නෙළුම් කුළුණ (නැතහොත් කොළඹ නෙළුම් කුළුණ) , ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, කොළඹ නගරය තුල ඉදි කර ඇති 2019/09/16 දින නිළ වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලද   මීටර 350 ක් උසැති කුළුණක් වන අතර, මෙය නෙලුම් පොහොට්ටුවක හැඩ ඇති නිසා "නෙලුම් කුලුණ" ලෙස නම් කෙරේ.

ඉහල සිට පහල පෙනෙන ස්වභාවය

කොළඹ බේරෙ වැව අසල ඉදිකරමින් පවතින මෙම කුලුනේ ඉදි කිරීම් පිරිවැය ඈඩො මිලියන 104.3 ක් පමණ වන අතර, එම වියදම  මහජන චීන ජනරජය සතු එක්සිම් (EXIM) බැංකුව මගින් දරනු ලැබේ. මෙම කුලුන නිර්මාණය කිරීම විදුලි සංදේශන නියාමන කොමිෂන් සභාව විසින් කරනු ලබයි.  මුලදී මෙම කුළුණ  පෑලියගොඩ නගරයේ ඉදි කිරීමට සැලසුම් කලත් පසුව රජය විසින් එය වර්ථමාන ස්ථානය කරා රැගෙන එන ලදී. කුළුණ දකුණු ආසියාවේ උසම ඉදි කිරීම වනු ඇත.

19 th tallest tower in the world-ලොව 19 වන උසම සම්ප්‍රේශණ කුලුන

Basic Processor(මූලික සැකසුම්කරු)-Processor Nimal Silva

ස්ථානය
කොළඹ උප නගරයක කුළුණ ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට මුලින් තීරණය කෙරුනත්, පසුව ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය විසින් කුළුණ කොළඹ නගරයේ හදවත බඳු වූ බේරෙ වැව ආශ්‍රිත කලාපයකට ගෙන එන ලදී.

ඉදි කිරීම් කටයුතු

කුළුණේ ඉදි කිරීම් පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුම් කටයුතු 2012 ජනවාරි 3 න් වන දින (TCRSL) හි අධ්‍යක්ෂ ජනරාල් අනූෂ පැල්පිට මහතා ඈතුළු පිරිස විසින් සිදු කරන ලදී. පා. ම. බැසිල් රාජපක්ෂ මහතා විසින් 2012 ජනවාරි 20 වැනි දින කොළඹ නෙළුම් කුළුණ සඳහා මුල්ගල තබන ලදී. කුළුණ කොළඹ 10, D. R. විජයවර්ධන මාවතේ  බේරෙ වැව  ට මුහුණලා ඉදි කෙරේ. කොළඹ නෙළුම් කුළුණේ මූලික ආදායම් මාර්ග වනු ඈත්තේ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ සම්ප්‍රේෂණ ඈන්ටනා බදු දීම වේ. මෙම කුළුණට  ගුවන් විදුලි සහ රූපවාහිනී සම්ප්‍රේෂණ ඇන්ටනාවක් ලෙස ක්‍රියාත්මක වීමට හැකියාව පවතින බැවින්  රූපවාහිනී සේවා 50 කටත් ටෙලිසන්නිවේදන සේවා ආයතන 20 කටත් පහසුකම් සැපයීමට හැකිවෙතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.

ආකෘතිය
ඉදි කිරීම් ආකෘතිය නෙළුම් මලක හැඩයට සමාන වේ. නෙළුම් මල මගින් ශ්‍රී ලංකා සංස්කෘතියෙහි නිර්මලත්වය, සශ්‍රීකත්වය සහ දියුණුව පිළිබදව අර්ථ ගන්වයි. කුළුණේ පාදම සඳහාද  නෙළුම් මලක හැඩය යොදා ගැනේ. කුළුණ සඳහා රෝස හා ලා කහ  පැහැයට හුරු වර්ණ යොදා ගැනීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.

කුළුණ
කුළුණ මීටර 356 ක් උස වන අතර වර්ග මීටර 30,600 ක වපසරියකින් යුක්තයි.

ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ අංග
කුළුණට ඇතුළු වීම සඳහා දොරටු 4 ක් පවතින අතර ඉන් 2 ක් විශේෂ අමුත්තන් සඳහා වෙන් වේ.

පාදම
පහත මාලයේ අවන්හලක් හා ටෙලිසන්නිවේදන කෞතුකාගාරයක් ඉදි කෙරේ. කුළුණේ පීඨිකාව මහල් 6 කින් සමන්විත වන අතර පලමු මහලේ කෞතුකාගාරයක්ද  ප්‍රදර්ශන ශාලා 2 ක්ද ඉදි කෙරේ.

ප්‍රධාන බඳ
විදුලි සෝපාන 5

නෙළුම් මල

පළමු හා දෙවන තට්ටු
රූපවාහිනී හා ගුවන් විදුලි හා ජංගම දුරකතන ආයතන

තුන්වන තට්ටුව

උත්සව ශාලාව

හතරවන තට්ටුව
කරකැවෙන ආපනශාලාව 4 වන

පස්වන සහ හය වන තට්ටු
නඩත්තු අංශ

හත්වන තටිටුව
7 වන මහලේ නිරික්ෂණ වේදිකාව වේ.

අයිතිය
කොටස් වෙළඳපල හරහා

මේවාද බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උසම ඉදිකිරීම්
ලෝක වෙළෙඳ මධ්‍යස්ථානය (කොළඹ)

මුලාශ්‍ර

යෝජිත ගොඩනැගිලි

නෙළුම් කුළුණ


Arlette Yvonne Laguiller (født 18. marts 1940 i Île-de-France (født i 14. arrondissement i Paris og opvokset i Seine-Saint-Denis) er en fransk trotskistisk politiker.

I 1973–2008 var Arlette Laguiller talsperson for og leder af partiet Arbejdernes Kamp (LO).

Præsidentkandidat
Arlette Laguiller var kandidat for LO ved præsidentvalgene i 1974, 1981, 1988, 1995, 2002 og 2007.

Hendes bedste valg var i 2002, hvor hun fik 5,72 procent af stemmerne, og hvor hun blev den kandidat, der fik 5. flest stemmer. Hendes dårligste valg var i 2007, hvor hun fik 1,33 procent af stemmerne. Ved flere af valgene var hun den eneste kvindelige kandidat.

Medlem af Europa-Parlamentet
Arlette Laguiller var medlem af Europa-Parlamentet i 1999–2004. Her tilsluttede hun sig GUE/NGL.

Medlem af regionsrådet
I 1998–2004 var Arlette Laguiller medlem af regionsrådet for Île-de-France.

Præsidentkandidater fra Frankrig
Medlemmer af Europa-Parlamentet fra Frankrig
Fagforeningsfolk fra Frankrig

Arlette Laguiller


Tapkırankale, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Elbistan ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş iline 219 km, Elbistan ilçesine 59 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Tapkırankale Web Sitesi
 www.tavkirar.com(Tapkıran Köyleri Web Sitesi)

Elbistan'ın mahalleleri

Tapkırankale, Elbistan


Mina Libeer, née le , est une judokate belge.

