HMAS Inverell, named for the town of Inverell, New South Wales, was one of 60 s constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

After World War II, the corvette was transferred to the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), where she served from 1952 to 1976.

Design and construction

In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of  The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled  saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a  top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype  did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including Inverell) ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.

Inverell was laid down by Mort's Dock & Engineering Co at Balmain, New South Wales on 7 December 1941. She was launched on 2 May 1942 by Mrs. T. S. Punch, Mayoress of Inverell, and commissioned into the RAN on 17 September 1942.

Operational history

World War II
Inverell began service in November 1942 as a convoy escort along the eastern Australian coast. At the end of December, she was relocated to Darwin, and primarily performed escort runs between Darwin and Thursday Island. On 11 November 1943, Inverell arrived at Williamstown Naval Dockyard for a month-long refit. On conclusion, she returned to Darwin and resumed escort duties.

In early February 1943, Inverell was required to rescue the crew of a United States Army Air Forces Liberator bomber, which had crashed on Croker Island. Of the eight survivors, one died onboard while the corvette was returning to Darwin. On 22 September 1944, Inverell sailed to Fremantle.

While based in Fremantle, the corvette's main duties was to perform training exercises with United States Navy and Royal Navy submarines, with secondary duties including convoy escort and patrol. Inverell departed Fremantle for Darwin on 4 May 1945. Between 22 May and 11 July, the corvette was involve in minesweeping, before she, sister ship , and Services Reconnaissance Department vessel  were assigned to Morotai. Inverell was required to tow River Snake for the first part of the voyage.

Based in Morotai, Inverell was primarily used as a patrol vessel until the end of World War II, when she became involved in the transfer of Dutch East Indies territories from Japanese to Allied control. From 21 September to 18 November, she was designated as the command ship for Port Directorate Macassar. On 29 November, she left Morotai, and spent the next month operating off the coast of Queensland before arriving in Brisbane on 25 December 1945 and preparing for decommissioning. Several delays meant that Inverell was not paid off into reserve until 14 June 1946. On 4 November 1946, Inverell was towed to Sydney by sister ship , arriving on 17 November.

The corvette received two battle honours for her wartime service: "Darwin 1942" and Pacific 1942–45".

RNZN service
On 5 March 1952, Inverell and three other Bathurst-class corvettes (HMA Ships Echuca, , and Stawell) were transferred to the Royal New Zealand Navy. Inverell was commissioned into the RNZN on 10 April 1952, but was decommissioned into reserve after a refit.

In 1965, the corvette was refitted as a training and fisheries patrol ship to replace the frigate . The 4-inch gun was replaced by a second 40 mm Bofors gun, and minesweeping gear was removed. She was recommissioned on 15 August 1965, and served until 19 August 1976, when she was decommissioned.

On 1 November 1977, Inverell was sold to Pacific Scrap Limited of Auckland for scrapping.

Citations

References

Books

Journal and news articles

Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in New South Wales
World War II corvettes of Australia
1942 ships
Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal New Zealand Navy
Training ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy

HMAS Inverell


البريطانيون العرب هم أشخاص يحملون جنسية المملكة المتحدة، ولدوا في الوطن العربي ثم هاجروا إلى «بريطانيا» أو أن أسلافًا لهم ترجع أصولهم إلى العالم العربي. وعلى عكس البريطانيين الأفارقة أو البريطانيين الآسيويين، فإن البريطانيين العرب ليسوا كتلة انتخابية واحدة، ووغير مصنفين كفئة مستقلة ضمن التصنيفات الإحصائية البريطانية. إلا أن المصطلح مستخدم من قبل "National Association of British Arabs"

عددهم
الإحصاء البريطاني للسكان في عام 2001 للميلاد، قام بتعريف العرب عن طريق الشفرة 83 كأهل الشرق الأوسط، أو الشفرة 34 كعرب. يعتقد أن أعداد البريطانيين العرب في بريطانيا قد تصل إلى 500.000 نسمة، وفي 2001، 225,395 من البريطانيون العرب كانوا قد ولدوا في بلدان عربية. وتعتبر العراق، اليمن ولبنان الدول الرئيسية التي يشكل المنحدرون منها أعدادا كبيرة من البريطانيين العرب.
كما أن أعدادا كبيرة من هؤلاء هم من طالبي اللجوء السياسي.

وطبقاً لإحصاء صدر عام 2016 فإن إجمالي عدد أفراد الجالية العربية يبلغ نحو 600 ألف نسمة

أماكن التواجد
معظم العرب يعيشون في (Greater London)، وأكثرهم إما رجال أعمال، أو من المهاجرين الجدد، والبعض الآخر طلاب.

انظر أيضا

 العرب في بريطانيا (موقع ويب)

مراجع

بريطانيون من أصل عربي
جاليات مسلمة في أوروبا
مجموعات عرقية في المملكة المتحدة
مهاجرون عرب
عرب في المملكة المتحدة

عرب بريطانيا


Saša Popova - ruska izvođačica, pjevačica, solistica pop grupe Fabrika, fotomodel, finalist emisije Želim U VIAgru.

Životopis
Saša je rođena 28. lipnja 1991. u malom gradu Krasnij Luč (danas Hrustaljnij) u Luhanskoj oblasti. Od ranog djetinjstva su bile primjećene njezine glazbene sposobnosti: njen debi na pozornici dogodio se kad je imala samo tri godine. Na gradskom koncertu održanom 1. travnja, Saša je pjevala pjesmu od Aljone Apine "Узелок завяжется" pred 700 gledatelja, demonstrirajući svoj talent i snagu glasa. Još u predškolskoj dobi Saša se počela baviti solo-pjevanjem i glumom, glumila je u predstavama za djecu, bila voditeljica na dječjim natjecanjima. Zahvaljujući ranom prepoznavanju u javnosti, Saša je izabrana za mrazicu glavnom božićnom drvcu grada. Nakon toga su uslijedile pobjede na gradskim, regionalnim i sveukrajinskim natjecanjima dječjih pjesama. Saša je također uspješno nastupala i pobjeđivala na brojnim međunarodnim glazbenim festivalima u Danskoj, Njemačkoj, Češkoj, Litvi i drugim zemljama.

Obrazovanje
Završila je školu sa zlatnom medaljom, a potom je upisala Donjecko nacionalno medicinsko sveučilište (DonNMU), gdje je studirala za stomatologa. Dobila je stipendiju gradonačelnika grada i diplomirala s odlikovanjem na sveučilištu.

Karijera
Dok je još studirala na DonNMU-u. Gorki, Saša je postala solistica džez orkestra "Medikus Bend", što joj je omogućilo da ne napušta glazbu. Uz to, Saša je stalno sudjelovala u kreativnim natjecanjima na nacionalnoj i regionalnoj razini. Godine 2012. pobijedila je u televizijskom projektu "Čisti hit".  Nakon što je diplomirala na sveučilištu i sudjelovala u pomenutom projektu, Saša se odlučila isprobati na natjecanju Konstantina Meladzea "Želim U VIA-Gru". Djevojka je postala finalistica projekta, ali nije ušla među prve tri da bi postala solisticom grupe. Njena mentorica na projektu bila je Ana Sjedokova, koja je kasnije pozvala Sašu da sudjeluje u grupi TABOO.  Saša je bila solistica ove grupe sve dok grupa nije prestala postojati 2014. godine.

Fabrika
Početkom 2014. godine objavljeno je da je Igor Matvijenko pozvao Sašu u grupu Fabrika u obnovljenom sastavu umjesto Katja Li. Saša je napustila grupu 2021. godine okrenuvši se solističkoj karijeri.

Solo karijera
Saša je 2019. započela solo karijeru koju planira razvijati paralelno sa svojim sudjelovanjem u grupi Fabrika.  U petak 13. rujna 2019. objavljena je njezina prva samostalna pjesma "Suši".  Singl su kritičari pozitivno primili, a video na njezinom oficijelnom Jutjub kanalu je u prvom vikendu prikupio više od stotinu tisuća pregleda. U petak 8. studenog 2019. objavljena je Sašina druga solo pjesma "Mi smo jaki". U radu na obje pjesme, Saša se oprobala i kao producentica, osim što je bila izvođač.

Diskografija

Solo karijera
Prve Sašine solo pjesme kritičari su pozitivno primili i pjesme su se odmah pojavile u zbirkama Apple Music i Yandex.Glazba

U sastavu grupe "Fabrika"

Spotovi

Solistička karijera

 "Мы же сильные" spot objavljen 2. travnja 2020. godine je u prvih nekoliko dana zabilježio preko milijun pregleda.

U sastavu grupe "Fabrika"

Privatni život
Sašina majka je umrla 2003. godine. Saša ima još stariju sestru i oca koji joj daju punu potporu u svemu.

Bila je članica međunarodne volonterske udruge YMCA. Tamo je postala i članom ukrajinskog Tensing tima - glazbenog pokreta unutar YMCA-e, čiji članovi plešu, stvarajući male scene na raznim aktualnim temama, dajući im posebno značenje.

2005. godine stekla je titulu "Izviđača Ukrajine" u izviđačkom kampu "Morske hridi" na Krimu.

Vodi aktivan stil života. Obožava modu. Ne voli kavu.

Postignuća i nagrade

U sastavu grupe "Fabrika"
Aleksandra je dva puta postala laureat državne nagrade Zlatni gramofon za pjesmu "Не родись красивой" 2014. i za pjesmu "Лёлик" 2015. godine.

Izvori

 Pjevačica Saša Popova: Apsolutno me ne nervira usporedba s Larisom Guzjejevom
 Saša Popova: "Svaki umjetnik je majstor svog zanata"
 Saša Popova
 Solistica grupe "Fabrika" Saša Popova započinje solo karijeru
 Saša Popova na Instagramu
 Članica grupe "Fabrika" Saša Popova najavila je početak svoje solo karijere
 Solistice "Fabrike" pobile su glasine o raspadu grupe. Izvještava "Rambler"
 Službeni YouTube kanal Saša Popova
 "Večernji Uživo". Saša Popova.
 Službena stranica Saše Popove u "24SMI"
  "Para Normalni". Saša Popova (grupa "Fabrika"). Program "RU Tv"
 Službena stranica Saše Popove na VKontaktu
 Nova solistica "Fabrike" Aleksandra Popova: "Kada upoznajem nekoga, odmah obratim pozornost na zube"

Ruski pjevači
Ukrajinski pjevači

Saša Popova (izvođačica)


අසම්මත මාධ්‍ය නැතහොත් අසම්මත පුවත් පත යන යෙදුම බොහෝවිට භාවිත වන්නේ විකල්ප මුද්‍රිත මාධ්‍ය සඳහා ය. විශේෂයෙන් 1960 සහ 1970 ප්‍රතිසංස්කෘතික ව්‍යාපාරයන්ට සම්බන්ධව ස්වාධීනව ප්‍රකාශනය කොට බෙදා හැරුණු පුවත්පත් සඳහා මෙම යෙදුම භාවිත විය.පීඩාකාරී රජයන් යටතේ සිදුවන නීති විරෝධී ප්‍රකාශන සඳහා ද මෙය යෙදේ.

ආරම්භය

1940 දශකයේ නාසි අවධියේ දී පැවති " භූගත මුද්‍රනාල " යන යෙදුම හරහා " භූගත මාධ්‍ය " යන යෙදුම බිහි විය. යුධ සිරකරුවන් ද POWWOW නමින් භූගත පුවත්පතක් පළ කළහ. නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ භූගත ප්‍රකාශන හැදින්වූයේ " සෑම්ස්දාත් " යන නමින් ය. එය සැබවින් ම " භූගත " වූයේ නීති විරෝධී බව නිසාය. රහසේ මුද්‍රණය කර රහස් බෙදාහැරිය බැවිණි. ප්‍රතිසංස්කෘතික භූගත පුවත්පත් නිරන්තරයෙන් ම රාජ්‍ය අධිකාරීන් සමග ගැටුම් ඇති කර ගත්හ. ඒවා ප්‍රසිද්ධියේ බෙදා හැරුණු නිසා විශාල ප්‍රේක්ෂක පිරිසක් සිටියහ.

1960 සහ 1970 දශකයේ විශාල දළ ජාතික ආදායමක් සහ මාධ්‍ය නිදහසක් පැවති රටවල "භූගත මාධ්‍ය" පැවතිණි.සමාජවාදී රටවල සංස්දාත් ව්‍යාපාරය නිසා සමහර සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින රටවල ද මේවා දක්නට ලැබිණි. උ.දා. -  චෙකොස්ලෝවැකියාවේ සතිපතා, මාස්පතා හෝ දිනපතා ප්‍රකාශනය කෙරුණු අතර සාමාන්‍යයෙන් වාමාංශික පක්ෂවලට සම්බන්ධ මෙම ප්‍රකාශන පරිණාමය වී වර්තමාන විකල්ප සතිපතා පුවත්පත් බිහි වී ඇත.

