Saviñán, también denominado Sabiñán, es un apeadero ferroviario situado en el municipio español de Saviñán en la provincia de Zaragoza, comunidad autónoma de Aragón. Cuenta con servicios de Media Distancia.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 259,5 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico que une Madrid con Barcelona a 454 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de Paracuellos-Saviñán y de Morés. El tramo es de via única y está electrificado.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 15 de agosto de 1938, en plena Guerra Civil, tras solicitar un apeadero en la sección 6 (tramo Calatayud - Zaragoza) de la línea férrea Madrid-Zaragoza a la Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante o MZA. Dicho tramo se había inaugurado en 1863, pero el tren no paraba en este apeadero, sino en la estación de Paracuellos-Sabiñán, situada a más de 2 km, hasta que fueron atendidas las demandas de la población.

En 1941, la nacionalización del ferrocarril en España supuso la integración de MZA en la recién creada RENFE.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
Renfe presta servicios de Media Distancia gracias a sus trenes Regionales en los trayectos indicados, realizando dos servicios diarios por sentido en total, de la forma que se detalla a continuación. El servicio regional con destino/origen Madrid-Chamartín se presta una vez al día por sentido con trenes automotores eléctricos R-470 de Renfe. El servicio Zaragoza-Arcos de Jalón se presta una vez al día por sentido con antiguos Intercity reconvertidos a regionales, los trenes de la serie 448 de Renfe.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Media Distancia Aragón en la web de Renfe.

Saviñán
Saviñán
Savi
Sabiñán
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1863
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Aragón inauguradas en el siglo XIX

Estación de Saviñán


An Sporobolus natalensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Théophile Alexis Durand och Schinz. An Sporobolus natalensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sporobolus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sporobolus

Sporobolus natalensis


Bernsteinov polinom se može uzeti kao aproksimacija funkcije neprekidne na segmentu i to je polinom koji služi kao primjer za Weierstrassov teorem o aproksimaciji neprekidne funkcije na segmentu polinomom, koji govori da se razlika između funkcije i traženog polinoma (teorem ne daje metodu kako da se polinom nađe, nego samo utvrđuje postojanje) može napraviti proizvoljno malom, tj.  gdje je P traženi polinom.

Bernsteinov polinom glasi (u slučaju segmenta ):

Gdje je f funkcija neprekidna na segmentu realnih brojeva. Bernsteinov polinom se jednostavno izračunava: segment [0, 1] se podijeli na n jednakih dijelova i u dobivenim točkama  se računaju vrijednosti funkcije.

U slučaju segmenta  Bernsteinov polinom glasi:

Vidi još
 Binomni koeficijent

Izvori

 Matematička analiza

Bernsteinov polinom


المطبخ الكاريبي هو نتاج انصهار المطابخ الأفريقية والأوروبية والهندية والصينية والاميركية التي جلبها المستعمرون معهم وقام الشعب الكاريبي بإضافة خليطهم الخاص ونكهاتهم المفضلة لخلق مأكولات كاريبية مميزة.

ومن أشهر الأطباق الكاريبية خارج منطقتهم هي اللحوم المقددة، وبخاصة الدجاج، التي يضاف لها البهارات المميزة. أما المنطاق الكاريبية الانكلوفونية، فتشتهر بأطباق لحم الماعز أو الدجاج مع الكاري. وهي من تأثير المطبخ الهندي. ويشكل أطباق الأرز مع الصلصات المختلفة أساسيات المأكل في جميع البلاد.

حسب البلد

 مطبخ كولومبي
 مطبخ سلفادوري

مصادر

مطبخ كاريبي
مطبخ
مطبخ الأمريكتين

مطبخ كاريبي


René Lotti, né le  à Bry-sur-Marne et mort le  dans la même ville, est un rameur d'aviron français.

Carrière
René Lotti participe au quatre avec barreur des Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948 à Londres sans atteindre la finale. Il est aussi médaillé de bronze en huit en 1953 à Copenhague ainsi qu'aux Jeux méditerranéens de 1955 à Barcelone.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Rameur français (aviron)
Rameur (aviron) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948
Naissance en avril 1929
Naissance à Bry-sur-Marne
Décès en décembre 2020
Décès à Bry-sur-Marne
Décès à 91 ans

René Lotti


Die Gestra AG ist ein ehemals börsennotierter deutscher Produzent von Armaturen und Regelungstechnik mit Sitz in Bremen. Gestra gehört zur britischen Spirax-Sarco.
Das Unternehmen entwickelt, produziert und vertreibt Armaturen wie Kondensatableiter und Rückschlagarmaturen, elektronische Produkte zur Kesselautomatisierung sowie Spezialbehälter für das Dampf- und Kondensatmanagement.

Geschichte
1902 gründeten Gerdts & Strauch das Unternehmen, das fünf Jahre später in Gustav F. Gerdts KG umbenannt wurde. 1951 wurde das Produktionsunternehmen Technova gegründet, 1956 die Gestra France. Weitere Töchter folgten 1961 mit der Gestra Italia, England, Española und Sudamericana. Ein Jahr später wurde das Unternehmen zur Gustav F. Gerdts GmbH & Co. KG. Die Gestra KSB Vertriebsgesellschaft, ein Gemeinschaftsunternehmen mit der KSB Aktiengesellschaft wurde 1968 ins Leben gerufen, die Gestra Inc. in den USA 1976.
1983 folgte eine Umfirmierung zur Gestra AG mit Ankauf der KSB-Geschäftsanteile und der Börsengang. Das Unternehmen wurde fünf Jahre später durch die britische Siebe (seit 1999 Invensys) übernommen. 1994 kam es zur Eingliederung der UNIVAM und 1995 der P&W Ventil- und Regler-Service GmbH. 1997 wurde Gestra von der Börse genommen und in eine GmbH gewandelt.

2002 kam Gestra mit dem Verkauf des gesamten Bereichs Invensys Flow Control zu Flowserve. 2004 erfolgte eine erneute Umwandlung in eine AG.
2017 wurde Gestra von Flowserve an Spirax-Sarco verkauft.

Sonstiges

Die Lokomotive Nr. 1 der Kleinbahn Bremen–Tarmstedt Jan Reiners wurde 1966 von der Gustav F. Gerdts GmbH & Co. KG an den Bürgerverein Findorff übergeben, der sie im Bereich des ehemaligen Bahnhofs Hemmstraße als Denkmal aufstellte. Für gut zehn Jahre war die ausrangierte Kleinbahnlok bei der Gestra als Dampfdruckkessel für die Dampfversorgung eingesetzt.

Einzelnachweise

Maschinen- und Gerätehersteller
Ehemals börsennotiertes Unternehmen (Deutschland)
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Bremen)
Gegründet 1902
Findorff (Bremen)

Gestra AG


Die Saison 2012/13 der Bayernliga war die 68. Spielzeit der Fußball-Bayernliga und die fünfte als fünfthöchste Spielklasse in Deutschland. Mit Inkrafttreten der Spielklassenreform zur Saison 2012/13 bildete die Bayernliga den Unterbau der neu eingeführten Regionalliga Bayern. Erstmals seit der Saison 1963/64 wurde die Bayernliga wieder in zwei regionalen Gruppen – Nord und Süd – ausgetragen. In der Saison 2012/13 spielten 18 Mannschaften in der Nord- und 19 in der Süd-Staffel.

Auf- und Abstiegsregelung
Folgende Regeln wurden angewandt:
 Aufstieg in die Regionalliga Bayern
Für den Aufstieg in die Regionalliga Bayern sind die Meister der beiden Staffeln sportlich qualifiziert. Die Zweitplatzierten bestreiten eine Relegationsrunde mit dem 16. und 17. der Regionalliga Bayern um zwei Startplätze in der Regionalliga.
 Abstieg aus der Bayernliga
Die drei Letztplatzierten jeder Staffel steigen in die Landesligen ab. Der 15. der Bayernliga Staffel Nord sowie der 15. und 16. der Bayernliga Staffel Süd spielen mit den fünf Vizemeister der Landesligen in einer Relegationsrunde mindestens einen weiteren Startplatz in der Bayernliga aus.
 Aufstieg in die Bayernliga
 Die Meister der fünf Landesliga-Staffeln Nordwest, Nordost, Mitte, Südwest und Südost steigen direkt in die Bayernliga auf. Die fünf Vizemeister der Landesligen spielen in einer Relegationsrunde mit dem 15. der Bayernliga Nord sowie dem 15. und 16. der Bayernliga Süd mindestens zwei weitere Startplätze in der Bayernliga aus.

Qualifikation
Folgende Regeln wurden angewandt:
 Die vier Bayernligavereine, die nicht an den Aufstiegsspielen zur Regionalliga teilnehmen: FSV Erlangen-Bruck, TSV Aindling, TSV Gersthofen, SpVgg Unterhaching II
 Die acht Verlierer der Relegationsspiele zum Aufstieg in die Regionalliga zwischen den Bayernligisten auf den Plätzen 10 bis 15 sowie den Meistern und Vizemeistern der drei Landesligen: TSV Großbardorf, SpVgg Selbitz (Aufsteiger) SB DJK Rosenheim, SpVgg Landshut (Aufsteiger), SV Schalding-Heining (Aufsteiger), BC Aichach,  (Aufsteiger), Würzburger FV, 1. FC Schweinfurt 05
 18 Vereine der drei Landesliga-Spielgruppen, die in der Abschlusstabelle einen Tabellenplatz von 3 bis 8 belegen
 Landesliga Nord: TSV Aubstadt, SpVgg Bayreuth, TSV Kleinrinderfeld, 1. FC Sand, 1. FC Trogen, SV Memmelsdorf/Ofr.
 Landesliga Mitte: SSV Jahn Regensburg II, DJK Ammerthal, SpVgg Hankofen-Hailing, SpVgg Grün-Weiß Deggendorf, ASV Neumarkt, SpVgg Jahn Forchheim
 Landesliga Süd: Wacker Burghausen II, TSV Schwabmünchen, 1. FC Sonthofen, VfB Eichstätt, TSV Kottern-St. Mang, BCF Wolfratshausen
 Die sieben Sieger der Relegation zwischen den Landesligisten auf den Plätzen 9 bis 15 (bzw. 16 der Staffel Mitte) und den Meistern der 7 Bezirksoberligen: ASV Hollfeld, FC Affing, SC Fürstenfeldbruck, SV Alemannia Haibach, DJK Don Bosco Bamberg, FC Amberg, FC Unterföhring

Staffel Nord

Tabelle

|}

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der linken Spalte, die Gastmannschaft in der oberen Zeile aufgelistet.

Torschützenliste

Staffel Süd

Tabelle

|}

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der linken Spalte, die Gastmannschaft in der oberen Zeile aufgelistet.

Torschützenliste

Relegationsrunde zur Bayernliga
In der Relegationsrunde zur Bayernliga ermittelten die fünf Vizemeister der Landesliga, die Tabellen-15. der beiden Bayernliga-Staffeln sowie der Tabellen-16. der Süd-Staffel zwei Teilnehmer an der Bayernliga in der folgenden Spielzeit.

In den vier Begegnungen der ersten Runde trafen die drei Bayernliga-Teilnehmer jeweils auf einen Landesliga-Zweiten. Hinzu kam ein reines Duell zwischen zwei Vizemeistern.

Folgende Mannschaften qualifizierten sich sportlich für die Relegationsspiele:

|}

Die vier Siegermannschaften der ersten Runde spielten in zwei weiteren Direktduellen die zwei Teilnehmer an der Bayernliga aus.

|}

Weblinks
 Bayernliga Staffel Nord 2012/13 bei kicker.de
 Bayernliga Staffel Süd 2012/13 bei kicker.de

Einzelnachweise

2012
Fußballsaison 2012/13

Fußball-Bayernliga 2012/13


XV. Paraolimpijske igre bile su 15. izdanje tog natjecanja održanog između 7. i 18. rujna u Rio de Janeiru u Brazilu, prve ikada održane u Latinskoj i Južnoj Americi i druge održane na južnoj polutci nakon Igara 2000. u Sydneyu, kao i prve održane u nekoj luzofonskoj zemlji. Na Igrama su prvi puta održana natjecanja u parakanuu i paratriatlonu.

