stock. The same month, Robert Benmosche announced that he would be stepping down from his position as president and CEO due to his advancing lung cancer.

AIG began an advertising campaign on January 1, 2013, called "Thank You America," in which several company employees, including AIG President and CEO Robert Benmosche, talked directly to the camera and offered their thanks for the government assistance. Peter Hancock succeeded Benmosche as president and CEO of AIG in September 2014. While Benmosche stayed on in an advisory role, he died in February the following year.

In June 2015, Taiwan's Nan Shan Life Insurance acquired a stake in AIG's subsidiary in Taiwan for a fee of $158 million. Later that year, activist investor Carl Icahn called for a breakup of AIG, describing the company as "too big to succeed". AIG announced plans for an initial public offering of 19.9 percent of United Guaranty Corp., a Greensboro, North Carolina-based provider of mortgage insurance for lenders in January 2016. Later that year, Icahn won a seat on the board of directors and continued to pressure the company to split up its major divisions. AIG also began a joint venture with Hamilton Insurance Group and Two Sigma Investments to serve the insurance needs of small- to medium-sized enterprises. Industry veteran Brian Duperreault became the chairman of the new entity, and Richard Friesenhahn, the executive vice president of U.S. casualty lines at AIG, became CEO. In August 2016, AIG sold off United Guaranty, its mortgage-guarantee unit, to Arch Capital Group, a Bermuda-based insurer, for $3.4 billion.

2017
Brian Duperreault was appointed CEO of AIG on May 15, 2017. Duperreault, who previously worked at AIG from 1973 until 1994, was hired as CEO from Hamilton Insurance Group following Hancock's announcement in March 2017 that he would step down as AIG CEO under pressure after a period of disappointing financial results. Due to previous calls in 2015 and 2016 to shrink or break up AIG, Duperreault announced his intention to grow AIG and maintain its multiline structure as a provider of life and retirement solutions and non-life insurance, outlining a strategy to focus on technology, "underwriting discipline," and diversification.

2017 through early 2019 saw AIG hire a number of new upper level executives. In 2017, Duperreault named Peter Zaffino as AIG COO, later also naming him CEO of AIG's General Insurance business. Zaffino succeeded Duperreault as president of AIG in January 2020, with Duperreault remaining AIG's CEO. The company announced plans in 2017 to reorganize its Commercial and Consumer segments into General Insurance and Life & Retirement, respectively. In September 2017, the Financial Stability Oversight Council determined that AIG was no longer considered a nonbank systemically important financial institution (SIFI). Duperreault commented in response that the development reflected "the progress made since 2008 to de-risk the company."

2018–2023
AIG made a number of acquisitions in 2018. That July, AIG acquired Validus Holdings Ltd., a provider of reinsurance based in Bermuda. The company was also a Lloyd's of London syndicate, involved in insurance-linked securities, a specialist in US small commercial excess and surplus underwriting, and a provider of crop insurance. The deal "brought in fresh underwriting talent," particularly in property risk and catastrophe risk. Also in 2018 AIG acquired Ellipse, a UK life insurance business, from Munich Re. In 2018, AIG established Fortitude Re to hold most of its run-off portfolios and late in 2018 sold a minority stake to The Carlyle Group. In November 2019, a Carlyle-managed fund and T&D Holdings acquired a majority interest in Fortitude Re, leaving AIG with a 3.5% stake "subject to required regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions."

Duperreault and Zaffino set out a turnaround strategy for the General Insurance business in 2017 and began execution. In 2019, Duperreault stated that the new executive team had restructured the business, implemented new risk and underwriting guidelines, and "overhauled its reinsurance buying strategy."

In 2019, Duperreault and Zaffino announced "AIG 200", a multi-year program to improve operations by shedding legacy processes and excess manual interventions, modernizing and digitizing workflows, and unifying operations. Also during that month, AIG reported its second consecutive quarter of underwriting profits, and AIG's Life and Retirement business, led by CEO Kevin Hogan, delivered "solid growth" and returns despite a volatile credit and equity market. In January 2020, AIG announced it was ending its decade-long sponsorship of the All Blacks in 2021.

On March 1, 2021, Peter Zaffino succeeded Brian Duperreault as AIG's CEO, with Duperreault becoming executive chairman of the board. Then, in January 2022, Zaffino also became chairman of the AIG board.

As part of AIG's 2020 plan to form an independent company of its life and retirement insurance business with a 2022 IPO, the company announced, in July 2021, that Blackstone Group would acquire 9.9% of the new unit for $2.2 billion cash. Blackstone and AIG also entered a long-term asset management agreement for about one quarter of AIG's life and retirement portfolio, set to increase in subsequent years. After the spin-off, Corebridge Financial became an independent entity, raising $1.68 billion in the largest U.S. IPO of 2022.

In February 2023, AIG and Stone Point Capital entered into an agreement to establish an independent managing general agency and relocate AIG's current private client group to the independent new company, Private Client Select Insurance Services (PCS). That May, AIG agreed to sell subsidiary Crop Risk Services to American Financial Group for $240 million, as well as Validus Re, including AlphaCat and the Talbot Treaty reinsurance business, to RenaissanceRe for $2.985 billion, in cash and RenaissanceRe common shares.

Business
In Australia and China, AIG is identified as a large financial institution and provider of financial services including credit security mechanisms. In the United States, AIG is the largest underwriter of commercial and industrial insurance.