Carrière
Mina Libeer remporte la médaille de bronze dans la catégorie des moins de 57 kg lors des Championnats d'Europe de judo 2022 à Sofia.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Judokate belge
Naissance en décembre 1997

Mina Libeer


This article lists the winners and nominees for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Gospel Artist. The award was first given during the 1980 ceremony and was later retired in 2009. During the years 2000 to 2002, the category was adjusted to award contemporary and traditional gospel artists separately. It was reverted in 2003. Since its conception, Kirk Franklin holds the record for most wins in this category with five. Yolanda Adams holds the record for the most wins in this category for female artists.

Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.

1980s

1990s

2000s

Multiple wins and nominations

Wins

 5 wins
 Kirk Franklin

 4 wins
 Yolanda Adams
 BeBe and CeCe Winans

Nominations

 6 nominations
 Kirk Franklin

 5 nominations
 Yolanda Adams
 CeCe Winans

 4 nominations
 BeBe and CeCe Winans

 3 nominations
 Mary Mary

 2 nominations
 Shirley Caesar
 Donnie McClurkin
 Vickie Winans

References

NAACP Image Awards


Fabio Herbert Kaufmann (né le  à Aalen) est un footballeur germano-italien. Il évolue au poste de Milieu de terrain à l'Eintracht Brunswick.

Biographie
La famille Kaufmann gère un concessionnaire automobile dans le quartier de Dewangen à Aalen. Il entre au VfR Aalen dès son plus jeune âge par l'intermédiaire de sa famille : son grand-père fut directeur du club dans les années 1970, son père joueur dans la deuxième équipe. Il est ramasseur de balle lors de matchs à domicile du club de troisième division de l'époque et accompagne l'équipe lors de matchs à l'extérieur.

À six ans, Kaufmann participe au Zecchino d'Oro avec la chanson Un cuoricino in più. Il obtient l'abitur à Aalen en 2012, puis effectue une année de volontariat social à Ulm.

Carrière
Kaufmann commence sa carrière de footballeur en 2001 dans le département des jeunes du VfR Aalen, avec les juniors, et va dans les différentes équipes de jeunes les années suivantes. Afin de jouer à un niveau supérieur, en 2009, il vient dans l'équipe première de jeunes du SSV Ulm 1846 Fußball, qui joue dans la deuxième division espoir allemande.

Dans le même temps, Kaufmann fait également deux apparitions dans l'équipe première du SSV Ulm 1846 en Regionalliga, en tant que titulaire, mais est remplacé les deux fois en seconde période. À la fin de la saison, l'équipe masculine est reléguée en cinquième division. À ce niveau, le milieu de terrain peut s'imposer comme un joueur régulier sous l'entraînement de Paul Sauter lors de la saison 2011-2012 et contribue à la remontée directe de l'équipe avec quatre buts et cinq passes décisives. Dans le niveau supérieur, Kaufmann s'améliore à nouveau lors de la saison 2012-2013, marquant neuf buts et en passant deux autres.

Après l'expiration de son contrat avec Ulm à l'été 2013, il retourne au VfR Aalen, qui le signe pour son équipe professionnelle, évoluant désormais en 2. Bundesliga, sous la direction de l'entraîneur Stefan Ruthenbeck. Kaufmann fait sa première apparition en deuxième division lors de la deuxième journée de la nouvelle saison en remplaçant. Après la relégation en troisième division du VfR Aalen en 2015, Kaufmann passe au FC Energie Cottbus à l'été 2015. Au cours de la saison 2015-2016, il dispute les 38 matchs de la troisième division, Energie Cottbus est relégué. La saison suivante, il joue en 2. Bundesliga pour le FC Erzgebirge Aue. Le , le club de troisième division FC Würzburger Kickers engage l'homme qui n'avait plus de club. Avec le club, il obtient la promotion en 2. Bundesliga à l'issue de la saison 2019-2020. Kaufmann marque 14 buts cette saison et est le meilleur passeur avec 12 passes décisives.

Fin , il signe un contrat de deux ans avec l'Eintracht Brunswick. Mais après la relégation en 3. Bundesliga en 2021, il vient au Karlsruher SC et reste ainsi en 2. Bundesliga.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1992
Naissance à Aalen
Footballeur allemand
Joueur du VfR Aalen
Joueur du FC Energie Cottbus
Joueur du FC Erzgebirge Aue
Joueur du FC Würzburger Kickers
Joueur de l'Eintracht Brunswick
Joueur du Karlsruher SC

Fabio Kaufmann


Celastrina ladon es una especie de mariposa ditrysia de la familia Lycaenidae. Se encuentra en Norteamérica desde Alaska y sur de la tundra de  Canadá hasta todos los Estados Unidos excepto la costa de Texas, sur de Florida.

Habita zonas boscosas. Algunas de sus plantas hospederas son Cornus florida  y Ceanothus americanus, también especies de varias otras familias. Los adultos tienen una vida muy corta, de unos pocos días. Las larvas son atendidas por hormigas.

Desde la publicación de una monografía sobre el  Grupo Lycaenopsis  en 1983 por Eliot y Kawazoe, C. ladon ha sido considerado por algunas autoridades como una subespecie de Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758). Otras autoridades siguen considerando C. ladon y las especies relacionadas C. neglecta y C. serotina, como  especies completas.

Subespecies
 Celastrina ladon ladon
 Celastrina ladon argentata (Fletcher, 1903)
 Celastrina ladon cinerea (Edwards, 1883) dans l'Arizona
 Celastrina ladon lucia ou Celastrina lucia (Kirby, 1837) le Boreal Spring Azure.
 Celastrina ladon nigrescens (Fletcher, 1903) le Western Spring Azure
 Celastrina ladon sidara (Clench, 1944) dans le Colorado

Especies similares
Celastrina neglecta
Celastrina serotina

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Spring Azure, Talk about Wildlife

ladon

Celastrina ladon


Callerya,  rod mahunarki iz tribusa Wisterieae, dio potporodice Faboideae. Pripada mu 13 vrsta uglavnom lijana i grmovitih penjačica, te dvije vrste stabala. Rod je raširen po Kini, Indokini, Malajskom poluotoku, Himalajama.

Vrste
 Callerya bonatiana (Pamp.) L.K.Phan
 Callerya cinerea (Benth.) Schot
 Callerya cochinchinensis (Gagnep.) Schot
 Callerya congestiflora (T.C.Chen) Z.Wei & Pedley
 Callerya dielsiana (Harms ex Diels) L.K.Phan ex Z.Wei & Pedley
 Callerya dorwardii (Collett & Hemsl.) Z.Wei & Pedley
 Callerya gentiliana (H.Lév.) Z.Wei & Pedley
 Callerya longipedunculata (Z.Wei) X.Y.Zhu
 Callerya nitida (Benth.) R.Geesink
 Callerya oosperma (Dunn) Z.Wei & Pedley
 Callerya sericosema (Hance) Z.Wei & Pedley
 Callerya sphaerosperma (Z.Wei) Z.Wei & Pedley
 Callerya tsui (F.P.Metcalf) Z.Wei & Pedley

Izvori

Wisterieae

Callerya


An Carex subantarctica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlo Luigi Carlos Luis Spegazzini. An Carex subantarctica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex subantarctica


Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch (October 30, 1906 – August 10, 1970) was a German-born American linguist, translator and the driving force behind the creation of the auxiliary language Interlingua.

