The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is a historic art museum between 7th, 9th, F, and G Streets NW in Washington, D.C., in the United States. Founded in 1962 and opened to the public in 1968, it is part of the Smithsonian Institution. Its collections focus on images of famous Americans. Along with the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the museum is housed in the historic Old Patent Office Building.

History

Founding of the museum

The first portrait gallery in the United States was Charles Willson Peale's American Pantheon, also known as Peale's Collection of Portraits of American Patriots, established in 1796. It closed after two years. In 1859, the National Portrait Gallery in London opened, but few Americans took notice. The idea of a federally owned national portrait gallery can be traced back to 1886, when Robert C. Winthrope, president of the Massachusetts Historical Society, visited the National Portrait Gallery in London. Upon his return to the United States, Winthrope began pressing for the establishment of a similar museum in the United States.

In January 1919, the Smithsonian Institution entered into a cooperative endeavor with the American Federation of Arts and the American Mission to Negotiate Peace to create a National Art Committee.  The committee's goal was to commission portraits of famous leaders from the various nations involved in World War I. Among the committee's members were oil company executive Herbert L. Pratt, Ethel Sperry Crocker, an art aficionado and wife of William Henry Crocker, the founder of Crocker National Bank, architect Abram Garfield, Mary Williamson Averell, wife of railway executive E. H. Harriman, financier J. P. Morgan, attorney Charles Phelps Taft, brother of President William Howard Taft, steel magnate Henry Clay Frick, and paleontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott. The portraits commissioned went on display in the National Museum of Natural History in May 1921.  This formed the nucleus of what would become the National Portrait Gallery Collection.

In 1937, Mellon donated his large collection of classic and modernist art to the United States, which led to the foundation of the National Gallery of Art. The collection included a large number of portraits. Mellon asked that, should a portrait gallery be created, the portraits be transferred to it.  David E. Finley, Jr., an attorney and one of Mellon's closest friends, was named the first director of the National Gallery of Art, and he pushed hard over the next several years for the establishment of a portrait gallery.

In 1957, a proposal was made by the federal government to demolish the Old Patent Office Building. After a public outcry and an agreement to save the historic structure, Congress authorized the Smithsonian Institution to use the structure as a museum in March 1958. Shortly thereafter, the Smithsonian Art Commission asked the Chancellor of the Smithsonian to appoint a committee to organize a national portrait museum and to plan for the establishment of this museum in the Old Patent Office Building. This committee was created in 1960.

The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) was authorized and founded by Congress in 1962. The enabling legislation defined its purpose as displaying portraits of "men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the people of the United States." The legislation specified, however, that the museum's collection be limited to painting, prints, drawings, and engravings. Despite the Smithsonian's own extensive collection of art and Mellon's collection, there was very little for the National Portrait Gallery to display. "To found a portrait gallery in the 1960s," Smithsonian Secretary S. Dillon Ripley said, was difficult because "American portraiture has already reached the zenith in price and the nadir in supply." Ripley, whose leadership of the Smithsonian began in 1964, was a strong supporter of the new museum, however. He encouraged the museum's curators to build a collection from scratch based on individual pieces chosen through high-quality scholarship rather than buying complete collections from others. The NPG's collection was slowly built over the next five years through donations and purchases. The museum had little money at this time. Often, it located items it wanted and then asked the owner to simply donate it.

The first NPG exhibit, "Nucleus for a National Collection," went on display in the Arts and Industries Building in 1965 (the bicentennial of James Smithson's birth). The following year, the NPG completed the Catalog of American Portraits, the first inventory of portraiture held by the Smithsonian. The catalog also documented the physical characteristics of each artwork, and its provenance (author, date, ownership, etc.). The museum moved into the Old Patent Office Building with the National Fine Arts Collection in 1966. It opened to the public on October 7, 1968.

Building the collection
The Old Patent Office Building was renovated in 1969 by the architectural firm of Faulkner, Fryer and Vanderpool. The renovation won the American Institute of Architects National Honor Award in 1970. The following year, the NPG began the National Portrait Survey, an attempt to catalog and photograph all portraits in all formats held by every public and private collection and museum in the country. On July 4, 1973, the NPG opened "The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, 1770–1800," the first exhibit at the museum dedicated solely to African Americans. Philanthropist Paul Mellon donated 761 portraits by French-American engraver C.B.J.F. de Saint-Mémin to the museum in 1974.

Congress passed legislation in January 1976 allowing the National Portrait Gallery to collect portraits in media other than graphic arts. This permitted the NPG to begin collecting photographs. The Library of Congress had long opposed the move in order to protect its own role in collecting photographs, but NPG Director Marvin Sadik fought hard to have the ban eliminated. The NPG rapidly expanded its photography collection, and in October 1976 established a Department of Photographs. The gallery's first photography exhibit, "Facing the Light: Historic American Portrait Daguerreotypes," opened in September 1978. It also continued to build its other collections. In February 1977, the museum acquired an 1880 self-portrait by Mary Cassatt, one of only two painted by her. Eleven months later, the museum acquired a self-portrait by John Singleton Copley. The roundel (a circular canvas), one of only four self-portraits by the celebrated early American artist, was donated to the NPG by the Cafritz Foundation.

In May 1978, Time magazine donated 850 original portraits which had graced its cover between 1928 and 1978. A major exhibit of these pieces debuted in May 1979.

The Stuarts controversy

A major controversy occurred in 1979 over the National Portrait Gallery's attempt to buy two Gilbert Stuart paintings.  The famous, unfinished portraits of George and Martha Washington were owned by the Boston Athenaeum, which loaned them to the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston in 1876. But the Athenaeum, a private collection, was suffering from financial difficulties by the late 1970s. It twice offered to sell the two portraits to the Museum of Fine Arts over the previous two years, but the museum declined to purchase them.  The Athenaeum began searching for another buyer, and in early 1979 the Athenaeum tentatively reached an agreement to sell the works to the NPG for $5 million.  When the Athenaeum made these discussions public in April 1979, there was strong public opposition to the sale in Boston. NPG director Marvin Sadik declined to cancel the sale, arguing that the portraits were of national historic value and belonged in the Smithsonian. A campaign by prominent Bostonians tried to raise $5 million to keep the portraits in Massachusetts. Boston Mayor Kevin H. White sued to keep the portraits in Boston, naming Massachusetts Attorney General Francis X. Bellotti, whose office the Commonwealth's constitution designates "custodian of public property" in the suit. "Everybody knows Washington has no culture—they have to buy it," White said.

On April 12, the Athenaeum and NPG agreed to delay the sale until December 31, 1979, to give the Boston fund-raising effort a chance. Although not completely successful, the lawsuit had one effect: Attorney General Bellotti announced in mid-summer that the Stuart portraits could not be sold without his permission. By November 1979, the fund-raising campaign had netted only $885,631, with a pledge from the Museum of Fine Arts to match the amount if necessary. This left the campaign $4 million short of the purchase price. The Athenaeum refused to lower the price, describing the $5 million listing as a significant discount from the portraits' real value.

With public and political pressure on the Smithsonian to resolve the issue, the Museum of Fine Arts and NPG agreed on February 7, 1980, to jointly purchase the portraits.  Under the agreement, the paintings would spend three years at the National Portrait Gallery (beginning in July 1980), and then three years in Boston at the Museum of Fine Arts. Attorney General Bellotti approved the plan in March. Per the agreement, the portraits went on display in Washington on July 1, 1980.

NPG director Marvin Sadik, who had expressed his dissatisfaction over the Stuart painting controversy, took a six-month-long sabbatical in January 1981. He announced his retirement from the museum in July.

Expanding the collection
Even as the Stuarts controversy occupied the attention of the press, the National Portrait Gallery continued to expand its collection. In April 1979, it obtained five other portraits by Gilbert Stuart. These five paintings — of presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, John Adams, and James Madison — were known as the Gibbs-Coolidge set. The portraits were donated by the Coolidge family of Boston (without controversy). In December, the museum obtained a bust of Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull (which may have been sculpted from the portrait which was later used for the $10 bill) and a Gilbert Stuart portrait of Representative Fisher Ames from the Henry Cabot Lodge family in Massachusetts. The following April, Varina Webb Stewart and Joel A.H. Webb presented important portraits of Jefferson Davis and his wife, Varina Howell Davis, to the National Portrait Gallery. (Stewart and Webb were the Davis' great-grandchildren.) In 1980, the museum obtained (through purchase and loan) a number of works by graphic artist Howard Chandler Christy for exhibit. Works displayed ranged from his "Christy girl" recruiting posters to history-based works such as Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States.

By 1981, the museum had more than 2,000 items in its collection. Two major 19th-century photography collections were added by the museum that year. The first such acquisition was the Frederick Hill Meserve Collection of 5,419 glass negatives produced by the studio of famed Civil War photographer Mathew Brady and his assistants. Using historically accurate chemicals, paper, and techniques, prints were made of the negatives and the prints placed on rotating display. The Washington Post later described the importance of the acquisition by saying it made the NPG the "epicenter" for Brady scholarship. Later that year, 5,400 Civil War-era glass negatives produced by photographer Alexander Gardner were also purchased from the Meserve family. This included the famous "cracked-plate" portrait of Abraham Lincoln taken in February 1865, which was the last photographic portrait of Lincoln taken before his death in April 1865.

Two major portrait purchases were also made in the early 1980s. One was a Gilbert Stuart portrait of Thomas Jefferson, for which the museum paid $1 million to a private collector. A portion of the purchase price came from the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, which owns and operates Jefferson's historic plantation home of Monticello. The two parties agreed have the portrait spend time at both locations. The second major purchase was an Edgar Degas portrait of his friend, Mary Cassatt, for which the museum paid $1.3 million.

The museum suffered a major theft in 1984 — although it was not a portrait. On December 31, 1984, a thief pried open a display case and stole four handwritten documents accompanying several portraits of Civil War generals. One of the documents was written and signed by President Abraham Lincoln.  The remaining three were written and signed by Civil War generals Ulysses S. Grant, George Meade, and George Armstrong Custer.  The FBI was contacted and worked with Smithsonian police to investigate the crime.  Within two weeks, a historic documents dealer contacted the FBI and said he had been offered the documents for sale.  On February 8, 1985, police arrested Norman James Chandler, a part-time mechanic's assistant from Maryland, for the theft. Chandler quickly pleaded guilty. He was sentenced in April 1985 to two years in jail (with all but six months suspended) and two years of probation, and required to pay a $2,000 fine. All four documents were recovered.

The late 1980s saw the collection continue to expand, although there were fewer major additions.  One significant acquisition was a nude image — a self-portrait painting by Alice Neel acquired in 1985. It was the National Portrait Gallery's first nude work. Neel was 80 years old when she painted it. Two years later, noted photographer Irving Penn donated 120 platinum prints of fashion and celebrity portraits he produced over the past 50 years.

Two very important daguerreotypes (an early photographic process) were purchased in the 1990s. The first was of African American abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglass, acquired in 1990. It is one of only four daguerreotypes of Douglass known to exist. That year, the number of images in the museum's photography collection reached 8,500 objects. Six years later, the NPG obtained for $115,000 the earliest known daguerreotype of abolitionist John Brown, whose 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry helped to spark the Civil War. The portrait was created by African American photographer Augustus Washington.