AIG offers property casualty insurance, life insurance, retirement products, mortgage insurance and other financial services. In the third quarter of 2012, the global property-and-casualty insurance business, Chartis, was renamed AIG Property Casualty.  SunAmerica, life-insurance and retirement-services division, was renamed AIG Life and Retirement; other existing brands continue to be used in certain geographies and market segments.

Sponsorships
AIG was the shirt sponsor of the English football club Manchester United F.C. between 2006 and 2010. AIG was the first American shirt sponsor of the club and AIG shirts were worn for one of the most concentrated periods of success in the club's history, coinciding with Sir Alex Ferguson's third great United team, which won three Premier League titles, as well as the Champions League, in the space of four seasons.

In 2019, AIG signed a five-year contract to be the title sponsor of Women's British Open, its first deal in golf. In 2020, the contract was extended to 2025 and the championship was rebranded as the AIG Women's Open,  with the largest major women's golf prize fund in 2021, totaling $US5.8 million. The AIG Women's Open set a new benchmark in 2022 of $7.3 million for women's major championship golf prize payouts, increasing the tournament's purse 125% since 2018.
In 2023, AIG announced it will continue as the title sponsor of the event through 2030, along with another increase in the total purse to $9 million.

Subsidiaries

 AIG Europe S.A.
American General Life Insurance Company
American Home Assurance Company
Lexington Insurance Company
National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA
The United States Life Insurance Company in the City of New York
The Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company (VALIC)
American International Group UK Ltd.
AIG General Insurance Co. Ltd.
Validus Reinsurance, Ltd.

Bailout litigation

 Starr International Co v U.S. Federal Circuit Court of Appeals
Hank Greenberg, with lead lawyer David Boies, independently sued the U.S. Government for money damages in the United States Court of Federal Claims in 2011. The AIG board had announced on January 9 that the company would not join the lawsuit. After hearing thirty-seven days of testimony from Ben Bernanke, Timothy Geithner, Hank Paulson and others, Judge Thomas C. Wheeler ruled that the Federal Reserve payment to AIG had been an illegal exaction, as the Federal Reserve Act did not authorize the New York Fed to nationalize a corporation by owning its stock. Judge Wheeler did not award compensation to the plaintiffs, ruling that they did not suffer economic damage because "if the government had done nothing, the shareholders would have been left with 100 percent of nothing."

Greenberg and the U.S. Government appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which ruled that Greenberg had no legal right to challenge the bailout because that right belonged to AIG, which in this case, chose not to sue.
 AIG Inc. et al. v. Maiden Lane II LLC
AIG filed suit against the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in January 2013 in order to maintain the former's right to sue Bank of America and other issuers of bad mortgage debt. The specific issue was whether the Federal Reserve Bank of New York transferred $18 billion in litigation claims on troubled mortgage debt through Maiden Lane Transactions, entities created by the Fed in 2008. This transaction, AIG argued, prevented them from recouping losses from insured banks. Owing to events which allowed AIG to proceed in another related case, AIG Inc. v. Bank of America Corporation LLC, AIG withdrew the Maiden Lane case "without prejudice" on May 28, 2013.
 AIG Inc. v. Bank of America Corporation LLC
On May 7, 2013, Los Angeles U.S. District Judge, Mariana Pfaelzer, ruled in a case between AIG and Bank of America concerning possible misrepresentations by Merrill Lynch and Countrywide as to the quality of the mortgage portfolio, that $7.3 billion of the disputed claims had not been assigned. The two parties settled in July 2014, with Bank of America paying out $650 million to AIG, who in turn dismissed their litigation.

Corporate governance

Board of directors
In July 2023, the AIG board includes:
Paola Bergamaschi - Former executive at State Street, Credit Suisse and Goldman Sachs
James Cole Jr. – Chairman and CEO, The Jasco Group
John Rice - Former vice chairman of GE, former president and CEO of the GE Global Growth Organization
W. Don Cornwell – Former chairman and CEO, Granite Broadcasting Corporation
Linda A. Mills – Former vice president of operations, Northrop Grumman Corporation
Diana M. Murphy – Managing director, Rocksolid Holdings; former president, USGA
Peter R. Porrino – Former executive vice president and CFO, XL Group Ltd
Therese M. Vaughn – Former CEO, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners
Vanessa A. Wittman – Former CFO, Glossier, Dropbox, Marsh McLennan
Peter Zaffino – Chairman and CEO, AIG

See also

 Bailout
 Late-2000s financial crisis
 List of United States insurance companies

References

Further reading

  (Graphic)
 "Losses in Perspective" New York Times. September 17, 2008. (Graphic of AIG quarterly net profit & losses over five years, comparing Finance vs. Insurance activities.)

  (Graphic and interactive timeline.)

 For a list of counterparties receiving U.S. taxpayer dollars, see: Business Week – List of Counterparties and Payouts

External links

  – official site

Life insurance companies of the United States
Reinsurance companies
Companies based in Manhattan
Financial services companies based in New York City
Holding companies based in New York City
Insurance companies based in New York City
Multinational companies based in New York City
Publicly traded companies based in New York City
American companies established in 1919
Financial services companies established in 1919
Holding companies established in 1919
Chinese companies established in 1919
1960s initial public offerings
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
Subprime mortgage crisis

American International Group


An Notylia platyglossa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Notylia platyglossa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Notylia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Notylia

Notylia platyglossa


Eddy (Edwin Frank) Duchin (* 10. April 1910 in Cambridge (Massachusetts); † 9. Februar 1951 in New York City) war ein US-amerikanischer Bandleader und Pianist der leichten Unterhaltungsmusik (Sweet Music).