Biography
Born to a German father and a Swiss mother, Gode studied at the University of Vienna and the University of Paris before leaving for the U.S. and becoming a citizen in 1927. He was an instructor at the University of Chicago as well as Columbia University, where he received his Ph.D. in Germanic Studies in 1939.

Alexander Gode died of cancer in hospital. He was preceded in death by his first wife, Johanna. Gode was survived by two daughters from his first marriage, his second wife Alison, and their two children.

Interlingua
Gode was involved with the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA) from 1933 on, sporadically at first. In 1936 the IALA began development of a new international auxiliary language and in 1939 Gode was hired to assist in this work.

After André Martinet was brought in to head the research in 1946, the two men's views came into conflict as Gode thought that Martinet was trying to schematize the new language too much, conflating it with Occidental. Gode saw no need to invent a language, as a product of some a-priori design. Instead, he and the former director of research, Ezra Clark Stillman, wanted to record the international vocabulary that, in their view, already existed. This would be done – and was being done before Martinet – by systematically extracting and modifying words from the existing control languages in such a way that they could be seen as dialects of a common language, with their own specific peculiarities. When Martinet resigned in 1948 over a salary dispute, Gode took up leadership and got full reign in implementing this vision. The result was Interlingua, the dictionary and grammar of which were published in 1951.

In 1953, the role of IALA was assumed by the Interlingua Division of Science Service, and Gode became the division director. He continued his involvement with Interlingua until his death by translating scientific and medical texts into it. He won awards for this from the American Medical Writers Association and the International Federation of Translators.

American Translators Association
Gode was one of the founders and first president of the American Translators Association (1960–1963). In his honor, this organization awards the Alexander Gode Medal "for outstanding service to the translation and interpreting professions".

Selected publications

Scholarly works

Translations

.

See also

Language education

References

External links
Alexander Gode von Aesch Papers - Biographical information, photographs, and correspondence collected by the University Library at Albany State University, New York
Biographias - Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch - Biography in Interlingua
November 1970 newsletter from the American Medical Writers Association - Obituary (in PDF format)
 Union Mundial pro Interlingua

1906 births
1970 deaths
Linguists from the United States
Linguists from Germany
Interlingua
Interlingua speakers
Constructed language creators
20th-century American translators
20th-century linguists
Immigrants to the United States
Presidents of the American Translators Association

Alexander Gode


Taro Kagawa (9. august 1922 - 6. marts 1990) var en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Taro Kagawa


NGC 336 este o galaxie spirală, posibil neregulată, situată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în 31 octombrie 1885 de către Francis Leavenworth.

Note

Vezi și

 NGC 335
 NGC 337

Legături externe

 NGC 336 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 336 pe WikiSky

Galaxii
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1885
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Francis Leavenworth

NGC 336


Cistita este o inflamație a vezicii urinare, un organism dedicat colectării urinei. Se poate produce în legătură cu o uretrită: se poate vorbi aici, de asemenea, uretrocistite. În cele mai multe cazuri , cistita se datorează infecției bacteriene de Escherichia coli , într-un număr mai mic de cazuri se datorează altor bacterii , cum ar fi Proteus , Klebsiella Pseudomonas , Staphylococcus saprophyticus și Staphylococcus aureus , dar apar și pentru infecții virale sau infecții fungice , medicamente și produse chimice toxice , instrumente , rinichi , cancerului vezicii urinare.

Cistita afecteaza mai mult femeile, deoarece uretra lor este mai scurtă (aproximativ 4cm) decât cea al bărbaților (aproximativ ) , iar apoi este mai mare pentru femei riscul de contaminare cu bacterii fecale , care poate mult mai ușor de depistat uretra la vezica urinara . Se estimează că aproximativ 25 % din femeile adulte sufera de cistita cel puțin o dată pe an.

În special, incidența variază cu vârsta : este foarte scăzut de până la 20 de ani . Probabilitatea de cistita recurente crește cu creșterea numărului de cazuri anterioare , în timp ce scade mai este intervalul dintre una și cealaltă cistita .

Factorii de risc pentru cistita la femei pot fi diferite : vârsta, sexul (care favorizează trecerea bacteriilor patogene in vagin , uretra si apoi în cele din urmă în vezica urinara), constipație, utilizarea diafragmei și creme spermicide. Factorii de risc pentru om sunt adesea atribuite hipertrofie, sau inflamatie a prostatei.

In sensibilitate suprapubiană. În caz de uretrita se adaugă disurie , stranguria , frecventa urinara , piurie , hematurie . Alte simptome ale cistitei sunt durere la urinare , urinare frecventa si de urgenta , urina tulbure si uneori ( in cazurile cele mai acute ), însoțită de prezența sângelui ( în acest ultim caz vorbim de cistită hemoragică ) .

Tratamentul de alegere este antibiotic , și trebuie să fie prescris de către medicul dumneavoastră , care vă poate cere să efectuați o midstream urocultura cu posibila susceptibilitate la alegerea medicamentului antibacterian cel mai adecvat . Ia 1.5-2 litri de apa pe zi . Apa poate fi însoțită de luarea suc de afine , afine , care a fost dovedit a avea antibacteriene bune abilități și de curățare .

Alte remedii care par anecdotic eficiente, dar pana in prezent nici un proces clinic : manoza , infuzii de nalba , coada-calului și canapea iarba , enzime lapte orale si vaginale ( variind de a restabili echilibrul florei bacteriene din vagin , care este pierdut intestinale ) , utilizarea unui lubrifiant vaginal specific pentru reducerea uscăciunii vaginale , magneziu pentru a reduce spasme musculare și cauza dureroasă și consecință a mai multor cistita .

Cauze

Cistita este provocată de o infecție bacteriană, care se declanșează atunci când bacteriile "vinovate" ajung în vezica urinară și o împiedică să își îndeplinească funcțiile. Aceste bacterii pătrund în organism prin uretră și provin în general din zona vaginală sau din intestine, cel mai frecvent diagnosticata prin urocultura fiind Escherichia Coli. O altă cauză frecventă este igiena precară, care permite bacteriilor din zona anală să ajungă în dreptul uretrei. De asemenea, litiaza urinara poate genera lezarea mucoasei uretrei sau vezicii si inmultirea germenilor existenti in mod natural in vezica si caile urinare.

Deshidratarea stă și ea deseori la baza cistitei, fiindcă un consum mic de lichide împiedică eliminarea completă a bacteriilor din rinichi și vezică.

Cistitele sunt frecvente și în cazul femeilor însărcinate, deoarece sarcina presează vezica urinară, care se golește incomplet, dar și în cazul femeilor aflate la post-menopauză, din cauza nivelului scăzut de estrogen.

Cistita poate fi prevenită prin menținerea unei igiene corecte, purtarea lenjeriei intime din bumbac, contactul sexual protejat și hidratarea corespunzătoare.