Najviše odličja četvrti puta zaredom osvojili su kineski športaši sa 107 zlatnih odličja, dok su Gruzija, Kazahstan, Malezija, Uzbekistan i Vijetnam prvi puta osvojili zlatna odličja na Paraolimpijskim igrama. Prvi puta u paraolimpijskoj povijesti jedan paraolimpijac umro je tijekom natjecanja - bio je iranski biciklist Bahman Golbarnezhad.

Na Igrama je nastupilo više od 4.000 športaša iz 159 država odnosno nacionalnih atletskih odbora. S prodanih dva milijuna ulaznica, Paraolimpijske igre u Riju bile su druge najposjećenije u povijesti.

Izvori

Međunarodna višešportska natjecanja u Brazilu
Šport u Rio de Janeiru

XV. Ljetne paraolimpijske igre – Rio de Janeiro 2016.


قوقوني واداي أو بوكوني عويدي رئيس دولة تشاد من 1979 إلى 1982 ولد سنة 1944 وقد عاد مؤخرا إلى تشاد بعد قضائه فترة طويلة في منفاه في الجزائر وهو ينتمي إلى قبيلة القرعان من فرع التبو دخل السياسة في نهاية الستينات كفدائي في الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير تشاد استاء من سيطرة المسيحيين الجنوبيين المدعومين من فرنسا على الحكم بقيادة الرئيس السابق فرنسوا تومبالباي وقاد الحرب إلى أن حرّر البلاد في السنة 1979 واختير كرئيس للبلاد بعد مؤتمر لاغوس وحكم البلاد من 1979 إلى 1982 وخرج من البلاد بعد السيطرة على إنجمينا العاصمة من قبل القوات التي كان يقودها حسين حبري والتجأ بوكوني إلى الجزائر ثم عاد مرة أخرى إلى ساحة الحرب بمساعدة ليبية حيث استطاع بمساعدة القوات الليبية الدخول إلى العاصمة انجامينا منتصرا على غريمه حسين حبري . ولكن بعد ذلك وبطريقة ماكرة طلب الفرنسيين من كوكوني انسحاب القوات الليبية على أنها قوات احتلال وليست قوات دعم للشرعية، طلب كوكوني من الزعيم الليبي سحب قواته من العاصمة والجنوب التشادي والإبقاء على بعض القوات في الشمال وهذا مع رفض وزير خارجية تشاد أصيل أحمد أصيل خروج القوات الليبية خوفا من العواقب . انسحبت القوات الليبية ولكن بعد ذلك بفترة في 7يونيو 1982 هاجم غريمه حسين حبري وبمساعدة فرنسية العاصمة وطرد الرئيس كوكوني حيث لجأ الأخير إلى الجزائر ومن ثم إلى ليبيا ..في سنة 1987 هاجم حسين حبري بمساعدة فرنسية وأمريكية القوات الليبية في الشمال التشادي في قاعدة وادي الدوم وبدأت الحرب بين القوات الليبية وقوات كوكوني من جهة وقوات حبري المدعومة غربيا من حهة أخرى . انسحب الجيش الليبي من شمال تشاد وتمركز في شريط أوزو . حدث خلاف بين كوكوني والقيادة الليبية عندما حاول كوكوني زيارة معمر القذافي حيث رفض الأخير مقابلته مما حدث مشاجرة ومناوشة بين الحراس أدى إلى جرح كوكوني ونقله إلى المشفى ومقتل اثنين من حراسه على إثر ذلك انضمت معظم قوات كوكوني إلى قوات حسين حبري مما زاد من عمليات الخيانة والغذر والبيع ضد الجيش الليبي من طرف ما كانت تسمى القوات الصديقة . خرج كوكوني إلى الجزائر وبقي إلى الآن .
 القرعان

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
الصراع التشادي الليبي
تبو
تشاديون مغتربون في ليبيا
رؤساء تشاد
قادة دولة تشاد
متمردون تشاديون
مواليد 1944
سياسيون تشاديون في القرن 20
أشخاص في الحرب التشادية الليبية

كوكوني عويدي


{{Info/Álbum
 |nome           = Estrago
 |tipo           = EP
 |artista        =  Cigana
 |capa           =
 |formato        =
 |lançado        = 13 de setembro de 2022
 |gravado        = 2021-2022
 |gênero         =
 |duração        = 12:31
 |gravadora      = Balaclava Records
 |último_álbum   =  Tudo Que Há De Novo(2020)
 |próximo_álbum  =
 |produtor       = Lazy Friendzzz
 |diretor        =
 |idioma         = Português
 |miscelâneo     =
}}Estrago é um EP da banda paulista de rock alternativo Cigana lançado em 13 de setembro de 2022 pelo selo Balaclava Records. O trabalho é composto por quatro faixas inéditas e mostra uma ampla utilização de novos elementos no instrumental da banda, em especial eletrônicos. O EP foi considerado um dos melhores lançamentos do ano pelo site Hits Perdidos.

A faixa de abertura Ideia Errada mostra um caminho em que o som da banda tem diálogos com a produção eletrônica e momentos de maior experimentação, e serviu como single principal. Estrago foi gravado em Limeira entre 2021 e 2022 e tem produção assinada pelo estúdio e coletivo Lazy Friendzzz, com Cosmo Curiz assinando a co-produção na faixa thomyorke''.

Faixas

Álbuns de 2022
Álbuns de rock alternativo
Álbuns em língua portuguesa

Estrago (EP)


مدينة موساشيموراياما  هي مدينة تقع في طوكيو، اليابان.

في عام 2003، وصل التعداد السكاني للمدينة إلى 66,150 نسمة والكثافة السكانية 4,303.84 نسمة في الكيلومتر مربع، والمساحة الإجمالية 15.37 كم مربع. تم تأسيس المدينة في الثالث من نوفمبر 1970. يوجد في المدينة مركز تسوق جديد اسمه مدينة الألماس.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع مدينة موساشيموراياما باللغة اليابانية
 موقع مدينة موساشيموراياما باللغة الإنكليزية

موساشيموراياما (طوكيو)
مدن طوكيو

موساشيموراياما (طوكيو)


Atmosfera fizică (cu simbolul atm) este o unitate de măsură pentru presiune, definită ca fiind egală cu 101 325 Pa = 1,01325 bar.

Înainte de 1982 era folosită pentru definirea presiunii normale. După 1982 drept "presiune normală" se consideră presiunea de 1 bar = 100 000 Pa.

Note

Unități de măsură
Presiune

Atmosferă fizică


Yisrael ben Ze'ev Wolf Lipkin, also known as "Israel Salanter" or "Yisroel Salanter" (November 3, 1809, Zhagory – February 2, 1883, Königsberg), was the father of the Musar movement in Orthodox Judaism and a famed Rosh yeshiva and Talmudist. The epithet Salanter was added to his name since most of his schooling took place in Salant (now the Lithuanian town of Salantai), where he came under the influence of Rabbi Yosef Zundel of Salant.  He was the father of mathematician Yom Tov Lipman Lipkin.

Biography
Yisroel Lipkin was born in Zagare, Lithuania on November 3, 1809, the son of Zev Wolf, the rabbi of that town and later Av Beth Din of Goldingen and Telz, and his wife Leah. As a boy, he studied with Rabbi Tzvi Hirsh Braude of Salant.

After his 1823 marriage to Esther Fega Eisenstein Lipkin settled with her in Salant where he continued his studies under Hirsch Broda and Zundel, himself a disciple of Chaim Volozhin.

Around 1833 he met the decade-younger Alexander Moshe Lapidos, who became his lifelong student and friend.

Around 1842, Lipkin was appointed rosh yeshiva (dean) of Meile's yeshiva (Tomchai Torah) in Vilna. When a minor scandal arose related to his appointment, he left the post to its previous inhabitant and moved to Zarechya, an exurb of Vilna, and established a new yeshiva where he lectured for about three years.

Jewish law prohibits doing certain categories of work on Shabbat (the Jewish Sabbath) except in life-threatening emergencies. During the cholera epidemic of 1848 Lipkin ensured that any necessary relief work on Shabbat for Jews was done by Jews. Although some wanted such work to be done on Shabbat by non-Jews, Lipkin said that both Jewish ethics and law mandate that the obligation to save lives takes priority over other laws. During Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement), Lipkin ordered that Jews that year must not abide by the traditional fast, but instead must eat in order to maintain their health, again for emergency health reasons.

In 1848, the Czarist government created the Vilna Rabbinical School and Teachers' Seminary. Lipkin was identified as a candidate to teach at or run the school. As he feared that the school would be used to produce rabbinical "puppets" of the government, he refused the position and left Vilna. Salanter moved to Kovno, where he established a Musar-focused yeshiva at the Nevyozer Kloiz.

In 1857 he left Lithuania and moved to Prussia to recover from depression. He remained in the house of philanthropists, the Hirsch brothers of Halberstadt, until his health improved. In 1861 he started publication of the Hebrew journal Tevunah, devoted to rabbinical law and religious ethics. After three months the journal had failed to garner enough subscriptions to cover its costs, so he closed it.

Lipkin lived for periods in Memel, Königsberg and Berlin. Toward the end of his life, Lipkin went to Paris to organize a community among the many Russian Jewish immigrants, and he remained there for two years.

Lipkin was one of the first people to try to translate the Talmud into another language. However, he died before he could finish this immense project. Lipkin died on Friday, February 2, 1883 (25 Shevat 5643), in Königsberg, then part of Germany. For many years, the exact location of his grave was unknown. Following a lengthy investigation, in 2007 the grave was located in Königsberg.

In order to be able to legally travel outside of the Pale of Settlement, he became a master dye-maker, enabling him to receive a permit allowing free travel within Russia.

When the Russian Empire established military conscription of young Jewish men, Lipkin wrote to rabbis and community leaders urging them to obey and make lists of young men for the government while working through political connections in St. Petersburg to abolish the conscription.

Teachings
Lipkin was known as the father of the Musar movement that developed, particularly among the Lithuanian Jews, in 19th century Orthodox Eastern Europe. The Hebrew term musar (מוּסַר), is from the book of Proverbs 1:2 meaning instruction, discipline, or conduct. The term was used by the Musar movement to refer to disciplined efforts to further ethical and spiritual development. The study of Musar is a part of the study of Jewish ethics.

Lipkin is best known for stressing that the inter-personal laws of the Torah bear as much weight as Divine obligations. According to Lipkin, adhering to the ritual aspects of Judaism without developing one's relationships with others and oneself was an unpardonable parody. There are many anecdotal stories about him that relate to this moral equation, see for example the following references.

The concept of the subconscious appears in the writings of Lipkin  well before the concept was popularized by Sigmund Freud. Already in 1880, the concept of conscious and subconscious processes and the role they play in the psychological, emotional and moral functioning of man are fully developed and elucidated. These concepts are referred to in his works as the "outer" [chitzoniut] and "inner" [penimiut] processes, they are also referred to as the "clear" [klarer] and "dark" [dunkler] processes. They form a fundamental building block of many of Rabbi Salanter's letters, essays and teachings. He would write that it is critical for a person to recognize what his subconscious motivations [negiot] are and to work on understanding them.

Lipkin would teach that the time for a person to work on not allowing improper subconscious impulses to affect him was during times of emotional quiet, when a person is more in control of his thoughts and feelings. He would stress that when a person is experiencing an acute emotional response to an event, he is not necessarily in control of his thoughts and faculties and will not have access to the calming perspectives necessary to allow his conscious mind to intercede.