Leben und Wirken
Duchin war ursprünglich Apotheker und war zunächst Pianist im Orchester von Leo Reisman im Central Park Casino in New York City, dem damals glamourösesten und beliebtesten Tanzlokal der Stadt. Für die Stelle musste er sich gegen harte Konkurrenz anderer Pianisten durchsetzen. Er war so erfolgreich, dass er 1931 Leiter des Orchesters wurde und  durch Radioübertragungen wurde er bald auch überregional populär. Als Pianist, der gleichzeitig erfolgreich eine Tanzband leitete, war er damals ein Vorreiter, dem andere folgten. Ein Grund für seinen Erfolg beim Publikum waren auch sein Showtalent und sein blendendes Aussehen. George Simon verglich seinen Stil mit dem eines Liberace Vorläufers (eines wie er es ausdrückt virilen Liberace). Während des Klavierspiels liebte er es, die Hände zu kreuzen und dabei mit einem der Finger der rechten Hand die Bassnoten zu spielen. Seine musikalischen Fähigkeiten waren begrenzt (er hatte keine formale Ausbildung) – er spielte nach eigenen Aussagen weniger was er sah als was er fühlte, und das auch häufiger unabhängig vom Orchester. Nach Meinung eines ehemaligen Bandmitglieds war er der einzige Musiker, den er kannte, der in einem 32 Takt Solo 32 Fehler machen konnte und trotzdem danach Ovationen erhielt. Die musikalische Leitung der Band überließ er größtenteils seinem engen Freund Lew Sherwood, der Trompeter und Sänger in der Band war. Mit der Band trat er auch in anderen Hotels und hochklassigen Tanzlokalen auf und ging Anfang der 1940er Jahre auf eine erfolgreiche Südamerika-Tournee. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs diente er in der US-Marine, allerdings nicht in einer Band, sondern als Offizier auf einem Zerstörer (er brachte es bis zum Lieutenant Commander). Nach Kriegsende konnte er nicht mehr an die alten Erfolge anknüpfen; 1949 hatte er eine Radio Show, starb aber schon 1951 an Leukämie.

Eine Aufnahme von 1938 Ol Man Mose (von Louis Armstrong, gesungen von Patricia Norman) führte zu einem Skandal, der allerdings auch die Verkäufe der Platte erhöhte (mit 170.000 verkauften Platten, während damals 20.000 als großer Erfolg galt). Einige Hörer meinten, statt des eigentlichen Textes bucket die Worte fuck it herauszuhören. Die Platte wurde in England verboten.

1956 wurde sein Leben von George Sidney verfilmt mit Tyrone Power in der Hauptrolle (Geliebt in alle Ewigkeit). Sein Sohn aus erster Ehe Peter Duchin (* 1937) ist ebenfalls Bandleader und Pianist. In erster Ehe heiratete Eddy Duchin 1935 die Gesellschaftsdame Marjorie Oelrichs (1908–1937), die wenige Tage nach der Geburt ihres gemeinsamen Sohnes Peter starb.

Literatur
George T. Simon: The Big Bands, 4. Auflage, Schirmer Books 1981, Kapitel Eddy Duchin

Einzelnachweise

Bigband-Leader
Pianist
Musiker (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1910
Gestorben 1951
Mann

Eddy Duchin


كفر جايز قرية تقع في الشمال الغربي من مدينة إربد وتتبع إداريًا لواء القصبة ،يحدها من الجنوب بيت رأس ومن الشمال سما الروسان ،ومن الشرق الخيرية ،ومن الغرب تقبل، وفيها بساتين الزيتون التي تنتشر على جميع أرجاء القرية من جهاتها الأربع وكان يعمل أهلها في الفلاحة وزراعة القمح والعدس والشعير.

مراجع

قرى الأردن
قرى محافظة إربد

كفر جايز (إربد)


David O'Neil Thompson (Shelby, 13 de julho de 1954) é um ex-jogador norte-americano de basquete profissional.

Ele jogou no Denver Nuggets na American Basketball Association (ABA) e na National Basketball Association (NBA) e no Seattle SuperSonics na NBA. Anteriormente, ele foi uma estrela na Universidade Estadual da Carolina do Norte que levou a equipe ao seu primeiro título do Torneio da NCAA em 1974. Thompson é um dos seis jogadores a marcar 70 ou mais pontos em um jogo da NBA. Ele foi introduzido no Basketball Hall of Fame em 1996.

Thompson era conhecido por sua excepcional habilidade de salto que lhe permitiu se tornar um dos principais dunkers da década de 1970 e ganhou o apelido de "Skywalker". Michael Jordan disse: "Todo o significado do salto vertical começou com David Thompson." Bill Walton descreveu Thompson como "Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady e LeBron James em um".

Carreira no ensino médio
Thompson frequentou a Crest Senior High School e jogou pelo time da escola por quatro anos. Thompson é primo em primeiro grau de Alvin Gentry e ambos cresceram em Shelby, Carolina do Norte.

Carreira universitária
Em 1973, Thompson levou a Universidade Estadual da Carolina do Norte a uma temporada invicta de 27-0 mas a equipe foi banida da pós-temporada naquele ano devido a violações das regras da NCAA envolvendo o recrutamento de Thompson. Em 1974, ele liderou a sua equipe para uma temporada de 30-1 e ao título do Torneio da NCAA. Seu apelido era "Skywalker" por causa de seu incrível salto vertical. O passe alley-oop, foi "inventado" por Thompson e seu companheiro de equipe, Monte Towe, e usado pela primeira vez como parte integrante do ataque pelo treinador Norm Sloan para aproveitar a capacidade de salto de Thompson.