Simptome
Cistita se manifestă prin:
 nevoie frecventă de a urina
 durere sau usturime la urinare
 cantitate mică de urină eliminată de fiecare dată
 urină de culoare închisă, tulbure și uneori cu sânge
 urină cu un miros înțepător
 disconfort și dureri abdominale
 durere în timpul actului sexual
 lipsă de energie, stare generală proastă
 febră

Diagnostic și tratament
Diagnosticul cistitei se acordă în urma unor investigații, pentru care puteți primi trimitere de la medicul generalist sau de familie: sumarul de urină și urocultura vor evidenția prezența anumitor bacterii în urină, iar o ecografie de abdomen inferior va evidenția dacă există inflamații la nivelul vezicii urinare.

Tratamentul constă în antibiotice, prescrise în funcție de bacteriile depistate în urma analizelor. Antibioticul va fi însoțit de antiinflamatoare și eventual suplimente naturale care să favorizeze eliminarea bacteriilor. Trebuie să beți multe lichide, peste 3 litri de apă pe zi, să vă odihniți și să vă protejați de frig și umezeală.

Complicații
Infecțiile urinare pot fi rareori "duse pe picioare", din cauza simptomelor supărătoare care nu pot fi trecute cu vederea. Există însă și cazuri în care infecția trece de vezica urinară și urcă până în rinichi. Pacientul va resimți dureri acute de spate și dureri în special în zona rinichilor, însoțite de febră și stare generală proastă.

Note

Boli infecțioase
Boli ale sistemului urinar

Cistită


Den kinesisk-tibetanske krig var en krig, der startede i 1930, da den tibetanske hær under den 13. Dalai Lama invaderede Xikang og Yushu i Qinghai i en tvist om klostre. Ma-klikens krigsherre, Ma Bufang sendte i hemmelighed et telegram til Sichuan-krigsherren Liu Wenhui og lederen af Republikken Kina, Chiang Kai-shek, der tyder på et fælles angreb på de tibetanske styrker. Deres hære overvandt hurtigt og besejrede den tibetanske hær.

Konfliktens baggrund

Konfliktens rødder ligger i den omstridte grænse mellem det tibetanske regeringsområde og Republikken Kinas territorium, hvor den tibetanske regering i princippet påberåber områder, der bebos af tibetanere i nabolandene i Kina (Qinghai, Sichuan), som rent faktisk blev styret af kinesisk krigsherrer løst afstemt med republikken; i det spændte forhold mellem den 13. Dalai Lama og den 9. Panchen Lama, som førte til sidstnævntes eksil til kinesisk kontrolleret område; og i kompleksiteten af magtpolitik blandt lokale tibetanske dignitarier, både religiøse og sekulære. Den nærmeste årsag var, at høvdingen af Beri, et tibetansk område uden for den tibetanske regerings kontrol, beslaglagde besiddelserne for den inkarnerede lama i Nyarong-klosteret, der søgte støtte fra det nærliggende Dhargyä-kloster. Høvdingen af Beri blev angiveligt ansporet af tilhængere af den 9. Panchen Lama. Da Nyarong Lama og munke fra Dhargyä-klosteret genvandt kontrollen over Nyarong-klosteret i juni 1930, reagerede høvding af Beri ved at anmode om hjælp fra den lokale kinesiske krigsherre Liu Wenhui, guvernør i Sichuan. Lius styrker tog hurtigt kontrol over området. Dhargyä-munkene på deres side anmodede om hjælp fra den tibetanske regering, hvis styrker rykkede ind i Beri og drev Liu Wenhuis hær ud.

Kuomintangs muslimske tjenestemand Tang Kesan blev sendt for at forhandle om en afslutning på kampene. Ma Xiao var en muslimsk brigadebefalende i Liu Wenhuis hær. Den muslimske general Ma Fuxiang, som var leder af Kommissionen for mongolske og tibetanske anliggender, sendte en telegram til Tang Kesan, hvor han beordrede ham til at overtræde aftalen med Tibet, fordi han var bekymret over, at politiske rivaler i Nanjing udnyttede angrebet.

I de næste par år angreb tibetanerne gentagne gange Liu Wenhuis styrker, men blev flere gange besejret. I 1932 besluttede Tibet at udvide krigen i Qinghai mod Ma Bufang, hvis motiver har været genstand for spekulationer hos mange historikere.

Qinghai-Tibet-krigen

Da våbenhvilen forhandlet af Tang mislykkedes, udvidede Tibet krigen i 1932 og forsøgte at erobre dele af den sydlige Qinghai-provins efter en tvist i Yushu, Qinghai, over et kloster. Ma Bufang og Liu så dette som en mulighed for Kina for at generobre Xikang. Under general Ma forberedte den 9. Division (Kokonor) - sammensat udelukkende af muslimske tropper - til en offensiv mod tibetanerne (Kokonor er et andet navn for Qinghai). Krigen mod den tibetanske hær blev ledet af den muslimske general Ma Biao.

I 1931 blev Ma Biao leder af Yushu Forsvarsbrigade. Han var den anden brigadechef, mens den første brigade blev ledet af Ma Xun. Wang Jiamei var hans sekretær under krigen mod Tibet. Ma Biao kæmpede for at forsvare Mindre Surmang mod de angribende tibetanere den 24.-26. marts 1932. De invaderende tibetanske styrker oversteg massivt Ma Biaos forsvars Qinghai-styrker. Cai Zuozhen, den lokale Qinghai tibetanske buddhistiske Buqing stammeleder, kæmpede på Qinghais side mod de invaderende tibetanere.

Deres styrker trak sig tilbage til hovedstaden i Yushu, Jiegue, under Ma Biao for at forsvare den mod tibetanerne, mens Republikken Kinas regering under Chiang Kai-shek blev anmodet om militær hjælp som trådløse telegrafer, penge, ammunition og rifler.

En trådløs telegraf blev sendt og løste kommunikationsproblemet. Ma Xun blev sendt for at styrke Qinghai-styrkerne og ledsaget af propagandister, mens mobilfilm og medicinsk behandling fra læger fremmede respekten blandt den primitive tibetanske lokalbefolkning.

Ma Xun styrkede Jiegu efter, at Ma Biao kæmpede i mere end 2 måneder mod tibetanerne. Den tibetanske hær talte 3.000 mand. Gentagne tibetanske angreb blev afvist af Ma Biao - selvom hans tropper var i undertal - da tibetanerne var dårligt forberedt på krig, og led alvorligere dødsfald end Qinghai-hæren. Kanoner med kugler, der ikke eksploderede, blev affyret af tibetanerne, og deres artilleri var ubrugeligt. Ma Lu blev sendt med flere forstærkninger for at hjælpe Ma Biao og Ma Xun sammen med La Pingfu. Jiegu-belejringen blev afløst af La Pingfu den 20. august 1932, hvilket frigjorde Ma Biaos og Ma Xuns soldater til at angribe tibetanerne. Hånd-til-hånd-kamp med sværd, udviklede sig efterhånden, som den tibetanske hær blev slagtet af gruppen "Store Sværd" i Qinghai-hæren i et midnatsangreb under ledelse af Ma Biao og Ma Xun. Tibetanerne led massive tab og flygtede på slagmarken, da de blev besejrede. Det land, der blev besat i Yushu af tibetanerne, blev genvundet.