Purchasing the Lansdowne portrait

In the fall of 2000, Neil Primrose, 7th Earl of Rosebery, offered to sell Gilbert Stuart's Lansdowne portrait of George Washington to the National Portrait Gallery.  The painting was commissioned in April 1796 by Senator William Bingham of Pennsylvania—one of the wealthiest men in America at the time. The  portrait was given as a gift to British Prime Minister William Petty FitzMaurice. FitzMaurice was the 2nd Earl of Shelburne, and later became the first Marquess of Lansdowne (hence the name of the portrait). Lansdowne died in 1805, and in 1890 the painting was purchased by the 5th Earl of Rosebery. The Lansdowne portrait was displayed only three times in the United States (although several copies remained in America). On its third trip in 1968, it was exhibited by the National Portrait Gallery, and it remained there on indefinite loan. Lord Rosebery offered to sell the painting for $20 million, a price at the low end of estimates. But the offer came with a deadline of April 1, 2001. A search for a donor, personally led by Smithsonian Secretary Lawrence Small and the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, proved fruitless after three months. Worried Smithsonian officials then went public in February 2001 with a plea for a donor to come forth.

On March 13, just two weeks before the sale deadline, the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation donated $30 million to buy the Lansdowne portrait. Foundation chairman Fred W. Smith read about failing donor effort in the Wall Street Journal on February 26. Although the Reynolds Foundation generally only made grants in the areas of elder care, cardiovascular research, and journalism, assisting with the Lansdowne purchase fell within the foundation's "special projects" area of responsibility. NPG Director Marc Pachter flew to Nevada to meet with foundation officials on March 3, and the foundation approved the donation the following day. The $30 million donation included $6 million to put the portrait on a national tour for three years (the NPG was closed for renovations until 2006), and $4 million to construct a new area in the Old Patent Office Building to display it. NPG said it would name this display area for Donald W. Reynolds, the media baron who created the foundation.

Post-renovation activities
The National Portrait Gallery closed in January 2000 for a renovation of the Old Patent Office Building.  Intended to take two years and cost $42 million, the renovation took seven years and cost $283 million. Inflation, delays in obtaining approval for the renovation design, the addition of a glass canopy over the open courtyard, and other issues led to increases in both time and costs. During this period, most of the NPG's collection went on tour around the United States.

In March 2007, a multi-year study of leadership at eight Smithsonian museums made recommendations about the National Portrait Gallery. The report concluded that the museum needed stronger, more visionary leadership intent on creating a truly national museum. The report also called for "administrative consolidation" of the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

After the 2008 presidential election, the National Portrait Gallery obtained graphic artist Shepard Fairey's ubiquitous "Hope" poster of Barack Obama. Obama supporter Tony Podesta and his wife, Heather, donated it to the museum.

Hide/Seek controversy
In November 2010, the National Portrait Gallery hosted a major new exhibit, "Hide/Seek: Difference and Desire in American Portraiture", curated by David C. Ward and Jonathan Katz. The exhibit focused on depictions of homosexual love through history, and was the first exhibit hosted by a museum of national stature to address the topic. It was also the largest and most expensive exhibit in the NPG's history, and more private donors contributed to it than to any prior NPG exhibit. Included in the 105 pieces in the exhibit was a four-minute, edited version of artist David Wojnarowicz's short silent film A Fire in My Belly. Eleven seconds of the video depicted a crucifix covered in ants.

The exhibit was scheduled to run from October 30, 2010, to February 13, 2011. Within days of its opening, Catholic League president William A. Donohue labeled A Fire in My Belly hate speech, anti-Catholic, and anti-Christian. A spokesperson for Representative John Boehner, incoming Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, called it an "arrogant" abuse of the public trust and a misuse of taxpayer money, although it was funded by private donations. House Majority Leader Representative Eric Cantor threatened to reduce the Smithsonian's budget if the film remained on view. After consulting with National Portrait Gallery director Martin Sullivan, co-curator David C. Ward (but not with co-curator Jonathan David Katz), Smithsonian Undersecretary Richard Kurin, and the Smithsonian's government affairs and public relations offices, Smithsonian Secretary G. Wayne Clough ordered A Fire in My Belly removed from the exhibit on November 30.

Clough's decision led to extensive accusations of censorship and claims that the Smithsonian was caving in to pressure from a small group of vocal activists. Smithsonian officials strongly defended the video's removal. "The decision wasn't caving in," said Sullivan. "We don't want to shy away from anything that is controversial, but we want to focus on the museum's and this show's strengths." Kurin expressed the Smithsonian's desire to be responsive to public opinion, but also emphasized the remaining exhibit's importance. "We are sensitive to what the public thinks about our shows and programs," he said. "We stand behind the show. It has strong scholarship with great pieces by artists who are recognized by a whole panoply of experts. It represents a segment of America." On December 13, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, one of the principal sponsors of the exhibit, said it would ask for its $100,000 donation back if the film was not restored. Clough replied, "...the Smithsonian's decision to remove the video was a difficult one and we stand by it." The donation was returned, and the Warhol Foundation ceased to support National Portrait Gallery exhibits. The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, which donated $10,000 to support the exhibit, also ended all funding for future Smithsonian exhibitions. Both decisions drew criticism from some gay rights supporters, who felt the funding cuts were too draconian since the remainder of the pieces continued to be exhibited.

The controversy lasted through the exhibit's scheduled run. In late January 2011, the Smithsonian Board of Regents unanimously gave Clough a vote of confidence, saying his accomplishments in improving the Smithsonian's administration, finances, governance, and maintenance in the past 19 months far outweighed the damage done by the "Hide/Seek" controversy. Clough admitted, however, that he may have acted too hastily in the matter (although he continued to say he made the right decision), and the regents asked for Smithsonian staff to study the controversy and report back on how to handle such events in the future. Not everyone in the Smithsonian agreed with the regents. The Washington Post reported that some (unnamed) Smithsonian museum directors and curators felt there would be a chilling effect from Clough's decision. The Board of Directors of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden wrote an open letter to Clough in which they said they were "deeply troubled by the precedent" to remove the film.

Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition

In 2006, the museum began hosting a triennial, juried contemporary portrait exhibition called the Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition.  Named after long time docent and volunteer Virginia Outwin Boochever, this competition is widely regarded as the most prestigious portrait competition in the United States.  Artists working in the fields of painting, drawing, sculpture, photography, and other media are allowed to enter. Works must be created through a face-to-face encounter with the subject. The inaugural competition in 2006 drew more than 4000 entries, from which 51 finalists were chosen.  For the 2013 competition the total prize money of $42,000 was awarded to the top eight commended artists, and the winner received $25,000 and a commission to make a portrait for the museum's permanent collection. The subject of the commission is decided jointly by the artist and the NPG curators.  The 2006 winner was David Lenz of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and he was commissioned to paint a portrait of Eunice Kennedy Shriver, the founder of Special Olympics.  It was the first portrait commissioned of an individual who has not served as a president or first lady. The 2009 winner, Dave Woody of Fort Collins, Colorado, was commissioned to photograph food pioneer Alice Waters, founder of the Chez Panisse Restaurant and Cafe, the Edible Schoolyard and champion of the Slow Food movement.  The 2013 winner was Bo Gehring of Beacon, New York, who was commissioned to direct a video portrait of jazz musician Esperanza Spalding.

Post-2010 exhibits of note
In 2012, the National Portrait Gallery sponsored a new temporary exhibit, "Poetic Likeness: Modern American Poets," which focused on images of great American poets. The NPG collection had grown so large that the exhibit drew its images almost entirely from the museum's own collection.

Collection

As of 2011, the National Portrait Gallery was the only museum in the United States dedicated solely to portraiture. The museum had 65 employees and a $9 million annual budget in 2013. By February 2013, it housed 21,200 works of art, which had been seen by 1,069,932 visitors in 2012.

Portrait addition procedure
By 1977, the National Portrait Gallery had three curatorial divisions:  Painting and sculpture, prints and drawings, and photography.

Initially, the National Portrait Gallery had fairly strict rules regarding which images could enter its collection. The person depicted had to be historically significant. An individual also needed to be dead at least 10 years before their portrait could be displayed (although some images of obviously important living people were acquired while they still lived). After an initial affirmative determination by curators at a monthly curatorial meeting, the National Portrait Gallery Commission (the museum's board of directors) approved the person's inclusion. The commission was initially quite conservative in its assessment of "historically significant," although this position began to be more relaxed by 1969. As of 2006, the definition of "historically significant" had become quite loose, although "some kind of fame or notoriety remains a prerequisite". Portraits of living individuals or those dead less than 10 years are also now allowed to be displayed in the museum, as long as their inclusion is clearly important (such as presidents or generals).

The process for choosing which images the museum acquires is simple but can be contentious. Potential acquisitions are vigorously and informally discussed at length by researchers, historians, and the curatorial departments. Some of the criteria used in the decision-making process are: The number of existing portraits of the individual already in the collection, the quality of the potential portrait, the uniqueness of the potential portrait, the reputation of the portrait's author, and the cost of the portrait. Formal decisions to acquire a portrait are made at monthly curatorial meetings, then ratified by the National Portrait Gallery Commission.

Key exhibits and programs of the museum

A hallmark of the National Portrait Gallery's permanent collection is the Hall of Presidents, which contains portraits of nearly all American presidents. It is the largest and most complete collection in the world, except for the White House collection itself. The centerpiece of the Hall of Presidents is the famous Lansdowne portrait of George Washington. How the museum obtains presidential images has changed over the years. Presidential portraits from 1962 to 1987 were usually obtained through purchase or donation. Beginning in 1998, NPG began commissioning portraits of presidents, starting with George H. W. Bush. In 2000, NPG began commissioning portraits of First Ladies as well, beginning with Hillary Clinton. Funds for these commissions are privately raised, and each portrait costs about $150,000 to $200,000. Former president Trump has used his Save America PAC to pay $650,000 for portraits of him and the former first lady that will one day hang in the National Portrait Gallery.

The museum's more notable art pieces include:
"Abraham Lincoln" (glass plate, cracked; 1865) by Alexander Gardner
"Alexander Hamilton" (bust, 1789) by John Trumbull
"Beauford Delaney" (1940) by Georgia O'Keeffe
"Benjamin Franklin" () by Joseph Duplessis
"Charlie Chaplin" (1925) by Edward Steichen
"Colin Powell" (2012) by Ron Sherr
"Donald Trump" (photo, 1989) by Michael O'Brien
"Ethel Waters" (1940) by Beauford Delaney
"Eunice Kennedy Shriver" (2009) by David Lenz
"Frederick Douglass" (daguerreotype, 1856) by unknown artist
"George Washington" (unfinished, 1796) by Gilbert Stuart
"Henry Cabot Lodge" (1890) by John Singer Sargent
"Hope" (Barack Obama) (2008) by Shepard Fairey
"Jefferson Davis" (1849) by George Lethbridge Saunders
"John Adams" (1800–1815) by Gilbert Stuart
"John Brown" (daguerreotype, 1846–1847) by Augustus Washington
Lansdowne portrait (George Washington) (1796) by Gilbert Stuart
"Martha Washington" (unfinished, 1796) by Gilbert Stuart
"Mary Cassatt" (1880–1884) by Edgar Degas
"Osceola" (1804–1838) by George Catlin
"Self-Portrait" (1880) by Mary Cassatt
"Self-Portrait" (1880–1881) by Paul Cézanne
"Self-Portrait" (1780–1784) by John Singleton Copley
"Thomas Jefferson" (1805) by Gilbert Stuart
"Varina Howell Davis" (1849) by John Wood Dodge
"Barack Obama" (2018) by Kehinde Wiley

Among the museum's more prominent collections are:
Alexander Gardner (photography)
Howard Chandler Christy (graphic arts)
Irving Penn (photography)
Mathew Brady (photography)
Time magazine covers (graphic arts)

Building

The National Portrait Gallery occupies a portion of the Old Patent Office Building, a National Historic Landmark. The building is located just south of Chinatown in downtown Washington. Constructed between 1836 and 1867, the building has a sandstone and marble façade, and porticoes modeled after the Parthenon.