O jogo entre NC State e a Universidade de Maryland na final do Torneio da ACC de 1974, em uma época em que apenas os campeões da conferência eram convidados para o Torneio da NCAA, é considerado um dos melhores jogos de basquete universitário de todos os tempos. Em um jogo disputado sem cronômetro e sem linha de três pontos, Thompson e seu companheiro de equipe, Tommy Burleson, levaram a equipe a uma vitória por 103-100 na prorrogação. A exclusão de Maryland do Torneio da NCAA devido à derrota, apesar de sua alta classificação nacional, levaria à expansão do Torneio da NCAA na temporada seguinte para incluir outras equipes além dos campeões da liga.

Thompson é considerado um dos maiores jogadores da história da Atlantic Coast Conference, entre talentos como Michael Jordan, Ralph Sampson, Tim Duncan, Christian Laettner e Len Bias.

Thompson jogou basquete enquanto as enterradas eram proibidas pela regra "Lew Alcindor". Em 1975, jogando seu último jogo em casa, Thompson fez a primeira e única enterrada de sua carreira universitária, uma cesta que foi prontamente anulada por uma falta técnica.

O número 44 de Thompson continua sendo o único número aposentado pela universidade no basquete masculino.

Carreira profissional

Thompson foi a escolha número 1 do draft da American Basketball Association pelo Virginia Squires e da National Basketball Association pelo Atlanta Hawks em 1975. Ele assinou com o Denver Nuggets da ABA. Ele terminou em segundo lugar para Julius Erving na primeira competição de enterradas, realizada no All-Star Game da ABA de 1976 em Denver, mas foi nomeado MVP do All-Star Game da ABA.

Naquela temporada, os Nuggets terminaram com um recorde de 60-24 e venceram o Kentucky Colonels para avançar para as Finais da ABA de 1976. Nas finais, os Nuggets perderam por 4-2 para o Erving e o New York Nets com Thompson tendo médias de 28,3 pontos e 6,3 rebotes. Após o término da temporada, Thompson foi premiado com o prêmio de Novato do Ano da ABA de 1976. Quando Alvan Adams ganhou o prêmio de Novato do Ano da NBA de 1976, ele agradeceu a Thompson por escolher jogar na ABA.

Apenas alguns meses depois, as duas maiores ligas de basquete dos Estados Unidos se combinaram na fusão ABA-NBA e Thompson continuou com os Nuggets. Ele foi selecionado quatro vezes para o All-Star Game da NBA. Em 9 de abril de 1978, o último jogo da temporada regular daquele ano, Thompson marcou 73 pontos contra o Detroit Pistons.

Após a temporada de 1977-78, Thompson assinou uma extensão de contrato recorde de US $ 4 milhões em cinco anos. Depois que uma lesão no pé o fez perder os 36 jogos finais da temporada de 1979-80, ele teve médias de 25,5 pontos em 77 jogos na temporada seguinte. No entanto, depois que ele caiu para 14,9 pontos em 1981-82, os Nuggets o trocaram para o Seattle SuperSonics em troca de Bill Hanzlik e uma escolha de draft em 17 de junho de 1982.

Thompson experimentou um renascimento da carreira durante seu primeiro ano em Seattle, chegando ao All-Star Game de 1982 depois de ter médias de 15,9 pontos, 3,6 rebotes e 3,0 assistências. Durante os playoffs daquele ano, em sua última aparição na pós-temporada, Thompson teve uma média de apenas 12 pontos na derrota para o Portland Trail Blazers. Na temporada seguinte, Thompson perdeu quase toda a temporada de 1983-84 devido à sua reabilitação de drogas. Após sua libertação, ele teve média de 12,6 pontos nos  dezenove jogos restantes da temporada de 1983-84. Uma lesão no joelho fora da quadra em 1984 o forçou a se aposentar.

Dependência de drogas
Os problemas de abuso de substâncias de Thompson começaram devido a sentimentos de "solidão e isolamento" após sua lesão no pé em 1979. Eles se tornaram públicos pela primeira vez após sua errática temporada de estreia em Seattle, após a qual ele se internou em uma clínica de reabilitação de Denver em 1983. Sua lesão no joelho em 1984 resultou de ele ser empurrado para baixo de uma escada durante uma briga no Studio 54. Em 1986, Thompson estava gastando US $ 1.000 diariamente em cocaína, para a qual ele se internou em reabilitação naquele ano em Kirkland, Washington. Depois que ele foi condenado a 180 dias de prisão em 1987 por agredir sua esposa, Thompson tornou-se um cristão comprometido e reorganizou sua vida.

Pós-NBA
Thompson trabalhou com o departamento de relações comunitárias do Charlotte Hornets em 1990 e, aos 37 anos, jogou no Legends Classic durante o All-Star Weekend de 1992, mas ele foi um dos dois participantes (com Norm Nixon) que foram retirados da quadra com ferimentos graves nas pernas. Isso resultou na aposentadoria do evento após as festividades de 1993.