Både den tibetanske hær og Ma Biaos soldater begik krigsforbrydelser ifølge Cai. Tibetanske soldater havde voldtaget nonner og kvinder (lokale Qinghai-tibetanere) efter plyndring af klostre og ødelæggelse af landsbyer i Yushu, mens tibetanske soldater, der overgav sig og flygtede, blev summarisk henrettede af Ma Biaos soldater, og forsyninger blev beslaglagt fra de lokale civile nomader af Ma Biaos hær.

Ma Biao beordrede de religiøse bøger, genstande og statuer i det tibetanske Gadan-kloster, der havde startet krigen, til at blive ødelagt, da han var rasende over deres rolle i krigen. Han beordrede klostrets afbrænding af den yushu-tibetanske buddhistiske leder Cai. Men Cai kunne ikke bringe sig til at brænde templet og løj over for Biao, at templet var blevet brændt det. Ma biao beslaglagde tusindvis af sølvdollars værdi af varer fra lokale nomader som gengældelse mod dem for at hjælpe den invaderende tibetanske hær. Den 24. og 27. august opstod massive artilleri-dueller i Surmang mellem tibetanerne og Qinghai-hæren. 200 tibetanske soldater blev dræbt i kamp med Qinghai-hæren, efter at tibetanerne kom for at styrke deres positioner. Større Surmang blev forladt af tibetanerne, da de blev angrebet af La Pingfu den 2. september. La Pingfu, Ma Biao og Ma Xun mødtes af Ma Lus forstærkninger i Batang den 20. september.

Liu Wenhui, Xikang-krigsherren, havde indgået en aftale med Ma Bufang og Ma Lins Qinghai-hær for at slå tibetanerne i Xikang. Et koordineret fælles Xikang-Qinghai-angreb mod den tibetanske hær i Qingke-klosteret førte til et tibetansk tilbagetrækning fra klosteret og Jinsha-floden.

Ma Bufangs hær overvandt de tibetanske hære og genvandt flere områder i Xikang-provinsen, herunder Shiqu, Dengke og andre områder. Tibetanerne blev presset tilbage til den anden side af Jinsha-floden. Qinghai-hæren genvandt områder, der var faldet i hænderne på den tibetanske hær efter 1919. Ma og Liu advarede tibetanske embedsmænd om ikke at krydse Jinsha-floden igen. Ma Bufang besejrede tibetanerne ved Dan Chokorgon. Flere tibetanske generaler overgav sig og blev derefter degraderede af Dalai Lama. I august havde tibetanerne mistet så meget territorium til Liu Wenhui og Ma Bufangs styrker, at Dalai Lama telegraferede til den britiske regering i Indien for at få hjælp. Britisk pres fik Nanjing til at erklære en våbenhvile. Separate fredsaftaler blev underskrevet af Ma og Liu med tibetanerne i 1933, og afsluttede kampene. Alle tibetanske (Kham) territorier øst for Yangtsen faldt i kinesiske hænder, hvorved den øvre Yangtse-flod blev grænsen mellem kinesisk og tibetansk kontrollerede områder.

Den kinesiske regering og Ma Bufang beskyldte briterne for at levere våben og våben til tibetanerne under hele krigen. Der var faktisk et solidt grundlag for denne anklage: trods vedvarende diplomatiske bestræbelser, der tilskyndede begge parter til at afholde sig fra fjendtlighederne og finde en omfattende løsning, gav den britiske regering - og senere Indien - en del militær træning og små mængder af våben og ammunition til Tibet gennem hele perioden 1912-1950 med de facto tibetansk uafhængighed.

Omdømmet for de muslimske styrker under Ma Bufang blev styrket af krigen og sejren over den tibetanske hær.

Ma Biaos anseelse steg over hans rolle i krigen og senere i 1937 drev hans kampe mod japanerne ham til landsdækkende berømmelse i Kina. Kinesisk kontrol over grænseområderne Kham og Yushu blev sikret af Qinghai-hæren. Kinesiske muslimske skoler brugte deres sejr i krigen mod Tibet til at vise, hvordan de forsvarede Kinas territoriale integritet, som Japan begyndte at krænke i 1937.

Et skuespil blev skrevet og præsenteret i 1936 for Qinghais "Islam Progressive Råd"s skoler af Shao Hongsi om krigen mod Tibet med den del af Ma Biao, der optrådte i skuespillet hvor han besejrede tibetanerne. Skuespillet præsenterede Ma Biao og Ma Bufang som helte, der forsvarede Yushu fra at være tabt til tibetanerne og sammenligne dem med den japanske invasion af Manchuriet og sagde, at muslimerne stoppede det samme scenario i Yushu. Ma Biao og hans kamp mod japanerne blev hyldet på skolerne under Islams Progressive Råd i Qinghai. Vægten på militær træning i skolerne og deres indsats for at forsvare Kina blev fremhævet i Kunlun tidsskriftet af muslimer. I 1939 førte hans kamp mod japanerne til anerkendelse over hele Kina.

Noter

Tibets historie

Den kinesisk-tibetanske krig 1930


In  solid-state physics and condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of modes per unit frequency range. The density of states is defined as  where  is the number of states in the system of volume  whose energies lie in the range from  to . It is mathematically represented as a distribution by a probability density function, and it is generally an average over the space and time domains of the various states occupied by the system. The density of states is directly related to the dispersion relations of the properties of the system. High DOS at a specific energy level means that many states are available for occupation.

Generally, the density of states of matter is continuous. In isolated systems however, such as atoms or molecules in the gas phase, the density distribution is discrete, like a spectral density. Local variations, most often due to distortions of the original system, are often referred to as local densities of states (LDOSs).

Introduction
In quantum mechanical systems, waves, or wave-like particles, can occupy modes or states with wavelengths and propagation directions dictated by the system. For example, in some systems, the interatomic spacing and the atomic charge of a material might allow only electrons of certain wavelengths to exist. In other systems, the crystalline structure of a material might allow waves to propagate in one direction, while suppressing wave propagation in another direction. Often, only specific states are permitted. Thus, it can happen that many states are available for occupation at a specific energy level, while no states are available at other energy levels.

Looking at the density of states of electrons at the band edge between the valence and conduction bands in a semiconductor, for an electron in the conduction band, an increase of the electron energy makes more states available for occupation. Alternatively, the density of states is discontinuous for an interval of energy, which means that no states are available for electrons to occupy within the band gap of the material. This condition also means that an electron at the conduction band edge must lose at least the band gap energy of the material in order to transition to another state in the valence band.

This determines if the material is an insulator or a metal in the dimension of the propagation. The result of the number of states in a band is also useful for predicting the conduction properties. For example, in a one dimensional crystalline structure an odd number of electrons per atom results in a half-filled top band; there are free electrons at the Fermi level resulting in a metal. On the other hand, an even number of electrons exactly fills a whole number of bands, leaving the rest empty. If then the Fermi level lies in an occupied band gap between the highest occupied state and the lowest empty state, the material will be an insulator or semiconductor.

Depending on the quantum mechanical system, the density of states can be calculated for electrons, photons, or phonons, and can be given as a function of either energy or the wave vector . To convert between the DOS as a function of the energy and the DOS as a function of the wave vector, the system-specific energy dispersion relation between  and  must be known.