The building was used as a hospital during the American Civil War, and both Clara Barton and Walt Whitman worked as nurses there. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, the General Land Office, and the Bureau of Pensions jointly occupied the building with the Patent Office through the Civil War and into the post-war period. The massive increase in pension processing required by the Civil War led to the construction of a new Pension Bureau Building into which the Bureau of Pensions moved in 1887. The General Land Office and the Bureau of Indian Affairs vacated the building in 1898. The United States Civil Service Commission and the Government Accounting Office occupied the building after the Patent Office vacated it in 1932. The Government Accounting Office vacated the structure in 1942, after its new headquarters nearby was complete. The Civil Service Commission began constructing its own headquarters, and planned to vacate the building in 1962.

Local D.C. businessmen asked the General Services Administration (GSA) to tear down the building and sell the land so a private parking garage could be built on the centrally located site. Legislation for this purpose was introduced in Congress in the waning days of the 82nd United States Congress in 1952, but did not pass. The legislation encountered resistance from a few members of Congress, architects, and the influential Committee of 100 on the Federal City (a non-profit advocate for responsible planning and land use). GSA reversed course and said in June 1956 it no longer wanted to demolish the building. However, the agency said it would continue to use it for federal office space (which was in short supply) until the Civil Service Commission vacated the structure. On March 21, 1958, Congress unanimously passed legislation authorizing the transfer of the building to the Smithsonian for a national art museum. President Dwight Eisenhower signed the legislation a few days later. and the National Portrait Gallery opened on October 7.

2000 to 2007 renovation

In 1995, the Smithsonian revealed that the Old Patent Office Building was in serious disrepair. The Smithsonian announced in January 1997 that the building would close in January 2000 for a two-year, $42 million renovation. Hartman-Cox Architects was hired to oversee the conservation and repair. But just three years later, as the renovation was about to begin, the cost of repairs had risen to $110 million to $120 million.

Prior to the building's closure in January 2000, a decision was reached to allot about one-third of the building's total space to the National Portrait Gallery while simultaneously eliminating the informal north–south division between the NPG and American Art Museum. This led to acrimony between the two museums, and a public debate about which collection deserved more space. The Smithsonian resolved the dispute practically: Art that best fit an exhibition space got it. (For example, since modern art often tends toward large canvases, this art is on the high-ceilinged third floor.)

The cost of the renovation rose to $180 million by March 2001. That month, Nan Tucker McEvoy (a California newspaper heiress and arts patron) donated $10 million for the renovation. The Henry Luce Foundation gave another $10 million later that year. Costs continued to rise. Although Congress appropriated $33.5 million for the renovation, reconstruction costs were estimated at $214 million in June 2001 and the museum not scheduled to reopen until 2005. Just a month later, the reopening was pushed back even further to July 2006.

In 2003, the government increased its contribution to $166 million. Smithsonian officials subsequently began discussing a major change to the renovation design:  Adding a glass roof to the open courtyard in the center of the Old Patent Office Building. Congress approved the change in August 2003. In March 2004, the Smithsonian announced that architect Norman Foster, would design the glass canopy. In November, Robert Kogod (a real estate development executive) and his wife, Arlene (heiress to Charles E. Smith Construction fortune) donated $25 million to complete the canopy. By then, costs had risen to $298 million. $60 million in private funds still needed to be raised. Today, the Kogod Courtyard is a popular meeting place in DC. There is plenty of seating, free wifi, and a cafe with snacks for museum visitors open from 11:30 am until 6:30 pm.

Design approval for the canopy proved difficult. The design had to be approved by the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC), which has statutory authority to approve all buildings and renovations in the D.C. metropolitan area. Although the NCPC approved the preliminary design, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), the United States Department of the Interior, the D.C. State Preservation Office, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation all opposed the enclosure of the courtyard. The NCPC reversed its preliminary approval on June 2, 2005. Unwilling to lose the canopy, the Smithsonian brought five alternatives to the NCPC on August 4. On September 8, 2005, the NCPC reversed itself yet again, and approved one of the revised designs. The delay cost the Smithsonian $10 million. In October 2005, the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation made a $45 million donation to the NPG to finish both the building renovation and the canopy. The Smithsonian agreed to call the two museums, the conservation center, courtyard, storage facility, and other operations within the Old Patent Office complex the "Donald W. Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture" in appreciation for the gift. The National Portrait Gallery reopened on July 1, 2006. The total cost of the building's renovation was $283 million.

Attendance at the renovated building rose significantly to 214,495 in just two months. In the past, both museums had drawn just 450,000 over 12 months. The achievement was even more impressive in the face of flat or declining attendance at all other Smithsonian museums. The higher attendance was not all positive. Some patrons spit on art they did not like, while others kissed or touched some paintings. Video security cameras were hastily installed in September 2007 to stop the vandalism. By the end of the year, more than 786,000 people had visited the two museums.

Governance and directors
The National Portrait Gallery is governed by a board of directors known as the National Portrait Gallery Commission. The commission members are appointed by the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.  The museum is led by a Director, who oversees its day-to-day activities.  Directors of the museum include:

Charles Nagel – July 1, 1964 – 1969
Marvin Sadik – 1969 – July 1981
Alan M. Fern – June 1982 – 2000
Marc Pachter – 2000–2007
Martin E. Sullivan – 2008–2012
Wendy Wick Reaves – 2012–2013 (interim)
Kim Sajet – April 2013–

References

Notes

Citations

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Public Buildings Commission. Annual Report of the Public Buildings Commission for the Calendar Year 1932. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1933.
Ross, Betty. A Museum Guide to Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: Americana Press, 1986.
Sandler, Corey. Washington, D.C., Williamsburg, Busch Gardens, Richmond and Other Area Attractions. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Verulam, 2000.
Schultz, Patricia. 1,000 Places to See in the United States & Canada Before You Die. New York: Workman Publishing, 2011.
Secretary of the Interior. Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1899. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899.
Select Subcommittee on Education. Aid to Fine Arts: Hearing Before the Select Subcommittee on Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Eighty-Seventh Congress, First Session, on H.R. 4172, H.R. 4174, and Related Bills to Aid the Fine Arts in the United States. Hearing Held in Washington, D.C., May 15, 1961. Select Subcommittee on Education. Committee on Education and Labor. U.S. House of Representatives. 87th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961.
Silber, Nina. Landmarks of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Smith, Carol. "Portraying the Black Atlantic: Americanisation and the National Museum." In Issues in Americanisation and Culture. Jude Davies, Neil Campbell, and George McKay, eds. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
Ward, David C. 2004 Charles Willson Peale: Art and Selfhood in the Early Republic Berkeley, California : University of California Press

External links

 Negotiating American Identity in the National Portrait Gallery.
 C-SPAN Q&A interview with Marc Pachter, December 30, 2007
Virtual tour of the National Portrait Gallery (United States) provided by Google Arts & Culture

Members of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington
Greek Revival architecture in Washington, D.C.
Art museums and galleries in Washington, D.C.
Biographical museums in Washington, D.C.
Smithsonian Institution museums
Art museums established in 1968
1968 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Art galleries established in 1968
Portrait galleries
Portrait Gallery US
Chinatown (Washington, D.C.)


Michael Portmann (* 2. Juli 1975 in Escholzmatt) ist ein schweizerischer Historiker. Seine Arbeitsgebiete sind Jugoslawien im 20. Jahrhundert, die Nationalitätenpolitik Jugoslawiens (1944–1991), die Geschichte der Vojvodina und das State Building in Südosteuropa im 19. Jahrhundert.

Leben
Portmann besuchte von 1992 bis 1997 das Primarlehrerseminar des Kantons Luzern. Zwischen 1997 und 1998 war er als Primarschullehrer an verschiedenen Schulen im Kanton Luzern tätig. In den Jahren 1998 bis 2003 studierte er Ost- und Südosteuropäische Geschichte und Slawistik an der Universität Wien mit dem Abschlusstitel Magister philosophiae. Mit einem Stipendiat der Zeit-Stiftung Hamburg absolvierte er von 2003 bis 2005 sein Doktoratsstudium an der Universität Wien mit dem akademischen Grad Doctor philosophiae. Portmann ist seit 2006 wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter an der Historischen Kommission der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, und seit 2008 Lehrbeauftragter an der Universität Bern. In den Sommersemestern 2008 und 2009 war er Lehrbeauftragter an der Universität Wien. Seit September 2009 ist er Mitglied der Kommission für Geschichte und Kultur der Deutschen in Südosteuropa, e.V. in Tübingen.

Veröffentlichungen

 Gemeinsam mit Marija Wakounig / Wolfgang Mueller (Hgg.): Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag für Arnold Suppan, Wien 2010, 704 Seiten (hierzu s. Völkertafel (Steiermark))
 Gemeinsam mit Wolfgang Mueller (Hgg.): Osteuropa vom Weltkrieg zur Wende (= Zentraleuropa-Studien Bd. 10), Wien 2007, 423 Seiten.

 Diverse Aufsätze in Büchern, Sammelbänden und Zeitschriften

Weblinks
 Michael Portmann auf Academia.edu
 histkomm.thinkabit.net, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Historische Kommission: Michael Portmann
 stipendien.oeaw.ac.at, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften: Köpfe. Stipendien & Preise. Michael Portmann, 2010
 State-building and Local Administration in Imperial Border Regions, 1800–1900: Ottoman, Habsburg, and Serbian Experiences between Sarajevo and Belgrade

Einzelnachweise

Neuzeithistoriker
Osteuropahistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Universität Bern)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Wien)
Absolvent der Universität Wien
Schweizer
Geboren 1975
Mann

Michael Portmann


K2 Dağı, Kanada'nın Jasper Ulusal Parkı içinde yer alan Athabasca Nehri Vadisi'nin üst kısmında ve Kitchener Dağı'nın 1,5 km doğusunda yer alır.

Dağ, 1938'de Rex Gibson tarafından ve büyük ihtimalle bu dağı Kitchener Dağı'nın ikincil bir tepesi olarak belirtmek için "K2 Dağı" olarak isimlendirilmiştir; Everest'ten sonraki en yüksek ikinci dağ olan K2 ile bir ilgisi yoktur.