Based on his understanding of subconscious motivation, Lipkin was faced with a quandary. Given that a person's subconscious motivations are often not apparent or under the control of a person and are likely to unseat conscious decisions that they may make, how is it then possible for a person to control and modify their own actions in order to improve their actions and act in accordance with the dictates of the Torah? If the basis of a person's actions are not controlled by them, how can they change them through conscious thought?

Lipkin writes that the only possible answer to this quandary is to learn ethical teachings with great emotion [limud hamusar behispa'alut]. He taught that a person should choose an ethical statement [ma'amar chazal] and repeat this over and over with great feeling and concentration on its meaning. Through this repetition and internal arousal, a person would be able to bring the idea represented in the ethical teaching into the realm of his subconscious and thus improve their behaviour and "character traits".

Lipkin felt that people would be embarrassed to study ethical teachings [limud ha'musar] in such a way in a normal study-hall [bet ha'medrash] and he therefore invented the idea of a "house of ethical teachings" [bet ha'mussar] that would be located next to an ordinary study hall and that would be designated for learning ethics in this way.

One of the more popular teachings of Lipkin is based on a real life encounter he had with a shoemaker one very late night. It was Motza'ei Shabbat (Saturday night after Shabbat) and Lipkin was on the way to the synagogue to recite Selichot. Suddenly he felt a tear in his shoe, so he looked around town to see if there was a shoemaker still open for business at this late hour. Finally he located a shoemaker sitting in his shop working next to his candle. Lipkin walked in and asked him, "Is it too late now to get my shoes repaired?" The shoemaker replied, "As long as the candle is burning, it is still possible to repair." Upon hearing this, Lipkin ran to the synagogue and preached to the public what he had learned from the shoemaker. In his words, as long as the candle is burning, as long as one is still alive, it is still possible to repair one's soul.

Famous disciples

Lipkin believed that accomplishment in spiritual growth is not limited to rabbinic figures but is also the realm of the ordinary layman. Therefore, his closest disciples included not only leading rabbis of the next generation but also laymen who would come to exert a tremendous positive influence on the physical and spiritual lot of their brethren. Nevertheless, there is little detailed information available concerning his non-rabbinic disciples.

Among Lipkin's most famous students were:
Naftali Amsterdam (נפתלי אמשטרדאם)
Yitzchak Blazer
Eliezer Gordon
Jacob Joseph
Yerucham Perlman
Simcha Zissel Ziv
Yosef Yozel Horwitz

His layperson disciples included figures such as the banker Eliyahu (Elinka) of Kretinga and the tea magnate, Kalman Zev Wissotzky.

Published works
Many of his articles from the journal "Tevunah" were collected and published in Imrei Binah (1878). His Iggeres HaMusar ("Ethical Letter") was first published in 1858 and then repeatedly thereafter. Many of his letters were published in Ohr Yisrael ("The Light of Israel") in 1890 (edited by Yitzchak Blazer). His disciples collected many of his discourses and published them in Even Yisrael (1853) and Etz Peri (1881).

References

Bibliography
 Etkes, Immanuel. Rabbi Israel Salanter and the Musar Movement. Jewish Publication Society. .
 Finkelman S. The story of Reb Yisrael Salanter; the legendary founder of the musar movement. New York, New York: Mesorah Publications, . .
 Goldberg, Hillel. The Fire Within: The living heritage of the Musar movement. Artscroll/Mesorah. 1987.
Goldberg, Hillel. Israel Salanter, text, structure, idea: the ethics and theology of an early psychologist of the unconscious. KTAV Publishing House. .

External links
 Jewish Encyclopedia: "Lipkin" by Herman Rosenthal & Jacob Goodale Lipman (1906). Now in public domain.

 Biography on www.ou.com
 Biography on Eli Segal's page
 An examination of the life and accomplishments of Reb Yisroel Salanter
 Iggeret ha-Mussar, the Letter of Ethics—Rabbi Salanter's most well-known work (PDF)
 Rabbi Isroel Salanter, the Haskalah and the "Theory of Secularization": An Analysis from a Folkloristic Point of View
 Family Tree
 Rav Yisrael Salanter biography from 1899

1809 births
1883 deaths
Lithuanian Haredi rabbis
Musar movement
Philosophers of Judaism
Rosh yeshivas
19th-century Lithuanian rabbis
People from Žagarė
People from Salantai
Rabbis from Kaunas

Israel Salanter


Diese Diskografie ist eine Übersicht über die musikalischen Werke der US-amerikanischen Rockband Stone Sour. Den Quellenangaben zufolge hat sie bisher mehr als 3,7 Millionen Tonträger verkauft, davon alleine in ihrer Heimat über drei Millionen. Ihre erfolgreichste Veröffentlichung ist die Single Through Glass mit über 1,3 Millionen verkauften Einheiten.

Alben

Studioalben

Livealben

EPs

Singles

Weitere Singles

Soundtrackbeiträge
 2002: Spider-Man (Bother)
 2011: Transformers 3 (The Pessimist)

Videografie

Videoalben

Musikvideos

Statistik

Chartauswertung

Auszeichnungen für Musikverkäufe

Quellen

Stone Sour
Stone Sour

Stone Sour/Diskografie


William Beattie Ramsay (* 12. Dezember 1895 in Lumsden, Saskatchewan; † 30. September 1952 in Regina, Saskatchewan) war ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, -trainer und -schiedsrichter, der in seiner aktiven Zeit von 1919 bis 1936 unter anderem für die Toronto Maple Leafs in der National Hockey League gespielt hat. Bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1924 gewann er als Mitglied der kanadischen Nationalmannschaft die Goldmedaille.

Karriere

Beattie Ramsay begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in der Nachwuchsmannschaft der University of Toronto, für die er in der Juniorenliga der Ontario Hockey Association aktiv war. Als sich die gesamte Mannschaft 1916 zum Militärdienst meldete, diente er in den letzten beiden Jahren des Ersten Weltkriegs im Royal Flying Corps. Von 1919 bis 1923 besuchte er die University of Toronto, für deren Seniorenmannschaft er in diesem Zeitraum in der Seniorenmeisterschaft der Ontario Hockey Association spielte. 1921 gewann er mit seinem Team den Allan Cup, den kanadischen Amateurmeistertitel. Er selbst wurde 1921 und 1922 in das erste All-Star Team der Seniorenmeisterschaft der OHA gewählt. Die Saison 1922/23 verbrachte er bereits teilweise bei den Toronto Granites, die am Saisonende den Allan Cup gewannen. Er selbst kehrte zu den Allan-Cup-Playoffs jedoch zur University of Toronto zurück. Mit den Toronto Granites vertrat er 1924 Kanada bei den Olympischen Winterspielen.

Von 1924 bis 1927 betreute Ramsay als Cheftrainer die Eishockeymannschaft der Princeton University. Zur Saison 1927/28 lief er selbst wieder als Spieler auf und trat für die Toronto Maple Leafs in der National Hockey League an. Für die Maple Leafs bereitete er in 41 NHL-Spielen zwei Tore vor. In der Saison 1928/29 war er als Cheftrainer für die Yorkton Terriers in der Saskatchewan Senior Hockey League tätig. Von 1932 bis 1934 betreute er im Amateurbereich die Prince Albert Mintos sowie von 1934 bis 1936 die Regina Aces.

International
Für Kanada nahm Ramsay an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1924 in Chamonix teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Goldmedaille gewann. Zudem war er in zwei Spielen bei den Olympischen Winterspielen als Schiedsrichter tätig.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1921 Allan-Cup-Gewinn mit der University of Toronto
 1921 OHA-Sr. First All-Star Team
 1922 OHA-Sr. First All-Star Team
 1924 Goldmedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

NHL-Statistik

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Eishockeyspieler (Toronto Maple Leafs)
Eishockeytrainer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Person (Princeton University)
Eishockeyschiedsrichter (Kanada)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1924
Olympiasieger (Eishockey)
Kanadier
Geboren 1895
Gestorben 1952
Mann

Beattie Ramsay


Molukkakadu () er en kakadu, der lever i Indonesien. IUCN kategoriserer arten som sårbar.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Indonesien
Papegøjer

Molukkakadu


إسُون أو إيسون (بالفرنسية: Essonne) هو إقليم فرنسي تابع لمنطقة إيل دي فرانس. عدد سكانه 1198273 و رقمه التسلسلي هو 91 .

توأمة
لإيسون (إقليم فرنسي) اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 إيباراكي

أعلام

 ألبرت بوفيت
 جون كارتن
 فرناند ليجيه

معرض صور

مراجع

إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)
تأسيسات سنة 1968
تأسيسات سنة 1968 في فرنسا
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1968

إسون


"මෝහේ රන්ග් දෝ ලාල්" () යනු 2015 බ්ලොක්බස්ටර බොලිවුඩ් චිත්‍රපටයක් වන බාජිරාඕ මස්තානි තුළ අන්තර්ගත ගීතයකි. මෙම ගීතය නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ සංජේ ලීලා භන්සාලි විසිනි. එය ගායනා කරන්නේ ශ්‍රේයා ඝෝෂාල් සහ පණ්ඩිත් බිර්ජු මහාරාජ් විසිනි. මෙහි පද රචනය සිදුකරන ලද්දේ සිද්ධාර්ත්-ගරීමා විසිනි. ගීතයේ වීඩියෝවෙහි දීපිකා පඩුකෝන් සහ රන්වීර් සිං රංගනයේ යෙදෙයි. සිය නර්තනය සඳහා පඩුකෝන් කථක් නර්තනය පුහුණු වූයේ මෙහි නර්තන රචනය ද සිදුකළ පණ්ඩිත් බිර්ජු මහාරාජ් වෙතිනි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය දෙමළ සහ තෙලිඟු භාෂාවලින් හඬකැවුණු අතර, මෙම ගීතය දෙමළෙන් "පෝදෛ නිරතෛ තා" යනුවෙන් ද, තෙලිඟු බසින් "මීරා චිට්ටචෝරා" ලෙස ද මුදාහැරුණේ 2015 දෙසැම්බර් 15 දින ය. මෙම ගීතයේ ප්‍රභේද ත්‍රිත්වයටම ශ්‍රේයා ඝෝෂාල් සහ පණ්ඩිත් බිර්ජු මහාරාජ් සිය හඬ මුසුකළහ. මෙම ගීතය MTV අන්ප්ලග්ඩ් වාරය 6 තුළ දී ඝෝෂාල් විසින් නැවත ගායනා කොට ඇත.

ඇගයුම්

මේවාත් බලන්න
බාජිරාඕ මස්තානි
බාජිරාඕ මස්තානි (ධ්වනිපථය)
දීවානි මස්තානි

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
 iTunes
 සාව්න් ඔස්සේ මාර්ගස්ථ මුදාහැරීම
 ගානා ඔස්සේ මාර්ගස්ථ මුදාහැරීම
 දෙමළ ප්‍රභේදයේ සාව්න් ඔස්සේ මාර්ගස්ථ මුදාහැරීම
 තෙලිඟු ප්‍රභේදයේ සාව්න් ඔස්සේ මාර්ගස්ථ මුදාහැරීම

හින්දි ගීත
හින්දි චිත්‍රපට ගීත
ශ්‍රේයා ඝෝෂාල්ගේ ගීත
චිත්‍රපට සඳහා ලියැවුණු ගීත
2015 ගීත
දීපිකා පඩුකෝන් නිරූපිත සංගීත වීඩියෝ

මෝහේ රන්ග් දෝ ලාල්


Mixco Viejo () ("Old Mixco"), occasionally spelt Mixcu Viejo, is an archaeological site in the north east of the  Chimaltenango department of Guatemala, some  to the north of Guatemala City and  from the junction of the rivers Pixcaya and Motagua. It is a moderate sized ruined city of the Postclassic Maya civilization.