In general, the topological properties of the system such as the band structure, have a major impact on the properties of the density of states. The most well-known systems, like neutronium in neutron stars and free electron gases in metals (examples of degenerate matter and a Fermi gas), have a 3-dimensional Euclidean topology. Less familiar systems, like two-dimensional electron gases (2DEG) in graphite layers and the quantum Hall effect system in MOSFET type devices, have a 2-dimensional Euclidean topology. Even less familiar are carbon nanotubes, the quantum wire and Luttinger liquid with their 1-dimensional topologies. Systems with 1D and 2D topologies are likely to become more common, assuming developments in nanotechnology and materials science proceed.

Definition
The density of states related to volume  and  countable energy levels is defined as:

Because the smallest allowed change of momentum  for a particle in a box of dimension  and length  is , the volume-related density of states for continuous energy levels is obtained in the limit  as

Here,  is the spatial dimension of the considered system and  the wave vector.

For isotropic one-dimensional systems with parabolic energy dispersion, the density of states is  In two dimensions the density of states is a constant  while in three dimensions it becomes

Equivalently, the density of states can also be understood as the derivative of the microcanonical partition function  (that is, the total number of states with energy less than ) with respect to the energy:

The number of states with energy  (degree of degeneracy) is given by:

where the last equality only applies when the mean value theorem for integrals is valid.

Symmetry

There is a large variety of systems and types of states for which DOS calculations can be done.

Some condensed matter systems possess a structural symmetry on the microscopic scale which can be exploited to simplify calculation of their densities of states. In spherically symmetric systems, the integrals of functions are one-dimensional because all variables in the calculation depend only on the radial parameter of the dispersion relation. Fluids, glasses and amorphous solids are examples of a symmetric system whose dispersion relations have a rotational symmetry.

Measurements on powders or polycrystalline samples require evaluation and calculation functions and integrals over the whole domain, most often a Brillouin zone, of the dispersion relations of the system of interest. Sometimes the symmetry of the system is high, which causes the shape of the functions describing the dispersion relations of the system to appear many times over the whole domain of the dispersion relation. In such cases the effort to calculate the DOS can be reduced by a great amount when the calculation is limited to a reduced zone or fundamental domain. The Brillouin zone of the face-centered cubic lattice (FCC) in the figure on the right has the 48-fold symmetry of the point group Oh with full octahedral symmetry. This configuration means that the integration over the whole domain of the Brillouin zone can be reduced to a 48-th part of the whole Brillouin zone. As a crystal structure periodic table shows, there are many elements with a FCC crystal structure, like diamond, silicon and platinum and their Brillouin zones and dispersion relations have this 48-fold symmetry. Two other familiar crystal structures are the body-centered cubic lattice (BCC) and hexagonal closed packed structures (HCP) with cubic and hexagonal lattices, respectively. The BCC structure has the 24-fold pyritohedral symmetry of the point group Th. The HCP structure has the 12-fold prismatic dihedral symmetry of the point group D3h. A complete list of symmetry properties of a point group can be found in point group character tables.

In general it is easier to calculate a DOS when the symmetry of the system is higher and the number of topological dimensions of the dispersion relation is lower. The DOS of dispersion relations with rotational symmetry can often be calculated analytically. This result is fortunate, since many materials of practical interest, such as steel and silicon, have high symmetry.

In anisotropic condensed matter systems such as a single crystal of a compound, the density of states could be different in one crystallographic direction than in another. These causes the anisotropic density of states to be more difficult to visualize, and might require methods such as calculating the DOS for particular points or directions only, or calculating the projected density of states (PDOS) to a particular crystal orientation.

k-space topologies

The density of states is dependent upon the dimensional limits of the object itself. In a system described by three orthogonal parameters (3 Dimension), the units of DOS is  in a two dimensional system, the units of DOS is  in a one dimensional system, the units of DOS is  The referenced volume is the volume of -space; the space enclosed by the constant energy surface of the system derived through a dispersion relation that relates  to . An example of a 3-dimensional -space is given in Fig. 1. It can be seen that the dimensionality of the system confines the momentum of particles inside the system.

Density of wave vector states (sphere)
The calculation for DOS starts by counting the  allowed states at a certain  that are contained within  inside the volume of the system. This procedure is done by differentiating the whole k-space volume  in n-dimensions at an arbitrary , with respect to . The volume, area or length in 3, 2 or 1-dimensional spherical -spaces are expressed by

for a -dimensional -space with the topologically determined constants

for linear, disk and spherical symmetrical shaped functions in 1, 2 and 3-dimensional Euclidean -spaces respectively.

According to this scheme, the density of wave vector states  is, through differentiating  with respect to , expressed by

The 1, 2 and 3-dimensional density of wave vector states for a line, disk, or sphere are explicitly written as

One state is large enough to contain particles having wavelength λ. The wavelength is related to  through the relationship.

In a quantum system the length of λ will depend on a characteristic spacing of the system L that is confining the particles. Finally the density of states N is multiplied by a factor , where  is a constant degeneracy factor that accounts for internal degrees of freedom due to such physical phenomena as spin or polarization. If no such phenomenon is present then . Vk is the volume in k-space whose wavevectors are smaller than the smallest possible wavevectors decided by the characteristic spacing of the system.

Density of energy states
To finish the calculation for DOS find the number of states per unit sample volume at an energy  inside an interval . The general form of DOS of a system is given as

The scheme sketched so far only applies to monotonically rising and spherically symmetric dispersion relations. In general the dispersion relation  is not spherically symmetric and in many cases it isn't continuously rising either. To express D as a function of E the inverse of the dispersion relation  has to be substituted into the expression of  as a function of k to get the expression of  as a function of the energy. If the dispersion relation is not spherically symmetric or continuously rising and can't be inverted easily then in most cases the DOS has to be calculated numerically. More detailed derivations are available.

Dispersion relations
The dispersion relation for electrons in a solid is given by the electronic band structure.

The kinetic energy of a particle depends on the magnitude and direction of the wave vector k, the properties of the particle and the environment in which the particle is moving. For example, the kinetic energy of an electron in a Fermi gas is given by

where m is the electron mass. The dispersion relation is a spherically symmetric parabola and it is continuously rising so the DOS can be calculated easily.

For longitudinal phonons in a string of atoms the dispersion relation of the kinetic energy in a 1-dimensional k-space, as shown in Figure 2, is given by

where  is the oscillator frequency,  the mass of the atoms,  the inter-atomic force constant and  inter-atomic spacing. For small values of  the dispersion relation is rather linear:

When  the energy is

With the transformation  and small  this relation can be transformed to

Isotropic dispersion relations
The two examples mentioned here can be expressed like

This expression is a kind of dispersion relation because it interrelates two wave properties and it is isotropic because only the length and not the direction of the wave vector appears in the expression. The magnitude of the wave vector is related to the energy as:

Accordingly, the volume of n-dimensional -space containing wave vectors smaller than  is:

Substitution of the isotropic energy relation gives the volume of occupied states

Differentiating this volume with respect to the energy gives an expression for the DOS of the isotropic dispersion relation

Parabolic dispersion

In the case of a parabolic dispersion relation (p = 2), such as applies to free electrons in a Fermi gas, the resulting density of states, , for electrons in a n-dimensional systems is

for , with  for .