K2 Dağı (Kanada)


يشمل تاريخ مدينة مونستر في وستفاليا في ألمانيا أكثر من 1200 سنة منذ تأسيس المدينة، كما يمكن متابعة تاريخ سكن الإنسان في موقعها إلى زمن ما قبل التاريخ. تعد مركزاً سياسياً وثقافياً واقتصاديا لبلاد مونستر نظرأ لكونها مقرا للأسقفية، ونظرا لدورها المهم في عهد الهانزه في وستفاليا (زوست (أو كما وردت قديماً بالعربية: شوشيت)، دورتموند، وأسنابروك وهام). تفتقر المعلومات التاريخية عن مونستر لغاية النصف الأول من القرن السادس عشر إلى الدقة، بسبب حرق مجددي العماد لكامل الأرشيف المونستري خلال حكمهم للمدينة، مما يجعل البيانات التاريخية تعتمد على الوثائق التي لم تكن محفوظة داخل المدينة في ذلك الحين.

المستوطنة السكسونية القديمة
قامت منذ القرن السادس الميلادي في موقع كاتدرائية مونستر المستوطنة السكسونية ميميغرنافورد.

العصور الوسطى
أنشأ المبشر الفريزي لودغر ديراً (باللاتينية:Monasterium) قرب مخاضة على نهر الآ في سنة 793 أعطى للمدينة التي ستنشأ هنا اسمها. أسس البابا ليو الثالث سنة 799 خلال لقائه مع الإمبراطور شارلمان أبرشية مونستر، وأبرشيات أسنابروك، مندن وبادربورن. في سنة 805 قلد لودغر مهام أسقف مونستر وبوشرت أعمال بناء الكاتدرائية.

منحت مونستر سنة 1170 حقوق المدينة نظراً لتزايد عدد السكان. وبنيت في تلك الفترة تحصينات المدينة. بلغ طول السور 4 كيلومترات أضيفت إليها أسوار وتحصينات أخرى في منتصف القرن الرابع عشر. في تلك الأثناء أصبحت مونستر أكبر مدينة في وستفاليا. لعب النظام الإقطاعي دورا هاما في دستور المدينة في العصور الوسطى المتأخرة، حيث أعطى للإقطاعيين صلاحية انتخاب أعضاء مجلس البلدية.

نالت مونستر بين سنة 1358 و 1454 موقعا هاما في وستفاليا، كعضو في رابطة الهانزة ثم كمركز متقدم للرابطة بداية من 1494. ويشهد سوق «البرنسيبال» بمتاجره التاريخية الفاخرة على تلك الحقبة، هذه المتاجر التي دمرت معظمها خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، وأعيد بناؤها، أحيانا بشكل مبسط.

العصور الحديثة

شهدت المدينة فترة مأساوية ابان سيطرة حركة دينية متشددة عليها دعيت بحركة تجديدية العماد، وكان من رموزها جان بوكلسون (يوحنا الليداوي) الذي نصب نفسه ملكا حاكما على المدينة التي أطلق عليها اسم ممكلة صهيون وقام بإعادة معمودية سكانها بيديه وأطلق على المدينة اسم «أورشليم الجديدة» عام 1534م، وجعل خيرات المدينة مشاعا فيما بين أهلها كما أجاز أيضا تعدد الزوجات، ولكن مملكته الصغيرة تلك لم تستمر طويلا. فبعد أن حوصرت لمدة سنة كاملة سقطت أمام جيش الأسقف الأمير فرانز فون فالديك في 24 حزيران 1535، وقام أتباع الأسقف بتعذيب بوكلسون ورفاقه من المعمدين الجدد بصورة وحشية ثم إعدامهم وتعليق جثثهم في سلال معدنية كبيرة على كنيسة القديس لامبيرت، لإشاعة الخوف وإرهاب الخارجين عن سلطة الكنيسة. ولا زالت السلال معلقة منذ سنة 1535 حتى اليوم، يعقد البعض أنها أقفاص لا سلال، نتيجة بعض الكتابات والترجمات الخاطئة حول دولة المعمدين، منذ نهاية القرن الثامن عشر.

عقد فيها وفي أسنابروك المجاورة عام 1648 مؤتمر السلام التاريخي الذي انهى الحرب المذهبية المعروفة بحرب الثلاثين عاماً بين البروتستانت والكاثوليك في 24 تشرين الأول وكرس العلمانية في النظام السياسي الأوروبي عبر ما سمي صلح وستفاليا، وحرب الثمانين عاما بين إسبانيا والثوار الهولنديين قامت على أثره جمهورية الأراضي المنخفضة المتحدة السبع. في ذات الوقت تأجج الصراع من أجل استقلال مدينة مونستر. وبلغ ذروته في محاولة رفع المدينة إلى مقام «مدينة إمبراطورية حرة». فأصبح الصدام بين القوى الشعبية والإقطاع الديني حتميا. أدت الصدامات المباشرة بين قوات المدينة وقوات الأسقف الأمير كريستوف برنهارد فون غالن إلى حصار الأخير لمونستر لمدة ثمانية أشهر في سنة 1661، واحتلاله لها وسحب كافة الحقوق المدنية منها بشكل مؤقت.

مونستر في عهد بروسيا

بعد أن توفي آخر أسقف أمير في عام 1801 قامت القوات البروسية في العام التالي باحتلال المدينة. ثم منحت الخطوة البروسية صيغة شرعية في عام 1803 عبر القرار الرئيس لمجلس مبعوثي الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة للأمة الألمانية، قبل أن تغزو قوات نابليون المدينة وتحتلها سنة 1806. استمر الاحتلال الفرنسي لمونستر لغاية عام 1813 عندما تمكنت قوات بروسية وروسية مشتركة من تحريرها. ضمت رسميا للمملكة البروسية عبر قرارات مؤتمر فينا لعام 1815 وأصبحت عاصمة للولاية البروسية الفتية وستفاليا.

ارتفع عدد سكان مونستر في النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر جراء الازدهار الاقتصادي وعمليات دمج بعض البلدات الصغيرة المجاورة، وتخطى المئة ألف نسمة عام 1915. فأصبحت مونستر تعتبر رسميا مدينة كبرى.

مع نهاية الحرب العالمية الأولى أعلنت الجمهورية الألمانية في ساحة هيندنبورغ بالتزامن مع إعلانها في العاصمة برلين في التاسع من تشرين الثاني 1918. وكلف مجلس عسكري بتدبير شؤون المدينة، إلا أن الجنرال اوسكار فون فاتر ألغاه في شباط من عام 1919.

عهد النازية

أصبحت مونستر، مع بداية صعود القومية الاشتراكية مركزاً لإقليم  «شمال بلاد مونستر» ثم لشرطة النظام التي ساهمت بشرطييها ال 200000 في عمليات القتل الجماعي لليهود والسينتيين والروماويين والمثيليين وغيرهم من الأقليات. لكن إحدى الشخصيات برزت من مونستر لتتصدى لبطش النظام النازي. كان كلمنس أوغوست غراف فون غالن أسقف أبرشية مونستر الكاثوليكية من أشد المقاومين للنازيين ولعصابات الغستابو (الشرطة السياسية). كما أحتج مرارا على قمع النازيين للمؤسسات الكاثوليكية وبرامج القتل المنظم للمواطنين المعاقين مما جعل له شهرة حتى خارج حدود المدينة وسمي بأسد مونستر.

تعرضت المدينة لخراب شامل خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية وباتت من أكثر المدن الألمانية تعرضاً للدمار، فقد دمرت 91% من مباني البلدة القديمة في الوسط و63% من مجمل مباني المدينة كلها جراء إستراتيجية «قصف المعنويات» البريطانية. أعيد بناء قلب المدينة التاريخي في خمسينيات القرن العشرين، بعكس معظم المدن الألمانية الأخرى، وبإلحاح من مواطني مونستر بشكل يشابه الوضع السائد ما قبل الحرب.

ما بعد الحرب

في 18 حزيران 1990 التقى وزيرا الخارجية الألماني والسوفياتي، هانز ديتريش غينشر وإدوارد شيفردنادزه في مبنى البلدية التاريخي، للتحضير لمحادثات «اثنين زائد أربعة»، لتمهيد الطريق أمام عملية إعادة توحيد ألمانيا. واستقبلوا من قبل مواطني المدينة بحفاوة في سوق البرنسيبال.

إدراجات

كانت مونستر عام 1816 بمساحة 1.89 كلم² و7983 نسمة لكل كلم² أكثر المدن كثافة سكانية في وستفاليا. لكنها شهدت في مسيرتها من مدينة عصور وسطى إلى مدينة حديثة كبرى العديد من إدراج بلدات وقرى وخراجات إليها:

مراجع

تاريخ مونستر


Joyce Hilda Mtila Banda (* 12. April 1950 in Malemia bei Zomba) ist eine malawische Politikerin (People's Party) und war von 2012 bis 2014 Staatspräsidentin ihres Landes.

Leben
Joyce Banda ist die Tochter von Gray John Stewart Mtila, einem Polizisten und Musiker. Im Jahr 1975, damals Mutter dreier Kinder und in Nairobi lebend, verließ Banda ihren gewalttätigen Ehemann, nachdem sie mit der beginnenden Frauenbewegung in Kontakt gekommen war. In der Folge wurde sie als Unternehmerin und Aktivistin für Frauenrechte tätig. Im Zuge dessen gründete sie in Malawi die National Association of Business Women, die Young Women Leaders Network, die Joyce Banda Foundation for Better Education und den örtlichen Ableger von The Hunger Project. Ihr Wirken wurde mit mehreren internationalen Preisen ausgezeichnet, darunter 2006 der International Award for the Health and Dignity of Women der Friends of UNFPA. Das Forbes Magazine bezeichnete sie 2011 als drittmächtigste Frau Afrikas.

Politik
Banda war in der Regierung des im Jahr 2004 neu gewählten dritten Präsidenten Malawis Bingu wa Mutharika von 2004 bis 2006 als Ministerin für Geschlechter, Kindeswohlfahrt und Gemeindedienste sowie von 2006 bis 2009 als Ministerin für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten und Internationale Kooperation tätig. Von 2009 bis 2012 war sie Vizepräsidentin des Staates. Dies zuerst in der United Democratic Front und in der Folge ab 2005 in der von Mutharika neu gegründeten Democratic Progressive Party.

Im Jahr 2010 kam es zu einer Auseinandersetzung zwischen Mutharika und Banda über die Kandidatenauswahl für die im Jahr 2014 anstehenden Präsidentenwahl. Mutharika, der selbst nach der Verfassung nach zwei Amtsperioden nicht wieder antreten durfte, setzte die Kandidatur seines Bruders, des Außenministers Peter Mutharika, durch. Banda wurde aus der DPP ausgeschlossen, verblieb aber in ihrem Amt als Vize-Präsidentin. Sie gründete in der Folge die People's Party.

Nach dem Tod Mutharikas infolge eines Herzanfalles am 5. April 2012 übernahm Banda als amtierende Vizepräsidentin die Geschäfte und legte, der Verfassung entsprechend, am 7. April den Amtseid als Präsidentin des Landes ab. In einer ihrer ersten Amtshandlungen als Präsidentin verkaufte sie die Mercedes-Flotte der Regierung und den Präsidenten-Jet vom Typ Dassault-Falcon 900.