Thompson retornou a Universidade Estadual da Carolina do Norte em 2003 para concluir sua graduação em sociologia. No ano seguinte, ele gravou um filme autobiográfico intitulado Skywalker. Ele foi introduzido no Basketball Hall of Fame em 6 de maio de 1996. Atualmente, ele trabalha como palestrante motivacional e participa de eventos com o Charlotte Hornets e o Denver Nuggets.

Vida pessoal
Thompson e sua esposa Cathy tiveram duas filhas, Erika e Brooke. Ele dividiu o palco com sua filha Erika quando os dois se formaram juntos em 17 de dezembro de 2003, depois que ele voltou a universidade para se formar em sociologia. Sua esposa, Cathy, morreu em agosto de 2016.

Estatísticas na NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Fonte:

Basquetebolistas do Seattle SuperSonics
Membros do Basketball Hall of Fame
Basquetebolistas do Denver Nuggets
Basquetebolistas da Carolina do Norte
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1954
Naturais da Carolina do Norte

David Thompson (basquetebolista)


Brda su naseljeno mjesto u sastavu općine Kalesija, FBiH
Naselje je smješteno 2 km sjeveroistočno od Kalesije, naziv je vjerojatno dobilo po brdovitom predjelu na kome se nalazi. Nalazi se neposredno iznad starog Pašinog puta, koji je u osmanskom periodu povezivao Zvornik i Tuzlu.

Brda se danas smatraju zasebnim naseljem, s mahalama Križevci, Đedovići i Hrvačići. U austrougarskom periodu i kasnije obično su ubrajani u zaseoke Kalesije. Starije naselje je vjerojatno bilo na lokalitetu Selišta, postoje i ostaci starog mezarja u zaseoku Đedovići.

Vjerojatno je bilo hanova pored Pašinog puta, a zabilježeno je postojanje dućana Ahme i Salkana Križevca u selu.

Ispod naselja, na lokalitetu Grabika još postoje ostaci manjeg rudnika uglja i uskotračne pruge iz austrougarskog perioda.

Stanovništvo
Rodovi u Brdima su Križevci, Đedovići, Jahići i Serdarevići, u Hrvačićima Alići, Beširovići, Gačanovići i Durgutovići.

Križevci su prema predanju porijeklom iz Križevaca u Hrvatskoj, odakle su s ostalim muslimanskim porodicama morali izbjeći nakon Bečkog rata krajem XVII vijeka.[1]

Đedovići su daljim porijeklom s Tromeđe iz Sandžaka,[2] a porodično predanje kaže da su u jednom periodu bili skoro zamrli, zbog epidemije crne kuge. Predaja kaže da su umrli od kuge sahranjivani u starom mezarju, a da je od Đedovića ostao samo maloljetni Halil, koga su sebi uzele tetke udate u Nezuk i tamo odhranile. Kada je odrastao vratio se u Brda i oženio iz obližnjeg Brezika, koji je tada bio muslimansko selo.[3] Serdarevići su porijeklom iz Užica.

Predanja spominju i jedan broj porodica koje su nekada nastanjivale Brda i okolno područje, a kojih danas više nema, to su Jašarovići, Fazlići, Sinanovići, Čeke, Osmakovići (Osmačani) i drugi.

Izvor

 Knjiga:

 internet - izvor,

Naselja u Bosni i Hercegovini

Brda (Kalesija, BiH)


WALR-FM (104.1 MHz Kiss 104.1) is a commercial radio station licensed to Palmetto, Georgia and serving Metro Atlanta. It is owned by the Cox Media Group and airs an urban adult contemporary radio format. The studios are co-located with other Cox-owned radio stations and WSB-TV in Midtown Atlanta on West Peachtree Street.

WALR-FM is a Class C1 station with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts. The transmitter is on Duncan Memorial Highway (Route 166) in Winston, Georgia. WALR-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format. Its HD2 digital subchannel carries a dance music format known as "The Surge."

Programming
Mornings begin with Atlanta radio legend Frank Rodriguez, known professionally as Frank Ski. In middays, Dyron Ducati is heard, followed by British rapper Monie Love in afternoons. In the evening, a "Slow Jamz" show is heard until midnight. Sunday mornings, ordained minister Twanda Black hosts an urban gospel program. In 2018, Terri Avery became the Program Director.

History

Early years
On September 1, 1947, the station first signed on as WLAG-FM. Its city of license was LaGrange, Georgia, about  southwest of Atlanta and near the Alabama border. It was the FM counterpart to WLAG 1240 AM, owned by the LaGrange Broadcasting Company. Both stations simulcast a country music format. WLAG-FM's power was 29,500 watts and the antenna height was , so it was not heard in the Atlanta area. The station changed its call sign to WWCG in 1977 and continued with a country format.

In the early 1980s, the station got a big boost in power. It increased to 100,000 watts, using a tower taller than the Empire State Building, giving it coverage of much of the Atlanta radio market. It began broadcasting Al Ham's syndicated "Music Of Your Life" adult standards format with call signs WJYF and WJYA-FM, a simulcast partner with WJYA (1080 AM).

In 1985, it was acquired by Zapis Communications, headed by Lee Zapis. In 1987, he switched the format to urban contemporary as WEKS, "Urban Kiss 104."

Zapis then sold the station to NewCity Communications in 1989. NewCity had a plan to pair two different FM stations surrounding Atlanta to create one facility covering the market. WEKS switched back to country music as WYAI (Y104), simulcasting with WYAY FM (Y106.7) on the other side of Atlanta. The two stations began competing with long-time Atlanta country leader WKHX.