The archaeological site and tourist attraction of Mixco Viejo was named after being erroneously associated with the Postclassic Poqomam capital referred to in colonial records by that name. The archaeological site has now been identified as Jilotepeque Viejo, the capital of the Chajoma Kaqchikel kingdom. To distinguish between the two, the ruins of the Chajoma capital are now referred to as Mixco Viejo (Jilotepeque Viejo) while the former Poqomam capital is referred to as Mixco Viejo (Chinautla Viejo).

This confusion in the identification of the site has hindered study. The Chajoma capital has been investigated archaeologically, under the assumption that it was the Poqomam capital. Although the Chajoma ruins of Jilotepeque Viejo have been well described archaeologically, the archaeological data has been associated with the history of a different site entirely. Doubts about the identification of the archaeological site were first raised by Robert M. Carmack, who realised that the supposed Poqomam capital was not located within the Poqomam linguistic area but rather within the linguistic area of the Kaqchikels. The Poqomam who were settled in the new colonial settlement of Mixco by the Spanish had a long history of fine polychrome ceramic production, but no evidence of such production had been recovered during archaeological investigations, and the ruins were considered too distant from colonial Mixco.

Chinautla Viejo was attacked by the invading Spanish in 1525; the first two attacks against the heavily fortified city were unsuccessful. The besieged city received Poqomam reinforcements that were comprehensively defeated on an open field of battle, with the Spanish cavalry being decisive. The capture of Poqomam prisoners allowed the Spanish to discover the location of a cave providing a secret entrance to the city. A third assault broke the month-long siege, allowing the Spanish to take the city. The surviving inhabitants were moved to another settlement and Pedro de Alvarado ordered the city to be burned.

Jilotepeque Viejo was settled by the Chajoma in order to provide a capital that was safer from attack from the hostile Iximche Kaqchikel kingdom than their previous capital. In spite of this, the city fell under the domination of Iximche and the city's architecture, spread in a number of fortified groups along a ridge surrounded by deep ravines, shows a mixture of Chajoma and Kaqchikel styles. At the time of the Spanish conquest, the Chajoma of Jilotepeque Viejo may have initially allied themselves with the Spanish together with Iximche and have joined in the general Kaqchikel uprising against the Spanish in 1524. The site was abandoned after the conquest and never reoccupied.

Mixco Viejo in history: Chinautla Viejo
The historical Mixco Viejo has been identified as Chinautla Viejo ("Old Chinautla"), near the modern town of Mixco. Mixco Viejo ("Old Mixco") was the capital of the Poqomam Maya kingdom, and was founded on a defensive mountain-top location in the 12th century AD. The peak population in the early 16th century may have been around 10,000 people.

In 1525 Pedro de Alvarado sent a small company to conquer Mixco Viejo (Chinautla Viejo), the capital of the Poqomam. At the Spanish approach, the inhabitants remained enclosed in the fortified city. The Spanish attempted an approach from the west through a narrow pass but were forced back with heavy losses. Alvarado himself launched the second assault with 200 Tlaxcalan allies but was also beaten back. The Poqomam then received reinforcements, possibly from Chinautla, and the two armies clashed on open ground outside of the city. The battle was chaotic and lasted for most of the day but was finally decided by the Spanish cavalry, forcing the Poqomam reinforcements to withdraw. The leaders of the reinforcements surrendered to the Spanish three days after their retreat and revealed that the city had a secret entrance in the form of a cave leading up from a nearby river, allowing the inhabitants to come and go.

Armed with the knowledge gained from their prisoners, Alvarado sent 40 men to cover the exit from the cave and launched another assault along the ravine from the west, in single file owing to its narrowness, with crossbowmen alternating with soldiers bearing muskets, each with a companion sheltering him from arrows and stones with a shield. This tactic allowed the Spanish to break through the pass and storm the entrance of the city. The Poqomam warriors fell back in disorder in a chaotic retreat through the city, and were hunted down by the victorious conquistadors and their Mesoamerican allies. Those who managed to retreat down the neighbouring valley were ambushed by Spanish cavalry who had been posted to block the exit from the cave, the survivors were captured and brought back to the city. The siege had lasted more than a month and because of the defensive strength of the city, Alvarado ordered it to be burned and moved the inhabitants to the new colonial village of Mixco.

Archaeological site: Jilotepeque Viejo

Although the site now known as Mixco Viejo was traditionally considered the Poqomam capital, recent investigations have instead identified the ruins as the capital of the Kaqchikel-speaking Chajoma Maya, and have suggested that its identification as the historical Mixco Viejo is the result of confusion in the interpretation of colonial records. The site was apparently known to the Chajoma by a variety of names, including Chuapec Kekacajol Nima Abaj (also spelt Chuwa Pek Q'eqak'ajol Nima Ab'aj), meaning "Great stone in front of the Cave of the Children of Night", Zakicajol and Nimcakajpec. Jilotepeque Viejo is estimated to have had a population of approximately 1,500 inhabitants. Jilotepeque was close to the San Martín Jilotepeque obsidian source, giving the inhabitants ready access to the resource.

The site is open to the public and has a small museum. The site was declared a protected archaeological zone by Ministerial Accord 1210 of the Guatemalan Ministry of Education on 12 June 1970.

Location
The ruins are situated at the northeastern extreme of the department of Chimaltenango within the municipality of San Martín Jilotepeque; they are strung out over  along a  high ridge approximately  from the point where the Pixcaya River flows into the Motagua River, which drains into the Caribbean Sea. The ruins are surrounded by deep ravines dropping off sharply into a tributary of the Pixcaya River. The site is  from Guatemala City by road.

History

Known rulers
All dates are approximate.

Postclassic
Around 1450 the Chajoma, led by their king Lajuj No'j, moved to Mixco Viejo (Jilotepeque Viejo) from Ochal to make their capital more inaccessible to their hostile neighbours. In spite of this, Iximche defeated the Chajoma and Jilotepeque Viejo became subject to the Kaqchikel kingdom. Groups C and E show Kaqchikel influence in their architectural styles, while groups A and B have a purer Chajoma architectural style. Both ballcourts appear to have been remodelled after the Kaqchikel fashion, with thick coatings of stucco.

Around the 13th century, Group A underwent a major remodelling, including the construction of a new retaining wall and the infilling of the  wide area between the old and new walls, creating a much expanded terrace for the construction of the group's architecture. Owing to its possession of two ballcourts, it is possible that Jilotepeque Viejo served as a regional centre for the Mesoamerican ballgame during the Postclassic; no other Postclassic ballcourt has been identified in the area of San Martín Jilotepeque although three of four Classic period ballcourts at other sites appear to have continued in use. Shortly before the Spanish Conquest, the Chajoma under their lord Achi Q'alel rebelled against the Kaqchikels of Iximche.

It is possible that the Chajoma of Mixco Viejo (Jilotepeque Viejo) initially allied themselves with the Spanish together with the Kaqchikel kingdom of Iximche, and that they also rebelled against the Spanish in 1524. It is known that when the lords of Iximche broke their alliance with the conquistadors, they took refuge in Jilotepeque. The site was abandoned after the Spanish conquest and the inhabitants were moved by the Spanish to San Martín Jilotepeque, after which the area was never reoccupied.

Modern history
German geographer Karl Sapper visited the ruins in 1896 and published a brief description of the ruins together with a site map two years later in a 6-page pamphlet by the Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie of Leyden in the Netherlands, entitled Die Ruinen von Mixco, Guatemala. It was Sapper who labelled each of the archaeological groups and their attendant structures. American archaeologist A. Ledyard Smith visited the ruins in 1949 and wrote a chapter about the site in his Archaeological Reconnaissance in Central America, published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1955. Archeological excavations were carried out from 1954 through 1967 by the Musée de l'Homme of Paris under the direction of archaeologist Henri Lehmann, who certainly believed that he was excavating the Pocomam capital as described in Colonial records.

Although the site was restored during the archaeological investigations, it suffered considerable damage in the 1976 Guatemala earthquake. This resulted in destruction of some of the restoration work, although some of the damage has now been repaired.

Site description

The ruins consist of 15 groups containing the remains of over 120 major structures, including temples, palaces, and courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame. When the site was excavated, the surface was found to be littered with abundant obsidian blades and arrowheads. Originally the city had its main entrance on the western side, a modern road has now been cut through to the ruins from the west along a similar route.

The relatively short period of occupation at Mixco Viejo (Jilotepeque Viejo) led to an unusual unity of architectural styles for a Mesoamerican city. Almost all archaeological finds at the city, including both artefacts and earlier versions of later structures, date to the last few hundred years before the Spanish conquest. The architecture was built with mica and pumice slabs, in some cases this was coated with stucco. Stone sculpture is almost totally absent from the city, the only example being a ballcourt marker in the form of a serpent's head with jaws agape and a human head emerging from its mouth. Originally some buildings were decorated with painted stucco but this is so poorly preserved that only a few fragments remain.

A population estimate derived from the number of residential remains suggests that the city had approximately 1450 to 1600 inhabitants.

Architectural groups
The architecture is divided into a number of groups and subgroups, labelled by archaeologists as Groups A through to L; those subgroups belonging to Groups A, B, C and E that fall outside the city walls are indicated with the addition of an X or an apostrophe after the group name, to give Group A-X, Group B-X, Group C' and Group E'.

Group A

Group A is located on the northern end of the ridge. The group was extended during major remodelling work that included the building of the final versions of Platforms A2 and A3 on the north side; this involved building a new retaining wall some  further north, east and southeast and filling in the area between the new and old walls to create a greatly expanded terrace. Traces of charcoal at the base of the old retaining wall have been radiocarbon dated to the 13th century, indicating that the expansion of Group A took place no earlier than that.

Pyramid A1 is one of the principal structures of Group A, together with the ballcourt. The pyramid is  high and measures  at the base. It was built using cut stone and has four stepped levels, each of which terminates in a cornice. The pyramid faces west onto the plaza and has two access stairways with 27 steps each. The stairways are flanked by smooth balustrades built from well-fitted slabs. The summit of the pyramid supports a  high platform that once formed the base for the summit temple. The pyramid was built over another structure, a stucco platform with two levels, the upper of which terminated in a cornice.

Platform A2 is built along the edge of the retaining wall behind Pyramid A1. It faces west towards the pyramid and has two access stairways. Three successive versions of the platform were built, each overlying the previous. The earliest version sat upon the early retaining wall, as did the second version. The final version was much larger and was built after the new retaining wall had extended the available area for Group A.

Platform A3 encloses the north side of the eastern part of the Group A plaza. It faces south onto the plaza and was accessed via two stairways on that side. The platform was built over an earlier structure that was built on top of an early tiered retaining wall; the earlier structure extended  above the retaining wall. The final version extended  further to the west and  further to the north. It had two levels, each terminating in a cornice. On the north side a  wide bench extends along the base of the wall.

Platform A4 divides the Group A plaza in two. It was a later addition to Group A during the reorganisation of the group that involved the destruction of the earlier building under Platform A5. When excavated it was very poorly reserved but was able to be reliably restored. There was no earlier version of the structure; it consists of a platform with two levels that faces east towards the principal architecture of Group A. The upper level is topped with a cornice and access was via two stairways flanked by balustrades.

Platform A5 closes the north side of the Group A plaza. The platform has two levels upon a base and a cornice terminating the walls. The platform faces south towards the plaza and ballcourt. The platform was accessed via four stairways, each with nine steps; they were flanked by steep ramps or balustrades. The visible version of Platform A5 covers the remains of an earlier structure. The earlier building was a large platform with a north-south orientation as opposed to the east-west orientation of Platform A5. The surviving parts were investigated by archaeologists and consist of the north wall and parts of the west facade. The north wall was  wide, suggesting that the earlier platform was very large and probably extended south almost as far as the ballcourt. Two funerary urns were excavated from the earlier platform.