Am 16. Oktober 2012 traf sich Banda mit EU-Handelskommissar Karel de Gucht in Brüssel zu Gesprächen über engere Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen der EU und Malawi.

Bei den Präsidentschaftswahlen am 20. Mai 2014 erreichte sie unter den Bewerbern mit 20,3 Prozent den dritten Platz und unterlag damit dem Gewinner Peter Mutharika. Sie plante eine Teilnahme an den Wahlen in Malawi 2019, zog aber ihre Präsidentschaftskandidatur wenige Monate vor dem Wahltermin zurück.

Privates
Joyce Banda ist mit Richard Banda verheiratet, einem ehemaligen Spitzensportler und Obersten Richter von Malawi und Swasiland.

Siehe auch
 Liste weiblicher Staatsoberhäupter und Regierungschefs

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Präsident (Malawi)
Außenminister (Malawi)
Frauenrechtler (Malawi)
Malawier
Geboren 1950
Frau

Joyce Banda


B2G steht für:

 Business-to-Government (Business-to-Administration), die Kommunikationsbeziehungen zwischen Unternehmen und Behörden
 Boot to Gecko, der frühere Name für das in Entwicklung befindliche, quelloffene, mobile Betriebssystem Firefox OS

B2G

B2G


The Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center(녕변원자력연구소) is North Korea's major nuclear facility, operating its first nuclear reactors. It is located in Nyongbyon County in North Pyongan Province, about 100 km north of Pyongyang. The center produced the fissile material for North Korea's six nuclear weapon tests from 2006 to 2017, and since 2009 is developing indigenous light water reactor nuclear power station technology.

Facilities
The major installations include all aspects of a Magnox nuclear reactor fuel cycle, based on the use of natural uranium fuel:
 a fuel fabrication plant,
 a 5 MWe experimental reactor producing power and district heating,
 a short-term spent fuel storage facility,
 a fuel reprocessing facility that recovers uranium and plutonium from spent fuel using the PUREX process.

Magnox spent fuel is not designed for long-term storage as both the casing and uranium metal core react with water; it is designed to be reprocessed within a few years of removal from a reactor. As a carbon dioxide cooled, graphite moderated Magnox reactor does not require difficult-to-produce enriched uranium fuel or a heavy water moderator it is an attractive choice for a wholly indigenous nuclear reactor development.

The Magnox facilities were disabled in 2007 in accord with the six-party talks agreement, but following the breakdown of that agreement were partially re-enabled in 2009 to reprocess existing stocks of spent fuel.  On 15 September 2015, North Korea announced that the reactor had resumed operation.

The center also has an IRT-2000 pool-type research reactor, supplied by the Soviet Union in 1963, operational since 1965. The reactor fuel is IRT-2M type assemblies of 10%, 36% and 80% enriched uranium. As the center has not received fresh fuel since Soviet times, this reactor is now (February 2007) only run occasionally for experiments or to produce isotopes, particularly iodine-131 for thyroid cancer radiation therapy.

In 2009 the building of a small indigenous experimental light water reactor started. In 2010 a uranium enrichment plant began operating.

The Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center site occupies . It has two sections, the nuclear research section and a larger residential district (sometimes named Bungang or Pun'gangni), separated and surrounded by fencing.

History

Construction of the 5 MWe experimental reactor began in 1980, and the reactor first went critical in 1986. This reactor was an initial small technology proving reactor for a following development program of larger Magnox reactors. The spent nuclear fuel reprocessing facility appeared to still be under construction in 1992. The 5 MWe experimental reactor operated intermittently until 1994 when it was shut down in accordance with the U.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework. Following the breakdown of the Agreed Framework in 2002, operation restarted in February 2003, creating plutonium within its fuel load at a rate of about 6 kg per year. The reactor fuel was replaced between April and June 2005. The spent nuclear fuel has been reprocessed with an estimated yield of about 24 to 42 kg of plutonium metal, some of which was used for the nuclear weapons involved in the 2006 and 2009 North Korean nuclear tests.

Nyongbyon is also the site of a 50 MWe Magnox prototype power reactor, but construction was halted in 1994 about a year from completion in accord with the Agreed Framework, and by 2004 the structures and pipework had deteriorated badly. This construction was being dismantled in 2010.

Another 200 MWe Magnox full-scale power reactor was being constructed at Taechon, 20 km north-west of Nyongbyon, () until construction was also halted in 1994 in accord with the Agreed Framework. By 2005 reconstruction of this reactor was uneconomic.

The reactor designs were based on declassified information about the British Magnox design at Calder Hall and elsewhere, and the spent fuel reprocessing plant on the multi-national European Company for the Chemical Processing of Irradiated Fuels (EUROCHEMIC) plant at Mol-Dessel in Belgium.

2007 shutdown

On 13 February 2007, an agreement was reached at the Six party talks that North Korea will shut down and seal the Magnox nuclear reactor and associated facilities and invite back International Atomic Energy Agency personnel to conduct all necessary monitoring and verifications. In return for this North Korea will receive emergency energy assistance from the other five parties in the form of 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors arrived at the site on 28 June to discuss verification and monitoring arrangements for the shutdown. This had been delayed from April due to a dispute with the United States over Banco Delta Asia. On 3 June an anonymous South Korean government official indicated that the shutdown may start following the first oil shipment later in the month. On 14 July, Sean McCormack stated that North Korea had told the US that the reactor had been shut down. He added that the US welcomed the news, and was awaiting verification from the IAEA team. The next day, IAEA chief Mohamed ElBaradei announced the UN's confirmation that the reactor had been shut down. On 18 July 2007, the IAEA confirmed that all five nuclear facilities at Nyongbyon had been shut down.

In his Introductory Statement to the IAEA Board of Governors on 2008-03-03, the Director General stated that he could not provide an update on the disabling of the facilities, as it was not undertaken by the IAEA.  All fuel rods from the 5 MWe Experimental Nuclear Power Plant and nuclear material generated by the disabling of the Nuclear Fuel Fabrication Plant were under IAEA containment and surveillance.

2008 cooling tower demolition

On 27 June 2008 North Korea destroyed the most visible symbol of its nuclear weapons program – the cooling tower at its main atomic reactor in the complex.  The implosion was witnessed by a number of international journalists and diplomats.

The demolition of the -tall cooling tower, which carried off waste heat to the atmosphere, is a response to U.S. concessions after the North delivered a declaration of its nuclear programs to be dismantled. The United States paid the US$2.5 million demolition fee.

Possible reactivation

During 2008 tensions resurfaced between North Korea and the U.S. due to disagreements over the six-party talks disarmament process. On 8 October 2008, IAEA inspectors were forbidden by the North Korean government to conduct further inspections of the site. However two days later the U.S. removed North Korea from the U.S. State Sponsors of Terrorism list and the Nyongbyon deactivation process resumed.

2009 resumption of reprocessing

According to the state-run North Korean news agency KCNA website, the DPRK resumed the reprocessing of spent fuel to recover plutonium on 25 April 2009 in response to the UN's condemnation of its recent rocket launch. This material supplemented that used for nuclear weapons testing.

Light water reactor development

In 2009 North Korea announced its intention to build an indigenous experimental light water reactor (LWR) and the uranium enrichment technology to provide its nuclear fuel. In 2010 a 2,000 gas centrifuge uranium enrichment plant to produce low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel began operating, and construction started on the experimental 25 to 30 MWe LWR, with a target operation date for the reactor of 2012. In November 2011, satellite imagery indicated that the LWR construction was progressing rapidly, with the concrete structures largely completed. The LWR is being built on the site of the demolished cooling tower of the experimental Magnox reactor. Following the building of this experimental LWR, North Korea intends to build larger LWRs for electricity generation. Initial estimates were that the reactor would be put into operation in 2013, but the reactor was not externally complete until 2016. In 2017, several activities were noted involving construction, dam was built to provide sufficient amount of water for cooling system, switchyard and connections to transmission line were made along with facilities presumably used for maintenance and repair. Activity that suggests components were being transferred to the building were noted too. In 2018, it was believed that the preliminary testing of the reactor had started and that the reactor would begin to operate 2018 or 2019. The reactor is linked to power grid with an expected output is 25 to 30 megawatts, which is enough to supply electricity for about 50,000 inhabitants. However, there are no clear indications - such as steam from the generator building - that the LWR has commenced operation as of August 30, 2021.

Suspension of uranium enrichment

In February 2012, North Korea announced that it would suspend uranium enrichment at Nyongbyon, and not conduct any further tests of nuclear weapons while productive negotiations involving the United States continue. Additionally, North Korea would allow IAEA inspectors to monitor operations at Nyongbyon. The U.S. reaffirmed that it does not have hostile intent toward the DPRK, and is prepared to improve bilateral relationships. Nuclear enrichment was presumably resumed following the collapse of the Leap Day Deal.

2013 planned restart of operation

In March 2013, North Korea announced that they would be restarting operation of the 5 MWe experimental reactor. In order to do so, the disabled secondary cooling system will have to be restored.

On 15 September 2015, North Korea announced that the Yongbyon nuclear site is in full operation, including the 5 MWe experimental reactor. However, satellite imagery in April 2016 suggested it was not operating at a high power level.

Infra-red imagery analysis covering from September 2016 to June 2017 showed that the 5 MWe experimental reactor had either not been operated, or operated at a low-level. The Radiochemical Laboratory had operated intermittently.

2018 Pyongyang Agreement

During the September 2018 inter-Korean summit, North Korean leader Kim Jung-Un and South Korean leader Moon Jae-In signed the "Pyongyang Joint Declaration of September 2018" The agreement states, among other things, that the North Korean government will only dismantle Nyongbyon if the US would engage in correlative action.

As of January 2019, Nyongbyon's main facilities did not appear to be operating. However, in August 2021, the International Atomic Energy Agency reported that North Korea appeared to have restarted the 5 MW reactor.