In 1994, the simulcast ended, and 104.1 switched to a smooth jazz format. The call letters were WJZF and the station called itself "Jazz Flavors 104.1."

Cox Enterprises, owner of WSB, WSB-FM, WSB-TV and two newspapers, entered into a local marketing agreement (LMA) with WJZF. Cox tried to buy the station in 1995. However, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) denied the request when challenged by Jacor Broadcasting, even though Cox intended to make changes to the WJZF signal "to avoid cross-ownership conflicts."

WALR "Kiss 104"
The station that would later migrate to this frequency began in 1964 in Athens, Georgia as WDOL-FM at 104.7 MHz. At first it simulcast its AM sister station, 1370 WDOL. It later began airing separate programming, first as "Love 104," then as "Kiss 104.7", an urban contemporary station. (This new "Kiss" on 104.7 was a resurrection of the previous incarnation from WEKS mentioned above, although it only covered the eastern suburbs of the Atlanta market, from its Athens tower.)

On August 30, 2000, Cox and Salem Communications swapped frequencies. Kiss 104.7 migrated to the 104.1 frequency, previously a Christian Contemporary music station known as "The Fish." The former WALR-FM at 104.7 became "104.7 the Fish" WFSH-FM and the 104.1 frequency became Hot Urban AC, "Kiss 104.1," taking the WALR-FM call sign. The move displaced the smooth jazz format here, but the format was picked up the year after by WJZZ (now WAMJ). Also, the AM simulcast on what is now WIFN ceased shortly after the switch although it continued to carry the WALR call sign under a changed format for some time. In Atlanta, the rights to the "Kiss FM" brand had been grandfathered; thus Clear Channel Communications (later iHeart), which trademarked the brand for its Top 40 stations, heard in many U.S. cities such as Los Angeles and Boston, did not attempt to take legal action against Cox.

Switch to urban oldies
On February 21, 2003, WALR-FM switched to Urban Oldies, while retaining the "Kiss" branding. Cox wanted to draw a distinction between "Kiss" and co-owned WFOX (97.1 FM). At the time, WFOX experimented with a format consisting of R&B, hip hop and rap music from the 1980s to present. With the format shift, WALR-FM's longtime slogan changed from Atlanta's R&B Station to Atlanta's Old School R&B Station.

In late 2004, WALR switched to a new tower, closer to Atlanta. It also began broadcasting in IBOC digital radio, using the HD Radio system from iBiquity.

WALR-FM became the last Atlanta station owned by Cox Radio targeting the African-American audience. On August 16, 2010, co-owned WBTS flipped from rhythmic contemporary to WSBB-FM, a news-talk simulcast of WSB. Previously, co-owned WFOX had played urban contemporary music as "97.1 Jamz" until 2006, when it flipped to classic hits and classic rock as WSRV "The River."

Return to urban AC
In June 2011, WALR-FM shifted back to urban AC; the station added more contemporary R&B music and dropped some of the older titles, after spending eight years as a classic and gold-based R&B and soul music format. This helped WALR-FM increase its listeners, especially against longtime CBS-owned WVEE and direct format rival WAMJ/WUMJ. WALR-FM's logo and slogan were modified as well from Atlanta's Old School R&B Station to Atlanta's R&B; in addition, the station's branding was shortened to simply Kiss 104, omitting the ".1". At the same time, WALR-FM dropped all weekend mix shows, and expanded its nighttime slow jams show. As of February 2012, the station has not been listed on the Mediabase urban AC add board.

In 2017, WALR-FM changed its city of license from LaGrange to Palmetto, Georgia, a suburban community about 15 miles southwest of downtown Atlanta. WALR-FM had been the longtime Atlanta affiliate for "The Tom Joyner Morning Show" and also carried the syndicated "Michael Baisden Show" in afternoons. The morning drive time show was replaced with Art Terrell and comedian Roy Wood Jr. on November 27, 2017. Wood decided to concentrate on his TV appearances and was replaced by Cory "Zooman" Miller. Baisden's show was replaced by Sasha the Diva, who in turn was replaced by British rapper Monie Love in afternoons.

References

External links

Cox Media Group
HD Radio stations
ALR-FM
Radio stations established in 1947
Urban adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
1947 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

WALR-FM


Fédération de la jeunesse communiste ou Fédération des jeunesses communistes peuvent désigner :
 France : Fédération des jeunesses communistes de France ;
 Hongrie :
 Fédération hongroise de la jeunesse communiste, affiliée au Parti socialiste ouvrier hongrois ;
 Front de gauche - Fédération de la jeunesse communiste, affiliée au Parti ouvrier hongrois.

Voir aussi

Fédération de la jeunesse communiste


Hacıkabul Rayonu (Azerice: Hacıqabul rayonu), Azerbaycan'da rayon olarak adlandırılan birinci derece idarî bölümlerden birisidir.

Rayonun idarî merkezi Hacıkabul (eski ad: Qazı Memmed, Кази-Магомед)'dur.

Hakkında
Abşeron, Kobustan, Şamahı, Ağsu, Kürdemir, Sabirabad, Salyan ve Şirvan şehri ile sınırlanmaktadır.

İklim
Hacıkabul rayonun iklimi kuru ve sıcaktır.

Kaynakça

Azerbaycan'ın rayonları

Hacıkabul (rayon)


La rue Pythéas est une voie marseillaise.