අසම්මත මාධ්‍ය


Le  est un lieu de pèlerinage catholique situé dans la grotte de Rumichaca (ou grotte de la Paix, ) à  en Équateur, auquel l'Église catholique donne le statut de sanctuaire national. Il est rattaché au diocèse de Tulcán.

Historique
Une statue en bois de la Vierge en Reine de la Paix est installée en  dans une grotte naturelle, et une première messe est célébrée. L'année suivante, la statue est remplacée par une seconde. Le sanctuaire est  le , avant la publication par le Vatican de la définition de « sanctuaire ».

Le , l'assemblée plénière de la Conférence épiscopale équatorienne, réunie à Quito, déclare la grotte comme sanctuaire national. En , la grotte est déclarée « lieu d'intérêt touristique » par la direction nationale du Tourisme de l'Équateur.

Situation
Le sanctuaire est situé dans la grotte de Rumichaca (ou grotte de la Paix), à  du centre de la paroisse civile de , et à  au sud-est de , le chef-lieu du canton de Montúfar. Il est situé dans la vallée de la rivière Apaquí.

Description
La grotte de Rumichaca est une cavité creusée par la rivière Apaquí. Elle est emplie de stalactites et stalagmites de couleurs variées. Des bancs en bois sont installés face à la statue de la Vierge, posée au-dessus d'un autel. On trouve un grand nombre d'.

Festivités
En juillet chaque année, des festivités sont organisées en l'honneur de la Vierge. Des messes sont données dans la grotte, puis la statue est déplacée dans plusieurs églises du canton de Montúfar ; elle revient dans une procession depuis l'église de .

Les fidèles viennent de tout l'Équateur et du sud de la Colombie.

Références

Grotte en Équateur
Lieu de pèlerinage catholique

Sanctuaire Notre-Dame-de-la-Paix de La Paz


Srbijanski nogometni savez (srp.: Fudbalski savez Srbije (FSS), Фудбалски савез Србије) je glavno nogometno tijelo Srbije.
Osnovan je 1919. u Zagrebu i pridružuje se FIFA-i dvije godine kasnije. Srbijanski nogometni savez je član UEFA-e od 1954. g.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Nogomet u Srbiji
Nacionalni nogometni savezi

Srbijanski nogometni savez


Roger Gaúcho (født 30. marts 1986) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Roger Gaúcho


Fată la mașina de cusut este o pictură din 1921 a lui Edward Hopper, în prezent găzduită în Muzeul Thyssen-Bornemisza din Madrid, Spania. Portretizează o fată tânără șezând la o mașină de cusut, îndreptată spre o fereastră, într-o zi frumoasă însorită. Locația pare a fi orașul New York, așa cum este evidențiat de cărămizile galbene din fereastră. Punctul de vedere exterior, deși prezent, ajută la punerea activității interioare în perspectivă.

Este una dintre primele multe "picturi cu ferestre" ale lui Hopper. Decizia lui Hopper de a pune o femeie tânără la mașina de cusut se spune că este perspectiva lui asupra singurătății.

Pictura a inspirat-o pe Mary Leader să realizeze poezia cu același nume.

Note

Legături externe

Picturi din 1921
Picturi realizate de Edward Hopper

Fată la mașina de cusut


Žabokreky este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Martin din regiunea Žilina, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.243 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Necpaly.

Istoric
Localitatea Žabokreky este atestată documentar din 1282.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Žabokreky


Park-šuma Gajišće (Gaišće), park-šuma u Hrvatskoj i jedna od 17 park-šuma na prostoru Grada Zagreba. Park-šuma na području Sesveta, Gajišća, ukupne površine 191,50 ha, od čega su 103,47 ha državne, a 69,23 ha privatne. Prosječna drva zaliha iznosi 423 m3/ha, a prirast 12,50 m3/ha. Ove se sastojine mogu podijeliti u dvije grupe. U prvoj su grupi sastojine hrasta lužnjaka i običnog graba te čiste sastojine graba, što ukupno zauzima površinu od oko 160 ha. Sastojine lužnjaka i običnog graba treba normalno njegovati proredom, a grabike njegovati proredom i postupno umjetno obnavljati, uvažavajući načela oplodnih i rubnih sječa, unoseći žir ili sadnice hrasta lužnjaka. U drugu manju grupu, površine od oko 15 ha, spadaju kulture bagrema, ariša i borovca. Te kulture treba njegovati proredama do njihove zrelosti i postupno pretvarati u sastojine hrasta lužnjaka i običnog graba, služeći se umjetnom obnovom uz oplodne i rubne sječe.
Državnih šuma je 103,47 ha, privatnih 69,23 ha, ostalih površina 18,80 ha. Prosječna drvna zaliha je 423,00 prostornih metara po hektaru. Prosječni godišnji tečajni prirast je 12,50 prostornih metara po hektaru.

Izvori
 Matić, Slavko; Prpić, Branimir: PROGRAM NJEGE, OBNOVE I ODRŽAVANJA, TE EKOLOŠKE I SOCIJALNE FUNKCIJE PARK-ŠUMA NA PODRUČJU GRADA ZAGREBA. Izvorni znanstveni članak. Šumarski list br. 5-6, CXXI ( 1997).. str. 231, 232 i 235. Sadržaj prenesen sa stranica Šumarskog lista uz dopuštenje.

Park-šume u Hrvatskoj
Sesvete

Park-šuma Gajišće


Rolan de la Cruz Biojó (Tumaco, Colombia; 3 de octubre de 1984) es un exfutbolista colombiano naturalizado ecuatoguineano que jugaba de mediocampista.

En 2013, contrajo malaria en Guinea Ecuatorial. Sobrevivió y decidió retirarse. En la actualidad, trabaja como publicista de una empresa afrocolombiana.

De los casi 20 futbolistas colombianos que se han nacionalizado en Guinea Ecuatorial para poder jugar con la selección tan solo Danny Quendambú y él tienen comprobada 100% su ascendencia africana, que no es particularmente ecuatoguineana sino africana en general, descendientes de los esclavos africanos llevados a América.

En octubre de 2023 fue capturado y acusado por narcotráfico.

Selección nacional
Es descendiente del esclavo Benkos Biohó, pero éste tenía sus orígenes en Guinea-Bisáu, excolonia portuguesa y no en Guinea Ecuatorial, excolonia española. Se nacionalizó, no obstante, en este último país; a cambio de 200.000 dólares, el monto de dinero que los responsables del fútbol ecuatoguineano le ofrecen a todos los jugadores que desean naturalizarse.

Estuvo con  en un partido amistoso contra , jugado el 11 de octubre de 2011 en Malabo. Otros dos jugadores de origen afrocolombiano (Danny Quendambú y Fernelly Castillo) estuvieron en esa convocatoria del país hispanoafricano. Fue el único colombiano que quedó en la lista final de  para la Copa Africana de Naciones de 2012, llegando a debutar en dicha competición en el segundo tiempo del tercer partido del Grupo A, perdido contra los eventuales campeones de .

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha en Football-Lineups.com

Nacidos en Tumaco
Afrocolombianos
Emigrantes colombianos hacia Guinea Ecuatorial
Futbolistas de Colombia
Futbolistas del Deportivo Cali
Futbolistas del Deportivo Pasto
Futbolistas del Independiente Santa Fe
Futbolistas del Cortuluá
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Árabe Unido
Futbolistas del Fortaleza Fútbol Club
Futbolistas nacionalizados en Guinea Ecuatorial
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Guinea Ecuatorial

Rolan De la Cruz


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රධාන දිවයින වන ලංකා දිවයිනට පමණක් ආවේණික විෂ රහිත සර්ප විශේෂයකි. දියබරි විශේෂයකි.

දියබරි ගණය

දිය පොළඟා


بلدية ديرايو  هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة بيسكاي، التي تقع في منطقة الباسك شمالي إسبانيا.

أعلام
 أندر غاريتانو
 إينيغو فيسنتي

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بيسكاي
بلديات بيسكاي

ديرايو


X.Org Server is the free and open-source implementation of the X Window System display server stewarded by the X.Org Foundation.

Implementations of the client-side X Window System protocol exist in the form of X11 libraries, which serve as helpful APIs for communicating with the X server. Two such major X libraries exist for X11. The first of these libraries was Xlib, the original C language X11 API, but another C language X library, XCB, was created later in 2001. Other smaller X libraries exist, both as interfaces for Xlib and XCB in other languages, and as smaller standalone X libraries.

The services with which the X.Org Foundation supports X Server include the packaging of the releases; certification (for a fee); evaluation of improvements to the code; developing the web site, and handling the distribution of monetary donations. The releases are coded, documented, and packaged by global developers.

Software architecture

The X.Org Server implements the server side of the X Window System core protocol version 11 (X11) and extensions to it, e.g. RandR.

Version 1.16.0 integrates support for systemd-based launching and management which improved boot performance and reliability.

Device Independent X (DIX)
The Device Independent X (DIX) is the part of the X.Org Server that interacts with clients and implements software rendering. The main loop and the event delivery are part of the DIX.

An X server has a tremendous amount of functionality that must be implemented to support the X core protocol. This includes code tables, glyph rasterization and caching, XLFDs, and the core rendering API which draws graphics primitives.

Device Dependent X (DDX)
The Device Dependent X (DDX) is the part of the x-server that interacts with the hardware. In the X.Org Server source code, each directory under "hw" corresponds to one DDX. Hardware comprises graphics cards as well as mouse and keyboards. Each driver is hardware specific and implemented as a separate loadable module.

2D graphics driver
For historical reasons the X.Org Server still contains graphics device drivers supporting some form of 2D rendering acceleration. In the past, mode-setting was done by an X-server graphics device driver specific to some video controller hardware (e.g., a GPU). To this mode-setting functionality, additional support for 2D acceleration was added when such became available with various GPUs. The mode-setting functionality was moved into the DRM and is being exposed through a DRM mode-setting interface, the new approach being called "kernel mode-setting" (KMS). But the 2D rendering acceleration remained.

In Debian the 2D graphics drivers for the X.Org Server are packaged individually and called xserver-xorg-video-*. After installation the 2D graphics driver-file is found under /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/. The package xserver-xorg-video-nouveau installs nouveau_drv.so with a size of 215 KiB, the proprietary Nvidia GeForce driver installs an 8 MiB-sized file called nvidia_drv.so and Radeon Software installs fglrx_drv.so with a size of about 25MiB.

The available free and open-source graphics device drivers are being developed inside of the Mesa 3D-project. While these can be recompiled as required, the development of the proprietary DDX 2D graphics drivers is greatly eased when the X.Org Server keeps a stable API/ABI across multiple of its versions.

With version 1.17 a generic method for mode-setting was mainlined. The xf86-video-modesetting package, the Debian-package being called xserver-xorg-video-modesetting, was retired, and the generic modesetting DDX it contained was moved into the server package to become the KMS-enabled default DDX, supporting the vast majority of AMD, Intel and NVidia GPUs.

On April 7, 2016 AMD employee Michel Dänzer released xf86-video-ati version 7.7.0 and xf86-video-amdgpu version 1.1.0, the latter including support for their Polaris microarchitecture.

Acceleration architectures
There are (at least) XAA (XFree86 Acceleration Architecture), EXA, UXA and SNA.

In the X Window System, XFree86 Acceleration Architecture (XAA) is a driver architecture to make a video card's 2D hardware acceleration available to the X server. It was written by Harm Hanemaayer in 1996 and first released in XFree86 version 3.3. It was completely rewritten for XFree86 4.0. It was removed again from X.Org Server 1.13.

Most drivers implement acceleration using the XAA module. XAA is on by default, though acceleration of individual functions can be switched off as needed in the server configuration file (XF86Config or xorg.conf).

The driver for the ARK chipset was the original development platform for XAA.

In X.Org Server release 6.9/7.0, EXA was released as a replacement for XAA, as XAA supplies almost no speed advantage for current video cards. EXA is regarded as an intermediate step to converting the entire X server to using OpenGL.

Glamor
Glamor is a generic, hardware independent, 2D acceleration driver for the X server that translates the X render primitives into OpenGL operations, taking advantage of any existing 3D OpenGL drivers. In this way, it is functionally similar to Quartz Extreme and QuartzGL (2D performance acceleration) for Apple Quartz Compositor.