Organization
The Nyongbyon facility was described in 2013 as operating the following ten sub-branches:
 Isotope Utilization Institute
 Neutron Physics Institute
 Nuclear Electromagnetics Institute
 Nuclear Physics Institute
 Nuclear Material Institute
 Nuclear Energy Research Institute
 Uranium Resources Development Institute
 Radiochemical Laboratory
 Reactor Design Institute
 Radiation Protection Institute

See also

 Kangson enrichment site
 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
 Nuclear power in North Korea
 Ri Hong-sop

Notes

References

External links
 IAEA & DPRK, International Atomic Energy Agency
 Facilities in the Democratic People´s Republic of Korea Under Agency Safeguards – International Atomic Energy Agency, 31 December 2003 (archived)
 North Korea: No bygones at Yongbyon – Robert Alvarez, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July 2003 (archived)
 DPRK will re-open Nuclear Facilities to Produce Electricity – Sin Yong Song, Vice Minister of Power and Coal Industries, 27 January 2003 (archived)
 Visit to the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center in North Korea – Siegfried S. Hecker, 21 January 2004
 Report of Visit to the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea to Senate Foreign Relations Committee – Siegfried S. Hecker, 17 March 2008
 Technical summary of DPRK nuclear program – Siegfried S. Hecker, 8 November 2005 (archived)
 North Korean Plutonium Production, David Albright, ISIS – Science & Global Security, 1994, Volume 5, pp. 63–87 (archived)
 North Korea's Corroding Fuel, David Albright, ISIS – Science & Global Security, 1994, Volume 5, pp. 89–97 (archived)
 Implications of the U.S./North Korean Agreement on Nuclear Issues, GAO, October 1996 (GAO/RCED/NSIAD-97-8) (archived)
 Implementation of the U.S./North Korean Agreed Framework on Nuclear Issues, GAO, June 1997 (GAO/RCED/NSIAD-97-165) (archived)
 Dismantlement and Radioactive Waste Management of DPRK Nuclear Facilities, Whang Jooho and George T. Baldwin, Sandia National Laboratories, April 2005 (SAND 2005-1981P) (archived)

Nuclear power stations in North Korea
Research institutes in North Korea
Nuclear program of North Korea
Nuclear technology in North Korea
Nuclear power in North Korea
Military of North Korea
Foreign relations of North Korea
Nuclear research institutes
Nuclear reprocessing sites
Unfinished nuclear reactors
Graphite moderated reactors
1985 establishments in North Korea
Buildings and structures in North Pyongan Province
20th-century architecture in North Korea

eo:Jongbjono


El fútbol playa en los Juegos Suramericanos de Playa de 2011 fue el torneo que se realizó en Manta, Ecuador, desde el 7 al 11 de diciembre, participaron 8 selecciones divididas en dos grupos, los dos mejores de cada grupo clasificaron a las semifinales.

Participantes
En cursiva los equipos debutantes.

Primera fase

Grupo A

Grupo B

Segunda fase

Cuadro general

Semifinales

Tercer lugar

Final

Posiciones

Estadísticas

Medallero

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Deportes en los Juegos Suramericanos de Playa de 2011
2011
Fútbol playa en 2011
Fútbol en Ecuador

Fútbol Playa en los Juegos Suramericanos de Playa de 2011


Le championnat du monde de squash 2021-2022 est l'édition 2021/2022 des championnats du monde de squash organisée par l'Association professionnelle de squash (PSA). La compétition se déroule du 13 au 22 mai 2022 au Caire et plus précisément les tours finaux au Musée national de la civilisation égyptienne..

La compétition est disputée par 64 joueuses. Les 56 meilleurs joueuses du classement mondial sont qualifiées automatiquement, les 32 meilleures d'entre elles sont classées têtes de série. Cinq places de départ ont été attribuées par des tournois de qualification, deux places de départ sont attribuées par la World Squash Federation. Six de ces sept places ont été utilisées lors des championnats du monde. Nardine Garas et Kenzy Ayman obtiennent  une wild-card dans le tableau principal.

Les demi-finales sont constituées de trois des quatre premières têtes de série et Nour El Tayeb non classée. La finale est la revanche de l'année précédente et Nour El Sherbini remporte un  titre de championne du monde.

Dotation et points
En 2021-2022, la dotation est de . Les points sont répartis suivant le tableau suivant :

Têtes de série

Tableau principal

Demi-finale, finale

Tableau supérieur

Tableau supérieur 1

Tableau supérieur 2

Tableau inférieur

Tableau inférieur 1

Tableau inférieur 2

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Championnats du monde de squash
 Saison 2021-2022 de la PSA
 Championnat du monde masculin de squash 2021-2022

Lien externe
 Page PSA

2022
Squash féminin
Squash féminin 2021
Monde féminin
Monde féminin
Sport en Égypte en 2022

Championnat du monde féminin de squash 2021-2022


Murali u Sjevernoj Irskoj postali su simboli Sjeverne Irske, oslikavajući političku povijest i sadašnjost, kao i religijske razlike pokrajine.

U Belfastu i Derryju nalaze se najpoznatiji politički murali u Europi. Vjeruje se da je oko 2000 murala dokumentirano u Sjevernoj Irskoj od 1970-ih. U knjizi The Belfast Mural Guide objavljenoj 2014., procjenjuje se da je samo u Belfastu moguće vidjeti oko 300 kvalitetnih murala, a postoji još znatan broj varirajuće dobi i kvalitete. Murali slave i oslikavaju kulturne i povijesne događaje. Ideje murala često oslikavaju što je važno za posebne skupine društva tj. izražavaju ideju ili poruku koje se smatraju važnim za te skupine.

U republikanskim oblastima teme murala variraju od štrajka glađu 1981., dajući posebnu pozornost vođi štrajka, Bobbyu Sandsu; pa do murala koji se solidiraju s međunarodnim revolucionarnim skupinama. U unionističkim radničkim četvrtima murali uzdižu na pedijestal ulsterske lojaliste i paravojne skupine poput Ulsterske obrambene zajednice i Ulsterskih dobrovoljačkih snaga i njihove poginule pripadnike. Pored toga i povijesne teme s Vilimom Oranskim i bitkama kod Boyne i Somme i 36. Ulsterskoj diviziji su također uobičajene.

Primjeri

Republikanci

Unionisti

Izvori

Sjeverna Irska
Slikarstvo

Murali u Sjevernoj Irskoj


Drancy - Bobigny est le nom provisoire d'une future station du métro de Paris qui sera située le long de la ligne 15 à Drancy, en Seine-Saint-Denis. Destinée à être ouverte à l'horizon 2031, elle desservira notamment l'hôpital Avicenne de Bobigny. Elle devrait voir passer  par jour.

Situation sur le réseau

Histoire
La station est initialement dénommée par son nom de projet Drancy-Bobigny. Le nom officiel de la station sera défini à travers une consultation publique qui a lieu du  au  parmi deux propositions : Hôpital Avicenne, Drancy - Bobigny.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

Projets

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Paris
 Ligne 15 du métro de Paris

Liens externes
 Page de la future gare Drancy - Bobigny, sur le site web de la Société du Grand Paris

Future station du métro de Paris
Station de la ligne 15 du métro de Paris
Station de métro dans la Seine-Saint-Denis
Transport à Drancy

Drancy - Bobigny (métro de Paris)


Ziff Davis, Inc. is an American digital media and internet company. First founded in 1927 by William Bernard Ziff Sr. and Bernard George Davis, the company primarily owns technology- and health-oriented media websites, online shopping-related services, internet connectivity services, gaming and entertainment brands, and cybersecurity and martech tools. Previously
the company was predominantly a publisher of hobbyist magazines.

History

The company was founded by William B. Ziff Company publisher Bill Ziff Sr. with Bernard Davis. Upon Bill Ziff's death in 1953, William B. Ziff Jr., his son,  returned from Germany to lead the company.  In 1958, Bernard Davis sold Ziff Jr. his share of Ziff Davis to found Davis Publications, Inc.; Ziff Davis continued to use the Davis surname as Ziff-Davis.

Throughout most of Ziff Davis' history, it was a publisher of hobbyist magazines, often ones devoted to expensive, advertiser-rich technical hobbies such as cars, photography, and electronics. Since 1980, Ziff Davis has primarily published computer-related magazines and related websites, establishing Ziff Davis as an Internet information company.

Ziff Davis had several broadcasting properties, first during the mid-1970s, and later with its own technology network ZDTV, later renamed to TechTV, that was sold to Vulcan Ventures in 2001. Ziff Davis' magazine publishing and Internet operations offices are based in New York City, Massachusetts, and San Francisco.

On January 6, 2009, the company sold 1UP.com to Hearst's UGO Entertainment, a division of and announced the January 2009 issue of the long-running Electronic Gaming Monthly magazine would be its last.

Former Time Inc. executive Vivek R. Shah, with financial backing from Boston private equity company Great Hill Partners, announced on June 4, 2010, the acquisition of Ziff Davis Inc. as the "first step in building a new digital media company that specializes in producing and distributing content for consumers making important buying decisions."

On November 12, 2012, Ziff Davis Inc., was acquired by cloud computing services company J2 Global for $167 million cash. According to an October 2015 Fortune article, Ziff Davis comprises 30% of parent company J2 Global's $600 million annual revenue (2014) and is increasing 15% to 20% each year. Analyst Gregory Burns of Sidoti & Company calculates that Ziff Davis is worth $1.9 billion.

In April 2021, J2 Global announced that it would spin off its cloud services business as Consensus; the transaction was approved by its shareholders in September 2021, with J2 Global consisting primarily of its media business and VPN services, and subsequently taking on the Ziff Davis, Inc. name and "ZD" ticker symbol, essentially converting the Ziff Davis purchase into a reverse merger.

Popular Aviation

The William B. Ziff Company, founded in 1920, was a successful Chicago advertising agency that secured advertising from national companies such as Procter & Gamble for virtually all African American weekly newspapers. In 1923, Ziff acquired E. C. Auld Company, a Chicago publishing house. Ziff's first venture in magazine publishing was Ziff's Magazine, which featured short stories, one-act plays, humorous verse, and jokes. The title was changed to America's Humor in April 1926.

Bernard George Davis was the student editor of the University of Pittsburgh's humor magazine, the Pitt Panther, and was active in the Association of College Comics of the East. During his senior year he attended the association's convention and met William B. Ziff. When Davis graduated in 1927 he joined Ziff as the editor of America's Humor.

Ziff, who had been an aviator in World War I, created Popular Aviation in August 1927 that was published by Popular Aviation Publishing Company of Chicago, Illinois. Under editor Harley W. Mitchell it became the largest aviation magazine, with a circulation of 100,000 in 1929. The magazine's title became Aeronautics in June 1929 and the publishing company's name became Aeronautical Publications, Inc. The title was changed back to Popular Aviation in July 1930. The magazine became Flying in 1942 and is still published today by the Bonnier Corporation. The magazine celebrated its 90th anniversary in 2017.

The company histories normally give the founding date as 1927. This is when B.G. Davis joined and Popular Aviation magazine started. However, it was not until 1936 that the company became the "Ziff-Davis Publishing Company". (Popular Aviation, April 1936, was the first issue by Ziff-Davis Publishing.) Davis was given a substantial minority equity interest in the company and was appointed a vice-president and director. He was later named president in 1946. Davis was a photography enthusiast and the editor of the Popular Photography magazine started in May 1937.

Fiction, hobbyist and bridal magazines
In early 1938, Ziff-Davis acquired the magazines Radio News and Amazing Stories. These were started by Hugo Gernsback but sold as a result of the Experimenter Publishing bankruptcy in 1929. Both magazines had declined since the bankruptcy but the resources of Ziff-Davis rejuvenated them starting with the April 1938 issues. Radio News was published until 1972.  The magazine Popular Electronics, derived from Radio News, was begun in 1955 and published until 1985. Amazing Stories was a leading science fiction magazine and Ziff Davis soon added a new companion, Fantastic Adventures (FA). In 1954 FA was merged into the newer magazine Fantastic, founded in 1952 to great initial success. ZD published a number of other pulp magazines and, later, digest-sized fiction magazines during the 1940s and 1950s, and continued to publish Amazing and Fantastic until 1965.