Situation et accès
Cette rue en ligne droite est située dans le centre-ville de Marseille, dans le quartier de l'Opéra dans le  de Marseille. Elle démarre place du Général-de-Gaulle en prolongement de l'axe de la rue Vacon à partir de la rue Paradis, croise la rue Beauvau et se termine sur le Vieux-Port, à l'intersection avec le quai des Belges et la rue Glandevès.

Origine du nom
La rue doit son nom à Pythéas le Massaliote, astronome, navigateur et explorateur grec ayant vécu au  et laissé une trace dans l'Histoire.

Historique
Anciennement « rue de Ségur », la rue est classée dans la voirie de Marseille le 28 avril 1855. Elle prend sa dénomination actuelle par délibération du conseil municipal en date du .

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
S'y trouvent de nombreux petits commerces, hôtels et restaurants.

Bibliographie
 André Bouyala d'Arnaud, Évocation du vieux Marseille, les éditions de minuit, Paris, 1961.
 Adrien Blès, Dictionnaire historique des rues de Marseille, Ed. Jeanne Laffitte, Marseille, 1989, .

Références

Pythéas

Rue Pythéas


Fuente, como recipiente físico, se denomina al plato grande usado para servir alimentos líquidos o sólidos. Hiperónimo de vasija. También, por extensión, se llama fuente al contenido del recipiente: 'una fuente de ensalada', por ejemplo.

En alfarería y cerámica, es la vasija cóncava de amplia base, generalmente redonda u ovalada. En el   se han documentado fuentes bastas (no vidriadas o barnizadas con barniz de plomo); y fuentes a la moda de plata, de borde recortado, imitación en cerámica de las elaboradas en las platerías.Según Álvaro Zamora, este tipo de piezas se fabricaron en ollerías aragonesas como las de Teruel, Codos, Tobed, Alpartir.

Las fuentes de vajilla que en la antigüedad se fabricaban en barro, cerámica, madera, bronce y metales, evolucionaron hacia las porcelanas (inglesa, china, fayenza) y, en el campo industrial, al gres, el cristal, y diversos materiales refractarios.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Platos
Loza
Utensilios de cocina

Fuente (recipiente)


Kakegawa se poate referi la:

 Municipiul Kakegawa, o localitate în Japonia.
 Asteroidul 7252 Kakegawa, un corp ceresc numit după municipiul Kakegawa.

Kakegawa (dezambiguizare)


Demateryalizasyon, sözcük anlamıyla maddelikten çıkma, madde niteliklerinin yitirilmesi anlamına gelmekte olup, Spiritüalizm'de "ruhun etkisiyle fiziksel bir oluşumun beş duyu ile algılanamaz duruma dönüşmesi" olarak tanımlanır.

Terim spiritüalistlerce genellikle şu iki fenomeni belirtmek üzere kullanılır:

 Medyumdan çıkan ektoplazmanın duyularla algılanabilir duruma gelmesinden (materyalizasyonundan) sonra, tekrar algılanamaz duruma gelmesi.
 Kimi fiziksel medyumluk deneylerinde rastlanan, medyumun vücudunun tümünün veya bir bölümünün geçici olarak maddi özelliklerini kaybetmesi, ortadan kaybolması.

Ortadan kaybolan şeyin herhangi bir eşya olması durumunda fenomen aspor (asport) adını alır. Kaybolan eşyaların kimi zaman başka yerlerde ortaya çıktıkları ileri sürülür.

Kaynakça
 Qu'est-ce que Le Spiritisme,Allan Kardec
 Ruh ve Kainat, Bedri Ruhselman

Spiritüalizm

Demateryalizasyon


Marie François Pierre Gonthier Maine de Biran, bedre kendt som Maine de Biran (født 29. november 1766, død 20 juli 1824), var en fransk filosof.

Tanker
Maine de Birans filosofiske ry har været dårligt, på grund af hans obskure, anstrengede stil, og det faktum at kun få af hans karakteristiske skrifter blev udgivet, mens han levede: Essayet om vane (1803), en kritisk bedømmelse af Pierre Laromiguières forlæsninger (1817), og den filosofiske artikel Leibnitz i Biographie universelle (1819). Afhandling om tankens analyse (Sur la décomposition de la pensée) blev aldrig trykt. I 1834 blev teksterne dog udgivet af Victor Cousin som i 1841 tilføjede tre bind under titlen Œuvres philosophiques de Maine de Biran. Først med udgivelsen i 1859 (udgiveren var Édouard Naville) af Œuvres inédites de Maine de Biran, blev et sammenhængende billede af hans filosofiske udvikling muliggjort.

Filosoffer fra Frankrig

Maine de Biran


Tori Amos (22 Ağustos 1963), Amerikalı kadın şarkıcı ve şarkı sözü yazarı. Asıl adı Myra Ellen Amos'tur. İngiliz ses teknisyeni Mark Hawley'le evlidir ve 5 Eylül 2000'de dünyaya gelmiş Natashya Lorien Hawley adında bir kızları vardır.

Amos, şarkı sözlerinde cinsellik, din, ataerkillik ve kişisel trajedi gibi konuları işler. Büyük başarı kazanmış şarkıları arasında "Crucify", "Silent All These Years", "Me and a Gun", "Cornflake Girl","Caught a Lite Sneeze", "A Sorta Fairytale", "Professional Widow" ve "Spark" vardır.

Diskografi
Amos 1990'ların başlarında kadın vokalistler içinde önde gelenlerindendi ve kariyerinin kayda değer gelişimini ender piyano müzisyenlerinden birisi olarak yaptı.