The ultimate goal of GLAMOR is to obsolete and replace all the DDX 2D graphics device drivers and acceleration architectures, thereby avoiding the need to write X 2D specific drivers for every supported graphic chipset. Glamor requires a 3D driver with support for shaders.

Glamor performance tuning was accepted for Google Summer of Code 2014. Glamor supports Xephyr and DRI3, and can boost some operations by 700–800%. Since its mainlining into version 1.16 of the X.Org Server, development on Glamor was continued and patches for the 1.17 release were published.

Virtualization
There is a distinct and special DDX for instances of the X.Org Server which run on a guest system inside of a virtualized environment: xf86-video-qxl, a driver for the "QXL video device". SPICE makes use of this driver though it works without it as well.

In the Debian repositories it is called xserver-xorg-video-qxl, cf. https://packages.debian.org/buster/xserver-xorg-video-qxl

Input stack
Under Debian, drivers related to input are found under /usr/lib/xorg/modules/input/. Such drivers are named e.g. evdev_drv.so, mouse_drv.so, synaptics_drv.so or wacom_drv.so.

With version 1.16, the X.Org Server obtained support for the libinput library in form of a wrapper called xf86-input-libinput. At the XDC 2015 in Toronto, libratbag was introduced as a generic library to support configurable mice. xserver-xorg-input-joystick is the input module for the X.Org server to handle classic joysticks and gamepads, which is not meant for playing games under X, but to control the cursor with a joystick or gamepad.

Other DDX components
  XWayland
 XWayland is a series of patches over the X.Org server codebase that implement an X server running upon the Wayland protocol. The patches are developed and maintained by the Wayland developers for compatibility with X11 applications during the transition to Wayland, and was mainlined in version 1.16 of the X.Org Server in 2014. When a user runs an X application from within Weston, it calls upon XWayland to service the request.
  XQuartz
 XQuartz is a series of patches from Apple Inc. to integrate support for the X11 protocol into their Quartz Compositor, in a similar way to how XWayland integrates X11 into Wayland compositors.
 Xspice
 Xspice is a device driver for the X.Org Server. It supports the QXL framebuffer device and includes a wrapper script which makes it possible to launch an X.Org Server whose display is exported via the SPICE protocol. This enables use of SPICE in a remote desktop environment, without requiring KVM virtualization.
 Xephyr
 Xephyr is an X-on-X implementation. Since version 1.16.0, Xephyr serves as the primary development environment for the new 2D acceleration subsystem (Glamor), permitting rapid development and testing on a single machine.
 RandR
 RandR (resize and rotate) is a communications protocol written as an extension to the X11 protocol. XRandR provides the ability to resize, rotate and reflect the root window of a screen. RandR is responsible for setting the screen refresh rate. It allows for the control of multiple monitors.

IPC
The X.Org Server, and any x-client, each run as distinct processes. On Unix/Linux, a process knows nothing about any other processes. For it to communicate with another process, it is completely and utterly reliant on the kernel to moderate the communication via available inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms.
Unix domain sockets are used to communicate with processes running on the same machine. Special socket function calls are part of the System Call Interface. Although Internet domain sockets can be used locally, Unix domain sockets are more efficient, since they do not have the protocol overhead (checksums, byte orders, etc.).

X.Org Server does not use D-Bus.

Sockets are the most common interprocess communication (IPC) method between the processes of the X server and its various X clients. It provides the Application Programming Interface (API) for communication in the TCP/IP domain and also locally only in the UNIX domain. There are several other APIs described in the X Transport Interface, for instance TLI (Transport Layer Interface). Other options for IPC between for the X client-server, require X Window system extensions, for instance the MIT Shared Memory Extension (MIT-SHM).

Multiseat configuration
Multi-seat refers to an assembly of a single computer with multiple "seats", allowing multiple users to sit down at the computer, log in, and use the computer at the same time independently. The computer has multiple keyboards, mice, and monitors attached to it, each "seat" having one keyboard, one mouse and one monitor assigned to it. A "seat" consists of all hardware devices assigned to a specific workplace. It consists of at least one graphics device (graphics card or just an output and the attached monitor) and a keyboard and a mouse. It can also include video cameras, sound cards and more.

Due to limitation of the VT system in the Linux kernel and of the X core protocol (in particular, how X defines the relation between the root window and an output of the graphics card), multi-seat does not work out-of-the-box for the usual Linux distribution but necessitates a special configuration.

There are these methods to configure a multi-seat assembly:
 multiple Xephyr servers over a host xorg-server
 multiple instances of an xorg-server
 one graphics card per seat
 a single graphics card for all seats

The utilized command-line options of the xorg-server are:
 -isolateDevice bus-id Restrict device resets (output) to the device at bus-id. The bus-id string has the form bustype:bus:device:function (e.g., 'PCI:1:0:0'). At present, only isolation of PCI devices is supported; i.e., this option is ignored if bustype is anything other than 'PCI'.
 vtXX the default for e.g. Debian 9 Stretch is 7, i.e. by pressing ++ the user can switch to the VT running the xorg-server.

Only the user on the first monitor has the use of vt consoles and can use ++x to select them. The other users have a GDM login screen and can use xorg-server normally, but have no vt's.

Even though a single user can utilize multiple monitors connected to the different ports of a single graphics card (cf. RandR), the method which is based on multiple instances of the xorg-server seems to require multiple PCI graphics cards.

It is possible to configure multi-seat employing only one graphics card, but due to limitations of the X protocol this necessitates the usage of X Display Manager Control Protocol XDMCP.

There is also Xdmx (Distributed Multihead X).

Adoption
 Unix and Linux
 The X.Org Server runs on many free-software Unix-like operating systems, including being adopted for use by most Linux distributions and BSD variants. It is also the X server for the Solaris operating system. X.Org is also available in the repositories of Minix 3.

 Windows
 Cygwin/X, Cygwin's implementation of the X server for Microsoft Windows, uses the X.Org Server, as do VcXsrv (Visual C++ X-server) and Xming. SSH clients such as PuTTY allow launching of X applications through X11 forwarding on the condition that it is enabled on both the server and client.

 OS X / macOS
 OS X versions prior to Mac OS X Leopard (10.5) shipped with an XFree86-based server, but 10.5's X server adopted the X.Org codebase. Starting with OS X Mountain Lion, (10.8) X11 is not bundled in OS X; instead, it has to be installed from, for example, the open source XQuartz project. As of version 2.7.4, X11.app/XQuartz does not expose support for high-resolution Retina displays to X11 apps, which run in pixel-doubled mode on high-resolution displays.

 OpenVMS
 Current versions of the DECwindows X11 server for OpenVMS are based on X.org Server.

History

The modern X.Org Foundation came into being in 2004 when the body that oversaw X standards and published the official reference implementation joined forces with former XFree86 developers. X11R6.7.0, the first version of the X.Org Server, was forked from XFree86 4.4 RC2. The immediate reason for the fork was a disagreement with the new license for the final release version of XFree86 4.4, but several disagreements among the contributors surfaced prior to the split. Many of the previous XFree86 developers have joined the X.Org Server project.

In 2005, a great effort was put in the modularization of the X.Org server source code, resulting in a dual release by the end of the year. The X11R7.0.0 release added a new modular build system based on the GNU Autotools, while X11R6.9.0 kept the old imake build system, both releases sharing the same codebase. Since then the X11R6.9 branch is maintained frozen and all the ongoing development is done to the modular branch. The new build system also brought the use of dlloader standard dynamic linker to load plugins and drivers, deprecating the old own method. As a consequence of the modularization, the X11 binaries were moving out of their own /usr/X11R6 subdirectory tree and into the global /usr tree on many Unix systems.

In June 2006, another effort was done to move the X.Org server source codebase from CVS to git. Both efforts had the long-term goal of bringing new developers to the project. In the words of Alan Coopersmith:

In the 7.1 release, the KDrive framework (a small implementation of X written by Keith Packard, which was not based on XFree86 that X.Org developers used as a testing ground for new ideas, such as EXA) was integrated into the main codebase of X.Org server.

In 2008, the new DRI2, based on the kernel mode-setting (KMS) driver, replaced DRI. This change also set a major milestone in the X.Org server architecture, as the drivers were moved out from the server and user space (UMS) to the kernel space.

In 2013, the initial versions of DRI3 and Present extensions were written and coded by Keith Packard to provide a faster and tearing-free 2D rendering. By the end of the year the implementation of GLX was rewritten by Adam Jackson at Red Hat.

Releases

See also

 Reference implementation part of a standard release package
 X window manager a package that is deliberately kept separate from the X server package
 X video extension
 evdev
 xorg.conf
 XQuartz - An X server for macOS
Xming - An X server for Windows
 Xenocara

References

External links

  - A fully updated X server for Windows

X servers
Freedesktop.org
Software forks
Software that uses Meson

X.Org Server


Lior Narkis (; * 8. November 1976 in Cholon) ist ein israelischer Popsänger.

Schon mit 16 Jahren veröffentlichte er sein erstes Album, viele weitere folgten und ließen ihn in Israel zum Musikstar werden. Er wurde durch die Rundfunkanstalt Israel Broadcasting Authority ausgewählt, sein Land beim Eurovision Song Contest 2003 in Riga zu vertreten. Mit seinem Latin-Pop-Song Milim la'ahava (Words for love), welches er auf hebräisch und englisch vortrug, landete er auf Platz 19.

Weblinks
 Homepage

Einzelnachweise

Popsänger
Interpret eines israelischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Musiker (Israel)
Person (Cholon)
Israeli
Geboren 1976
Mann

Lior Narkis


Dakar (eigentlich Alejandro Barrera; * 9. Juli 1921 in Cuzco; † 14. September 2004 in Rom) war ein peruanischer Ringer und Schauspieler.

Leben
Barrera kämpfte als Ringer und Catcher unter dem Namen "Joe Dakar". Bei einer Europatournee wurde er 1963 von Produzent Solly V. Bianco u. a. für einen schauspielerischen Part als "Kammamuri" in einer Salgari-Verfilmung verpflichtet und war von da an als exotisches Element in vielen Abenteuer- und anderen Genrefilmen italienischer Produktion, aber auch für Federico Fellini, bis zu Beginn der 1980er Jahre zu sehen. Mitte der 1980er-Jahre ging er wieder nach Südamerika zurück.

Filmografie (Auswahl)

Weblinks

 alle Filmauftritte mit Bildern seiner Rollen auf thrillingforum

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Peruaner
Geboren 1921
Gestorben 2004
Mann

Dakar (Schauspieler)


Rajamangala peut faire référence à :
 Stade Rajamangala, un stade de Bangkok
 Université de technologie Rajamangala, un système universitaire thaïlandais

Rajamangala


Armoniul este un instrument muzical cu claviatură, asemănător cu orga, la care sunetele sunt produse de vibrarea unor lame metalice (ca la acordeon) la presiunea aerului ieșit dintr-un burduf acționat cu pedale.

La armonium, sunetele muzicale sunt redate prin lamele metalice (ancii libere) care vibrează sub efectul unor tuburi de suflat. Acestea sunt puse în mișcare de picioarele executantului la armoniul obișnuit și printr-o manetă cu braț sau electric în ghidul-de-cânt, care este un armoniu de model mic.

Regina Maria a României a avut un armoniu realizat de atelierele J.Trayser & Co din Stuttgart. Aceste ateliere germane, specializate în conceperea instrumentelor muzicale, au primit numeroase premii și medalii de aur pentru acest instrument la expozițiile industriale europene.

Dimitrie Cuclin a compus motetul "Crezul" pentru cor mixt și armoniu.

Note

Instrumente cu claviatură
Orgă
Instrumente muzicale

Armoniu


An Liparis bistriata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni E.C.Parish ngan Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Liparis bistriata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis bistriata


Onthophagus quasitagal é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Ochi & Kon em 2005.

Referências

Ligações externas

quasitagal
Coleópteros descritos em 2005

Onthophagus quasitagal


فابيو فونيني  مواليد 24 مايو 1987 في سانريمو، هو لاعب كرة مضرب إيطالي يلعب باليد اليمنى بدأ مسيرته كمحترف عام 2004 ويحتل حالياً المرتبة رقم. 14 (29 أكتوبر 2018) في تصنيف رابطة محترفي كرة المضرب. أعلى تصنيف له في الفردي كان المركز الـ 13 في سنة 2014. شارك في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية.

روابط إضافية

 Fognini Recent Match Results
 Fognini World Ranking History
 Fognini official website

مراجع

أبطال الجراند سلام في زوجي كرة المضرب
أبطال بطولة أستراليا المفتوحة
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سانريمو
إيطاليون في القرن 21
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة مضرب إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2012
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2020
مواليد 1987
مواليد في سانريمو

فابيو فونيني


Gnetlur (fræðiheiti: Gnetum) er eina ættkvíslin í gnetluætt. Þetta eru yfir 50 tegundir sígrænna trjáa, runna og klifurrunna sem vaxa í hitabeltinu. Margar tegundanna eru ætar, bæði blöð og ristuð fræ.