Ziff-Davis published comic books during the early 1950s, operating by their own name and also the name Approved Comics. Eschewing superheroes, they published horror, crime, sports, romance, and Western comics, though most titles did not last more than a few issues. Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel was the art director of the comics line; other notable creators who worked for Ziff-Davis Comics included John Buscema, Sid Greene, Bob Haney, Sam Kweskin, Rudy Lapick, Richard Lazarus, Mort Leav, Paul S. Newman, George Roussos, Mike Sekowsky, Ernie Schroeder, and Ogden Whitney. In 1953, the company mostly abandoned comics, selling its most popular titles—the romance comics Cinderella Love and Romantic Love, the Western Kid Cowboy, and the jungle adventure Wild Boy of the Congo—to St. John Publications. Ziff-Davis continued to publish one title, G.I. Joe, until 1957, a total of 51 issues.

From 1958, under the direction of sole owner Bill Ziff Jr., a polymath with a photographic memory, Ziff-Davis became a successful publisher of enthusiast magazines, purchasing titles like Car and Driver, and tailoring content for enthusiasts as well as purchasing agents ("brand specifiers"); the company was able to attract advertising money that other, general-interest publications were losing.

In 1958, Ziff-Davis began publishing a magazine, HiFi and Music Review, for the growing hobby of high fidelity equipment. Ultimately, the magazine evolved into Stereo Review. ZD also became a prolific publisher of photography and boating magazines during this period, and such magazines as Modern Bride; after the sale of Fantastic and Amazing in 1965, their editor Cele Goldsmith Lalli began working on the bridal magazines, becoming a notable and influential editor in that field before retirement.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the company's success increased with this strategy, and a rapidly expanding interest in electronics and computing. With titles such as PC Magazine, Popular Electronics, and Computer Shopper, Ziff Davis became the leading technology magazine business.

Ziff Davis sold the majority of its consumer magazines to CBS and its trade magazines to News Corporation in 1984, keeping its computer magazines.

Television stations
In 1979, Ziff Davis expanded into broadcasting, after an acquisition of television stations originally owned by greeting card company Rust Craft. Ziff Davis's stations included NBC affiliates WROC-TV in Rochester, New York and WRCB-TV in Chattanooga, Tennessee, CBS affiliates WEYI-TV in Saginaw, Michigan, WRDW-TV in Augusta, Georgia and WSTV-TV in Steubenville, Ohio (which changed its name to WTOV-TV and its network affiliation to NBC after Ziff Davis assumed control of the station), and ABC affiliate WJKS-TV in Jacksonville, Florida (which would also switch to NBC soon after its acquisition was finalized). These stations would be sold to other owners by the mid-1980s—most of these would become owned by a new ownership group, "Television Station Partners", the exceptions being WRCB (which would be sold to Sarkes Tarzian) and WJKS (which was acquired by Media General).

Technology magazines and web properties
Ziff Davis first started technology-themed publications during 1954, with Popular Electronics and, more briefly, Electronics World.  This resulted more or less directly in its interest in home-computer magazines. From that time, Ziff Davis became a major publisher of computer and Internet-related publishing. It acquired PC Magazine in 1982, and the trade journal MacWEEK in 1988. In 1991, the company initiated ZiffNet, a subscription service that offered computing information to users of CompuServe. This grew into the news website ZDNet, launched in late 1994. In 1995 it initiated the magazine Yahoo! Internet Life, initially as ZD Internet Life. The magazine was meant to accompany and complement the site Yahoo!.

Owner William Bernard Ziff Jr. had wanted to give the business to his sons—Daniel, Dirk and Robert—but they did not want the responsibility. In 1994, he announced the sale of the publishing group to Forstmann Little & Company for US$1.4 billion. It was then sold to SoftBank a year later.

In 1998, Ziff Davis started the ZDTV channel, a technology-themed television network.

From 1999 through 2000, as part of an effort to restructure Ziff-Davis Inc, SoftBank would sell ZDTV to Paul Allen's Vulcan Inc. which would later be renamed to TechTV, and spin off ZD and ZDNet.

Since 2004, Ziff Davis has annually hosted a trade show in New York City known as DigitalLife.  DigitalLife showcases the newest technology in consumer electronics, gaming and entertainment. Unlike E3 (Electronic Entertainment Expo) or the Worldwide Developers Conference, DigitalLife is open to the public.

In November 2006, Ziff Davis announced the cancellation of Official PlayStation Magazine. They cited a lack of interest in the magazine (and its demo disk) due to digital distribution. OPM had begun in 1997.

Ziff Davis Media Inc.
In 2001, the new company Ziff Davis Media Inc., a partnership of Willis Stein & Partners and James Dunning (former Ziff Davis CEO, chairman, and president), made an agreement with CNET Networks Inc. and ZDNet to acquire the URLs of Ziff Davis. Ziff Davis Media Inc. gained thereby the online content licensing rights to 11 publications, including PC Magazine, CIO Insight, and eWEEK, webpage of industry insider Spencer Katt.

In July 2007, Ziff Davis Media announced the sale of its enterprise (B2B or business-to-business) division to Insight Venture Partners. The sale included all B2B publications, which include eWeek, Baseline, and CIOinsight, and all related online properties. The enterprise division is now an independent company named Ziff Davis Enterprise Group (ZDE).

On March 5, 2008, Ziff Davis Media Inc. announced it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in order to restructure its debt and operations.
 and emerged, after a court supervised corporate restructuring in July 2009. In conjunction with this announcement they also stated that they are discontinuing their print copy of PC Magazine.  According to BtoBonline, Ziff Davis Media made an agreement with an ad hoc group of noteholders, who will provide $24.5 million to fund the company's operations and help plan the restructuring.

Acquisition

In June 2010, Boston private equity firm, Great Hill Partners, purchased Ziff Davis, with online media executive Vivek Shah. At the time, Ziff Davis properties consisted of PCMag.com, ExtremeTech, GearLog, GoodCleanTech, DLtv, AppScout, CrankyGeeks, Smart Device Central and TechSaver.com, and reached over 7 million users a month. Shah, with intentions of revitalizing the business, serial purchased logicbuy.com, geek.com, computershopper.com, toolbox.com, and Focus Research. Focus Research was a major provider of online research to enterprise buyers and high-quality leads to IT vendors. It was later renamed to "Ziff Davis B2B Focus" and operated as a stand-alone unit within Ziff Davis. Niche sites of the Ziff Davis B2B Focus network include ITManagement.com, ITSecurity.com, VOIP-News.com and InsideCRM.com.

On November 16, 2012, Great Hill sold the company to j2Global, a provider of cloud services. The purchase price was $175 million, approximately 2.9 times the estimated 2013 revenue. j2 Global actually paid $167 million in an all-cash deal.

Digital media growth
On February 4, 2013, Ziff Davis acquired IGN Entertainment from News Corporation. Soon afterward, Ziff Davis announced the discontinuation of the 1UP.com, UGO.com, and GameSpy.com sites in order to "[focus] on our two flagship brands, IGN and AskMen".

In May 2013, Ziff Davis acquired NetShelter, a display advertising network oriented towards consumer electronics and technology publishers, from ImPowered.

In November 2013, Ziff Davis acquired TechBargains.com, a deal aggregation site for consumer electronics.

In June 2014, Ziff Davis acquired eMedia Communications from Reed Business Information. In December 2014, Ziff Davis acquired Ookla, owner of Speedtest.net.

In December 2015, Ziff Davis acquired Offers.com an online source of offers, deals, coupons, coupon codes, promos, free trials, and more.

In December 2017, Ziff Davis acquired Mashable, an American entertainment, culture, tech, science and social good digital media platform, for $50 million. Following its acquisition of Mashable, Ziff Davis announced that it would implement longer, more in-depth content to boost the site's search traffic and restructure the platform to reduce costs.

In 2018, Ziff Davis had 117 million readers, reaching 115 countries with 60 international editions. Most of Ziff Davis' international editions are partnerships with local publishers, all of whom use a domestic content management system. The common CMS lets oversea editions get content from Ziff Davis' owned-and-operated markets and re-purpose it for their own editions. To establish itself in foreign markets, Ziff Davis asks its local partner to hold events. Popular past events include IGN Convention Bahrain, Abu Dhabi, and Qatar.

In September 2019, Ziff Davis acquired Spiceworks, a professional network for the information technology industry.

In November 2020, Ziff Davis acquired RetailMeNot for $420 million, an aggregator of coupon offers across multiple website properties.

In March 2023, Ziff Davis acquired Lifehacker for an undisclosed sum from G/O Media.

Properties

Current

 AskMen
 BabyCenter.com
 BlackFriday.com
 BestBlackFriday.com
 Downdetector
 Ekahau
 emedia
 eVoice
 ExtremeTech
 Everyday Health
 Geek.com
 HowLongToBeat.com
HR Technologist
 Humble Bundle
 IGN
 IPVanish
 Lifehacker
 Line2
 Livedrive
 Loseit.com
 Mashable
 MarTech Advisor
 Moz.com
 Offers.com
 PCMag
 RetailMeNot
 Salesify
 SMTP
 Speedtest.net by Ookla
 MapGenie
 Spiceworks
 StrongVPN
 SugarSync
 Techbargains.com
 Toolbox.com
 VIPRE
 Ziff Davis Tech
 Ziff Davis B2B

Sold
 DeveloperShed.com
 eSeminars (sold to QuinStreet)
 Electronic Gaming Monthly (sold back to magazine founder Steve Harris)
 FileFront
 GameTab.com
 GameVideos.com
 Linux-Watch (sold to QuinStreet)
 Linuxdevices.com (sold to QuinStreet)
 Microsoft Watch (sold to QuinStreet)
 MyCheats.com
 PDF Zone (sold to QuinStreet)
 Publish (sold to QuinStreet)
 ZDNet (sold to CNET, their biggest rival)

Discontinued
 1Up.com
 A+ Magazine
 Computer Gaming World
 Creative Computing
 GameNOW
 Games for Windows: The Official Magazine
 GameSpy (formerly part of IGN Network)
 GameTrailers
 GMR MacUser (US Edition, 1985–1997)
 Microsystems Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine Patch Management
 PCMag – continues online
 PC/Computing (formerly Ziff-Davis Smart Business)
 Small Business Center
 Sm@rt Partner
 UGO Networks
 Vault Network
 Windows Sources Xbox Nation
 Yahoo! Internet Life References

Further reading
 Thorsen, Tor, "RIP OPM". GameSpot, CNET Networks, November 20, 2006.
 Ziff Davis File:Press Release, Ziff Davis Reports Fourth Quarter 2005 Results. Ziff Davis Publishing Inc., October 8, 2006.
 Ziff Davis Corporate Timeline January 6, 2009.

External links

 Ziff Davis at comics.org
 Ziff Davis at comicbookdb.com''. .

1927 establishments in Illinois
American companies established in 1927
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Publishing companies established in 1927
Mass media companies established in 1927
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2008
Mass media companies based in New York City
Online mass media companies of the United States
Magazine publishing companies of the United States
Defunct comics and manga publishing companies
History of Chicago
2012 mergers and acquisitions

Ziff Davis


Osječko ljeto kulture - OLJK je kulturna manifestacija u Hrvatskoj. Utemeljena je 2000. godine. Nositelj ove najveće kulturne manifestacije u istočnoj Slavoniji Grad je Osijek te se u organiziranju manifestacije kulturom obogaćuju više od dvadeset zatvorenih i otvorenih gradskih prostora.
Održava se od polovine lipnja do polovine srpnja. Program uobičajeno sadrži brojne književne, glazbene, dramske, filmske, novomedijske i plesne priredbe.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Mrežne stranica "Osječkog ljeta kulture"

Hrvatske kazališne manifestacije
Kultura u Osijeku
Književne manifestacije

Osječko ljeto kulture


Pont de Bondy est une future station du métro de Paris qui sera située le long de la ligne 15 à cheval sur les communes de Bondy et de Noisy-le-Sec, en Seine-Saint-Denis. Destinée à être ouverte à l'horizon 2031, elle desservira les alentours du pont de Bondy, sur le canal de l'Ourcq. Elle devrait voir passer  par jour.