In 1-dimensional systems the DOS diverges at the bottom of the band as  drops to . In 2-dimensional systems the DOS turns out to be independent of . Finally for 3-dimensional systems the DOS rises as the square root of the energy.

Including the prefactor , the expression for the 3D DOS is

where  is the total volume, and  includes the 2-fold spin degeneracy.

Linear dispersion
In the case of a linear relation (p = 1), such as applies to photons, acoustic phonons, or to some special kinds of electronic bands in a solid, the DOS in 1, 2 and 3 dimensional systems is related to the energy as:

Distribution functions

The density of states plays an important role in the kinetic theory of solids. The product of the density of states and the probability distribution function is the number of occupied states per unit volume at a given energy for a system in thermal equilibrium. This value is widely used to investigate various physical properties of matter. The following are examples, using two common distribution functions, of how applying a distribution function to the density of states can give rise to physical properties.

Fermi–Dirac statistics: The Fermi–Dirac probability distribution function, Fig. 4, is used to find the probability that a fermion occupies a specific quantum state in a system at thermal equilibrium. Fermions are particles which obey the Pauli exclusion principle (e.g. electrons, protons, neutrons). The distribution function can be written as

 is the chemical potential (also denoted as EF and called the Fermi level when T=0),  is the Boltzmann constant, and  is temperature. Fig. 4 illustrates how the product of the Fermi-Dirac distribution function and the three-dimensional density of states for a semiconductor can give insight to physical properties such as carrier concentration and Energy band gaps.

Bose–Einstein statistics: The Bose–Einstein probability distribution function is used to find the probability that a boson occupies a specific quantum state in a system at thermal equilibrium. Bosons are particles which do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle (e.g. phonons and photons). The distribution function can be written as

From these two distributions it is possible to calculate properties such as the internal energy per unit volume , the number of particles , specific heat capacity , and thermal conductivity . The relationships between these properties and the product of the density of states and the probability distribution, denoting the density of states by  instead of , are given by

 is dimensionality,  is sound velocity and  is mean free path.

Applications
The density of states appears in many areas of physics, and helps to explain a number of quantum mechanical phenomena.

Quantization

Calculating the density of states for small structures shows that the distribution of electrons changes as dimensionality is reduced. For quantum wires, the DOS for certain energies actually becomes higher than the DOS for bulk semiconductors, and for quantum dots the electrons become quantized to certain energies.

Photonic crystals
The photon density of states can be manipulated by using periodic structures with length scales on the order of the wavelength of light. Some structures can completely inhibit the propagation of light of certain colors (energies), creating a photonic band gap: the DOS is zero for those photon energies. Other structures can inhibit the propagation of light only in certain directions to create mirrors, waveguides, and cavities. Such periodic structures are known as photonic crystals. In nanostructured media the concept of local density of states (LDOS) is often more relevant than that of DOS, as the DOS varies considerably from point to point.

Computational calculation
Interesting systems are in general complex, for instance compounds, biomolecules, polymers, etc. Because of the complexity of these systems the analytical calculation of the density of states is in most of the cases impossible. Computer simulations offer a set of algorithms to evaluate the density of states with a high accuracy. One of these algorithms is called the Wang and Landau algorithm.

Within the Wang and Landau scheme any previous knowledge of the density of states is required. One proceeds as follows: the cost function (for example the energy) of the system is discretized. Each time the bin i is reached one updates a histogram for the density of states, , by

where  is called the modification factor. As soon as each bin in the histogram is visited a certain number of times (10-15), the modification factor is reduced by some criterion, for instance,

where  denotes the -th update step. The simulation finishes when the modification factor is less than a certain threshold, for instance

The Wang and Landau algorithm has some advantages over other common algorithms such as multicanonical simulations and parallel tempering. For example, the density of states is obtained as the main product of the simulation. Additionally, Wang and Landau simulations are completely independent of the temperature. This feature allows to compute the density of states of systems with very rough energy landscape such as proteins.

Mathematically the density of states is formulated in terms of a tower of covering maps.

Local density of states
An important feature of the definition of the DOS is that it can be extended to any system. One of its properties are the translationally invariability which means that the density of the states is homogeneous and it's the same at each point of the system. But this is just a particular case and the LDOS gives a wider description with a heterogeneous density of states through the system.

Concept
Local density of states (LDOS) describes a space-resolved density of states. In materials science, for example, this term is useful when interpreting the data from a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), since this method is capable of imaging electron densities of states with atomic resolution. According to crystal structure, this quantity can be predicted by computational methods, as for example with density functional theory.

A general definition
In a local density of states the contribution of each state is weighted by the density of its wave function at the point.  becomes

the factor of  means that each state contributes more in the regions where the density is high. An average over  of this expression will restore the usual formula for a DOS. The LDOS is useful in inhomogeneous systems, where  contains more information than  alone.

For a one-dimensional system with a wall, the sine waves give

where .

In a three-dimensional system with  the expression is

In fact, we can generalise the local density of states further to

this is called the spectral function and it's a function with each wave function separately in its own variable. In more advanced theory it is connected with the Green's functions and provides a compact representation of some results such as optical absorption.

Solid state devices
LDOS can be used to gain profit into a solid-state device. For example, the figure on the right illustrates LDOS of a transistor as it turns on and off in a ballistic simulation. The LDOS has clear boundary in the source and drain, that corresponds to the location of band edge. In the channel, the DOS is increasing as gate voltage increase and potential barrier goes down.

Optics and photonics
In optics and photonics, the concept of local density of states refers to the states that can be occupied by a photon. For light it is usually measured by fluorescence methods, near-field scanning methods or by cathodoluminescence techniques. For different photonic structures, the LDOS have different behaviors and they are controlling spontaneous emission in different ways. In photonic crystals, the near-zero LDOS are expected and they cause inhibition in the spontaneous emission.
The LDOS are still in photonic crystals but now they are in the cavity. In this case, the LDOS can be much more enhanced and they are proportional with Purcell enhancements of the spontaneous emission.
Similar LDOS enhancement is also expected in plasmonic cavity.
However, in disordered photonic nanostructures, the LDOS behave differently. They fluctuate spatially with their statistics are proportional to the scattering strength of the structures.
In addition, the relationship with the mean free path of the scattering is trivial as the LDOS can be still strongly influenced by the short details of strong disorders in the form of a strong Purcell enhancement of the emission. and finally, for the plasmonic disorder, this effect is much stronger for LDOS fluctuations as it can be observed as a strong near-field localization.