Tegundir

Það eru yfir 50 tegundir af Gnetum.
Gnetum sect. Gnetum
Gnetum subsect. Gnetum - 2 tegundir trjáa; Suðaustur-Asía, Kyrrahafseyjar
Gnetum gnemon - Tíbet, Yunnan, Assam, Indókína, Níkóbareyjar, Malasía, Indónesía, Filippseyjar, Nýja Gínea, Melanesía, Míkrónesía
Gnetum costatum - Nýja Gínea, Salómonseyjar
Gnetum subsect. Micrognemones - 2 tegundir klifurrunna; hitabelti vestur Afríku
Gnetum africanum - mið-Afríka frá Kamerún til Angola
Gnetum buchholzianum - mið-Afríka frá Nígeríu to Zaire
Gnetum subsect. Araeognemones - 9 tegundir klifurrunna; hitabelti Suður-Ameríku og Mið-Ameríka - Ituá
Gnetum camporum - Venesúela
Gnetum leyboldii - Kosta Ríka, Panama, Venesúela, Kólumbía, Ekvador, Perú, Amasón hluti Brasilíu
Gnetum nodiflorum - Guianas, Venesúela, Kólumbía, Ekvador, Perú, norðvestur Brasilía
Gnetum paniculatum - Guianas, Venesúela, norðvestur Brasilía
Gnetum schwackeanum - Amasón hluti suður Venesúela, norðvestur Brasilía
Gnetum urens - Guianas, Venesúela, Perú, norðvestur Brasilía
Gnetum venosum - Bolívar ríki suður Venesúela, norðvestur Brasilía
Gnetum sect. Scandentia [Gnetum sect. Cylindrostachys] - um 20 tegundir klifurrunna; suður Asía
Gnetum subsect. Stipitati
Gnetum arboreum - Luzon í Filippseyjum
Gnetum contractum - suður Indlandi
Gnetum edule - suður Indlandi
Gnetum gracilipes - Yunnan + Guangxi í Kína
Gnetum latifolium - Assam, stór hluti Suðaustur-Asíu, Nýja Gínea, Bismark-eyjaklasinn
Gnetum montanum - Himalaja, suður Kína, norður Indókína
Gnetum oblongum - Bangladesh, Myanmar
Gnetum pendulum - Tíbet, suður Kína
Gnetum tenuifolium - Vestur-Malasía, Tæland, Súmatra
Gnetum ula
Gnetum subsect. Sessiles
Gnetum acutum - Sarawak í Asutur-Malasíu
Gnetum bosavicum - Papúa Nýja Gínea
Gnetum catasphaericum - suður Kína
Gnetum cleistostachyum - suður Kína
Gnetum cuspidatum - Indókína, Indónesía, Malasía, Filippseyjar
Gnetum diminutum - Borneó
Gnetum formosum - Víetnam
Gnetum giganteum - Guangxi í Kína
Gnetum globosum - Pahang í Malasíu
Gnetum gnemonoides - Nýja Gínea, Bismark-eyjaklasanum, Indónesía, Filippseyjar
Gnetum hainanense - suður Kína
Gnetum klossii - Sabah
Gnetum leptostachyum - Laos, Tæland, Víetnam, Borneó
Gnetum loerzingii - Súmatra
Gnetum luofuense - Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi
Gnetum macrostachyum - Indókína, Indónesía, Malasía, Nýja Gínea
Gnetum microcarpum - Myanmar, Thailand, Malasía, Borneó, Súmatra
Gnetum neglectum - Borneó
Gnetum oxycarpum - Súmatra
Gnetum parvifolium - Laos, Víetnam, southern China
Gnetum raya - Borneó
Gnetum ridleyi - Vestur-Malasía

Heimild

Gnetlur


The Quba Mosque () is a mosque located in Medina, in the Hejazi region of Saudi Arabia, built in the lifetime of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century C.E. It is thought to be the first mosque in the world, built on the first day of Muhammad's emigration to Medina. Its first stone is said to have been laid by the prophet, and the structure completed by his companions.

As per historical Islamic texts, Muhammad spent 14 days in this mosque praying qaṣr (, a short prayer) while waiting for Ali to arrive in Medina, after he stayed behind in Mecca to safeguard Muhammad's life and escape, by sleeping in Muhammad's bed in his place. Performing Wuḍūʾ ('Ablution') in one's home, then offering two Rakaʿāt of Nafl (Optional) prayers in the Quba Mosque, is considered to be equal to performing one ʿUmrah. Muhammad used to go there, riding or on foot, every Saturday and offer a two rakaʿāt prayer. He advised others to do the same, saying, "Whoever makes ablutions at home and then goes and prays in the Mosque of Quba, he will have a reward like that of an 'Umrah." This ḥadīth was reported by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Al-Nasa'i, Ibn Majah and Hakim al-Nishaburi. Initially, the mosque was built  off Medina in the village of Quba, before Medina expanded to include this village.

Architecture
When the Driehaus Prize winner and New Classical architect Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil was commissioned, in the 20th century, to conceive a larger mosque, he intended to incorporate the old structure into his design. But the old mosque was torn down and replaced with a new one.

The new mosque consists of a rectangular prayer hall raised on a second story platform. The prayer hall connects to a cluster containing residential areas, offices, ablution facilities, shops and a library.

The recent new construction of the Quba Mosque that happened in 1984 include many new additions, such as 7 main entrances, 4 parallel minarets, and the 56 mini domes that surround the perimeter of the mosque from an overhead point of view. The courtyard of this mosque is composed of black, red, and white marble, and majority of the structure and interior structures such as the minbar and mihrab are all composed of white marble. Originally, there was one minaret, the new renovations included the addition of the other three minarets, they rest on square bases, have octagonal shafts which take on a circular shape as they reach the top.

Prayer hall
The prayer hall is arranged around a central courtyard, characterised by six large domes resting on clustered columns. A portico, which is two bays in depth, borders the courtyard on the east and west, while a one-bayed portico borders it on the north, and separates it from the women's prayer area.

The women's prayer area, which is surrounded by a screen, is divided into two parts as a passageway connects the northern entrance with the courtyard. When Quba Mosque was rebuilt in 1986, the Medina architecture was retained – ribbed white domes, and basalt facing and modest exterior – qualities that recalls Madina's simplicity. The courtyard, is flagged with black, red and white marble. It is screened overhead by day from the scorching heat with shades. Arabesque latticework filters the light of the palm groves outside.  Elements of the new building include work by the Egyptian architect Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil, Pakistani architect Hassan Khan Sayyid and the Stuttgart tensile architect Mahmoud Bodo Rasch, a student of Frei Otto.

Landmarks
 Masjid Dirar (previously)

Depending on whether the Mosque of the Companions in the Eritrean city of Massawa is older or not, it may be the first mosque in the world, but according to legend, the sanctuary of the Kaaba in Mecca dates to the time of Ibrahim (Abraham) and Ismaʿil (Ishmael).

Mentions

In ahadith
The merits of the mosque are mentioned in nineteen Sahih al-Bukhari hadiths; thirteen Sahih Muslim hadiths; two Sunan Abu Dawood hadiths; six Al-Muwatta hadiths.

Muhammad frequented the mosque and prayed there. This is referred to in a number of hadith:

In the Quran
It is believed to be the mosque which the Quran mentions as being founded on piety and devoutness (Masjid al-Taqwa)

Gallery

See also
 Holiest sites in Islam
 Islamic architecture
 Lists of mosques
 List of mosques in Saudi Arabia
 Islamic art
 Quba in Azerbaijan
 Timeline of Muslim history

References

 Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam by Hajjah Amina Adil (p. 286)
 The Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition Guidebook of Daily Practices and Devotions by Hisham Kabbani (p. 301)
 Happold: The Confidence to Build by Derek Walker and Bill Addis (p. 81)

External links

 Virtues of Masjid Quba, Madina – Taken from Tafsir Ibn Kathir and other Saheeh Hadith

7th-century mosques
Mosques in Medina
New Classical architecture
Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil buildings
Mosques completed in 622

Quba Mosque


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja

Osnivanja
 KV Kortrijk, belgijski nogometni klub
 Stade Rennais FC, francuski nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

 19. rujna – Rudolf Matz, hrvatski violončelist, skladatelj, dirigent, glazbeni pedagog i atletičar

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1901.


An Panicum grande in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Albert Spear Hitchcock ngan Mary Agnes Chase. An Panicum grande in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum grande


Wallin er et efternavn, der henviser til blandt andre:

 David Wallin (1876–1957) – svensk kunstner
 Georg August Wallin (1811–1852) – finsk orientalist
 Johan Olof Wallin (1779–1839) – svensk salmedigter

Wallin (flertydig)


Sin Li Mo (莫新礼) est un botaniste chinois né en 1934 et mort en 1988. Il est à l'origine de découverte de plusieurs espèces de plantes comme la Vatica guangxiensis.

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Vatica guangxiensis

Notes et références

Botaniste chinois

Sin Li Mo


Kuzsökü, Sinop ilinin Gerze ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1487 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 60 km, Gerze ilçe merkezine 22 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Gerze belde ve köyleri

Kuzsökü, Gerze


En tidevandsø er et stykke land, der er forbundet til fastlandet ved en naturlig eller menneskeskabt dæmning eller dige, der er oven vande ved lavvande, men oversvømmet ved højvande. På grund af mystikken ved tidevandsøer har mange været stedet for religiøse steder, som eksempelvis Mont Saint-Michel med Benediktinerordenens kloster. Tidevandsøer er også ofte blevet brugt til fæstninger på grund af deres naturligt forskansning.

Liste over tidevandsøer

Asien

Hong Kong
 Ma Shi Chau i Tai Po District, nordøstlige New Territories, inde i Tolo Harbour

Sydkorea
Jindo og Modo i det sydvestlige Sydkorea

Europa

Kanaløer
Lihou i Guernsey, en af Kanaløerne

Danmark
 Mandø i Vesterhavet
 Knudshoved – nord for Vordingborg på Sydsjælland, Danmark

Frankrig

Île Madame i Charente-Maritime
Île de Noirmoutier i Vendée
Mont Saint-Michel i Normandiet
Tombelaine i Normandiet

Irland
 Coney Island nær Rosses Point, County Sligo
 Omey Island i Connemara, County Galway, Connacht

Spanien
 Cortegadaøen i Pontevedrakysten, Galicien.
 San Nikolas Island i Lekeitio, Bizkaia

Storbritannien

Asparagus Island i Cornwall, England
Baleshare i de Ydre Hebrider, Skotland
Brough of Birsay i Orkney, Skotland
Burgh Island i Devon, England
Burrow Island i Portsmouth Harbour, England
Burry Holms på Gower, Wales
Castle Stalker i Loch Laich i Argyll, Skotland
Chapel Island i Cumbria, England
Chiswick Eyot i Themsen
Cramond Island i Firth of Forth, Skotland
Davaar Island nær Campbeltown, på Kintyre-halvøen, Skotland
Eilean Shona i Loch Moidart, Skotland
 Eilean Tioram, i Loch Moidart, Lochaber, Highland, Skotland som Castle Tioram ligger på
Erraid ud for Isle of Mull i Skotland
Gateholm ud for sydvestkysten af Pembrokeshire, Wales
Gugh i Isles of Scilly, Storbritannien
Hestan Island nær Rough Isalnd i Auchencairn Bay, Skotland
Hilbre Island, Middle Eye og Little Eye i Dee-flodmundingen, mellem North Wales  og den engelske Wirral
Horsey Island i Essex, England
Islands of Fleet: Ardwall Isle & Barlocco Isle i Galloway, Skotland
Isle Ristol, den inderste af Summer Isles i Skotland
Kili Holm i Orkney, Skotland
Lindisfarne i Northumberland, England
Llanddwyn Island ud for Anglesey i North Wales
Mersea Island i Essex, England
Mumbles Lighthouse i Mumbles, nær Swansea
Northey Island i Essex, England
Oronsay i de Indre Hebrider, Skotland
Osea Island i Essex, England
Piel Island i Cumbria, England
Ray Island i Essex, England
Rough Island overfor Rockcliffe, Skotland
Sheep Island i Cumbria, England
St Catherine's Island i Pembrokeshire, Wales
St Mary's Island i North Tyneside, England
St Michael's Mount i Cornwall, Storbritannien
Sully Island i Vale of Glamorgan, Wales
Worm's Head på Gower, Wales
Ynys Gifftan i Gwynedd, nordlige Wales
Ynys Lochtyn på Cardigan Bays kyst, Wales

Der er adgang til 43 tidevandsøer (uden broer) fra Storbritanniens hovedland.