Platform A6 encloses the western extreme of the Group A plaza. The platform has two levels, the upper of which has a vertical cornice. The platform faces east onto the plaza; access was via two stairways flanked by balustrades terminating in vertical cornices. Platform A6 was built over an older version of the same building; this earlier construction phase was smaller and its stairways were destroyed in order to build the stairways of the final version. During restoration work carried out by archaeologists the back wall and a section of the facade were left exposed. Four funerary urns were found associated with the platform, mostly interred under the front of the building.

Structure A7 is a small square altar in the middle of the eastern part of the Group A plaza. It faces west with steps on that side.

Platform A8 is to the east of Pyramid A1, on the eastern side of the Group A plaza. It faces northwest towards the pyramid and had two access stairways. Behind the platform was a finely paved terrace extending along the edge of the retaining wall.

Platform A9 is to the east of the ballcourt (A11) and faces towards it. It had four access stairways set between corniced balustrades; each stairway had nine steps.

Ballcourt A11 encloses the west side of the Group A plaza, separating it from the retaining wall dropping off to the ravine behind the ballcourt. It is a sunken ballcourt with a north-south orientation and is entirely enclosed. A short sunken stairway leads from the plaza to the top of the south wall. Another stairway descends the south wall to the southern end zone of the ballcourt. A matching stairway in the northern end zone provides access from that direction. The interior of the ballcourt playing area measures  north-south and the playing alley is  wide between the side benches. The walls were built of small stone slabs and have a slight slope; as is common with the architecture of Mixco Viejo (Jilotepeque Viejo), the walls were topped with vertical cornices. However, the end zone walls are all completely vertical. Fragments of stucco recovered around the ballcourt indicate that it was at least partly coated.

Structure A12 was a residential structure on the southwest side of the Group A plaza between the ballcourt and Platform A6. All that remains of this structure is its outline marked in stones.

Structure A14 was a residential structure immediately northeast of Platform A5.

Structures A31 and A32 were residential structures near platform A5 on the north side of the Group A plaza.

Group A-X
Group A-X defines a number of structures in two subgroups lying outside the walls of Group A, to the northeast and northwest of the main group.

Group B

Group B is near the centre of the site, roughly equidistant between Group A (to the northeast) and Group C (to the southwest). The main plaza of Group B was at the northern end of the group and was enclosed by the ballcourt on the south side, a double pyramid on the east side and three platforms. A stairway with 28 steps descends the Group B retaining wall behind the northeast corner of the double pyramid, providing an access route towards Group D. On the north side of the group another stairway, with 18 steps divided into two flights, descends towards Group A.

Ballcourt B1 is immediately south of the Group B plaza, with the northern entrance to the ballcourt directly accessing the plaza itself. It is an enclosed sunken ballcourt, as was common in the Maya highlands during the Late Postclassic. The ballcourt is aligned north-south with two transverse end zones forming a capital I shape. The ballcourt has two entrances in the form of inset stairways in the end zones, in the centre of the ballcourt's north and south walls. The side walls of the playing alley are slightly sloped and are topped by a cornice; the playing alley is flanked by two low benches set against the east and west walls. The end zones also possess sloping walls. All the ballcourt walls were built of large stones. The ballcourt playing area measures  north-south and is  wide between the benches. The end zones measure  east-west. The ballcourt was originally coated in stucco painted in a variety of colours; very little of this coating now remains. A drain opening empties runoff rainwater from the east side of the northern end zone; the drain continues under Platform B 2 and empties outside the retaining wall of Group B.
During archaeological investigation of the ballcourt a well-preserved tenoned ballgame marker was found placed on the western bench. Its original placement was indicated by a hole in the upper part of the ballcourt wall. The second marker that would have been placed directly opposite the first has never been found and the area of the ballcourt wall where it would have been had collapsed prior to excavations. Replicas of the ballcourt marker have been placed in both walls; the original is in the Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología in Guatemala City.

Platform B2 is aligned northeast to southwest and faces northwest onto the Group B plaza. It had two access stairways flanked by steep balustrades topped with vertical cornices. Behind the platform two stairways descend Group B's retaining wall  towards Group B-X.

Pyramid B3 is actually two pyramids built upon a single basal platform. Together they comprise the most important architectural unit in Group B. The northern pyramid of the pair is denominated B3a; the southern is B3b. The two pyramids each have five stepped levels and face west onto the plaza. Each pyramid was accessed by a single stairway flanked by wide balustrades; each had a small altar at the base of its stairway. Both stairways had nineteen steps and the pyramids stand  high. Low platforms on their summits indicate where the temple buildings once stood. The double form of the twin pyramids had its origin in the Valley of Mexico and indicates foreign influences at the city. A broken stela was excavated from within the fill of Pyramid B3a; it was a plain monument broken in two parts. The bottom section still stood, while the upper section was lying beside it. It is one of very few such monuments raised in the Maya highlands and such stelae are characteristic of the Classic Period (c. 250–900). It is possible that it stands where originally erected before the pyramid was built over it. A funerary urn was excavated from underneath the rear of Pyramid B3b.

A drain near the northeast corner of Pyramid B3 carries runoff rainwater from the Group B plaza and channels it outside the retaining wall to the area between Groups B and D.

Platform B4 encloses the north side of the Group B plaza. The platform consists of a single level set upon a base and possesses corniced walls. Access was via an inset stairway in the centre of the south side. The platform top was floored with slabs and possessed a low double terrace at the rear.

Platform B5 possesses two stepped levels with cornices and encloses the northern part of the west side of the Group B plaza. The lower level possesses a single inset stairway, while the upper terrace has two stairways flanked by balustrades, with a third balustrade dividing the two. The platform provides a broad view across the Pancaco River valley to the west. Structure B5 was built on top of an earlier construction phase, which is exposed along the upper portion of the back wall because restoration of the building only rebuilt the lower portion. It was built from stone slabs and was originally taller than the final version of the platform but was cut back to the reduced height of the new building.

Pyramid B6 enclosed the southern portion of the west side of the Group B plaza. It is very poorly preserved and the top of the pyramid has collapsed, leaving only the lower walls. Archaeological investigation revealed that the final version of the pyramid had been built over a preceding version.

Structure B7 was a small, well-proportioned rectangular structure south of the main Group A plaza, between the north end of the ballcourt (B1) to the east and Structure B9 to the west. This structure was likely to have been an altar shrine.

Platform B8 is a range structure on the west side of Group B. It consists of a basal platform supporting inward-sloping walls that terminate in a cornice. The building faces east and possesses four access stairways separated by near-vertical balustrades. The retaining wall of Group B drops away into the neighbouring ravine  behind Platform B8. A great number of funerary urns were excavated around the base of this platform.

Group B-X

Group B-X includes a number of structures in three subgroups outside the walls of Group B; they are to the northwest, northeast and east of Group B itself.

Structure B-X3 is a step pyramid with sides so steep that it is almost cubic in shape. This temple platform would originally have supported a perishable superstructure but no trace of this now remains. The pyramid faces west and was accessed by an extremely steep stairway with fifteen steps that faces directly onto the massive  high retaining wall of Group B. The stairway is flanked by wide balustrades that form the western facade of the temple platform. Structure B-X3 has been restored.

Structure B-X4 has also been restored. It is a south-facing range structure with four inset access stairways.

Group C
Group C lies to the southwest of Group B and east of Group E. Group C is arranged around two large structures (C1 and C2). It possesses two small plazas; the East Plaza is the larger of the two, enclosing an area to the east of the main temple, Pyramid C1. The East Plaza was accessed via a narrow alley that ran between a large, low platform and a high-status residential structure with a patio (C8). An inset stairway climbed outside of the retaining wall of Group C and accessed the East Plaza between the high-status residence and a platform to its east. The West Plaza is located behind Platform C2 and is enclosed to the north by three platforms (C9, C10 and C17).

Pyramid C1 is the principal structure in Group C. Archaeological investigation uncovered three versions of the pyramid, each built over the last. The archaeologists restored the pyramid in such a way as to make a part of each of the three construction phases visible. The first phase of construction consisted of a platform of cut pumice blocks. This was buried under the second construction phase, which consisted of a five-level stepped pyramid. It had a double stairway on the west side; each stairway had 16 steps. The stairways were flanked and separated by ramps that terminated in sizeable masonry blocks at the top. The top of the pyramid stood  high and was topped by a temple, parts of which survive and have been restored. The walls were built from packed earth coated with stucco; a section of the northern portion of the rear wall still stands to a height of . A wide stucco bench was built against the rear wall and a concave hollow in the floor was probably designed for the burning of incense. The roof of the temple was likely to have been thatched. The third and final construction phase was considerably larger than the preceding versions of the pyramid. In its final form the pyramid base measured ; it had five corniced levels and only possessed a single stairway in place of the earlier two. The stairway was flanked by two wide ramps, only the lower portion of the stairway and ramps survive. The top of the pyramid stood almost  higher than the preceding version and preserved parts of the earlier temple building in its infill; the upper platform has largely collapsed and no trace remains of the final version of the temple superstructure. Both the second and third versions of the pyramid were originally coated in stucco, parts of which were preserved. New stucco was applied during restoration work to match the original coating. Although the pyramid was restored after it was excavated, the 1976 Guatemala earthquake caused considerable damage and the upper portion of the pyramid was reduced to rubble.

A burial was excavated from in front of the wall of the earliest version of the pyramid. The associated offerings included a number of clay vessels, a necklace of small gold bells and a copper axe.  The earliest metal artefacts in the Maya region have been dated to the Terminal Classic period (c.800-900); the presence of metal artefacts associated with the earliest construction phase at Mixco Viejo (Jilotepeque Viejo) demonstrates the short span of the site and suggests that all three construction phases succeeded each other relatively rapidly. Further ceramic offerings were deposited under both of the latter two phases and an artificially deformed skull was interred under the central axis of the final version.

Platform C2 faces Pyramid C1 and borders the Group C Plaza. The platform is a long rectangular structure measuring  (north-south by east-west) and occupies the highest location of any structure at Mixco Viejo (Jilotepeque Viejo). The platform has two levels and has a total height of , the lower of which has a prominent cornice. The east side of the lower level has an inset stairway accessing the upper level. The upper level of the platform is recessed against the rear of the lower level and possesses an elaborate facade with four access stairways separated by corniced ramps. The entire platform was originally coated in stucco, of which only a few traces remain. On the upper level the stucco traces outline where walls once stood, leading archaeologists to conclude that several residential structures once stood on top. Platform C2 was built upon an earlier, shorter platform that possessed a facade composed of thin slabs. It is likely that Platform C2 provided restricted access to Pyramid C1. A number of funerary urns were excavated from the base of Platform C2.

Structure C6 was an observation platform that formed the south side of the East Plaza. It faced out southwards across the neighbouring valley.

Platform C7 is an L-shaped platform that closes the east side and northeast corner of the East Plaza. Steps run the entire length of the platform.

Structure C8 is a residential compound that was accessed from the alley running to the East Plaza from behind Pyramid C1. The entrance opened onto the alley from a patio situated in the southern portion of the compound. This patio was surrounded on the east, west and north sides by rooms, with the alley to the south. It was floored with stucco and Structure C8 was the only stuccoed residential building in the whole of the city. The north range of rooms backed directly onto the ravine immediately to the north of Group C; the lower portion of the walls of the west room and of half of the north room still stand. The west room was square while the north room was narrow and probably extended the entire width of the patio. Wear marks in the stucco floor indicate that a door once accessed the north room from the west. The workmanship of Structure C8 was of very high quality and indicates that it was the residence of a member of the city's elite. Its proximity to the large pyramid-temple C1 has led archaeologist Henri Lehmann to speculate that it was once the house of the high priest.