Situation sur le réseau

Histoire

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

Projets

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Paris
 Ligne 15 du métro de Paris

Liens externes
 Page de la future gare Pont de Bondy, sur le site web de la Société du Grand Paris

Future station du métro de Paris
Station de la ligne 15 du métro de Paris
Station de métro dans la Seine-Saint-Denis
Transport à Bondy

Pont de Bondy (métro de Paris)


Die Fairview Township ist eine von 18 Townships im Allamakee County im Nordosten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Iowa. Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 240 Einwohner.

Geographie
Die Fairview Township liegt im äußersten Südwesten des Allamakee County und grenzt im Osten an den Mississippi, der die Grenze zu Wisconsin bildet. Die Township erstreckt sich über 66,21 km², die sich auf 62, km² Land- und 3,40 km² Wasserfläche verteilen.

Die Fairview Township enthält keine selbstverwaltete Gemeinde oder Stadt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 city-data.com - Fairview Township, Allamakee County, Iowa

Fairview Township (Allamakee County, Iowa)


Der Paris-Lodronsche Sekundogeniturpalast wurde im 17. Jahrhundert errichtet und ist der heute nur mehr in Resten existierende Vorgängerbau eines von dem Architekten Paul Geppert (1875–1965) geplanten Bauwerkes auf dem Mirabellplatz in Salzburg, Mirabellplatz 7 und 8. Das Haus gehört zum UNESCO-Welterbe Historisches Zentrum der Stadt Salzburg.

Geschichte

Nachdem Fürsterzbischof Paris Lodron 1632 das Schallmoos und das Itzlinger Moos trockengelegt und die Stadtmauer in östliche Richtung verlegt hatte, war im Bereich des heutigen Andräviertel ein großes unbebautes Areal entstanden, wobei es sich als schwierig erwies, diese Neustadt zu besiedeln. Deshalb entschloss sich der Erzbischof, seine eigene Familie dort anzusiedeln. 1643 übergab er an seinen Bruder Christoph von Lodron einen Teil des Geländes als Primogenitur-Fideikommiss. Daneben stiftete er eine Sekundogenitur für seine Schwestern Barbara Gräfin Liechtenstein und Eleonore Gräfin Spaun. Für diese ließ er den Sekundogeniturpalast errichten. Dies war ein dreigeschoßiger Bau mit zwei Eingangstoren, einem rückwärtigen Garten und zwei weiteren Gebäude für Verwalter und Dienerschaft.

Dieser ehemalige Wohnsitz der zweiten Linie der Familie Lodron fiel dem Stadtbrand von 1818 zum Opfer. Die Brandruine ist lange Zeit nicht beseitigt worden, so wird 1848 noch von den Ruinen des Sekundogeniturpalastes berichtet.

Aus der Ruine wurde dann der Gasthof zum Krebsen, später Zum roten Krebs. Dieses Lokal mit Schanigarten entwickelte sich zu einem beliebten Treffpunkt von Künstlern und Literaten (z. B. Georg Trakl).

1908 wurde das Haus durch Paul Geppert d. Ä. im Auftrag von Carl Melms vollständig umgebaut, wobei Elemente des Jugendstils in die Fassadengestaltung eingingen. 1938 zog hier das Meldeamt der deutschen Wehrmacht ein. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde das Hotel verkleinert und schließlich ganz geschlossen.

Heute sind hier eine Reihe von Einzelgeschäften und auch ein Vier-Sterne-Boutiquehotel in dem Gebäude untergebracht. Im Untergeschoß erinnert noch das Restaurant Zum Krebsenkeller an die jüngere Vergangenheit.

Auf den Sekundogeniturpalast weist noch ein Einfahrtstor in den Innenhof hin, das von dem Wappen Paris Lodrons gekrönt wird.

Literatur
 Herberg Dorn: Spurensuche in Salzburg. Verschwundene Bauwerke und vergessene Kunstschätze aus acht Jahrhunderten. Museum Carolino Augusteum, Salzburg 1996, ISBN 3-901014-49-7.

Einzelnachweise

Parislodronscher Sekundogeniturpalast
Parislodronscher Sekundogeniturpalast
Barocker Baurest
Erbaut im 17. Jahrhundert
Zerstört in den 1810er Jahren
Historistisch überarbeitetes Bauwerk
Neorenaissancebauwerk in Österreich
Salzburg
Parislodronscher Sekundogeniturpalast
Salzburg
Schloss in Europa

Paris-Lodronscher Sekundogeniturpalast


Lisbeth Simper (* 13. Januar 1978) ist eine ehemalige dänische Radrennfahrerin.

1995 errang Lisbeth Simper bei den Junioren-Straßenweltmeisterschaften Bronze im Straßenrennen. Achtmal gewann sie einen dänischen Meistertitel: von 1999 bis 2003 fünfmal in Folge wurde sie nationale Meisterin im Einzelzeitfahren und von 2001 bis 2003 dreimal in Folge im Straßenrennen.

Weblinks

Radsportler (Dänemark)
Dänischer Meister (Radsport)
Däne
Geboren 1978
Frau

Lisbeth Simper


The Solomons Baptist Association is a regional/national association of churches affiliated with and cooperating in the American Baptist Association.

Neil Morley, a missionary sent by Antioch Missionary Baptist Church of Lynwood, California, entered the Solomon Islands in 1969. At that time the country was a protectorate of Great Britain, but gained its independence in 1978. This area consists of 10 larger islands and 4 groups of smaller islands. The native peoples of the Solomons are Melanesian.

From its beginning in 1969 until 2002, the work of the American Baptist Association in the Solomons had grown to 56 churches, consisting of one congregation on Bellona, eight congregations on Guadalcanal, 42 congregations on Malaita, three congregations on Rennell, one congregation on Russell, and one congregation in Western Province. Solomons Baptist Association represents about 95% of the Baptist work existing on the Solomon Islands, which in turn makes up about 10% of the mostly Christian religions in the country. The work is largely self-supporting, with the churches being pastored by native Solomon Islanders.

The faith and practice of the churches of the Solomons Baptist Association is the same as other churches of the American Baptist Association, which can be described as conservative, evangelical, and landmark.

Sources
2002 Yearbook, American Baptist Association
American Baptist Association: A Survey and Census of its Churches and Associations, by R. L. Vaughn
Baptists Around the World, by Albert W. Wardin, Jr.

Churches in the Solomon Islands
Baptist denominations in Oceania

Solomons Baptist Association


Christian ou Chrétien Frédéric Petri, né français en 1826 et devenu allemand par le traité de Francfort, mort le 31 décembre 1907 à Strasbourg, est une personnalité luthérienne alsacienne qui fut l'avant-dernier président du Directoire de l'Église de la Confession d'Augsbourg d'Alsace-Lorraine au temps du Reichsland. Il est le cousin d'Émile Georges Charles Petri.

Biographie
Christian Frédéric Petri est né le , à Soultz-sous-Forêts (Bas-Rhin), dans une famille luthérienne originaire de Hesse (Allemagne), installée en Alsace du nord depuis le début du , et comptant nombre de pasteurs et d'administrateurs. Son père, Christian Frédéric Petri (1789-1870), était notaire à Soultz-sous-Forêts et conseiller général du canton. Sa mère était Richarde Sophie Haas (1802-1838), son épouse. L'enfant est baptisé le 2 juillet, dans l'église du bourg. Après des études secondaires au Gymnase de Bouxwiller (Bas-Rhin), il s'inscrit à la Faculté de droit de Strasbourg. Il travaille ensuite avec son père auquel il succède en 1856. Il dirige l'étude notariale de Soultz-sous-Forêts jusqu'à sa démission en 1885. Élu conseiller municipal de sa commune en 1860 puis conseiller général en 1869, il reste en Alsace lors de l'annexion de celle-ci à l'Empire allemand et devient maire de 1872 à 1875.

Cette même année 1872, il est élu député au Consistoire supérieur de l'Église de la Confession d'Augsbourg et élu par ce dernier membre du Directoire de cette Église. Il exerce ces deux fonctions jusqu'en 1881. Mais jugé alors trop orthodoxe par la majorité libérale du Consistoire supérieur, il n'est pas renouvelé au Directoire et remplacé par le libéral Boeckel. Cependant, en 1885, contre l'avis des trois-quarts de l'assemblée, le Reichsstatthalter Erwin von Manteuffel, lui-même luthérien orthodoxe, le nomme président du Directoire. Christian Petri va diriger et administrer l'Église de la Confession d'Augsbourg d'Alsace-Lorraine et participer à partir de 1897 à l'élaboration d'un projet de réforme de la constitution de l'Église luthérienne, ceci jusqu'à sa retraite en 1903. Il est alors remplacé par un Allemand de souche, Frédéric Curtius. Christian Petri meurt brutalement à Strasbourg, le 31 décembre 1907, à 81 ans, alors qu'il partait en promenade.

En 1858 ; Christian Petri, a épousé en premières noces, Valérie Cunier , fille de Gustave Cunier, notaire et maire de Bischwiller dont sont nées deux enfants :  Sophie en 1859 et Chrétien Frédéric en 1863 (décédé à l'âge de 11 mois). Devenu veuf, il épouse Emma Engel en 1873 dont il a eu deux autres filles, Alice et Louise Léonie. »3.

Bibliographie
 Henri Strohl, Le protestantisme en Alsace, Strasbourg, Oberlin, 1950, p. 364-368.
 Marie-Joseph Bopp, Die evangelischen Geistlichen und Theologen in Elsass-Lothringen von der Reformation zu Gegenwart, Neustadt an der Aisch,   Degener und Co,1959., p. 412.
 Bernard Vogler (dir.), Dictionnaire du monde religieux dans la France contemporaine, Tome 2, L'Alsace, Paris, Beauchesne, 1987.
 François Lotz, Le notariat alsacien  de 1800 à nos jours, Kaysersberg, 1989, p. 10.
 Christian Wolff, « Chrétien Frédéric Petri », in Nouveau dictionnaire de biographie alsacienne, n° 29, 1997, p. 2973.

Références
3 Archives Départementales de Bouxwiller en 1858 et Colmar en 1873

Personnalité luthérienne du XIXe siècle
Personnalité luthérienne du XXe siècle
Président d'une association
Naissance en juin 1826
Naissance dans le Bas-Rhin
Décès en décembre 1907
Décès à Strasbourg
Décès à 81 ans

Christian Frédéric Petri


Florence Niedergang, biologiste française ;
 Marcel Niedergang (1922-2001), journaliste et auteur de non-fiction français, lauréat du prix Albert-Londres de la presse écrite en 1961.

Niedergang