Tyskland
 Halliger i de Nordfrisiske Øer, Tyskland

Nordamerika

Canada
Micou's Island i St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada
Minister's Island i New Brunswick, Canada

USA

Bar Island i Maine
Battery Point Light i California
Bumpkin Island i Massachusetts
Camano Island i Puget Sound i Washington State, siden opfyldt med jord
Cana Island Lighthouse in Wisconsin
Charles Island, i Connecticut
Douglas Island i Alaska
High Island, New York
Long Point Island, Harpswell

Oceanien

Australien
Penguin Island (Western Australia) i  Shoalwater Islands Marine Park
 Tidligere tidevandsø Bennelong Island i Sydney, Australien blev udbygget til Bennelong Point og er nu stedet hvor Sydney Opera House ligger.

New Zealand

Matakana Island i Tauranga Harbour
Opahekeheke Island i Kaipara Harbour
Puddingstone Island i Otago Harbour
Rabbit Island, Bells Island og Bests Island i Tasman Bay
Hauraki Gulf ved Motutapu Island og Rangitoto Island bliver forbundet ved lavvande
Okatakata Islands og Walker Island i Rangaunu Harbour

Se også
Ø
Holm

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Øer

Tidevandsø


Muslimanska nacionalna vojna organizacija je bila četnička milicija muslimana iz Bosne i Hercegovine.

Povijest
Nastala je kad su četnici učvrstili si vlast u Istočnoj Bosni i Hercegovini, južno od crte Višegrad - Sarajevo. Tad su četnici mogli aktivnije voditi politiku prema muslimanima. Dotična politika je bila odvraćanje muslimana od Osovinskih sila i posebno od NDH. Razlog je što je od prvih dana rata veliki dio muslimana stao na osovinsku stranu. Budući da je to bila jača strana, muslmani su postali aktivni čimbenik, a pravoslavni pasivni politički čimbenik. Prave politike nije bilo, nego niz masovnih ratnih zločina. Četnička politika prema muslimanima je bila u tobože korist "ravnopravnog suživota u budućoj, obnovljenoj Kraljevini Jugoslaviji". Kako je četnička premoć uz talijansku pomoć stvorila nove odnose, mnoštvo muslimana se priklonilo novom jačem partneru. Uskoro su osnovali mnoge muslimanske četničke postrojbe. Može se pretpostaviti da je novo držanje bilo oportunističko, tek samo nominalno uz jednu stranu. No njihovi čelnici bili su idealisti, kao Alija Konjhodžić.

Idealistički čelnici su potkraj 1942. osnovali Muslimansku nacionalnu vojnu organizaciju. 31. prosinca 1942. održali su u Kalinoviku sastanak, s kojeg su Draži Mihailoviću poslali pozdravni brzojav. Zapovjednik Istaknutog dijela Vrhovne komande četnički major Zaharije Ostojić prenio je sadržaj tih dvaju letaka 5. siječnja 1943. Po Čajničkom srezu su ih raspačavali major Fehim Musakadić i dr Ismet Popovac. Muslimanska nacionalna vojna organizacija poslala je Rezoluciju osobno Draži Mihailoviću. Rezolucija Muslimanske nacionalne vojne organizacije pod svojim točkama navodi da su "Muslimani Bosne i Hercegovine i cijele zemlje sastavni dio Srpstva", da osuđuju ustaške zločine "koji su uzrok svega zla među jednokrvnom braćom Srbima pravoslavne i muslimanske vjere", da osuđuju sve muslimane koji su pristupili ustašama, sve časnike i dočasnike muslmane koji su prekršili prisegu kralju i prišli poglavniku Paveliću itd. Također je u Rezoluciji MNVO definiran kao sastavni dio četničkog pokreta pod zapovjedništvom Draže Mihailovića. Istaknuli su da je cilj pokreta i borbe "čvrsta suradnja Srba obiju vjera u borbi za kralja i otadžbinu, radi stvaranja narodne države pod kraljem Petrom II. na načelima demokracije i socijalne pravde u kojoj će muslimani biti ravnopravni građani...".

Izvori

Četnici


Assinatura infravermelha, também conhecida como assinatura de calor, usada por cientistas de defesa e militares, é a aparência de objetos para sensores infravermelhos. Uma assinatura infravermelha depende de muitos fatores, incluindo a forma e tamanho do objeto, temperatura e emissividade, reflexão de fontes externas (brilho da terra, luz do sol, luz do céu) da superfície do objeto, o fundo contra que é visto e a banda de onda do sensor de detecção. Como tal, não existe uma definição abrangente de assinatura infravermelha nem qualquer meio trivial de medi-la. Por exemplo, a assinatura infravermelha de um caminhão vista em um campo variará significativamente com a mudança do clima, hora do dia e carga do motor.

Dois exemplos bastante bem-sucedidos de definição da assinatura infravermelha de um objeto são a diferença de temperatura aparente no sensor e as definições de intensidade radiante de contraste (IRC).

Furtividade infravermelha

A furtividade infravermelha é uma área da tecnologia furtiva destinada a reduzir as assinaturas infravermelhas. Isso reduz a suscetibilidade de uma plataforma a armas guiadas por infravermelho e sensores de vigilância por infravermelho, e, assim, aumenta a capacidade de sobrevivência geral da plataforma. A furtividade infravermelha é particularmente aplicável a jatos militares por causa dos motores detectáveis e plumas de aeronaves não furtivas, mas também se aplica a helicópteros militares, navios de guerra, veículos terrestres e soldados desmontados.

Um objetivo militar no estudo de assinaturas infravermelhas é entender a provável assinatura infravermelha de ameaças (e desenvolver o equipamento necessário para detectá-las) e reduzir a assinatura infravermelha de seus próprios ativos a sensores de ameaças. Na prática, isso pode significar equipar um navio de guerra com sensores para detectar as plumas de exaustão dos mísseis anti-navio que chegam, além de ter uma assinatura infravermelha abaixo do limite de detecção do sensor infravermelho que guia o míssil.

Uma pluma de exaustão contribui com uma assinatura infravermelha significativa. Um meio de reduzir a assinatura é ter um tubo de escape não circular (forma de fenda) para minimizar o volume da seção transversal do escapamento e maximizar a mistura do escapamento quente com o ar ambiente frio (ver Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk). Muitas vezes, o ar frio é deliberadamente injetado no fluxo de exaustão para aumentar esse processo (ver Ryan AQM-91 Firefly e Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit). Às vezes, a exaustão do jato é ventilada acima da superfície da asa para protegê-la dos observadores abaixo, como no Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk e no Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II. Para alcançar a furtividade infravermelha, o gás de exaustão é resfriado às temperaturas em que os comprimentos de onda mais brilhantes que irradia são absorvidos pelo dióxido de carbono atmosférico e vapor de água, reduzindo drasticamente a visibilidade infravermelha da pluma de exaustão.

O combate terrestre inclui o uso de sensores infravermelhos ativos e passivos e, portanto, o documento de requisitos uniformes de combate terrestre do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais dos Estados Unidos especifica os padrões de qualidade refletivos infravermelhos.

Camuflagem

Assinatura infravermelha


Acanthostachys pitcairnioides é uma espécie do gênero Acanthostachys. Foi descrita em 1983 por Werner Rauh. É encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia e Espírito Santo e já houve registro no Paraguai. É epífita de ocorrência no bioma da Mata Atlântica. Em 2005, foi citada como vulnerável na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil; e em 2014, sob a rubrica de "dados insuficientes" na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira do Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (CNCFlora).

Bibliografia

Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Bromelioideae
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Flora da Bahia
Flora do Paraguai
Flora da Mata Atlântica
Plantas descritas em 1983
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Acanthostachys pitcairnioides


As tropas de choque ou tropas de assalto são formações criadas para liderar um ataque. Elas geralmente são mais bem treinados e equipados do que outras infantarias, e espera-se que sofram pesadas baixas mesmo em operações bem-sucedidas.

"Tropa de choque" é um calque, uma tradução livre da palavra alemã Stoßtrupp. As tropas de assalto são normalmente organizadas para mobilidade com a intenção de penetrar nas defesas inimigas e atacar as áreas de retaguarda vulneráveis do inimigo. Qualquer unidade de elite especializada formada para combater um combate por meio de um assalto avassalador (geralmente) seria considerada tropas de choque, em oposição a "forças especiais" ou unidades de comando (destinadas principalmente a operações secretas). Ambos os tipos de unidades podem lutar atrás das linhas inimigas, de surpresa, se necessário.

Embora o termo "tropas de choque" tenha se tornado popular no século 20, o conceito não é novo, e os exércitos da Europa Ocidental nos séculos passados os chamaram de esperança abandonada. Atualmente, o termo raramente é usado, pois os conceitos estratégicos por trás dele se tornaram o pensamento militar contemporâneo padrão.

Antes de 1914
A cavalaria Companheira de Alexandre, o Grande, é descrita como o primeiro exemplo de cavalaria de choque sendo usada na Europa.

Várias fontes descrevem como os vikings usaram Berserkers como tropas de choque na guerra organizada.

Os Shorn Ones eram a sociedade guerreira de maior prestígio no Império Asteca, servindo como suas tropas de choque.

Os Cavaleiros Templários eram considerados tropas de choque.

Na Europa medieval tardia, os mercenários alemães Lansquenete e suíços usavam grandes espadas Zweihänder para invadir formações de piqueiros. Os hussardos alados poloneses, cavalaria pesada de elite usada pela República das Duas Nações, também foram descritos como tropas de choque. O Exército Otomano também usou Deli como tropas de choque.

Granadeiros se originaram como soldados de assalto especializados para operações de cerco. Estabelecidos pela primeira vez com um papel distinto em meados do século XVII, unidades de granadeiros lançariam granadas e brechas de tempestade, enquanto lideravam a vanguarda de um avanço. Mesmo depois de abandonar o uso da granada de pólvora original, os exércitos mantiveram as companhias e regimentos de granadeiros como tropas de assalto especializadas.

Durante a Guerra do Paraguai (1864-1870), em que o Paraguai lutou contra Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai, os paraguaios mobilizaram tropas de choque (compostas por uma mistura de cavalaria desmontada e homens aptos que sabiam remar e nadar) armados com sabres, cutelos, facas, baionetas, pistolas e granadas de mão. Eles atacaram pequenas posições fortificadas e abordaram navios a vapor brasileiros.

Primeira Guerra Mundial
Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, muitos combatentes enfrentaram o impasse da Guerra de trincheiras. Na Frente Ocidental, em 1915, os alemães formaram uma unidade especializada chamada Batalhão Rohr para desenvolver táticas de assalto. Durante a Ofensiva Brusilov de 1916, o general russo Aleksei Brusilov desenvolveu e implementou a ideia de tropas de choque para atacar pontos fracos ao longo das linhas austríacas para efetuar um avanço, que o principal exército russo poderia então explorar. O exército russo também formou unidades de comando de caçadores em 1886, e as usou na Primeira Guerra Mundial para proteger contra emboscadas, realizar reconhecimento e combates de baixa intensidade em terra de ninguém.

As táticas de von Hutier (táticas de infiltração) exigiam que unidades especiais de assalto de infantaria fossem destacadas das linhas principais e enviadas para se infiltrar nas linhas inimigas, apoiadas por missões de fogo de artilharia mais curtas e afiadas (do que o habitual para a Primeira Guerra Mundial) visando tanto a frente quanto a retaguarda do inimigo, contornando e evitando quaisquer pontos fortes inimigos que pudessem, e engajando-se para sua melhor vantagem quando e onde fossem forçados, deixando o engajamento decisivo contra unidades contornadas para seguir a infantaria mais pesada. O objetivo principal dessas unidades destacadas era se infiltrar nas linhas inimigas e quebrar sua coesão o máximo possível. Essas formações ficaram conhecidas como Stoßtruppen, ou tropas de choque, e as táticas que foram pioneiras foram a base das táticas de infantaria pós-Primeira Guerra Mundial, como o desenvolvimento de esquadras.

Não obstante o status pós-guerra dos Storm Troopers no serviço alemão, o mesmo tipo de doutrina tática foi amplamente adotada no serviço britânico e francês no final de 1917 e 1918, com resultados variáveis. O manual de treinamento padrão do Exército Britânico para táticas de pelotão, SS 143, foi usado a partir de fevereiro de 1917 e continha muito do que era padrão para as tropas de choque alemãs. De acordo com Ward, as divisões australianas e canadenses implantadas entre as forças britânicas na França rapidamente passaram a ser consideradas as melhores tropas de choque nas fileiras aliadas devido à sua ferocidade na batalha e foram empregadas de acordo. As forças dos EUA foram treinadas em táticas por sobreviventes de quadros franceses de unidades de caçadores e foram treinadas para usar metralhadoras leves Chauchat francesas e granadas de fuzil.