See also

References

Further reading
Chen, Gang. Nanoscale Energy Transport and Conversion. New York: Oxford, 2005
Streetman, Ben G. and Sanjay Banerjee. Solid State Electronic Devices. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000.
Muller, Richard S. and Theodore I. Kamins. Device Electronics for Integrated Circuits. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
Kittel, Charles and Herbert Kroemer. Thermal Physics. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1980
Sze, Simon M. Physics of Semiconductor Devices. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981

External links
 Online lecture:ECE 606 Lecture 8: Density of States by M. Alam
 Scientists shed light on glowing materials How to measure the Photonic LDOS

Statistical mechanics
Physical quantities
Electronic band structures

Density of states


SHDSL (Simetrik HDSL), standartlaştırlmış simetrik DSL türüdür. Bir veya iki bakır tel çifti üzerinde çalışabilmektedir. Çift sayısı ikiye çıkarıldığında hız artışı sağlanmaktadır.
Hız - Bir çift tel üzerinde 2.31 Mbps, iki çift tel üzerinde 4.6 Mbps
Azami mesafe - 6000 m (3.78 mil) veya fazlası

SHDSL bir transmisyon teknolojisi olup simetrik olarak veri iletimini sağlar, veri iletiminin simetrik olması upload ve download bant genişliklerinin aynı değerde olması demektir. SHDSL modemler veri bağı katmanı protokolleri olarak ATM, TDM ve EFM teknolojilerini kullanırlar. ATM ve EFM teknolojilerini kullanan SHDSL modemler genellikle IP üzerinden veri ve ses iletimi için kullanılırlar. Katman 2'de TDM teknolojisini kullanan modemler genellikle ses iletiminde kullanılırlar. SHDSL TDM modemlerin kullanım alanlarına örnek olarak Telekom santrallerinden son kullanıcıya PRI hatların taşınması örnek olarak verilebilir.

G.SHDSL modemler katman 2'de ATM teknolojisini kullanan modemlerdir ve günümüzde daha çok veri iletimi ve VoIP uygulamaları için kullanılır.

Digital Subscriber Line
Bilgisayar
İnternet erişimi
İnternet teknolojileri
DSL türleri

SHDSL


Yellow Ostrich ist eine US-amerikanische Indie-Rock-Band.

Geschichte
Die Band wurde 2010 in New York City vom Sänger und Gitarristen Alex Schaaf, vom Schlagzeuger Michael Tapper und vom Bassisten und Bläser Jon Natchez gegründet.
Alex Schaaf nahm wenige Monate vor der Bandgründung bereits das Solo-Album Wild Comfort auf. Jon Natchez spielte zuvor bei Beirut, The Antlers und Camera Obscura.

2011 veröffentlichte Yellow Ostrich ihr Debüt-Album The Mistress und tourten als Vorgruppe für verschiedene Bands, u. a. für The Antlers und Ra Ra Riot. 2012 veröffentlicht die Band ihr zweites Album Strange Land.

Der Musikstil von Yellow Ostrich ist ein gitarrenorientierter Indie-Rock im LoFi-Sound. Als musikalische Bezugspunkte benennt die Band Velvet Underground, Wire und Neil Young.

Diskografie

Alben
 2009: Yellow Ostrich
 2009: Wild Comfort
 2011: The Mistress
 2012: Strange Land
 2014: Cosmos

EPs
 2009: Carousels
 2010: The Serious Kids EP
 2010: The Morgan Freeman EP
 2010: Fade Cave EP
 2012: Ghost

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

 Video: "Hold On" (HearYa Live Session 8/5/12)
 Video: "Whale" (Live on KEXP)
 Video: "Mary (Alternate)"

Einzelnachweise

Rockband
Indie-Band
US-amerikanische Band

Yellow Ostrich


was a district located in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

As of March 31, 2005, the district had an estimated population of 35,762. The total area was 402.98 km2.

It was written that there were nine areas Yamaguchi, Kuwaichi, Ita, Katsu, Hirata, Toga, Asago and Awaga in Asago District on Wamyō Ruijushō. It is thought that Ikuno was included in Fudoki for Harima Province.

 November 18, 1878 (Meiji 11): the township and villages law enforcement organization since the merger of towns and villages
 April 1, 1889 (Meiji 22): Mayumi County village from the village
 September 30, 956 (Showa 1931): the adoptive father County town from the south
 April 1, 1957 (Showa 32): the town of Kanzaki County Ookawati Totihara Kawashiri district incorporation
 April 1, 1959 (Showa 34): Wadayama day by the moat from the district town to town adoptive father separation County adoptive father to the border counties have been changed.

Prior to March 31, 2005, the district had 4 towns.
 Asago
 Ikuno
 Santō
 Wadayama

On April 1, 2005, the former town of Asago absorbed the towns of Ikuno, Santō and Wadayama to create the city of Asago. Therefore, Asago District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

County governments in transition
 April 1, 1889 - the areas in Asago District merged to the forms of one town and eight villages.
 April 1, 1926 - the village of Yanase was elevated to town status.
 January 1, 1927 - the village of Takeda was elevated to town status.
 April 10, 1930 - the village of Hirata was elevated to town status (town of Wadayama).
 March 31, 1954 - the town of Yanase, and the villages of Awaga and Youdo were merged (town of Santō).
 March 31, 1954 - the villages of Yamaguchi and Nakagawa were merged (town of Asago).
 March 31, 1955 - the town of Wadayama, and the village of Toga were merged (town of Wadayama).
 September 30, 1956 - the towns of Wadayama, Takeda, and Nantan, Yabu District were merged (town of Wadayama).
 April 1, 1957 - the Kawajiri and Tochihara areas in the town of Ōkawachi, Kanzaki District were incorporated into the town of Ikuno.
 April 1, 1959 - the part of Horihata area in Wadayama town was incorporated into the town of Yabu, Yabu District (Horihata, Yabu)
 April 1, 2005 - The former town of Asago absorbed the towns of Ikuno, Santō and Wadayama were merged to create the city of Asago. Asago District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

See also
List of dissolved districts of Japan

External links
Asago City Hall
Conference of merging of Ikuno, Wadayama Santō and Asago

Former districts of Hyōgo Prefecture

Asago District, Hyōgo


Beta-lactamazele sunt enzime () produse de către bacterii pentru a antagoniza actiunea antibioticelor beta-lactamice, precum sunt: penicilinele, cefalosporinele, cefamicinele și carbapenemele (deși cele din urmă sunt mai rezistente la acțiunea acestor enzime). Rezistența bacteriilor este conferită de aceste enzime care sunt capabile să distrugă structura ciclică de beta-lactamă a antibioticelor, în urma unei reacții de hidroliză. Deschiderea ciclului conduce la inactivarea antibioticului.

Note

Vezi și
 Inhibitor de beta-lactamază

Hidrolaze

Beta-lactamază


Vesna Busić (Zagreb, 26. svibnja, 1983.) je njemačka  profesionalna hrvačica  hrvatskog podrijetla. Najbolje je znaju na Američkoj i Europskoj kečerskoj indy sceni s imenima Wesna i Wesna Busic. Hrvala se German Wrestling Federation, Norwegian Wrestling Federation i SHIMMER-u. Poznata je i kao "The Croatian Panther"-

U profesionalnom hrvanju
Završni potezi
CB4-Driver (Kneeing cradle belly to back piledriver)
Pojedinačni potezi
Big boot
Bridging German suplex
Fisherman driver
Front flip neckbreaker
High-angle senton bomb
Samoan drop

Izvori

Kečeri
Hrvatski kečeri
Hrvati u Njemačkoj
Njemački športaši

Vesna Busić