Structure C11  was a small pyramid temple in the lower (western) section of Group C. It was built from small slabs of stone and faced west with an access stairway flanked by ramps. The structure overlies an earlier version that was built using pumice.

Structure C12 is a south-facing platform built from pumice. It divides the West Plaza in two. The upper surface of the platform is marked by a circle of burnt clay formed by the burning of incense.

Structure C13 is a platform closing the southern half of the west side of the West Plaza.

Structure C14 is a platform in the lower part of Group C, close to Pyramid C11.

Group C'
Group C' is a small group east of Group C; it is immediately south of Group B and adjoins it.

Structure C'1 is an unexcavated mound.

Structure C'2 is another unexcavated mound; it is smaller than Structure C'1.

Group D

Group D is a dispersed group to the east of Group B.

Pyramid D1 is on the east side of the Group D plaza. The pyramid had three stepped levels erected upon a low base. It faces west towards the plaza and had a single access stairway flanked by sloping balustrades that terminate in vertical sections at the upper extremes. The pyramid was of fine workmanship using well-cut stone slabs. However, itw was poorly preserved and the southern part had partially collapsed. The surviving portions of the building allowed it to be accurately restored by archaeologists.

Platform D2 is on the north side of the Group D plaza; it has not been investigated by archaeologists.

Platform D3 is on the south side of the Group D plaza and has not been subject to archaeological investigation.

Structure D4 is a small altar in the centre of the Group D plaza.

Platform D5 is a south-facing range structure of great length with just two access stairways. Excavations uncovered a number of funerary urns deposited under the back wall of the structure, the only example burial urns being interred behind such a platform.

Group E

Group E is located to the west of Group C. Group E is largely surrounded by steep ravines; the inhabitants of the city cut the cliffs to make them steeper and more defensible, and reinforced them with a retaining wall. Archaeological investigations failed to find any access stairway through the retaining wall to Group E.

Pyramid E1 is located on the east side of the Group E plaza and was the most important building in Group E. The pyramid had three construction phases, the oldest of which was built from pumice upon a natural  high elevation and was found to be well preserved during excavations of the site. This early phase was packed with rounded pebbles to provide the infill for the second phase of construction. The second version of the pyramid was very poorly preserved; excavations uncovered many stucco fragments but were unable to determine which of the first two construction phases they belonged to. The third and final phase of construction was larger than the preceding versions of the building and encased both them and the natural elevation upon which they stood. The pyramid had four stepped levels upon a basal platform. It faced west with an access stairway flanked by two ramps that terminated in projecting masonry blocks at the top. A small altar was excavated at the base of the pyramid; two stones were found placed upon it. One of these stones was ball-shaped while the other was perforated and may have been a mace or club. A number of funerary urns were excavated at the base of the southern side of the pyramid.

Structure E2 is a range structure on the north side of the Group E plaza. It has not been subject to archaeological investigation.

Structure E3 is a square altar in the middle of the Group E plaza. It faces towards Pyramid E1.

Structure E4 is a platform located behind Pyramid E1 and encloses the eastern side of the Group E plaza. It faces west onto the plaza and has two access stairways, both flanked by ramps built from small slabs of stone and with cornices at the top. The platform walls are of fine workmanship, being built with well-cut and carefully fitted pumice. The front portion of the upper platform was paved with stone slabs, and a bench ran the entire length of the back of the platform. The clay floor between the paving and the bench was found to have been burnt. An offering was excavated from the central axis of the platform's base, it consisted of two ring-shaped clubs placed on either side of a stone ball.

Platform E6 is situated on the west side of the Group E plaza. It is roughly built from irregularly sized, poorly cut stones. The platform faces east towards Pyramid E1 and has four access stairways. The platform once supported perishable residences; these were built from maize stalks bound together with clay, as evidenced by the imprint of the maize stalks in the fragments of clay wall recovered during excavations. The platform itself was once covered with stucco.

Other groups
Group E' is a cluster of small buildings in the trough between the hilltops supporting Groups C and E.

Group F is to the west of Group E. Mound F is the main structure within Group F. It slopes gradually away to the west and was not easily defensible on that side, however it lay outside the strong retaining walls of the fortress and appears to have been an observation platform covering the western pass to the city. A retaining wall supported the mound above the pass and a round earth platform upon the mound may have supported a perishable watchtower.

Group G consists of a number of small structures strung out along the ridge to the north of Group A.

Group H is a small group to the northeast of Group A. Structure H1 is a platform that uses a natural mound as its base.

Group I is also known as the Campana Group. It is the northernmost group at Mixco Viejo (Jilotepeque Viejo).

Group J is a cluster of small buildings immediately southwest of Group A and adjoining it.

Caves
Three small caves are found in the sides of the ridge supporting the ruins of the city; archaeological investigations have revealed that two of these caves were artificially modified in antiquity.

Cueva de La Lola ("Lola's Cave") is situated below Group A, near the bank of the Pancaco River as it flows to the northwest of the ruins. The cave is  deep and  wide; for most of its length it is  high. The cave had been artificially widened and heightened. During the rain season rainwater filtering through the ground below the city flows out as a small waterfall at the bottom of the cave. The cave was used for ceremonial activities, related to the presence of the spring within it and the fact that the walls are formed from green phyllite; greenstone was sacred to the Maya and was associated with water and fertility. Ritual activities in the cave have continued into modern times, with ceremonial fires being lit within.

Cueva del Murciélago ("Cave of the Bat") is located at the southern extreme of the site. It is  deep; at its widest point it is  wide and the cave is  high. It was artificially widened to permit access and was still used for Maya ceremonies in the late 20th century, when archaeologists found recent evidence of activity.

Funerary offerings
A large quantity of funerary urns have been excavated from the bases of buildings; the deceased were cremated and their ashes collected in the urns. The sides of the urns were perforated with three holes, perhaps to represent the eyes and mouth of the deceased. The urns were decorated with polychrome motifs in the form of highly stylised serpent decorations painted in black, red and cream; this style of Maya ceramics has been labelled as Chinautla Polychrome after the site where it was first identified. The Postclassic Maya custom of interring the cremated remains of the deceased in urns was restricted to the elite; commoners where buried in simple tombs outside the city centre. In Jilotepeque Viejo urns were usually buried under the front of platform bases or under the sides of pyramids and altars. This was not a general practice among the highland Maya in the Postclassic and represents a tradition unique to the city. Funerary urns have been found interred under all the principal plazas of the city. Approximately equal proportions of urns were interred under platforms and under the ceremonial architecture represented by pyramids and altars, although it is impossible to say if those individuals buried under religious architecture had differing roles than those buried under secular architecture.

A total of 52 urns were excavated from the ruins of Jilotepeque Viejo; 8 of these were destroyed by the 1976 earthquake leaving 44 available for study. Twelve of these were in the collection of the Musée de l'Homme in Paris for approximately thirty years; These urns, together with all other artefacts from Mixco Viejo (Jilotepeque Viejo), were repatriated to Guatemala in 1998. Each urn contained the cremated remains of a single adult. All of these appeared to be mature or elderly adults; the remains of young adults were notably absent, indicating that elite warriors were buried in some other manner. The urns themselves represented a variety of highland ceramic types. Analysis of bone fragments in the cremated remains indicates that the entire body was burnt without any special treatment for the skull, although the offering of a skull was excavated from Pyramid C1. Surviving skull fragments indicated the practice of artificial skull deformation among the elite inhabitants of the city. The remains of animal bones were found mixed among a significant portion of the contents of the urns; where identifiable these included deer bones and those of a number of bird species, particularly parrots and birds of prey.

Only six of the urns contained associated funerary offerings:

Notes

Citations

References

Maya sites in Guatemala
Populated places established in the 12th century
Former populated places in Guatemala
Archaeological sites in Guatemala
Chimaltenango Department
Ruins in Guatemala
Maya Postclassic Period

Mixco Viejo


was a town located in Mitoyo District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,584 and a density of 227.68 persons per km2 (592.3 persons per mi2). The total area was 33.31 km2 (12.8 mi2).

On January 1, 2006, Mito, along with the towns of Mino, Nio, Saita, Takase, Takuma and Toyonaka (all from Mitoyo District), was merged to create the city of Mitoyo and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Geography
Western part of Kagawa
Rivers: Saita River, Kaunda River, Kouchi River

History
A long time ago - Yamamoto was part of Toyota District.
April 1, 1955 - Mitoyo District's Tsuji Village, Kouchi Village, Kōda Village, and Saita-Ono Village were merged to create Yamamoto Village.
November 3, 1957 - Renamed Yamamoto Town.
January 1, 2006 - Yamamoto was merged with 6 other towns to create Mitoyo city.

Administration

Mayor
1955 Founder Hara (数栄)
1959 2nd Maya (真屋 友一)
1971 3rd Ando (安藤 要)
1979 4th  Hara (原 正司)
1991 5th Iwakura (岩倉 礼一)
1999 6th Ohashi (大橋 良男)

Education
The following were elementary and junior high schools in the town.  There were no high schools or secondary schools in Mino.

Tsuji Elementary School
Kouchi Elementary School
Ono Elementary School
Kaunda Elementary School
Mitoyo Junior High School

Transportation

Bus
Takase Jishou Unkou(Independent Carrier)
Highways
Expressway
There was no Takamatsu Expressway connection in Yamamoto, but there was one in Toyonaka, north of Yamamoto.
National Highways
Route 377
Regional Highways
Route 5 - Kan'onji(Kagawa and Tokushima)
Route 6 - Kan'onji(Kagawa and Tokushima)
 Shikoku Railway Company(JR Shikoku)
 There is no railroad in Yamamoto, but there is one in Toyonaka to the north and Saita to the south

Famous Places and Events

Shikoku 88 Temple Pilgrimage
 Number 67 Daikoji Temple

Famous People From Yamamoto
Mise Kouji (Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks)

External links
 Official website of Mitoyo

Dissolved municipalities of Kagawa Prefecture
Mitoyo, Kagawa

Yamamoto, Kagawa


Ducesa Marie Antoinette de Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Marie Antoinette Margarethe Mathilde; 28 mai 1884 – 26 octombrie 1944) a fost a doua fiică a  Ducelui Paul Frederic de Mecklenburg și a soției lui, Prințesa Marie de Windisch-Graetz.

Biografie

Ea a fost candidata Kaiserului german Wilhelm al II-lea pentru a fi mireasă regelui Alfonso al XIII-lea al Spaniei. Totuși acesta s-a căsătorit cu verișoara Kaiserului, Prințesa Victoria Eugenie, nepoata reginei Victoria.

Note

Nașteri în 1884
Decese în 1944
Ducese de Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Casa de Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Marie Antoinette de Mecklenburg


Viktor Klimenko (* 24. November 1942 in Pyhäniemi, Karelien) ist ein finnischer Sänger und Schauspieler.

Leben und Wirken
In der Sowjetunion geboren, wurde seine Familie in der Zeit des Zweiten Weltkrieges nach Finnland umgesiedelt. Seine Gesangskarriere begann 1963. Einen ersten kleinen Erfolg hatte er 1964 mit einer finnischen Version von Dean Martins Everybody Loves Somebody als Single. Er wurde ausgewählt, Finnland beim Eurovision Song Contest 1965 in Neapel zu vertreten. Seine Ballade Aurinko laskee länteen erhielt aber keine Punkte und landete auf dem letzten Platz. Er spielte einige Jahre Theater und begann seine Tätigkeit als Fernseh-Schauspieler. In den 1970er Jahren war er mit seinen russischsprachigen Singles und Langspielplatten bekannt und hatte Auftritte in ganz Europa. Erst 1973 erhielt er die finnische Staatsbürgerschaft. Ab den 1980er Jahren fanden verstärkt christliche Themen Einzug in seine Musik. Er gab von da an viele Konzerte in Kirchen.