Segunda Guerra Mundial
Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o Exército Vermelho da União Soviética implantou cinco exércitos de choque (   – singular: ) entre 1941 e 1945. Muitas das unidades, que lideraram as ofensivas soviéticas na Frente Oriental da Batalha de Stalingrado (1942-1943) até a Batalha de Berlim (1945), eram exércitos de choque. Os exércitos de choque tinham altas proporções de infantaria, engenheiros e artilharia de campanha, mas com menos ênfase na mobilidade operacional e sustentabilidade. Os exércitos de choque soviéticos eram caracterizados por uma maior alocação de unidades de artilharia no nível do exército para quebrar as posições de defesa alemãs por peso de fogo, e muitas vezes tinham regimentos de tanques pesados ou regimentos de canhões autopropulsados pesados para adicionar apoio de fogo direto adicional. Uma vez que um exército de choque abrisse uma brecha em uma posição tática inimiga, unidades mais móveis, como tanques e corpos mecanizados, se inseririam nas posições do exército de choque com a missão de penetrar profundamente na área de retaguarda inimiga. No final da guerra, porém, os exércitos de guardas soviéticos normalmente desfrutavam de apoio de artilharia superior ao dos exércitos de choque.

Os exércitos de choque foram fundamentais na execução da operação profunda (também conhecida como batalha profunda soviética - , glubokaya operatsiya). A composição central da operação profunda era o exército de choque, cada um atuando em cooperação entre si ou independentemente como parte de uma operação de frente estratégica. Vários exércitos de choque estariam subordinados a uma frente estratégica.

Exércitos de choque bem conhecidos incluem o 2º Exército de Choque, que liderou várias ofensivas na área de Leningrado, e o 3º Exército de Choque, que desempenhou um papel fundamental na Batalha de Berlim.

Um grupo de combate ad hoc soviético era uma unidade de armas mistas de cerca de 80 homens em grupos de assalto de seis a oito homens, apoiados de perto pela artilharia de campo. Essas unidades táticas foram capazes de aplicar as táticas de guerra urbana que os soviéticos foram forçados a desenvolver e refinar em cada Festungsstadt (cidade-fortaleza) que encontraram de Stalingrado a Berlim.

Os partisans iugoslavos também estabeleceram unidades de "choque" durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, começando em fevereiro de 1942. Estes inicialmente se formaram como unidades do tamanho de companhias e batalhões, e mais tarde se transformaram em brigadas.

Dentro ou entre as forças armadas alemãs, grandes exércitos como as Waffen-SS receberam treinamento com os melhores equipamentos e armas, usados principalmente para atingir pontos fracos. A Waffen-SS também serviu como uma unidade pesada. Usada para esmagar exércitos bem armados e equipados na Frente Oriental, a Waffen-SS perdeu sua eficácia após Kursk (1943), mas depois lutou em muitos teatros e desempenhou um papel na Batalha das Ardenas (1944-1945).

Depois de 1943 (particularmente durante e após a invasão da Itália), unidades britânicas especializadas, como os Comandos e certos destacamentos do Serviço Aéreo Especial, foram usadas como tropas de choque contra forças alemãs bem entrincheiradas ou de elite. Novamente, ambas as forças seriam usadas em funções semelhantes depois que os Aliados cruzaram o Reno, servindo como vanguarda para as forças britânicas.

Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial
As exigências do combate de infantaria na Segunda Guerra Mundial apagaram muito do romance das tropas de choque, particularmente quando qualquer infantaria bem treinada era capaz das mesmas táticas, especialmente em um ataque formal a um objetivo bem defendido. Os soviéticos mantiveram o termo choque (embora o termo também possa ser traduzido como ataque) como uma designação para exércitos envolvidos em atacar a profundidade operacional do inimigo como parte da doutrina soviética de batalha profunda.

Leitura adicional
  Grau, Lester W. Russian-Manufactured Armored Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience, Red Thrust Star, Janeiro de 1997
 Штабс-ротмистр Танеев. О штурмовых частях Германской и Австро-Венгерской армий / Битва Гвардий - https://btgv.ru/history/rare/staff-rotmistr-taneyev-about-the-assault-units-of-the-german-and-austro-hungarian-armies/
Tipos de forças militares
Forças especiais
Infantaria

Tropas de choque


نهر اللؤلؤ (صينية تقليدية: 珠江، صينية مبسطة: 珠江، بن-ين: Zhū Jiāng) هو ثالث أطول نهر في الصين (بعد نهر يانغتسي والنهر الأصفر) حيث يقطع مسافة 2,200 كيلومتر قبل أن يصل إلى مصبه في بحر الصين الجنوبي بين ماكاو وهونغ كونغ. كما يعتبر نهر الؤلؤ ثاني أكبر نهر صيني (بعد نهر يانغتسي) من حيث حجم الماء المتدفق.

سمي النهر بهذا الاسم تبعاً لجزيرة صخرية كانت في منتصف النهر وتسمى لؤلؤة البحر (海珠)، ولكن نظراً لتغير مسار النهر أصبحت الجزيرة جزءً من ضفة النهر.

يتكون النهر من التقاء الأنهر زي (نهر الغرب) وبيي (نهر الشمال) ودونج (نهر الشرق). يجري النهر في مقاطعات كونغدنغ وقوانغشي ويونان وقويتشو وخونان وجيانغشي. يغطي مسار النهر مساحة 409,480 كيلومتر مربع.

يعتقد أن نهر اللؤلؤ هو أحد أكثر الأنهر تلوثاً في العالم.

[[ملف:

معرض صور

المراجع

أحواض تصريف مياه على المحيط الهادئ
أنهار الصين
أنهار غوانغدونغ
أنهار قوانغشي
أنهار قويتشو
أنهار مقاطعة يونان
جغرافيا الصين
جنوب الصين
مسطحات مائية في ماكاو
مسطحات مائية في هونغ كونغ
نهر اللؤلؤة
أنهار ماكاو
أنهار هونغ كونغ

نهر اللؤلؤ (الصين)


Xining (, ; ), alternatively known as Sining, is the capital of Qinghai province in western China and the largest city on the Tibetan Plateau.

The city was a commercial hub along the Northern Silk Road's Hexi Corridor for over 2000 years, and was a stronghold of the Han, Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties' resistance against nomadic attacks from the west. Although long a part of Gansu province, Xining was added to Qinghai in 1928. Xining holds sites of religious significance to Muslims and Buddhists, including the Dongguan Mosque and Ta'er Monastery. The city lies in the Huangshui River valley, and owing to its high altitude, has a cool climate on the borderline between cool semi-arid and dry winter humid continental. It is connected by the Qinghai–Tibet railway to Lhasa, Tibet and connected by a high-speed railway to Lanzhou, Gansu and Ürümqi, Xinjiang.

The city is home to Qinghai University, a comprehensive university and the only Double First Class University in Xining.

History
Xining has a history of over 2,100 years and was a chief commercial hub on the Hexi Corridor caravan route to Tibet, handling especially timber, wool and salt in ancient times. The trade along the Hexi Corridor was part of a larger trade corridor along the Northern Silk Road, whose use was intensified in the 1st century BC after efforts by the Han dynasty to control this route.

Under the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), a county called Linqiang was established to control the local Qiang tribesmen. It was again a frontier county under the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties; during the 7th and early 8th centuries it was a center of constant warfare with Tuyuhun and Tibet. In 763, it was overrun by the Tibetans and while under Tibetan control was known to the Chinese as Qingtang cheng (). Recovered by the Song dynasty in 1104, it received the name Xining (meaning "peace in the west") and has been the seat of a prefecture or superior prefecture under that name since that time. In the late 16th century, the Kumbum Monastery was founded some  to the southeast, establishing Xining as an important religious center for the Gelug School of Buddhists.

A major earthquake occurred May 22, 1927, measuring at a magnitude of 7.6. It was one of the deadliest earthquakes in China with a total count of over 40,000 deaths. It also caused large land fractures.

Xining was the extraterritorial capital of the Koko Nor territory and remained in Gansu until 1928, when it became the provincial capital of the newly established independent province of Qinghai.

Xining was subjected to aerial bombardment by Japanese warplanes in 1941 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The bombing spurred all ethnicities in Qinghai, including the local Qinghai Mongols and Qinghai Tibetans, against the Japanese. The Salar Muslim General Han Youwen directed the defense of the city of Xining during air raids by Japanese planes.

Xining was given municipal status in 1945.

Under the rule of Governor Ma Bufang, Xining, like the rest of Qinghai, underwent industrialization and modernization. In 1947 the USA sold Ma Bufang a piped water (sewage) system which was installed in Xining. Ma Bufang also promoted education. He made businessmen methodically clean up Xining by serving as insect exterminators.

Since the late 1950s, when the Liujiaxia Dam and hydroelectric project came into operation in neighboring Gansu province, Xining has been linked by a high-tension electrical grid to both Liujia and Lanzhou. It also uses local coal from mines at Datongxian to the north. A modern woollen mill was installed at Xining before 1957. The city also has a leather industry and is a market for salt from the Qaidam region. During the late 1950s medium-sized iron and steelworks were built there, supplying metal to Lanzhou.

Construction of a highway to the mineral-rich Qaidam basin, and completion in 1959 a link to the Chinese rail network via Lanzhou in Gansu province, has spurred industrial development. This effort was part of a plan of the central government to rapidly exploit oil and pasturage in the Xining area beginning in the 1950s.

Geography and climate
Xining is located in the eastern part of Qinghai Province and lies on the Huangshui River. The four urban districts have a total area of .

Xining is located on the eastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the upper reaches of the Huangshui River. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of Qinghai Province with an average altitude of about . Human activity in the region can be traced to 2,100 years ago. During the Western and Eastern Han dynasties, owing to its developing agriculture, Xining was paid notice due to its economic and military significance. As well as being an important hinge between the Central Plains and the western part of China in ancient times, Xining was an important link in the Silk Road. It continues to be an important rail and road link to the hinterlands of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

Xining has also been dubbed the Summer Resort Capital of China owing to its cool summer, with a borderline cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk)/dry winter humid continental climate (Dwb). Conditions are influenced by the aridity and high altitude. Nights are cold or cool throughout the year, and the diurnal temperature variation often reaches or exceeds . The monthly 24-hour average temperatures ranges from  in January to  in July; the annual mean is , still making it one of the warmest locations in Qinghai due to the low elevation by provincial standards. Rainfall falls mainly from May to September, and the area is often dry and sunny: with monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 49 percent in September to 67 percent in November, the city receives 2,540 hours of bright sunshine per year. Extreme temperatures have ranged from  to . Snow cover is very sparse due to the dry winters.

River management
In 2007, the World Bank lent US$1 billion to aid river treatment in Xining, including Sanxian County's anti-flooding project, with an added US$1 billion to support infrastructure. Qinghai has invested large amounts in the treatment of Huangshui Main River and Nanchuan River, totalling . However, a treatment on a  river course and 10 flash flood relief channels remain pending due to lack of equipment. In Sanxian County, a  long river course and 80 flash flood relief channels need treatment.

Air quality
According to a 2011 World Health Organization (based on Chinese statistics), Xining has the second worst air quality (annual mean PM10 ug/m3 of 141) among eleven western China cities, and is worse than Beijing (121).

Economy

The GDP per capita was 49,200 RMB (US$7,897) in 2015. Its main industries are wool spinning and textiles, fur, meat, milk, salt, and light processing industries.

Economic and Technological Development Zones
 Xining Economic & Technological Development Zone
Xining Economic & Technological Development Zone XETDZ) was approved as state-level development zone in July 2000. It has a planned area of . XETDZ lies in the east of Xining,  away from downtown. The XETDZ is the first of its kind at the national level on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is established to fulfill the nation's strategy of developing the west.

XETDZ enjoys a convenient transportation system, connected by the Xining–Lanzhou expressway and run through by two main roads, the broadest roads of the city. It is  away from the railway station,  from Xining Airport.

It focuses on the development of following industries: chemicals based on salt lake resources, nonferrous metals, and petroleum and natural gas processing; special medicine, foods and bio-chemicals using local plateau animals and plants; new products involving ecological and environmental protection, high technology, new materials as well as information technology; and services such as logistics, banking, real estate, tourism, hotel, catering, agency and international trade.