İlk yıllar (1963-1985)
Rev. Dr. Edison ve Mary Ellen Amos'un 3. çocukları olarak Newton, Kuzey Caroline'da; Georgetown (Washington D.C.)'dan Kuzey Caroline'a seyahat sırasında Newton'daki Old Catawba Hastanesinde dünyaya gelir. İki yaşındayken, ailesi Baltimore Maryland'a (piyano çalmaya başladığı yerdir.) taşınır. Beş yaş civarında piyanoda enstrümantal parçalar bestelemeye başlar. Dokuzunda ise bu parçalara artık söz eklemeye başlar.

1968'de Rockville'deki Maryland'de yaşarken, Peadbody Konservatuvarı'nda müzik bölümünde burs kazanır. Beş yaşında bu bursu kazanmış olması okula kabul edilmiş en genç öğrenci yapar onu. On bir yaşında bursu kesilir ve okulu bırakır. Amos bursu kaybetme sebebini, rock ve popüler müziğin birleşimine olan ilgisine ve kâğıt üzerinden verilen müzik eğitime olan tepkisine bağlar. Ayrıca parçaları kulaktan çalmada başarılıyken solfejde başarısızlık sergilemektedir. İki yıl sonra Montgomery College'de çalışmaya başlar.

Profesyonellik yılları (1985-...)
Babasının yardımıyla bazı gece kulüplerinde ve kiliselerde çalmaktadır. Bir yandan da reklamlarda oynar, pembe dizilerde figuranlık yapar. Bir bar çalışması sonrası, eve giderken bir hayranının davetini kabul eder. Bu hayranı tarafından tecavüze uğrar. Bu kötü deneyim sonraki yıllarda çoğu şarkısına yansıyacaktır (özellikle "Me and a Gun" adlı parçasına). Bir arkadaşının, görünümünün Tori ismine daha çok yakıştığını söylemesi üzerine adını "Tori" olarak değiştirir.

Müzikle bağı kopmamıştır. Yeteneğini keşfeden Atlantic Records ile plak anlaşması yapar. "Y Kant Tori Read" adlı bir grup kurar. Grubun adı, Tori'nin nota okuyamamasından esinlenilmiştir. Ayrıca grubunda, daha sonra çalışmaya devam edeceği gitarist Steve Caton da bulunmaktadır. 1988'de grupla aynı adı paylaşan, pop rock tarzda bir albüm yayınlarlar. Fakat Tori, o dönemin modasına ve ekonomik kaygılarına uyarak yanlış bir imajla çıkmıştır. Albüm hiç satmaz, Tori depresyona girer. Grupla yolları ayrılır. Tekrar piyanist şarkıcı özüne geri dönmek ister fakat şirket, ABD'de böyle bir konseptin para etmeyeceğini söyleyerek Tori'yi Birleşik Krallık'a gönderir. İlk albümünün köklerini bu dönemde oluşturur (1991). Başından geçen kötü olayı anlattığı "Me and a Gun" ve Nirvana'dan cover'ladığı "Smells like Teen Spirit" adlı parçasıyla her yeri dolaşarak küçük barlarda çalar, kendi hayranlarını yavaş yavaş yaratır. O sırada yakın arkadaş olduğu Kurt Cobain, kendi şarkısının Tori versiyonunun eşliğinde Tori ile dans ettiklerini belirtir.

Albümler

1963 doğumlular
Kuzey Karolina doğumlular
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı şarkıcılar
1990'ların şarkıcıları
2000'lerin şarkıcıları
Amerikalı rock şarkıcıları
Amerikalı folk şarkıcılar
Amerikalı söz yazarları
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı bestecileri
21. yüzyıl Amerikalı bestecileri
Amerikalı kadın pop şarkıcı-söz yazarları
Amerikalı feministler
Çeroki asıllı Amerikalılar
Epic Records sanatçıları
Atlantic Records sanatçıları
Yaşayan insanlar
East West Records sanatçıları
21. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları
Island Records sanatçıları
Amerikalı orgcular
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı piyanistler
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı piyanistler
Amerikalı pop piyanistleri
Amerikalı rock piyanistleri
Amerikalı kadın pop şarkıcıları
Feminist müzisyenler

Tori Amos


Gayana Botánica (abreviada como Gayana Bot.) es una publicación científica en español e inglés. Dedicada al naturalista francés Claudio Gay, es una revista para la publicación rápida de investigaciones originales en todas las áreas de la biología de plantas y hongos. Esta revista es publicada por Ediciones de la Universidad de Concepción, Chile, y consta de un volumen anual, compuesto por dos números. Gayana Botánica constituye el órgano oficial de la Sociedad Botánica de Chile.

Contenido

La revista recibe trabajos realizados por investigadores de todas las nacionalidades, elaborados según las normas del reglamento, en inglés o español.

Se reciben trabajos sistemáticos, taxonómicos, florísticos, ecológicos, fisiológicos, morfológicos, de desarrollo, de conservación, citológicos y fitoquímicos.

Los trabajos sistemáticos, taxonómicos, morfológicos, desarrollo, florísticos, fisiológicos, conservación, citológicos y fitoquímicos deben estar respaldados por materiales depositados en herbarios estatales o institucionales de fácil acceso a la comunidad científica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de la revista Gayana Botánica
 Revista Gayana Botánica en SciELO

Revistas científicas en español
Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas de Chile
Universidad de Concepción
Revistas científicas semestrales
Publicaciones fundadas en 1943

Gayana Botánica