Diskografie (Auswahl)
 Vapaa Kasakka
 1971: Stenka Rasin (FI: )
 1973: Milaja (FI: )
 1975: Country & Eastern (FI: )
 1982: Jeesus on Herra (FI: )

Weblinks
 Homepage
 Viktor Klimenko bei Discogs

Einzelnachweise

Sänger
Musiker (Finnland)
Interpret eines finnischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Russe
Finne
Geboren 1942
Mann

Viktor Klimenko (Sänger)


Anna Vasa a Suediein (; 17 mai 1568 – 26 februarie 1625) a fost o prințesă suedeză și poloneză. A fost fiica regelui Ioan al III-lea al Suediei și a reginei Catherine Jagellon. A avut o relație apropiată cu fratele ei, Sigismund al III-lea Vasa, rege al Poloniei (1587–1632) și rege al Suediei  (1592–99). Crescută în religia catolică, Anna s-a convertit la luteranism în 1584, lucru care a transformat-o într-o mireasă neeligibilă pentru regalitatea europeană catolică și a rămas necăsătorită.

Biografie
Anna a fost al doilea copil, și cel mai mic al Ducelui Ioan al Finlandei și a Catherinei Jagellon, sora regelui Sigismund al II-lea August. S-a născut la Eskilstuna imediat după ce familia ei a fost eliberată din captivitate. Tatăl ei a urcat pe tronul Suediei în 1569 sub numele de Ioan al III-lea. La fel ca și fratele ei Sigismund, Anna a fost crescută în religia catolică de către mama lor.

În 1577 s-a discutat despre aranjarea unei căsătorii între Anna și un arhiduce austriac, ori Matia ori Maximilian al II-lea, însă planul a devenit imposibil după convertirea ei la un an după decesul mamei sale. Potrivit tradiției, convertirea a fost inspirată în 1583 când mama ei aflată pe patul de moarte și care se temea de Purgatoriu, a fost mângâiată de duhovnicul ei iezuit care a asigurat-o că purgatoriul nu există și că era folosit doar pentru a-i avertiza pe oamenii obișnuiți și simplii la minte. Regina l-a îndepărtat pe iezuit însă Annei i-a displăcut falsitatea romano-catolicismului.

După moartea mamei sale, mătușa maternă regina Anna Jagiellon a sugerat ca ea să fie trimisă în Polonia pentru a fi crescută acolo dar a fost refuzată de Ioan al III-lea. Ea a avut propria ei curte, supravegheată de fosta doamnă de onoare a mamei sale, Karin Gyllenstierna.

Polonia
În 1587, când ea avea 19 ani, fratele ei Sigismund a fost ales rege al Poloniei și Mare Duce al Lituaniei sub numele de Sigismund al III-lea. Mătușa ei a repetat invitația pentru Anna și de data asta tatăl ei și-a dat acordul de dragul lui Sigismund. Anna a plecat cu Sigismund în Polonia la 12 septembrie 1587 și a fost prezentă la încoronare. În timpul șederii la curtea poloneză a fost privită negativ prin celebrarea maselor luterane la curtea ei.

În 1589 Anna l-a însoțit pe Sigismund la întâlnirea cu tatăl lor la Reval, în Estonia suedeză. Ea a fost prezentă în timpul sesiunilor furtunoase ale Riksråd, unde regele Ioan a insistat ca Sigismund să abdice de la tronul polonez și să se întoarcă în Suedia. Consilierii suedezi au protestat la această idee și furios Ioan a promis să-i persecute. Erik Sparre i-a cerut Annei să intervină ca mediator și să-l calmeze pe tatăl ei. În timp ce Sigismund s-a întors în Polonia, Anna și-a urmat tatăl în Suedia, unde și-a petrecut următorii trei ani.

În 1592, Anna a revenit în Polonia pentru a participa la nunta fratele ei cu Anne de Austria. Anna Vasa nu era plăcută de curtea poloneză din cauza religiei ei și a influenței asupra regelui Sigismund; a fost bănuită că a sprijinit planul tatălui ei, plan care a eșuat, de a aranja o căsătorie protestantă pentru Sigismund cu Christina de Holstein-Gottorp. Arhiepiscopul a fost atât de provocat de religia ei luterană că i-a amenințat pe Anna și Sigismund cu excomunicarea. Cumnata ei Anne de Austria a împiedicat orice persecuție în acest sens. În iulie 1593 ea și-a ținut noua nepoată, Anna Maria, la botez.

Cardinalul Andrew Báthory a propus o căsătorie a ei cu Prințul Transilvaniei. Totuși, Anna s-a logodit cu vărul primar al tatălui ei, contele Gustav Brahe, fiul lui Per Brahe cel Bătrân și viitor general al Poloniei. El fusese crescut la curtea regală iar ea se îndrăgostise de el de copil. Cuplul s-ar fi întâlnit în casa surorii lui Brahe. S-a spus că Brahe plănuia să obțină tronul prin căsătoria cu Anna. În 1589, Brahe a venit în Polonia, fratele ei Sigismund nefiind împotriva ideii căsătoriei. Deși nu era cea mai dorită căsătorie, Anna a respins alți pretendenți. Timpul a trecut fără ca o căsătorie să aibă loc. Nici o explicație nu a fost găsită în sursele istorice.

Suedia
În noiembrie 1592, fratele ei Sigismund a urcat pe  tronul Suediei după moartea tatălui lor. În septembrie 1593 Anna s-a întors în Suedia alături de fratele ei, regele Sigismund, și cumnata ei, regina Anne. A fost privită cu neîncredere de trimisul papal Germanico Malaspina. În timpul revoltei scandaloase dintre catolici și protestanți în timpul serviciului de înmormântare al muzicianului polonez Sowka la Riddarholmskyrkan în noiembrie 1593, propriul ei preot Olaus Simonis a participat de partea protestantă. În februarie 1594, când Anna și-a vizitat unchiul Carol, Duce de Södermanland, la Uppsala, au participat la predica anti-catolică a lui Ericus Schepperus. Sigismund avea planuri de a o face pe Anna regentă în Suedia în timpul șederii sale în Polonia, totuși planul a fost respins de Ducele Carol, care a reușit să determine Consiliul să-l numească pe el.

În 1594, Sigismund s-a întors în Polonia în timp ce Anna a rămas în Suedia. După înfrângerea lui Sigismund în Bătălia de la Stångebro în 1598, ea a părăsit Suedia pentru Polonia, unde și-a petrecut restul vieții.

Note

Nașteri în 1568
Decese în 1625
Casa de Vasa
Prințese suedeze
Prințese poloneze

Anna Vasa a Suediei


Terry Biddlecombe (2 February 1941 – 5 January 2014) was an English National Hunt racing jockey in the 1960s and 1970s. He was Champion Jockey in 1965, 1966 and 1969.

Biddlecombe was born in Hartpury, Gloucester on 2 February 1941. He rode 114 winners in the 1964/1965 season, and followed that with 102 the next season. In 1968/1969, he rode 77 winners, which saw him tied with Bob Davies. One of his finest moments came in the 1967 Cheltenham Gold Cup, when he rode the 100-8 horse Woodland Venture to victory. In 1972 he finished second in the Grand National on Gay Trip. Between 1972 and 1974, he rode many times for Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, a well-known supporter of horse racing. In April 1974 he appeared on the television programme This Is Your Life, and finally retired from competitive racing having posted more than 900 winners.

Early life
His father Walter was a successful point to point jockey and farmer.  His mother, Nancy was a horsewoman.  His elder brother Tony, also a successful amateur jockey until he gave up racing to take over the family farm was born on 6 November 1938 and his sister Sue was born in May 1948.

Brother Tony was National Hunt amateur champion jockey in 1961/2 and his cousin, Peter Jones was also a jockey.

Career
On 23 February 1957 Biddlecombe was unplaced on first ride on Balkan Flower at Wincanton and rode his first winner, Burnella, at the same course on 6 March 1958 beating Fred Winter in a photo finish.

In February 1960 Biddlecombe turned professional.  Shortly after he had his first ride in the Grand National on Aliform where he fell at the 22nd fence (Becher's Brook).
Biddlecombe had his first ride for Fred Rimell in 1961, and on 28 January 1962 rode his first winner for him on Voleur.  He was retained as his second jockey (behind Bobby Beasley) for the 1962/3 season and was retained as first jockey for the 1963/4 season.

On 27 February 1970, Biddlecombe suffered a life-threatening fall on King's Dream at Kempton Park where he ruptured a kidney and broke 3 ribs.  He returned to race riding on 29 April 1970 but missed the winning ride on Gay Trip in the Grand National, a horse he was to ride in the next 2 Grand Nationals, falling at the 1st fence in 1971 and finishing 2nd in 1972.

Due to increasing weight concerns, Fred Rimell replaced Biddlecombe with Bill Smith as stable jockey for the 1972/3 season.  Biddlecombe continued as a freelance jockey, riding some Rimell horses and many horses for Fulke Walwyn and Ryan Price.

On 14 March 1974, he retired from riding after finishing 3rd on Game Spirit in the Gold Cup and unplaced on Amarind in the final race of the day.

Biddlecombe was National Hunt champion jockey on 3 occasions.  1965 with a season's career best 114 wins, 1966 (102 wins) and 1969 (77 wins) when he tied with Bob Davies, his future brother in law.

Biddlecombe retired with 905 British winners - at the time, the only National Hunt jockey to have ridden more was Stan Mellor - and reputedly at least 47 broken bones.

Biddlecombe was a regular for the Jockeys Cricket XI, usually keeping wicket.

With a large frame, he was 5 foot 11 tall, he fought a constant battle with his weight and increasingly with alcohol.

Personal life
On 26 July 1968, Biddlecombe married Bridget Tyrwhitt-Drake.  They had two daughters, Laura (born 10 December 1972) and Elizabeth (born 26 April 1974).

On retirement, Biddlecombe applied for a permit to train, but was refused by the Jockey Club as his wife already ran a livery yard from the premises.

He had spells as a BBC Sport paddock commentator and racing correspondent for Midlands ATV. It was whilst doing a feature that he first met Henrietta Knight.

In 1981, he married Ann Hodgson, they had three children, including Robert, a successful jockey. They emigrated to Australia in 1985 and a farm outside Perth where alcoholism eventually led to the end of the marriage.

In 1992 Biddlecombe returned to England and with the help of the Injured Jockeys Fund, dried out. A few months later he met Henrietta Knight again.  They married in 1995.

Later life
Biddlecombe married the trainer Henrietta Knight in 1995, having given her the ultimatum "It's the bottle or me".

Together with his wife, held open days at their stables, with many coming to see the 3 x Cheltenham Gold Cup winner Best Mate, who was ridden to victory by Jim Culloty in 3 consecutive Gold cups in 2002, 2003 & 2004 . Another of their star horses, Edredon Bleu won the 2003 King George VI Chase at Kempton Park Racecourse.

In the early 1980s, Terry worked with the actor John Hurt for his role in the 1983 film Champions, the biopic of jockey Bob Champion.
Terry was followed into the racing game by his son, from his second marriage, Robert.

He had remained involved in horse racing until his death on 5 January 2014 following a long illness.

References

External links

1941 births
2014 deaths
People educated at The King's School, Gloucester
English jockeys
British Champion jumps jockeys

Terry Biddlecombe


Doctor Atómico (título original en inglés, Doctor Atomic) es una ópera en dos actos con música de John Adams y libreto en inglés de Peter Sellars. La obra se estrenó en la Ópera de San Francisco el 1 de octubre de 2005. La obra se centra en el gran estrés y ansiedad padecidos por los que estaban en Los Álamos mientras se estaba preparando la prueba de la primera bomba atómica (el "test Trinity"). Se hizo un documental sobre la creación de la ópera, titulado Wonders Are Many (2007).

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con solo 7 representaciones en el período 2005-2010, y la segunda de Adams.