Demographics

Demographics

According to the 2020 Chinese census, the prefecture-level city of Xining has a population of 2,467,965 inhabitants (2,208,708 as of the 2010 Chinese census), of whom 1,954,795 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 5 urban districts.

At present, four districts, three counties and a national economic and technological development zone are under the administration of the local government. With a population of more than two million, Xining is the first city on the upper reaches of the Yellow River to achieve a population in the millions.

Ethnic diversity
There are about 37 nationalities living here, though only the Han, Hui, Monguor/Tu and Tibetans are numerically significant. Local traditions and customs are influenced by the Tibetans, Monguor, Muslims and Han. On 2010 Census numbers, Han Chinese represent 74.04 percent of the total population of Xining, while Hui (16.26 percent), Tibetan (5.51 percent) and Tu (2.6 percent) are the main minority groups in the city.

Religion

Located in the southwest part of Xining City, the Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Monastery is one of six famous monasteries in the Gelug (also called Yellow Hat Sect) of Tibetan Buddhism and has hundreds of monks.

Having a history of over 600 years, the Dongguan Mosque, located in the Xining City Zone, is one of the most famous mosques in the northwest region of China. It has splendid and diversiform towers, walls and halls in the mosque.

Another unique religious structure is the Beishan Si (North Mountain Temple), a Taoist facility.

There are more than 300 Christian meeting points in Xining.

The Catholic minority is pastorally served by the (pre-diocesan) Apostolic Prefecture of Xining.

Administrative divisions
The municipality oversees seven districts and counties. The data here are presented in km² and in population according to 2010 Census:

Education

Colleges and universities
 Qinghai University
 Qinghai Normal University
 Qinghai University for Nationalities

Private schools
Xining International Academy is an English-language international school.

Transportation

Xining is situated in a fertile mountain basin in the valley of the Huangshui (river), a tributary of the Yellow River, that acts as a river port. The city lies about  west of Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu province, on what was traditionally the main trade route from northern China into Tibet and the Qaidam Basin. These routes are now followed by modern highways.

Railway

Since 1959 Xining station has been connected by the Lanzhou–Qinghai Railway to China's railway network. Later, this railway was extended into the Qaidam area via Haiyan near Qinghai Lake to Golmud, and, since 2006, to Lhasa, Tibet. (See the Qinghai–Tibet Railway).

The second major railway serving Xining is the Lanzhou–Xinjiang High-Speed Railway, opened in December 2014. When first opened, it just provided high-speed train service to Lanzhou and Urumqi (and points in between). With the opening of the Baoji–Lanzhou high-speed railway on July 9, 2017, it has been connected to the rest of the nation's high-speed rail network.

Unlike many other Chinese cities, where the conventional and high-speed trains stop at different train stations, Xining railway station is served by both types of trains. Thus it can be used as a transfer point for e.g. a passenger traveling from Xinjiang to Tibet.

Air
Xining Caojiapu International Airport serves the area with regularly scheduled passenger flights to major Chinese cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Chengdu, Kunming, Xi'an, and Wuhan.

Highway
 China National Highway 214
China National Highway 227
China National Highway 315
G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway

Food

Xining's cuisine is distinct from other  Chinese cities and mainly uses food products native to the area.

Local specialties include: Feng'er Liji (a round lamb tenderloin), Danbai Chongcao Ji (a medicine cuisine made of chicken, Chinese caterpillar fungus and eggs), and Jinyu Facai (pork wrapped in flagelliform nostoc and shaped as a goldfish).

There are also many small restaurants offering noodles. Gan Ban is a very common noodle dish. Perhaps Mian Pian, which means "noodle leaves" is the most common noodle plate among the Qinghai people. On the streets, many Muslims sell spicy lamb brochettes. Due to the cold climate, residents of Xining are also fond of strong spirits; Xining has the reputation of being one of the regions of heaviest alcohol consumption in China.

References

External links

 Xining Government Website

Amdo
Cities in Qinghai
Provincial capitals in China
Prefecture-level divisions of Qinghai

Xining


Kosmos 2359, ruski izviđački satelit, digitalni fotoizviđač, iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Jantar-4KS1M (Neman br. 14L).
Lansiran je 25. lipnja 1998. godine u 14:00 s kozmodroma Bajkonura (Tjuratam) u Rusiji. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Sojuz-U 11A511U. Orbita mu je bila 237 km u perigeju i 304 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija bila mu je 64,91°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 25376. COSPARova oznaka je 1995-039-A. Zemlju je obilazio u 89,92 minute. Pri lansiranju bio je mase kg.

Deorbitirao je 12. srpnja 1999. godine.

Izvori
А.Железняков. Энциклопедия "Космонавтика". Хроника освоения космоса. 1998 год. (rus.)
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2359


Köşk, Ege Bölgesi'nde Aydın ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Coğrafi konum
Aydın İline bağlı bir ilçe olan Köşk doğusunda Sultanhisar, güneydoğusunda Yenipazar ilçeleri, Batısında merkez ilçe Efeler, kuzeyinde de İzmir ili ile çevrilidir.

İl merkezine 18 km uzaklıkta, Aydın-Denizli karayolu üzerindedir.

Ekonomik durum
İlçenin ekonomisi tarıma dayalıdır. Ekili ve dikili alan toplam 106.471 dekardır. İlçe merkezi ve ova köylerinde narenciye, pamuk, mısır; yüksek arazi yapısı olan köylerde önemli miktarda zeytin, kestane, incir üretilmektedir. Ayrıca önem sırasına göre karpuz, Çilek , erik, şeftali, buğday gibi ürünler de yetiştirilmektedir. Bölgenin en büyük kestane pazarı Köşk ilçesinde kurulmaktadır. Yılda 10.000 ton kestanenin önemli bir bölümü selekte edilmiş ve ambalajlanmış olarak pazarlanmaktadır. Hayvancılık tarımın yanında ikinci bir iş olarak yapılmaktadır.

Tarihçe
1878 yılında nahiye olan Köşk, nüfus azalmasından dolayı 1932-1958 yılları arasında köy statüsünde yönetilmiş, ancak 1958 yılında tekrar nahiye olmuştur. Köşk adını 1653 yılında meydana gelen deprem nedeniyle almıştır. Halk buna istinaden "Göçük" ismini vermiş daha sonraları "Göçük"e olan benzerliğinden dolayı "Köşk" adına dönüşmüştür.

İklim
Köşk ilçesi ile çevresinde Akdeniz iklimi görülür. Yazlar sıcak, kurak ve kışlar ılık, yağışlı geçer. Dağların doğu-batı doğrultusunda uzanması ile deniz etkisi iç kesimlere kadar sokulur. Yüksek kesimlerde nadiren kar yağışları görülmektedir.

Nüfus

Altyapı bilgileri
İlçe genelinde 1 ADÜ MYO 3 lise 17 ilköğretim okulu olmak üzere 20 okulda eğitim-öğretim verilmektedir. Bu okullarda; 183 öğretmen 4532 öğrenci öğrenim görmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
T.C. Köşk Kaymakamlığı
T.C. Köşk Belediyesi
Yerelnet: Köşk

Köşk, Aydın


An Tillandsia rauschii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Werner Rauh ngan C.O.Lehm.. An Tillandsia rauschii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Tillandsia

Tillandsia rauschii


عز الدين عبد الحميد بن هبة الله بن أبي الحديد هو أحد أبرز علماء وكتاب المعتزلة في عصره. من كتبه كتاب شرح نهج البلاغة. توفي في 656 هجرية الموافق لـ 1258 ميلادية.

نبذة
عزّ الدّين أبو حامد عبد الحميد بن هبة الله بن محمّد بن محمّد بن حسين بن أبي الحديد المدائنيّ. ولد بالمدائن في العراق في اليوم الأوّل من ذي الحجّة سنة (586هـ) / 1190م.

وكان عالماً شهيراً ذا رأي في ميدان التّاريخ، والأدب، والفقه، والكلام. جدّ في طلب العلوم المتداولة في عصره منذ نعومة أظفاره، ثمّ رحل إلى بغداد إبّان شبابه. وفي تلك الحاضرة الّتي كانت عاصمة العلم في العالم الإسلاميّ يوماً ما تعلّم الفقه والكلام واشترك في أوساطها الأدبيّة. ونقل صاحب كتاب «نسمة السَّحَر» أنّه كان في بداية أمره شيعيّاً غالياً، ثمّ مال إلى الاعتزال. ولمّا كان متأثّراً بآراء الجاحظ ـ وتطرّق إليها في كتابه ـ فقد صار معتزليّاً جاحظيّاً.

وتسنّم في بغداد مكانةً مرموقةً. وكانت له علاقات وثيقة بوزير المستعصم: ابن العلقميّ العالم. وأصبح في عداد كتّاب ديوان دار الخلافة بفضله، فكان كاتب دار التّشريفات أوّلاً، ثمّ كاتب الخزانة، وبعد ذلك كاتب الدّيوان.
وكان ناظر الحلّة في سنة (642هـ)، ثمّ وزيراً للأمير علاء الدّين الطبرسيّ، كما ذكرت دائرة المعارف الإسلاميّة الكبرى. بعد ذلك صار ناظراً للمستشفى العضديّ، ثمّ ناظراً لمكتبات بغداد.
وكان شاعراً مقتدراً وأديباً عالماً مع مزاولته للمناصب الحكوميّة المذكورة الّتي استمرّت حتّى آخر عمره. وذكره صاحب كتاب «نسمة السَّحَر في ذكر من تشيّع وشعر» في عداد الشعراء المائلين إلى التشيّع، وعدّه ابن شاكر الكتبي شاعراً مشهوراً.

قال شعراً في أغراض شعريّة متنوّعة من مدح، ورثاء، وحكمة، ووصف، وغزل. ومع ذلك كلّه غلب على شعره المناجاة والعرفان، وأورد بعض أشعاره في شرحه على النّهج.
وكان شافعيّ الفقه والأصول، معتزليّ الكلام إذ يُنسب إلى مدرسة بغداد في الاعتزال ويرى رأيها في تفضيل عليٍّ على الخلفاء الثّلاثة، لكنّه لا يعدّ الأفضليّة شرطاً للإمامة، كما قال في بداية كتابه: «الحمد لله الّذي قدّم المفضول على الفاضل».
يحوم خلاف حول تاريخ وفاته، فذهب البعض، كابن شاكر الكتبي وابن كثير، إلى أنّه توفّي سنة (655هـ)، وذهب بعض آخر كالذّهبيّ وصاحب «نسمة السّحر» إلى أنّه مات سنة (656هـ)، وكذلك دائرة المعارف الإسلاميّة الكبرى.

مصنفاته
مصنّفات ابن أبي الحديد:
ترك ابن أبي الحديد مصنّفات عديدة، ذكرت دائرة المعارف الإسلاميّة الكبرى أنها خمسة عشر. وأورد محمّد أبو الفضل إبراهيم في مقدّمته على الشّرح أسماء ستّة عشر منها، هي:
 الاعتبار على كتاب الذّريعة في أُصول الشّريعة، وهو شرح لذريعة الشّريف المرتضى.
 انتقاد المستصفى، وهو نقد لكتاب «المستصفى في الأُصول» للغزاليّ.
 الحواشي على كتاب المفصّل في النّحو.
 شرح المحصّل، وهو شرح لكتاب المحصل الكلاميّ للفخر الرّازيّ.
 شرح مشكلات الغُرَر لأبي الحسين البصريّ، وقد أوضح فيه ما أشكل في الكتاب الكلاميّ المذكور.
 ديوان شعره.
 زيادات النّقضين.
 شرح نهج البلاغة.
 شرح «الياقوت» لابن نوبخت في علم الكلام.
 العبقريّ الحسان، وهو مجموعة من مختارات الكلام، والتّاريخ، والشّعر، ونظائرها.
 الفلَك الدّائر على المثل السّائر، وهو نقد على كتاب «المثل السّائر في أدب الكاتب والشّاعر» لابن الأثير الجزريّ.
 القصائد السّبع العلَويّات أو السّبع العلوّيات، وهي قصائد في مدح النّبي صلّى الله عليه وآله، وعليّ عليه السّلام، وفتح خيبر، وفتح مكّة، واستشهاد الإمام الحسين عليه السّلام، نظمها سنة (611هـ).
 المستنصريّات.
 نظم فصيح ثعلب، وهو نظم لكتاب «الفصيح» لثعلب.
 نقض المحصول في علم الأُصول، وهو نقد وردّ على كتاب «المحصول في علم الأُصول» للفخر الرّازيّ.
 الوشاح الذّهبيّ في العلم الأبيّ.
ومن الجدير ذكره أنّ في دائرة المعارف الإسلاميّة مصنَّفَين آخرين سوى المذكورات، وهما: «شرح آيات البيات» للزمخشريّ، وهو كتاب كلاميّ، و «شرح منظومة ابن سينا» وهو كتاب طبّيّ.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 لتحميل كتاب شرح نهج البلاغة لابن أبي الحديد المعتزلي

شعراء بالعربية في القرن 12
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 13
شعراء بغداديون
علماء مسلمون في القرن 7 هـ
مسلمون باحثون في الإسلام في القرن 13
معتزلة
مواليد 586 هـ
مواليد القرن 12
مواليد في قطيسفون
وفيات 1258
وفيات 656 هـ
وفيات في بغداد

ابن أبي الحديد


Țigănia se poate referi la:

 Țigănia este un cartier în municipiul Bălți, Republica Moldova.
 Țigănia, Ilfov
 Țigănia, Prahova

Vezi și
 Țigănași (dezambiguizare)
 Țigănești (dezambiguizare)

Țigănia (dezambiguizare)


Slovo Gorčina je kulturna manifestacija u Stocu, Hercegovina. Održava se od 1971. godine u Stocu i na nekropoli stećaka Radimlji. Stalni cilj manifestacije je afirmacija sveukupne bosanskohercegovačke kulturne baštine. Korijeni su zamisli stolačkog pjesnika Maka Dizdara za zadnjih godina njegova života. Boravio je u Stocu i javljala se zamisao o umjetničkim susretima na stolačkim otvorenim pozornicama. Manifestacija je krenula neposredno poslije Dizdareve smrti. Manifestaciji je ime nadjenuo Jan Beran. Beran je poslije skupa s članovima Izvršnog odbora kreirao godinama brojne sadržajea. od 1973. manifestacija ima svoj bilten. Plakat i naslovnu stranicu biltena dizajnirao je Juraj Neidhardt, veliki prijatelj Stoca.

Izvori

Kultura u Stocu
Manifestacije u Bosni i Hercegovini

Slovo Gorčina


Kirsten Kjærs Museum åbnede på initiativ af parret Harald Fuglsang og John Anderson den 15. maj 1981 i et gammelt renoveret husmandssted i Langvad ved Frøstrup og er sidenhen udvidet flere gange. Maleren Kirsten Kjær tilbragte sine sidste somre i naboejendommen, og inden sin død skænkede hun en stor del af sin produktion til en fond. Med udgangspunkt i denne samling har museet udviklet sig til et arbejdende kunstcenter, med kurser, koncerter og kammermusikdage.. Antallet af besøgende er ifølge museets egne oplysninger ca. 16.000 pr. år. Harald Fuglsang modtog i 2016 Thisted Kommunes kulturpris for sit arbejde med museet.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
 Museets hjemmeside

Kunstmuseer i Danmark
Thy
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Thisted Kommune
Museer etableret i 1981
Museer i Region Nordjylland

Kirsten Kjærs Museum


Die Seite denkmalgeschützte Objekte in der Slowakei ist eine Übersichtsseite. Hier sind weitere Übersichtsseiten oder Navigationsleisten der einzelnen politischen Okresy in der Slowakei verzeichnet, auf denen man für jede Obec (Gemeinde) in der Slowakei eine Denkmalliste findet, in der sämtliche unbeweglichen Objekte die nach den slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften unter Schutz stehen, aufgelistet sind.

Graphische Darstellung

Navigation

Denkmalgeschützte Objekte in der Slowakei


Toddington est un village et une paroisse civile du Gloucestershire, en Angleterre. Il est situé dans le nord du comté, à une quinzaine de kilomètres au nord-est du centre-ville de Cheltenham. Administrativement, il relève du borough de Tewkesbury.

Toponymie

Le nom Toddington se compose d'un nom d'homme auquel sont suffixés les éléments vieil-anglais  et . Il désigne ainsi une ferme ou un manoir associés à un individu nommé Tuda. Il est attesté sous la forme Todintun dans le Domesday Book, compilé en 1086.

Histoire

Toddington est historiquement le siège de la famille Tracy, dont les chefs sont titrés  à partir de 1643 et jusqu'à la mort sans descendance masculine du huitième vicomte, , en 1797. Sa fille Henrietta Susanna épouse Charles Hanbury-Tracy, député whig de Tewkesbury titré  en 1837. Le manoir de Toddington constitue depuis le siège des barons Sudeley, titre détenu depuis 1941 par .

Démographie

Au recensement de 2011, la paroisse civile de Toddington comptait .

Patrimoine

Le manoir de  est construit au début du  pour Charles Hanbury-Tracy pour remplacer l'ancien manoir de la famille Tracy, endommagé par l'usure et un incendie. Il est protégé depuis 1960 en tant que monument classé de Grade I. Il a été racheté par l'artiste britannique Damien Hirst en 2005.

Références

Liens externes

Village dans le Gloucestershire
Paroisse civile dans le Gloucestershire

Toddington (Gloucestershire)


Der Davis Cup 1995 war die 84. Ausgabe des von der ITF veranstalteten Wettbewerbes für Herrennationalmannschaften im Tennis. Das zwischen dem 1. und 3. Dezember ausgetragene Finale in Moskau gewannen die Vereinigten Staaten mit 3:2 gegen Russland.

Die Mannschaften

Weltgruppe
In der Weltgruppe spielten 16 Mannschaften, die sich aus den 8 besten Teams des Vorjahres und den Gewinnern der letztjährigen Relegation zusammensetzten.

Ergebnisse

Finale

Siehe auch
 Fed Cup
 Davis Cup

Weblinks
 Offizielle Seite des Davis Cups

1995
Tennisturnier 1995

Davis Cup 1995


The Germanenorden (Germanic or Teutonic Order) was an occultist and völkisch secret society in early 20th-century Germany. Its aim was to monitor Jews and spread antisemitic material.

History

The Germanenorden was founded in Berlin in 1912 by Theodor Fritsch and several prominent German occultists including Philipp Stauff, who held office in the Guido von List Society and High Armanen Order as well as Hermann Pohl, who became the Germanenorden's first leader. The order was a clandestine movement that wished to create a small but devoted group and was a sister movement to the more open and mainstream Reichshammerbund.

In 1916, during World War I, the Germanenorden split into two parts. Eberhard von Brockhusen became the Grand Master of the "loyalist" Germanenorden. Pohl, previously the order's Chancellor, founded a schismatic offshoot: the Germanenorden Walvater of the Holy Grail. He was joined in the same year by Rudolf von Sebottendorff (formerly Rudolf Glauer), a wealthy adventurer with wide-ranging occult and mystical interests. A Freemason and a practitioner of Sufism and astrology, Sebottendorff was also an admirer of Guido von List and Lanz von Liebenfels.  Convinced that the Islamic and Germanic mystical systems shared a common Aryan root, he was attracted by Pohl's runic lore and became the Master of the Walvater's Bavarian province late in 1917. Charged with reviving the province's fortunes, Sebottendorff increased membership from about a hundred in 1917 to 1,500 by the autumn of the following year.

The Munich lodge of the Germanenorden Walvater when it was formally dedicated on August 18, 1918, was given the cover name the Thule Society, which is notable chiefly as the organization that sponsored the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP), which was later transformed by Adolf Hitler into the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party).

Activity
The Germanenorden had a hierarchical fraternal structure based on Freemasonry. The structure was adopted due to the assumption that Jews engaged in secret organizing, and that it would be best to counter their influence over the German public life by using the same method. The primary concern was to monitor Jewish activity and to be a centre for the distribution of antisemitic material. Secondary concerns involved the assistance between members in business and the circulation of völkisch journals, especially Fritsch's journal Hammer.

Applicants were required to prove their Germanic descent, and if they were married also their wife's. Through Bernhard Koerner, Stauff and Brockhusen, the order became imbued with the occult-nationalist ideas of List. Influenced by List's Ariosophy, it adopted a swastika superimposed on a cross as its symbol in 1916. The rituals of the order were influenced by theories about the Aryan race, Freemasonry and the operas of Richard Wagner.

See also
 Secret society

References

Citations

Sources

Antisemitism in Germany
Germanic mysticism
Secret societies in Germany
Organizations established in 1912
Organizations disestablished in 1934

Germanenorden


Le , officiellement , est un funiculaire situé sur les pentes du mont Tate à Tateyama, dans la préfecture de Toyama au Japon. Il est exploité par la compagnie Tateyama Kurobe Kankō. Le funiculaire fait partie de la route alpine Tateyama Kurobe.

Description
Le funiculaire se compose d'une voie unique avec évitement central.

Histoire
Le funiculaire ouvre le .

Caractéristiques

Ligne
 Longueur :
 Dénivelé :
 Pente : 56 %
 Écartement rails :
 Nombre de gares : 2

Liste des gares

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de funiculaires dans le monde
 Liste des chemins de fer japonais

Lien externe

Tateyama
Préfecture de Toyama

Funiculaire Tateyama


Lincosamidele reprezintă o clasă de antibiotice, singurele molecule utilizate în terapie fiind lincomicina, clindamicina și pirilimicina. Structura lincosamidelor este bazată pe un nucleu de pirolidină, care se leagă de o piranoză (metiltio-lincosamidă) prin intermediul unei legături amidice. Hidroliza lincosamidelor, în special a lincomicinei, duce la fragmentarea moleculei în cele două componente, oza și prolina. Cele două componente pot fi recombinate la compusul respectiv, sau se poate obține un derivat.

Note

Vezi și
 Macrolide
 Streptogramine

Lincosamide

Lincosamidă


Jesper Olsen (Faxe, Dinamarca, 20 de marzo de 1961), es un exfutbolista danés, siendo uno de los más destacados de la historia de este país. Se desempeñaba como extremo izquierdo y donde más destacó fue jugando para el AFC Ajax y el Manchester United.

Actualmente es el asistente del entrenador del Melbourne Heart australiano.

Clubes

Participaciones en Copas del Mundo

Palmarés

AFC Ajax

 Eredivisie: 1981-82, 1982-83
 Copa de los Países Bajos: 1983

Manchester United

 FA Cup: 1985

Futbolistas del Ajax de Ámsterdam
Futbolistas del Manchester United Football Club
Futbolistas del Football Club des Girondins de Bordeaux
Futbolistas del Stade Malherbe Caen Calvados Basse-Normandie
Futbolistas de Dinamarca en la Eurocopa 1984
Futbolistas de Dinamarca en la Copa Mundial de 1986
Futbolistas de Dinamarca en la Eurocopa 1988

Jesper Olsen


Trois navires différents de la marine royale suédoise ont porté successivement le nom de HMS Hajen (en suédois : « requin ») :
 Le , un sous-marin lancé en 1904 et désarmé en 1922.
 Le , un sous-marin de  lancé en 1917 et désarmé en 1943.
 Le , un sous-marin de  lancé en 1954 et désarmé en 1980.

Notes et références

HMS Hajen


في سنة 1960 قام شباب مدينة زليتن بمحاولة جادة لتكوين ناد رياضي ونجحت هذه المحاولة، وتم إنشاء نادي رسمي تحت اسم نادي النصر، وأفتتح بتاريخ 26/03/1960.
تم تغيير اسمه فيما بعد إلى نادي الشورى الرياضي الثقافي الاجتماعي.

المؤسسون
1- رمضان علي نجي العاتي
2- على سليم الفيتوري
3- محمد المدني الشويرف
4- محمد أحمد بشير أبوحجر
5- الهادي الترهوني

مجلس إدارة النادي

تشكل مجلس إدارة النادي في 04/01/1962 من الاخوة:
 إبراهيم الصاري (رئيساً)
 بشير سليم الفيتوري (سكرتيراً)
 الشريف يوسف القلاى (مراقباً عاماً)
 مفتاح عاشور (اميناً للصندوق)
 على حسين الشطشاطي (مشرفاً رياضياً)
 إبراهيم محمد إنديشة (مشرفاً ثقافيا)
 عبد الله محمد محسن (امينا للمكتبة)

اللاعبون القدامى
 يوسف أحمد بشير أبوحجر
 نوري الطاهر الترهوني
 رمضان الزعلوك
 أحمد امحمد سوف المدهم
 الطاهر بن عمران
 محمدعبد الله الزدام
 علي خليفة العلاقي
 الزين مختار الدغدوغ
 عبد السلام عبد الله نجي
 المبروك محمد المعداني
 إبراهيم علي حمادي
 علي محمد العاتي
 فتحي رمضان قنود
 محمد الوافي خير
 فرج علي احمادي
 مفتاح محمد فرج الفيتوري

لشورى
نادي الشورى

نادي الشورى