Personajes

Adams había escrito el papel de Kitty Oppenheimer para la mezzosoprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson. Sin embargo, ella era incapaz de comprometerse con el proyecto debido a su salud (ella murió poco después del estreno de la obra). La obra fue cantada en el estreno mundial por la mezzo Kristine Jepson. Para la segunda gran producción, en la De Nederlandse Opera, Adams modificó el papel para una soprano, Jessica Rivera. Para el estreno en el Metropolitan, el papel de nuevo lo cantó una mezzo, Sasha Cooke.

Argumento
El primer acto tiene lugar alrededor de un mes antes de que la bomba se ensaye, y el segundo acto en una mañana del 16 de junio de 1945 (el día de la prueba). Durante el segundo acto, el tiempo a menudo se ralentiza por los personajes y luego vuelven a la realidad. La ópera acaba en el momento final, prolongado, antes de que la bomba se haya detonado. Aunque el encargo original para la ópera sugirió que el físico estadounidense J. Robert Oppenheimer, el "padre de la bomba atómica," es una especie de Doctor Fausto del , Adams y Sellars deliberadamente intentaron evitar esta caracterización.

La obra se centra en los intérpretes principales del Proyecto Manhattan, especialmente Robert Oppenheimer, general Leslie Groves, y también presenta a Kitty Oppenheimer, la esposa de Robert y su ansiedad sobre el proyecto de su esposo. Sellars adaptó el libreto a partir de fuentes históricas primarias. El libreto también tiene citas del Bhagavad Gita, canciones de los Tewa, los Sonetos sagrados de John Donne, y la poesía de Charles Baudelaire y Muriel Rukeyser.

Doctor Atomic es parecido en estilo a las óperas precedentes de Adams, Nixon en China y La muerte de Klinghofferambas explorando los personajes y las personalidades que estaban implicadas en incidentes históricos, más que la reconstrucción de los propios acontecimientos.

Referencias
Notas

Alex Ross, "Onwards and upward with the arts: Countdown: John Adams and Peter Sellars create an atomic opera", The New Yorker, 3 de octubre de 2005, pp. 60–71.
Matthew Westphal, "Met and ENO to Collaborate on Productions of Adams's Doctor Atomic, New Golijov Opera", Playbill Arts, 15 de agosto de 2007

Enlaces externos
Página web oficial de Doctor Atomic
 Notas, discografía y libreto (inglés / español) en Kareol

Óperas de John Adams
Óperas en inglés
Óperas de 2005
Óperas estrenadas en San Francisco
Representaciones culturales de físicos

Doctor Atómico


Oberbichl ist eine Ortschaft bzw. ein Einzelhof in der Gemeinde Prägraten am Großvenediger. Oberbichl wird zum Dorf Bichl gezählt und liegt in rund 1525 Metern Höhe, womit der Oberbichler Hof der höchstgelegene Bauernhof der Gemeinde Prägraten am Großvenediger ist.

Geographie
Oberbichl liegt nördlich über der Ortschaft Bichl und ist mit dieser durch eine Straße verbunden. Die Hofstelle besteht aus dem Oberbichler Hof, der Pension "Haus Sonne" sowie Nebengebäuden wie einer Getreidemühle mit Schmiede und einer Schnapsbrennerei.

Bauwerke
Der Oberbichler Hof wurde bereits 1770 unter diesem Namen genannt, wobei die heutige Bebauung seit dem Jahr 1787 belegt ist. Das Wohnhaus stammt im Kern aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, im 18. Jahrhundert wurde das Gebäude traufseitig nach Westen erweitert. Im 19. Jahrhundert veränderten die Besitzer des Bauernhofes das zweigeschoßige Bauwerk über rechteckigem Grundriss an den Fenstern, dem giebelseitigen Söller sowie am Dachstuhl. Beim Wohnhaus des Oberbichler Hofes handelt sich um ein in Mischbauweise errichtetes, traufseitig erschlossenes Mittelflurhaus mit Blockpfettendach und brettergedecktem Pultdach. Von der Fassadengliederung sind aus Reste gemalter Eckquaderung und ein rundbogiges Portal aus dem 17. Jahrhundert sowie barocke Wabengitter erhalten. Die getäfelte Stube stammt aus dem 19. Jahrhundert, des Weiteren befindet sich im Gebäude eine Rauchküche mit gemauertem, offenen Herd. Zum Oberbichler Hof gehört zudem eine wasserbetriebene Getreidemühle mit Schmiede, wobei das in Mischbauweise ausgeführte Objekt mit brettergedecktem Blockpfettendach mit der Jahreszahl 1877 bezeichnet ist. Das oberschlächtige Zellenschaufelrad befindet sich in einer überdachten Radstube, die Schmiede liegt talseitig.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Bundesdenkmalamt (Hrsg.): Die Kunstdenkmäler des politischen Bezirkes Lienz. Teil III. Iseltal, Defereggental, Kalsertal, Virgental. Verlag Berger, Horn 2007 ISBN 978-3-85028-448-6 (Österreichische Kunsttopographie, Band LVII)

Weblinks

 oberbichlerhof.at

Geographie (Prägraten am Großvenediger)
Ort im Bezirk Lienz

Oberbichl (Gemeinde Prägraten am Großvenediger)


An Cyperus lancastriensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Conrad Porter. An Cyperus lancastriensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus lancastriensis


Nadia Mateeva Nojarova, de asemenea cunoscută drept Contesa Nadia de Navarro Farber () a fost o cântăreață bulgară de operetă, actriță, antreprenoare, filantropă și contesă spaniolă.

Biografie

Cariera
Nadia Nojarova s-a născut la Plevna, pe 21 noiembrie 1916. Tatăl ei era comerciant de materiale electrice. A studiat la Școală Americană de fete din Loveci, apoi a revenit la Plevna și și-a început cariera la teatrul de operetă "Angel Sladkarov" cu care a plecat în turneu prin Bulgaria. După desființarea grupului de teatru, ea a jucat la teatrele "Odeon" și "Bulgaria". S-a mutat în Germania, unde a făcut canto. După ce s-a întors în Bulgaria ea a jucat în filmul "Izpitanie" (Procesul), în 1942.

A murit pe 18 aprilie 2014, în Long Island.

Familia
După ce a început să joace la teatrul de operetă "Angel Sladkarov" în 1936, s-a îndrăgostit de regizorul acestuia, Angel Sladkarov, cu care s-a căsătorit câteva zile mai târziu la mănăstirea Troian. În 1940 au divorțat și s-a căsătorit cu contele spaniol de Navarro, un diplomat de la Vatican, căsătorie în urma căreia a primit titlul de "contesă". Ei au trăit în Monte Carlo.

După moartea soțului ei, în 1949, s-a mutat în Statele Unite ale Americii și în 1953 s-a căsătorit cu Sid Farber, care deținea o clădire și o companie imobiliară. Cuplul și-a construit o casă de vacanță în stil maur, sub formă de castel la St Croix în Insulele Virgine Americane. După decesul său în 1985, a moștenit averea și s-a căsătorit cu Iuri Farber, cu care a rămas căsătorită până la moartea sa în 2014.

Filantropie
A primit numeroase premii pentru acțiunile sale caritabile. A susținut de mai multe organizații care ajutau imigranții evrei și venezueleni: Crucea Roșie din Monaco, Spitalul American din Paris, și spitalul Prințesei Grace din Monaco, dar și orfelinate precum Orfelinatul pentru băieți din Atena sau Orfelinatul din Veneția.

Galerie

Note

Nașteri în 1916
Decese în 2014
Cântăreți bulgari
Actori bulgari
Oameni de afaceri americani

Nadia Nojarova


Mildred Harris ()  a fost o actriță americană la începutul secolului al XX-lea. A început cariera ca actor-copil la 11 ani. La 16 ani s-a cunocut cu Charlie Chaplin care s-a căsătorit în 1918 (fiind prima soție a acestuia).

Filmografie

Note

Legături externe

 Silent Era People
 Mildred Harris at Virtual history

Vezi și
Listă de actori americani

Nașteri în 1901
Decese în 1944
Actrițe americane
Charlie Chaplin

Mildred Harris


හෙලෝ ශ්‍යාමා යනු එම්.එස්. ආනන්දන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණයකර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද 1982 චිත්‍රපටයකි.

රංගනය
ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා
ශ්‍යාමා ආනන්දන්
ශ්‍රියානි අමරසේන
සාලිය පෙරේරා
කාන්ති ආනන්ද
බන්දු සමරසිංහ
සේනක පෙරේරා
ශ්‍රියා කළුබෝවිල
කාන්ති ලංකා
ඩඩ්ලි වානගුරු
රූබි ද මෙල්
ලාල් රණතුංග
යූ. එස්. ඒ. සරණපාල
සිසිර කුමාරතුංග
ජස්ටින් ෆොන්සේකා
රංජිත් කරුණාරත්න
විජේරත්න වරකාගොඩ
එච්. ධර්මසේන

ගීතයන්
සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ක්ලැරන්ස් විජේවර්ධන
ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය – කරුණාරත්න අබේසේකර, ක්ලැරන්ස් විජේවර්ධන
ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 03

මා පැතු මා සිතු මනමෝහන – එච්. ආර්. ජෝතිපාල, ඉන්ද්‍රාණි පෙරේරා
සොඳුරු ගුණැති මවගේ ආදරේ - ලතා වල්පොල
එක සුපුන් සඳින්- ක්ලැරැන්ස් විජේවර්ධන

නිෂ්පාදනය
අංග රචනය – හිල්ටන් මෙන්ඩිස්
සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – යූ. එස්. ඒ. සරණපාල
කැමරා සහාය - සෝමපාල ධර්මප්‍රිය,
එච්. ධර්මසේන, මාටින් පෙරේරා
ගීත පටිගත කිරීම - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග
ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය – වයලට් ආනන්දන්
ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - සෙන්ට් ජෝන්
ශබ්ද සහාය - ලයනල් ගුණරත්න, සිරිසේන පෙරේරා, ඒ. සී. එම්. රියාස්, එම්. ඒ. ඒබ්‍රහම්
රසායනාගාර කටයුතු - එස්. තිරුනාවුකරසු (බී. ඇස්. සී)

ප්‍රදර්ශනය
ආරම්භක සිනමා ශාලා - ගාමිණී – මරදාන, ඕඩියන් – ගල්කිස්ස, නිල්මිණි – වත්තල, කිංග්ස් - මීගමුව, ලැවීනියා - නුගේගොඩ, මානෙල් - මොරටුව, කන්ට්‍රාස් - කිරිබත්ගොඩ, ලේඛා - හෝමාගම, රීගල් - මහනුවර, රීගල් අම්බලන්ගොඩ, එස්. කේ. සිනමා - මාතර, ජුපිටර් – කුරුණෑගල, ශ්‍රී මහල් - කුලියාපිටිය, සිත්තම්පලම් – අනුරාධපුර

හලෝ ශ්‍යාමා


An Carex filifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Nuttall. An Carex filifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. f. erostrata
 C. f. filifolia

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex filifolia


WSG Swarovski Tirol Fußball (kendt som WSG Tirol) er en østrigsk fodboldklub fra byen Wattens. Klubben spiller i , og har hjemmebane på Gernot Langes Stadion. Klubben blev grundlagt i 1930. Klubben hed først SC Wattens, senere SV Wattens og WSG Wattens, inden den i 2019 skiftede til det nuværende navn. Samme år vendte klubben tilbage til den østrigske bundesliga.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Klubbens officielle hjemmeside

Fodboldklubber i Østrig
Etableret i 1930

WSG Tirol


Adenor Leonardo Bacchi (), mai bine cunoscut sub numele de Tite, este un antrenor și fost fotbalist brazilian care conduce echipa Flamengo.

Antrenori brazilieni de fotbal
Fotbaliști brazilieni
Nașteri în 1961

Tite